diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/minute92.7 b/textfiles.com/politics/minute92.7 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..54cb897a --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/minute92.7 @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +To: eff-austin@tic.com +Reply-To: eff-austin@tic.com +Subject: minutes of EFF-Austin board of directors meeting of 14 July 1992 +Date: Fri, 24 Jul 92 10:37:28 -0500 +From: jsq@tic.com + +MINUTES OF EFF-AUSTIN DIRECTORS' MEETING - July 14, 1992 + + Prepared by Ed Cavazos. + +Board members present: John Quarterman, Ed Cavazos, Smoot Carl-Mitchell + Observing: Bruce Sterling, Susan Cisco, Dave Smith. + +- --- Meeting convened @ 8:08 + +DISCUSSION OF INCORPORATION, CHARTER & BY-LAWS + + In light of Mitch Kapor's encouraging news concerning the +future of EFF chapters, Ed Cavazos moved to proceed with with +incorporation as soon as possible. The motion was seconded by John +Quarterman, and unamnimously approved. The final blanks on the +Articles (version 1.01) were filled in with the proper names and +addresses. The official name of the organization will be: +"EFF-Austin." The current by-laws (version 1.00) will be reviewed by +Ed Cavazos and revised/updated to reflect any recent Board +decisions. The by-laws shall refer to the organization as "The +Electronic Frontier Foundation, Austin Chapter." They will be +presented at the next meeting for approval by the board and formal +adoption. Incorporation papers should be filed the week of July +20-27. + +CYBERTEX + + It was decided that the board is still very interested in +the Cybertex idea, though no formal proposal has been received in +response to a request for Cybertex proposals distributed last +month. There has been some interest expressed by various +individuals, and discussions with them should continue. + +MAILING LISTS/NEWGROUPS + + New names for the mailing lists were discussed. In order +to clarify the mailing list names for those who might be confused +by them, new names (which will work as well as the old were) were +decided upon. The "eff-a@tic.com" mailing list, which is the +general discussion and announcement list for EFF-Austin, has been +renamed to "eff-austin@tic.com". "Eff-abod@tic.com" which was the +mailing list for the board of directors and those working closely +with them has also been renamed to "Eff-Austin-Directors@tic.com." +The previous names of the mailing lists will still +work. + Prentiss Riddle will be offered the job of newsgroup +moderator. Prentiss volunteered to take on this task, and seems to +be dedicated and qualified. + +OFFICERS/DIRECTORS + + Ed Cavazos was elected to serve as Vice President, the +poisition left vacant when Jon Lebkowsky left the board. The Board +will consider new board members in the coming weeks. + +UPCOMING MEETINGS/EVENTS + + The previously discussed "Sysop Issues" meeting will be +held at a date in late July. A location is still needed, but an +effort to find a suitable meeting place soon will be undertaken. +Bruce Sterling will be contacting law enforcement officials about +possibly attending/participating in the meeting. + Dave Smith will organize the August Cyberdawg, preferrably +on a weekend to facilitate some out of town attendance. + John Quarterman will organize and conduct the September +29th meeting on the Matrix and accessing the net, as was previously +decided. + Susan Cisco will be organizing the October meeting, +which will be a book release/discussion of Hacker Crackdown by +Bruce Sterling. The date for this meeting will be picked in +September. + +MISCELLANEOUS OTHER NOTES + + In late 1992 or early 1993, The Review of Litigation will +publish a law review article by Ed Cavazos on Sysop Liability for +defamation posted on BBS's. The article argues for limited +liability based on the inherent right of reply which exists in the +BBS medium. + Steve Jackson was unable to be at the meeting as he was +attending DoverCon in Dover, NH. + + +- --- The meeting was adjourned at 9:40. + The next meeting will take place on August 11, 1992. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/minute92.8 b/textfiles.com/politics/minute92.8 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b0762c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/minute92.8 @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ + + Minutes of the EFF-Austin Board of Directors Meeting + August 11, 1992 + +Meeting convened at 7:55 at Martin Brothers Cafe, 2815 Guadalupe. + + +DIRECTORS PRESENT: John Quarterman, Ed Cavazos, Smoot + Carl-Mitchell, Matt Lawrence + + OTHERS PRESENT: Donna McLaughlin, David Smith, Susan Cisco + +The minutes of the July meeting were unanimously approved. + +CHANGES TO THE AUGUST AGENDA: + Ed Cavazos' addendum regarding the volunteer coordinator +and the EFF-Newsletter is to be discussed after the Charter, Bylaws +and Incorporation. Committee reports are to be given after program +planning discussion. + +ROLL CALL + Steve Jackson, having missed two consecutive meetings, +needs to be reappointed to the board b/c of absences. Steve was at +DoverCon last month, and is in Japan this month. It was unanimously +approved that he be reinstated as a Board member and Secretary. + +OFFICERS REPORT: + Pres: Nothing to report + VP: Discussion of Incorporation (see below) + Secretary: Absent + Treasurer: Nothing to report + +ARTICLES, BYLAWS, INCORPORATION + + The Articles of Incorporation were filed with the Secretary +of State on the week of August 3rd. The $25 filing fee was paid +by Ed Cavazos, since the creation of the bank account is pending +until official incorporation. + The Secretary of State's office returned them with a +request for correction. The problem stemmed from the discrepancy +between the number of board position listed (9) and the number of +current directors (5). After discussion, it was agreed that Ed +Cavazos would work with the Sec of State 's office to resolve the +confusion on this. If needed, the problem Article (art. 6) could +be modified to read: "initial number of directors constituting the +board is 5" and in the bylaws, it can be indicated that the board +can be expanded to 9 (section 2). + + Version 2.0 of the bylaws were presented. All changes from +the previous version were unanimously adopted. + Matt Lawrence proposed a change to Bylaw II (A) section 11 +("Presumption of Assent") to clarify some confusing language. It +was unanimously agreed that the last sentence of the section +(beginning with "Such a right..") be removed, and the remaining +language be modified to read as follows: + "A director of the Corporation who is present at a meeting of +the Board at which action on any matter is taken, shall be presumed +to have assented to the action unless his dissent is entered in +the minutes of the meeting or unless he shall file his written +dissent to such action with the person acting as the Secretary of +the meeting before the approval of the minutes thereof." + Also, the language of Bylaw I ("Introduction") was revised so +that the second paragraph reads: + "EFF-Austin shall from time to time informally conduct +activities and correspond with others under the name "Electronic +Frontier Foundation -- Austin Chapter" to signify its relationship +with its parent national organization: The Electronic Frontier +Foundation." + The Board unanimously agreed to adopt these changes pursuant +to Bylaw VII and to incorporate them into version 2.1 of the +Bylaws. + Matt Lawrence also expressed his approval of Bylaw II (B) +("Officers") and reemphasized the Board's original decision +regarding the underlying policy of this bylaw. + Due to the pending official word from the Secretary of State, +the issuance of a press release announcing the formal incorporation +of EFF-Austin as a non-profit Texas corporation was postponed until +next month by unanimous agreement. + +ACCURACY IN THE MINUTES + Matt Lawrence raised the issue of the accuracy of the minutes. +It was officially and unanimously resolved that everyone involved +should have an increased sensitivity to insuring that the minute's +reflect all significant occurrences of the Board meeting. It was +agreed that, in light of EFF-Austin's pending official corporate +status, this is an important goal. + + The procedure for insuring this increased accuracy was re- +emphasized: The minutes are to be taken by the Secretary, posted +for review on the EFF-Austin-Directors mailing list, and then +approved at the next meeting. Extra care should be taken to review +the minutes in the mailing list stage. + + +LEGAL ISSUES RELATING TO TEXAS NON-PROFIT CORPORATE STATUS + + Ed Cavazos outlined and explained some legal duties which are +imposed on Texas Non-Profit Corporations by the Texas law. These +specifically relate to the keeping of accurate records and books, +and are embodied in the guideline set out in Bylaw V. It was also +noted that EFF-Austin cannot legally loan money to directors or +officers. + + The issue of acquiring a State Sales Tax permit was raised. +The board discussed applying for a sales tax exemption as well. +Matt Lawrence moved for EFF-Austin to acquire a sales tax license +from the State Comptroller and to not address the issue of sales tax +exemption at this time. The motion was approved +unanimously. Ed Cavazos will work on getting the permit. + + Ed Cavazos raised the issue of making sure the format of the +minutes was legally sufficient (signatures, etc.) It was agreed +that this should be researched and Ed should report back to the +board with suggestions/forms. + + +DISCUSSION OF THE AGENDA ADDENDA POSTED BY ED CAVAZOS + David Smith explained his conception of the position of +"volunteer coordinator." The volunteer coordinator is the official +individual figure to whom EFF members who wish to help the +organization with volunteer work can offer their services. +Likewise, directors, committees or other project managers can turn +to the volunteer coordinator for help in procuring volunteers for +their projects. It was with this role in mind that David invited +Donna McLaughlin to the Board meeting. Smoot Carl-Mitchell moved +that Donna be named Volunteer Coordinator, Matt Lawrence seconded +the motion, and the Board unanimously approved. + Donna's email address is donna@well.sf.ca.us. One of her +first projects will be to centralize EFF-Austin promotional +materials and facilitate their distribution to Board members or +others who may wish to make them available at conferences, speaking +engagements, etc. Donna will report to the Board on the progress +of her various activities, and will communicate to the membership +via the eff-austin@tic.com mailing list. + In a related discussion, Matt Lawrence reported on his +progress in programming an EFF-Austin membership database. Matt +will work with Donna on this in the future. The mailing list will +be stored in a central location, so that it is available to Matt, +Donna and others who may need to contact members. + + David Smith presented his proposal for the EFF-Austin +Newsletter. He reported that there has been significant interest +in the project, and several individuals have come forward as +volunteers to help put the newsletter together. The Board +unanimously agreed that (1) work should begin immediately on an +electronic version of the newsletter, with David as editor; and +(2) that the option to allow the newsletter to evolve into a +printed version should remain open. The printed version was +discussed as possibly being distributed less frequently, and +containing highlights of the on-line version. + The Board further unanimously agreed that (1) the newsletter +should be distributed monthly on the first Monday after the Board +meeting; and (2) it should be mailed to the EFF-Austin-Directors +mailing list 3 days before distribution for comments, corrections +and review by the Board. + +CYBERTEX + Ed Cavazos reported that there have been no submissions +regarding the request for proposals which was made public last +month. The Cybertex project, while not dead, is at this time +"dormant." + + +PROGRAM PLANNING + The Board unanimously approved a general program planning +policy which encourages the date and location of an event to be +announced at the Board meeting of the month before the month in +which the program is scheduled, or at the absolute latest, the +Board meeting prior to the event itself. + + July: The previously scheduled meeting on Sysop Issues has +been rescheduled for January of 1993. Ed Cavazos will remain in +charge of the planning and organization of this meeting. + August: David Smith has announced a date and location for the +August Cyberdawg. It will be from 6:00-9:00 p.m. at Europa Books +(2300 block of Guadalupe - next to Tower Records) on August 22nd. +Formal announcement to the EFF-Austin mailing list, the media and +local BBS's is in progress. Promotional cards similar to those +prepared for the June Cyberdawg will be looked into. + September: John Quarterman and Smoot Carl-Mitchell report +that the program for his presentation on the Net is prepared, but a +location is still being sought. Anna Couey from San Francisco will +be on hand to talk about the use of the nets bby artists. John and +Smoot will report to the Board on developments. + October: Donna McLaughlin will begin looking for a volunteer +to organize the October Cyberdawg. + November: Susan Cisco reports that the "Hacker Crackdown" +meeting (which coincides with the release of Bruce Sterling's book +of the same name) will be scheduled for a date between November +3 and November 26th. After some discussion of whether the meeting +should occur on a week night, or during the weekend, the Board +agreed that Susan shall make the final decision. She will report +to the Board on developments. Matt Lawrence will work with Susan +on preparing a mail-out promotion for the meeting. + December: Donna will look for an organizer for the December +Cyberdawg. + January: As noted above, Ed Cavazos will organize the meeting +on Sysop Legal Issues. He will report to the Board on developments. + +"AGIT-PROP" DISK PROJECT + Ed Cavazos and David Smith are working on a project which will +be an as yet unnamed compilation of EFF and EFF-A related text +files to be sold at a small cost during EFF-Austin events. A list +of the text files to appear will be posted to the EFF-Austin- +directors mailing list for discussion and Board review. Also, the +possibility of allowing the disk to be sold retail by consignment +was left open. Ed and David will prepare a simple project financial +summary for the Treasurer and Board review, as well. + + +COMMITTEE REPORTS + A new committee, the "BBS Activity Committee" consisting of +David Smith and Donna McLaughlin was created by the Board. This +committee shall explore ways of getting the private BBS part of the +Austin electronic community involved in EFF-Austin. + The Network Committee: John Quarterman proposed that the +address "EFF-ABOD@tic.com" be done away with to avoid confusion, +and that "EFF-Austin-Directors@tic.com" be the sole name of the +official Board mailing list. This was unanimously approved by the +Board. Also, it was unanimously approved that the EFF-Austin +newsgroup shall be created, to be moderated by Prentiss Riddle. The +name of the newsgroup is eff.austin. The newsgroup will be +gatewayed bidirectionally with the existing eff-austin@tic.com +mailing list. John will post a note on the relevant mailing lists +and USENET newsgroups announcing eff.austin. + There were no other committee reports. + +AGENDA ITEMS NOT DISCUSSED + Several items in the agenda's "New Business" section were not +discussed due to (1) the absence of the individuals involved in the +particular business, (2) timeliness, or other reasons. All relevant +items should be transferred to the agenda for the September +meeting. + + +NEXT MEETING + John Quarterman made a motion that in the future, the Board +should be required to set the meeting place for the next board +meeting. This was unanimously passed. Pursuant to this vote, the +Secretary shall confirm that the Board meeting scheduled for +September 8, 1992 can be held at Martin Brother's restaurant again +next month. + +ADJOURNMENT + The Meeting was adjourned at 9:46. + +These minutes prepared by Ed Cavazos. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/miscella b/textfiles.com/politics/miscella new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4ffb7329 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/miscella @@ -0,0 +1,5108 @@ + MISCELLANY + by Thomas Jefferson + + + _Reply to the Representations of Affairs in America by British +Newspapers_ + + [before November 20, 1784] + + I am an officer lately returned from service & residence in the +U.S. of America. I have fought & bled for that country because I +thought it's cause just. From the moment of peace to that in which I +left it, I have seen it enjoying all the happiness which easy +government, order & industry are capable of giving to a people. On +my return to my native country what has been my astonishment to find +all the public papers of Europe filled with accounts of the anarchy & +destractions supposed to exist in that country. I have received +serious condolances from all my friends on the bitter fruits of so +prosperous a war. These friends I know to be so well disposed +towards America that they wished the reverse of what they repeated +from the public papers. I have enquired into the source of all this +misinformation & have found it not difficult to be traced. The +printers on the Continent have not yet got into the habit of taking +the American newspapers. Whatever they retail therefore on the +subject of America, they take from the English. If your readers will +reflect a moment they will recollect that every unfavourable account +they have seen of the transactions in America has been taken from the +English papers only. Nothing is known in Europe of the situation of +the U.S. since the acknowlegement of their independance but thro' the +channel of these papers. + + But these papers have been under the influence of two ruling +motives 1. deep-rooted hatred springing from an unsuccesful attempt +to injure 2. a fear that their island will be depopulated by the +emigration of it's inhabitants to America. Hence no paper comes out +without a due charge of paragraphs manufactured by persons employed +for that purpose. According to these America is a scene of continued +riot & anarchy. Wearied out with contention, it is on the verge of +falling again into the lap of Gr. Br. for repose. It's citizens are +groaning under the oppression of heavy taxes. They are flying for +refuge to the frozen regions which still remain subject to Gr. Br. +Their assemblies and congresses are become odious, in one paragraph +represented as tyrranising over their constituents, & in another as +possessing no power or influence at all, &c. &c. The truth is as +follows without aggravation or diminution. There was a mutiny of 300 +souldiers in Philadelphia soon after the peace; & Congress thinking +the executive of that state did not act with proper energy to +suppress & punish it they left that city in disgust. Yet in this +mutiny there neither was blood shed nor a blow struck. There has +lately been a riot in Charlestown, occasioned by the feuds between +the whigs who had been driven from their country by the British while +they possessed it, and the tories who were permitted to remain by the +Americans when they recovered it. There were a few instances in +other states where individuals disgusted with some articles in the +peace undertook to call town meetings, published the resolves of the +few citizens whom they could prevail upon to meet as if they had been +the resolves of the whole town, and endeavored unsuccesfully to +engage the people in the execution of their private views. It is +beleived that these attempts have not been more than ten or a dozen +thro' the whole 13 states & not one of them has been succesful: on +the contrary where any illegal act has been committed by the +demagogues they have been put under a due course of legal +prosecution. The British when they evacuated New York having carried +off, contrary to the express articles of the treaty of peace, a great +deal of property belonging to the citizens of the U.S. & particularly +to those of the state of Virginia, amounting as has been said to half +a million of pounds sterling, the assembly of that state lately +resolved that till satisfaction was made for this, the article +respecting British debts ought not to be carried into full execution, +submitting nevertheless this their opinion to Congress and declaring +that if they thought otherwise, all laws obstructing the recovery of +debts should be immediately repealed. Yet even this was opposed by a +respectable minority in their senate who entered a protest against it +in strong terms. The protest as it stands in the records follows +immediately the resolutions protested against & therefore does not +recite them. The English papers publish the protest without the +resolutions and thus lead Europe to beleive that the resolutions had +definitively decided against the paiment of British debts. Yet +nothing is less true. This is a faithful history of the high sounded +disturbances of America. Those who have visited that country since +the peace will vouch that it is impossible for any governments to be +more tranquil & orderly than they are. What were the mutiny of 300 +souldiers in Philada, the riot of whigs & tories in Charlestown to +the riots of London under L'd. G. Gordon, and of London & the country +in general in the late elections? Where is there any country of +equal extent with the U.S. in which fewer disturbances have happened +in the same space of time? Where has there been an instance of an +army disbanded as was that of America without receiving a shilling of +the long arrearages due them or even having their accounts settled & +yet disbanded peaceably? Instead of resorting as is too often the +case with disbanded armies to beggary or robbery for a livelihood +they returned every man to his home & resumed his axe & spade; & it +is a fact as true as it is singular that on the disbanding of an army +of 30,000 men in America there have been but two or three instances +of any of those who composed it being brought to the bar of justice +as criminals: and that you may travel from one end to the other of +the continent without seeing a beggar. With respect to the people +their confidence in their rulers in general is what common sense will +tell us it must be, where they are of their own choice annually, +unbribed by money, undebauched by feasting, & drunkenness. It would +be difficult to find one man among them who would not consider a +return under the dominion of Gr. Br. as the greatest of all possible +miseries. Their taxes are light, as they should be with a people so +lately wasted in the most cruel manner by war. They pay in +proportion to their property from one half to one & a half per cent +annually on it's whole value as estimated by their neighbors, the +different states requiring more or less as they have been less or +more ravaged by their enemies. Where any taxes are imposed they are +very trifling & are calculated cheifly to bring merchants into +contribution with the farmers. Against their emigration to the +remaining British dominions the superior rigor of their climate, the +inferiority of their soil, the nature of their governments and their +being actually inhabited by their most mortal enemies the tory +refugees, will be an eternal security. During the course of the war +the English papers were constantly filled with accounts of their +great victories, their armies were daily gaining. Yet Europe saw +that they were daily losing ground in America, & formed it's idea of +the truth not from what it heard but from what it saw. They wisely +considered an enlargement of territory on the one side & contraction +of it on the other as the best indication on which side victory +really was. It is hoped that Europe will be as wise & as just now: +that they will not consider the fabricated papers of England as any +evidence of truth; but that they will continue to judge of causes +from effects. If the distractions of America were what these papers +pretend, some great facts would burst out & lay their miseries open +to the eyes of all the world: no such effects appear, therefore no +such causes exist. If any such existed they would appear in the +American newspapers which are as free as any on earth. But none such +can be found in them. These are the testimonials to which I appeal +for beleif. To bring more home to every reader the reliance which +may be put on the English papers let him examine, if a Frenchman, +what account they give of the affairs of France, if a Dutchman, what +of the United Netherl'ds., if an Irishman, what of Ireland &c. If he +finds that those of his own country with which he happens to be +acquainted are wickedly misrepresented, let him consider how much +more likely to be so are those of a nation so hated as America. +America was the great pillar on which British glory was raised: +America has been the instrument for levelling that glory with the +dust. A little ill humour therefore might have found excuse in our +commiseration: but an apostasy from truth, under whatever +misfortunes, calls up feelings of a very different order. + + + + _Answers and Observations for Demeunier's Article on the United +States in the_ Encyclopedie + Methodique, 1786 + + I. From _Answers to Demeunier's First Queries_ + + January 24, 1786 + + II. The Confederation is a wonderfully perfect instrument, +considering the circumstances under are however some alterations +which experience proves to be wanting. These are principally three. +1_ To establish a general rule for the admission of new states into +the Union. By the Confederation no new state, except Canada, can be +permitted to have a vote in Congress without first obtaining the +consent of all the thirteen legislatures. It becomes necessary to +agree what districts may be established into separate states, and at +what period of their population they may come into Congress. The act +of Congress of April 23, 1784, has pointed out what ought to be +agreed on, to say also what number of votes must concur when the +number of voters shall be thus enlarged. 2. The Confederation in +it's eighth article, decides that the quota of money to be +contributed by the several states shall be proportioned to the value +of landed property in the state. Experience has shown it +impracticable to come at this value. Congress have therefore +recommended to the states to agree that their quotas shall be in +proportion to the number of their inhabitants, counting 5 slaves +however but as equal to 3 free inhabitants. I believe all the states +have agreed to this alteration except Rhode island. 3. The +Confederation forbids the states individually to enter into treaties +of commerce, or of any other nature, with foreign nations: and it +authorizes Congress to establish such treaties, with two reservations +however, viz., that they shall agree to no treaty which would 1. +restrain the legislatures from imposing such duties on foreigners, as +natives are subjected to; or 2. from prohibiting the exportation or +importation of any species of commodities. Congress may therefore be +said to have a power to regulate commerce, so far as it can be +effected by conventions with other nations, & by conventions which do +not infringe the two fundamental reservations before mentioned. But +this is too imperfect. Because till a convention be made with any +particular nation, the commerce of any one of our states with that +nation may be regulated by the State itself, and even when a +convention is made, the regulation of the commerce is taken out of +the hands of the several states only so far as it is covered or +provided for by that convention or treaty. But treaties are made in +such general terms, that the greater part of the regulations would +still result to the legislatures. Let us illustrate these +observations by observing how far the commerce of France & of England +can be affected by the state legislatures. As to England, any one of +the legislatures may impose on her goods double the duties which are +paid other nations; may prohibit their goods altogether; may refuse +them the usual facilities for recovering their debts or withdrawing +their property, may refuse to receive their Consuls or to give those +Consuls any jurisdiction. But with France, whose commerce is +protected by a treaty, no state can give any molestation to that +commerce which is defended by the treaty. Thus, tho' a state may +exclude the importation of all wines (because one of the reservations +aforesaid is that they may prohibit the importation of any species of +commodities) yet they cannot prohibit the importation of _French_ +wines particularly while they allow wines to be brought in from other +countries. They cannot impose heavier duties on French commodities +than on those of other nations. They cannot throw peculiar obstacles +in the way of their recovery of debts due to them &c. &c. because +those things are provided for by treaty. Treaties however are very +imperfect machines for regulating commerce in the detail. The +principal objects in the regulation of our commerce would be: 1. to +lay such duties, restrictions, or prohibitions on the goods of any +particular nation as might oblige that nation to concur in just & +equal arrangements of commerce. 2. To lay such uniform duties on +the articles of commerce throughout all the states, as may avail them +of that fund for assisting to bear the burthen of public expenses. +Now this cannot be done by the states separately; because they will +not separately pursue the same plan. New Hampshire cannot lay a +given duty on a particular article, unless Massachusetts will do the +same; because it will turn the importation of that article from her +ports into those of Massachusetts, from whence they will be smuggled +into New Hampshire by land. But tho Massachusetts were willing to +concur with N Hampshire in laying the same duty, yet she cannot do +it, for the same reason, unless Rhode island will also, nor can Rhode +island without Connecticut, nor Connecticut without N York, nor N +York without N Jersey, & so on quite to Georgia. It is visible +therefore that the commerce of the states cannot be regulated to the +best advantage but by a single body, and no body so proper as +Congress. Many of the states have agreed to add an article to the +Confederation for allowing to Congress the regulation of their +commerce, only providing that the revenues to be raised on it, shall +belong to the state in which they are levied. Yet it is believed +that Rhode island will prevent this also. An everlasting recurrence +to this same obstacle will occasion a question to be asked. How +happens it that Rhode island is opposed to every useful proposition? +Her geography accounts for it, with the aid of one or two +observations. The cultivators of the earth are the most virtuous +citizens, and possess most of the amor patriae. Merchants are the +least virtuous, and possess the least of the amor patriae. The +latter reside principally in the seaport towns, the former in the +interior country. Now it happened that of the territory constituting +Rhode island & Connecticut, the part containing the seaports was +erected into a state by itself & called Rhode island, & that +containing the interior country was erected into another state called +Connecticut. For tho it has a little seacoast, there are no good +ports in it. Hence it happens that there is scarcely one merchant in +the whole state of Connecticut, while there is not a single man in +Rhode island who is not a merchant of some sort. Their whole +territory is but a thousand square miles, and what of that is in use +is laid out in grass farms almost entirely. Hence they have scarcely +any body employed in agriculture. All exercise some species of +commerce. This circumstance has decided the characters of these two +states. The remedies to this evil are hazardous. One would be to +consolidate the two states into one. Another would be to banish +Rhode island from the union. A third to compel her submission to the +will of the other twelve. A fourth for the other twelve to govern +themselves according to the new propositions and to let Rhode island +go on by herself according to the antient articles. But the dangers +& difficulties attending all these remedies are obvious. + + These are the only alterations proposed to the confederation, +and the last of them is the only additional power which Congress is +thought to need. + + 21. Broils among the states may happen in the following ways: +1. A state may be embroiled with the other twelve by not complying +with the lawful requisitions of Congress. 2. Two states may differ +about their boundaries. But the method of settling these is fixed by +the Confederation, and most of the states which have any differences +of this kind are submitting them to this mode of determination; and +there is no danger of opposition to the decree by any state. The +individuals interested may complain, but this can produce no +difficulty. 3. Other contestations may arise between two states, +such as pecuniary demands, affrays among their citizens, & whatever +else may arise between any two nations. With respect to these, there +are two opinions. One that they are to be decided according to the +9th article of the Confederation, which says that "Congress shall be +the last resort in all differences between two or more states, +concerning boundary jurisdiction, _or any other cause whatever_ "; +and prescribes the mode of decision, and the weight of reason is +undoubtedly in favor of this opinion, yet there are some who question +it. + + It has been often said that the decisions of Congress are +impotent because the Confederation provides no compulsory power. But +when two or more nations enter into compact, it is not usual for them +to say what shall be done to the party who infringes it. Decency +forbids this, and it is unnecessary as indecent, because the right of +compulsion naturally results to the party injured by the breach. +When any one state in the American Union refuses obedience to the +Confederation by which they have bound themselves, the rest have a +natural right to compel them to obedience. Congress would probably +exercise long patience before they would recur to force; but if the +case ultimately required it, they would use that recurrence. Should +this case ever arise, they will probably coerce by a naval force, as +being more easy, less dangerous to liberty, & less likely to produce +much bloodshed. + + It has been said too that our governments both federal and +particular want energy; that it is difficult to restrain both +individuals & states from committing wrong. This is true, & it is an +inconvenience. On the other hand that energy which absolute +governments derive from an armed force, which is the effect of the +bayonet constantly held at the breast of every citizen, and which +resembles very much the stillness of the grave, must be admitted also +to have it's inconveniences. We weigh the two together, and like +best to submit to the former. Compare the number of wrongs committed +with impunity by citizens among us, with those committed by the +sovereign in other countries, and the last will be found most +numerous, most oppressive on the mind, and most degrading of the +dignity of man. + + 2. From _Observations on Demeunier's Manuscript_ + + OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARTICLE ETATS-UNIS + PREPARED FOR THE ENCYCLOPEDIE. + + June 22, 1786 + + 1. II. 17. 29. Pa 8. The Malefactors sent to America were not +sufficient in number to merit enumeration as one class out of three +which peopled America. It was at a late period of their history that +this practice began. I have no book by me which enables me to point +out the date of it's commencement. But I do not think the whole +number sent would amount to 2000 & being principally men, eaten up +with disease, they married seldom & propagated little. I do not +suppose that themselves & their descendants are at present 4000, +which is little more than one thousandth part of the whole +inhabitants. + + Indented servants formed a considerable supply. These were +poor Europeans who went to America to settle themselves. If they +could pay their passage it was well. If not, they must find means of +paying it. They were at liberty therefore to make an agreement with +any person they chose, to serve him such a length of time as they +agreed on, on condition that he would repay to the master of the +vessel the expenses of their passage. If being foreigners unable to +speak the language, they did not know how to make a bargain for +themselves the captain of the vessel contracted for them with such +persons as he could. This contract was by deed indented, which +occasioned them to be called indented servants. Sometimes they were +called Redemptioners, because by their agreement with the master of +the vessel they could _redeem_ themselves from his power by paying +their passage, which they frequently effected by hiring themselves on +their arrival as is before mentioned. In some states I know that +these people had a right of marrying themselves without their +master's leave, & I did suppose they had that right everywhere. I +did not know that in any of the states they demanded so much as a +week for every day's absence without leave. I suspect this must have +been at a very early period while the governments were in the hands +of the first emigrants, who being mostly labourers, were +narrow-minded and severe. I know that in Virginia the laws allowed +their servitude to be protracted only two days for every one they +were absent without leave. So mild was this kind of servitude, that +it was very frequent for foreigners who carried to America money +enough, not only to pay their passage, but to buy themselves a farm, +it was common I say for them to indent themselves to a master for +three years, for a certain sum of money, with a view to learn the +husbandry of the country. I will here make a general observation. +So desirous are the poor of Europe to get to America, where they may +better their condition, that, being unable to pay their passage, they +will agree to serve two or three years on their arrival there, rather +than not go. During the time of that service they are better fed, +better clothed, and have lighter labour than while in Europe. +Continuing to work for hire a few years longer, they buy a farm, +marry, and enjoy all the sweets of a domestic society of their own. +The American governments are censured for permitting this species of +servitude which lays the foundation of the happiness of these people. +But what should these governments do? Pay the passage of all those +who chuse to go into their country? They are not able; nor, were +they able, do they think the purchase worth the price? Should they +exclude these people from their shores? Those who know their +situations in Europe & America, would not say that this is the +alternative which humanity dictates. It is said that these people +are deceived by those who carry them over. But this is done in +Europe. How can the American governments prevent it? Should they +punish the deceiver? It seems more incumbent on the European +government, where the act is done, and where a public injury is +sustained from it. However it is only in Europe that this deception +is heard of. The individuals are generally satisfied in America with +their adventure, and very few of them wish not to have made it. I +must add that the Congress have nothing to do with this matter. It +belongs to the legislatures of the several states. + + Ib. l. 12. "Mal-aise d' indiquer la nuance precise &c." In +forming a scale of crimes & punishments, two considerations have +principal weight. 1. The atrocity of the crime. 2. The peculiar +circumstances of a country which furnish greater temptations to +commit it, or greater facilities for escaping detection. The +punishment must be heavier to counterbalance this. Was the first the +only consideration, all nations would form the same scale. But as +the circumstances of a country have influence on the punishment, and +no two countries exist precisely under the same circumstances, no two +countries will form the same scale of crimes & punishments. For +example in America, the inhabitants let their horses go at large in +the uninclosed lands which are so extensive as to maintain them +altogether. It is easy therefore to steal them & easy to escape. +Therefore the laws are obliged to oppose these temptations with a +heavier degree of punishment. For this reason the stealing of a +horse in America is punished more severely than stealing the same +value in any other form. In Europe where horses are confined so +securely that it is impossible to steal them, that species of theft +need not be punished more severely than any other. In some countries +of Europe, stealing fruit from trees is punished capitally. The +reason is that it being impossible to lock fruit trees up in coffers, +as we do our money, it is impossible to oppose physical bars to this +species of theft. Moral ones are therefore opposed by the laws. +This to an unreflecting American, appears the most enormous of all +the abuses of power; because he has been used to see fruits hanging +in such quantities that if not taken by men they would rot: he has +been used to consider it therefore as of no value, as not furnishing +materials for the commission of a crime. This must serve as an +apology for the arrangements of crimes & punishments in the scale +under our consideration. A different one would be formed here; & +still different ones in Italy, Turkey, China, &c. + + Pa. 240. "Les officiers Americains &c." to pa 264. "qui le +meritoient." I would propose to new-model this Section in the +following manner. 1. Give a succinct history of the origin & +establishment of the Cincinnati. 2. Examine whether in its present +form it threatens any dangers to the state. 3. Propose the most +practicable method of preventing them. + + Having been in America during the period in which this +institution was formed, and being then in a situation which gave me +opportunities of seeing it in all it's stages, I may venture to give +M. de Meusnier materials for the 1st branch of the preceding +distribution of the subject. The 2d and 3d he will best execute +himself. I should write it's history in the following form. + + When, on the close of that war which established the +independance of America, it's army was about to be disbanded, the +officers, who during the course of it had gone thro the most trying +scenes together, who by mutual aids & good offices had become dear to +one another, felt with great oppression of mind the approach of that +moment which was to separate them never perhaps to meet again. They +were from different states & from distant parts of the same state. +Hazard alone could therefore give them but rare & partial occasions +of seeing each other. They were of course to abandon altogether the +hope of ever meeting again, or to devise some occasion which might +bring them together. And why not come together on purpose at stated +times? Would not the trouble of such a journey be greatly overpaid +by the pleasure of seeing each other again, by the sweetest of all +consolations, the talking over the scenes of difficulty & of +endearment they had gone through? This too would enable them to know +who of them should succeed in the world, who should be unsuccessful, +and to open the purses of all to every labouring brother. This idea +was too soothing not to be cherished in conversation. It was +improved into that of a regular association with an organized +administration, with periodical meetings general & particular, fixed +contributions for those who should be in distress, & a badge by which +not only those who had not had occasion to become personally known +should be able to recognize one another, but which should be worn by +their descendants to perpetuate among them the friendships which had +bound their ancestors together. Genl. Washington was at that moment +oppressed with the operation of disbanding an army which was not +paid, and the difficulty of this operation was increased by some two +or three of the states having expressed sentiments which did not +indicate a sufficient attention to their paiment. He was sometimes +present when his officers were fashioning in their conversations +their newly proposed society. He saw the innocence of it's origin, & +foresaw no effects less innocent. He was at that time writing his +valedictory letter to the states, which has been so deservedly +applauded by the world. Far from thinking it a moment to multiply +the causes of irritation, by thwarting a proposition which had +absolutely no other basis but of benevolence & friendship, he was +rather satisfied to find himself aided in his difficulties by this +new incident, which occupied, & --, at the same time soothed the +minds of the officers. He thought too that this institution would be +one instrument the more for strengthening the federal bond, & for +promoting federal ideas. The institution was formed. They +incorporated into it the officers of the French army & navy by whose +sides they had fought, and with whose aid they had finally prevailed, +extending it to such grades as they were told might be permitted to +enter into it. They sent an officer to France to make the +proposition to them & to procure the badges which they had devised +for their order. The moment of disbanding the army having come on +before they could have a full meeting to appoint their president, the +General was prayed to act in that office till their first general +meeting which was to be held at Philadelphia in the month of May +following. The laws of the society were published. Men who read +them in their closets, unwarmed by those sentiments of friendship +which had produced them, inattentive to those pains which an +approaching separation had excited in the minds of the institutors, +Politicians, who see in everything only the dangers with which it +threatens civil society, in fine the labouring people, who, shielded +by equal laws, had never seen any difference between man and man, but +had read of terrible oppressions which people of their description +experience in other countries from those who are distinguished by +titles & badges, began to be alarmed at this new institution. A +remarkable silence however was observed. Their sollicitudes were +long confined within the circles of private conversation. At length +however a Mr. Burke, chief justice of South Carolina, broke that +silence. He wrote against the new institution; foreboding it's +dangers very imperfectly indeed, because he had nothing but his +imagination to aid him. An American could do no more: for to detail +the real evils of aristocracy they must be seen in Europe. Burke's +fears were thought exaggerations in America; while in Europe it is +known that even Mirabeau has but faintly sketched the curses of +hereditary aristocracy as they are experienced here, and as they +would have followed in America had this institution remained. The +epigraph of Burke's pamphlet was "Blow ye the trumpet in Zion." It's +effect corresponded with it's epigraph. This institution became +first the subject of general conversation. Next it was made the +subject of deliberation in the legislative assemblies of some of the +States. The governor of South Carolina censured it in an address to +his Assembly. The assemblies of Massachusetts, Rhode island and +Pennsylvania condemned it's principles. No circumstance indeed +brought the consideration of it expressly before Congress, yet it had +sunk deep into their minds. An offer having been made to them on the +part of the Polish order of divine providence to receive some of +their distinguished citizens into that order, they made that an +occasion to declare that these distinctions were contrary to the +principles of their confederation. The uneasiness excited by this +institution had very early caught the notice of General Washington. +Still recollecting all the purity of the motives which gave it birth, +he became sensible that it might produce political evils which the +warmth of these motives had masked. Add to this that it was +disapproved by the mass of citizens of the Union. This alone was +reason strong enough in a country where the will of the majority is +the law, & ought to be the law. He saw that the objects of the +institution were too light to be opposed to considerations as serious +as these; and that it was become necessary to annihilate it +absolutely. On this therefore he was decided. The first annual +meeting at Philadelphia was now at hand. He went to that, determined +to exert all his influence for it's suppression. He proposed it to +his fellow officers, and urged it with all his powers. It met an +opposition which was observed to cloud his face with an anxiety that +the most distressful scenes of the war had scarcely ever produced. +It was canvassed for several days, & at length it was no more a doubt +what would be it's ultimate fate. The order was on the point of +receiving it's annihilation by the vote of a very great majority of +it's members. In this moment their envoy arrived from France, +charged with letters from the French officers accepting with +cordiality the proposed badges of union, with sollicitations from +others to be received into the order, & with notice that their +respectable sovereign had been pleased to recognize it, & permit his +officers to wear it's badges. The prospect now changed. The +question assumed a new form. After the offer made by them, & +accepted by their friends, in what words could they clothe a +proposition to retract it which would not cover themselves with the +reproaches of levity & ingratitude? which would not appear an insult +to those whom they loved? Federal principles, popular discontent, +were considerations whose weight was known & felt by themselves. But +would foreigners know & feel them equally? Would they so far +acknowledge their cogency as to permit without any indignation the +eagle & ribbon to be torn from their breasts by the very hands which +had placed them there? The idea revolted the whole society. They +found it necessary then to preserve so much of their institution as +might continue to support this foreign branch, while they should +prune off every other which would give offence to their fellow +citizens; thus sacrificing on each hand to their friends & to their +country. The society was to retain it's existence, it's name, it's +meetings, & it's charitable funds: but these last were to be +deposited with their respective legislatures; the order was to be no +longer hereditary; a reformation which had been pressed even from +this side of the Atlantic; it was to be communicated to no new +members; the general meetings instead of annual were to be triennial +only. The eagle & ribbon indeed were retained; because they were +worn, & they wished them to be worn, by their friends who were in a +country where they would not be objects of offence; but themselves +never wore them. They laid them up in their bureaus with the medals +of American Independance, with those of the trophies they had taken & +the battles they had won. But through all the United States no +officer is seen to offend the public eye with the display of this +badge. These changes have tranquillized the American states. Their +citizens do justice to the circumstances which prevented a total +annihilation of the order. They feel too much interest in the +reputation of their officers, and value too much whatever may serve +to recall to the memory of their allies the moments wherein they +formed but one people. Tho they are obliged by a prudent foresight +to keep out everything from among themselves which might pretend to +divide them into orders, and to degrade one description of men below +another, yet they hear with pleasure that their allies whom +circumstances have already placed under these distinctions, are +willing to consider it as one to have aided them in the establishment +of their liberties & to wear a badge which may recall to their +remembrance; and it would be an extreme affliction to them if the +domestic reformation which has been found necessary, if the censures +of individual writers, or if any other circumstance should discourage +the wearing their badge, or lessen it's reputation. + + This short but true history of the order of the Cincinnati, +taken from the mouths of persons on the spot who were privy to it's +origin & progress, & who knew it's present state, is the best apology +which can be made for an institution which appeared to be, & was +really, so heterogeneous to the governments in which it was erected. + + It should be further considered that, in America, no other +distinction between man & man had ever been known, but that of +persons in office exercising powers by authority of the laws, and +private individuals. Among these last the poorest labourer stood on +equal ground with the wealthiest millionnaire, & generally on a more +favoured one whenever their rights seem to jar. It has been seen +that a shoemaker, or other artisan, removed by the voice of his +country from his work bench into a chair of office, has instantly +commanded all the respect and obedience which the laws ascribe to his +office. But of distinction by birth or badge they had no more idea +than they had of the mode of existence in the moon or planets. They +had heard only that there were such, & knew that they must be wrong. +A due horror of the evils which flow from these distinctions could be +excited in Europe only, where the dignity of man is lost in arbitrary +distinctions, where the human species is classed into several stages +of degradation, where the many are crushed under the weight of the +few, & where the order established can present to the contemplation +of a thinking being no other picture than that of God almighty & his +angels trampling under foot the hosts of the damned. No wonder then +that the institution of the Cincinnati should be innocently conceived +by one order of American citizens, could raise in the other orders +only a slow, temperate, & rational opposition, and could be viewed in +Europe as a detestable parricide. + + The 2d & 3d branches of this subject, no body can better +execute than M. de. Meusnier. Perhaps it may be curious to him to +see how they strike an American mind at present. He shall therefore +have the ideas of one who was an enemy to the institution from the +first moment of it's conception, but who was always sensible that the +officers neither foresaw, nor intended the injury they were doing to +their country. + + As to the question then, whether any evil can proceed from the +institution as it stands at present, I am of opinion there may. 1. +From the meetings. These will keep the officers formed into a body; +will continue a distinction between the civil & military which it +would be for the good of the whole to obliterate as soon as possible; +& the military assemblies will not only keep alive the jealousies & +the fears of the civil government, but give ground for these fears & +jealousies. For when men meet together, they will make business if +they have none; they will collate their grievances, some real, some +imaginary, all highly painted; they will communicate to each other +the sparks of discontent; & this may engender a flame which will +consume their particular, as well as the general, happiness. 2. The +charitable part of the institution is still more likely to do +mischief, as it perpetuates the dangers apprehended in the preceding +clause. For here is a fund provided of permanent existence. To whom +will it belong? To the descendants of American officers of a certain +description. These descendants then will form a body, having +sufficient interest to keep up an attention to their description, to +continue meetings, & perhaps, in some moment, when the political eye +shall be slumbering, or the firmness of their fellow-citizens +realized, to replace the insignia of the order & revive all its +pretensions. What good can the officers propose which may weigh +against these possible evils? The securing their descendants against +want? Why afraid to trust them to the same fertile soil, & the same +genial climate which will secure from want the descendants of their +other fellow citizens? Are they afraid they will be reduced to +labour the earth for their sustenance? They will be rendered thereby +both honester and happier. An industrious farmer occupies a more +dignified place in the scale of beings, whether moral or political, +than a lazy lounger, valuing himself on his family, too proud to +work, & drawing out a miserable existence by eating on that surplus +of other men's labour which is the sacred fund of the helpless poor. +A pitiful annuity will only prevent them from exerting that industry +& those talents which would soon lead them to better fortune. + + How are these evils to be prevented? 1. At their first general +meeting let them distribute the funds on hand to the existing objects +of their destination, & discontinue all further contributions. 2. +Let them declare at the same time that their meetings general & +particular shall henceforth cease. 3. Let them melt up their eagles +& add the mass to the distributable fund that their descendants may +have no temptation to hang them in their button holes. + + These reflections are not proposed as worthy the notice of M. +de Meusnier. He will be so good as to treat the subject in his own +way, & no body has a better. I will only pray him to avail us of his +forcible manner to evince that there is evil to be apprehended even +from the ashes of this institution, & to exhort the society in +America to make their reformation complete; bearing in mind that we +must keep the passions of men on our side even when we are persuading +them to do what they ought to do. + + + Pa. 272. "Comportera peut etre une population de thirty +millions." + + The territories of the United States contain about a million of +square miles, English. There is in them a greater proportion of +fertile lands than in the British dominions in Europe. Suppose the +territory of the U.S. then to attain an equal degree of population +with the British European dominions, they will have an hundred +millions of inhabitants. Let us extend our views to what may be the +population of the two continents of North & South America supposing +them divided at the narrowest part of the isthmus of Panama. Between +this line and that of 50 degrees of north latitude the northern +continent contains about 5 millions of square miles, and South of +this line of division the Southern continent contains about 7 +millions of square miles. I do not pass the 50th degree of northern +latitude in my reckoning, because we must draw a line somewhere, & +considering the soil & climate beyond that, I would only avail my +calculation of it, as a make weight, to make good what the colder +regions within that line may be supposed to fall short in their +future population. Here are 12 millions of square miles then, which +at the rate of population before assumed, will nourish 1200 millions +of inhabitants, a number greater than the present population of the +whole globe is supposed to amount to. If those who propose medals +for the resolution of questions, about which nobody makes any +question, those who have invited discussions on the pretended problem +Whether the discovery of America was for the good of mankind? if +they, I say, would have viewed it only as doubling the numbers of +mankind, & of course the quantum of existence & happiness, they might +have saved the money & the reputation which their proposition has +cost them. The present population of the inhabited parts of the U.S. +is of about 10. to the square mile; & experience has shown us, that +wherever we reach that the inhabitants become uneasy, as too much +compressed, and go off in great numbers to search for vacant country. +Within 40 years the whole territory will be peopled at that rate. We +may fix that then as the term beyond which the people of those states +will not be restrained within their present limits; we may fix it too +as the term of population, which they will not exceed till the whole +of those two continents are filled up to that mark, that is to say, +till they shall contain 120 millions of inhabitants. The soil of the +country on the western side of the Mississippi, it's climate, & it's +vicinity to the U.S. point it out as the first which will receive +population from that nest. The present occupiers will just have +force enough to repress & restrain the emigrations to a certain +degree of consistence. We have seen lately a single person go & +decide on a settlement in Kentucky, many hundred miles from any white +inhabitant, remove thither with his family and a few neighbors, & +though perpetually harassed by the Indians, that settlement in the +course of 10 years has acquired 30.000 inhabitants, it's numbers are +increasing while we are writing, and the state of which it formerly +made a part has offered it independance. + + 3. To Jean Nicolas Demeunier + + June 26, 1786 + + Mr. Jefferson presents his compliments to M. de Meusnier & +sends him copies of the 13th, 23d, & 24th articles of the treaty +between the K. of Prussia & the United States. + + In the negociation with the Minister of Portugal at London, the +latter objected to the 13th article. The observations which were +made in answer to his objections Mr. Jefferson incloses. They are a +commentary on the 13th article. Mr. de Meusnier will be so good as +to return the sheet on which these observations are as Mr. Jefferson +does not retain a copy of it. + + If M. de Meusnier proposes to mention the facts of cruelty of +which he & Mr. Jefferson spoke yesterday, the 24th article will +introduce them properly, because they produced a sense of the +necessity of that article. These facts are 1. The death of upwards +of 11,000 Americans in one prison ship (the Jersey) and in the space +of 3. years. 2. General Howe's permitting our prisoners taken at the +battle of Germantown and placed under a guard in the yard of the +Statehouse of Philadelphia to be so long without any food furnished +them that many perished with hunger. Where the bodies laid, it was +seen that they had eaten all the grass round them within their reach, +after they had lost the power of rising, or moving from their place. +3. The 2d fact was the act of a commandg officer; the 1st of several +commanding officers, & for so long a time as must suppose the +approbation of government. But the following was the act of +government itself. During the periods that our affairs seemed +unfavourable & theirs successful, that is to say, after the +evacuation of New York, and again after the taking of Charlestown in +South Carolina, they regularly sent our prisoners taken on the seas & +carried to England to the E. Indies. This is so certain, that in the +month of Novemb. or Decemb. 1785, Mr. Adams having officially +demanded a delivery of the American prisoners sent to the East +Indies, Ld. Caermarthen answered officially "that orders were issued +immediately for their discharge." M. de Meusnier is at liberty to +quote this fact. 4. A fact not only of the government, but of the +parliament, who passed an act for that purpose in the beginning of +the war, was the obliging our prisoners taken at sea to join them and +fight against their countrymen. This they effected by starving & +whipping them. The insult on Capt. Stanhope, which happened at +Boston last year, was a consequence of this. Two persons, Dunbar & +Lorthrope, whom Stanhope had treated in this manner (having +particularly inflicted 24 lashes on Dunbar), meeting him at Boston, +attempted to beat him. But the people interposed & saved him. The +fact is referred to in that paragraph of the declaration of +independance which sais "he has constrained our fellow citizens taken +captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to +become the executioners of their friends & brethren, or to fall +themselves by their hands." This was the most afflicting to our +prisoners of all the cruelties exercised on them. The others +affected the body only, but this the mind -- they were haunted by the +horror of having perhaps themselves shot the ball by which a father +or a brother fell. Some of them had constancy enough to hold out +against half allowance of food & repeated whippings. These were +generally sent to England & from thence to the East Indies. One of +these escaped from the East Indies and got back to Paris, where he +gave an account of his sufferings to Mr. Adams, who happened to be +then at Paris. + + M. de Meusnier, where he mentions that the slave-law has been +passed in Virginia, without the clause of emancipation, is pleased to +mention that neither Mr. Wythe nor Mr. Jefferson were present to make +the proposition they had meditated; from which people, who do not +give themselves the trouble to reflect or enquire, might conclude +hastily that their absence was the cause why the proposition was not +made; & of course that there were not in the assembly persons of +virtue & firmness enough to propose the clause for emancipation. +This supposition would not be true. There were persons there who +wanted neither the virtue to propose, nor talents to enforce the +proposition had they seen that the disposition of the legislature was +ripe for it. These worthy characters would feel themselves wounded, +degraded, & discouraged by this idea. Mr. Jefferson would therefore +be obliged to M. de Meusnier to mention it in some such manner as +this. "Of the two commissioners who had concerted the amendatory +clause for the gradual emancipation of slaves Mr. Wythe could not be +present as being a member of the judiciary department, and Mr. +Jefferson was absent on the legation to France. But there wanted not +in that assembly men of virtue enough to propose, & talents to +vindicate this clause. But they saw that the moment of doing it with +success was not yet arrived, and that an unsuccessful effort, as too +often happens, would only rivet still closer the chains of bondage, +and retard the moment of delivery to this oppressed description of +men. What a stupendous, what an incomprehensible machine is man! who +can endure toil, famine, stripes, imprisonment & death itself in +vindication of his own liberty, and the next moment be deaf to all +those motives whose power supported him thro' his trial, and inflict +on his fellow men a bondage, one hour of which is fraught with more +misery than ages of that which he rose in rebellion to oppose. But +we must await with patience the workings of an overruling providence, +& hope that that is preparing the deliverance of these, our suffering +brethren. When the measure of their tears shall be full, when their +groans shall have involved heaven itself in darkness, doubtless a god +of justice will awaken to their distress, and by diffusing light & +liberality among their oppressors, or at length by his exterminating +thunder, manifest his attention to the things of this world, and that +they are not left to the guidance of a blind fatality." + + + + _Thoughts on English Prosody_ + + TO CHASTELLUX + + October 1786 + + Among the topics of conversation which stole off like so many +minutes the few hours I had the happiness of possessing you at +Monticello, the measures of English verse was one. I thought it +depended like Greek and Latin verse, on long and short syllables +arranged into regular feet. You were of a different opinion. I did +not pursue this subject after your departure, because it always +presented itself with the painful recollection of a pleasure which in +all human probability I was never to enjoy again. This probability +like other human calculations has been set aside by events; and we +have again discussed on this side the Atlantic a subject which had +occupied us during some pleasing moments on the other. A daily habit +of walking in the Bois de Boulogne gave me an opportunity of turning +this subject in my mind and I determined to present you my thoughts +on it in the form of a letter. I for some time parried the +difficulties which assailed me, but at length I found they were not +to be opposed, and their triumph was complete. Error is the stuff of +which the web of life is woven and he who lives longest and wisest is +only able to weave out the more of it. I began with the design of +converting you to my opinion that the arrangement of long and short +syllables into regular feet constituted the harmony of English verse. +I ended by discovering that you were right in denying that +proposition. The next object was to find out the real circumstance +which gives harmony to English poetry and laws to those who make it. +I present you with the result. It is a tribute due to your +friendship. It is due you also as having recalled me from an error +in my native tongue and that, too, in a point the most difficult of +all others to a foreigner, the law of its poetical numbers. + + _Thoughts on English Prosody_ + + Every one knows the difference between verse and prose in his +native language; nor does he need the aid of prosody to enable him to +read or to repeat verse according to its just rhythm. It is the +business of the poet so to arrange his words as that, repeated in +their accustomed measures they shall strike the ear with that regular +rhythm which constitutes verse. + + It is for foreigners principally that Prosody is necessary; not +knowing the accustomed measures of words, they require the aid of +rules to teach them those measures and to enable them to read verse +so as to make themselves or others sensible of its music. I suppose +that the system of rules or exceptions which constitutes Greek and +Latin prosody, as shown with us, was unknown to those nations, and +that it has been invented by the moderns to whom those languages were +foreign. I do not mean to affirm this, however, because you have not +searched into the history of this art, nor am I at present in a +situation which admits of that search. By industrious examination of +the Greek and Latin verse it has been found that pronouncing certain +combinations of vowels and consonants long, and certain others short, +the actual arrangement of those long and short syllables, as found in +their verse, constitutes a rhythm which is regular and pleasing to +the ear, and that pronouncing them with any other measures, the run +is unpleasing, and ceases to produce the effect of the verse. Hence +it is concluded and rationally enough that the Greeks and Romans +pronounced those syllables long or short in reading their verse; and +as we observe in modern languages that the syllables of words have +the same measures both in verse and prose, we ought to conclude that +they had the same also in those ancient languages, and that we must +lengthen or shorten in their prose the same syllables which we +lengthen or shorten in their verse. Thus, if I meet with the word +_praeteritos_ in Latin prose and want to know how the Romans +pronounced it, I search for it in some poet and find it in the line +of Virgil, _"O mihi praeteritos referat si Jupiter annos!:"_ where it +is evident that _prae_ is long and _te_ short in direct opposition to +the pronunciation which we often hear. The length allowed to a +syllable is called its quantity, and hence we say that the Greek and +Latin languages are to be pronounced according to quantity. + + Those who have undertaken to frame a prosody for the English +language have taken quantity for their basis and have mounted the +English poetry on Greek and Latin feet. If this foundation admits of +no question, the prosody of Doctor Johnson, built upon it, is perhaps +the best. He comprehends under three different feet every +combination of long and short syllables which he supposes can be +found in English verse, to wit: 1. a long and a short, which is the +trochee of the Greeks and Romans; 2. a short and a long, which is +their iambus; and 3. two short and a long, which is their anapest. +And he thinks that all English verse may be resolved into these feet. + + It is true that in the English language some one syllable of a +word is always sensibly distinguished from the others by an emphasis +of pronunciation or by an accent as we call it. But I am not +satisfied whether this accented syllable be pronounced longer, +louder, or harder, and the others shorter, lower, or softer. I have +found the nicest ears divided on the question. Thus in the word +_calenture_, nobody will deny that the first syllable is pronounced +more emphatically than the others; but many will deny that it is +longer in pronunciation. In the second of the following verses of +Pope, I think there are but two short syllables. + + Oh! be thou bless'd with all that Heav'n can send + Long health, long youth, long pleasure, and a friend. + + Innumerable instances like this might be produced. It seems, +therefore, too much to take for the basis of a system a postulatum +which one-half of mankind will deny. But the superstructure of +Doctor Johnson's prosody may still be supported by substituting for +its basis accent instead of quantity; and nobody will deny us the +existence of accent. + + In every word of more than one syllable there is some one +syllable strongly distinguishable in pronunciation by its emphasis or +accent. + + If a word has more than two syllables it generally admits of a +subordinate emphasis or accent on the alternate syllables counting +backwards and forwards from the principal one, as in this verse of +Milton: + + Well if thrown out as supernumerary, + + where the principal accent is on _nu_, but there is a lighter +one on _su_ and _ra_ also. There are some few instances indeed +wherein the subordinate accent is differently arranged, as +_parisyllabic_, _Constantinople_. It is difficult, therefore, to +introduce words of this kind into verse. + + That the accent shall never be displaced from the syllable +whereon usage hath established it is the fundamental law of English +verse. + + There are but three arrangements into which these accents can +be thrown in the English language which entitled the composition to +be distinguished by the name of verse. That is, 1. Where the accent +falls on all the odd syllables; 2. Where it falls on all the even +syllables; 3. When it falls on every third syllable. If the reason +of this be asked, no other can be assigned but that it results from +the nature of the sounds which compose the English language and from +the construction of the human ear. So, in the infinite gradations of +sounds from the lowest to the highest in the musical scale, those +only give pleasure to the ear which are at the intervals we call +whole tones and semitones. The reason is that it has pleased God to +make us so. The English poet then must so arrange his words that +their established accents shall fall regularly in one of these three +orders. To aid him in this he has at his command the whole army of +monosyllables which in the English language is a very numerous one. +These he may accent or not, as he pleases. Thus is this verse: + + 'Tis just resentment and becomes the brave. + -- POPE + + the monosyllable _and_ standing between two unaccented +syllables catches the accent and supports the measure. The same +monosyllable serves to fill the interval between two accents in the +following instance: + + + From use obscure and subtle, but to know. + --- MILTON + + The monosyllables _with_ and _in_ receive the accent in one of +the following instances and suffer it to pass over them in the other. + + The tempted _with_ dishonor foul, supposed. + -- MILTON + + Attempt _with_ confidence, the work is done. + -- HOPKINS + + Which must be mutual _in_ proportion due. + -- MILTON + + Too much of ornament _in_ outward shew. + -- MILTON + + The following lines afford other proofs of this license. + + Yet, yet, I love -- from Abelard it came. + -- POPE + + Flow, flow, my stream this devious way. + -- SHENSTONE + + The Greeks and Romans in like manner had a number of syllables +which might in any situation be pronounced long or short without +offending the ear. They had others which they could make long or +short by changing their position. These were of great avail to the +poets. The following is an example: + + {Pollakis o polyphame, ta / me kala / kala pe / phanlai.} + -- THEOCRITUS + + {'Ages, 'Ages Brotoloige, miai phone tei chesipleta.} + -- HOM. IL. + + {Metsa de tem' che theoisi, to / nd metron / estin agison.} + -- PHOCYL + + where the word Ages, being used twice, the first syllable is +long in the first and short in the second instance, and the second is +short in the first and long in the second instance. + + But though the poets have great authority over the +monosyllables, yet it is not altogether absolute. The following is a +proof of this: + + Through the dark postern of time long elaps'd. + -- YOUNG + + It is impossible to read this without throwing the accent on +the monosyllable _of_ and yet the ear is shocked and revolts at this. + + That species of our verse wherein the accent falls on all the +odd syllables, I shall call, from that circumstance, odd or +imparisyllabic verse. It is what has been heretofore called trochaic +verse. To the foot which composes it, it will still be convenient +and most intelligible to retain the ancient name of Trochee, only +remembering that by that term we do not mean a long and a short +syllable, but an accented and unac-cented one. + + That verse wherein the accent is on the even syllables may be +called even or parisyllabic verse, and corresponds with what has been +called iambic verse; retaining the term iambus for the name of the +foot we shall thereby mean an unaccented and an accented syllable. + + That verse wherein the accent falls on every third syllable, +may be called trisyllabic verse; it is equivalent to what has been +called anapestic; and we will still use the term anapest to express +two unaccented and one accented syllable. + + Accent then is, I think, the basis of English verse; and it +leads us to the same threefold distribution of it to which the +hypothesis of _quantity_ had led Dr. Johnson. While it preserves to +us the simplicity of his classification it relieves us from the +doubtfulness, if not the error, on which it was founded. + + OBSERVATIONS ON THE THREE MEASURES. + + Wherever a verse should regularly begin or end with an accented +syllable, that unaccented syllable may be suppressed. + + Bred on plains, or born in valleys, + Who would bid those scenes adieu? + Stranger to the arts of malice, + Who would ever courts pursue? + -- SHENSTONE + + Ruin seize thee, ruthless king! + Confusion on thy banners wait; + Though, fanned by Conquest's crimson wing, + They mock the air with idle state. + Helm, nor haulberk's twisted mail, + Nor ev'n thy virtues, Tyrant, shall avail + To save thy secret soul from nightly fears. + From Cambria's curse, from Cambria's tears! + -- GRAY + + *Ye Shep* / herds! give ear / to my lay, + *And take* no more heed of my sheep; + They have nothing to do but to stray; + I have nothing to do but to weep. + -- SHENSTONE + + In the first example the unaccented syllable with which the +imparisyllabic (odd) verse should end is omitted in the second and +fourth lines. In the second example the unaccented syllable with +which the parisyllabic (even) verse should begin is omitted in the +first and fifth lines. In the third instance one of the unaccented +syllables with which the trisyllabic (triple) verse should begin, is +omitted in the first and second lines and in the first of the +following line both are omitted: + + Under this marble, or under this sill + Or under this turf, or e'en what you will + Lies one who ne'er car'd, and still cares not a pin + What they said, or may say, of the mortal within; + But who, living or dying, serene still and free, + Trusts in God that as well as he was he shall be. + -- POPE + + + An accented syllable may be prefixed to a verse which should +regularly begin with an accent and added to one which should end with +an accent, thus: + + 1. Dauntless on his native sands + *The* dragon-son of Mona stands; + *In* glittering arms and glory drest, + High he rears his ruby crest. + There the thundering strokes begin, + There the press, and there the din; + Talymalfra's rocky shore + -- GRAY + + Again: + + There Confusion, Terror's child, + Conflict fierce, and Ruin wild, + Agony, that pants for breath, + Despair, and honorable death. + -- GRAY + + 2. What is this world? thy school Oh! misery! + Our only lesson is to learn to suffer; + And he who knows not that, was born for no*thing*. + My comfort is each moment takes away + A grain at least from the dead load that's on *me* + And gives a nearer prospect of the grave. + -- YOUNG + + 3. Says Richard to Thomas (and seem'd half afraid), + "I'm thinking to marry thy mistress's maid; + Now, because Mrs. Lucy to thee is well known, + I will do't if thou bidst me, or let it alone." + Said Thomas to Richard, "To speak my opin*ion*, + There is not such a bitch in King George's domin*ion*; + And I firmly believe, if thou knew'st her as I *do*, + Thou wouldst choose out a whipping-post first to be tied *to*. + She's peevish, she's thievish, she's ugly, she's old, + And a liar, and a fool, and a slut, and a scold." + + + Next day Richard hasten'd to church and was wed, + And ere night had inform'd her what Thomas had said. + -- SHENSTONE + + An accented syllable can never be either omitted or added +without changing the character of the verse. In fact it is the +number of accented syllables which determines the length of the +verse. That is to say, the number of feet of which it consists. + + Imparisyllabic verse being made up of Trochees should regularly +end with an unaccented syllable; and in that case if it be in rhyme +both syllables of the foot must be rhymed. But most frequently the +unaccented syllable is omitted according to the license before +mentioned and then it suffices to rhyme the accented one. The +following is given as a specimen of this kind of verse. + + Shepherd, wouldst thou here obtain + Pleasure unalloy'd with pain? + Joy that suits the rural sphere? + Gentle shepherd, lend an ear. + + Learn to relish calm delight + Verdant vales and fountains bright; + Trees that nod o'er sloping hills, + Caves that echo tinkling rills. + + If thou canst no charm disclose + In the simplest bud that blows; + Go, forsake thy plain and fold; + Join the crowd, and toil for gold. + + Tranquil pleasures never cloy; + Banish each tumultuous joy; + All but love -- for love inspires + Fonder wishes, warmer fires + + See, to sweeten thy repose, + The blossom buds, the fountain flows; + Lo! to crown thy healthful board, + All that milk and fruits afford. + + Seek no more -- the rest is vain; + Pleasure ending soon in pain: + Anguish lightly gilded o'er; + Close thy wish, and seek no more. + -- SHENSTONE + + Parisyllabic verse should regularly be composed of all +iambuses; that is to say, all its even syllables should be accented. +Yet it is very common for the first foot of the line to be a trochee +as in this verse: + + Ye who e'er lost an angel, pity me! + + Sometimes a trochee is found in the midst of this verse. But +this is extremely rare indeed. The following, however, are instances +of it taken from Milton. + + To do ought good _never_ will be our task + Behests obey, _worthiest_ to be obeyed. + + Than self-esteem, _grounded_ on just and right + Leans the huge elephant the _wisest_ of brutes! + + In these instances it has not a good effect, but in the +following it has: + + This hand is mine -- _oh! what_ a hand is here! + So soft, souls sink into it and are lost. + + When this trochee is placed at the beginning of a verse, if it +be not too often repeated it produces a variety in the measure which +is pleasing. The following is a specimen of the parisyllabic verse, +wherein the instances of this trochee beginning the verse are noted: + + _Pity_ the sorrows of a poor old man, + Whose trembling limbs have borne him to your door. + Whose days are dwindled to the shortest span; + _Oh! give_ relief, and Heaven will bless your store. + + These tattered clothes my poverty bespeak, + These hoary locks proclaim my lengthen'd years + And many a furrow in my grief-worn cheek + Has been the channel to a flood of tears. + + Yon house, erected on the rising ground, + With tempting aspect, drew me from my road; + For plenty there a residence has found, + And grandeur a magnificent abode. + + _Hard is_ the fate of the infirm and poor! + Here, as I craved a morsel of their bread, + A pamper'd menial drove me from the door, + To seek a shelter in an humbler shed. + + _Oh! take_ me to your hospitable dome; + _Keen blows_ the wind, and piercing is the cold; + _Short is_ my passage to the friendly tomb, + For I am poor, and miserably old. + + *Heaven sends* misfortunes; why should we repine! + Tis Heaven has brought me to the state you see; + And your condition may be soon like mine, + The child of sorrow and of misery. + -- MOSS + + Trisyllabic verse consists altogether of anapests, that is, of +feet made up of two unaccented and one accented syllable; and it does +not admit a mixture of any other feet. The following is a specimen +of this kind of verse: + + I have found out a gift for my fair; + I have found where the wood-pigeons breed; + But let me that plunder forbear, + She will say 'twas a barbarous deed: + + For he ne'er could be true, she averr'd, + Who could rob a poor bird of its young; + And I loved her the more when I heard + Such tenderness fall from her tongue. + -- SHENSTONE + + The following are instances of an iambus in an anapestic verse: + + Or under this turf, or ev'n what they will. + -- POPE + + It never was known that circular letters. + -- SWIFT + + They are extremely rare and are deformities, which cannot be +admitted to belong to the verse, notwithstanding the authority of the +writers from whom they are quoted. Indeed, the pieces from which +they are taken are merely pieces of sport on which they did not mean +to rest their poetical merit. + + But to what class shall we give the following species of verse? +"God save great Washington." It is triple verse, but the accent is on +the first syllable of the foot instead of the third. Is this an +attempt at dactylian verse? or shall we consider it still as +anapestic, wherein either the two unaccented syllables which should +begin the verse are omitted; or else the two which should end it are, +in reciting, transposed to the next verse to complete the first +anapest of that, as in Virgil in the following instance, the last +syllable of the line belongs to the next, being amalgamated with that +into one. + + I am not able to recollect another instance of this kind of +verse and a single example cannot form a class. It is not worth +while, therefore, to provide a foreigner with a critical +investigation of its character. + + OF ELISION. + + The vowels only suffer elision except that "v" is also omitted +in the word over and "w" in will, "h" in have. This is actually made +in most cases, as it was with the Greeks. Sometimes, however, it is +neglected to be done, and in those cases the reader must make it for +himself, as in the following examples: + + + Thou yet _mightest_ act the friendly part + And lass _unnoticed_ from malignant right + And _fallen_ to save his injur'd land + Impatient for _it is_ past the promis'd hour. + + He _also against_ the house of God was bold + Anguish and doubt and fear and sorr_ow_ _and_ pain + Of Phlegma with _the_ _he_roic race was joined + Damasco, or Maroc_co_, _or_ Trebisond + All her _original_ brightness, nor appear'd + _Open or_ understood must be resolv'd. + + OF SYNECPHONESIS. + + Diphthongs are considered as forming one syllable. But vowels +belonging to different syllables are sometimes forced to coalesce +into a diphthong if the measure requires it. Nor is this coalescence +prevented by the intervention of an "h," a "w" or a liquid. In this +case the two syllables are run into one another with such rapidity as +to take but the time of one. + + The following are examples: + + And wish th_e_ _a_venging fight + B_e_ _i_t so, for I submit, his doom is fair. + When wint'ry winds deform the plent_eo_us year + Droop'd their fair leaves, nor knew th_e_ _u_nfriendly soil + The rad_ia_nt morn resumed her orient pride + While born to bring the Muse's happ_ie_r days + A patr_io_t's hand protects a poet's lays + Ye midnight lamps, ye cur_iou_s homes + That eagle gen_iu_s! had he let fall -- + + Fair fancy wept; and ech_oi_ng sighs confest + The sounding forest fluct_ua_tes in the storm + Thy greatest infl_ue_nce own + Iss_ue_ing from out the portals of the morn + What groves nor streams bestow a virt_uou_s mind + With man_y_ _a_ proof of recollected love. + With kind concern our pit_yi_ng eyes o'erflow + Lies yet a little embr_yo_ unperceiv'd -- + + + Now Marg_are_t's curse is fall'n upon our heads + And ev_en_ _a_ Shakespeare to her fame be born + When min_era_l fountains vainly bear + O how self-fettered was my grov_eli_ng soul! + To ev_ery_ sod which wraps the dead + And beam protection on a wand_eri_ng maid + Him or his children, ev_il_ _he_ may be sure + Love unlibid_inou_s resigned, nor jealousy + And left t_o_ _he_rself, if evil thence ensue. + Big swell'd my heart and own'd the p_owe_rful maid + Proceeding, runs low bell_owi_ng round the hills + Thy cherishing, thy hon_ouri_ng, and thy love + With all its shad_owy_ shapes is shown + The shepherd's so civil y_ou_ _ha_ve nothing to fear. + + The elision of a vowel is often actually made where the +coalescence before noted be more musical. Perhaps a vowel should +never suffer elision when it is followed by a vowel or where only an +"h," a "w" or a liquid intervenes between that and a next vowel, or +in other words there should never be an elision where synecphonesis +may take place. Consider the following instances: + + Full of the dear ecstatic pow'r, and sick + Dare not th' infectious sigh; thy pleading look + While ev'ning draws her crimson curtains round + And fright the tim'rous game + Fills ev'ry nerve, and pants in ev'ry vein. + + Full of the dear ecstatic power, and sick + Dare not the infectious sigh; thy pleading look + While evening draws her crimson curtains round + And fright the timorous game + Fills every nerve, and pants in every vein. + + The pronunciation in these instances with the actual elision is +less agreeable to my ear than by synecphonesis. + + OF RULES FOR THE ACCENT. + + Accent deciding the measure of English verse as quantity does +that of the Latin, and rules having been formed for teaching the +quantity of the Latins it would be expected that rules should also be +offered for indicating to foreigners the accented syllable of every +word in English. Such rules have been attempted. Were they to be so +completely formed as that the rules and their necessary exceptions +would reach every word in the language, they would be too great a +charge on the memory and too complicated for use either in reading or +conversation. In the imperfect manner in which they have been +hitherto proposed they would lead into infinite errors. It is usage +which has established the accent of every word, or rather I might say +it has been caprice or chance, for nothing can be more arbitrary or +less consistent. I am of opinion it is easier for a foreigner to +learn the accent of every word individually, than the rules which +would teach it. This his dictionary will teach him, if, when he +recurs to it for the meaning of a word, he will recollect that he +should notice also on which syllable is its accent. Or he may learn +the accent by reading poetry, which differs our language from Greek +and Latin, wherein you must learn their prosody in order to read +their poetry. Knowing that with us the accent is on every odd +syllable or on every even one or on every third, he has only to +examine of which of these measures the verse is to be able to read it +correctly. But how shall he distinguish the measure to which the +verse belongs? + + If he can find in the piece any one word the accent of which he +already knows, that word will enable him to distinguish if it be +parisyllabic or imparisyllabic. Let us suppose, for example, he +would read the following piece: + + How sleep the brave, who sink to rest, + By all their country's wishes blest! + When Spring, with dewy fingers cold, + Returns to deck their hallowed mould, + She there shall dress a _sweeter_ sod + Than Fancy's feet have ever trod. + + By fairy hands their knell is rung; + By forms unseen their dirge is sung; + There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray, + To bless the turf that wraps their clay; + And Freedom shall a while repair, + To dwell a weeping hermit there! + -- COLLINS + + He finds the word _sweeter_, the accent of which he has already +learned to be on the first syllable, sweet. He observes that that is +an even syllable, being the sixth of the line. He knows then that it +is parisyllabic verse and from that he can accent the whole piece. +If he does not already know the accent of a single word he must look +in his dictionary for some one, and that will be a key to the whole +piece. He should take care not to rely on the first foot of any +line, because, as has been before observed, that is often a trochee +even in the parisyllabic verse. Without consulting his dictionary at +all, or knowing a single accent, the following observation will +enable him to distinguish between these two species of verse when +they are in rhyme. An odd number of syllables with a single rhyme, +or an even number with a double rhyme, prove the verse to be +imparisyllabic. An even number of syllables with a single rhyme, or +an odd number with a double one, prove it to be parisyllabic, _e_. +_g_.: + + Learn by this unguarded lover + When your secret sighs prevail + Not to let your tongue discover + Raptures that you should conceal. + -- CUNNINGHAM + + He sung and hell consented + To hear the poet's prayer + Stern Proserpine relented + And gave him back the fair. + -- POPE + + If in thus examining the seat of the accent he finds it is +alternately on an odd and an even syllable, that is to say, on the +third, sixth, ninth, twelfth syllables, the verse is trisyllabic. + + With her how I stray'd amid fountains and bowers! + Or loiter'd behind, and collected the flowers! + Then breathless with arduor my fair one pursued, + And to think with what kindness my garland she view'd! + But be still, my fond heart! this emotion give o'er; + Fain wouldst thou forget thou must love her no more. + -- SHENSTONE + + It must be stated that in this kind of verse we should count +backward from the last syllable, if it be a single rhyme, or the last +but one if it be double; because one of the unaccented syllables +which should begin the verse is so often omitted. This last syllable +in the preceding example should be the twelfth. When the line is +full it is accented of course. Consulting the dictionary, therefore, +we find in the first line the ninth syllable accented; in the second, +the sixth; in the third line the accented syllables there being +alternately odd and even, to wit, the third, sixth, ninth and +twelfth, we know the verse must be trisyllabic. + + The foreigner then first determining the measure of the verse, +may read it boldly. He will commit a few errors, indeed; let us see +what they are likely to be. In imparisyllabic verse none, because +that consists of trochees invariably; if an unaccented syllable +happens to be prefixed to the verse, he will discover it by the +number of syllables. In parisyllabic verse, when a trochee begins +the verse, he will pronounce that foot wrong. This will perhaps +happen once in ten lines; in some authors more, in others less. In +like manner he will pronounce wrong the trochee in the middle of the +line. But this he will encounter once in some hundreds of times. In +the trisyllabic verse he can never commit an error if he counts from +the end of the line. These imperfections are as few as a foreigner +can possibly expect in the beginning; and he will reduce their number +in proportion as he acquires by practice a knowledge of the accents. + + The subject of accent cannot be quitted till we apprise him of +another imperfection which will show itself in his reading, and which +will be longer removing. Though there be accents on the first, the +second or the third syllables of the foot, as has been before +explained, yet is there subordination among these accents, a +modulation in their tone of which it is impossible to give a precise +idea in writing. This is intimately connected with the sense; and +though a foreigner will readily find to what words that would give +distinguished emphasis, yet nothing but habit can enable him to give +actually the different shades of emphasis which his judgment would +dictate to him. Even natives have very different powers as to this +article. This difference exists both in the organ and the judgment. +Foote is known to have read Milton so exquisitely that he received +great sums of money for reading him to audiences who attended him +regularly for that purpose. This difference, too, enters deeply into +the merit of theatrical actors. The foreigner, therefore, must +acquiesce under a want of perfection which is the lot of natives in +common with himself. + + We will proceed to give examples which may explain what is here +meant, distinguishing the accents into four shades by these marks +'''' ''' '' ' the greater number of marks denoting the strongest +accents. + + Oh when the growling winds contend and all + The sounding forest fluctuates in the storm + To sink in warm repose, and hear the din + Howl o'er the steady battlements, delights + Above the luxury of vulgar sleep. + -- ARMSTRONG + + Life's cares are comforts; such by heav'n design'd + He that has none, must make them or be wretched + Cares are employments; and without employ + The soul is on a rack, the rack of rest. + -- YOUNG + + O! lost to virtue, lost to manly thought, + Lost to the noble sallies of the soul! + Who think it solitude, to be alone. + Communion sweet! communion large and high! + Our reason, guardian angel, and our God! + Then nearest these, when others most remote; + And all, ere long, shall be remote, but these. + -- YOUNG + + By nature's law, what may be, may be now; + There's no prerogative in human hours. + In human hearts what bolder thought can rise, + Than man's presumption on to-morrow's dawn? + Where is to-morrow? In another world. + For numbers this is certain; the reverse + Is sure to none; and yet on this perhaps, + This peradventure, infamous for lies, + As on a rock of adamant, we build + Our mountain hopes; spin out eternal schemes. + As we the fatal sisters could outspin, + And, big with life's futurities, expire. + -- YOUNG + + Cowards die many times before their deaths: + The valiant never taste of death but once. + Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, + It seems to me most strange that men should fear, + Seeing that death, a necessary end, + Will come when it will come. + + I cannot tell what you and other men + Think of this life, but for my single self, + I had as lief not be as live to be + In awe of such a thing as I myself. + I was born free as Caesar, so were you; + We both have fed as well, and we can both + Endure the winter's cold as well as he. + + The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, + The solemn temples, the great globe itself, + Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, + And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, + Leave not a rack behind. + + I am far from presuming to give this accentuation as perfect. +No two persons will accent the same passage alike. No person but a +real adept would accent it twice alike. Perhaps two real adepts who +should utter the same passage with infinite perfection yet by +throwing the energy into different words might produce very different +effects. I suppose that in those passages of Shakespeare, for +example, no man but Garrick ever drew their full tone out of them, if +I may borrow an expression from music. Let those who are disposed to +criticise, therefore, try a few experiments themselves. I have +essayed these short passages to let the foreigner see that the accent +is not equal; that they are not to be read monotonously. I chose, +too, the most pregnant passages, those wherein every word teems with +latent meaning, that he might form an idea of the degrees of +excellence of which this art is capable. He must not apprehend that +all poets present the same difficulty. It is only the most brilliant +passages. The great mass, even of good poetry, is easily enough +read. Take the following examples, wherein little differences in the +enunciation will not change the meaning sensibly. + + Here, in cool grot and mossy cell, + We rural fays and faeries dwell; + Though rarely seen by mortal eye, + When the pale Moon, ascending high, + Darts through yon lines her quivering beams, + We frisk it near these crystal streams. + + Her beams, reflected from the wave, + Afford the light our revels crave; + The turf, with daisies broider'd o'er, + Exceeds, we wot, the Parian floor; + Nor yet for artful strains we call, + But listen to the water's fall. + + Would you then taste our tranquil scene, + Be sure your bosoms be serene: + Devoid of hate, devoid of strife, + Devoid of all that poisons life: + And much it 'vails you, in their place + To graft the love of human race. + + And tread with awe these favor'd bowers, + Nor wound the shrubs, nor bruise the flowers; + So may your path with sweets abound; + So may your couch with rest be crown'd! + But harm betide the wayward swain, + Who dares our hallow'd haunts profane! + -- SHENSTONE + + To fair Fidele's grassy tomb + Soft maids and village hinds shall bring + Each opening sweet, of earliest bloom, + And rifle all the breathing Spring. + + No wailing ghost shall dare appear + To vex with shrieks this quiet grove, + But shepherd lads assemble here, + And melting virgins own their love. + + No wither'd witch shall here be seen, + No goblins lead their nightly crew; + The female fays shall haunt the green, + And dress thy grave with pearly dew; + + The red-breast oft at evening hours + Shall kindly lend his little aid, + With hoary moss, and gather'd flowers, + To deck the ground where thou art laid. + + When howling winds, and beating rain, + In tempests shake thy sylvan cell; + Or 'midst the chase on every plain, + The tender thought on thee shall dwell. + + Each lonely scene shall thee restore, + For thee the tear be duly shed; + Belov'd, till life can charm no more + And mourn'd, till Pity's self be dead. + -- COLLINS + + OF THE LENGTH OF VERSE + + Having spoken of feet which are only the constituent part of +verse, it becomes necessary to say something of its larger divisions, +and even of the verse itself. For what is a verse? This question +naturally occurs, and it is not sufficiently answered by saying it is +a whole line. Should the printer think proper to print the following +passage in this manner: + + {Os eipon oy paidos orezato phaidimos Ektor. aps d' o pais +pros kolpon eyzonoio tithenes eklinthe iachon, patros philoy opsin +atychtheis, tarbesas chalkon te ide lophon ippiochaiten, deinon ap +akrotates korythos neyonta noesas ek d' egelasse pater te philos kai +potnia meter. aytik' apo kratos koryth' eileto phaidimos Ektor, kai +ten men katetheken epi chthoni pamphanoosan aytar o g' on philon yion +epei kyse pele te chersin, eipen epeyxamenos Dii t' alloisin te +theoisi Zey alloi te theoi, dote de kai tonde genesthai paid' emon, +os kai ego per, ariprepea Troessin, ode bien t' agathon kai 'Ilioy +iphi anassein kai pote tis eipoi, 'patros g' ode pollon ameinon' ek +polemoy anionta pheroi d' enara brotoenta kteinas deion andra, +chareie de frena meter. Os eipon alochoio philes en chersin etheke +paid' eon e d' ara min keodei dexato kolpo dakryoen gelasasa posis d' +eleese noesas, cheiri te min katerexen epos t' ephat' ek t' onomaze} + + it would still be verse; it would still immortalize its author +were every other syllable of his compositions lost. The poet then +does not depend on the printer to give a character to his work. He +has studied the human ear. He has discovered that in any rhythmical +composition the ear is pleased to find at certain regular intervals a +pause where it may rest, by which it may divide the composition into +parts, as a piece of music is divided into bars. He contrives to +mark this division by a pause in the sense or at least by an +emphatical word which may force the pause so that the ear may feel +the regular return of the pause. The interval then between these +regular pauses constitutes a verse. In the morsel before cited this +interval comprehends six feet, and though it is written in the manner +of prose, yet he who can read it without pausing at every sixth foot, +like him who is insensible to the charm of music, who is insensible +of love or of gratitude, is an unfavored son of nature to whom she +has given a faculty fewer than to others of her children, one source +of pleasure the less in a world where there are none to spare. A +well-organized ear makes the pause regularly whether it be printed as +verse or as prose. But not only the organization of the ear but the +character of the language have influence in determining the length of +the verse. Otherwise the constitution of the ear being the same with +all nations the verse would be of the same length in all languages, +which is not the case. But the difference in language occasions the +ear to be pleased with a difference of interval in the pause. The +language of Homer enabled him to compose in verse of six feet; the +English language cannot bear this. They may be of one, two, three, +four, or five feet, as in the following examples: + + One foot. + + Turning + Burning + Changing + Ranging + I mourn + I sigh + I burn + I die + Let us part -- + Let us part + Will you break + My poor heart? + + Two feet. + + Flow'ry mountains + Mossy fountains + Shady woods + Crystal floods + To me the rose + No longer glows + Ev'ry plant + Has lost its scent. + + Prithee Cupid no more + Hurl thy darts at threescore + To thy girls and thy boys + Give thy pains and thy joys. + + + Three feet. + + Farewell fear and sorrow + Pleasure till to-morrow. + + Yes, ev'ry flow'r that blows + I passed unheeded by + Till this enchanting rose + Had fix'd my wand'ring eye. + -- CUNNINGHAM + + The rose though a beautiful red + Looks faded to Phyllis's bloom; + And the breeze from the bean-flower bed + To her breath's but a feeble perfume; + A lily I plucked in full pride + Its freshness with hers to compare, + And foolishly thought till I try'd + The flow'ret was equally fair. + -- CUNNINGHAM + + Four feet. + + From the dark tremendous cell + Where the fiends of magic dwell + Now the sun hath left the skies + Daughters of Enchantment, rise! + -- CUNNINGHAM + + Come Hope, and to my pensive eye + Thy far foreseeing tube apply + Whose kind deception steals us o'er + The gloomy waste that lies before. + -- LANGHORNE + + `Mongst lords and fine ladies we shepherds are told + The dearest affections are barter'd for gold + That discord in wedlock is often their lot + While Cupid and Hymen shake hands in a cot. + -- CUNNINGHAM + + Here the parisyllabic alone bears one foot more. + + + Oh liberty! thou goddess heav'nly bright + Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight, + Eternal pleasures in thy presence reign, + And smiling Plenty leads thy wanton train; + Eas'd of her load subjection grows more light, + And Poverty looks cheerful in thy sight; + Thou mak'st the gloomy face of nature gay + Giv'st beauty to the sun, and pleasure to the day. + -- ADDISON + + The last line furnishes an instance of six feet, usually called an +Alexandrian; but no piece is ever wholly in that measure. A single line only +is tolerated now and then, and is never a beauty. Formerly it was thought +that the language bore lines of seven feet in length, as in the following: + + `Tis he whose ev'ry thought and deed by rules of virtue + moves; + Whose gen'rous tongue disdains to speak the thing his heart + disproves + Who never did a slander forge his neighbor's fame to + wound; + Nor listen to a false report by malice whisper'd round. + -- PSALM 15 + + But a little attention shows that there is as regular a pause +at the fourth foot as at the seventh, and as verse takes its +denomination from the shortest regular intervals, this is no more +than an alternate verse of four and of three feet. It is, therefore, +usually written as in the following stanzas of the same piece: + + Who to his plighted vows and trust + Has ever firmly stood + And, though he promise to his loss, + He makes his promise good. + + The man who by this steady course + Has happiness ensur'd + When earth's foundations shake, will stand + By Providence secur'd. + + + We may justly consider, therefore, verses of five feet as the +longest the language sustains, and it is remarkable that not only +this length, though the extreme, is generally the most esteemed, but +that it is the only one which has dignity enough to support blank +verse, that is, verse without rhyme. This is attempted in no other +measure. It constitutes, therefore, the most precious part of our +poetry. The poet, unfettered by rhyme, is at liberty to prune his +diction of those tautologies, those feeble nothings necessary to +introtrude the rhyming word. With no other trammel than that of +measure he is able to condense his thoughts and images and to leave +nothing but what is truly poetical. When enveloped in all the pomp +and majesty of his subject he sometimes even throws off the restraint +of the regular pause: + + Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit + Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste + Brought death into the world, and all our woe, + With loss of Eden, till one greater Man + Restore us, and regain the blissful seat, + Sing, heavenly Muse! that on the sacred top + Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire + That shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed, + In the beginning, how the Heavens and Earth + Rose out of Chaos. + + Then stay'd the fervid wheels, and in his hand + He took the golden compasses, prepared + In God's eternal store, to circumscribe + This universe, and all created things + One foot he centred, and the other turn'd + Round, through the vast profundity obscure + And said, "Thus far extend." + + There are but two regular pauses in this whole passage of seven +verses. They are constantly drowned by the majesty of the rhythm and +sense. But nothing less than this can authorize such a license. +Take the following proof from the same author: + + + Again, God said, "Let there be firmament + Amid the waters, and let it divide + The waters from the waters;" and God made + The firmament. + -- MILTON 7:261 + + And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the +waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made +the firmament. + -- GENESIS 1:6 + + I have here placed Moses and Milton side by side, that he who +can may distinguish which verse belongs to the poet. To do this he +will not have the aid either of the sentiment, diction or measure of +poetry. The original is so servilely copied that though it be cut +into pieces of ten syllables, no pause is marked between these +portions. + + What proves the excellence of blank verse is that the taste +lasts longer than that for rhyme. The fondness for the jingle leaves +us with that for the rattles and baubles of childhood, and if we +continue to read rhymed verse at a later period of life it is such +only where the poet has had force enough to bring great beauties of +thought and diction into this form. When young any composition +pleases which unites a little sense, some imagination, and some +rhythm, in doses however small. But as we advance in life these +things fall off one by one, and I suspect we are left at last with +only Homer and Virgil, perhaps with Homer alone. He like + + Hope travels on nor quits us when we die. + + Having noted the different lengths of line which the English +poet may give to his verse it must be further observed that he may +intermingle these in the same verse according to his fancy. + + The following are selected as examples: + + A tear bedews my Delia's eye, + To think yon playful kid must die; + From crystal spring, and flowery mead, + Must, in his prime of life, recede! + + + She tells with what delight he stood, + To trace his features in the flood; + Then skipp'd aloof with quaint amaze, + And then drew near again to gaze. + -- SHENSTONE + + Full many a gem of purest ray serene + The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear; + Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, + And waste its sweetness on the desert air. + + Some village Hampden, that, with dauntless breast, + The little tyrant of his fields withstood, + Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest, + Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. + -- GRAY + + There shall my plaintive song recount + Dark themes of hopeless woe, + And faster than the drooping fount + I'll teach mine eyes to flow. + + There leaves, in spite of Autumn green + Shall shade the hallow'd ground, + And Spring will there again be seen + To call forth flowers around. + -- SHENSTONE + + O Health! capricious maid! + Why dost thou shun my peaceful bower, + Where I had hope to share thy power, + And bless thy lasting aid? + -- SHENSTONE + + The man whose mind, on virtue bent + Pursues some greatly good intent + With undivided aim + Serene beholds the angry crowd + Nor can their clamors fierce and loud + His stubborn purpose tame. + + + Ye gentle Bards! give ear, + Who talk of amorous rage, + Who spoil the lily, rob the rose, + Come learn of me to weep your woes: + "O sweet! O sweet Anne Page!" + -- SHENSTONE + + Too long a stranger to repose, + At length from Pain's abhorred couch I rose + And wander'd forth alone, + To court once more the balmy breeze, + And catch the verdure of the trees, + Ere yet their charms were flown. + -- SHENSTONE + + O thou, by Nature taught + To breathe her genuine thought, + In numbers warmly pure, and sweetly strong; + Who first, on mountains wild, + In Fancy, loveliest child, + Thy babe, and Pleasure's, nursed the powers of song! + -- COLLINS + + 'Twas in a land of learning, + The Muse's favorite city, + Such pranks of late + Were play'd by a rat, + As -- tempt one to be witty. + -- SHENSTONE + + Yet stay, O stay! celestial Pow'rs! + And with a hand of kind regard + Dispel the boisterous storm that low'rs + Destruction on the fav'rite bard; + O watch with me his last expiring breath + And snatch him from the arms of dark oblivious death. + -- GRAY + + What is grandeur, what is power? + Heavier toil, superior pain. + What the bright reward we gain? + The grateful memory of the good. + Sweet is the breath of vernal shower, + The bee's collected treasures sweet, + Sweet music's melting fall, but sweeter yet + The still small voice of gratitude. + + Methinks I hear, in accents low, + The sportive, kind reply: + Poor moralist! and what art thou? + A solitary fly! + Thy joys no glittering female meets, + No hive hast thou of hoarded sweets, + No painted plumage to display; + On hasty wings thy youth is flown; + Thy sun is set, thy spring is gone -- + We frolic while 'tis May. + -- GRAY + + Then let me rove some wild and heathy scene; + Or find some ruin, 'midst its dreary dells, + Whose walls more awful nod + By thy religious gleams. + + Or, if chill blustering winds, or driving rain, + Prevent my willing feet, be mine the hut, + That, from the mountain's side, + Views wilds, and swelling floods. + -- COLLINS + + Though the license to intermingle the different measures admits +an infinitude of combinations, yet this becomes less and less +pleasing in proportion as they depart from that simplicity and +regularity of which the ear is most sensible. When these are wholly +or nearly neglected, as in the lyric pieces, the poet renounces one +of the most fascinating charms of his art. He must then look well to +his matter and supply in sublimity or other beauties the loss of +regular measure. In effect these pieces are seldom read twice. + + + + + + TRAVEL JOURNALS + + _A Tour to some of the Gardens of England_ + + _[Memorandums made on a tour to some of the gardens in England, +described by Whateley in his book on gardening.]_ While his +descriptions, in point of style, are models of perfect elegance and +classical correctness, they are as remarkable for their exactness. I +always walked over the gardens with his book in my hand, examined +with attention the particular spots he described, found them so +justly characterized by him as to be easily recognized, and saw with +wonder, that his fine imagination had never been able to seduce him +from the truth. My inquiries were directed chiefly to such practical +things as might enable me to estimate the expense of making and +maintaining a garden in that style. My journey was in the months of +March and April, 1786. + + _Chiswick._ -- Belongs to Duke of Devonshire. A garden about +six acres; -- the octagonal dome has an ill effect, both within and +without: the garden shows still too much of art. An obelisk of very +ill effect; another in the middle of a pond useless. + + _Hampton-Court._ -- Old fashioned. Clipt yews grown wild. + + _Twickenham._ -- Pope's original garden, three and a half +acres. Sir Wm. Stanhope added one and a half acre. This is a long +narrow slip, grass and trees in the middle, walk all round. Now Sir +Wellbore Ellis's. Obelisk at bottom of Pope's garden, as monument to +his mother. Inscription, "Ah! Editha, matrum optima, mulierum +amantissima, Vale." The house about thirty yards from the Thames: the +ground shelves gently to the water side; on the back of the house +passes the street, and beyond that the garden. The grotto is under +the street, and goes out level to the water. In the centre of the +garden a mound with a spiral walk round it. A rookery. + + _Esher-Place._ -- The house in a bottom near the river; on the +other side the ground rises pretty much. The road by which we come +to the house forms a dividing line in the middle of the front; on the +right are heights, rising one beyond and above another, with clumps +of trees; on the farthest a temple. A hollow filled up with a clump +of trees, the tallest in the bottom, so that the top is quite flat. +On the left the ground descends. Clumps of trees, the clumps on each +hand balance finely -- most lovely mixture of concave and convex. +The garden is of about forty-five acres, besides the park which +joins. Belongs to Lady Frances Pelham. + + _Claremont._ -- Lord Clive's. Nothing remarkable. + + _Paynshill._ -- Mr. Hopkins. Three hundred and twenty-three +acres, garden and park all in one. Well described by Whateley. +Grotto said to have cost pound 7,000. Whateley says one of the +bridges is of stone, but both now are of wood, the lower sixty feet +high: there is too much evergreen. The dwelling-house built by +Hopkins, ill-situated: he has not been there in five years. He lived +there four years while building the present house. It is not +finished; its architecture is incorrect. A Doric temple, beautiful. + + _Woburn._ -- Belongs to Lord Peters. Lord Loughborough is the +present tenant for two lives. Four people to the farm, four to the +pleasure garden, four to the kitchen garden. All are intermixed, the +pleasure garden being merely a highly-ornamented walk through and +round the divisions of the farm and kitchen garden. + + _Caversham._ -- Sold by Lord Cadogan to Major Marsac. +Twenty-five acres of garden, four hundred acres of park, six acres of +kitchen garden. A large lawn, separated by a sunk fence from the +garden, appears to be part of it. A straight, broad gravel walk +passes before the front and parallel to it, terminated on the right +by a Doric temple, and opening at the other end on a fine prospect. +This straight walk has an ill effect. The lawn in front, which is +pasture, well disposed with clumps of trees. + + _Wotton._ -- Now belongs to the Marquis of Buckingham, son of +George Grenville. The lake covers fifty acres, the river five acres, +the basin fifteen acres, the little river two acres -- equal to +seventy-two acres of water. The lake and great river are on a level, +they fall into the basin five feet below, and that again into the +little river five feet lower. These waters lie in form of an xxx: +the house is in middle of open side, fronting the angle. A walk goes +round the whole, three miles in circumference, and containing within +it about three hundred acres: sometimes it passes close to the water, +sometimes so far off as to leave large pasture grounds between it and +the water. But two hands to keep the pleasure grounds in order; much +neglected. The water affords two thousand brace of carp a year. +There is a Palladian bridge, of which, I think, Whateley does not +speak. + + _Stowe._ -- Belongs to the Marquis of Buckingham, son of George +Grenville, and who takes it from Lord Temple. Fifteen men and +eighteen boys employed in keeping pleasure grounds. Within the walk +are considerable portions separated by inclosures and used for +pasture. The Egyptian pyramid is almost entirely taken down by the +late Lord Temple, to erect a building there, in commemoration of Mr. +Pitt, but he died before beginning it, and nothing is done to it yet. +The grotto and two rotundas are taken away. There are four levels of +water, receiving it one from the other. The basin contains seven +acres, the lake below that ten acres. Kent's building is called the +temple of Venus. The inclosure is entirely by ha-ha. At each end of +the front line there is a recess like the bastion of a fort. In one +of these is the temple of Friendship, in the other the temple of +Venus. They are seen the one from the other, the line of sight +passing, not through the garden, but through the country parallel to +the line of the garden. This has a good effect. In the approach to +Stowe, you are brought a mile through a straight avenue, pointing to +the Corinthian arch and to the house, till you get to the arch, then +you turn short to the right. The straight approach is very ill. The +Corinthian arch has a very useless appearance, inasmuch as it has no +pretension to any destination. Instead of being an object from the +house, it is an obstacle to a very pleasing distant prospect. The +Grecian valley being clear of trees, while the hill on each side is +covered with them, is much deepened to appearance. + + _Leasowes, in Shropshire._ -- Now the property of Mr. Horne by +purchase. One hundred and fifty acres within the walk. The waters +small. This is not even an ornamented farm -- it is only a grazing +farm with a path round it, here and there a seat of board, rarely +anything better. Architecture has contributed nothing. The obelisk +is of brick. Shenstone had but three hundred pounds a year, and +ruined himself by what he did to this farm. It is said that he died +of the heart-aches which his debts occasioned him. The part next the +road is of red earth, that on the further part gray. The first and +second cascades are beautiful. The landscape at number eighteen, and +prospect at thirty-two, are fine. The walk through the wood is +umbrageous and pleasing. The whole arch of prospect may be of ninety +degrees. Many of the inscriptions are lost. + + _Hagley, now Lord Wescot's._ -- One thousand acres: no +distinction between park and garden -- both blended, but more of the +character of garden. Eight or nine laborers keep it in order. +Between two and three hundred deer in it, some few of them red deer. +They breed sometimes with the fallow. This garden occupying a +descending hollow between the Clent and Witchbury hills, with the +spurs from those hills, there is no level in it for a spacious water. +There are, therefore, only some small ponds. From one of these there +is a fine cascade; but it can only be occasionally, by opening the +sluice. This is in a small, dark, deep hollow, with recesses of +stone in the banks on every side. In one of these is a Venus +predique, turned half round as if inviting you with her into the +recess. There is another cascade seen from the portico on the +bridge. The castle is triangular, with a round tower at each angle, +one only entire; it seems to be between forty and fifty feet high. +The ponds yield a great deal of trout. The walks are scarcely +gravelled. + + _Blenheim._ -- Twenty-five hundred acres, of which two hundred +is garden, one hundred and fifty water, twelve kitchen garden, and +the rest park. Two hundred people employed to keep it in order, and +to make alterations and additions. About fifty of these employed in +pleasure grounds. The turf is mowed once in ten days. In summer, +about two thousand fallow deer in the park, and two or three thousand +sheep. The palace of Henry II. was remaining till taken down by +Sarah, widow of the first Duke of Marlborough. It was on a round +spot levelled by art, near what is now water, and but a little above +it. The island was a part of the high road leading to the palace. +Rosamond's bower was near where is now a little grove, about two +hundred yards from the palace. The well is near where the bower was. +The water here is very beautiful, and very grand. The cascade from +the lake, a fine one; except this the garden has no great beauties. +It is not laid out in fine lawns and woods, but the trees are +scattered thinly over the ground, and every here and there small +thickets of shrubs, in oval raised beds, cultivated, and flowers +among the shrubs. The gravelled walks are broad -- art appears too +much. There are but a few seats in it, and nothing of architecture +more dignified. There is no one striking position in it. There has +been a great addition to the length of the river since Whateley +wrote. + + _Enfield Chase._ -- One of the four lodges. Garden about sixty +acres. Originally by Lord Chatham, now in the tenure of Dr. Beaver, +who married the daughter of Mr. Sharpe. The lease lately renewed -- +not in good repair. The water very fine; would admit of great +improvement by extending walks, &c., to the principal water at the +bottom of the lawn. + + _Moor Park._ -- The lawn about thirty acres. A piece of ground +up the hill of six acres. A small lake. Clumps of spruce firs. +Surrounded by walk -- separately inclosed -- destroys unity. The +property of Mr. Rous, who bought of Sir Thomas Dundas. The building +superb; the principal front a Corinthian portico of four columns; in +front of the wings a colonnade, Ionic, subordinate. Back front a +terrace, four Corinthian pilasters. Pulling down wings of building; +removing deer; wants water. + + _Kew._ -- Archimedes' screw for raising water. A horizontal +shaft made to turn the oblique one of the screw by a patent machinery +of this form: + + _The pieces separate._ + + A is driven by its shank into the horizontal axis of the wheel +which turns the machine. + + + B is an intermediate iron to connect the motion of A and C. + + C is driven by its shank into the axis of the screw. + + D is a cross axis, the ends, _a_ and _b_, going into the +corresponding holes _a_ and _b_ of the iron A, and the ends, _c_ and +_d_, going into the corresponding holes _c_ and _d_ of the iron B. + + E is another cross axis, the ends, _e_ and _f_, going into the +corresponding holes _e_ and _f_ of the iron B, and the ends, _g_ and +_h_, going into the corresponding holes _g_ and _h_ of the iron C. + + + _Memorandums on a Tour from Paris to Amsterdam, Strasburg, and +back to Paris_ + + March 3, 1788 + + _Amsterdam._ -- Joists of houses placed, not with their sides +horizontally and perpendicularly, but diamond wise, thus: xxx first, +for greater strength; second, to arch between with brick, thus: xxx +Windows opening so that they admit air and not rain. The upper sash +opens on a horizontal axis, or pins in the centre of the sides, the +lower sash slides up xxx. + + Manner of fixing a flag staff on the mast of a vessel: _a_ is +the bolt on which it turns; _b_ a bolt which is taken in and out to +fasten it or to let it down. When taken out, the lower end of the +staff is shoved out of its case, and the upper end being heaviest +brings itself down: a rope must have been previously fastened to the +butt end, to pull it down again when you want to raise the flag end. +Dining tables letting down with single or double leaves, so as to +take the room of their thickness only with a single leaf when open, +thus: xxx or thus: xxx double-leaves open: xxx shut, thus: xxx or +thus: xxx shut: xxx + + Peat costs about one doit each, or twelve and a half stivers +the hundred. One hundred make seven cubic feet, and to keep a +tolerably comfortable fire for a study or chamber, takes about six +every hour and a half. + + A machine for drawing light _empty_ boats over a dam at +Amsterdam. It is an axis in peritrochio fixed on the dam. From the +dam each way is a sloping stage, the boat is presented to this, the +rope of the axis made fast to it, and it is drawn up. The water on +one side of the dam is about four feet higher than on the other. + + The camels used for lightening ships over the Pampus will raise +the ships eight feet. There are beams passing through the ship's +sides, projecting to the off side of the camel and resting on it; of +course that alone would keep the camel close to the ship. Besides +this, there are a great number of windlasses on the camels, the ropes +of which are made fast to the gunwale of the ship. The camel is +shaped to the ship on the near side, and straight on the off one. +When placed along side, water is let into it so as nearly to sink it; +in this state it receives the beams, &c., of the ship, and then the +water is pumped out. + + Wind saw mills. See the plans detailed in the moolen book +which I bought. A circular foundation of brick is raised about three +or four feet high, and covered with a curb or sill of wood, and has +little rollers under its sill which make it turn easily on the curb. +A hanging bridge projects at each end about fifteen or twenty feet +beyond the circular area, thus: (illustration omitted) horizontally, +and thus: (illustration omitted) in the profile to increase the play +of the timbers on the frame. The wings are at one side, as at _a_; +there is a shelter over the hanging bridges, but of plank with scarce +any frame, very light. + + A bridge across a canal formed by two scows, which open each to +the opposite shore and let boats pass. + + A lanthern over the street door, which gives light equally into +the antechamber and the street. It is a hexagon, and occupies the +place of the middle pane of glass in the circular top of the street +door. + + A bridge on a canal, turning on a swivel, by which means it is +arranged along the side of the canal so as not to be in the way of +boats when not in use. When used, it is turned across the canal. It +is, of course, a little more than double the width of the canal. + + Hedges of beach, which, not losing the old leaf till the new +bud pushes it off, has the effect of an evergreen as to cover. + + Mr. Ameshoff, merchant at Amsterdam. The distribution of his +aviary is worthy of notice. Each kind of the large birds has its +coop eight feet wide and four feet deep; the middle of the front is +occupied by a broad glass window, on one side of which is a door for +the keeper to enter at, and on the other a little trap-door for the +birds to pass in and out. The floor strewed with clean hay. Before +each coop is a court of eight by sixteen feet, with wire in front and +netting above, if the fowls be able to fly. For such as require it, +there are bushes of evergreen growing in their court for them to lay +their eggs under. The coops are frequently divided into two stories: +the upper for those birds which perch, such as pigeons, &c., the +lower for those which feed on the ground, as pheasants, partridges, +&c. The court is in common for both stories, because the birds do no +injury to each other. For the water-fowl there is a pond of water +passing through the courts, with a movable separation. While they +are breeding they must be separate, afterwards they may come +together. The small birds are some of them in a common aviary, and +some in cages. + + The Dutch wheel-barrow is in this form: (illustration omitted) +which is very convenient for loading and unloading. + + Mr. Hermen Hend Damen, merchant-broker of Amsterdam, tells me +that the emigrants to America come from the Palatinate down the +Rhine, and take shipping from Amsterdam. Their passage is ten +guineas if paid here, and eleven if paid in America. He says they +might be had in any number to go to America, and settle lands as +tenants on half stocks or metairies. Perhaps they would serve their +employer one year as an indemnification for the passage, and then be +bound to remain on his lands seven years. They would come to +Amsterdam at their own expense. He thinks they would employ more +than fifty acres each; but _quaere_, especially if they have fifty +acres for their wife also? + + _Hodson._ -- The best house. Stadhonderian, his son, in the +government. Friendly, but old and very infirm. + + _Hope._ -- The first house in Amsterdam. His first object +England; but it is supposed he would like to have the American +business also, yet he would probably make our affairs subordinate to +those of England. + + _Vollenhoven._ -- An excellent old house; connected with no +party. + + _Sapportus._ -- A broker, very honest and ingenuous, +well-disposed; acts for Hope, but will say with truth what he can do +for us. The best person to consult with as to the best house to +undertake a piece of business. He has brothers in London in +business. Jacob Van Staphorst tells me there are about fourteen +millions of florins, new money, placed in loans in Holland every +year, being the savings of individuals out of their annual revenue, +&c. Besides this, there are every year reimbursements of old loans +from some quarter or other to be replaced at interest in some new +loan. + + 1788. March 16th. Baron Steuben has been generally suspected +of having suggested the first idea of the self-styled Order of +Cincinnati. But Mr. Adams tells me, that in the year 1776 he had +called at a tavern in the State of New York to dine, just at the +moment when the British army was landing at Frog's Neck. Generals +Washington, Lee, Knox and Parsons, came to the same tavern. He got +into conversation with Knox. They talked of ancient history -- of +Fabius, who used to raise the Romans from the dust; of the present +contest, &c.; and General Knox, in the course of the conversation, +said he should wish for some ribbon to wear in his hat, or in his +button hole, to be transmitted to his descendants as a badge and a +proof that he had fought in defence of their liberties. He spoke of +it in such precise terms, as showed he had revolved it in his mind +before. Mr. Adams says he and Knox were standing together in the +door of the tavern, and does not recollect whether General Washington +and the others were near enough to hear the conversation, or were +even in the room at that moment. Baron Steuben did not arrive in +America till above a year after that. Mr. Adams is now fifty-three +years old, _i.e._ nine years more than I am. + + It is said this house will cost four tons of silver, or forty + + HOPE'S HOUSE, NEAR HARLAEM. + + thousand pounds sterling. The separation between the middle +building and wings in the upper story has a capricious appearance, +yet a pleasing one. The right wing of the house (which is the left +in the plan) extends back to a great length, so as to make the ground +plan in the form of an L. The parapet has a pannel of wall, and a +pannel of ballusters alternately, which lighten it. There is no +portico, the columns being backed against the wall of the front. + + March 30th, 31st. _Amsterdam. Utrecht. Nimeguen._ The lower +parts of the low countries seem partly to have been gained from the +sea, and partly to be made up of the plains of the Yssel, the Rhine, +the Maese and the Schelde united. To Utrecht nothing but plains are +seen, a rich black mould, wet, lower than the level of the waters +which intersect it; almost entirely in grass; few or no farm-houses, +as the business of grazing requires few laborers. The canal is lined +with country houses, which bespeak the wealth and cleanliness of the +country; but generally in an uncouth state, and exhibiting no regular +architecture. After passing Utrecht, the hills north-east of the +Rhine come into view, and gather in towards the river, till at Wyck +Dursted they are within three or four miles, and at Amelengen they +join the river. The plains, after passing Utrecht, become more +sandy; the hills are very poor and sandy, generally waste in broom, +sometimes a little corn. The plains are in corn, grass, and willow. +The plantations of the latter are immense, and give it the air of an +uncultivated country. There are now few chateaux; farm-houses +abound, built generally of brick, and covered with tile or thatch. +There are some apple-trees, but no forest; a few inclosures of willow +wattling. In the gardens are hedges of beach, one foot apart, which, +not losing its old leaves till they are pushed off in the spring by +the young ones, gives the shelter of evergreens. The Rhine is here +about three hundred yards wide, and the road to Nimeguen passing it a +little below Wattelingen, leaves Hetern in sight on the left. On +this side, the plains of the Rhine, the Ling, and the Waal unite. +The Rhine and Waal are crossed on vibrating boats, the rope supported +by a line of seven little barks. The platform by which you go on to +the ferry-boat is supported by boats. The view from the hill at +Cress is sublime. It commands the Waal, and extends far up the +Rhine. That also up and down the Waal from the Bellevue of Nimeguen, +is very fine. The chateau here is pretended to have lodged Julius +Caesar. This is giving it an antiquity of at least eighteen +centuries, which must be apocryphal. Some few sheep to-day, which +were feeding in turnip patches. + + April 1st. _Cranenburg. Cleves. Santen. Reynberg. Hoogstraat._ +The transition from ease and opulence to extreme poverty is +remarkable on crossing the line between the Dutch and Prussian +territories. The soil and climate are the same; the governments +alone differ. With the poverty, the fear also of slaves is visible +in the faces of the Prussian subjects. There is an improvement, +however, in the physiognomy, especially could it be a little +brightened up. The road leads generally over the hills, but +sometimes through skirts of the plains of the Rhine. These are +always extensive and good. They want manure, being visibly worn +down. The hills are almost always sandy, barren, uncultivated, and +insusceptible of culture, covered with broom and moss; here and there +a little indifferent forest, which is sometimes of beach. The plains +are principally in corn; some grass and willow. There are no +chateaux, nor houses that bespeak the existence even of a middle +class. Universal and equal poverty overspreads the whole. In the +villages, too, which seem to be falling down, the over-proportion of +women is evident. The cultivators seem to live on their farms. The +farm-houses are of mud, the better sort of brick; all covered over +with thatch. Cleves is little more than a village. If there are +shops or magazines of merchandise in it, they show little. Here and +there at a window some small articles are hung up within the glass. +The goose-berry beginning to leaf. + + April 2d. Passed the Rhine at _Essenberg._ It is there about a +quarter of a mile wide, or five hundred yards. It is crossed in a +scow with sails. The wind being on the quarter, we were eight or ten +minutes only in the passage. Duysberg is but a village in fact, +walled in; the buildings mostly of brick. No new ones, which +indicate a thriving state. I had understood that near that were +remains of the encampment of Varus, in which he and his legions fell +by the arms of Arminius (in the time of Tiberius I think it was), but +there was not a person to be found in Duysberg who could understand +either English, French, Italian, or Latin. So I could make no +inquiry. + + From _Duysberg_ to _Dusseldorf_ the road leads sometimes over +the hills, sometimes through the plains of the Rhine, the quality of +which are as before described. On the hills, however, are +considerable groves of oak, of spontaneous growth, which seem to be +of more than a century; but the soil being barren, the trees, though +high, are crooked and knotty. The undergrowth is broom and moss. In +the plains is corn entirely. As they are become rather sandy for +grass, there are no inclosures on the Rhine at all. The houses are +poor and ruinous, mostly of brick, and scantling mixed. A good deal +of grape cultivated. + + _Dusseldorf._ The gallery of paintings is sublime, particularly +the room of Vanderwerff. The plains from Dusseldorf to Cologne are +much more extensive, and go off in barren downs at some distance from +the river. These downs extend far, according to appearance. They +are manuring the plains with lime. A gate at the Elector's chateau +on this road in this form (illustration omitted). We cross at +Cologne on a pendulum boat. I observe the hog of this country +(Westphalia), of which the celebrated ham is made, is tall, gaunt, +and with heavy lop ears. Fatted at a year old, would weigh one +hundred or one hundred and twenty pounds. At two years old, two +hundred pounds. Their principal food is acorns. The pork, fresh, +sells at two and a half pence sterling the pound. The hams, ready +made, at eight and a half pence sterling the pound. One hundred and +six pounds of this country is equal to one hundred pounds of Holland. +About four pounds of fine Holland salt is put on one hundred pounds +of pork. It is smoked in a room which has no chimney. Well-informed +people here tell me there is no other part of the world where the +bacon is smoked. They do not know that we do it. Cologne is the +principal market of exportation. They find that the small hog makes +the sweetest meat. + + _Cologne_ is a sovereign city, having no territory out of its +walls. It contains about sixty thousand inhabitants; appears to have +much commerce, and to abound with poor. Its commerce is principally +in the hands of Protestants, of whom there are about sixty houses in +the city. They are extremely restricted in their operations, and +otherwise oppressed in every form by the government, which is +Catholic, and excessively intolerant. Their Senate, some time ago, +by a majority of twenty-two to eighteen, allowed them to have a +church; but it is believed this privilege will be revoked. There are +about two hundred and fifty Catholic churches in the city. The Rhine +is here about four hundred yards wide. This city is in 51 degrees +latitude, wanting about 6'. Here the vines begin, and it is the most +northern spot on the earth on which wine is made. Their first grapes +came from Orleans, since that from Alsace, Champagne, &c. It is +thirty-two years only since the first vines were sent from Cassel, +near Mayence, to the Cape of Good Hope, of which the Cape wine is now +made. Afterwards new supplies were sent from the same quarter. That +I suppose is the most southern spot on the globe where wine is made, +and it is singular that the same vine should have furnished two wines +as much opposed to each other in quality as in situation. I was +addressed here by Mr. Damen, of Amsterdam, to Mr. Jean Jaques +Peuchen, of this place, Merchant. + + April 4th. _Cologne. Bonne. Andernach. Coblentz._ I saw many +walnut trees to-day in the open fields. It would seem as if this +tree and wine required the same climate. The soil begins now to be +reddish, both on the hills and in the plains. Those from Cologne to +Bonne extend about three miles from the river on each side; but a +little above Bonne they become contracted, and continue from thence +to be from one mile to nothing, comprehending both sides of the +river. They are in corn, some clover and rape, and many vines. +These are planted in rows three feet apart both ways. The vine is +left about six or eight feet high, and stuck with poles ten or twelve +feet high. To these poles they are tied in two places, at the height +of about two and four feet. They are now performing this operation. +The hills are generally excessively steep, a great proportion of them +barren; the rest in vines principally, sometimes small patches of +corn. In the plains, though rich, I observed they dung their vines +plentifully; and it is observed here, as elsewhere, that the plains +yield much wine, but bad. The good is furnished from the hills. The +walnut, willow, and apple tree beginning to leaf. + + _Andernach_ is the port on the Rhine to which the famous +millstones of Cologne are brought; the quarry, as some say, being at +Mendich, three or four leagues from thence. I suppose they have been +called Cologne millstones, because the merchants of that place having +the most extensive correspondence, have usually sent them to all +parts of the world. I observed great collections of them at Cologne. +This is one account. + + April 5. _Coblentz. Nassau._ Another account is, that these +stones are cut at Triers and brought down the Moselle. I could not +learn the price of them at the quarry; but I was shown a grindstone +of the same stone, five feet diameter, which cost at Triers six +florins. It was of but half the thickness of a millstone. I +supposed, therefore, that two millstones would cost about as much as +three of these grindstones, _i. e._ about a guinea and a half. This +country abounds with slate. + + The best Moselle wines are made about fifteen leagues from +hence, in an excessively mountainous country. The first quality +(without any comparison) is that made on the mountain of Brownberg, +adjoining to the village of Dusmond; and the best crops is that of +the Baron Breidbach Burrhesheim, grand chambellan et grand Baillif de +Coblentz. His Receveur, of the name of Mayer, lives at Dusmond. The +last fine year was 1783, which sells now at fifty louis the foudre, +which contains six aumes of one hundred and seventy bottles each, +equal about one thousand one hundred and ten bottles. This is about +twenty-two sous Tournois the bottle. In general, the Baron +Burresheim's crops will sell as soon as made, say at the vintage, for +one hundred and thirty, one hundred and forty, and one hundred and +fifty ecus the foudre (the ecu is one and a half florin of Holland), +say two hundred. 2. Vialen is the second quality, and sells new at +one hundred and twenty ecus the foudre. 3. Crach-Bispost is the +third, and sells for about one hundred and five ecus. I compared +Crach of 1783 with Baron Burrhesheim's of the same year. The latter +is quite clear of acid, stronger, and very sensibly the best. 4. +Selting, which sells at one hundred ecus. 5. Kous-Berncastle, the +fifth quality, sells at eighty or ninety. After this there is a +gradation of qualities down to thirty ecus. These wines must be five +or six years old before they are quite ripe for drinking. One +thousand plants yield a foudre of wine a year in the most plentiful +vineyards. In other vineyards, it will take two thousand or two +thousand and five hundred plants to yield a foudre. The culture of +one thousand plants costs about one louis a year. A day's labor of a +man is paid in winter twenty kreitzers (_i. e._ one-third of a +florin), in summer twenty-six; a woman's is half that. The red wines +of this country are very indifferent, and will not keep. The Moselle +is here from one hundred to two hundred yards wide; the Rhine three +hundred to four hundred. A jessamine in the Count de Moustier's +garden in leaf. + + In the Elector of Treves' palace at _Coblentz_, are large rooms +very well warmed by warm air conveyed from an oven below, through +tubes which open into the rooms. An oil and vinegar cruet in this +form: (illustration omitted) At Coblentz we pass the river on a +pendulum boat, and the road to Nassau is over tremendous hills, on +which is here and there a little corn, more vines, but mostly barren. +In some of these barrens are forests of beach and oak, tolerably +large, but crooked and knotty; the undergrowth beach brush, broom, +and moss. The soil of the plains, and of the hills where they are +cultivable, is reddish. Nassau is a village the whole rents of which +should not amount to more than a hundred or two guineas. Yet it +gives the title of Prince to the house of Orange to which it belongs. + + April 6th. _Nassau. Schwelbach. Wisbaden. Hocheim. Frankfort._ +The road from Nassau to Schwelbach is over hills, or rather +mountains, both high and steep; always poor, and above half of them +barren in beach and oak. At Schwelbach there is some chesnut. The +other parts are either in winter grain, or preparing for that of the +spring. Between Schwelbach and Wisbaden we come in sight of the +plains of the Rhine, which are very extensive. From hence the lands, +both high and low, are very fine, in corn, vines, and fruit trees. +The country has the appearance of wealth, especially in the approach +to Frankfort. + + April 7th. _Frankfort._ Among the poultry, I have seen no +turkies in Germany till I arrive at this place. The Stork, or Crane, +is very commonly tame here. It is a miserable, dirty, ill-looking +bird. The Lutheran is the reigning religion here, and is equally +intolerant to the Catholic and Calvinist, excluding them from the +free corps. + + April 8th. _Frankfort. Hanau._ The road goes through the +plains of the Maine, which are mulatto, and very fine. They are well +cultivated till you pass the line between the republic and the +landgraviate of Hesse, when you immediately see the effect of the +difference of government, notwithstanding the tendency which the +neighborhood of such a commercial town as Frankfort has to counteract +the effects of tyranny in its vicinities, and to animate them in +spite of oppression. In Frankfort all is life, bustle, and motion; +in Hanau the silence and quiet of the mansions of the dead. Nobody +is seen moving in the streets; every door is shut; no sound of the +saw, the hammer, or other utensil of industry. The drum and fife is +all that is heard. The streets are cleaner than a German floor, +because nobody passes them. At Williamsbath, near Hanau, is a +country seat of the Landgrave. There is a ruin which is clever. It +presents the remains of an old castle. The ground plan is in this +form: (illustration omitted) The upper story in this: (illustration +omitted) A circular room of thirty-one and a half feet diameter +within. The four little square towers at the corners finish at the +floor of the upper story, so as to be only platforms to walk out on. +Over the circular room is a platform also, which is covered by the +broken parapet which once crowned the top, but is now fallen off some +parts, whilst the other parts remain. I like better, however, the +form of the ruin at Hagley, in England, which was thus (illustration +omitted). There is a centry box here, covered over with bark, so as +to look exactly like the trunk of an old tree. This is a good idea; +and may be of much avail in a garden. There is a hermitage in which +is a good figure of a hermit in plaster, colored to the life, with a +table and book before him, in the attitude of reading and +contemplation. In a little cell is his bed; in another his books, +some tools, &c.; in another his little provision of firewood, &c. +There is a monument erected to the son of the present landgrave, in +the form of a pyramid, the base of which is eighteen and a half feet. +The side declines from the perpendicular about twenty-two and a half +degrees. An arch is carried through it both ways so as topresent a +door in each side. In the middle of this, at the crossing of the two +arches, is a marble monument with this inscription: "ante tempus." He +died at twelve years of age. Between Hanau and Frankfort, in sight +of the road, is the village of Bergen, where was fought the battle of +Bergen in the war before last. Things worth noting here are: 1. A +folding ladder. 2. Manner of packing china cups and saucers, the +former in a circle within the latter. 3. The marks of different +manufactures of china, to wit: Dresden with two swords. Hecks with a +wheel with Frankendaal with xxx (for Charles Theodore), and a xxx +over it. Berlin with xxx 4. The top rail of a wagon supported by +the washers on the ends of the axle-trees. + + April 10th. _Frankfort. Hocheim. Mayence._ The little tyrants +round about having disarmed their people, and made it very criminal +to kill game, one knows when they quit the territory of Frankfort by +the quantity of game which is seen. In the Republic, everybody being +allowed to be armed, and to hunt on their own lands, there is very +little game left in its territory. The hog hereabouts resembles +extremely the little hog of Virginia. Round like that, a small head, +and short upright ears. This makes the ham of Mayence so much +esteemed at Paris. + + We cross the Rhine at Mayence on a bridge one thousand eight +hundred and forty feet long, supported by forty-seven boats. It is +not in a direct line, but curved up against the stream; which may +strengthen it if the difference between the upper and lower curve be +sensible, if the planks of the floor be thick, well jointed together, +and forming sectors of circles, so as to act on the whole as the +stones of an arch. But it has by no means this appearance. Near one +end, one of the boats has an axis in peritrochio, and a chain, by +which it may be let drop down stream some distance, with the portion +of the floor belonging to it, so as to let a vessel through. Then it +is wound up again into place, and to consolidate it the more with the +adjoining parts, the loose section is a little higher, and has at +each end a folding stage, which folds back on it when it moves down, +and when brought up again into place, these stages are folded over on +the bridge. This whole operation takes but four or five minutes. In +the winter the bridge is taken away entirely, on account of the ice. +And then everything passes on the ice, through the whole winter. + + April 11th. _Mayence. Rudesheim. Johansberg. Markebrom._ The +women do everything here. They dig the earth, plough, saw, cut and +split wood, row, tow the batteaux, &c. In a small but dull kind of +batteau, with two hands rowing with a kind of large paddle, and a +square sail, but scarcely a breath of wind, we went down the river at +the rate of five miles an hour, making it three and a half hours to +Rudesheim. The floats of wood which go with the current only, go one +mile and a half an hour. They go night and day. There are five +boat-mills abreast here. Their floats seem to be about eight feet +broad. The Rhine yields salmon, carp, pike, and perch, and the +little rivers running into it yield speckled trout. The plains from +Maintz to Rudesheim are good and in corn; the hills mostly in vines. +The banks of the river are so low that, standing up in the batteau, I +could generally see what was in the plains. Yet they are seldom +overflowed. + + A TOWER AT RUDESHEIM. + + Though they begin to make wine as has been said, at Cologne, +and continue it up the river indefinitely, yet it is only from +Rudesheim to Hocheim that wines of the very first quality are made. +The river happens there to run due east and west, so as to give its +hills on that side a southern aspect. And even in this canton, it is +only Hocheim, Johansberg, and Rudesheim, that are considered as of +the very first quality. Johansberg is a little mountain (berg +signifies mountain), whereon is a religious house, about fifteen +miles below Mayence, and near the village of Vingel. It has a +southern aspect, the soil a barren mulatto clay, mixed with a good +deal of stone, and some slate. This wine used to be but on a par +with Hocheim and Rudesheim; but the place having come to the Bishop +of Fulda, he improved its culture so as to render it stronger; and +since the year 1775, it sells at double the price of the other two. +It has none of the acid of the Hocheim and other Rhenish wines. +There are about sixty tons made in a good year, which sell, as soon +as of a drinkable age, at one thousand franks each. The tun here +contains seven and a-half aumes of one hundred and seventy bottles +each. Rudesheim is a village of about eighteen or twenty miles below +Mayence. Its fine wines are made on the hills about a mile below the +village, which look to the south, and on the middle and lower parts +of them. They are terraced. The soil is gray, about one-half of +slate and rotten stone, the other half of barren clay, excessively +steep. Just behind the village also is a little spot, called Hinder +House, belonging to the Counts of Sicken and Oschstein, whereon each +makes about a ton of wine of the very first quality. This spot +extends from the bottom to the top of the hill. The vignerons of +Rudesheim dung their wines about once in five or six years, putting a +one-horse tumbrel load of dung on every twelve feet square. One +thousand plants yield about four aumes in a good year. The best +crops are, + + + The Chanoines of Mayence, who make . . . . 15 pieces of 7 1/2 aumes. + Le Comte de Sicken . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 " " + Le Comte d'Oschstein . . . . . . . . . . . 9 " " + L'Electeur de Mayence . . . . . . . . . . 6 " " + Le Comte de Meternisch . . . . . . . . . . 6 " " + Monsieur de Boze . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 " " + M. Ackerman, baliff et aubergiste des 3 + couronnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 " " + M. Ackerman le fils, aubergiste a la couronne 5 " " + M. Lynn, aubergiste de l'ange . . . . . . 5 " " + Baron de Wetzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 " " + Convent de Mariahousen, des religieuses + Benedictines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 " " + M. Johan Yung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 " " + M. de Rieden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 " " + --- + 92 + + These wines begin to be drinkable at about five years old. The +proprietors sell them old or young, according to the prices offered, +and according to their own want of money. There is always a little +difference between different casks, and therefore when you choose and +buy a single cask, you pay three, four, five or six hundred florins +for it. They are not at all acid, and to my taste much preferable to +Hocheim, though but of the same price. Hocheim is a village about +three miles above Mayence, on the Maine, where it empties into the +Rhine. The spot whereon the good wine is made is the hill side from +the church down to the plain, a gentle slope of about a quarter of a +mile wide, and extending half a mile towards Mayence. It is of +south-western aspect, very poor, sometimes gray, sometimes mulatto, +with a moderate mixture of small broken stone. The wines are planted +three feet apart, and stuck with sticks about six feet high. The +wine, too, is cut at that height. They are dunged once in three or +four years. One thousand plants yield from one to two aumes a year: +they begin to yield a little at three years old, and continue to one +hundred years, unless sooner killed by a cold winter. Dick, keeper +of the Rothen-house tavern at Frankfort, a great wine merchant, who +has between three and four hundred tons of wine in his cellars, tells +me that Hocheim of the year 1783, sold, as soon as it was made, at +ninety florins the aume, Rudesheim of the same year, as soon as made, +at one hundred and fifteen florins, and Markebronn seventy florins. +But a peasant of Hocheim tells me that the best crops of Hocheim in +the good years, when sold new, sell but for about thirty-two or +thirty-three florins the aume; but that it is only the poorer +proprietors who sell new. The fine crops are, + + Count Ingleheim about . . . 10 tuns.} + Baron d'Alberg . . . . . . 8 " } All of these keep till about + Count Schimbon . . . . . . 14 " } fifteen years old, before they + The Chanoines of Mayence. . 18 " } sell, unless they are offered + Counsellor Schik de Vetsler 15 " } a very good price sooner. + Convent of Jacobsberg . . . 8 " } + The Chanoine of Fechbach . 10 " } + + The Carmelites of Frankfort.. 8 " } Who only sell by the bottle + in their own tavern in + Frankfort. + + The Bailiff of Hocheim.......11 " } Who sells at three or four + years old. + + Zimmerman, a bourgeois....... 4 " } These being poor, sell new. + Feldman, a carpenter......... 2 " } + + + Markebronn (bronn signifies a spring, and is probably of +affinity with the Scotch word, burn) is a little canton in the same +range of hills, adjoining to the village of Hagenheim, about three +miles above Johansberg, subject to the elector of Mayence. It is a +sloping hill side of southern aspect, mulatto, poor, and mixed with +some stone. This yields wine of the second quality. + + April 12th. _Mayence. Oppenheim. Dorms. Manheim._ On the road +between Mayence and Oppenheim are three cantons, which are also +esteemed as yielding wines of the second quality. These are +Laudenheim, Bodenheim, and Nierstein. Laudenheim is a village about +four or five miles from Mayence. Its wines are made on a steep hill +side, the soil of which is gray, poor and mixed with some stone. The +river there happens to make a short turn to the south-west, so as to +present its hills to the south-east. Bodenheim is a village nine +miles, and Nierstein another about ten or eleven miles from Mayence. +Here, too, the river is north-east and south-west, so as to give the +hills between these villages a south-east aspect; and at Thierstein, +a valley making off, brings the face of the hill round to the south. +The hills between these villages are almost perpendicular, of a +vermilion red, very poor, and having as much rotten stone as earth. +It is to be observed that these are the only cantons on the south +side of the river which yield good wine, the hills on this side being +generally exposed to the cold winds, and turned from the sun. The +annexed bill of prices current, will give an idea of the estimation +of these wines respectively. + + With respect to the grapes in this country, there are three +kinds in use for making white wine, (for I take no notice of the red +wines, as being absolutely worthless.) 1. The Klemperien, of which +the inferior qualities of Rhenish wines are made, and is cultivated +because of its hardness. The wines of this grape descend as low as +one hundred florins the tun of eight aumes. 2. The Rhysslin grape, +which grows only from Hocheim down to Rudesheim. This is small and +delicate, and therefore succeeds only in this chosen spot. Even at +Rudesheim it yields a fine wine only in the little spot called Hinder +House, before mentioned; the mass of good wines made at Rudesheim, +below the village, being of the third kind of grape, which is called +the Orleans grape. + + To Oppenheim the plains of the Rhine and Maine are united. +From that place we see the commencement of the Berg-strasse, or +mountains which separate at first the plains of the Rhine and Maine, +then cross the Neckar at Heidelberg, and from thence forms the +separation between the plains of the Neckar and Rhine, leaving those +of the Rhine about ten or twelve miles wide. These plains are +sometimes black, sometimes mulatto, always rich. They are in corn, +potatoes, and some willow. On the other side again, that is, on the +west side, the hills keep at first close to the river. They are +about one hundred and fifty, or two hundred feet high, sloping, red, +good, and mostly in vines. Above Oppenheim, they begin to go off +till they join the mountains of Lorraine and Alsace, which separate +the waters of the Moselle and Rhine, leaving to the whole valley of +the Rhine about twenty or twenty-five miles breadth. About Worms +these plains are sandy, poor, and often covered only with small pine. + + April 13th. _Manheim._ There is a bridge over the Rhine here, +supported on thirty-nine boats, and one over the Neckar on eleven +boats. The bridge over the Rhine is twenty-one and a half feet wide +from rail to rail. The boats are four feet deep, fifty-two feet +long, and nine feet eight inches broad. The space between boat and +boat is eighteen feet ten inches. From these data the length of the +bridge should be 9ft. 8in. + 18ft. 10in. x 40 = 1140 feet. In order +to let vessels pass through, two boats well framed together, with +their flooring, are made to fall down stream together. Here, too, +they make good ham. It is fattened on round potatoes and Indian +corn. The farmers smoke what is for their own use in their chimneys. +When it is made for sale, and in greater quantities than the chimney +will hold, they make the smoke of the chimney pass into an adjoining +loft, or apartment, from which it has no issue; and here they hang +their hams. + + An economical curtain bedstead. (Illustration omitted) The +bedstead is seven feet by four feet two inches. From each leg there +goes up an iron rod three-eighths of an inch in diameter. Those from +the legs at the foot of the bed meeting at top as in the margin, and +those from the head meeting in like manner, so that the two at the +foot form one point, and the two at the head another. On these +points lays an oval iron rod, whose long diameter is five feet, and +short one three feet one inch. There is a hole through this rod at +each end, by which it goes on firm on the point of the upright rods. +Then a nut screws it down firmly. Ten breadths of stuff two feet ten +inches wide, and eight feet six inches long, form the curtains. +There is no top nor vallons. The rings are fastened within two and a +half or three inches of the top on the inside, which two and a half +or three inches stand up, and are an ornament somewhat like a ruffle. + + I have observed all along the Rhine that they make the oxen +draw by the horns. A pair of very handsome chariot horses, large, +bay, and seven years old, sell for fifty louis. One pound of beef +sells for eight kreitzers, (_i. e._ eight sixtieths of a florin;) one +pound of mutton or veal, six kreitzers; one pound of pork, seven and +a half kreitzers; one pound of ham, twelve kreitzers; one pound of +fine wheat bread, two kreitzers; one pound of butter, twenty +kreitzers; one hundred and sixty pounds of wheat, six francs; one +hundred and sixty pounds of maize, five francs; one hundred and sixty +pounds of potatoes, one franc; one hundred pounds of hay, one franc; +a cord of wood (which is 4 4 and 6 feet), seven francs; a laborer by +the day receives twenty-four kreitzers, and feeds himself. A journee +or arpent of land (which is eight by two hundred steps), such as the +middling plains of the Rhine, will sell for two hundred francs. +There are more soldiers here than other inhabitants, to wit: six +thousand soldiers and four thousand males of full age of the +citizens, the whole number of whom is reckoned at twenty thousand. + + April 14th. _Manheim. Dossenheim. Heidelberg. Schwetzingen. +Manheim._ The elector placed, in 1768, two males and five females of +the Angora goat at Dossenheim, which is at the foot of the +Bergstrasse mountains. He sold twenty-five last year, and has now +seventy. They are removed into the mountains four leagues beyond +Dossenheim. Heidelberg is on the Neckar just where it issues from +the Bergstrasse mountains, occupying the first skirt of plain which +it forms. The chateau is up the hill a considerable height. The +gardens lie above the chateau, climbing up the mountain in terraces. +This chateau is the most noble ruin I have ever seen, having been +reduced to that state by the French in the time of Louis XIV., 1693. +Nothing remains under cover but the chapel. The situation is +romantic and pleasing beyond expression. It is on a great scale much +like the situation of Petrarch's chateau, at Vaucluse, on a small +one. The climate, too, is like that of Italy. The apple, the pear, +cherry, peach, apricot, and almond, are all in bloom. There is a +station in the garden to which the chateau re-echoes distinctly four +syllables. The famous ton of Heidelberg was new built in 1751, and +made to contain thirty foudres more than the ancient one. It is said +to contain two hundred and thirty-six foudres of one thousand two +hundred bottles each. I measured it, and found its length external +to be twenty-eight feet ten inches; its diameter at the end twenty +feet three inches; the thickness of the staves seven and a half +inches; thickness of the hoops seven and a half inches; besides a +great deal of external framing. There is no wine in it now. The +gardens at Schwetzingen show how much money may be laid out to make +an ugly thing. What is called the English quarter, however, relieves +the eye from the straight rows of trees, round and square basins, +which constitute the great mass of the garden. There are some +tolerable morsels of Grecian architecture, and a good ruin. The +Aviary, too, is clever. It consists of cells of about eight feet +wide, arranged round, and looking into a circular area of about forty +or fifty feet diameter. The cells have doors both of wire and glass, +and have small shrubs in them. The plains of the Rhine on this side +are twelve miles wide, bounded by the Bergstrasse mountains. These +appear to be eight hundred or a thousand feet high; the lower part in +vines, from which is made what is called the vin de Nichar; the upper +in chesnut. There are some cultivated spots however, quite to the +top. The plains are generally mulatto, in corn principally; they are +planting potatoes in some parts, and leaving others open for maize +and tobacco. Many peach and other fruit trees on the lower part of +the mountain. The paths on some parts of these mountains are +somewhat in the style represented in the margin (illustration +omitted). + + _Manheim. Kaeferthal. Manheim._ Just beyond Kaeferthal is an +extensive, sandy waste, planted in pine, in which the elector has +about two hundred sangliers, tamed. I saw about fifty; the heavies I +am told, would weigh about three hundred pounds. They are fed on +round potatoes, and range in the forest of pines. At the village of +Kaeferthal is a plantation of rhubarb, begun in 1769 by a private +company. It contains twenty arpens or jourries, and its culture +costs about four or five hundred francs a year; it sometimes employs +forty or fifty laborers at a time. The best age to sell the rhubarb +at is the fifth or sixth year, but the sale being dull, they keep it +sometimes to the tenth year; they find it best to let it remain in +the ground. They sell about two hundred kentals a year at two or +three francs a pound, and could sell double that quantity from the +ground if they could find a market. The apothecaries of Francfort +and of England are the principal buyers. It is in beds, resembling +lettice-beds; the plants four, five or six feet apart. When dug, a +thread is passed through every piece of root, and it is hung separate +in a kind of rack; when dry it is rasped; what comes off is given to +the cattle. + + April 15. _Manheim. Spire. Carlsruhe._ The valley preserves +its width, extending on each side of the river about ten or twelve +miles, but the soil loses much in its quality, becoming sandy and +lean, often barren and overgrown with pine thicket. At Spire is +nothing remarkable. Between that and Carlsruhe we pass the Rhine in +a common skow with oars, where it is between three and four hundred +yards wide. Carlsruhe is the residence of the Margrave of Baden, a +sovereign prince. His chateau is built in the midst of a natural +forest of several leagues diameter, and of the best trees I have seen +in these countries: they are mostly oak, and would be deemed but +indifferent in America. A great deal of money has been spent to do +more harm than good to the ground -- cutting a number of straight +allies through the forest. He has a pheasantry of the gold and +silver kind, the latter very tame, but the former excessively shy. A +little inclosure of stone, two and a half feet high and thirty feet +diameter, in which are two tamed beavers. There is a pond of fifteen +feet diameter in the centre, and at each end a little cell for them +to retire into, which is stowed with boughs and twigs with leaves on +them, which is their principal food. They eat bread also; -- twice a +week the water is changed. They cannot get over this wall. Some +cerfs of a peculiar kind, spotted like fawns, the horns remarkably +long, small and sharp, with few points. I am not sure there were +more than two to each main beam, and if I saw distinctly, there came +out a separate and subordinate beam from the root of each. Eight +angora goats -- beautiful animals -- all white. This town is only an +appendage of the chateau, and but a moderate one. It is a league +from Durlach, half way between that and the river. I observe they +twist the flues of their stoves in any form for ornament merely, +without smoking, as thus, _e. g._ (illustration omitted) + + April 16. _Carlsruhe. Rastadt. Scholhoven. Bischofheim. Kehl. +Strasburg._ The valley of the Rhine still preserves its breadth, but +varies in quality; sometimes a rich mulatto loom, sometimes a poor +sand, covered with small pine. The culture is generally corn. It is +to be noted, that through the whole of my route through the +Netherlands and the valley of the Rhine, there is a little red clover +every here and there, and a great deal of grape cultivated. The seed +of this is sold to be made into oil. The grape is now in blossom. +No inclosures. The fruit trees are generally blossoming through the +whole valley. The high mountains of the Bergstrasse, as also of +Alsace, are covered with snow. Within this day or two, the every-day +dress of the country women here is black. Rastadt is a seat also of +the Margrave of Baden. Scholhoven and Kehl are in his territory, but +not Bischofheim. I see no beggars since I entered his government, +nor is the traveller obliged to ransom himself every moment by a +chausiee gold. The roads are excellent, and made so, I presume, out +of the coffers of the prince. From Cleves till I enter the +Margravate of Baden, the roads have been strung with beggars -- in +Hesse the most, and the road tax very heavy. We pay it cheerfully, +however, through the territory of Francfort and thence up the Rhine, +because fine gravelled roads are kept up; but through the Prussian, +and other parts of the road below Francfort, the roads are only as +made by the carriages, there not appearing to have been ever a day's +work employed on them. At Strasburgh we pass the Rhine on a wooden +bridge. + + At _Brussels and Antwerp_, the fuel is pit-coal, dug in +Brabant. Through all Holland it is turf. From Cleves to Cologne it +is pit-coal brought from England. They burn it in open stoves. From +thence it is wood, burnt in close stoves, till you get to Strasburg, +where the open chimney comes again into use. + + April 16th, 17th, 18th. _Strasburg._ The vin de paille is made +in the neighborhood of Colmar, in Alsace, about ------- from this +place. It takes its name from the circumstance of spreading the +grapes on straw, where they are preserved till spring, and then made +into wine. The little juice then remaining in them makes a rich +sweet wine, but the dearest in the world, without being the best by +any means. They charge nine florins the bottle for it in the taverns +of Strasburg. It is the caprice of wealth alone which continues so +losing an operation. This wine is sought because dear; while the +better wine of Frontignan is rarely seen at a good table because it +is cheap. + + _Strasburg. Saverne. Phalsbourg._ As far as Saverne the country +is in waiving hills and hollows; red, rich enough; mostly in small +grain, but some vines; a little stone. From Saverne to Phalsbourg we +cross a considerable mountain, which takes an hour to rise it. + + April 19th. _Phalsbourg. Fenestrange. Moyenvic. Nancy._ +Asparagus to-day at Moyenvic. The country is always either +mountainous or hilly; red, tolerably good, and in small grain. On +the hills about Fenestrange, Moyenvic, and Nancy, are some small +vineyards where a bad wine is made. No inclosures. Some good sheep, +indifferent cattle, and small horses. The most forest I have seen in +France, principally of beech, pretty large. The houses, as in +Germany, are of scantling, filled in with wicker and mortar, and +covered either with thatch or tiles. The people, too, here as there, +are gathered in villages. Oxen plough here with collars and hames. +The awkward figure of their mould-board leads one to consider what +should be its form. The offices of the mould-board are to receive +the sod after the share has cut under it, to raise it gradually, and +to reverse it. The fore-end of it then, should be horizontal to +enter under the sod, and the hind end perpendicular to throw it over; +the intermediate surface changing gradually from the horizontal to +the perpendicular. It should be as wide as the furrow, and of a +length suited to the construction of the plough. The following would +seem a good method of making it: Take a block, whose length, breadth +and thickness, is that of your intended mould-board, suppose two and +a half feet xxx long and eight inches broad and thick. Draw the +lines _a d_ and _c d_, figure 1, with a saw, the toothed edge of +which is straight, enter at _a_ and cut on, guiding the hind part of +the saw on the line _a b_, and the fore part on the line _a d_, till +the saw reaches the points _c_ and _d_, then enter it at _c_ and cut +on, guiding it by the lines _c b_ and _c d_ till it reaches the +points _b_ and _d_. The quarter, _a b c d_, will then be completely +cut out, and the diagonal from _d_ to _b_ laid bare. The piece may +now be represented as in figure 2. Then saw in transversely at every +two inches till the saw reaches the line _c e_, and the diagonal _b +d_, and cut out the pieces with an adze. The upper surface will thus +be formed. With a gauge opened to eight inches, and guided by the +lines _c e_, scribe the upper edge of the board from _d b_, cut that +edge perpendicular to the face of the board, and scribe it of the +proper thickness. Then form the underside by the upper, by cutting +transversely with the saw and taking out the piece with an adze. As +the upper edge of the wing of the share rises a little, the fore end +of the board, _b c_, will rise as much from a strict horizontal +position, and will throw the hind end, _e d_, exactly as much beyond +the perpendicular, so as to promote the reversing of the sod. The +women here, as in Germany, do all sorts of work. While one considers +them as useful and rational companions, one cannot forget that they +are also objects of our pleasures; nor can they ever forget it. +While employed in dirt and drudgery, some tag of a ribbon, some ring, +or bit of bracelet, earbob or necklace, or something of that kind, +will show that the desire of pleasing is never suspended in them. It +is an honorable circumstance for man, that the first moment he is at +his ease, he allots the internal employments to his female partner, +and takes the external on himself. And this circumstance, or its +reverse, is a pretty good indication that a people are, or are not at +their ease. Among the Indians, this indication fails from a +particular cause: every Indian man is a soldier or warrior, and the +whole body of warriors constitute a standing army, always employed in +war or hunting. To support that army, there remain no laborers but +the women. Here, then, is so heavy a military establishment, that +the civil part of the nation is reduced to women only. But this is a +barbarous perversion of the natural destination of the two sexes. +Women are formed by nature for attentions, not for hard labor. A +woman never forgets one of the numerous train of little offices which +belong to her. A man forgets often. + + April 20th. _Nancy. Toule. Void. Ligny en Barrois. Bar le Duc. +St. Dizier._ Nancy itself is a neat little town, and its environs +very agreeable. The valley of the little branch of the Moselle, on +which it is, is about a mile wide: the road then crossing the +head-waters of the Moselle, the Maes, and the Marne, the country is +very hilly, and perhaps a third of it poor and in forests of beech: +the other two-thirds from poor up to middling, red, and stony. +Almost entirely in corn, now and then only some vines on the hills. +The Moselle at Toule is thirty or forty yards wide: the Maese near +Void about half that: the Marne at St. Dizier about forty yards. +They all make good plains of from a quarter of a mile to a mile wide. +The hills of the Maese abound with chalk. The rocks coming down from +the tops of the hills, on all the road of this day, at regular +intervals like the ribs of an animal, have a very irregular +appearance. Considerable flocks of sheep and asses, and, in the +approach to St. Dizier, great plantations of apple and cherry trees; +here and there a peach tree, all in general bloom. The roads through +Lorraine are strung with beggars. + + April 21st. _St. Dizier. Vitry le Fransais. Chalons sur Marne. +Epernay._ The plains of the Marne and Sault uniting, appear boundless +to the eye till we approach their confluence at Vitry, where the +hills come in on the right; after that the plains are generally about +a mile, mulatto, of middling quality, sometimes stony. Sometimes the +ground goes off from the river so sloping, that one does not know +whether to call it high or low land. The hills are mulatto also, but +whitish, occasioned by the quantity of chalk which seems to +constitute their universal base. They are poor, and principally in +vines. The streams of water are of the color of milk, occasioned by +the chalk also. No inclosures, some flocks of sheep; children +gathering dung in the roads. Here and there a chateau; but none +considerable. + + April 22d. _Epernay._ The hills abound with chalk. Of this +they make lime, not so strong as stone lime, and therefore to be used +in greater proportion. They cut the blocks into regular forms also, +like stone, and build houses of it. The common earth too, well +impregnated with this, is made into mortar, moulded in the form of +brick, dried in the sun, and houses built of them which last one +hundred or two hundred years. The plains here are a mile wide, red, +good, in corn, clover, Luzerne, St. Foin. The hills are in vines, +and this being precisely the canton where the most celebrated wines +of Champagne are made, details must be entered into. Remember, +however, that they will always relate to the white wines, unless +where the red are expressly mentioned. The reason is that their red +wines, though much esteemed on the spot, are by no means esteemed +elsewhere equally with their white; nor do they merit equal esteem. + + A Topographical sketch of the position of the wine villages, +the course of the hills, and consequently the aspect of the +vine-yards. + + _Soil_, meagre, mulatto clay, mixed with small broken stone, +and a little hue of chalk. Very dry. + + _Aspect_, may be better seen by the annexed diagram. The + + xxx + + wine of Aij is made from _a_ to _b_, those of Dizy from _b_ to +_c_, Auvillij _d_ to _e_, Cumieres _e_ to _f_, Epernay _g_ to _h_, +Perij _i_ to _k_. The hills are generally about two hundred and +fifty feet high. The good wine is made only in the middle region. +The lower region, however, is better than the upper; because this +last is exposed to cold winds, and a colder atmosphere. + + + _Culture._ The vines are planted two feet apart. Afterwards +they are multiplied (provignes). When a stock puts out two shoots +they lay them down, spread them open and cover them with earth, so as +to have in the end about a plant for every square foot. For +performing this operation they have a hook, of this shape, +(illustration omitted) and nine inches long, which, being stuck in +the ground, holds down the main stock, while the laborer separates +and covers the new shoot. They leave two buds above the ground. +When the vine has shot up high enough, they stick it with split +sticks of oak, from an inch to an inch and a half square, and four +feet long, and tie the vine to its stick with straw. These sticks +cost two florins the hundred, and will last forty years. An arpent, +one year with another, in the fine vineyards, gives twelve pieces, +and in the inferior vineyards twenty-five pieces, of two hundred +bottles each. An arpent of the first quality sells for three +thousand florins, and there have been instances of seven thousand two +hundred florins. The arpent contains one hundred verges, of +twenty-two pieds square. The arpent of inferior quality sells at one +thousand florins. They plant the vines in a hole about a foot deep, +and fill that hole with good mould, to make the plant take. +Otherwise it would perish. Afterwards, if ever they put dung, it is +very little. During wheat harvest there is a month or six weeks that +nothing is done in the vineyard, that is to say, from the 1st of +August to the beginning of vintage. The vintage commences early in +September, and lasts a month. A day's work of a laborer in the +busiest season is twenty sous, and he feeds himself: in the least +busy season it is fifteen sous. Corn lands are rented from four +florins to twenty-four; but vine lands are never rented. The three +fasons (or workings) of an arpent cost fifteen florins. The whole +year's expense of an arpent is worth one hundred florins. + + _Grapes._ -- The bulk of their grapes are purple, which they +prefer for making even white wine. They press them very lightly, +without treading or permitting them to ferment at all, for about an +hour; so that it is the beginning of the running only which makes the +bright wine. What follows the beginning is of a straw color, and +therefore not placed on a level with the first. The last part of the +juice, produced by strong pressure, is red and ordinary. They choose +the bunches with as much care, to make wine of the very first +quality, as if to eat. Not above one-eighth of the whole grapes will +do for this purpose. The white grape, though not so fine for wine as +the red, when the red can be produced, and more liable to rot in a +moist season, yet grows better if the soil be excessively poor, and +therefore in such a soil is preferred, or rather, is used of +necessity, because there the red would not grow at all. + + _Wine._ -- The white wines are either mousseux, sparkling, or +non-mousseux, still. The sparkling are little drunk in France, but +are almost alone known and drunk in foreign countries. This makes so +great a demand, and so certain a one, that it is the dearest by about +an eighth, and therefore they endeavor to make all sparkling if they +can. This is done by bottling in the spring, from the beginning of +March till June. If it succeeds, they lose abundance of bottles, +from one-tenth to one-third. This is another cause increasing the +price. To make the still wine, they bottle in September. This is +only done when they know from some circumstance that the wine will +not be sparkling. So if the spring bottling fails to make a +sparkling wine, they decant it into other bottles in the fall, and it +then makes the very best still wine. In this operation, it loses +from one-tenth to one-twentieth by sediment. They let it stand in +the bottles in this case forty-eight hours, with only a napkin spread +over their mouths, but no cork. The best sparkling wine, decanted in +this manner, makes the best still wine, and which will keep much +longer than that originally made still by being bottled in September. +The sparkling wines lose their briskness the older they are, but they +gain in quality with age to a certain length. These wines are in +perfection from two to ten years old, and will even be very good to +fifteen. 1766 was the best year ever known. 1775 and 1776 next to +that. 1783 is the last good year, and that not to be compared with +those. These wines stand icing very well. + + _Aij._ M. Dorsay makes one thousand and one hundred pieces, +which sell, as soon as made, at three hundred florins, and in good +years four hundred florins, in the cask. I paid in his cellar, to M. +Louis, his homme d'affaires, for the remains of the year 1783, three +florins ten sous the bottle. Sparkling Champagne, of the same degree +of excellence, would have cost four florins, (the piece and demiqueue +are the same; the feuillette is one hundred bottles.) M. le Duc makes +four hundred to five hundred pieces. M. de Villermont, three hundred +pieces. M. Janson, two hundred and fifty pieces. All of the first +quality, red and white in equal quantities. + + _Auvillaij._ The Benedictine monks make one thousand pieces, +red and white, but three-fourths red, both of the first quality. The +king's table is supplied by them. This enables them to sell at five +hundred and fifty florins the piece. Though their white is hardly as +good as Dorsay's, their red is the best. L'Abbatiale, belonging to +the bishop of the place, makes one thousand to twelve hundred pieces, +red and white, three-fourths red, at four hundred to five hundred and +fifty florins, because neighbors to the monks. + + _Cumieres_ is all of the second quality, both red and white, at +one hundred and fifty to two hundred florins the piece. + + _Epernay._ Madame Jermont makes two hundred pieces at three +hundred florins. M. Patelaine, one hundred and fifty pieces. M. +Mare, two hundred pieces. M. Chertems, sixty pieces. M. Lauchay, +fifty pieces. M. Cousin (Aubergiste de l'hotel de Rohan a Epernay), +one hundred pieces. M. Pierrot, one hundred pieces. Les Chanoines +regulieres d'Epernay, two hundred pieces. Mesdames les Ursulines +religieuses, one hundred pieces. M. Gilette, two hundred pieces. +All of the first quality; red and white in equal quantities. + + _Pierrij._ M. Casotte makes five hundred pieces. M. de la +Motte, three hundred pieces. M. de Failli, three hundred pieces. I +tasted his wine of 1779, one of the good years. It was fine, though +not equal to that of M. Dorsay, of 1783. He sells it at two florins +ten sous to merchants, and three florins to individuals. Les +Seminaristes, one hundred and fifty pieces. M. Hoquart, two hundred +pieces. All of the first quality; white and red in equal quantities. + + At Cramont, also, there are some wines of the first quality +made. At Avisi also, and Aucy, Le Meni, Mareuil, Verzis-Verzenni. +This last place belongs to the Marquis de Sillery. The wines are +carried to Sillery, and there stored, whence they are called Vins de +Sillery, though not made at Sillery. + + All these wines of Epernay and Pierrij sell almost as dear as +M. Dorsay's, their quality being nearly the same. There are many +small proprietors who might make wine of the first quality, if they +would cull their grapes, but they are too poor for this. Therefore, +the proprietors before named, whose names are established, buy of the +poorer ones the right to cull their vineyards, by which means they +increase their quantity, as they find about one-third of the grapes +will make wines of the first quality. + + The lowest-priced wines of all are thirty florins the piece, +red or white. They make brandy of the pumice. In very bad years, +when their wines become vinegar, they are sold for six florins the +piece, and made into brandy. They yield one-tenth brandy. + + White Champagne is deemed good in proportion as it is silky and +still. Many circumstances derange the scale of wines. The +proprietor of the best vineyard, in the best year, having bad weather +come upon him while he is gathering his grapes, makes a bad wine, +while his neighbor, holding a more indifferent vineyard, which +happens to be ingathering while the weather is good, makes a better. +The M. de Casotte at Pierrij formerly was the first house. His +successors, by some imperceptible change of culture, have degraded +the quality of their wines. Their cellars are admirably made, being +about six, eight or ten feet wide, vaulted, and extending into the +ground, in a kind of labyrinth, to a prodigious distance, with an +air-hole of two feet diameter every fifty feet. From the top of the +vault to the surface of the earth, is from fifteen to thirty feet. I +have nowhere seen cellars comparable to these. In packing their +bottles, they lay on their side; then cross them at each end, they +lay laths, and on these another row of bottles, heads and points; and +so on. By this means, they can take out a bottle from the top, or +where they will. + + April 23d. _Epernay. Chateau Thieray. St. Jean. Meaux. +Vergalant. Paris._ From Epernay to St. Jean the road leads over +hills, which in the beginning are indifferent, but get better towards +the last. The plains, wherever seen, are inconsiderable. After +passing St. Jean, the hills become good, and the plains increase. +The country about Vergalant is pretty. A skirt of a low ridge which +runs in on the extensive plains of the Marne and Seine, is very +picturesque. The general bloom of fruit trees proves there are more +of them than I had imagined from travelling in other seasons, when +they are less distinguishable at a distance from the forest trees. + + _Travelling notes for Mr. Rutledge and Mr. Shippen_ + June 3, 1788 + + _General Observations._ -- On arriving at a town, the first +thing is to buy the plan of the town, and the book noting its +curiosities. Walk round the ramparts when there are any, go to the +top of a steeple to have a view of the town and its environs. + + When you are doubting whether a thing is worth the trouble of +going to see, recollect that you will never again be so near it, that +you may repent the not having seen it, but can never repent having +seen it. But there is an opposite extreme too, that is, the seeing +too much. A judicious selection is to be aimed at, taking care that +the indolence of the moment have no influence in the decision. Take +care particularly not to let the porters of churches, cabinets, &c., +lead you through all the little details of their profession, which +will load the memory with trifles, fatigue the attention, and waste +that and your time. It is difficult to confine these people to the +few objects worth seeing and remembering. They wish for your money, +and suppose you give it the more willingly the more they detail to +you. + + When one calls in the taverns for the _vin du pays_, they give +what is natural and unadulterated and cheap: when _vin etrangere_ is +called for, it only gives a pretext for charging an extravagant price +for an unwholsome stuff, very often of their own brewery. The people +you will naturally see the most of will be tavern keepers, _valets de +place_, and postilions. These are the hackneyed rascals of every +country. Of course they must never be considered when we calculate +the national character. + + _Objects of attention for an American._ -- 1. Agriculture. +Everything belonging to this art, and whatever has a near relation to +it. Useful or agreeable animals which might be transported to +America. Species of plants for the farmer's garden, according to the +climate of the different States. + + 2. Mechanical arts, so far as they respect things necessary in +America, and inconvenient to be transported thither ready-made, such +as forges, stone quarries, boats, bridges, (very especially,) &c., +&c. + + + 3. Lighter mechanical arts, and manufactures. Some of these +will be worth a superficial view; but circumstances rendering it +impossible that America should become a manufacturing country during +the time of any man now living, it would be a waste of attention to +examine these minutely. + + 4. Gardens, peculiarly worth the attention of an American, +because it is the country of all others where the noblest gardens may +be made without expense. We have only to cut out the superabundant +plants. + + 5. Architecture worth great attention. As we double our +numbers every twenty years, we must double our houses. Besides, we +build of such perishable materials, that one half of our houses must +be rebuilt in every space of twenty years, so that in that time, +houses are to be built for three-fourths of our inhabitants. It is, +then, among the most important arts; and it is desirable to introduce +taste into an art which shows so much. + + 6. Painting. Statuary. Too expensive for the state of wealth +among us. It would be useless, therefore, and preposterous, for us +to make ourselves connoisseurs in those arts. They are worth seeing, +but not studying. + + 7. Politics of each country, well worth studying so far as +respects internal affairs. Examine their influence on the happiness +of the people. Take every possible occasion for entering into the +houses of the laborers, and especially at the moments of their +repast; see what they eat, how they are clothed, whether they are +obliged to work too hard; whether the government or their landlord +takes from them an unjust proportion of their labor; on what footing +stands the property they call their own, their personal liberty, &c., +&c. + + 8. Courts. To be seen as you would see the tower of London or +menagerie of Versailles, with their lions, tigers, hyenas, and other +beast of prey, standing in the same relation to their fellows. A +slight acquaintance with them will suffice to show you that, under +the most imposing exterior, they are the weakest and worst part of +mankind. Their manners, could you ape them, would not make you +beloved in your own country, nor would they improve it could you +introduce them there to the exclusion of that honest simplicity now +prevailing in America, and worthy of being cherished. + + + + + _The Anas. 1791 -- 1806_ + + SELECTIONS + + _Explanations of the 3. volumes bound in marbled paper_ + + February 4, 1818 + + In these 3 vols will be found copies of the official opinions +given in writing by me to Genl. Washington, while I was Secretary of +State, with sometimes the documents belonging to the case. Some of +these are the rough draughts, some press-copies, some fair ones. In +the earlier part of my acting in that office I took no other note of +the passing transactions: but, after awhile, I saw the importance of +doing it, in aid of my memory. Very often therefore I made +memorandums on loose scraps of paper, taken out of my pocket in the +moment, and laid by to be copied fair at leisure, which however they +hardly ever were. These scraps therefore, ragged, rubbed, & +scribbled as they were, I had bound with the others by a binder who +came into my cabinet, did it under my own eye, and without the +opportunity of reading a single paper. At this day, after the lapse +of 25 years, or more, from their dates, I have given to the whole a +calm revisal, when the passions of the time are past away, and the +reasons of the transactions act alone on the judgment. Some of the +informations I had recorded are now cut out from the rest, because I +have seen that they were incorrect, or doubtful, or merely personal +or private, with which we have nothing to do. I should perhaps have +thought the rest not worth preserving, but for their testimony +against the only history of that period which pretends to have been +compiled from authentic and unpublished documents. Could these +documents, all, be laid open to the public eye, they might be +compared, contrasted, weighed, & the truth fairly sifted out of them, +for we are not to suppose that every thing found among Genl. +Washington's papers is to be taken as gospel truth. Facts indeed of +his own writing & inditing, must be believed by all who knew him; and +opinions, which were his own, merit veneration and respect; for few +men have lived whose opinions were more unbiassed and correct. Not +that it is pretended he never felt bias. His passions were naturally +strong; but his reason, generally, stronger. But the materials from +his own pen make probably an almost insensible part of the mass of +papers which fill his presses. He possessed the love, the +veneration, and confidence of all. With him were deposited +suspicions & certainties, rumors & realities, facts & falsehoods, by +all those who were, or who wished to be thought, in correspondence +with him, and by the many Anonymi who were ashamed to put their names +to their slanders. From such a Congeries history may be made to wear +any hue, with which the passions of the compiler, royalist or +republican, may chuse to tinge it. Had Genl. Washington himself +written from these materials a history of the period they embrace, it +would have been a conspicuous monument of the integrity of his mind, +the soundness of his judgment, and its powers of discernment between +truth & falsehood; principles & pretensions. But the party feelings +of his biographer, to whom after his death the collection was +confided, has culled from it a composition as different from what +Genl. Washington would have offered, as was the candor of the two +characters during the period of the war. The partiality of this pen +is displayed in lavishments of praise on certain military characters, +who had done nothing military, but who afterwards, & before he wrote, +had become heroes in party, altho' not in war; and in his reserve on +the merits of others, who rendered signal services indeed, but did +not earn his praise by apostatising in peace from the republican +principles for which they had fought in war. It shews itself too in +the cold indifference with which a struggle for the most animating of +human objects is narrated. No act of heroism ever kindles in the +mind of this writer a single aspiration in favor of the holy cause +which inspired the bosom, & nerved the arm of the patriot warrior. +No gloom of events, no lowering of prospects ever excites a fear for +the issue of a contest which was to change the condition of man over +the civilized globe. The sufferings inflicted on endeavors to +vindicate the rights of humanity are related with all the frigid +insensibility with which a monk would have contemplated the victims +of an auto da fe. Let no man believe that Genl. Washington ever +intended that his papers should be used for the suicide of the cause, +for which he had lived, and for which there never was a moment in +which he would not have died. The abuse of these materials is +chiefly however manifested in the history of the period immediately +following the establishment of the present constitution; and nearly +with that my memorandums begin. Were a reader of this period to form +his idea of it from this history alone, he would suppose the +republican party (who were in truth endeavoring to keep the +government within the line of the Constitution, and prevent it's +being monarchised in practice) were a mere set of grumblers, and +disorganisers, satisfied with no government, without fixed principles +of any, and, like a British parliamentary opposition, gaping after +loaves and fishes, and ready to change principles, as well as +position, at any time, with their adversaries. + + But a short review of facts omitted, or uncandidly stated in +this history will shew that the contests of that day were contests of +principle, between the advocates of republican, and those of kingly +government, and that, had not the former made the efforts they did, +our government would have been, even at this early day, a very +different thing from what the successful issue of those efforts have +made it. + + The alliance between the states under the old articles of +confederation, for the purpose of joint defence against the +aggression of Great Britan, was found insufficient, as treaties of +alliance generally are, to enforce compliance with their mutual +stipulations: and these, once fulfilled, that bond was to expire of +itself, & each state to become sovereign and independant in all +things. Yet it could not but occur to every one that these separate +independencies, like the petty States of Greece, would be eternally +at war with each other, & would become at length the mere partisans & +satellites of the leading powers of Europe. All then must have +looked forward to some further bond of union, which would ensure +internal peace, and a political system of our own, independant of +that of Europe. Whether all should be consolidated into a single +government, or each remain independant as to internal matters, and +the whole form a single nation as to what was foreign only, and +whether that national government should be a monarchy or republic, +would of course divide opinions according to the constitutions, the +habits, and the circumstances of each individual. Some officers of +the army, as it has always been said and believed (and Steuben and +Knox have even been named as the leading agents) trained to monarchy +by military habits, are understood to have proposed to Genl. +Washington to decide this great question by the army before it's +disbandment, and to assume himself the crown, on the assurance of +their support. The indignation with which he is said to have scouted +this parricid proposition, was equally worthy of his virtue and his +wisdom. The next effort was (on suggestion of the same individuals, +in the moment of their separation) the establishment of an hereditary +order, under the name of the Cincinnati, ready prepared, by that +distinction, to be engrafted into the future frame of government, & +placing Genl. Washington still at their head. The General (* 1) +wrote to me on this subject, while I was in Congress at Annapolis, +and an extract from my answer is inserted in 5. Marshall's hist. pa. +28. He afterwards called on me at that place, on his way to a +meeting of the society, and after a whole evening of consultation he +left that place fully determined to use all his endeavors for it's +total suppression. But he found it so firmly riveted in the +affections of the members that, strengthened as they happened to be +by an adventitious occurrence of the moment, he could effect no more +than the abolition of it's hereditary principle. He called again on +his return, & explained to me fully the opposition which had been +made, the effect of the occurrence from France, and the difficulty +with which it's duration had been limited to the lives of the present +members. Further details will be found among my papers, in his and +my letters, and some in the _Encyclop. Method. Dictionnaire d'Econ. +politique_, communicated by myself to M. Meusnier, it's author, who +had made the establishment of this society the ground, in that work, +of a libel on our country. The want of some authority, which should +procure justice to the public creditors, and an observance of +treaties with foreign nations, produced, some time after, the call of +a convention of the States at Annapolis. Altho' at this meeting a +difference of opinion was evident on the question of a republican or +kingly government, yet, so general thro' the states, was the +sentiment in favor of the former, that the friends of the latter +confined themselves to a course of obstruction only, and delay, to +every thing proposed. They hoped that, nothing being done, and all +things going from bad to worse, a kingly government might be usurped, +and submitted to by the people, as better than anarchy, & wars +internal and external the certain consequences of the present want of +a general government. The effect of their manoeuvres, with the +defective attendance of deputies from the states, resulted in the +measure of calling a more general convention, to be held at +Philadelphia. At this the same party exhibited the same practices, +and with the same views of preventing a government of concord, which +they foresaw would be republican, and of forcing, thro' anarchy, +their way to monarchy. But the mass of that convention was too +honest, too wise, and too steady to be baffled or misled by their +manoeuvres. One of these was, a form of government proposed by Colo. +Hamilton, which would have been in fact a compromise between the two +parties of royalism & republicanism. According to this, the +Executive & one branch of the legislature were to be during good +behavior, i. e. for life, and the Governors of the states were to be +named by these two permanent organs. This however was rejected, on +which Hamilton left the Convention, as desperate, & never returned +again until near it's final conclusion. These opinions & efforts, +secret or avowed, of the advocates for monarchy, had begotten great +jealously thro' the states generally: and this jealousy it was which +excited the strong oppositon to the conventional constitution; a +jealousy which yielded at last only to a general determination to +establish certain amendments as barriers against a government either +monarchical or consolidated. In what passed thro' the whole period +of these conventions, I have gone on the information of those who +were members of them, being absent myself on my mission to France. + + (* 1) See his lre., Apr. 8, 84. + + I returned from that mission in the 1st. year of the new +government, having landed in Virginia in Dec. 89. & proceeded to N. +York in March 90. to enter on the office of Secretary of State. Here +certainly I found a state of things which, of all I had ever +contemplated, I the least expected. I had left France in the first +year of its revolution, in the fervor of natural rights, and zeal for +reformation. My conscientious devotion to these rights could not be +heightened, but it had been aroused and excited by daily exercise. +The President received me cordially, and my Colleagues & the circle +of principal citizens, apparently, with welcome. The courtesies of +dinner parties given me as a stranger newly arrived among them, +placed me at once in their familiar society. But I cannot describe +the wonder and mortification with which the table conversations +filled me. Politics were the chief topic, and a preference of +kingly, over republican, government, was evidently the favorite +sentiment. An apostate I could not be; nor yet a hypocrite: and I +found myself, for the most part, the only advocate on the republican +side of the question, unless, among the guests, there chanced to be +some member of that party from the legislative Houses. Hamilton's +financial system had then past. It had two objects. 1st as a +puzzle, to exclude popular understanding & inquiry. 2dly, as a +machine for the corruption of the legislature; for he avowed the +opinion that man could be governed by one of two motives only, force +or interest: force he observed, in this country, was out of the +question; and the interests therefore of the members must be laid +hold of, to keep the legislature in unison with the Executive. And +with grief and shame it must be acknoleged that his machine was not +without effect. That even in this, the birth of our government, some +members were found sordid enough to bend their duty to their +interests, and to look after personal, rather than public good. It +is well known that, during the war, the greatest difficulty we +encountered was the want of money or means, to pay our souldiers who +fought, or our farmers, manufacturers & merchants who furnished the +necessary supplies of food & clothing for them. After the expedient +of paper money had exhausted itself, certificates of debt were given +to the individual creditors, with assurance of payment, so soon as +the U. S. should be able. But the distresses of these people often +obliged them to part with these for the half, the fifth, and even a +tenth of their value; and Speculators had made a trade of cozening +them from the holders, by the most fraudulent practices and +persuasions that they would never be paid. In the bill for funding & +paying these, Hamilton made no difference between the original +holders, & the fraudulent purchasers of this paper. Great & just +repugnance arose at putting these two classes of creditors on the +same footing, and great exertions were used to pay to the former the +full value, and to the latter the price only which he had paid, with +interest. But this would have prevented the game which was to be +played, & for which the minds of greedy members were already tutored +and prepared. When the trial of strength on these several efforts +had indicated the form in which the bill would finally pass, this +being known within doors sooner than without, and especially than to +those who were in distant parts of the Union, the base scramble +began. Couriers & relay horses by land, and swift sailing pilot +boats by sea, were flying in all directions. Active part[n]ers & +agents were associated & employed in every state, town and country +neighborhood, and this paper was bought up at 5/ and even as low as +2/ in the pound, before the holder knew that Congress had already +provided for it's redemption at par. Immense sums were thus filched +from the poor & ignorant, and fortunes accumulated by those who had +themselves been poor enough before. Men thus enriched by the +dexterity of a leader, would follow of course the chief who was +leading them to fortune, and become the zealous instruments of all +his enterprises. This game was over, and another was on the carpet +at the moment of my arrival; and to this I was most ignorantly & +innocently made to hold the candle. This fiscal maneuvre is well +known by the name of the Assumption. Independantly of the debts of +Congress, the states had, during the war, contracted separate and +heavy debts; and Massachusetts particularly in an absurd attempt, +absurdly conducted, on the British post of Penobscot: and the more +debt Hamilton could rake up, the more plunder for his mercenaries. +This money, whether wisely or foolishly spent, was pretended to have +been spent for general purposes, and ought therefore to be paid from +the general purse. But it was objected that nobody knew what these +debts were, what their amount, or what their proofs. No matter; we +will guess them to be 20. millions. But of these 20. millions we do +not know how much should be reimbursed to one state, nor how much to +another. No matter; we will guess. And so another scramble was set +on foot among the several states, and some got much, some little, +some nothing. But the main object was obtained, the phalanx of the +treasury was reinforced by additional recruits. This measure +produced the most bitter & angry contests ever known in Congress, +before or since the union of the states. I arrived in the midst of +it. But a stranger to the ground, a stranger to the actors on it, so +long absent as to have lost all familiarity with the subject, and as +yet unaware of it's object, I took no concern in it. The great and +trying question however was lost in the H. of Representatives. So +high were the feuds excited by this subject, that on it's rejection, +business was suspended. Congress met and adjourned from day to day +without doing any thing, the parties being too much out of temper to +do business together. The Eastern members particularly, who, with +Smith from South Carolina, were the principal gamblers in these +scenes, threatened a secession and dissolution. Hamilton was in +despair. As I was going to the President's one day, I met him in the +street. He walked me backwards & forwards before the President's +door for half an hour. He painted pathetically the temper into which +the legislature had been wrought, the disgust of those who were +called the Creditor states, the danger of the secession of their +members, and the separation of the states. He observed that the +members of the administration ought to act in concert, that tho' this +question was not of my department, yet a common duty should make it a +common concern; that the President was the center on which all +administrative questions ultimately rested, and that all of us should +rally around him, and support with joint efforts measures approved by +him; and that the question having been lost by a small majority only, +it was probable that an appeal from me to the judgment and discretion +of some of my friends might effect a change in the vote, and the +machine of government, now suspended, might be again set into motion. +I told him that I was really a stranger to the whole subject; not +having yet informed myself of the system of finances adopted, I knew +not how far this was a necessary sequence; that undoubtedly if it's +rejection endangered a dissolution of our union at this incipient +stage, I should deem that the most unfortunate of all consequences, +to avert which all partial and temporary evils should be yielded. I +proposed to him however to dine with me the next day, and I would +invite another friend or two, bring them into conference together, +and I thought it impossible that reasonable men, consulting together +coolly, could fail, by some mutual sacrifices of opinion, to form a +compromise which was to save the union. The discussion took place. +I could take no part in it, but an exhortatory one, because I was a +stranger to the circumstances which should govern it. But it was +finally agreed that, whatever importance had been attached to the +rejection of this proposition, the preservation of the union, & and +of concord among the states was more important, and that therefore it +would be better that the vote of rejection should be rescinded, to +effect which some members should change their votes. But it was +observed that this pill would be peculiarly bitter to the Southern +States, and that some concomitant measure should be adopted to +sweeten it a little to them. There had before been propositions to +fix the seat of government either at Philadelphia, or at Georgetown +on the Potomac; and it was thought that by giving it to Philadelphia +for ten years, and to Georgetown permanently afterwards, this might, +as an anodyne, calm in some degree the ferment which might be excited +by the other measure alone. So two of the Potomac members (White & +Lee, but White with a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) agreed +to change their votes, & Hamilton undertook to carry the other point. +In doing this the influence he had established over the Eastern +members, with the agency of Robert Morris with those of the middle +states, effected his side of the engagement, and so the assumption +was passed, and 20. millions of stock divided among favored states, +and thrown in as pabulum to the stock-jobbing herd. This added to +the number of votaries to the treasury and made its Chief the master +of every vote in the legislature which might give to the government +the direction suited to his political views. I know well, and so +must be understood, that nothing like a majority in Congress had +yielded to this corruption. Far from it. But a division, not very +unequal, had already taken place in the honest part of that body, +between the parties styled republican and federal. The latter being +monarchists in principle, adhered to Hamilton of course, as their +leader in that principle, and this mercenary phalanx added to them +ensured him always a majority in both houses: so that the whole +action of the legislature was now under the direction of the +treasury. Still the machine was not compleat.The effect of the +funding system, & of the assumption, would be temporary. It would be +lost with the loss of the individual members whom it had enriched, +and some engine of influence more permanent must be contrived, while +these myrmidons were yet in place to carry it thro' all opposition. +This engine was the Bank of the U.S. All that history is known; so I +shall say nothing about it. While the government remained at +Philadelphia, a selection of members of both houses were constantly +kept as Directors, who, on every question interesting to that +institution, or to the views of the federal head, voted at the will +of that head; and, together with the stockholding members, could +always make the federal vote that of the majority. By this +combination, legislative expositions were given to the constitution, +and all the administrative laws were shaped on the model of England, +& so passed. And from this influence we were not relieved until the +removal from the precincts of the bank, to Washington. Here then was +the real ground of the opposition which was made to the course of +administration. It's object was to preserve the legislature pure and +independant of the Executive, to restrain the administration to +republican forms and principles, and not permit the constitution to +be construed into a monarchy, and to be warped in practice into all +the principles and pollutions of their favorite English model. Nor +was this an opposition to Genl. Washington. He was true to the +republican charge confided to him; & has solemnly and repeatedly +protested to me, in our private conversations, that he would lose the +last drop of his blood in support of it, and he did this the oftener, +and with the more earnestness, because he knew my suspicions of +Hamilton's designs against it; & wished to quiet them. For he was +not aware of the drift, or of the effect of Hamilton's schemes. +Unversed in financial projects & calculations, & budgets, his +approbation of them was bottomed on his confidence in the man. But +Hamilton was not only a monarchist, but for a monarchy bottomed on +corruption. In proof of this I will relate an anecdote, for the +truth of which I attest the God who made me. Before the President +set out on his Southern tour in April 1791. he addressed a letter of +the 4th. of that month, from Mt. Vernon to the Secretaries of State, +Treasury & War, desiring that, if any serious and important cases +should arise during his absence, they would consult & act on them, +and he requested that the Vice-president should also be consulted. +This was the only occasion on which that officer was ever requested +to take part in a Cabinet question. Some occasion for consultation +arising, I invited those gentlemen (and the Attorney genl. as well as +I remember) to dine with me in order to confer on the subject. After +the cloth was removed, and our question agreed & dismissed, +conversation began on other matters and, by some circumstance, was +led to the British constitution, on which Mr. Adams observed "purge +that constitution of it's corruption, and give to it's popular branch +equality of representation, and it would be the most perfect +constitution ever devised by the wit of man." Hamilton paused and +said, "purge it of it's corruption, and give to it's popular branch +equality of representation, & it would become an _impracticable_ +government: as it stands at present, with all it's supposed defects, +it is the most perfect government which ever existed." And this was +assuredly the exact line which separated the political creeds of +these two gentlemen. The one was for two hereditary branches and an +honest elective one: the other for a hereditary king with a house of +lords & commons, corrupted to his will, and standing between him and +the people. Hamilton was indeed a singular character. Of acute +understanding, disinterested, honest, and honorable in all private +transactions, amiable in society, and duly valuing virtue in private +life, yet so bewitched & perverted by the British example, as to be +under thoro' conviction that corruption was essential to the +government of a nation. Mr. Adams had originally been a republican. +The glare of royalty and nobility, during his mission to England, had +made him believe their fascination a necessary ingredient in +government, and Shay's rebellion, not sufficiently understood where +he then was, seemed to prove that the absence of want and oppression +was not a sufficient guarantee of order. His book on the American +constitutions having made known his political bias, he was taken up +by the monarchical federalists, in his absence, and on his return to +the U.S. he was by them made to believe that the general disposition +of our citizens was favorable to monarchy. He here wrote his Davila, +as a supplement to the former work, and his election to the +Presidency confirmed his errors. Innumerable addresses too, artfully +and industriously poured in upon him, deceived him into a confidence +that he was on the pinnacle of popularity, when the gulph was yawning +at his feet which was to swallow up him and his deceivers. For, when +Genl. Washington was withdrawn, these energumeni of royalism, kept in +check hitherto by the dread of his honesty, his firmness, his +patriotism, and the authority of his name now, mounted on the Car of +State & free from controul, like Phaeton on that of the sun, drove +headlong & wild, looking neither to right nor left, nor regarding +anything but the objects they were driving at; until, displaying +these fully, the eyes of the nation were opened, and a general +disbandment of them from the public councils took place. Mr. Adams, +I am sure, has been long since convinced of the treacheries with +which he was surrounded during his administration. He has since +thoroughly seen that his constituents were devoted to republican +government, and whether his judgment is re-settled on it's ancient +basis, or not, he is conformed as a good citizen to the will of the +majority, and would now, I am persuaded, maintain it's republican +structure with the zeal and fidelity belonging to his character. For +even an enemy has said "he is always an honest man, & often a great +one." But in the fervor of the fury and follies of those who made him +their stalking horse, no man who did not witness it, can form an idea +of their unbridled madness, and the terrorism with which they +surrounded themselves. The horrors of the French revolution, then +raging, aided them mainly, and using that as a raw head and bloody +bones they were enabled by their stratagems of X. Y. Z. in which this +historian was a leading mountebank, their tales of tub-plots, Ocean +massacres, bloody buoys, and pulpit lyings, and slanderings, and +maniacal ravings of their Gardiners, their Osgoods and Parishes, to +spread alarm into all but the firmest breasts. Their Attorney +General had the impudence to say to a republican member that +deportation must be resorted to, of which, said he, "you republicans +have set the example," thus daring to identify us with the murderous +Jacobins of France. These transactions, now recollected but as +dreams of the night, were then sad realities; and nothing rescued us +from their liberticide effect but the unyielding opposition of those +firm spirits who sternly maintained their post, in defiance of +terror, until their fellow citizens could be aroused to their own +danger, and rally, and rescue the standard of the constitution. This +has been happily done. Federalism & monarchism have languished from +that moment, until their treasonable combinations with the enemies of +their country during the late war, their plots of dismembering the +Union & their Hartford convention, has consigned them to the tomb of +the dead: and I fondly hope we may now truly say "we are all +republicans, all federalists," and that the motto of the standard to +which our country will forever rally, will be "federal union, and +republican government;" and sure I am we may say that we are +indebted, for the preservation of this point of ralliance, to that +opposition of which so injurious an idea is so artfully insinuated & +excited in this history. + + Much of this relation is notorious to the world, & many +intimate proofs of it will be found in these notes. From the moment, +where they end, of my retiring from the administration, the +federalists got unchecked hold of Genl. Washington. His memory was +already sensibly impaired by age, the firm tone of mind for which he +had been remarkable, was beginning to relax, it's energy was abated; +a listlessness of labor, a desire for tranquillity had crept on him, +and a willingness to let others act and even think for him. Like the +rest of mankind, he was disgusted with atrocities of the French +revolution, and was not sufficiently aware of the difference between +the rabble who were used as instruments of their perpetration, and +the steady & rational character of the American people, in which he +had not sufficient confidence. The opposition too of the republicans +to the British treaty, and zealous support of the federalists in that +unpopular, but favorite measure of theirs, had made him all their +own. Understanding moreover that I disapproved of that treaty, & +copiously nourished with falsehoods by a malignant neighbor of mine, +who ambitioned to be his correspondent, he had become alienated from +myself personally, as from the republican body generally of his +fellow citizens; & he wrote the letters to Mr. Adams, and Mr. +Carroll, over which, in devotion to his imperishable fame, we must +forever weep as monuments of mortal decay. + + _Conversations with the President_ + + 1792. Feb. 28. I was to have been with him long enough before +3. o clock (which was the hour & day he received visits) to have +opened to him a proposition for doubling the velocity of the post +riders, who now travel about 50. miles a day, & might without +difficulty go 100. and for taking measures (by way-bills) to know +where the delay is, when there is any. I was delayed by business, so +as to have scarcely time to give him the outlines. I ran over them +rapidly, & observed afterwards that I had hitherto never spoke to him +on the subject of the post office, not knowing whether it was +considered as a revenue law, or a law for the general accommodation +of the citizens; that the law just passed seemed to have removed the +doubt, by declaring that the whole profits of the office should be +applied to extending the posts & that even the past profits should be +refunded by the treasury for the same purpose: that I therefore +conceived it was now in the department of the Secretary of State: +that I thought it would be advantageous so to declare it for another +reason, to wit, that the department of treasury possessed already +such an influence as to swallow up the whole Executive powers, and +that even the future Presidents (not supported by the weight of +character which himself possessed) would not be able to make head +against this department. That in urging this measure I had certainly +no personal interest, since, if I was supposed to have any appetite +for power, yet as my career would certainly be exactly as short as +his own, the intervening time was too short to be an object. My real +wish was to avail the public of every occasion during the residue of +the President's period, to place things on a safe footing. -- He was +now called on to attend his company, & he desired me to come and +breakfast with him the next morning. + + Feb. 29. I did so, & after breakfast we retired to his room, & +I unfolded my plan for the post-office, and after such an approbation +of it as he usually permitted himself on the first presentment of any +idea, and desiring me to commit it to writing, he, during that pause +of conversation which follows a business closed, said in an +affectionate tone, that he had felt much concern at an expression +which dropt from me yesterday, & which marked my intention of +retiring when he should. That as to himself, many motives obliged +him to it. He had through the whole course of the war, and most +particularly at the close of it uniformly declared his resolution to +retire from public affairs, & never to act in any public office; that +he had retired under that firm resolution, that the government +however which had been formed being found evidently too +inefficacious, and it being supposed that his aid was of some +consequence towards bringing the people to consent to one of +sufficient efficacy for their own good, he consented to come into the +convention, & on the same motive, after much pressing, to take a part +in the new government and get it under way. That were he to continue +longer, it might give room to say, that having tasted the sweets of +office he could not do without them: that he really felt himself +growing old, his bodily health less firm, his memory, always bad, +becoming worse, and perhaps the other faculties of his mind showing a +decay to others of which he was insensible himself, that this +apprehension particularly oppressed him, that he found morever his +activity lessened, business therefore more irksome, and tranquility & +retirement become an irresistible passion. That however he felt +himself obliged for these reasons to retire from the government, yet +he should consider it as unfortunate if that should bring on the +retirement of the great officers of the government, and that this +might produce a shock on the public mind of dangerous consequence. I +told him that no man had ever had less desire of entering into public +offices than myself; that the circumstance of a perilous war, which +brought every thing into danger, & called for all the services which +every citizen could render, had induced me to undertake the +administration of the government of Virginia, that I had both before +& after refused repeated appointments of Congress to go abroad in +that sort of office, which if I had consulted my own gratification, +would always have been the most agreeable to me, that at the end of +two years, I resigned the government of Virginia, & retired with a +firm resolution never more to appear in public life, that a domestic +loss however happened, and made me fancy that absence, & a change of +scene for a time might be expedient for me, that I therefore accepted +a foreign appointment limited to two years, that at the close of +that, Dr. Franklin having left France, I was appointed to supply his +place, which I had accepted, & tho' I continued in it three or four +years, it was under the constant idea of remaining only a year or two +longer; that the revolution in France coming on, I had so interested +myself in the event of that, that when obliged to bring my family +home, I had still an idea of returning & awaiting the close of that, +to fix the aera of my final retirement; that on my arrival here I +found he had appointed me to my present office, that he knew I had +not come into it without some reluctance, that it was on my part a +sacrifice of inclination to the opinion that I might be more +serviceable here than in France, & with a firm resolution in my mind +to indulge my constant wish for retirement at no very distant day: +that when therefore I received his letter written from Mount Vernon, +on his way to Carolina & Georgia, (Apr. 1. 1791) and discovered from +an expression in that that he meant to retire from the government ere +long, & as to the precise epoch there could be no doubt, my mind was +immediately made up to make that the epoch of my own retirement from +those labors, of which I was heartily tired. That however I did not +believe there was any idea in either of my brethren in the +administration of retiring, that on the contrary I had perceived at a +late meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund that the Secretary +of the Treasury had developed the plan he intended to pursue, & that +it embraced years in it's view. -- He said that he considered the +Treasury department as a much more limited one going only to the +single object of revenue, while that of the Secretary of State +embracing nearly all the objects of administration, was much more +important, & the retirement of the officer therefore would be more +noticed: that tho' the government had set out with a pretty general +good will of the public, yet that symptoms of dissatisfaction had +lately shewn themselves far beyond what he could have expected, and +to what height these might arise in case of too great a change in the +administration, could not be foreseen. + + I told him that in my opinion there was only a single source of +these discontents. Tho' they had indeed appeared to spread +themselves over the war department also, yet I considered that as an +overflowing only from their real channel which would never have taken +place if they had not first been generated in another department, to +wit that of the treasury. That a system had there been contrived, +for deluging the states with paper money instead of gold & silver, +for withdrawing our citizens from the pursuits of commerce, +manufactures, buildings, & other branches of useful industry, to +occupy themselves & their capitals in a species of gambling, +destructive of morality, & which had introduced it's poison into the +government itself. That it was a fact, as certainly known as that he +& I were then conversing, that particular members of the legislature, +while those laws were on the carpet, had feathered their nests with +paper, had then voted for the laws, and constantly since lent all the +energy of their talents, & instrumentality of their offices to the +establishment & enlargement of this system: that they had chained it +about our necks for a great length of time, & in order to keep the +game in their hands had from time to time aided in making such +legislative constructions of the constitution as made it a very +different thing from what the people thought they had submitted to; +that they had now brought forward a proposition, far beyond every one +ever yet advanced, & to which the eyes of many were turned as the +decision which was to let us know whether we live under a limited or +an unlimited government. -- He asked me to what proposition I +alluded? I answered to that in the Report on manufactures which, +under colour of giving _bounties_ for the encouragement of particular +manufactures, meant to establish the doctrine that the power given by +the Constitution to collect taxes to provide for the _general +welfare_ of the U.S., permitted Congress to take everything under +their management which _they_ should deem for the _public welfare_, & +which is susceptible of the application of money: consequently that +the subsequent enumeration of their powers was not the description to +which resort must be had, & did not at all constitute the limits of +their authority: that this was a very different question from that of +the bank, which was thought an incident to an enumerated power: that +therefore this decision was expected with great anxiety: that indeed +I hoped the proposition would be rejected, believing there was a +majority in both houses against it, and that if it should be, it +would be considered as a proof that things were returning into their +true channel; & that at any rate I looked forward to the broad +representation which would shortly take place for keeping the general +constitution on it's true ground, & that this would remove a great +deal of the discontent which had shewn itself. The conversation +ended with this last topic. It is here stated nearly as much at +length as it really was, the expressions preserved where I could +recollect them, and their substance always faithfully stated. + + July 10. 1792. My lre of ---- to the President, directed to +him at Mt Vernon, had not found him there, but came to him here. He +told me of this & that he would take an occasion of speaking with me +on the subject. He did so this day. He began by observing that he +had put it off from day to day because the subject was painful, to +wit his remaining in office which that letter sollicited. He said +that the decln he had made when he quitted his military command of +never again acting in public was sincere. That however when he was +called on to come forward to set the present govmt in motion, it +appeared to him that circumstances were so changed as to justify a +change in his resoln: he was made to believe that in 2 years all +would be well in motion & he might retire. At the end of two years +he found some things still to be done. At the end of the 3d year he +thought it was not worth while to disturb the course of things as in +one year more his office would expire & he was decided then to +retire. Now he was told there would still be danger in it. +Certainly if he thought so, he would conquer his longing for +retirement. But he feared it would be said his former professions of +retirement had been mere affectation, & that he was like other men, +when once in office he could not quit it. He was sensible too of a +decay of his hearing perhaps his other faculties might fall off & he +not be sensible of it. That with respect to the existing causes of +uneasiness, he thought there were suspicions against a particular +party which had been carried a great deal too far, there might be +_desires_, but he did not believe there were _designs_ to change the +form of govmt into a monarchy. That there might be a few who wished +it in the higher walks of life, particularly in the great cities but +that the main body of the people in the Eastern states were as +steadily for republicanism as in the Southern. That the pieces +lately published, & particularly in Freneau's paper seemed to have in +view the exciting opposition to the govmt. That this had taken place +in Pennsylve as to the excise law, accdg to informn he had recd from +Genl Hand that they tended to produce a separation of the Union, the +most dreadful of all calamities, and that whatever tended to produce +anarchy, tended of course to produce a resort to monarchical +government. He considered those papers as attacking him directly, +for he must be a fool indeed to swallow the little sugar plumbs here +& there thrown out to him. That in condemning the admn of the govmt +they condemned him, for if they thought there were measures pursued +contrary to his sentiment, they must conceive him too careless to +attend to them or too stupid to understand them. That tho indeed he +had signed many acts which he did not approve in all their parts, yet +he had never put his name to one which he did not think on the whole +was eligible. That as to the bank which had been an act of so much +complaint, until there was some infallible criterion of reason, a +difference of opinion must be tolerated. He did not believe the +discontents extended far from the seat of govmt. He had seen & +spoken with many people in Maryld & Virginia in his late journey. He +found the people contented & happy. He wished however to be better +informed on this head. If the discontent were more extensive than he +supposed, it might be that the desire that he should remain in the +government was not general. + + My observns to him tended principally to enforce the topics of +my lre. I will not therefore repeat them except where they produced +observns from him. I said that the two great complaints were that +the national debt was unnecessarily increased, & that it had +furnished the means of corrupting both branches of the legislature. +That he must know & everybody knew there was a considerable squadron +in both whose votes were devoted to the paper & stock-jobbing +interest, that the names of a weighty number were known & several +others suspected on good grounds. That on examining the votes of +these men they would be found uniformly for every treasury measure, & +that as most of these measures had been carried by small majorities +they were carried by these very votes. That therefore it was a cause +of just uneasiness when we saw a legislature legislating for their +own interests in opposition to those of the people. He said not a +word on the corruption of the legislature, but took up the other +point, defended the assumption, & argued that it had not increased +the debt, for that all of it was honest debt. He justified the +excise law, as one of the best laws which could be past, as nobody +would pay the tax who did not chuse to do it. With respect to the +increase of the debt by the assumption I observed to him that what +was meant & objected to was that it increased the debt of the general +govmt and carried it beyond the possibility of paiment. That if the +balances had been settled & the debtor states directed to pay their +deficiencies to the creditor states, they would have done it easily, +and by resources of taxation in their power, and acceptable to the +people, by a direct tax in the South, & an excise in the North. +Still he said it would be paid by the people. Finding him really +approving the treasury system I avoided entering into argument with +him on those points. + + Bladensbg. Oct. 1. This morning at Mt Vernon I had the +following conversation with the President. He opened it by +expressing his regret at the resolution in which I appeared so fixed +in the lre I had written him of retiring from public affairs. He +said that he should be extremely sorry that I should do it as long as +he was in office, and that he could not see where he should find +another character to fill my office. That as yet he was quite +undecided whether to retire in March or not. His inclinations led +him strongly to do it. Nobody disliked more the ceremonies of his +office, and he had not the least taste or gratification in the +execution of it's functions. That he was happy at home alone, and +that his presence there was now peculiarly called for by the +situation of Majr Washington whom he thought irrecoverable & should +he get well he would remove into another part of the country which +might better agree with him. That he did not believe his presence +necessary: that there were other characters who would do the business +as well or better. Still however if his aid was thought necessary to +save the cause to which he had devoted his life principally he would +make the sacrifice of a longer continuance. That he therefore +reserved himself for future decision, as his declaration would be in +time if made a month before the day of election. He had desired Mr. +Lear to find out from conversation, without appearing to make the +inquiry, whether any other person would be desired by any body. He +had informed him he judged from conversations that it was the +universal desire he should continue, & the expectation that those who +expressed a doubt of his continuance did it in the language of +apprehension, and not of desire. But this, says he, is only from the +north, it may be very different in the South. I thought this meant +as an opening to me to say what was the sentiment in the South from +which quarter I came. I told him that as far as I knew there was but +one voice there which was for his continuance. That as to myself I +had ever preferred the pursuits of private life to those of public, +which had nothing in them agreeable to me. I explained to him the +circumstances of the war which had first called me into public life, +and those following the war which had called me from a retirement on +which I had determd. That I had constantly kept my eye on my own +home, and could no longer refrain from returning to it. As to +himself his presence was important, that he was the only man in the +U.S. who possessed the confidce of the whole, that govmt was founded +in opinion & confidence, and that the longer he remained, the +stronger would become the habits of the people in submitting to the +govmt. & in thinking it a thing to be maintained. That there was no +other person who would be thought anything more than the head of a +party. He then expressed his concern at the difference which he +found to subsist between the Sec. of the Treasury & myself, of which +he said he had not been aware. He knew indeed that there was a +marked difference in our political sentiments, but he had never +suspected it had gone so far in producing a personal difference, and +he wished he could be the mediator to put an end to it. That he +thought it important to preserve the check of my opinions in the +administration in order to keep things in their proper channel & +prevent them from going too far. That as to the idea of transforming +this govt into a monarchy he did not believe there were ten men in +the U.S. whose opinions were worth attention who entertained such a +thought. I told him there were many more than he imagined. I +recalled to his memory a dispute at his own table a little before we +left Philada, between Genl. Schuyler on one side & Pinkney & myself +on the other, wherein the former maintained the position that +hereditary descent was as likely to produce good magistrates as +election. I told him that tho' the people were sound, there were a +numerous sect who had monarchy in contempln. That the Secy of the +Treasury was one of these. That I had heard him say that this +constitution was a shilly shally thing of mere milk & water, which +could not last, & was only good as a step to something better. That +when we reflected that he had endeavored in the convention to make an +English constn of it, and when failing in that we saw all his +measures tending to bring it to the same thing it was natural for us +to be jealous: and particular when we saw that these measures had +established corruption in the legislature, where there was a squadron +devoted to the nod of the treasury, doing whatever he had directed & +ready to do what he should direct. That if the equilibrium of the +three great bodies Legislative, Executive, & judiciary could be +preserved, if the Legislature could be kept independant, I should +never fear the result of such a government but that I could not but +be uneasy when I saw that the Executive had swallowed up the +legislative branch. He said that as to that interested spirit in the +legislature, it was what could not be avoided in any government, +unless we were to exclude particular descriptions of men, such as the +holders of the funds from all office. I told him there was great +difference between the little accidental schemes of self interest +which would take place in every body of men & influence their votes, +and a regular system for forming a corps of interested persons who +should be steadily at the orders of the Treasury. He touched on the +merits of the funding system, observed that there was a difference of +opinion about it some thinking it very bad, others very good. That +experience was the only criterion of right which he knew & this alone +would decide which opn was right. That for himself he had seen our +affairs desperate & our credit lost, and that this was in a sudden & +extraordinary degree raised to the highest pitch. I told him all +that was ever necessary to establish our credit, was an efficient +govmt & an honest one declaring it would sacredly pay our debts, +laying taxes for this purpose & applying them to it. I avoided going +further into the subject. He finished by another exhortation to me +not to decide too positively on retirement, & here we were called to +breakfast. + + Feb. 7. 1793. I waited on the President with letters & papers +from Lisbon. After going through these I told him that I had for +some time suspended speaking with him on the subject of my going out +of office because I had understood that the bill for intercourse with +foreign nations was likely to be rejected by the Senate in which case +the remaining business of the department would be too inconsiderable +to make it worth while to keep it up. But that the bill being now +passed I was freed from the considerations of propriety which had +embarrassed me. That &c. (nearly in the words of a letter to Mr. T. +M. Randolph of a few days ago) and that I should be willing, if he +had taken no arrangemts. to the contrary to continue somewhat longer, +how long I could not say, perhaps till summer, perhaps autumn. He +said so far from taking arrangements on the subject, he had never +mentioned to any mortal the design of retiring which I had expressed +to him, till yesterday having heard that I had given up my house & +that it was rented by another, thereupon he mentd. it to Mr. E. +Randolph & asked him, as he knew my retirement had been talked of, +whether he had heard any persons suggested in conversations to +succeed me. He expressed his satisfn at my change of purpose, & his +apprehensions that my retirement would be a new source of uneasiness +to the public. He said Govr. Lee had that day informed of the genl. +discontent prevailing in Virga of which he never had had any +conception, much less sound informn: That it appeared to him very +alarming. He proceeded to express his earnest wish that Hamilton & +myself could coalesce in the measures of the govmt, and urged here +the general reasons for it which he had done to me on two former +conversns. He said he had proposed the same thing to Ham. who +expresd his readiness, and he thought our coalition would secure the +general acquiescence of the public. I told him my concurrence was of +much less importce than he seemed to imagine; that I kept myself +aloof from all cabal & correspondence on the subject of the govmt & +saw & spoke with as few as I could. That as to a coalition with Mr. +Hamilton, if by that was meant that either was to sacrifice his +general system to the other, it was impossible. We had both no doubt +formed our conclusions after the most mature consideration and +principles conscientiously adopted could not be given up on either +side. My wish was to see both houses of Congr. cleansed of all +persons interested in the bank or public stocks; & that a pure +legislature being given us, I should always be ready to acquiesce +under their determns even if contrary to my own opns, for that I +subscribe to the principle that the will of the majority honestly +expressed should give law. I confirmed him in the fact of the great +discontents to the South, that they were grounded on seeing that +their judgmts & interests were sacrificed to those of the Eastern +states on every occn. & their belief that it was the effect of a +corrupt squadron of voters in Congress at the command of the +Treasury, & they see that if the votes of those members who had an +interest distinct from & contrary to the general interest of their +constts had been withdrawn, as in decency & honesty they should have +been, the laws would have been the reverse of what they are in all +the great questions. I instanced the new assumption carried in the +H. of Repr. by the Speaker's votes. On this subject he made no +reply. He explained his remaing. in office to have been the effect +of strong solicitations after he returned here declaring that he had +never mentd. his purpose of going out but to the heads of depnts & +Mr. Madison; he expressed the extreme wretchedness of his existence +while in office, and went lengthily into the late attacks on him for +levees &c -- and explained to me how he had been led into them by the +persons he consulted at New York, and that if he could but know what +the sense of the public was, he would most cheerfully conform to it. + + Aug 6. 1793. The President calls on me at my house in the +country, and introduces my letter of July 31. announcing that I +should resign at the close of the next month. He again expressed his +repentance at not having resigned himself, and how much it was +increased by seeing that he was to be deserted by those on whose aid +he had counted: that he did not know where he should look to find +characters to fill up the offices, that mere talents did not suffice +for the departmt of state, but it required a person conversant in +foreign affairs, perhaps acquainted with foreign courts, that without +this the best talents would be awkward & at a loss. He told me that +Colo. Hamilton had 3. or 4. weeks ago written to him, informg him +that private as well as public reasons had brought him to the +determination to retire, & that he should do it towards the close of +the next session. He said he had often before intimated dispositions +to resign, but never as decisively before: that he supposed he had +fixed on the latter part of next session to give an opportunity to +Congress to examine into his conduct; that our going out at times so +different increased his difficulty, for if he had both places to fill +at one he might consult both the particular talents & geographical +situation of our successors. He expressed great apprehensions at the +fermentation which seemed to be working in the mind of the public, +that many descriptions of persons, actuated by different causes +appeared to be uniting, what it would end in he knew not, a new +Congress was to assemble, more numerous, perhaps of a different +spirit; the first expressions of their sentiments would be important: +if I would only stay to the end of that it would relieve him +considerably. + + I expressed to him my excessive repugnance to public life, the +particular uneasiness of my situation in this place where the laws of +society oblige me always to move exactly in the circle which I know +to bear me peculiar hatred, that is to say the wealthy aristocrats, +the merchants connected closely with England, the new created paper +fortunes; that thus surrounded, my words were caught, multiplied, +misconstrued, & even fabricated & spread abroad to my injury, that he +saw also that there was such an opposition of views between myself & +another part of the admn as to render it peculiarly unpleasing, and +to destroy the necessary harmony. Without knowg the views of what is +called the Republican party here, or havg any communication with +them, I could undertake to assure him from my intimacy with that +party in the late Congress, that there was not a view in the +Republican party as spread over the U S. which went to the frame of +the government, that I believed the next Congress would attempt +nothing material but to render their own body independant, that that +party were firm in their dispositions to support the government: that +the manoeuvres of Mr. Genet might produce some little embarrassment, +but that he would be abandoned by the Republicans the moment they +knew the nature of his conduct, and on the whole no crisis existed +which threatened anything. + + He said he believed the views of the Republican party were +perfectly pure, but when men put a machine into motion it is +impossible for them to stop it exactly where they would chuse or to +say where it will stop. That the constn we have is an excellent one +if we can keep it where it is, that it was indeed supposed there was +a party disposed to change it into a monarchical form, but that he +could conscientiously declare there was not a man in the U S. who +would set his face more decidedly against it than himself. Here I +interrupted him by saying "no rational man in the U S. suspects you +of any other disposn, but there does not pass a week in which we +cannot prove declns dropping from the monarchical party that our +governmt is good for nothing, it is a milk & water thing which cannot +support itself, we must knock it down & set up something of more +energy." -- He said if that was the case he thought it a proof of +their insanity, for that the republican spirit of the Union was so +manifest and so solid that it was astonishg how any one could expect +to move them. + + He returned to the difficulty of naming my successor, he said +Mr. Madison would be his first choice, but that he had always +expressed to him such a decision against public office that he could +not expect he would undertake it. Mr. Jay would prefer his present +office. He sd that Mr. Jay had a great opinion of the talents of Mr. +King, that there was also Mr. Smith of S. Carola: E. Rutledge &c. but +he observed that name whom he would some objections would be made, +some would be called speculators, some one thing, some another, and +he asked me to mention any characters occurrg to me. I asked him if +Govr. Johnson of Maryld. had occurred to him? He said he had, that +he was a man of great good sense, an honest man, & he believed clear +of speculations, but this says he is an instance of what I was +observing, with all these qualifications Govr. Johnson, from a want +of familiarity with foreign affairs, would be in them like a fish out +of water, everything would be new to him, & he awkward in everything. +I confessed to him that I had considered Johnson rather as fit for +the Treasury department. Yes, says he, for that he would be the +fittest appointment that could be made; he is a man acquainted with +figures, & having as good a knowledge of the resources of this +country as any man. I asked him if Chancr. Livingston had occurred +to him? He said yes, but he was from N. York, & to appoint him while +Hamilton was in & before it should be known he was going out, would +excite a newspaper conflagration, as the ultimate arrangement would +not be known. He said McLurg had occurred to him as a man of first +rate abilities, but it is said that he is a speculator. He asked me +what sort of a man Wolcott was. I told him I knew nothing of him +myself; I had heard him characterized as a cunning man. I asked him +whether some person could not take my office par interim, till he +should make an apptment? as Mr. Randolph for instance. Yes, says he, +but there you would raise the expectation of keeping it, and I do not +know that he is fit for it nor what is thought of Mr. Randolph. I +avoided noticing the last observation, & he put the question to me +directly. I then told him that I went into society so little as to +be unable to answer it: I knew that the embarrassments in his private +affairs had obliged him to use expedts which had injured him with the +merchts & shop-keepers & affected his character of independance; that +these embarrassments were serious, & not likely to cease soon. He +said if I would only stay in till the end of another quarter (the +last of Dec.) it would get us through the difficulties of this year, +and he was satisfied that the affairs of Europe would be settled with +this campaign; for that either France would be overwhelmed by it, or +the confederacy would give up the contest. By that time too Congress +will have manifested it's character & view. I told him that I had +set my private affairs in motion in a line which had powerfully +called for my presence the last spring, & that they had suffered +immensely from my not going home; that I had now calculated them to +my return in the fall, and to fail in going then would be the loss of +another year, & prejudicial beyond measure. I asked him whether he +could not name Govr. Johnson to my office, under an express +arrangement that at the close of the session he should take that of +the treasury. He said that men never chose to descend: that being +once in a higher department he would not like to go into a lower one +(* 2). And he concluded by desiring that I would take 2. or 3. days +to consider whether I could not stay in till the end of another +quarter, for that like a man going to the gallows, he was willing to +put it off as long as he could: but if I persisted, he must then look +about him & make up his mind to do the best he could: & so he took +leave. He asked me whether I could not arrange my affairs by going +home. I told him I did not think the public business would admit of +it; that there was never a day now in which the absence of the +Secretary of state would not be inconvenient to the public. + + (* 2) He asked me whether I could not arrange my affairs by +going home. I told him I did not think the public business would +admit of it; that there was never a day now in which the absence of +the Secretary of state would not be inconvenient to the public. + + _"Liberty warring on herself"_ + + Aug. 20. 1793. We met at the President's to examine by +paragraphs the draught of a letter I had prepared to Gouverneur +Morris on the conduct of Mr. Genet. There was no difference of +opinion on any part of it, except on this expression. "An attempt to +embroil both, to add still another nation to the enemies of his +country, & to draw on both a reproach, which it is hoped will never +stain the history of either, that of _liberty warring on herself._" +H. moved to strike out these words "that of liberty warring on +herself." He urged generally that it would give offence to the +combined powers, that it amounted to a declaration that they were +warring on liberty, that we were not called on to declare that the +cause of France was that of liberty, that he had at first been with +them with all his heart, but that he had long since left them, and +was not for encouraging the idea here that the cause of France was +the cause of liberty in general, or could have either connection or +influence in our affairs. Knox accordg to custom jumped plump into +all his opinions. The Pr. with a good deal of positiveness declared +in favor of the expression, that he considered the pursuit of France +to be that of liberty, however they might sometimes fail of the best +means of obtaining it, that he had never at any time entertained a +doubt of their ultimate success, if they hung well together, & that +as to their dissensions there were such contradictory accts. given +that no one could tell what to believe. I observed that it had been +supposed among us all along that the present letter might become +public; that we had therefore 3. parties to attend to, -- 1. France, +2. her enemies, 3. the people of the U S. That as to the enemies of +France it ought not to offend them, because the passage objected to +only spoke of an attempt to make the U S. a _free nation_, war on +France, a _free nation_, which would be liberty warring on herself, +and therefore a true fact. That as to France, we were taking so +harsh a measure (desiring her to recall her minister) that a +precedent for it could scarcely be found, that we knew that minister +would represent to his government that our Executive was hostile to +liberty, leaning to monarchy & would endeavor to parry the charges on +himself, by rendering suspicious the source from which they flowed. +That therefore it was essential to satisfy France not only of our +friendship to her, but our attachment to the general cause of +liberty, & to hers in particular. That as to the people of the U S. +we knew there were suspicions abroad that the Executive in some of +it's parts was tainted with a hankering after monarchy, an +indisposition towards liberty & towards the French cause; & that it +was important by an explicit declaration to remove these suspicions & +restore the confidence of the people in their govmt. R. opposed the +passage on nearly the same ground with H. He added that he thought +it had been agreed that this correspondence should contain no +expressions which could give offence to either party. I replied that +it had been my opinion in the beginng of the correspondence that +while we were censuring the conduct of the French minister, we should +make the most cordial declarations of friendship to them: that in the +first letter or two of the correspondence I had inserted expressions +of that kind, but that himself & the other two gentlemen had struck +them out; that I thereupon conformed to their opinions in my subseqt. +letters, and had carefully avoided the insertion of a single term of +friendship to the French nation, and the letters were as dry & husky +as if written between the generals of two enemy nations. That on the +present occasion how ever it had been agreed that such expressions +ought to be inserted in the letter now under considn, & I had +accordly charged it pretty well with them. That I had further +thought it essential to satisfy the French & our own citizens of the +light in which we viewed their cause, and of our fellow feeling for +the general cause of liberty, and had ventured only four words on the +subject, that there was not from beginning to end of the letter one +other expression or word in favor of liberty, & I should think it +singular at least if the single passage of that character should be +struck out. -- The President again spoke. He came into the idea that +attention was due to the two parties who had been mentd. France & +the U S. That as to the former, thinking it certain their affairs +would issue in a government of some sort, of considerable freedom, it +was the only nation with whom our relations could be counted on: that +as to the U S. there could be no doubt of their universal attachmt to +the cause of France, and of the solidity of their republicanism. He +declared his strong attachment to the expression, but finally left it +to us to accommodate. It was struck out, of course, and the +expressions of affection in the context were a good deal taken down. + + _Conversations with Aaron Burr_ + + Jan. 26. 1804. Col. Burr the V. P. calls on me in the evening, +having previously asked an opportunity of conversing with me. He +began by recapitulating summarily that he had come to N. Y. a +stranger some years ago, that he found the country in possn of two +rich families, (the Livingstons & Clintons) that his pursuits were +not political & he meddled not. When the crisis, however of 1800 +came on they found their influence worn out, & solicited his aid with +the people. He lent it without any views of promotion. That his +being named as a candidate for V. P. was unexpected by him. He +acceded to it with a view to promote my fame & advancement and from a +desire to be with me, whose company and conversation had always been +fascinating to him. That since those great families had become +hostile to him, and had excited the calumnies which I had seen +published. That in this Hamilton had joined and had even written +some of the pieces against him. That his attachment to me had been +sincere and was still unchanged, altho many little stories had been +carried to him, & he supposed to me also, which he despised, but that +attachments must be reciprocal or cease to exist, and therefore he +asked if any change had taken place in mine towards him; that he had +chosen to have this conversn with myself directly & not through any +intermediate agent. He reminded me of a letter written to him about +the time of counting the votes (say Feb. 1801) mentioning that his +election had left a chasm in my arrangements, that I had lost him +from my list in the admn. &c. He observed he believed it would be +for the interest of the republican cause for him to retire; that a +disadvantageous schism would otherwise take place; but that were he +to retire, it would be said he shrunk from the public sentence, which +he never would do; that his enemies were using my name to destroy +him, and something was necessary from me to prevent and deprive them +of that weapon, some mark of favor from me, which would declare to +the world that he retired with my confidence. I answered by +recapitulating to him what had been my conduct previous to the +election of 1800. That I never had interfered directly or indirectly +with my friends or any others, to influence the election either for +him or myself; that I considered it as my duty to be merely passive, +except that, in Virginia I had taken some measures to procure for him +the unanimous vote of that state, because I thought any failure there +might be imputed to me. That in the election now coming on, I was +observing the same conduct, held no councils with anybody respecting +it, nor suffered any one to speak to me on the subject, believing it +my duty to leave myself to the free discussion of the public; that I +do not at this moment know, nor have ever heard who were to be +proposed as candidates for the public choice, except so far as could +be gathered from the newspapers. That as to the attack excited +against him in the newspapers, I had noticed it but as the passing +wind; that I had seen complaints that Cheetham, employed in +publishing the laws, should be permitted to eat the public bread & +abuse its second officer: that as to this, the publishers of the laws +were appd by the Secy. of the state witht. any reference to me; that +to make the notice general, it was often given to one republican & +one federal printer of the same place, that these federal printers +did not in the least intermit their abuse of me, tho' receiving +emoluments from the govmts and that I have never thot it proper to +interfere for myself, & consequently not in the case _of_ the Vice +president. That as to the letter he referred to, I remembered it, +and believed he had only mistaken the date at which it was written; +that I thought it must have been on the first notice of the event of +the election of S. Carolina; and that I had taken that occasion to +mention to him that I had intended to have proposed to him one of the +great offices, if he had not been elected, but that his election in +giving him a higher station had deprived me of his aid in the +administration. The letter alluded to was in fact mine to him of +Dec. 15. 1800. I now went on to explain to him verbally what I meant +by saying I had lost him from my list. That in Genl. Washington's +time it had been signified to him that Mr. Adams, the V. President, +would be glad of a foreign embassy; that Genl. Washington mentd. it +to me, expressed his doubts whether Mr. Adams was a fit character for +such an office, & his still greater doubts, indeed his conviction +that it would not be justifiable to send away the person who, in case +of his death, was provided by the constn to take his place; that it +would moreover appear indecent for him to be disposing of the public +trusts in apparently buying off a competitor for the public favor. I +concurred with him in the opinion, and, if I recollect rightly, +Hamilton, Knox, & Randolph were consulted & gave the same opinions. +That when Mr. Adams came to the admn, in his first interview with me +he mentioned the necessity of a mission to France, and how desirable +it would have been to him if he could have got me to undertake it; +but that he conceived it would be wrong in him to send me away, and +assigned the same reasons Genl Washington had done; and therefore he +should appoint Mr. Madison &c. That I had myself contemplated his +(Colo. Burr's) appointment to one of the great offices; in case he +was not elected V. P. but that as soon as that election was known, I +saw it could not be done for the good reasons which had led Genl W. & +Mr. A. to the same conclusion, and therefore in my first letter to +Colo. Burr after the issue was known, I had mentioned to him that a +chasm in my arrangements had been produced by this event. I was thus +particular in rectifying the date of this letter, because it gave me +an opportunity of explaining the grounds on which it was written +which were indirectly an answer to his present hints. He left the +matter with me for consideration & the conversation was turned to +indifferent subjects. I should here notice that Colo. Burr must have +thot that I could swallow strong things in my own favor, when he +founded his acquiescence in the nominn as V. P. to his desire of +promoting my honor, the being with me whose company & conversn had +always been fascinating to him &c. I had never seen Colo. Burr till +he came as a member of Senate. His conduct very soon inspired me +with distrust. I habitually cautioned Mr. Madison against trusting +him too much. I saw afterwards that under Genl W.'s and Mr. A.'s +admns, whenever a great military appmt or a diplomatic one was to be +made, he came post to Philada to shew himself & in fact that he was +always at market, if they had wanted him. He was indeed told by +Dayton in 1800 he might be Secy. at war; but this bid was too late. +His election as V. P. was then foreseen. With these impressions of +Colo. Burr there never had been an intimacy between us, and but +little association. When I destined him for a high appmt, it was out +of respect for the favor he had obtained with the republican party by +his extraordinary exertions and successes in the N. Y. election in +1800. + + 1806. April 15. About a month ago, Colo. Burr called on me & +entered into a conversation in which he [mentioned] that a little +before my coming into office I had written to him a letter intimating +that I had destined him for a high employ, had he not been placed by +the people in a different one; that he had signified his willingness +to resign as V. President to give aid to the admn in any other place; +that he had never asked an office however; he asked aid of nobody, +but could walk on his own legs, & take care of himself; that I had +always used him with politeness, but nothing more: that he aided in +bringing on the present order of things, that he had supported the +admn, & that he could do me much harm: he wished however to be on +differt. ground: he was now disengaged from all particular business, +willing to engage in something, should be in town some days, if I +should have anything to propose to him. I observed to him that I had +always been sensible that he possessed talents which might be +employed greatly to the advantage of the public, & that as to myself +I had a confidence that if he were employed he would use his talents +for the public good: but that he must be sensible the public had +withdrawn their confidence from him & that in a government like ours +it was necessary to embrace in its admn as great a mass of public +confidce as possible, by employing those who had a character with the +public, of their own, & not merely a secondary one through the Exve. +He observed that if we believed a few newspapers it might be supposed +he had lost the public confidence, but that I knew how easy it was to +engage newspapers in anything. I observed that I did not refer to +that kind of evidence of his having lost the public confidence, but +to the late presidential election, when, tho' in possn of the office +of V. P. there was not a single voice heard for his retaining it. +That as to any harm he could do me, I knew no cause why he should +desire it, but at the same time I feared no injury which any man +could do me: that I never had done a single act, or been concerned in +any transaction, which I feared to have fully laid open, or which +could do me any hurt if truly stated: that I had never done a single +thing with a view to my personal interest, or that of any friend, or +with any other view than that of the greatest public good: that +therefore no threat or fear on that head would ever be a motive of +action with me. He has continued in town to this time; dined with me +this day week & called on me to take leave 2. or 3. days ago. I did +not commit these things to writing at the time but I do it now, +because in a suit between him & Cheetham, he has had a deposn of Mr. +Bayard taken, which seems to have no relation to the suit nor to any +other object but to calumniate me. Bayard pretends to have addressed +to me, during the pending of the Presidl election in Feb. 1801, +through Genl. Saml. Smith, certain condns on which my election might +be obtained, & that Genl. Smith after conversing with me gave answers +from me. This is absolutely false. No proposn of any kind was ever +made to me on that occasion by Genl. Smith, nor any answer authorized +by me. And this fact Genl. Smith affirms at this moment. For some +matters connected with this see my notes of Feb. 12. & 14. 1801 made +at the moment. But the following transactions took place about the +same time, that is to say while the Presidential election was in +suspense in Congress, which tho' I did not enter at the time they +made such an impression on my mind that they are now as fresh as to +their principal circumstances as if they had happened yesterday. +Coming out of the Senate chamber one day I found Gouverneur Morris on +the steps. He stopped me & began a conversn on the strange & +portentous state of things then existing, and went on to observe that +the reasons why the minority of states were so opposed to my being +elected were that they apprehended that 1. I should turn all +federalists out of office. 2. put down the navy. 3. wipe off the +public debt & 4. That I need only to declare, or authorize my friends +to declare, that I would not take these steps, and instantly the +event of the election would be fixed. I told him that I should leave +the world to judge of the course I meant to pursue by that which I +had pursued hitherto; believing it to be my duty to be passive & +silent during the present scene; that I should certainly make no +terms, should never go into the office of President by capitulation, +nor with my hands tied by any conditions which should hinder me from +pursuing the measures which I should deem for the public good. It +was understood that Gouverneur Morris had entirely the direction of +the vote of Lewis Morris of Vermont, who by coming over to M. Lyon +would have added another vote & decided the election. About the same +time, I met with Mr. Adams walking in the Pensylve avenue. We +conversed on the state of things. I observed to him, that a very +dangerous experiment was then in contemplation, to defeat the +Presidential election by an act of Congress declaring the right of +the Senate to naming a President of the Senate, to devolve on him the +govmt during any interregnum: that such a measure would probably +produce resistance by force & incalculable consequences which it +would be in his power to prevent by negativing such an act. He +seemed to think such an act justifiable & observed it was in my power +to fix the election by a word in an instant, by declaring I would not +turn out the federal officers, not put down the navy, nor sponge the +National debt. Finding his mind made up as to the usurpation of the +government by the President of the Senate I urged it no further, +observed the world must judge as to myself of the future by the past, +and turned the conversation to something else. About the same time +Dwight Foster of Massachusetts called on me in my room one night & +went into a very long conversation on the state of affairs the drift +of which was to let me understand that the fears above-mentioned were +the only obstacles to my election, to all of which I avoided giving +any answer the one way or the other. From this moment he became most +bitterly & personally opposed to me, & so has ever continued. I do +not recollect that I ever had any particular conversn with Genl. +Saml. Smith on this subject. Very possibly I had however, as the +general subject & all its parts were the constant themes of +conversation in the private _tete a tetes_ with our friends. But +certain I am that neither he, nor any other republican ever uttered +the most distant hint to me about submitting to any conditions or +giving any assurances to anybody; and still more certainly was +neither he nor any other person ever authorized by me to say what I +would or would not do. See a very exact statement of Bayard's +conduct on that occasion in a piece among my notes of 1801. which +was published by G. Granger with some alterations in the papers of +the day under the signature of + +... + + + _Notes on Professor Ebeling's Letter of July 30, 1795_ + + Professor Ebeling mentioning the persons in America from whom +he derives information for his wbe useful for him to know how far he +may rely on their authority. + + President Stiles, an excellent man, of very great learning, but +remarkable for his credulity. + + Dr. Willard. } + Dr. Barton } + Dr. Ramsay } + Mr. Barlow } All these are men of respectable characters worthy +of confidence as to any facts they may state, and rendered, by their +good sense, good judges of them. + + Mr. Morse. } + Mr. Webster. } Good authorities for whatever relates to the +Eastern states, & perhaps as far South as the Delaware. + + But South of that their information is worse than none at all, +except as far as they quote good authorities. They both I believe +took a single journey through the Southern parts, merely to acquire +the right of being considered as eye-witnesses. But to pass once +along a public road thro' a country, & in one direction only, to put +up at it's taverns, and get into conversation with the idle, drunken +individuals who pass their time lounging in these taverns, is not the +way to know a country, it's inhabitants, or manners. To generalize a +whole nation from these specimens is not the sort of information +which Professor Ebeling would wish to compose _his work_ from. + + Fenno's Gazette of the U.S. } + Webster's Minerva. } + Columbian centinel. } To form a just judgment of a country +from it's newspapers the character of these papers should be known, +in order that proper allowances & corrections may be used. This will +require a long explanation, without which, these particular papers +would give a foreigner a very false view of American affairs. + + The people of America, before the revolution-war, being +attached to England, had taken up, without examination, the English +ideas of the superiority of their constitution over every thing of +the kind which ever had been or ever would be tried. The revolution +forced them to consider the subject for themselves, and the result +was an universal conversion to republicanism. Those who did not come +over to this opinion, either left us, & were called Refugees, or +staid with us under the name of tories; & some, preferring profit to +principle took side with us and floated with the general tide. Our +first federal constitution, or confederation as it was called, was +framed in the first moments of our separation from England, in the +highest point of our jealousies of independance as to her & as to +each other. It formed therefore too weak a bond to produce an union +of action as to foreign nations. This appeared at once on the +establishment of peace, when the pressure of a common enemy which had +hooped us together during the war, was taken away. Congress was +found to be quite unable to point the action of the several states to +a common object. A general desire therefore took place of amending +the federal constitution. This was opposed by some of those who +wished for monarchy to wit, the Refugees now returned, the old +tories, & the timid whigs who prefer tranquility to freedom, hoping +monarchy might be the remedy if a state of complete anarchy could be +brought on. A Convention however being decided on, some of the +monocrats got elected, with a hope of introducing an English +constitution, when they found that the great body of the delegates +were strongly for adhering to republicanism, & for giving due +strength to their government under that form, they then directed +their efforts to the assimilation of all the parts of the new +government to the English constitution as nearly as was attainable. +In this they were not altogether without success;insomuch that the +monarchical features of the new constitution produced a violent +opposition to it from the most zealous republicans in the several +states. For this reason, & because they also thought it carried the +principle of a consolidation of the states farther than was requisite +for the purpose of producing an union of action as to foreign powers, +it is still doubted by some whether a majority of the people of the +U.S. were not against adopting it. However it was carried through +all the assemblies of the states, tho' by very small majorities in +the largest states. The inconveniences of an inefficient government, +driving the people as is usual, into the opposite extreme, the +elections to the first Congress run very much in favor of those who +were known to favor a very strong government. Hence the +anti-republicans appeared a considerable majority in both houses of +Congress. They pressed forward the plan therefore of strengthening +all the features of the government which gave it resemblance to an +English constitution, of adopting the English forms & principles of +administration, and of forming like them a monied interest, by means +of a funding system, not calculated to pay the public debt, but to +render it perpetual, and to make it an engine in the hands of the +executive branch of government which, added to the great patronage it +possessed in the disposal of public offices, might enable it to +assume by degrees a kingly authority. The biennial period of +Congress being too short to betray to the people, spread over this +great continent, this train of things during the first Congress, +little change was made in the members to the second. But in the mean +time two very distinct parties had formed in Congress; and before the +third election, the people in general became apprised of the game +which was playing for drawing over them a kind of government which +they never had in contemplation. At the 3d. election therefore a +decided majority of Republicans were sent to the lower house of +Congress; and as information spread still farther among the people +after the 4th. election the anti-republicans have become a weak +minority. But the members of the Senate being changed but once in 6. +years, the completion of that body will be much slower in it's +assimilation to that of the people. This will account for the +differences which may appear in the proceedings & spirit of the two +houses. Still however it is inevitable that the Senate will at +length be formed to the republican model of the people, & the two +houses of the legislature, once brought to act on the true principles +of the Constitution, backed by the people, will be able to defeat the +plan of sliding us into monarchy, & to keep the Executive within +Republican bounds, notwithstanding the immense patronage it possesses +in the disposal of public offices, notwithstanding it has been able +to draw into this vortex the judiciary branch of the government & by +their expectancy of sharing the other offices in the Executive gift +to make them auxiliary to the Executive in all it's views instead of +forming a balance between that & the legislature as it was originally +intended and notwithstanding the funding phalanx which a respect for +public faith must protect, tho it was engaged by false brethren. Two +parties then do exist within the U.S. They embrace respectively the +following descriptions of persons. + + The Anti-republicans consist of + 1. The old refugees & tories. + 2. British merchants residing among us, & composing the main +body of our merchants. + 3. American merchants trading on British capital. Another +great portion. + 4. Speculators & Holders in the banks & public funds. + 5. Officers of the federal government with some exceptions. + 6. Office-hunters, willing to give up principles for places. A +numerous & noisy tribe. + 7. Nervous persons, whose languid fibres have more analogy with +a passive than active state of things. + + The Republican part of our Union comprehends + 1. The entire body of landholders throughout the United States. + 2. The body of labourers, not being landholders, whether in +husbanding or the arts. + + The latter is to the aggregate of the former party probably as +500 to one; but their wealth is not as disproportionate, tho' it is +also greatly superior, and is in truth the foundation of that of +their antagonists. Trifling as are the numbers of the +Anti-republican party, there are circumstances which give them an +appearance of strength & numbers. They all live in cities, together, +& can act in a body readily & at all times; they give chief +employment to the newspapers, & therefore have most of them under +their command. The Agricultural interest is dispersed over a great +extent of country, have little means of inter-communication with each +other, and feeling their own strength & will, are conscious that a +single exertion of these will at any time crush the machinations +against their government. As in the commerce of human life, there +are commodities adapted to every demand, so there are newspapers +adapted to the Antirepublican palate, and others to the Republican. +Of the former class are the Columbian Centinel, the Hartford +newspaper, Webster's Minerva, Fenno's Gazette of the U.S., Davies's +Richmond paper &c. Of the latter are Adams's Boston paper, +Greenleaf's of New York, Freneau's of New Jersey, Bache's of +Philadelphia, Pleasant's of Virginia &c. Pleasant's paper comes out +twice a week, Greenleaf's & Freneau's once a week, Bache's daily. I +do not know how often Adams's. I shall according to your desire +endeavor to get Pleasant's for you for 1794, & 95. and will have it +forwarded through 96 from time to time to your correspondent at +Baltimore. + + While on the subject of authorities and information, the +following works are recommended to Professor Ebeling. + + Minot's history of the insurrection in Massachusetts in 1786. +8'vo. + + Mazzei. Recherches historiques et politiques sur les E. U. de +l'Amerique. 4 vol. 8'vo. This is to be had from Paris. The author +is an exact man. + + The article `Etats Unis de l'Amerique' in the Dictionnaire +d'Economie politique et diplomatique, de l'Encyclopedie methodique. +This article occupies about 90. pages, is by De Meusnier, and his +materials were worthy of confidence, except so far as they were taken +from the Abbe Raynal. Against these effusions of an imagination in +delirio it is presumed Professor Ebeling needs not be put on his +guard. The earlier editions of the Abbe Raynal's work were equally +bad as to both South & North America. A gentleman however of perfect +information as to South America, undertook to reform that part of the +work, and his changes & additions were for the most part adopted by +the Abbe in his latter editions. But the North-American part remains +in it's original state of worthlessness. + + + + + _A Memorandum (Services to My Country)_ + [_c_. 1800] + + I have sometimes asked myself whether my country is the better +for my having lived at all? I dot know that it is. I have been the +instrument of doing the following things; but they would have been +done by others; some of them, perhaps, a little better. + + The Rivanna had never been used for navigation; scarcely an +empty canoe had ever passed down it. Soon after I came of age, I +examined its obstructions, set on foot a subscription for removing +them, got an Act of Assembly passed, and the thing effected, so as to +be used completely and fully for carrying down all our produce. + + The Declaration of Independence. + + I proposed the demolition of the church establishment, and the +freedom of religion. It could only be done by degrees; to wit, the +Act of 1776, c. 2, exempted dissenters from contributions to the +church, and left the church clergy to be supported by voluntary +contributions of their own sect; was continued from year to year, and +made perpetual 1779, c. 36. I prepared the act for religious freedom +in 1777, as part of the revisal, which was not reported to the +Assembly till 1779, and that particular law not passed till 1785, and +then by the efforts of Mr. Madison. + + The act putting an end to entails. + + The act prohibiting the importation of slaves. + + The act concerning citizens, and establishing the natural right +of man to expatriate himself, at will. + + The act changing the course of descents, and giving the +inheritance to all the children, &c., equally, I drew as part of the +revisal. + + The act for apportioning crimes and punishments, part of the +same work, I drew. When proposed to the legislature, by Mr. Madison, +in 1785, it failed by a single vote. G. K. Taylor afterwards, in +1796, proposed the same subject; avoiding the adoption of any part of +the diction of mine, the text of which had been studiously drawn in +the technical terms of the law, so as to give no occasion for new +questions by new expressions. When I drew mine, public labor was +thought the best punishment to be substituted for death. But, while +I was in France, I heard of a society in England, who had +successfully introduced solitary confinement, and saw the drawing of +a prison at Lyons, in France, formed on the idea of solitary +confinement. And, being applied to by the Governor of Virginia for +the plan of a Capitol and Prison, I sent him the Lyons plan, +accompanying it with a drawing on a smaller scale, better adapted to +our use. This was in June, 1786. Mr. Taylor very judiciously +adopted this idea, (which had now been acted on in Philadelphia, +probably from the English model) and substituted labor in +confinement, to the public labor proposed by the Committee of +revisal; which themselves would have done, had they been to act on +the subject again. The public mind was ripe for this in 1796, when +Mr. Taylor proposed it, and ripened chiefly by the experiment in +Philadelphia; whereas, in 1785, when it had been proposed to our +assembly, they were not quite ripe for it. + + In 1789 and 1790, I had a great number of olive plants, of the +best kind, sent from Marseilles to Charleston, for South Carolina and +Georgia. They were planted, and are flourishing; and, though not yet +multiplied, they will be the germ of that cultivation in those +States. + + In 1790, I got a cask of heavy upland rice, from the river +Denbigh, in Africa, about lat. 9 degrees 30' North, which I sent to +Charleston, in hopes it might supersede the culture of the wet rice, +which renders South Carolina and Georgia so pestilential through the +summer. It was divided, and a part sent to Georgia. I know not +whether it has been attended to in South Carolina; but it has spread +in the upper parts of Georgia, so as to have become almost general, +and is highly prized. Perhaps it may answer in Tennessee and +Kentucky. The greatest service which can be rendered any country is, +to add an useful plant to its culture; especially, a bread grain; +next in value to bread is oil. + + Whether the act for the more general diffusion of knowledge +will ever be carried into complete effect, I know not. It was +received by the legislature with great enthusiasm at first; and a +small effort was made in 1796, by the act to establish public +schools, to carry a part of it into effect, viz., that for the +establishment of free English schools; but the option given to the +courts has defeated the intention of the act. + + + + _A Memorandum (Rules of Etiquette)_ + + [_c_. November, 18031] + + I. In order to bring the members of society together in the +first instance, the custom of the country has established that +residents shall pay the first visit to strangers, and, among +strangers, first comers to later comers, foreign and domestic; the +character of stranger ceasing after the first visits. To this rule +there is a single exception. Foreign ministers, from the necessity +of making themselves known, pay the first visit to the ministers of +the nation, which is returned. + + II. When brought together in society, all are perfectly equal, +whether foreign or domestic, titled or untitled, in or out of office. + + All other observances are but exemplifications of these two +principles. + + I. 1st. The families of foreign ministers, arriving at the +seat of government, receive the first visit from those of the +national ministers, as from all other residents. + + 2d. Members of the Legislature and of the Judiciary, +independent of their offices, have a right as strangers to receive +the first visit. + + II. 1st. No title being admitted here, those of foreigners +give no precedence. + + 2d. Differences of grade among diplomatic members, gives no +precedence. + + 3d. At public ceremonies, to which the government invites the +presence of foreign ministers and their families, a convenient seat +or station will be provided for them, with any other strangers +invited and the families of the national ministers, each taking place +as they arrive, and without any precedence. + + 4th. To maintain the principle of equality, or of pele mele, +and prevent the growth of precedence out of courtesy, the members of +the Executive will practice at their own houses, and recommend an +adherence to the ancient usage of the country, of gentlemen in mass +giving precedence to the ladies in mass, in passing from one +apartment where they are assembled into another. + + + + _Epitaph [1826]_ + + could the dead feel any interest in Monuments + or other remembrances of them, when, as + Anacreon says {Olige de keisomestha + Konis, osteon lythenton} + the following would be to my Manes the most + gratifying. + On the grave + a plain die or cube of 3.f without any + mouldings, surmounted by an Obelisk + of 6.f height, each of a single stone: + on the faces of the Obelisk the following + inscription, & not a word more + `Here was buried + Thomas Jefferson + + Author of the Declaration of American Independance + of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom + & Father of the University of Virginia.' + because by these, as testimonials that I have lived, I wish +most to + be remembered. to be of the coarse stone of which + my columns are made, that no one might be tempted + hereafter to destroy it for the value of the materials. + my bust by Ciracchi, with the pedestal and truncated + column on which it stands, might be given to the University + if they would place it in the Dome room of the Rotunda. + on the Die of the Obelisk might be engraved + + `Born Apr. 2. 1743. O.S. + Died ___ ' diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/mnewedi9.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/mnewedi9.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1de665a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/mnewedi9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ + + +Dear Readers, + + As this is being written, around the nation telephone workers + from several companies are presently on strike. This in + itself is not so terrible. Strikes, work stoppages and + job actions happen frequently in our day and age, and some are + necessary. But there is something attatched to this one that + makes me, and many others very angry. Intentional vandalism. + + Telephone lines and switch boxes have been cut, torched and + smashed causing thousands of telephone users to loose service. + Some people must have their telephones in proper working order + for medical purposes, others for business. To a lesser extent + we ALL need those phones working. They have become a + necessary instrument of our modern daily lives. + + Phone company employees deny they are responsible for these + actions. Yet, the way the vandalism was perpetrated signals + an inside knowledge of how the telephone system works. Do you + know where the major trunk lines are located? Do you know + which switching stations would cause the most disruption of + service if damaged? I believe the answer is no. But, those + who work with these systems day in and day out know. + + I don't know what these people think they will achieve by + these actions. If they are out to win public support for + their causes they have surely failed. The public has lost + respect for these men and women, even if their grievences are + just. They will not be able to win back public support unless + they themselves turn in the guilty parties. + + Coal miners shoot people and damage property and consider it a + justifiable method to win contract agreements. Truckers tie + up traffic on our busiest highways for the same reason. + Perhaps we should all follow their examples and do the same + each time we have a problem with our employers. Forget + enemies foreign, we have domestic enemies and that is a much + closer, and more dangerous threat. + + These acts of vandalism and violence wherever they occur and + for whatever reason must stop. + + It is not in the interest of the striking parties to allow or + condone these actions. Moreover, the public must take a stand + to let these forces know that we will not stand for it either. + + It is a fact not to be forgotten that without Union pressure + we might not have our 40 hour work week, nor most of the + benefits that each and every one of us enjoys on the job + today. There was, and still is a need for unionized labor, + but not when that labor force feels it is necessary to allow + acts of violence and vandalism. We suffer. They do not. + This is not fair. + + Jeff Green, Editor diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/mom&dad.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/mom&dad.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..361554ad --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/mom&dad.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +The following anonymous poem says something about love and feelings. + +Dear Mom and Dad, + The War is done, my task is through. + But Mom there is something great + I must ask of you. + I have a friend - oh such a friend + He has no home you see. + And so Mom, I would really + like to bring him home with me. + +Dear Son, + We don't mind if someone + comes home with you. + I'm sure he can stay with us, + perhaps a week or two. + +Dear Mom and Dad, + There is something you must know, + now please don't be alarmed. + My friend in a battle recently, + was hurt and lost an arm. + +Dear Son, + Don't be ashamed to bring + him home with you. + Perhaps he can stay and visit + for a day or two. + +Dear Mom and Dad, + Before you give your answer, Mom, + I really don't want to beg. + But my friend fought in a battle + in which he lost a leg. + +Dear Son, + It hurts to say + my answer must be no. + For Dad and I have no time + for a boy who is crippled so. + +So the months go by, a letter comes, it says +your son has died. And when they read the cause +of death, the shock was suicide. +Days later when the casket comes, +draped in our country's flag, +they saw their son lying there +without an arm or leg. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/mondo2k.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/mondo2k.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13a3f445 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/mondo2k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ + ASCII NO QUESTIONS, TELL YE NO SPIES by Norman French + From MONDO 2000 #5 + What if you saw Congress trying to pass some invasive, +repressive laws? And what if, single handedly, you could nullify +these laws, forever? + Would you do it? + Senate bills S266 and S618 posed just those questions to +Philip Zimmerman, a Boulder software engineer. Because Philip +specializes in privacy protection for his clients, he was acutely +aware of the implications they posed. + MONDO readers will recognize these bills before Congress as +designed to fight "terrorism" and "violent crime." They both have +language, however, requiring government-accessible 'Back doors" in +all encryption software produced or sold in the United States. What +that means, in practical terms, is that the government could read +your private, encrypted messages and files at will. Or anyone else +with the necessary know-how. Sort of like requiring you to give +copies of your house keys to the cops. Theoretically, court +authority would be required, but the actual potential for abuse is +obvious. + So how did Philip choose to challenge the power structure's +brazen attempt to invade our privacy? Bid he complain to his +representatives in Washington? Organize a protest march? Send a +letter to the editor of The New York Times? Grouse volubly on the +BBSs? Nope-Philip Zimmerman took direct action. Taking several +months off from his regular paying customers, he wrote the +definitive encryption program for the masses. + PGP-Pretty Good Privacy-it's called. It's a textbook example +of guerrilla activism based on the Rivest-Shamir-Adelman public key +cryptosystem. Currently, RSA-based systems are the most advanced +cryptographic technology available. Though it's extremely +sophisticated technically, it's quick and convenient to use. And, +barring some unlikely breakthrough in the mathematics of factoring +very large numbers, they are the ultimate in unbreakable codes. How +unbreakable? With PGP and your personal computer, you could create +a code that would take a Cray super computer centuries to break. +Now, that's Pretty Good Privacy! + The U.S. and other governments have paid millions to achieve +similar levels of encryption security. So how much will you have to +pay to get a copy of Pretty Good Privacy? Approximately nothing. +Philip decided the best way to counter legislative threats to +privacy was to give his program away. By releasing PGP as freeware, +he made sure it would have the widest possible distribution-too +wide for the FBI, MI5, MI6, DIA, NSA, KGB, or any other alphabet +agencies to suppress. + PGP was released on June 5 (D-Day minus 1) onto scores of +networks and BBSs. Since then, it has been copied onto countless +systems in North America and around the world. Now, even if S266, +S618 or similar laws are passed, it's too late. The secret is out. +The PGP genie can never be put back in the bottle. With PGP, you +and your friends can have Mil Spec quality encryption for your +messages and records. Affordable privacy is at your command, +without back doors and without permission from Uncle Sam or anyone +else. + Being a techno-activist isn't all fun and games, however. As +mentioned, Philip Zimmerman took time away from his business to get +PGP out the door. The income lost during that period has been a +real financial hardship for him and his family. In addition, a +company called Public Key Partners (PKP) has threatened to sue +Philip. PKP controls licensing of the RSA algorithm he incorporated +into the PGP program. Whether he will be sued has not been +determined as of this writing. Nevertheless, that very real threat +hangs over Mr. Zimmerman's head. + Though Philip hasn't asked to be rewarded for his labors, you +might consider sending an appropriate donation if you find PGP to +be of value to you. $50 sounds like a reasonable number, but you +might revise that up or down depending on how much you value your +privacy. + To get your own copy of Pretty Good Privacy from an anonymous +FTP site on Internet or elsewhere, you will need two files: +pgpl0.zip for the binary executable and the user documentation, and +pgp10scr.zip for the source files. These files are compressed, but +you can decompress them using the MS-DOS shareware archive utility, +PKUNZIP.EXE. Be sure to print out the "PGP User's Guide" in +pgp10.zip. (Remember to set mode to binary or image when doing an +FTP transfer.) + In the U.S. or Canada, PGP files are available on Internet at +FTP sites uunet. uu. net in the /tmp directory and at host +gatekeeper. dec. com, directory /pub/micro/msdos/pgp. They are also +available in North America and overseas on Fidonet and innumerable +BBSs. One such BBS is in Boulder, Colorado at (303) 443-8292. + If you would like to contact Philip Zimmerman, his address is: +Boulder Software Engineering, +3021 Eleventh St. Boulder, CO 80304; +phone: (303) 444-4541; +Internet:prz@sage. cgd. ucar.edu. + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/money.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/money.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a237acc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/money.txt @@ -0,0 +1,792 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MONEY MONEY + + + + + + + + + A guide to the economy + by Ian Green + + + + + + + Copyright 1989 by + + Ian Green + Box 973 + Vancouver, BC + CANADA V6C 2P1 + + All rights reserved. + + + Permission is granted to distribute this document in + unmodified form on a not for profit basis. All others must obtain + prior written permission from the author. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 2 + + + + INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION + + Do you own your own home? If you do you are almost certainly + one of those so-called baby boomers or their parents. Consider + yourself extremely lucky, because if you tried to go buy a house + today you probably couldn't afford it, even if you made twice + what you currently do. The reason is simple, the cost of + borrowing money has risen so high that it has completely + outstripped the earning power of the average young family. The + real question is how did this situation come to be? Sit back and + read on, I will tell you exactly what is going on. Some of the + things I will present are likely to shock you, but everything + contained in this essay is THE TRUTH! + There are two major components driving the economy of today. + The first and most influential is the supply of dollars. Contrary + to popular belief, the supply of dollars has grown dramatically + over the decades since the FIRST WORLD WAR. Prior to the war, the + number of dollars was solidly controlled by international + agreement. This was the last period of the gold standard. Gold + has, along with silver, remained the 'official' money of all + nations. Dollars, yen, marks, pounds, etc. are all nothing more + than money substitutes. Unlike the dollar, the supply of gold has + risen only modestly over the centuries. + The second major force driving the economies of the world + today is debt. The United States of America has emerged as the + leading debtor nation, far outstripping the total debt of all + the 'third' world nations combined. It continues to grow by + hundreds of billions of dollars each year. + Combined, the two factors of debt and inflation operate + synergistically to erode the purchasing power of the average + family. Now you may ask, confronted with these forces against us + is there a way out? I would be an out and out liar if I said + there was. There is hope but time is quickly running out. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 3 + + + + THE RECENT PAST THE RECENT PAST + + One of the leading themes of the numerous financial reports, + that sum up the '80s, is the 'unparalleled' growth in the + economy. What they don't tell you though, is that the expansion + is due entirely to inflation; the fact is that real earnings have + declined considerably. In 1984 for example the Dow Jones + Industrial Average was around 850. Today, five years later, it + has broken 2700 or more than triple it's 1984 value. Other stock + exchange indices reflect similar performances. I can not help + wondering if your earnings did as well. + In 1984, when I still smoked cigarettes, a package of twenty + cigarettes was around $1.60. Now prices of around $4.00 and even + more are common-place. Other products tell similar stories. + Unfortunately the official 'consumer price index' doesn't reflect + realistic levels of inflation. + In 1978 the start of the major downturn in the economy was + well established. Inflation was rising to unprecedented levels. + In 1979 a major increase in the price of oil was to finally push + the world economy over the edge of the abyss. Paper dollars + reached all time lows nearly reaching 1000 to the ounce gold. + Interest rates exceeded 21% and inflation was out of control. + Only the collapse of 1929 exceeded the extremely high levels of + unemployment that resulted from unprecedented numbers of + corporate bankruptcies. Things finally reached a crescendo in + late 1981. That Christmas was the bleakest I had ever seen; a + five dollar toy was the big 'hit'. You remember the Rubic's cube. + If we look back a few more years we find a situation that + is almost as bad. It was around 1972 that President Richard Nixon + (America) instituted wage and price controls in an attempt to + control double digit inflation. Many other leaders around the + world followed suit. It was market conditions (in 1973 the first + of a series of huge increases in the price of oil shocked the + world) more than anything else that controlled increasing + inflation, although President Nixon took credit for the improved + situation (a reduction in the increasing inflation). Almost + immediately after controls were abolished inflation resumed + reaching double digit levels. Many reacted by immediately raising + prices (or demanding large wage settlements) largely out of fear + that controls would be re-imposed shortly. + I could go on and on and on, citing examples of inflation, + financial panic and more. What I have yet to reveal is why there + is inflation and all this other crap. All of the so-called + reasons that are offer to explain inflation are in reality simply + symptoms of a deeper underlying problem. What we need is to do is + get to the root of the problem. First though we need to learn a + bit about the evolution of our economic system. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 4 + + + + EARLIER INFLATIONS EARLIER INFLATIONS + + For as long as there have been rulers there has been + inflation. In archaic times it took the form of coins of slightly + reduced purity or weight. Because early coins were not exactly + uniform in shape, these inflated coins could circulate side by + side with one of full weight and fineness. Other reasons for + their success was that the difference was very slight; the coins + were officially certified to be of full weight and purity, i.e. + the guy in charge decreed they be accepted without question. It + was also reasonable that the recipient could pass them on at par + with full weigh/purity coins. + As time moved on, coins would go through a cycle of + replacement until some time later they were ultimately and + intrinsically worthless. All the time however the value of the + coins would erode and eventually no one would accept them in + exchange at all. It was about this time that a change in + management would occur. + In medieval timers, it was customary for the goldsmiths to + act as depositories for the safe-keeping of money (gold). When a + client wanted his money he had to go down and get it, or at least + take the guy he was doing business with down to witness the + transfer of accounts. + Once paper finally became readily available, it didn't take + long for the goldsmiths to begin providing receipts for gold + deposited. These could then be endorsed (not unlike today's + checks) over to a third person to complete a transaction. This + third person could then go and redeem the receipts and get the + gold. Ultimately goldsmiths began offering 'bearer' receipts + which were the earliest bank-notes (in the West anyway, the + Chinese were way ahead of us by several centuries). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 5 + + + + FRACTIONAL RESERVE BANKING FRACTIONAL RESERVE BANKING + + Goldsmiths, in issuing their receipts, came into direct + competition with the guy in charge over the supply of money. + Rather than abolish these receipts, some monarchs became + intrigued by the fact that the masses preferred their goldsmith's + paper over his often underweight and impure metal coins. It was + also readily apparent that it was far easier to make counterfeit + paper receipts for gold that could circulate along side + legitimate receipts. + Naturally under even the simplest of legals system, conning + thine neighbor is not allowed, unless of course you are the one + who makes the rules. Details are scarce but it is clear that some + greedy king, along with the cooperation of a dishonest goldsmith, + started the system of fractional reserve banking. The guy in + charge would protect the goldsmith from anyone who complained in + return for the goldsmith's financial backing. + Using the old standby propaganda, both the goldsmith and the + guy in charge would continually reassure the public that it was + all right to have more receipts outstanding than there was gold + because there would always be more than enough gold on hand to + meet redemption demands. As long as those responsible didn't get + too greedy, the erosion of value of the receipts was barely + noticed (although people did eventually catch on). + When things did get out of hand a 'run on the bank' would + occur. Sometimes the goldsmith became 'bankrupt'; he could only + pay out the 'fractional reserve'. The rest of the outstanding + receipts were worthless (at last the counterfeits were flushed + out, usually along with the counterfeiter). Sometimes the guy in + charge foresaw the run and closed the goldsmith's shop before + disaster struck. Needless to say that remaining receipts would + decline in value rather precipitously. If he had 'connections', + sometimes the king could borrow some money (gold) and re-open the + goldsmith's shop and meet the rush head-first! Eventually people + would see that the notes were being redeemed and would eventually + refrain from redeeming their holdings. In fact these people would + start bringing their gold back to the goldsmith's to get the + newly acceptable receipts. A fool and his money are soon parted. + I guess you can see the obvious. Once the situation cooled + off it didn't take long for the guy in charge to start the old + game again, all the while eroding the value of the receipts more + and more. Eventually the whole thing would fall apart and once + again a change in management usually occurred. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 6 + + + + CROOKED CREDIT CROOKED CREDIT + + Not long after the abuse of paper receipts started, the + practice moved over to the loans business. In earlier times the + goldsmith 'loaned' money (gold) to certain customers for a small + payment. Certain other customers provided gold on long term + deposit for which they were paid a small amount. In the beginning + it worked out well. Loans outstanding never exceeded deposits. + A new method of book-keeping, known as the 'double entry' + ledger system emerged. It was fair and accurate and it kept track + of the goldsmith's business and everybody was happy. + Later though goldsmiths would loan money that was in excess + of the amount on deposit. In order to cover the discrepancy, a + dishonest goldsmith would 'depositing' an equivalent amount to + keep the books balanced. Needless to say such practices are + completely and utterly fraudulent, but with the protection of the + king what could be done? + Although this kind of abuse is not readily visible, it did + have an effect on the money supply and inflation continued to + gnaw away the purchasing power of the receipts. + Combined with counterfeit receipts, these fraudulent loans + combined to destroy more economies that you can shake a stick at. + It kind of makes you wonder what is next. What can be worse than + counterfeit money? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 7 + + + + FIAT MONEY FIAT MONEY + + Somewhat more recently the value of the world's currencies + has moved to the logical extreme of the fractional reserve + system. If you go down to a coin dealer and look at the + historical bank-notes (American) you will notice the are marked + 'silver certificate' or 'gold certificate' as at one time these + were redeemable in precious metals. Coins were actually still + made of precious metals. + Genuine paper money is fully redeemable. Counterfeit paper + carries the promise of redeemability (which the issuer knows is + fraudulent). Paper money which doesn't carry even the promise of + redeemability is even worse - it is a fiat money. + Fiat money is what is left of the fractional reserve system + gone broke. It is a money substitute that has no backing + whatsoever. Dollars became fiat in August 1971 when President + Nixon declared that the dollar would no longer be redeemed for + gold (although in effect this was evident as early as 1968). In + fact ALL currencies of ALL nations today are 100% irredeemable + fiat money with NO TRUE BACKING whatsoever. + Dollars have become increasingly worthless, yet curiously + they have become redeemable again (albeit at a substantially + reduced rate). You can now go and buy gold bullion one again (It + used to be illegal to own gold bullion in America). The paper + dollar has declined, is declining and will continue to decline + relative to the gold dollar until eventually it is absolutely + worthless. The path will be erratic but it is well established on + its way down. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 8 + + + + DEBT DEBT + + Finally we come to the debt problem. So far all those + deficit dollars (yens, pounds, etc.) are increasing by leaps and + bounds. Sooner or later this debt will have to be paid. The + crucial question is how? + Well if you took the American situation as an example the + debt there is $3 trillion ($3,000,000,000,000.00) or so. If we + simply printed it up and circulated the notes it would devalue + the presently feeble dollar by at least 90%. Not to popular with + all those holders of dollar denominated assets like bonds and + treasury bills. So what else can be done. Well the supply of + dollars can be increased more slowly but it has the same effect + of depreciating the present value of the dollar. If we look at + the Canadian situation, it is even worse. Here the debt is + currently around $350,000,000,000.00 and only a small population + of 25 million people to pay. + Suffice it to say inflation is going to get worse because of + the double whammy of counterfeiting and debt. A gloomy scenario + but accurate. Worse is the fact that there is more to come. + Another consequence of this debt is that it siphons up money + there by removing it from the overall credit pool. This drives + interest rates higher which in turn drive the deficit higher + which drive interest rates high in a vicious cycle. In Canada, + for example, the federal budget deficit stands in the $30-35 + billion range. Curiously that figure is about what the interest + payments are on the total debt. Any increase in interest rates + simply raises the budget deficit which in turn drives the supply + of dollars ever high. Consequently the debt simply feeds on + itself growing uncontrollably. + Another peculiar aspect of debt lies in America. It is + variously known as the Savings and Loan crisis. When the industry + was first created S & Ls were confined to financing housing. + Deposits were all insured and the situation was stable (or so it + seemed). As time moved on however increasing federal debt began + to drain money from the private sector. S & Ls responded by + raising the interest offered on deposits to maintain adequate + reserves as required by law. The problem was that large amounts + of money had previously been loaned out at comparatively low + interest rates for long periods of time. Stuck with these low + paying mortgages and spiralling interest rates it didn't take + long before the whole industry to fall into turmoil. + In a quick fix the American congress decided it was + expedient to allow the S & L's to invest in higher yielding + ventures to help improve their financial health. Unfortunately + such a change in policy did nothing to ease the situation. As + interest rates continued to climb more and more these alternate + investments (mostly in commercial real estate) fell into + bankruptcy and once again the industry was on the verge of total + collapse. Only this time the situation was quickly becoming + hopeless. + What happened to exasperate the problem is nothing short of + incredible. In a frenzy to maintain viability S & Ls started + competing heavily to attract depositors to the point where + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 9 + + + + interest rates were becoming unrealistic compared to earnings. + None of this mattered though because the deposits were all + insured. This meant that savers could simply go to the S & L that + paid the most, there was no risk so why not go to the highest + bidder. The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation + (FSLIC) was the one stuck to pay all this money. Once an S & L + was bankrupt (most were well past that stage years ago) the + entire burden fell upon the FSLIC. Estimates of the current + amount needed to 'bail out' the industry range into the hundreds + of billions of dollars. And still the congress has done nothing + alleviate the problem. Shutting the industry down seems to be the + only viable solution. It cannot continue to function the way it + does now. One thing is certain the accumulating debt will have to + be paid. + + In Canada the pension system is run on a pay as you go + basis. Pension payments are paid from general government + revenues. Unfortunately demographics will make this program very + expensive for younger persons. The reason is simple, in Canada + fully one third of the population is over the age of 50. In only + 15 years the number of persons claiming a pension will skyrocket. + The 'problem' of the declining birth rate is manifest. + When this pension program was introduced decades ago, the + number of persons that were eligible was relatively small. + Advances in medical technology have however increased life + expectancy of the average individual substantially. This results + in ever increasing numbers of persons living long enough to + collect a pension for longer periods of time. Unfortunately the + pension plan has not been modified to reflect this fact. + This unfunded liability is sure to drive up the debt as no + government has the political will to deal with the problem. + In Canada a deindexing (decoupling the program to inflation) was + tried but the government rescinded the proposal after numerous + protests. Instead one can expect that this liability will add to + the already massive debt driving inflation to higher and higher + levels. It is even possible that the pension plan may be phased + out completely (because of bankruptcy). + In America the national pension system is forced to invest + in government securities which is effectively means the same + situation as Canada's only disguised. In order to pay the pension + the Federal government has to pay off some debt. But the debt + continues to grow and grow. A paradox that must be corrected. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 10 + + + + THE FUTURE THE FUTURE + + What I have described above is all true. Inflation has so + eroded the dollar that it is now almost intrinsically worthless. + On top of that is a huge supply of additional deficit dollars to + further dilute the remaining value. + Recently M2 (an index of the dollar supply) has been growing + at an annual rate of some 15% (three times the official inflation + rate) and no slowdown is likely. Where does it lead? It simply + means that government policy continues towards the inflationist + view. As I outlined in earlier chapters continued inflation in + the money supply is sure to cause the ultimate downfall of an + empire. + Recently housing has become short in supply, a symptom of + the high cost of money. The shortage drives prices up and up. If + the cost of money wasn't so high then the housing supply could + keep up with the ever increasing population. Construction of new + homes is slowed when the cost of money rises. Worse, local + governments are reluctant to provide building permits + exacerbating the problem. + Sooner or later, all of those deficit bills will have to + stand up and be counted. You can be sure that inflation will run + right through the roof when they do. Look at Argentina right now. + It is in the hyperinflation stage right now. Prices are doubling + ever day or two, the government is out to lunch (there were + recently a change in management there, but the new president has + nothing with which to rebuild the economy, inflation has eaten it + all up). At times there were riots as people fought to get basic + food (it has been priced out of reach by inflation). This will + happen here, I just cannot say when. + One things is clear, previous generations have been living + beyond their means, and now the present and future generations + are going to have to pay and pay and pay and pay and pay and pay. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 11 + + + + SURVIVAL SURVIVAL + + I guess you kind of expected something of a survival guide + to this dilemma and lucky for you there is a faint glimmer of + hope. Basically put you have to change your mentality regarding + the health of the economy. Instead of valuating assets in dollars + (or whatever) use gold dollars or my personal favorite sovereigns + (they are coins that contain .2354 ounces of fine gold each, made + by the British Empire, they are still legal tender to this day). + A sovereign is easily recognized by the image of a reigning King + or Queen on one side and a scene of St. George slaying the dragon + on the other. + Now move to liquidate dollar denominated assets like T-bills + certificates of deposit and the like and redeem them for gold and + silver. Bulk coins (old silver dimes and quarters) are still + around and these make a good vehicle for hold 'money'. Bulk + silver is also nice (the troy pound is 12 ounces) as it weighs + down the strongbox so that thieves (Break & Enter is very common + crime) cannot just simply take it with them; it comes in a + variety of convenient sizes ranging up to and including 1000 + ounce bricks. Bulk gold is available in sizes ranging up to 400 + ounces. Fractional sizes are also available. + Precious metals rise in value as inflation rises. This is + simply because gold cannot be artificially increased. Nature + severely limits the amounts that can be mined each year to a + minuscule fraction of the total world supply. Consequently they + are extremely resistant to inflation. Another convenient aspect + of gold is that it is recognized world wide. No hastles with + paper money changers, gold buys goods and services everywhere. + One last piece of advice, should a dealer ask your name when + making a purchase do like I do, simply use a false name. This + avoids attracting attention to yourself lest certain 'official' + money grabbers try to put the grab on your 'money'. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 12 + + + + THE AUTHOR THE AUTHOR + + I was born on September 10th, 1958 in the Grace Hospital + (now known as the Children's Hospital). I was raised in New + Westminster and attended a variety different schools because of + the politics of divorce (that my parents undertook). + Once I reached high school a degree of stability finally + reigned and my academic abilities reached their peak in grade 11 + when I was granted Academic Student of the Year. The prize was + modest, a one year subscription to Scientific American. I + graduated with honours in 1977. + After completion of high school I was able to attend the + University of British Columbia for one year. The only reason I + was able to achieve this was simply because I won a scholarship + to attend, my father would not assist me in any way (I even had + to pay for most of my books and supplies). In 1978 I was unable + to win another scholarship (as the economy faltered so did the + supply of funds for education) so I was forced to enter the work + force. + My early years as a worker taught me a great deal about the + realities of economics. I entered the work force just as the + economy went to hell in a hand-basket. Still I was able to secure + work if you consider working in toxic waste dumps work. Such is + my lot I suppose. At least I could pronounce all the names of the + chemicals I was cleaning up. Later in 1981 I got another job in a + chemical factory, my lungs still bother me from the alkaline dust + that permeated the air (mostly soda ash, but phosphates and more + complicated organics were also present). + Lately I have found myself working at poorly paid 'service + sector' jobs. I manage to survive. Curiously I do better to + indicate an inferior level of qualification than to present my + full academic credentials. (I successfully challenged many + courses at UBC and was taking one 3rd year math course all in my + first year). Needless to say it makes me that much more cynical + to see hordes of morons in places where they shouldn't be. + + My personal survival depends on you, because I don't have a + steady job. If you can afford it why not send $5 or $10 to the + address on the cover, I could sure use it. Keep your eyes open, + I plan to publish many more essays as time moves on, both on the + topics presented here as well as others. + Perhaps if the venture works out I will be able to complete + my academic goals. I was pursuing a program based on mathematics. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/money_laundering_1.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/money_laundering_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b91b8bde --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/money_laundering_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1866 @@ +Date: Sun, 14 May 1995 20:41:00 -0400 (EDT) +From: KALLISTE@delphi.com +Subject: Re: money laundering & digital cash +To: ramin@ping.at +Message-Id: <01HQI8UYOBCI9I7QTO@delphi.com> +X-Vms-To: IN%"ramin@ping.at" +Mime-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=ISO-8859-1 +Content-Transfer-Encoding: QUOTED-PRINTABLE + +**************************************************** +* The End of Ordinary Money is copyrighted 1995 by * +* J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 Terminal Way #3, Reno, NV * +* 89502. * +**************************************************** + + +THE END OF ORDINARY MONEY + +by J. Orlin Grabbe + +Late one night while sharing a +pharmacological product with a spook I met in the +northeastern part of the United States, I mentioned I +was studying cryptology. + +"Cryptology is the *future*," he responded +emphatically. "It's what's going to protect us from +Big Brother." + +Since he worked for the National Security +Agency (NSA), the thought did occur to me that +many would have taken the position that he and his +colleagues *were* Big Brother. But I had learned +years ago not to demonize people on the basis of an +accidental profession. After all, if an ex-CIA +employee like Kerry Thornley could become a +staunch libertarian, the creator of Zenarchy and +implied co-author of the Erisian holy book +Principia Discordia [1], then there was hope for all +of us. I additionally believed that one of our best +defenses against the national security state was the +perennial proclivity of clandestine organizations to +piss off their own employees [2]. + +At any rate, the spook spoke the truth: +cryptology represents the future of privacy, and +more. By implication cryptology also represents the +future of money, and the future of banking and +finance. (By "money" I mean the medium of +exchange, the institutional mechanisms for making +transactions, whether by cash, check, debit card or +other electronic transfer.) Given the choice between +intersecting with a monetary system that leaves a +detailed electronic trail of all one's financial +activities, and a parallel system that ensures +anonymity and privacy, people will opt for the +latter. Moreover, they will *demand* the latter, +because the current monetary system is being turned +into the principal instrument of surveillance and +control by tyrannical elements in Western +governments. + +These elements all want to know where your +money comes from, and when and how you spend +it. After all, you might be a terrorist, drug dealer, +or spy. And if you try to hide your transactions, you +are by definition a money launderer and perhaps a +child pornographer. + +Say what? To understand this quaint +accusatorial juxtaposition, one only has to grasp a +few simple facts: Money is digital information. +The way to hide digital information is through +cryptography. The government doesn't want you +using cryptography, because they want to know +where your money is so they can get some of it. +And they don't like you using drugs, unless the +government is the dealer [3], or viewing child +pornography, unless the government supplies it +because it is setting you up for blackmail or a smear +campaign [4]. + +Okay, I'll admit it. I like privacy (I often +send mail inside sealed envelopes, and sometimes +close the door when I go to the bathroom), take +drugs (nothing like a cup of expresso in the +morning), and don't like to pay taxes (but doesn't +H&R Block make a living off this same popular +sentiment?). I don't know much about child +pornography, but a friend of a friend is said to have +a distant cousin who swears he keeps several +hundred gigabytes of encrypted pictures of naked +children stored in NSA computers at Ft. Meade. ("No +one breaks in there," the cousin supposedly brags.) +[5] + +This is serious stuff. Consider the following +items as pieces of an overall mosaic, whose ultimate +meaning will become even more obscure as we +proceed. + +* Cryptography software is classified as +munitions, and its export is restricted by the State +Department. The International Traffic in Arms +Regulations (ITAR) defines "encryption software" +to include not only computer programs designed to +protect the privacy of information, but all of the +technical data about those programs. ITAR +restrictions continue to be enforced, even though the +Justice Department originally found them +unconstitutional [6]. Mail a copy of your new +encryption program to a friend in Italy, and-- +presto!--you are subject to prosecution as an +international arms dealer. (It is not, however, illegal +to export your program to outer space, or to deliver +it to your friend by rocket, since a "launch vehicle +or payload shall not, by the launching of such +vehicle, be considered export for the purposes of +this subchapter" (120.10).) + +* Steward Baker, Chief Counsel for NSA, +points out how the spread of cryptology plays into +the hands of pedophiles: "Take for example the +campaign to distribute PGP ('Pretty Good Privacy') +encryption on the Internet. Some argue that +widespread availability of this encryption will help +Latvian freedom fighters today and American +freedom fighters tomorrow. Well, not quite. Rather, +one of the earliest users of PGP was a high-tech +pedophile in Santa Clara, California. He used PGP +to encrypt files that, police suspect, include a diary +of his contacts with susceptible young boys using +computer bulletin boards all over the country. 'What +really bothers me,' says Detective Brian Kennedy of +the Sacramento, California, Sheriff's Department, 'is +that there could be kids out there who need help +badly, but thanks to this encryption, we'll never +reach them' " [7] . + +Which does lead to a few questions. Since +the NSA is the largest user of encryption software in +the world, does that mean NSA is rife with +pedophiles? Are police *suspicions* to be taken as +convincing evidence? And what if this alleged +pedophile had never kept notes in the first place? +But never mind. What really bothers me is that there +could be kids out there who need help badly, but +thanks to sloppy records, extended ignorance, and +appeals to national security, we'll never reach them. + +The NSA Chief Counsel also noted, as he +had in previous speeches, ". . . it's the proponents of +widespread unbreakable encryption who want to +create a brave new world, one in which all of us-- +crooks included--have a guarantee that the +government can't tap our phones." Which caused +one observer, Bruce Sterling, to remark, "As a +professional science fiction writer I remember being +immediately struck by the deep conviction that there +was plenty of Brave New World to go around" [8]. + +* Georgetown University cryptologist +Dorthy Denning reminds us that "Because +encryption can make communications immune from +lawful interception, it threatens a key law +enforcement tool. The proliferation of high quality, +portable, easy-to-use, and affordable encryption +could be harmful to society if law enforcement does +not have the means to decrypt lawfully intercepted +communications. Although encryption of stored +files is also of concern, 99% of the issue is +telephone communications (voice, fax, and data)" +[9]. + +The reason for this is all those people on the +phone dealing drugs. "Almost two thirds of all +court orders for electronic surveillance are used to +fight the war on drugs, and electronic surveillance +has been critical in identifying and then dismantling +major drug trafficking organizations. In an +operation code named 'PIZZA CONNECTION,' an +FBI international investigation into the importation +and distribution of $1.6 billion worth of heroin by +the Sicilian Mafia and La Cosa Nostra resulted in +the indictment of 57 high-level drug traffickers in +the U.S. and 5 in Italy . . .. The FBI estimates that +the war on drugs and its continuing legacy of +violent street crime would be substantially, if not +totally, lost if law enforcement were to lose its +capability for electronic surveillance" [10]. + +In fact, that's supposed to settle the issue +right there: "We need such-and-such to fight the +war on drugs. Case closed." This argument is used +ad nauseam in document after document. Nowhere +is the issue raised: Oh yeah? So why are we +fighting a war on drugs? Such questions are ruled +out, because we're dealing with *needs* here, and +needs spew forth their own logic and evolve their +own morals. + +* One of governments' biggest needs is to +get all that drug money for themselves, the part they +don't already have. The U.S. State Department +proposes a sort of international spree of +government theft: "We must effect greater asset +seizures, not just of bank accounts, but also +corporate assets and even corporate entities . . . We +must be ready to impose appropriate sanctions +against banking institutions, as well as bankers . . . +The FATF [Financial Task Force] countries, the 12 +EU [European Union] nations, the EFTA countries, +and the majority of the 95 states party to the 1988 +UN Convention are adopting (if not yet fully +implementing) legislation that will ultimately +improve individual and collective capabilities." [11] + +Everyone is suspect. You say you want to +buy some Portuguese escudos? We better keep our +eye on you--you're a potential money launderer. +According to the State Department, "Entry in the +European monetary system has made the escudo, +which became fully convertible in 1993, more +attractive to potential money launderers" [12]. +Hmm. Hey, fellows. With that mentality, you +should send some investigators from Foggy Bottom +up to 19th Street. You'll find an entire building, an +outfit called the International Monetary Fund, which +was originally set up to work for currency +convertibility. No telling what wicked *potential* +money laundering havens they're working on next. + +* The Financial Crimes Enforcement +Network (FinCEN) located in Vienna, Virginia, was +set up in April 1990 to track money laundering, and +given computerized access to data from pretty much +everyone--FBI, DEA, Secret Service, Customs +Service, Postal Service, CIA, NSA, Defense +Intelligence Agency, National Security Council, the +State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and +Research, and, yes, the IRS (despite denials). +FinCEN has a $2.4 million contract with Los +Alamos National Laboratory to develop artificial +intelligence programs to look for unexplained +money flows [13]. FinCEN also proposed a +"Deposit Tracking System" (DTS) that would also +track deposits to, or withdrawals from, U.S. banks +accounts in real time. + +* Now, if you were a drug dealer (or maybe +just an average Joe), how would you react to all this +unwanted attention? Try to keep a low profile, +maybe? Perhaps opt out of the usual banking +channels? "During the past two years, analysts saw +an increasing use of non-bank financial institutions, +especially exchange houses, check cashing services, +credit unions, and instruments like postal money +orders, cashiers checks, and certificates of deposit +(particularly in 'bearer' form), with transactions +occurring in an ever longer list of countries and +territories" [12]. + +This process whereby money flows through +non-traditional banking channels is termed +*disintermediation*. Disintermediation happens +whenever a government manipulates banking +services in such a way to make them less attractive. +For example, if bank deposits have an interest rate +ceiling of 3 percent, you may elect to pull your +money out of bank deposits, and purchase Treasury +bills which have no ceiling. In the same way, if the +government is looking around in your bank account, +perhaps with the idea of seizing it, or seizing you, +you may elect not to have a bank account, or at least +not one the government knows about. Or you may +elect to use non-traditional financial channels which +are less likely to be observed. The ultimate end of +the process is completely anonymous banking +through encrypted digital cash. + +The State Department also notes will alarm +that "[drug] traffickers were employing professional +money managers." Which does lead one to reflect, +whatever is the world coming to? The next thing +you know, drug dealers will be shopping at the +local grocery store and sending their children to +better schools. They'll be mowing their lawns and +sprucing up the neighborhood. How could we live +in such a society? + +* All this talk of computers has gotten the +IRS hot and bothered also. Not in a negative way, +mind you. The IRS has become obsessed with the +noble goal to save us time by just sending us a bill: +"In an effort to catch more tax cheats, the Internal +Revenue Service plans to vastly expand the secret +computer database of information it keeps on +virtually all Americans. . . .'Ultimately, the IRS may +obtain enough information to prepare most tax +returns,' said Coleta Brueck, the agency's top +document processing official. 'If I know what +you've made during the year', she said, 'if I know +what your withholding is, if I know what your +spending pattern is, I should be able to generate for +you a tax return...' " [14]. + +We have nothing to fear, apparently, but +*fiends who hide their spending patterns*. Well, +Coleta, you had better prepare for a flood of data +that is spending-pattern impaired, because +according to the Crypto Anarchist Manifesto, "Just +as the technology of printing altered and reduced +the power of medieval guilds and the social power +structure, so too will cryptologic methods +fundamentally alter the nature of corporations and +of government interference in economic +transactions" [15]. + +How did we come to this state of catch as +catch can, and where are we going from here? +Perhaps history will give some perspective. Let's +start with that big bugaboo--drugs. In article logic, +drug prohibition leads to money laundering, which +leads to increased surveillance of banking +transactions, and heightens interest in anonymity +through cryptology. + +Oh, What a Lovely War! + +In the mid-1990s the United States and other +countries were spending a good deal of money on a +"war on drugs." What the phrase meant was unclear +in a nation where 50 million people used tobacco, +over 100 million used alcohol, and virtually +everyone used aspirin or an equivalent pain-reliever. +But certainly there was a prohibition in using, or +dealing in, certain drugs. Naturally these drugs +were still available on the black market despite the +prohibition. The market supplied the consumption +needs not only of the general public, but also of +federal prisoners. Thus even if the country were +turned into a police state, such drugs would still be +available. Given this, what was the purpose or +function of the prohibition? The simple economic +rationale was this: the war on drugs was a source of +profit both to those who dealt in prohibited drugs, +and those who conducted the war against them. + +The prohibition of anything is a restriction +in supply. Supply restriction drives up the price. In +1973-4 the OPEC cartel caused a quick four-fold +increase in the price of oil by restricting its supply. +It also greatly increased the profit margin on each +barrel pumped out of the ground. In a similar way, +prohibition of drugs increases their black market +price and the potential profit margin from supplying +them to the public. But legitimate businessmen are +deterred from entering the market. Hence drug +prohibition creates a bonanza--high profit margins +--only for those willing to deal in prohibited +products. Just as alcohol prohibition financed the +growth of powerful mobsters like Al Capone earlier +in the century, so did prohibition of cocaine finance +the growth of powerful production and supply +cartels, such as the Cali cartel in Colombia. The +U.S. government's prohibition made it possible for +them to become rich, and then powerful. + +Because trade in drugs is illegal, contracts +cannot be enforced in court. One cannot resort to +common or commercial law. Hence contracts are +often enforced via the barrel of a gun. And as there +is no countervailing authority, those who enforce +their contracts with guns may use the same method +to simply eliminate competition. Territory is +acquired or defended by force. Steven B. Duke, the +Law of Science and Technology Professor at Yale +University states simply: "The use of drugs-- +except, of course, alcohol--causes almost no +crime." But drug *prohibition* does cause crime. The +firearm assault and murder rates rose in the U.S. +with the start of Prohibition in 1920, and remained +high during it, but then declined for eleven +consequence years after Prohibition was repealed. +In the U.S. today, perhaps one-third of murders are +related to contract enforcement and competition +over dealing territory [16]. + +Prohibition turns others into crime victims. +Because certain drugs cannot be obtained at the +local neighborhood drugstore, drug consumers visit +unsafe parts of a city, and are simply assaulted. +Such victims, naturally, are not in a position to +complain to the police. Others become victims +because of the lack of quality control. Because +drugs are illegal, rip-off artists who deal in +substitute or impure products know they will not be +sued. Other suppliers simply make mistakes in +production, but these mistakes are not caught right +away because information flow is not efficient in a +non-public market. This results in injuries, often +caused not the use of the prohibited drugs +themselves, but by the constraint on the flow of +information brought about by prohibition. + +During the earlier era of alcohol Prohibition +in the U.S., many of a city's leading citizens became +criminals by the fact of visiting the bar of a local +speakeasy. There, naturally, they associated with +the proprietors, mobsters, who began to acquire +increasing political influence. Today billions of +dollars in cocaine profits leads to wide-spread +corruption [17]. + +About 1.2 million suspected drug offenders +are arrested each year in the U.S., most of them for +simple possession or petty sale [18]. Currently in +the U.S., police spend one-half their time on drug- +related crimes. The court system is on the verge of +collapse because of the proliferation of drug cases, +which-because they are criminal cases-have +priority over civil cases. Six out of ten federal +inmates are in prison on drug charges. Probably +another two of the ten are there on prohibition- +related offenses. There is a crisis in prison +crowding (forty states are under court order to +reduce overcrowding), with the result that violent +criminals--including child molesters, multiple +rapists, and kidnappers--are often released early. +This is reinforced by mandatory sentencing laws. +Consensual drug offenses are not only treated as the +moral equivalent of murder, rape, or kidnapping: +they are given harsher punishment. Youths are sent +to prison for life for selling drugs, while murderers +were eligible for early parole for good behavior +[19]. As one example, Florida punishes "simple +rape" by a maximum prison term of 15 years, +second-degree murder with no mandatory minimum +and a maximum of life in prison , first degree +murder (where the death penalty is not imposed) +with a mandatory minimum penalty of 25 years, +after which one is eligible for parole, but trafficking +in cocaine is punished with life imprisonment +"without the possibility of parole." + +The war on drugs has turned into a war on +civil liberties The reason is simple. The war is a +war on people suspected of using, or dealing in, or +otherwise being involved in drugs. But the drug +industry survives because tens of millions of people +engage in voluntary transactions, which they try to +keep secret. Hence law enforcement must attempt +to penetrate the private lives of millions of +suspects, which could be almost anyone. A Nobel +prize-winning economist wrote: "Every friend of +freedom . . . must be as revolted as I am by the +prospect of turning the U.S. into an armed camp, by +the vision of jails filled with casual drug users and +of an army of enforcers empowered to invade the +liberty of citizens on slight evidence" [20]. +Unfortunately, not everyone is a friend of freedom. +A mayor of New York advocated strip searching +travelers from Asia and South America. A U.S. +congressman introduced a bill to create an +"American Gulag" of Arctic prison camps for drug +offenders. And so on. + +The drug trade is sustained by prohibition +itself. Agencies like the Drug Enforcement +Administration (DEA) grew up to "fight" the drug +war. Their budgets, prestige, and paychecks depend +on the war's continuation. These agencies have vast +sums to spend on public relations and propaganda +("education"), and a vested interest against +legalization. Since these agencies profit from +crime, they have an incentive to cultivate +criminality as a natural resource. The sheriff of +Broward County, Florida, manufactured his own +crack cocaine to sell to buyers in order to arrest +them [21]. Others employ cocaine gigolos, who +then pressure unsuspecting boyfriends/girlfriends +into purchasing drugs from undercover agents (e.g., +United States v. Eugenio Llamera, No. 84-167-Cr +(S.D. Fla. 1984)). Periodically a new "biggest ever" +drug bust (such as 22 tons of cocaine in a Los +Angeles warehouse) is proudly announced, with no +apparent perception that such busts prove the +agencies are failing in their alleged goal of drug +elimination. Meanwhile, some government +employees-drug warriors-themselves engage in +criminal acts for enjoyment or to supplement their +income. Drug dealers, in particular, can be killed +and robbed with impunity. Forfeiture laws, which +allow the seizure of money, houses, boats, cars, +planes, and other property on the basis of a +circumstantial connection with prohibited drugs, +have also been profitable. The associate deputy +attorney general in charge of the U.S. Justice +Department's forfeiture program said "we're not at +all apologetic about the fact that we do benefit +(financially) from it" [22]. + +Others are paid to extend the war +internationally. Examples include Latin American +coca crop eradication and substitution programs. +These have had almost no success, and have created +massive social problems [23]. Poor farmers can +make four to ten times as much growing coca as in +growing legal crops [24]; they can grow coca and +marijuana in regions with poor soil; and they can +avoid oppressive agricultural regulations +encountered with the production and sale of crops +lacking an efficient alternative to government +marketing organizations. The 200,000 peasant +families (1 million people) engaged in coca +production in Peru are oblivious to campaigns +urging them to "just say no" to the source of their +livelihood. + +In the last few years, the use of, and hence +the demand for, cocaine has fallen. But there are +always new ways to justify increased drug war +budgets. The U.S. Department of State notes, with +no awareness of the irony of the statement: "The +economics of the heroin trade are also important. +While at U.S. street prices, cocaine and heroin are +competitive, at the wholesale level heroin has a +strong advantage. A kilo of cocaine wholesales for +between $10,500 and $40,000; a kilo of heroin will +fetch on average between $50,000 and $250,000. +With the likelihood that heroin will be to the 1990's +what cocaine was to the 1980's, Latin American +trafficking organizations are poised to cash in on a +heroin epidemic" [12]. And, naturally, so also are +those who fight them. + +For at some point it occurred to these drug +warriors, mighty and bold, that there were easier +ways to make a living. Why not just go after the +cash? After all, if you go out to the poppy fields +you may get your boots muddy, and (more +importantly) bankers don't carry guns. + +99 and 44/100 Percent Pure + +The House of Representatives report on the +banking legislation leading up to the U.S. Banking +Secrecy Act of 1970 noted that "secret foreign bank +accounts and secret foreign financial institutions" +had been used, among other things, to "purchase +gold," and to serve "as the ultimate depository of +black market proceeds from Vietnam" [25]. The +report does not explain why the purchase of gold +was a menace to society, nor elaborate on the role of +the House in creating a black market in Vietnam. +Within a few years gold was legalized, and the +absence of U.S. military forces in Vietnam +eliminated the black market. The report also noted: +"Unwarranted and unwanted credit is being pumped +into our markets." This was also attributed to +foreign banks with secrecy laws, although the +Federal Reserve*the real source of excess credit in +the years leading up to the breakdown of Bretton +Woods*is not foreign. In short, the House report +was a broad-based attack with little rhyme or +reason, setting the tone for similar future studies. + +As is usual in political double-speak, the +Banking Secrecy Act was an act of legislation +intended to prevent, not preserve, banking secrecy. +It created four requirements that were supposed to +address the issue of money laundering: 1) A paper +trail of bank records had to be maintained for five +years. 2) A Currency Transaction Report (CTR) +had to be filed by banks and other financial +institutions for currency transactions greater than +$10,000. CTRs were filed with the IRS. 3) A +Currency or Monetary Instrument Report (CMIR) +had to be filed when currency or monetary +instruments greater than $5,000 were taken out of +the U.S. CMIRs were filed with the Customs +Service. 4) A Foreign Bank Account Report +(FBAR) had to filed whenever a person had an +account in a foreign bank greater than $5,000 in +value. (The latter two requirements have been +increased to $10,000.) + +These reports mostly collected unread +during the 1970s. But that was to change with the +growth in computerized recordkeeping and artificial +intelligence processing, and with the escalation of +the "war on drugs." In the early 1980s, a Senate +staff study noted in alarm "what appears to be +otherwise ordinary Americans engaged in using +offshore facilities to facilitate tax fraud. These +cases signify that the illegal use of offshore +facilities has enveloped 'the man next door'--a trend +which forecasts severe consequences for the +country" [26]. + +The same report made a concerted effort to +draw connections between the eurodollar market +and criminal activity, noting "few banking +authorities address the issue of primary concern to +us here: criminal uses of Eurobanking." The focus +was not banking fraud or theft: "The most visible +and notorious aspect of offshore criminality +involves drug traffic." One of the report's many +recommendations was that the Treasury Department +should work with the "Federal Reserve Board to +develop a better understanding of the financial +significance and use of currency repatriation data as +well as information about foreign depositors' +currency deposits." Subsequently, Panama was +identified as the major banking center for the +cocaine trade, and Hong Kong as the major center +for the heroin trade, based largely on the amount of +U.S. dollars, including cash, being return to the +Federal Reserve by, respectively, the Banco +National de Panama and by Hong Kong-based +banks [27]. + +Thus, with that simple act, the Federal +Reserve Board was transformed from an institution +that watched over the currency to a co-conspirator +that watched over currency users. + +Efforts were extended internationally to +trace cash movements. The Bank for International +Settlements (BIS) Code of Conduct (1984) +recommended a global version of the CRT. +Information from the global CRT was to be +processed by the OECD and shared with tax +authorities in all industrialized countries. The G-7 +countries in 1989 agreed to form the Financial +Action Task Force (FATF), with staffing and +support to be provided by the OECD. FATF now +includes 26 governments. In May 1990, FATF +adopted forty recommendations on money +laundering countermeasures. These included +provisions that a global currency tracking system +(the global CRT proposed earlier by the BIS) be +created, that financial institutions be required to +report "suspicious transactions" to law enforcement +authorities, that global sting operations be used +against launderers, and that electronic money +movements, especially international wire transfers, +be monitored. + +So better beware your banker: by law, he's a +snitch. Maybe even a government employee. In +one recent example of a global sting, government +officials set up a bank in the Caribbean (Anguilla), +and advertised their services in confidential +banking. They then turned all the information over +to tax authorities. Did you ever wonder why +uneducated people believe in international banking +conspiracies? + +The Digital World of Money + +Money is a mechanism for making payment. +What we want from a payments mechanism is fast, +reliable (secure) service at a low cost. In current +technology that means that the payment mechanism +will be determined by transactions costs. Hence +money in a modern economy exists chiefly in the +form of electronic entries in computerized +recordkeeping systems or data bases. Money exists +as a number (e.g. 20) beside which is attached a +currency or country label (e.g. DM or BP or U.S.$) +and also an ownership label (e.g. "Deutsche Bank" +or "Microsoft" or "Jack Parsons"). Physical goods +are transported to different geographical locations, +but currencies by and large are not. This is true +both domestically and internationally. A bank in +London will sell British pounds to a bank in +Frankfurt for deutschemarks by having the +Frankfurt bank's name recorded as the new owner of +a pound deposit in London, while the London +bank's name is recorded as the new owner of a +deutschemark deposit in Frankfurt. + +Payment between banks is made by an +exchange of electronic messages. The scope and +size of transactions mandates this type of payment +mechanism. The most important communications +network for international financial market +transactions is the Society for Worldwide Interbank +Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), a Belgian +not-for-profit cooperative. This system for +transferring foreign exchange deposits and loans +began actual operation in May 1977 and by 1990 +had 1,812 members, and connected 3,049 banks and +securities industry participants in eighty-four +countries. It carried an average of 1.1 million +messages per day. SWIFT messages are transmitted +=66rom country to country via central, interconnected +operating centers located in Brussels, Amsterdam, +and Culpeper, Virginia. These three operating +centers are in turn connected by international data- +transmission lines to regional processors in most +member countries. Banks in an individual country +use the available national communication facilities +to send messages to the regional processor. A bank +in London, for example, will access SWIFT by +sending messages to a regional processing center in +the north of London [28]. The message will be +received by a bank in New York via the SWIFT +operating center in Culpeper, Virginia. + +Within the U.S. the most important +communications-money-channels are Fedwire +and CHIPS. Eleven thousand depository +institutions have access to Fedwire, the electronic +network system of the Federal Reserve System. +(About a thousand of these access the system +through the New York Fed.) In 1991 an average of +$766 billion daily went through the net, of which +$435 billion involved the New York Fed. The +average size of a funds transfer was $3 million. +There were 258,000 average daily transfers. + +The New York Clearing House Association +(twelve private commercial banks) operate the +Clearing House Interbank Payments System +(CHIPS) to settle foreign exchange and eurodollar +transactions. CHIPS connected 122 participants in +1991. On an average day $866 billion went through +the CHIPS network, with 150,000 average daily +transfers (or an average transfer size of about $5.7 +million). Sometimes there are large fluctuations in +the level of payments. On January 21, 1992, +$1.5977 trillion went through the CHIPS system. +That is, the U.S. M1 money stock turned over +several times in a single day. The CHIPS system +maintains an account at the New York Fed. Much +of the nation's money flows through what is literally +an underground economy: the computer banks +located beneath 55 Water Street in Manhattan. + +These systems, even the Fedwire system, did +not arise by centralized government planning. ". . . +it is historically accurate that the Fedwire system +evolved in almost a 'natural' manner; no one at the +Board or at a Reserve bank ever sat down and said +'let there be a wire transfer system.' Thus, Fedwire +can be regarded as an example of a market tendency +to evolve, over time, in an efficient manner" [29]. + +In Europe, banks have available +CEBAMAIL, a shared voice and data network +established by European central banks and later +expanded to other users. European banks also use +IBM's International Network and DIAL service to +communicate with the Bank for International +Settlements in Basle, Switzerland, and with each +other. + +Money, then, is part of the worldwide +information superhighway (or infobahn). The +Clinton administration's proposal for a "National +Information Infrastructure" (NII) was announced in +1994: "All Americans have a stake in the +construction of an advanced National Information +Infrastructure (NII), a seamless web of +communications networks, computers, databases, +and consumer electronics that will put vast amounts +of information at users' fingertips. Development of +the NII can help unleash an information revolution +that will change forever the way people live, work, +and interact with each other" [30]. + +To be sure, the ensuing hype has made the +whole thing sound like more circuses to keep the +masses pacified and thirsty: 500 channels of MTV +with beer and Pepsi ads, and insurance salesmen +popping out of your home computer. But the +information revolution was already well underway, +and had been so for years. The real agenda for +government involvement was stated in the White +House Press release, April 16, 1993: "Sophisticated +encryption technology has been used for years to +protect electronic funds transfer. . . While +encryption technology can help Americans protect +business secrets and the unauthorized release of +personal information, it also can be used by +terrorists, drug dealers, and other criminals." + +Now, in fact, almost all modern technology, +=66rom can openers to automobiles, can be used by +terrorists, drugs dealers, and criminals (even the +thieves in the Justice Department who preside over +asset forfeitures). But what is special about +cryptography is that it threatens to slow or nullify +the effectiveness of government-sponsored +computer surveillance of individuals and private +business. To get a handle on this, let's brush up our +high school cryptography, which has probably +grown rusty from lack of use. Eager students can +read an exhaustive history of the subject written by +David Kahn [31], but we will only focus on the tail- +end, post-Kahnian part of the story, on something +called "public key cryptography" [32]. + +Public Key Cryptography in One Easy Lesson + +Public key cryptography relies on two +scrambling devices, called "keys", that have the +following relationship. There is a public key P and +a private key R. Suppose I write a sweet, sensitive +love letter, filled with spiritual values, genetic +imperatives, and sexual innuendo, to my current +flame Veronica. Let's refer to this letter as the +message M. I sign it with Veronica's public key P, +producing the encrypted message P(M). Anyone +looking at P(M) will only see a string of +meaningless symbols, gibberish. When Veronica +receives it, she will apply her private key R to the +encrypted message, producing R(P(M)) =3D M, +turning the apparent randomness into tears, joy, and +erotic fantasy. + +The key pairs P and R must have the +relationship that for any message M, R(P(M)) =3D M. +In addition, it should be practically impossible for +anyone to determine M from P(M), without the +associated private key R. For any other private key +R', R'(P(M)) is not equal to M--it's still gibberish. +The key pairs P and R also have the commutative +relationship P(R(M)) =3D M: if you encrypt a +message with your private key R, then anyone can +decrypt it using your public key P. + +Being able to send secure messages is one +function of public key cryptography. Another +function is authentication. Suppose you sent a +message M to Bill. He receives the +message M*. Bill doesn't know whether M* is +really from you; or, even if it is from you, whether it +has been altered in some way (that is, if the M* he +receives is the same as the M you sent). The +solution to this problem, using public key +cryptography, is that you also send Bill a digital +signature S along with the message M. Here is how +this authentication process works. + +For simplicity, assume you don't even +encrypt the message to Bill. You just send him the +plain message M, saying "Dear Bill: You are wrong +and I am right. Here is why, blah blah blah [for a +few thousand words]." Then you just sign it by the +following procedure. + +First you chop your message down to size, +to produce a (meaningless) condensed version, +where one size fits all. To do this, you need a +message chopper called a "hash function." You +apply the hash function H to the message M to +produce a "message digest" or "hash value" H(M) +which is 160 bits long. You then sign the hash +value H(M) with your own private key R, producing +the signature S =3D R(H(M)). + +The receiver of the message, Bill, applies the +same hash function to the received message M* to +obtain its hash value H(M*). Bill then decrypts +your signature S, using your public key P, to obtain +P(S) =3D P(R(H(M))). He compares the two. If +H(M*) =3D P(R(H(M))), then he knows the message +has not been altered (that is, M* =3D M), and that you +sent the message. That's because the equality will +fail if either (1) the message was signed with some +other private key R', not yours, or if (2) the received +message M* was not the same as the message M +that was sent [33]. + +By some accident, of course, it could be that +Bill finds H(M*) =3D P(R(H(M))) even if the message +has been altered, or it is not from you. But the odds +of this happening are roughly 1 in 2^160, which is +vanishingly small; and even if this happens for one +message, it is not likely to happen with the next. + +The Growth of the Information Superspyway + +NSA is the U.S. intelligence agency located +in Ft. Mead, Maryland, which is responsible for +collecting electronic and signals intelligence. +Activities include monitoring the conversations of +foreign leaders, listening in on most international +communications (including financial transactions), +breaking codes, and setting the cryptological +standards for U.S. military and security agencies +[34]. In 1975 at the University of California at +Berkeley, I made a special trip over to the +employment office to see the NSA recruitment +posters. They were, after all, a novelty. Hardly +anyone knew the NSA ("No Such Agency") existed, +and the word was just getting around that +mathematicians could compete with physicists for +Defense Department largess. + +A couple of years later, Bobby Inman +departed his post as head of Naval Intelligence, +=66rom which vantage point he had leaked Watergate +revelations to Bob Woodward, to become head of +NSA. Soon thereafter, the NSA began harassing +certain mathematicians in the private sector, +claiming "sole authority to fund research in +cryptography" [35]. + +In those days such a monopoly was possible. +The computer culture was hierarchically structured +and mind-bogglingly pedantic. Peon programmers +produced a token 20 lines of code per day, which +allowed them plenty of time to attend "efficiency" +meetings. Systems analysts involved themselves in +busy work--creating elaborate flow charts to explain +self-evident routines. Only those who learned to toe +the line were allowed gradual access to better +equipment and more CPU time. NSA, meanwhile, +was one of the top markets for expensive, +sophisticated computer equipment. If you wanted to +be a cryptologist [36], you bit the bullet and bowed +to NSA and IBM. + +The federal encryption standard for +unclassified government computer data and +communications, an encryption algorithm called +Lucifer, had been developed by IBM in the early +70s. It was later certified by a civilian agency, the +National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), as the +Data Encryption Standard (DES) in 1976. Unlike +public key cryptography which uses two keys +(either one of which may be used to encrypt, and the +other to decrypt), DES was a symmetric key system, +using a single key to both encrypt and decrypt. +Because of the single key, DES could be used for +encryption or authentication, but not both +simultaneously. + +Through the American Bankers Association +and ANSI's Financial Institution Wholesale Security +Working Group, DES entered the banking world as +a method of encryption and message authentication +in electronic funds transfer. But for digital +signatures it made more sense to rely on public key +cryptography. And although the NIST began to +solicit public-key cryptographic algorithms in 1982, +nothing would be approved for another decade, so +both federal agencies and private organizations, +including banks, began to look to commercial +sources of digital signature technology. (They +basically settled on one called the Rivest-Shamir- +Adleman (RSA) system.) + +Meanwhile, the anarchy of the personal +computer had been unleashed. The PC allowed one +person to be in charge of the entire software +development process. She could be hardware +technician, systems analyst, mathematician, +programmer, artist-in-residence, and general hell- +raiser rolled into one. Just as Gutenberg inspired +later generations to learn to read precisely because +they had, Pogo-like, acquired the ability to write, so +did the appearance of the microprocessor inspire a +generation of talented and creative people to absorb +themselves in computer-accentuated tasks which no +longer mandated interaction with a phalanx of +mandarins whose notion of Eros was a COBOL +routine to insert Tab A into Slot B. To be sure, the +PC was not powerful enough to break codes +(cryptanalysis), but it was a good enough tool for +creating cryptography software. + +In 1984 Reagan's National Security Decision +Directive 145 (NSDD-145) shifted the +responsibility for certifying DES-based products to +NSA. Executive Order 12333 in 1980 had made the +Secretary of Defense the government's executive +agent for communications security, and NSDD-145 +expanded this role to telecommunications and +information systems. The Director of NSA was +made responsible for the implementation of the +Secretary's responsibilites. In 1986 NSA created an +uproar by saying it would no longer endorse DES +products after 1988, and would substitute a new set +of incompatible, classified, hardware standards. +Banks and software vendors weren't happy with the +news because they had only recently invested +heavily in DES-based systems. But Congress +effectively rejected NSDD-145's federal computer +security plan by passing the Computer Security Act +of 1987, and DES was reaffirmed anyway (with the +NIST reinstated as the certifier of applications that +met the standard), and then affirmed again in 1993. +(The next DES review is scheduled for 1998.) + +Changes in technology were creating both +new security concerns and spying opportunities. On +the one hand, a rank amateur with a scanner could +sit in his apartment and monitor his neighbors' +cordless and cellular telephone conversations. (After +all, if a signal makes it into your bedroom, you may +feel you have a right to tune it in.) On the other +hand, the NSA could in the same way make use of +the electromagnetic signals sent out by computer +hardware components. Unshielded cables act as +radio broadcast antennas. Related signals, especially +=66rom the computer monitor and the computer's +CPU, are sent back down the AC power cord and +out into the building's electrical wiring. Signals may +also be transmitted directly into the phone line +through a computer modem (which isn't in use). +These frequencies can be tuned, so that what +appeared on one person's computer screen can be +displayed on an observer's screen a block away. +(There were no laws against monitoring computer +radiation then, and there are none now, so the NSA +can take the position that it is doing nothing illegal +by parking its monitoring vans in domestic spots in +New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and +Washington, D.C. [37].) + + The erosion of the spying monopoly lead to +the 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act +(ECPA) which prohibited phone and data-line +tapping--except, naturally, by law enforcement +agencies and employers. ECPA made cellular (but +not cordless) phone monitoring illegal. President +Bush would later sign a second law which +prohibited even the *manufacture or import* of +scanners that are capable of cellular monitoring. +But the latter law was nonsensical, since *every +cellular phone is itself a scanner*. In a +demonstration for a Congressional subcommittee, it +took a technician only three minutes to reprogram a +cellular phone's codes so that it could be used for +eavesdropping [38]. + + With the worldwide collapse of +Communism, federal agents quickly discovered a +new fount of terrorist activity: American teenagers, +hackers. The Secret Service crusade to conquer +children started when Congress passed the +Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in 1986, and +culminated in May 1990 with Operation Sundevil, +in which 42 computer systems were seized around +the country, along with 23,000 floppy disks. + +One college-age hacker, Chris Goggans +(a.k.a. Eric Bloodaxe) upon receiving information +which lead him to suspect the coming raid, went +home and (like any good host) cleaned and +vacuumed his apartment, placed little notes in +drawers ("Nope, nothing in here"; "Wrong, try +again"), and adorned his desk with brochures from +the local Federal Building--titles like How to +Become an FBI Agent, . . . Secret Service Agent, etc. +The raid came one morning while Goggans was in +bed. "Leading the pack is Special Agent Tim +Foley," Goggans recounts, "and he's got his service +revolver out, and he's got it pointed at me. He's a +pretty big guy and I'm me. . . . Hackers are a +notoriously violent group of people who are known +for their physical prowess, so guns are definitely +always necessary" [39 ]. + +Paranoia verged on the imbecilic. AT&T +Security found a description of 911 system +administration, called "E911," on one bulletin board +service. They claimed in court the theft of this +information was worth exactly $79,449, but the case +fell apart when the defense showed the same +information, with more technical details, about the +911 system was publicly available from AT&T for +the mere price of $13. + +The FBI, meanwhile, was undergoing +culture shock. Telephone carrier signals were now +digital and multiplexed, so that any specific channel +might be interleaved among many others in a +continuous stream of bits which the FBI could no +longer access with only a pair of alligator clips. In +March 1992 the FBI proposed Digital Telephony +legislation (code-named in FBI documents +"Operation Root Canal") that would require private +industry to provide access ports in digital equipment +for the purpose of tapping specific conversations. + +The FBI proposal didn't sit well with the +General Services Administration (GSA), the largest +purchaser of telecommunications equipment for the +U.S. government. GSA noted that the "proposed +bill would have to have the FCC or another agency +approve or reject new telephone equipment mainly +on the basis of whether the FBI has the capability to +wiretap it." So GSA opposed the legislation for +security reasons, noting it would "make it easier for +criminals, terrorists, foreign intelligence (spies) and +computer hackers to electronically penetrate the +public network and pry into areas previously not +open to snooping. This situation of easier access +due to new technology changes could therefore +affect national security" [40]. + +Ironically, the World Trade Center was +subsequently bombed by a group that was already +under FBI surveillance, so one could make a case +that *voyeurism*, not public security, was the real +intent of the proposed legislation [41]. The 1992 +Digital Telephony proposal would have also given +the Justice Department the unilateral and exclusive +authority to enforce, grant exceptions, or waive +provisions of the law, or enforce it in Federal Court. +You know, the *Justice Department*: that splendid +collection of righteous lawyers, whose recent +triumphs include overseeing the slaughter of a +religious group in Waco, Texas [42], running a +software company into bankruptcy and +appropriating its software [43], and allegedly +manipulating the machinery of justice to cover +tracks left by financial thieves [44]. + +Now the Computer Security Act of 1987 had +authorized a U.S. government project to develop +standards for publicly-available cryptography. On +April 16, 1993 the Clinton Administration +announced two new controversial Federal +Information Processing Standards (FIPS) which +embodied Capstone's principal elements. These +were the Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES)-- +a.k.a. "Clipper"--and the Digital Signature Standard +(DSS). All private companies doing business with +the government might be affected. + +The Escrowed Encryption Standard + +The EES was promulgated by the Clinton +Administration as a voluntary (for now, anyway) +alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES). +It involved a bulk data encryption algorithm called +Skipjack, which would be contained on a tamper- +resistant chip, called the Clipper Chip (or MYK-78). +The chip would be manufactured by VLSI Logic, +and programmed with the algorithms and keys by +Mykotronx at a facility in Torrance, California. +Each chip would contain a trapdoor that would +allow the government, using a two-part key (U =3D +U1+U2), each half deposited with a different escrow +agency, to decode any communications sent through +the chip [45]. + +Here is how the process works. (You can +skip this paragraph and the next one if you like.) In +addition to the Skipjack encryption algorithm, each +chip will contain a 80-bit family key F that is +common to all chips; a 30-bit serial number N; and +an 80-bit secret "unique" key U which can be used +to unlock all messages sent through the chip. +Suppose I have my secure device get in touch with +Veronica's secure device. The first thing that +happens is our two chips agree on a randomly +generated 80-bit symmetric session key K, which +will be used only for this one conversation. The +Clipper Chip takes our whispered message stream +M and encrypts it with K, using the Skipjack +algorithm, producing the encrypted message K(M). +Simple enough. But my chip also has other ideas. +As an entirely separate process, it also takes the +session key K and encrypts it with the secret key U, +producing U(K). Then it tacks the serial number N +on to the end of the encrypted session key, giving +the sandwich U(K)+N. Then it takes the family key +F and encrypts the sandwich, giving F[U(K)+N]. +The encrypted sandwich, F[U(K)+N], is called the +LEAF, or "Law Enforcement Access Field." Both +my encrypted message K(M) and the LEAF, +F[U(K)+N], are sent out over the telephone line. +Veronica's chip receives both these, but mostly +ignores the LEAF. Her chip simply takes the +previously agreed session key K and uses it to +decrypt the encrypted message, yielding K[K(M)] =3D +M. + +Now suppose Fred is a horny FBI agent who +wants to listen in on all this. He gets a warrant +(maybe), and has the phone company plug him into +the conversation. With his listening device, he +siphons off both my encrypted message K(M) and +the LEAF, F[U(K)+N]. As a member of the FBI he +is allowed to know the family key F, which he uses +to decrypt the LEAF, yielding the sandwich: +F{F[U(K)+N]} =3D U(K)+N. So now he knows the +serial number N. He then takes N along with his +warrant over to the first escrow agency, which gives +him half of the secret key, U1. He takes N with his +warrant over to the second escrow agency, which +gives him the other half, U2. He now knows the +secret key U =3D U1+U2. He uses U to decrypt the +encrypted session key: U[U(K)] =3D K. Now he +knows the session key K, which he uses to decrypt +my encrypted message: K[K(M)] =3D M. To his great +disappointment, he discovers I was only calling to +thank Veronica for the pepperoni and cheese pizza +she sent over. + +Industry was urged to build the EES into +every type of communication device: computer +modem, telephone, fax, and set-top TV converter. +Of course to do so (surprise, surprise) will make a +product subject to State Department ITAR export +controls. But AT&T, at least, promptly popped the +Clipper Chip into the AT&T Security Telephone +Device 3600, which has a retail price of about +$1,100, because they had been "suitably +incentivised" (see below). + +Another implementation of the ESS is the +Capstone Chip (Mykotronx MYK-80), which +includes Clipper's Skipjack algorithm, and adds to it +digital signature, hash, and key-change functions. +While Clipper is mostly intended for telephone +communication, Capstone is designed for data +communication. Finally there is Tessera, which is a +PCMCIA card that contains a Capstone Chip. +Despite generating universally negative comments, +EES was approved by the Department of +Commerce as a federal standard in February 1994. + +The details of the NSA-developed Skipjack +algorithm are classified. However, it uses 80-bit +keys and scrambles the data for 32 steps or rounds. +The earlier standard, DES, uses 56-bit keys and +scrambles the data for only 16 rounds. But the +secrecy of Skipjack removed some of its credibility. +People are confident in the security of DES, because +its details are public. Hence people have probed +DES over the years and failed to find any +weaknesses. The primary reason for Skipjack's +classification appears to be an attempt to prevent its +use without transmission of the associated LEAF +field. + +An outside panel of expects concluded there +was no significant risk that messages encrypted with +the Skipjack algorithm would be breakable by +exhaustive search in the next 30 to 40 years. The +same cannot be said for the EES protocol as a +whole. Matthew Blaze, a researcher at AT&T +showed there are ways to corrupt the LEAF, so that +the session key K cannot be recovered, and hence +messages cannot be decrypted [46]. Of course if +you are sending data files, and not voice, you can +ignore the presence or absence of the Clipper Chip +altogether. Just encrypt your file with, say, Pretty +Good Privacy, before you send it through the +Clipper Chip. Thus your original message is an +already-encrypted file, and it won't matter if FBI +Fred reads it or not. But things are not so simple +with voice messages. So the first target for a +government ban is alternative encryption devices +for voice communication, particularly if the Clipper +Chip doesn't catch on. Which would be nothing +new: for years ham radio operators have been +prohibited from using encryption on the air. + +The future of the EES may depend on the +coercive purchasing power of the U.S. government. +A memorandum prepared for the Acting Assistant +Secretary of Defense had noted a number of U.S. +computer industries objections to a trapdoor chip, +such as the Clipper Chip: "The industry argues +persuasively that overseas markets (much less drug +lords or spies) will not look with favor on U.S. +products which have known trapdoors when +offshore products which do not have them are +available. In support of their argument, they note +that powerful public-key cryptography developed +and patented by RSA using U.S. tax dollars is free +to developers in Europe, subject to royalties in the +United States, and cannot be exported without +expensive and time-late export licenses. These +charges are true. . . .Despite these concerns, the +President has directed that the Attorney General +request that manufacturers of communications +hardware use the trapdoor chip, and at least AT&T +has been reported willing to do so (having been +suitably incentivised by promises of government +purchases)" [47]. + + +The Digital Signature Standard + +The second announced standard, DSS, uses +a digital signature algorithm (DSA) to authenticate +the source and validity of messages [48]. Digital +signatures are the equivalent of handwritten +signatures on legal documents. While there is yet +no body of case law dealing with the subject, +documents signed with proper digital signatures will +almost certainly be legally binding, both for +commercial use as defined in the Uniform +Commercial Code (UCC), and will probably also +have the same legal standard as handwritten +signatures. + +The computer industry had generally wanted +the U.S. government to choose instead the RSA +algorithm, which was currently the most widely +used authentication algorithm. The banking and +financial services industry were using both the RSA +algorithm and a modified form of the DSA +algorithm [49]. + +As we saw previously, it is typically not the +entire message that is signed, but rather a condensed +form of it, a hash value. The hash function for the +DSS is the Secure Hash Standard (SHS), which +accepts a variable-size input (the message) and +returns a 160-bit string. SHS was adopted as a +government standard in 1993 [50]. + +That both EES and DSS were rushed forth in +an attempt to break the spread of good cryptography +in the private sector is acknowledged even by a +government agency, the Office of Technology +Assessment (OTA): "In OTA's view, both the EES +and the DSS are federal standards that are part of a +long-term control strategy intended to retard the +general availability of 'unbreakable' or 'hard to +break' cryptography within the United States, for +reasons of national security and law enforcement. It +appears that the EES is intended to complement the +DSS in this overall encryption-control strategy, by +discouraging future development and use of +encryption without built-in law enforcement access, +in favor of key-escrow encryption and related +technologies" [51]. + +Which brings us back to privacy and the +monetary system. + +The Buck Stops Here + +In 1993 SWIFT began asking users of its +messaging system to include a purpose of payment +in all messages, as well as payers, payees, and +intermediaries. This type of arrangement would +allow NSA computers to scan for any names in +which they were interested. To be sure, +$10,000,000 for the "Purchase of Plutonium" would +have been scanned for anyway. But now they can +search for "Hakim 'Bobby' Bey," because someone +has decided he's a terrorist. Or someone decided +they just don't like him, and so they claim he's a +terrorist. + +In addition, proposals resurfaced for a two- +tier U.S. currency. When such a proposal was +rumored around 1970 during the slow breakdown of +the Bretton Woods agreement, the rumor was +dismissed as a paranoid fantasy. Recently the +proposal itself has been discussed on the Federal +Page of the Washington Post, which gives support +to the plan of "an expert on terrorism" (*another +one?*) to have two separate U.S. currencies, "new +greenbacks for domestic use and new 'redbacks' for +overseas use." The International Counterfeit +Deterrence Strike Force (an inter-agency working +group informally called the "Super-Bill +Committee") supports a revived 1989 DEA plan for +the forced conversion of "domestic" dollars into +"international" dollars by U.S. travelers at the +border, which would be re-exchanged on their +return [52]. + +While Customs deals with physical cash, +NSA is set to deal with the electronic variety. That +NSA has in some circumstances already monitored +international banking transactions since at least the +early 1980s seems evident from the inclusion of +detailed banking transactions between the +Panamanian branch of the Discount Bank and Trust +of Switzerland and a Cayman Islands bank in a +classified report to the Secretary of State during the +Reagan administration. The information in the +report seemingly could only have come from +electronic access to the bank's computerized +records. Some observers have speculated that a +bugged computer program, Inslaw's PROMIS, was +involved. This program, allegedly stolen from +Inslaw by the U.S. Department of Justice, was sold +to dozens of banks. (A federal bankruptcy judge +found that the Justice Department had purposefully +propelled Inslaw into bankruptcy in an effort to +steal the PROMIS software through "trickery, deceit +and fraud" [53].) The program was said to have +been altered in such a way to allow government +agencies trapdoor access into a bank's transaction +records [54]. + +The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation +(FDIC) is the government corporation that insures +deposits at U.S. member banks. The FDIC +Improvement Act of 1991 required the FDIC to +study the costs and feasibility of tracking every +bank deposit in the U.S. The notion was it was +necessary to compute bank deposit insurance +requirements in real time. Not everyone thought +this was a good idea. The American Banker's +Association noted it was inconceivable that such +data would "be used only by the FDIC in deposit +insurance coverage functions." And even though the +FDIC itself argued against the proposal in its draft +report to Congress in June 1993, FinCEN used the +occasion to propose a "Deposit Tracking System" +(DTS) that would also track deposits to, or +withdrawals from, U.S. banks accounts in real time. + +So advances in cryptography come face to +face with round-the-clock, round-the-border +surveillance. + +F.A. Hayek argued for the denationalization +of money, an abolition of the government monopoly +over the money supply, and the institution of a +regime of competitive private issuers of currency +[55]. One reason was to stop the recurring bouts of +acute inflation and deflation that have become +accentuated over this century. Another reason was +to make it increasingly impossible for governments +to restrict the international movement of +individuals, money and capital, and thereby to +safeguard the ability of dissidents to escape +oppression. He said that "attempts by governments +to control the international movements of currency +and capital" is at present "the most serious threat not +only to a working international economy but also to +personal freedom; and it will remain a threat so long +as governments have the physical power to enforce +such controls." + +Two decades ago, Hayek's proposal seemed +to have scant probability of ever coming about. No +longer. + +Hayek's dream is about to be realized. + +PART II: DIGITAL CASH + +[To Be Continued] + +Footnotes + +[1] The Principia Discordia, or How I Found +Goddess and What I Did to Her When I Found Her +was authored by Malaclypse the Younger (a +computer programmer named Greg Hill) and +recounts the visionary encounter he and Omar +Ravenhurst (Kerry Thornley) had with Eris, the +Goddess of Chaos, in an all-night bowling alley. +Kerry Thornley is also the author of Zenarchy as +well as a novel about Lee Harvey Oswald, whom +Kerry knew in the Marines. Some of the early +Erisian (Discordian) writings were mimeographed +at the office of Jim Garrison, the New Orleans +District Attorney, where a friend of Kerry's worked. +Principia Discordia may be found on the Internet at +the wiretap.spies.com gopher, in the directory +Electronic Books, filed under Malaclypse the +Younger. It and the other works mentioned in this +footnote are also available from Loompanics +Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA +98368. Phone: 206-385-2230, Fax: 206-385-7785. + +[2] The NSA employee handbook notes: +"It is the policy of the National +Security Agency to prevent and +eliminate the improper use of drugs +by Agency employees and other +personnel associated with the +Agency. The term "drugs" includes +all controlled drugs or substances +identified and listed in the Controlled +Substances Act of 1970, as amended, +which includes but is not limited to: +narcotics, depressants, stimulants, +cocaine, hallucinogens and cannabis +(marijuana, hashish, and hashish oil). +The use of illegal drugs or the abuse +of prescription drugs by persons +employed by, assigned or detailed to +the Agency may adversely affect the +national security; may have a serious +damaging effect on the safety [of +yourself] and the safety of others; +and may lead to criminal +prosecution. Such use of drugs +either within or outside Agency +controlled facilities is prohibited." +A copy of this handbook may be found in the +hacker publication Phrack Magazine, No. 45, March +30, 1994, which is available on the Internet at +ftp.fc.net/pub/phrack. + +[3] Governments have always been in the drug +business, and perhaps always will be. In earlier +times, governments attempted a monopoly on drugs, +sex, and religion. But in recent years the ungodly +have stopped paying tithes, so many governments +have gotten out of the religion business, and private +competition has forced them out of the sex business. +Of the big three, most governments are left with +only drugs, which explains why drugs are politically +more important than either sex or religion. Two +references on historical drug politics are Jack +Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars, Harcourt +Bruce Jovanovich, New York, 1975, and Alfred W. +McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in +the Global Drug Trade, Lawrence Hill Books, New +York, 1991. Two references on more recent U.S. +government involvement include the well- +documented book by Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan +Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the +CIA in Central America, The University of +California Press, Berkeley, 1991, and the less well +substantiated, but provocative, Compromised: +Clinton, Bush, and the CIA, by Terry Reed & John +Cummings, Shapolsky Publishers, New York, 1994. + +[4] The following may be related, although no +charges have been filed. In 1987 Tallahassee police +traced an alleged child porn operation back to a +warehouse in Washington, D.C. The warehouse +was operated by a group called The Finders, whose +leader has an extensive background in intelligence. +Customs agents had information that was, according +to Customs and FBI documents posted on the +Internet by Wendell Minnick (author of Spies and +Provocateurs: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of +Persons Conducting Espionage and Covert Action, +1946-1991), "specific in describing 'blood rituals' +and sexual orgies involving children, and an as yet +unsolved murder in which the Finders may be +involved." The evidence included a telex which +"specifically ordered the purchase of two children in +Hong Kong to be arranged through a contact in the +Chinese Embassy there" and a photographic album. +"The album contained a series of photos of adults +and children dressed in white sheets participating in +a blood ritual. The ritual centered around the +execution of at least two goats. . . ." As the +investigation proceeded, the "CIA made one contact +and admitted to owning the Finders organization as +a front for a domestic computer training operation, +but that it had 'gone bad.' CIA defers all further +contacts to FCIA (Foreign Counter Intelligence +Agency). FCIA is distinct and autonomous +organization within FBI. . . . FCIA contacts +[Washington] MPD Intelligence and advised that all +reports regarding Finders are to be classified at the +Secret level. FCIA also advised that no information +was to be turned over to the FBI WFO [Washington +Field Office] for investigation, and that the WFO +would not be advised of the CIA or FCIA +involvement/contact." + +I've since checked with all my programming +friends, but no one remembers seeing a computer +training film involving the sacrifice of goats. + +[5] It is argued that the creation and distribution of +images of nude children should be prohibited, since +they might be used "for the purpose of sexual +stimulation or gratification of any individual who +may view such depiction" (Edward De Grazia, The +Big Chill: Censorship and the Law, Aperture, Fall +1990, page 50). Where I grew up, children +sometimes played naked. However, I guess in that +case rays of natural light seen by the human eye +underwent a mysterious *transubstantiation* that +turned the data into *pastoral innocence* before +digitized messages were sent to the brain. By +contrast, .gif files stored in a computer have not +undergone transubstantiation, and remain slimy +with evil inherited from the Original Snub. + +[6] The Justice Department's Office of General +Counsel issued a legal opinion on the First +Amendment constitutionality of ITAR restrictions +on public cryptography on May 11, 1978. The +opinion--addressed to Dr. Frank Press, the Science +Adviser to the President--concluded: "It is our view +that the existing provisions of the ITAR are +Unconstitutional insofar as they establish a prior +restraint on disclosure of cryptographic ideas and +information developed by scientists and +mathematicians in the private sector." The ITAR +regulations are also referred to as Defense Trade +Regulations. See Department of State, Defense +Trade Regulations, 22 CFR 120-130, Office of +Defense Trade Controls, May 1992. The State +Department turns all cryptology decisions over to +NSA. + +[7] Stewart A. Baker, "Don't Worry, Be Happy," +Wired Magazine, June 1994. + +[8] Remarks at Computers, Freedom and Privacy +Conference IV, Chicago, March 26, 1994. + +[9] Denning, Dorothy E., "Encryption and Law +Enforcement," Georgetown University, February +21, 1994. + +[10] Which explains, I guess, why I am no longer +able to get any smack with my pepperoni and +cheese. + +[11] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of +International Narcotics Matters, International +Narcotics Control Strategy Report, U.S. +Government Printing Office, April 1994. + +[12] Ibid. + +[13] Kimery, Anthony L., "Big Brother Wants to +Look into Your Bank Account (Any Time It +Pleases)," Wired Magazine, December 1993. + +[14] Chicago Tribune, January 20, 1995. + +[15] Timothy C. May, "The Crypto Anarchist +Manifesto," September 1992. + +[16] Steven B. Duke and Albert C. Gross, America's +Longest War: Rethinking Our Tragic Crusade +Against Drugs, Putnam, New York, 1993. + +[17] Examples may be found in Steven Wisotsky, +Beyond the War on Drugs, Prometheus Books, +Buffalo, New York, 1990. + +[18] John Powell and Ellen Hershenov, "Hostage to +the Drug War: The National Purse, The +Constitution, and the Black Community," +University of California at Davis Law Review, 24, +1991. + +[19] David B. Kopel, "Prison Blues: How +America's Foolish Sentencing Policies Endanger +Public Safety," Policy Analysis No. 208, Cato +Institute, Washington, D.C., May 17, 1994. + +[20] Milton Friedman, "Open Letter to Bill Bennet," +Wall Street Journal, September 7, 1989. + +[21] Larry Keller, "Sheriff's Office Makes Own +Crack for Drug Stings," Fort Lauderdale News & +Sun Sentinel, April 18, 1989. + +[22] The quote may be found on page 5 in Andrew +Schneider and Mary Pat Flaherty, Presumed Guilty: +The Law's Victims in the War on Drugs, reprinted +=66rom The Pittsburgh Press, August 11-16, 1991. + +[23] Melanie S. Tammen, "The Drug War vs. Land +Reform in Peru," Policy Analysis No. 156, Cato +Institute, Washington, D.C., July 10, 1991. + +[24] Rensselaer W. Lee, The White Labyrinth: +Cocaine and Political Power, Transaction, New +Brunswick, NJ, 1989. + +[25] House of Representatives, Banks Records and +Foreign Transactions concerning P.L. 95-508, +House Report 91-975, October 12, 1970. + +[26] U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on +Investigations, Crime and Secrecy: The Use of +Offshore Banks and Companies, U.S. Government +Printing Office, February 1983. + +[27] President's Commission on Organized Crime, +The Cash Connection: Organized Crime, Financial +Institutions, and Money Laundering, U.S. +Government Printing Office, October 1984. + +[28] Bank for International Settlements, Large +Value Funds Transfer Systems in the Group of Ten +Countries, May 1990. + +[29] Ernest T. Patrikis, Thomas C. Baxter Jr., and +Raj K. Bhala, Wire Transfers: A Guide to U.S. and +International Laws Governing Funds Transfer, +Probus Publishing Company, Chicago, IL, 1993. + +[30] The National Information Infrastructure: +Agenda for Action. +[31] David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Story of +Secret Writing, Macmillan, New York, 1967. + +[32] The best accessible book on the subject is +Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography, John Wiley +& Sons, New York, 1994. + +[33] It could also fail for other reasons, such as a +signature garbled in transmission (solution: resend +it), or disagreement on the hash function (solution: +adopt a common standard, such as the Secure Hash +Standard, discussed later). + +[34] The activities of the NSA were first +comprehensively surveyed in James Bamford, The +Puzzle Palace: a Report on NSA, America's Most +Secret Agency, Houghton Mifflin Company, +Boston, 1982. + +[35] David Burnham, The Rise of the Computer +State, Random House, New York, 1983. + +[36] Cryptology is divided into cryptography, the +art of secret writing (encryption), and cryptanalysis, +the art of code breaking. By analogy, thinking of +the world of banking divided into vault-keepers and +thieves. + +[37] Computer Monitor Radiation (CMR) is +involved in the plot of Winn Schwartau's *Terminal +Compromise*, the best hacker novel available. A +freeware version, replete with misspellings and +other typos, under the filename termcomp.zip, is +available by ftp or gopher from many sites. One +location is ucselx.sdsu.edu/pub/doc/etext. + +[38] Cindy Skrzycki, "Dark Side of the Data Age," +Washington Post, May 3, 1993. + +[39] Interviewed by Netta Gilboa in Gray Areas +Magazine. Interview reprinted in The Journal of +American Underground Computing, 1(7), January +17, 1995. + +[40] Attachment to memo from Wm. R. Loy 5/5/92, +(O/F)-9C1h(2)(a)-File (#4A). + +[41] I was a block away in a building with a view of +one of the World Trade Center towers when the +explosion occurred, but, along with all the Barclays +Precious Metals dealers, only found out about the +bomb when the news came across the Telerate +monitor a few minutes later. + +[42] Not that there weren't good motives for the +operation. For example, the four BATF agents slain +in the attack on the Branch Davidians were all ex- +bodyguards for the Clinton presidential campaign, +and heaven knows we've already heard *enough* +revelations from Clinton's ex-bodyguards. + +[43] INSLAW, discussed further below. + +[44] The latter statement is speculation on my part, +and I have no evidence to back it up. I am certainly +*not* referring to the following alleged sequence of +events, cited by Nicholas A. Guarino ("Money, +Fraud, Drugs, and Sex," January 26, 1995): When +Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan folds, it is +somewhere between $47 and $68 million in the +hole. The tab is settled at $65 million. One of the +biggest debtors to Madison is a Madison director, +Seth Ward, who is the father-in-law of Webb +Hubbell. Webb is Hillary Clinton's former law +partner and afterward (until April 1994) Associate +Attorney General (the Number 3 position) at the +Justice Department, who gets assigned to +investigate Whitewater. But when the Resolution +Trust Corporation (RTC) takes over Madison +Guaranty Savings & Loans, Hillary has been on +retainer to Madison for many months. The RTC +brings suit to obtain $60 million from Madison +Guaranty's debtors. But Hillary negotiates the RTC +down from $60 million to $1 million. Hillary then +gets the RTC to forgive the $600,000 debt Seth +Ward owes the RTC, leaving the RTC with +$400,000 out of the original $60 million owed. But +(surprise) Hillary does this as the counsel for the +RTC, not Madison. Her fee for representing the +RTC? $400,000, which leaves the RTC with +nothing. + +[45] Dorothy E. Denning, "The Clipper Encryption +System," American Scientist, 81(4), July/August +1993, 319-323. The NIST and the Treasury +Department's Automated Systems Division were +designated as the initial escrow agents. + +[46] Matt Blaze, "Protocol Failure in the Escrowed +Encryption Standard," AT&T Bell Laboratories, +June 3, 1994. + +[47] Ray Pollari, Memorandum for the Acting +Assistant Secretary of Defense (C31), April 30, +1993. + +[48] National Institute of Standards and Technology +(NIST), The Digital Signature Standard, Proposal +and Discussion, Communications of the ACM, +35(7), July 1992, 36-54. + +[49] American National Standards Institute, +American National Standard X9.30-199X: Public +Key Cryptography Using Irreversible Algorithms +for the Financial Services Industry: Part 1: The +Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), American +Bankers Association, Washington, D.C., March 4, +1993. + +[50] National Institute of Standards and Technology +(NIST), Secure Hash Standard (SHS), FIPS +Publication 180, May 11, 1993. + +[51] Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), +Information Security and Privacy in Network +Environments, September 9, 1994. + +[52] "TerrorDollars: Counterfeiters, Cartels and +Other Emerging Threats to America's Currency," +Washington Post, March 6, 1994. + +[53] Maggie Mahar, "Beneath Contempt Did the +Justice Dept. Deliberately Bankrupt INSLAW?," +Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly, +March 21, 1988; and "Rogue Justice: Who and +What Were Behind the Vendetta Against +INSLAW?," Barron's National Business and +Financial Weekly, April 4, 1988; U.S. Congress, +Committee on the Judiciary, The Inslaw Affair, +House Report 102-857, September 10, 1992. + +[54] Thompson's, Congress backs claims that spy +agencies bugged bank software, Thompson's +International Banking Regulator, Jan. 17, 1994. + +[55] Hayek, Friedrich A. von, Denationalisation of +Money: An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of +Concurrent Currencies, The Institute of Economic +Affairs, Lancing, 1976. + + +1995 J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 Terminal Way #3, Reno, NV +89502. Internet address: kalliste@delphi.com + + + +------------------------- Note headers follow -------------------------- +Received: by ping.at id AA09782 + (5.67b8/ping for ); Mon, 15 May 1995 02:41:28 +0200 +Return-Path: +Received: from bos1h.delphi.com(192.80.63.10) by pong.ping.at via smap (V1.3) + id sma009749; Mon May 15 02:41:05 1995 +Received: from delphi.com by delphi.com (PMDF V4.3-9 #7804) + id <01HQI8UYO1PC9I7QTO@delphi.com>; Sun, 14 May 1995 20:41:01 -0400 (EDT) diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/money_laundering_2.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/money_laundering_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..29b15e18 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/money_laundering_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@ +From: Orlin Grabbe +Newsgroups: alt.2600 +Subject: money laundering & digital cash +Date: Fri, 12 May 95 00:21:58 -0500 +Message-ID: + +[This is part II of The End of Ordinary +Money. Part I was previously posted on +the Internet, and will appear around +June 1 in the July issue of Liberty, +Box 1181, Port Townsend, WA 98368.] + +****************************************** +* Copyright 1995 J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 * +* Terminal Way #3, Reno, NV 89502. All * +* rights reserved. Internet address * +* * +****************************************** + +THE END OF ORDINARY MONEY + +Part II: Money Laundering, Electronic Cash, +and Cryptological Anonymity + +by J. Orlin Grabbe + + It was bright lights and balmy action. Thomas +Constantine, the head of the U.S. Drug Enforcement +Administration (DEA), claimed we've entered a "new world +order of law enforcement" [1]. He meant the cooperation of +British, Italian, and Spanish authorities in setting up a fake +bank in Anguilla, in the Caribbean. It was a sting to trap +money launderers. + + Like all pirate organizations, the group calculated +success by the amount of booty seized. And this cleverly +code-named "Operation Dinero" added $52 million, nine +tons of cocaine, and a number of paintings (including works +by Reynolds, Reuben, and Picasso) to official coffers. There +were also 88 arrests. In many ways it was a great scam in +classic DEA style: government officials got to keep the +goods, while taxpayers got to pay for the incarceration of up +to 88 people. + + The British Foreign Office--those wacky guys who, +you will recall, conveniently released a barrage of +information about Nazis in Argentina at the outbreak of the +Falklands (Malvinas) war, and who also helped coordinate +Operation Dinero--have since made a propaganda video +about this official foray into fraudulent banking. Among +others it stars Tony Baldry, junior minister. + + Be prepared for more of the same. The nine tons of +coke should enable the British Foreign Office and the nosy +DEA to burn the midnight oil for months to come, planning +other booty-gathering raids and video thrillers. After all, the +FATF report of 1990 encouraged international banking +stings like this one. But it isn't just the pseudo-bankers you +should worry about. + +The Banker as Snitch: the Brave New World +of Law Enforcement + + One of the precepts of the Church of the Subgenius +is: *You will pay to know what you really think* [2]. But in +the world of money-laundering, you will pay your thankless +banker to turn you in to the government. In 1993 a Federal +judge in Providence, Rhode Island, issued the longest +sentence ever given for a non-violent legal offense: he +sentenced a man to 600 years in prison for money +laundering. The individual was fingered by his Rhode Island +bankers, who then cooperated with federal agents in building +a case against him, even while the same bankers received +fees for banking services. + + American Express was recently fined $7 million for +failing to detect money laundering, and agreed to forfeit to +the U.S. Justice Department another $7 million. As part of +the settlement, the bank will spend a further $3 million in +employee education, teaching them recommended +procedures for spying on customer transactions. + + In a book about banker Edmond Safra [3], author +Bryan Burrough notes: "To truly defeat money launderers, +banks must know not only their own customers--by no +means an easy task--but their customers' customers, and in +many cases their customers' customers' customers." (p. x). +And then, as part of an argument clearing Safra's Republic +National Bank of money laundering charges, Burrough +recounts how he visited the office of the Financial Crimes +Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and talked with one of its +top officials. The official said that, on the contrary, Republic +had made "some solid suggestions about new ways the +government could track dirty money" (p. xii). + + Most have still not gotten the message that their +banker is a spy. They are still stuck in yesterday's world, +where legislation like the Right to Financial Privacy Act of +1978 allowed banks, on the one hand, to monitor their own +records and inform the government when there were +suspicious transactions in an account. On the other hand, the +bank was prohibited from identifying either the account +number or the account's owner. But the Privacy Act was +effectively gutted by the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money +Laundering Act of 1992, which gives protection from civil +liability to any financial institution, director, officer or +employee who makes a suspicious transaction report under +any federal, state or local law. The latter Act essentially +implies banks can reveal to the government any information +they want to about their customers, without fear of +prosecution. [4] + +Money Laundering--What Is It, Anyway? + + There's a specter haunting the international financial +markets: the specter of crime by nomenclature, by +theological semantics. To be sure, the faceless piece of +transaction information that makes money "money"--a useful +medium of exchange, whereby we exchange everything for +it, and avoid the direct bartering of wheelbarrows for +oranges--has been under attack before. The 60s brought us +"euro"-dollars, and the 70s "petro"-dollars. Now we have +"narco"-dollars, "terror"-dollars, and (who knows?) maybe +"kiddie-porn"-dollars. For some of the data bits stored in +banks' computers comprise "clean" money and others "dirty" +money, the latter legalistically smitten with original sin. + + As Yoga Berra might say, it's digital voodoo, all over +again. + + Since the governmental powers that be can't do much +about drug-dealing or terrorism--if only because they +themselves are the chief drug dealers and the chief terrorists- +-they have transferred these and other (often alleged) sins to +the money supply. And since every dollar is a potential +"narco" dollar or "terror" dollar, they must track each one as +best they can [5]. The fact that monetary monitoring has +done nothing to diminish either drug-dealing or terrorism is +treated of no importance, because it's all part of a larger +game. All the players can easily see that this same financial +tracking yields political side benefits in the form of social +control and government revenue enhancement. + + Anyone who has studied the evolution of money- +laundering statutes in the U.S. and elsewhere will realize that +the "crime" of money laundering boils down to a single, +basic prohibited act: *Doing something and not telling the +government about it*. But since the real Big-Brotherly +motive is a Thing That Cannot Be Named, the laws are +bogged down in prolix circumlocution, forming a hodge- +podge of lawyerly fingers inserted here and there into the +financial channels of the monetary system. + + U.S. legislation includes the Bank Secrecy Act of +1970, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, the +Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, the Anti-Drug +Abuse Act of 1988, the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money +Laundering Act of 1992, and the Money Laundering +Suppression Act of 1994. International efforts include the +UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and +Psychotropic Substances of 1988; the Basle Committee on +Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices Statement of +Principles of December 1988; the Financial Action Task +Force (FATF) Report of April, 1990 (with its forty +recommendations for action); the Council of Europe +Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation +of Proceeds of Crime of September 8, 1990; the sixty-one +recommendations of the Caribbean Drug Money Laundering +Conference of June, 1990; the agreement on EC legislation +by the European Community's Ministers for Economy and +Finance of December 17, 1990; the Organization of +American States Model Regulations on Crimes Related to +Laundering of Property and Proceeds Related to Drug +Trafficking of March 1992; and a tangled bouillabaisse of +Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs). + + "Most economically motivated criminals always have +wanted to appear legitimate," says attorney Kirk Munroe. +"What is new is the criminalization of money laundering. +The process itself now is a crime separate from the crime that +produced the money" [6]. + + Money laundering is said to be the "process by which +one conceals the *existence*, illegal source, or illegal +application of income, and then disguises that income to +make it appear legitimate" (emphasis added) [7]. Notice the +word "existence." The sentence could be construed to mean +that simply disguising the existence of income is money +laundering. But whatever money laundering is, in practice +U.S. law purports to detect it through the mandatory +reporting of cash transactions greater than or equal to a +threshold amount of US$10,000. For countries in Europe +the figure ranges from ECU 7,200 to 16,000. + + In the U.S., Section 5313 of the Banking Secrecy Act +(BSA) requires a Currency Transaction Report (CTR) of +cash deposits or transactions of $10,000 and above, which is +IRS Form 4789, and a Currency Transaction Report by +Casinos (CTRC), which is IRS Form 8362. Section 5316 of +BSA also requires a Currency or Monetary Instrument +Report (CMIR) for transport of $10,000 or more of currency +in or out of the U.S. This is Customs Form 4790. Section +5314(a) of BSA requires reporting of foreign bank or +financial accounts whose value exceeds $10,000 at any time +during the preceding year. This is called a Foreign Bank +Account Report (FBAR) and is Treasury form TDR 90-22-1. +Section 60501 of the IRS Code requires the reporting of +business transactions involving more than $10,000 cash. +These are reported on IRS Form 8300. + + Suppose you're an arms dealer in trouble and need a +criminal lawyer. You've violated those pesky ITAR +restrictions because you carried a copy of PGP on your +portable computer when you drove over to Matamoros from +Brownsville for the day, and you forgot to fill out those +customs forms, and that girl you met said she just *had* to +set up a secure channel to her cousin who works in Washington, +D.C., as an undocumented maid for a potential Cabinet +nominee . . . The lawyer charges a modest $200 an hour, so +the first month you pay him $7,000 in cash. The next month +you pay him $4,000 in cash. Under current U.S. law, the +lawyer is required to report complete information about you, +including the $11,000 total cash payment, on IRS Form +8300, and ship it off to the IRS Computing Center in Detroit, +Michigan, within fifteen days of receiving the second +payment (which put the total above the reporting threshold). +Never mind if either you or your lawyer thinks filing such a +form violates attorney-client privilege, the Sixth Amendment +right to counsel, or the Fifth Amendment right to be free +from self-incrimination. For if the report is not made, and +the IRS finds out about it and penalizes and/or prosecutes +your lawyer, the courts will most probably back up the IRS. +[8] + + The scope and arrogance of the money-laundering +statutes knows no bounds. The Kerry Amendment to the +Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 demands that *foreign nations +must also* require financial institutions to report deposits of +US$10,000 or greater, and to make this information available +to US law enforcement. Otherwise the President is directed +to impose sanctions against non-cooperative countries. [9] + + Having extended the concept of evil to a vaguely +defined practice called "money laundering," and having put +in a detection system to help trace it, the laws have +proceeded to make evasion of the monitoring system evil +also. This tertiary evil may be found in the practice of +"smurfing" or "structuring," which is basically any method of +spreading cash among accounts or across time to avoid the +$10,000 reporting threshold. Structuring is defined in a 1991 +amendment to the Bank Secrecy Act thusly: "Structure +(structuring). . . . a person structures a transaction if that +person, acting alone, or in conjunction with, or on behalf of +other persons, conducts or attempts to conduct one or more +transactions in currency in any amount, at one or more +financial institutions, on one or more days in any manner, for +the purpose of evading the reporting requirements . . . 'In any +manner' includes, but is not limited to, the breaking down of +a single sum of currency exceeding $10,000 into smaller +sums, including sums at or below $10,000, or the conduct of +a transaction or series of transactions, including transactions +at or below $10,000. The transaction or transactions need +not exceed the $10,000 reporting threshold at any single +financial institution on any single day in order to constitute +structuring within the meaning of this definition" [10]. + + And what does the government do with the +information it collects? When your lawyer's Form 8300 +reaches the IRS Computing Center in Detroit, it will be +entered into the Treasury Financial Data Base (TFDB). +Similarly, if you cross a U.S. border with more than $10,000 +cash, you will fill out Customs Form 4790. This form will +be sent off to customs' San Diego Data Center, and it too will +eventually show up in TFDB. These and other forms will +now be available on-line in the Treasury Enforcement +Communications System (TECS II). The TFDB data will +also be processed through the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence +(AI) System, which is trained to identify suspicious +transaction patterns. + + So when you deal in cash, expect to give a note to the +government, a crumb to the friendly FinCEN AI. But AI has +a voracious appetite, so the reporting doesn't stop with cash. +The heart of any modern monetary system is the digital +transfer of electronic money through the telecommunication +links among bank computers. Internationally, banks are +connected by a computer messaging system operated by the +Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial +Telecommunication (SWIFT). Domestically, banks within a +country use equivalents of the U.S. clearing systems operated +by the Federal Reserve (Fedwire) and the Clearing House +Interbank Payments System (CHIPS). A Federal Reserve +Policy Statement of December 23, 1992 asks financial +institutions to include (if possible) complete information on +the sender and recipient of large payment orders sent through +Fedwire, CHIPS and SWIFT. "Historically, law enforcement +efforts to curtail money laundering activities have focused on +the identification and documentation of currency-based +transactions; however, recent investigations have focused on +the use of funds transfer systems," the statement notes. + + The focus on funds transfer brings in the resources of +the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). The NSA has +been monitoring civilian communications ever since it +installed IBM computers at Menwith Hill in the U.K. in the +early 60s to keep track of international telex messages. NSA +tentacles are now ensconced not only in transatlantic +communications, but also in Pacific satellite transmissions, +the regional Bell System offices, the SWIFT messaging +system, the CHIPS clearing computers in Manhattan, and +Fedwire. In addition, a satellite surveillance system picks up +high frequency transmissions of specially constructed +computer chips which are activated by certain types of +transactions-oriented financial software. U.S. agencies are +not alone in financial monitoring. As a trivial additional +example, the Council of Europe has recommended Interpol +be given access to SWIFT to assist in money-laundering +detection [11]. + +PROMIS Land + + When they hear the term "money laundering," many +automatically think of Miami, London, Hong Kong, or +Panama City. How about Arkansas? According to what +Money Laundering Bulletin calls The Greatest Story Never +Told, an "archive of more than 2000 documents . . . allege +that western Arkansas was a centre of international drug +smuggling in the early 1980s--perhaps even the headquarters +of the biggest drug trafficking operation of all time" [12]. +Perhaps that is why it was in Arkansas that modifications +were made to the stolen PROMIS software system to enable +it to spy on banking transactions. For where there are drugs, +there must be money laundering, or so one can suppose. +Curiously, however, some of the same set of characters were +apparently involved on all sides: in drug running, money +laundering, and also in the theft and modification of the +PROMIS system. (I will leave it to someone with more +money, guns, and lawyers than I have to bring that part of the +story to light, and will not pursue it further here.) + + The PROMIS software was created by the +Washington, D.C.-based software company Inslaw for a +single purpose: to track people. It was initially designed for +the use of federal prosecutors. Want to know who the judge +was on a particular case? Ask PROMIS. Now want to know +all the similar cases that same judge has heard? Ask +PROMIS again. How about all the accused money launderers +a particular attorney has defended? And so on. But after the +Justice Department acquired the PROMIS software by +"trickery, deceit, and fraud," and installed it in most of its +regional offices, the system was modified and sold to +foreign intelligence organizations, then modified again and +sold to banks. + + To see the relationship among these different uses, +apparently diverse as they may appear, consider the +following items of information about Joe Blowup who lives +in Sacramento: + + Item 1: Monday, June 3. + Master Charge record of + payment by Joe Blowup for + lunch at the Cliff House in San + Francisco. + + Item 2: Wednesday, June 5. + Motor vehicle records + show an automobile registered + to Joe Blowup is involved in a + minor accident in Barstow. + + Item 3: Saturday, June 8. + Check for $3,000 made out + to Pierre "C-4" Plastique is + deposited in Pierre's account in + Glendale Federal Savings, and + clears against Joe Blowup's + First Interstate account in + Sacramento on Tuesday, June 11. + +Who might be interested in this computer-sorted +chronology? + + Firstly, anyone wanting to track Joe Blowup's +movements. He was in San Francisco on Monday and in +Barstow on Wednesday. The sequence also generates +obvious questions for further investigation. Did he meet +Jacque in Barstow and give him the check there, or did he +drive on to Los Angeles? What is the check payment for? +And who did Joe Blowup have lunch with in San Francisco? +In order to generate relevant questions like these, federal +agents, spies, and other detectives all want a copy of this neat +software. + + Secondly, banks and other financial institutions. +Notice that, in fact, most of the information is financial. +That's because financial institutions keep carefully detailed +transaction records, and over the years they've become +increasingly sophisticated in doing so. There is nothing +nefarious in this per se. If I go to a bank to get a loan, the +bank has a right to make an evaluation as to whether I will +repay it. They are principally concerned with 1) ability to +pay, and 2) willingness to pay--and to make this evaluation, +they rely on current and historical information. In the +example here, none of the items is of interest to banks, +unless that accident in Barstow created a financial liability +which would affect Joe Blowup's ability to repay other loans. +But if the (modified) PROMIS software organizes banking +transactions in a nice way, then banks want a copy of it also. + + Thirdly, tax authorities. Do Joe Blowup's financial +records indicate a pattern of rather more income than he has +been reporting? Or, in the case of doubt (and this is the fun +part), is there a record of assets the IRS can seize in the +meantime? The IRS wants a copy of the software so they +can better understand Joe Blowup's--and your--spending +patterns, even though present IRS files already put private +credit bureaus like TRW and Equifax to shame. + + In the decade of the 1980s, intelligence organizations +around the world salivated over the ability of the PROMIS +software to track terrorists, spies, political opponents, and +attractive models. Aside from distribution to almost all the +U.S. three-letter agencies, PROMIS was sold to intelligence +organizations in Canada, Israel, Singapore, Iraq, Egypt, +and Jordan among others. In addition, the DEA, through its +proprietary company, Eurame Trading Company Ltd. in +Nicosia, Cyprus, is said to have sold PROMIS to drug +warrior agencies in Cyprus, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, and +Turkey. PROMIS was also converted for use by the British +Navy in connection with its nuclear submarine intelligence +data base. [13] + + But there was more to these sales than the simple +desire of the cronies of Ed Meese and Hillary Clinton to +make a fast buck, important as the latter motive may be. The +sale was itself an intelligence operation. As former Attorney +General Elliot Richardson noted, "One important motive for +the theft of Enhanced PROMIS may have been to use it as a +means of penetrating the intelligence and law enforcement +agencies of other governments. The first step in this scheme +was the sale to the foreign government of a computer into +which had been inserted a microchip capable of transmitting +to a U.S. surveillance system the electronic signals emitted +by the computer when in use. Enhanced PROMIS has +capabilities that make it ideally suited to tracking the +activities of a spy network. Several INSLAW informants +formerly affiliated with United States and Israeli intelligence +agencies claim that both the United States and Israel have +relied on 'cutout' companies to provide ongoing support for +the PROMIS software" [14]. Of course, what can be done +with foreign intelligence computers can also be done with +banking computers, and at least one of these "cutout +companies" is a major provider of banking software. [15] + +The Gathering Storm + + All of these efforts--the legal reporting mechanisms, +the spying by bankers, and the supplementary activities of +organizations like FinCEN, NSA and Interpol--fly in the face +of a contrary technological and social development: +*anonymous digital cash made possible by advances in +cryptology*. + + The principal opponents of any contemplated system +of encrypted digital cash are the money-laundering laws and +the Leviathan that feeds off them. The edicts against money- +laundering represent a broader attempt to make all financial +transactions transparent, while the aim of anonymous digital +cash is to keep financial activities private. People-monitoring +systems such as those utilizing PROMIS track individuals by +the electronic trails they leave throughout the financial +system. But anonymous digital cash is specifically designed +to make such tracks virtually invisible. + + Money laundering, Barry A. K. Rider frankly offers +as a definition, "amounts to a process which obscures the +origin of money and its source" [16]. On that basis, the +pursuit of anonymity in financial transactions *is* money +laundering. + + At the beginning of the 90s, money laundering was +an offense in only four states of the (then) twelve members +of the European Union. Now all twelve have a law making it +a crime. In a scramble to justify continued large budgets, +intelligence organizations have hopped on the anti-money- +laundering bandwagon. The U.K. intelligence service MI5, +in an attempt "to justify its existence after reviewing its +future in the light of a probable reduction in counter-terrorist +operations in Northern Ireland," has been "pressing for a +change in the law which would see it involved in countering +drug-trafficking, money laundering, computer hacking, +nuclear proliferation and animal rights groups--a far cry, say +police, from its original remit to 'protect national security' " +[17]. Even accountants are getting in on the act. The +Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia has issued "a +set of guidelines on money laundering, including a +recommendation that client confidentiality take second place +to public interest if an accountant suspects laundering is +occurring" [18]. + + So the coming battle over financial footprints is +inevitable, and perhaps inevitably bloody. But in the end it +is the money-laundering regulations that will have to go. +Firstly, advances in the technology of anonymity are putting +financial privacy within the reach of everyone. Secondly, +there is a growing awareness that the existing laundering +statutes have little or no effect on terrorism or drug dealing, +but instead are related to an upswing in government- +sponsored harassment of targeted political groups. + +Electronic Finance 101 + + Many of the basic features of electronic cash-- +variously referred to as "ecash", "digital cash", "digital +money", and so on--may sound novel to those unfamiliar +with the financial markets. But much of the financial system +is already on an electronic basis, and has been so for years. + + To see why, consider the foreign exchange market +[19]. This is a largely interbank market for trading the +currency of one country for the currency of another: dollars +for pounds, dollars for yen, and so on. But if I, as an +interbank trader, sell U.S. dollars for British pounds, what +are the actual logistics of the transfer? Consider the problems +that would be imposed by a cash-based market. The standard +transaction size in the foreign exchange market is an amount +of currency equivalent to US $1 million. A US $20 bill +weighs about 1 gram. So, if transacted in cash, the +$1,000,000 (50,000 bills) would weight approximately 50 +kilograms or 110 pounds. Imagine the cost involved in such +a transaction if in order to sell dollars for pounds I had to fill +up a suitcase with $20 bills, lug the 110-pound suitcase to a +Manhattan taxi, take a long ride to Kennedy Airport, fill out +a CMIR form and check my baggage, arrive at Heathrow +seven hours later, retrieve my baggage, go through customs, +and catch a cab to the appropriate British bank in central +London. Once there I would pick up the equivalent in +pounds sterling and reverse the whole process. + + There's a problem with this scenario: *transactions +costs*. Anyone trying to change dollars into pounds will go +to some other bank where he doesn't have to pay for my +plane tickets and cab fares, not to mention my courier salary +and that lunch I had at the Savoy before I headed back to +New York. + + (In the present markets for cocaine and heroin it is +hard to reduce transactions costs, because the weight of the +drugs is less than the weight of the cash proceeds. In the +early 80s, cash bills were actually loaded into suitcases and +moved around. To save time and money, however, the cash +wasn't counted. After a spot check of bills for denomination +and authenticity, the suitcases were simply *weighed* to +determined the total value. This measurement was accurate +to within a few dollars--close enough. But foreign exchange +trading isn't illegal and doesn't, and can't, happen this way.) + + To see how international money transfers really +work, consider the case of a Greek immigrant, who has +opened a restaurant in Boston, has made a little money, and +wants to send some cash to the folks back home. In earlier +days he probably would have gone down to the Western +Union office and handed the attendant cash to "wire" to his +mother in Athens. The Western Union office in Boston +would put the cash in its safe, or perhaps deposit it in a +Boston bank, and would meanwhile send a message to the +Athens office: "Give so-and-so X dollars" (or, more likely, +"Y drachmas"). That is, the cash received was not the same +as the cash sent. All that was sent was a message. But no +one cared, because cash itself is *fungible*: the dollar that +is taken out is interchangeable with, but not the same as, the +dollar that was put in. The bills are also not *registered*: +no particular name is associated with any particular serial +number. + + In this example, bills were put into the safe at one end +of the transaction, and different bills were taken out at the +other. Consider now a slight modification to this scenario: +Eurobond trading. Eurobonds are generally placed in the +depository systems operated by Euroclear in Brussels or +Cedel in Luxembourg. Once bonds are in the vault, they +generally stay there, because of transactions costs. If a trader +in Frankfurt sells a GM eurobond with a coupon of 7 1/8 +percent and maturing in 2012 to a trader in London, they +both send messages to Euroclear. Euroclear compares the +two set of instructions, checks the cash balance of the +London trader, then switches the computer label of +ownership of the bond to the London trader, and the +ownership of the requisite cash to the Frankfurt trader. +Again, however, the bonds are not registered, and are +fungible within the parameters of a particular issue. There +may be several thousand GM eurobonds with a coupon of 7 +1/8 percent and maturing in 2012, and the London trader +owns one of them, but his ownership is not attached to a +particular bond serial number. [20] + + This is pretty much the way the foreign exchange +market works. If a New York bank deals dollars for +deutschemarks with a London bank, they send each other +confirmations through SWIFT. Then the New York bank +will turn over a dollar deposit in New York to the London +bank, while the London bank will turn over a deutschemark +deposit in Frankfurt to the New York bank. The Frankfurt +bank simply switches the name of the owner of the +deutschemarks from the London bank to the New York bank. +The New York bank now owns X-number of fungible, +unregistered (but completely traceable) deutschemarks at the +Frankfurt bank. + + "I remember my shock when I learned that the fastest +way for two banks in Hong Kong to settle a dollar +transaction was to wire the money from Hong Kong to New +York and back again," said Manhattan assistant district +attorney John Moscow [21]. He was shocked because he +didn't understand how the process works. The "wired" +dollars were sitting in New York all along as numbers in a +bank computer, originally labeled as owned by the first Hong +Kong bank. After the transaction is completed, they are still +in the same place, but labeled as owned by the second Hong +Kong bank. There is nothing mysterious about this at all. + + Now let's modify the basic scenario again: Yankee +bond trading. Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds +issued by non-U.S. citizens in the U.S. bond market. Yankee +bonds are registered. If you buy a bond, your name is +attached to a particular bond with a particular serial number. +If someone steals the bond, he will not be able to receive +interest or principal, because his name is not attached to the +bond serial number. So when Yankee bonds are traded, the +seller's name is removed from the serial number of the bond +being sold, and the buyer's name is attached. + + To this point we have talked about things that +potentially exist in physical form. I can take a bond out of +the vault, or I can cash in my electronic deutschemarks for +printed bills. The final modification to these various +scenarios is to get rid of the physical paper entirely. Such +purely electronic creatures already exist: U.S. Treasury bills- +-short-term debt instruments issued by the U.S. government. +You buy, for example, a $10,000 T-bill at a discount, and it +pays $10,000 at maturity. But you don't see printed T-bill +certificates, because there aren't any. T-bills are electronic +entries in the books of the Federal Reserve System. You can +trade your T-bill to someone else by having the Fed change +the name of the owner, but you can't stuff one in your pocket. +You can "wire" your T-bill from one bank to another, +because the "wire" is just a message that tells the Federal +Reserve bank to switch the name of the owner from one +commercial bank to another. + +Smart and Not-So-Smart Cards + + In the previous section we saw that most of the +financial system is already on an electronic basis. And we +understand that "wiring" money doesn't at all correspond to +the mental image of stuffing bills down an electrical wire or +phone line. To bring this story closer to home, let's consider +how most of us use a computer and a modem on a daily basis +to make financial transactions. Even if we don't own a +computer. Or a modem. Let's talk about smart and dumb +cards--ATM cards, credit cards, phone cards, and much +more. + + Some "smart cards" have microprocessors and are +actually smart (and relatively expensive). They are really +computers, but missing a keyboard, video screen, and power +supply. Others, such as *laser optical* cards and *magnetic +stripe* cards, are chipless and only semi-smart. + + Laser optical cards are popular in Japan, and can hold +up to 4 megabytes of data--enough for your tax and medical +files and extensive genealogical information besides. The +cards are a sandwich, usually a highly reflective layer on top +of a nonreflective layer. A laser beam is used to punch holes +through the reflective layer, exposing the nonreflective layer +underneath. The presence or absence of holes represents bits +of information. A much weaker laser beam is then used to +read the card data. You can later mark a file of information +as deleted, or turn it into gibberish, but you can't reuse the +area on the card. + + Magnetic stripe cards, popular everywhere, doesn't +hold much information. An ATM card is one example. Data +is recorded on the magnetic stripe on the back of the card +similar to the way an audio tape is recorded. There are three +tracks--the first of which is reserved for airline ticketing [22]. +This track holds up to 79 alphanumeric characters including +your name and personal account number (PAN). The ATM +doesn't actually use the first track for transactions, but it may +read off your name, as when it says, "Thank you, Joe +Blowup, for allowing me to serve you." The second track +contains up to 40 numerical digits, of which the first 19 are +reserved for your PAN, which is followed by the expiration +date. The third track will hold 107 numerical digits, starting +again with your PAN, and perhaps information related to +your PIN (personal identification number, or "secret +password"), along with other information, all of which +potentially gets rewritten every time the track is used. + + The ATM machine into which you insert your card is +itself a computer. The ATM typically has both hard and +floppy drives, a PC mother-board which contains the +microprocessor, and a power supply--as well as drawers for +deposits, cash, and swallowed cards. If the ATM is "on-line" +(i.e. one that is connected to a distant central bank computer, +which makes all the real decisions), then it also has a modem +to communicate over phone lines with the central computer. +When you make a request for cash, the ATM machine +compares your password to the one you entered. If they are +the same, it then takes your request and your PAN, encrypts +(hopefully) the information, and sends it on to the central +computer. The central computer decrypts the message, looks +at your account information, and sends an encrypted message +back to the ATM, telling it to dispense money, refuse the +transaction, or eat your card. + + In between the ATM and the authorizing bank is +usually a controller, which services several ATMs. The +controller monitors the transaction, and routes the message +to the correct authorization processor (bank computer). +Some transactions, for example, will involve banks in +different ATM networks, and the transaction will have to be +transferred to a different network for approval. The +controller would also generally monitor the status of the +different physical devices in the ATM--to see that they are +operating properly and that the ATM is not being +burglarized. + + Consider some of the security problems in this +framework. The first duty of the local ATM is to verify +you've entered the correct PIN. A typical way of doing this is +to recreate your PIN from your card information and then to +compare it to the one you entered. + + Here is a general example of how PINs are created +(there are many variations). The bank first chooses a secret +16-digit "PIN key" (PKEY). This key will be stored in the +ATM's hardware. The PKEY is then used as a DES- +encryption key to encrypt 16-digits of your account number, +which the ATM reads off your card. The result of the +encryption is a 16-digit hexadecimal (base 16) number. +Hexadecimal numbers uses the digits 0 to 9 and also the +letters A to F (the latter standing for the decimal numbers 10 +to 15). Next a table is used to turn the 16-digit hexadecimal +number back into a 16-digit decimal number [23]. The first +four numbers of the resulting 16-digit number are the +"natural PIN". (If you are allowed to choose your own PIN, +a four digit "offset" number is created, and stored on the +third track of your ATM card. This offset will be added to +the natural PIN before it is compared to the one you entered +at the ATM keyboard.) + + Since this comparison between the natural and +entered PIN is done locally in the ATM hardware, the +customer's PIN is not transmitted over phone lines. This +makes the process relatively more secure, assuming no one +knows the PKEY. But if an evil programmer knows the +PKEY, he can create a valid PIN from any customer's +account number. (Customer account numbers can be found +by the hundreds on discarded transaction slips in the trash +bin.) He can easily and quickly loot the ATM of its cash +contents. + + The security problems worsen when the ATM gets a +"foreign" card. A foreign card is essentially any card from +any bank other than the one that runs the ATM. The local +ATM does not know the PKEYs of these other banks, so the +PIN which is entered at the ATM must be passed on to a +bank that can authorize the transaction. In this process, the +account number and PIN will be encrypted with a +communication key (COMKEY), and then passed from the +ATM to the ATM controller. Next the account number and +PIN will be decrypted at the controller, and then re-encrypted +with a network key (NETKEY) and sent on to the proper +bank. + + Foreign PINs give the evil programmer three +additional possibilities for defeating security. The first way +is to get hold of the COMKEY. He then taps the line +between the ATM and the controller, and siphons off +account number/PIN pairs. A second possibility is to get +access to the controller, because the account number/PIN +pairs may be temporarily in the clear between encryptions. +The third possibility is to obtain the NETKEY, and tap the +line between the controller and the foreign network. [24] + + The COMKEY and NETKEY are generally +transmitted over phone lines, so the chances of acquiring +them are pretty good. These two encryption keys are +themselves usually transmitted in an encrypted form, *but the +keys used to encrypt them are sometimes sent in the clear*. +Thus while banks are generally somewhat careful with their +own customers, they are often quite helpful in giving rip-off +artists access to the customers of other banks. The evil +programmer simply reads off the encryption keys, uses them +to decrypt the COMKEY and NETKEY, which are in turn +used to decrypt account numbers and PINs. + + The way to solve these security problems is to use +smart cards and public key cryptography. Banks can transmit +their public keys in the open without worrying about evil +wire-tapping programmers. Customer messages encrypted +with a bank's public key can only be decrypted with the +bank's private (secret) key. Digital cash issued by the bank +can be signed with the bank's private key, and anyone will be +able to check that the cash is authentic by using the bank's +public key. In addition, the bank will not be able to +repudiate cash signed in this way, because only the bank had +access to its own secret key. Communications between ATM +machines and bank computers can also take place with +randomly-generated encryption keys that can be determined +by each of the two parties, but which cannot be discovered +by someone who listens in on both sides of the traffic. [25] + +Are Smart Cards the Mark of the Beast? + + Besides optical and magnetic stripe cards, there are +two types of "chip" cards. Chip cards are basically any cards +with electronic circuits embedded in the plastic. One type of +chip card, called a memory (or "wired logic") card, doesn't +have a microprocessor and isn't any smarter than the cards +we discussed previously. Prepaid phone cards are of this +type. They may have about 1K of memory, and can execute +a set of instructions, but can't be reprogrammed. + + Then there are the truly smart cards that have a +microprocessor and several kilobytes of rewritable memory. +Smart cards allow for greatly increased security, since access +to their data is controlled by the internal microprocessor. +And there can be built-in encryption algorithms. This +versatility has made smart cards controversial. + + The negative reputation arises from certain cases +where smart cards were imposed by force, as well as from +smart-card storage of biometric data. The use of smart cards +became a prerequisite for Marines to receive paychecks at +Parris Island, S.C. Finger-print based smart-card ID systems +were implemented by the Los Angeles Department of Public +Social Services and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization +Service. The "Childhood Immunization" bill, introduced by +Sen. Ted Kennedy (D-MA), would have tracked vaccination +of all children under six years of age, together with at least +one parent, across geographical areas through smart cards +Access control at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford +Site requires smart card badges which store the cardholder's +hand geometry. Security access through retinal scan patterns +stored in smart card memory have been tested at the Sandia +National Laboratory. + + Visa recently announced plans for creating an +"electronic purse." The purse would be a reloadable spending +card. You would charge the card up at an ATM machine, +where it would suck some cash value out of your account, +and store it in memory. You would then use the card instead +of cash to make small purchases. Visa is attracted by the +estimate that consumer cash transactions in the U.S. are +about five times the size of bank-assisted transactions (those +that use checks, credit cards, and debit cards). Visa has been +joined in this endeavor by a consortium that includes +VeriFone, the leading supplier of point-of-sale transaction +systems, and Gemplus, the leading manufacturer of smart +cards. + + There may be increased security in the use of an +electronic purse, but it is not clear how replenishing one's +card balance at an ATM is any more convenient for the user +than getting cash at an ATM. Since Visa is not advertising +the privacy aspects of electronic purse payments, one must +assume this feature was omitted in the planning. Hence a +cynic could conclude that the "electronic purse" is little more +than a Rube Goldberg device which, by substituting for cash, +will create a better set of PROMIS-type transaction records. + + These and other examples suggest possible uses of +smart cards for more general surveillance and social control. +The truly paranoid envision the use of a single smart card for +every financial transaction, medical visit, and telephone call. +This information would be sent directly to a common +PROMIS-like data base, which would constitute a record of +all your activities. In addition, "your card could be +programmed to transmit its identification code whenever you +use it. So you (or your card, anyway) could be instantly +located anywhere on earth via the satellite-based Global +Positioning System" [26]. + + But smart cards don't have to be used this way. +Recall that mainframe computers once appeared destined to +turn the average citizen into Organization Man, a creature to +be folded, spindled and mutilated in lieu of IBM's punched +cards. The advent of the personal computer, however, +showed the same technology could be a tool of individual +freedom and creativity. + + There is nothing intrinsically evil in storing a great +deal of information about ourselves, our finances, and our +current and future plans. That is, after all, exactly why some +of us carry around portable computers. But in this case the +use of the computer is voluntary, and we ourselves control +both access to, and the content of, the information. The same +principle applies to smart cards. It is smart cards more than +any other aspect of banking technology, I believe, that will +allow for financial privacy through cryptology, for +anonymous and secure digital cash transactions. It's simply a +matter of taking control of the technology and using it to +enhance personal freedom. + + +Electronic Cash the Way It Ought To Be + + Suppose we had it our way. Suppose we sat down to +create digital cash that had all the right properties. What +would these be? Think of the attractive properties of +currency--physical cash. [27] + + 1) Physical cash is a portable medium of exchange. +You carry it in your pocket to give to people when you make +purchases. The digital equivalent of this process could be +provided by smart cards, which would have the mobility of +physical cash and even improve on it. The weight of +$1,000,000 in digital money is the same as the weight of $1. + + 2) You would want the ability to make digital cash +payments off-line, just like you can with physical cash. A +communication link between every store you shop at and +your bank's authorization computer shouldn't be required. +Moreover, if digital cash is to have all the desirable qualities +of physical cash, you should be able to transfer digital cash +directly to another smart-card-carrying individual. Smart +cards that could connect directly to other smart cards would +be ideal in this respect, and would represent an improvement +over physical cash. Even if everyone observed two smart +cards communicating, they would have no way of knowing +whether the transaction involved $5 or $50,000. There +would be no need to slide money under the table. + + 3) Digital cash should be independent of physical +location--available everywhere and capable of being +transferred through computer and other telecommunication +channels. So we want a smart card that can jack into the +communication nodes of the global information network. +One should be able to pop into a phone booth to make or +receive payments. + + 4) Got change for a dollar for the quarter slots in the +pool table? Just as we "make change" or divide physical +currency into subunits, so should electronic cash be divisible. +Is this a problem? Hmm. Electronic calculators can perform +an operation know as division, and so can third-graders. So +smart cards ought to be able to handle this also, even if it +presents a few difficulties for theoretical cryptology. + + 5) To be secure against crooks and rip-off artists, +digital cash should be designed in such a way that it can't be +forged or reused. We wouldn't want people spending the +same money twice, or acting as their own mini-Federal +Reserve Systems and creating money from nothing. This +cryptological problem is different between on-line and off- +line cash systems. In on-line systems the bank simply checks +whether a piece of cash has been spent before. + + Proposed off-line systems rely on a framework +developed by David Chaum. Chaum has been the preeminent +cryptological researcher in the field of digital cash [28]. In +his framework for off-line systems, one can double-spend the +same piece of digital cash only by losing one's anonymity. +This has considerable value, because the bank or the person +defrauded, knowing the identity of the devious double- +spender, can send out a collection agent. + + But I consider this way of enforcing the "no double- +spending" rule a serious flaw in Chaum's framework. +Catching thieves and rip-off artists is not the comparative +advantage of either banks or the average citizen. (Banks are +usually only good at providing transactions services, and +charging interest and fees.) Would you really want to see, +say, The First Subterranean Bank of Anonymous Digital +Cash merge with the Wackenhut Corporation? Luckily, +however, there are alternative approaches that will prevent +double-spending from ever taking place [29]. + + 6) The most important requirement for individual +freedom and privacy is that digital cash transactions should +be untraceable, yet at the same time enable you to prove +unequivocally whether you made a particular payment. +Untraceable transactions would make impossible a PROMIS- +type data sorting of all your financial activities. In Joe +Blowup's financial chronology, discussed previously, you +wouldn't be able to connect Joe Blowup's name to any of his +purchases. Similarly, no one would know about the money +you wired to Lichtenstein, your purchase of Scientology e- +meters and the banned works of Maimonides, or your +frequent visits to the Mustang Ranch. Privacy-protected off- +line cash systems can be made nearly as efficient as similar +systems that don't offer privacy. + +Parallel Money Systems + + To set up a digital cash service meeting these +requirements, you would need to buy the rights to use patents +held by David Chaum and RSA, or equivalent rights, and +then set up a bank to issue accounts and smart cards in a +legal jurisdiction where the service won't run foul of the local +banking and money-laundering laws. Of course, in many +other countries the money-laundering statutes will be quickly +amended in an attempt to apply the same reporting +requirements to anonymous digital cash transactions as +currently apply to currency transactions. Such laws will +probably generate little compliance. [30] Since the +transactions in question are unconditionally untraceable, +there won't be any evidence of wrong-doing. + + The system of anonymous digital cash will arise as a +parallel system to the existing one of ordinary money. +Therefore there will be a record of the initial entry into the +anonymous system. For example, you might write a $10,000 +check drawn on Citibank to The First Subterranean Bank of +Anonymous Digital Cash. This check will be recorded, but +no subsequent transactions will be traceable, unless you +make transfers back out into the ordinary banking world. +Over time, as more people begin to use the anonymous cash +system, some wages will be paid in anonymous digital cash. +This will enable all income transactions, as well as +expenditures, to take place entirely outside the ordinary +monetary system. + + Since the anonymous cash system will exist parallel +to the existing system, a floating exchange rate will be +created by market transactions between ordinary money and +anonymous money. Think, by analogy, of a currency board. +Such a board issues domestic currency through the purchase +of foreign "hard" currencies. In the same way, anonymous +digital cash will be issued through the purchase of ordinary +cash or bank deposits. That is, when you make a deposit at +The First Subterranean Bank of Anonymous Digital Cash, +First Subterranean will issue you an anonymous digital cash +account, and will in turn acquire ownership of the ordinary +money. The exchange ratio will not necessarily be one-for- +one. Anonymous digital cash that does not meet some of the +ease-of-use requirements listed previously may exchange for +less than 1 ordinary dollar. On the other hand, digital cash +that meets all those requirements will trade at a premium, +because anonymous digital cash has enhanced privacy +aspects. Money launderers, for example, currently get about +20 percent of the value of money that is made anonymous. +That represents an exchange rate of 1.25 "dirty" dollars for +one "clean" dollar. The market will similarly determine the +exchange ratio between ordinary and anonymous digital +money. + + In the 1960s various tax and regulatory burdens, and +political risk considerations, gave rise to a new international +money market, the eurodollar market, which was created +specifically to get around these regulatory and political road- +blocks [31]. When a junior staff member of the Council of +Economic Advisors named Hendrik Houthakker discovered +the eurodollar market's existence, he thought it was an +important development, and recommended that some +discussion of it be included in the annual Economic Report of +the President. "No, we don't want to draw attention to it," he +was told. When Houthakker himself later became a member +of the Council under Nixon, he made sure the Report +included a discussion of the euromarkets. But it was only +much later, in the mid-70s, that the Report said, in a burst of +honesty: "The emergence and growth of the Eurodollar +market may be viewed as a classic example of free market +forces at work, overcoming obstacles created by regulations, +and responding to market incentives to accommodate various +needs" [32]. + + In a similar way it will be said in some future Report, +that "the emergence and growth of anonymous digital cash +may be viewed as a classic example of free market forces at +work, overcoming obstacles created by surveillance +technologies and money-laundering regulations, and +responding to market incentives to accommodate the public's +need for financial privacy." + + +[Part III: The Technology of Anonymous Digital Cash] + +[Don't inquire about this article for a few months. If you +don't want to see any mathematics, don't inquire at all.] + +Footnotes + +[1] Quoted in Money Laundering Bulletin, January 1995, p. +3. + +[2] Some may view this as a trade secret of the Church of the +Subgenius, so let me cite two sources of publicly available +information. Firstly, I heard it in a sermon by David Meyer, +Pope of All New York, at the Kennel Club in Philadelphia in +the fall of 1985. Secondly, it is similarly proclaimed in +Subgenius Recruitment Tape #16, which may be rented from +Kim's Video in the East Village of Manhattan. + +[3] Bryan Burrough, Vendetta: American Express and the +Smearing of Edmond Safra, HarperCollins, New York, 1992. + +[4] Sec. 1517 (c) states: "Any financial institution that +makes a disclosure of any possible violation of law or +regulation or a disclosure pursuant to this subsection or any +other authority, and any director, officer, employee, or agent +of such institution, shall not be liable to any person under +any law or regulation of the United States or any +constitution, law, or regulation of any State or political +subdivision thereof, for such disclosure or for any failure to +notify the person involved in the transaction or any other +person of such disclosure." + +[5] "A completely cashless economy *where all transactions +were registered* would create enormous problems for the +money launderers" (emphasis added), Report of the +Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, Paris, +February 7, 1990. + +[6] Kirk W. Munroe, "Money Laundering: the Latest +Darling of the Prosecutor's Nursery," law firm of Richey, +Munroe & Rodriguez, P.A., Miami, FL, 1994. + +[7] President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Cash +Connection: Organized Crime, Financial Institutions, and +Money Laundering, U.S. Government Printing Office, +October 1984. This definition is certainly more coherent +than Michael Sindona's circular statement that "laundering +money is to switch the black money or dirty money . . . to +clean money." + +The U.S. definition of money laundering is found in 18 +U.S.C. 1956, which was enacted in 1986, and strengthened +in 1988, 1990, and 1992. It sets out three categories of +offenses: transaction offenses, transportation offenses, and +"sting" offenses. + +Transaction Offenses: It is a money laundering transaction +crime for any person to conduct, or to attempt to conduct, a +financial transaction which, in fact, involves the proceeds of +specified unlawful activity, knowing that the property +involved in the transaction represents the proceeds of some +crime, and, while engaging in the transaction, with either a) +the intent to promote the carrying on of the specified +unlawful activity, or b) the intent to commit certain tax +crimes, or with the knowledge that the transaction is +designed at least in part a) to conceal or disguise the nature, +location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds, or b) +to avoid a cash reporting requirement. + +Transportation Offenses: It is a money laundering +transportation crime for any person to transport, transmit or +transfer, or to attempt to transport, transmit or transfer, a +monetary instrument or funds into or out of the U.S., and, +while engaging in the act, with either a) the intent to promote +the carrying on of specified unlawful activity, or b) the +knowledge the monetary instrument or funds represent the +proceeds of some crime, and the knowledge that the +transportation, etc., is designed, at least in part, (i) to conceal +or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control +of the proceeds, or (ii) to avoid a cash reporting requirement. + +"Sting" Offenses: It is a money laundering crime for any +person to conduct, or to attempt to conduct, a financial +transaction which involves property represented to be the +proceeds of specified unlawful activity, or property used to +conduct or to facilitate specified unlawful activity, said +representation being made by a law enforcement officer or +by another person at the direction of, or with the approval of, +a federal officer authorized to investigate or to prosecute +'1956 crimes, and, while engaging in the transaction, with +the intent to a) promote the carrying on of specified unlawful +activity, or b) conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, +ownership, or control of the property believed to be the +proceeds of specified unlawful activity, or c) avoid a cash +reporting requirement. + +[8] See Samuel J. Rabin, Jr., "A Survey of the Statute and +Case Law Pertaining to 26 U.S.C. 60501 (Forms 8300)," in +Money Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and International +Financial Crimes, by Fletcher N. Baldwin, Jr., and Robert J. +Munro, 3 vols., Oceana Publications, New York, 1994. + +[9] Section 4702 of P.L. 100-690. + +[10] 31 C.F.R. 103.11(p) (1991). + +[11] "The means should, in fact, include access by Interpol +to the telecommunications system SWIFT . . .," Draft +Explanatory Report on the Convention on Laundering, +Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from +Crime," September 8, 1990. + +[12] Money Laundering Bulletin, March 1995, p. 3. + +[13] U.S. Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, The Inslaw +Affair, House Report 102-857, September 10, 1992. + +[14] Memorandum to Judge Nicholas Bua from Elliot +Richardson, p. 34. The NSA, naturally, is not +acknowledging the existence of such a chip, much less +providing technical information. But in order to avoid +detection of the chip's transmission signal by the +organization being spied upon, the chip would be designed +so its broadcast would be masked by the general--or some +characteristic--electronic noise of the computer. This could +imply a low-probability-of-interception digital spread +spectrum (SS) communication system with a broad +bandwidth, perhaps in the range of 1 to 10 gigahertz. As a +related example of this technique, a "low level wideband SS +signal, can easily be hidden within the same spectrum as a +high power television signal where each signal appears to be +noise to the other" ("Spread Spectrum Techniques," in Geoff +Lewis, Newnes Communications Technology Handbook, +Oxford, 1994). The broadcast power requirements of such a +chip would not be large, but rather similar to a walkie- +talkie's. The information broadcast by the chip could then +either be monitored locally and re-transmitted to satellite, or +transmitted directly to a geosynchronous signals-collection +satellite such as Magnum. The Magnum and other U.S. spy +satellites are operated by the Air Force on behalf of the +National Reconnaissance Office, while NSA does the signal +processing. (I am grateful to John Pike, Director of Space +Policy & CyberStrategy Projects, Federation of American +Scientists, for advice on the information in this footnote. He +is not responsible for any errors or the specific content of any +statement.) + +[15] I have in mind an NSA operation. But after Part I of +The End of Ordinary Money was circulated, the CIA +approached my own former company (which sells banking +software) and proposed that it provide cover for their agents +to enter foreign banks. The CIA also separately offered to +pay $100,000 for the customer list of a particular bank +among the Swiss big four. + +[16] Barry A. K. Rider, "Fei Ch'ien Laundries--the Pursuit of +Flying Money," in Money Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and +International Financial Crimes. + +[17] Money Laundering Bulletin, April 1995, p. 2. + +[18] Ibid, p. 4. + +[19] Details of the foreign exchange, eurocurrency, and +eurobond markets are covered at length in J. Orlin Grabbe, +International Financial Markets, 3rd edition, Simon & +Schuster, New York, 1995. + +[20] Eurobonds are bearer bonds. So if you have the bond in +your pocket, you own it, in the same way you own the dollar +in your pocket. The same goes for interest coupons--they are +to be paid to bearer. Most eurobond-issuing companies pay +interest to Euroclear, which distributes the payments to the +owners of the bonds stored in its depository vaults. But the +companies are afraid that if the bonds are stolen, they will +have to pay the same coupons again. Hence they insist +coupons be clipped and destroyed as they are paid. When I +visited Morgan Guaranty (which operates Euroclear) in +Brussels in 1982, there were 20 employees whose full-time +job was clipping coupons. + +[21] John W. Moscow, "The Collapse of BCCI," in Money +Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and International Financial +Crimes. + +[22] Details of the card size, layout, coding, and recording +are laid out in ISO standards 7810 to 7813. The first track is +sometimes called the International Air Transport Association +(IATA) track, the second the American Bankers Association +(ABA) track, and the third the Mutual Institutions National +Transfer System (MINTS) track. + +[23] This may be as simple as assigning the numbers 0 to 5 +to the letters A to F. If this assignment is made, the +probability is three-fourths that a digit in the resulting +decimal number is one of 0 to 5, while there is only one- +fourth probability that a digit is 6 to 9. + +[24] Computer logs are often kept for each part of a +transaction. So the evil programmer doesn't have to tap lines +if he can get hold of the logs instead. + +[25] Public key encryption is implemented in the Datakey +smart card of the National Institute of Standards and +Technology. This card uses the Hitachi H8/310 processor. +Atmel and Phillips chips also include public-key encryption +hardware, and allow algorithms to be implemented by the +card's application designer. Smart and other chip card +standards are laid out in ISO 7816. (More on smart cards can +be found in Jose Luis Zoreda and Jose Manuel Oton, Smart +Cards, Artech House, Boston, 1994.) The recent ANSI X9F +standards include those for using public key systems to +secure financial transactions. The communication link would +involve two-way authentication using Diffie-Hellman key +exchange. + +[26] Clark Matthews, "Tomorrow's 'Smart Cards': Technical +Marvels That Give Government Fearful Power," reprinted +from The Spotlight, undated. + +[27] Some of the following points were broached in a +different way by T. Okamoto and K. Ohta, "Universal +Electronic Cash," Advances in Cryptology--Crypto 91, +Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992. + +[28] See David Chaum, "Achieving Electronic Privacy," +Scientific American, August 1992, pp. 96-101; "Blind +Signatures for Untraceable Payments," Advances in +Cryptology-- Crypto 82, D. Chaum, R.L. Rivest, & A.T. +Sherman (Eds.), Plenum, pp. 199-203; "Online Cash +Checks," Advances in Cryptology--Eurocrypt 89, J.J. +Quisquater & J. Vandewalle (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp. +288-293; "Efficient Offline Electronic Checks," with B. den +Boer, E. van Heyst, S. Mjxlsnes, & A. Steenbeek, Advances +in Cryptology--Eurocrypt 89, J.-J. Quisquater & J. +Vandewalle (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 294-301; +"Cryptographically Strong Undeniable Signatures, +Unconditionally Secure for the Signer" with E. van Heijst & +B. Pfitzmann, Advances in Cryptology--Crypto 91, J. +Feigenbaum (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 470-484; "Numbers +Can Be a Better Form of Cash than Paper," Smart Card +2000, D. Chaum (Ed.), North Holland, 1991, pp. 151-156; +"Privacy Protected Payments: Unconditional Payer and/or +Payee Untraceability," Smart Card 2000, D. Chaum & I. +Schaumuller-Bichl (Eds.), North Holland, 1989, pp. 69-93; +"Security Without Identification: Transaction Systems to +Make Big Brother Obsolete," Communications of the ACM, +vol. 28 no. 10, October 1985, pp. 1030-1044; "Smart Cash: +A Practical Electronic Payment System," J. Bos & D. +Chaum, CWI-Report CS-R9035, August 1990; "Untraceable +Electronic Cash," with A. Fiat, & M. Naor, Advances in +Cryptology--Crypto '88, S. Goldwasser (Ed.), Springer- +Verlag, pp. 319-327. + +[29] "[P]rior restraint of double-spending can be achieved by +using a tamper-resistant computing device that is capable of +merely performing a signature scheme of the Fiat-Shamir +type (of one's own choice), such as the Schnorr signature +scheme" (Stefan Brands, "Highly Efficient Electronic Cash +Systems," March 17, 1994.) + +[30] I highly recommend Henry David Thoreau's essay Civil +Disobedience. +.. +[31] These included the interest ceilings set by the Federal +Reserve's Regulation Q, Kennedy's Interest Equalization +Tax, and the Foreign Credit Restraint Program. See +International Financial Markets, Chapter 1. + +[32] Economic Report of the President, 1975. + +*********************************************************** +* Copyright 1995 J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 Terminal Way #3, * +* Reno, NV 89502. Internet address: kalliste@delphi.com * +*********************************************************** + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/monroe_d.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/monroe_d.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9e570ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/monroe_d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +THE MONROE DOCTRINE: + + +The Monroe Doctrine was expressed during President Monroe's +seventh annual message to Congress, December 2, 1823: + +. . . At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made +through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power +and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the +United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation +the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the +northwest coast of this continent. A similar proposal has been +made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, +which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United +States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting +the great value which they have invariably attached to the +friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the +best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to +which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by +which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for +asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of +the United States are involved, that the American continents, by +the free and independent condition which they have assumed and +maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for +future colonization by any European powers. . . + +It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great +effort was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the +condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared +to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely +be remarked that the results have been so far very different from +what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, +with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive +our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. +The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most +friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men +on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers +in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, +nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our +rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries +or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this +hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by +causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial +observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially +different in this respect from that of America. This difference +proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; +and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss +of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their +most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled +felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, +to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United +States and those powers to declare that we should consider any +attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of +this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the +existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have +not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments +who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose +independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, +acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of +oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, +by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation +of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war +between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality +at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, +and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur +which, in the judgement of the competent authorities of this +Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of +the United States indispensable to their security. + +The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still +unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced +than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on +any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by +force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such +interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question +in which all independent powers whose governments differ from +theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none +of them more so than the United States. Our policy in regard to +Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have +so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains +the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of +any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the +legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations +with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and +manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every +power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those +continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. +It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their +political system to any portion of either continent without +endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that +our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of +their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we +should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. +If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and +those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must +be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true +policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, +in hope that other powers will pursue the same course. . . . + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +VšR¥T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/morewaco.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/morewaco.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7be1438f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/morewaco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ + +Organization: Alpha Institute, Aurora, CO. + +Without permission from the Rocky Mountain News, Oct. 16, 1993. +-!---------------------------------------------------------------- +Feds Assume Powers Above and Beyond Law +by Paul Craig Roberts + + Have the police powers of our government become too great? The +government's own reports on the assault on the Branch Davidian compound in +Waco, Texas, paint a picture of law authorities running amok and +squandering the lives of scores of men, women and children. + The Treasury Department's report is by far the most critical. +It blames Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms officials for botching +the raid on the compound and then engaging in deception to hide their +mistakes. The bureau's director has resigned, and five officials have been +placed on administrative leave pending further action. + The Justice Department's report contradicts Attorney General Janet +Reno's reasons for ordering the fatal attack, but raises more questions +than it answers by exonerating all high-ranking FBI and Justice Department +officials. + But more is amiss here than a botched raid and possible +conflict of interest. Both reports gloss over many legal irregularities and + the government's hostile attitude toward the Davidians that led to the +disaster. + The Treasury's report notes that despite its shortcomings, +"the raid fit within an historic, well-established and well-defended +government interest in prohibiting and breaking up groups that sought to +arm or fortify themselves." Once the decision was made to bust up the +group, the legal niceties that constrain government behavior became +casualties. + Some of the evidence used to obtain the warrant that launched the +initial raid apparently was false or fabricated. Film footage of the +violent assault and tapes of telephone conversations with Davidian leader +David Koresh do not appear to be consistent with the government's +explanation of events leading to the fiery deaths in the compound. + The government committed more wrongs than merely proceeding with an +attack in full knowledge that the Davidians were expecting them. By not +honestly addressing these wrongs, both reports constitute a whitewash. + Something similar happened in Idaho, where federal marshals killed two +members of Randy Weaver's family after deciding that the family, living in +an isolated cabin in the mountains, constituted a dangerous gang of "white +supremacists." + Having suppressed this armed group residing within its borders, the U.S. +brought Weaver to trial. But the jury sided with Weaver and threw out the +case, and U.S. District Judge Edward Lodge excoriated the FBI for +withholding evidence about what really happened. + Like it or not, federal agents have assumed the power to decide whose +beliefs are permissible and to use deadly force to regulate the behavior of +those deemed to be outcasts. Nothing in our law gives government this +power. If we permit this illegitimate power to be used against fringe +elements, it will gain legitimacy and threaten us all. + In the post-war era, anti-communism and law-and-order issues rallied +many Americans to the defense of the state. In the process we neglected to +note that many of the means we chose also permitted the emergence of +government power that is accountable only to itself. + The Waco disaster offered an opportunity to confront this issue, but +the Treasury and Justice reports have successfully evaded it. As Rep. Don +Edwards, D., Calif., chairman of the Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil and +Constitutional Rights, observed, the governments report is "very +disappointing." + +MORE COVERUP OF MURDEROUS FBI RAID IN WACO, TEXAS + +By Gary Wilson + +The official report is in on the massacre of the Branch Davidian +sect in Waco, Texas. But the question remains: Why did the +government do it? + +The official explanation given at the time by Attorney General +Janet Reno was that the attack was ordered "because of the +children." The Justice Department investigation released Oct. 8 +contradicted this, saying "there was no evidence of child abuse at +the compound during the siege or even enough evidence to arrest Mr. +Koresh on such charges before the Feb. 28 raid." (New York Times, +Oct. 9) + +So killing all the children in order to "save" them from some +unnamed abuse was not the reason. + +The department's report is more a coverup than a revelation. The +only point that comes through is that the investigators--all from +the Justice Department which includes the FBI--concluded that the +FBI did no wrong. Deputy Attorney General Philip B. Heymann, the +supervisor of the investigation, will probably get a bonus this +year for a coverup well done. + +The report does not even attempt to answer a new and damning piece +of evidence. According to a CBS Radio news report on Oct. 9, a +videotape of the FBI attack shows a tank crashing through the house +where 75 people were burned to death. On the front of the tank is +a clearly recognizable flame thrower. + +This video, CBS said, has been shown on two TV stations. The CBS +report attempted to dismiss it by emphasizing that it is being +distributed by a person sympathetic to the Branch Davidians. + + -30- + +(Copyright Workers World Service: Permission to reprint granted +if source is cited. For more information contact Workers World, +55 West 17 St., New York, NY 10011; via e-mail: ww@blythe.org.) + + +The Washington Times +October 23, 1993 +page A3 + + New ATF chief tells panel his bureau + will be ready for Waco-like situations + +by Jerry Seper + + The newly appointed head of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and +Firearms told a House subcommittee yesterday that ATF will be +ready to handle situations similar to the raid at the Branch +Davidian compound in Texas, in which four agents were killed. + John Magaw, former director of the U.S. Secret Service, said +future actions by the agency will rely heavily on the agency's +intelligence-gathering abilities. + "The raid on the Branch Davidian complex may be a unique event, +but we are aware of similar groups and situations in other +places," Mr. Magaw told the House Appropriations subcommittee +that oversees the Treasury Department. + "The key is to work in concert with our peers to ensure we are +absolutely ready for something like this, should it occur again," +he said. + Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen named Mr. Magaw to head ATF +Sept. 30, after former ATF Director Stephen E. Higgins was forced +to resign in the wake of the Branch Davidian debacle. + In the deadliest day in ATF history, four agents were killed +and 20 others were injured when 76 agents attempted on Feb. 28 to +serve an arrest warrant on Branch Davidian cult leader David +Koresh and a search warrant for the compound. At least 10 cult +members also died. + The Treasury Department investigated the raid and later removed +five senior ATF officials from their posts. + A 501-page department report, praised by law enforcement +officials and others for its thoroughness, blamed top ATF +commanders for proceeding with the raid despite having been told +by an undercover agent that the cult members knew they were +coming. + The resulting 51-day siege at the compound ended on April 19 in +an FBI assault, during which 85 cult members, including 24 +children, were killed in a wind-swept fire that raced through the +facility. A Justice Department investigation of the FBI's +handling of the raid found no departmental blame. + Assistant Treasury Secretary Ronald K. Noble, who heads the +department's enforcement divisions, told the panel that future +actions ** when necessary ** could be curtailed to eliminate or +reduce what he described as "dynamic entries." + "Although we cannot prejudge all future situations, we must be +open to the possibility that a dynamic entry ** exposing agents, +innocent persons and children to gunfire ** may simply not be an +acceptable law enforcement option," Mr. Noble said. + Both Mr. Magaw and Mr. Noble told the subcommittee that the +truth of what happened before and during the raid came out +because rank-and-file agents were willing to tell the truth. They +said many of the public statements by the ATF leadership at the +scene were "inaccurate." + The Treasury Department's report described many of those +comments as "less than truthful" and said some of the field +commanders altered documents after the raid to cover up what they +had done or what they had been told before ordering the agents to +proceed against the cult members. + Mr. Noble characterized some of the statements as "lies." + The report has since been forwarded to the Treasury +Department's inspector general's office, which is reviewing the +actions of many of the agents involved. Department officials have +declined to say, however, what future action might be pending. + Mr. Noble suggested that news media representatives covering +similar events in the future should reconsider their methods. + The presence of reporters and cameras can affect a pending law +enforcement action ** such as the one in Waco ** and journalists +need to work with law enforcement officials to ensure that the +efforts of neither are compromised, he said. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/myvi b/textfiles.com/politics/myvi new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d544ab76 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/myvi @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +My View: Baseball +Copyright (c) 1994, Thomas Van Hook +All rights reserved + + +[Each month, a reader/writer is offered the opportunity to give his or + her viewpoint on a particular topic dear to them. If you'd like the + chance to air *Your* views in this forum, please contact Joe DeRouen + via one of the many ways listed in CONTACT POINTS elsewhere in this + issue] + + + +It Ain't Over Till It's Over And It's Over Now + by Thomas Van Hook + + + I can vaguely remember the first time I saw a Major League Baseball +game. At Riverfront Stadium (Cincinnati, Ohio), I got to watch a +double-header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Montreal Expos. It was +the first time that Tony Perez would play against his former teammates on +the Reds. On that sunny July afternoon in 1978, I got to see some of the +greatest players in the game. Cincinnati had the great Johnny Bench playing +catcher, the infamous Pete Rose playing third base, and a young +superstar-in-the-making in Ken Griffey Sr. in the outfield. Montreal had +Gary Carter behind the plate, and Tony Perez on first base. Of these +players, only Pete Rose will not make the Baseball Hall-Of-Fame, and not +because he wasn't one of the greatest players the game ever saw. It was a +very special time in the life of a 13-year old kid. My eyes were wide open +with the awe of the "greats." There were no "work-stoppages" looming over +the horizon, no "collective bargaining agreements" to ratify. But the times +did change. + + Now, instead of watching Major League Baseball players with a +reverent awe, I stare at them with a wide-eyed look of shock. While the +fans have clung to baseball as a cherished part of their lives, the players +dismiss it as nothing more than "a job." The fans have watched game after +game, knowing that they are watching history-in-the-making that they can +pass down to their kids by word of mouth. The players look at each game as +"another day at the office." There is no excitement and love for the game +of baseball in the spirit of the players. Instead, the spirit of the +players is driven by a greedy desire of money. That greed has forced the +cancellation of the World Series for the first time in ninety years. Major +League Baseball is rotting away from the inside. + + The question that is frequently asked of me is: "What will become +of baseball?" I am not sure. A prolonged strike by the players will result +in some of the most devastating financial situations for the owners since +the advent of the "Brotherhood War" in the early 1900s. Several teams look +poised for a collapse. There could be as few as three teams bankrupt at the +end of a prolonged strike. There is also the possibility that the next +elected Congress will break the Anti-Trust exemption that was awarded to +Major League Baseball by the Supreme Court. If this does happen, then +there will be a potential for the creation of a new "Player's League." +Saddly, the times are mirroring the attitudes and events in the Brotherhood +War. The loser in that fiasco was ALL of baseball. I just wonder how much +longer the fans are going to put up with the nonsense they are being fed by +the both sides in this "Baseball War." There is one thing that is certain. +Baseball will never be the same once the dust from this fight settles. + + Goodnight baseball, you will be missed. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/naftaagree.pol b/textfiles.com/politics/naftaagree.pol new file mode 100644 index 00000000..46957e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/naftaagree.pol @@ -0,0 +1,66234 @@ + + + ** NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ** + + -- Text prepared September 6, 1992 -- + + +Note: This text is currently undergoing legal review in order +to ensure the Agreement's overall consistency and +clarity. The three countries will initial the +Agreement when legal drafting is completed. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + NAFTA TABLE OF CONTENTS + + +PREAMBLE + + +PART ONE: GENERAL PART + + Chapter 1: Objectives + + Chapter 2: General Definitions + + +PART TWO: TRADE IN GOODS + + Chapter 3: National Treatment and Market Access + + Annex 300 - A: Automotive Sector + Annex 300 - B: Textiles and Apparel + + Chapter 4: Rules of Origin + + Chapter 5: Customs Procedures + + Chapter 6: Energy + + Chapter 7: Agriculture + + Subchapter A: Market Access + Subchapter B: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures + + Chapter 8: Emergency Action + + +============================================================================= + +PART THREE: TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE + + Chapter 9: Standards-Related Measures + + +PART FOUR: GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT + + Chapter 10: Government Procurement + + +PART FIVE: INVESTMENT, SERVICES + AND RELATED MATTERS + + Chapter 11: Investment + + Chapter 12: Cross-Border Trade in Services + + Chapter 13: Telecommunications + + Chapter 14: Financial Services + + Chapter 15: Competition Policy, Monopolies + and State Enterprises + + Chapter 16: Temporary Entry for Business Persons + + +PART SIX: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY + + Chapter 17: Intellectual Property + + +PART SEVEN: ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL + PROVISIONS + + Chapter 18: Publication, Notification + and Administration of Laws + + Chapter 19: Review and Dispute Settlement in Antidumping + and Countervailing Duty Matters + + Chapter 20: Institutional Arrangements + and Dispute Settlement Procedures + + +PART EIGHT: OTHER PROVISIONS + + Chapter 21: Exceptions + + Chapter 22: Final Provisions + + + + +ANNEXES I THROUGH VII + + Reservations: Chapter Eleven (Investment) + Chapter Twelve (Cross-Border Trade in Services) + Chapter Fourteen (Financial Services) + + + PREAMBLE + +The Government of Canada, the Government of the United Mexican +States and the Government of the United States of America, +resolved to: + + STRENGTHEN the special bonds of friendship and cooperation + among their nations; + + CONTRIBUTE to the harmonious development and expansion of + world trade and provide a catalyst to broader international + cooperation; + + CREATE an expanded and secure market for the goods and + services produced in their territories; + + REDUCE distortions to trade; + + ESTABLISH clear and mutually advantageous rules governing + their trade; + + ENSURE a predictable commercial framework for business + planning and investment; + + BUILD on their respective rights and obligations under the + General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and other + multilateral and bilateral instruments of cooperation; + + ENHANCE the competitiveness of their firms in global + markets; + + FOSTER creativity and innovation, and promote trade in goods + and services that are the subject of intellectual property + rights; + + CREATE new employment opportunities and improve working + conditions and living standards in their respective + territories; + + UNDERTAKE each of the preceding in a manner consistent with + environmental protection and conservation; + + PRESERVE their flexibility to safeguard the public welfare; + + PROMOTE sustainable development; + + STRENGTHEN the development and enforcement of environmental + laws and regulations; and + + PROTECT, enhance and enforce basic workers' rights; + +HAVE AGREED as follows: + + + + PART ONE + GENERAL PART + + Chapter One + + Objectives + + + +Article 101: Establishment of the Free Trade Area + + The Parties to this Agreement, consistent with Article XXIV +of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, hereby establish a +free trade area. + + +Article 102: Objectives + +1. The objectives of this Agreement, as elaborated more +specifically through its principles and rules, including national +treatment, most-favored-nation treatment and transparency are to: + + (a) eliminate barriers to trade in, and facilitate the + cross border movement of, goods and services between + the territories of the Parties; + + (b) promote conditions of fair competition in the free + trade area; + + (c) increase substantially investment opportunities in + their territories; + + (d) provide adequate and effective protection and + enforcement of intellectual property rights in each + Party's territory; + + (e) create effective procedures for the implementation and + application of this Agreement, and for its joint + administration and the resolution of disputes; and + + (f) establish a framework for further trilateral, regional + and multilateral cooperation to expand and enhance the + benefits of this Agreement. + +2. The Parties shall interpret and apply the provisions of this +Agreement in the light of its objectives set out in paragraph 1 +and in accordance with applicable rules of international law. + + +Article 103: Relation to Other Agreements + +1. The Parties affirm their existing rights and obligations +with respect to each other under the General Agreement on Tariffs +and Trade and other agreements to which such Parties are party. + +2. In the event of any inconsistency between the provisions of +this Agreement and such other agreements, the provisions of this +Agreement shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency, +except as otherwise provided in this Agreement. + + +Article 104: Relation to Environmental and Conservation +Agreements + +1. In the event of any inconsistency between this Agreement and +the specific trade obligations set out in: + + (a) Convention on the International Trade in Endangered + Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, done at Washington, + March 3, 1973; + + (b) the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the + Ozone Layer, done at Montreal, September 16, 1987, as + amended June 29, 1990; + + (c) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary + Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, done + at Basel, March 22, 1989, upon its entry into force for + Canada, Mexico and the United States; or + + (d) the agreements set out in Annex 104.1, + +such obligations shall prevail to the extent of the +inconsistency, provided that where a Party has a choice among +equally effective and reasonably available means of complying +with such obligations, the Party chooses the alternative that is +the least inconsistent with the other provisions of this +Agreement. + +2. The Parties may agree in writing to modify Annex 104.1 to +include any amendment to the agreements listed in paragraph 1, +and any other environmental or conservation agreement. + + +Article 105: Extent of Obligations + + The Parties shall ensure that all necessary measures are +taken in order to give effect to the provisions of this +Agreement, including their observance, except as otherwise +provided in this Agreement, by state and provincial governments. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 104 + + Bilateral and Other Environmental and Conservation Agreements + + +1. The Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the +Government of the United States of America Concerning the +Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste, signed at Ottawa, +October 28, 1986. + +2. The Agreement between the United States of America and the +United Mexican States on Cooperation for the Protection and +Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area, signed at +La Paz, Baja California Sur, August 14, 1983. + + Chapter Two + + General Definitions + + + +Article 201: Definitions of General Application + +1. For purposes of this Agreement, unless otherwise specified: + +Commission means the Free Trade Commission established under +Article 2001; + +Customs Valuation Code means the Agreement on Implementation of +Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, +including its interpretative notes; + +days means calendar days, including weekends and holidays; + +enterprise means any entity constituted or organized under +applicable law, whether or not for profit, and whether privately- +owned or governmentally-owned, including any corporation, trust, +partnership, sole proprietorship, joint venture or other +association; + +enterprise of a Party means an enterprise constituted or +organized under the laws of, or principally carrying on its +business in the territory of, a Party; + +existing means in effect at the time of entry into force of this +Agreement; + +Generally Accepted Accounting Principles means the recognized +consensus or substantial authoritative support in the territory +of a Party with respect to the recording of revenues, expenses, +costs, assets and liabilities, disclosure of information and +preparation of financial statements. These standards may be +broad guidelines of general application as well as detailed +standards, practices and procedures; + +Harmonized System means the Harmonized Commodity Description and +Coding System, and its legal notes, as adopted and implemented by +the Parties in their respective tariff laws; + +measure includes any law, regulation, procedure, requirement or +practice; + +national means a natural person who is a citizen or permanent +resident of a Party and any other natural person referred to in +Annex 201.1; + +originating means qualifying under the rules of origin set out in +Chapter Four (Rules of Origin); + +person means a natural person or an enterprise; + +person of a Party means a national, or an enterprise of a Party; + +state enterprise means an enterprise that is owned, or controlled +through ownership interests, by a Party; and + +territory means for a Party the territory of that Party as set +out in Annex 201.1. + +2. For purposes of this Agreement, unless otherwise specified, +a reference to province or state includes local governments. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 201.1 + + Country-Specific Definitions + + +For purposes of this Agreement, unless otherwise specified: + +national also includes: + + (a) for Mexico, a national or a citizen according to + Articles 30 and 34, respectively, of the Mexican + Constitution; and + + (b) for the United States, "national of the United States" + as defined in the existing provisions of the United + States Immigration and Nationality Act; + +territory means: + + (a) with respect to Canada, the territory to which its + customs laws apply, including any areas beyond the + territorial seas of Canada within which, in accordance + with international law and its domestic laws, Canada + may exercise rights with respect to the seabed and + subsoil and their natural resources; + + (b) with respect to Mexico, + + (i) the states of the Federation and the Federal + District, + + (ii) the islands, including the reefs and keys, in + adjacent seas, + + (iii) the islands of Guadalupe and Revillagigedo + situated in the Pacific Ocean, + + (iv) the continental shelf and the submarine shelf of + such islands, keys and reefs, + + (v) the waters of the territorial seas, in accordance + with international law and its interior maritime + waters, + + (vi) the space located above the national territory, in + accordance with international law, + + (vii) any areas beyond the territorial seas of + Mexico within which, in accordance with + international law, including the United + Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and + its domestic laws, Mexico may exercise rights + with respect to the seabed and subsoil and + their natural resources; and + + (c) with respect to the United States, + + (i) the customs territory of the United States, which + includes the 50 states, the District of Columbia + and Puerto Rico, + + (ii) the foreign trade zones located in the United + States and Puerto Rico, and + + (iii) any areas beyond the territorial seas of the + United States within which, in accordance + with international law and its domestic laws, + the United States may exercise rights with + respect to the seabed and subsoil and their + natural resources. + + + ANNEX 300-A + + Trade and Investment in the Automotive Industry Sector + + +1. Except as provided in this Annex, each Party shall apply +this Agreement to automotive goods of another Party and to +enterprises of the automotive industry sector in its territory. + +2. Except as provided in this Annex, each Party shall promptly +accord to existing producers of vehicles in its territory +treatment no less favorable than that it accords, in like +circumstances, to a new producer of vehicles in its territory +regarding measures covered by this Annex. + +3. The Parties shall review, no later than December 31, 2003, +the status of the North American automotive industry sector and +the effectiveness of the measures contained in this Annex to +determine actions that could be taken to strengthen the +integration and global competitiveness of the industry. + +============================================================================= + + Appendix A: Canada + + Existing Measures + +1. Canada and the United States may maintain the Agreement +Concerning Automotive Products between the Government of Canada +and the Government of the United States of America which entered +into force on September 16, 1966, in accordance with Article +1001, Article 1002(1) and (4) (as they refer to Annex 1002.1, +Part One), Article 1005(1) and (3), and Annex 1002.1, Part One +(Waivers of Customs Duties) of Canada - United States Free Trade +Agreement. + +2. Canada may maintain the measures referred to in Article +1002(1) and (4) (as they refer to Annex 1002.1, Parts Two and +Three), Article 1002(2) and (3), Article 1003, and Annex 1002.1, +Parts Two (Export-Based Waivers of Customs Duties) and Three +(Production-Based Waivers of Customs Duties) of the Canada - +United States Free Trade Agreement. Canada shall eliminate those +measures in accordance with the terms set out in that agreement. + + Used Vehicles + +3. Canada may adopt or maintain prohibitions and restrictions +on imports of used vehicles from the territory of Mexico, except +as follows: + + (a) after January 1, 2009, Canada may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territory of Mexico of originating used vehicles that + are at least 10 years old; + + (b) after January 1, 2011, Canada may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territory of Mexico of originating used vehicles that + are at least eight years old; + + (c) after January 1, 2013, Canada may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territory of Mexico of originating used vehicles that + are at least six years old; + + (d) after January 1, 2015, Canada may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territory of Mexico of originating used vehicles that + are at least four years old; + + (e) after January 1, 2017, Canada may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territory of Mexico of originating used vehicles that + are at least two years old; and + + (f) after January 1, 2019, Canada may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territory of Mexico of originating used vehicles + regardless of age. + +============================================================================= + + Appendix B: Mexico + + Auto Decree and Auto Decree Implementing Regulations + +1. Subject to this Appendix, Mexico may maintain, until January +1, 2004, the Decree for Development and Modernization of the +Automotive Industry ("Decreto para el Fomento y Modernizaci¢n de +la Industria Automotriz") (December 11, 1989) (the "Auto Decree") +and the Resolution that Establishes Rules for the Implementation +of the Auto Decree ("Acuerdo que Determina Reglas para la +Aplicaci¢n para el Fomento y Modernizaci¢n de la Industria +Automotriz") (November 30, 1990) (the "Auto Decree Implementing +Regulations"). Mexico may adopt or maintain any measure +respecting automotive goods or manufacturers of automotive goods +in its territory provided that such measure is not inconsistent +with this Agreement. + + Autoparts Industry, National Suppliers and Independent +Maquiladoras + +2. Mexico may not require that an enterprise attain a level of +national value added in excess of 20 percent of its total sales +as one of the conditions to qualify as a national supplier or +enterprise of the autoparts industry. + +2a. For purposes of paragraph 2, "national value added" means +the total value of sales of such enterprises (excluding those for +the aftermarket) minus the value of its total imports, direct and +indirect, excluding those imports incorporated in aftermarket +parts and components, as modified by paragraph 3. + +3. Mexico may require that a national supplier or an enterprise +of the autoparts industry, in calculating its national value +added solely for the purposes of paragraph 2, include customs +duties in the value of imports incorporated into the parts and +components produced by such enterprises. + +4. Mexico shall grant national supplier status to an +independent maquiladora that requests such status and meets the +requirements for that status set out in the existing Auto Decree. +Mexico shall continue to grant to all independent maquiladoras +that request national supplier status all existing rights and +privileges accorded to independent maquiladoras under the +existing Decree for the Promotion and Operation of the +Maquiladora Export Industry ("Decreto para el Fomento y Operaci¢n +de la Industria Maquiladora de Exportaci¢n") (December 22, 1989) +(the "Maquiladora Decree"). + +4a. For purposes of paragraph 4, "independent maquiladora" means +an enterprise registered as an export maquiladora enterprise +under the Maquiladora Decree which has no common majority +shareholder with any manufacturer, and for which no manufacturer +is directly or indirectly a majority shareholder. + + National Value Added + +5. Mexico may provide that a manufacturer ("empresa de la +industria terminal") calculate its required national value added +from suppliers (VANp) as a percentage of: + + (a) a manufacturer's reference value as defined in + paragraph 8; or + + (b) a manufacturer's total national value added (VANt), + +whichever is greater. + +6. Mexico shall not require that the percentage referred to in +paragraph 5 be greater than: + + (a) 34 percent for each of the first five years beginning + January 1, 1994; + + (b) 33 percent for 1999; + + (c) 32 percent for 2000; + + (d) 31 percent for 2001; + + (e) 30 percent for 2002; and + + (f) 29 percent for 2003. + +7. Notwithstanding paragraph 6, Mexico shall allow a +manufacturer that produced vehicles in Mexico before model year +1992 to use as its percentage referred to in paragraph 5 the +ratio of actual national value added from suppliers (VANp) to +total national value added (VANt) that such manufacturer attained +in model year 1992, for so long as that ratio is lower than the +applicable percentage specified under paragraph 6. In +determining such ratio for 1992, purchases that such manufacturer +made from independent maquiladoras that would have been eligible +to receive national supplier status had paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of +this Appendix been in effect at that time, shall be included in +the calculation of the manufacturer's national value added from +suppliers (VANp), in the same manner as parts and components from +any other national supplier or enterprise of the autoparts +industry. + +8. "The annual reference value for a manufacturer" ("reference +value") shall be: + + (a) for each of the years 1994 through 1997, the base value + for the manufacturer, plus no more than 65 percent of + the difference between the manufacturer's total sales + in Mexico in that year and its base value; + + (b) for each of the years 1998 through 2000, the base value + for the manufacturer, plus no more than 60 percent of + the difference between the manufacturer's total sales + in Mexico in that year and its base value; and + + (c) for each of the years 2001 through 2003, the base value + for the manufacturer, plus no more than 50 percent of + the difference between the manufacturer's total sales + in Mexico in that year and its base value. + +9. Mexico shall provide that where a manufacturer's total sales +in Mexico in a year are lower than its base value, the reference +value for such manufacturer for that year shall be equal to the +manufacturer's total value of sales in Mexico for the year. + +9a. For purposes of paragraphs 8 and 9: + + (a) "base value" means the average annual value of the + manufacturer's production in Mexico for sale in Mexico + (VTVd) in model years 1991 and 1992, adjusted for + inflation, using the Mexican producer price index for + automotive goods published by the Bank of Mexico + ("Banco de Mexico"); and + + (b) "manufacturer's total sales in Mexico in that year" + means the invoice value of sales by a manufacturer of + vehicles it produced in Mexico for sale in Mexico plus + the invoice value of its sales of imported vehicles. + +10. In the event an abnormal production disruption affects a +manufacturer's production capability, Mexico shall allow such +manufacturer to seek a reduction in its reference value before +the Intersecretariat Automotive Industry Commission, established +under Chapter V of the Auto Decree. If the Commission finds that +the production capability of the manufacturer has been impaired +by such an abnormal production disruption, the Commission shall +reduce the manufacturer's reference value in an amount +commensurate to such event. + +10a. For purposes of paragraph 10, "abnormal production +disruption" means a disruption in a manufacturer's production +capability resulting from a natural disaster, fire, explosion or +other unforeseen event beyond the manufacturer's control. + +11. If, upon the request of a manufacturer, the Intersecretariat +Automotive Industry Commission finds that the production +capability of such manufacturer has been significantly disrupted +as a result of a major retooling or plant conversion in the +facilities of the manufacturer, the Commission shall reduce the +reference value for the manufacturer for that year in an amount +commensurate with the disruption, provided that such reduction in +that manufacturer's required national value added from suppliers +(VANp) that may result from the Commission's determination to +lower the manufacturer's reference value shall be fully made up +by the manufacturer over the following two model years. + +11a. For purposes of paragraph 11, "significant disruption" +means a sizable impairment in the manufacturer's production +capability that lasts at least six months but no longer than 12 +months. + + Trade Balance + +12. Mexico shall not require a manufacturer to include in the +calculation of its trade balance (S) a percentage of the value of +direct and indirect imports of parts and components that such +manufacturer incorporated into vehicles it has produced in Mexico +for sale in Mexico (VTVd) in the corresponding year, greater than +the following: + + (a) 80 percent for 1994; + + (b) 77.2 percent for 1995; + + (c) 74.4 percent for 1996; + + (d) 71.6 percent for 1997; + + (e) 68.9 percent for 1998; + + (f) 66.1 percent for 1999; + + (g) 63.3 percent for 2000; + + (h) 60.5 percent for 2001; + + (i) 57.7 percent for 2002; and + + (j) 55.0 percent for 2003. + +13. For purposes of determining a manufacturer's total national +value added (VANt), paragraph 12 shall not apply to the +calculation of its trade balance (S). + +14. Mexico shall permit a manufacturer with a surplus in its +extended trade balance to divide its extended trade balance by +the applicable percentages in paragraph 12 to determine the value +of new vehicles that it may import. + +15. Mexico shall provide that in the calculation of a +manufacturer's adjustment factor (Y) in its extended trade +balance: + + (a) a manufacturer's total national value added (VANt) be + replaced by that manufacturer's reference value in any + year in which the manufacturer's total national value + added (VANt) is lower than its reference value; and + + (b) the applicable percentage under paragraphs 6 or 7, as + appropriate, be used. + +16. In determining the annual amount that a manufacturer may +apply to its extended trade balance from surpluses earned prior +to model year 1991, Mexico shall in any given year allow such +manufacturer to elect: + + (a) to use the procedures of the existing Auto Decree + Implementing Regulation; or + + (b) to apply up to $US 150 million, adjusted for inflation + in accordance with the U.S. GDP Price Deflator or its + equivalent in Mexican pesos, + +until such surpluses have been exhausted. + + Other Restrictions in the Auto Decree + +17. Mexico shall eliminate the restriction set out in the +existing Auto Decree that limits the number of vehicles that a +manufacturer may import into Mexico in relation to the total +number of vehicles that such manufacturer sells in Mexico. + + Autotransportation Decree and Autotransportation +Implementing Regulations + +18. Mexico shall eliminate the Mexican Decree for Development +and Modernization of the Autotransportation Vehicle Manufacturing +Industry (December 1989) ("Decreto para el Fomento y +Modernizaci¢n de la Industria Manufacturera de Vehiculos de +Autotransporte") (the "Autotransportation Decree") and the +Resolution that Establishes Rules for the Implementation of the +Autotransportation Decree (November 1990) ("Acuerdo que Establece +Reglas de Aplicacion del Decreto para el Fomento y Modernizaci¢n +de la Industria Manufacturera de Veh¡culos de Autotransporte") +(the "Autotransportation Decree Implementing Regulations"). +Mexico may adopt or maintain any measure respecting +autotransportation vehicles or manufacturers of +autotransportation vehicles in its territory provided that such +measure is not inconsistent with this Agreement. + + Importation of Autotransportation Vehicles + +19. Except as provided in paragraphs 20 and 21, Mexico may adopt +or maintain a prohibition or restriction on the importation of +autotransportation vehicles of another Party until January 1, +1999. + +20. For each of the years 1994 through 1998, Mexico shall allow +any manufacturer of autotransportation vehicles to import, for +each type of autotransportation vehicle, a quantity of +originating autotransportation vehicles equal to at least 50 +percent of the number of vehicles of such type that such +manufacturer produced in Mexico in that year. + +20a. For purposes of paragraph 20, "manufacturer of +autotransportation vehicles" means an enterprise, established in +Mexico, that produces autotransportation vehicles, is registered +with the Ministry of Trade and Industrial Development +("Secretar¡a de Comercia y Fomento Industrial"), and whose sales +in Mexico incorporate at least 40 percent national value added, +where national value added is the result of subtracting from the +total sales (excluding imports of autotransportation vehicles) of +an autotransportation manufacturer the invoice value of its +direct and indirect imports of parts and components. + +21. For each of the years 1994 through 1998, Mexico shall allow +persons other than manufacturers of autotransportation vehicles +to import, in a quantity to be allocated among them, originating +autotransportation vehicles of each type as follows: + + (a) for each of the years 1994 and 1995, no less than 15 + percent of the total number of vehicles of each type of + autotransportation vehicle produced in Mexico; + + (b) for 1996, no less than 20 percent of the total number + of vehicles of each type of autotransportation vehicle + produced in Mexico; and + + (c) for each of the years 1997 and 1998, no less than 30 + percent of the total number of vehicles of each type of + autotransportation vehicle produced in Mexico. + +Mexico shall allocate such quantity through a non-discriminatory +auction. + + Used Vehicles + +22. Mexico may adopt or maintain prohibitions and restrictions +on imports of used vehicles from the territory of another Party, +except as follows: + + (a) after January 1, 2009, Mexico may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territories of Canada or United States of originating + used vehicles that are at least ten years old; + + (b) after January 1, 2011, Mexico may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territories of Canada or United States of originating + used vehicles that are at least eight years old; + + (c) after January 1, 2013, Mexico may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territories of Canada or United States of originating + used vehicles that are at least six years old; + + (d) after January 1, 2015, Mexico may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territories of Canada or United States of originating + used vehicles that are at least four years old; + + (e) after January 1, 2017, Mexico may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territories of Canada or United States of originating + used vehicles that are at least two years old; and + + (f) after January 1, 2019, Mexico may not adopt or maintain + prohibitions or restrictions on imports from the + territories of Canada or United States of originating + used vehicles, regardless of age. + +============================================================================= + + Appendix B: Definitions + +Note: (The following terms shall be defined as provided in +the Auto Decree and Auto Decree Implementing Regulations, +incorporating those specific modifications required by this +Appendix. + + For purposes of transparency, set out below for each term +are the corresponding Spanish term, citations to the relevant +provisions of the Auto Decree and Auto Decree Implementing +Regulations and, where appropriate, the paragraph of this +Appendix that modifies the definition in the Auto Decree or Auto +Decree Implementing Regulations. English translations of these +definitions, amplified for clarity where appropriate, and +incorporating modifications required by this Appendix, will be +set out here at a later date.) + +adjustment factor (Y) means "factor de ajuste Y" as defined in +rule 18 of the Auto Decree Implementing Regulations and as +modified by paragraph 15 of this Appendix; + +enterprise of the autoparts industry means "empresa de la +industria de autopartes" as set out in Article 2, paragraph V of +the Auto Decree, as modified by paragraph 2 of this Appendix; + +extended trade balance means "balanza comercial ampliada" +referred to in rule 28 of the Auto Decree implementing +Regulations, and is equal to the numerator (S+W+.3I+Sft+T-Y) of +formula (1) in rule 8, of the Auto Decree Implementing +Regulations; + +manufacturer means an "empresa de la industria terminal" as +defined in Article 2, paragraph IV of the Auto Decree that +produces any of the following classes of vehicles: + + (a) passenger car: a vehicle for the transportation of up + to 10 people or a compact car of popular use, provided + for in subheadings (to be specified) of the Harmonized + System; + + (b) commercial truck: a vehicle with or without a chassis, + for the transportation of cargo or over 10 people, with + a GVW of up to 2,727 kgs., provided for in heading (to + be specified) of the Harmonized System; + + (c) light duty truck: a vehicle with a chassis, for the + transportation of cargo or over 10 people, with a GVW + of over 2,727 but less than 7,272 kgs., provided for in + headings (to be specified); or + + (d) medium duty truck: a vehicle with a chassis for the + transportation of cargo or over ten people, with a GVW + of over 7,272 kgs. but less than 8,864 kgs., provided + for in headings (to be specified) of the Harmonized + System; + +manufacturer's production in Mexico for sale in Mexico (VTVd) +means "valor total de las ventas que realicen las empresas de la +industria terminal al mercado domestico, excluyendo vehiculos +importados" as set out in rule 18 of the Auto Decree Implementing +Regulations; + +manufacturer's total national value added (VANt) means "valor +agregado nacional de la empresa de la industria terminal" as +defined in rule 18 of the Auto Decree Implementing Regulations; + +national supplier means a "proveedor nacional" as defined by +article 2 paragraph VII of the Auto Decree, as modified by +paragraph 2 of this Appendix; + +national value added from suppliers (VANp) means "valor agregado +nacional de proveedores", as provided in rule 18 of the Auto +Decree Implementing Regulations; + +parts and components means "partes y componentes automotrices" as +defined in article 2, paragraph X of the Auto Decree; + +trade balance (S) means "saldo en balanza comercial de la empresa +de la industria terminal", as defined in rule 9 of the Auto +Decree Implementing Regulation, as modified by paragraphs 12 and +13 of this Appendix; + +autotransportation vehicles means a vehicle included in any of +the following types: + + (a) heavy duty truck: a vehicle with a chassis for the + transport of goods or more than ten people with a GVW + over 8,864 kgs., provided for in headings (to be + specified) of the Harmonized System; + + (b) truck tractor: a vehicle with 2 or 3 axles for + transporting goods by hauling trailers, semi-trailers + or containing integrated equipment, provided for in + subheading (to be specified) of the Harmonized System; + + (c) integral bus: a vehicle without a chassis but with an + integral body used to transport more than 10 people, + provided for in heading (to be specified) of the + Harmonized System; and + + (d) specialty vehicles: special purpose motor vehicles or + vehicles modified for the handicapped provided for in + heading (to be specified) of the Harmonized System, (as + provided for in Article 2 of the Autotransportation + Decree). + +============================================================================= + + Appendix C: United States + + Corporate Average Fuel Economy + +1. As provided in paragraph 2, for purposes of the Energy +Policy and Conservation Act (October 1975), as amended ("the CAFE +Act"), the United States shall consider an automobile to be +domestically manufactured in any model year if at least 75 +percent of the cost to the manufacturer of such automobile is +attributable to value added in Canada, Mexico or the United +States, unless the assembly of such automobile is completed in +Canada or Mexico and such automobile is not imported into the +United States prior to the expiration of the 30 days following +the end of such model year. + +2. The United States shall implement the obligation set out in +paragraph 1 for all automobiles of a manufacturer sold in the +United States, wherever produced and irrespective of car line or +truck line, beginning with the next model year after January 1, +2004, except as provided in the following schedule: + + (a) with respect to a manufacturer that initiated the + manufacture of automobiles in Mexico before model year + 1992, the enterprise that provides certification under + the CAFE Act may make a one-time election at any time + between January 1, 1997 and January 1, 2004, to have + paragraph 1 applied beginning with the next model year + after such election; + + (b) with respect to a manufacturer initiating the + manufacture of automobiles in Mexico after model year + 1991, paragraph 1 shall apply beginning with the next + model year after either January 1, 1994 or the date + that such manufacturer initiates manufacturing + automobiles in Mexico, whichever is later; + + (c) with respect to any other manufacturer of automobiles + in the territory of a Party, the enterprise that + provides certification under the CAFE Act may make a + one-time election at any time between January 1, 1997 + and January 1, 2004, to have paragraph 1 applied + beginning with the next model year after such election. + If such a manufacturer initiates manufacturing + automobiles in Mexico, it shall be subject to + subparagraph (b) on the date it initiates such + manufacturing; and + + (d) with respect to all manufacturers of automobiles not + manufacturing automobiles in the territory of a Party, + paragraph 1 shall apply beginning with the next model + year after January 1, 1994. + +3. The United States shall make any future changes pertaining +to the definition of domestic production in the CAFE Act or its +implementing regulations equally applicable to value added in any +of the Parties. + +4. Nothing in this Appendix shall require the United States to +make any changes in its fuel economy requirements for +automobiles. + +5. For purposes of this Appendix, "automobile" means a motor +vehicle that complies with the definition in the CAFE Act and its +implementing regulations. + +============================================================================= + + Appendix D: General Definitions + + + + existing producer of vehicles means a producer that was producing + in the territory of the relevant Party prior to model year 1992; + and + + automotive goods means all types of motor vehicles, and parts and + components intended for use in motor vehicles. + + Note: (Additional terms may be added where appropriate) + + + + ANNEX 300-B + + Textile and Apparel Goods + + +Section 1: Scope and Coverage + +1. This Annex applies to the textile and apparel goods set out +in Appendix 1.1. + +2. In the event of any inconsistency between this Agreement and +the Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles +(Multifiber Arrangement), as amended and extended, including any +amendment or extension after the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, or any other existing or future agreement applicable +to trade in textile or apparel goods, this Agreement shall +prevail to the extent of the inconsistency, unless the Parties +agree otherwise. + + +Section 2: Tariff Elimination + +1. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement , each Party +shall progressively eliminate its customs duties on originating +goods as provided in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2, in +accordance with Appendix 2.1. + +2. (a) For purposes of this Annex, a good shall be considered + to be an originating good if the applicable change in + tariff classification has been satisfied in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, as provided by + Article 404. + + (b) For purposes of determining which rate of duty and + staging category is applicable to an originating + textile or apparel good, a good shall be a good of the + Party in which the last substantial transformation + occurred, according to each importing Party's + regulations, practices or procedures or, in the event + of an agreement between the Parties pursuant to Annex + 312(1), setting out rules applicable to textile and + apparel goods for determining whether a good is a good + of a Party ("Marking Rules"), according to such + agreement. + +3. Each Party shall provide duty-free treatment for the +following textile and apparel goods of another Party, provided +such goods have been certified by the competent authority of the +exporting Party as one of the following: + + (a) hand-loomed fabrics of a cottage industry; + + (b) hand-made cottage industry goods made of such hand- + loomed fabrics; or + + (c) traditional folklore handicraft goods + +that have been identified and agreed by the Parties concerned for +duty-free treatment. + + +Section 3: Import and Export Restrictions and Consultation +Levels + +1. Appendix 3.1 sets out certain circumstances and conditions +under which prohibitions, restrictions, or consultation levels in +effect upon the date of entry into force of this Agreement may be +maintained, notwithstanding Article 309. + +2. Each Party shall eliminate a restriction or consultation +level on a textile or apparel good that otherwise would be +permitted under this Annex if the elimination of that restriction +is required as a result of integration of that good into the GATT +pursuant to commitments undertaken by that Party under any +successor agreement to the Multifiber Arrangement. + + +Section 4: Bilateral Emergency Actions (Tariff Actions) + +1. During the transition period only, if, as a result of the +reduction or elimination of a duty provided for in this +Agreement, an originating textile or apparel good, or a good that +has been integrated into the GATT pursuant to a commitment +undertaken by a Party under any successor agreement to the +Multifiber Arrangement and entered under a tariff preference +level set out in Appendix 6.0, is being imported into the +territory of another Party in such increased quantities, in +absolute terms or relative to the domestic market for that good, +and under such conditions as to cause serious damage, or actual +threat thereof, to a domestic industry producing a like or +directly competitive good, the importing Party may, to the extent +necessary to remedy the damage or actual threat thereof: + + (a) suspend the further reduction of any rate of duty + provided for under this Agreement on such good; or + + (b) increase the rate of duty on such good to a level not + to exceed the lesser of: + + (i) the most-favored-nation (MFN) applied rate of duty + in effect at the time the action is taken, or + + (ii) the MFN applied rate of duty in effect on the day + immediately preceding the date of entry into force + of this Agreement. + +2. In determining serious damage, or actual threat thereof, the +Party shall: + + (a) examine the effect of increased imports on the + particular industry, as reflected in the following + factors, none of which is necessarily decisive: + changes in such relevant economic variables as output, + productivity, utilization of capacity, inventories, + market share, exports, wages, employment, domestic + prices, profits and investment; and + + (b) not consider changes in technology or consumer + preference as factors supporting a determination of + serious damage or actual threat thereof. + +3. The following conditions and limitations shall apply to any +emergency action taken pursuant to this Section: + + (a) a Party shall deliver without delay to any Party that + may be affected written notice of intent to take such + action, and shall enter into consultations with that + Party upon request; + + (b) no action may be maintained for a period exceeding + three years or, except with the consent of the Party + against whose good the action is taken, have effect + beyond the expiration of the transition period; + + (c) no action may be taken by a Party against any + particular originating good more than once during the + transition period; and + + (d) upon the termination of the action, the rate of duty + shall be the rate that, according to the Schedule for + that staged elimination of the tariff, would have been + in effect a year after the commencement of the action, + and commencing January 1 of the year following the + termination of the action, at the option of the Party + that has taken the action: + + (i) the rate of duty shall conform to the schedule in + that Party's Schedule in Annex 302.2, or + + (ii) the tariff shall be eliminated in equal annual + stages ending on the date set forth in that + Party's Schedule in Annex 302.2 for the + elimination of the tariff. + +4. A Party taking an action under this Section shall provide, +to the Party against whose good the action is taken, mutually +agreed trade liberalizing compensation in the form of concessions +having substantially equivalent trade effects on the other Party, +or equivalent to the value of the additional duties expected to +result from the action. Such concessions shall be limited to the +textile and apparel goods listed in Appendix 1.1, unless the +Parties otherwise agree. If the concerned Parties are unable to +agree on compensation, the exporting Party may take tariff action +having trade effects substantially equivalent to the action taken +under this Section against any goods imported from the Party that +initiated the action pursuant to this Section. The Party taking +such tariff action shall only apply it for the minimum period +necessary to achieve such substantially equivalent effects. + + +Section 5: Bilateral Emergency Actions (Quantitative +Restrictions) + +1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement except +Appendix 5.2, a Party may take bilateral emergency action against +non-originating goods of another Party in accordance with this +Section and the provisions of Appendix 3.1. + +2. If a Party considers that non-originating textile and +apparel goods, including goods entered under the tariff +preference levels (TPLs) set out in Appendix 6.0, are being +imported into its territory from a Party in such increased +quantities, in absolute terms or relative to the domestic market, +so as to cause serious damage or actual threat thereof, to a +domestic industry producing a like or directly competitive good +in the importing Party, that Party may request consultations with +another Party with a view to eliminating the serious damage or +actual threat thereof. + +3. The Party requesting consultations shall include in its +request for consultations the reasons that it considers +demonstrate that such serious damage or actual threat to its +domestic industry is resulting from the imports of the other +Party, including the latest data concerning such damage or +threat. + +4. In determining serious damage, or actual threat thereof, the +Party shall apply the provisions of paragraph 2, Section 4. + +5. The concerned Parties shall commence consultations within 60 +days following the request for consultations and shall endeavor +to agree on a mutually satisfactory level of restraint on exports +of the particular good within 90 days of the request, unless the +consulting Parties agree to extend this period. In reaching a +mutually satisfactory level of export restraint, the consulting +Parties shall: + + (a) consider the situation in the market in the importing + Party; + + (b) consider the history of trade in textile and apparel + goods between the consulting Parties, including the + previous levels of trade; and + + (c) ensure that textile and apparel goods imported from the + territory of another Party are accorded equitable + treatment as compared with treatment granted to other + non-Party suppliers of like textile and apparel goods. + +6. If the Parties do not agree on a mutually satisfactory level +during the 90-day consultation period, the Party requesting +consultations may impose annual quantitative restrictions on +imports of the good from the territory of the other Party for a +period no longer than that provided for in paragraph 9, provided +that: + + (a) the measure shall not have effect beyond the transition + period; and + + (b) the quantitative restriction shall not be less than the + sum of + + (i) the quantity of the good imported into its + territory from the Party that would be affected by + the restriction, as reported in general import + statistics, during the first 12 of the most recent + 14 months preceding the month in which the request + for consultations was made, and + + (ii) an additional 20 percent of such quantity for + cotton, man-made fiber and other non-cotton + vegetable fiber good categories and six percent + for wool good categories. + +7. The first term of any quantitative restriction imposed under +paragraph 6 shall commence on the day following the request for +consultations and terminate at the end of the calendar year in +which the quantitative restriction was imposed. Any quantitative +restriction that is imposed for a term less than 12 months and +the applicable flexibility provisions shall be prorated to +correspond to the period of time remaining in the calendar year +in which the restriction is imposed. + +8. For each successive calendar year that the quantitative +restriction imposed under paragraph 6 remains in effect, the +Party imposing it shall: + + (a) increase by 6 percent restrictions on cotton, man-made + fiber and non-cotton vegetable fiber textile and + apparel goods and by 2 percent restrictions on wool + textile and apparel goods; + + (b) accelerate the growth rate for quantitative + restrictions on cotton, man-made fiber and non-cotton + vegetable fiber textile and apparel goods if required + by any successor agreement to the Multifiber + Arrangement; and + + (c) apply the flexibility provisions set forth in Appendix + 3.1, as appropriate. + +9. Quantitative restrictions established pursuant to paragraph +6 before July 1 in any given calendar year may remain in place +for the initial prorated period in the first calendar year, plus +two additional calendar years. Such restrictions established on +or after July 1 in any given calendar year may remain in place +for the initial prorated period plus three additional calendar +years. + +10. No Party may take an emergency action under this Section +with respect to any textile or apparel non-originating good that +is already subject to a quantitative restriction. + +11. No party may adopt or maintain a quantitative restriction +under this Section on a textile or apparel good if that good has +been integrated into the GATT as a result of commitments +undertaken by that Party pursuant to any successor agreement to +the Multifiber Arrangement. + +12. A Party may take a bilateral emergency action after the +expiration of the transition period to deal with cases of serious +damage to domestic industry arising from the operation of this +Agreement only with the consent of the Party against whose good +the action would be taken. + + +Section 6: Special Provisions + + A Party shall treat the textile or apparel goods of another +Party set out in Appendix 6.0 in accordance with the provisions +therein. + + +Section 7: Review and Revision of Rules of Origin + +1. (a) The Parties shall monitor the effects of the + application of the rule of origin contained in Annex + 401.1 applicable to goods of subheading 6212.10. No + earlier than 15 months after the date of entry into + force of this Agreement, any Party may request + consultations to seek a mutually satisfactory solution + to any difficulties that it considers results from the + application of that rule of origin. + + (b) If the Parties fail to reach a mutually satisfactory + solution through consultations within 90 days of a + request for consultations, any Party may request that + the rule applicable to subheading 6212.10 be changed to + the rule applicable to headings 62.06 through 62.11 of + the Harmonized System (HS) with respect to trade with + the requesting Party. Any such change shall be + effective no earlier than 180 days following the + request therefor. The Parties shall take measures to + ease any resulting administrative burden on producers. + + (c) Unless otherwise agreed, at any time after the initial + consultations, and within the transition period of this + Agreement, any Party may make one request for + additional consultations under the same procedures + provided in paragraphs (a) and (b). + +2. (a) At the request of any Party, the Parties shall consult + to consider whether specific goods should be made + subject to different rules of origin in order to + address issues of availability of supply of fibers, + yarns or fabrics within the free trade area. + + (b) In the consultations, each Party shall consider all + data presented by a Party showing substantial + production in its territory for a good submitted for + review. A legitimate claim of substantial production + of the good in the territory of a Party shall be deemed + to exist if that Party can show that its domestic + producers are capable of supplying commercial + quantities of the good in a timely manner. + + (c) The Parties shall make every effort to conclude + consultations within sixty days. Any agreement between + two or more Parties resulting from these consultations + shall be considered part of this Agreement. If + agreement is not reached, the Parties have recourse to + the provisions of paragraph 8(a) of Appendix 6.6. + + (d) In this context, at the request of any Party, the + Parties shall consult to consider whether the rules of + origin applicable to the following provisions in Annex + 401.1 should be amended in view of increasing + availability of supply of relevant yarns or fabrics + within the free trade area; + + (i) Canadian tariff item 5407.60.10, United States + tariff item 5407.60.22 and Mexican tariff item + 5407.60.02, + + (ii) provisions (i) through (viii) of the rule for + subheadings 6205.20 through 6205.30, + + (iii) note 2 to Chapter 61, + + (iv) note 2 to Chapter 62, and + + (v) Canadian tariff item 6303.92.a1, United States + tariff item 6303.92.h1 and Mexican tariff item + 6303.92.x1. + +3. The Parties shall review the rules of origin applicable to +textile and apparel goods within five years after the date of +entry into force of this Agreement to take into account the +effect of increasing global competition on textile and apparel +goods, and the implications of any integration into the GATT of +textile and apparel goods pursuant to any successor agreement to +the Multifiber Arrangement. The Parties shall give particular +consideration to operative rules in other economic association or +integration agreements and developments related to textile and +apparel production and trade between the Parties and worldwide. + + +Section 8: Labelling Requirements + + To facilitate trade in textile and apparel goods between the +Parties through the harmonization of domestic labelling +requirements and the elimination of unnecessary obstacles to +trade resulting from differences in such requirements, the +Subcommittee on Labelling of Textile and Apparel Goods +established under Article 913(5) shall perform the functions set +out in Annex 913-D. + + +Section 9: Trade in Worn Clothing and Other Worn Articles + +1. The Parties hereby establish a Committee on Trade in Worn +Clothing comprising representatives of each Party. The purpose of +the Committee shall be to assess the potential effects that may +result from the elimination of restrictions, maintained by a +Party prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement, on +trade in worn clothing and other worn articles as defined in the +heading 63.09 of the HS. This Committee shall: + + (a) include or consult with a broadly representative group + from the manufacturing and retailing sectors in each + Party; and + + (b) act in a transparent manner and reach recommendations + by consensus of all representatives involved. + +2. The Committee shall develop and pursue a work program to +consider the potential benefits and risks that may be derived +from the elimination of restrictions on trade between the Parties +in worn clothing and other worn articles, including the effects +on business and employment opportunities, and on the market for +textile and apparel goods in each Party. + +3. Notwithstanding Article 309 and paragraph 2 of Section 3, a +Party may maintain restrictions in effect upon the date of entry +into force of this Agreement on the importation of worn clothing +and other worn articles classified under heading 63.09 of the HS, +unless the Parties agree otherwise on the basis of the +recommendations presented to the Commission by the Committee on +Trade in Worn Clothing. + + +Section 10: Definitions + +For purposes of this Annex: + +carryforward means the allocation to the present year of a +portion of the following year's limit, which must be accounted +for by an equivalent decrease in the following year's limit; + +carryover means the allocation to the present year of an unused +portion of the previous year's limit; + +category means a grouping of textile or apparel goods, as further +defined in Appendix 10.1; + +consensus means, when applied to recommendations of the Committee +on Trade in Worn Clothing, a recommendation is approved if no +member of the Committee formally objects to its approval; + +consultation level ("level"), including designated consultation +level, means a level of exports, for a particular textile or +apparel good, which may be increased in accordance with the +provisions of Appendix 3.1 as a result of consultations requested +by the exporting Party, in contrast to a specific limit which is +increased by the specific rates provided for in Appendix 3.1; + +exporting Party means the Party from whose territory textile or +apparel goods are exported; + +flexibility provisions means the provisions set forth in +paragraph 7 of Appendix 3.1; + +importing Party means the Party into whose territory textile or +apparel goods are imported; + +integrated into the GATT, when referring to a textile or apparel +good, means that good has become subject to the obligations of +the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade pursuant to any +successor agreement to the Multifiber Arrangement; + +non-wool fabric means fabric in chief weight of any fiber other +than wool, except woven fabric in chief weight of cotton or +man-made fiber, containing 36 percent or more by weight wool; + +non-wool made-up textile good means a good in chief weight of any +fiber other than wool; + +oxford cloth means fabrics woven as plain weave except that two +or more warp ends are woven as one (taped warp); + +restriction means any import or export limitation, except for +customs duties, taxes or other duties or charges, whether made +effective through quotas, licenses, permits, import or export +price requirements, or any other measure; + +specific limit ("limit"), means a level of exports, specified in +Appendix 3.1, for a particular textile or apparel good which may +be increased only in accordance with the provisions and specific +rates set forth in Appendix 3.1; + +square meters equivalent (SME) means a common unit of measurement +for textile and apparel goods; primary units of measure (e.g., +units, dozens, kilograms) are converted to SMEs using the +conversion factors set forth in Schedule 3.1.3 of Appendix 3.1; + +tariff preference level (TPL) means a mechanism by which to apply +the preferential rate of customs duty to imports of a particular +non-originating good up to a specified quantity; + +transition period means a period of 10 years from the date of +entry into force of this Agreement; and + +wool apparel means: + + (i) apparel in chief weight of wool, + + (ii) woven apparel in chief weight of man-made fibers + containing 36 percent or more by weight of wool, and + + (iii) knitted or crocheted apparel in chief weight of + man-made fibers containing 23 percent or more by + weight of wool. + +============================================================================= + APPENDIX 1.1 + + List of Goods Covered by Annex 300-B + +The descriptions listed in this Appendix are provided for ease of +reference only; for legal purposes, coverage shall be determined +according to the terms of the Harmonized System. + +HS No. Description + +Ch. 30 Pharmaceutical Products + +3005 90 Wadding, gauze, bandages and the like + +Ch. 39 Plastics and articles thereof + +ex 3921 12 (Woven, knitted or non-woven fabric coated, covered or laminated +with plastics +ex 3921 13 +ex 3921 90) + +Ch. 42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags + and similar containers + +ex 4202 12 (Luggage, handbags and flatgoods with an outer surface + predominantly of textile materials +ex 4202 22) +ex 4202 32) +ex 4202 92) + +Ch. 50 Silk + +5004 00 Silk yarn (other than yarn spun from silk waste) not for retail + sale +5005 00 Yarn spun from silk waste, not for retail sale +5006 00 Silk yarn and yarn spun from silk waste, for retail sale; silk- + worm gut +5007 10 Woven fabric of noil silk +5007 20 Woven fabric of silk or silk waste, other than noil silk, 85% or + more of such fibers +5007 90 Woven fabric of silk, nes + +Ch. 51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair, horsehair yarn and fabric + +5105 10 Carded wool +5105 21 Combed wool in fragments +5105 29 Wool tops and other combed wool, other than combed wool in + fragments +5105 30 Fine animal hair, carded or combed +5106 10 Yarn of carded wool, ò85% wool, not for retail sale +5106 20 Yarn of carded, wool, <85% wool, not for retail sale +5107 10 Yarn of combed wool, ò85% wool, not for retail sale +5107 20 Yarn of combed wool, <85% wool, not for retail sale +5108 10 Yarn of carded fine animal hair, not for retail sale +5108 20 Yarn of combed fine animal hair, not for retail sale +5109 10 Yarn of wool or of fine animal hair, ò85% wool and fine animal + hair, for retail sale +5109 90 Yarn of wool/of fine animal hair, <85% wool and fine animal hair, + for retail sale +5110 00 Yarn of coarse animal hair or of horsehair +5111 11 Woven fabric of carded wool or fine animal hair, ò85% wool and + fine animal hair, ó 300 g/m2 +5111 19 Woven fabric of carded wool or fine animal hair, ò85% wool or fine + animal hair, >300 g/m2 +5111 20 Woven fabric of carded wool or fine animal hair, <85% wool or fine + animal hair, with man-made fibers +5111 30 Woven fabric of carded wool or fine animal hair, <85% wool or fine + animal hair, with man-made fibers +5111 90 Woven fabric of carded wool or fine animal hair, <85% wool or fine + animal hair, nes +5112 11 Woven fabric of combed wool or fine animal hair, ò85% wool or fine + animal hair, ó200 g/m2 +5112 19 Woven fabric of combed wool or fine animal hair, ò85% wool or fine + animal hair, >200 g/m2 +5112 20 Woven fabric of combed wool or fine animal hair, <85% wool or fine + animal hair, with man-made filament +5112 30 Woven fabric of combed wool or fine animal hair, <85% wool or fine + animal hair, with man-made fibers +5112 90 Woven fabric of combed wool or fine animal hair, <85% wool or fine + animal hair, nes +5113 00 Woven fabric of coarse animal hair or of horsehair + +Ch. 52 Cotton + +5203 00 Cotton, carded or combed +5204 11 Cotton sewing thread ò85% cotton, not for retail sale +5204 19 Cotton sewing thread, <85% cotton, not for retail sale +5204 20 Cotton sewing thread, for retail sale +5205 11 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, uncombed, ò714.29 decitex, not + for retail sale +5205 12 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, uncombed, 714.29 + >decitexò232.56, not for retail sale +5205 13 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, uncombed, 232.56>decitexò192.31, + not for retail sale +5205 14 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, uncombed, 192.31 >decitexò125, + not for retail sale +5205 15 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, uncombed, <125 decitex, not for + retail sale +5205 21 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, combed, ò714.29, not for retail + sale +5205 22 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, combed, 714.29 >decitexò232.56, + not for retail sale +5205 23 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, combed, 232.56 >decitexò192.31, + not for retail sale +5205 24 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, combed, 192.31 >decitexò125, not + for retail sale +5205 25 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, single, combed, <125 decitex, not for + retail sale +5205 31 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, ò714.29 decitex, not + for retail sale, nes +5205 32 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, 714.29 + >decitexò232.56, not for retail sale, nes +5205 33 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, 232.56 + >decitexò192.31, not for retail sale, nes +5205 34 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, 192.31 >decitexò125, + not for retail sale, nes +5205 35 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, <125 decitex, not + for retail sale, nes +5205 41 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, combed, ò714.29 decitex, not + for retail sale, nes +5205 42 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, combed, 714.29 + >decitexò232.56, not for retail sale, nes +5205 43 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, combed, 232.56 + >decitexò192.31, not for retail sale, nes +5205 44 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, combed, 192.31 >decitexò125, + not for retail sale, nes +5205 45 Cotton yarn, ò85% cotton, multiple, combed, <125 decitex, not for + retail sale, nes +5206 11 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, uncombed, ò714.29, not for + retail sale +5206 12 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, uncombed, 714.29 + >decitexò232.56, not for retail sale +5206 13 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, uncombed, 232.56 + >decitexò192.31, not for retail sale +5206 14 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, uncombed, 192.31 >decitexò125, + not for retail sale +5206 15 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, uncombed, <125 decitex, not for + retail sale +5206 21 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, combed, ò714.29 decitex, not for + retail sale +5206 22 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, combed, 714.29 >decitexò232.56, + not for retail sale +5206 23 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, combed, 232.56 >decitexò192.31, + not for retail sale +5206 24 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, combed, 192.31 >decitexò125, not + for retail sale +5206 25 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, single, combed, <125 decitex, not for + retail sale +5206 31 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, ò714.29, not for + retail sale, nes +5206 32 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, 714.29 + >decitexò232.56, not for retail sale, nes +5206 33 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, 232.56 + >decitexò192.31, not for retail sale, nes +5206 34 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, 192.31 >decitexò125, + not for retail sale, nes +5206 35 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, uncombed, <125 decitex, not + for retail sale, nes +5206 41 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, combed, ò714.29, not for + retail sale, nes +5206 42 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, combed, 714.29 + >decitexò232.56, not for retail sale, nes +5206 43 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, combed, 232.56 + >decitexò192.31, not for retail sale, nes +5206 44 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, combed, 192.31 >decitexò125, + not for retail sale, nes +5206 45 Cotton yarn, <85% cotton, multiple, combed, <125 decitex, not for + retail sale, nes +5207 10 Cotton yarn (other than sewing thread)ò85% cotton, for retail sale +5207 90 Cotton yarn (other than sewing thread) <85% cotton, for retail + sale +5208 11 Plain weave cotton fabric, ó85% cotton, ó100g/m2, unbleached +5208 12 Plain weave cotton fabric, ó85% cotton, >100g/m2, ó200g/m2, + unbleached +5208 13 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, unbleached +5208 19 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, unbleached, nes +5208 21 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó100g/m2, bleached +5208 22 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >100g/m2, ó200g/m2, + bleached +5208 23 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, bleached +5208 29 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, bleached, nes +5208 31 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó100g/m2, dyed +5208 32 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >100g/m2, ó 200g/m2, dyed +5208 33 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, dyed +5208 39 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, dyed, nes +5208 41 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó100g/m2, yarn dyed +5208 42 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >100g/m2, ó200 g/m2, yarn + dyed +5208 43 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, yarn dyed +5208 49 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, yarn dyed, nes +5208 51 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó100g/m2, printed +5208 52 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >100g/m2, ó200 g/m2, + printed +5208 53 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, ó200g/m2, printed +5208 59 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, ó 200g/m2, printed, nes +5209 11 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, unbleached +5209 12 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, unbleached +5209 19 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, unbleached, nes +5209 21 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, bleached +5209 22 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, bleached +5209 29 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, bleached, nes +5209 31 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, dyed +5209 32 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, dyed +5209 39 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, dyed, nes +5209 41 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, yarn dyed +5209 42 Blue denim fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2 +5209 43 Twill weave cotton fabric, other than denim,ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, + yarn dyed +5209 49 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, yarn dyed, nes +5209 51 Plain weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, printed +5209 52 Twill weave cotton fabric, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, printed +5209 59 Woven fabric of cotton, ò85% cotton, >200g/m2, printed, nes +5210 11 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, unbleached +5210 12 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, unbleached +5210 19 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, unbleached, nes +5210 21 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, bleached +5210 22 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, bleached +5210 29 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, bleached, nes +5210 31 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, dyed +5210 32 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, dyed +5210 39 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, dyed, nes +5210 41 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, yarn dyed +5210 42 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, yarn dyed +5210 49 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, yarn dyed, nes +5210 51 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, printed +5210 52 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, printed +5210 59 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + ó200g/m2, printed, nes +5211 11 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, unbleached +5211 12 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, unbleached +5211 19 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, unbleached, nes +5211 21 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, bleached +5211 22 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, bleached +5211 29 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, bleached, nes +5211 31 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, dyed +5211 32 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, dyed +5211 39 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, dyed, nes +5211 41 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, yarn dyed +5211 42 Blue denim fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2 +5211 43 Twill weave cotton fabric, other than denim, <85% cotton, with + man-made fiber, >200g/m2, yarn dyed +5211 49 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, yarn dyed, nes +5211 51 Plain weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, printed +5211 52 Twill weave cotton fabric, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, printed +5211 59 Woven fabric of cotton, <85% cotton, with man-made fiber, + >200g/m2, printed, nes +5212 11 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing ó200g/m2, unbleached, nes +5212 12 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing ó200g/m2, bleached, nes +5212 13 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing ó200g/m2, dyed, nes +5212 14 Woven fabric of cotton, ó200g/m2, of yarns of different colors, + nes +5212 15 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing ó200g/m2, printed, nes +5212 21 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing >200g/m2, unbleached, nes +5212 22 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing >200g/m2, bleached, nes +5212 23 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing >200g/m2, dyed, nes +5212 24 Woven fabric of cotton, >200g/m2, of yarns of different colors, + nes +5212 25 Woven fabric of cotton, weighing >200g/m2, printed, nes + +Ch. 53 Other vegetable textile fibers; paper yarn and woven fabric of + paper yarn + +5306 10 Flax yarn, single +5306 20 Flax yarn, multiple +5307 10 Yarn of jute or of other textile bast fibers, single +5307 20 Yarn of jute or other textile bast fibers, multiple +5308 20 True hemp yarn +5308 90 Yarn of other vegetable textile fibers +5309 11 Woven fabric, ò85% flax, unbleached or bleached +5309 19 Woven fabric, ò85% flax, other than unbleached or bleached +5309 21 Woven fabric of flax, <85% flax, unbleached or bleached +5309 29 Woven fabric of flax, <85% flax, other than unbleached or bleached +5310 10 Woven fabric of jute or of other textile bast fibers, unbleached +5310 90 Woven fabric of jute or of other textile bast fibers, other than + unbleached +5311 00 Woven fabric of other vegetable textile fibers; woven fabric of + paper yarn + +Ch. 54 Man-made filaments + +5401 10 Sewing thread of synthetic filaments +5401 20 Sewing thread of artificial filaments +5402 10 High tenacity yarn (other than sewing thread), nylon or other + polyamide fiber, not for retail sale +5402 20 High tenacity yarn (other than sewing thread), of polyester + filaments, not for retail sale +5402 31 Textured yarn nes, of nylon or other polyamide fiber,ó50tex/single + yarn, not for retail sale +5402 32 Textured yarn nes, of nylon or other polyamide fiber,>50 + tex/single yarn, not for retail sale +5402 33 Textured yarn nes, of polyester filaments, not for retail sale +5402 39 Textured yarn of synthetic filaments, nes, not for retail sale +5402 41 Yarn of nylon or other polyamide fiber, single, untwisted, nes, + not for retail sale +5402 42 Yarn of polyester filaments, partially oriented, single, nes, not + for retail sale +5402 43 Yarn of polyester filaments, single, untwisted, nes, not for + retail sale +5402 49 Yarn of synthetic filaments, single, untwisted, nes, not for + retail sale +5402 51 Yarn of nylon or other polyamide fiber, single, >50 turns per + meter, not for retail sale +5402 52 Yarn of polyester filaments, single, >50 turns per meter, not for + retail sale +5402 59 Yarn of synthetic filaments, single, >50 turns per meter, nes, not + for retail sale +5402 61 Yarn of nylon or other polyamide fiber, multiple, nes, not for + retail sale +5402 62 Yarn of polyester filaments, multiple, nes, not for retail sale +5402 69 Yarn of synthetic filaments, multiple, nes, not for retail sale +5403 10 High tenacity yarn (other than sewing thread), of viscose rayon + filaments, not for retail sale +5403 20 Textured yarn nes, of artificial filaments, not for retail sale +5403 31 Yarn of viscose rayon filaments, single, untwisted, nes, not for + retail sale +5403 32 Yarn of viscose rayon filaments, single, >120 turns per meter, + nes, not for retail sale +5403 33 Yarn of cellulose acetate filaments, single, nes, not for retail sale +5403 39 Yarn of artificial filaments, single, nes, not for retail sale +5403 41 Yarn of viscose rayon filaments, multiple, nes, not for retail + sale +5403 42 Yarn of cellulose acetate filaments, multiple, nes, not for retail + sale +5403 49 Yarn of artificial filaments, multiple, nes, not for retail sale +5404 10 Synthetic monofilament, ò67 decitex, no cross sectional dimension + >1 mm +5404 90 Strip and the like of synthetic textile material of an apparent + width ó 5mm +5405 00 Artificial monofil, 67 decitex, cross sectional dimension >1mm; + strip of art. tex. mat. width ó5mm +5406 10 Yarn of synthetic filaments (other than sewing thread), for retail + sale +5406 20 Yarn of artificial filaments (other than sewing thread), for + retail sale +5407 10 Woven fabric of high tenacity filament yarn of nylon or other + polyamides, or polyester +5407 20 Woven fabric obtained from strip or the like of synthetic textile + materials +5407 30 Fabric specified in Note 9 Section XI (layers of parallel + synthetic textile yarn) +5407 41 Woven fabric, ò85% nylon or other polyamide filaments, unbleached + or bleached, nes +5407 42 Woven fabric, ò85% nylon or other polyamide filaments, dyed, nes +5407 43 Woven fabric, ò85% nylon or other polyamide filaments, yarn dyed, + nes +5407 44 Woven fabric, ò85% nylon or other polyamide filaments, printed, + nes +5407 51 Woven fabric, ò85% textured polyester filaments, unbleached or + bleached, nes +5407 52 Woven fabric, ò85% textured polyester filaments, dyed, nes +5407 53 Woven fabric, ò85% textured polyester filaments, yarn dyed, nes +5407 54 Woven fabric, ò85% textured polyester filaments, printed, nes +5407 60 Woven fabric, ò85% non-textured polyester filaments, nes +5407 71 Woven fabric, ò85% synthetic filaments, unbleached or bleached, + nes +5407 72 Woven fabric, ò85% synthetic filaments, dyed, nes +5407 73 Woven fabric, ò85% synthetic filaments, yarn dyed, nes +5407 74 Woven fabric, ò85% synthetic filaments, printed, nes +5407 81 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, <85% syn. filaments, with + cotton, unbl or bl, nes +5407 82 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, <85% with cotton, dyed, nes +5407 83 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, <85% with cotton, yarn dyed, + nes +5407 84 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, <85% with cotton, printed, + nes +5407 91 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, unbleached or bleached, nes +5407 92 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, dyed, nes +5407 93 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, yarn dyed, nes +5407 94 Woven fabric of synthetic filaments, printed, nes +5408 10 Woven fabric of high tenacity filament yarn of viscose rayon +5408 21 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial filament or strip, unbleached or + bleached, nes +5408 22 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial filament or strip, dyed, nes +5408 23 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial filament or strip, yarn dyed, nes +5408 24 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial filament or strip, printed, nes +5408 31 Woven fabric of artificial filaments, unbleached or bleached, nes +5408 32 Woven fabric of artificial filaments, dyed, nes +5408 33 Woven fabric of artificial filaments, yarn dyed, nes +5408 34 Woven fabric of artificial filaments, printed, nes + +Ch.55Man-made staple fibers + +5501 10 Filament tow of nylon or other polyamides +5501 20 Filament tow of polyesters +5501 30 Filament tow of acrylic or modacrylic +5501 90 Synthetic filament tow, nes +5502 00 Artificial filament tow +5503 10 Staple fibers of nylon or other polyamides, not carded or combed +5503 20 Staple fibers of polyesters, not carded or combed +5503 30 Staple fibers of acrylic or modacrylic, not carded or combed +5503 40 Staple fibers of polypropylene, not carded or combed +5503 90 Synthetic staple fibers, not carded or combed, nes +5504 10 Staple fibers of viscose, not carded or combed +5504 90 Artificial staple fibers, other than viscose, not carded or combed +5505 10 Waste of synthetic fibers +5505 20 Waste of artificial fibers +5506 10 Staple fibers of nylon or other polyamides, carded or combed +5506 20 Staple fibers of polyesters, carded or combed +5506 30 Staple fibers of acrylic or modacrylic, carded or combed +5506 90 Synthetic staple fibers, carded or combed, nes +5507 00 Artificial staple fibers, carded or combed +5508 10 Sewing thread of synthetic staple fibers +5508 20 Sewing thread of artificial staple fibers +5509 11 Yarn, ò85% nylon or other polyamide staple fibers, single, not for + retail sale +5509 12 Yarn, ò85% nylon or other polyamide staple fibers, multiple, not + for retail sale, nes +5509 21 Yarn, ò85% of polyester staple fibers, single, not for retail sale +5509 22 Yarn, ò85% of polyester staple fibers, multiple, not for retail + sale, nes +5509 31 Yarn, ò85% of acrylic or modacrylic staple fibers, single, not for + retail sale +5509 32 Yarn, ò85% acrylic/modacrylic staple fibers, multiple, not for + retail sale, nes +5509 41 Yarn, ò85% of other synthetic staple fibers, single, not for + retail sale +5509 42 Yarn, ò85% of other synthetic staple fibers, multiple, not for + retail sale, nes +5509 51 Yarn of polyester staple fibers mixed with artificial staple + fiber, not for retail sale, nes +5509 52 Yarn of polyester staple fiber mixed with wool or fine animal + hair, not for retail sale, nes +5509 53 Yarn of polyester staple fibers mixed with cotton, not for retail + sale, nes +5509 59 Yarn of polyester staple fibers, not for retail sale, nes +5509 61 Yarn of acrylic staple fiber mixed with wool or fine animal hair, + not for retail sale, nes +5509 62 Yarn of acrylic staple fibers mixed with cotton, not for retail + sale, nes +5509 69 Yarn of acrylic staple fibers, not for retail sale, nes +5509 91 Yarn of other synthetic staple fibers mixed with wool or fine + animal hair, not for retail sale, nes +5509 92 Yarn of other synthetic staple fibers mixed with cotton, not for + retail sale, nes +5509 99 Yarn of other synthetic staple fibers, not for retail sale, nes +5510 11 Yarn, ò85% of artificial staple fibers, single, not for retail + sale +5510 12 Yarn, ò85% of artificial staple fibers, multiple, not for retail + sale, nes +5510 20 Yarn of artificial staple fiber mixed with wool/fine animal hair, + not for retail sale, nes +5510 30 Yarn of artificial staple fibers mixed with cotton, not for retail + sale, nes +5510 90 Yarn of artificial staple fibers, not for retail sale, nes +5511 10 Yarn, ò85% of synthetic staple fibers, other than sewing thread, + for retail sale +5511 20 Yarn, <85% of synthetic staple fibers, for retail sale, nes +5511 30 Yarn of artificial fibers (other than sewing thread), for retail + sale +5512 11 Woven fabric, ò85% of polyester staple fibers, unbleached or + bleached +5512 19 Woven fabric, ò85% of polyester staple fibers, other than + unbleached or bleached +5512 21 Woven fabric, ò85% of acrylic staple fibers, unbleached or + bleached +5512 29 Woven fabric, ò85% of acrylic staple fibers, other than unbleached + or bleached +5512 91 Woven fabric, ò85% of other synthetic staple fibers, unbleached or + bleached +5512 99 Woven fabric, ò85% of other synthetic staple fibers, other than + unbleached or bleached +5513 11 Plain weave polyester fabric, <85% syn stple fiber, with cot, + ó170g/m2, unbl or bl +5513 12 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, unbl or bl +5513 13 Woven polyester fabric, <85% synthetic stple fiber, with cotton, + ó170g/m2, unbl or bl, nes +5513 19 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% syn. stpl fib, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, unbl or bl +5513 21 Plain weave polyester staple fiber fabric,<85% synthetic staple + fiber, with cotton, ó170g/m2, dyed +5513 22 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric,<85% synthetic staple + fiber, with cotton, ó170g/m2, dyed +5513 23 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, dyed, nes +5513 29 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% syn. staple + fiber, with cotton, ó170g/m2, dyed +5513 31 Plain weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, yarn dyed +5513 32 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, yarn dyed +5513 33 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, dyed nes +5513 39 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% syn. staple + fiber, with cotton, ó170g/m2, yarn dyed +5513 41 Plain weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. stpl fiber, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, printed +5513 42 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, <=/170g/m2, printed +5513 43 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, <85% syn staple fiber, + with cotton, ó170g/m2, printed, nes +5513 49 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% syn. staple + fiber, with cotton, ó170g/m2, printed +5514 11 Plain weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, >170g/m2, unbl or bl +5514 12 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, >170g/m2, unbl or bl +5514 13 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, <85% syn. stpl fiber, with + cotton, >170g/m2, unbl or bl, nes +5514 19 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% syn stpl. fib, + with cotton, >170g/m2, unbl or bl +5514 21 Plain weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn staple fiber, + with cotton, >170g/m2, dyed +5514 22 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% synthetic staple + fiber, with cotton, >170g/m2, dyed +5514 23 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, <85% synthetic staple + fiber, with cotton, >170g/m2, dyed +5514 29 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% synthetic + staple fiber, with cotton, >170g/m2, dyed +5514 31 Plain weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, >170g/m2, yarn dyed +5514 32 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% mixed with cotton, + >170g/m2, yarn dyed +5514 33 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, >170g/m2, yarn dyed nes +5514 39 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% syn. stpl + fiber, with cotton, >170g/m2, yarn dyed +5514 41 Plain weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% synthetic staple + fiber, with cotton, >170g/m2, printed +5514 42 Twill weave polyester staple fiber fabric, <85% synthetic staple + fiber, with cotton, >170g/m2, printed +5514 43 Woven fabric of polyester staple fibers <85% syn. staple fiber, + with cotton, >170g/m2, printed, nes +5514 49 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, <85% syn. staple + fiber, with cotton, >170g/m2, printed +5515 11 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, with viscose rayon staple + fiber, nes +5515 12 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, with man-made filaments, + nes +5515 13 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, with wool or fine animal + hair, nes +5515 19 Woven fabric of polyester staple fiber, nes +5515 21 Woven fabric of acrylic staple fiber, with man-made filaments, nes +5515 22 Woven fabric of acrylic staple fiber, with wool or fine animal + hair, nes +5515 29 Woven fabric of acrylic or modacrylic staple fibers, nes +5515 91 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, with man-made + filaments, nes +5515 92 Woven fabric of other synthetic staple fiber, with wool or fine + animal hair, nes +5515 99 Woven fabric of synthetic staple fibers, nes +5516 11 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial staple fiber, unbleached or bleached +5516 12 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial staple fiber, dyed +5516 13 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial staple fiber, yarn dyed +5516 14 Woven fabric, ò85% artificial staple fiber, printed +5516 21 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with man-made fib, unbl or bl +5516 22 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with man-made fib, dyed +5516 23 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with man-made fib, yarn dyed +5516 24 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with man-made fib, printed +5516 31 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% art stpl fiber, with + wool/fine animal hair, unbl or bl +5516 32 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% art staple fiber, + with wool/fine animal hair, dyed +5516 33 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% art staple fiber, + with wool/fine animal hair, yarn dyed +5516 34 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% art staple fiber, + with wool/fine animal hair, printed +5516 41 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with cotton, unbl or bl +5516 42 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with cotton, dyed +5516 43 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with cotton, yarn dyed +5516 44 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, <85% artificial staple + fiber, with cotton, printed +5516 91 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, unbleached or bleached, + nes +5516 92 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, dyed, nes +5516 93 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, yarn dyed, nes +5516 94 Woven fabric of artificial staple fiber, printed, nes + +Ch. 56 Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes + and cables and articles thereof + +5601 10 Sanitary articles of wadding of textile materials, including + sanitary towels, tampons, and diapers +5601 21 Wadding of cotton and articles thereof, other than sanitary + articles +5601 22 Wadding of man-made fibers and articles thereof, other than + sanitary articles +5601 29 Wedge of other textile materials and articles thereof, other than + sanitary articles +5601 30 Textile flock and dust and mill neps +5602 10 Needleloom felt and stitch-bonded fiber fabric +5602 21 Felt other than needleloom, of wool or fine animal hair, not + impregnated, coated, covered or laminated +5602 29 Felt other than needleloom, of other textile materials, not + impregnated, coated, covered or laminated +5602 90 Felt of textile materials, nes +5603 00 Nonwovens, whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or + laminated +5604 10 Rubber thread and cord, textile covered +5604 20 High tenacity yarn of polyester, nylon other polyamide, viscose + rayon, impregnated or coated +5604 90 Textile yarn, strip, impregnated, coated, covered or sheathed with + rubber or plastics nes +5605 00 Metalized yarn, being textile yarn combined with metal thread, + strip, or powder +5606 00 Gimped yarn nes; chenille yarn; loop wale-yarn +5607 10 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of jute or other textile bast + fibers +5607 21 Binder or baler twine, of sisal or other textile fibers of the + genus Agave +5607 29 Twine nes, cordage, ropes and cables, of sisal textile fibers +5607 30 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of abaca or other hard (leaf) + fibers +5607 41 Binder or baler twine, of polyethylene or polypropylene +5607 49 Twine nes, cordage, ropes and cables, of polyethylene or + polypropylene +5607 50 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of other synthetic fibers +5607 90 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of other materials +5608 11 Made up fishing nets, of man-made textile materials +5608 19 Knotted netting of twine, cordage, or rope, and other made up nets + of man-made textile materials +5608 90 Knotted netting of twine, cordage, or rope, nes, and made up nets + of other textile materials +5609 00 Articles of yarn, strip, twine, cordage, rope and cables, nes + +Ch.57Carpets and other textile floor coverings + +5701 10 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, knotted +5701 90 Carpets of other textile materials, knotted +5702 10 Kelem, Schumacks, Karamanie and similar textile hand-woven rugs +5702 20 Floor coverings of coconut fibers (coir) +5702 31 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, of woven pile construction, + not made up, nes +5702 32 Carpets of man-made textile materials, of woven pile construction, + not made up, nes +5702 39 Carpets of other textile materials, of woven pile construction, + not made up, nes +5702 41 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, of woven pile construction, + made up, nes +5702 42 Carpets of man-made textile materials, of woven pile construction, + made up, nes +5702 49 Carpets of other textile materials, of woven pile construction, + made up, nes +5702 51 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, woven, not made up, nes +5702 52 Carpets of man-made textile materials, woven, not made up, nes +5702 59 Carpets of other textile materials, woven, not made up, nes +5702 91 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, woven, made up, nes +5702 92 Carpets of man-made textile materials, woven, made up, nes +5702 99 Carpets of other textile materials, woven, made up, nes +5703 10 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, tufted +5703 20 Carpets of nylon or other polyamide, tufted +5703 30 Carpets of other man-made textile materials, tufted +5703 90 Carpets of other textile materials, tufted +5704 10 Tiles of felt of textile materials, having a maximum surface area + of 0.3 m2 +5704 90 Carpets of felt of textile materials, nes +5705 00 Carpets and other textile floor coverings, nes + +Ch. 58 Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace; tapestries; + trimmings; embroidery + +5801 10 Woven pile fabric of wool or fine animal hair, other than terry + and narrow fabric +5801 21 Woven uncut weft pile fabric of cotton, other than terry and + narrow fabric +5801 22 Cut corduroy fabric of cotton, other than narrow fabric +5801 23 Woven weft pile fabric of cotton, nes +5801 24 Woven warp pile fabric of cotton, epingle (uncut), other than + terry and narrow fabric +5801 25 Woven warp pile fabric of cotton, cut, other than terry and narrow + fabric +5801 26 Chenille fabric of cotton, other than narrow fabric +5801 31 Woven uncut weft pile fabric of manmade fibers, other than terry + and narrow fabric +5801 32 Cut corduroy fabric of man-made fibers, other than narrow fabric +5801 33 Woven weft pile fabric of man-made fibers, nes +5801 34 Woven warp pile fabric of man-made fiber, epingle (uncut),other + than terry and narrow fabric +5801 35 Woven warp pile fabric of man-made fiber, cut, other than terry + and narrow fabric +5801 36 Chenille fabric of man-made fibers, other than narrow fabric +5801 90 Woven pile fabric and chenille fabric of other textile materials, + other than terry and narrow fabric +5802 11 Terry toweling and similar woven terry fabric of cotton, other + than narrow fabric, unbleached +5802 19 Terry toweling and similar woven terry fabric of cotton, other + than unbleached or narrow fabric +5802 20 Terry toweling and similar woven terry fabric of other textile + materials, other than narrow fabric +5802 30 Tufted textile fabric, other than products of heading No 57.03 +5803 10 Gauze of cotton, other than narrow fabric +5803 90 Gauze of other textile material, other than narrow fabric +5804 10 Tulles and other net fabric, not including woven, knitted or + crocheted fabric +5804 21 Mechanically made lace of man-made fiber, in the piece, in strips + or motifs +5804 29 Mechanically made lace of other textile materials, in the piece, + in strips or in motifs +5804 30 Hand-made lace, in the piece, in strips or in motifs +5805 00 Hand-woven tapestries and needle-worked tapestries, whether or not + made up +5806 10 Narrow woven pile fabric and narrow chenille fabric +5806 20 Narrow woven fabric, containing ò5% elastomeric yarn or rubber + thread, nes +5806 31 Narrow woven fabric of cotton, nes +5806 32 Narrow woven fabric of man-made fibers, nes +5806 39 Narrow woven fabric of other textile materials, nes +5806 40 Fabric consisting of warp without weft, assembled by means of an + adhesive +5807 10 Labels, badges and similar woven articles of textile materials +5807 90 Labels, badges and similar articles, not woven, of textile + materials, nes +5808 10 Braids in the piece +5808 90 Ornamental trimmings in the piece, other than knit; tassels, + pompons and similar articles +5809 00 Woven fabric of metal thread or metalized yarn, for apparel, and + homefurnishings, nes +5810 10 Embroidery without visible ground, in the piece, in strips or in + motifs +5810 91 Embroidery of cotton, in the piece, in strips or in motifs, nes +5810 92 Embroidery of man-made fibers, in the piece, in strips or in + motifs, nes +5810 99 Embroidery of other textile materials, in the piece, in strips or + motifs, nes +5811 00 Quilted textile products in the piece + +Ch. 59 Impregnated, coated, covered, laminated textile fabric; textile + articles suitable for industrial use + +5901 10 Textile fabric coated with gum, of a kind used for outer covers of + books or the like +5901 90 Tracing cloth; prepared painting canvas; stiffened textile fabric + for hats, nes +5902 10 Tire cord fabric of high tenacity nylon or other polyamide yarn +5902 20 Tire cord fabric of high tenacity polyester yarn +5902 90 Tire cord fabric made of high tenacity viscose rayon yarn +5903 10 Textile fabric impregnated, coated, covered, or laminated with + polyvinyl chloride, nes +5903 20 Textile fabric impregnated, coated, covered, or laminated with + polyurethane, nes +5903 90 Textile fabric impregnated, coated, covered, or laminated with + plastics, nes +5904 10 Linoleum, whether or not cut to shape +5904 91 Floor coverings, other than linoleum, with a base of needleloom + felt or nonwovens +5904 92 Floor coverings, other than linoleum, with other textile base +5905 00 Textile wall coverings +5906 10 Rubberized textile adhesive tape of a width not exceeding 20 cm +5906 91 Rubberized textile knitted or crocheted fabric, nes +5906 99 Rubberized textile fabric, nes +5907 00 Textile fabric impregnated, coated, covered, nes; painted canvas + for theater use, backdrops, etc. +5908 00 Textile wicks for lamps, stoves, candles or the like; gas mantles + and knitted gas mantle fabric +5909 00 Textile hosepiping and similar textile tubing +5910 00 Transmission or conveyor belts or belting of textile material + whether or not reinforced +5911 10 Felt and felt-lined woven fabric combined with rubber, leather, or + other material, for technical uses +5911 20 Textile bolting cloth, whether or not made up +5911 31 Textile fabric, endless or linked, for paper-making or similar + machines, weighing <650 g/m2 +5911 32 Textile fabric, endless or linked, for paper-making or similar + machines, weighing ò650 g/m2 +5911 40 Textile straining cloth used in oil presses or the like, including + of human hair +5911 90 Textile products and articles for technical uses, nes + +Ch. 60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics + +6001 10 Long pile knitted or crocheted textile fabric +6001 21 Looped pile knitted or crocheted fabric, of cotton +6001 22 Looped pile knitted or crocheted fabric, of man-made fibers +6001 29 Looped pile knitted or crocheted fabric, of other textile + materials +6001 91 Pile knitted or crocheted fabric, of cotton, nes +6001 92 Pile knitted or crocheted fabric, of man-made fiber, nes +6001 99 Pile knitted or crocheted fabric, of other textile materials, nes +6002 10 Knitted or crocheted textile fabric, wó30 cm,ò5% of elastomeric + yarn or rubber thread, nes +6002 20 Knitted or crocheted textile fabric, width not exceeding 30 cm, + nes +6002 30 Knitted or crocheted textile fabric, width > 30 cm, ò5% of + elastomeric yarn or rubber thread, nes +6002 41 Warp knitted fabric, of wool or fine animal hair, nes +6002 42 Warp knitted fabric, of cotton, nes +6002 43 Warp knitted fabric, of man-made fibers, nes +6002 49 Warp knitted fabric, of other materials, nes +6002 91 Knitted or crocheted fabric, of wool or of fine animal hair, nes +6002 92 Knitted or crocheted fabric, of cotton, nes +6002 93 Knitted or crocheted fabric, of manmade fibers, nes +6002 99 Knitted or crocheted fabric, of other materials, nes + +Ch. 61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted + +6101 10 Men's or boys' overcoats, anoraks, and sim articles, of wool or + fine animal hair, knitted or crocheted +6101 20 Men's or boys' overcoats, anoraks, and similar articles, of + cotton, knitted or crocheted +6101 30 Men's or boys' overcoats, anoraks, and similar articles, of man- + made fibers, knitted or crocheted +6101 90 Men's or boys' overcoats, anoraks, and sim articles, of other + textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6102 10 Women's or girls' overcoats, anoraks and sim art, of wool or fine + animal hair, knitted or crocheted +6102 20 Women's or girls' overcoats, anoraks and similar articles, of + cotton, knitted or crocheted +6102 30 Women's or girls' overcoats, anoraks and similar articles, of man- + made fibers, knitted or crocheted +6102 90 Women's or girls' overcoats, anoraks and sim art, of other textile + materials, knitted or crocheted +6103 11 Men's or boys' suits, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or + crocheted +6103 12 Men's or boys' suits, of synthetic fibers, knitted or crocheted +6103 19 Men's or boys' suits, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6103 21 Men's or boys' ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or + crocheted +6103 22 Men's or boys' ensembles, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6103 23 Men's or boys' ensembles, of synthetic fibers, knitted or + crocheted +6103 29 Men's or boys' ensembles, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6103 31 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of wool or fine animal hair, + knitted or crocheted +6103 32 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6103 33 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of synthetic fibers, knitted + or crocheted +6103 39 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of other textile materials, + knitted or crocheted +6103 41 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal hair, + knitted or crocheted +6103 42 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6103 43 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibers, knitted + or crocheted +6103 49 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, + knitted or crocheted +6104 11 Women's or girls' suits, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or + crocheted +6104 12 Women's or girls' suits, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6104 13 Women's or girls' suits, of synthetic fibers, knitted or crocheted +6104 19 Women's or girls' suits, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6104 21 Women's or girls' ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted + or crocheted +6104 22 Women's or girls' ensembles, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6104 23 Women's or girls' ensembles, of synthetic fibers, knitted or + crocheted +6104 29 Women's or girls' ensembles, of other textile materials, knitted + or crocheted +6104 31 Women's or girls' jackets, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or + crocheted +6104 32 Women's or girls' jackets, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6104 33 Women's or girls' jackets, of synthetic fibers, knitted or + crocheted +6104 39 Women's or girls' jackets, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6104 41 Women's or girls' dresses, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or + crocheted +6104 42 Women's or girls' dresses, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6104 43 Women's or girls' dresses, of synthetic fibers, knitted or + crocheted +6104 44 Women's or girls' dresses, of artificial fibers, knitted or + crocheted +6104 49 Women's or girls' dresses, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6104 51 Women's or girls' skirts, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or + crocheted +6104 52 Women's or girls' skirts, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6104 53 Women's or girls' skirts, of synthetic fibers, knitted or crocheted +6104 59 Women's or girls' skirts, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6104 61 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal + hair, knitted or crocheted +6104 62 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6104 63 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibers, + knitted or crocheted +6104 69 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, + knitted or crocheted +6105 10 Men's or boys' shirts, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6105 20 Men's or boys' shirts, of man-made fibers, knitted or crocheted +6105 90 Men's or boys' shirts, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6106 10 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6106 20 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of man-made fibers, knitted + or crocheted +6106 90 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of other materials, knitted + or crocheted +6107 11 Men's or boys' underpants and briefs, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6107 12 Men's or boys' underpants and briefs, of man-made fibers, knitted + or crocheted +6107 19 Men's or boys' underpants and briefs, of other textile materials, + knitted or crocheted +6107 21 Men's or boys' nightshirts and pajamas, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6107 22 Men's or boys' nightshirts and pajamas, of man-made fibers, + knitted or crocheted +6107 29 Men's or boys' nightshirts and pajamas, of other textile + materials, knitted or crocheted +6107 91 Men's or boys' underpants, briefs, robes, and similar articles of + cotton, knitted or crocheted +6107 92 Men's or boys' underpants, briefs, robes, and sim articles of man- + made fibers, knitted or crocheted +6107 99 Men's or boys' underwear, briefs, robes, and sim art of other + textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6108 11 Women's or girls' slips and petticoats, of man-made fibers, + knitted or crocheted +6108 19 Women's or girls' slips and petticoats, of other textile + materials, knitted or crocheted +6108 21 Women's or girls' briefs and panties, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6108 22 Women's or girls' briefs and panties, of man-made fibers, knitted + or crocheted +6108 29 Women's or girls' briefs and panties, of other textile materials, + knitted or crocheted +6108 31 Women's or girls' nightdresses and pajamas, of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6108 32 Women's or girls' nightdresses and pajamas, of man-made fibers, + knitted or crocheted +6108 39 Women's or girls' nightdresses and pajamas, of other textile + materials, knitted or crocheted +6108 91 Women's or girls' robes, dressing gowns, and similar articles of + cotton, nes, knitted or crocheted +6108 92 Women's or girls' robes, dressing gowns, and sim art of man-made + fibers, nes, knitted or crocheted +6108 99 Women's or girls' robes, dressing gowns, and sim art of other tex + materials, nes, knitted or crocheted +6109 10 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, of cotton, + knitted or crocheted +6109 90 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar garments, of other + textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6110 10 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, and sim articles of wool or fine + animal hair, knitted or crocheted +6110 20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, and similar articles of cotton, + knitted or crocheted +6110 30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, and similar articles of man-made + fibers, knitted or crocheted +6110 90 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, and sim articles of other + textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6111 10 Babies garments and clothing accessories of wool or fine animal + hair, knitted or crocheted +6111 20 Babies garments and clothing accessories of cotton, knitted or + crocheted +6111 30 Babies garments and clothing accessories of synthetic fibers, + knitted or crocheted +6111 90 Babies garments and clothing accessories of other textile + materials, knitted or crocheted +6112 11 Track suits, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6112 12 Track suits, of synthetic fibers, knitted or crocheted +6112 19 Track suits, of other textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6112 20 Ski suits, of textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6112 31 Men's or boys' swimwear, of synthetic fibers, knitted or crocheted +6112 39 Men's or boys' swimwear, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6112 41 Women's or girls' swimwear, of synthetic fibers, knitted or + crocheted +6112 49 Women's or girls' swimwear, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6113 00 Garments made up of impregnated, coated, covered or laminated + textile knitted or crocheted fabric +6114 10 Garments of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or crocheted, nes +6114 20 Garments of cotton, knitted or crocheted, nes +6114 30 Garments of man-made fibers, knitted or crocheted, nes +6114 90 Garments of other textile materials, knitted or crocheted, nes +6115 11 Panty hose and tights, of synthetic fiber yarn, <67 decitex/single + yarn, knitted or crocheted +6115 12 Panty hose and tights, of synthetic fiber yarn, ò67 decitex/single + yarn, knitted or crocheted +6115 19 Panty hose and tights, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6115 20 Women full or knee length hosiery, of textile yarn, <67 + decitex/single yarn, knitted or crocheted +6115 91 Hosiery nes, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or crocheted +6115 92 Hosiery nes, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6115 93 Hosiery nes, of synthetic fibers, knitted or crocheted +6115 99 Hosiery nes, of other textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6116 10 Gloves or mittens, impregnated, coated or covered with plastics or + rubber, knitted or crocheted +6116 91 Gloves or mittens, nes, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted or + crocheted +6116 92 Gloves or mittens, nes, of cotton, knitted or crocheted +6116 93 Gloves or mittens, nes, of synthetic fibers, knitted or crocheted +6116 99 Gloves or mittens, nes, of other textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6117 10 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of textile materials, knitted + or crocheted +6117 20 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6117 80 Clothing accessories nes, of textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6117 90 Parts of garments or clothing accessories, of textile materials, + knitted or crocheted + +Ch. 62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or + crocheted or crocheted + +6201 11 Men's or boys' overcoats, and similar articles of wool or fine + animal hair, not knit +6201 12 Men's or boys' overcoats, and similar articles of cotton, not + knitted or crocheted +6201 13 Men's or boys' overcoats, and similar articles of man-made fibers, + not knitted or crocheted +6201 19 Men's or boys' overcoats, and similar articles of other textile + materials, not knitted or crocheted +6201 91 Men's or boys' anoraks and similar articles, of wool or fine + animal hair, not knitted or crocheted +6201 92 Men's or boys' anoraks and similar articles, of cotton, not + knitted or crocheted +6201 93 Men's or boys' anoraks and similar articles, of man-made fibers, + not knitted or crocheted +6201 99 Men's or boys' anoraks and similar articles, of other textile + materials, not knitted or crocheted +6202 11 Women's or girls' overcoats and similar articles of wool or fine + animal hair not knit +6202 12 Women's or girls' overcoats and similar articles of cotton, not + knitted or crocheted +6202 13 Women's or girls' overcoats and similar articles of man-made + fibers, not knitted or crocheted +6202 19 Women's or girls' overcoats and similar articles of other textile + mat, not knit +6202 91 Women's or girls' anoraks and similar article of wool or fine + animal hair, not knit +6202 92 Women's or girls' anoraks and similar article of cotton, not + knitted or crocheted +6202 93 Women's or girls' anoraks and similar article of man-made fibers, + not knitted or crocheted +6202 99 Women's or girls' anoraks and similar article of other textile + materials, not knit +6203 11 Men's or boys' suits, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted or + crocheted +6203 12 Men's or boys' suits, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6203 19 Men's or boys' suits, of other textile materials, not knitted or + crocheted +6203 21 Men's or boys' ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted + or crocheted +6203 22 Men's or boys' ensembles, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6203 23 Men's or boys' ensembles, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6203 29 Men's or boys' ensembles, of other textile materials, not knitted + or crocheted +6203 31 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of wool or fine animal hair, + not knitted or crocheted +6203 32 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6203 33 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of synthetic fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6203 39 Men's or boys' jackets and blazers, of other textile materials, + not knitted or crocheted +6203 41 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal hair, + not knitted or crocheted +6203 42 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6203 43 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6203 49 Men's or boys' trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, + not knitted or crocheted +6204 11 Women's or girls' suits, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted + or crocheted +6204 12 Women's or girls' suits, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6204 13 Women's or girls' suits, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6204 19 Women's or girls' suits, of other textile materials, not knitted + or crocheted +6204 21 Women's or girls' ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, not + knitted or crocheted +6204 22 Women's or girls' ensembles, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6204 23 Women's or girls' ensembles, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6204 29 Women's or girls' ensembles, of other textile materials, not + knitted or crocheted +6204 31 Women's or girls' jackets, of wool or fine animal hair, not + knitted or crocheted +6204 32 Women's or girls' jackets, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6204 33 Women's or girls' jackets, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6204 39 Women's or girls' jackets, of other textile materials, not knitted + or crocheted +6204 41 Women's or girls' dresses, of wool or fine animal hair, not + knitted or crocheted +6204 42 Women's or girls' dresses, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6204 43 Women's or girls' dresses, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6204 44 Women's or girls' dresses, of artificial fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6204 49 Women's or girls' dresses, of other textile materials, not knitted + or crocheted +6204 51 Women's or girls' skirts, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted + or crocheted +6204 52 Women's or girls' skirts, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6204 53 Women's or girls' skirts, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6204 59 Women's or girls' skirts, of other textile materials, not knitted + or crocheted +6204 61 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal + hair, not knitted or crocheted +6204 62 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6204 63 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6204 69 Women's or girls' trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, + not knitted or crocheted +6205 10 Men's or boys' shirts, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted or + crocheted +6205 20 Men's or boys' shirts, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6205 30 Men's or boys' shirts, of man-made fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6205 90 Men's or boys' shirts, of other textile materials, not knitted or + crocheted +6206 10 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of silk or silk waste, not + knitted or crocheted +6206 20 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of wool or fine animal hair, + not knitted or crocheted +6206 30 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6206 40 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of man-made fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6206 90 Women's or girls' blouses and shirts, of other textile materials, + not knitted or crocheted +6207 11 Men's or boys' underpants and briefs, of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6207 19 Men's or boys' underpants and briefs, of other textile materials, + not knitted or crocheted +6207 21 Men's or boys' nightshirts and pajamas, of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6207 22 Men's or boys' nightshirts and pajamas, of man-made fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6207 29 Men's or boys' nightshirts and pajamas, of other textile + materials, not knitted or crocheted +6207 91 Men's or boys' robes, dressing gowns, and similar articles of + cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6207 92 Men's or boys' robes, dressing gowns, and sim art of man-made + fibers, not knitted or crocheted +6207 99 Men's or boys' robes, dressing gowns, and similar articles of + other textile materials, not knit +6208 11 Women's or girls' slips and petticoats, of man-made fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6208 19 Women's or girls' slips and petticoats, of other textile + materials, not knitted or crocheted +6208 21 Women's or girls' nightdresses and pajamas, of cotton, not knitted + or crocheted +6208 22 Women's or girls' nightdresses and pajamas, of man-made fibers, + not knitted or crocheted +6208 29 Women's or girls' nightdresses and pajamas, of other textile + materials, not knitted or crocheted +6208 91 Women's or girls' panties, robes, and similar articles of cotton, + not knitted or crocheted +6208 92 Women's or girls' panties, robes, and similar articles of man-made + fibers, not knitted or crocheted +6208 99 Women's or girls' panties, robes, and sim art of other textile + materials, not knitted or crocheted +6209 10 Babies garments and clothing accessories of wool or fine animal + hair, not knitted or crocheted +6209 20 Babies garments and clothing accessories of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6209 30 Babies garments and clothing accessories of synthetic fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6209 90 Babies garments and clothing accessories of other textile + materials, not knitted or crocheted +6210 10 Garments made up of textile felts and of nonwoven textile fabric +6210 20 Men's or boys' overcoats and similar articles of impreg, coated, + covered etc, textile fabric +6210 30 Women's or girls' overcoats and sim art, of impregnated, coated, + covered, or laminated woven fabric +6210 40 Men's or boys' garments nes, made up of impregnated, coated, + covered, or laminated woven fabric +6210 50 Women's or girls' garments nes, of impregnated, coated, covered, + or laminated woven fabric +6211 11 Men's or boys' swimwear, of textile materials not knitted or + crocheted +6211 12 Women's or girls' swimwear, of textile materials, not knitted or + crocheted +6211 20 Ski suits, of textile materials, not knitted or crocheted +6211 31 Men's or boys' garments nes, of wool or fine animal hair, not + knitted or crocheted +6211 32 Men's or boys' garments nes, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6211 33 Men's or boys' garments nes, of man-made fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6211 39 Men's or boys' garments nes, of other textile materials, not + knitted or crocheted +6211 41 Women's or girls' garments nes, of wool or fine animal hair, not + knitted or crocheted +6211 42 Women's or girls' garments nes, of cotton, not knitted or + crocheted +6211 43 Women's or girls' garments nes, of man-made fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6211 49 Women's or girls' garments nes, of other textile materials, not + knitted or crocheted +6212 10 Brassieres and parts thereof, of textile materials, whether or not + knitted or crocheted +6212 20 Girdles, panty girdles and parts thereof, of textile materials, + whether or not crocheted +6212 30 Corselettes and parts thereof, of textile materials, whether or + not knitted or crocheted +6212 90 Corsets, braces and sim articles and parts, of textile materials, + whether or not knitted or crocheted +6213 10 Handkerchiefs, of silk or silk waste, not knitted or crocheted +6213 20 Handkerchiefs, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6213 90 Handkerchiefs, of other textile materials, not knitted or + crocheted +6214 10 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of silk or silk waste, not + knitted or crocheted +6214 20 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of wool or fine animal hair, + not knitted or crocheted +6214 30 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of synthetic fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6214 40 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of artificial fibers, not + knitted or crocheted +6214 90 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of other textile materials, + not knitted or crocheted +6215 10 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of silk or silk waste, not knitted or + crocheted +6215 20 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of man-made fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6215 90 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of other textile materials, not + knitted or crocheted +6216 00 Gloves, mittens and mitts, of textile materials, not knitted or + crocheted +6217 10 Clothing accessories of textile materials, not knitted or + crocheted, nes +6217 90 Parts of garments or of clothing accessories of textile materials, + not knitted or crocheted, nes + +Ch. 63 Other made up textile articles; needlecraft sets; worn clothing + and worn textile articles; rags + +6301 10 Electric blankets, of textile materials +6301 20 Blankets (other than electric) and traveling rugs, of wool or fine + animal hair +6301 30 Blankets (other than electric) and traveling rugs, of cotton +6301 40 Blankets (other than electric) and traveling rugs, of synthetic + fibers +6301 90 Blankets (other than electric) and traveling rugs, of other + textile materials +6302 10 Bed linen, of textile knitted or crocheted or crocheted materials +6302 21 Bed linen, of cotton, printed, not knitted or crocheted +6302 22 Bed linen, of man-made fibers, printed, not knitted or crocheted +6302 29 Bed linen, of other textile materials, printed, not knitted or + crocheted +6302 31 Bed linen, of cotton, nes +6302 32 Bed linen, of man-made fibers, nes +6302 39 Bed linen, of other textile materials, nes +6302 40 Table linen, of textile knitted or crocheted materials +6302 51 Table linen, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6302 52 Table linen, of flax, not knitted or crocheted +6302 53 Table linen, of man-made fibers, not knitted or crocheted +6302 59 Table linen, of other textile materials, not knitted or crocheted +6302 60 Toilet and kitchen linen, of terry toweling or similar terry + fabric, of cotton +6302 91 Toilet and kitchen linen, of cotton, nes +6302 92 Toilet and kitchen linen, of flax +6302 93 Toilet and kitchen linen, of man-made fibers +6302 99 Toilet and kitchen linen, of other textile materials +6303 11 Curtains, interior blinds and curtain or bed valances, of cotton, + knitted or crocheted +6303 12 Curtains, interior blinds and curtain or bed valances, of + synthetic fiber, knitted or crocheted +6303 19 Curtains, interior blinds and curtain or bed valances, other + textile materials, knitted or crocheted +6303 91 Curtains, interior blinds and curtain or bed valances, of cotton, + not knitted or crocheted +6303 92 Curtains, interior blinds and curtain or bed valances, of + synthetic fiber, not knitted or crocheted +6303 99 Curtains, interior blinds and curtain or bed valances, of other + tex mat, not knitted or crocheted +6304 11 Bedspreads of textile materials, nes, knitted or crocheted +6304 19 Bedspreads of textile materials, nes, not knitted or crocheted +6304 91 Furnishing articles nes, of textile materials, knitted or + crocheted +6304 92 Furnishing articles nes, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted +6304 93 Furnishing articles nes, of synthetic fibers, not knitted or + crocheted +6304 99 Furnishing articles nes, of other textile materials, not knitted + or crocheted +6305 10 Sacks and bags of jute or of other textile bast fibers +6305 20 Sacks and bags of cotton +6305 31 Sacks and bags polyethylene or polypropylene strips +6305 39 Sacks and bags of other man-made textile materials +6305 90 Sacks and bags of other textile materials +6306 11 Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds, of cotton +6306 12 Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds, of synthetic fibers +6306 19 Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds, of other textile materials +6306 21 Tents, of cotton +6306 22 Tents, of synthetic fibers +6306 29 Tents, of other textile materials +6306 31 Sails, of synthetic fibers +6306 39 Sails, of other textile materials +6306 41 Pneumatic mattresses, of cotton +6306 49 Pneumatic mattresses, of other textile materials +6306 91 Camping goods nes, of cotton +6306 99 Camping goods nes, of other textile materials +6307 10 Floor-cloths, dish-cloths, dusters and similar cleaning cloths, of + textile materials +6307 20 Life jackets and life belts, of textile materials +6307 90 Made up articles, of textile materials, nes, including dress + patterns +6308 00 Sets of woven fabric and yarn, for rugs, tapestries, and similar + textile articles, for retail sale +6309 00 Worn clothing and other worn articles + +Ch. 64 Footwear, gaiters, and the like; parts of such articles + +ex 6405 20 Footwear with soles and uppers of wool felt +ex 6406 10 Footwear uppers of which the external surface is ò50% textile +material +ex 6406 99 Leg warmers and gaiters of textile materials + +Ch. 65 Headgear and parts thereof + +6501 00 Hat-forms, hat bodies and hoods of felt; plateaux and manchons of + felt +6502 00 Hat-shapes, plaited or made by assembling strips of any material +6503 00 Felt hats and other felt headgear +6504 00 Hats and other headgear, plaited or made by assembling strips of + any material +6505 90 Hats and other headgear, knitted or made up from lace, or other + textile materials + +Ch. 66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, + riding-crops and parts thereof + +6601 10 Umbrellas and sun umbrellas, garden type +6601 91 Other umbrella types, telescopic shaft +6601 99 Other umbrellas + +Ch. 70 Glass and glassware + +ex 7019 10 Yarn of fiber glass +ex 7019 20 Woven fabric of fiber glass + +Ch. 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts + and accessories thereof + +8708 21 Safety seat belts for motor vehicles + +Ch. 88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof + +8804 00 Parachutes; their parts and accessories + +Ch. 91 Clocks and watchs and parts thereof + +9113 90 Watch straps, bands and bracelets of textile materials + +Ch. 94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and + similar stuffed furnishings + +ex 9404 90 Pillow and cushions of cotton; quilts; eiderdowns; comforters and +sim articles of textile materials + +Ch. 95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof + +9502 91 Garments for dolls + +Ch. 96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles + +ex 9612 10 Woven ribbons, of man-made fibers, other than those <30 mm wide +and permanently in cartridges +============================================================================= + APPENDIX 2.1 + + Tariff Elimination + + +Trade Between the United States and Canada + +1. The United States and Canada shall progressively eliminate +their respective customs duties on originating textile and +apparel goods of each other in accordance with the base rates and +schedules set forth in Annex 401.2, as amended, of the Canada- +United States Free Trade Agreement. + + +Trade Between the United States and Mexico + +2. The United States and Mexico shall progressively eliminate +their respective customs duties on originating textile and +apparel goods of each other, starting from the base rates set +forth in the Party's Schedule in Annex 302.2, as follows: + + (a) duties on textile and apparel goods provided for in the + items in staging category A in a Party's Schedule shall + be eliminated entirely and such goods shall be duty- + free effective January 1, 1994; + + (b) duties on textile and apparel goods provided for in the + items in staging category B in a Party's Schedule shall + be reduced on January 1, 1994, by an amount equal, in + percentage terms, to the base rates. Thereafter, + duties shall be removed in five equal annual stages + commencing on January 1, 1995, and such goods shall be + duty-free effective January 1, 1999; + + (c) duties on textile and apparel goods provided for in the + items in staging category C in a Party's Schedule shall + be removed in 10 equal annual stages commencing on + January 1, 1994, and such goods shall be duty-free + effective January 1, 2003; and + + (d) if the application of the formulas provided in + subparagraphs (b) and (c) for staging categories B and + C result in a duty that exceeds 20 percent ad valorem + during any annual stage, the rate of duty during that + stage shall be 20 percent ad valorem instead of the + rate that otherwise would have applied. + +Exceptions to this provision are specified in Schedule 2.1. + +3. In addition, on January 1, 1994, the United States shall +eliminate customs duties on textile and apparel goods that are: + + (a) assembled in Mexico from fabrics wholly formed and cut + in the United States; and + + (b) exported from and reimported into the United States + under U.S. tariff item 9802.00.80.10, + +and shall not adopt or maintain customs duties on textile and +apparel goods of Mexico that satisfy the requirements of any +successor provision to that U.S. tariff item. + + +Trade Between Canada and Mexico + +4. Canada and Mexico shall progressively eliminate their +respective customs duties on originating textile and apparel +goods of each other, starting from the base rates set forth in +the Party's Schedule in Annex 302.2, as follows: + + (a) duties on textile and apparel goods provided for in the + items in staging category A in a Party's Schedule shall + be eliminated entirely and such goods shall be duty- + free effective January 1, 1994; + + (b) duties on textile and apparel goods provided for in the + items in staging category B in a Party's Schedule shall + be removed in six equal annual stages commencing on + January 1, 1994, and such goods shall be duty-free + effective January 1, 1999; + + (c) duties on textile and apparel goods provided for in the + items in staging category B+ shall be reduced by the + following percentages of the base rates, commencing on + January 1, 1994, and such goods shall be duty-free + effective January 1, 2001: + + January 1, 1994, 20 per cent; + January 1, 1995, 0 per cent; + January 1, 1996, 10 per cent; + January 1, 1997, 10 per cent; + January 1, 1998, 10 per cent; + January 1, 1999, 10 per cent; + January 1, 2000, 10 per cent; + January 1, 2001, 30 per cent; and + + (d) duties on textile and apparel goods provided for in the + items in staging category C in a Party's Schedule shall + be removed in 10 equal annual stages commencing on + January 1, 1994, and such goods shall be duty-free + effective January 1, 2003. + + +Trade Between All Parties + +5. Originating textile and apparel goods provided for in the +items in staging category D in a Party's Schedule shall continue +to receive duty-free treatment. +============================================================================= + Schedule 2.1 + + Exceptions to Tariff Phase-out Formula + Specified in Appendix 2.1 + + +1. The United States shall apply the following rates of duty on +tariff items 5111.11.70, 5111.19.60, 5112.11.20, and 5112.19.90 +during the transition period: + +Year 1 25.0% +Year 2 24.1% +Year 3 18.0% +Year 4 12.0% +Year 5 6.0% +Year 6 and thereafter 0.0% + +2. Mexico shall apply the following rates of duty on tariff +items 5111.11.01, 5111.19.99, 5112.11.01, 5112.19.99, as modified +to correspond to the U.S. tariff items identified in paragraph 1, +during the transition period: + +Year 1 15.0% +Year 2 14.5% +Year 3 10.8% +Year 4 7.2% +Year 5 3.6% +Year 6 and thereafter 0.0% + +3. The United States shall apply the following rates of duty on +tariff items 5111.20.90, 5111.30.90, 5112.20.30, 5112.30.30, +5407.91.05, 5407.92.05, 5407.93.05, 5407.94.05, 5408.31.05, +5408.32.05, 5408.33.05, 5408.34.05, 5515.13.05, 5515.22.05, +5515.92.05, 5516.31.05, 5516.32.05, 5516.33.05, and 5516.34.05 +during the transition period: + +Year 1 25.0% +Year 2 25.0% +Year 3 20.0% +Year 4 13.3% +Year 5 6.7% +Year 6 and thereafter 0.0% + + +4. Mexico shall apply the following rates of duty on tariff +items 5111.20.99, 5111.30.99, 5112.20.01, 5112.30.01, 5407.91.99, +5407.92.99, 5407.93.99, 5407.94.99, 5408.31.99, 5408.32.99, +5408.33.99, 5408.34.99, 5515.13.01, 5515.22.01, 5515.92.01, +5516.31.01, 5516.32.01, 5516.33.01, and 5516.34.01, as modified +to correspond to the U.S. tariff items identified in paragraph 3, +during the transition period: + +Year 1 15.0% +Year 2 15.0% +Year 3 12.0% +Year 4 8.0% +Year 5 4.0% +Year 6 and thereafter 0.0% + + +5. Mexico shall apply the following rates of duty on goods in +subheadings 5703.20 and 5703.30 measuring not more than 5.25 +square meters in area, other than hand-hooked, of nylon, during +the transition period: + +Year 1 20.0% +Year 2 20.0% +Year 3 10.0% +Year 4 6.6% +Year 5 3.3% +Year 6 and thereafter 0.0% +============================================================================= + APPENDIX 3.1 + + Administering Import and Export Restrictions and + Consultation Levels + + +General Provisions Applicable Only to Trade Between Mexico and +the United States and Between Mexico and Canada + +1. A Party applying a restriction or consultation level on non- +originating goods pursuant to Section 5 or paragraph 8 of this +Appendix shall apply it in accordance with this Appendix and its +Schedules. + +2. An exporting Party whose textile or apparel good is subject +to a restriction or consultation level shall limit its annual +exports to the specified limits or levels, and the importing +Party may assist the exporting Party in implementing such +restriction or consultation level by controlling its imports. + +3. Textile and apparel goods exported subject to restrictions +or consultation levels shall be counted against the limits or +levels applicable to the year in which exported. Exports in +excess of authorized limits or levels in each calendar year +shall, if allowed entry into the importing Party, be charged to +the limit or level authorized for the succeeding year. + +4. Each exporting Party whose goods are subject to a +restriction or consultation level shall use its best efforts to +space exports of such goods to the territory of the importing +Party evenly throughout each calendar year, taking into +consideration normal seasonal factors. + +5. Upon written request by an exporting Party whose goods are +subject to a restriction or consultation level, that Party and +the importing Party shall enter into consultations, within 30 +days of receipt of the written request therefor, on any question +arising from the implementation of this Appendix. If the +exporting Party considers that, as a result of a restriction or +consultation level applied under this Appendix, it is being +placed in an inequitable position in relation to another Party or +a non-Party, the consulting Parties shall seek a mutually +beneficial solution within 60 days of the request for +consultations. + +6. The Parties concerned may by mutual agreement adjust annual +Designated Consultation Levels (DCLs) as follows: + + (a) if an exporting Party whose goods are subject to a DCL + wishes to export goods in any category in excess of the + applicable DCL in any calendar year, that Party may + present to the importing Party a formal written request + for an increase in the DCL; and + + (b) the importing Party shall respond, in writing, within + 30 days of the receipt of the request. If the response + to a request is negative, consultations shall take + place not later than 15 days after the receipt of the + negative response or as soon as mutually convenient. + The Parties concerned shall endeavor to reach a + mutually satisfactory solution. An exchange of letters + shall confirm any agreement reached on any new DCL. + +7. The Parties may adjust annual Specific Limits (SLs) as +follows: + + (a) an exporting Party wishing to adjust an SL in + accordance with this paragraph shall provide notice to + the importing Party of its intent to make such + adjustment; + + (b) that exporting Party may increase any SL by not more + than 6 percent (swing); and + + (c) in addition, exports from that Party may exceed by a + maximum of 11 percent any SL by allocating to such + limit for that calendar year an unused portion + ("shortfall") of the corresponding limit for the + previous calendar year ("carryover") or a portion of + the corresponding limit for the succeeding calendar + year ("carryforward") subject to the following + conditions + + (i) carryover may be utilized as available up to 11 + percent of the receiving calendar year's + applicable limits, + + (ii) carryforward may be utilized up to 6 percent of + the receiving calendar year's applicable limits + and shall be charged against the succeeding + calendar year's corresponding limits, + + (iii) the combination of carryover and carryforward + shall not exceed 11 percent of the receiving + calendar year's applicable limits in any + calendar year, and + + (iv) carryover of shortfall shall be applied to any + specific limit following notice given by the + exporting Party and confirmation by the importing + Party that sufficient shortfall exists. If the + importing Party does not consider that sufficient + shortfall exists, it will promptly provide data to + support that view. If substantial statistical + differences exist between the import and export + data upon which shortfall for a given period is + computed, the Parties shall work to resolve these + differences promptly. + +Provisions Applicable Only to Trade between Mexico and the United +States + +8. During the transition period, non-originating textile and +apparel goods of Mexico exported to the United States shall be +subject to the restrictions and consultation levels specified in +Schedule 3.1.2, in accordance with this Appendix and its +Schedules. Such restrictions and consultation levels shall be +progressively eliminated as follows: + + (a) restrictions or consultation levels on items contained + in the categories of textile and apparel goods in + staging category 1 in Schedule 3.1.1 shall be + eliminated on January 1, 1994; + + (b) restrictions or consultation levels on items contained + in the categories of textile and apparel goods in + staging category 2 in Schedule 3.1.1 shall be + eliminated on January 1, 2001; and + + (c) restrictions or consultation levels on items contained + in the categories of textile and apparel goods in + staging category 3 in Schedule 3.1.1 shall be + eliminated on January 1, 2004. + +9. In addition, on January 1, 1994, the United States shall +eliminate restrictions or consultation levels on textile and +apparel goods that are: + + (a) assembled in Mexico from fabrics wholly formed and cut + in the United States; and + + (b) exported from and reimported into the United States + under U.S. tariff item 9802.00.80.10, + +and, notwithstanding Section 5, shall not adopt or maintain +prohibitions, restrictions, or consultation levels on textile and +apparel goods of Mexico that satisfy the requirements of any +successor provision to that U.S. tariff item. + +10. Notwithstanding paragraph 8, no Party may apply the +restrictions and consultation levels specified in Schedule 3.1.2 +to the following textile and apparel goods, provided such goods +have been certified by the competent authority of Mexico as one +of the following: + + (a) hand-loomed fabrics of a cottage industry; + + (b) hand-made cottage industry goods made of such hand- + loomed fabrics; or + + (c) traditional folklore handicraft goods + +that have been identified and agreed between the United States +and Mexico for exemption from quantitative restrictions. + +11. The Bilateral Textile Agreement Between the United States of +America and the United Mexican States, signed at Mazatlan +February 13, 1988, as amended and extended (the Bilateral +Agreement), shall terminate upon the date of entry into force of +this Agreement. + +12. Except as otherwise provided in this Annex, the Parties +shall eliminate the restrictions and consultation levels listed +in Schedule 3.1.2 in accordance with the schedule provided in +Schedule 3.1.1. At the request of either Party, the Parties +shall consult to consider accelerating the elimination of +restrictions or consultation levels on specific textile and +apparel goods. An agreement between the Parties to accelerate +the elimination of a restriction or consultation level shall be +considered part of this Agreement, superseding Schedule 3.1.1. + +13. During the first calendar year following the date of entry +into force of this Agreement, Mexico may carry over any unused +portion of the preceding year's limit specified in the Bilateral +Agreement, or apply against the first year's limit specified in +this Appendix any exports made during the preceding year in +excess of the applicable limit under the Bilateral Agreement, in +accordance with the flexibility provisions set forth in paragraph +7. + +14. All exports of textiles and apparel goods from the territory +of Mexico to the territory of the United States covered by +restrictions or consultation levels under this Appendix shall be +accompanied by an export visa issued by the competent authority +of Mexico, pursuant to a bilateral visa arrangement, as amended. + +15. At the written request of either Party, both Parties shall +consult, within 30 days of receipt of the request, on any +questions arising from the implementation of this Appendix. In +addition, at the request of either Party, those Parties shall +conduct a major review of this Section no later than five years +from the date of entry into force of this Agreement. + +16. For the purpose of applying restrictions or consultation +levels, each Party shall classify a good as being: + + (a) of man-made fibers if the good is in chief weight of + man-made fibers, unless + + (i) the good is knitted or crocheted apparel in which + wool equals or exceeds 23 percent by weight of all + fibers, in which case it shall be of wool, + + (ii) the good is apparel, not knitted or crocheted, in + which wool equals or exceeds 36 percent by weight + of all fibers, in which case it shall be of wool, + or + + (iii) the good is a woven fabric in which wool + equals or exceeds 36 percent by weight of all + fibers, in which case it shall be of wool; + + (b) of cotton, if not covered by (a) and if the good is in + chief weight of cotton, unless the good is a woven + fabric in which wool equals or exceeds 36 percent by + weight of all fibers, in which case it shall be of + wool; + + (c) of wool, if not covered by (a) or (b), and the good is + in chief weight of wool; and + + (d) of non-cotton vegetable fiber, if not covered by (a), + (b), or (c), and the good is in chief weight of non- + cotton vegetable fiber, unless + + (i) cotton with wool and/or man-made fibers in the + aggregate equal or exceed 50 percent by weight of + the component fibers thereof and the cotton + component equals or exceeds the weight of each of + the total wool and/or man-made fiber components, + in which case it shall be of cotton, + + (ii) if not covered by (d)(i) and wool exceeds 17 + percent by weight of all component fibers, in + which case it shall be of wool, or + + (iii) if not covered by (d)(i) or (d)(ii) and man- + made fibers in combination with cotton and/or + wool in the aggregate equal or exceed 50 + percent by weight of the component fibers + thereof and the man-made fiber component + exceeds the weight of the total wool and/or + total cotton component, in which case it + shall be of man-made fibers. + +Schedules + + To determine which HS provisions are contained in a U.S. +category listed in the Schedules in this Appendix, the Parties +shall refer to the Correlation: Textile and Apparel Categories +with the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, 1992 +(or successor document), United States Department of Commerce, +International Trade Administration, Office of Textiles and +Apparel, Trade and Data Division, Washington, D.C. The +descriptions listed in these Schedules are provided for ease of +reference only; for legal purposes, coverage of a category shall +be determined according to the Correlation. + + + Schedule 3.1.1 + + Schedule For the Elimination of Restrictions + and Consultation Levels on Exports from Mexico to the United +States + + + a. Special Regime Goods + +Category Description Staging + Category + +335 SR C W&G Coats, Special Regime 1 +336/636 SR C/MMF Dresses, Special Regime 1 +338/339/638/639 SR C/MMF Knit Shirts, Spec. Reg. 1 +340/640 SR C/MMF Woven Shirts, Spec. Reg. + 1 +341/641 SR MMF Blouses, Special Regime 1 +342/642 SR C/MMF Skirts, Special Regime 1 +347/348/647/648 SR C/MMF Trousers, Spec. Reg. 1 +351/651 SR C/MMF Pyjamas, etc. Spec. Reg. + 1 +352/652 SR C/MMF Underwear, Spec. Regime 1 +359-C/659-C SR C/MMF Coveralls, Spec. Regime 1 +633 SR MMF Suit Coats, Special Regime 1 +635 SR MMF Coats, Special Regime 1 +============================================================================= + b. Non-originating Goods + +Category Description Staging + Category + +Broadwoven Fabric + Group C/MMF 1 +218 C/MMF Fabrics/Yarns Diff. Col. 1 +219 C/MMF Duck Fabric 2 +220 C/MMF Fabric of Special Weave 1 +225 C/MMF Denim Fabric 1 +226 C/MMF Cheesecloth, Batistes 1 +227 C/MMF Oxford Cloth 1 +300/301/607-Y C Combed/Carded Yarn; etc. 1 +313 C Sheeting Fabric 2 +314 C Poplin and Broadcloth Fabric 2 +315 C Printcloth Fabric 2 +317 C Twill Fabric 2 +326 C Sateen Fabric 1 +334/634 C/MMF Men's and Boy's Coats 1 +335 NR C Coats, Women's and Girl's 1 +336/636 NR C/MMF Dresses 1 +338/339/638/639 NR C/MMF Knit Shirts and Blouses 2 +340/640 NR C/MMFWoven Shirts 2 +341/641 NR C/MMF Woven Blouses 1 +342/642 C/MMF Skirts 1 +347/348/647/648 NR C/MMF Trousers and Pants 2 +351/651 C/MMF Pyjamas and Nightwear 1 +352/652 NR C/MMF Underwear 1 +359-C/659-C NR C/MMF Coveralls 1 +363 C Terry and pile towels 1 +410 Woven Wool Fabric 3 +433 W Men's/Boy's Suit-type Coats 3 +435 Women's and Girl's Coats, Wool 1 +443 Men's and Boys Suits, Wool 3 +604-AAcrylic Spun Yarn 1 +604-O/607-O Staple Fiber Yarn 1 +611 Artificial Staple Fiber Woven Fab. 3 +613 MMF Sheeting Fabric 1 +614 MMF Poplin & Broadcloth Fab. 1 +615 MMF Printcloth Fabric 1 +617 MMF Twill & Sateen Fab. 1 +625 MMF Poplin/Broad. Stap/Fil 1 +626 MMF Printcloth Stap/Fil 1 +627 MMF Sheeting Stap/Fil 1 +628 MMF Twill/Sateen Stap/Fil 1 +629 MMF Other Stap/Fil Fab. 1 +633 NR MMF Suit-Type Coats, M&B 2 +635 Women's and Girls MMF Coats 1 +643 MMF Suits for Men and Boys 2 +669-BPolypropylene Bags 1 +670 MMF Luggage, Flat Goods Etc. 1 + + + Schedule 3.1.2 + + Restrictions and Consultation Levels + on Exports from Mexico to the United States + + Unit of +Category Form Measure Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 + +219 DCL SM 9,438,000 9,438,000 9,438,000 +313 DCL SM 16,854,000 16,854,000 16,854,000 +314 DCL SM 6,966,904 6,966,904 6,966,904 +315 DCL SM 6,966,904 6,966,904 6,966,904 +317 DCL SM 8,427,000 8,427,000 8,427,000 +611 DCL SM 1,267,710 1,267,710 1,267,710 +410 DCL SM 397,160 397,160 397,160 +338/339/ + 638/639 DCL DZ 650,000 650,000 650,000 +340/640 SL DZ 120,439 128,822 137,788 +347/348/ + 647/648 DCL DZ 650,000 650,000 + 650,000 +433 DCL DZ 11,000 11,000 + 11,000 +443 SL NO 150,000 156,000 + 162,240 +633 DCL DZ 10,000 10,000 + 10,000 +643 DCL NO 155,556 155,556 + 155,556 +Category Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 + + +219 9,438,000 9,438,000 9,438,000 + 9,438 + ,000 +313 16,854,000 16,854,000 16,854,000 + 16,854,000 +314 6,966,904 6,966,904 6,966,904 + 6,966,904 + +315 6,966,904 6,966,904 6,966,904 + 6,966,904 + +317 8,427,000 8,427,000 8,427,000 + 8,427,000 + +611 1,267,710 1,267,710 1,267,710 + 1,267,710 + +410 397,160 397,160 397,160 + 397,160 + +338/339/ + 638/639 650,000 650,000 650,000 + 650,000 + +340/640 147,378 160,200 174,137 + 189,287 + +347/348/ + 647/648 650,000 650,000 650,000 + + 650,000 +433 11,000 11,000 11,000 + + 11,000 +443 168,730 175,479 182,498 + + 189,798 +633 10,000 10,000 10,000 + + 10,000 +643 155,556 155,556 155,556 + + 155,556 + + +Category Year 8 Year 9 Year10 + + +611 1,267,710 1,267,710 1,267,710 +410 397,160 397,160 397,160 +433 11,000 11,000 11,000 +443 197,390 205,286 213,496 + + + Schedule 3.1.3 + + Conversion Factors + + +1. This Schedule applies to restrictions and consultation +levels applied pursuant to Section 5 and paragraph 8 of Appendix +3.1, and to tariff preference levels (TPLs) applied pursuant to +Section 6 and Appendix 6.0. + +2. Unless otherwise provided in this Annex, or mutually agreed +as between two Parties with respect to trade between those +Parties, the rates of conversion into square meters equivalent +listed below shall apply in implementing this Annex. + +3. For goods covered by a textile category, the following +conversion factors shall apply: + + Primary +U.S. Conversion Description Unit of +Category Factor Measure + +200 6.60 YARN FOR RETAIL SALE, SEWING THREAD KG +201 6.50 SPECIALTY YARNS KG +218 1.00 FABRIC OF YARNS OF DIFFERENT COLORS SM +219 1.00 DUCK FABRIC SM +220 1.00 FABRIC OF SPECIAL WEAVE SM +222 6.00 KNIT FABRIC KG +223 14.00 NON-WOVEN FABRIC KG +224 1.00 PILE & TUFTED FABRIC SM +225 1.00 BLUE DENIM FABRIC SM +226 1.00 CHEESECLOTH, BATISTE, LAWN & VOILE SM +227 1.00 OXFORD CLOTH SM +229 13.60 SPECIAL PURPOSE FABRIC KG +237 19.20 PLAYSUITS, SUNSUITS, ETC DZ +239 6.30 BABIES' GARMENTS & CLOTHING ACCESS. KG +300 8.50 CARDED COTTON YARN KG +301 8.50 COMBED COTTON YARN KG +313 1.00 COTTON SHEETING FABRIC SM +314 1.00 COTTON POPLIN & BROADCLOTH FABRIC SM +315 1.00 COTTON PRINTCLOTH FABRIC SM +317 1.00 COTTON TWILL FABRIC SM +326 1.00 COTTON SATEEN FABRIC SM +330 1.40 COTTON HANDKERCHIEFS DZ +331 2.90 COTTON GLOVES AND MITTENS DPR +332 3.80 COTTON HOSIERY DPR +333 30.30 M&B SUIT-TYPE COATS, COTTON DZ +334 34.50 OTHER M&B COATS, COTTON DZ +335 34.50 W&G COTTON COATS DZ +336 37.90 COTTON DRESSES DZ +338 6.00 M&B COTTON KNIT SHIRTS DZ +339 6.00 W&G COTTON KNIT SHIRTS/BLOUSES DZ +340 20.10 M&B COTTON SHIRTS, NOT KNIT DZ +341 12.10 W&G COTTON SHIRTS/BLOUSES,NOT KNIT DZ +342 14.90 COTTON SKIRTS DZ +============================================================================= + Primary +U.S. Conversion Description Unit of +Category Factor Measure + +345 30.80 COTTON SWEATERS DZ +347 14.90 M&B COT. TROUSERS/BREECHES/SHORTS DZ +348 14.90 W&G COT. TROUSERS/BREECHES/SHORTS DZ +349 4.00 BRASSIERES, OTHER BODY SUPPORT GAR DZ +350 42.60 COTTON DRESSING GOWNS, ROBES ETC. DZ +351 43.50 COTTON NIGHTWEAR/PAJAMAS DZ +352 9.20 COTTON UNDERWEAR DZ +353 34.50 M&B COTTON DOWN-FILLED COATS DZ +354 34.50 W&G COTTON DOWN-FILLED COATS DZ +359 8.50 OTHER COTTON APPAREL KG +360 0.90 COTTON PILLOWCASES NO +361 5.20 COTTON SHEETS NO +362 5.80 OTHER COTTON BEDDING NO +363 0.40 COTTON TERRY & OTHER PILE TOWELS NO +369 8.50 OTHER COTTON MANUFACTURES KG +400 3.70 WOOL YARN KG +410 1.00 WOOL WOVEN FABRIC SM +414 2.80 OTHER WOOL FABRIC KG +431 1.80 WOOL GLOVES/MITTENS DPR +432 2.30 WOOL HOSIERY DPR +433 30.10 M&B WOOL SUIT-TYPE COATS DZ +434 45.10 OTHER M&B WOOL COATS DZ +435 45.10 W&G WOOL COATS DZ +436 41.10 WOOL DRESSES DZ +438 12.50 WOOL KNIT SHIRTS/BLOUSES DZ +439 6.30 BABIES' WOOL GARM/CLOTHING ACCESS. KG +440 20.10 WOOL SHIRTS/BLOUSES, NOT-KNIT DZ +442 15.00 WOOL SKIRTS DZ +443 3.76 M&B WOOL SUITS NO +444 3.76 W&G WOOL SUITS NO +445 12.40 M&B WOOL SWEATERS DZ +446 12.40 W&G WOOL SWEATERS DZ +447 15.00 M&B WOOL TROUSERS/BREECHES/SHORTS DZ +448 15.00 W&G WOOL TROUSERS/BREECHES/SHORTS DZ +459 3.70 OTHER WOOL APPAREL KG +464 2.40 WOOL BLANKETS KG +465 1.00 WOOL FLOOR COVERINGS SM +469 3.70 OTHER WOOL MANUFACTURES KG +============================================================================= + Primary +U.S. Conversion Description Unit of +Category Factor Measure + +600 6.50 TEXTURED FILAMENT YARN KG +603 6.30 YARN ò85% ARTIFICIAL STAPLE FIBER KG +604 7.60 YARN ò85% SYNTHETIC STAPLE FIBER KG +606 20.10 NON-TEXTURED FILAMENT YARN KG +607 6.50 OTHER STAPLE FIBER YARN KG +611 1.00 WOVEN FABRIC ò85% ARTIF STAPLE SM +613 1.00 MMF SHEETING FABRIC SM +614 1.00 MMF POPLIN & BROADCLOTH FABRIC SM +615 1.00 MMF PRINTCLOTH FABRIC SM +617 1.00 MMF TWILL AND SATEEN FABRIC SM +618 1.00 WOVEN ARTIFICIAL FILAMENT FABRIC SM +619 1.00 POLYESTER FILAMENT FABRIC SM +620 1.00 OTHER SYNTHETIC FILAMENT FABRIC SM +621 14.40 IMPRESSION FABRIC KG +622 1.00 GLASS FIBER FABRIC SM +624 1.00 WOVEN MMF FABRIC, 15 % TO 36 % WOOL SM +625 1.00 MMF STAP/FIL POPLN & BROADCLTH FAB SM +626 1.00 MMF STAP/FIL PRINTCLOTH FABRIC SM +627 1.00 MMF STAP/FIL SHEETING FABRIC SM +628 1.00 MMF STAPLE/FIL TWILL/SATEEN FABRIC SM +629 1.00 OTHER MMF STAP/FIL FABRIC SM +630 1.40 MMF HANDKERCHIEFS DZ +631 2.90 MMF GLOVES AND MITTENS DPR +632 3.80 MMF HOSIERY DPR +633 30.30 M&B MMF SUIT-TYPE COATS DZ +634 34.50 OTHER M&B MMF COATS DZ +635 34.50 W&G MMF COATS DZ +636 37.90 MMF DRESSES DZ +638 15.00 M&B MMF KNIT SHIRTS DZ +639 12.50 W&G MMF KNIT SHIRTS & BLOUSES DZ +640 20.10 M&B NOT-KNIT MMF SHIRTS DZ +641 12.10 W&G NOT-KNIT MMF SHIRTS & BLOUSES DZ +642 14.90 MMF SKIRTS DZ +643 3.76 M&B MMF SUITS NO +644 3.76 W&G MMF SUITS NO +645 30.80 M&B MMF SWEATERS DZ +646 30.80 W&G MMF SWEATERS DZ +647 14.90 M&B MMF TROUSERS/BREECHES/SHORTS DZ +648 14.90 W&G MMF TROUSERS/BREECHES/SHORTS DZ +649 4.00 MMF BRAS & OTHER BODY SUPPORT GARM DZ +650 42.60 MMF ROBES, DRESSING GOWNS, ETC. DZ +651 43.50 MMF NIGHTWEAR & PAJAMAS DZ +652 13.40 MMF UNDERWEAR DZ +653 34.50 M&B MMF DOWN-FILLED COATS DZ +654 34.50 W&G MMF DOWN-FILLED COATS DZ +659 14.40 OTHER MMF APPAREL KG +============================================================================= + Primary +U.S. Conversion Description Unit of +Category Factor Measure + +665 1.00 MMF FLOOR COVERINGS SM +666 14.40 OTHER MMF FURNISHINGS KG +669 14.40 OTHER MMF MANUFACTURES KG +670 3.70 MMF FLAT GOODS, HANDBAGS, LUGGAGE KG +800 8.50 YARN, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBER KG +810 1.00 WOVEN FAB, SLK BLENDS/VEG FIBER SM +831 2.90 GLOVES & MITTENS, SILK BLEND/ VEG DPR +832 3.80 HOSIERY, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBER DPR +833 30.30 M&B SUIT-TYPE COATS, SILK BL/VEG DZ +834 34.50 OTHER M&B COATS, SILK BLEND/VEG DZ +835 34.50 W&G COATS, SILK BLEND/VEG FIBER DZ +836 37.90 DRESSES, SILK BLEND/VEG FIBER DZ +838 11.70 KNIT SHIRTS & BLOUSES, SLK BL/VEG DZ +839 6.30 BABIES' GARM & CLOTH ACC, SLK/VEG KG +840 16.70 NOT-KNIT SHIRTS & BLOUSES, SLK/VEG DZ +842 14.90 SKIRTS, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBERS DZ +843 3.76 M&B SUITS, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBER NO +844 3.76 W&G SUITS, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBER NO +845 30.80 SWEATERS, NON-COTTON VEG FIBERS DZ +846 30.80 SWEATERS, SILK BLENDS DZ +847 14.90 TROUSERS/BREECHES/SHORTS, SILK/VEG DZ +850 42.60 ROBES, DRESSING GOWNS,ETC, SLK/VEG DZ +851 43.50 NIGHTWEAR & PJ'S, SILK BL/VEG FIB DZ +852 11.30 UNDERWEAR, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBER DZ +858 6.60 NECKWEAR, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBER KG +859 12.50 OTHER SILK/VEG FIBER APPAREL KG +863 0.40 TOWELS, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBERS NO +870 3.70 LUGGAGE, SILK BLENDS/VEG FIBERS KG +871 3.70 HANDBAGS & FLATGOODS, SLK BL/VEG KG +899 11.10 OTHER SILK BLENDS/VEG MANUFACTURES KG +============================================================================= +4. For goods not covered by a textile category, the following +conversion factors shall apply: + + + US +Harmonized +System Primary +Statistical Conversion Unit of +Provision Factor Measure Description + + +5208.31.2000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, 85%> COTTON, <100G/M2 + CERTIFIED HAND-LOOM FABRIC, DYED +5208.32.1000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, 85%> COTTON, + 100-200G/M2 CERTIFIED HAND-LOOM + FABRIC, DYED +5208.41.2000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, ò85% COTTON ó100G/M2 + CERT HAND-LOOM, YARNS OF DIF COLORS +5208.42.1000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, ò85% COTTON + 100-200G/M2 CERT HAND-LOOM, YARNS OF + DIF COLORS +5208.51.2000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, 85%> COTTON ó100G/M2 + PLAIN WEAVE, CERTIFIED HAND-LOOM, + PRINTED +5208.52.1000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, ò85% COTTON + 100-200G/M2 PLAIN WEAVE, CERT HAND- + LOOM, PRINTED +5209.31.3000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, 85%> COTTON >200G/M2 + PLAIN WEAVE, CERTIFIED HAND-LOOM, + DYED +5209.41.3000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, 85%> COTTON >200G/M2, + PLAIN WEAVE, YARNS OF DIFFERENT + COLOR +5209.51.3000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, >85% COTTON >200G/M2, + PLAIN WEAVE, CERT HAND-LOOM, PRINTED +5307.10.0000 8.50 KG YARN, JUTE OR OTHER TEXTILE BAST + FIBER (EXCLUDING FLAX/HEMP/RAMIE), + SINGLE +5307.20.0000 8.50 KG YARN, JUTE OR OTHER TEXTILE BAST + FIBER (EX. FLAX/HEMP/RAMIE), + MULTIPLE/CABLE +5308.10.0000 8.50 KG YARN, COIR +5308.30.0000 8.50 KG YARN, PAPER +5310.10.0020 1.00 SM WOVEN FAB, JUTE OR OTHER TEX BAST + FIBER (EX FLX/HEMP/RAM), ó130CM + WIDE, UNBL +5310.10.0040 1.00 SM WOVEN FAB, JUTE OR OTH TEX BAST FIB + (EX FLX/HMP/RM) >130 TO ó250 CM + WIDE, UNBL +5310.10.0060 1.00 SM WOVEN FAB JUTE OR OTH TEX BAST FIB + (EX FLAX/HEMP/RAM), >250 CM WIDE, + UNBL +5310.90.0000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC, JUTE OR OTH TEX BAST + FIBER (EXCLUDING FLAX/HEMP/RAMIE), + NES +5311.00.6000 1.00 SM WOVEN FABRIC OF PAPER YARN +5402.10.3020 20.10 KG NYLON HIGH TENACITY YARN, <5 TURNS + PER METER, NOT FOR RETAIL SALE +5402.20.3020 20.10 KG POLYESTER HIGH TENACITY YARN, <5 + TURNS PER METER, NOT FOR RETAIL SALE +5402.41.0010 20.10 KG NYLON MULTIFIL YRN, PARTIALLY + ORIENTED, UNTWST/TWST <5 TRNS/MET, + NOT RTL SALE +5402.41.0020 20.10 KG NYLON MONO/MULTFIL YARN, UNTWST/TWST + <5 TURNS/METER, NOT FOR RETAIL SALE, + NES +5402.41.0030 20.10 KG NYLON MONO/MULTIFIL YARN, + UNTWST/TWIST <5 TURNS/METER, NOT FOR + RETAIL SALE +5402.42.0000 20.10 KG POLY YARN, PARTIALLY ORIENTED, + UNTWST/ TWST ó 50 TRNS/METER, NOT + RTL SALE +5402.43.0020 20.10 KG POLY YARN, MONOFIL, UNTWST/TWST ó5 + TURNS/METER, NOT FOR RETAIL SALE +5402.49.0010 20.10 KG POLYETHYLENE/POLYPROPYLENE FIL YARN, + UNTWST/TWST <5 TRNS/MET, NOT RTL + SALE +5402.49.0050 20.10 KG SYNTHETIC FIL YARN, UNTWST/TWST <5 + TURNS/METER, NOT FOR RETAIL SALE, + NES +5403.10.3020 20.10 KG VISCOSE RAYON HIGH TENACITY FIL + YARN, UNTW/TWST <5 TRNS/MET, NOT RTL + SALE +5403.31.0020 20.10 KG VISCOSE RAYON FIL YARN, SINGLE, + UNTWST/TWST <5 TURNS/METER, NOT + RETAIL SALE +5403.33.0020 20.10 KG CELLULOSE ACETATE FIL YRN, SING, + UNTWST/TWST <5 TURNS/MET, NOT RETAIL + SALE +5403.39.0020 20.10 KG ARTIFICIAL FIL YARN, UNTWST/TWST <5 + TURNS/MET, NOT RETAIL SALE, NES +5404.10.1000 20.10 KG SYNTHETIC MONOFIL RACKET STRINGS, + ò67 DECITEX, CROSS-SECT. DIMEMSION + >1MM +5404.10.2020 20.10 KG NYLON MONFILAMENT, ò67 DECITEX, + CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSION >1MM, +5404.10.2040 20.10 KG POLYESTER MONFILAMENT, >67 DECITEX, + CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSION >1MM +5404.10.2090 20.10 KG SYNTHETIC MONFILAMENT ò67 DECITEX, + CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSION >1MM, NES +5404.90.0000 20.10 KG SYNTHETIC STRIP WIDTH ó5MM +5405.00.3000 20.10 KG ARTIFICIAL MONOFIL, ò67 DECITEX, + CROSS- SECTIONAL DIMENSION ó 1MM +5405.00.6000 20.10 KG ARTIFICIAL STRIP AND THE LIKE, + WIDTHó 5MM +5407.30.1000 1.00 SM WOVEN SYN FIL FABRIC WITH YARN AT + ACUTE/RIGHT ANGLES, >60% PLASTIC +5501.10.0000 7.60 KG NYLON/OTHER POLYAMIDE FILAMENT TOW +5501.20.0000 7.60 KG POLYESTER FILAMENT TOW +5501.30.0000 7.60 KG ACRYLIC OR MODACRYLIC FILAMENT TOW +5501.90.0000 7.60 KG SYNTHETIC FILAMENT TOW, NES +5502.00.0000 6.30 KG ARTIFICIAL FILAMENT TOW +5503.10.0000 7.60 KG NYLON/OTHER POLAMIDE STAPLE FIBERS + NOT CARDED/COMBED OR OTHERWISE + PROCESSED +5503.20.0000 7.60 KG POLYESTER STAPLE FIBERS NOT CARDED/ + COMBED, OR OTHERWISE PROCESSED +5503.30.0000 7.60 KG ACRYLIC/MODOACRYLIC STAPLE FIBERS, + NOT CARDED/COMBED OR OTHERWISE + PROCESSED +5503.40.0000 7.60 KG POLYPROPYLENE STAPLE FIBERS NOT + CARDED/COMBED OR OTHERWISE PROCESSED +5503.90.0000 7.60 KG SYNTHETIC STAPLE FIBER NOT CARDED/ + COMBED, OR OTHERWIDE PROCESSED, NES +5504.10.0000 6.30 KG VISCOSE RAYON STAPLE FIBERS NOT + CARDED/COMBED OR OTHERWISE PROCESSED +5504.90.0000 6.30 KG ARTIFICIAL STAPLE FIBERS NOT CARDED/ + COMBED OR OTHERWISE PROCESSED, NES +5505.10.0020 7.60 KG WASTE, NYLON AND OTHER POLYAMIDES +5505.10.0040 7.60 KG WASTE, POLYESTER +5505.10.0060 7.60 KG WASTE, MMF SYNTHETIC FIBERS, NES +5505.20.0000 6.30 KG WASTE, MMF ARTIFICIAL FIBERS +5506.10.0000 7.60 KG NYLON/OTHER POLYAMIDES FIBERS, + CARDED/COMBED OR OTHERWISE PROCESSED + +5506.20.0000 7.60 KG POLYESTER STAPLE FIBER, + CARDED/COMBED, OR OTHERWISE + PROCESSED +5506.30.0000 7.60 KG ACRYLIC/MODOACRYLIC STAPLE FIBER, + CARDED/COMBED OR OTHERWISE PROCESSED +5506.90.0000 7.60 KG SYNTHTIC STAPEE FIBER CARDED/COMBED + OR OTHERWISE PROCESSED, NES +5507.00.0000 6.30 KG ARTIFICIAL STAPLE FIBERS, + CARDED/COMBED, OR OTHERWISE + PROCESSED +5801.90.2010 1.00 SM WOVEN PILE FABRIC, >85% SILK OR SILK + WASTE +5802.20.0010 1.00 SM TERRY TOWELING FABRIC, >85% SILK OR + SILK WASTE +5802.30.0010 1.00 SM TUFTED TEXTILE FABRIC, >85% SILK OR + SILK WASTE +5803.90.4010 1.00 SM GAUZE, >85% SILK OR SILK WASTE +5804.10.0010 11.10 KG TULLES & OTHER NETTING FABRIC, KNIT + OR CROCHETED, >85% SILK OR SILK + WASTE +5804.29.0010 11.10 KG LACE IN THE PIECE/STRIP/MOTIF, >85% + SILK OR SILK WASTE +5804.30.0010 11.10 KG HAND-MADE LACE IN PIECE/STRIP/MOTIF, + >85% SILK OR SILK WASTE +5805.00.1000 1.00 SM HAND-WOVEN TAPESTRIES FOR + WALLHANGINGS, VALUED AT >$215\SM +5805.00.2000 1.00 SM HAND-WOVEN TAPESTRIES, NES, WOOL, + CERTIFIED HAND-LOOMED +5805.00.4090 1.00 SM HAND-WOVEN TAPESTRIES, NES +5806.10.3010 11.10 KG NARROW WOVEN PILE & CHENILLE FABRIC, + >85% SILK OR SILK WASTE +5806.39.3010 11.10 KG NARROW WOVEN FABRIC, NOT PILE, >85% + SILK OR SILK WASTE +5806.40.0000 13.60 KG NARROW FABRIC, WARP WITHOUT WEFT + WITH AN ADHESIVE (BOLDUCS) +5807.10.1090 11.10 KG WOVEN LABELS, TEXTILE MATERIALS, NOT + EMBROIDERED, NOT COTTON OR MMF +5807.10.2010 8.50 KG WOVEN BADGES AND SIMILAR ARTICLES, + COTTON, NOT EMBROIDERED +5807.10.2020 14.40 KG WOVEN BADGES/SIMILAR ARTICLES, MMF, + NOT EMBROIDERED +5807.10.2090 11.10 KG WOVEN BADGES/SIMILAR ARTCLES, + TEXTILE MATS, NOT EMBROIDERED, NOT + COTTON/MMF +5807.90.1090 11.10 KG NOT-WOVEN LABELS OF TEXTILE + MATERIALS, NOT EMBROIDERED, NOT + COTTON/MMF +5807.90.2010 8.50 KG NOT-WOVEN BADGES/SIMILAR ARTICLES, + COTTON, NOT EMBROIDERED +5807.90.2020 14.40 KG NOT-WOVEN BADGES/SIMILAR ARTICLES, + MMF, NOT EMBROIDERED +5807.90.2090 11.10 KG NOT-WOVEN BADGES/SIMILAR ARTICLES, + TEX MATS, NOT EMBROIDERED, NOT + COTTON/MMF +5808.10.2090 11.10 KG BRAIDS IN PIECE FOR HEADWEAR, OTH + TEX MATERIALS, NES, NOT KNT OR + EMBROIDERED +5808.10.3090 11.10 KG BRAID IN PIECE, NES, NES +5808.90.0090 11.10 KG ORNAMENTAL TRIMMING IN PIECE, TEX + MATS, NOT KNT OR EMBROIDERED, NOT + COTTON/MMF +5810.92.0040 14.40 KG EMBROIDERED BADGES/EMBLEMS/MOTIFS + WITH VISIBLE GROUND, MMF +5810.99.0090 11.10 KG EMBROIDERY PIECES/STRIPS/MOTIFS WITH + VISIBLE GROUND, TEXTILE MATERIALS, + NES +5811.00.4000 1.00 SM QUILTED PIECES, 1ò LAYER TEXTILE + MATERIALS, TEXTILE MATERIALS, NES +6001.99.0010 1.00 SM KNIT OR CROCHETED PILE FABRIC ò85% + SILK OR SILK WASTE +6002.99.0010 11.10 KG KNIT OR CROCHETED FABRIC, NES ò85% + SILK OR SILK WASTE +6301.90.0020 11.10 NO BLANKET/TRAVELING RUGS, >85% SILK OR + SILK WASTE +6302.29.0010 11.10 NO BED LINEN, PRINTED >85% SILK OR SILK + WASTE +6302.39.0020 11.10 NO BED LINEN, NES, >85% SILK OR SILK + WASTE +6302.99.1000 11.10 NO LINEN, NES, >85% SILK OR SILK WASTE +6303.99.0030 11.10 NO CURTAINS, INTERIOR BLINDS, NOT KNIT + OR CROCHETED, >85% SILK OR SILK + WASTE +6304.19.3030 11.10 NO BEDSPREADS, NOT KNIT OR CROCHETED, + >85% SILK OR SILK WASTE +6304.91.0060 11.10 NO FURNISHING ARTICLES, NES, KNIT OR + CROCHETED >85% SILK OR SILK WASTE +6304.99.1000 1.00 SM WALL HANGINGS, WOOL OR FINE ANIMAL + HAIR, CERT HAND-LOOMED/FOLKLORE, NOT + KNIT +6304.99.2500 11.10 KG WALL HANGINGS, JUTE, NOT KNIT +6304.99.4000 3.70 KG PILLOW COVERS, WOOL OR FINE ANIMAL + HAIR, CERTIFIED HAND-LOOMED/FOLKLORE +6304.99.6030 11.10 KG OTHER FURNISHING ARTICLES, NOT KNIT, + NES >85% SILK OR SILK WASTE +6305.10.0000 11.10 KG SACKS & BAGS, JUTE/BAST FIBERS +6306.21.0000 8.50 KG TENTS OF COTTON +6306.22.1000 14.40 NO BACKPACK TENTS, SYNTHETIC FIBERS +6306.22.9010 14.40 KG SCREEN HOUSES, SYNTHETIC FIBERS +6306.29.0000 14.40 KG TENTS, TEXTILE MATERIALS NES +6306.31.0000 14.40 KG SAILS, SYNTHETIC FIBERS +6306.39.0000 8.50 KG SAILS, TEXTILE MATERIALS NES +6306.41.0000 8.50 KG PNEUMATIC MATTRESSES, COTTON +6306.49.0000 14.40 KG PNEUMATIC MATTRESSES, TEXTILE + MATERIALS NES +6306.91.0000 8.50 KG CAMPING GOODS NES, COTTON +6306.99.0000 14.40 KG CAMPING GOODS, TEXTILE MATERIALS NES +6307.10.2030 8.50 KG CLEANING CLOTHS NES +6307.20.0000 11.40 KG LIFEJACKETS AND LIFEBELTS +6307.90.6010 8.50 KG PERINEAL TOWELS, FABRIC WITH PAPER + BASE +6307.90.6090 8.50 KG OTHER SURGICAL DRAPES, FABRIC WITH + PAPER BASE +6307.90.7010 14.40 KG SURGICAL DRAPES, DISPOSAL & NONWOVEN + MMF + +6307.90.7020 8.50 KG SURGICAL DRAPES NES +6307.90.7500 8.50 NO TOYS FOR PETS, TEXTILE MATERIALS +6307.90.8500 8.50 KG WALL BANNERS, MANMADE FIBERS +6307.90.9425 14.50 NO NATIONAL FLAGS OF THE UNITED STATES +6307.90.9435 14.50 NO NATIONAL FLAGS OF NATIONS OTHER THAN + THE UNITED STATES +6307.90.9490 14.50 KG OTHER MADE-UP ARTICLES NES +6309.00.0010 8.50 KG WORN CLOTHING & OTHER WORN ARTICLES +6309.00.0020 8.50 KG WORN CLOTHING & OTHER WORN ARTICLES, + NES +6310.10.1000 3.70 KG RAGS/SCRAP/TWINE/CORDAGE/ROPE/CABLES + , SORTED, WOOL OR FINE ANIMAL HAIR +6310.10.2010 8.50 KG RAGS/SCRAP/TWINE/CORDAGE/ROPE/CABLES + , SORTED, COTTON +6310.10.2020 14.40 KG RAGS/SCRAP/TWINE/CORDAGE/ROPE/CABLES + , SORTED, MMF +6310.10.2030 11.10 KG RAGS/SCRAP/TWINE/CORDAGE/ROPE/CABLES + , SORTED, NOT COTTON/MMF +6310.90.1000 3.70 KG RAGS/SCRAP/TWINE/CORDAGE/ROPE/CABLES + , NOT SORTED, WOOL OR FINE ANIMAL HAIR +6310.90.2000 8.50 KG RAGS/SCRAP/TWINE/CORDAGE/ROPE/CABLES + , NOT SORTED, NOT WOOL +6501.00.30 4.4 DZ HAT FORMS/BODIES, NOT BLOCKED, NO BRIMS, + FUR, MENS' AND BOY'S +6501.00.60 4.4 DZ HAT FORMS/BODIES, NOT BLOCKED, NO BRIMS, + FUR, WOMENS' AND GIRL'S +6502.00.20 18.7 DZ HAT SHAPES, ASSEMBLED FROM STRIPS, + VEGETABLE FIBER, SEWED +6502.00.40 18.7 DZ HAT SHAPES, PLAITED OR ASSEMBLED FROM + STRPS, VEG FIB, NOT-SEWED, NOT BL/COL +6502.00.60 18.7 DZ HAT SHAPES, PLAITED OR ASSEMBLED FROM + STRIPS, VEG FIB, NOT-SEWED, BL/COLORED +6503.00.30 5.8 DZ FELT HATS AND OTHER HEADGEAR, MEN'S AND + BOYS' +6503.00.60 5.8 DZ FELT HATS AND OTHER HEADGEAR, NES +6504.00.30 7.5 DZ HATS AND OTHER HEADGEAR, ASSEMBLED FROM + STRIPS, VEGETABLE FIBER, SEWED +6504.00.60 7.5 DZ HATS AND OTHER HEADGEAR, ASSEMBLED FROM + STRIPS +6601.10.00 17.9 DZ GARDEN OR SIMILAR UMBRELLAS +6601.91.00 17.8 DZ OTHER UMBRELLAS, TELESCOPIC SHAFT +6601.99.00 11.2 DZ OTHER UMBRELLAS, NES +8708.21.00 2.72 KG SAFETY SEAT BELTS + +5. (a) The primary unit of measure for the following tariff + items in category 666 shall be No and shall be + converted into square meters equivalent by the factor + of 5.5. + +6301.10.0000 ELECTRIC BLANKETS +6301.40.0010 BLANKET (NOT ELECTRIC) & TRAVEL RUGS OF SYNTH FIBER, WOVEN +6301.40.0020 BLANKETS (NOT ELECTRIC) & TRAVEL RUGS OF SYNTH FIBER, NES +6301.90.0010 BLANKETS AND TRAVELING RUGS OF ARTIFICIAL FIBER +6302.10.0020 BED LINEN, KNITTED OR CROCHETED FABRIC, EXCLUDING COTTON +6302.22.1030 SHEETS WITH TRIM, NAPPED, PRINTED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.22.1040 SHEETS WITH TRIM, NOT NAPPED, PRINTED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.22.1050 BOLSTER CASES WITH TRIM, PRINTED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.22.1060 BED LINEN WITH TRIM, PRINTED, MANMADE FIBER, NES +6302.22.2020 SHEETS, NOT TRIMMED, PRINTED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.22.2030 BED LINEN, NOT TRIMMED, PRINTED, MANMADE FIBER, NES +6302.32.1030 SHEETS WITH TRIM, NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.1040 SHEETS WITH TRIM, NOT NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.1050 BOLSTER CASES WITH TRIM, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.1060 BED LINEN WITH TRIM, MANMADE FIBER, NES +6302.32.2030 SHEETS, NOT TRIMMED, NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.2040 SHEETS NOT TRIMMED, NOT NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.2050 BOLSTER CASES, NOT TRIMMED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.2060 BED LINEN NES, MANMADE FIBER +6304.11.2000 BEDSPREADS, KNIT/CROCHETED, MANMADE FIBER +6304.19.1500 BEDSPREAD WITH TRIM, MANMADE FIBER, NES +6304.19.2000 BEDSPREAD, MANMADE FIBER, NES + + (b) The primary unit of measure for the following tariff + items in category 666 shall be No and shall be + converted into square meters equivalent by the factor + of 0.9. + +6302.22.1010 PILLOWCASES WITH TRIM, PRINTED, NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.22.1020 PILLOWCASES WITH TRIM, PRINTED, NOT NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.22.2010 PILLOWCASES, NOT TRIMMED, PRINTED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.1010 PILLOWCASES WITH TRIM, NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.1020 PILLOWCASES WITH TRIM, NOT NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.2010 PILLOWCASES, NOT TRIMMED, NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER +6302.32.2020 PILLOWCASES NOT TRIMMED, NOT NAPPED, MANMADE FIBER + +6. The primary unit of measure for garment parts of subheading +6117.90 and 6217.90 of the HS shall be Kg and shall be converted +into square meters equivalent by applying the following factors: + +Cotton apparel: 8.50 +Wool apparel: 3.70 +Man-made fiber apparel: 14.40 +Other non-cotton vegetable fiber apparel: 12.50 + +7. The following abbreviations are used herein for primary +units of measure: Kg means kilogram; SM means square meter; Dz +means dozen; Dpr means dozen pair; and No means number. +============================================================================= + APPENDIX 5.2 + + Bilateral Emergency Actions + (Quantitative Restrictions) + + +1. Section 5 shall not supersede Article 407 of the Canada- +United States Free Trade Agreement, which is hereby incorporated +into and made a part of this Agreement solely for such purpose. +============================================================================= + APPENDIX 6.0 + +A. Rules Applicable to Certain Carpets and Sweaters + + For purposes of trade between the United States and Mexico, +a good of either Party of Chapter 57 or subheading 6110.30 shall +be treated as if it were an originating good only if any of the +following changes in tariff classification is satisfied within +the territory of one or more of the Parties: + + (a) a change to subheading 5703.20 or 5703.30 or heading + 57.04 from any heading outside Chapter 57 other than + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, + 53.07 through 53.08, 53.11, or any headings of Chapter + 54 or 55; a change to any other heading or subheading + of Chapter 57 from any heading outside that chapter + other than headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 through + 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.11, any heading of + Chapter 54, or 55.08 through 55.16; + + (b) a change to tariff item 6110.30.10.10, 6110.30.10.20, + 6110.30.15.10, 6110.30.15.20, 6110.30.20.10, + 6110.30.20.20, 6110.30.30.10, 6110.30.30.15, + 6110.30.30.20 or 6110.30.30.25 or goods of those tariff + items that are classified as parts of ensembles in + tariff item 6103.23.00.30, 6103.23.00.70, 6104.23.00.22 + or 6104.23.00.40 from any heading outside Chapter 61 + other than headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 through + 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, any + heading of Chapter 54 or 55, 60.01 or 60.02; provided + that goods are both cut (or knit to shape) and sewn or + otherwise assembled in the territory of one or more of + the Parties; a change to any other tariff item of + subheading 6110.30 from any heading outside Chapter 61 + other than headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 through + 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, any + heading of Chapter 54, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 or + 60.02; provided, that goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the territory + of one or more of the Parties. +============================================================================= +B. Preferential Tariff Treatment for Non-Originating Goods + of Another Party + +Apparel and Made-up Goods + +1. (a) Each Party shall apply the rate of duty applicable to + originating goods as set out in Appendix 2.1, up to the + annual quantities specified in Schedule 6.0.1, in + square meters equivalent (SME), to apparel goods + provided for in Chapters 61 and 62 of the HS that are + both cut (or knit to shape) and sewn or otherwise + assembled in the territory of a Party from fabric or + yarn produced or obtained outside the free trade area, + and that meet other applicable conditions for preferred + tariff treatment under this Agreement. The SME shall + be determined in accordance with the conversion factors + set out in Schedule 3.1.3 of Appendix 3.1. + + (b) The annual tariff preference levels of imports from + Canada into the United States shall be adjusted + annually for five consecutive years commencing on + January 1, 1995, by the following growth factors: + + (i) for cotton or man-made fiber apparel, 2 percent; + + (ii) for cotton or man-made fiber apparel made from + fabrics woven or knit in a non-Party, 1 percent, + and + + (iii) for wool apparel, 1 percent. + +2. The United States shall apply the rate of duty applicable to +originating goods as set out in Appendix 2.1, up to the annual +quantity specified in Schedule 6.0.1, to textile or apparel goods +provided for in Chapters 61, 62 and 63 of the HS that are sewn or +otherwise assembled in Mexico as provided for in U.S. tariff item +9802.00.80.60 from fabric which is knit or woven outside the +territory of the United States or Mexico, when exported to the +United States. This provision shall terminate on the day that +quantitative restrictions established pursuant to the Multifiber +Arrangement or successor arrangement are terminated. + + +Exceptions + +3. (a) Apparel goods provided for in Chapters 61 and 62 of the + HS, in which the fabric that imparts to the good its + essential character is classified in one of the + following U.S. tariff provisions, shall be ineligible + for preferential tariff treatment provided for under + the levels established in Schedule 6.0.1. for trade + between the United States and Mexico: + + (i) blue denim: 5209.42, 5211.42, 5212.24.60.20, and + 5514.32.00.10; and + + (ii) oxford cloth of average yarn number less than 135 + metric number: 5208.19, 5208.29, 5208.39, + 5208.49, 5208.59, 5210.19, 5210.29, 5210.39, + 5210.49, 5210.59, 5512.11, 5512.19, 5513.13, + 5513.23, 5513.33, and 5513.43. + + (b) Apparel goods provided for in subheadings 6107.11 and + 6109.10 shall be ineligible for preferential tariff + treatment provided for under the levels established in + Schedule 6.0.1 between the United States and Mexico if + they are composed chiefly of circular knit fabric of + yarn number equal to or less than 100 metric number. + + (c) Apparel goods provided for in U.S. tariff items + 6110.30.10.10, 6110.30.10.20, 6110.30.15.10, + 6110.30.15.20, 6110.30.20.10, 6110.30.20.20, + 6110.30.30.10, 6110.30.30.15, 6110.30.30.20, + 6110.30.30.25 and items of those tariff items that are + classified as parts of ensembles in tariff items + 6103.23.00.30, 6103.23.00.70, 6104.23.00.22 and + 6104.23.00.40 shall be ineligible for preferential + tariff treatment provided for under the levels + established in Schedule 6.0.1 between the United States + and Mexico. + + +Fabric and Made-up Goods + +4. (a) Each Party shall apply the rate of duty applicable to + originating goods as set out in Appendix 2.1, up to the + annual quantities specified in Schedule 6.0.2, in + square meters equivalent (SME), to cotton or man-made + fiber fabric and cotton or man-made fiber made-up + textile goods provided for in Chapters 52 through 55, + 58, 60, and 63 of the HS that are woven or knit in a + Party from yarn produced or obtained outside the free + trade area, or knit in a Party from yarn spun in a + Party from fiber produced or obtained outside the free + trade area and that meet other applicable conditions + for preferred tariff treatment under this Agreement. + The SME shall be determined in accordance with the + conversion factors setout in Schedule 3.1.3 of Appendix + 3.1. + + (b) The annual tariff preference level and sub-levels on + imports from Canada into the United States shall be + adjusted by an annual growth factor of two percent for + five consecutive years commencing on January 1, 1995. + +5. For purposes of paragraph 4, the number of square meters +equivalent that will be counted against the tariff preference +levels applied to trade between Canada and the United States +shall be: + + (a) for textile goods that do not originate because certain + non-originating textile materials do not undergo the + applicable change in tariff classification described in + Annex 401.1 for that good, but where such materials are + 50 percent or less by weight of the materials of that + good, only 50 percent of the square meters equivalent + for that good, determined in accordance with the + conversion factors set out in Schedule 3.1.3 of + Appendix 3.1; and + + (b) for textile goods that do not originate because certain + non-originating textile materials do not undergo the + applicable change in tariff classification described in + Annex 401.1 for that good, but where such materials are + more than 50 percent by weight of the materials of that + good, 100 percent of the square meters equivalent for + that good, determined in accordance with the conversion + factors set out in Schedule 3.1.3 of Appendix 3.1. + + +Spun Yarn + +6. (a) Each Party shall apply the rate of duty applicable to + originating goods as set out in Appendix 2.1, up to the + annual quantities specified in Schedule 6.0.3, in + kilograms (kg), to cotton or man-made fiber yarns + provided for in headings 5205 through 5207 or 5509 + through 5511 that are spun in a Party from fiber of + headings 5201 through 5203 or 5501 through 5507, + produced or obtained outside the free trade area and + that meet other applicable conditions for preferred + tariff treatment under this Agreement. + + (b) The annual tariff preference level on imports from + Canada into the United States shall be adjusted by an + annual growth factor of two percent for five + consecutive years commencing on January 1, 1995. + +7. Textile or apparel goods that enter a Party under paragraphs +1, 2, 4, and 6 shall not be considered to be originating goods. + + +Review and Consultations + +8. (a) Trade in the goods described in paragraphs 1, 2, 4, and + 6 shall be monitored by the Parties with a view to + adjusting annual tariff preference levels for imports + into Canada from Mexico and the United States, imports + into Mexico from Canada and the United States, and + imports into the United States from Mexico at the + request of a Party based on the ability to obtain + supplies of particular fibers, yarns and fabrics, as + appropriate, that can be used to produce originating + goods. Any adjustment in the tariff preference level + would require the mutual consent of the affected + Parties. + + (b) The United States and Canada will decide, in + consultations as provided for in paragraph 3 of Section + 7, whether to continue to apply annual growth factors + to the specified tariff preference levels following the + five consecutive years. If a growth factor for a + tariff preference level is not continued as a result of + the consultations provided for in paragraph 3 of + Section 7, the provisions of subparagraph (a) shall + also apply to imports from Canada into the United + States of goods covered by the tariff preference level. +============================================================================= + Schedule 6.0.1 + + Preferential Tariff Treatment for Non-Originating + Apparel and Made-Up Goods + + + + + +Imports into Canada: + + Cotton/Man-made + fiber apparel + + Wool apparel +From Mexico + + + 6,000,000 SME + + 250,000 SME + From United States + + + 9,000,000 SME + + 919,740 SME + + +Imports into Mexico: + + Cotton/Man-made + fiber apparel + + Wool apparel + + From Canada + + + 6,000,000 SME + + 250,000 SME + From United States + + + 12,000,000 SME + + 1,000,000 SME + + +Imports into United +States: + + Cotton/Man-made + fiber apparel + + Wool apparel + + Goods imported under + U.S. tariff item + 9802.00.80.60 +From Canada + + + 80,000,000 SME + + 5,066,948 SME + + + n/a + From Mexico + + + 45,000,000 SME + + 1,500,000 SME + + + 25,000,000 SME + +============================================================================= + Schedule 6.0.2 + + Preferential Tariff Treatment for Non-Originating + Fabric and Made-Up Goods + + + + + + +Imports into Canada + From Mexico + + 7,000,000 SME + From United States + + 2,000,000 SME + + +Imports into Mexico +From Canada + + 7,000,000 SME + From United States + + 2,000,000 SME + + +Imports into United +States + From Canada + + 65,000,000 SME + From Mexico + + 24,000,000 SME + + +============================================================================= + Schedule 6.0.3 + + Preferential Tariff Treatment for Non-Originating + Spun Yarn + + + + + +Imports into Canada + From Mexico + + 1,000,000 kg +From United States + + 1,000,000 kg + + +Imports into Mexico +From Canada + + 1,000,000 kg +From United States + + 1,000,000 kg + + +Imports into United +States + From Canada + + 10,700,000 kg + From Mexico + + 1,000,000 kg + + +============================================================================= + APPENDIX 10.1 + + Country-Specific Definitions + + +Definitions Specific to Canada + +general import statistics means statistics issued by Statistics +Canada or, where available, import permit data provided by the +Export and Import Permits Bureau of the Department of External +Affairs and International Trade, or their successors. + + +Definitions Specific to Mexico + +general import statistics means the statistics of the "Sistema de +Informacion Comercial" (Trade Information System) or its +successor. + + +Definitions Specific to the United States + +category means a grouping of textile or apparel goods defined in +the Correlation: Textile and Apparel Categories with the +Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, 1992 (or +successor publication), published by the United States Department +of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Office of +Textiles and Apparel, Trade and Data Division, Washington, D.C.; +and + +general import statistics means statistics of the U.S. Bureau of +the Census or its successor. + + PART TWO + TRADE IN GOODS + + Chapter Three + + National Treatment and Market Access for Goods + + + + Subchapter A - National Treatment + + +Article 301: National Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord national treatment to the goods of +another Party in accordance with Article III of the General +Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), including its +interpretative notes, and to this end Article III of the GATT and +its interpretative notes, or any equivalent provision of a +successor agreement to which all Parties are party, are +incorporated into and made part of this Agreement. + +2. The provisions of paragraph 1 regarding national treatment +shall mean, with respect to a province or state, treatment no +less favorable than the most favorable treatment accorded by such +province or state to any like, directly competitive or +substitutable goods, as the case may be, of the Party of which it +forms a part. + +3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the measures set out +in Annex 301.3. + + + + Subchapter B - Tariffs + + +Article 302: Tariff Elimination + +1. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, no Party may +increase any existing customs duty, or adopt any customs duty, on +an originating good. + +2. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, each Party +shall progressively eliminate its customs duties on originating +goods in accordance with its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 or +as otherwise indicated in Annex 300-B. + +3. At the request of any Party, the Parties shall consult to +consider accelerating the elimination of customs duties set out +in their Schedules. An agreement between any two or more Parties +to accelerate the elimination of a customs duty on a good shall +supersede any prior inconsistent duty rate or staging category in +their Schedules for such good when approved by each such Party in +accordance with Article 2202(2) (Amendments). + + +Article 303: Restriction on Drawback and Duty Deferral Programs + +1. Except as otherwise provided in this Article, no Party may +refund the amount of customs duties paid, or waive or reduce the +amount of customs duties owed, on a good imported into its +territory that is: + + (a) subsequently exported to the territory of another + Party, + + (b) used as a material in the production of another good + that is subsequently exported to the territory of + another Party, or + + (c) substituted by an identical or similar good used as a + material in the production of another good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of another + Party, + +in an amount that exceeds the lesser of the total amount of +customs duties paid or owed on the good on importation into its +territory, or the total amount of customs duties paid to another +Party on the good that has been subsequently exported to the +territory of that other Party. + +2. No Party may, by reason of an exportation described in +paragraph 1, refund, waive or reduce: + + (a) an antidumping or countervailing duty that is applied + pursuant to a Party's domestic law and that is not + applied inconsistently with Chapter Nineteen (Review + and Dispute Settlement in Antidumping and + Countervailing Duty Matters); + + (b) a premium offered or collected on an imported good + arising out of any tendering system in respect of the + administration of quantitative import restrictions, + tariff rate quotas or tariff preference levels; + + (c) a fee applied pursuant to section 22 of the U.S. + Agricultural Adjustment Act, subject to Chapter Seven + (Agriculture); or + + (d) customs duties paid or owed on a good imported into its + territory and substituted by an identical or similar + good that is subsequently exported to the territory of + another Party. + +3. Where a good is imported into the territory of a Party +pursuant to a duty deferral program and is subsequently exported +to the territory of another Party, or is used as a material in +the production of another good that is subsequently exported to +the territory of another Party, or is substituted by an identical +or similar good used as a material in the production of another +good that is subsequently exported to the territory of another +Party, the Party from whose territory the good is exported: + + (a) shall assess the customs duties as if the exported good + had been withdrawn for domestic consumption; and + + (b) may waive or reduce such customs duties to the extent + permitted under paragraph 1. + +4. In determining the amount of customs duties that may be +refunded, waived or reduced pursuant to paragraph 1 on a good +imported into its territory, each Party shall require +presentation of satisfactory evidence of the amount of customs +duties paid to another Party on the good that has been +subsequently exported to the territory of that other Party. + +5. Where satisfactory evidence of the customs duties paid to +the Party to which a good is subsequently exported under a duty +deferral program described in paragraph 3 is not presented within +60 days after the date of exportation, the Party from whose +territory the good was exported: + + (a) shall collect customs duties as if the exported good + had been withdrawn for domestic consumption; and + + (b) may refund such customs duties to the extent permitted + under paragraph 1 upon the timely presentation of such + evidence under the laws and regulations of the Party. + +6. This Article shall not apply to: + + (a) a good entered under bond for transportation and + exportation to the territory of another Party; + + (b) a good exported to the territory of another Party in + the same condition as when imported into the territory + of the Party from which the good was exported + (processes such as testing, cleaning, repacking or + inspecting the good, or preserving it in its same + condition, shall not be considered to change a good's + condition). Where originating and non-originating + fungible goods are commingled and exported in the same + form, the origin of the good may be determined on the + basis of the inventory methods provided for in the + Uniform Regulations; + + (c) a good imported into the territory of the Party that is + deemed to be exported from the territory of a Party, or + used as a material in the production of another good + that is deemed to be exported to the territory of + another Party, or is substituted by an identical or + similar good used as a material in the production of + another good that is deemed to be exported to the + territory of another Party, by reason of + + (i) delivery to a duty-free shop, + + (ii) delivery for ship's stores or supplies for ships + or aircraft, or + + (iii) delivery for use in joint undertakings of two + more of the Parties and that will + subsequently become the property of the Party + into whose territory the good was imported; + + (d) a refund of customs duties by a Party on a particular + good imported into its territory and subsequently + exported to the territory of another Party, where that + refund is granted by reason of the failure of such good + to conform to sample or specification, or by reason of + the shipment of such good without the consent of the + consignee; + + (e) a dutiable originating good that is imported into the + territory of a Party and is subsequently exported to + the territory of another Party, or used as a material + in the production of another good that is subsequently + exported to the territory of another Party, or is + substituted by an identical or similar good used as a + material in the production of another good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of another + Party; or + + (f) a good set out in Annex 303.6. + +7. This Article shall apply as of the date set out in each +Party's section of Annex 303.7. + +8. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article and +except as specifically provided in Annex 303.8, no Party may +refund the amount of customs duties paid, or waive or reduce the +amount of customs duties owed, on a non-originating good provided +for under tariff provision 8540.xx (cathode-ray color television +picture tubes, including video monitor tubes, with a diagonal +exceeding 14") that is imported into the Party's territory and +subsequently exported to the territory of another Party, or is +used as a material in the production of another good that is +subsequently exported to the territory of another Party, or is +substituted by an identical or similar good used as a material in +the production of another good that is subsequently exported to +the territory of another Party. + + +Article 304: Waiver of Customs Duties + +1. Except as set out in Annex 304.1, no Party may adopt any new +waiver of customs duties, or expand with respect to existing +recipients or extend to any new recipient the application of an +existing waiver of customs duties, where the waiver is +conditioned, explicitly or implicitly, upon the fulfillment of a +performance requirement. + +2. Except as set out in Annex 304.2, no Party may, explicitly +or implicitly, condition on the fulfillment of a performance +requirement the continuation of any existing waiver of customs +duties. + +3. If a waiver or a combination of waivers of customs duties +granted by a Party with respect to goods for commercial use by a +designated person, and thus not generally available to all +importers, can be shown by another Party to have an adverse +impact on the commercial interests of a person of that Party, or +of a person owned or controlled by a person of that Party that is +located in the territory of the Party granting the waiver, or on +the other Party's economy, the Party granting the waiver shall +either cease to grant it or make it generally available to any +importer. + +4. This Article shall not apply to measures covered by Article +303 (Restriction on Drawback and Duty Deferral). + + +Article 305: Temporary Admission of Goods + +1. Each Party shall grant duty-free temporary admission for: + + (a) professional equipment necessary for carrying out the + business activity, trade or profession of a business + person who qualifies for temporary entry pursuant to + Chapter 16 (Temporary Entry for Business Persons), + + (b) equipment for the press or for sound or television + broadcasting and cinematographic equipment, + + (c) goods imported for sports purposes and goods intended + for display and demonstration, and + + (d) commercial samples and advertising films, + +imported from the territory of another Party, regardless of their +origin and regardless of whether like, directly competitive or +substitutable goods are available in the territory of the Party. + +2. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, no Party may +condition the duty-free temporary admission of a good referred to +in subparagraph 1(a), (b), or (c), other than to require that +such good: + + (a) be imported by a national or resident of another Party + who seeks temporary entry; + + (b) be used solely by or under the personal supervision of + such person in the exercise of the business activity, + trade or profession of that person; + + (c) not be sold or leased while in its territory; + + (d) be accompanied by a bond in an amount no greater than + 110 percent of the charges that would otherwise be owed + upon entry or final importation, or by another form of + security, releasable upon exportation of the good, + except that a bond for customs duties shall not be + required for an originating good; + + (e) be capable of identification when exported; + + (f) be exported upon the departure of that person or within + such other period of time as is reasonably related to + the purpose of the temporary admission; and + + (g) be imported in no greater quantity than is reasonable + for its intended use. + +3. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, no Party may +condition the duty-free temporary admission of a good referred to +in subparagraph 1(d), other than to require that such good: + + (a) be imported solely for the solicitation of orders for + goods, or services provided from the territory, of + another Party or non-Party; + + (b) not be sold, leased, or put to any use other than + exhibition or demonstration while in its territory; + + (c) be capable of identification when exported; + + (d) be exported within such period as is reasonably related + to the purpose of the temporary admission; and + + (e) be imported in no greater quantity than is reasonable + for its intended use. + +4. A Party may impose the customs duty and any other charge on +a good temporarily admitted duty-free under paragraph 1 that +would be owed upon entry or final importation of such good if any +condition that the Party imposes under paragraph 2 or 3 has not +been fulfilled. + +5. Subject to Chapters Eleven (Investment) and Twelve (Cross- +Border Trade in Services): + + (a) each Party shall allow a locomotive, truck, truck + tractor, or tractor trailer unit, railway car, other + railroad equipment, trailer ("vehicle") or container, + used in international traffic, that enters its + territory from the territory of another Party to exit + its territory on any route that is reasonably related + to the economic and prompt departure of such vehicle or + container; + + (b) no Party may require any bond or impose any penalty or + charge solely by reason of any difference between the + port of entry and the port of departure of a vehicle or + container; + + (c) no Party may condition the release of any obligation, + including any bond, that it imposes in respect of the + entry of a vehicle or container into its territory on + its exit through any particular port of departure; and + + (d) no Party may require that the vehicle or carrier + bringing a container from the territory of another + Party into its territory be the same vehicle or carrier + that takes such container to the territory of another + Party. + + +Article 306: Duty-Free Entry of Certain Commercial Samples and + Printed Advertising Materials + + Each Party shall grant duty-free entry to commercial samples +of negligible value, and to printed advertising materials, +imported from the territory of another Party, regardless of their +origin, but may require that: + + (a) such samples be imported solely for the solicitation of + orders for goods of, or services provided from, the + territory of another Party or non-Party; or + + (b) such advertising materials be imported in packets that + each contain no more than one copy of each such + material and that neither such materials nor packets + form part of a larger consignment. + + +Article 307: Goods Re-entered after Repair or Alteration + +1. Except as set out in Annex 307.1, no Party may apply a +customs duty on a good, regardless of its origin, that re-enters +its territory after that good has been exported from its +territory to the territory of another Party for repair or +alteration, regardless of whether such repair or alteration could +be performed in its territory. + +2. Notwithstanding Article 303 (Duty Drawback), no Party shall +apply a customs duty to a good, regardless of its origin, +imported temporarily from the territory of another Party for +repair or alteration. + +3. Each Party shall act in accordance with Annex 307.3 +respecting the repair and rebuilding of vessels. + + +Article 308: Most-Favored-Nation Rates of Duty on Certain Goods + +1. Each Party shall act in accordance with Annex 308.1 +respecting certain automatic data processing goods and their +parts. + +2. Each Party shall act in accordance with Annex 308.2 +respecting certain color television tubes. + +3. Each Party shall accord most-favored-nation duty-free +treatment to Local Area Network (LAN) apparatus imported into its +territory as set out in each Party's section of Annex 308.3. + + + + Subchapter C - Non-Tariff Measures + + +Article 309: Import and Export Restrictions + +1. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, no Party +shall adopt or maintain any prohibition or restriction on the +importation of any good of another Party or on the exportation or +sale for export of any good destined for the territory of another +Party, except in accordance with Article XI of the GATT, +including its interpretative notes, and to this end Article XI of +the GATT and its interpretative notes, or any equivalent +provision of a successor agreement to which all Parties are +party, are incorporated into and made part of this Agreement. + +2. The Parties understand that the GATT rights and obligations +incorporated by paragraph 1 prohibit, in any circumstances in +which any other form of restriction is prohibited, export price +requirements and, except as permitted in enforcement of +countervailing and antidumping orders and undertakings, import +price requirements. + +3. In the event that a Party adopts or maintains a prohibition +or restriction on the importation from or exportation to a non- +Party of a good, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to +prevent the Party from: + + (a) limiting or prohibiting the importation from the + territory of another Party of such good of that non- + Party; or + + (b) requiring as a condition of export of such good of the + Party to the territory of another Party, that the good + not be re-exported to that non-Party, directly or + indirectly, without having been increased in value and + improved in condition [subject to review]. + +4. In the event that a Party adopts or maintains a prohibition +or restriction on the importation of a good from a non-Party, the +Parties, upon request of any Party, shall consult with a view to +avoiding undue interference with or distortion of pricing, +marketing and distribution arrangements in another Party. + +5. Paragraphs 1 through 4 shall: + + (a) not apply to the measures set out in Annex 301.3; + + (b) apply to automotive goods as modified in Annex 300-A + (Trade and Investment in the Automotive Sector); and + + (c) apply to trade in textile and apparel goods, as + modified in Annex 300-B (Textile and Apparel Goods). + +6. For purposes of this Article, goods of another Party shall +mean [under review]. + + +Article 310: Non-Discriminatory Administration of Restrictions + (GATT Article XIII) + +[need for this Article is under review] + + +Article 311: Customs User Fees + +1. No Party may adopt any customs user fee of the type referred +to in Annex 311 for originating goods. + +2. Each Party may maintain existing such fees only in +accordance with Annex 311.2. + + +Article 312: Country of Origin Marking + + Each Party shall comply with Annex 312 with respect to its +measures relating to country of origin marking. + + +Article 313: Blending Requirements + + No Party may adopt or maintain any measure requiring that +distilled spirits imported from the territory of another Party +for bottling be blended with any distilled spirits of the Party. + + +Article 314: Distinctive Products + + Each Party shall comply with Annex 314 respecting standards +and labelling of the distinctive products set out therein. + + +Article 315: Export Taxes + + Except as set out in Annex 315 or Article 604 (Energy - +Export Taxes), no Party may adopt or maintain any duty, tax, or +other charge on the export of any good to the territory of +another Party, unless such duty, tax, or charge is adopted or +maintained on: + + (a) exports of any such good to the territory of all other + Parties; and + + (b) any such good when destined for domestic consumption. + + +Article 316: Other Export Measures + +1. Except as set out in Annex 316, a Party may adopt or +maintain a restriction otherwise justified under the provisions +of Articles XI:2(a) or XX(g), (i) or (j) of the GATT with respect +to the export of a good of the Party to the territory of another +Party, only if: + + (a) the restriction does not reduce the proportion of the + total export shipments of the specific good made + available to that other Party relative to the total + supply of that good of the Party maintaining the + restriction as compared to the proportion prevailing in + the most recent 36-month period for which data are + available prior to the imposition of the measure, or in + such other representative period on which the Parties + may agree; + + (b) the Party does not adopt any measure, such as a + license, fee, tax or minimum price requirement, that + has the effect of raising the price for exports of a + good to that other Party above the price charged for + such good when consumed domestically, except that a + measure taken pursuant to subparagraph (a) that only + restricts the volume of exports shall not be considered + to have such effect; and + + (c) the restriction does not require the disruption of + normal channels of supply to that other Party or normal + proportions among specific goods or categories of goods + supplied to that other Party. + +2. The Parties shall cooperate in the maintenance and +development of effective controls on the export of each other's +goods to a non-Party in implementing this Article. + + + + Subchapter D - Consultations + + +Article 317: Committee on Trade in Goods + +1. The Parties hereby establish a Committee on Trade in Goods, +comprising representatives of each Party. + +2. The Committee shall meet at the request of any Party or the +Commission to consider any matter arising under this Chapter. + + +Article 318: Third-Country Dumping + +1. The Parties affirm the importance of cooperation with +respect to actions under Article 12 of the Agreement on +Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs +and Trade. + +2. Where a Party presents an application to another Party +requesting anti-dumping action on its behalf, those Parties shall +consult within 30 days respecting the factual basis of the +request, and the requested Party shall give full consideration to +the request. + + + Subchapter E - Definitions + + +Article 319: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +advertising films means recorded visual media, with or without +sound-tracks, consisting essentially of images showing the nature +or operation of goods or services offered for sale or lease by a +person established or resident in the territory of any Party, +provided that the films are of a kind suitable for exhibition to +prospective customers but not for broadcast to the general +public, and provided that they are imported in packets that each +contain no more than one copy of each film and that do not form +part of a larger consignment; + +commercial samples of negligible value means commercial samples +having a value (individually or in the aggregate as shipped) of +not more than one U.S. dollar, or the equivalent amount in the +currency of another Party, or so marked, torn, perforated or +otherwise treated that they are unsuitable for sale or for use +except as commercial samples; + +customs duty includes any customs or import duty and a charge of +any kind imposed in connection with the importation of a good, +including any form of surtax or surcharge in connection with such +importation, but does not include any: + + (a) charge equivalent to an internal tax imposed + consistently with Article III:2 of the GATT, or any + equivalent provision of a successor agreement to which + all Parties are party, in respect of like, directly + competitive or substitutable goods of the Party, or in + respect of goods from which the imported good has been + manufactured or produced in whole or in part; + + (b) antidumping or countervailing duty that is applied + pursuant to a Party's domestic law and not applied + inconsistently with Chapter Nineteen (Review and + Dispute Settlement in Antidumping and Countervailing + Duty Matters); + + (c) fee or other charge in connection with importation + commensurate with the cost of services rendered; + + (d) premium offered or collected on an imported good + arising out of any tendering system in respect of the + administration of quantitative import restrictions or + tariff rate quotas or tariff preference levels; and + + (e) fee applied pursuant to section 22 of the U.S. + Agricultural Adjustment Act, subject to Chapter Seven + (Agriculture); + +distilled spirits include distilled spirits and distilled spirit- +containing beverages; + +duty deferral program includes measures such as those governing +foreign-trade zones, temporary importations under bond, bonded +warehouses, "maquiladoras", and inward processing programs; + +duty-free means free of customs duty; + +goods imported for sports purposes means sports requisites for +use in sports contests, demonstrations or training in the +territory of the Party into whose territory such goods are +imported; + +goods intended for display or demonstration includes their +component parts, ancillary apparatus and accessories; + +item means a tariff classification item at the eight- or ten- +digit level set out in a Party's tariff schedule; + +material means "material" as defined in Chapter Four (Rules of +Origin); + +most-favored-nation rate of duty does not include any other +concessionary rate of duty; + +performance requirement means a requirement that: + + (a) a given level or percentage of goods or services be + exported; + + (b) domestic goods or services of the Party granting a + waiver of customs duties be substituted for imported + goods or services; + + (c) a person benefitting from a waiver of customs duties + purchase other goods or services in the territory of + the Party granting the waiver or accord a preference to + domestically produced goods or services; or + + (d) a person benefitting from a waiver of customs duties + produce goods or provide services, in the territory of + the Party granting the waiver, with a given level or + percentage of domestic content; or + + (e) relates in any way the volume or value of imports to + the volume or value of exports or to the amount of + foreign exchange inflows; + +printed advertising materials means those goods classified in +Chapter 49 of the Harmonized System, including brochures, +pamphlets, leaflets, trade catalogues, yearbooks published by +trade associations, tourist promotional materials and posters, +that are used to promote, publicize or advertise a good or +service, are essentially intended to advertise a good or service, +and are supplied free of charge; + +repair or alteration does not include an operation or process +that either destroys the essential characteristics of a good or +creates a new or commercially different good; + +satisfactory evidence means: + + (a) a receipt, or a copy of a receipt, evidencing payment + of customs duties on a particular entry; + + (b) a copy of the entry document with evidence that it was + received by a customs administration; + + (c) a copy of a final customs duty determination by a + customs administration respecting the relevant entry; + or + + (d) any other evidence of payment of customs duties + acceptable under the Uniform Regulations developed in + accordance with Chapter Five (Customs Procedures); + +total export shipments means all shipments from total supply to +users located in the territory of another Party; + +total supply means all shipments, whether intended for domestic +or foreign users, from: + + (a) domestic production; + + (b) domestic inventory; and + + (c) other imports as appropriate; and + +waiver of customs duties means a measure that waives otherwise +applicable customs duties on any good imported from any country, +including the territory of another Party. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 301.3 + + Exceptions to Articles 301 and 309 + + [subject to review] + + +Section A - Canadian Measures + +1. Articles 301 and 309 shall not apply to: + + (a) controls by Canada on the export of logs of all + species; + + (b) controls by Canada on the export of unprocessed fish + pursuant to the following existing statutes: + + (i) New Brunswick Fish Processing Act, R.S.N.B. c. F- + 18.01 (1982), as amended, and Fisheries + Development Act, S.N.B. c. F-15.1 (1977), as + amended; + + (ii) Newfoundland Fish Inspection Act, R.S.N. 1970, c. + 132, as amended; + + (iii) Nova Scotia Fisheries Act, S.N.S. 1977, c. 9, + as amended; + + (iv) Prince Edward Island Fish Inspection Act, + R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. F-13, as amended; and + + (v) Quebec Marine Products Processing Act, No. 38, + S.Q. 1987, c. 51, as amended; + + (c) measures by Canada respecting the importation of + certain items on the Prohibited Goods List in Schedule + VII of the Customs Tariff, R.S.C. 1985, c. 41 (3rd + supp.), as amended, as of July 1, 1991; + + (d) except as provided in Chapter Seven (Agriculture), + measures by Canada respecting the importation of grains + taken with respect to the United States, (Canadian + Wheat Board Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-24, as amended); + + (e) measures by Canada respecting the exportation of liquor + for delivery into any country into which the + importation of liquor is prohibited by law under the + existing provisions of Export Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. E- + 18, as amended; + + (f) measures by Canada respecting the importation and + distribution of imported liquor by designated + government agencies under the existing provisions of + Importation of Intoxicating Liquors Act, R.S.C. 1985, + c. I-3, as amended, to the extent that it creates an + import monopoly consistent with Articles II:4 and XVII + of the GATT and Article 31 of the Havana Charter; + + (g) except as provided in Chapter Seven (Agriculture), + measures by Canada respecting preferential freight + rates for grain originating in certain Canadian + provinces under the existing provisions of Western + Grain Transportation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. W-8, as + amended; + + (h) measures by Canada respecting preferential rates for + goods originating in certain Canadian provinces under + the existing provisions of Maritime Freight Rate Act, + R.S.C. 1985, c. M-1, as amended; + + (i) Canadian excise taxes on absolute alcohol used in + manufacturing under the existing provisions of Excise + Tax Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. E-15, as amended; + + (j) except as provided for in Chapter Seven (Agriculture), + import restrictions imposed under Section 5(1)(b) and + (d) of the Export and Import Permits Act, R.S.C. 1985, + c. E-19, as amended, as of January 1, 1994, that are in + accordance with the provisions of Article XI:2(c)(i) of + the GATT; and + + (k) quantitative import restrictions on goods that + originate in the territory of the United States, + considering operations performed in, or materials + obtained from, Mexico as if they were performed in, or + obtained from, a non-Party, and that are indicated by + asterisks in Chapter 89 in Annex 401.2 (Tariff Schedule + of Canada) of the Canada - United States Free Trade + Agreement for as long as the measures taken under the + Merchant Marine Act of 1920, (46 U.S.C. App. 883) and + the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, (46 U.S.C. App. 1171, + 1176, 1241 and 1241o) apply with quantitative effect to + comparable Canadian origin goods sold or offered for + sale into the United States market. + +2. Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement, any measure +related to the internal sale and distribution of wine and +distilled spirits, other than those covered by Article 313 +(Blending Requirements) or Article 314 (Distinctive Products) +shall, as between Canada and the United States, be governed under +this Agreement exclusively in accordance with the relevant +provisions of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement +which for this purpose are hereby incorporated into this +Agreement. + +3. In respect of any measure related to the internal sale and +distribution of wine and distilled spirits, the provisions of +Articles 301 and 309 shall not apply as between Canada and Mexico +to: + + (a) a non-conforming provision of any existing measure; + + (b) the continuation or prompt renewal of a non-conforming + provision of any existing measure; + + (c) an amendment to a non-conforming provision of any + existing measure to the extent the amendment does not + decrease its conformity with the provisions of Article + 301 or 309; or + + (d) measures set out in paragraphs 4 and 5. + +4. Further to paragraph 3(d): + + (a) automatic listing measures in the province of British + Columbia may be maintained provided they apply only to + existing estate wineries producing less than 30,000 + gallons of wine annually and meeting the existing + content rule; + + (b) Canada may + + (i) adopt or maintain a measure limiting on-premise + sales by a winery or distillery to those wines or + distilled spirits produced on its premises, and + + (ii) maintain a measure requiring existing private wine + store outlets in the provinces of Ontario and + British Columbia to discriminate in favor of wine + of those provinces to a degree no greater than the + discrimination required by such existing measure; + and + + (c) nothing in this Agreement shall prohibit the Province + of Quebec from requiring that any wine sold in grocery + stores in Quebec be bottled in Quebec, provided that + alternative outlets are provided in Quebec for the sale + of wine of the other Parties, whether or not such wine + is bottled in Quebec. + +5. As between Canada and Mexico: + + (a) any measure related to listing of wine and distilled + spirits of the other Party shall + + (i) conform with Article 301, + + (ii) be transparent, non-discriminatory and provide for + prompt decision on any listing application, prompt + written notification of such decision to the + applicant, and in the case of a negative decision, + provide for a statement of the reason for refusal, + + (iii) establish administrative appeal procedures + for listing decisions that provide for + prompt, fair and objective rulings, + + (iv) be based on normal commercial considerations, + + (v) not create disguised barriers to trade, and + + (vi) be published and made generally available to + persons of Mexico; + + (b) where the distributor is a public entity, the entity + may charge the actual cost-of-service differential + between wine and distilled spirits of the other Party + and domestic wine and distilled spirits. Any such + differential shall not exceed the actual amount by + which the audited cost-of-service for the wine or + distilled spirits of the exporting party exceeds the + audited cost-of-service for the wine and distilled + spirits of the importing party; + + (c) notwithstanding Articles 301 and 309, Article I + (Definitions), Article IV.3 (Wine), and Annexes A, B + and C of the Agreement between Canada and the European + Economic Community Concerning Trade and Commerce in + Alcoholic Beverages dated February 28, 1989 shall apply + with such modifications as may be necessary as between + Canada and Mexico; + + (d) all discriminatory mark-ups on distilled spirits shall + be eliminated immediately upon the date of entry into + force of this Agreement. Cost-of-service differential + mark-ups as described in subparagraph (b) shall be + permitted; + + (e) any other discriminatory pricing measure shall be + eliminated upon the date of entry into force of this Agreement; + + (f) any measure related to distribution of wine or + distilled spirits of the other Party shall conform with + Article 301; and + + (g) unless otherwise specifically provided in this Annex, + the Parties retain their rights and obligations under + the GATT and agreements negotiated under the GATT. + + (The intention of paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 is to +grant Mexico the same concessions granted to the +U.S. under the Canada - United States Free Trade +Agreement respecting wine and distilled spirits.) + +============================================================================= + +Section B - Mexican Measures + + +1. Articles 301 and 309 shall not apply to: + + (a) controls by Mexico on the export of logs of all + species; + + (b) measures under the existing provisions of Articles 192 + through 194 of the General Ways of Communication Act + ("Ley de Vias Generales de Comunicaci¢n") reserving + exclusively to Mexican vessels all services and + operations not authorized for foreign vessels and + empowering the Mexican Ministry of Communications and + Transportation to deny foreign vessels the right to + perform authorized services if their country of origin + does not grant reciprocal rights to Mexican vessels; + + (c) measures taken in accordance with Annex 300-A (Trade in + Automotive Goods) and measures taken in accordance with + existing provisions of Articles 1, 4 and 5 of the + Mexican Foreign Trade Act ("Ley Reglamentaria del + Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados + Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Comercio Exterior") with + respect to automotive goods referred to in Annex 300-A + (Trade in Automotive Goods); + + (d) measures taken in accordance with Sections 3 (Import + and Export Restrictions), 5 (Bilateral Emergency + Actions-Quantitative Restrictions), 6 (Rules of + Origin), and 8 (Trade in Worn Clothing) of Annex 300-B + (Textile and Apparel Goods) and measures taken in + accordance with existing provisions of Articles 1, 4 + and 5 of the Mexican Foreign Trade Act ("Ley + Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n + Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de + Comercio Exterior") with respect to textile and apparel + goods referred to in Annex 300-B; + + (e) measures taken in accordance with Articles 703 (Market + Access) and Annex (permits for Dairy, Poultry and + Eggs) of Chapter Seven (Agriculture) and measures taken + in accordance with existing provisions of Articles 1, 4 + and 5 of the Mexican Foreign Trade Act ("Ley + Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n + Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de + Comercio Exterior") with respect to agricultural goods + referred to in Chapter Seven; + + (f) measures covered by Chapter Six (Energy) and measures + taken in accordance with existing provisions of + Articles 1, 4 and 5 of the Mexican Foreign Trade Act + ("Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n + Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de + Comercio Exterior") with respect to energy and basic + petrochemical goods referred to in Chapter 6; + + (g) export permit measures taken in accordance with + existing provisions of Articles 1, 4 and 5 of the + Mexican Foreign Trade Act ("Ley Reglamentaria del + Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados + Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Comercio Exterior") with + respect to goods subject to quantitative restrictions, + tariff rate quotas or tariff preference levels adopted + or maintained by another Party; and + + (h) with respect to existing provisions, the continuation + or prompt renewal of a non-conforming provision of any + of the above provisions or an amendment to a non- + conforming provision of any of the above provisions to + the extent that the amendment does not decrease its + conformity with the provisions of Articles 301 and 309. + +2. Notwithstanding Article 309, and without prejudice to other +rights and obligations under this Agreement concerning import and +export restrictions, for the first 10 years after the date of +entry into force of this Agreement, Mexico may require permits +for the importation of used goods provided for in the following +existing items in the Tariff Schedule of the General Import Duty +Act ("Tarifa de la Ley del Impuesto General de Importaci¢n"). +For purposes of reference, the goods covered by those items are +broadly identified next to the corresponding item. + + +Item Description + + +8407.3499 Gasoline engines of more than 1,000 cm3, except + for motorcycles. + +8413.11.01 Pumps fitted with a measuring device even if + it includes a totalizing mechanism. + +8413.40.01 Concrete pumps for liquids, not fitted with a + measuring device from 36 up to 60 m3/hr + capacity. + +8426.12.01 Mobile lifting frames on tires and straddle carriers. + +8426.19.01 Other (overhead travelling cranes, + transporter cranes, gantry cranes, bridge + cranes, mobile lifting frames and straddle + carriers. + +8426.30.01 Portal or pedestal jib cranes. + +8426.41.01 Derricks, cranes and other lifting machinery + on tires, self-propelled with mechanical + working and carrying capacity less than 55 + tons. + +8426.41.02 Derricks, cranes and other lifting machinery + on tires, self-propelled with hydraulic + working and carrying capacity more than 9.9 + up to 30 tons. + +8426.41.99 Other (Machinery, self propelled, on tires.) + +8426.49.01 Derricks, cranes and other lifting machinery + (other than on tires), self-propelled with + mechanical working and carrying capacity less + than 55 tons. + +8426.49.02 Derricks, cranes sand other lifting machinery + (other than on tires), self-propelled with + hydraulic working and carrying capacity more + than 9.9 up to 30 tons. + +8426.91.01 Derricks, cranes and other lifting machinery + except items 8426.91.02, 03 and 04. + +8426.91.02 Derricks, cranes and other lifting machinery + for mounting on road vehicles, with + hydraulical working and carrying capacity up + to 9.9 tons. + +8426.91.03 Derricks, cranes and other lifting machinery + (basket type) for mounting on road vehicles, + with carrying capacity up to 1 ton and 15 + meters lift. + +8426.91.99 Other (machinery designed for mounting on + road vehicles). + +8426.99.01 Derricks, cranes and other lifting machinery + except items 8426.91.02 + +8426.99.02 Swivel cranes. + +8426.99.99 Other (derricks; cranes, including cable + cranes; mobile lifting frames, straddle + carriers and works trucks fitted with a + crane). + +8427.10.01 Self-propelled work trucks powered by an + electric motor, carrying capacity 3.5 tons. + +8427.20.01 Other self-propelled trucks with combustion + piston engines, carrying capacity up to 7 + tons. + +8428.40.99 Other (escalators and moving walkways). + +8428.90.99 Other (continuous-action elevators and + conveyors, for goods or materials). + +8429.11.01 Self-propelled bulldozers and angledozers, + for track laying. + +8429.19.01 Other (bulldozers and angledozers). + +8429.20.01 Self-propelled graders and levelers. + +8429.30.01 Self-propelled scrapers. + +8429.40.01 Self-propelled tamping machines and road + rollers. + +8429.51.02 Self-propelled front-end shovel loaders, + wheel-type, less than 335 HP. + +8429.51.03 Self-propelled front-end shovel loaders, + wheel-type, other than item 8429.51.01. + +8429.51.99 Other (mechanical shovels, excavators and + shovel loaders). + +8429.52.02 Self-propelled backhoes, shovels, clamshells + and draglines, other than 8429.52.01. + +8429.52.99 Other (machinery with a 360 revolving + superstructure). + +8429.59.01 Excavators. + +8429.59.02 Track laying draglines, carrying capacity up + to 4 tons. + +8429.59.03 Track laying draglines, other than item + 8429.59.04. + +8429.59.99 Other (self-propelled bulldozers, + angledozers, graders, levellers, scrapers, + mechanical shovels, excavators, shovel + loaders, tamping machines and road rollers). + +8430.31.01 Self-propelled tunneling machinery. + +8430.31.99 Other (self-propelled coal or rock cutters + and tunnelling machinery). + +8430.39.01 Sinking or boring shields. + +8430.39.99 Other (coal or rock cutters and tunnelling + machinery). + +8430.41.01 Self-propelled boring or sinking machinery, + other than item 8430.41.02. + +8430.41.99 Other (self-propelled boring or sinking + machinery). + +8430.49.99 Other (boring or sinking machinery). + +8430.50.01 Self-propelled peat excavators, with frontal + carriers and hydraulic mechanism less than + 335 hp capacity. + +8430.50.02 Scrapers. + +8430.50.99 Other (machinery self-propelled). + +8430.61.01 Tamping machinery, not self-propelled. + +8430.61.02 Compacting machinery, not self-propelled. + +8430.61.99 Other (machinery, not self-propelled). + +8430.62.01 Scarificationer machine. + +8430.69.01 Threshers or scrapers machine. + +8430.69.02 Trencher machine, other than 8430.69.03. + +8430.69.99 Other (moving, grading, levelling, scraping, + excavating, tamping, compacting, extracting + or boring machinery). + +8452.10.01 Sewing machines of the household type. + +8452.21.04 Industrial machines, other than 845221.02, 03 + and 05. + +8452.21.99 Other (automatic sewing machines). + +8452.29.05 Pending + +8452.29.06 Industrial machines, other than 84522901, 03 + and 05. + +8452.29.99 Other (sewing machines). + +8452.90.99 Other (parts of sewing machines). + +8471.10.01 Analog or hybrid automatic data processing + machines. + +8471.20.01 Digital automatic data processing machines, + containing in the same housing at least a + central processing unit and an input and + output unit, whether or not combined. + +8471.91.01 Numerical or digital units entered with the + rest of a system, which may contain in the + housing one or two of the following types of + units: storage units, input units, output + unit. + +8471.92.99 Other (input or output units whether or not + entered with the rest of a system and whether + or not containing storage units in the same + housing). + +8471.93.01 Storage units, including the rest of the + system. + +8471.99.01 Other (automatic data processing machines and + units thereof). + +8474.20.02 Crushing jawbone and grinding millstone. + +8474.20.05 Drawer cone crushing, with diameter no more + than 1200 millimeters. + +8474.20.06 Grinding hammer percussion. + +8701.30.01 Track-laying tractors with a net engine power + more than 105 h.p. but less than 380 h.p. + including pushing blade. + +8701.90.02 Rail road tractors, on tires with mechanical + mechanism for pavement. + +8474.20.01 Crushing and grinding with two or more + cylinders. + +8474.20.03 Blades crushing machines. + +8474.20.04 Blades XXX + +8474.20.99 Other (crushing or grinding machines). + +8474.39.99 Other (mixing machines). + +8474.80.99 Other (kneading machines). + +8475.10.01 Machines for assembling electric or + electronic lamps, tubes. + +8477.10.01 Injection-molding machines for working rubber + or plastics, up to 5 kg capacity for one + molding model. + +8711.10.01 Motorcycles, mopeds and cycles fitted with an + auxiliary motor with reciprocating internal + combustion piston engine not exceeding 50 + cm.3. + +8711.20.01 Motorcycles, mopeds and cycles fitted with an + auxiliary motor with reciprocating internal + combustion piston engine over 50 cm.3 but not + over 250 cm.3. + +8711.30.01 Motorcycles, mopeds and cycles fitted with an + auxiliary motor with reciprocating internal + combustion piston engine over 250 cm.3 but + not over 500 cm.3. + +8711.40.01 Motorcycles, mopeds and cycles fitted with an + auxiliary motor with reciprocating internal + combustion piston engine over 500 cm.3 but + less than 550 cm.3. + +8711.90.99 Other (motorcycles, mopeds and cycles fitted + with an auxiliary motor without an internal + combustion piston engine, and sidecars which + are not to be used with motocycles and + velocipedes of any kind). + +8712.00.02 Bicycles, other than of the type for racing. + +8712.00.99 Other (Cycles, not motorized, except + bicycles, and tricycles for the transport of + merchandise). + +8716.10.01 Trailers and semi-trailers for housing and + camping, not mechanically propelled. + +8716.31.02 Tanker trailers and tanker semi-trailers for + the transport of goods, not mechanically + propelled, of the steel-tank type. + +8716.31.99 Other (Tanker trailers and tanker + semi-trailers for the transport of goods, not + mechanically propelled, except of the + steel-tank type, and of the thermal type for + the transportation of milk). + +8716.39.01 Trailers and semi-trailers for the transport + of goods, not mechanically propelled, of the + platform type (more detailed description + pending). + +8716.39.02 Trailers and semi-trailers for the transport + of vehicles, not mechanically propelled. + +8716.39.04 Trailers and semi-trailers for the transport + of goods, not mechanically propelled, of the + modular-platform type (more detailed + description pending). + +8716.39.05 Semi-trailers for the transport of goods, not + mechanically propelled, of the low-bed type + (more detailed description pending). + +8716.39.06 Trailers and semi-trailers for the transport + of goods, not mechanically propelled, of the + closed-box type, including those for + refrigeration. + +8716.39.07 Trailers and semi-trailers for the transport + of goods, not mechanically propelled, of the + steel-tank type. + +8716.39.99 Other. (Trailers and semi-trailers for the + transport of goods, not mechanically + propelled, except those referred to in items + 87163901, 02, 04, 05, 06 and 07, those with + two levels which are recognizable as intended + for use exclusively in the transportation of + cattle, and carriages with solid rubber + wheels). + +8716.40.01 Other trailers and semi-trailers, not + mechanically propelled. (Other than for the + transport of goods). + +8716.80.99 Other. (Vehicles not mechanically propelled, + except trailers and semi-trailers, + hand-wagons, and hand-wagons of hydraulic + operation. + + +3. Notwithstanding Article 309, and without prejudice to other +rights and obligations under this Agreement concerning import and +export restrictions: + + (a) for the first five years after the date of entry into + force of this Agreement, Mexico may require permits for + the importation of new automotive goods provided for in + the following existing items in the Tariff Schedule of + the General Import Duty Act ("Tarifa de la Ley del + Impuesto General de Importaci¢n"). For purposes of + reference, the goods covered by those items are broadly + identified next to the corresponding item; + + +Item Description + + +8701.20.01 Road Tractors for semi-trailers + +8702.10.01 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + diesel or semi-diesel engine, with body mounted on + a chassis. + +8702.10.02 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + diesel or semi-diesel engine, with an integral + body. + +8702.90.03 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + gasoline engine, with an integral body. + +8703.10.99 Other special vehicles. + +8704.22.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + diesel engine and capacity of cargo of more than 5 + tons but less than 20 tons. + +8704.23.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + diesel engine and capacity of cargo of more than + 20 tons. + +8704.32.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + gasoline engine and with capacity of cargo of more + than 5 tons. + +8705.20.01 Mobile drilling derricks. + +8705.40.01 Concrete mixers. + +8706.00.01 Chassis fitted with gasoline engine. + +8706.00.99 Other chassis fitted with gasoline engine. + + (b) for the first 10 years after the date of entry into + force of this Agreement, Mexico may require permits for + the importation of new automotive goods provided for in + the following existing items in the Tariff Schedule of + the General Import Duty Act ("Tarifa de la Ley del + Impuesto General de Importaci¢n"). For purposes of + reference, the goods covered by those items are broadly + identified next to the corresponding item; + + +Item Description + + +8407.34.99 Gasoline engines of more than 1,000 cm3, except + for motorcycles. + +8702.90.02 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + gasoline engine, with body mounted on a chassis. + +8703.21.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + less than or equal to 1,000 cm3. + +8703.22.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + more than 1,000 cm3 but less than 1,500 cm3. + +8703.23.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + more than 1,500 cm3 but less than or equal to + 3,000 cm3. + +8703.24.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + more than 3,000 cm3. + +8703.31.01 Passenger motor vehicles with diesel engine of + less than or equal to 1,500 cm3. + +8703.32.01 Passenger motor vehicles with diesel engine of + more than 1,500 cm3 but less than or equal to + 2,500 cm3. + +8703.33.01 Passenger motor vehicles with diesel engine of + more than 2,500 cm3. + +8703.90.99 Other passenger vehicles. + +8704.21.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + diesel engine and with capacity of cargo of less + than or equal to 5 tons. + +8704.31.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + gasoline engine and with capacity of cargo of less + than or equal to 5 tons. + + + (c) for the first 25 years after the date of entry into + force of this Agreement, Mexico may require permits for + the importation of used automotive goods provided for + in the following existing items in the Tariff Schedule + of the General Import Duty Act ("Tarifa de la Ley del + Impuesto General de Importaci¢n"). As of the 26th year + after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, + Mexico may require permits for the importation of + non-originating automotive goods provided for under + such items. For purposes of reference, the goods + covered by those items are broadly identified next to + the corresponding item. + + +Item Description + + +8701.20.01 Road Tractors for semi-trailers + +8702.10.01 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + diesel or semi-diesel engine, with body mounted on + a chassis. + +8702.10.02 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + diesel or semi-diesel engine, with an integral + body. + +8702.90.01 Trolleys. + +8702.90.02 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + gasoline engine, with body mounted on a chassis. + +8702.90.03 Public-transport type passenger vehicles, with + gasoline engine, with an integral body. + +8703.10.01 Special vehicles with electric engine + (snowmobiles, golf cart). + +8703.10.99 Other special vehicles. + +8703.21.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + less than or equal to 1,000 cm3. + +8703.22.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + more than 1,000 cm3 but less than 1,500 cm3. + +8703.23.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + more than 1,500 cm3 but less than or equal to + 3,000 cm3. + +8703.24.01 Passenger motor vehicles with gasoline engine of + more than 3,000 cm3. + +8703.31.01 Passenger motor vehicles with diesel engine of + less than or equal to 1,500 cm3. + +8703.32.01 Passenger motor vehicles with diesel engine of + more than 1,500 cm3 but less than or equal to + 2,500 cm3. + +8703.33.01 Passenger motor vehicles with diesel engine of + more than 2,500 cm3. + +8703.90.01 Electrical motor cars. + +8703.90.99 Other passenger vehicles. + +8704.21.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + diesel engine and with capacity of cargo of less + than or equal to 5 tons. + +8704.22.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + diesel engine and capacity of cargo of more than 5 + tons but less than 20 tons. + +8704.23.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + diesel engine and capacity of cargo of more than + 20 tons. + +8704.31.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + gasoline engine and with capacity of cargo of less + than or equal to 5 tons. + +8704.32.99 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods with + gasoline engine and with capacity of cargo of more + than 5 tons. + +8705.10.01 Mobile crane vehicles. + +8705.20.01 Mobile drilling derricks. + +8705.20.99 Other drilling derricks. + +8705.40.01 Concrete mixers. + +8705.90.01 Spraying vehicles. + +8705.90.99 Other special purpose vehicles. + +8706.00.01 Chassis fitted with gasoline engine. + +8706.00.99 Other chassis fitted with gasoline engine. + +============================================================================= + +Section C - United States Measures + + + Articles 301 and 309 shall not apply to: + + (a) controls by the United States on the export of logs of + all species; + + (b) taxes on imported perfume containing distilled spirits + under existing provisions of Section 5001(a)(3) and + 5007(b)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 + U.S.C. 5001(a)(3), 5007(b)(2)); + + (c) measures under existing provisions of section 27 of the + Merchant Marine Act (46 U.S.C. App. 883), the Passenger + Vessel Act of 1920 (46 U.S.C. App. 289), the Merchant + Ship Sales Act of 1946 (46 U.S.C. App. 292, 316, and 46 + U.S.C. 12108); and + + (d) import restrictions with respect to Canada imposed + under existing provisions of section 22 of the + Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 (7 U.S.C. 624). +============================================================================= + ANNEX 302.2 + + Tariff Elimination + + +1. Except as otherwise provided in a Party's Schedule attached +to this Annex, the following staging categories apply to the +elimination of customs duties by each Party pursuant to Article +302(2): + + (a) duties on goods provided for in the items in staging + category A in a Party's Schedule shall be eliminated + entirely and such goods shall be duty-free, effective + January 1, 1994; + + (b) duties on goods provided for in the items in staging + category B in a Party's Schedule shall be removed in 5 + equal annual stages commencing on January 1, 1994, and + such goods shall be duty-free, effective January 1, + 1998; + + (c) duties on goods provided for in the items in staging + category C in a Party's Schedule shall be removed in 10 + equal annual stages commencing on January 1, 1994, and + such goods shall be duty-free, effective January 1, + 2003; + + (d) duties on goods provided for in the items in staging + category C+ in a Party's Schedule shall be removed in + 15 equal annual stages commencing on January 1, 1994, + and such goods shall be duty-free, effective January 1, + 2008; and + + (e) goods provided for in the items in staging category D + in a Party's Schedule shall continue to receive duty- + free treatment. + + (other staging categories will be displayed in the +tariff schedules of each Party and may be incorporated +here.) + +2. The base rate of duty and staging category for determining +the interim rate of duty at each stage of reduction for an item +are indicated for the item in each Party's Schedule attached to +this Annex. These rates generally reflect the rate of duty in +effect on July 1, 1991, including rates under the U.S. +Generalized System of Preferences and the General Preferential +Tariff of Canada. + +3. For the purpose of the elimination of customs duties in +accordance with Article 302, interim staged rates shall be +rounded down, except as set out in each Party's Schedule attached +to this Annex, at least to the nearest tenth of a percentage +point or, if the rate of duty is expressed in monetary units, at +least to the nearest .001 of the official monetary unit of the +Party. + +4. Canada shall apply the rate applicable under the staging +category set out for an item in Annex 401.2, as amended, of the +Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement which Annex is hereby +incorporated into and made part of this Agreement, to an +originating good provided that: + + (a) notwithstanding any provision in Chapter Four of this + Agreement, in determining whether such good is an + originating good, operations performed in or materials + obtained from Mexico are considered as if they were + performed in or obtained from a non-Party; and + + (b) any processing that occurs in Mexico after the good + would qualify as an originating good in accordance with + subparagraph (a) does not increase the transaction + value of the good by greater than seven percent. + +5. Canada shall apply the rate applicable under the staging +category set out for an item contained in column I of section A +of this Annex to an originating good provided that: + + (a) notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in + Chapter Four, in determining whether such good is an + originating good, operations performed in or materials + obtained from the United States are considered as if + they were performed in or obtained from a non-Party; + and + + (b) any processing that occurs in the United States after + the good would qualify as an originating good in + accordance with subparagraph (a) does not increase the + transaction value of the good by greater than seven + percent. + +6. Canada shall apply to an originating good to which neither +paragraph 4 nor paragraph 5 applies, the applicable rate +indicated for an item contained in column II, reduced in +accordance with the staging category of column I of section A of +this Annex except as otherwise indicated, or where there is a +letter "X" (to be replaced with descriptive language) in column +II, the applicable rate of duty for the item shall be the higher +of: + + (a) the General Preferential Tariff rate of duty for that + item applied on July 1, 1991, reduced in accordance + with the applicable staging category set out for that + item in column I of its Schedule; or + + (b) the applicable rate under the staging category for that + item set out in Annex 401.2, as amended, of the Canada - + United States Free Trade Agreement. + +7. Paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 shall not apply to goods provided for +under Chapters 50 through 63 of the Harmonized System and to +other goods identified in Appendix 1.1 of Annex 300-B (Textiles +and Apparel Goods). + +8. Mexico shall apply the rate applicable under the staging +category set out for an item in column II of section B of this +Annex to an originating good when the good qualifies to be marked +as a good of Canada, pursuant to Annex 312, without regard to +whether the good is marked. + +9. Mexico shall apply the rate applicable under the staging +category set out for an item in column I of section B of this +Annex to an originating good when the good qualifies to be marked +as a good of the United States, pursuant to Annex 312, without +regard to whether the good is marked. + +10. The United States shall apply the rate applicable under the +staging category set out for an item in Annex 401.2, as amended, +of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement to an +originating good when the good qualifies to be marked as a good +of Canada pursuant to Annex 312, without regard to whether the +good is marked. + +11. The United States shall apply the rate applicable under the +staging category set out for an item in section C of this Annex +to an originating good when the good qualifies to be marked as a +good of Mexico pursuant to Annex 312, whether or not the good is +marked. +============================================================================= + SECTION A - SCHEDULE OF CANADA + + (TARIFF SCHEDULE TO BE ATTACHED) + + + + SECTION B - SCHEDULE OF MEXICO + + (TARIFF SCHEDULE TO BE ATTACHED) + + + + SECTION C - SCHEDULE OF THE UNITED STATES + + (TARIFF SCHEDULE TO BE ATTACHED) + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 303.6 + + Goods Not Subject to Article 303 + + +1. For exports from the territory of the United States to the +territory of Canada or Mexico, a good, provided for in U.S. +tariff item 1701.11.02, that is imported into the territory of +the United States and used as a material in the production of, or +substituted by an identical or similar good used as a material in +the production of, a good provided for in Canadian tariff item +1701.99.00 or Mexican tariff items 1701.99.01 and 1701.99.99 +(refined sugar). + +2. For trade between Canada and the United States: + + (a) imported citrus products; + + (b) an imported good used as a material in the production + of, or substituted by an identical or similar good used + as a material in the production of, a good provided for + in U.S. tariff items 5811.00.20 (quilted cotton piece + goods), 5811.00.30 (quilted man-made piece goods) or + 6307.90.99 (furniture moving pads) that are subject to + the most-favored-nation rate of duty when exported to + the territory of the other Party; (Canadian tariff + items to be added) and + + (c) an imported good used as a material in the production + of, or substituted by an identical or similar good used + as a material in the production of, apparel that is + subject to the most-favored-nation rate of duty when + exported to the territory of the other Party. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 303.7 + + Effective Dates for the Application of Article 303 + + +Section A - Canada + +For Canada, Article 303 shall apply to a good imported into the +territory of Canada that is: + + (a) subsequently exported to the territory of the United + States on or after January 1, 1996, or subsequently + exported to the territory of Mexico on or after January + 1, 2001; + + (b) used as a material in the production of another good + that is subsequently exported to the territory of the + United States on or after January 1, 1996, or used as a + material in the production of another good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of Mexico on or + after January 1, 2001; + + (c) substituted by an identical or similar good used as a + material in the production of another good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of the United + States on or after January 1, 1996, or substituted by + an identical or similar good used as a material in the + production of another good that is subsequently + exported to the territory of Mexico on or after January + 1, 2001; or + + (d) substituted by an identical or similar good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of the United + States on or after January 1, 1996, or substituted by + an identical or similar good that is subsequently + exported to the territory of Mexico on or after January + 1, 2001. + + +Section B - Mexico + +For Mexico, Article 303 shall apply to a good imported into the +territory of Mexico that is: + + (a) subsequently exported to the territory of another Party + on or after January 1, 2001; + + (b) used as a material in the production of another good + that is subsequently exported to the territory of + another Party on or after January 1, 2001; + + (c) substituted by an identical or similar good used as a + material in the production of another good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of another Party + on or after January 1, 2001; or + + (d) substituted by an identical or similar good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of another Party + on or after January 1, 2001. + + +Section C - United States + + For the United States, Article 303 shall apply to a good +imported into the territory of the United States that is: + + (a) subsequently exported to the territory of Canada on or + after January 1, 1996, or subsequently exported to the + territory of Mexico on or after January 1, 2001; + + (b) used as a material in the production of another good + that is subsequently exported to the territory of + Canada on or after January 1, 1996, or used as a + material in the production of another good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of Mexico on or + after January 1, 2001; + + (c) substituted by an identical or similar good used as a + material in the production of another good subsequently + exported to the territory of Canada on or after January + 1, 1996, or substituted by an identical or similar good + used as a material in the production of another good + subsequently exported to the territory of Mexico on or + after January 1, 2001; or + + (d) substituted by an identical or similar good that is + subsequently exported to the territory of Canada on or + after January 1, 1996, or substituted by an identical + or similar good that is subsequently exported to the + territory of Mexico on or after January 1, 2001. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 303.8 + + Exception to Article 303(8) + For Certain Cathode-Ray Picture Tubes + + +Mexico + +Mexico may refund customs duties paid, or waive or reduce the +amount of customs duties owed, on goods provided for in +subheading 8540.xx for a person who, during the period July 1, +1991 through June 30, 1992, imported into its territory no fewer +than 20,000 units of such goods that would not have been +considered to be originating goods had this Agreement been in +force during that period, where the goods are: + + (a) subsequently exported from the territory of Mexico to + the territory of the United States, or are used as + materials in the production of other goods that are + subsequently exported from the territory of Mexico to + the territory of the United States, or are substituted + by identical or similar goods used as materials in the + production of other goods that are subsequently + exported to the territory of the United States, in an + amount, for all such persons combined, no greater than + + (i) 1,200,000 units in 1994, + + (ii) 1,000,000 units in 1995, + + (iii) 800,000 units in 1996, + + (iv) 600,000 units in 1997, + + (v) 400,000 units in 1998, + + (vi) 200,000 units in 1999, and + + (vii) zero units in 2000 and thereafter, + +provided that the number of goods on which such customs duties +may be refunded, waived or reduced in any year shall be reduced, +with respect to that year, by the number of such goods qualifying +as originating goods during the year immediately preceding that +year, considering operations performed in, or materials obtained +from, the territories of Canada and the United States as if they +were performed in, or obtained from, a non-Party; or + + (b) subsequently exported from the territory of Mexico to + the territory of Canada, or used as materials in the + production of other goods that are subsequently + exported from the territory of Mexico to the territory + of Canada, or are substituted by identical or similar + goods used as materials in the production of other + goods that are subsequently exported to the territory + of Canada, in an amount no greater than + + (i) 75,000 units in 1994, + + (ii) 50,000 units in 1995, and + + (iii) zero units in 1996 and thereafter. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 304.1 + + Exceptions for Existing Waiver Measures + + + Article 304(1) shall not apply in respect of existing +Mexican waivers of customs duties, except that: + + (a) Mexico shall not increase the ratio of customs duties + waived to customs duties owed relative to the + performance required under any such waiver; or + + (b) Mexico shall not add any type of good to those + qualifying on July 1, 1991, in respect of any waiver of + customs duties in effect on that date. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 304.2 + + Continuation of Existing Waiver Measures + + + For purposes of Article 304(2): + + (a) Canada may condition on the fulfillment of a + performance requirement the waiver of customs duties + under any measure in effect on or before September 28, + 1988, on any goods entered or withdrawn from warehouse + for consumption before January 1, 1998; + + (b) Mexico may condition on the fulfillment of a + performance requirement the waiver of customs duties + under any measure in effect on July 1, 1991, on any + goods entered or withdrawn from warehouse for + consumption before January 1, 2001; + + (c) as between the United States and Canada, Article 405 of + the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement is + incorporated and made part of this Annex solely with + respect to measures adopted by Canada or the United + States prior to the date of entry into force of this + Agreement; and + + (d) Canada may grant duty waivers as set out in Annex 300- + A. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 307.1 + + Goods Re-Entered after Repair or Alteration + + +Section A - Canada + + Canada may impose customs duties on goods, regardless of +their origin, that re-enter its territory after such goods have +been exported from its territory to the territory of another +Party for repair or alteration as follows: + + (a) for goods set out in section D that re-enter its + territory from the territory of Mexico, Canada shall + apply to the value of the repair or alteration of such + goods the rate of duty for such goods applicable under + its Schedule attached to Annex 302.2; + + (b) for goods other than those set out in section D that + re-enter its territory from the territory of the United + States or Mexico, other than goods repaired or altered + pursuant to a warranty, Canada shall apply to the value + of the repair or alteration of such goods the rate of + duty for such goods applicable under the Tariff + Schedule of Canada attached to Annex 401.2 of the + Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement. + + (c) for goods set out in section D that re-enter its + territory from the territory of the United States, + Canada shall apply to the value of the repair or + alteration of such goods the rate of duty for such + goods applicable under its Schedule attached to Annex + 401.2 of the Canada - United States Free Trade + Agreement. + + +Section B - Mexico + + Mexico may impose customs duties on goods set out in section +D, regardless of their origin, that re-enter its territory after +such goods have been exported from its territory to the territory +of another Party for repair or alteration, by applying to the +value of the repair or alteration of those goods the rate of duty +for such goods that would apply if such goods were included in +staging category B in the Schedule of Mexico attached to Annex +302.2. + + +Section C - United States + +1. The United States may impose customs duties on: + + (a) goods set out in section D, or + + (b) goods that are not set out in section D and that are + not repaired or altered pursuant to a warranty, + +regardless of their origin, that re-enter its territory after +such goods have been exported from its territory to the territory +of Canada for repair or alteration, by applying to the value of +the repair or alteration of such goods the rate of duty +applicable under the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. + +2. The United States may impose customs duties on goods set out +in section D, regardless of their origin, that re-enter its +territory after such goods have been exported from its territory +to the territory of Mexico for repair or alteration, by applying +to the value of the repair or alteration of such goods a rate of +duty of 50 percent reduced in five equal annual stages +commencing on January 1, 1994, and the value of such repair or +alteration shall be duty-free on January 1, 1998. + + +Section D - List of Goods [description under review] + + Any vessel, including the following goods, documented by a +Party under its law to engage in foreign or coastwise trade, or a +vessel intended to be employed in such trade: + +1. Cruise ships, excursion boats, ferry-boats, cargo ships, +barges and similar vessels for the transport of persons or goods, +including: + + (a) tankers; + + (b) refrigerated vessels, other than tankers; and + + (c) other vessels for the transport of goods and other + vessels for the transport of both persons and goods, + including open vessels. + +2. Fishing vessels, including factory ships and other vessels +for processing or preserving fishery products of a registered +length not exceeding 30.5m. + +3. Light-vessels, fire-floats, dredgers, floating cranes, and +other vessels the navigability of which is subsidiary to their +main function, floating docks, floating or submersible drilling +or production platforms, including drilling ships, drilling +barges and floating drilling rigs. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 307.3 + + Repair and Rebuilding of Vessels + + +United States + + For the purpose of increasing transparency regarding the +types of repairs that may be performed in shipyards outside the +territory of the United States that do not result in any loss of +privileges for such vessel to: + + (a) remain eligible to engage in coastwise trade or to + access U.S. fisheries, + + (b) transport U.S. government cargo, or + + (c) participate in U.S. assistance programs, including the + "operating difference subsidy", + +the United States shall, no later than the date of entry into +force of this Agreement: + + (d) provide written clarification to the other Parties of + current U.S. Customs and Coast Guard practices that + constitute, and differentiate between, the repair and + the rebuilding of vessels, including, where possible, + clarifications on "jumboizing", vessel conversions, and + emergency repairs, and + + (e) commence a process to define the terms "repairs", + "emergency repairs", and "rebuilding" under U.S. + maritime legislation, including the Merchant Marine Act + of 1920 (codified at 46 U.S.C. App. 883) and the + Merchant Marine Act of 1936 (codified at 46 U.S.C. App. + 1171, 1176, 1241 and 1241(o)). + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 308.1 + + Most-Favored-Nation Rates of Duty on + Certain Automatic Data Processing Goods and Their Parts + + +Section A - General Provisions + +1. Each Party shall reduce its most-favored-nation rate of duty +applicable to the goods provided for under the tariff provisions +set out in Tables 308.1.1 and 308.1.2 in section B of this Annex +to the rate set out therein, or to such reduced rate as the +Parties may agree, in accordance with the Schedule set out in +section B of this Annex, or with such accelerated schedule as the +Parties may agree. + +2. Notwithstanding Chapter 3, when the most-favored-nation rate +of duty applicable to a good provided for under the tariff +provisions set out in Table 308.1.1 in section B of this Annex +has been reduced in accordance with paragraph 1, each Party shall +consider the good, when imported into its territory from the +territory of another Party, to be an originating good. + +3. A Party may reduce in advance of the schedule set out in +Table 308.1.1 or Table 308.1.2 in section B of this Annex, or of +such accelerated schedule as the Parties may agree, its most- +favored-nation rate of duty applicable to any good provided for +under the tariff provisions set out therein, to the rate set out +therein or to such reduced rate as the Parties may agree. + +============================================================================= + +Section B - Rates of Duty and Schedule for Reduction + + + Table 308.1.1 + + Tariff Rate Schedule + +Automatic Data Processing + Machines (ADP): + + 8471.10 3.9% S + + 8471.20 3.9% S + + +Digital Processing Units: + + 8471.91 3.9% S + +Input or Output Units: + + Combined Input/Output Units: + + Canada: + + 8471.92.90.11 3.7% S + 8471.92.90.12 3.7% S + 8471.92.90.19 3.7% S + + Mexico: + + 8471.92.h1 3.7% S + + United States: + + 8471.92.10 3.7% S + + Display Units: + + Canada: + + 8471.92.90.32 3.7% S + 8471.92.90.39.a1 3.7% S + 8471.92.90.39.a2 Free S + + Mexico: + + 8471.92.h2 3.7% S + 8471.92.h3 Free S + + United States: + + 8471.92.30 Free S + 8471.92.40.75 3.7% S +============================================================================= + + Other Input or Output Units: + + Canada: + + 8471.92.10.20 Free S + 8471.92.10.90 Free S + 8471.92.90.20 Free S + 8471.92.90.40 Free S + 8471.92.90.50 3.7% S + 8471.92.90.91 Free S + 8471.92.90.99 Free S + + Mexico: + + 8471.92.h4 3.7% S + 8471.92.h5 Free S + + United States: + + 8471.92.20 Free S + 8471.92.80 Free S + 8471.92.90.20 Free S + 8471.92.90.40 3.7% S + 8471.92.90.60 Free S + 8471.92.90.80 Free S + +============================================================================= + +Storage Units + + 8471.93 Free S + + +Other Units of Automatic Data Processing + Machines + + 8471.99 Free S + + +Parts of Computers + + 8473.30 Free R + + +Computer Power Supplies + + 8504.40.a3 Free S + + 8504.90.a4 Free S + + + Table 308.1.2 + + +Metal Oxide Varistors: + + 8533.40.a4 Free R + + +Diodes, Transistors and Similar +Semiconductor Devices; Photosensitive +Semiconductor Devices; Light Emitting +Diodes; Mounted Piezo-electric Crystals + + 8541.10 Free R + 8541.21 Free R + 8541.29 Free R + 8541.30 Free R + 8541.50 Free R + 8541.60 Free R + 8541.90 Free R + + + Canada: + + 8541.20 Free R + + + Mexico: + + 8541.20 Free R + + + United States: + + 8541.40.20 Free S + 8541.40.60 Free R + 8541.40.70 Free R + 8541.40.80 Free R + 8541.40.95 Free R + + +Electronic Integrated Circuits +and Microassemblies + + 8542 Free R + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 308.2 + + Most-Favored-Nation Rates of Duty + on Certain Color Television Picture Tubes + + +1. Any Party considering the reduction of its most-favored- +nation rate of customs duty for goods provided for in tariff +provision 8540.11.a2 (cathode-ray color television picture tubes, +including video monitor cathode-ray tubes, with a diagonal +exceeding 14 inches) during the first 10 years after the date of +entry into force of this Agreement shall consult with the other +Parties in advance of such reduction. + +2. If any other Party objects in writing to such reduction, and +the Party proceeds with the reduction, any objecting Party may +raise its applicable rate of duty on originating goods provided +for in the corresponding tariff provision set out in its Schedule +attached to Annex 302.2, up to the applicable rate of duty as if +such good had been placed in staging category C for purpose of +tariff elimination. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 308.3 + + Most-Favored-Nation Duty-Free + Treatment of Local Area Network Apparatus + +Section A - Canada + + Canada shall accord most-favored-nation duty-free treatment +to goods provided for in item(s) [to be provided] of its tariff +schedule. + + +Section B - Mexico + + Mexico shall accord most-favored-nation duty-free treatment +to goods provided for in item(s) [to be provided] of its tariff +schedule. + + +Section C - United States + + The United States shall accord most-favored-nation duty-free +treatment to goods provided for in item(s) [to be provided] of +its tariff schedule. + +For purposes of this Annex: + +local area network apparatus means a good dedicated for use +solely or principally to permit the interconnection of automatic +data processing machines and units thereof for a network that is +used primarily for the sharing of resources such as central +processor units, data storage devices and input or output units, +including in-line repeaters, converters, concentrators, bridges +and routers, and printed circuit assemblies for physical +incorporation into automatic data processing machines and units +thereof suitable for use solely or principally with a private +network, and providing for the transmission, receipt, error- +checking, control, signal conversion or correction functions for +non-voice data to move through a local area network. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 311.2 + + Existing Customs User Fees + + +Section A - Mexico + + Mexico shall not increase its customs processing fee +("derechos de tr mite aduanero") on originating goods, and shall +by June 30, 1999, eliminate such fee on originating goods. + + +Mexico B - United States + +1. The United States shall not increase its merchandise +processing fee and shall eliminate such fee according to the +schedule set out in Article 403 of the Canada - United States +Free Trade Agreement on originating goods where those goods +qualify to be marked as goods of Canada pursuant to Annex 312, +without regard to whether the goods are marked. + +2. The United States shall not increase its merchandise +processing fee and shall by June 30, 1999, eliminate such fee, on +originating goods where those goods qualify to be marked as goods +of Mexico pursuant to Annex 312, without regard to whether the +goods are marked. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 312 + + Country of Origin Marking + + +1. The Parties shall establish by January 1, 1994, rules for +determining whether a good is a good of a Party ("Marking Rules") +for the purposes of this Annex, Annex 300-B and Annex 302.2, and +for such other purposes as may be agreed. + +2. Each Party may require that a good of another Party, as +determined in accordance with the Marking Rules, imported into +its territory bear a country of origin marking that indicates to +the ultimate purchaser of that good the name of its country of +origin. + +3. Each Party shall permit the country of origin marking of a +good of another Party to be indicated in English, French or +Spanish, except that a Party may, as part of its general consumer +information measures, require that an imported good be marked +with its country of origin in the same manner as prescribed for +goods of that Party. + +4. Each Party shall, in adopting, maintaining and administering +any measure relating to country of origin marking, minimize the +difficulties, costs and inconveniences that such measure may +cause to the commerce and industry of the other Parties. + +5. Each Party shall: + + (a) accept any reasonable method of marking, including the + use of stickers, labels, tags or paint, that ensures + that the marking is conspicuous, legible and + sufficiently permanent; + + (b) exempt from a country of origin marking requirement a + good of another Party which + + (i) is incapable of being marked, + + (ii) cannot be marked prior to exportation to the + territory of another Party without causing injury + to the goods, + + (iii) cannot be marked except at an expense which + would materially discourage its exportation + to the territory of another Party, + + (iv) cannot be marked without materially impairing its + function or substantially detracting from its + appearance, + + (v) is in a container that is marked in a manner that + will reasonably indicate the good's origin to the + ultimate purchaser, + + (vi) is a crude substance, + + (vii) is imported for use by the importer and is + not intended for sale in the form in which it + was imported, + + (viii) is to be processed in the importing Party by + the importer, or on its behalf, in a manner + that results in a change of origin for + marking purposes, under the Marking Rules, + + (ix) by reason of its character, or the circumstances + of its importation, the ultimate purchaser would + reasonably know its country of origin even though + it is not marked, + + (x) was produced more than 20 years prior to its + importation, + + (xi) was imported without the required marking and + cannot be marked after its importation except at + an expense that would materially discourage its + importation, provided that the failure to mark the + good before importation was not for the purpose of + avoiding compliance with such requirement, + + (xii) for the purposes of temporary duty-free + admission, is in transit or in bond or + otherwise under customs administration + control, + + (xiii) is an original work of art, or + + (xiv) is provided for in headings 8541 or 8542, and + 6904.10. + +6. Except for a good described in subparagraphs 5(b)(vi),(vii), +(viii), (ix), (x), (xii), (xiii) and (xiv), a Party may provide +that, wherever a good is exempted under subparagraph 5(b), its +outermost container that ordinarily reaches the ultimate +purchaser shall be marked so as to indicate the country of origin +of the good it contains. + +7. Each Party shall provide that: + + (a) a usual container imported empty, whether or not + disposable, shall not be required to be marked with its + own country of origin, but the container in which it is + imported may be required to be marked with the country + of origin of its contents; and + + (b) a usual container imported filled, whether or not + disposable, + + (i) shall not be required to be marked with its own + country of origin, but + + (ii) may be required to be marked with the country of + origin of its contents, unless the contents are + marked with their country of origin and the + container can be readily opened for inspection of + the contents, or the marking of the contents is + clearly visible through the container. + +8. Each Party shall, whenever administratively practicable, +permit an importer to mark a good subsequent to importation but +prior to release of the good from customs control or custody, +unless there have been repeated violations of the country of +origin marking requirements of that Party by the same importer +and that importer has been previously notified in writing that +such good is required to be marked prior to importation. + +9. Each Party shall provide that, except with respect to +importers that have been notified under paragraph 8, no special +duty or penalty shall be imposed for failure to comply with +country of origin marking requirements, unless a good is removed +from customs custody or control without being properly marked, or +a deceptive marking has been used. + +10. The Parties shall cooperate and consult on matters related +to this Annex, including additional exemptions from a country of +origin marking requirement, in accordance with Chapter Five +(Customs Procedures). + +11. For purposes of this Annex: + +conspicuous means capable of being easily seen with normal +handling of the good or container; + +legible means capable of being easily read; + +materially discourage means add a cost to the good that is +substantial in relation to its customs value; + +sufficiently permanent means capable of remaining in place until +the good reaches the ultimate purchaser, unless deliberately +removed; + +the form in which it was imported means the condition of the good +before it has undergone one of the changes in tariff +classification described in the Marking Rules; + +ultimate purchaser means the last person in the territory of the +Party into which the good is imported that purchases the good in +the form in which it was imported; such purchaser need not be the +last person that will use the good; and + +usual container means the container in which a good will +ordinarily reach its ultimate purchaser. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 314 + + Distinctive Products + + +1. Mexico and Canada shall recognize Bourbon Whiskey and +Tennessee Whiskey, which is a straight Bourbon Whiskey authorized +to be produced only in the State of Tennessee, as distinctive +products of the United States. Accordingly, Mexico and Canada +shall not permit the sale of any product as Bourbon Whiskey or +Tennessee Whiskey, unless it has been manufactured in the United +States in accordance with the laws and regulations of the United +States governing the manufacture of Bourbon Whiskey and Tennessee +Whiskey. + +2. The United States and Mexico shall recognize Canadian +Whiskey as a distinctive product of Canada. Accordingly, the +United States and Mexico shall not permit the sale of any product +as Canadian Whiskey, unless it has been manufactured in Canada in +accordance with the laws and regulations of Canada governing the +manufacture of Canadian Whiskey for consumption in Canada. + +3. The United States and Canada shall recognize Tequila and +Mezcal as distinctive products of Mexico. Accordingly, the +United States and Canada shall not permit the sale of any product +as Tequila or Mezcal, unless it has been manufactured in Mexico +in accordance with the laws and regulations of Mexico governing +the manufacture of Tequila and Mezcal. This provision shall +apply to Mezcal, either on the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, or 90 days after the date when the official standard +for this product is made obligatory by the Government of Mexico, +whichever is later. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 315 + + Export Taxes + + +Mexico + +1. Mexico may adopt or maintain a duty, tax, or other charge on +the export of those basic foodstuffs set out in paragraph 4, on +their ingredients, or on the goods from which such foodstuffs are +derived, if such duty, tax, or other charge is adopted or +maintained on the export of such goods to the territory of all +other Parties, and is used: + + (a) to limit to domestic consumers the benefits of a + domestic food assistance program with respect to such + foodstuff; or + + (b) to ensure the availability of sufficient quantities of + such foodstuff to domestic consumers or of sufficient + quantities of its ingredients, or of the goods from + which such foodstuffs are derived, to a domestic + processing industry, when the domestic price of such + foodstuff is held below the world price as part of a + governmental stabilization plan, provided that such + duty, tax, or other charge + + (i) does not operate to increase the protection + afforded to such domestic industry, and + + (ii) is maintained only for such period of time as is + necessary to maintain the integrity of the + stabilization plan. + +2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, Mexico may adopt or maintain a +duty, tax, or other charge on the export of any foodstuff to the +territory of another Party if such duty, tax, or other charge is +temporarily applied to relieve critical shortages of that +foodstuff. For purposes of this paragraph, "temporarily" means +up to one year, or such longer period as the Parties may agree. + +3. Mexico may maintain its existing tax on the export of goods +provided for under tariff item 4001.30.02 of the Tariff Schedule +of the General Export Duty Act ("Tarifa de la Ley del Impuesto +General de Exportaci¢n") for up to 10 years after the date of +entry into force of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= +4. For purposes of paragraph 1, "basic foodstuffs" means: + + Beans + Beef steak or pulp + Beef liver + Beef remnants and bones ("retazo con + hueso") + Beer + Bread + Brown sugar + Canned sardines + Canned tuna + Canned peppers + Chicken broth + Condensed milk + Cooked ham + Corn tortillas + Corn flour + Corn dough + Crackers + Eggs + Evaporated milk + French rolls ("pan blanco") + Gelatine + Ground beef + Instant coffee + Low-priced cookies ("galletas dulces + populares) + Margarine + Oat flakes + Pasteurized milk + Powdered chocolate + Powdered milk for children + Powdered milk + Rice + Roasted coffee + Salt + Soft drinks + Soup paste + Tomato puree + Vegetable oil + Vegetable fat + Wheat flour + White sugar + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 316 + + Other Export Measures + + + Article 316 shall not apply as between Mexico and the other + Parties. + + + Chapter Four + + Rules of Origin + + + +Article 401: Originating Goods + + Except as otherwise provided in this Chapter, a good shall +originate in the territory of a Party provided that: + + (a) the good is wholly obtained or produced in the + territory of one or more of the Parties as defined in + Article 415; + + (b) each of the non-originating materials used in the + production of the good undergoes an applicable change + in tariff classification described in Annex 401.1 as a + result of production occurring entirely in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, and the good + satisfies all other applicable requirements of this + Chapter; + + (c) the good is produced entirely in the territory of one + or more of the Parties exclusively from originating + materials; or + + (d) with the exception of a good provided for in Chapters + 61 through 63 of the Harmonized System, the good is + produced entirely in the territory of one or more of + the Parties but one or more of the non-originating + parts used in the production of the good does not + undergo a change in tariff classification because + + (i) the good was imported into the territory of a + Party in an unassembled or a disassembled form but + was classified as an assembled good pursuant to + General Rule of Interpretation 2(a) of the + Harmonized System, or + + (ii) the tariff heading for the good provides for both + the good itself and its parts and is not further + subdivided into subheadings, or the tariff + subheading for the good provides for both the good + itself and its parts, + + provided that the good is the good specifically +described by the nomenclature of the heading or +subheading and that the regional value content of the +good, determined in accordance with Article 402, is not +less than 60 percent where the transaction value method +is used, or 50 percent where the net cost method is +used, and that the good satisfies all other applicable +requirements of this Chapter. + + +Article 402: Regional Value Content + +1. Except as provided in paragraph 5, each Party shall provide +that the regional value content of a good shall be calculated, at +the choice of the exporter or producer of the good, on the basis +of either the transaction value method described in paragraph 2 +or the net cost method described in paragraph 3. + +2. The regional value content of a good, where calculated on +the basis of the transaction value method, shall be determined as +follows: + + TV - VNM + RVC = --------- x 100 + TV + + where: + + RVC is the regional value content, expressed as a + percentage; + + TV is the transaction value of the good; + and + + VNM is the value of non-originating materials + used by the producer in the production of the + good. + +3. The regional value content of a good, where calculated on +the basis of the net cost method, shall be determined as follows: + + + NC - VNM + RVC = --------- x 100 + NC + + where: + + RVC is the regional value content, expressed as a + percentage; + + NC is the net cost of the good; and + + VNM is the value of non-originating materials + used by the producer in the production of the + good. + +4. For purposes of paragraphs 2 and 3, and except as provided +in Articles 403(1) and 403(2)(a)(i), the value of non-originating +materials used by the producer in the production of the good +shall not include the value of non-originating materials used to +produce originating materials that are subsequently used in the +production of the good. + +5. The regional value content of a good shall be calculated +solely on the basis of the net cost method described in paragraph +3, where: + + (a) there is no transaction value for the good; + + (b) the transaction value of the good is unacceptable under + Article 1 of the Customs Valuation Code; + + (c) the good is sold by the producer to a related person + and the volume, by units of quantity, of sales of + identical or similar goods to related persons, during + the six-month period immediately preceding the month in + which the good is sold, exceeds 85 percent of the + producer's total sales with respect to such goods; + + (d) the good is + + (i) identified in Article 403(1) or 403(2), + + (ii) provided for in headings 64.01 through 64.05, or + + (iii) provided for in tariff item 8469.10.a1 (word + processing machines); + + (e) the exporter or producer chooses to accumulate the + regional value content of the good in accordance with + Article 404; or + + (f) the good has been designated as an intermediate + material under paragraph 10 and is subject to a + regional value-content requirement. + +6. If an exporter or producer calculates the regional value +content of a good using the transaction value method described in +paragraph 2 and a Party subsequently notifies the exporter or +producer during the course of a verification pursuant to Chapter +Five (Customs Procedures) that the transaction value of the good, +or the value of any material used in the production of the good, +or both, is required to be adjusted or is unacceptable under +Article 1 of the Customs Valuation Code, the exporter or producer +of the good may then calculate the regional value content of the +good using the net cost method described in paragraph 3. + +7. Nothing in paragraph 6 shall be construed to preclude a +review and appeal, pursuant to Chapter Five (Customs Procedures), +of an adjustment or rejection of a transaction value for a good +or the value of any material used in the production of the good, +or both. + +8. For purposes of calculating the net cost of a good pursuant +to paragraph 3, the producer of the good may use any one of the +following methods: + + (a) calculate the total cost incurred with respect to all + goods produced by that producer minus any sales + promotion, marketing and after-sales service costs, + royalties, shipping and packing costs, and non- + allowable interest costs that are included in the total + cost of all goods and then reasonably allocate the + resulting net cost of those goods to the good; + + (b) reasonably allocate the total cost incurred with + respect to all goods produced by that producer to the + good minus any sales promotion, marketing and after- + sales service costs, royalties, shipping and packing + costs and non-allowable interest costs that are + included in the portion of the total cost allocated to + the good; or + + (c) reasonably allocate the individual costs that are part + of the total cost incurred with respect to the good so + that the aggregate of these costs does not include any + sales promotion, marketing and after-sales service + costs, royalties, shipping and packing costs, and non- + allowable interest costs, + +provided that the allocation of all such costs are consistent +with the provisions regarding the reasonable allocation of costs +set out in the Uniform Regulations. + +9. With the exception of an intermediate material described in +paragraph 10 and except as provided in Article 403(1) and +(2)(a)(i), the value of a material used in the production of a +good shall be: + + (a) the price actually paid or payable by the producer for + the material, provided that the price is acceptable + under Article 1 of the Customs Valuation Code; or + + (b) if the price actually paid or payable is unacceptable + under Article 1 of the Customs Valuation Code, the + value shall be determined in accordance with the other + Articles of the Customs Valuation Code; and + + (c) when not included under subparagraph (a) or (b) + + (i) freight, insurance, packing and all other costs + incurred in transporting such materials to the + location of the producer, + + (ii) duties, taxes and customs brokerage fees on such + materials paid in the territory of one or more of + the Parties, + + (iii) the cost of waste and spoilage resulting from + the use or consumption, or both, of such + materials, less the value of renewable scrap + or by-product, and + + (iv) the value of goods and services relating to such + materials determined in accordance with + subparagraph 1(b) of Article 8 of the Customs + Valuation Code. + +10. Except as provided in Article 403, the producer of a good +may designate any self-produced material used in the production +of the good as an intermediate material, provided that, when the +intermediate material is subject to a regional value-content +requirement, no other intermediate material subject to a regional +value-content requirement is used in the production of that +intermediate material. + +11. For purposes of determining the value of an intermediate +material, the producer of the intermediate material may use +either of the following methods: + + (a) calculate the total cost incurred with respect to all + goods produced by that producer and then reasonably + allocate the resulting cost to the intermediate + material; or + + (b) reasonably allocate to the intermediate material the + individual costs that are part of the total cost + incurred with respect to that intermediate material. + + +Article 403: Automotive Goods + +1. Where applying the net cost method under Article 402(3) for +purposes of calculating the regional value content of any one of +the following goods: + + (a) a motor vehicle provided for in subheadings 8702.xx + (vehicles for the transport of 15 or fewer persons), + 8703.21 through 8703.90, 8704.21 or 8704.31; or + + (b) a good provided for in the tariff provisions listed in + Annex 403.1 where the good is subject to a regional + value-content requirement and is for use as original + equipment in the production of a good provided for in + subheadings 8703.21 through 8703.90, 8704.21 or + 8704.31, + +the value of non-originating materials used by the producer in +the production of the good shall be the sum of the customs values +of non-originating materials imported from outside the +territories of the Parties under the tariff provisions listed in +Annex 403.1. + +2. (a) Where applying the net cost method under Article 402(3) + with respect to a good identified in subparagraph (b), + the producer of the good shall include in the value of + non-originating materials used by the producer in the + production of the good the sum of + + (i) for each material used by the producer that is + listed in Annex 403.2, at the choice of the + producer, either + + (A) the value of such material that is non- + originating, or + + (B) the value of non-originating materials + used in the production of such material, + and + + (ii) the value of any non-originating material used by + the producer that is not in listed in Annex 403.2. + + (b) Subparagraph (a) shall apply to the following goods + + (i) a motor vehicle provided for in heading 8701 or + subheading 8702.yy (vehicles for the transport of + 16 or more persons), + + (ii) a motor vehicle provided for in subheadings + 8704.10, 8704.22, 8704.23, 8704.32 or 8704.90, + + (iii) a motor vehicle provided for in headings 8705 + or 8706, and + + (iv) any of the components identified in Annex 403.2 + for use in such motor vehicles. + +3. A producer may designate a self-produced material used in +the production of any material listed in Annex 403.2 as an +intermediate material, provided that, when the intermediate +material is subject to a regional value-content requirement, no +other intermediate material subject to a regional value-content +requirement is used in the production of that intermediate +material. + +4. In calculating the regional value content of a motor vehicle +described in paragraphs 1 and 2, the producer may average its +calculation over its fiscal year, using any one of the following +categories, on the basis of either all motor vehicles in the +category or only those motor vehicles in the category that are +exported to the territory of one or more of the other Parties: + + (a) the same model line of motor vehicles in the same class + of vehicles produced in the same plant in the territory + of a Party; + + (b) the same class of motor vehicles produced in the same + plant in the territory of a Party; + + (c) the same model line of motor vehicles produced in the + territory of a Party; or + + (d) the basis described in Annex 403.4. + +5. In calculating the regional value content for any or all +goods provided for in a tariff provision listed in Annex 403.1 +produced in the same plant, the producer of the good may: + + (a) average its calculation + + (i) over the fiscal year of the motor vehicle producer + to whom the good is sold, or over any quarter or + month, or + + (ii) over its fiscal year, if the good is sold as an + after-market part; + + (b) calculate the average referred to in subparagraph (a) + separately for any or all goods sold to one or more + motor vehicle producers; and + + (c) with respect to any calculation under this paragraph, + calculate separately those goods that are exported to + the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6. Notwithstanding Annex 401.1, + + (a) the regional value-content requirement shall be, for a + producer's fiscal year beginning nearest to January 1, + 1998 and thereafter, 56 percent under the net cost + method, and for a producers's fiscal year beginning + nearest to January 1, 2002 and thereafter, 62.5 percent + under the net cost method, for the following + + (i) a motor vehicle provided for in subheading 8702.xx + (vehicles for the transport of 15 or fewer + persons), 8703.21 through 8703.90, 8704.21 or + 8704.31, and + + (ii) a good provided for in heading 8407 or 8408 or + subheading 8708.40 which is for use as original + equipment in the production of a motor vehicle + identified in subparagraph (a)(i); and + + (b) the regional value-content requirement shall be, for a + producer's fiscal year beginning nearest to January 1, + 1998 and thereafter, 55 percent under the net cost + method, and for a motor vehicle producers's fiscal year + beginning nearest to January 1, 2002 and thereafter, 60 + percent under the net cost method, for the following + + (i) a motor vehicle provided for in heading 8701, + subheadings 8702.yy (vehicles for the transport of + 16 or more persons), 8704.10, 8704.22, 8704.23, + 8704.32 and 8704.90, and heading 8705 or 8706, + + (ii) a good provided for in heading 8407 or 8408 or + subheading 8708.40 which is for use as original + equipment in the production of a motor vehicle + identified in subparagraph (b)(i), and + + (iii) except for a good identified in subparagraph + (a)(ii) or provided for in subheadings + 8482.10 through 8482.80 or subheadings + 8483.10 through 8483.40, a good identified in + Annex 403.1 which is for use as original + equipment in the production of a motor + vehicle identified in subparagraphs (a)(i) or + (b)(i). + +7. Notwithstanding paragraph 6, + + (a) the regional value content of a motor vehicle referred + to in Article 403(1) or 403(2) shall not be less than + 50 percent for a period of five years from the date on + which the first motor vehicle prototype is produced in + a plant by a motor vehicle assembler, provided that + + (i) it is a motor vehicle of a class, or marque, or, + for a motor vehicle identified in Article + 403(1)(a), size and underbody, not previously + produced by the motor vehicle assembler in the + territory of any of the Parties, + + (ii) the plant consists of a new building in which the + motor vehicle is assembled, and + + (iii) the plant contains substantially all new + machinery that is used in the assembly of the + motor vehicle; + + (b) the regional value content of a motor vehicle referred + to in Article 403(1) or 403(2) shall not be less than + 50 percent for a period of two years from the date on + which the first motor vehicle prototype is produced at + a plant following a refit, provided that it is a + different motor vehicle of a class, or marque, or, for + a motor vehicle identified in Article 403(1)(a), size + and underbody, than was assembled by the motor vehicle + assembler in the plant before the refit; and + + (c) for the purposes of subparagraphs (a) and (b) sizes + means in the case of a motor vehicle identified in + Article 403(1)(a) + + (i) minicompacts -- less than 85 cubic feet of + passenger and luggage volume, + + (ii) subcompacts -- between 85 and 100 cubic feet of + passenger and luggage volume, + + (iii) compacts -- between 100 and 110 cubic feet of + passenger and luggage volume, + + (iv) midsize -- between 110 and 120 cubic feet of + passenger and luggage volume, and + + (v) large -- between 120 or more cubic feet of + passenger and luggage volume. + +Article 404: Accumulation + + For purposes of determining whether a good is an originating +good, the production of the good in the territory of one or more +of the Parties by one or more producers shall, at the choice of +the exporter or producer of the good, be considered to have been +performed in the territory of a Party by that exporter or +producer, provided that: + + (a) the applicable tariff classification change has + occurred, or the regional value-content requirement has + been satisfied, or both, entirely in the territory of + one or more of the Parties; + + (b) the good satisfies all other applicable requirements of + this Chapter; and + + (c) the production of the producer that chooses to + accumulate its production with that of other producers + is deemed to be the production of a single producer for + purposes of Article 402(10). + + +Article 405: De Minimis + +1. Notwithstanding Article 401(b), a good shall be considered +to be an originating good if the value of all non-originating +materials used in the production of the good that do not undergo +the applicable change in tariff classification is not more than +seven percent of the transaction value of the good or, if the +transaction value of the good is unacceptable under Article 1 of +the Customs Valuation Code, seven percent of the total cost of +the good, provided that: + + (a) if the good is subject to a regional value-content + requirement, the value of such non-originating + materials shall be taken into account in calculating + the regional value content of the good; and + + (b) the good satisfies all other applicable requirements of + this Chapter. + +2. A good that is subject to a regional value-content +requirement shall not be required to satisfy such requirement if +the value of all non-originating materials used in the production +of the good is not more than seven percent of the transaction +value of the good or, if the transaction value of the good is +unacceptable under Article 1 of the Customs Valuation Code, the +value of all non-originating materials is not more than seven +percent of the total cost of the good, provided that the good +satisfies all other applicable requirements of this Chapter. + +3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to: + + (a) a material provided for in Chapter 4 of the Harmonized + System or tariff item 1901.90.a1 (dairy preparations + containing over 10 percent by weight of milk solids) + that is used in the production of a good provided for + in Chapter 4 of the Harmonized System; + + (b) a material provided for in Chapter 4 of the Harmonized + System or tariff item 1901.90.a1 (dairy preparations + containing over 10 percent by weight of milk solids) + that is used in the production of a good provided for + in heading 21.05, subheading 2202.90, or tariff items + 1901.10.a1 (infant preparations containing over 10 + percent by weight of milk solids), 1901.20.a1 (mixes + and doughs, containing over 25 percent by weight of + butterfat, not put up for retail sale), 1901.90.a1 + (dairy preparations containing over 10 percent by + weight of milk solids), 2106.90.a4 (preparations + containing over 10 percent by weight of milk solids) or + 2309.90.a1 (animal feeds containing over 10 percent by + weight of milk solids and less than 6 percent by weight + of grain or grain products); + + (c) a material provided for in heading 17.01 that is used + in the production of a good provided for in headings + 17.01 through 17.03; + + (d) a material provided for in Chapter 15 of the Harmonized + System that is used in the production of a good + provided for in headings 15.01 through 15.08, 15.12, + 15.14 or 15.15; + + (e) a material provided for in heading 08.05 and + subheadings 2009.11 through 2009.30 that is used in the + production of a good provided for in subheadings + 2009.11 through 2009.30 or tariff item 2106.90.a2 + (concentrated fruit or vegetable juice of any single + fruit or vegetable, fortified with minerals or + vitamins) or 2202.90.a1 (fruit or vegetable juice of + any single fruit or vegetable, fortified with minerals + or vitamins); and + + (f) a material provided for in headings 22.03 through 22.08 + that is used in the production of a good provided for + in headings 22.07 through 22.08. + +4. Paragraph 1 shall not apply for purposes of calculating the +volume or weight of: + + (a) a non-originating material of Chapter 17 of the + Harmonized System or heading 18.05 that are used in the + production of a good provided for in subheading + 1806.10; + + (b) a non-originating material of Chapter 9 of the + Harmonized System that is used in the production of a + good provided for in tariff item 2101.10.a1 (instant + coffee, not flavored); and + + (c) a non-originating material of heading 20.09 that is + used in the production of a good provided for in + subheading 2009.90, or 2106.90.a3 (concentrated + mixtures of fruit or vegetable juice, fortified with + minerals or vitamins) 2202.90.a2 (mixtures of fruit or + vegetable juices, fortified with minerals or vitamins). + +5. A good of Chapters 50 through 63 of the Harmonized System +that does not originate because certain fibers or yarns used in +the production of the component of the good that gives the good +its essential character do not undergo the applicable change in +tariff classification described in Annex 401.1 for the good, +shall nonetheless be considered to originate if the weight of all +such fibers or yarns in the good is not more than seven percent +of the weight of that component. + +6. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to a good of Chapters 1 +through 44 of the Harmonized System unless the non-originating +material is provided for in a different subheading than the good +for which origin is being determined under this Article. + + +Article 406: Fungible Goods and Materials + + For purposes of determining whether a good is an originating +good: + + (a) where originating and non-originating fungible + materials are used in the production of a good, the + origin of the materials need not be determined through + the identification of any specific fungible material, + but may be determined on the basis of any of the + inventory management methods provided for in the + Uniform Regulations; and + + (b) where originating and non-originating fungible goods + are commingled and exported in the same form, the + origin of the good may be determined on the basis of + any of the inventory management methods provided for in + the Uniform Regulations. + + +Article 407: Accessories, Spare Parts, or Tools + + For purposes of determining whether a good, is an +originating good, accessories, spare parts or tools delivered +with the good that form part of the good's standard accessories, +spare parts, or tools, shall be considered as one with the good +and shall be disregarded in determining whether all the non- +originating materials used in the production of the good undergo +the applicable change in tariff classification described in Annex +401.1, provided that: + + (a) the accessories, spare parts or tools are not invoiced + separately from the good; + + (b) the quantities and value of the accessories, spare + parts or tools are customary for the good; and + + (c) if the good is subject to a regional value-content + requirement, the value of the accessories, spare parts + or tools shall be taken into account as either + originating or non-originating materials in calculating + the regional value content of the good. + + +Article 408: Indirect Materials + + An indirect material shall be considered to be an +originating material without regard to where it is produced. + + +Article 409: Packaging Materials and Containers for Retail Sale + + Packaging materials and containers in which a good is +packaged for retail sale shall, if classified as one with the +good, be disregarded in determining whether all the non- +originating materials used in the production of the good undergo +the applicable change in tariff classification described in Annex +401.1, and, if the good is subject to a regional value content +requirement, the value of such packaging materials and containers +shall be taken into account in calculating the regional value +content of the good. + + +Article 410: Packing Materials and Containers for Shipment + + For the purpose of determining whether a good is an +originating good, packing materials and containers in which the +good is packed for shipment shall be disregarded in determining +whether: + + (a) the non-originating materials used in the production of + the good undergo the applicable change in tariff + classification described in Annex 401.1; and + + (b) the good satisfies a regional value-content + requirement. + + +Article 411: Transshipment + + A good shall not be considered to be an originating good by +virtue of having undergone production that satisfies the +requirements of Article 401 if, subsequent to that production, +the good undergoes further production, or any other operation, +outside the territories of the Parties, other than unloading, +reloading, or any other operation necessary to preserve it in +good condition or to transport the good to the territory of a +Party. + + +Article 412: Non-Qualifying Operations + + A good shall not be considered to be an originating good +merely by virtue of having undergone: + + (a) mere dilution with water or another substance that does + not materially alter the characteristics of the good; + or + + (b) any process, work or pricing practice, or any + combination thereof, in respect of which it is + demonstrated, on the basis of a preponderance of + evidence, that the object was to circumvent the + provisions of this Chapter. + + +Article 413: Interpretation + + For purposes of this Chapter, the following rules of +interpretation shall apply: + + (a) the basis for tariff classification in Article 401 is + the Harmonized System; + + (b) a more specific rule in Annex 401.1 shall take + precedence over a general requirement under Article + 401; + + (c) for purposes of applying Article 401(d), when + determining whether a tariff heading or subheading + provides for both a good and its parts, reference shall + be made both to the nomenclature of the heading or + subheading and to any legal note provided in the + Harmonized System; + + (d) the principles of the Customs Valuation Code shall + apply to domestic transactions as well as international + transactions; + + (e) in the event of any inconsistency between the + provisions of this Chapter and the Customs Valuation + Code, the provisions of this Chapter shall prevail to + the extent of the inconsistency; + + (f) in applying Customs Valuation Code under this Chapter, + the definitions in Article 415 shall take precedence + over the definitions of the Customs Valuation Code to + the extent of any difference; and + + (g) all costs referred to in this Chapter shall be recorded + and maintained in accordance with the Generally + Accepted Accounting Principles in the territory of the + Party in which the good is produced. + + +Article 414: Consultation and Revision + +1. The Parties shall consult regularly to ensure that the +provisions of this Chapter are administered effectively, +uniformly and consistently with the spirit and intent of this +Agreement, and shall cooperate in the administration of the +provisions of this Chapter in accordance with the provisions of +Chapter Five (Customs Procedures). + +2. If any Party concludes that the provisions of this Chapter +require revision to take into account developments in production +processes or other matters, the proposed revision along with +supporting rationale and any studies shall be submitted to the +other Parties for consideration and any appropriate action +pursuant to Chapter Five (Customs Procedures). + + +Article 415: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +class of motor vehicles means any one of the following categories +of motor vehicles: + + (a) motor vehicles provided for in subheadings 8701.20 and + 8702.yy (vehicles for the transport of 16 or more + persons), subheadings 8704.22, 8704.23, 8704.32 and + 8704.90, and headings 87.05 and 87.06; + + (b) motor vehicles provided for in subheadings 8701.10 and + 8701.30 through 8701.90; + + (c) motor vehicles provided for in subheadings 8702.xx + (vehicles for the transport of 15 or fewer persons) and + 8704.21 and 8704.31; or + + (d) motor vehicles provided for in subheadings 8703.21 + through 8703.90; + +customs value means the value of a good for the purposes of +levying duties of customs on an imported good; + +F.O.B. means free on board, regardless of the mode of +transportation, at the point of direct shipment by the seller to +the buyer; + +fungible goods or fungible materials means goods or materials +that are interchangeable for commercial purposes and whose +properties are essentially identical; + +identical or similar goods has the same meaning as prescribed for +identical goods and similar goods, respectively, in the Customs +Valuation Code; + +indirect material means a good used in the production, testing or +inspection of a good but not physically incorporated into the +good, or used in the maintenance or operation of equipment or +buildings associated with the production of a good, including: + + (a) fuel and energy; + + (b) tools, dies and molds; + + (c) spare parts and materials used in the maintenance of + equipment and buildings; + + (d) lubricants, greases, compounding materials and other + materials used by labor or used to operate equipment + and buildings, or both; + + (e) gloves, glasses, footwear, clothing, safety equipment + and supplies; + + (f) equipment, other devices and supplies used for testing + or inspecting the goods; + + (g) catalysts and solvents; and + + (h) any other goods that are not incorporated into the good + but whose use in the production of the good can + reasonably be demonstrated to be a part of that + production; + +marque means the trade name used by a separate marketing division +of a motor vehicle assembler; + +material means a good, other than an indirect material, that is +used in the production of another good; + +model line means a group of motor vehicles having the same +platform or model name; + +motor vehicle assembler means a producer of motor vehicles and +any related persons or joint ventures in which the producer +participates; + +new building means new construction, including at least the +pouring or construction of new foundations and floors, erection +of new structure and roof, and installation of new plumbing, +electrical and other utilities to house the complete vehicle +assembly process (need definition of complete vehicle assembly +process); + +net cost means total cost minus sales promotion, marketing and +after-sales service costs, royalties, shipping and packing costs, +and non-allowable interest costs that are included in the total +cost; + +net cost of a good means the net cost that can be reasonably +allocated to the good using one of the methods set forth in +Article 402 (8) (a); + +non-allowable interest costs means interest costs actually +incurred by the producer in excess of the applicable federal +government rate identified in the Uniform Regulations for +comparable maturities, plus seven percentage points; + +non-originating good or non-originating material means a good or +material that has not satisfied the rule of origin applicable to +the good or material under this Chapter; + +producer means a person who grows, mines, harvests, manufactures, +processes or assembles a good, or any combination thereof; + +production means growing, mining, harvesting, manufacturing, +processing or assembling a good, or any combination thereof; + +reasonably allocate means to apportion in a manner appropriate to +the circumstances; + +refit means a plant closure for the purposes of plant conversion +or retooling that lasts at least three months; + +related person means persons who are related only if: + + (a) they are officers or directors of one another's + business; + + (b) they are legally recognized partners in business; + + (c) they are employer and employee; + + (d) any person directly or indirectly owns, controls or + holds 25 per cent or more of the outstanding voting + stock or shares of both of them; + + (e) one of them directly or indirectly controls the other; + + (f) both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a + third person; or + + (g) they are members of the same family (members of the + same family are natural or adoptive children, brothers + sisters, parents, grandparents, or spouses); + +royalties means payments of any kind, including payments under +technical assistance and similar agreements, made as +consideration for the use, or right to use any copyright, +literary, artistic, or scientific work, patent, trademark, +design, model, plan, secret formula or process, excluding those +payments under technical assistance or similar agreements that +can be related to specific services such as: + + (a) personnel training, without regard to where performed; + and + + (b) if performed in the territory of one or more of the + Parties, engineering, tooling, die setting, software + design and similar computer services, or other + services; + +sales promotion, marketing and after-sales service costs means +the following costs related to sales promotion, marketing and +after-sales service: + + (a) sales and marketing promotion; media advertising; + advertising and market research; promotional and + demonstration materials, exhibits; sales conferences, + trade shows and conventions; banners; marketing + displays; free samples; sales, marketing and after- + sales service literature (product brochures, catalogs, + technical literature, price lists, service manuals, + sales aid information); establishment and protection of + logos and trademarks; sponsorships; wholesale and + retail restocking charges; entertainment; + + (b) sales and marketing incentives; consumer, retailer or + wholesaler rebates; merchandise incentives; + + (c) salaries and wages, sales commissions, bonuses, + benefits (e.g., medical, insurance, pension), + travelling and living expenses, membership and + professional fees, for sales promotion, marketing and + after-sales service personnel; + + (d) recruiting and training of sales promotion, marketing + and after-sales service personnel, and after-sales + training customer employees, where such costs are + identified separately for sales promotion, marketing + and after-sales service of goods on the financial + statements or cost accounts of the producer; + + (e) product liability insurance; + + (f) office supplies for sales promotion, marketing and + after-sales service of goods, where such costs are + identified separately for sales promotion, marketing + and after-sales service of goods on the financial + statements or cost accounts of the producer; + + (g) telephone, mail and other communications, where such + costs are identified separately for sales promotion, + marketing and after-sales service of goods on the + financial statements or cost accounts of the producer; + + (h) rent and depreciation of sales promotion, marketing and + after-sales service offices and distribution centers; + + (i) property insurance premiums, taxes, cost of utilities, + and repair and maintenance of sales promotion, + marketing and after-sales service offices and + distribution centers, where such costs are identified + separately for sales promotion, marketing and after- + sales service of goods on the financial statements or + cost accounts of the producer; and + + (j) payments by the producer to other persons for warranty + repairs; + +self-produced material means a material that is produced by the +producer of the good; + +shipping and packing costs means the costs incurred in packing +the good for shipment and shipping the good from the point of +direct shipment to the buyer, excluding costs of preparing and +packaging the good for retail sale; + +total cost means all product costs, period costs and other costs +incurred in the territory of one or more of the Parties; + +transaction value means the price of a good actually paid or +payable to the producer of the good, adjusted to a F.O.B. basis +and in accordance with the principles of paragraphs 1, 3 and 4 of +Article 8 of the Customs Valuation Code; + +used means used or consumed, or both, in the production of goods; +and + +wholly obtained or produced in the territory of one or more of +the Parties means goods that are: + + (a) mineral goods extracted in the territory of one or more + of the Parties; + + (b) goods harvested in the territory of one or more of the + Parties; + + (c) live animals born and raised in the territory of one or + more of the Parties; + + (d) goods (fish, shellfish and other marine life) taken + from the sea by vessels registered or recorded with a + Party and flying its flag; + + (e) goods produced on board factory ships from the goods + referred to in subparagraph (d) provided such factory + ships are registered or recorded with that Party and + fly its flag; + + (f) goods taken by a Party or a person of a Party from the + seabed or beneath the seabed outside territorial + waters, provided that a Party has rights to exploit + such seabed; + + (g) goods taken from outer space, provided they are + obtained by a Party or a person of a Party and not + processed in a non-Party; and + + (h) waste and scrap derived from + + (i) production in the territory of one or more of the + Parties, + + (ii) used goods collected in the territory of one or + more of the Parties, provided such goods are fit + only for the recovery of raw materials, or + + (iii) goods produced in the territory of one or + more of the Parties exclusively from goods + referred to in subparagraphs (a) through (h) + inclusive or from their derivatives, at any + stage of production. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 403.1 + + List of Tariff Provisions for Article 403(1) + + +INTERIM NOTE: The nomenclature that follows the tariff + provisions is for illustrative purposes only. + + +4009 (tubes, pipes and hoses) +4010.10 (rubber belts) +4011 (tires) +4016.93 (rubber, gaskets, washers and other seals) +4016.99.15.xx (seals) +7007.11 and 7007.21 (laminated safety glass) +7009.10 (mirrors) +8301.20 (locks) +8407.31 (engines of a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50cc) +8407.32 (engines of a cylinder capacity exceeding 50cc but not +exceeding 250cc) +8407.33 (engines of a cylinder capacity exceeding 250cc but not +exceeding 1000cc) +8407.34.xx (engines of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1000 cc but +not exceeding 2,000 cc); +8407.34.yy (engines of a cylinder capacity exceeding 2000 cc) +8408 (diesel engines) +8409 (parts of engines) +8413.30 (pumps) +8414.59 (turbochargers and supercharges) +8415.81 through 8415.83 (air conditioners) +8481.20, 8481.30 and 8481.80 (valves) +8482.10 through 8482.80 (ball bearings) +8483.10 through 8483.40 (transmission shafts) +8483.50 (flywheels) +8501.10 (electric motors) +8501.20 (electric motors) +8501.31 (electric motors) +8501.32.xx (electric motors that provide primary source for +electric powered vehicles of subheading 8703.90) +8507.10.xx, 8507.30.xx, 8507.40.xx and 8507.80.xx (batteries that +provide primary source for electric cars) +8511.30 (distributors) +8511.40 (starter motors) +8511.50 (other generators) +8512.20 (other lighting or visual signalling equipment) +8512.40 (windscreen wipers, defrosters) +8519.91 (cassette decks) +8527.21 (cassette players combined with radios) +8527.29 (radios) +8536.50 (switches) +8536.90 (junction boxes) +8537.10.99.10 (U.S. tariff provision 8537.10.00.40) (motor +control centres) +8539.10 (seal beamed headlamps) +8539.21 (tungsten halogen headlamps) +8544.30 (wire harnesses) +8706 (chassis) +8707 (bodies) +8708.10.xx (bumpers but not parts thereof) +8708.21 (safety seat belts) +8708.29.99.10 (U.S. tariff provision 8708.29.00.10) (body +stampings) +8708.29.xx (inflators and modules for airbags) +8708.39 (brakes and servo-brakes, and parts thereof) +8708.40 (gear boxes, transmissions) +8708.50 (drive axles with differential, whether or not provided +with other transmission components) +8708.60 (non-driving axles, and parts thereof) +8708.70.xx (road wheels, but not parts or accessories thereof) +8708.80 (suspension shock-absorbers) +8708.91 (radiators) +8708.92 (silencers (mufflers) and exhaust pipes) +8708.93.xx (clutches, but not parts thereof) +8708.94 (steering wheels, steering columns and steering boxes) +8708.99.50.xx (airbags) +8708.99.81 (catalytic convertors) +8708.99.99.11 (half-shafts and drive shafts) +8708.99.99.19 (other parts for powertrains) +8708.99.99.20 (parts for suspension systems) +8708.99.99.49 (parts for steering systems) +8708.99.xx (other parts not included above) +9031.80 (monitoring devices) +9031.80.xx (electronic diagnostics for air bag systems) +9032.89 (automatic regulating instruments) +9401.20 (seats) + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 403.2 + + List of Components and Materials for Article 403(2) + + +1. Component: Engines of heading 8407 or 8408 + + Materials: cast block, cast head, fuel nozzle, fuel + injector pumps, glow plugs, turbochargers and superchargers, + electronic engine controls, intake manifold, exhaust + manifold, intake/exhaust valves, crankshaft/camshaft, + alternator, starter, air cleaner assembly, pistons, + connecting rods and assemblies made therefrom (or rotor + assemblies for rotary engines), flywheel (for manual + transmissions), flexplate (for automatic transmissions), oil + pan, oil pump and pressure regulator, water pump, crankshaft + and camshaft gears, and radiator assemblies or charge-air + coolers. + +2. Component: Gear boxes (transmissions) subheading 8708.40 + + Materials: (a) for manual transmissions - transmission case + and clutch housing; clutch; internal shifting mechanism; + gear sets, synchronizers and shafts; and (b) for torque + convertor type transmissions - transmission case and + convertor housing; torque convertor assembly; gear sets and + clutches; and electronic transmission controls. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 403.4 + + Regional Value-Content Calculation for CAMI + + +1. For purposes of Article 403, when determining the origin of +motor vehicles produced in the territory of Canada and imported +into the territory of the United States, CAMI Automotive, Inc. +("CAMI") may average its calculation of the regional value +content of a class of motor vehicles or a model line of motor +vehicles produced in a fiscal year in the territory of Canada by +CAMI for sale in the territory of one or more of the Parties with +the calculation of the regional value content of the +corresponding class of motor vehicles or model line of motor +vehicles produced in the territory of Canada by General Motors of +Canada Limited in a fiscal year that corresponds most closely to +CAMI's fiscal year, provided that: + + (a) General Motors of Canada Limited owns 50 percent or + more of the voting common stock of CAMI; and + + (b) General Motors of Canada Limited, General Motors + Corporation, General Motors de Mexico S.A., and any + subsidiary directly or indirectly owned by any of them, + or by any combination thereof, ("GM") acquires 75 + percent (75 percent) or more by unit of the class of + motor vehicles or model line of motor vehicles, as the + case may be, that CAMI Automotive Inc. has produced in + the territory of Canada in CAMI's fiscal year for sale + in the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +2. If GM acquires less than 75 percent by unit of the class of +motor vehicles or model line of motor vehicles, as the case may +be, that CAMI has produced in the territory of Canada in CAMI's +fiscal year for sale in the territory of one or more of the +Parties, CAMI may average in the manner described in paragraph 1 +only those motor vehicles that are acquired by GM for +distribution under the GEO marque or other GM marque. + +3. In calculating the regional value content of motor vehicles +produced by CAMI in the territory of Canada, CAMI may choose to +average the calculation in paragraph 1 or 2 over a period of two +fiscal years in the event that any motor vehicle assembly plant +operated by CAMI or any motor vehicle assembly plant operated by +General Motors of Canada Limited with which CAMI is averaging its +regional value content is closed for more than two consecutive +months: + + (a) for the purpose of re-tooling for a model change, or + + (b) as the result of any event or circumstance (other than + the imposition of antidumping and countervailing + duties, or an interruption of operations resulting from + a labour strike, lock-out, labour dispute, picketing or + boycott of or by employees of CAMI or GM), that CAMI or + GM could not reasonably have been expected to avert by + corrective action or by exercise of due care and + diligence, including a shortage of materials, failure + of utilities, or inability to obtain or delay in + obtaining raw materials, parts, fuel or utilities. + +Such averaging may be for CAMI's fiscal year in which a CAMI or +the General Motors of Canada Limited plant with which CAMI is +averaging is closed and either the previous or subsequent fiscal +year. In the event that the period of closure spans two fiscal +year, the averaging may be only for those two fiscal years. + +4. For the purposes of this Article, where by virtue of an +amalgamation, reorganization, division or similar transaction: + + (a) a motor vehicle producer (the "successor producer") + acquires all or substantially all of the assets used by + GM; and + + (b) the successor producer, directly or indirectly + controls, or is controlled by, GM, or both the + successor producer and GM are controlled by the same + person, + +the successor producer shall be deemed to be the same person and +a continuation of GM from which it acquired the assets. + + Chapter Five + + Customs Procedures + + + Subchapter A - Certification of Origin + + +Article 501: Certificate of Origin + +1. Upon the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the +Parties shall establish a Certificate of Origin for the purpose +of certifying that a good being exported from the territory of a +Party into the territory of another Party qualifies as an +originating good, and may thereafter revise the Certificate by +agreement. + +2. Each Party may provide that a Certificate of Origin for a +good imported into its territory be completed in a language +required under its laws or regulations. + +3. Each Party shall provide that: + + (a) an exporter in its territory shall complete and sign a + Certificate of Origin for any exportation of a good for + which an importer may claim preferential tariff + treatment upon importation of the good into the + territory of another Party; and + + (b) where an exporter in its territory is not the producer + of the good, such exporter may complete and sign a + Certificate on the basis of + + (i) its knowledge of whether the good qualifies as an + originating good, + + (ii) reasonable reliance upon the producer's written + representation that the good qualifies as an + originating good, or + + (iii) a completed and signed Certificate for the + good voluntarily provided to the exporter by + the producer. + +4. Nothing in paragraph 3 shall be construed to require a +producer to provide a Certificate of Origin to an exporter. + +5. Each Party shall: + + (a) provide that a Certificate of Origin that has been + completed and signed by an exporter or a producer in + the territory of another Party that is applicable to + + (i) a single importation of a good into its territory, + or + + (ii) multiple importations of identical goods imported + into its territory within any specified period, + not exceeding 12 months, set out therein by the + exporter or producer, + + shall be accepted by its customs administration for a +period of four years after the date on which the +Certificate was signed; and + + (b) require an exporter or a producer in its territory that + completes and signs a Certificate pursuant to + subparagraph (a) to notify in writing all persons to + whom such Certificate was given of any change that + could affect its accuracy or validity. + + +Article 502: Obligations Regarding Importations + +1. Except as otherwise provided in this Chapter, each Party, +with respect to an importer in its territory that claims +preferential tariff treatment for a good imported into its +territory from the territory of another Party, shall provide +that: + + (a) the importer shall make a written declaration, based on + a valid Certificate of Origin, that the good qualifies + as an originating good; + + (b) the importer shall have the Certificate in its + possession at the time such declaration is made; + + (c) the importer shall provide, upon the request of that + Party's customs administration, a copy of the + Certificate; + + (d) if the importer fails to comply with any requirement + set out in this Chapter, that Party may deny + preferential tariff treatment to the good; + + (e) the importer, where the importer has reason to believe + that a Certificate on which a declaration was based + contains information that is not correct, shall + promptly make a corrected declaration and pay any + duties owing; and + + (f) the importer, who voluntarily makes a corrected + declaration pursuant to subparagraph (e), shall not be + subject to penalties for the making of an incorrect + declaration. + +2. Each Party shall provide that, where a good would have +qualified as an originating good when it was imported into the +territory of that Party but no claim for preferential tariff +treatment was made at that time, the importer of the good may, +within one year of the date on which the good was imported, apply +for a refund of any excess duties paid as the result of the good +not having been accorded preferential tariff treatment, upon +presentation of: + + (a) a written declaration that the good qualifies as an + originating good at the time of importation; + + (b) a copy of the Certificate of Origin to the same effect; + and + + (c) such other documentation relating to the importation of + the good as that Party may require. + + +Article 503: Exceptions + + Each Party shall provide that a Certificate of Origin shall +not be required for: + + (a) a commercial importation of a good whose value does not + exceed the amount of (US)$1,000 or its equivalent + amount in the Party's currency or such higher amount as + it may establish, except that it may require that the + invoice accompanying such importation include a + statement certifying that such goods qualify as + originating goods; + + (b) a non-commercial importation of a good whose value does + not exceed the amount of (US)$1000 or its equivalent + amount in the Party's currency, or such higher amount + as it may establish; or + + (c) an importation of a good for which the Party into whose + territory the good is imported has waived the + requirement for a Certificate of Origin, + + provided that such importation does not form part of a + series of importations that may reasonably be considered to + have been undertaken or arranged for the purpose of avoiding + the certification requirements set out in Articles 501 and + 502. + + +Article 504: Obligations Regarding Exportations + + Each Party shall provide that: + + (a) upon the request of its customs administration, an + exporter in its territory, or a producer in its + territory that has provided a copy of a Certificate of + Origin to such exporter pursuant to Article + 501(3)(b)(iii), shall provide a copy of the Certificate + to its customs administration; + + (b) a false certification by an exporter or a producer in + its territory that a good to be exported to the + territory of another Party qualifies as an originating + good shall have the same legal consequences, with + appropriate modifications, as would apply to an + importer in its territory with respect to a + contravention of its customs laws and regulations + regarding the making of a false statement or + representation; + + (c) where an exporter or a producer in its territory fails + to comply with any of the requirements set out in this + Chapter, it may apply such measures as the + circumstances may warrant; + + (d) an exporter or a producer in its territory that has + completed and signed a Certificate of Origin, and that + has reason to believe that the Certificate contains + information that is not correct, shall promptly notify + in writing all persons to whom the Certificate was + given of any change that could affect the accuracy or + validity of the Certificate; and + + (e) an exporter or a producer who voluntarily provides + written notification pursuant to subparagraph (d) shall + not be subject to penalties with respect to the making + of an incorrect certification. + + + Subchapter B - Administration and Enforcement + + +Article 505: Records + +1. Each Party shall provide that: + + (a) an exporter or a producer in its territory that + completes and signs a Certificate of Origin shall + maintain in its territory, for a period of five years + from the date the Certificate was signed or for such + longer period as such Party may specify, all records + relating to the origin of a good for which preferential + tariff treatment was claimed in the territory of + another Party, including records associated with + + (i) the purchase of, cost of, value of, and payment + for, the good that is exported from its territory, + and + + (ii) the purchase of, cost of, value of, and payment + for, all materials, including indirect materials, + used in the production of the good that is + exported from its territory, and + + (iii) the production of the good in the form in + which the good is exported from its + territory; and + + (b) an importer claiming preferential tariff treatment for + a good imported into the Party's territory shall + maintain in that territory, for a period of five years + from the date of importation of the good or for such + longer period as the Party may specify, a copy of the + Certificate and all other required documentation + relating to the importation of the good. + + +Article 506: Origin Verifications + +1. For purposes of determining whether a good imported into its +territory from the territory of another Party qualifies as an +originating good, a Party may, through its customs +administration, conduct a verification solely by means of: + + (a) written questionnaires to an exporter or a producer in + the territory of another Party; + + (b) visits to the premises of an exporter or a producer in + the territory of another Party to review the records + and observe the facilities used in the production of + the good; or + + (c) such other procedure as the Parties may agree. + +2. Prior to conducting a verification visit pursuant to +paragraph (1)(b), a Party shall, through its customs +administration: + + (a) deliver a written notification of its intention to + conduct such visit; + + (i) to the exporter or producer whose premises are to + be visited, + + (ii) to the customs administration of the Party in + whose territory the visit is to occur, and + + (iii) to, if requested by the Party in whose + territory the visit is to occur, the embassy + of such Party in the territory of the Party + proposing to conduct the visit; and + + (b) obtain the written consent of the exporter or producer + whose premises are to be visited. + +3. The notification referred to in paragraph 2 shall include: + + (a) the identity of the customs administration issuing the + notification; + + (b) the name of the exporter or producer whose premises are + to be visited; + + (c) the date and place of the proposed verification visit; + + (d) the object and scope of the proposed verification + visit, including specific reference to the good subject + to the verification; + + (e) the names and titles of the officials performing the + verification visit; and + + (f) the legal authority for the verification visit. + +4. Where an exporter or a producer has not given its written +consent to a proposed verification visit within 30 days of +receipt of notification pursuant to paragraph 2, the notifying +Party may deny preferential tariff treatment to the good that +would have been the subject of the visit. + +5. Each Party shall provide that, where its customs +administration receives notification pursuant to paragraph 2, it +may, within 15 days from the date of receipt of such +notification, postpone the proposed verification visit for a +period not exceeding 60 days from the date of such receipt, or +for such longer period as the Parties may otherwise agree. + +6. A Party shall not deny preferential tariff treatment to a +good based solely on the postponement of a verification visit +pursuant to paragraph 5. + +7. Each Party shall permit an exporter or a producer whose good +is the subject of a verification visit by another Party to +designate two observers to be present during such visit, provided +that: + + (a) the observers do not participate in a manner other than + as observers; and + + (b) the failure of such exporter or producer to designate + observers shall not result in the postponement of the + visit. + +8. Each Party shall, through its customs administration, +conduct a verification of a regional value-content requirement in +accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles +applied in the territory of the Party from which the good was +exported. + +9. The Party conducting a verification shall provide the +exporter or producer whose good is subject to the verification +with a written determination of whether the good qualifies as an +originating good, including findings of fact and the legal basis +for the determination. + +10. Where verifications by a Party indicate a pattern of conduct +by an exporter or a producer of false or unsupported +representations that a good imported into its territory qualifies +as an originating good, such Party may withhold preferential +tariff treatment to identical goods exported or produced by such +person until that person establishes compliance with the +provisions of Chapter Four (Rules of Origin). + +11. Each Party shall provide that where it determines that a +certain good imported into its territory does not qualify as an +originating good based on a tariff classification or a customs +value applied by the Party to one or more materials used in the +production of the good, which differs from the tariff +classification or customs value applied to such materials by the +Party from whose territory the good was exported, the Party's +determination shall not become effective until it notifies in +writing both the importer of the good and the person that +completed and signed the Certificate of Origin for the good of +its determination. + +12. A Party shall not apply a determination made under paragraph +11 to an importation made before the effective date of the +determination, provided that: + + (a) the customs administration of the Party from whose + territory the good was exported has issued an advance + ruling on the tariff classification or on the customs + value of such materials, or has given consistent + treatment to the entry of such materials under the + tariff classification or customs value at issue, on + which a person is entitled to rely; and + + (b) the advance ruling or consistent treatment was given + prior to notification of the determination. + +13. Where a Party denies preferential tariff treatment to a good +pursuant to a determination made under paragraph 11, it shall +postpone the effective date of the denial for a period not +exceeding 90 days, provided that the importer of the good, or the +person who completed and signed the Certificate of Origin for the +good, demonstrates that it has relied in good faith to its +detriment on the tariff classification or customs value applied +to such materials by the customs administration of the Party from +whose territory the good was exported. + + +Article 507: Confidentiality + +1. Each Party shall maintain, in accordance with its laws and +regulations, the confidentiality of confidential business +information collected pursuant to this Chapter and shall protect +that business information from disclosure that could prejudice +the competitive position of the persons providing the +information. + +2. The confidential business information collected pursuant to +this Chapter may only be disclosed to those authorities +responsible for the administration and enforcement of +determinations of origin, and of customs and revenue matters. + + +Article 508: Penalties + +1. Each Party shall maintain measures imposing criminal, civil +or administrative penalties for violations of its laws and +regulations relating to this Chapter. + +2. Nothing in Articles 502(1)(d) and (f), 504(e) and 506(6) +shall be construed to prevent a Party from applying such measures +as the circumstances may warrant. + + + Subchapter C - Advance Rulings + + +Articles 509: Advance Rulings + +1. Each Party shall, through its customs administration, +provide for the expeditious issuance of written advance rulings, +prior to the importation of a good into its territory, to an +importer in its territory or an exporter or a producer in the +territory of another Party, on the basis of the facts and +circumstances presented by such importer, exporter or producer of +the good, concerning: + + (a) whether materials imported from the territory of a non- + Party undergo, as a result of production in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, the applicable + change in tariff classification under Chapter Four + (Rules of Origin) to qualify as an originating good; + + (b) whether a good satisfies a regional value-content + requirement under either the transaction value method + or the net cost method set out in Chapter Four; + + (c) the appropriate basis or method for customs value to be + applied by an exporter or a producer in the territory + of another Party, in accordance with the principles of + the Customs Valuation Code, in calculating the + transaction value of a good, or the value of materials + used in the production of a good, for which an advance + ruling is requested, for the purpose of determining + whether the good satisfies a regional value-content + requirement under Chapter Four; + + (d) the appropriate basis or method for reasonably + allocating costs, in accordance with the allocation + methods set out in the Uniform Regulations, for + calculating the net cost of a good, or the value of an + intermediate material, for which an advance ruling is + requested, for the purposes of determining whether the + good satisfies a regional value-content requirement + under Chapter Four; + + (e) whether a good that re-enters its territory after the + good has been exported from its territory to the + territory of another Party for repair or alteration + qualifies for duty-free treatment in accordance with + Article 307 (Goods Re-entered After Repair or + Alteration); + + (f) whether the proposed or actual marking of a good + satisfies country of origin marking requirements under + Article 312 (Country of Origin Marking); or + + (g) whether a good to be imported qualifies as a good of a + Party under Annexes 300-B or 302.2. + +2. Each Party shall provide that an advance ruling issued +pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be based on: + + (a) for the purpose of determining the origin of a good, + Chapter Four (Rules of Origin), the principles of the + Customs Valuation Code and the Uniform Regulations; + + (b) for the purpose of determining country of origin + marking, Article 312 (Country of Origin Marking); and + + (c) for the purpose of determining whether a good qualifies + as a good of a Party, Annex 302.2. + +3. Each Party shall adopt or maintain procedures for the +issuance of advance rulings, including a detailed description of +the information reasonably required to process an application. + +4. Each Party shall provide that its customs administration: + + (a) may, at any time during the course of an evaluation of + an application for an advance ruling, request + supplemental information from the person requesting the + ruling; + + (b) after it has obtained all necessary information from + the person requesting an advance ruling, shall issue + the ruling in accordance with the time periods + specified in the Uniform Regulations; and + + (c) where the advance ruling is unfavorable to the person + requesting it, shall provide that person with a full + explanation of the reasons for the ruling. + +5. Subject to paragraph 7, each Party shall apply an advance +ruling to importations into its territory of the good for which +the ruling was requested, commencing on the date of its issuance +or such later date as may be specified therein. + +6. Each Party shall provide to any person requesting an advance +ruling the same treatment, including the same interpretation and +application of the provisions of Chapter Four (Rules of Origin) +regarding a determination of origin of a good, as it provided to +any other person to whom it issued an advance ruling, provided +that the facts and circumstances are identical in all material +respects. + +7. The issuing Party may modify or revoke an advance ruling: + + (a) if the ruling is based on an error + + (i) of fact, + + (ii) in the tariff classification of a good or the + materials subject to the ruling, + + (iii) in the application of a regional value- + content requirement under Chapter Four (Rules + of Origin), or + + (iv) in the application of the rules for determining + whether a good qualifies as a good of a Party + under Annexes 300-B or 302.2; + + (b) if the ruling is not in accordance with an + interpretation agreed by the Parties regarding Chapter + Three (National Treatment and Market Access for Goods) + and Chapter Four (Rules of Origin); + + (c) if there is a change in the material facts or + circumstances on which the ruling is based; + + (d) to conform with an amendment of Chapter Three, Chapter + Four, Marking Rules or Uniform Regulations; or + + (e) to conform with a judicial decision or a change in its + domestic law. + +8. Each Party shall provide that any modification or revocation +of an advance ruling shall be effective on the date on which the +modification or revocation is issued, or on such later date as +may be specified therein, and shall not be applied to +importations of a good that have occurred prior to that date, +unless the person to whom the advance ruling was issued has not +acted in accordance with its terms and conditions. + +9. Notwithstanding paragraph 8, the issuing Party shall +postpone the effective date of such modification or revocation +for a period not exceeding 90 days where the person to whom the +advance ruling was issued has in good faith relied to its +detriment on that ruling. + +10. Each Party shall provide that where its customs +administration examines the regional value-content of a good for +which it has issued an advance ruling with respect to an approved +basis or method of customs value under Article 509(1)(c), or with +respect to an approved basis or method for reasonably allocating +costs under Article 509(1)(d), or with respect to whether a good +qualifies for duty-free treatment under Article 509(1)(e), it may +evaluate whether: + + (a) the exporter or producer has complied with the terms + and conditions of the advance ruling; + + (b) the exporter's or producer's operations are consistent + with the material facts and circumstances upon which + the advance ruling is based; and + + (c) the supporting data and computations used in applying + the basis or method of customs valuation were correct + in all material respects. + +11. Each Party shall provide that where its customs +administration determines that any requirement in paragraph 10 +has not been satisfied, it may modify or revoke the advance +ruling as the circumstances may warrant. + +12. Each Party shall provide that, where a person can +demonstrate that it used reasonable care and acted in good faith +in presenting the facts and circumstances on which an advance +ruling was based, and where the customs administration of a Party +determines that the ruling was based on incorrect information, +the person to whom such advance ruling was issued shall not be +subject to penalties. + +13. Where a Party issues an advance ruling to a person that has +misrepresented or omitted material facts or circumstances upon +which the ruling is based or has failed to act in accordance with +the terms and conditions of such ruling, it may apply such +measures as the circumstances may warrant. + + + Subchapter D - Review And Appeal of Origin Determinations and +Advance Rulings + + +Article 510: Review and Appeal + +1. Each Party shall grant substantially the same rights of +review and appeal of determinations of origins and advance +rulings by its customs administration as it provides to importers +in its territory to any person: + + (a) who completes and signs a Certificate of Origin for a + good that has been subject to a determination of + origin; + + (b) whose good has been subject to a country of origin + marking determination pursuant to Article 312 (Country + of Origin Marking); or + + (c) who has received an advance ruling pursuant to Article + 509(1). + +2. Further to Articles 1804 (Administrative Proceedings) and +1805 (Review and Appeal), each Party shall provide that the +rights of review and appeal referred to in paragraph 1 shall +include access to: + + (a) at least one level of administrative review, + independent of the official or office responsible for + the determination under review; and + + (b) in accordance with its domestic law, judicial or quasi- + judicial review of the determination or decision taken + at the final level of administrative review. + + + Subchapter E - Uniform Regulations + + +Article 511: Uniform Regulations + +1. Upon the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the +Parties shall establish, and implement through their respective +domestic laws or regulations, Uniform Regulations regarding the +interpretation, application and administration of the provisions +of Chapter Four (Rules of Origin). + +2. Each Party shall implement any modification of or addition +to the Uniform Regulations no later than 180 days after the +Parties agree on such modification or addition, or such other +period as the Parties may agree. + + + Subchapter F - Cooperation + + +Article 512: Cooperation + +1. Each Party shall notify the other Parties of the following +determinations, measures and rulings, including to the greatest +extent practicable those that are prospective in application: + + (a) a determination of origin issued as the result of a + verification conducted pursuant to Article 506(1); + + (b) a determination of origin that such Party is aware is + contrary to: + + (i) a ruling issued by the customs administration of + another Party with respect to the tariff + classification or customs value of a good, or of + materials used in the production of a good, or the + reasonable allocation of costs where calculating + the net cost of a good, that is the subject of a + determination of origin, or + + (ii) consistent treatment given by the customs + administration of another Party with respect to + the tariff classification or customs value of a + good, or of materials used in the production of a + good, or the reasonable allocation of costs where + calculating the net cost of a good, that is the + subject of a determination of origin; + + (c) a measure establishing or significantly modifying an + administrative policy that is likely to affect future + determinations of origin, country of origin marking + requirements or determinations as to whether a good + qualifies as a good of a Party under the Marking Rules; + and + + (d) an advance ruling, or a ruling modifying or revoking an + advance ruling pursuant to Article 509(1). + +2. The Parties shall cooperate: + + (a) in the enforcement of their respective customs-related + laws or regulations implementing this Agreement, and + under any customs mutual assistance agreements or other + customs-related agreements to which they are party; + + (b) for purposes of the detection and prevention of + unlawful transshipments of textile and apparel goods of + a non-Party in the enforcement of prohibitions or + quantitative restrictions, including the verification + by a Party, in accordance with the procedures set out + in this Chapter, of the capacity for production of + goods by an exporter or a producer in the territory of + another Party, provided that the customs administration + of the Party proposing to conduct such verification, + prior to conducting the verification + + (i) obtains the consent of the Party in whose + territory the verification is to occur, and + + (ii) provides notification to the exporter or producer + whose premises are to be visited, + + except that procedures for notifying the exporter or +producer whose premises are to be visited shall be in +accordance with other procedures as the Parties may +agree; + + (c) to the extent practicable, for purposes of facilitating + the flow of trade between their territories, in + customs-related matters, such as the collection and + exchange of statistics regarding the importation and + exportation of goods, the harmonization of + documentation used in trade, the standardization of + data elements, the acceptance of an international data + syntax and the exchange of information; and + + (d) to the extent practicable, in the storage and + transmission of customs-related documentation. + + +Article 513: Working Group and Customs Subgroup + +1. The Parties hereby establish a Working Group on Rules of +Origin, comprising representatives of each Party, to ensure: + + (a) the effective implementation and administration of + Articles 303, 308 and 312, Chapter Four (Rules of + Origin), this Chapter, the Marking Rules and the + Uniform Regulations; and + + (b) the effective administration of the customs-related + aspects of Chapter Three (National Treatment and Market + Access). + +2. The Working Group shall meet at least four times a year and +at the request of any Party. + +3. The Working Group shall: + + (a) monitor the implementation and administration by the + customs administrations of the Parties of Articles 303, + 308 and 312, Chapter Four, this Chapter, the Marking + Rules and the Uniform Regulations to ensure their + uniform interpretation; + + (b) endeavor to agree, upon the request of any Party, on + any proposed modification of or addition to Articles + 303, 308 and 312, Chapter Four, this Chapter, the + Marking Rules and the Uniform Regulations; + + (c) notify the Commission of any agreed modification of or + addition to the Uniform Regulations; + + (d) propose to the Commission any modification of or + addition to Articles 303, 308 and 312, Chapter Three, + Chapter Four, this Chapter, the Marking Rules, the + Uniform Regulations or other provision of this + Agreement as required to conform with any change to the + Harmonized System; and + + (e) consider any other matter referred to it by a Party, or + by the Customs Subgroup established under paragraph 6. + +4. Each Party shall, to the greatest extent practicable, take +all necessary measures to implement any modification of or +addition to this Agreement within 180 days after the Commission +agrees on any such modification or addition. + +5. If the Working Group fails to resolve a matter referred to +it pursuant to paragraph 2(f) within 30 days of such referral, +any Party may request a meeting of the Commission pursuant to +Article 2007. + +6. The Working Group shall establish, and monitor the work of, +a Customs Subgroup comprising representatives of each Party. The +Subgroup shall meet at least four times a year and on the request +of any Party and shall: + + (a) endeavor to agree on + + (i) the uniform interpretation, application and + administration of the provisions of Articles 303, + 308 and 312, Chapter Four, this Chapter, the + Marking Rules and the Uniform Regulations, + + (ii) tariff classification and valuation matters + relating to determinations of origin, + + (iii) equivalent procedures and criteria for the + request, approval, modification, revocation + and implementation of advance rulings, + + (iv) revisions to the Certificate of Origin, + + (v) any other matter referred to it by a Party, the + Working Group or the Committee on Trade in Goods + established under Chapter Three, and + + (vi) any other customs-related matter arising under + this Agreement; + + (b) consider + + (i) the harmonization of customs-related automation + requirements and documentation, and + + (ii) proposed customs-related administrative and + operational changes that could affect the flow of + trade between the Parties' territories; + + (c) report periodically to the Working Group and notify it + of any agreement reached under this paragraph; and + + (d) refer to the Working Group any matter on which it has + been unable to reach agreement within 60 days after the + matter was referred to it pursuant to subparagraph + (a)(v). + +7. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a +Party from issuing a determination of origin or an advance ruling +related to a matter under consideration by the Customs Subgroup +or the Working Group or from taking such other action as it +considers necessary pending a resolution of the matter pursuant +to this Agreement. + + +Article 514: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +advance ruling means a written interpretation issued by the +customs administration of a Party on the application of a measure +to a given set of facts and circumstances regarding a prospective +importation of a good into its territory; + +commercial importation means the importation of a good into the +territory of any Party for the purpose of sale, or any +commercial, industrial, or other like use; + +customs administration means the competent authority that is +responsible under the domestic law of a Party for the +administration of customs laws and regulations; + +customs value means "customs value" as defined in Article 415; + +determination of origin means a determination as to whether a +good qualifies as an originating good in accordance with Chapter +Four (Rules of Origin); + +exporter in the territory of a Party includes an exporter located +in the territory of a Party or an exporter required under this +Chapter to maintain records in the territory of that Party +regarding exportations of a good; + +identical goods means goods that are the same in all respects, +including physical characteristics, quality and reputation, +irrespective of minor differences in appearance that are not +relevant to the determination of origin of such goods under +Chapter Four (Rules of Origin); + +importer in the territory of a Party includes an importer located +in the territory of a Party or an importer required under this +Chapter to maintain records in the territory of that Party +regarding importations of a good; + +preferential tariff treatment means the duty rate applicable to +an originating good; and + +producer includes a person that grows, mines, harvests, +manufactures, processes, or assembles a good, or any combination +thereof. + + + Chapter Six + + Energy and Basic Petrochemicals + + + +Article 601: Principles + +1. The Parties confirm their full respect for their +Constitutions. + +2. The Parties recognize that it is desirable to strengthen the +important role that trade in energy and basic petrochemical goods +play in the North American region and to enhance this role +through sustained and gradual liberalization. + +3. The Parties recognize the importance of having viable and +internationally competitive energy and petrochemical sectors to +further their individual national interests. + + +Article 602: Scope and Coverage + +1. This Chapter applies to measures relating to energy and +basic petrochemical goods originating in the territories of the +Parties and to measures relating to investment and services +associated with such energy and basic petrochemical goods, as set +forth in this Chapter. + +2. For purposes of this Chapter, energy and basic petrochemical +goods refer to those goods classified under the Harmonized System +as: + + (a) Chapter 27 (excluding: subheadings 2707.10, 2707.20, + 2707.30, 2707.40, 2707.60, 2707.91, 2707.99 (except + solvent naphtha, rubber extender oils and carbon black + feedstocks), and in subheading 2710.00 (only normal + paraffin mixtures in the range of C9 to C15), and in + heading 2711 (only ethylene, propylene, butylene and + butadiene, in purities over 50 percent)); + + (b) subheading 2612.10; + + (c) subheadings 2844.10 through 2844.50 (only with respect + to uranium compounds classified under those + subheadings); + + (d) subheading 2845.10; + + (e) subheading: 2901.10 (ethane, butanes, pentanes, + hexanes, and heptanes only); + +3. Except as otherwise specified in Annex 602.3, energy and +petrochemical goods and activities shall be governed by the +provisions of this Agreement. + + +Article 603: Import and Export Restrictions + +1. Subject to the further rights and obligations of this +Agreement, the Parties incorporate the provisions of the General +Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), with respect to +prohibitions or restrictions on trade in energy and basic +petrochemical goods. The Parties agree that this language does +not incorporate their respective protocols of provisional +application to the GATT. + +2. The Parties understand that the provisions of the GATT +incorporated in paragraph 1 prohibit, in any circumstances in +which any other form of quantitative restriction is prohibited, +minimum or maximum export-price requirements and, except as +permitted in enforcement of countervailing and antidumping orders +and undertakings, minimum or maximum import-price requirements. + +3. In circumstances where a Party imposes a restriction on +importation from or exportation to a non-Party of an energy or +basic petrochemical good, nothing in this Agreement shall be +construed to prevent the Party from: + + (a) limiting or prohibiting the importation from the + territory of any Party of such energy or basic + petrochemical good of the non-Party; or + + (b) requiring as a condition of export of such energy or + basic petrochemical good of the Party to the territory + of any other Party that the good be consumed within the + territory of the other Party. + +4. In the event that a Party imposes a restriction on imports +of an energy or basic petrochemical good from non-Party +countries, the Parties, upon request of any Party, shall consult +with a view to avoiding undue interference with or distortion of +pricing, marketing and distribution arrangements in another +Party. + +5. Parties may administer a system of import and export +licensing for energy and basic petrochemical goods provided that +such system is operated in a manner consistent with the +provisions of this Agreement, including paragraph 1 and Article +1502 (Monopolies and State Enterprises). + +6. In addition, the Parties recognize the provisions of +Annex 603.6. + + +Article 604: Export Taxes + + No Party shall maintain or introduce any tax, duty, or +charge on the export of any energy or basic petrochemical good to +the territory of any other Party, unless such tax, duty, or +charge is also maintained or introduced on such energy or basic +petrochemical good when destined for domestic consumption. + + +Article 605: Other Export Measures + + A Party may maintain or introduce a restriction otherwise +justified under the provisions of Articles XI:2(a) and XX(g), (i) +and (j) of the GATT with respect to the export of an energy or +basic petrochemical good to the territory of another Party, only +if: + + (a) the restriction does not reduce the proportion of the + total export shipments of a specific energy or basic + petrochemical good made available to such other Party + relative to the total supply of that good of the Party + maintaining the restriction as compared to the + proportion prevailing in the most recent 36-month + period for which data are available prior to the + imposition of the measure, or in such other + representative period on which the Parties involved may + agree; + + (b) the Party does not impose a higher price for exports of + an energy or basic petrochemical good to such other + Party than the price charged for such energy good when + consumed domestically, by means of any measure such as + licenses, fees, taxation and minimum price + requirements. The foregoing provision does not apply + to a higher price which may result from a measure taken + pursuant to subparagraph (a) that only restricts the + volume of exports; and + + (c) the restriction does not require the disruption of + normal channels of supply to such other Party or normal + proportions among specific energy or basic + petrochemical goods supplied to the other Party such + as, for example, between crude oil and refined products + and among different categories of crude oil and of + refined products. + + +Article 606: Energy Regulatory Measures + +1. The Parties recognize that energy regulatory measures are +subject to the disciplines of: + + (a) national treatment, as provided in Article 301; + + (b) import and export restrictions, as provided in Article + 603; or + + (c) export taxes, as provided in Article 604. + +2. Each Party shall seek to ensure that in the application of +any energy regulatory measure, energy regulatory bodies within +its territory avoid disruption of contractual relationships to +the maximum extent practicable, and provide for orderly and +equitable implementation appropriate to such measures. + + +Article 607: National Security Measures + +1. No Party shall maintain or introduce a measure restricting +imports of an energy or basic petrochemical good from, or exports +of an energy or basic petrochemical good to, another Party under +Article XXI of the GATT or under Article 2102 (National +Security), except to the extent necessary to: + + (a) supply a military establishment of a Party or enable + fulfillment of a critical defense contract of a Party; + + (b) respond to a situation of armed conflict involving the + Party taking the measure; + + (c) implement national policies or international agreements + relating to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons or + other nuclear explosive devices; or + + (d) respond to direct threats of disruption in the supply + of nuclear materials for defense purposes. + +2. The Parties recognize the provisions of Annex 607.2. + + +Article 608: Miscellaneous Provisions + +1. Canada and the United States shall act in accordance with +the terms of Annexes 902.5 and 905.2 of the Canada - United +States Free Trade Agreement. + +2. The Parties agree to allow existing or future incentives for +oil and gas exploration, development and related activities in +order to maintain the reserve base for these energy resources. + +3. Canada and the United States intend no inconsistency between +the provisions of this Chapter and the Agreement on an +International Energy Program (IEP). In the event of any +unavoidable inconsistency between the IEP and this Chapter, the +provisions of the IEP shall prevail to the extent of that +inconsistency as between Canada and the United States. + + +Article 609: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +consumed means transformed so as to qualify under the rules of +origin set out in Chapter Four (Rules of Origin), or actually +consumed; + +restriction means any limitation, whether made effective through +quotas, licenses, permits, minimum or maximum price requirements +or any other means; + +energy regulatory measure means any measure by federal or sub- +federal entities that directly affects the transportation, +transmission or distribution, purchase or sale, of an energy or +basic petrochemical good; + +first hand sale refers to the first commercial transaction +affecting the good in question; + +Independent Power Producer (IPP) means a facility that is used +for the generation of electric energy exclusively for sale to an +electric utility for further resale; + +investment means investment as defined in Chapter Eleven +(Investment); + +total supply means shipments to domestic users and foreign users +from: + + (a) domestic production; + + (b) domestic inventory; and + + (c) other imports, as appropriate; and + +total export shipments means the total shipments from total +supply to users located in the territory of the other Party. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 602.3 + + +1. The Mexican State reserves to itself the following strategic +activities and investment in such activities: + + (a) exploration and exploitation of crude oil and natural + gas; refining or processing of crude oil and natural + gas; and production of artificial gas, basic + petrochemicals and their feedstocks; and pipelines; and + + (b) foreign trade; transportation, storage and + distribution, up to and including first hand sales of + the following goods: crude oil; natural and artificial + gas; goods covered by this Chapter obtained from the + refining or processing of crude oil and natural gas; + and basic petrochemicals. + +2. In the event of an inconsistency between Annex 602.3, +paragraphs 1, 5(a) and 6, and another provision of this +Agreement, the provisions of Annex 602.3, paragraphs 1, 5(a) and +6, shall prevail to the extent of that inconsistency. + +3. Natural Gas and Petrochemical Feedstock Trade + + Where end-users and suppliers of natural gas or basic +petrochemical goods consider that cross-border trade in such +goods may be in their interests, the Parties agree that such +end-users and suppliers, and state enterprises of the Parties as +may be required under their domestic law, shall have the right to +negotiate supply contracts. + + The modalities of implementing such arrangements are left to +the end-users, suppliers and state enterprises of the Parties as +may be required under their domestic law and may take the form of +individual contracts between the state enterprise and each of the +other entities. Such contracts may be subject to regulatory +approval. + +4. Performance Contracts + + The Parties shall allow state enterprises to negotiate +performance clauses in their service contracts. + +5. Electricity + + (a) In Mexico the supply of electricity as a public service + is a strategic area reserved to the State. Except as + provided in subparagraph (b) below the activities + encompassed by the supply of electricity as a public + service in Mexico include the generation, transmission, + transformation, distribution and sale of electricity. + + (b) The opportunities for private investment in Mexico in + electricity generating facilities include: + + (i) Production for Own Use + + Enterprises of the other Parties may acquire, +establish, and/or operate an electrical generating +facility to meet its own supply needs. Electricity +generated in excess of the enterprise's own supply +requirements must be sold to CFE and CFE shall +purchase such electricity under terms and +conditions agreed to by CFE and the enterprise. + + (ii) Co-generation + + Enterprises of the other Parties may acquire, +establish, and/or operate co-generation facilities +which generate electricity using heat, steam or +other energy sources associated with an industrial +process. Owners of the industrial facility need +not be the owners of the co-generating facility. +Electricity generated in excess of the +enterprise's own supply requirements must be sold +to CFE and CFE shall purchase such electricity +under terms and conditions agreed to by CFE and +the enterprise. + + (iii) Independent Power Production + + Enterprises of the other Parties may acquire, +establish, and/or operate electricity generating +facilities for independent power production (IPP) +in Mexico. Electricity generated by IPP facilities +for sale in Mexico shall be sold to CFE and CFE +shall purchase such electricity under terms and +conditions agreed to by CFE and the enterprise. +Where an IPP located in Mexico and an electric +utility of another Party consider that cross- +border trade in electricity may be in their +interest, the Parties agree that these entities +and CFE shall have the right to negotiate the +terms and conditions of power purchase and power +sale contracts. The modalities of implementing +such supply arrangements is left to the end-users, +suppliers and CFE and may take the form of +individual contracts between the state enterprise +and each of the other entities. Such contracts +shall be subject to regulatory approval. + +6. Nuclear + + The generation of nuclear energy; the exploration, +exploitation and processing of radioactive minerals; the nuclear +fuel cycle; the use and reprocessing of nuclear fuels and the +regulation of their applications for other purposes; the +transportation and storage of nuclear wastes; and the production +of heavy water, are reserved to the Mexican state. + +7. Pursuant to Article 1101(3), private investment is not +permitted in reserved activities listed above in paragraphs 1, +5(a) and 6. Chapter Twelve (Cross Border Trade in Services) +shall only apply to activities involving the provision of +services covered in paragraphs 1, 5(a) and 6 when Mexico permits +a contract to be granted in respect of such activities and only +to the extent of that contract. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 603.6 + + + +United Mexican States: + +1. For only those goods listed below, Mexico may restrict the +granting of import and export licenses for the sole purpose of +reserving foreign trade in these goods to itself. + +2707.50 Other aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures of which 65% or + more by volume (including losses) distills at 250 C by + the ASTM D 86 method. + +2707.99 Rubber extender oils, solvent naphtha and carbon black + feedstocks only. + +2709 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous +minerals, crude. + +2710 aviation gasoline; gasoline and motor fuel blending +stocks (except aviation gasoline) and reformates when +used as motor fuel blending stocks; kerosene; gas oil +and diesel oil; petroleum ether; fuel oil; paraffinic +oils other than for lubricating purposes; pentanes; +carbon black feedstocks; hexanes; heptanes and +naphthas. + +2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons other +than: ethylene, propylene, butylene and butadiene, in +purities over 50 percent. + +2712.90 only paraffin wax containing by weight more than 0.75% + of oil, in bulk (Mexico classifies these goods under HS + 2712.90.02) and only when imported to be used for + further refining. + +2713.11 Petroleum coke not calcined. + +2713.20 Petroleum bitumen (except when used for road surfacing + purposes under HS 2713.20.01). + +2713.90 Other residues of petroleum oils obtained from + bituminous materials. + +2714 Bitumen and asphalt, natural; bituminous or oil shale +and tar sands, asphaltites and asphaltic rocks (except +when used for road surfacing purposes under HS +2714.90.01). + +2901.10 Ethane, butanes, pentanes, hexanes, and heptanes only. + +2. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, the +provisions of Article 605 shall not apply as between the other +Parties and Mexico. + + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 607.2 + + + +1. The provisions of Article 607(1) shall impose no obligations +and confer no rights on Mexico. + +2. Nothwithstanding Article 607(1), the provisions of Article +2102 (National Security) shall apply as between the other Parties +and Mexico. + + + Chapter Seven + + Agriculture + + + +Article 701: Scope + +1. This Chapter applies to trade in agricultural goods and to +sanitary and phytosanitary measures. + + + Subchapter A - Market access + + +Article 702: Scope + +1. Further to Article 102 (Objectives), the provisions of this +Subchapter address import barriers, domestic support, export +subsidies, and grading and marketing standards and measures that +affect trade of agricultural goods between the Parties. + +2. To the extent of any inconsistency in this Agreement with +the provisions of this Subchapter, this Subchapter shall prevail. + + +Article 703: International obligations + +1. Each Party shall comply with Annex 703.1 with respect to its +agricultural trade under other international agreements, to the +extent set out in that Annex. + +2. When a Party desires to adopt a measure pursuant to any +international commodity agreement with respect to an agricultural +good, it shall consult with the other Parties in order to avoid +nullification or impairment of a concession granted by such Party +in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2. + +3. Each Party shall comply with Annex 703.3 with respect to +actions taken pursuant to any international coffee agreement. + + +Article 704: Market Access + + General Provisions + +1. In order to facilitate trade in agricultural goods, the +Parties shall work together to improve access to their respective +markets through the reduction or elimination of import barriers. + + Tariffs and Quantitative Restrictions + +2. Each Party shall comply with Annex 704.2 with respect to +tariffs and quantitative restrictions, including GATT market +access requirements and trade in sugar. + + Agricultural Grading and Marketing Standards + +3. Each Party shall comply with Annex 704.3 with respect to +agricultural grading and marketing standards. + + Special Safeguard Provisions + +4. Each Party may, during the applicable period of transition, +adopt or maintain special safeguards in the form of tariff quotas +on specific agricultural goods, as specified in its Schedule set +out in Annex 302.2, and further described in Annex 704.4. + +5. A Party may not apply, at the same time, measures under +paragraph 4 and Chapter 8 (Emergency Action) with respect to the +same agricultural good. + + +Article 705: Domestic Support + + The Parties recognize that domestic support measures can be +of crucial importance to their agricultural sectors but may also +have trade distorting effects and effects on production. The +Parties further recognize that domestic support commitments may +result from the agriculture negotiations in the Uruguay Round of +multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT. Accordingly, to +the extent a Party decides to support its agricultural producers, +such Party should endeavor to move toward domestic support +policies that: + + (a) have minimal or no trade distortion effects or effects + on production; or + + (b) are exempt from domestic support reduction commitments + under the GATT. + +The Parties further recognize that the domestic support +mechanisms of each Party, including those that are subject to +reduction commitments, may be changed at the Party's discretion +so long as such change is in compliance with its GATT rights and +obligations. + + +Article 706: Export Subsidies + +1. The Parties recognize that export subsidies may have serious +prejudicial effects on importing and exporting Parties, and the +Parties share the objective of achieving the multilateral +elimination of export subsidies for agricultural goods. The +Parties shall cooperate in an effort to achieve an agreement in +the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which eliminates +export subsidies on agricultural goods. + +2. The Parties also recognize that export subsidies may cause +disruption in the market of an importing Party. Accordingly, the +Parties affirm that it is inappropriate for a Party to provide +export subsidies for the export of an agricultural good to the +territory of another Party when there are no other subsidized +imports of that good into that other Party. + +3. Except as provided in Annex 703.1, where an exporting Party +considers that a non-Party is exporting an agricultural good into +the territory of another Party with the benefit of export +subsidies, the exporting Party may request consultations with the +importing Party with a view toward agreeing on measures that the +importing Party could adopt to counter the effect of such +subsidized imports. If the importing Party adopts the +agreed-upon measures, the exporting Party shall refrain from +applying, or immediately cease to apply, any export subsidy to +exports of such good into the territory of the importing Party. + +4. Except as provided in Annex 703.1, a Party proposing to +introduce an export subsidy on exports of an agricultural good to +the territory of another Party shall notify such Party at least +three days in advance, and shall upon request consult with such +Party, within 72 hours of receipt of the request, with a view to +eliminating the subsidy or minimizing any adverse impact on the +importing Party's market for that good. Another Party may +request to join such consultations. + +5. Each Party shall take into account the interests of the +other Parties in the use of any export subsidy on an agricultural +good exported to a Party or non-Party, recognizing that such +subsidies may have prejudicial effects on the interests of the +other Parties. + +6. The Parties shall establish a Working Group on Agricultural +Subsidies which shall meet at least semi-annually, or at such +other times as the Parties may agree, to work toward elimination +of all export subsidies in connection with trade in agricultural +goods between the Parties. The functions of the Working Group on +Agricultural Subsidies shall include: + + (a) monitoring the volume and price of imports of + agricultural goods that have benefitted from export + subsidies into the territory of any Party; + + (b) providing a forum for the Parties to develop mutually + acceptable criteria and procedures for reaching + agreement on the limitation or elimination of the + provision of export subsidies in connection with + importation of agricultural goods into the territories + of the Parties; and + + (c) reporting annually to the Committee on Agricultural + Trade, established under Article 708, with respect to + implementation of this Article. + +7. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article: + + (a) if the Parties agree to a particular export subsidy + measure on an agricultural good for export to the + territory of a Party, the exporting Party may adopt or + maintain such measure; and + + (b) each Party shall retain its rights to apply + countervailing duties to subsidized imports from any + source. + + +Article 707: Resolution of Private Commercial Disputes + Regarding Transactions in Agricultural Goods + + The advisory committee established pursuant to Article +2022(4) shall work toward a system for resolving private +commercial disputes that arise in connection with transactions in +agricultural goods. The system of each Party shall be designed +to achieve prompt and effective resolution of such disputes with +attention to special circumstances, including the perishability +of the goods involved. + + +Article 708: Committee on Agricultural Trade + +1. The Parties hereby establish a Committee on Agricultural +Trade, comprising representatives of each Party. + +2. The Committee's functions shall include: + + (a) monitoring and promoting cooperation on the + implementation and administration of this Subchapter; + + (b) providing a forum for the Parties to consult at least + semi-annually and at such other times as the Parties + may agree on issues related to this Subchapter; and + + (c) reporting annually to the Commission on the + implementation of this Subchapter. + + +Article 709: Definitions + +For purposes of this Subchapter: + +agricultural goods means: + + (i) HS Chapters 1 to 24 less fish and fish products, plus + + (ii) HS Code 29.05.43 (manitol) + HS Code 29.05.44 (sorbitol) + HS Heading 33.01 (essential + oils) + HS Headings 35.01 to 35.05 (albuminoidal + substances, modified + starches, glues) + HS Code 38.09.10 (finishing agents) + HS Code 38.23.60 (sorbitol n.e.p.) + HS Headings 41.01 to 41.03 (hides and skins) + HS Heading 43.01 (raw furskins) + HS Headings 50.01 to 50.03 (raw silk and silk waste) + HS Headings 51.01 to 51.03 (wool and animal hair) + HS Headings 52.01 to 52.03 (raw cotton, waste and cotton carded or + combed) + HS Heading 53.01 (raw flax) + HS Heading 53.02 (raw hemp); + +fish and fish products for purposes of the definition of +agricultural goods means fish or crustaceans, molluscs or other +aquatic invertebrates, marine mammals, and their products within +the following headings of the Harmonized System: + + HS Heading 05.07 (tortoise-shell, whalebone and + whalebone hair and those fish or + crustaceans, molluscs or other + aquatic invertebrates, marine mammals, and + their products within this heading) + + HS Heading 05.08 (all goods (coral and similar materials)) + HS Heading 05.09 (all goods (natural sponges of animal origin)) + HS Heading 05.11 (products of fish or crustaceans,molluscs or other + aquatic invertebrates; dead animals of Chapter 3) + HS Heading 15.04 (all goods (fats and oils and their fractions, of + fish or marine mammals)) + HS Heading 16.03 ("non-meat" extracts and juices) + HS Heading 16.04 (all goods (prepared or preserved fish)) + HS Heading 16.05 (all goods (prepared preserved crustaceans, + molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates)); + +net production surplus means the quantity by which a Party's +domestic production of sugar exceeds its total consumption of +sugar for a marketing year; + +net surplus producer means that a Party has been determined to +have a net production surplus in accordance with Schedule +704.2(I)(B)(3); + +plantation white sugar means crystalline sugar which has not been +refined and is intended for human consumption without further +processing or refining; + +raw value means the equivalent of a quantity of sugar in terms of +raw sugar testing 96 degrees by the polariscope, determined as +follows: + + (a) the raw value of plantation white sugar equals the + number of kilograms thereof multiplied by 1.03; + + (b) the raw value of liquid sugar and invert sugar equals + the number of kilograms of the total sugars thereof + multiplied by 1.07; and + + (c) the raw value of other imported sugar and syrup goods + equals the number of kilograms thereof multiplied by + the greater of 0.93, or 1.07 less 0.0175 for each + degree of polarization under 100 degrees (and fractions + of a degree in proportion); + +sugar means raw or refined sugar derived directly or indirectly +from sugar cane or sugar beets, including liquid refined sugar; +and + +sugar and syrup goods means "sugar and syrup goods" as defined in +Annex 709. + ANNEX 703.1 + + Incorporation of Trade Provisions + + +1. Articles 701.1, 701.2, 701.3, 701.5, 702, 704, 705, 706, +707, 708.1, 708.4 710 and 711 [subject to review] of the Canada - + U.S. Free Trade Agreement shall apply to trade in "agricultural +goods", as that term is defined in Article 711 of that Agreement, +between Canada and the United States, which Articles are hereby +incorporated into and made a part of this Agreement for such +purpose. + +2. For purposes of this incorporation, any reference to Chapter +18 of the Canada - U.S. Free Trade Agreement shall be deemed to +be a reference to Chapter 20 of this Agreement. + + ANNEX 703.3 + + International Coffee Agreement + + Neither Canada nor Mexico shall take actions pursuant to any +international coffee agreement and measures authorized thereunder +to restrict trade in coffee between them. + + ANNEX 704.2 + + Market Access + +Each Party shall comply with Sections I and II. + + + Section I + + Mexico and the United States + +1. This Section shall apply only between the United States and +Mexico. + +2. Each Party shall comply with Appendices A and B. + + + Appendix A + + Tariffs, Quantitative Restrictions and GATT Market Access + +1. The Parties recognize that, upon the date of entry into +force of the Agreement, each Party, in accordance with the rights +and obligations set forth in Chapter 3, will not adopt or +maintain measures regarding quantitative restrictions on the +importation of agricultural goods originating in each other's +territory, but may apply tariff quotas as set forth in its +Schedule set out in Annex 302.2. The Parties further recognize +that the over-quota tariff rate applied by a Party in connection +with such tariff quotas will be progressively eliminated in the +manner set forth in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2. + +2. Each Party agrees to waive its rights under Article XI.2(c) +of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade with respect to any +measure taken in connection with the importation of agricultural +goods originating in the territory of the other. + +3. Except as provided in paragraph 4, to the extent a tariff +applied by a Party in accordance with a tariff quota as set forth +in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 at any time exceeds the +applicable bound rate of duty for that agricultural good as set +forth in its GATT Schedule of Tariff Concessions as of June 12, +1991, the other Party hereby waives its rights with respect to +the applicable bound rate of duty under GATT Article II, +notwithstanding the provisions of Article 103 of this Agreement. + +4. If the GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture enters +into force with respect to a Party, pursuant to which that Party +has agreed to convert its quantitative restrictions into tariff +quotas, that Party shall ensure that the over-quota tariff rates +it applies to agricultural goods of the other Party are not +greater than the lower of (a) the applicable over-quota tariff +rates set out in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 or (b) the +applicable over-quota tariff rates set out in its GATT Schedule +of Tariff Concessions. + +5. Market access afforded by a Party in accordance with its +Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 and applied to imports of +agricultural goods of another Party shall count, as between the +Parties, toward the satisfaction of market access commitments +which have been agreed upon under its GATT Schedule of Tariff +Concessions or which may be undertaken by the importing Party as +a result of any GATT agreement entering into force as to that +Party during the applicable transition period under this +Agreement. + +6. Neither Party shall seek a voluntary restraint agreement +from the other Party with respect to the exportation of meat +originating in the territory of that other Party. + +7. Notwithstanding the provisions of Chapter 3 (Market Access), +goods of subheading 2008.11 of the Harmonized System (HS) that +originate in the territory of Mexico shall be subject upon +importation into the territory of the United States to the rate +of duty provided in the Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 for the +United States only if all agricultural goods within heading 12.02 +of the HS used in the production of such goods originate in the +territory of one or more of the Parties. + +8. A good provided for in item 1806.10.a1 or 2106.90.a1 that +is: + + (a) imported into the territory of the United States from + the territory of Mexico; or + + (b) imported into the territory of Mexico from the + territory of the United States, + +shall be eligible for the rate of duty provided in Annex 302.2 +only if all agricultural materials provided for in subheading +1701.99 used in the production of such good are originating +materials. + +9. The United States shall not adopt or maintain, with respect +to imports into its territory of agricultural goods originating +in the territory of Mexico, any fee applied pursuant to Section +22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, or any successor +statute. + +10. Agricultural goods entered into maquiladoras or foreign- +trade zones and re-exported, including subsequent to processing, +shall not count toward the fulfillment of market access +commitments under a Party's Schedule set out in Annex 302.2. + + + + Appendix B + + Trade in Sugar + + +1. The United States and Mexico recognize the importance of +liberalizing trade in sugar and syrup goods while avoiding +conditions of entry that may result in displacement of the +consumption of such goods originating in the territories of the +United States and Mexico by imports from non-Parties. +Accordingly, the United States and Mexico have agreed to the +following provisions to govern trade between them in sugar and +syrup goods. + +2. The over quota customs duty for imports into the territory +of the United States of sugar and syrup goods originating in the +territory of Mexico shall be reduced to zero during a period of +15 years after the date of entry into force of this Agreement as +follows: + + (a) from the first to the sixth year after the date of + entry into force of this Agreement, the customs duty + shall be reduced by a total of 15 percent in equal + annual stages; + + (b) from the seventh to the fifteenth year after the date + of entry into force of this Agreement, the customs duty + shall be removed entirely in equal annual stages; and + + (c) after the end of the sugar transition period, the duty + on all imports of sugar and syrup goods from Mexico + shall be zero. + +3. In addition to the customs duty reductions provided for +under paragraph 2, imports into the territory of the United +States of sugar and syrup goods originating in the territory of +Mexico shall be duty free for a quantity, on a marketing year +(October 1 - September 30) basis, to be determined as follows: + + (a) for each upcoming marketing year in which Mexico is not + projected to be a net surplus producer, the quantity + shall be the greater of 7,258 metric tons raw value or + the quota allocated by the United States for a non- + Party within the category designated "other specified + countries and areas" under paragraph (b)(i) of + additional U.S. note 3 to chapter 17 of the Harmonized + Tariff Schedule of the United States; + + (b) for each upcoming marketing year in which Mexico is + projected to be a net surplus producer of sugar, in + accordance with sub-paragraph (d), the quantity shall + be the greater of (i) the amount specified in sub- + section (a), or (ii) Mexico's projected net production + surplus, but not greater than a maximum quantity as + follows + + (i) for each of the first through sixth marketing + years after the date of entry into force of this + Agreement, 25,000 metric tons raw value, + + (ii) for the seventh marketing year after the date of + entry into force of this Agreement, 150,000 metric + tons raw value, and + + (iii) for each of the eighth through fifteenth + marketing years after the date of entry into + force of this Agreement, 110 percent of the + previous marketing year's maximum quantity; + + (c) in any year after the sixth year after the date of + entry into force of this Agreement, the quantity of + imports of sugar and syrup goods originating in the + territory of Mexico shall not be subject to the + limitations set out in subparagraph (b) if + + (i) Mexico has been a net surplus producer for any two + consecutive marketing years, or + + (ii) Mexico has been a net surplus producer during the + previous marketing year, and Mexico is projected + to be a net surplus producer of sugar, in + accordance with subparagraph (d), in the upcoming + marketing year, unless Mexico ultimately is not a + net surplus producer in that marketing year; and + + (d) prior to the beginning of each marketing year, Mexico + shall make projections of its domestic production and + total consumption of sugar. Mexico and the United + States shall consult by July 1 of each year to jointly + determine whether Mexico is projected to be a net + surplus producer in the upcoming marketing year, in + accordance with the methodology and sources of + information set out in Schedule 704.2(I)(B)(3). + +4. Mexico shall implement a tariff quota to be applied on a +Most Favored Nation basis for sugar and syrup goods with customs +duties equal to those of the United States no later than six +years after the date of entry into force of this Agreement. +Mexico shall thereafter progressively eliminate its over quota +customs duty for imports of sugar and syrup goods originating in +the territory of the United States, in identical fashion as the +reductions provided for United States customs duties in paragraph +2. Mexico shall establish the quantities of imports of sugar and +syrup goods originating in the territory of the United States +that shall be duty-free pursuant to the same procedure by which +the United States shall establish such quantities with respect to +imports of such goods originating in the territory of Mexico in +accordance with sub-paragraph 3(b). The United States shall make +projections of its domestic production and consumption, and the +United States and Mexico shall consult and make the determination +whether the United States is projected to be a net surplus +producer, on the same terms as provided for in subparagraph 3(d). + +5. If the United States eliminates its tariff quota for sugar +and syrup goods imported from non-Parties, at such time the +United States shall grant to Mexico the better of the treatment, +as determined by Mexico, of: + + (a) the treatment provided for in paragraph 3; or + + (b) the Most-Favored-Nation treatment granted by the United + States to non-Parties. + +6. The measurement of the quantity imported shall be based on +the actual weight of the imported sugar and syrup goods, +converted as appropriate to raw value, without regard to the +packaging in which the goods are imported or their presentation. + +7. With respect to imports into the territory of Mexico of +sugar and syrup goods, and products containing sugar or syrup, +from the territory of the United States, + + (a) Mexico shall accord preferential treatment in + accordance with this Agreement when the following + conditions apply + + (i) with respect to sugar and syrup goods no benefits + under any re-export program or any like program + have been or will be granted in connection with + the export of those goods, and + + (ii) with respect to products containing sugar and + syrup goods, no benefits under any re-export + program or any like program have been or will be + granted in connection with the export of those + products; + + (b) the United States shall provide notification to Mexico + of any export to Mexico, within two days of such + export, for which the benefits of any re-export program + or any other like program have been or will be claimed + by the exporter; and + + (c) except as provided for in paragraph 8, Mexico shall + accord Most Favored Nation treatment to all imports + from the territory of the United States of sugar and + syrup goods with respect to which benefits under any + re-export program or any like program shall have been + claimed. + +8. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article: + + (a) the United States shall grant duty-free treatment to + imports of + + (i) raw sugar originating in the territory of Mexico + that will be refined within the territory of the + United States and re-exported to the territory of + Mexico, and + + (ii) refined sugar originating in the territory of + Mexico that has been refined from raw sugar + previously produced within, and exported from, the + territory of the United States; + + (b) Mexico shall grant duty-free treatment to imports of + + (i) raw sugar originating in the territory of the + United States that will be refined within the + territory of Mexico and re-exported to the + territory of the United States, and + + (ii) refined sugar originating in the territory of the + United States that has been refined from raw sugar + previously produced within, and exported from, the + territory of Mexico; and + + (c) imports qualifying for duty-free treatment pursuant to + subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph shall not + be subject to, or counted under, any quota of the + importing Party. + + + + Schedule 704.2(I)(B)(3) + + Net Production Surplus Determination + + +1. Methodology + + (a) The size of a Party's net production surplus, shall be + determined in accordance with the following formula: + + (i) If a net production surplus has not been projected + for any previous year, the formula shall be: + + NPS = (PPy - CPy) + + (ii) If a Party is projected to be a net surplus + producer and has been projected to be a net + surplus producer in a previous year, the Party's + projected net production surplus shall be + adjusted, to account for an underestimate or + overestimate, as follows: + + NPS = (PPy - CPy) - ((PPys - CPys) - (PAys - CAys)) + + where: + + NPS = Net production surplus + PP = Projected Domestic Production of + sugar + CP = Projected Total Consumption of + sugar + y = upcoming marketing year + ys = most recent previous marketing year + in which a net production surplus + was projected + PA = Actual Domestic Production of sugar + CA = Actual Total Consumption of sugar + + (b) The net production surplus shall be determined in + metric tons raw value. + + (c) For purpose of determining whether a Party is a net + surplus producer, imported sugar shall not be treated + as part of domestic production. + + (d) The domestic production of a Party shall not include + sugar, that has been either processed or refined from + sugar beets or sugar cane grown, or sugar processed or + refined, outside of the territory of such Party. + + (e) When making projections of its net production surplus, + each Party shall consider adjustments, in appropriate + circumstances, to such projections to take into account + a change in stocks for the current marketing year + exceeding an upper bound calculated in accordance with + the following formula: + + + where: + + B = upper bound, expressed as a percentage + + F = the absolute value of the change in stocks + from the beginning of the marketing year to + the end of the marketing year, expressed as a + percentage of beginning stocks and calculated + in accordance with the following formula: + + ³ Sb - Se ³ + F = ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ x 100 + ³ Sb ³ + + + Sb = beginning stocks + + Se = ending stocks + + N = previous marketing year, ranging from 1 + (first preceding year) to 5 (fifth preceding + year) + +2. Sources of Information + + (a) For Mexico, statistics on production, consumption and + stocks shall be provided by the Secretaria de + Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulicos, the Secretaria de + Comercio y Fomento Industrial, and the Secretaria de + Hacienda y Credito Publico. + + (b) For the United States, statistics on production, + consumption and stocks shall be provided by the United + States Department of Agriculture (USDA). + + (c) Each Party shall permit representatives from the other + Party to observe and comment on the methodology it uses + to prepare its data. + + + Section II + + Mexico and Canada + +1. This Section shall apply only between Canada and Mexico. + +2. Each Party shall comply with Appendices A and B. + + + Appendix A + + Tariffs, Quantitative Restrictions and GATT Market Access + +1. Subject to the provisions of this Section, the Parties +recognize that, upon the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, each Party, in accordance with the rights and +obligations set forth in Chapter 3, will not adopt or maintain +measures regarding quantitative restrictions on the importation +of agricultural goods originating in each other's territory, but +may apply tariff quotas as set forth in its Schedule set out in +Annex 302.2. The Parties further recognize that the over-quota +tariff rate applied by a Party in connection with such tariff +quotas will be progressively eliminated in the manner set forth +in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2. + +2. Except as provided in paragraph 3, to the extent a tariff +applied by a Party in accordance with a tariff quota as set forth +in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 at any time exceeds the +applicable bound rate of duty for that agricultural good as set +forth in its GATT Schedule of Tariff Concessions as of June 12, +1991, the other Party hereby waives its rights with respect to +the applicable bound rate of duty under GATT Article II, +notwithstanding the provisions of Article 103. + +3. If the GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture enters +into force with respect to a Party, pursuant to which that Party +has agreed to convert its quantitative restrictions into tariff +quotas, that Party shall ensure that the over-quota tariff rates +it applies to agricultural goods of the other Party are not +greater than the lower of (a) the applicable over-quota tariff +rates set out in its Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 or (b) the +applicable over-quota tariff rates set out in its GATT Schedule +of Tariff Concessions. + +4. Market access afforded by a Party in accordance with its +Schedule set out in Annex 302.2 and applied to imports of +agricultural goods of another Party shall count, as between the +Parties, toward the satisfaction of market access commitments +which have been agreed upon under its GATT Schedule of Tariff +Concessions or which may be undertaken by the importing Party as +a result of any GATT agreement entering into force as to that +Party during the applicable transition period under this +Agreement. + +5. In respect of the dairy, poultry and egg goods designated in +Schedule 704.2(II)(A)(5), either Party may adopt or maintain +quantitative restrictions or tariffs consistent with its rights +and obligations under the GATT, with respect to such goods +originating in the territory of the other Party. + +6. Without prejudice to the provisions of Chapter 8 of this +Agreement and paragraph 5, neither Party shall introduce, +maintain or seek any quantitative restriction or any other +measure having equivalent effect on any agricultural goods +covered under this Subchapter originating in the territory of the +other Party. + +7. Subject to this Section, Canada and Mexico incorporate their +respective rights and obligations with respect to agricultural +goods under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and +agreements negotiated under the GATT, including the rights and +obligations under GATT Article XI. + +8. Notwithstanding paragraph 7 and Annex 301.3(A)(1)(j), the +rights and obligations contained in Article XI:2(c)(i) of the +GATT shall apply only to dairy, poultry and egg goods of Canada +and Mexico designated in Schedule 704.2(II)(A)(5). + +9. A good provided for in item 1806.10.a1 or 2106.90.a1 that +is: + + (a) imported into the territory of Canada from the + territory of Mexico; or + + (b) imported into the territory of Mexico from the + territory of Canada, + +shall be eligible for the rate of duty provided in Annex 302.2 +only if all materials provided in subheading 1701.99 used in the +production of such good are originating materials. + + + Schedule 704.2(II)(A)(5) + + Dairy, Poultry and Egg Goods + +For Canada: a dairy, poultry or egg good under one of the +following subheadings: + + Note: "X" indicates that a new tariff subheading + will be established for this item + + 0105.11.90X Broiler chicks for domestic + production, <185G + + 0105.91.00 Poultry, >185g + + 0105.99.00 Ducks, geese, turkeys, etc, >185g + + 0207.10.00 Poultry not cut in pieces, fresh or chilled + + 0207.21.00 Poultry, not in pieces, frozen + + 0207.22.00 Turkey, not in pieces, frozen + + 0207.39.00 Poultry cuts & offal, fresh + + 0207.41.00 Poultry cuts & offal, frozen + + 0207.42.00 Turkey cuts & offal, frozen + + 0209.00.20 Poultry fat + + 0210.90.10 Poultry meat, salted, dried, etc. + + 0401.10.00 Milk & cream, fat <1% + + 0401.20.00 Milk & cream, fat > 1% < 6% + + 0401.30.00 Milk & cream, fat > 6% + + 0402.10.00 Skim milk powder + + 0402.21.10 Whole milk powder + + 0402.21.20 Whole cream powder + + 0402.29.10 Milk powder fat > 1.5% + + 0402.29.20 Cream powder fat < 1.5% + + 0402.91.00 Milk & cream, conc., n.s. + + 0402.99.00 Milk & cream, not solid, added sweetener + + 0403.10.00 Yogurt + + 0403.90.10 Powdered buttermilk + + 0403.90.90 Curdled milk & cream, etc. + + 0404.10.10 Whey powder + + 0404.10.90 Whey, not powdered + + 0404.90.00 Other + + 0405.00.10 Butter + + 0405.00.90 Fats & oils derived from milk + + 0406.10.00 Fresh cheese + + 0406.20.10 Cheddar cheese + + 0406.20.90 Cheeses, not cheddar + + 0406.30.00 Processed cheese + + 0406.40.00 Blue-veined cheese + + 0406.90.10 Cheddar cheese, not processed + + 0406.90.90 Cheese, not cheddar, not processed + + 0407.00.00 Bird's eggs, in shell + + 0408.11.00 Dried egg yolks + + 0408.19.00 Egg yolks, not dried + + 0408.91.00 Bird's eggs, not in shell, dried + + 0408.99.00 Bird's eggs, not in shell, not dried + + 1601.00.10X Sausages or similar products of poultry meat, poultry + meat offal or blood, in air tight containers + + 1602.31.10 Prep. meals, of meat or meat offal of turkeys + + 1602.31.91 Prep. or preserved meat, meat offal or blood, of turkeys, + other than sausages or prep. meals, in air-tight + containers + + 1602.31.99 Prep. or preserved meat, meat offal or blood, of turkeys, + other than sausages or prep. meals, other than in + air-tight containers + + 1602.39.10 Prep. meals containing meat or meat offal of fowls of the + species (Gallus domesticus) ducks, geese or guinea fowls, + incl. mixtures + + 1602.39.91 Prep. or preserved meat, meat offal or blood, of fowls of + the species (Gallus domesticus), ducks, geese or + guinea fowls, other than sausages, liver or prep. + meals, in air-tight containers + + 1602.39.99 Prep. or preserved meat, meat offal or blood, of ducks, + geese, etc., other than sausages, liver or prep. + meals, in other than air-tight containers + + 2105.00.00 Ice cream & other edible ice, containing cocoa or not + + 2106.90.70 Food preps. not elsewhere specified or incl. Egg preps. + + 2106.90.90X Ice cream or ice milk mixes + + 2309.90.91X Complete feeds & feed supplements, incl. concentrates, + containing more than 50% by weight of dairy products + + 3501.10.00 Casein + + 3501.90.00 Caseinates & other casein derivatives; casein glues + + 3502.10.10 Egg albumin, dried, evaporated, desiccated or powdered + + 3502.10.90 Egg albumin, nes + + +For Mexico: a dairy, poultry or egg good under one of the following + subheadings: + + Note: "X" indicates that a new tariff subheading item will be + established for this item + + MEXICO HTS NUMBER DESCRIPTION + + 0105.11.01 Day old chickens without being fed during its + transportation + + 0105.91.01 Game cocks + + 0105.91.99 Other + + 0105.99.99 Other poultry + + 0207.10.01 Poultry, not cut into pieces, + fresh or chilled + + 0207.21.01 Chickens + + 0207.22.01 Turkey + + 0207.39.01 Chicken offals except liver + + 0207.39.99 Other, poultry cut and offals + + 0207.41.0X Chicken cuts, frozen + + 0207.41.0Y Chicken offals, frozen + + 0207.41.0Z Chicken meat mechanically + deboned, frozen + + 0207.41.ZZ Chicken meat mechanically + deboned, fresh or chilled + + 0207.42.0X Turkey cuts, frozen + + 0207.42.0Y Turkey offals + + 0207.42.0Z Turkey meat, mechanically + deboned, frozen + + 0207.42.ZY Turkey meat, mechanically + deboned, fresh or chilled + + 0207.50.01 Poultry livers, frozen + + 0209.00.0Z Chicken or turkey bacon and + lean parts + + 0210.90.99 Other + + 0401.10.01 In hermetic containers milk + not concentrated + + 0401.10.99 Other + + 0401.20.01 In hermetic containers; + + 0401.20.99 Other + + 0401.30.01 In hermetic containers; + + 0401.30.99 Other + + 0402.10.01 Milk powder + + 0402.10.99 Other + + 0402.21.01 Milk powder + + 0402.21.99 Other + + 0402.29.99 Other + + 0402.91.01 Evaporated milk + + 0402.91.99 Other + + 0402.99.01 Condensed milk + + 0402.99.99 Other + + 0403.10.01 Yogurt + + 0403.90.01 Powdered milk whey with a + protein content less than or + equal to 12 percent + + 0403.90.99 Other butter whey + + 0404.10.01 Whey, concentrated, sweetened + + 0404.90.99 Other + + 0405.00.01 Butter, including the + immediate container, with a + weight less than or equal to 1kg + + 0405.00.02 Butter, including the + immediate container, with a + weight over 1 kg + + 0405.00.03 Butiric fat, dehydrated + + 0405.00.99 Other + + 0406.10.01 Fresh cheese, including whey + cheese + + 0406.20.01 Cheese, grated or powdered + + 0406.30.01 Melted cheese, not grated or + powdered + + 0406.30.99 Other, melted cheese + + 0406.40.01 Blue veined cheese + + 0406.90.01 Hard paste cheese called sardo + + 0406.90.02 Hard paste reggi cheese + + 0406.90.03 Soft paste cologne cheese + + 0406.90.04 Hard or semi-hard cheeses with + a fat content by weight less + than or equal to 40 percent, + and with a water content by + weight in non-fat matter less + than or equal to 47 percent + (called "grana", "parmigiana" + or "reggiano,") or with a non- + fat matter content by weight + over 47 percent without + exceeding 72 percent (called + "danloo, edam, fontan, + fontina, fynbo, gouda, Avarti, + maribo, samsoe, esron, + italico, kernhem, saint- + nactarie, saint paulin, or + talegi”l) + + 0406.90.05 Petit suisse cheese + + 0406.90.06 Egmont cheese + + 0406.90.99 Other hard and semihard cheese + + 0407.00.01 Fresh birds eggs, fertile + + 0407.00.02 Frozen eggs + + 0407.00.99 Other poultry eggs + + 0408.11.01 Dried yolks + + 0408.19.99 Other + + 0408.91.01 Frozen or powdered + + 0408.91.99 Other + + 0408.99.01 Frozen or powdered + + 0408.99.99 Other + + 1601.00.9X Chicken and turkey sausages + + 1602.20.0X Homogenized preparations of + chickens or turkey livers + + 1602.31.01 Prepared or preserved turkey + meat + + 2105.00.01 Ice cream and similar products + + 2106.90.9X Egg preparations + + 2309.90.9X Preparations containing over + 50 percent of milk products + + 3501.10.01 Casein + + 3501.90.01 Casein glues + + 3501.90.02 Caseinates + + 3501.90.99 Other + + 3502.10.01 Egg albumin + + + + + Appendix B + + Trade in Sugar + +1. Mexico's customs duty for imports of sugar and syrup goods +originating in the territory of Canada shall be equal to its +Most-Favored-Nation over-quota customs duty. + +2. Canada may apply a customs duty on sugar and syrup goods +originating in the territory of Mexico equal to the customs duty +applied by Mexico on such goods originating in the territory of +Canada. + + + ANNEX 704.3 + + Agricultural Grading and Marketing Standards + + Each Party shall comply with Sections I and II. + + + Section I + + United States and Mexico + +1. When either the United States or Mexico adopts or maintains +a measure regarding the classification, grading or marketing of a +domestic agricultural good, it shall, with respect to the like +agricultural good imported from the territory of the other +destined for processing, accord treatment no less favorable than +the treatment it accords under the measure to the domestic +agricultural good destined for processing. The importing Party +may also adopt or maintain measures to ensure that such imported +good is processed. + +2. Paragraph 1 shall be without prejudice to the rights of +either the United States or Mexico under the GATT or under +Article 301 of this Agreement with respect to measures concerning +the classification, grading or marketing of an agricultural good +(whether or not destined for processing). + +3. Mexico and the United States agree to form a Working Group +to review, in coordination with the Committee on +Standards-Related Measures established under Chapter 9, the +operation of grade and quality standards regarding agricultural +goods as they affect the other Parties to this Agreement, and to +resolve issues which may arise. This Working Group shall report +to the Committee on Agriculture established under Article 708, +and shall meet at least once a year or as otherwise agreed by the +two Parties. + + + Section II + + Canada and Mexico + + Mexico and Canada agree to form a Working Group to review, +in coordination with the Committee on Standards-Related Measures +established under Chapter Nine (Standards-Related Measures), the +operation of grade and quality standards regarding agricultural +goods as they affect the other Parties to this Agreement, and to +resolve issues which may arise. This Working Group shall report +to the Committee on Agriculture established under Article 708, +and shall meet at least once a year or as otherwise agreed by the +two Parties. ANNEX 704.4 + + Special Safeguards + + Section I + + Mexican Special Safeguard Goods + + MEXICO HTS NUMBER DESCRIPTION + + 0103.91.99 Live swine, weighing less than + 50 kilograms each, except + purebred breeding animals and + those with pedigree or + selected breed certificate + + 0103.92.99 Live swine, weighing 50 + kilograms or more each, except + purebred breeding animals and + those with pedigree or + selected breed certificate + + 0203.11.01 Meat of swine, carcasses and + half-carcasses, fresh or + chilled + + 0203.12.01 Hams, shoulders or cuts + thereof, with bone in, fresh + or chilled + + 0203.19.99 Other swine meat, fresh or + chilled + + 0203.21.01 Meat of swine, carcasses and + half-carcasses, frozen + + 0203.22.01 Hams, shoulders and cuts + thereof, with bone in, frozen + + 0203.29.99 Other swine meat, frozen + + 0210.11.01 Hams, shoulders and cuts + thereof with bone in, salted, + in brine, dried or smoked + + 0210.12.01 Bellies (streaky) and cuts + thereof, salted, in brine, + dried or smoked + + 0210.19.99 Other swine meat, salted, in + brine, dried or smoked + + 0710.10.01 Potatoes, uncooked or cooked + by steaming or boiling in + water, frozen + + 0712.10.01 Dried potatoes, whole cut, + sliced, broken or in powder, + but not further prepared + + 0808.10.01 Apples, fresh + + 2004.10.01 Potatoes prepared or preserved + otherwise than by vinegar or + acetic acid, frozen + + 2005.20.01 Potatoes prepared or preserved + otherwise than by vinegar or + acetic acid, not frozen + + 2101.10.01 Extracts, essences or + concentrates, of coffee, and + preparations with a basis of + these extracts, essences or + concentrates or with a basis + of coffee + + + Section II + + U.S. Special Safeguard Goods + + U.S. HTS NUMBER DESCRIPTION + + Note: A new U.S. HTS number will be established for each item + + 0702.00.XX Tomatoes (except cherry + tomatoes), fresh or chilled; + if entered during the period + from November 15 to the last + day of the following February, + inclusive + + 0702.00.XX Tomatoes (except cherry + tomatoes), fresh or chilled; + if entered during the period + from March 1 to July 14, + inclusive + + 0703.10.XX Onions and shallots, fresh or + chilled (not including onion + sets and not including pearl + onions not over 16 mm in + diameter) if entered January 1 + to April 30, inclusive + + 0709.30.XX Eggplants (aubergines), fresh + or chilled, if entered during + the period from April 1 to + June 30, inclusive + + 0709.60.XX "Chili" peppers; if entered + during the period from October + 1 to July 31, inclusive + (current 0709.60.00.20) + + 0709.90.XX Squash, fresh or chilled; if + entered during the period from + October 1 to the following + June 30, inclusive + + 0807.10.XX Watermelons, fresh; if entered + during the period from May 1 + to September 30, inclusive + + + Section III + + Canadian Special Safeguard Goods + + Canadian HTS NUMBER DESCRIPTION + + 0603.10.90 Fresh cut flowers + 0702.00.91 Tomatoes n.e.s., fresh or + chilled (dutiable period) + 0703.10.31 Onions or shallots, green + (dutiable period), fresh + 0707.00.91 Cucumber, fresh or chilled, + n.e.s. (dutiable period) + 0710.80.20 Broccoli and cauliflowers, + blanched or not, frozen + 0811.10.10 Strawberries, for processing, + frozen + 0811.10.90 Strawberries, frozen, other + than for processing + 2002.90.00 Tomatoes, other than whole + (tomato paste) + + ANNEX 709 + + Country-Specific Definitions + +For purposes of this Subchapter, sugar and syrup goods means: + + (a) for imports into Mexico, goods classifiable under + current subheadings 1701.11.01, 1701.11.99, 1701.12.01, + 1701.12.99, 1701.91 (except those that contain added + flavoring matter), 1701.99.01, 1701.99.99, 1702.90.01, + 1806.10.01 (except those with a sugar content less than + 90 per cent) and 2106.90.05 (except those that contain + flavoring matter) of the Mexican Tariff Schedules; + + (b) for imports into the United States, goods classifiable + under current subheadings 1701.11.03, 1701.12.02, + 1701.91.22, 1701.99.02, 1702.90.32, 1806.10.42, and + 2106.90.12 of the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule, + without regard to the quantity imported; and + + (c) for imports into Canada, goods classifiable under + current subheadings 1701.11.10, 1701.11.20, 1701.11.30, + 1701.11.40, 1701.11.50, 1701.12.00, 1701.91.00, + 1701.99.00, 1702.90.31, 1702.90.32, 1702.90.33, + 1702.90.34, 1702.90.35, 1702.90.36, 1702.90.37, + 1702.90.38, 1702.90.40, 1806.10.00 (except those with a + sugar content less than 90 per cent) and 2106.90.20 + (except those that contain flavoring matter) of the + Canadian Tariff Schedule. + Subchapter B - Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures + + + +Article 751: Scope + + In order to establish a framework of rules and disciplines +to guide the development, adoption and enforcement of sanitary +and phytosanitary measures, this Subchapter applies to any such +measure of a Party that may, directly or indirectly, affect trade +between the Parties. + + +Article 752: Relation to Other Chapters + + Articles 301 (National Treatment), 309 (Import and Export +Restrictions) and 310 (Non-Discriminatory Administration of +Restrictions), and the provisions of Article XX(b) of the GATT as +incorporated into Article 2101(1), do not apply to any sanitary +or phytosanitary measure. + + +Article 753: Reliance on Non-Governmental Entities + + Each Party shall ensure that any non-governmental entity on +which it relies in applying a sanitary or phytosanitary measure +acts in a manner consistent with this Subchapter. + + +Article 754: Basic Rights and Obligations + + Right to Take Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures + +1. Each Party may, in accordance with this Subchapter, adopt, +maintain or apply any sanitary or phytosanitary measure necessary +for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health in +its territory, including a measure more stringent than an +international standard, guideline or recommendation. + + Right to Establish Level of Protection + +2. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Subchapter, +each Party may, in protecting human, animal or plant life or +health, establish its appropriate level of protection in +accordance with Article 757. + + Scientific Principles + +3. Each Party shall ensure that any sanitary or phytosanitary +measure that it adopts, maintains or applies is: + + (a) based on scientific principles, taking into account + relevant factors including, where appropriate, + different geographic conditions; + + (b) not maintained where there is no longer a scientific + basis for it; and + + (c) based on a risk assessment, as appropriate to the + circumstances. + + Non-Discriminatory Treatment + +4. Each Party shall ensure that a sanitary or phytosanitary +measure that it adopts, maintains or applies does not arbitrarily +or unjustifiably discriminate between its goods and like goods of +another Party, or between goods of another Party and like goods +of any other country, where identical or similar conditions +prevail. + + Unnecessary Obstacles + +5. Each Party shall ensure that any sanitary or phytosanitary +measure that it adopts, maintains or applies is applied only to +the extent necessary to achieve its appropriate level of +protection, taking into account technical and economic +feasibility. + + Disguised Restrictions + +6. No Party may adopt, maintain or apply any sanitary or +phytosanitary measure with a view to, or with the effect of, +creating a disguised restriction to trade between the Parties. + + +Article 755: International Standards and Standardizing + Organizations + +1. Without reducing the level of protection of human, animal, +or plant life or health, each Party shall use, as a basis for its +sanitary and phytosanitary measures, relevant international +standards, guidelines or recommendations with the objective, +among others, of making its sanitary and phytosanitary measures +equivalent or, where appropriate, identical to those of the other +Parties. + +2. A Party's sanitary or phytosanitary measure that conforms to +a relevant international standard, guideline or recommendation +shall be presumed to be consistent with Article 754. A measure +that results in a level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection +different from that which would be achieved by a measure based on +a relevant international standard, guideline or recommendation +shall not for that reason alone be presumed to be inconsistent +with this Subchapter. + +3. Notwithstanding paragraph 1 and in accordance with the other +provisions of this Subchapter, a Party may adopt, maintain or +apply a sanitary or phytosanitary measure that is more stringent +than the relevant international standard, guideline or +recommendation. + +4. Where a Party has reason to believe that a sanitary or +phytosanitary measure of another Party is adversely affecting or +may adversely affect its exports and the measure is not based on +a relevant international standard, guideline or recommendation, +it may request, and the other Party shall provide in writing, the +reasons for such measure. + +5. Each Party shall, to the greatest extent practicable, +participate in relevant international and North American +standardizing organizations, including the Codex Alimentarius +Commission, the International Office of Epizootics, the +International Plant Protection Convention, and the North American +Plant Protection Organization, with a view to promoting the +development and periodic review of international standards, +guidelines and recommendations. + + +Article 756: Equivalence + +1. Without reducing the level of protection of human, animal, +or plant life or health, the Parties shall, to the greatest +extent practicable and in accordance with this Subchapter, pursue +equivalence of their respective sanitary or phytosanitary +measures. + +2. Each importing Party: + + (a) shall treat a sanitary or phytosanitary measure adopted + or maintained by an exporting Party as equivalent to + its own where the exporting Party, in cooperation with + the importing Party, provides to the importing Party + scientific evidence or other information, in accordance + with risk assessment methodologies agreed upon by those + Parties, to demonstrate objectively, subject to + subparagraph (b), that the exporting Party's measure + achieves the importing Party's appropriate level of + protection; + + (b) may, where it has a scientific basis, determine that + the exporting Party's measure does not achieve the + importing Party's appropriate level of protection; and + + (c) shall, upon the request of the exporting Party, provide + its reasons in writing for a determination under + subparagraph (b). + +3. For purposes of establishing equivalency, each exporting +Party shall, upon the request of an importing Party, take such +reasonable measures as may be available to it to facilitate +access in its territory for inspection, testing, and other +relevant procedures. + +4. Each Party should, in the development of a sanitary or +phytosanitary measure, consider relevant actual or proposed +sanitary or phytosanitary measures of the other Parties. + + +Article 757: Risk Assessment and Appropriate Level of + Protection + +1. In conducting a risk assessment, each Party shall take into +account: + + (a) relevant risk assessment techniques and methodologies + developed by international or North American + standardizing organizations; + + (b) relevant scientific evidence; + + (c) relevant processes and production methods; + + (d) relevant inspection, sampling, and testing methods; + + (e) the prevalence of relevant diseases or pests, including + the existence of pest-free or disease-free areas or + areas of low pest or disease prevalence; + + (f) relevant ecological and other environmental conditions; + and + + (g) relevant treatments, such as quarantines. + +2. Further to paragraph 1, each Party shall, in establishing +its appropriate level of protection regarding the risk associated +with the introduction, establishment or spread of an animal or +plant pest or disease, and in assessing such risk, also take into +account the following economic factors, where relevant: + + (a) loss of production or sales that may result from such + pest or disease; + + (b) costs of control or eradication of the pest or disease + in its territory; and + + (c) the relative cost-effectiveness of alternative + approaches to limiting risks. + +3. Each Party, in establishing its appropriate level of +protection: + + (a) should take into account the objective of minimizing + negative trade effects; and + + (b) shall, with the objective of achieving consistency in + such levels, avoid arbitrary or unjustifiable + distinctions in such levels in different circumstances, + where such distinctions result in arbitrary or + unjustifiable discrimination against a good of another + Party or constitute a disguised restriction on trade + between the Parties. + +4. Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) through (3) and Article +754(3)(c), where a Party conducting a risk assessment determines +that available relevant scientific evidence or other information +is insufficient to complete the assessment, it may adopt a +provisional sanitary or phytosanitary measure on the basis of +available relevant information, including from international or +North American standardizing organizations and from sanitary or +phytosanitary measures of other Parties. Such Party shall, within +a reasonable period after information sufficient to complete the +assessment is presented to it, complete its assessment, review +and where appropriate revise the provisional measure in light of +such assessment. + +5. Where a Party is able to achieve its appropriate level of +protection through the phased application of a sanitary or +phytosanitary measure, it may, upon the request of another Party +and in accordance with this Subchapter, allow for such a phased +application, or grant specified exceptions for limited periods +from such measure, taking into account the requesting Party's +export interests. + + +Article 758: Adaptation to Regional Conditions + +1. Each Party shall adapt any of its sanitary or phytosanitary +measures relating to the introduction, establishment, or spread +of an animal or plant pest or disease, to the sanitary or +phytosanitary characteristics of the area where a good subject to +such measure is produced and the area in its territory to which +such good is destined, taking into account any relevant +conditions, including those relating to transportation and +handling, between such areas. In assessing such characteristics +of an area, including whether an area is, and is likely to +remain, a pest-free or disease-free area or an area of low pest +or disease prevalence, each Party shall take into account, among +other factors: + + (a) the prevalence of relevant pests or diseases in that + area; + + (b) the existence of eradication or control programs in + that area; and + + (c) any relevant international standard, guideline or + recommendation. + +2. Further to paragraph 1, each Party shall, in determining +whether an area is a pest-free or disease-free area or an area of +low pest or disease prevalence, base such determination on +factors such as geography, ecosystems, epidemiological +surveillance, and the effectiveness of sanitary or phytosanitary +controls in that area. + +3. Each importing Party shall recognize that an area in the +territory of the exporting Party is, and is likely to remain, a +pest-free or disease-free area or an area of low pest or disease +prevalence, where the exporting Party provides to the importing +Party scientific evidence or other information sufficient to so +demonstrate to the satisfaction of the importing Party. For this +purpose, each exporting Party shall provide reasonable access in +its territory to the importing Party for inspection, testing and +other relevant procedures. + +4. Each Party may, in accordance with this Subchapter: + + (a) adopt, maintain or apply a different risk assessment + procedure for a pest-free or disease-free area than for + an area of low pest or disease prevalence; or + + (b) make a different final determination for the + disposition of a good produced in a pest-free or + disease-free area than for a good produced in an area + of low pest or disease prevalence, + +taking into account any relevant conditions, including those +relating to transportation and handling. + +5. Each Party shall, in adopting, maintaining or applying a +sanitary or phytosanitary measure relating to the introduction, +establishment, or spread of an animal or plant pest or disease, +accord a good produced in a pest-free or disease-free area in the +territory of another Party no less favorable treatment than it +accords a good produced in a pest-free or disease-free area, in +another country, that poses the same level of risk. Such Party +shall use equivalent risk assessment techniques to evaluate +relevant conditions and controls in the pest-free or disease-free +area and in the area surrounding that area and take into account +any relevant conditions, including those relating to +transportation and handling. + +6. Each importing Party shall pursue an agreement with an +exporting Party, upon request, on specific requirements the +fulfillment of which allows a good produced in an area of low +pest or disease prevalence in the territory of an exporting Party +to be imported into the territory of the importing Party and +achieves the importing Party's appropriate level of protection. + + +Article 759: Control, Inspection and Approval Procedures + +1. Each Party, with respect to any control or inspection +procedure that it conducts: + + (a) shall initiate and complete such procedure as + expeditiously as possible and in no less favorable + manner for a good of another Party than for a good of + such Party or a like good of any other country; + + (b) shall publish the normal processing period for each + such procedure or communicate the anticipated + processing period to the applicant upon request; + + (c) shall ensure that the competent body + + (i) upon receipt of an application, promptly examines + the completeness of the documentation and informs + the applicant in a precise and complete manner of + any deficiency, + + (ii) transmits to the applicant as soon as possible the + results of the procedure in a form that is precise + and complete so that such applicant may take any + necessary corrective action, + + (iii) where the application is deficient, proceeds + as far as practicable with such procedure if + the applicant so requests, and + + (iv) informs the applicant, upon request, of the + status of the application and the reasons for any + delay; + + (d) shall limit the information the applicant is required + to supply to that necessary for conducting such + procedure; + + (e) shall accord confidential or proprietary information + arising from, or supplied in connection with, such + procedure conducted for a good of another Party + + (i) treatment no less favorable than for a good of + such Party, and + + (ii) in any event, treatment that protects the + applicant's legitimate commercial interests, to + the extent provided under the Party's law; + + (f) shall limit any requirement regarding individual + specimens or samples of a good to that which is + reasonable and necessary; + + (g) should not impose a fee for conducting such procedure + that is higher for a good of another Party than is + equitable in relation to any such fee it imposes for + its like goods or for like goods of any other country, + taking into account communication, transportation and + other related costs; + + (h) should use criteria for selecting the location of + facilities at which a procedure is conducted that do + not cause unnecessary inconvenience to an applicant or + its agent; + + (i) shall provide a mechanism to review complaints + concerning the operation of such procedure and to take + corrective action when a complaint is justified; + + (j) should use criteria for selecting samples of goods that + do not cause unnecessary inconvenience to an applicant + or its agent; and + + (k) shall limit such procedure, for a good modified + subsequent to a determination that such good fulfills + the requirements of the applicable sanitary or + phytosanitary measure, to that necessary to determine + that such good continues to fulfill the requirements of + such measure. + +2. Each Party shall apply, with such modifications as may be +necessary, paragraphs 1(a) through (i) to its approval +procedures. + +3. Where an importing Party's sanitary or phytosanitary measure +requires the conduct of a control or inspection procedure at the +level of production, an exporting Party shall, upon the request +of the importing Party, take such reasonable measures as may be +available to it to facilitate access in its territory and to +provide assistance necessary to facilitate the conduct of the +importing Party's control or inspection procedure. + +4. A Party maintaining an approval procedure may require its +approval for the use of an additive, or its establishment of a +tolerance for a contaminant, in a food, beverage or feedstuff, +under such procedure, prior to granting access to its domestic +market for a food, beverage or feedstuff containing such additive +or contaminant. Where such Party so requires, it shall consider +using a relevant international standard, guideline or +recommendation as the basis for granting access until it +completes such procedure. + + +Article 760: Notification, Publication and Provision of + Information + +1. Further to Articles 1802 and 1803, each Party proposing to +adopt or modify a sanitary or phytosanitary measure of general +application at the federal level shall: + + (a) at least 60 days prior to the adoption or modification + of such measure, other than a law, publish a notice and + notify in writing the other Parties of the proposed + measure and provide to the other Parties and publish + the full text of the proposed measure, in such a manner + as to enable interested persons to become acquainted + with the proposed measure; + + (b) identify in such notice and notification the good to + which the proposed measure would apply, and provide a + brief description of the objective and reasons for such + measure; + + (c) provide a copy of such proposed measure to any Party or + interested person that so requests and, wherever + possible, identify any provision that deviates in + substance from relevant international standards, + guidelines or recommendations; and + + (d) without discrimination, allow other Parties and + interested persons to make comments in writing and + shall, upon request, discuss such comments and take the + comments and the results of such discussions into + account. + +2. Each Party shall seek, through appropriate measures, to +ensure, with respect to a sanitary or phytosanitary measure of a +state or provincial government: + + (a) that, at an early appropriate stage, a notice and + notification of the type referred to in paragraphs 1(a) + and (b) are made prior to their adoption; and + + (b) observance of paragraphs 1(c) and (d). + +3. Where a Party considers it necessary to address an urgent +problem relating to sanitary and phytosanitary protection, it may +omit any step set out in paragraph 1 or 2, provided that, upon +adoption of a sanitary or phytosanitary measure, it shall: + + (a) immediately provide to the other Parties a notification + of the type referred to in paragraph 1(b), including a + brief description of the urgent problem; + + (b) provide a copy of such measure to any Party or + interested person that so requests; and + + (c) without discrimination, allow other Parties and + interested persons to make comments in writing and + shall, upon request, discuss such comments and take + such comments and the results of such discussions into + account. + +4. Except where necessary to address an urgent problem referred +to in paragraph 3, each Party shall allow a reasonable period +between the publication of a sanitary or phytosanitary measure of +general application and the date that it becomes effective to +allow time for interested persons to adapt to such measure. + +5. Each Party shall designate a government authority +responsible for the implementation at the federal level of the +notification provisions of this Article, and shall notify the +other Parties thereof. Where a Party designates two or more +government authorities for such purpose, it shall provide to the +other Parties complete and unambiguous information on the scope +of responsibility of each such authority. + +6. Where an importing Party denies entry into its territory of +a good of another Party because it does not comply with a +sanitary or phytosanitary measure, the importing Party shall +provide a written explanation to the exporting Party, upon +request, that identifies the applicable measure and the reasons +that the good is not in compliance. + + +Article 761: Inquiry Points + +1. Each Party shall ensure that there is one inquiry point that +is able to answer all reasonable enquiries from other Parties and +interested persons, and to provide relevant documents, regarding: + + (a) any sanitary or phytosanitary measure of general + application, including any control or inspection + procedure or approval procedure, proposed, adopted or + maintained in its territory at the federal, provincial, + or state government level; + + (b) such Party's risk assessment procedures and factors it + considers in conducting such assessment and in + establishing its appropriate levels of protection; + + (c) the membership and participation of such Party, or its + relevant federal, provincial or state government + authorities in international and regional sanitary and + phytosanitary organizations and systems, and in + bilateral and multilateral arrangements within the + scope of this Subchapter, and the provisions of such + systems and arrangements; and + + (d) the location of notices published pursuant to this + Subchapter or where such information can be obtained. + +2. Each Party shall ensure that where copies of documents are +requested by another Party or by interested persons in accordance +with this Subchapter, they are supplied at the same price, apart +from the actual cost of delivery, as the price for domestic +purchase. + + +Article 762: Technical Cooperation + +1. Each Party shall, upon the request of another Party, +facilitate the provision of technical advice, information and +assistance, on mutually agreed terms and conditions, to enhance +that Party's sanitary and phytosanitary measures and related +activities, including research, processing technologies, +infrastructure and the establishment of national regulatory +bodies. Such assistance may include credits, donations and +grants, for the purpose of acquiring technical expertise, +training and equipment to allow the Party to adjust to and comply +with a Party's sanitary or phytosanitary measure. + +2. Each Party shall, on the request of another Party: + + (a) provide to that Party information on its technical + cooperation programs regarding sanitary or + phytosanitary measures relating to specific areas of + interest; and + + (b) consult with the other Party during the development of, + or prior to the adoption or change in the application + of, any sanitary or phytosanitary measure. + + +Article 763: Limitations on the Provision of Information + +Nothing in this Subchapter shall be construed as requiring a +Party to: + + (a) communicate, publish texts or provide particulars or + copies of documents other than in an official language + of such Party; or + + (b) furnish any information the disclosure of which would + impede law enforcement or otherwise be contrary to the + public interest or would prejudice the legitimate + commercial interests of particular enterprises. + + +Article 764: Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures + +1. The Parties hereby establish a Committee on Sanitary and +Phytosanitary Measures, comprising representatives of each Party +who have responsibility for sanitary and phytosanitary matters. + +2. The Committee should facilitate: + + (a) the enhancement of food safety and improvement of + sanitary and phytosanitary conditions in the + territories of the Parties; + + (b) activities of the Parties pursuant to Articles 755 and + 756; + + (c) technical cooperation between the Parties, including + cooperation in the development, application and + enforcement of sanitary or phytosanitary measures; and + + (d) consultations on specific matters relating to sanitary + or phytosanitary measures. + +3. The Committee: + + (a) shall, to the extent possible, in carrying out its + functions, seek the assistance of relevant + international and North American standardizing + organizations to obtain available scientific and + technical advice and minimize duplication of effort; + + (b) may draw upon such experts and expert bodies as it + considers appropriate; + + (c) shall report annually to the Commission on the + implementation of this Subchapter; + + (d) shall meet upon the request of any Party and, unless + the Parties otherwise agree, at least once each year; + and + + (e) may, as it considers appropriate, establish and + determine the scope and mandate of working groups. + + +Article 765: Technical Consultations + +1. A Party may request consultations with another Party on any +matter covered by this Subchapter. + +2. Each Party should use the good offices of relevant +international and North American standardizing organizations, +including those referred to in Article 755(5), for advice and +assistance on sanitary and phytosanitary matters within their +respective mandates. + +3. Where a Party requests consultations regarding the +application of this Subchapter to a Party's sanitary or +phytosanitary measure, and so notifies the Committee, the +Committee may facilitate such consultations, if it does not +consider the matter itself, by referring the matter for +non-binding technical advice or recommendations to a working +group, including an ad hoc working group, or to another forum. + +4. The Committee should consider any matter referred to it +under paragraph 3 as expeditiously as possible, particularly +regarding perishable goods, and promptly forward to the Parties +any technical advice or recommendations that it develops or +receives concerning the matter. The Parties involved shall +provide a written response to the Committee concerning the +technical advice or recommendations within such time as the +Committee may request. + +5. Where the involved Parties have had recourse to +consultations facilitated by the Committee under paragraph 3, +such consultations shall, upon the agreement of the Parties +involved, constitute consultations conducted for purposes of +Article 2006 (Consultations). + +6. The Parties confirm that a Party asserting that a sanitary +or phytosanitary measure of another Party is inconsistent with +the provisions of this Subchapter shall have the burden of +establishing such inconsistency. + + +Article 766: Definitions + +For purposes of this Subchapter: + +animal includes fish and wild fauna; + +appropriate level of protection means the level of protection of +human, animal or plant life or health in the territory of a Party +that the Party considers appropriate; + +approval procedure means any registration, notification or other +mandatory administrative procedure for: + + (a) approving the use of an additive for a stated purpose + or under stated conditions; or + + (b) establishing a tolerance for a stated purpose or under + stated conditions for a contaminant, + +in a food, beverage or feedstuff prior to permitting the use of +such additive or the marketing of a food, beverage or feedstuff +containing such additive or contaminant; + +area means a country, part of a country or all or parts of +several countries; + +area of low pest or disease prevalence means an area in which a +specific pest or disease occurs at low levels; + +contaminant includes pesticide and veterinary drug residues and +extraneous matter; + +control or inspection procedure means any procedure used, +directly or indirectly, to determine that a sanitary or +phytosanitary measure is fulfilled, including sampling, testing, +inspection, evaluation, verification, monitoring, auditing, +assurance of conformity, accreditation, registration, +certification, or other procedure involving the physical +examination of a good, of the packaging of a good, or of the +equipment or facilities directly related to production, marketing +or use of a good, but does not mean an approval procedure; + +international standard, guideline or recommendation means a +standard, guideline or recommendation: + + (a) regarding food safety, adopted by the Codex + Alimentarius Commission, including one regarding + decomposition elaborated by the Codex Committee on Fish + and Fishery Products, food additives, contaminants, + hygienic practice, and methods of analysis and + sampling; + + (b) regarding animal health and zoonoses, developed under + the auspices of the International Office of Epizootics; + + (c) regarding plant health, developed under the auspices of + the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection + Convention in coÄoperation with the North American + Plant Protection Organization; or + + (d) established by or developed under any other + international organization agreed upon by the Parties; + +pest includes a weed; + +pest-free or disease-free area means an area in which a specific +pest or disease does not occur; + +plant includes wild flora; + +risk assessment means an evaluation of: + + (a) the potential for the introduction, establishment or + spread of a pest or disease and associated biological + and economic consequences; or + + (b) the potential for adverse effects on human or animal + life or health arising from the presence of an + additive, contaminant, toxin or disease-causing + organism in a food, beverage or feedstuff; + +sanitary or phytosanitary measure means a measure that a Party +adopts, maintains or applies to: + + (a) protect animal or plant life or health in its territory + from risks arising from the introduction, establishment + or spread of a pest or disease, + + (b) protect human or animal life or health in its territory + from risks arising from the presence of an additive, + contaminant, toxin or disease-causing organism in a + food, beverage or feedstuff, + + (c) to protect human life or health in its territory from + risks arising from a disease-causing organism or pest + carried by an animal or plant, or a product thereof, + + (d) prevent or limit other damage in its territory arising + from the introduction, establishment or spread of a + pest, + +including end product criteria; a product-related processing or +production method; a testing, inspection, certification or +approval procedure; a relevant statistical method; a sampling +procedure; a method of risk assessment; a packaging and labelling +requirement directly related to food safety; and a quarantine +treatment, such as a relevant requirement associated with the +transportation of animals or plants or with material necessary +for their survival during transportation; and + +scientific basis means a reason based on data or information +derived using scientific methods. + + Chapter Eight + + Emergency Action + + + +Article 801: Bilateral Actions + +1. Subject to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 and Annex 801, and during +the transition period only, if a good originating in the +territory of a Party, as a result of the reduction or elimination +of a duty provided for in this Agreement, is being imported into +the territory of another Party in such increased quantities, in +absolute terms, and under such conditions so that the imports of +such good from that Party alone constitute a substantial cause of +serious injury, or threat thereof, to a domestic industry +producing a like or directly competitive good, the Party into +whose territory the good is being imported may, to the minimum +extent necessary to remedy or prevent the injury: + + (a) suspend the further reduction of any rate of duty + provided for under this Agreement on such good; + + (b) increase the rate of duty on such good to a level not + to exceed the lesser of + + (i) the most-favored-nation (MFN) applied rate of duty + in effect at the time the action is taken, or + + (ii) the MFN applied rate of duty in effect on the day + immediately preceding the date of entry into force + of this Agreement; or + + (c) in the case of a duty applied to a good on a seasonal + basis, increase the rate of duty to a level not to + exceed the MFN applied rate of duty that was in effect + on such good for the corresponding season immediately + preceding the date of entry into force of this + Agreement. + +2. The following conditions and limitations shall apply to a +proceeding that may result in emergency action under paragraph 1: + + (a) a Party shall, without delay, deliver to any Party that + may be affected written notice of, and a request for + consultations regarding, the institution of a + proceeding that could result in emergency action + against a good originating in the territory of a Party; + + (b) any such action shall commence not later than one year + from the date of institution of the proceeding; + + (c) no action shall be maintained + + (i) for a period exceeding three years, except where + the good against which the action is taken is + provided for in the items in staging category C+ + of the Tariff Schedule of the Party taking the + action, and that Party determines that the + affected industry has undertaken adjustment and + requires an extension of the period of relief, in + which case the period of relief may be extended + for one year provided that the duty applied during + the initial period of relief is substantially + reduced at the commencement of the extension + period, or + + (ii) beyond the expiration of the transition period, + except with the consent of the Party against whose + good the action is taken; + + (d) no action shall be taken by a Party against any + particular good originating in the territory of another + Party more than once during the transition period; and + + (e) upon the termination of the action, the rate of duty + shall be the rate that, according to the original + Schedule for the staged elimination of the tariff, + would have been in effect a year after the commencement + of the action, and commencing January 1 of the year + following the termination of the action, at the option + of the Party that has taken the action + + (i) the rate of duty shall conform to the schedule in + the Tariff Schedule of the Party, or + + (ii) the tariff shall be eliminated in equal annual + stages ending on the date set forth in the Tariff + Schedule of the Party for the elimination of the + tariff. + +3. A Party may take a bilateral emergency action after the +expiration of the transition period to deal with cases of +serious injury, or threat thereof, to a domestic industry arising +from the operation of this Agreement only with the consent of the +Party against whose good the action would be taken. + +4. The Party taking an action pursuant to this Article shall +provide to the Party against whose good the action is taken +mutually agreed trade liberalizing compensation in the form of +concessions having substantially equivalent trade effects to the +other Party, or equivalent to the value of the additional duties +expected to result from the action. If the Parties are unable to +agree upon compensation, the Party against whose good the action +is taken may take tariff action having trade effects +substantially equivalent to the action taken under paragraph 1. +The Party taking such tariff action shall apply the action only +for the minimum period necessary to achieve such substantially +equivalent effects. + +5. This Article does not apply to emergency actions respecting +goods covered by Annex 300-B (Textile and Apparel Goods). + + +Article 802: Global Actions + +1. Each Party shall retain its rights and obligations under +Article XIX of the GATT or any safeguard agreement pursuant +thereto except those regarding compensation or retaliation and +exclusion from an action to the extent that such rights or +obligations are inconsistent with this Article. Any Party taking +an emergency action under Article XIX or any such agreement shall +exclude imports of a good from each other Party from such action +unless: + + (a) imports from a Party, considered individually, account + for a substantial share of total imports; and + + (b) imports from a Party, considered individually, or in + exceptional circumstances imports from Parties + considered collectively, contribute importantly to the + serious injury, or threat thereof, caused by imports. + +2. In determining whether: + + (a) imports from a Party, considered individually, account + for a substantial share of total imports, such imports + normally shall not be considered to account for a + substantial share of total imports if such Party is not + among the top five suppliers of the good subject to the + proceeding, measured in terms of import share during + the most recent three-year period; and + + (b) imports from a Party or Parties contribute importantly + to the serious injury, or threat thereof, the competent + investigating authority shall consider such factors as + the change in the import share of each Party, and the + level and change in the level of imports of each Party. + In this regard, imports from a Party normally shall not + be deemed to contribute importantly to serious injury, + or the threat thereof, if the growth rate of imports + from a Party during the period in which the injurious + surge in imports occurred is appreciably lower than the + growth rate of total imports from all sources over the + same period. + +3. A Party taking such action, from which a good from another +Party or Parties is initially excluded pursuant to paragraph 1, +shall have the right subsequently to include that good of the +other Party or Parties in the action in the event that the +competent investigating authority determines that a surge in +imports of such good of the other Party or Parties undermines the +effectiveness of such action. + +4. A Party shall, without delay, deliver written notice to the +other Parties of the institution of a proceeding that may result +in emergency action under paragraph 1 or 3. + +5. In no case shall a Party impose restrictions on a good in an +action under paragraph 1 or 3: + + (a) without delivery of prior written notice to the + Commission, and without adequate opportunity for + consultation with the Party or Parties against whose + good the action is proposed to be taken, as far in + advance of taking the action as practicable; and + + (b) that would have the effect of reducing imports of such + good from a Party below the trend of imports of such + good from that Party over a recent representative base + period with allowance for reasonable growth. + +6. The Party taking an action pursuant to this Article shall +provide to the Party or Parties against whose good the action is +taken mutually agreed trade liberalizing compensation in the form +of concessions having substantially equivalent trade effects to +that Party or Parties or equivalent to the value of the +additional duties expected to result from the action. If such +Parties are unable to agree upon compensation, the Party against +whose good the action is taken may take action having trade +effects substantially equivalent to the action taken under +paragraph 1 or 3. + + +Article 803: Administration of Emergency Action Proceedings + +1. Each Party shall ensure the consistent, impartial and +reasonable administration of its respective laws, regulations, +decisions and rulings governing all emergency action proceedings. + +2. Each Party shall entrust determinations of serious injury, +or threat thereof, in emergency action proceedings to a competent +investigating authority, subject to review by judicial or +administrative tribunals, to the extent provided by domestic law. +Negative injury determinations shall not be subject to +modification, except by such review. The competent investigating +authority empowered under domestic law to conduct such +proceedings should be provided with the necessary resources to +enable it to fulfill its duties. + +3. Each Party shall adopt or maintain equitable, timely, +transparent and effective procedures for emergency action +proceedings, in accordance with the requirements set out in Annex +803. + +4. This Article does not apply to emergency actions respecting +goods covered by Annex 300-B (Textile and Apparel Goods). + + +Article 804: Dispute Settlement in Emergency Action Matters + + No party may request the establishment of an arbitral panel +under Article 2008 regarding any proposed emergency action. + + +Article 805: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +competent investigating authority means the "competent +investigating authority" of a Party as defined in Annex 804; + +contribute importantly means an important cause, but not +necessarily the most important cause; + +critical circumstances means circumstances where delay would +cause damage that would be difficult to repair; + +domestic industry means the producers as a whole of the like or +directly competitive good operating within the territory of a +Party; + +emergency action means any emergency action proceeding instituted +after the date of entry into force of this Agreement; + +serious injury means a significant overall impairment of a +domestic industry; + +surge means a significant increase in imports over the trend for +a recent representative base period; + +threat of serious injury means serious injury that, on the basis +of facts and not merely on allegation, conjecture or remote +possibility, is clearly imminent; and + +transition period means the 10-year period commencing on the date +of the entry into force of this Agreement, except where the good +against which the action is taken is provided for in the items in +staging category C+ of the Tariff Schedule of the Party taking +the action, in which case the transition period shall be the +period of staged tariff elimination for that good. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 801 + + Bilateral Actions + + + Notwithstanding Article 801, bilateral emergency actions +between Canada and the United States on goods originating in the +territory of either Party shall be governed in accordance with +the terms of Article 1101 of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade +Agreement, which is hereby incorporated into and made a part of +this Agreement for such purpose. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 803 + + Administration of Emergency Action Proceedings + + +1. Institution of a Proceeding: + + (a) An emergency action proceeding may be instituted by a + petition or complaint by entities specified in domestic + law. The entity filing the petition or complaint shall + demonstrate that it is representative of the domestic + industry producing a good like or directly competitive + with the imported good. + + (b) A Party may institute a proceeding on its own motion or + request the competent investigating authority to + conduct a proceeding. + +2. Contents of a petition or complaint. When the basis for an + investigation is a petition or complaint filed by an entity + representative of a domestic industry, the petitioning + entity shall, in its petition or complaint, provide the + following information to the extent that such information is + publicly available from governmental and other sources, and + best estimates and the basis therefore if such information + is not available: + + (a) Product description. The name and description of the + imported good concerned, the tariff subheading under + which such good is classified, its current tariff + treatment, and the name and description of the like or + directly competitive domestic good concerned, + + (b) Representativeness: + + (i) The names and addresses of the entities filing the + petition or complaint, and the locations of the + establishments in which they produce the domestic + good, + + (ii) the percentage of domestic production of the like + or directly competitive good that such entities + account for and the basis for claiming that they + are representative of an industry, and + + (iii) the names and locations of all other domestic + establishments in which the like or directly + competitive good is produced; + + (c) Import data. Import data for each of the five most + recent full years that form the basis of the claim that + the good concerned is being imported in increased + quantities, either in absolute terms or relative to + domestic production; + + (d) Domestic production data. Data on total domestic + production of the like or directly competitive good for + each of the five most recent full years; + + (e) Data showing injury. Quantitative and objective data + indicating the nature and extent of injury to the + concerned industry, such as data showing changes in the + level of sales, prices, production, productivity, + capacity utilization, market share, profits and losses, + and employment; + + (f) Cause of injury. An enumeration and description of the + alleged causes of the injury, or threat thereof, and a + summary of the basis for the assertion that increased + imports, either actual or relative to domestic + production, of the imported good are causing or + threatening to cause serious injury, supported by + pertinent data; and + + (g) Criteria for inclusion. Quantitative and objective + data indicating the share of imports accounted for by + imports from the territory of each other Party and the + petitioner's views on the extent to which such imports + are contributing importantly to the serious injury, or + threat thereof, caused by imports of that good. + +3. Petitions or complaints, except to the extent they contain +confidential business information, shall promptly be made +available for public inspection upon being filed. + +4. With respect to an emergency action proceeding instituted on +the basis of a petition or complaint filed by an entity asserting +that it is representative of the domestic industry, the competent +investigating authority shall not publish the notice required by +paragraph 6 without first assessing carefully that the petition +or complaint meets the requirements of paragraph 4, including +representativeness. + +5. Notice requirement. Upon instituting an emergency action +proceeding, the competent investigating authority shall publish +notice of the institution of the proceeding in the official +journal of the Party. The notice shall identify: the petitioner +or other requester; the imported good that is the subject of the +proceeding and its tariff subheading; the nature and timing of +the determination to be made; the time and place of the public +hearing; dates of deadlines for filing briefs, statements, and +other documents; the place at which the petition and any other +documents filed in the course of the proceeding may be inspected; +and the name, address and telephone number of the office to be +contacted for more information. + +6. Public hearing. In the course of each such proceeding, +the competent investigating authority shall: + + (a) hold a public hearing, after providing reasonable + notice, to allow all interested parties, and any + association whose purpose is to represent the interests + of consumers in the territory of the Party instituting + the proceeding, to appear in person or by counsel, to + present evidence, and to be heard on the questions of + serious injury, or threat thereof, and the appropriate + remedy; and + + (b) provide an opportunity to all interested parties and + any such association appearing at the hearing to + cross-question interested parties making presentations + at that hearing. + +7. Confidential information. The competent investigating +authority shall adopt or maintain procedures for the treatment of +confidential information, protected under domestic law, that is +provided in the course of a proceeding, including a requirement +that interested parties and consumer associations providing such +information furnish non-confidential written summaries thereof, +or if they indicate that such information cannot be summarized, +the reasons why a summary cannot be provided. + +8. Evidence of injury and causation: + + (a) In conducting its proceeding the competent + investigating authority shall gather, to the best of + its ability, all relevant information appropriate to + the determination it must make. It shall evaluate all + relevant factors of an objective and quantifiable + nature having a bearing on the situation of that + industry, in particular, the rate and amount of the + increase in imports of the good concerned, in absolute + and relative terms, the share of the domestic market + taken by increased imports, and changes in the level of + sales, production, productivity, capacity utilization, + profits and losses, and employment. In making its + determination, the competent investigating authority + may also consider other economic factors, such as + changes in prices and inventories, and the ability of + firms in the industry to generate capital; + + (b) The competent investigating authority shall not make an + affirmative injury determination unless its + investigation demonstrates, on the basis of objective + evidence, the existence of a clear causal link between + increased imports of the good concerned and serious + injury, or threat thereof. When factors other than + increased imports are causing injury to the domestic + industry at the same time, such injury shall not be + attributed to increased imports; + +9. Time period for deliberation. Except in critical +circumstances and in global actions involving perishable +agricultural products, the competent investigating authority, +before making an affirmative determination in an emergency action +proceeding, shall allow sufficient time to gather and consider +the relevant information, hold a public hearing, and provide an +opportunity for all interested parties and consumer associations +to prepare and submit their views. + +10. The competent investigating authority shall publish promptly +a report, including a summary thereof, in the official journal of +the Party setting forth its findings and reasoned conclusions on +all pertinent issues of law and fact. The report shall describe +the imported good and its tariff item number, the standard +applied and the finding made. The statement of reasons shall set +forth the basis for the determination, including a description +of: the domestic industry seriously injured or threatened with +serious injury; information supporting a finding that imports are +increasing, the domestic industry is seriously injured or +threatened with serious injury, and increasing imports are +causing or threatening serious injury; and, if provided for by +domestic law, any finding or recommendation regarding the +appropriate remedy and the basis therefor. In its report, the +competent investigating authority shall not disclose any +confidential information provided pursuant to any undertakings +concerning confidential information that may have been made in +the course of the proceedings. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 804 + + Country-Specific Definitions + + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +competent investigating authority means: + + (a) in the case of Canada, the Canadian International Trade + Tribunal, or its successor; + + (b) in the case of the Mexico, the designated authority + within the Ministry of Trade and Industrial Development + ("Secretar¡a de Comercio y Fomento Industrial"), or its + successor; and + + (c) in the case of the United States, the U.S. + International Trade Commission, or its successor. + + + PART THREE + TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE + + Chapter Nine + + Standards-Related Measures + + + +Article 901: Scope + +1. This Chapter applies to any standards-related measure of a +Party, other than those covered by Chapter Seven, Subchapter B +(Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures), that may, directly or +indirectly, affect trade in goods or services between the +Parties, and to measures of the Parties relating to such +measures. + +2. Purchasing specifications prepared by governmental bodies +for production or consumption requirements of such bodies shall +be governed exclusively by Chapter Ten (Government Procurement). + + +Article 902: Extent of Obligations + +1. Article 105 (Extent of Obligations) does not apply to this +Chapter. + +2. Each Party shall seek, through appropriate measures, to +ensure observance of Articles 904 through 908 by provincial or +state governments and by non-governmental standardizing bodies in +its territory. + + +Article 903: Affirmation of Agreement on Technical Barriers + to Trade and Other Agreements + + Further to Article 104, the Parties affirm with respect to +each other their existing rights and obligations relating to +standards-related measures under the GATT Agreement on Technical +Barriers to Trade and all other international agreements, +including environmental and conservation agreements, to which +such Parties are party. + +Article 904: Basic Rights and Obligations + + Right to Take Standards-Related Measures + +1. Each Party may, in accordance with this Agreement, adopt, +maintain and apply standards-related measures, including those +relating to safety, the protection of human, animal and plant +life and health, the environment, and consumers, and measures to +ensure their enforcement or implementation. Such measures +include those to prohibit the importation of a good of another +Party or the provision of a service by a service provider of +another Party that fails to comply with the applicable +requirements of such measures or to complete its approval +procedures. + + Right to Establish Level of Protection + +2. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, each +Party may, in pursuing its legitimate objectives of safety or the +protection of human, animal or plant life or health, the +environment, or consumers, establish the levels of protection +that it considers appropriate in accordance with Article 907(3). + + Non-Discriminatory Treatment + +3. Each Party shall, in respect of its standards-related +measures, accord to goods or service providers of another Party: + + (a) national treatment in accordance with Article 301 + (Market Access) or Article 1202 (Cross-Border Trade in + Services); and + + (b) treatment no less favorable than that it accords to + like goods, or in like circumstances to service + providers, of any other country. + + Unnecessary Obstacles + +4. No Party may prepare, adopt, maintain or apply any +standards-related measure with a view to or with the effect of +creating an unnecessary obstacle to trade between the Parties. +An unnecessary obstacle to trade shall not be deemed to be +created if: + + (a) the demonstrable purpose of such measure is to achieve + a legitimate objective; and + + (b) such measure does not operate to exclude goods of + another Party that meet that legitimate objective. + + +Article 905: Use of International Standards + +1. Each Party shall use, as a basis for its standards-related +measures, international standards or international standards +whose completion is imminent, except where such standards would +be an ineffective or inappropriate means to fulfill its +legitimate objectives, for example because of fundamental +climatic, geographical, technological or infrastructural factors, +scientific justification or the level of protection that the +Party considers appropriate. + +2. A Party's standards-related measure that conforms to an +international standard shall be presumed to be consistent with +Article 904(3) and (4). + +3. Paragraph 1 shall not be construed to prevent a Party, in +pursuing its legitimate objectives, from adopting, maintaining, +or applying any standards-related measure that results in a +higher level of protection than would be achieved if such measure +were based on an international standard. + + +Article 906: Compatibility and Equivalence + +1. Recognizing the crucial role of standards-related measures +in promoting and protecting legitimate objectives, the Parties +shall, in accordance with this Chapter, work jointly to enhance +the level of safety and of protection of human, animal and plant +life and health, the environment and consumers. + +2. Without reducing the level of safety or of protection of +human, animal or plant life or health, the environment or +consumers, without prejudice to the rights of any Party under +this Chapter, and taking into account international +standardization activities, the Parties shall, to the greatest +extent practicable, make compatible their respective standards- +related measures, so as to facilitate trade in a good or service +between the Parties. + +3. Further to Articles 902 and 905, a Party shall, upon the +request of another Party, seek, through appropriate measures, to +promote the compatibility of a specific standard or conformity +assessment procedure that is maintained in its territory with the +standards or conformity assessment procedures maintained in the +territory of the other Party. + +4. Each importing Party shall treat a technical regulation +adopted or maintained by an exporting Party as equivalent to its +own where the exporting Party, in cooperation with the importing +Party, demonstrates to the satisfaction of the importing Party +that its technical regulation adequately fulfills the importing +Party's legitimate objectives. + +5. The importing Party shall provide to the exporting Party, +upon request, its reasons in writing for not treating a technical +regulation as equivalent under paragraph 4. + +6. Each Party shall, wherever possible, accept the results of a +conformity assessment procedure conducted in the territory of +another Party, provided that it is satisfied that such procedure +offers an assurance, equivalent to that provided by a procedure +it conducts or a procedure conducted in its territory the results +of which it accepts, that the relevant good or service complies +with the applicable technical regulation or standard adopted or +maintained in the Party's territory. + +7. Prior to acceptance of results of a conformity assessment +procedure pursuant to paragraph 6, and to enhance confidence in +the continued reliability of each other's conformity assessment +results, the Parties may consult on such matters as the technical +competence of the conformity assessment bodies involved, +including verified compliance with relevant international +standards through such means as accreditation. + + +Article 907: Assessment of Risk + +1. A Party may, in pursuing its legitimate objectives, conduct +an assessment of risk. In conducting such assessment, a Party +may consider, among other factors relating to a good or service: + + (a) available scientific evidence or technical information; + + (b) intended end uses; + + (c) processes or production, operating, inspection, + sampling or testing methods; or + (d) environmental conditions. + +2. Where a Party conducting an assessment of risk determines +that available scientific evidence or other information is +insufficient to complete the assessment, it may adopt a +provisional technical regulation on the basis of available +relevant information. The Party shall, within a reasonable +period after information sufficient to complete the assessment of +risk is presented to it, complete its assessment, review and +where appropriate revise the provisional technical regulation in +light of such assessment. + +3. Where a Party pursuant to Article 904(2) establishes the +level of protection that it considers appropriate and conducts an +assessment of risk, it should avoid arbitrary or unjustifiable +distinctions between similar goods or services in the level of +protection it considers appropriate, if such distinctions: + + (a) result in arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination + against goods or service providers of another Party; + + (b) constitute a disguised restriction on trade between the + Parties; or + + (c) discriminate between similar goods or services for the + same use under the same conditions that pose the same + level of risk and provide similar benefits. + + +Article 908: Conformity Assessment + +1. The Parties shall, further to Article 906 and recognizing +the existence of substantial differences in the structure, +organization, and operation of conformity assessment procedures +in their respective territories, make compatible to the greatest +extent practicable such procedures. + +2. Recognizing that it should be to the mutual advantage of the +Parties concerned and except as set out in Annex 908(2), each +Party shall accredit, approve, license or otherwise recognize +conformity assessment bodies in the territory of another Party on +terms no less favorable than those accorded to such bodies in its +territory. + +3. With respect to a Party's conformity assessment procedure, +such Party shall: + + (a) not adopt or maintain any such procedure that is + stricter, nor apply such procedure more strictly, than + necessary to give it confidence that a good or a + service conforms with an applicable technical + regulation or standard, taking into account the risks + that non-conformity would create; + + (b) initiate and complete such procedure as expeditiously + as possible; + + (c) in accordance with Article 904(3), undertake processing + of applications in non-discriminatory order; + + (d) publish the normal processing period for each such + procedure or communicate the anticipated processing + period to an applicant upon request; + + (e) ensure that the competent body + + (i) upon receipt of an application, promptly + examines the completeness of the documentation + and informs the applicant in a precise and + complete manner of any deficiency, + + (ii) transmits to the applicant as soon as possible + the results of the conformity assessment + procedure in a form that is precise and complete + so that such applicant may take any necessary + corrective action, + + (iii) where the application is deficient, proceeds as + far as practicable with such procedure if the + applicant so requests, and + + (iv) informs the applicant, upon request, of the + status of the application and the reasons for + any delay; + + (f) limit the information the applicant is required to + supply to that necessary to conduct such procedure and + to determine appropriate fees; + + (g) accord confidential or proprietary information arising + from, or supplied in connection with, the conduct of + such procedure for a good of another Party or for a + service provided by a person of another Party + + (i) the same treatment as that for a good of such + Party or a service provided by a person of such + Party, and + + (ii) in any event, treatment that protects an + applicant's legitimate commercial interests to + the extent provided under the Party's law; + + (h) ensure that any fee it imposes for conducting such + procedure is no higher for a good of another Party or a + service provider of another Party than is equitable in + relation to any such fee imposed for its like goods or + service providers or for like goods or service + providers of any other country, taking into account + communication, transportation and other related costs; + + (i) ensure that the location of facilities at which a + conformity assessment procedure is conducted does not + cause unnecessary inconvenience to an applicant or its + agent; + + (j) limit such procedure, for a good or service modified + subsequent to a determination that such good or service + conforms to the applicable technical regulation or + standard, to that necessary to determine that such good + or service continues to conform to such technical + regulation or standard; and + + (k) limit any requirement regarding samples of a good to + that which is reasonable, and ensure that the selection + of samples does not cause unnecessary inconvenience to + an applicant or its agent. + +4. Each Party shall apply, with appropriate modifications, the +relevant provisions of paragraph 3 to its approval procedures. + +5. Each Party shall, upon the request of another Party, take +such reasonable measures as may be available to it to facilitate +access in its territory for conformity assessment activities. + +6. Each Party shall give sympathetic consideration to a request +by another Party to negotiate agreements for the mutual +recognition of the results of that other Party's conformity +assessment procedures. + + +Article 909: Notification, Publication, and Provision of + Information + +1. Further to Articles 1802 (Publication) and 1803 +(Notification and Provision of Information), each Party proposing +to adopt or modify a technical regulation, shall: + + (a) at least 60 days prior to the adoption or modification + of such technical regulation, other than a law, publish + a notice and notify in writing the other Parties of the + proposed measure in such a manner as to enable + interested persons to become acquainted with such + measure, except that in the case of any such measure + related to perishable goods, each Party shall, to the + greatest extent practicable, publish such notice and + provide such notification at least 30 days prior to the + adoption or modification of such measure, but no later + than when notification is provided to domestic + producers; + + (b) identify in such notice and notification the good or + service to which the proposed measure would apply, and + shall provide a brief description of the objective of, + and reasons for, such measure; + + (c) provide a copy of the proposed measure to any Party or + interested person that so requests, and shall, wherever + possible, identify any provision that deviates in + substance from relevant international standards; and + + (d) without discrimination, allow other Parties and + interested persons to make comments in writing and + shall, upon request, discuss such comments and take + such comments and the results of such discussions into + account. + +2. Each Party proposing to adopt or modify a standard or any +conformity assessment procedure not otherwise considered to be a +technical regulation shall, where an international standard +relevant to the proposed measure does not exist or such measure +is not substantially the same as an international standard, and +where the measure may have a significant effect on the trade of +the other Parties: + + (a) at an early appropriate stage, publish a notice and + provide a notification of the type required in + paragraphs 1 (a) and (b); and + + (b) observe paragraphs 1 (c) and (d). + +3. Each Party shall seek, through appropriate measures, to +ensure, with respect to a technical regulation of a state or +provincial government other than a local government: + + (a) that, at an early appropriate stage, a notice and + notification of the type required under paragraphs 1 + (a) and (b) are made prior to their adoption; and + + (b) observance of paragraphs 1 (c) and (d). + +4. Where a Party considers it necessary to address an urgent +problem relating to safety or to protection of human, animal or +plant life or health, the environment or consumers, it may omit +any step set out in paragraphs 1 or 3, provided that upon +adoption of a standards-related measure it shall: + + (a) immediately provide to the other Parties a notification + of the type required under paragraph 1(b), including a + brief description of the urgent problem; + + (b) provide a copy of such measure to any Party or + interested person that so requests; and + + (c) without discrimination, allow other Parties and + interested persons to make comments in writing, and + shall, upon request, discuss such comments and take + such comments and the results of such discussions into + account. + +5. Each Party shall, except where necessary to address an +urgent problem referred to in paragraph 4, allow a reasonable +period between the publication of a standards-related measure and +the date that it becomes effective to allow time for interested +persons to adapt to such measure. + +6. Where a Party allows non-governmental persons in its +territory to be present during the process of development of +standards-related measures, it shall also allow non-governmental +persons from the territories of the other Parties to be present. + +7. Each Party shall notify the other Parties of the development +of, amendment to, or change in the application of its standards- +related measures no later than the time at which it notifies non- +governmental persons in general or the relevant sector in its +territory. + +8. Each Party shall seek, through appropriate measures, to +ensure the observance of paragraphs 6 and 7 by a provincial or +state government, and by non-governmental standardizing bodies in +its territory. + +9. Each Party shall designate a government authority +responsible for the implementation at the federal level of the +notification provisions of this Article, and shall notify the +other Parties thereof. Where a Party designates two or more +government authorities for such purpose, it shall provide to the +other Parties complete and unambiguous information on the scope +of responsibility of each such authority. + + +Article 910: Inquiry Points + +1. Each Party shall ensure that there is an inquiry point that +is able to answer all reasonable inquiries from other Parties and +interested persons, and to provide relevant documents regarding: + + (a) any standards-related measure proposed, adopted or + maintained in its territory at the federal, provincial, + or state government level; + + (b) the membership and participation of such Party, or its + relevant federal, provincial or state government + authorities, in international and regional + standardizing bodies and conformity assessment systems, + and in bilateral and multilateral arrangements + regarding standards-related measures, and the + provisions of such systems and arrangements; + + (c) the location of notices published pursuant to Article + 909, or where such information can be obtained; + + (d) the location of the inquiry points referred to in + paragraph 3; and + + (e) such Party's procedures for assessment of risk, factors + it considers in conducting such assessment and in + establishing, pursuant to Article 904(2), the levels of + protection that it considers appropriate. + +2. Where a Party designates more than one inquiry point, it +shall: + + (a) provide to the other Parties complete and unambiguous + information on the scope of responsibility of each + inquiry point; and + + (b) ensure that any enquiry addressed to an incorrect + inquiry point is promptly conveyed to the correct + inquiry point. + +3. Each Party shall take such reasonable measures as may be +available to it to ensure that there is at least one enquiry +point that is able to answer all reasonable enquiries from other +Parties and interested persons and to provide relevant documents +or information as to where they can be obtained regarding: + + (a) any standard or conformity assessment procedure + proposed, adopted or maintained by non-governmental + standardizing bodies in its territory; and + + (b) the membership and participation of relevant non- + governmental bodies in its territory in international + and regional standardizing bodies and conformity + assessment systems. + +4. Each Party shall ensure that where copies of documents are +requested by another Party or by interested persons in accordance +with this Chapter, they are supplied at the same price, apart +from the actual cost of delivery, as the price for domestic +purchase. + + +Article 911: Technical Cooperation + +1. Each Party shall, upon the request of another Party: + + (a) provide to that Party technical advice, information and + assistance on mutually agreed terms and conditions to + enhance that Party's standards-related measures, and + related activities, processes, and systems; + + (b) provide to that Party information on its technical + cooperation programs regarding standards-related + measures relating to specific areas of interest; and + + (c) consult with that Party during the development of, or + prior to the adoption or change in the application of, + any standards-related measure. + +2. Each Party shall encourage its standardizing bodies to +cooperate with the standardizing bodies of the other Parties in +their participation, as appropriate, in standardizing activities, +such as through membership in international standardizing bodies. + + +Article 912: Limitations on the Provision of Information + + Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed as requiring a +Party to: + + (a) communicate, publish texts, or provide particulars or + copies of documents other than in an official language + of such Party; or + + (b) furnish any information the disclosure of which would + impede law enforcement or otherwise be contrary to the + public interest, or would prejudice the legitimate + commercial interests of particular enterprises. + + +Article 913: Committee on Standards-Related Measures + +1. The Parties hereby establish a Committee on Standards- +Related Measures, comprising representatives of each Party. + +2. The Committee's functions shall include: + + (a) monitoring the implementation and administration of + this Chapter, including the progress of the + subcommittees and working groups established under + paragraph 4, and the operation of the enquiry points + established under Article 910; + + (b) facilitating the process by which the Parties make + compatible their standards-related measures; + + (c) providing a forum for the Parties to consult on issues + relating to standards-related measures, including the + provision of technical advice and recommendations under + Article 914; + + (d) enhancing cooperation on the development, application + and enforcement of standards-related measures; + + (e) considering non-governmental, regional and multilateral + developments regarding standards-related measures, + including under the GATT; and + + (f) reporting annually to the Commission on the + implementation of this Chapter. + +3. The Committee shall meet upon the request of any Party and, +unless the Parties otherwise agree, at least once each year. + +4. The Committee may, as it considers appropriate, establish +and determine the scope and mandate of subcommittees or working +groups, comprising representatives of each Party. Each such +subcommittee or working group may: + + (a) as it considers necessary or desirable, include or + consult with + + (i) representatives of non-governmental bodies, + including standardizing bodies, + + (ii) scientists, and + + (iii) technical experts; and + + (b) determine its work program, taking into account + relevant international activities. + +5. Further to paragraph 4, the Committee shall establish: + + (a) the following subcommittees or working groups + + (i) Land Transportation Standards Subcommittee, in + accordance with Annex 913-A, + + (ii) Telecommunications Standards Subcommittee, in + accordance with Annex 913-B, + + (iii) Automotive Standards Council, in accordance with + Annex 913-C, and + + (iv) Subcommittee on Labelling of Textile and Apparel + Goods, in accordance with Annex 913-D; + + (b) such other subcommittees or working groups as it + considers appropriate to address any topic, including: + + (i) identification and nomenclature for goods + subject to standards-related measures, + + (ii) quality and identity standards and + technical regulations, + + (iii) packaging, labelling, and presentation of + consumer information, including languages, + measurement systems, ingredients, sizes, + terminology, symbols, and related matters, + + (iv) product approval and post-market + surveillance programs, + + (v) principles for the accreditation and + recognition of conformity assessment + bodies, procedures, and systems, + + (vi) development and implementation of a uniform + chemical hazard classification and + communication system, + + (vii) enforcement programs, including training + and inspections by regulatory, analytical, + and enforcement personnel, + + (viii) promotion and implementation of good + laboratory practices, + + (ix) promotion and implementation of good + manufacturing practices, + + (x) criteria for assessment of potential + environmental hazards of goods, + + (xi) methodologies for assessment of risk, + + (xii) guidelines for testing of chemicals, + including industrial and agricultural + chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and + biologicals, + + (xiii) methods by which consumer protection, + including matters relating to consumer + redress, can be facilitated, and + + (xiv) extension of the application of this Chapter to + other services. + +6. Each Party shall, upon the request of another Party, take +such reasonable measures as may be available to it to provide for +the participation in the work of the Committee, where and as +appropriate, of representatives of provincial or state +governments in the activities of the Committee. + +7. A Party requesting technical advice, information, or +assistance pursuant to Article 911 shall notify the Committee +which shall facilitate any such request. + + +Article 914: Technical Consultations + +1. Where a Party requests consultations regarding the +application of this Chapter to a Party's standards-related +measure, and so notifies the Committee, the Committee may +facilitate such consultations, if it does not consider the matter +itself, by referring the matter for non-binding technical advice +or recommendations to a subcommittee or working group, including +an ad hoc subcommittee or working group, or to another forum. + +2. The Committee should consider any matter referred to it +under paragraph 1 as expeditiously as possible and promptly +forward to the Parties any technical advice or recommendations +that it develops or receives concerning the matter. The Parties +involved shall provide a written response to the Committee +concerning the technical advice or recommendations within such +time as the Committee may request. + +3. Where the involved Parties have had recourse to +consultations facilitated by the Committee under paragraph 1, +such consultations shall, if agreed by the Parties involved, +constitute consultations under Article 2006 (Consultations). + +4. The Parties confirm that a Party asserting that a standards- +related measure of another Party is inconsistent with the +provisions of this Chapter shall have the burden of establishing +such inconsistency. + + +Article 915: Definitions + +1. For purposes of this Chapter: + +approval procedure means any registration, notification, or other +mandatory administrative procedure for obtaining permission for a +good or service to be produced, marketed, or used for a stated +purpose or under stated conditions; + +assessment of risk means evaluation of the potential for adverse +effects; + +conformity assessment procedure means any procedure used, +directly or indirectly, to determine that a relevant technical +regulation or standard is fulfilled, including sampling, testing, +inspection, evaluation, verification, monitoring, auditing, +assurance of conformity, accreditation, registration, or approval +used for such a purpose, but does not mean an approval procedure; + +international standard means a standards-related measure, or +other guide or recommendation, adopted by an international +standardizing body and made available to the public; + +international standardizing body means a standardizing body whose +membership is open to the relevant bodies of at least all the +parties to the GATT Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, +including the International Organization for Standardization +(ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Codex +Alimentarius Commission, the World Health Organization (WHO), the +Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International +Telecommunications Union (ITU); or any other body that the +Parties designate; + +land transportation service means a transportation service +provided by means of motor carrier or rail; + +legitimate objective includes an objective such as: + + (a) safety; + + (b) protection of human, animal or plant life or health, + the environment or consumers (including matters + relating to quality and identifiability of goods or + services); or + + (c) sustainable development, + +considering, among other things, where appropriate, fundamental +climatic or other geographical factors, technological or +infrastructural factors, or scientific justification but does not +include the protection of domestic production; + +make compatible means bring different standards-related measures +of the same scope approved by different standardizing bodies to a +level such that they are either identical, equivalent, or have +the effect of permitting goods or services to be used in place of +one another or fulfill the same purpose; + +services means land transportation services and telecommunication +services; + +standard means a document, approved by a recognized body, that +provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or +characteristics for products, or related processes and production +methods, or for services or related operating methods with which +compliance is not mandatory. It may also include or deal +exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or +labelling requirements as they apply to a product, process or +production or operating method; + +standardizing body means a body having recognized activities in +standardization; + +standards-related measure means a standard, technical regulation +or conformity assessment procedure; + +technical regulation means a document which lays down product +characteristics or their related processes and production +methods, or for services or operating methods, including the +applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is +mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively with +terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling +requirements as they apply to a product, process or production or +operating method; + +telecommunication service means a service provided by means of +the transmission and reception of signals by any electromagnetic +means. + +2. Except as they are otherwise defined in this Agreement, +other terms in this Chapter shall be interpreted in accordance +with their ordinary meaning in context and in the light of the +objectives of this Agreement, and where appropriate by reference +to the terms presented in the sixth edition of the ISO/IEC Guide +2: 1991, General Terms and Their Definitions Concerning +Standardization and Related Activities. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 908.2 + + Transitional Rules for Conformity Assessment Procedures + + +1. Except in respect of governmental conformity assessment +bodies, Article 908(2) shall impose no obligation and confer no +right on Mexico until four years after the date of entry into +force of this Agreement. + +2. Where a Party charges a reasonable fee, limited in amount to +the approximate cost of the service rendered, to accredit, +approve, license, or otherwise recognize a conformity assessment +body in the territory of another Party, it need not, prior to +December 31, 1998 or such earlier date as the Parties may agree, +charge such a fee to a conformity assessment body in its +territory. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 913 - A + + Land Transportation Standards Subcommittee + + +1. The Land Transportation Standards Subcommittee, established +under Article 913, shall comprise representatives of each Party. + +2. The Subcommittee shall implement the following work program +for making compatible the Parties' relevant standards-related +measures for: + + (a) motor carrier operations, + + (i) no later than one and one-half years from the + date of entry into force of this Agreement, for + non-medical standards-related measures + respecting drivers, including measures relating + to the age of and language used by drivers, + + (ii) no later than two and one-half years from the + date of entry into force of this Agreement, for + medical standards-related measures respecting + drivers, + + (iii) no later than three years from the date of entry + into force of this Agreement, for standards- + related measures respecting vehicles, including + measures relating to weights and dimensions, + tires, brakes, parts and accessories, securement + of cargo, maintenance and repair, inspections, + and emissions and environmental pollution levels + not covered by the Automotive Standards work + program established under Annex 913-C, + + (iv) no later than three years from the date of entry + into force of this Agreement, for standards- + related measures respecting each Party's + supervision of motor carriers' safety + compliance, and + + (v) no later than three years from the date of entry + into force of this Agreement, for standards- + related measures respecting road signs; + + (b) rail operations, + + (i) no later than one year from the date of entry + into force of this Agreement, for standards- + related measures respecting operating personnel + that are relevant to cross-border operations, + and + + (ii) no later than one year from the date of entry + into force of this Agreement, for standards- + related measures respecting locomotives and + other rail equipment; and + + (c) transportation of dangerous goods, no later than six + years from the date of entry into force of this + Agreement, using as their basis the United Nations + Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, or + such other standards as the Parties may agree. + +3. The Subcommittee may address other related standards-related +measures as it considers appropriate. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 913 - B + + Telecommunications Standards Subcommittee + + +1. The Telecommunications Standards Subcommittee, established +under Article 913, shall comprise representatives of each Party. + +2. The Subcommittee shall, within six months of the date of +entry into force of this Agreement, develop a work program, +including a timetable, for making compatible the Parties' +standards-related measures for authorized equipment as defined in +Chapter 13 (Telecommunications). + +3. The Subcommittee may address other appropriate standards- +related matters respecting telecommunications equipment or +services and such other matters as it considers appropriate. + +4. The Subcommittee shall take into account relevant work +carried out by the Parties in other forums, and that of non- +governmental standardizing bodies. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 913 - C + + Automotive Standards Council + + +1. The Automotive Standards Council, established under Article +913, shall comprise representatives of each Party. + +2. The purpose of the Council shall be, to the extent +practicable, to facilitate the attainment of compatibility among, +and review the implementation of, national standards-related +measures of the Parties that apply to automotive goods and other +related issues. + +3. To facilitate its objectives, the Council may establish +subgroups, consultation procedures and other appropriate +operational mechanisms. With the agreement of all the Parties, +the Council may include state and provincial government or +private sector representatives in its subgroups. + +4. All Council recommendations shall require agreement of all +the Parties. When the adoption of a new law is not required for +a Party, the Council's recommendations shall be implemented by +the Party within a reasonable period of time in accordance with +the legal and procedural requirements and international +obligations of the Party. Where the adoption of a new law is +required for a Party, the Party shall make best efforts to secure +the passage of such legislation and shall implement any new +legislation within a reasonable period of time. + +5. Recognizing the existing disparity in standards-related +measures, the Council shall develop its work program for making +compatible the national standards-related measures that apply to +automotive goods and other related issues based on the following +criteria: + + (a) the impact on industry integration; + + (b) the extent of the barriers to trade; + + (c) the level of trade affected; and + + (d) the extent of such disparity. + +In developing its work program, the Council may address other +closely related issues, including emissions from on-road and +non-road mobile sources. + +6. Each Party shall take such reasonable measures as may be +available to it to promote the objectives of this Annex with +respect to standards-related measures that are developed or +maintained by state, provincial and local authorities and private +sector organizations. The Council shall make every effort to +assist these entities with these activities, especially the +identification of priorities and the establishment of work +schedules. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 913 - D + + Subcommittee on Labelling of Textile and Apparel Goods + + +1. The Subcommittee on Labelling of Textile and Apparel Goods, +established under Article 913, shall comprise representatives of +each Party. + +2. This Subcommittee shall include, and consult with, technical +experts as well as a broadly representative group from the +manufacturing and retailing sectors in the territory of each +Party. + +3. The Subcommittee shall develop and pursue a Work Program on +the Harmonization of Labelling Requirements, to facilitate trade +in textile and apparel goods between the Parties through the +adoption of uniform labelling provisions. The agenda for this +Work Program should include the following issues: + + (a) pictograms and symbols to replace required written + information where possible as well as other methods to + reduce the need for labels on textile and apparel goods + in multiple languages; + + (b) care instructions for textile and apparel goods; + + (c) fiber content information for textile and apparel + goods; + + (d) uniform methods acceptable for the attachment of + required information to textile and apparel goods; and + + (e) use in the territory of other Parties of each Party's + national registration numbers for manufacturers or + importers of textile and apparel goods. + + + + Chapter Ten + + Government Procurement + + +Article 1001: Objectives + + The Parties shall strive to achieve the liberalization of +their measures regarding government procurement, as specified by +the obligations in this Chapter, so as to provide balanced, +non-discriminatory, predictable and transparent government +procurement opportunities for the suppliers of each Party. + + +Article 1002: Scope and Coverage + +1. Subject to Annexes 1002.1 through 1002.7, this Chapter applies +to any measure regarding the procurement of goods or services or +any combination thereof, by any entity listed in Annex 1002.1 +(Federal Government Entities), Annex 1002.3 (Government +Enterprises) and, when completed, Annex 1002.2 (State and +Provincial Government Entities), where the value of the contract to +be awarded is estimated, at the time of publication of a notice in +accordance with Article 1010 (Invitation to Participate), to equal +or exceed the applicable threshold as set forth in paragraph 3. + +2. Where the contract to be awarded by the entity is not covered +by this Chapter, this Chapter shall not be construed to cover any +good or service component of that contract. However, no Party shall +prepare, design or otherwise structure any procurement contract in +order to avoid the obligations of this Chapter. + +3. Subject to Annex 1002-A, the applicable thresholds in U.S. +dollars are: + + (a) for entities listed in Annex 1002.1 (Federal Government + Entities), + + (i) $50,000 for goods contracts, + + (ii) $50,000 for services contracts, except for + construction services contracts, and + + (iii) $6.5 million for construction services + contracts; and + + (b) for entities listed in Annex 1002.3 (Government + Enterprises) + + (i) $250,000 for goods contracts, + + (ii) $250,000 for services contracts, except for + construction services contracts, and + + (iii) $8.0 million for construction services + contracts. + +4. Threshold values are denominated in real terms and therefore +shall incorporate the inflation rate of the United States. The +United States shall, every two years, calculate and notify to the +other Parties the threshold values denominated in nominal terms +according to of Annex 1002.8 (1) (Indexation and Conversion of +Thresholds). + +5. Each Party shall comply with Annex 1002.8 with respect to the +calculation and conversion of the value of thresholds into national +currencies. + +6. For purposes of this Chapter, procurement includes procurement +by such methods as purchase, lease or rental, with or without an +option to buy, in accordance with the thresholds and coverage +applicable in this Chapter. Procurement does not include the +acquisition of fiscal agency or depository services, liquidation +and management services for regulated financial institutions and +sale and distribution services for government debt. + +7. As between any Parties who are also party to the GATT +Agreement on Government Procurement or any successor agreement to +which such Parties are party, this Chapter shall prevail to the +extent of any inconsistency between the provisions of such +agreement and this Chapter. + + +Article 1003: Valuation of Contracts + +1. Each Party shall ensure that its entities, in determining +whether any contract is subject to this Chapter, apply paragraphs +2 through 6 in calculating the value of that contract. + +2. An entity, in calculating the value of a contract, shall take +into account all forms of remuneration, including premiums, fees, +commissions and interest. + +3. An entity shall not select a valuation method, or divide +procurement requirements into separate contracts, to avoid the +application of this Chapter. + +4. Where an individual requirement for a procurement results in: + + (a) the award of more than one contract, or + + (b) in contracts being awarded in separate parts, + +the basis for valuation shall be either: + + (c) the actual value of similar recurring contracts concluded + over the previous fiscal year or 12 months adjusted, + where possible, for anticipated changes in quantity and + value over the subsequent twelve months; or + + (d) the estimated value of recurring contracts in the fiscal + year or 12 months subsequent to the initial contract. + +5. In the case of a contract for lease or rental, with or without +an option to buy, or in the case of a contract that does not +specify a total price, the basis for valuation shall be: + + (a) in the case of a fixed-term contract, where the term is + 12 months or less, the total contract value for its + duration or, where the term exceeds 12 months, the total + contract value including the estimated residual value; or + + (b) in the case of a contract for an indefinite period, the + estimated monthly installment multiplied by 48. + +If the entity is uncertain as to whether a contract is for a fixed +or an indefinite term, the entity shall calculate the value of the +contract using the method set forth in subparagraph (b). + +6. In cases in which tender documentation specifies the need for +optional purchases, the basis for valuation shall be the total +value of the maximum permissible procurement, inclusive of all +possible optional purchases. + + +Article 1004: National Treatment and Non-discrimination + +1. With respect to all measures regarding government procurement +covered by this Chapter, each Party shall accord to goods of any +other Party, as determined in accordance with the rules of origin +referred to in Article 1005(1) (Rules of Origin), to services of +any other Party, as determined in accordance with Article 1005(2), +and to the suppliers of such goods or services, treatment no less +favorable than the most favorable treatment that it accords to: + + (a) goods, services and suppliers of that Party; and + + (b) goods, services and suppliers of any other Party. + +2. With respect to all measures regarding government procurement +covered by this Chapter, no Party may: + + (a) treat a locally established supplier less favorably than + another locally established supplier on the basis of + degree of foreign affiliation or ownership; or + + (b) discriminate against a locally established supplier if + the goods or services offered by that supplier for the + particular procurement are goods or services of any other + Party. + +3. Paragraph 1 does not apply to customs duties and charges of +any kind imposed on or in connection with importation, the method +of levying such duties and charges, and other import regulations, +including restrictions and formalities. + +4. Each Party reserves the right to deny to an enterprise of any +other Party the benefits of this Chapter in accordance with the +provisions of Article 1113 (Denial of Benefits), except +subparagraph (a). + + +Article 1005: Rules of Origin + +1. No Party shall apply to goods that are imported from any other +Party for purposes of government procurement covered by this +Chapter, rules of origin that are different from or inconsistent +with the rules of origin the Party applies in the normal course of +trade, which will be the non-preferential rules set out in Chapter +Three (for country of origin marking purposes) at such time as they +become the rules of origin applied in the normal course of trade. + +2. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, a Party +may deny to an enterprise that is a supplier of services of another +Party the benefits of this Chapter if: + + (a) nationals of any non-Party own or control that + enterprise; and + + (b) that enterprise has no substantial business activities in + the territory of the Party under whose laws it is + constituted. + + +Article 1006: Prohibition of Offsets + + Each Party shall ensure that its entities do not, in the +qualification and selection of suppliers, goods or services, or in +the evaluation of bids and the award of contracts, consider, seek +or impose offsets. + + +Article 1007: Technical Specifications + +1. Each Party shall ensure that its entities do not, with the +purpose or the effect of creating unnecessary obstacles to trade, +prepare, adopt or apply any technical specification laying down: + + (a) the characteristics of the goods or services to be + procured such as quality, performance, safety and + dimensions, symbols, terminology, packaging, marking and + labelling; + + (b) the processes and methods for their production related to + the goods characteristics; or + + (c) requirements relating to conformity assessment. + +2. Each Party shall ensure that any technical specification +prescribed by its entities is, where appropriate: + + (a) specified in terms of performance criteria rather than + design or descriptive characteristics; and + + (b) based on international standards, national technical + regulations, recognized national standards or building + codes. + +3. Each Party shall ensure that the technical specifications +prescribed by its entities do not require or refer to a particular +trademark or name, patent, design or type, specific origin or +producer or service provider unless there is no sufficiently +precise or intelligible way of otherwise describing the procurement +requirements and provided that, in such cases, words such as "or +equivalent" are included in the tender documentation. + +4. Each Party shall ensure that its entities do not seek or +accept, in a manner that would have the effect of precluding +competition, advice that may be used in the preparation or adoption +of any technical specification for a specific procurement from a +person that may have a commercial interest in that procurement. + + +Article 1008:Tendering Procedures + +1. Each Party shall ensure that the tendering procedures of its +entities: + + (a) are applied in a non-discriminatory manner; and + + (b) are consistent with the provisions of this Article and + with Articles 1009 (Qualification of Suppliers) through + 1016 (Limited Tendering). + +2. In this regard, each Party shall ensure that its entities: + + (a) do not provide to any supplier information with regard to + a specific procurement in a manner that would have the + effect of precluding competition; and + + (b) provide all suppliers equal access to information with + respect to a procurement during the period prior to the + issuance of any notice or tender documentation. + + +Article 1009: Qualification of Suppliers + +1. No entity of a Party may, in the process of qualifying +suppliers in tendering procedures, discriminate between suppliers +of the other Parties or between domestic suppliers and suppliers of +the other Parties. + +2. The qualification procedures followed by an entity of a Party +shall be consistent with the following: + + (a) any conditions for participation by suppliers in + tendering procedures shall be published sufficiently in + advance so as to provide the suppliers adequate time to + initiate and, to the extent that it is compatible with + efficient operation of the procurement process, to + complete the qualification procedures; + + (b) any conditions for participation by suppliers in + tendering procedures, including financial guarantees, + technical qualifications and information necessary for + establishing the financial, commercial and technical + capacity of suppliers, as well as the verification of + whether a supplier meets those conditions, shall be + limited to those that are essential to ensure the + fulfillment of the contract in question; + + (c) the financial, commercial and technical capacity of a + supplier shall be judged both on the basis of that + supplier's global business activity and its activity, if + any, in the territory of the Party of the procuring + entity; + + (d) no entity may misuse the process of, including the time + required for, qualification in order to exclude suppliers + of any other Party from a suppliers' list or from being + considered for a particular procurement; + + (e) an entity shall recognize as qualified suppliers those + suppliers of any other Party that meet the conditions for + participation in a particular procurement; + + (f) an entity shall consider for a particular procurement + those suppliers of any other Party that request to + participate in the procurement and that are not yet + qualified, provided there is sufficient time to complete + the qualification procedure; + + (g) an entity that maintains a permanent list of qualified + suppliers shall ensure that suppliers may apply for + qualification at any time, that all qualified suppliers + so requesting are included in the list within a + reasonably short period of time and that all qualified + suppliers included in the list are notified of the + termination of any such list or of their removal from it; + + (h) if, after publication of a notice in accordance with + Article 1010 (Invitation to Participate), a supplier that + is not yet qualified requests to participate in a + particular procurement, the entity shall promptly start + the qualification procedure; + + (i) an entity shall advise any supplier that requests to + become a qualified supplier of its decision as to whether + that supplier has become qualified; and + + (j) where an entity rejects a supplier's application to + qualify or ceases to recognize a supplier as qualified, + the entity shall, upon request of the supplier, promptly + provide pertinent information concerning the entity's + reasons for doing so. + +3. Each Party shall: + + (a) ensure that each of its entities uses a single + qualification procedure, except that an entity may use + additional qualification procedures where the entity + determines the need for a different procedure and is + prepared, upon request of any other Party, to demonstrate + such need; and + + (b) make efforts to minimize differences in the qualification + procedures of its entities. + +4. Nothing in paragraphs 2 and 3 shall prevent an entity from +excluding any supplier on grounds such as bankruptcy or false +declarations. + + +Article 1010: Invitation to Participate + +1. An entity shall, in accordance with paragraphs 2, 3 and 5, +publish an invitation to participate for all procurements, except +as otherwise provided for in Article 1016 (Limited Tendering), in +the appropriate publication listed in Annex 1010.1 (Publications). + +2. The invitation to participate shall take the form of a notice +of proposed procurement, which notice shall contain the following +information: + + (a) a description of the nature and quantity of the goods or + services to be procured, including any options for + further procurement and, if possible + + (i) an estimate of the timing when such options may be + exercised, and + + (ii) in the case of recurring contracts, an estimate of + the timing of the subsequent tender notices for the + goods or services to be procured; + + (b) a statement as to whether the procedure is open or + selective and whether it will involve negotiation; + + (c) any date for starting delivery, or completion of + delivery, of goods or services to be procured; + + (d) the address to which an application to be invited to + tender or to qualify for the suppliers' lists must be + submitted, the final date for receiving such an + application and the language or languages in which it may + be submitted; + + (e) the address to which tenders must be submitted, the final + date for receiving tenders and the language or languages + in which tenders may be submitted; + + (f) the address of the entity that will award the contract + and that will provide any information necessary for + obtaining specifications and other documents; + + (g) a statement of any economic and technical requirements to + be met and of any financial guarantees, information and + documents required from suppliers; + + (h) the amount and terms of payment of any sum payable for + the tender documentation; and + + (i) a statement as to whether the entity is inviting offers + for purchase, lease or rental with or without an option + to buy, or more than one of these methods. + +3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, any entity listed in Annex 1002.2 +(State and Provincial Government Entities) or Annex 1002.3 +(Government Enterprises) may use, as an invitation to participate, +a notice of planned procurement, which shall contain as much of the +information referred to in paragraph 2 as is available to the +entity but which shall include, at a minimum, the following +information: + + (a) a description of the subject matter of the procurement; + + (b) the time limits set for the receipt of tenders or an + application to be invited to tender; + + (c) the address at which requests for documents relating to + the procurement should be made; + + (d) a statement that interested suppliers should express + their interest in the procurement to the entity; and + + (e) the identification of a contact point within the entity + from which further information may be obtained. + +4. Any entity that uses a notice of planned procurement as an +invitation to participate shall subsequently invite suppliers that +have expressed an interest in the procurement to confirm their +interest on the basis of information provided by the entity, which +information shall include at least the information referred to in +paragraph 2. + +5. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, any entity listed in Annex 1002.2 +(State and Provincial Government Entities) or Annex 1002.3 +(Government Enterprises) may use, as an invitation to participate, +a notice regarding a qualification system. Any entity that uses +such a notice shall, subject to the considerations referred to +Article 1015 (8) (Submission, Receipt and Opening of Tenders and +Awarding of Contracts), provide in a timely manner information that +allows all suppliers that have expressed an interest in +participating in the procurement to have a meaningful opportunity +to assess their interest. The information shall normally include +the information contained in the notices referred to in paragraph +2. Information provided to one interested supplier shall be +provided in a non-discriminatory manner to all other interested +suppliers. + +6. In the case of selective tendering procedures, any entity that +maintains a permanent list of qualified suppliers shall publish +annually in one of the publications listed in Annex 1010.1 +(Publications) a notice containing the following information: + + (a) an enumeration of any lists maintained, including their + headings, in relation to the goods or services or + categories of goods or services to be procured through + the lists; + + (b) the conditions to be fulfilled by suppliers in view of + their inscription on the lists referred to in + subparagraph (a) and the methods according to which each + of those conditions will be verified by the entity + concerned; and + + (c) the period of validity of the lists and the formalities + for their renewal. + +7. If, after publication of an invitation to participate, but +before the time set for the opening or receipt of tenders as +specified in the notices or the tender documentation, an entity +finds that it has become necessary to amend or reissue the notice +or tender documentation, the entity shall ensure that the amended +or reissued notice or tender documentation is given the same +circulation as the original. Any significant information given by +an entity to one supplier with respect to a particular procurement +shall be given simultaneously to all other suppliers concerned and +sufficiently in advance so as to provide all suppliers concerned +adequate time to consider such information and to respond to it. + +8. An entity shall indicate, in the notices referred to in this +Article or in the publication in which the notices appear, that the +procurement is covered by this Chapter. + + +Article 1011: Selective Tendering Procedures + +1. To ensure optimum effective competition between the suppliers +of all Parties under selective tendering procedures, an entity of +a Party shall, for each procurement, invite tenders from the +maximum number of domestic suppliers and suppliers of the other +Parties, consistent with the efficient operation of the procurement +system. + +2. Subject to paragraph 3, any entity that maintains a permanent +list of qualified suppliers may select suppliers to be invited to +tender for a particular procurement from among those listed. In the +process of making any selection, the entity shall provide for +equitable opportunities for suppliers on the list. + +3. Subject to Article 1009 (2)(f) (Qualification of Suppliers), +an entity shall allow any supplier that requests to participate in +a particular procurement to submit a tender and shall consider the +tender. The number of additional suppliers permitted to participate +shall be limited only by the efficient operation of the procurement +system. + +4. If an entity does not invite or admit a supplier to tender, +the entity shall, upon request of the supplier, promptly provide +pertinent information concerning its reasons for not doing so. + + +Article 1012: Time Limits for Tendering and Delivery + +1. An entity of a Party shall: + + (a) in prescribing any time limit, provide adequate time to + allow suppliers of the other Parties to prepare and + submit tenders before the closing of the tendering + procedures; + + (b) in determining any time limit, consistent with its own + reasonable needs, take into account such factors as the + complexity of the procurement, the extent of + subcontracting anticipated, and the time normally + required for transmitting tenders by mail from foreign as + well as domestic points; and + + (c) take due account of publication delays when setting the + final date for receipt of tenders or applications to be + invited to tender. + +2. Subject to paragraph 3, an entity shall provide that: + + (a) in open procedures, the period for the receipt of tenders + is no less than 40 days from the date of publication of + the notice referred to in Article 1010 (Invitation to + Participate); + + (b) in selective procedures not involving the use of a + permanent list of qualified suppliers, the period for + submitting an application to be invited to tender is no + less than 25 days from the date of publication of the + notice referred to in Article 1010 (Invitation to + Participate), and the period for receipt of tenders is no + less than 40 days from the date of issuance of the + invitation to tender; and + + (c) in selective procedures involving the use of a permanent + list of qualified suppliers, the period for receipt of + tenders is no less than 40 days from the date of the + initial issuance of invitations to tender. If the date of + initial issuance of invitations to tender does not + coincide with the date of publication of the notice + referred to in Article 1010 (Invitation to Participate), + there shall not be less than 40 days between those two + dates. + +3. An entity may reduce the periods referred to in paragraph 2 in +accordance with the following: + + (a) where a notice referred to Article 1010 (3) or (5) + (Invitation to Participate) has been published for a + period of no less than 40 days and no more than 12 + months, the 40 day limit for receipt of tenders may be + reduced to no less than 24 days; + + (b) in the case of the second or subsequent publications + dealing with recurring contracts within the meaning of + Article 1010 (2) (Invitation to Participate), the 40 day + limit for receipt of tenders may be reduced to no less + than 24 days; + + (c) where a state of urgency duly substantiated by the entity + renders impracticable the periods in question, the + periods may be reduced to no less than 10 days from the + date of publication of the notice referred to in Article + 1010 (Invitation to Participate); or + + (d) where an entity listed in Annex 1002.2 (State and + Provincial Government Entities) or Annex 1002.3 + (Government Enterprises) is using as an invitation to + participate a notice referred to in of Article 1010 (5) + (Invitation to Participate), the periods may be fixed by + mutual agreement between the entity and all selected + suppliers; but in the absence of agreement, the entity + may fix periods which shall be sufficiently long to + enable responsive bidding and shall not be less than 10 + days. + +4. An entity shall, in establishing any delivery date for goods +or services and consistent with its own reasonable needs, take into +account such factors as the complexity of the procurement, the +extent of subcontracting anticipated and the time realistically +required for production, destocking and transport of goods from the +points of supply. + + +Article 1013: Tender Documentation + +1. Where an entity provides tender documentation to suppliers, +the documentation shall contain all information necessary to permit +suppliers to submit responsive tenders, including information +required to be published in the notice of procurement, except for +Article 1010 (2)(h) (Invitation to Participate). It must also +include the following information: + + (a) the address of the entity to which tenders should be + sent; + + (b) the address where requests for supplementary information + should be sent; + + (c) the language or languages in which tenders and tendering + documents may be submitted; + + (d) the closing date and time for receipt of tenders and the + length of time during which any tender should be open for + acceptance; + + (e) the persons authorized to be present at the opening of + tenders and the date, time and place of the opening; + + (f) a statement of any economic and technical requirement to + be met and of any financial guarantee, information and + documents required from suppliers; + + (g) a complete description of the goods or services required + and any requirements to be fulfilled, including technical + specifications, conformity certification and necessary + plans, drawings and instructional materials; + + (h) the criteria for awarding the contract, including any + factors other than price that are to be considered in the + evaluation of tenders and the cost elements to be + included in evaluating tender prices, such as transport, + insurance and inspection costs, and in the case of goods + or services of any other Party, customs duties and other + import charges, taxes and currency of payment; + + (i) the terms of payment; and + + (j) any other terms or conditions. + +2. An entity shall: + + (a) forward tender documentation at the request of any + supplier that is participating in open procedures or has + requested to participate in selective procedures, and + reply promptly to any reasonable request for explanations + relating thereto; and + + (b) reply promptly to any reasonable request for relevant + information made by a supplier participating in the + tendering procedure, on condition that such information + does not give that supplier an advantage over its + competitors in the procedure for the award of the + contract. + + +Article 1014: Negotiation Disciplines + +1. An entity may conduct negotiations: + + (a) in the context of procurements in which the entity has, + in the notice referred to in Article 1010 (Invitation to + Participate), indicated its intent to negotiate; or + + (b) when it appears from the evaluation of the tenders that + no one tender is obviously the most advantageous in terms + of the specific evaluation criteria set forth in the + notices or tender documentation. + +2. Negotiations shall be used primarily to identify the strengths +and weaknesses in the tenders. + +3. An entity shall treat all tenders in confidence. In +particular, an entity may not provide to any person information +intended to assist any supplier to bring its tender up to the level +of any other tender. + +4. An entity may not, in the course of negotiations, discriminate +between different suppliers. In particular, an entity shall: + + (a) carry out any elimination of suppliers in accordance with + the criteria set forth in the notices and tender + documentation; + + (b) provide in writing all modifications to the criteria or + to the technical requirements to all suppliers remaining + in the negotiations; + + (c) permit all remaining suppliers to submit new or amended + tenders on the basis of the revised criteria or + requirements; and + + (d) when negotiations are concluded, permit all remaining + suppliers to submit final tenders in accordance with a + common deadline. + + +Article 1015: Submission, Receipt and Opening of Tenders and + Awarding of Contracts + +1. An entity shall use procedures for the submission, receipt and +opening of tenders and the awarding of contracts that are +consistent with the following: + + (a) tenders shall normally be submitted in writing directly + or by mail; + + (b) if tenders by telex, telegram, telecopy or other means of + electronic transmission are permitted, the tender made + thereby must include all the information necessary for + the evaluation of the tender, in particular the + definitive price proposed by the supplier and a statement + that the supplier agrees to all the terms, conditions and + provisions of the invitation to tender; + + (c) a tender made by telex, telegram, telecopy or other means + of electronic transmission must be confirmed promptly by + letter or by the dispatch of a signed copy of the telex, + telegram, telecopy or electronic message; + + (d) the content of the telex, telegram, telecopy or + electronic message shall prevail where there is a + difference or conflict between that content and the + content of any documentation received after the time + limit for submission of tenders; + + (e) tenders presented by telephone shall not be permitted; + + (f) requests to participate in selective tendering procedures + may be submitted by telex, telegram or telecopy and if + permitted, may be submitted by other means of electronic + transmission; and + + (g) the opportunities that may be given to suppliers to + correct unintentional errors of form between the opening + of tenders and the awarding of the contract shall not be + permitted to give rise to any discriminatory practice. + +In this paragraph, "means of electronic transmission" consists of +means capable of producing for the recipient at the destination of +the transmission a printed copy of the tender. + +2. An entity may not penalize a supplier whose tender is received +in the office designated in the tender documentation after the time +specified for receiving tenders if the delay is due solely to +mishandling on the part of the entity. An entity may also consider, +in exceptional circumstances, tenders received after the time +specified for receiving tenders if the entity's procedures so +provide. + +3. All tenders solicited by an entity under open or selective +procedures shall be received and opened under procedures and +conditions guaranteeing the regularity of the openings. The entity +shall retain the information on the opening of tenders and the +information shall remain at the disposal of the competent +authorities of the respective Party so that it may be used if +required under the procedures of Article 1017 (Bid Challenge), +Article 1019 (Provision of Information) or Chapter Twenty +(Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement Procedures). + +4. An entity shall award contracts in accordance with the +following: + + (a) to be considered for award, a tender must, at the time of + opening, conform to the essential requirements of the + notices or tender documentation and have been submitted + by a supplier that complies with the conditions for + participation; + + (b) if the entity has received a tender that is abnormally + lower in price than other tenders submitted, the entity + may enquire of the supplier to ensure that it can comply + with the conditions of participation and is or will be + capable of fulfilling the terms of the contract; + + (c) unless the entity decides in the public interest not to + award the contract, the entity shall make the award to + the supplier that has been determined to be fully capable + of undertaking the contract and whose tender is either + the lowest tender or the tender that in terms of the + specific evaluation criteria set forth in the notices or + tender documentation is determined to be the most + advantageous; + + (d) awards shall be made in accordance with the criteria and + essential requirements specified in the tender + documentation; and + + (e) option clauses shall not be used in a manner that + circumvents the provisions of this Chapter. + +5. No entity of a Party shall make it a condition of the awarding +of a contract that the supplier has previously been awarded one or +more contracts by an entity of that Party, or that the supplier has +prior work experience within the territory of that Party. + +6. An entity shall: + + (a) upon request, promptly inform suppliers participating in + tendering procedures of decisions on contract awards and, + if so requested, inform them in writing; and + + (b) upon request of a supplier whose tender was not selected + for award, provide pertinent information to that supplier + concerning the reasons for not selecting its tender and + the characteristics and relevant advantages of the tender + selected, as well as the name of the winning supplier. + +7. An entity shall publish a notice in the appropriate +publication listed in Annex 1010.1 (Publications) no later than 72 +days after the award of a contract, which notice shall contain the +following information: + + (a) a description of the nature and quantity of goods or + services included in the contract; + + (b) the name and address of the entity awarding the contract; + + (c) the date of the award; + + (d) the name and address of each winning supplier; + + (e) the value of the contract, or the highest and lowest + tenders considered in the process of awarding the + contract; and + + (f) the tendering procedure used. + +8. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article, an entity +may withhold certain information on the award of a contract, where +disclosure of such information would impede law enforcement or +otherwise be contrary to the public interest or would prejudice the +legitimate commercial interest of a particular person, or might +prejudice fair competition between suppliers. + + +Article 1016: Limited Tendering + +1. An entity of a Party may, in the circumstances and subject to +the conditions specified in paragraph 2, deviate from the +provisions of Articles 1008 (Tendering Procedures) through 1015 +(Submission, Receipt and Opening of Tenders and Awarding of +Contracts), provided that such limited tendering is not used with +a view to avoiding maximum possible competition or in a manner that +would constitute a means of discrimination between suppliers of the +other Parties or protection of domestic suppliers. + +2. An entity may use limited tendering in the following +circumstances and subject to the following conditions, as +applicable: + + (a) in the absence of tenders in response to an open or + selective tender, or when the tenders submitted either + have resulted from collusion or do not conform to the + essential requirements of the tender documentation, or + when the tenders submitted come from suppliers who do not + comply with the conditions for participation provided for + in accordance with this Chapter, on condition that the + requirements of the initial procurement are not + substantially modified in the contract as awarded; + + (b) when, for works of art or for reasons connected with the + protection of patents, copyrights or other exclusive + rights, proprietary information, confidential consulting + services or, when there is an absence of competition for + technical reasons, the goods or services can be supplied + only by a particular supplier and no reasonable + alternative or substitute exists; + + (c) in so far as is strictly necessary when, for reasons of + extreme urgency brought about by events unforeseeable by + the entity, the goods or services could not be obtained + in time by means of open or selective tendering + procedures; + + (d) for additional deliveries by the original supplier that + are intended either as replacement parts or continuing + services for existing supplies, services or + installations, or as the extension of existing supplies, + services or installations, when a change of supplier + would compel the entity to procure equipment or services + not meeting requirements of interchangeability with + already existing equipment or services, including + software to the extent that the initial procurement of + the software was covered by this Chapter; + + (e) when an entity procures a prototype or a first good or + service that is developed at its request in the course + of, and for, a particular contract for research, + experiment, study or original development. When such + contracts have been fulfilled, subsequent procurements of + goods or services shall be subject to Articles 1008 + (Tendering Procedures) through 1015 (Submission, Receipt + and Opening of Tenders and Awarding of Contracts). + Original development of a first good may include limited + production in order to incorporate the results of field + testing and to demonstrate that the good is suitable for + production in quantity to acceptable quality standards. + It does not extend to quantity production to establish + commercial viability or to recover research and + development costs; + + (f) for goods purchased on a commodity market; + + (g) for purchases made under exceptionally advantageous + conditions that only arise in the very short term. This + provision is intended to cover unusual disposals by firms + which are not normally suppliers; or disposal of assets + of businesses in liquidation or receivership. It is not + intended to cover routine purchases from regular + suppliers; and + + (h) for a contract awarded to the winner of an architectural + design contest, on condition that the contest + + (i) has been organized in a manner that is consistent + with the principles of this Chapter, notably as + regards the publication, in the sense of Article + 1010 (Invitation to Participate), of an invitation + to suitably qualified suppliers to participate in + the contest, + + (ii) has been organized with a view to awarding the + design contract to the winner, and + + (iii) is to be judged by an independent jury. + +3. An entity shall prepare a report in writing on each contract +awarded by it under the provisions of paragraph 2. Each report +shall contain the name of the procuring entity, indicate the value +and kind of goods or services procured, the name of the country of +origin, and a statement indicating the circumstances and conditions +described in paragraph 2 that justified the use of limited +tendering. Each report shall remain with the entity concerned at +the disposal of the competent authorities of the respective Party, +so that it may be used if required under the procedures of Article +1017 (Bid Challenge), Article 1019 (Provision of Information) or +Chapter 20 (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement Procedures). + + +Article 1017: Bid Challenge + +1. In order to promote fair, open and impartial procurement +procedures, each Party shall adopt and maintain bid challenge +procedures for procurements covered by this Chapter in accordance +with the following: + + (a) each Party shall allow suppliers of any good or service + of another Party to submit bid challenges concerning any + aspect of the procurement process, which for purposes of + this Article begins after an entity has decided on its + procurement requirement, leading up to and including the + contract award; + + (b) a Party may encourage a supplier to seek a resolution of + any complaint with the entity concerned prior to + initiating a bid challenge; + + (c) each Party shall ensure that its entities accord fair and + timely consideration to any complaint regarding + procurement covered by this Chapter; + + (d) whether or not a supplier has attempted to resolve its + complaint with the entity, or upon an unsuccessful + attempt at such a resolution, no Party shall prevent the + supplier from initiating a bid challenge or seeking any + other relief available to such supplier; + + (e) a Party may require a supplier to notify the entity upon + initiation of a bid challenge; + + (f) a Party may limit the period within which a supplier may + initiate a bid challenge, but in no case shall the period + be less than 10 working days from the time when the basis + of the complaint became known, or reasonably should have + become known, to the supplier; + + (g) each Party shall establish or designate a reviewing + authority with no substantial interest in the outcome of + procurements to receive bid challenges and make findings + and recommendations concerning them; + + (h) upon receipt of a bid challenge, the reviewing authority + shall expeditiously investigate the challenge, and may be + required to limit its considerations to the challenge + itself; + + (i) in investigating the challenge, the reviewing authority + may delay the awarding of the proposed contract pending + resolution of the challenge, except in cases of urgency + or where such a delay would be contrary to the public + interest; + + (j) the reviewing authority shall issue a recommendation to + resolve the challenge, which may include directing the + entity to reevaluate offers, terminate or re-compete the + contract in question; + + (k) entities normally shall follow the recommendations of the + reviewing authority; + + (l) each Party should authorize its reviewing authority, + following the conclusion of a bid challenge, to make + additional recommendations in writing to an entity + respecting any facet of the entity's procurement process + that is identified as problematic during the + investigation of the challenge, including recommendations + for changes in the procurement procedures of the entity + to bring them into conformity with the obligations of + this Chapter; + + (m) the reviewing authority shall provide its findings and + recommendations respecting bid challenges in writing and + in a timely manner, and shall make them available to the + Parties and all interested persons; + + (n) each Party shall specify in writing and shall make + generally available all its bid challenge procedures; and + + (o) each Party shall ensure that each of its entities + maintains complete documentation concerning each of its + procurements, including a written record of all + communications substantially affecting each procurement, + for at least three years from the date the contract was + awarded, to allow verification that the procurement + process was carried out in accordance with the + obligations of this Chapter. + +2. A Party may require that a bid challenge be initiated only +after the notice of procurement has been published or, where a +notice is not published, after tender documentation has been made +available. If a Party imposes such a requirement, the 10 working +day period described in paragraph 1(f) shall begin not earlier than +the date that the notice is published or the tender documentation +is made available. + + +Article 1018: Exceptions + +1. Notwithstanding Article 2102 (National Security), for purposes +of this Chapter nothing shall be construed to prevent a Party from +taking any action or not disclosing any information which it +considers necessary for the protection of its essential security +interests relating to the procurement of arms, ammunition or war +materials, or to procurement indispensable for national security or +for national defense purposes. + +2. Provided that such measures are not applied in a manner that +would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable +discrimination between Parties where the same conditions prevail or +a disguised restriction on trade between the Parties, nothing in +this Chapter shall be construed to prevent any Party from adopting +or maintaining measures: + + (a) necessary to protect public morals, order or safety; + + (b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or + health; + + (c) necessary to protect intellectual property; or + + (d) relating to goods or services of handicapped persons, of + philanthropic institutions or of prison labor. + + +Article 1019: Provision of Information + +1. Each Party shall promptly publish any law, regulation, +precedential judicial decision, administrative ruling of general +application and any procedure, including standard contract clauses, +regarding government procurement covered by this Chapter in the +appropriate publications listed in Annex 1010.1 (Publications). + +2. Each Party shall: + + (a) be prepared, upon request, to explain to any other Party + its government procurement procedures; and + + (b) ensure that its entities, upon request from a supplier, + promptly explain their procurement practices and + procedures. + +3. A Party may seek such additional information on the award of +the contract as may be necessary to determine whether the +procurement was made fairly and impartially, in particular with +respect to unsuccessful tenders and further to Article 1015(6) +(Submission, Receipt and Opening of Tenders and Awarding +Contracts). To this end, the Party of the procuring entity shall +provide information on both the characteristics and relative +advantages of the winning tender and the contract price. In cases +where release of this information would prejudice competition in +future tenders, the information shall not be released except after +consultation with and agreement of the Party which gave the +information to the requesting Party. + +4. Each Party shall provide, upon request, to any other Party, +information available to that Party and its entities concerning +covered procurement of its entities and the individual contracts +awarded by its entities. + +5. No Party shall disclose confidential information the +disclosure of which would prejudice the legitimate commercial +interests of a particular person or might prejudice fair +competition between suppliers, without the formal authorization of +the person that provided the information to that Party. + +6. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed as requiring any +Party to disclose confidential information the disclosure of which +would impede law enforcement or otherwise be contrary to the public +interest. + +7. With a view to ensuring effective monitoring of procurement +covered by this Chapter, each Party shall collect statistics and +provide to the other Parties each year an annual report in +accordance with the following reporting requirements, unless the +Parties unanimously agree to modify such requirements: + + (a) statistics on the estimated value of all contracts + awarded, both above and below the applicable threshold + values, broken down by entities; + + (b) statistics on the number and total value of contracts + covered by this Chapter above the applicable threshold + values, broken down by entities, categories of goods or + services according to uniform classification systems to + be determined by the Parties, and country of origin of + the contract; + + (c) statistics, broken down by entities, and by categories of + goods or services, on the number and total value of + contracts awarded under each use of the procedures + described in Article 1016 (Limited Tendering), and + country of origin of the contract; and + + (d) statistics, broken down by entities, on the number and + total value of contracts awarded under derogations to the + Chapter listed in the appropriate annexes. + +8. With respect to the reports described in paragraph 7 that +pertain to entities listed in Annex 1002.2 (State and Provincial +Government Entities), each Party may organize such reports by state +or province. + +9. Each Party shall give favorable consideration, where +appropriate, to a request from any other Party for the exchange of +additional information on a reciprocal basis. + +10. The Parties shall undertake and complete by the date of entry +into force of this Agreement further technical work to make +available the complete goods and services classification list to be +used by their entities in procuring goods and services under this +Chapter and develop concordances between each of these systems, +and, if necessary, the agreed uniform system. + + +Article 1020: Technical Cooperation + +1. The Parties shall cooperate, on mutually agreed terms, to +increase understanding of their respective government procurement +systems, with a view to maximizing access to government procurement +opportunities for the suppliers of all Parties. + +2. Each Party shall provide to the other Parties and to the +suppliers of such Parties, on a cost recovery basis, information +concerning training and orientation programs regarding its +government procurement system, and access on a non-discriminatory +basis to such programs as it conducts. + +3. The training and orientation programs referred to in paragraph +2 include: + + (a) training of personnel directly involved in government + procurement procedures; + + (b) training of suppliers interested in pursuing government + procurement opportunities; + + (c) explanation and description of specific elements of each + Party's government procurement system, such as the bid + challenge mechanism; and + + (d) information about government procurement market + opportunities. + +4. Each Party shall establish at least one contact point to +provide the information regarding the training and orientation +programs pertaining to its government procurement system. + + +Article 1021: Joint Programs for Small Business + +1. The Parties shall establish, within 12 months after the date +of entry into force of this Agreement, the Committee on Small +Business comprising representatives of the Parties. The Committee +shall meet as mutually agreed, but no less than once a year, and +shall report annually to the Commission on the efforts of the +Parties to promote government procurement opportunities for their +small businesses. + +2. The Committee shall work to facilitate the following +activities of the Parties: + + (a) identification of available opportunities for the + training of small business personnel in their government + procurement procedures; + + (b) identification of small businesses interested in becoming + trading partners of small businesses in the territory of + any other Party; + + (c) development of data bases of small businesses in the + territory of each Party for use by entities of any other + Party wishing to procure from small businesses; + + (d) consultations regarding the factors that each Party uses + in establishing its criteria for eligibility for small + business programs, if any; and + + (e) actions to address any related matter. + + +Article 1022: Rectifications or Modifications + +1. A Party may make modifications to its coverage under this +Chapter only in exceptional circumstances. + +2. Where a Party makes modifications to its coverage under this +Chapter, the Party shall: + + (a) notify the other Parties and its Section of the + Secretariat of the modification; + + (b) reflect the change in its schedule of the appropriate + Annex; and + + (c) propose to the other Parties appropriate compensatory + adjustments to its coverage in order to maintain a + comparable level of coverage as existed prior to the + modification. + +The other Parties shall consider whether any proposed adjustment +made pursuant to subparagraph (c) is adequate to maintain a +comparable level of the mutually agreed coverage under this +Chapter. Where any Party does not agree that the proposed +adjustment is sufficient, it may have recourse to dispute +settlement procedures under Chapter Twenty (Institutional +Arrangements and Dispute Settlement Procedures). + +3. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, a Party may make +rectifications of a purely formal nature and minor amendments to +its Annexes 1002.1 through 1002.7, provided that it notifies such +rectifications to the other Parties and its Section of the +Secretariat, and any other Party does not object to such proposed +rectification within 30 days. In such cases, subparagraph 2(c) +shall not apply. If a Party does object that the proposed +rectification would result in a substantive change in the balance +of coverage under this Chapter, it may have recourse to dispute +settlement procedures under Chapter Twenty (Institutional +Arrangements and Dispute Settlement Procedures). + +4. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, a Party +may undertake legitimate reorganizations of its government +procurement entities covered by this Chapter, including programs +through which the procurement of such entities is decentralized or +the corresponding government functions cease to be performed by any +government entity, whether or not subject to this Chapter. In such +cases, subparagraph 2(c) shall not apply. No Party shall undertake +such reorganizations or programs to avoid the obligations of this +Chapter. If a Party objects to the withdrawal on the grounds that +the functions continue to be performed by a government entity, that +Party may have recourse to dispute settlement procedures under +Chapter Twenty (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement +Procedures). + + +Article 1023: Divestiture of Entities + +1. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a Party +from divesting an entity subject to the obligations of this +Chapter. + +2. If, upon the public offering of shares of an entity listed in +Annex 1002.3 (Government Enterprises), or through other methods, +such entity is no longer subject to federal government control, the +respective Party may delete the entity from Annex 1002.3 +(Government Enterprises), and withdraw the entity from the +obligations of the Chapter, upon notification to the other Parties. + +3. If a Party objects to the withdrawal on the grounds that the +entity remains subject to federal government control, that Party +may have recourse to dispute settlement procedures under Chapter +Twenty (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement Procedures). + + +Article 1024: Further Negotiations + +1. The Parties shall commence further negotiations no later than +December 31, 1998, with a view towards the substantial +liberalization of their respective procurement markets. The Parties +recognize that such liberalization would ensure more competitive +opportunities for all suppliers of the Parties in their respective +procurement markets. + +2. The Parties will review all features of government procurement +practices for the purposes of: + + (a) assessing the workings of the procurement system; + + (b) seeking to expand the coverage of this Chapter; + + (c) including within the obligations of this Chapter + + (i) government enterprises, and + + (ii) legislated and administrative exceptions; and + + (d) reviewing thresholds. + +3. Prior to the review specified in paragraph 2, the Parties will +endeavor to consult with their state and provincial governments +with a view to obtaining commitments, on a voluntary and reciprocal +basis, to include within the obligations of this Chapter +procurement by state and provincial government entities and +enterprises. + +4. If the negotiations pursuant to Article 96B of the GATT +Agreement on Government Procurement (the Code) are completed prior +to the new review specified in paragraph 2, the Parties shall: + + (a) immediately begin consultations with their state and + provincial governments with a view to obtaining + commitments, on a voluntary and reciprocal basis, to + include within the obligations of this Chapter + procurement by state and provincial government entities + and enterprises; and + + (b) increase the obligations and coverage of this Chapter to + a level at least commensurate with that of the Code. + +5. The Parties shall undertake further negotiations no later than +December 31, 1998, on the subject of electronic transmission of +tender information with a view to exploring the feasibility of +amending this Chapter to permit electronic transmission as an +additional or alternate means of publication. + + +Article 1025: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +construction services contract means a contract which has as its +objective the realization by whatever means of civil or building +works, as specified in the Appendix of Annex 1002.5 (Construction +Services); + +entity means an entity listed in Annexes 1002.1 (Federal Government +Entities), Annex 1002.2 (State and Provincial Government Entities) +or Annex 1002.3 (Government Enterprises) to this Chapter; + +offsets means conditions imposed or considered by an entity prior +to or in the course of its procurement process that encourage local +development or improve its Party's balance of payments accounts, +and can involve requirements of local content, licensing of +technology, investment, counter-trade or similar requirements. + +services includes construction services contracts, unless otherwise +specified; + +supplier means a person that has provided or could provide goods or +services in response to an entity's call for tender; and + +tendering procedures means: + + (a) open tendering procedures, being those procedures under + which all interested suppliers may submit a tender; + + (b) selective tendering procedures, being those procedures + under which, consistent with Article 1011 (3) (Selective + Tendering Procedures), those suppliers invited to do so + by an entity may submit a tender; and + + (c) limited tendering procedures, being those procedures + where an entity contacts suppliers individually, only in + the circumstances and under the conditions specified in + Article 1016 (Limited Tendering). + ANNEX 1002.1 + + Federal Government Entities + + + Schedule of Canada + +1. Department of Agriculture +2. Department of Communications +3. Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs +4. Department of Employment and Immigration +5. Immigration and Refugee Board +6. Canada Employment and Immigration Commission +7. Department of Energy, Mines and Resources +8. Atomic Energy Control Board +9. National Energy Board +10. Department of the Environment +11. Department of External Affairs +12. Canadian International Development Agency (on its own account) +13. Department of Finance +14. Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions +15. Canadian International Trade Tribunal +16. Municipal Development and Loan Board +17. Department of Fisheries and Oceans +18. Department of Forestry +19. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development +20. Department of Industry, Science and Technology +21. Science Council of Canada +22. National Research Council of Canada +23. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada +24. Department of Justice +25. Canadian Human Rights Commission +26. Statute Revision Commission +27. Supreme Court of Canada +28. Department of Labour +29. Canada Labour Relations Board +30. Department of National Health and Welfare +31. Medical Research Council +32. Department of National Revenue +33. Department of Public Works +34. Department of Secretary of State of Canada +35. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council +36. Office of the Co-ordinator, Status of Women +37. Public Service Commission +38. Department of the Solicitor General +39. Correctional Service of Canada +40. National Parole Board +41. Department of Supply and Services (on its own account) +42. Canadian General Standards Board +43. Department of Transport (Pursuant to Article 1018 the national + security considerations applicable to the Department of + National Defence are equally applicable to the Canadian Coast + Guard.) +44. Secretariat and the Office of the Controller General +45. Department of Veterans Affairs +46. Veterans Land Administration +47. Department of Western Economic Diversification +48. Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency +49. Auditor General of Canada +50. Federal Office of Regional Development (Quebec) +51. Canadian Centre for Management Development +52. Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission +53. Canadian Sentencing Commission +54. Civil Aviation Tribunal +55. Commission of Inquiry into the Air Ontario Crash at Dryden, + Ontario +56. Commission of Inquiry into the Use of Drugs and Banned + Practices Intended to Increase Athletic Performance +57. Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs +58. Competition Tribunal Registry +59. Copyright Board +60. Emergency Preparedness Canada +61. Federal Court of Canada +62. Grain Transportation Agency +63. Hazardous Materials Information Review Commission +64. Information and Privacy Commissioners +65. Investment Canada +66. Multiculturalism and Citizenship +67. The National Archives of Canada +68. National Farm Products Marketing Council +69. The National Library +70. National Transportation Agency +71. Northern Pipeline Agency +72. Patented Medicine Prices Review Board +73. Petroleum Monitoring Agency +74. Privy Council Office +75. Canadian Intergovernmental Conference Secretariat +76. Commissioner of Official Languages +77. Economic Council of Canada +78. Public Service Staff Relations Office +79. Office of the Secretary to the Governor General +80. Office of the Chief Electoral Officer +81. Federal Provincial Relations Office +82. Procurement Review Board +83. Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing +84. Royal Commission on National Passenger Transportation +85. Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies +86. Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Waterfront +87. Statistics Canada +88. Tax Court of Canada, Registry of the +89. Agricultural Stabilization Board +90. Canadian Aviation Safety Board +91. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety +92. Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety + Board +93. Director of Soldier Settlement +94. Director, The Veterans' Land Act +95. Fisheries Prices Support Board +96. National Battlefields Commission +97. Royal Canadian Mounted Police +98. Royal Canadian Mounted Police External Review Committee +99. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Public Complaints Commission +100. Department of National Defence + + The following goods purchased by the Department of National + Defence and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are included in + the coverage of this Chapter, subject to the provisions of + Article 1018(1) (Exceptions). + + (Numbers refer to the Federal Supply Classification code) + + 22. Railway equipment + 23. Motor vehicles, trailers and cycles (except buses in + 2310, military trucks and trailers in 2320 and 2330 and + tracked combat, assault and tactical vehicles in 2350) + 24. Tractors + 25. Vehicular equipment components + 26. Tires and tubes + 29. Engine accessories + 30. Mechanical power transmission equipment + 32. Woodworking machinery and equipment + 34. Metal working equipment + 35. Service and trade equipment + 36. Special industry machinery + 37. Agricultural machinery and equipment + 38. Construction, mining, excavating and highway maintenance + equipment + 39. Materials handling equipment + 40. Rope, cable, chain and fittings + 41. Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment + 42. Fire fighting, rescue and safety equipment (except 4220 + Marine Life-saving and diving equipment, 4230 + Decontaminating and impregnating equipment) + 43. Pumps and compressors + 44. Furnace, steam plant, drying equipment and nuclear + reactors + 45. Plumbing, heating and sanitation equipment + 46. Water purification and sewage treatment equipment + 47. Pipe, tubing, hose and fittings + 48. Valves + 49. Maintenance and repair shop equipment + 52. Measuring tools + 53. Hardware and abrasives + 54. Prefabricated structures and scaffolding + 55. Lumber, millwork, plywood and veneer + 56. Construction and building materials + 61. Electric wire and power and distribution equipment + 62. Lighting fixtures and lamps + 63. Alarm and signal systems + 65. Medical, dental and veterinary equipment and supplies + 66. Instruments and laboratory equipment (except 6615: + Automatic pilot mechanisms and airborne Gyro components + 6665: Hazard-detecting instruments and apparatus) + 67. Photographic equipment + 68. Chemicals and chemical products + 69. Training aids and devices + 70. General purpose automatic data processing equipment, + software, supplies and support equipment (except 7010 + ADPE configurations) + 71. Furniture + 72. Household and commercial furnishings and appliances + 73. Food preparation and serving equipment + 74. Office machines, text processing system and visible + record equipment + 75. Office supplies and devices + 76. Books, maps and other publications (except 7650 drawings + and specifications) + 77. Musical instruments, phonographs and home-type radios + 78. Recreational and athletic equipment + 79. Cleaning equipment and supplies + 80. Brushes, paints, sealers and adhesives + 81. Containers, packaging and packing supplies + 85. Toiletries + 87. Agricultural supplies + 88. Live animals + 91. Fuels, lubricants, oils and waxes + 93. Non-metallic fabricated materials + 94. Non-metallic crude materials + 96. Ores, minerals and their primary products + 99. Miscellaneous + +Notes: + +1. Notwithstanding anything in this Annex, this Chapter does not + apply to procurements in respect of: + + (a) the Departments of Transport Canada, Communications + Canada and Fisheries and Oceans respecting FSCs 70 + (automatic data processing equipment, software supplies + and support equipment), 74 (office machines, text + processing systems and visible record equipment) and 36 + (special industry machinery); and + + (b) agricultural products made in furtherance of agricultural + support programs or human feeding programs. + +2. The General Notes for Canada as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply +to this Annex. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.1 + + Schedule of Mexico + +1. Secretar¡a de Gobernaci¢n + - Centro Nacional de Estudios Municipales + - Comisi¢n Calificadora de Publicaciones y Revistas + Ilustradas + - Consejo Nacional de Poblaci¢n + - Archivo General de la Naci¢n + - Instituto Nacional de Estudios Hist¢ricos de la + Revoluci¢n Mexicana + - Patronato de Asistencia para la Reincorporaci¢n Social + - Centro Nacional de Prevenci¢n de Desastres + - Consejo Nacional de Radio y Televisi¢n + - Comisi¢n Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados + +2. Secretar¡a de Relaciones Exteriores + - Secci¢n Mexicana de la Comisi¢n Intercional de L¡mites y + Aguas M‚xico-EEUU + - Secci¢n Mexicana de la Comisi¢n Internacional de L¡mites + y Aguas M‚xico-Guatemala + +3. Secretar¡a de Hacienda y Cr‚dito P£blico + - Comisi¢n Nacional Bancaria + - Comisi¢n Nacional de Valores + - Comisi¢n Nacional de Seguros y Fianzas + - Instituto Nacional de Estadistica , Geograf¡a e + Inform tica + +4. Secretar¡a de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulicos + - Instituto Mexicano de Tecnolog¡a del Agua + - Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y + Agropecuarias + - Apoyos a Servicios a la Comercializaci¢n Agropecuaria, + Aserca + +5. Secretar¡a de Comunicaciones y Transportes (including the + Instituto Mexicano de Comunicaciones and the Instituto + Mexicano de Transporte) + - Comisi¢n Nacional Coordinadora de Puertos + +6. Secretar¡a de Comercio y Fomento Industrial + +7. Secretar¡a de Educaci¢n P£blica + - Instituto Nacional de Antropolog¡a e Historia + - Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura + - Radio Educaci¢n + - Centro de Ingenier¡a y Desarrollo Industrial + - Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes + - Comisi¢n Nacional del Deporte + +8. Secretar¡a de Salud + - Administraci¢n del Patrimonio de la Beneficencia P£blica + - Centro Nacional de la Transfusi¢n Sanguinea + - Gerencia General de Farmacias + - Gerencia General de Biol¢gicos y Reactivos + - Consejo Interno del Centro de Obras y Equipamiento en + Salud + - Instituto de la Comunicaci¢n Humana Dr. Andr‚s Bustamante + Gurr¡a + - Instituto Nacional de Medicina de la Rehabilitaci¢n + - Instituto Nacional de Ortopedia + - Consejo Nacional para la Prevenci¢n y Control del + S¡ndrome de la Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida, Conasida + +9. Secretar¡a del Trabajo y Previsi¢n Social + - Procuradur¡a Federal de la Defensa del Trabajo + - Unidad Coordinadora del Empleo, Capacitaci¢n y + Adiestramiento + +10. Secretar¡a de la Reforma Agraria + - Instituto de Capacitaci¢n Agraria + +11. Secretar¡a de Pesca + - Instituto Nacional de la Pesca + +12. Procuradur¡a General de la Rep£blica + +13. Secretar¡a de Energia Minas e Industria Paraestatal + - Comisi¢n Nacional de Seguridad Nuclear y Salvaguardias + - Centro de Promoci¢n y Evaluaci¢n de Proyectos + - Centro Nacional de Ahorro Energ‚tico + +14. Secretar¡a de Desarrollo Social + +15. Secretar¡a de Turismo + +16. Secretar¡a de la Contralor¡a General de La Federaci¢n + +17. Comisi¢n Nacional de Zonas Aridas + +18. Comisi¢n Nacional de Libros de Texto Gratuito + +19. Comisi¢n Nacional de Derechos Humanos + +20. Consejo Nacional de Fomento Educativo + +21. Secretar¡a de la Defensa Nacional + +22. Secretar¡a de Marina + + The following products purchased by the Secretar¡a de la + Defensa Nacional and the Secretar¡a de Marina are included in + the coverage of this Chapter, subject to the application of + paragraph 1 in Article 1018(1) (Exceptions). + + (Numbers refer to the Federal Supply Classification Code, FSC) + + 22. Railway equipment + 23. Motor vehicles, trailers and cycles (except buses in + 2310, military trucks and trailers in 2320 and 2330 and + tracked combat, assault and tactical vehicles in 2350) + 24. Tractors + 25. Vehicular equipment components + 26. Tires and tubes + 29. Engine accessories + 30. Mechanical power transmission equipment + 32. Woodworking machinery and equipment + 34. Metal working machinery + 35. Service and trade equipment + 36. Special industry machinery + 37. Agricultural machinery and equipment + 38. Construction, mining, excavating and highway maintenance + equipment + 39. Materials handling equipment + 40. Rope, cable, chain and fittings + 41. Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment + 42. Fire fighting, rescue and safety equipment + 43. Pumps and compressors + 44. Furnace, steam plant, drying equipment and nuclear + reactors + 45. Plumbing, heating and sanitation equipment + 46. Water purification and sewage treatment equipment + 47. Pipe, tubing, hose and fittings + 48. Valves + 49. Maintenance and repair shop equipment + 52. Measuring tools + 53. Hardware and abrasives + 54. Prefabricated structures and scaffolding + 55. Lumber, millwork, plywood and veneer + 56. Construction and building materials + 61. Electric wire and power and distribution equipment + 62. Lighting fixtures and lamps + 63. Alarm and signal systems + 65. Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Equipment and Supplies + 66. Instruments and laboratory equipment + 67. Photographic equipment + 68. Chemicals and chemical products + 69. Training aids and devices + 70. General purpose ADPE, software, supplies and support + equipment + 71. Furniture + 72. Household and commercial furnishings and appliances + 73. Food preparation and serving equipment + 74. Office machines, text processing system and visible + record equipment + 75. Office supplies and devices + 76. Books, maps and other publications (except 7650: Drawings + and specifications) + 77. Musical instruments, phonographs and home-type radios + 78. Recreational and athletic equipment + 79. Cleaning equipment and supplies + 80. Brushes, paints, sealers and adhesives + 81. Containers, packaging and packing supplies + 85. Toiletries + 87. Agricultural supplies + 88. Live animals + 93. Non-metallic fabricated materials + 94. Non-metallic crude materials + 96. Ores, minerals and their primary products (except 9620: + minerals, natural and synthetic) + 99. Miscellaneous + +Notes: + +1. National security exceptions include procurements made in +support of safeguarding nuclear materials or technology. + +2. The General Notes for Mexico as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply +to this Annex. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.1 + + Schedule of the United States + + +1. Department of Agriculture (This Chapter does not apply to + procurement of agricultural products made in furtherance of + agricultural support programs or human feeding programs.) + Federal buy national requirements imposed as conditions of + funding by the Rural Electrification Administration will not + apply to products and services of Mexico and Canada. +2. Department of Commerce +3. Department of Education +4. Department of Health and Human Services +5. Department of Housing and Urban Development +6. Department of the Interior, including the Bureau of + Reclamation (For suppliers of goods and services of Canada, + the obligations of this Chapter will apply to procurements by + the Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of Interior only + at such time as the obligations of this Chapter take effect + for procurements by Canadian Provincial Hydro utilities.) +7. Department of Justice +8. Department of Labor +9. Department of State +10. United States Agency for International Development +11. Department of the Treasury +12. Department of Transportation (Pursuant to Article 1018, the + national security considerations applicable to the Department + of Defense are equally applicable to the Coast Guard, a + military unit of the United States.) +13. Department of Energy (This Chapter does not apply, pursuant to + Article 1018, to national security procurements made in + support of safeguarding nuclear materials or technology and + entered into under the authority of the Atomic Energy Act; and + to oil purchases related to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.) +14. General Services Administration (except Federal Supply Groups + 51 and 52 and Federal Supply Class 7340) +15. National Aeronautics and Space Administration +16. The Department of Veterans Affairs +17. Environmental Protection Agency +18. United States Information Agency +19. National Science Foundation +20. Panama Canal Commission +21. Executive Office of the President +22. Farm Credit Administration +23. National Credit Union Administration +24. Merit Systems Protection Board +25. ACTION +26. United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency +27. The Office of Thrift Supervision +28. The Federal Housing Finance Board +29. National Labor Relations Board +30. National Mediation Board +31. Railroad Retirement Board +32. American Battle Monuments Commission +33. Federal Communications Commission +34. Federal Trade Commission +35. Inter-State Commerce Commission +36. Securities and Exchange Commission +37. Office of Personnel Management +38. United States International Trade Commission +39. Export-Import Bank of the United States +40. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service +41. Selective Service System +42. Smithsonian Institution +43. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation +44. Consumer Product Safety Commission +45. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission +46. Federal Maritime Commission +47. National Transportation Safety Board +48. Nuclear Regulatory Commission +49. Overseas Private Investment Corporation +50. Administrative Conference of the United States +51. Board for International Broadcasting +52. Commission on Civil Rights +53. Commodity Futures Trading Commission +54. The Peace Corps +55. National Archives and Records Administration +56. Department of Defense, including the Army Corps of Engineers + + This Chapter will not apply to the following purchases of the + DOD: + + (a) Federal Supply Classification (FSC) 83 - all elements of + this classification other than pins, needles, sewing + kits, flagstaffs, flagpoles, and flagstaff trucks; + (b) FSC 84 - all elements other than sub-class 8460 (luggage); + (c) FSC 89 - all elements other than sub-class 8975 (tobacco + products); + (d) FSC 2310 - (buses only); + (e) speciality metals, defined as steels melted in steel + manufacturing facilities located in the United States or + its possessions, where the maximum alloy content exceeds + one or more of the following limits, must be used in + products purchased by DOD: (1) manganese, 1.65 per cent; + silicon, 0.60 per cent; or copper, 0.06 per cent; or + which contains more than 0.25 per cent of any of the + following elements: aluminium, chromium, cobalt, + columbium, olybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, or + vanadium; (2) metal alloys consisting of nickel, iron- + nickel and cobalt base alloys containing a total of other + alloying metals (except iron) in excess of 10 per cent; + (3) titanium and titanium alloys; or (4) zirconium base + alloys; + (f) FSC 19 and 20 - that part of these classifications + defined as naval vessels or major components of the hull + or superstructure thereof; + (g) FSC 51; and + (h) the following FSC categories are not generally covered + due to application of Article 1018(1) (Exceptions): 10, + 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 28, 31, 58, 59 and 95. + + This Chapter will generally apply to DOD purchases of the + following FSC categories subject to United States Government + determinations under the provisions of Article 1018(1) + (Exceptions): + + 22. Railway Equipment + 23. Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Cycles (except buses in + 2310) + 24. Tractors + 25. Vehicular Equipment Components + 26. Tires and Tubes + 29. Engine Accessories + 30. Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment + 32. Woodworking Machinery and Equipment + 34. Metalworking Machinery + 35. Service and Trade Equipment + 36. Special Industry Machinery + 37. Agricultural Machinery and Equipment + 38. Construction, Mining, Excavating, and Highway Maintenance + Equipment + 39. Materials Handling Equipment + 40. Rope, Cable, Chain and Fittings + 41. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment + 42. Fire Fighting, Rescue and Safety Equipment + 43. Pumps and Compressors + 44. Furnace, Steam Plant, Drying Equipment and Nuclear + Reactors + 45. Plumbing, Heating and Sanitation Equipment + 46. Water Purification and Sewage Treatment Equipment + 47. Pipe, Tubing, Hose and Fittings + 48. Valves + 49. Maintenance and Repair Shop Equipment + 52. Measuring Tools + 53. Hardware and Abrasives + 54. Prefabricated Structures and Scaffolding + 55. Lumber, Millwork, Plywood and Veneer + 56. Construction and Building Materials + 61. Electric Wire, and Power and Distribution Equipment + 62. Lighting Fixtures and Lamps + 63. Alarm and Signal Systems + 65. Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Equipment and Supplies + 66. Instruments and Laboratory Equipment + 67. Photographic Equipment + 68. Chemicals and Chemical Products + 69. Training Aids and Devices + 70. General Purpose ADPE, Software, Supplies and Support + Equipment + 71. Furniture + 72. Household and Commercial Furnishings and Appliances + 73. Food Preparation and Serving Equipment + 74. Office machines, text processing system and visible + record equipment + 75. Office Supplies and Devices + 76. Books, Maps and Other Publications + 77. Musical Instruments, Phonographs, and Home Type Radios + 78. Recreational and Athletic Equipment + 79. Cleaning Equipment and Supplies + 80. Brushes, Paints, Sealers and Adhesives + 81. Containers, Packaging and Packing Supplies + 85. Toiletries + 87. Agricultural Supplies + 88. Live Animals + 91. Fuels, Lubricants, Oils and Waxes + 93. Non-metallic Fabricated Materials + 94. Non-metallic Crude Materials + 96. Ores, Minerals and their Primary Products + 99. Miscellaneous + +Note: + +The General Notes for the United States as set out in Annex 1002.7 +apply to this Annex. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.2 + + State and Provincial Government Entities + + + Coverage under this Annex will be addressed following +consultations with state and provincial governments under the terms +and conditions set out in Article 1024 (Further Negotiations). + +Note: + +The General Notes as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply to this Annex. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.3 + + Government Enterprises + + Schedule of Canada + + +1. Canada Post Corporation +2. National Capital Commission +3. St. Lawrence Seaway Authority +4. Royal Canadian Mint +5. Canadian National Railways +6. Via Rail +7. Canadian Museum of Civilization +8. Canadian Museum of Nature +9. National Gallery of Canada +10. National Museum of Science and Technology +11. Defence Construction (1951) Ltd. + +Notes: + +1. With respect to procurements by Canadian National Railways, +St. Lawrence Seaway Authority and Via Rail, coverage is subject to +Article 1019(5) (Provision of Information), respecting the +protection of the commercial confidentiality of information +provided. + +2. The General Notes for Canada as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply +to this Annex. + + + Schedule of Mexico + +Printing and Editorial +1. Talleres Gr ficos de la Naci¢n +2. Productora e Importadora de Papel S.A de C.V., Pipsa + +Communications and Transportation +3. Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, ASA +4. Caminos y Puentes Federales de Ingreso y Servicios Conexos, + Capufe +5. Puertos Mexicanos +6. Servicio Postal Mexicano +7. Ferrocarriles Nacionales de M‚xico, Ferronales +8. Telecomunicaciones de M‚xico, Telecom + +Industry +9. Petr¢leos Mexicanos, Pemex (This Chapter does not apply to + procurement of fuels and gas.) +10. Comisi¢n Federal de Electricidad, CFE +11. Consejo de Recursos Minerales +12. Comisi¢n de Fomento Minero + +Commerce +13. Compa¤¡a Nacional de Subsistencias Populares, Conasupo (This + Chapter does not apply to procurement of agricultural products + made in furtherance of agricultural support programmes or + human feeding programmes.) +14. Bodegas Rurales Conasupo, S.A. de C.V. +15. Distribuidora e Impulsora de Comercio, Diconsa +16. Leche Industrializada Conasupo, S.A. de C.V., Liconsa (This + Chapter does not apply to procurement of agricultural products + made in furtherance of agricultural support programmes or + human feeding programmes.) +17. Procuradur¡a Federal del Consumidor +18. Instituto Nacional del Consumidor +19. Laboratorios Nacionales de Fomento Industrial +20. Servicio Nacional de Informaci¢n de Mercados + +Social Security +21. Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los + Trabajadores del Estado, ISSSTE +22. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS +23. Sistema Nacional para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia, + DIF (This Chapter does not apply to procurement of + agricultural products made in furtherance of agricultural + support programmes or human feeding programmes.) +24. Servicios Asistenciales de la Secretar¡a de Marina +25. Instituto de Seguridad Social para las Fuerzas Armadas + Mexicanas +26. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, INI +27. Instituto Nacional Para la Educaci¢n de los Adultos +28. Centros de Integraci¢n Juvenil +29. Instituto Nacional de la Senectud + +Others +30. Comite Administrador del Programa Federal de Construcci¢n de + Escuelas, Capfce +31. Comisi¢n Nacional del Agua, CNA +32. Comisi¢n Para la Regularizaci¢n de la Tenencia de la Tierra +33. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog¡a, Conacyt +34. Notimex, S.A . de C.V. +35. Instituto Mexicano de Cinematograf¡a +36. Loter¡a Nacional para la Asistencia P£blica +37. Pron¢sticos Deportivos + +Notes: + +1. National security exceptions include procurements made in +support of safeguarding nuclear materials or technology. + +2. The General Notes for Mexico as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply +to this Annex. + + + Schedule of the United States + + +1. Tennessee Valley Authority +2. Power Marketing Administrations of the Department of Energy + - Bonneville Power Administration + - Western Area Power Administration + - Southeastern Power Administration + - Southwestern Power Administration + - Alaska Power Administration +3. St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation + +Notes: + +1. For suppliers of goods and services of Canada, the obligations +of this Chapter will apply to procurements by the Tennessee Valley +Authority and the Power Marketing Administrations of the Department +of Energy only at such time as the obligations of this Chapter take +effect for procurements by Canadian Provincial Hydro utilities. + +2. The General Notes for the United States as set out in Annex +1002.7 apply to this Annex. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.4 + + Services + + +I. General Provisions + +1. Except for the services listed in Part II of this Annex, all +services procured by the entities listed in Annex 1002.1 (Federal +Government Entities) and Annex 1002.3 (Government Enterprises) are +subject to this Chapter. + +2. Contracts for construction services are subject to this +Chapter as specified in Annex 1002.5 (Construction Services). + +3. The Parties shall adopt a universal list of services for +reporting purposes, which is indicative of the services procured by +the entities of the Parties, and is contained in the Appendix to +this Annex. + +4. The Parties shall update, as appropriate, the list of +universal services included in the Appendix to this Annex at such +time as they mutually agree. + +5. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, for Mexico only the services +included in the Temporary Schedule of Mexico will be subject to +this Chapter, until such time as Mexico has completed its schedule +under Part II pursuant to paragraph 6. + +6. Mexico will develop and, after consultations with the other +Parties, complete its list of services set out under the Schedule +of Mexico in Part II of this Annex no later than July 1, 1995. + + + Temporary Schedule of Mexico: Services Included + +(Based on the United Nations Central Product Classification, CPC) + +Professional Services + 863 Taxation services (excluding legal services) + 8671 Architectural services + 86711 Advisory and pre-design architectural services + 87612 Architectural design services + 87713 Contract administration services + 86714 Combined architectural design and contract + administration services + 86719 Other architectural services + 8672 Engineering services + 86721 Advisory and consultative engineering services + 86722 Engineering design services for foundations and + building structures + 86723 Engineering design services for mechanical and + electrical installations for buildings + 86724 Engineering design services for civil engineering + construction + 86725 Engineering design for industrial processes and + production + 86726 Engineering design services n.e.c. + 86727 Other engineering services during the construction + and installation phase + 86729 Other engineering services + 8673 Integrated engineering services + 86731 Integrated engineering services for transportation, + infrastructure turnkey projects + 86732 Integrated engineering and project management + services for water supply and sanitation works + turnkey projects + 86733 Integrated engineering services for the + construction of manufacturing turnkey projects + 86739 Integrated engineering services for other turnkey + projects + 8674 Urban planning and landscape architectural services + +Computer and Related Services + 841 Consultancy services related to the installation of + computer hardware + 842 Software implementation services, including systems and + software consulting services, systems analysis, design, + programming and maintenance services + 843 Data processing services, including processing, + tabulation and facilities management services + 844 Data base services + 845 Maintenance and repair services of office machinery and + equipment including computers + 849 Other computer services + +Real Estate Services + 821 Real estate services involving own or leased property + 822 Real estate services on a fee or contract basis + +Rental/Leasing Services without Operators + 831 Leasing or rental services concerning machinery and + equipment without operator, including computers + 832 Leasing or rental services concerning personal and + household goods (excluding in 83201, the rental of + prerecorded records, sound cassettes, CD's and excluding + 83202, rental services concerning video tapes) + +Other Business Services + 865 Management consulting services + 86501 General management consulting services + 86503 Marketing management consulting services + 86504 Human resources management consulting services + 86505 Production management consulting services + 86509 Other management consulting services, including + agrology, agronomy, farm management and related + consulting services + 8676 Technical testing and analysis services including quality + control and inspection + 8814 Services incidental to forestry and logging, including + forest management + 883 Services incidental to mining, including, drilling and + field services + 5115 Site preparation for mining + 8675 Related scientific and technical consulting services + 86751 Geological, geophysical and other scientific + prospecting services, including those related to + mining + 86752 Subsurface surveying services + 86753 Surface surveying services + 86754 Map making services + 663 Repair services of personal and household goods + 8861 Repair services incidental to metal products, to + machinery and equipment including computers, + 8866 and communications equipment + 874 Building-cleaning + 876 Packaging services + +Environmental Services + 940 Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and other + environmental protection services, including sewage + services, nature and landscape protection services and + other environmental protection services n.e.c. + +Hotels and restaurants(including catering) + 641 Hotel and other lodging services + 642/3 Food and beverage serving services + +Travel agency and tour operators services + 7471 Travel agency and tour operator services + II. Services Excluded from Coverage + + [Subject to review] + +The following services contracts are excluded in their entirety by +the Parties: + + + Schedule of Canada + +(Based on the United Nations Central Product Classification, CPC) + + CPC +1. Transport, storage and communication services + - Land Transport services 71 + - Water Transport services 72 + - Air Transport Services 73 + - Supporting and Auxiliary Transport services (except + 7471: Travel Agencies and Tour Operator services) 74 + - Post and Telecommunication services (except 7512: + Courier services and 7523: Data Transmission + services) 75 + Note: All transportation services, including related + repair and overhaul and launching services and + transportation services, where incidental to procurement + contracts, are not subject to this Chapter. + +2. Business services; agricultural, mining and manufacturing + services + - Financial, Intermediation services and Auxiliary + services therefor 81 + - Leasing or rental services concerning televisions, + radios, video cassette recorders and related + equipment and accessories 83201 + - Leasing or rental services concerning video tapes 83202 + - Research and Development services 85 + - Legal services (except: Advisory services on + Foreign Law) 861 + - Legal services incidental to Taxation Services 863 + - Market Research and Public Opinion Polling + services 864 + - Financial Management consulting services (except + corporate tax) 86502 + - Public relations services 86506 + - Services related to management consulting 866 + - Related scientific and technical consulting + services 8675 + - Business Services, n.e.c. (except 8740: Building + cleaning services and 8760: Packaging services) 87 + - Services incidental to agriculture, hunting and + forestry (except 8814: services incidental to + forestry and logging; and 8830: services incidental + to mining) 881 + - Services incidental to fishing 882 + - Services incidental to manufacturing, except to the + manufacture of metal products, machinery and + equipment 884 + - Services incidental to the manufacture of metal + products, machinery and equipment (except 8852: + Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except + machinery and equipment on a fee or contract + basis) 885 + - Repair services, n.e.c. of motor vehicles, trailers + and semi-trailers, on a fee or contract basis 8867 + - Repair services of other transport equipment, on a + fee or contract basis 8868 + - Services incidental to energy distribution 887 + - Intangible assets 89 + +3. Community, Social and Professional Services + - Education services 92 + - Health and Social Services 93 + - Services of Membership Organizations 95 + - Recreation, cultural and sporting services 96 + - Other services 97 + - Services provided by extraterritorial organizations + and bodies 99 + +4. Contracts of the departments of Transport Canada, + Communications Canada and Fisheries and Oceans respecting FSCs + 70 (automatic data processing equipment, software supplies and + support equipment), 74 (office machines, text processing + systems and visible record equipment), 36 (special industry + machinery). + +5. Research and development services. + +6. Dredging. + +7. All services purchased in support of military forces located + overseas. + +8. Management and operation contracts awarded to federally-funded + research and development centers or related to carrying out + government sponsored research programs. + +9. Public utilities services. + +10. Printing and publishing. + +Note: + +The General Notes for Canada as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply to +this Annex. + + + Schedule of Mexico + + +(Based on the United Nations Central Product Classification, CPC) + + CPC +1. All transportation services, including transportation + services incidental to procurement contracts: + - Land transportation 71 + - Water transport 72 + - Air transport 73 + - Supporting and auxiliary transport 74 + - Post and telecommunication 75 + - Repair services of other transport equipment, on a + fee or contract basis 8868 + +2. All risk-sharing contracts by Pemex. + +3. Public utilities services (including telecommunications, + transmission, water or energy services). + +4. Management and operation contracts awarded to federally-funded + research and development centers or related to carrying out + government sponsored research programs. + +5. Financial services + +6. Research and development services + +7. Confidential consulting services (provided that they are not + used with a view to avoiding maximum possible competition or + in a manner that would constitute a means of discrimination + among suppliers of the other Parties or protection to Mexican + suppliers). + +Note: + The General Notes for Mexico as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply + to this Annex. + + + Schedule of the United States + +(Based on the Procurement Data System Services Codes) + FSC +1. Transportation and related services (except V231: + Lodging and Hotel/Motel; and V302: travel agent) + - Transportation V + - Maintenance, Repair and Rebuilding of Ships JO19 + - Non-nuclear Ship Repair J998 and J999 + - Modification of Ships KO19 + In addition, transportation services, where incidental + to procurement contracts, are not subject to this Chapter. + +2. Dredging Y216 + +3. All services purchased in support of military forces + overseas. + +4. Management and operation contracts awarded to + - federally-funded research and development centers + (FFRDCs) or related to carrying out + government-sponsored research programs + (classification to be clarified) M181-184 + - by DOD, DOE, and NASA M + +5. Public utilities and telecommunications services: + - Utilities S1 + - ADP Telecommunications and Transmission Services D304 + - ADP Teleprocessing and Timesharing Services D305 + - Telecommunications Network Management Services D316 + - Automated News Services, Data Services, or other + information D317 + - Other ADP and Telecommunications services D399 + +6. Research and Development services A + +Note: The General Notes for the United States as set out in Annex +1002.7 apply to this Annex. + + + Appendix to ANNEX 1002.4 + Universal List of Services + + ANNEX 1002.5 + + Construction Services + + +I. General Provisions + +1. Except for the construction services listed in Part II of this +Annex, all construction services as specified in the Appendix to +this Annex, which are procured by the entities listed in Annex +1002.1 (Federal Government Entities) and Annex 1002.3 (Government +Enterprises) are subject to this Chapter. + +2. The Parties will update, as appropriate, the list of +construction services included in the Appendix at such time as they +mutually agree. + + +II. Construction Services Excluded from Coverage + +The following services contracts are excluded in their entirety by +the Parties: + + + Schedule of Canada + +1. Dredging. + +2. Construction contracts tendered by or on behalf of Department +of Transport. + +Note: The General Notes for Canada as set out in Annex 1002.7 +apply to this Annex. + + + Schedule of Mexico + +All risk-sharing contracts by Pemex. + +Notes: + + The General Notes for Mexico as set out in Annex 1002.7 apply +to this Annex. + + + Schedule of the United States + +Dredging. + +Notes: + +1. In accordance with the obligations of this Chapter, buy +national requirements on articles, supplies, and materials acquired +for use in construction contracts subject to the obligations of +this Chapter will not apply to products of Canada or Mexico. + +2. The General Notes for the United States as set out in Annex +1002.7 apply to this Annex. + + + Appendix to ANNEX 1002.5 + + List of Construction Services + +List of contracts for construction services which are subject to +the obligations of this Chapter, except as otherwise provided: + +(Based on the United Nations Central Product Classification, CPC) + +Division 51 Construction work + +511 Pre-erection work at construction sites + 5111 Site investigation work + 5112 Demolition work + 5113 Site formation and clearance work + 5114 Excavating and earthmoving work + 5115 Site preparation work for mining + 5116 Scaffolding work + +512 Construction works for buildings + 5121 For one and two dwelling buildings + 5122 For multi-dwelling buildings + 5123 For warehouses and industrial buildings + 5124 For commercial buildings + 5125 For public entertainment buildings + 5126 For hotel, restaurant and similar buildings + 5127 For educational buildings + 5128 For health buildings + 5129 For other buildings + +513 Construction work for civil engineering + 5131 For highways (except elevated highways), streets, roads, + railways and airfield runways + 5132 For bridges, elevated highways, tunnels and subways + 5133 For waterways, harbours, dams and other water works + 5134 For long distance pipelines, communication and power + lines (cables) + 5135 For local pipelines and cables; ancillary works + 5136 For constructions for mining and manufacturing + 5137 For constructions for sport and recreation + 5139 For engineering works n.e.c. + +514 5140 Assembly and erection of prefabricated constructions + +515 Special trade construction work + 5151 Foundation work, including pile driving + 5152 Water well drilling + 5153 Roofing and water proofing + 5154 Concrete work + 5155 Steel bending and erection, including welding) + 5156 Masonry work + 5159 Other special trade construction work + +516 Installation work + 5161 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning work + 5162 Water plumbing and drain laying work + 5163 Gas fitting construction work + 5164 Electrical work + 5165 Insulation work (electrical wiring, water, heat, sound) + 5166 Fencing and railing construction work + 5169 Other installation work + +517 Building completion and finishing work + 5171 Glating work and window glass installation work + 5172 Plastering work + 5173 Painting work + 5174 Floor and wall tilling work + 5175 Other floor laying, wall covering and wall papering work + 5176 Wood and metal joinery and carpentry work + 5177 Interior fitting decoration work + 5178 Ornamentation fitting work + 5179 Other building completion and finishing work + +518 5180 Renting services related to equipment for construction or + demolition of buildings or civil engineering works, with + operator + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.6 + + Transition Provisions for Mexico + + +Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, Annexes 1002.1 +through 1002.5 are subject to the following: + +Pemex, CFE and Non-Energy Construction + +1. The obligations of this Chapter shall not apply to: + + (a) 50 percent of the total annual procurement above + thresholds of goods, services and construction services + by Pemex; + + (b) 50 percent of the total annual procurement above + thresholds of goods, services and construction services + by CFE; and + + (c) 50 percent of the total annual procurement above + thresholds of construction services, excluding + construction services procured by Pemex and CFE. + +2. Loans from regional and multilateral financial institutions +will not be included for purposes of calculating the reservations +specified in paragraph 1 or subject to other restrictions. + +3. As of January 1st, 1994, the reservation specified in +paragraph 1 will decrease according to the following schedule: + + 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 + 50% 45% 45% 40% 40% + + 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 and thereafter + 35% 35% 30% 30% 0% + +4. For Pemex and CFE, no more than 10 percent of their respective +reserved procurement under paragraphs 1 and 3 shall be applied +within a single Federal Supply Classification (FSC) class (or other +classification system as agreed by all Parties) in a single year. + +5. After December 31, 1998, Pemex and CFE each will make all +reasonable efforts to assure that their respective total +reservation in each FSC class (or other classification system as +agreed by all Parties) shall not exceed 50 percent in a single year. + + +Pharmaceuticals + +6. The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to drugs whose +patents have expired or are not currently patented (FSC class 6505) +procured by the Secretar¡a de Salud, IMSS, ISSSTE, Secretar¡a de +Defensa and the Secretar¡a de Marina. This exception shall be +eliminated after 8 years from the date of entry into force of this +Agreement. Procurement of biologicals and patented drugs shall not +be exempted under any other provision of the Annexes of this +Chapter. Nothing in this Chapter shall be interpreted in a way +which will impair the protection provided by Chapter 17 +(Intellectual Property) of this Agreement. + +Time Limits for Tendering and Delivery + +7. Upon the date of entry into force of this Agreement in January +1, 1994, Mexico will make best efforts to comply with the +provisions of Article 1012 (Time Limits for Tendering and Delivery) +with respect to the 40 day time limits. However, Mexico will fully +comply with such obligations as from January 1, 1995. + +Provision of Information + +8. The Parties recognize that Mexico may be required to undertake +extensive retraining of personnel, introduce new data maintenance +and reporting systems and make major adjustments to the procurement +systems of certain entities in order to comply with the obligations +of this Chapter. The Parties also recognize that Mexico may +encounter difficulties in making the transition to procurement +systems that facilitate full compliance with the obligations of +this Chapter. + +9. The Parties shall, therefore, consult on an annual basis for +the first five years that the Agreement is in effect to review +transitional problems and to develop mutually agreed solutions. +Such solutions may include, when appropriate, temporary adjustment +to the obligations of Mexico under this Chapter, such as those +related to reporting requirements. + +10. In addition, the United States and Canada shall cooperate with +Mexico to provide technical assistance, as appropriate and mutually +agreed pursuant to Article 1020 (Technical Cooperation) of this +Chapter, to aid Mexico's transition. + +11. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Annex, each Party +shall assume all of its obligations specified in this Chapter upon +the date of entry into force of this Agreement. + +Note: The General Notes for Mexico as set out in Annex 1002.7 +apply to this Annex. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.7 + + General Notes + + + Schedule of Canada + +1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, this +Chapter does not apply to procurements in respect of: + + (a) shipbuilding and repair; + + (b) urban rail and urban transportation equipment, systems, + components and materials incorporated there in as well as + all project related materials of iron or steel; + + (c) contracts respecting FSC 58 (communications, detection + and coherent radiation equipment); + + (d) set-asides for small and minority businesses; + + (e) pursuant to Article 1018 national security exemptions + include oil purchases related to any strategic reserve + requirements; and + + (f) national security exceptions include procurements made in + support of safeguarding nuclear materials or technology. + +2. Procurement in terms of Canadian coverage is defined as +contractual transactions to acquire property or services for the +direct benefit or use of the government. It does not include +non-contractual agreements or any form of government assistance, +including but not limited to, cooperative agreements, grants, +loans, equity infusions, guarantees, fiscal incentives, and +government provision of goods and services, given to individuals, +firms, private institutions, and sub-central governments. + + + Schedule of Mexico + +1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, this +Chapter does not apply to procurements made: + +(a) with a view to commercial resale by government-owned retail + stores; + +(b) pursuant to loans from regional or multilateral financial + institutions to the extent that different procedures are + imposed by such institutions (except for national content + requirements); and + +(c) between entities. + +2. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Chapter, Mexico +may allocate a non-specific sector set-aside as follows: + + (a) upon the date of entry into force of this Agreement, up + to the equivalent in real terms of $1.0 billion USD of + 1994 shall annually be available to all procurements of + entities subject to this Chapter, except Pemex and CFE + and construction services procured by other entities + subject to this Chapter as well as those procurements of + goods in FSC class 6505; + + (b) after December 31, 2002, up to the equivalent in real + terms of $1.2 billion USD of 1994 shall annually be + available to all procurement of entities subject to this + Chapter, except Pemex and CFE and construction services + procured by other entities subject to this Chapter as + well as those procurements of goods of FSC class 6505; + + (c) after December 31, 2002, up to the equivalent in real + terms of $300 million USD of 1994 shall annually be + availble to Pemex and CFE combined; and + + (d) for purposes of this paragraph + + (i) no more than 10 percent of the total procurement + reserved shall be applied within a single FSC + category (or other classification system as agreed + by all Parties) in a single year, and + + (ii) no more than 20 percent may be used by a single + entity. + +These values shall remain constant in real terms. + +3. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, the +entities subject to this Chapter may impose a local content +requirement of no more than: + + (a) 40 percent, for labor intensive turnkey or major + integrated projects; and + + (b) 25 percent, for capital intensive turnkey or major + integrated projects. + +For purposes of these provisions, a turnkey or major integrated +project means, in general, a construction, supply or installation +project undertaken by a person pursuant to a right granted by an +entity subject to this Chapter with respect to which: + + (c) the prime contractor is vested with the authority to + select the general contractors or subcontractors; + + (d) Mexico does not fund the project itself; + + (e) the person bears the risk of performance; and + + (f) the facility will be operated by an entity subject to + this Chapter or through a procurement contract of that + entity. + +4. Regardless of the thresholds, Pemex shall apply the +disciplines of Article 1004 regarding national treatment and +non-discrimination to: + + (a) procurements of oil and gas field supplies and equipment, + when such supplies and equipment are procured at the + location where works pursued by Pemex are being + performed; and + + (b) the selection of suppliers, when such suppliers are + established at the location where works pursued by Pemex + are being performed. + +5. If the obligations of the procurements covered by this Chapter +are not met, the Parties may seek compensation in the form of more +market opportunities during the following year, or through reliance +of Chapter 20 (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement +Procedures). + +6. Procurement in terms of the Mexican coverage is defined as +contractual transactions to acquire property or services for the +direct benefit or use of the government. It does not include +non-contractual agreements or any form of government assistance, +including, but not limited to, cooperative agreements, grants, +loans, equity infusions, guarantees, fiscal incentives, and +governmental provisions of goods and services, given to +individuals, firms, private institutions and state governments. + + + Schedule of the United States + +1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Chapter, this +Chapter does not apply to set asides on behalf of small and +minority businesses. + +2. Procurement in terms of U.S. coverage is defined as +contractual transactions to acquire property or services for the +direct benefit or use of the government. It does not include +non-contractual agreements or any form of government assistance, +including, but not limited to, cooperative agreements, grants, +loans, equity infusions, guarantees, fiscal incentives, and +governmental provision of goods and services, given to individuals, +firms, private institutions, and subcentral governments. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002.8 + + Indexation and Conversion of Thresholds + + +1. The calculations described in Article 1002(4) (Scope and +Coverage) shall be made in accordance with the following: + + (a) the United States inflation rate shall be measured by the + the Producer Price Index for Finished Goods published by + the United States Department of Commerce; and + + (b) the inflationary adjustment shall be estimated according + to the following formula + + T0 x (1+ pi) = T1 + + T0= threshold value at base period + pi= accumulated U.S. inflation rate for the ith two + year-period + T1= new threshold value. + +2. Mexico and Canada shall calculate and convert the value of the +thresholds specified in paragraph 3 into their national currencies +using the conversion formulas set out in paragraph 3 or 4, as +appropriate. Mexico and Canada shall notify each other and the +United States of the value, in their respective currencies, of the +newly calculated thresholds not less than one month before the +respective thresholds take effect. + +3. Canada shall base the calculation on the official conversion +rates of the Bank of Canada. From January 1, 1994 through December +31, 1995, the conversion rate shall be the average of the weekly +values of the Canadian dollars in terms of the U.S. dollars over +the period October 1, 1992 through September 30, 1993. For each +subsequent two-year period, beginning January 1, 1996, the +conversion rate shall be the average of the weekly values of the +Canadian dollar in terms of the U.S. dollar over the two-year +period ending September 30 of the year preceding the beginning of +each two-year period. + +4. Mexico shall use the conversion rate of the Banco de M‚xico. +The conversion rate shall be the existing value of the Mexican peso +in terms of the US dollar as of December 1 and June 1 of each year, +or the 1st working day after. The conversion rate as of December 1 +shall apply from January 1 to June 30 of the following year, and as +of June 1 shall apply from July 1 to December 31 of that year. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1002-A + + Country-Specific Thresholds + +As between Canada and the United States, + +a) for covered federal entities, thresholds on procurement + between Canada and the United States are as follows: + + i) goods and services: goods -- US$25,000; services -- + US$50,000. Canada and the United States shall consult + regarding these threshold values, and + + ii) Construction: US$6,500,000; and + +b) for covered government enterprises, thresholds on procurement + between Canada and the United States are as follows + + i) goods and services: US$250,000, and + + ii) construction: US$8,000,000. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1010.1 + + Publications + + +I. Publications for Notices of Procurement in Accordance with + Article 1010 (Invitation to Participate) + + + Schedule of Canada + +1. Government Business Opportunities (GBO). + +2. Open Bidding Service, ISM Publishing. + + + Schedule of Mexico + +1. Major daily newspapers of national circulation. + +2. Mexico will endeavor to establish a specialized publication +for purposes of notices of procurement. When such publication is +ready, it will substitute those referred to in paragraph 1. + + + Schedule of United States + +Commerce Business Daily (CBD). + +II. Publications for Measures in Accordance with Article 1019 + (Provision of Information) + + + Schedule of Canada + +1. Precedential judicial decisions regarding government +procurement: + (a) Dominion Law Reports; + (b) Supreme Court Reports; + (c) Federal Court Reports; + (d) National Reporter. + +2. Administrative rulings and procedures regarding government +procurement: + (a) Government Business Opportunities; and + (b) Canada Gazette. + +3. Laws and regulations: + (a) Revised Statutes of Canada; + (b) Canada Gazette. + + + Schedule of Mexico + +1. Diario Oficial de la Federaci¢n. + +2. Semanario Judicial de la Federaci¢n (for precedential judicial +decisions only). + +3. Mexico will endeavor to establish a specialized publication +for administrative rulings of general application and any +procedure, including standard contract clauses. + + + Schedule of United States + +1. All United States laws, regulations, judicial decisions, +administrative rulings and procedures regarding government +procurement covered by this Chapter are codified in the Defense +Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) and the Federal +Acquisition Regulation (FAR), both of which are published as a part +of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The DFARS +and the FAR are published in title 48 of CFR. Copies may be +purchased from the Government Printing Office. These regulations +are also published in loose-leaf versions that are available by +subscription from the Government Printing Office. Changes are +provided to subscribers as they are issued. + +2. For those who wish to consult original sources, the following +published sources are provided: + +Material Publication Name + +United States Laws U.S. Statutes at Large + +Decisions: + - United States Supreme Court U.S. Reports + - Circuit Court of Appeals Federal Reporter - 2nd Series + - District Courts Federal Supplement Reporter + - Court of Claims Court of Claims Reports + +Decisions: + - Boards of Contract Appeals Unofficial publication by Commerce Clearing + House + +Decisions: + -Comptroller General of the Those not officially United States + published as decisions of the Comptroller General are published + unofficially by Federal Publications, Inc. + + + Chapter Eleven + + Subchapter A - Investment + + + +Article 1101: Scope + +1. This Chapter applies to measures adopted or maintained by a +Party relating to: + + (a) investors of another Party; + + (b) investments of investors of another Party in the + territory of the Party existing at the date of entry + into force of this Agreement as well as to investments + made or acquired thereafter by such investors; and + + (c) with respect to Article 1106, all investments in the + territory of the Party existing at the date of entry + into force of this Agreement as well as to investments + made or acquired thereafter. + +2. A Party has the right to perform exclusively the economic +activities set out in Annex III and to refuse to permit the +establishment of investment in such activities. + +3. This Chapter does not apply to Chapter Fourteen (Financial +Services) except to the extent specifically provided therein. + +4. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a +Party from providing a service or performing a function such as +law enforcement, correctional services, income security or +insurance, social security or insurance, social welfare, public +education, public training, health, and child care, in a manner +that is not inconsistent with this Chapter. + + + +Article 1102: National Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord to investors of another Party +treatment no less favorable than that it accords, in like +circumstances, to its own investors with respect to the +establishment, acquisition, expansion, management, conduct, +operation and sale or other disposition of investments. + +2. Each Party shall accord to investments of investors of +another Party treatment no less favorable than that it accords, +in like circumstances, to investments of its own investors with +respect to the establishment, acquisition, expansion, management, +conduct, operation and sale or other disposition of investments. + +3. The treatment accorded by a Party under paragraphs 1 and 2 +means, with respect to a state or province, treatment no less +favorable than the most favorable treatment accorded, in like +circumstances, by such state or province to investors, and to +investments of investors, of the Party of which it forms a part. + +4. For greater certainty, no Party shall: + + (a) impose on an investor of another Party a requirement + that a minimum level of equity in an enterprise in the + territory of the Party be held by its nationals, other + than nominal qualifying shares for directors or + incorporators of corporations; or + + (b) require an investor of another Party, by reason of its + nationality, to sell or otherwise dispose of an + investment in the territory of the Party. + + +Article 1103: Most-Favored-Nation Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord to investors of another Party +treatment no less favorable than that it accords, in like +circumstances, to investors of another Party or of a non-Party +with respect to the establishment, acquisition, expansion, +management, conduct, operation and sale or other disposition of +investments. + +2. Each Party shall accord to investments of investors of +another Party treatment no less favorable than that it accords, +in like circumstances, to investments of investors of another +Party or of a non-Party with respect to the establishment, +acquisition, expansion, management, conduct, operation and sale +or other disposition of investments. + + +Article 1104: Non-discriminatory Treatment + + Each Party shall accord to investors of another Party and to +investments of investors of another Party the better of the +treatment required by Articles 1102 and 1103 ("non-discriminatory +treatment"). + + +Article 1105: Minimum Standard of Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord to investments of investors of +another Party treatment in accordance with international law, +including fair and equitable treatment and full protection and +security. + +2. Without prejudice to paragraph 1 and notwithstanding Article +1108 (8) (b), each Party shall accord to investors of another +Party, and to investments of investors of another Party, +non-discriminatory treatment with respect to measures it +maintains or adopts relating to losses suffered by investments in +its territory owing to armed conflict or civil strife. + +3. Paragraph 2 shall not apply to existing measures related to +subsidies or grants that are inconsistent with Article 1102. + + +Article 1106: Performance Requirements + +1. A Party shall not impose the following requirements, or +enforce any commitment or undertaking, in connection with the +establishment, acquisition, expansion, management, conduct or +operation of an investment of an investor of a Party or of a +non-Party in its territory: + + (a) to export a given level or percentage of goods or + services; + + (b) to achieve a given level or percentage of domestic + content; + + (c) to purchase, use or accord a preference to goods + produced or services provided in its territory, or to + purchase goods or services from persons in its + territory; + + (d) to relate in any way the volume or value of imports to + the volume or value of exports or to the amount of + foreign exchange inflows associated with such + investment; + + (e) to restrict sales of goods or services in its territory + that such investment produces or provides by relating + such sales in any way to the volume or value of its + exports or foreign exchange earnings; + + (f) to transfer technology, a production process or other + proprietary knowledge to a person in its territory, + except when the requirement is imposed or the + commitment or undertaking is enforced by a court, + administrative tribunal or competition authority to + remedy an alleged violation of competition laws; or + + (g) to act as the exclusive supplier of the goods it + produces or services it provides to a specific region + or world market. + +2. A requirement that an investment use a technology to meet +generally applicable health, safety or environmental +standards-related measures, as defined in Article 915, shall not +be construed to be inconsistent with paragraph 1(f). For greater +certainty, Articles 1102, 1103 and 1104 shall apply to such +requirements. + +3. A Party shall not condition the receipt or continued receipt +of an advantage, in connection with investments in its territory +of investors of a Party or of a non-Party, on compliance with any +of the following requirements: + + (a) to purchase, use or accord a preference to goods + produced in its territory, or to purchase goods from + producers in its territory; + + (b) to achieve a given level or percentage of domestic + content; + + (c) to relate in any way the volume or value of imports to + the volume or value of exports or to the amount of + foreign exchange inflows associated with such + investment; or + + (d) to restrict sales of goods or services in its territory + that such investment produces or provides by relating + such sales in any way to the volume or value of its + exports or foreign exchange earnings. + +4. Nothing in paragraph 3 shall be construed to prevent a Party +from conditioning the receipt or continued receipt of an +advantage, in connection with investments in its territory of +investors of a Party or of a non-Party, on compliance with a +requirement to locate production, provide a service, train or +employ workers, construct or expand particular facilities, or +carry out research and development, in its territory. + +5. Paragraphs 1 and 3 do not apply to any requirements other +than the requirements listed in those paragraphs. + + +Article 1107: Senior Management and Boards of Directors + +1. A Party shall not require that an enterprise of the Party +that is an investment of an investor of another Party appoint to +senior management positions individuals of any particular +nationality. + +2. A Party may require that a majority of the board of +directors, or any committee thereof, of an enterprise of the +Party that is an investment of an investor of another Party, be +of a particular nationality, or resident in the territory of the +Party, provided that the requirement does not materially impair +the ability of the investor to exercise control over its +investment. + + +Article 1108: Reservations and Exceptions + +1. Articles 1102, 1103, 1106 and 1107 do not apply to: + + (a) any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained + by: + + (i) a Party at the federal level, as described in its + Schedule to Annex I or III, + + (ii) a state or province, for two years after the date + of entry into force of this Agreement, and + thereafter as described by a Party in its Schedule + to Annex I, or + + (iii) a local government; + + (b) the continuation or prompt renewal of any + non-conforming measure referred to in subparagraph (a); + or + + (c) an amendment to any non-conforming measure referred to + in subparagraph (a) to the extent that the amendment + does not decrease the conformity of the measure, as it + existed immediately before the amendment, with Articles + 1102, 1103, 1106 and 1107. + +2. A Party shall have two years from the date of entry into +force of this Agreement to describe in its Schedule to Annex I +any existing non-conforming measure maintained by a state or +province. + +3. A Party shall not be required to describe in its Schedule to +Annex I any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained by +a local government. + +4. To the extent indicated by a Party in its Schedule to Annex +II, Articles 1102, 1103, 1106 and 1107 do not apply to any +measure adopted or maintained by a Party with respect to the +sectors, subsectors or activities as described therein. + +5. Any measure adopted by a Party in a manner consistent with +paragraph 4 shall not require an investor of another Party, by +reason of its nationality, to sell or otherwise dispose of an +investment existing at the time the measure becomes effective. + +6. Articles 1102 and 1103 do not apply to any measure that is +an exception to, or derogation from, the obligations under +Article 1703 (National Treatment) as specifically provided for in +that Article. + +7. Article 1103 does not apply to treatment accorded by a Party +pursuant to agreements or with respect to sectors described in +Annex IV. + +8. Articles 1102, 1103 and 1107 do not apply to: + + (a) procurement of goods or services by a Party or a state + enterprise; or + + (b) subsidies and grants provided by a Party or a state + enterprise, including government-supported loans, + guarantees and insurance. + +9. The provisions of: + + (a) Article 1106(1)(a), (b) and (c), and (3)(a) and (b) do + not apply to qualification requirements for goods or + services with respect to export promotion and foreign + aid programs; + + (b) Article 1106(1)(b), (c), (f) and (g), and (3)(a) and + (b) do not apply to procurement of goods or services by + a Party or a state enterprise; and + + (c) Article 1106(3)(a) and (b) do not apply to requirements + imposed by an importing Party related to the content of + goods necessary to qualify for preferential tariffs or + preferential quotas. + + +Article 1109: Transfers + +1. Each Party shall permit all transfers and international +payments ("transfers") relating to an investment of an investor +of another Party in the territory of the Party to be made freely +and without delay. Such transfers include: + + (a) profits, dividends, interest, capital gains, royalty + payments, management fees, technical assistance and + other fees, returns in kind, and other amounts derived + from the investment; + + (b) proceeds from the sale of all or any part of the + investment or from the partial or complete liquidation + of the investment; + + (c) payments made under a contract entered into by the + investor, or its investment, including payments made + pursuant to a loan agreement; + + (d) payments made pursuant to Article 1110; and + + (e) payments arising under Subchapter B. + +2. Each Party shall permit transfers to be made in a freely +usable currency at the market rate of exchange prevailing on the +date of transfer with respect to spot transactions in the +currency to be transferred. + +3. No Party shall require its investors to transfer, or +penalize its investors who fail to transfer, the income, +earnings, profits or other amounts derived from, or attributable +to, an investment in the territory of another Party. + +4. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, a Party may prevent a +transfer through the equitable, non-discriminatory and good faith +application of its laws relating to: + + (a) bankruptcy, insolvency or the protection of the rights + of creditors; + + (b) issuing, trading or dealing in securities; + + (c) criminal or penal offenses; + + (d) reports of transfers of currency or other monetary + instruments; or + + (e) ensuring the satisfaction of judgments in adjudicatory proceedings. + +5. Paragraph 3 shall not be construed to prevent a Party from +imposing any measure through the equitable, non-discriminatory +and good faith application of its laws relating to the matters +set out in subparagraphs (a) through (e) of paragraph 4. + +6. A Party may restrict transfers of returns in kind only in +circumstances in which it could otherwise restrict such transfers +under this Agreement. + + +Article 1110: Expropriation and Compensation + +1. No Party shall directly or indirectly nationalize or +expropriate an investment of an investor of another Party in its +territory or take a measure tantamount to nationalization or +expropriation of such an investment ("expropriation"), except: + + (a) for a public purpose; + + (b) on a non-discriminatory basis; + + (c) in accordance with due process of law and the general + principles of treatment provided in Article 1105; and + + (d) upon payment of compensation in accordance with + paragraphs 2 to 6. + +2. Compensation shall be equivalent to the fair market value of +the expropriated investment immediately before the expropriation +took place ("date of expropriation"), and shall not reflect any +change in value occurring because the intended expropriation had +become known earlier. Valuation criteria shall include going +concern value, asset value (including declared tax value of +tangible property) and other criteria, as appropriate to +determine fair market value. + +3. Compensation shall be paid without delay and be fully +realizable. + +4. If payment is made in a G7 currency, compensation shall +include interest at a commercially reasonable rate for that +currency from the date of expropriation until the date of actual +payment thereof. + +5. If a Party elects to pay in a currency other than a G7 +currency, the amount paid on the date of payment, if converted +into a G7 currency at the market rate of exchange prevailing on +that date, shall be no less than if the amount of compensation +owed on the date of expropriation had been converted into that G7 +currency at the market rate of exchange prevailing on that date, +and interest had accrued at a commercially reasonable rate for +that G7 currency from the date of expropriation until the date of +payment. + +6. Upon payment, compensation shall be freely transferable as +provided in Article 1109. + +7. This Article does not apply to the issuance of compulsory +licenses granted in relation to intellectual property rights, or +the revocation, limitation or creation of intellectual property +rights to the extent that such issuance, revocation, limitation +or creation is consistent with Chapter Seventeen (Intellectual +Property). + +8. For purposes of this Article and for greater clarity, a non- +discriminatory measure of general application shall not be +considered a measure tantamount to an expropriation of a debt +security or loan covered by this Chapter solely on the ground +that the measure imposes costs on the debtor that cause it to +default on the debt. + + +Article 1111: Special Formalities and Information Requirements + +1. Nothing in Article 1102 shall be construed to prevent a +Party from adopting or maintaining a measure that prescribes +special formalities in connection with the establishment of +investments by investors of another Party, such as a requirement +that investors be residents of the Party or that investments be +legally constituted under the laws and regulations of the Party, +provided that such formalities do not impair the substance of the +benefits of any of the provisions in this Chapter. + +2. Notwithstanding Articles 1102 and 1103, a Party may require, +from an investor of another Party or its investment, routine +business information, to be used solely for informational or +statistical purposes, concerning that investment in its +territory. The Party shall protect such business information as +is confidential from disclosure that would prejudice the +investor's or the investment's competitive position. Nothing in +this paragraph shall preclude a Party from otherwise obtaining or +disclosing information in connection with the equitable and good +faith application of its laws. + + +Article 1112: Relationship to Other Chapters + +1. In the event of any inconsistency between a provision of +this Chapter and a provision of another Chapter, the provision of +the other Chapter shall prevail to the extent of the +inconsistency. + +2. A requirement by a Party that a service provider of another +Party post a bond or other form of financial security as a +condition of providing a service into its territory does not of +itself make this Chapter applicable to the provision of that +cross-border service. This Chapter shall apply to that Party's +treatment of the posted bond or financial security. + + +Article 1113: Denial of Benefits + +1. Each Party reserves the right to deny to an investor of +another Party that is an enterprise of such Party and to +investments of such investor the benefits of this Chapter if +investors of a non-Party own or control the enterprise and: + + (a) the denying Party does not maintain diplomatic + relations with the non-Party; or + (b) the denying Party adopts or maintains measures with + respect to the non-Party that prohibit transactions + with the enterprise or that would be violated or + circumvented if the benefits of this Chapter were + accorded to the enterprise or to its investments. + +2. Subject to prior notification and consultation in accordance +with Articles 1803 (Notification and Provision of Information) +and 2006 (Consultations), respectively, each Party reserves the +right to deny to an investor of another Party that is an +enterprise of such Party and to investments of such investors the +benefits of this Chapter if investors of a non-Party own or +control the enterprise and the enterprise has no substantial +business activities in the territory of the Party under whose +laws it is constituted or organized. + + +Article 1114: Environmental Measures + +1. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a +Party from adopting, maintaining, or enforcing any measure, +otherwise consistent with this Chapter, that it considers +appropriate to ensure that investment activity in its territory +is undertaken in a manner sensitive to environmental concerns. + +2. The Parties recognize that it is inappropriate to encourage +investment by relaxing domestic health, safety or environmental +measures. Accordingly, a Party should not waive or otherwise +derogate from, or offer to waive or otherwise derogate from, such +measures as an encouragement for the establishment, acquisition, +expansion, or retention in its territory of an investment of an +investor. If a Party considers that another Party has offered +such an encouragement, it may request consultations with the +other Party and the two Parties shall consult with a view to +avoiding any such encouragement. + +============================================================================= + + Subchapter B - SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES BETWEEN A PARTY AND + AN INVESTOR OF ANOTHER PARTY + + +Article 1115: Purpose + + This Subchapter establishes a mechanism for the settlement +of investment disputes that assures both equal treatment among +investors of the Parties in accordance with the principle of +international reciprocity and due process before an impartial +tribunal. + + +Article 1116: Claim by an Investor of a Party on Behalf of + Itself + +1. An investor of a Party may submit to arbitration under this +Subchapter a claim that another Party has breached: + + (a) a provision of Subchapter A; or + + (b) Article 1502(3)(a) (Monopolies and State Enterprises) + or Article 1503(2) (State Enterprises) where the + alleged breach pertains to the obligations of + Subchapter A, + +and that the investor has incurred loss or damage by reason of, +or arising out of, that breach. + +2. An investor may not make a claim if more than three years +have elapsed from the date on which the investor first acquired, +or should have first acquired, knowledge of the alleged breach +and knowledge that the investor has incurred loss or damage. + + +Article 1117: Claim by an Investor of a Party on Behalf of an + Enterprise + +1. An investor of a Party, on behalf of an enterprise of +another Party that is a juridical person that the investor owns +or controls directly or indirectly, may submit to arbitration +under this Subchapter a claim that the other Party has breached: + + (a) a provision of Subchapter A; or + + (b) Article 1502 (3)(a) (Monopolies and State Enterprises) + or Article 1503(2) (State Enterprises) where the + alleged breach pertains to the obligations of + Subchapter A; + +and that the enterprise has incurred loss or damage by reason of, +or arising out of, that breach. + +2. An investor may not make a claim on behalf of an enterprise +described in paragraph 1 if more than three years have elapsed +from the date on which the enterprise first acquired, or should +have first acquired, knowledge of the alleged breach and +knowledge that the enterprise has incurred loss or damage. + +3. Where an investor makes a claim under this Article and the +investor or a non-controlling investor in the enterprise makes a +claim under Article 1116 arising out of the same events which +gave rise to the claim under this Article, and two or more of the +claims are submitted to arbitration under Article 1120, the +claims should be heard together by a Tribunal established +pursuant to Article 1125, unless the Tribunal finds that the +interests of a disputing party would be prejudiced thereby. + +4. An investment may not make a claim under this Subchapter. + + +Article 1118: Settlement of a Claim Through Consultation and + Negotiation + + The disputing parties should first attempt to settle a claim +through consultation or negotiation. + + +Article 1119: Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration + + The disputing investor shall give to the disputing Party +written notice of its intention to submit a claim to arbitration +at least 90 days before the claim is submitted, which notice +shall specify: + + (a) the name and address of the disputing investor; + + (b) the provisions of this Agreement alleged to have been + breached and any other relevant provisions; + + (c) the issues and the factual basis for the claim; and + + (d) the relief sought and the approximate amount of damages + claimed. + + +Article 1120: Submission of a Claim to Arbitration + +1. Except as provided in Annex 1120.1, and provided that six +months have elapsed since the events giving rise to a claim, a +disputing investor may submit the claim to arbitration under: + + (a) the ICSID Convention, provided that both the disputing + Party and the Party of the investor are parties to the + Convention; + + (b) the Additional Facility Rules of ICSID, provided that + either the disputing Party or the Party of the + investor, but not both, is a party to the ICSID + Convention; or + + (c) the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. + +2. The applicable arbitration rules shall govern the +arbitration except to the extent modified by this Subchapter. + + +Article 1121: Conditions Precedent to Submission of a Claim to + Arbitration + +1. A disputing investor may submit a claim under Article 1116 +to arbitration only if: + + (a) the investor consents to arbitration in accordance with + the provisions of this Subchapter; and + + (b) both the investor and an enterprise of another Party + that is a juridical person that the investor owns or + controls directly or indirectly, waive their right to + initiate or continue before any administrative tribunal + or court under the domestic law of any Party any + proceedings with respect to the measure of the + disputing Party that is alleged to be a breach of + Subchapter A of this Chapter, Article 1502(3)(a) + (Monopolies and State Enterprises) or Article 1503(2) + (State Enterprises), except for proceedings for + injunctive, declaratory or other extraordinary relief, + not involving the payment of damages, before an + administrative tribunal or court under the domestic law + of the disputing Party. + +2. A disputing investor may submit a claim under Article 1117 +to arbitration only if both the investor and the enterprise: + + (a) consent to arbitration in accordance with the + provisions of this Subchapter; and + + (b) waive their right to initiate or continue before any + administrative tribunal or court under the domestic law + of any Party any proceedings with respect to the + measure of the disputing Party that is alleged to be a + breach of Subchapter A of this Chapter, Article + 1502(3)(a) (Monopolies and State Enterprises) or + Article 1503(2) (State Enterprises), except for + proceedings for injunctive, declaratory or other + extraordinary relief, not involving the payment of + damages, before an administrative tribunal or court + under the domestic law of the disputing Party. + +3. A consent and waiver required by this Article shall be in +writing, shall be given to the disputing Party, and shall be +included in the submission of a claim to arbitration. + + +Article 1122: Consent to Arbitration + +1. Each Party consents to the submission of a claim to +arbitration in accordance with the provisions of this Subchapter. + +2. The consent given by paragraph 1 and the submission by a +disputing investor of a claim to arbitration in accordance with +the provisions of this Subchapter shall satisfy the requirement +of: + + (a) Chapter II of the ICSID Convention (Jurisdiction of the + Center) and the Additional Facility Rules for written + consent of the parties; + + (b) Article II of the New York Convention for an agreement + in writing; and + + (c) Article I of the Inter-American Convention for an + agreement. + + +Article 1123: Number of Arbitrators and Method of Appointment + + Subject to Article 1125, and unless the disputing parties +agree otherwise, the Tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. +One arbitrator shall be appointed by each of the disputing +parties. The third, who shall be the presiding arbitrator, shall +be appointed by agreement of the disputing parties. + + +Article 1124: Constitution of Tribunal When a Party Fails to + Appoint an Arbitrator or the Disputing Parties Are + Unable to Agree on a Presiding Arbitrator + +1. The Secretary-General of ICSID shall serve as appointing +authority for an arbitration under this Subchapter. + +2. If a Tribunal has not been constituted within 90 days from +the date that a claim is submitted to arbitration, the Secretary- +General, at the request of either disputing party: + + (a) shall appoint the arbitrator or arbitrators not yet + appointed in his discretion, except for the presiding + arbitrator; and + + (b) shall appoint the presiding arbitrator in accordance + with paragraph 3. + +3. The Secretary-General shall appoint the presiding arbitrator +from the list of presiding arbitrators described in paragraph 4. +In the event that no such presiding arbitrator is available to +serve, the Secretary-General shall appoint a presiding arbitrator +who is not a national of any of the Parties from the ICSID Panel +of Arbitrators. + +4. As of the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the +Parties shall have jointly designated, without regard to +nationality, 45 presiding arbitrators meeting the qualifications +of the rules referred to in Article 1120 and experienced in +international law and investment. + +5. Subject to paragraph 8, where a disputing investor submits a +claim to arbitration under the ICSID Convention or the Additional +Facility Rules, each Party agrees: + + (a) to the appointment by the investor of a national of the + Party of the investor as an arbitrator; and + + (b) to the appointment by the Secretary-General of a + national of the Party of the investor as an arbitrator + or as a presiding arbitrator. + +6. Subject to paragraph 8, a disputing investor described in +Article 1116 may submit a claim to arbitration, or continue a +claim, under the ICSID Convention or the Additional Facility +Rules, only on the following conditions: + + (a) where the disputing Party appoints a national of the + disputing Party as an arbitrator, the investor agrees + in writing to the appointment; and + + (b) where the Secretary-General appoints a national of the + disputing Party as an arbitrator or as a presiding + arbitrator, the investor agrees in writing to the + appointment. + +7. Subject to paragraph 8, a disputing investor described in +Article 1117(1) may submit a claim to arbitration, or continue a +claim, under the ICSID Convention or the Additional Facility +Rules, only on the following conditions: + + (a) where the disputing Party appoints a national of the + disputing Party as an arbitrator, the investor and the + enterprise agree in writing to the appointment; and + + (b) where the Secretary-General appoints a national of the + disputing Party as an arbitrator or as a presiding + arbitrator, the investor and the enterprise agree in + writing to the appointment. + +8. A disputing party: + + (a) in the case of a claim submitted to arbitration under + the ICSID Convention, may propose, under Article 57 of + the Convention, the disqualification of a member of the + Tribunal on account of any fact indicating a manifest + lack of the qualities required by paragraph 1 of + Article 14 of the Convention; and + + (b) in the case of a claim submitted to arbitration under + the Additional Facility Rules, may propose, under + Article 14 of the Rules, the disqualification of a + member of the Tribunal on account of any fact + indicating a manifest lack of the qualities required by + Article 9 of the Rules. + + +Article 1125: Consolidation + +1. A Tribunal established under this Article shall be +established under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, and shall +conduct its proceedings in accordance with those Rules, except as +modified by this Subchapter. + +2. Where a Tribunal established under this Article is satisfied +that claims have been submitted to arbitration under Article 1120 +that have a question of law or fact in common, the Tribunal may, +in the interests of fair and efficient resolution of the claims, +and after hearing the disputing parties, order that the Tribunal: + + (a) shall assume jurisdiction over, and hear and determine + together, all or part of the claims; or + + (b) shall assume jurisdiction over, and hear and determine + one or more of the claims, the determination of which + it believes would assist in the resolution of the + others. + +3. A disputing party that seeks an order under paragraph 2 +shall request the Secretary-General of ICSID to establish a +Tribunal and shall specify in the request: + + (a) the name of the disputing Party or disputing parties + against which the order is sought; + + (b) the nature of the order sought; and + + (c) the grounds on which the order is sought. + +4. The disputing party shall give to the disputing Party or +disputing parties against which the order is sought a copy of the +request. + +5. Within 60 days of receipt of the request, the Secretary- +General of ICSID shall establish a Tribunal consisting of three +arbitrators. The Secretary-General shall appoint the presiding +arbitrator from the roster described in paragraph 4 of Article +1124. In the event that no such presiding arbitrator is +available to serve, the Secretary-General shall appoint a +presiding arbitrator, who is not a national of any of the +Parties, from the ICSID Panel of Arbitrators. The Secretary- +General shall appoint the two other members from the roster +described in paragraph 4 of Article 1124, and to the extent not +available from that roster, from the ICSID Panel of Arbitrators, +and to the extent not available from that panel, in the +discretion of the Secretary-General. One member shall be a +national of the disputing Party and one member shall be a +national of the Party of the disputing investors. + +6. Where a Tribunal has been established under this Article, a +disputing party that has not been named in a request made under +paragraph 3 may make a written request to the Tribunal that it be +included in an order made under paragraph 2, and shall specify in +the request: + + (a) the party's name and address; + + (b) the nature of the order sought; and + + (c) the grounds on which the order is sought. + +7. A disputing party described in paragraph 6 shall give a copy +of its request to the parties named in a request made under +paragraph 3. + +8. A Tribunal established under Article 1120 shall not have +jurisdiction to decide a claim, or a part of a claim, over which +a Tribunal established under this Article has assumed +jurisdiction. + +9. A disputing Party shall give to the Secretariat of the +Commission, within 15 days of receipt by the disputing Party, a +copy of: + + (a) a request for arbitration made under paragraph 1 of + Article 36 of the ICSID Convention; + + (b) a notice for arbitration made under Article 2 of the + Additional Facility Rules; or + + (c) a notice of arbitration given under the UNCITRAL + Arbitration Rules. + +10. A disputing Party shall give to the Secretariat of the +Commission a copy of a request made under paragraph 3 of this +Article: + + (a) within 15 days of receipt of the request, in the case + of a request made by a disputing investor; + + (b) within 15 days of making the request, in the case of a + request made by the disputing Party. + +11. A disputing Party shall give to the Secretariat of the +Commission a copy of a request made under paragraph 6 of this +Article within 15 days of receipt of the request. + +12. The Secretariat of the Commission shall maintain a public +register consisting of the documents referred to in paragraphs 9, +10 and 11. + + +Article 1126: Notice + + A disputing Party shall deliver to the other Parties: + + (a) written notice of a claim that has been submitted to + arbitration within 30 days from the date that the claim + is submitted; and + + (b) copies of all pleading filed in the arbitration. + + +Article 1127: Participation by a Party + + On written notice to the disputing parties, a Party may make +submissions to a Tribunal on a question of interpretation of this +Agreement. + + +Article 1128: Documents + + A Party shall be entitled to receive from the disputing +Party at the cost of the requesting Party: + + (a) a copy of the evidence that has been tendered to the + Tribunal; and + + (b) a copy of the written argument of the disputing + parties. + + +Article 1129: Place of Arbitration + + Unless the disputing parties agree otherwise, a Tribunal +shall hold an arbitration in the territory of a Party which is a +party to the New York Convention, selected in accordance with: + + (a) the Additional Facility Rules if the arbitration is + under those rules or the ICSID Arbitration Rules; or + + (b) the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules if the arbitration is + under those rules. + + +Article 1130: Governing Law + + A Tribunal established under this Subchapter shall decide +the issues in dispute in accordance with this Agreement and +applicable rules of international law. + + +Article 1131: Interpretation of Annexes + +1. Where a disputing Party asserts as a defense that the +measure alleged to be a breach of this Chapter is within the +scope of an exception set forth in Annex I, Annex II, Annex III +or Annex IV, on request of the disputing Party, the Tribunal +shall request the interpretation of the Commission on this +question. The Commission shall have 60 days to submit its +interpretation in writing to the Tribunal. + +2. If the Commission submits to the Tribunal an agreed +interpretation, the interpretation shall be binding on the +Tribunal. If the Commission fails to submit an agreed +interpretation or fails to submit an agreed interpretation within +such 60 day period, the Tribunal shall decide the issue of +interpretation of the exception. + + +Article 1132: Report from an Expert + + Without prejudice to the appointment of other kinds of +experts where authorized by the applicable arbitration rules, a +Tribunal, at the request of a disputing party or, unless the +disputing parties disapprove, on its own initiative, may appoint +one or more experts to report to it in writing on any factual +issue concerning environmental, health, safety or other +scientific matters raised by a disputing party in a proceeding, +subject to such terms and conditions as the disputing parties may +agree. + + +Article 1133: Interim Measures of Protection + + A Tribunal may take such measures as it deems necessary to +preserve the respective rights of the disputing parties, or to +ensure that the Tribunal's jurisdiction is made fully effective. +Such measures may include, but are not limited to, orders to +preserve evidence in the possession or control of a disputing +party, or to protect the Tribunal's jurisdiction. An interim +measure of protection may not include an order of attachment or +an order to enjoin the application of the measure alleged to be +the breach of Subchapter A of this Chapter, Article 1502(3)(a) +(Monopolies and State Enterprises) or Article 1503(2) (State +Enterprises). For purposes of this paragraph, an order includes +a recommendation. + + +Article 1134: Final Award + +1. Where a Tribunal makes a final award against a Party, the +Tribunal may award only: + + (a) monetary damages, and any applicable interest; or + + (b) restitution of property, in which case the award shall + provide that the disputing Party may pay monetary + damages, and any applicable interest, in lieu of + restitution. + +2. Subject to paragraph 1, where a claim is made under +paragraph 1 of Article 1117: + + (a) an award of restitution of property shall provide that + restitution be made to the enterprise; + + (b) an award of monetary damages, and any applicable + interest, shall provide that the sum be paid to the + enterprise; and + + (c) the award shall provide that it is made without + prejudice to any right that any person may have in the + relief under applicable domestic law. + +3. A Tribunal may not order a Party to pay punitive damages. + + +Article 1135: Finality and Enforcement of Award + +1. An award made by a Tribunal is binding on the disputing +parties but shall have no binding force except between the +disputing parties and in respect of the particular case. + +2. Subject to paragraph 3, a disputing party shall abide by and +comply with an award without delay. + +3. A disputing party may not seek enforcement of a final award +until: + + (a) in the case of a final award made under the ICSID + Convention: + + (i) 120 days have elapsed from the date the award was + rendered and no disputing party has requested + revision or annulment of the award, or + + (ii) revision or annulment proceedings have been + completed, and + + (b) in the case of a final award under the Additional + Facility Rules of ICSID or the UNCITRAL Arbitration + Rules: + + (i) 3 months have elapsed from the date the award was + rendered and no disputing party has commenced a + proceeding to revise, set aside or annul the + award, or + + (ii) a court has dismissed or allowed an application to + revise, set aside or annul the award and there is + no further appeal. + +5. Each Party undertakes to provide for the enforcement in its +territory of an award. + +6. If a Party fails to abide by or comply with the terms of a +final award under this Subchapter, the Commission provided for in +Chapter Twenty (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement +Procedures) shall, upon delivery of a request by any other Party +whose investor was party to the investment dispute, establish a +panel under Article 2008(1). The requesting Party may seek in +such proceedings: + + (a) a determination that the failure to abide by and comply + with the terms of the final award is inconsistent with + the obligations of this Agreement; and + + (b) a recommendation that the defaulting Party abide by or + comply with the terms of the final award. + +7. A disputing investor may seek enforcement of an arbitration +award under the ICSID Convention, the New York Convention or the +Inter-American Convention regardless of whether proceedings have +been taken under paragraph 6. + +8. A claim that is submitted to arbitration shall be considered +to arise out of a commercial relationship or transaction for +purposes of Article I of the New York Convention and Article I of +the Inter-American Convention. + + +Article 1136: General + +1. Time when a Claim is Submitted to Arbitration: A claim is +submitted to arbitration under this Subchapter when: + + (a) the notice of registration of the request to institute + arbitration proceedings has been dispatched by the + Secretary-General of ICSID in accordance with paragraph + 3 of Article 36 of the ICSID Convention; + + (b) the certificate of registration of the notice for + arbitration has been dispatched by the Secretary- + General of ICSID in accordance with Article 4 of + Schedule C of the Additional Facility Rules; or + + (c) the notice of arbitration given under the UNCITRAL + Arbitration Rules is received by the disputing Party. + +2. Receipts under Insurance or Guarantee Contracts: In an +arbitration under this Subchapter, a Party shall not assert, as a +defense, counterclaim, right of set off or otherwise, that the +investor concerned has received or will receive, pursuant to an +insurance or guarantee contract, indemnification or other +compensation for all or part of its alleged +damages. + + +Article 1137: Exclusions + +1. Without prejudice to the applicability or non-applicability +of the dispute settlement provisions of this Subchapter or of +Chapter Twenty (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement +Procedures) to other actions taken by a Party pursuant to Article +2102 (National Security), a decision by a Party to prohibit or +restrict the acquisition of an investment in its territory by an +investor of another Party, or its investment, pursuant to that +Article shall not be subject to such provisions. + +2. The dispute settlement provisions of this Subchapter and of +Chapter Twenty shall not apply to the matters described in Annex +1137.2. + + +Article 1138: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +disputing Party means a Party against which a claim is made under +Subchapter B; + +disputing party means the disputing investor or the disputing +Party; + +disputing parties means the disputing investor and the disputing Party; + +enterprise means an "enterprise" as defined in Article 201, +except that it shall also include a branch; + +enterprise of a Party means an enterprise constituted or +organized under the laws and regulations of a Party, and a +branch; + +equity or debt securities includes voting and non-voting shares, +bonds, convertible debentures, stock options and warrants; + +G7 Currency means the currency of Canada, Germany, France, Italy, +Japan, the United States or the United Kingdom of Great Britain +and Northern Ireland; + +ICSID Convention means the Convention on the Settlement of +Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States +done at Washington, March 18, 1965; + +ICSID means the International Centre for Settlement of Investment +Disputes; + +Inter-American Convention means the Inter-American Convention on +International Commercial Arbitration, done at Panama, January 30, +1975; + +investment means: + + (a) an enterprise; + + (b) an equity security of an enterprise; + + (c) a debt security of an enterprise + + (i) that is an affiliate of the investor, or + + (ii) where the original maturity of the debt security + is at least three years, + + but does not include a debt security, regardless of original + maturity, of a state enterprise; + + (d) a loan to an enterprise, + + (i) that is an affiliate of the investor, or + + (ii) where the original maturity of the loan is at + least three years, + + but does not include a loan, regardless of original + maturity, to a state enterprise; + + (e) an interest in an enterprise that entitles the owner to + share in the income or profits; + + (f) an interest in an enterprise that entitles the owner to + share in the assets on dissolution, other than a debt + security or a loan excluded from sub-paragraph (c) or + (d); + + (g) real estate or other property (tangible and intangible) + acquired in the expectation or used for the purpose of + economic benefit or other business purposes; + + (h) interests arising from the commitment of capital or + other resources in the territory of a Party to economic + activity in such territory, such as under: + + (i) contracts involving the presence of an investor's + property in the territory of the Party (including + turnkey or construction contracts, or + concessions), or + + (ii) contracts where the remuneration depends + substantially on the production, revenues or + profits of an enterprise. + +But investment does not mean, + + (i) claims to money that arise solely from: + + (i) commercial contracts for the sale of goods or + services by a national or enterprise in the + territory of one Party to an enterprise in the + territory of another Party, or + + (ii) the extension of credit in connection with a + commercial transaction, such as trade financing, + other than a loan covered by sub-paragraph (d), or + + (j) any other claims to money, + +which do not involve the kinds of interests set out in sub- +paragraphs (a) through (h); + +investment of an investor of a Party means an investment owned or +controlled directly or indirectly by an investor of such Party; + +investor of a Party means a Party or state enterprise thereof, or +a national or an enterprise of such Party, that seeks to make, +makes or has made an investment; + +investor of a non-Party means an investor other than an investor +of a Party, that makes, seeks to make or has made an investment; + +New York Convention means the United Nations Convention on the +Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, done at +New York, June 10, 1958; + +Tribunal means an arbitration tribunal established under Article +1120 or 1125; and + +UNCITRAL Arbitration rules means the arbitration rules of the +United Nations \Commission on International Trade Law, approved +by the United Nations General Assembly on December 15, 1976. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1120.1 + + Submission of Claims to Arbitration + +1. An investor of another Party may not allege that Mexico has +breached: + + (a) a provision of Subchapter A; or + + (b) Article 1502(3)(a) (Monopolies and State Enterprises) + or Article 1503(2) (State Enterprises) where the + alleged breach pertains to the obligations of + Subchapter A, + +both in an arbitration under this Subchapter and in proceedings +before a Mexican court or administrative tribunal. + +2. Where an enterprise of Mexico that is a juridical person +that an investor of another Party owns or controls directly or +indirectly alleges in proceedings before a Mexican court or +administrative tribunal that Mexico has breached: + + (a) a provision of Subchapter A; or + + (b) Article 1502(3)(a) (Monopolies and State Enterprises) + or Article 1503(2) (State Enterprises) where the + alleged breach pertains to the obligations of + Subchapter A, + +the investor may not allege the breach in an arbitration under +this Subchapter. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1137.2 + + Exclusions from Dispute Settlement + + + +CANADA + + A decision by Canada following a review under the Investment +Canada Act, with respect to whether or not to permit an +acquisition that is subject to review, shall not be subject to +the dispute settlement provisions of Subchapter B or of Chapter +Twenty (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement +Procedures). + +MEXICO + + A decision by the National Commission on Foreign Investment +("Comisi¢n Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras") following a +review pursuant to Annex I, page I-M-7, with respect to whether +or not to permit an acquisition that is subject to review, shall +not be subject to the dispute settlement provisions of Subchapter +B or of Chapter Twenty (Institutional Arrangements and Dispute +Settlement Procedures). + + + Chapter Twelve + + Cross-Border Trade in Services + + + +Article 1201: Scope and Coverage + +1. This Chapter applies to measures adopted or maintained by a +Party relating to cross-border trade in services by service +providers of another Party, including measures respecting: + + (a) the production, distribution, marketing, sale and + delivery of a service; + + (b) the purchase, payment or use of a service; + + (c) the access to and use of distribution and transportation + systems in connection with the provision of a service; + + (d) the presence in its territory of a service provider of + another Party; and + + (e) the provision of a bond or other form of financial + security as a condition for the provision of a service. + +2. This Chapter does not apply to: + + (a) financial services, as defined in Chapter Fourteen + (Financial Services); + + (b) services associated with energy and basic + petrochemical goods to the extent provided in + Chapter Six (Energy and Basic Petrochemicals); and + + (c) air services, including domestic and international air + transportation, whether scheduled or non-scheduled, and + related activities in support of air services, other + than: + + (i) aircraft repair and maintenance services during + which an aircraft is withdrawn from service, and + + (ii) specialty air services. + +3. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to: + + (a) impose any obligation on a Party with respect to a + national of another Party seeking access to its + employment market, or employed on a permanent basis in + its territory, or to confer any right on that national + with respect to such access or employment; + + (b) impose any obligation or confer any right on a Party with + respect to any procurement by a Party or a state + enterprise; + + (c) impose any obligation or confer any right on a Party with + respect to subsidies and grants, including government- + supported loans, guarantees and insurance provided by a + Party or a state enterprise; or + + (d) prevent a Party from providing a service or performing a + function, such as law enforcement, correctional services, + income security or insurance, social security or + insurance, social welfare, public education, public + training, health and child care, in a manner that is not + inconsistent with this Chapter. + + +Article 1202: National Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord to service providers of another Party +treatment no less favorable than that it accords, in like +circumstances, to its own service providers. + +2. The treatment accorded by a Party under paragraph 1 means, +with respect to a state or province treatment no less favorable +than the most favorable treatment accorded, in like circumstances, +by such state or province to service providers of the Party of it +forms a part. + + +Article 1203: Most-Favored-Nation Treatment + + Each Party shall accord to service providers of another Party +treatment no less favorable than that it accords, in like +circumstances, to service providers of another Party or of a non- +Party. + + +Article 1204: Non-Discriminatory Treatment + + Each Party shall accord to service providers of another Party +the better of the treatment required by Articles 1202 and 1203. + + +Article 1205: Local Presence + + A Party shall not require a service provider of another Party +to establish or maintain a representative office, branch or any +form of enterprise, or to be resident, in its territory as a +condition for the cross-border provision of a service. + + +Article 1206: Reservations + +1. Articles 1202, 1203 and 1205 do not apply to: + + (a) any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained + by: + + (i) a Party at the federal level, as described in its + Schedule to Annex I, + + (ii) a state or province, for two years after the date + of entry into force of this Agreement, and + thereafter as described by a Party in its Schedule + to Annex I, or + + (iii) a local government; + + (b) the continuation or prompt renewal of any non-conforming + measure referred to in subparagraph (a); or + + (c) an amendment to any non-conforming measure referred to in + subparagraph (a) to the extent that the amendment does + not decrease the conformity of the measure, as it existed + immediately before the amendment, with Articles 1202, + 1203 and 1205. + +2. A Party shall have two years from the date of entry into force +of this Agreement to describe in its Schedule to Annex I any +existing non-conforming measure maintained by a state or province. + +3. A Party shall not be required to describe in its Schedule to +Annex I any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained by +a local government. + +4. To the extent indicated by a Party in its Schedule to Annex +II, Articles 1202, 1203 and 1205 do not apply to any measure +adopted or maintained by a Party with respect to the sectors, +subsectors or activities described therein. + + +Article 1207: Quantitative Restrictions + +1. The Parties shall periodically, but in any event at least +every two years, endeavor to negotiate the liberalization or +removal of: + + (a) any existing quantitative restrictions maintained by + + (i) a Party at the federal level, as described in its + Schedule to Annex V, or + + (ii) a state or province, as described by a Party in its + Schedule to Annex V; and + + (b) any quantitative restriction adopted by a Party after the + date of entry into force of this Agreement. + +2. Each Party shall have one year from the date of entry into +force of this Agreement to describe in its Schedule to Annex V any +quantitative restriction maintained by a state or province. + +3. Each Party shall notify the other Parties of any quantitative +restriction that it adopts or amends after the date of entry into +force of this Agreement and shall describe any such quantitative +restriction in its Schedule to Annex V. + +4. A Party shall not be required to describe in its Schedule to +Annex V, or to notify, any quantitative restriction adopted or +maintained by a local government. + + +Article 1208: Liberalization of Non-Discriminatory Measures + + Each Party shall describe in its Schedule to Annex VI +commitments to liberalize quantitative restrictions, licensing +requirements, performance requirements or other non-discriminatory +measures relating to the cross-border provision of a service. + + +Article 1209: Procedures + + The Commission shall establish procedures for: + + (a) the notification and description by a Party of + + (i) state or provincial measures that it intends to + describe in its Schedule to Annex I pursuant to + Article 1206(2), + + (ii) quantitative restrictions that it intends to + describe in it Schedule to Annex V pursuant to + Article 1207(2), + + (iii) commitments that it intends to describe in its + Schedule to Annex VI pursuant to Article 1208, + and + + (iv) amendments of measures in accordance with Article + 1206(1)(c); and + + (b) consultations between Parties with a view to removing any + state or provincial measure described by a Party in its + Schedule to Annex I after the date of entry into force of + this Agreement. + + +Article 1210: Licensing and Certification + +1. With a view to ensuring that any measure adopted or maintained +by a Party relating to the licensing and certification of nationals +of another Party does not constitute an unnecessary barrier to +trade, each Party shall endeavor to ensure that any such measure: + + (a) is based on objective and transparent criteria, + such as competence and the ability to provide a + service; + + (b) is not more burdensome than necessary to ensure the + quality of a service; and + + (c) does not constitute a restriction on the cross- + border provision of a service. + +2. Notwithstanding Article 1203, a Party shall not be required to +extend to a service provider of another Party the benefits of +recognition of education, experience, licenses or certifications +obtained in another country, whether such recognition was accorded +unilaterally or by arrangement or agreement with that other +country. The Party according such recognition shall afford any +interested Party an adequate opportunity to demonstrate that +education, experience, licenses or certifications obtained in that +other Party's territory should also be recognized or to negotiate +and enter into an agreement or arrangement of comparable effect. + +3. Two years after the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, a Party shall eliminate any citizenship or permanent +residency requirement for the licensing and certification of +professional service providers in its territory. Where a Party +does not comply with this provision with respect to a particular +sector, any other Party may maintain an equivalent requirement or +reinstate any such requirement eliminated pursuant to this Article, +only in the affected sector, for such period as the non-complying +Party retains the requirement. + +4. The Parties shall consult periodically with a view to +determining the feasibility of removing any remaining citizenship +or permanent residency requirement for the licensing and +certification of nationals of the other Parties. + +5. Each Party shall implement the provisions of Annex 1210. + + +Article 1211: Denial of Benefits + +1. A Party may deny the benefits of this Chapter to a service +provider of another Party where the Party establishes that: + + (a) such service is being provided by an enterprise owned or + controlled by nationals of a non-Party, and + + (i) the denying Party does not maintain diplomatic + relations with the non-Party, or + + (ii) the denying Party has imposed measures against the + non-Party that prohibit transactions with such + enterprise or that would be violated or + circumvented by the activities of such enterprise; + and + + (b) with respect to the cross-border provision of a + transportation service covered by this Chapter, the + service is provided using equipment not registered by any + Party. + +2. Subject to prior notification and consultation in accordance +with Articles 1803 (Notification and Provision of Information) and +2006 (Consultations), respectively, a Party may deny the benefits +of this Chapter to a service provider of another Party where the +Party establishes that such service is being provided by an +enterprise of another Party that is owned or controlled by persons +of a non-Party and that has no substantial business activities in +the territory of any Party. + +3. The Party denying benefits pursuant to paragraph 1 or 2 shall +have the burden of establishing that such action is in accordance +with such paragraph. + + +Article 1212: Sectoral Annex + + Each Party shall comply with Annex 1212. + + +Article 1213: Definitions + +1. For purposes of this Chapter, a reference to a federal, state +or provincial government includes any non-governmental body in the +exercise of any regulatory, administrative or other governmental +authority delegated to it by such government. + +2. For purposes of this Chapter: + +cross-border trade in services or cross-border provision of a +service means the provision of a service: + + (a) from the territory of a Party into the territory of + another Party; + + (b) in the territory of a Party by a person of that + Party to a person of another Party; or + + (c) by a person of a Party in the territory of another + Party, + +but does not include the provision of a service in the territory of +a Party by an investment, as defined in Article 1138 (Investment - +Definitions), in that territory; + +enterprise means "enterprise" as defined in Article 201, except +that it shall also include a branch; + +enterprise of a Party means an enterprise constituted or organized +under the laws and regulations of a Party, including a branch; + +professional services means services, the provision of which +requires specialized post-secondary education, or equivalent +training or experience, and for which the right to practice is +granted or restricted by measures adopted or maintained by a Party, +but does not include services provided by trades-persons and vessel +and aircraft crew members; + +quantitative restriction means a non-discriminatory measure that +imposes limitations on: + + (a) the number of service providers, whether in the form of + a numerical quota, monopoly or a requirement for an + economic needs test or by any other quantitative means; + or + + (b) the operations of any service provider, whether in the + form of a quota or the requirement of an economic needs + test or by any other quantitative means; + +service provider of a Party means a person of a Party that provides +a service; and + +specialty air services means aerial mapping, aerial surveying, +aerial photography, forest fire management, fire fighting, aerial +advertising, glider towing, parachute jumping, aerial construction, +heli-logging, aerial sightseeing, flight training, aerial +inspection and surveillance and aerial spraying services. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1210 + + Professional Services + + +Section A - General Provisions + + Scope and Coverage + +1. This Annex applies to measures adopted or maintained by a +Party relating to the licensing and certification of professional +service providers. + + Processing of Applications for Licenses and Certification + +2. Each Party shall ensure that its competent authorities, within +a reasonable period after the submission of an application for +licensing or certifications by a national of another Party: + + (a) where the application is complete, make a + determination on the application, and inform the + applicant of that determination; or + + (b) where the application is not complete, inform the + applicant without undue delay of the status of the + application and the additional information that is + required under its domestic law. + + Development of Mutually Acceptable Professional Standards and +Criteria + +3. The Parties shall encourage the relevant bodies in their +respective territories to develop mutually acceptable professional +standards and criteria for licensing and certification of +professional service providers and to provide recommendations on +mutual recognition to the Commission. + +4. Such standards and criteria may be developed with regard to +the following matters: + + (a) education - accreditation of schools or academic programs + where professional service providers obtain formal + education; + + (b) examinations - qualifying examinations for the purpose of + licensing professional service providers, including + alternative methods of assessment such as oral + examinations and interviews; + + (c) experience - length and nature of experience required for + a professional service provider to be licensed; + + (d) conduct and ethics - standards of professional conduct + and the nature of disciplinary action for non-conformity + with those standards by professional service providers; + + (e) professional development and re-certification - + continuing education for professional service providers, + and ongoing requirements to maintain professional + certification; + + (f) scope of practice - extent of, or limitations on, field + of permissible activities of professional services + providers; + + (g) territory-specific knowledge - requirements for knowledge + by professional service providers of such matters as + local laws, regulations, language, geography or climate; + and + + (h) consumer protection - alternatives to residency, + including bonding, professional liability insurance and + client restitution funds to provide for the protection of + consumers of professional services. + +5. Upon receipt of the recommendations of the relevant bodies, +the Commission shall review the recommendations within a reasonable +period to determine whether they are consistent with this +Agreement. + +6. Based upon the Commission's review, the Parties shall +encourage their respective competent authorities, where +appropriate, to adopt those recommendations within a mutually +agreed period. + + Temporary Licensing + +7. Where the Parties agree, each Party shall encourage the +relevant bodies in its territory to develop procedures for +temporary licensing of professional service providers of another +Party. + + Review + +8. The Commission shall periodically, and at least once every +three years, review progress in the implementation of this Annex. + + +Section B - Foreign Legal Consultants + +1. In implementing its commitments regarding foreign legal +consultants, set out in its Schedules to Annexes I and VI in +accordance with Article 1206 and 1208, each Party shall ensure, +subject to its reservations set out in its Schedules to Annexes I +and II in accordance with Article 1206, that a foreign legal +consultant is permitted to practice or advise on the law of the +country in which such consultant is authorized to practice as a +lawyer. + + Consultations With Relevant Professional Bodies + +2. Each Party shall undertake consultations with its relevant +professional bodies for the purpose of obtaining their +recommendations on: + + (a) the forms of association and partnership between lawyers + authorized to practice in its territory and foreign legal + consultants; + + (b) the development of standards and criteria for the + authorization of foreign legal consultants in conformity + with Article 1210; and + + (c) any other issues related to the provision of foreign + legal consultancy services. + +3. Each Party shall encourage its relevant professional bodies to +meet with the relevant professional bodies designated by each of +the other Parties to exchange views regarding the development of +joint recommendations on the issues described in paragraph 2 prior +to initiation of consultations under that paragraph. + + Future Liberalization + +4. Each Party shall establish a work program aimed at developing +common procedures throughout its territory for the licensing and +certification of lawyers licensed in the territory of another Party +as foreign legal consultants. + +5. With a view to meeting this objective, each Party shall, upon +receipt of the recommendations of the relevant professional bodies, +encourage its competent authorities to bring applicable measures +into conformity with such recommendations. + +6. Each Party shall report to the Commission within one year +after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, and each year +thereafter, on progress achieved in implementing the work program. + +7. The Parties shall meet within one year from the date of entry +into force of the this Agreement with a view to: + + (a) assessing the work that has been done under paragraphs 2 + through 6; + + (b) as appropriate, amending or removing the remaining + reservations on foreign legal consultancy services; and + + (c) determining any future work that might be appropriate + relating to foreign legal consultancy services. + + +Section C - Temporary Licensing of Engineers + +1. The Parties shall meet within one year after the date of entry +into force of this Agreement to establish a work program to be +undertaken by each Party, in conjunction with relevant professional +bodies specified by that Party, to provide for the temporary +licensing in its territory of engineers licensed in the territory +of another Party. + +2. With a view to meeting this objective, each Party shall +undertake consultations with its relevant professional bodies for +the purpose of obtaining their recommendations on: + + (a) the development of procedures for the temporary licensing + of engineers licensed in the territory of another Party + to permit them to practice their engineering specialties + in each jurisdiction in its territory that regulates + engineers; + + (b) the development of model procedures, in conformity with + Article 1210 and Section A of this Annex, for adoption by + the competent authorities throughout its territory to + facilitate the temporary licensing of engineers; + + (c) the engineering specialties to which priority should be + given in developing temporary licensing procedures; and + + (d) any other issues relating to the temporary licensing of + engineers identified by the Party through its + consultations with the relevant professional bodies. + +3. The relevant professional bodies shall be requested to make +recommendations on the matters specified in paragraph 2 to their +respective Parties within two years after the date of date of entry +into force of this Agreement. + +4. Each Party shall encourage its relevant professional bodies to +meet at the earliest opportunity with the relevant professional +bodies of the other Parties with a view to cooperating in the +expeditious development of joint recommendations on matters +specified in paragraph 2. The relevant professional bodies shall +be encouraged to develop such recommendations within two years +after the date of entry into force of this Agreement. Each Party +shall request an annual report from its relevant professional +bodies on the progress achieved in developing such recommendations. + +5. Upon receipt of the recommendations described in paragraphs 3 +and 4, the Parties shall review them to ensure their consistency +with the provisions of the Agreement and, if consistent, encourage +their respective competent authorities to implement such +recommendations within one year. + +6. Pursuant to paragraph 5 of Section A, within two years after +the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the Commission +shall review progress made in implementing the objectives set out +in this Section. + +7. Appendix 1210-C shall apply to engineering specialties. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1212 + + Land Transportation + + + Contact Points for Land Transportation Services + +1. Further to Article 1801 (Contact Points), each Party shall +designate contact points to provide information relating to land +transportation services published by that Party on operating +authority, safety requirements, taxation, data and studies and +technology, as well as assistance in contacting its relevant +government agencies. + + Review Process for Land Transportation Services + +2. The Commission shall, during the fifth year after the date of +entry into force of this Agreement and thereafter during every +second year of the period of liberalization for bus and truck +transportation set out in the Schedule of each Party to Annex I of +this Chapter, receive and consider a report from the Parties that +assesses progress respecting such liberalization, including: + + (a) the effectiveness of such liberalization; + + (b) specific problems for, or unanticipated effects on, each + Party's bus and truck transportation industry arising + from such liberalization; and + + (c) modifications to such period of liberalization. + +The Commission shall endeavor to resolve in a mutually satisfactory +manner any matter arising from its consideration of such reports. + +3. The Parties shall consult, no later than seven years after the +date of entry into force of this Agreement, to determine the +possibilities for further liberalization commitments. + +============================================================================= + Appendix 1210 - C + + Civil Engineers + + + Mexico will undertake the commitments of this Section only +with respect to civil engineers ("ingenieros civiles"). + + + Chapter Thirteen + + Telecommunications + + + +Article 1301: Scope and Coverage + +1. This Chapter applies to: + + (a) measures adopted or maintained by a Party relating to + access to and use of public telecommunications + transport networks or services by persons of another + Party, including access and use by such persons + operating private networks; + + (b) measures adopted or maintained by a Party relating to + the provision of enhanced or value-added services by + persons of another Party in the territory, or across + the borders, of a Party; and + + (c) standards-related measures relating to attachment of + terminal or other equipment to public + telecommunications transport networks. + +2. Except to ensure that persons operating broadcast stations +and cable systems have continued access to and use of public +telecommunications transport networks and services, this Chapter +does not apply to any measure adopted or maintained by a Party +relating to cable or broadcast distribution of radio or +television programming. + +3. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to: + + (a) require a Party to authorize a person of another Party + to establish, construct, acquire, lease, operate or + provide telecommunications transport networks or + telecommunications transport services; + + (b) require a Party, or require a Party to compel any + person, to establish, construct, acquire, lease, + operate or provide telecommunications transport + networks or telecommunications transport services not + offered to the public generally; + + (c) prevent a Party from prohibiting persons operating + private networks from using such networks to provide + public telecommunications transport networks or + services to third persons; or + + (d) require a Party to compel any person engaged in the + cable or broadcast distribution of radio or television + programming to make available its cable or broadcast + facilities as a public telecommunications transport + network. + + +Article 1302: Access to and Use of Public Telecommunications + Transport Networks and Services + +1. Each Party shall ensure that persons of another Party have +access to and use of any public telecommunications transport +network or service, including private leased circuits, offered in +its territory or across its borders for the conduct of their +business, on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and +conditions, including as set out in paragraphs 2 through 8. + +2. Subject to paragraphs 6 and 7, each Party shall ensure that +such persons are permitted to: + + (a) purchase or lease, and attach terminal or other + equipment that interfaces with the public + telecommunications transport network; + + (b) interconnect private leased or owned circuits with + public telecommunications transport networks in the + territory, or across the borders, of that Party, + including for use in providing dial-up access to and + from their customers or users, or with circuits leased + or owned by another person on terms and conditions + mutually agreed by such persons; + + (c) perform switching, signalling and processing functions; + and + + (d) use operating protocols of their choice. + +3. Each Party shall ensure that: + + (a) the pricing of public telecommunications transport + services reflects economic costs directly related to + providing such services; and + + (b) private leased circuits are available on a flat-rate + pricing basis. + +Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prevent +cross-subsidization between public telecommunications transport +services. + +4. Each Party shall ensure that persons of another Party may +use public telecommunications transport networks or services for +the movement of information in its territory or across its +borders, including for intracorporate communications, and for +access to information contained in data bases or otherwise stored +in machine-readable form in the territory of any Party. + +5. Further to Article 2101 (General Exceptions), nothing in +this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a Party from adopting +or enforcing any measure necessary to: + + (a) ensure the security and confidentiality of messages; or + + (b) protect the privacy of subscribers to public + telecommunications transport networks or services. + +6. Each Party shall ensure that no condition is imposed on +access to and use of public telecommunications transport networks +or services, other than that necessary to: + + (a) safeguard the public service responsibilities of + providers of public telecommunications transport + networks or services, in particular their ability to + make their networks or services available to the public + generally; or + + (b) protect the technical integrity of public + telecommunications transport networks or services. + +7. Provided that conditions for access to and use of public +telecommunications transport networks or services satisfy the +criteria set out in paragraph 6, such conditions may include: + + (a) a restriction on resale or shared use of such services; + + (b) a requirement to use specified technical interfaces, + including interface protocols, for interconnection with + such networks or services; + + (c) a restriction on interconnection of private leased or + owned circuits with such networks or services or with + circuits leased or owned by another person, where such + circuits are used in the provision of public + telecommunications transport networks or services; and + + (d) a licensing, permit, registration or notification + procedure which, if adopted or maintained, is + transparent and applications filed thereunder are + processed expeditiously. + +8. For purposes of this Article, "non-discriminatory" means on +terms and conditions no less favorable than those accorded to any +other customer or user of like public telecommunications +transport networks or services in like circumstances. + + +Article 1303: Conditions for the Provision of Enhanced or + Value-Added Services + +1. Each Party shall ensure that: + + (a) any licensing, permit, registration or notification + procedure that it adopts or maintains relating to the + provision of enhanced or value-added services is + transparent and non-discriminatory, and that + applications filed thereunder are processed + expeditiously; and + + (b) information required under such procedures is limited + to that necessary to demonstrate that the applicant has + the financial solvency to begin providing services or + to assess conformity of the applicant's terminal or + other equipment with the Party's applicable standards + or technical regulations. + +2. A Party shall not require a person providing enhanced or +value-added services to: + + (a) provide those services to the public generally; + + (b) cost-justify its rates; + + (c) file a tariff; + + (d) interconnect its networks with any particular customer + or network; or + + (e) conform with any particular standard or technical + regulation for interconnection other than for + interconnection to a public telecommunications + transport network. + +3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2(c), a Party may require the +filing of a tariff by: + + (a) such provider to remedy a practice of that provider + that the Party has found in a particular case to be + anticompetitive under its law; or + + (b) a monopoly to which Article 1305 applies. + + +Article 1304: Standards-Related Measures + +1. Further to Article 904(4) (Unnecessary Obstacles), each +Party shall ensure that its standards-related measures relating +to the attachment of terminal or other equipment to the public +telecommunications transport networks, including such measures +relating to the use of testing and measuring equipment for +conformity assessment procedures, are adopted or maintained only +to the extent necessary to: + + (a) prevent technical damage to public telecommunications + transport networks; + + (b) prevent technical interference with, or degradation of, + public telecommunications transport services; + + (c) prevent electromagnetic interference, and ensure + compatibility, with other uses of the electromagnetic + spectrum; + + (d) prevent billing equipment malfunction; or + + (e) ensure users' safety and access to public + telecommunications transport networks or services. + +2. A Party may require approval for the attachment to the +public telecommunications transport network of terminal or other +equipment that is not authorized, provided that the criteria for +such approval are consistent with paragraph 1. + +3. Each Party shall ensure that the network termination points +for its public telecommunications transport networks are defined +on a reasonable and transparent basis. + +4. A Party shall not require separate authorization for +equipment that is connected on the customer's side of authorized +equipment that serves as a protective device fulfilling the +criteria of paragraph 1. + +5. Further to Article 904(3) (Non-Discriminatory Treatment), +each Party shall: + + (a) ensure that its conformity assessment procedures are + transparent and non-discriminatory and that + applications filed thereunder are processed + expeditiously; + + (b) permit any technically qualified entity to perform the + testing required under the Party's conformity + assessment procedures for terminal or other equipment + to be attached to the public telecommunications + transport network, subject to the Party's right to + review the accuracy and completeness of the test + results; and + + (c) ensure that any measure that it adopts or maintains + requiring persons to be authorized to act as agents for + suppliers of telecommunications equipment before the + Party's relevant conformity assessment bodies is non- + discriminatory. + +6. No later than one year after the date of entry into force of +this Agreement, each Party shall adopt, as part of its conformity +assessment procedures, provisions necessary to accept the test +results from laboratories or testing facilities in the territory +of another Party for tests performed in accordance with the +accepting Party's standards-related measures and procedures. + +7. The Telecommunications Standards Subcommittee established +under Article 913(5) (Committee on Standards-Related Measures) +shall perform the functions set out in Annex 913-B. + + +Article 1305: Monopolies + +1. Where a Party maintains or designates a monopoly to provide +public telecommunications transport networks or services, and the +monopoly, directly or through an affiliate, competes in the +provision of enhanced or value-added services or other +telecommunications-related services or telecommunications-related +goods, the Party shall ensure that the monopoly does not use its +monopoly position to engage in anticompetitive conduct in those +markets, either directly or through its dealings with its +affiliates, in such a manner as to affect adversely a person of +another Party. Such conduct may include cross-subsidization, +predatory conduct and the discriminatory provision of access to +public telecommunications transport networks or services. + +2. To prevent such anticompetitive conduct, each Party shall +adopt or maintain effective measures such as: + + (a) accounting requirements; + + (b) requirements for structural separation; + + (c) rules to ensure that the monopoly accords its + competitors access to and use of its public + telecommunications transport networks or services on + terms and conditions no less favorable than those it + accords to itself or its affiliates; or + + (d) rules to ensure the timely disclosure of technical + changes to public telecommunications transport networks + and their interfaces. + + +Article 1306: Transparency + + Further to Article 1802, each Party shall make publicly +available its measures relating to access to and use of public +telecommunications transport networks or services, including +measures relating to: + + (a) tariffs and other terms and conditions of service; + + (b) specifications of technical interfaces with such + networks or services; + + (c) information on bodies responsible for the preparation + and adoption of standards-related measures affecting + such access and use; + + (d) conditions applying to attachment of terminal or other + equipment to the public telecommunications transport + network; and + + (e) notification, permit, registration or licensing + requirements. + + +Article 1307: Relationship to other Chapters + + In the event of any inconsistency between a provision of +this Chapter and the provision of another Chapter, the provision +of this Chapter shall prevail to the extent of such +inconsistency. + + +Article 1308: Relation to International Organizations and + Agreements + + The Parties recognize the importance of international +standards for global compatibility and interoperability of +telecommunication networks or services and undertake to promote +such standards through the work of relevant international bodies, +including the International Telecommunications Union and the +International Organization for Standardization. + + +Article 1309: Technical Cooperation and Other Consultations + +1. To encourage the development of interoperable +telecommunications transport services infrastructure, the Parties +shall cooperate in the exchange of technical information, the +development of government-to-government training programs and +other related activities. In implementing this obligation, the +Parties shall give special emphasis to existing exchange +programs. + +2. The Parties shall consult with a view to determining the +feasibility of further liberalizing trade in all +telecommunications services, including public telecommunications +transport networks and services. + + +Article 1310: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +authorized equipment means terminal or other equipment that has +been approved for attachment to the public telecommunications +transport network in accordance with a Party's conformity +assessment procedures; + +conformity assessment procedure means any procedure used, +directly or indirectly, to determine that a relevant technical +regulation or standard is fulfilled, including sampling, testing, +inspection, evaluation, verification, monitoring, auditing, +assurance of conformity, accreditation, registration or approval +used for such a purpose; + +enhanced or value-added services means those telecommunications +services employing computer processing applications that: + + (a) act on the format, content, code, protocol or similar + aspects of a customer's transmitted information; + + (b) provide a customer with additional, different or + restructured information; or + + (c) involve customer interaction with stored information; + +flat-rate pricing basis means pricing on the basis of a fixed +charge per period of time regardless of the amount of usage; + +intracorporate communications means telecommunications through +which an enterprise communicates: + + (a) internally or with or among its subsidiaries, branches + or affiliates, as defined by each Party; or + + (b) on a non-commercial basis with other persons that are + fundamental to the economic activity of the enterprise + and that have a continuing contractual relationship + with it, + +but does not include telecommunications services provided to +persons other than those described herein; + +network termination point means the final demarcation of the +public telecommunications transport network at the customer's +premises; + +private network means a telecommunications transport network that +is used exclusively for intracorporate communications; + +protocol means a set of rules and formats that govern the +exchange of information between two peer entities for purposes of +transferring signaling or data information; + +public telecommunications transport network means public +telecommunications infrastructure that permits telecommunications +between defined network termination points; + +public telecommunications transport networks or services means +public telecommunications transport networks or public +telecommunications transport services; + +public telecommunications transport service means any +telecommunications transport service required by a Party, +explicitly or in effect, to be offered to the public generally, +including telegraph, telephone, telex and data transmission, that +typically involves the real-time transmission of customer- +supplied information between two or more points without any end- +to-end change in the form or content of the customer's +information; + +standards-related measure means a "standards-related measure" as +defined in Article 915; + +telecommunications means the transmission and reception of +signals by any electromagnetic means; and + +terminal equipment means any digital or analog device capable of +processing, receiving, switching, signaling or transmitting +signals by electromagnetic means and that is connected by radio +or wire to a public telecommunications transport network at a +termination point. + + Chapter Fourteen + + Financial Services + + + +Article 1401: Scope + +1. This Chapter shall apply to measures adopted or maintained +by a Party relating to: + + (a) financial institutions of another Party; + + (b) investors of another Party, and investments of such + investors, in financial institutions in the Party's + territory; and + + (c) cross-border trade in financial services. + +2. Only Articles 1109 (Transfers), 1110 (Expropriation and +Compensation), 1111 (Special Formalities and Information +Requirements), 1113 (Denial of Benefits), 1114 (Environmental +Measures) and Articles 1115 to 1136 (Settlement of Disputes +Between a Party and an Investor of Another Party) of Chapter +Eleven (Investment) and Article 1211 (Denial of Benefits) of +Chapter Twelve (Cross-Border Trade in Services) shall apply to +this Chapter. Article 1802(2) (Publication) shall not apply to +this Chapter. + +3. In the event of any inconsistency between a provision of +this Chapter and any other provision of this Agreement, the +former shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency. This +paragraph does not apply to Article 2103 (Taxation). + +4. Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent a Party from being the +exclusive service provider in its territory with respect to the +following: + + (a) activities forming part of a public retirement plan or + statutory system of social security; and + + (b) activities conducted by a public entity for the account + or with the guarantee or using the financial resources + of the government or of any other public entity. + +5. Article 1407 shall not apply to the granting by a Party to a +financial service provider of an exclusive right to provide a +financial service referred to in paragraph 4(a). + +6. Each Party shall comply with Annex 1401.6. + + +Article 1402: Self-Regulatory Organizations + + Where a Party requires financial service providers of +another Party to be members of, participate in, or have access +to, a self-regulatory organization to provide a financial service +in the territory of that Party, the Party shall ensure observance +by such organization of this Chapter. + + +Article 1403: Regulatory Measures + +1. Nothing in this Part shall be construed to prevent a Party +from adopting or maintaining reasonable measures for prudential +reasons, such as: + + (a) the protection of investors, depositors, financial + market participants, policy-holders, policy-claimants + or persons to whom a fiduciary duty is owed by a + financial service provider or financial institution; + + (b) the maintenance of the safety, soundness, integrity or + financial responsibility of financial service providers + or financial institutions; and + + (c) ensuring the integrity and stability of a Party's + financial system. + +2. Nothing in this Part applies to non-discriminatory measures +of general application taken by any public entity in pursuit of +monetary and related credit policies or exchange rate policies. +This paragraph shall not affect a Party's obligations under +Article 1106 (Performance Requirements), Article 1109 (Transfers) +and Article 2104 (Balance of Payments). + +Article 1404: Establishment + +1. The Parties recognize the principle that financial service +providers of a Party should be permitted to establish financial +institutions in the territory of another Party in the juridical +form determined by the provider. + +2. The Parties also recognize the principle that financial +service providers of a Party should be permitted to participate +widely in the market of another Party through the ability: + + (a) to provide in that other Party's territory a range of + financial services through separate financial + institutions as may be required by that Party; + + (b) to expand geographically within that territory; and + + (c) to own financial institutions without the application + of ownership requirements specific to foreign financial + institutions. + +3. Each Party shall permit financial service providers of +another Party that are not already established in its territory +to establish financial institutions in the Party's territory. A +Party may: + + (a) require such financial service providers to incorporate + such financial institutions under its laws; or + + (b) impose other terms, conditions and procedures on + establishment that are consistent with Article 1407. + +4. At such time as the United States liberalizes its existing +measures to permit commercial banks of another Party located in +its territory to expand throughout significantly all the United +States market either through subsidiaries or direct branches, the +Parties shall review and assess market access in each Party, +subject to Annex 1404.4, with respect to the principles in +paragraphs 1 and 2 with a view to adopting arrangements +permitting investor choice as to juridical form of establishment +by commercial banks. + +5. Each Party shall permit financial institutions of another +Party to transfer and process information outside the territory +of the Party in electronic or other form as is necessary for the +conduct of ordinary business of such institutions. + + +Article 1405: Cross-Border Trade + +1. No Party may adopt any measure restricting any type of +cross-border trade in financial services by financial service +providers of another Party that is permitted on the date of entry +into force of this Agreement, except to the extent set out in +Part B of the Party's Schedule to Annex VII. + +2. Each Party shall permit persons located in its territory, +and its nationals wherever located, to purchase financial +services from financial service providers of another Party +located in the territory of that other Party or another Party, +provided that the Party is not required, in order to fulfill this +obligation, to permit such providers to do business or solicit in +its territory. Subject to paragraph 1, each Party may, for this +purpose, define "doing business" and "solicitation." + +3. Without prejudice to prudential regulation by other means, a +Party may require registration of financial service providers of +another Party and financial instruments. + +4. The Parties shall consult on future liberalization of cross- +border trade in financial services, as set out in Annex 1405.4. + + +Article 1406: New Financial Services + +1. Each Party shall permit a financial institution of another +Party to provide any new financial service of a type similar to +those that the Party permits its financial institutions, in like +circumstances, to provide under its domestic law. A Party may +determine the institutional and juridical form through which such +service may be provided. + +2. A Party may require authorization for the provision in its +territory of a financial service referred to in paragraph 1. +Where such authorization is required, a decision shall be made +within a reasonable period of time and may only be refused for +prudential reasons. + + +Article 1407: National Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord to investors of another Party and +financial service providers of another Party national treatment +with respect to the establishment, acquisition, expansion, +management, conduct, operation and sale or other disposition of +investments in financial institutions in its territory. + +2. Each Party shall accord to the financial institutions of +another Party national treatment. + +3. Where a Party permits the cross-border provision of a +financial service, it shall accord national treatment to +financial service providers of another Party in the provision of +such cross-border service. + +4. "National treatment" means treatment no less favorable than +that accorded by a Party to its own investors, financial service +providers and financial institutions in like circumstances. + +5. A measure of a Party, whether it accords to financial +service providers or financial institutions of another Party +different or identical treatment compared to that it accords to +its own providers or institutions in like circumstances, shall be +deemed to be consistent with paragraph 4, if it accords equal +competitive opportunities. + +6. A measure accords equal competitive opportunities if it does +not disadvantage financial service providers of another Party in +their ability to provide financial services as compared with the +ability of domestic financial service providers in like +circumstances to provide financial services. + +7. Differences in market share, profitability or size shall not +by themselves constitute denial of equal competitive +opportunities, but shall not be precluded from being used as +evidence regarding the issue of whether a Party's measure accords +equal competitive opportunities. + +8. With respect to measures of a province or state, paragraph 4 +means: + + (a) treatment no less favorable than the most favorable + treatment accorded in like circumstances by such + province or state to financial service providers of the + Party of which it forms a part, including that province + or state; or + + (b) in the case of a financial service provider of another + Party established in another province or state of the + Party, treatment no less favorable than it accords in + like circumstances to a financial service provider of + the Party established in such other province or state. + + +Article 1408: Most-Favored-Nation Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord to investors of another Party, +investments of such investors and financial service providers of +another Party treatment no less favorable than that it accords to +investors, investments of investors and financial service +providers of any other Party or non-Party in like circumstances. + +2. Each Party may recognize prudential measures of another +Party or non-Party in determining how the Party's measures +relating to financial services shall be applied. Such +recognition, which may be achieved through harmonization or +otherwise, may be based upon an agreement or arrangement with the +Party concerned or may be accorded unilaterally. + +3. A Party recognizing measures by means of an agreement or +arrangement referred to in paragraph 2 shall afford adequate +opportunity for another Party to negotiate its accession to such +an agreement or arrangement, or to negotiate a comparable one +under circumstances in which there would be equivalent +regulation, oversight, implementation of such regulation, and, if +appropriate, procedures concerning the sharing of information +between the Parties. Where a Party accords recognition +unilaterally, it shall afford adequate opportunity for another +Party to demonstrate that such circumstances exist. + + +Article 1409: Staffing + +1. No Party may require financial institutions of another Party +to engage, as top managerial or other essential personnel, +individuals of any particular nationality. + +2. No Party may require that more than a simple majority of the +board of directors of a financial institution of another Party be +composed of nationals of the Party, persons residing in the +territory of the Party, or a combination thereof. + + +Article 1410: Transparency + +1. Each Party shall, to the extent practicable, provide in +advance to all interested persons any measure of general +application that the Party proposes to adopt in order to allow an +opportunity for such persons to comment upon the measure. Such +measure shall be provided: + + (a) by means of official publication; + + (b) in other written form; or + + (c) in such other form as permits an interested person to + make informed comments on the proposed measure. + +2. Each Party shall make available to interested persons the +information that applications affecting the provision of +financial services must contain. + +3. At the request of an applicant, the competent regulatory +authority shall provide information concerning the status of an +application. If such authority requires additional information +from the applicant, it shall notify the applicant without undue +delay. + +4. Each Party shall make an administrative decision on a +completed application of a financial service provider of another +Party within 120 days, and shall promptly notify the applicant +of the decision. An application shall not be considered complete +until all relevant hearings are held and all necessary +information is received. Where it is not practicable for a +decision to be made within 120 days, the competent authority +shall notify the applicant without undue delay and shall endeavor +to make the decision within a reasonable time thereafter. + +5. Nothing in this Agreement requires a Party to disclose +information related to the affairs and accounts of individual +customers or any confidential or proprietary information the +disclosure of which would impede law enforcement or otherwise be +contrary to the public interest, or prejudice legitimate +commercial interests. + +6. Each Party shall ensure that inquiry points exist, at the +latest 180 days after the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, to which all reasonable inquiries from interested +persons may be directed regarding any measures of general +application taken by that Party with respect to this Chapter. +Responses shall be provided in writing as soon as practicable. + + +Article 1411: Transfers + + Without prejudice to other provisions of this Agreement that +would permit such actions to be taken, a Party may prevent or +limit transfers by a financial service provider or a financial +institution to, or for the benefit of, an affiliate of or person +related to such provider or institution, through the equitable, +non-discriminatory and good faith application of its measures +relating to maintenance of the safety and soundness of its +financial institutions. + + +Article 1412: Schedules + +1. Articles 1404 through 1409 do not apply to: + + (a) any existing non-conforming measure that is maintained + by: + + (i) a Party at the federal level, as set out in Part A + of its Schedule to Annex VII; + + (ii) a state or province, as set out by a Party in Part + A of its Schedule to Annex VII within the period + referred to in that Part; or + + (iii) a local government; + + (b) the continuation or prompt renewal of any non- + conforming measure referred to in subparagraph (a); or + + (c) an amendment to any non-conforming measure referred to + in subparagraph (a) to the extent that the amendment + does not decrease the conformity of the measure, as it + existed immediately before the amendment, with Articles + 1404 through 1409. + +2. A Party shall set out any non-conforming measure maintained +at the state or provincial level in Part A of its Schedule to +Annex VII within the periods provided therein. + +3. Articles 1404 through 1409 do not apply to any measure +adopted or maintained by a Party that is consistent with the +terms set out by the Party in Part B of its Schedule to Annex +VII. + +4. A Party shall describe in Part C of its Schedule to Annex +VII any specific commitment it is making to any other Party. + +5. For the purposes of Article 1413(2), each Party shall +specify in Part D of its Schedule to Annex VII its governmental +agency responsible for financial services. + +6. A Party shall describe in Part E of its Schedule to Annex +VII any terms and conditions that an enterprise of another Party +must meet to be considered an enterprise of such other Party for +the purposes of restrictions specified in that Part. + +7. Any reservation or exception set out by a Party in Annexes I +through VI under this Part shall be deemed to constitute +reservations or exceptions for purposes of Articles 1404 through +1409. + + +Article 1413: Consultations + +1. Any Party may request consultations with another Party at +any time regarding any matter arising under this Agreement that +affects financial services. The other Party shall give +sympathetic consideration to such a request. The results of +consultations under this Article shall be reported during the +annual meeting of the Committee provided for in Article 1414. + +2. Consultations under this Article shall be conducted by +officials of the governmental agencies responsible for financial +services specified in Part D of each Party's Schedule to Annex +VII. + +3. A Party may request that regulatory authorities of another +Party participate in consultations under this Article to discuss +that other Party's measures of general application that may +affect the operations of financial service providers in the +requesting Party's territory. + +4. Such regulatory authorities shall not be required to +disclose information or take any action that would interfere with +individual regulatory, supervisory, administrative or enforcement +matters. + +5. Where a Party requires information for supervisory purposes +concerning a financial service provider in another Party's +territory, it may approach the competent regulatory authority in +the other Party's territory to seek the information. + +6. Each Party shall comply with Annex 1413.6. + + +Article 1414: Financial Services Committee + +1. The Parties hereby establish the Financial Services +Committee. The principal representative of each Party shall be +the officials referred to in Article 1413(2). + +2. Subject to Article 2001(2)(d) (The Free Trade Commission), +the Committee shall: + + (a) supervise the implementation of this Chapter and its + further elaboration; + + (b) consider issues regarding financial services that are + referred to it by a Party; + + (c) participate in the dispute settlement procedure + pursuant to Article 1416; and + + (d) examine technical issues under this Chapter, including + interpretation of this Chapter. + +3. The Committee shall meet annually to assess the functioning +of this Agreement as it applies to financial services. The +Committee shall inform the Commission of the results of each +annual meeting. + + +Article 1415: Dispute Settlement + +1. Disputes arising under this Chapter shall be resolved in +accordance with the procedures of Chapter 20 (Institutional +Arrangements and Dispute Settlement Procedures) and this Article. + + +2. In addition to the roster established under Article 2009 +(Roster), the Parties shall establish and maintain a roster of up +to 15 individuals who are willing and able to serve as financial +services panelists. Financial services roster members shall be +appointed by consensus for terms of three years and may be +reappointed. + +3. Financial services roster members shall have expertise or +experience in financial services law or practice, which may +include the regulation of financial institutions, and shall be +chosen strictly on the basis of objectivity, reliability and +sound judgment. Such members shall also meet the qualifications +set out in Article 2009(2)(b) and (c). + +4. Where a Party alleges that a dispute arises under this +Chapter, Article 2011 (Panel Selection) applies to the selection +of panelists, except that: + + (a) the panel shall be composed entirely of panelists + meeting the qualifications in paragraph 3, where the + disputing Parties agree; + + (b) in any case other than that set out in subparagraph (a) + + (i) each disputing Party may select panelists meeting + the qualifications of Article 2010(1) + (Qualifications of Panelists) or paragraph 3 of + this Article, as the Party deems appropriate, and + + (ii) if the Party complained against alleges Article + 1403 as a defense in the dispute, the chair of the + panel must meet the qualifications of paragraph 3 + of this Article. + +5. Notwithstanding Article 2019(2) (Non-Implementation - +Suspension of Benefits), in any dispute where a panel finds a +measure to be inconsistent with the obligations of this Agreement +and the measure affects: + + (a) only the financial services sector, the complaining + Party may suspend benefits only in the financial + services sector; + + (b) the financial services sector and any other sector, the + complaining Party may suspend benefits in the financial + services sector that have an equivalent effect as the + measure or matter complained of has in the financial + services sector; or + + (c) only a sector other than the financial services sector, + the complaining Party may not suspend benefits in the + financial services sector. + + +Article 1416: Investment Disputes in Financial Services + +1. Where an investor of another Party submits a claim under +Articles 1116 or 1117 to arbitration under Section B of Chapter +Eleven (Settlement of Disputes Between a Party and an Investor of +Another Party) against a Party and the disputing Party alleges +Article 1403 as a defense, on request of the disputing Party, the +Tribunal shall refer the matter to the Committee for a decision. +The Tribunal may not proceed pending receipt of a decision or +report under this Article. + +2. The Committee shall decide the issue of whether and to what +extent Article 1403 is a valid defense to the claim of the +investor. The Committee shall transmit a copy of its decision to +the Tribunal and to the Commission. The decision shall be +binding on the Tribunal. + +3. If the Committee has not decided the issue within 60 days of +the receipt of the referral under paragraph 1, the disputing +Party or the Party of the disputing investor may request the +establishment of a panel pursuant to Article 2008(1) to decide +the issue. The matter shall proceed as a dispute under Article +1415. The panel shall transmit its final report to the Committee +and to the Tribunal. The report shall be binding on the +Tribunal. + +4. If no request for the establishment of a panel pursuant to +paragraph 3 has been made within 10 days following the expiration +of the 60-day period referred to in paragraph 3, the Tribunal may +proceed to decide the matter. + + +Article 1417: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +cross-border trade in services and cross-border provision of a +service means "cross-border trade in services" and "cross-border +provision of a service" as defined in Article 1213 (Definitions); + +financial institution means any financial intermediary or other +enterprise that is authorized to do business and regulated or +supervised as a financial institution under the laws of the Party +in whose territory it is located; + +financial institution of another Party means a financial +institution in the territory of a Party that is controlled by +nationals or enterprises of another Party; + +financial service means any service of a financial nature, +including insurance, and any service incidental or auxiliary to a +service of a financial nature; + +financial service provider of another Party means any national or +enterprise of a Party that is engaged in the business of +providing financial services in the territory of a Party and that +is providing or intends to provide financial services through an +investment in the territory of another Party or through cross- +border provision into the territory of another Party; + +investment means "investment" as defined in Article 1138 +(Definitions), except that: + + (a) where the loan is extended to a financial institution, + regardless of the original maturity of the loan, it + shall only be an investment to the extent it is treated + as regulatory capital; or + + (b) where the loan is granted by a financial service + provider or a financial institution, the loan shall + only be an investment if it is made on a cross-border + basis and it has an original maturity of at least three + years (other than a loan to a Party or state enterprise + thereof); + +new financial service means a service of a financial nature, +including a service related to an existing service or the manner +in which a product is delivered, that is not provided by any +financial service provider in the territory of a Party but which +is provided a financial service provider in the territory of +another Party; + +public entity means a Party, a central bank or monetary authority +of a Party, or any financial institution owned or controlled by a +Party; + +service provider of a Party means "service provider of a Party" +as defined in Chapter 12 (Cross-Border Trade in Services); and + +self-regulatory organization means any non-governmental body +including any securities or futures exchange or market, clearing +agency, or other organization or association, that exercises +regulatory or supervisory authority over financial service +providers or financial institutions that are members or +participants thereof, or that have access thereto. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1401.6 + Country Specific Commitments + + Articles 1702(1) and (2) of the Canada - United States Free +Trade Agreement are incorporated into this Agreement and Canada +and the United States agree to act in accordance with and be +governed by those Articles. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1404.4 + Review of Market Access + + The review of market access referred to in Article 1404(4) +shall not include the market access limitations specified in Part +B of the Schedule of Mexico to Annex VII. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1405.4 + Consultations on Liberalization of Cross-Border Trade + + By January 1, 2000, the Parties shall consult on further +liberalization of cross-border trade in financial services. Such +consultations shall include the possibility of allowing a wider +range of insurance services to be provided on a cross-border +basis in the territory of each Party. With respect to Mexico, +such consultations on cross-border insurance services shall +determine whether the limitations on cross-border insurance +services specified in Part A of the Schedule of Mexico to Annex +VII shall be maintained, modified, or eliminated. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1413.6 + Future Consultations and Arrangements + + +Section A - Limited Scope Financial Institutions + + Three years after the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, the Parties shall consult on the aggregate limit on +limited scope financial institutions described in paragraph 8 +of Part B of the Schedule of Mexico to Annex VII. + + +Section B - Payments System Protection + +1. If the sum of the authorized capital of Foreign Commercial +Bank Affiliates (as such term is defined in Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico to Annex VII), measured as a percentage of the +aggregate capital of all commercial banks in Mexico, reaches 25 +percent, then Mexico may request consultations with the other +Parties on the potential adverse effects arising from the +presence of commercial banks of the other Parties in the Mexican +market and the possible need for remedial action, including +further temporary limitations on market participation. + +2. In considering the potential adverse effects, the Parties +shall take into account: + + (a) the threat that the Mexican payments system may be + controlled by non-Mexican persons; + + (b) the effects foreign commercial banks established in + Mexico may have on Mexico's ability to conduct monetary + and exchange-rate policy effectively; and + (c) the adequacy of various provisions agreed under this + Chapter to protect the Mexican payments system. + +3. If no consensus is achieved through consultations, which +shall be completed in an expeditious time frame, a panel shall be +convened under the procedures of Article 2008 (Request for an +Arbitral Panel) of the Agreement to render a non-binding +recommendation to the Parties no later than 60 days after the +panel is convened. + + + Chapter Fifteen + + Competition Policy, Monopolies and State Enterprises + + + +Article 1501: Competition Law + +1. Each Party shall adopt or maintain measures to proscribe +anti-competitive business conduct, and shall take appropriate +action with respect thereto, recognizing that such measures will +enhance the fulfillment of the objectives of this Agreement. To +this end the Parties shall consult from time to time about the +effectiveness of measures undertaken by each Party. + +2. Each Party recognizes the importance of cooperation and +coordination among their authorities to further effective +competition law enforcement in the free trade area. The Parties +shall cooperate on issues of competition law enforcement policy, +including mutual legal assistance, notification, consultation and +exchange of information relating to the enforcement of +competition laws and policies in the free trade area. + +3. No Party may have recourse to dispute settlement under this +Agreement for any matter regarding this Article. + + +Article 1502: Monopolies and State Enterprises + +1. Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent a Party from +designating a monopoly. + +2. Where a Party intends to designate a monopoly, and the +designation may affect the interests of persons of another Party, +the Party shall: + + (a) wherever possible, provide prior written notification + to the other Party of the designation; and + + (b) endeavor to introduce at the time of designation such + conditions on the operation of the monopoly as will + minimize or eliminate any nullification or impairment + of benefits under this Agreement, in the sense of + Annex 2004. + +3. Each Party shall ensure, through regulatory control, +administrative supervision or the application of other measures, +that any privately-owned monopoly that it designates and any +government monopoly that it maintains or designates: + + (a) acts in a manner that is not inconsistent with the + Party's obligations under this Agreement whenever such + monopoly exercises any regulatory, administrative, or + other governmental authority that the Party has + delegated to it in connection with the monopoly good or + service, such as the power to grant import or export + licenses, approve commercial transactions or impose + quotas, fees or other charges; + + (b) except to comply with any terms of its designation that + are not inconsistent with subparagraph (c) or (d), acts + solely in accordance with commercial considerations in + its purchase or sale of the monopoly good or service in + the relevant market, including with regard to price, + quality, availability, marketability, transportation + and other terms and conditions of purchase or sale; + + (c) provides non-discriminatory treatment to investments of + investors, to goods, and to service providers of + another Party in its purchase or sale of the monopoly + good or service in the relevant market; and + + (d) does not use its monopoly position to engage, either + directly or indirectly, including through its dealings + with its parent, subsidiary, or other enterprise with + common ownership, in anticompetitive practices in a + non-monopolized market in its territory that adversely + affect an investment of an investor of another Party, + including through the discriminatory provision of the + monopoly good or service, cross-subsidization or + predatory conduct. + +4. Paragraph 3 shall not apply to the procurement by +governmental agencies of a good or service for governmental +purposes and not with a view to commercial resale or with a view +to use in the production of goods or provisions of services for +commercial sale. + + +Article 1503: State Enterprises + +1. Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent a Party from +maintaining or establishing a state enterprise. + +2. Each Party, shall ensure, through regulatory control, +administrative supervision or the application of other measures, +that any state enterprise that it maintains or establishes acts +in a manner that is not inconsistent with the Party's obligations +under Chapter Eleven (Investment) wherever such enterprise +exercises any regulatory, administrative or other governmental +authority that the Party has delegated to it, such as the power +to expropriate, grant licenses, approve commercial transactions +or impose quotas, fees or other charges. + +3. Each Party shall ensure that any state enterprise that it +maintains or establishes accords nondiscriminatory treatment in +the sale of its goods or services to investments in the Party's +territory of investors of another Party. + + +Article 1504: Working Group on Trade and Competition + + The Commission shall establish a Working Group on Trade and +Competition, comprising representatives of each Party, to report, +and to make recommendations on further work as appropriate, to +the Commission within five years after the date of entry into +force of the Agreement on relevant issues concerning the +relationship between competition laws and policies and trade in +the free trade area. + + +Article 1505: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +in accordance with commercial considerations means consistent +with normal business practices of privately-held enterprises in +the relevant business or industry; + +designate means to establish, designate or authorize, or to +expand the scope of, a monopoly to cover an additional good or +service, after the date of entry into force of this Agreement; + +discriminatory provision includes treating a parent, subsidiary, +or other enterprise with common ownership more favorably than an +unaffiliated enterprise, or treating one class of enterprises +more favorably than another, in like circumstances; + +government monopoly means a monopoly that is owned, or controlled +through ownership interests, by the federal government of a Party +or by another such monopoly; + +market means the geographic and commercial market for a good or +service; + +monopoly means an entity, including any consortium or government +agency that in any relevant market in the territory of a Party is +designated as the sole provider or purchaser of a good or +service, but does not include any entity that has been granted an +exclusive intellectual property right solely by reason of such +grant; + +non-discriminatory treatment means the better of national or +most-favored-nation treatment, and + +state enterprise means, except as set out in Annex 1505.1, an +enterprise owned, or controlled through ownership interests, by a +Party. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1505.1 + + State Enterprises + + + For purposes of Article 1503(3), "state enterprise" means, +with respect to Canada, a Crown Corporation within the meaning of +the Financial Administration Act (Canada) or a Crown corporation +within the meaning of any comparable provincial legislation or +that is incorporated under other applicable provincial +legislation. + + + Chapter Sixteen + + Temporary Entry for Business Persons + + + +Article 1601: General Principles + + Further to Article 102 (Objectives), the provisions of this +Chapter reflect the preferential trading relationship between the +Parties, the desirability of facilitating temporary entry on a +reciprocal basis and of establishing transparent criteria and +procedures for temporary entry, and the need to ensure border +security and to protect the domestic labor force and permanent +employment in their respective territories. + + +Article 1602: General Obligations + +1. Each Party shall apply its measures relating to the +provisions of this Chapter in accordance with Article 1601, and +in particular, shall apply expeditiously such measures so as to +avoid unduly impairing or delaying trade in goods or services or +conduct of investment activities under this Agreement. + +2. The Parties shall endeavor to develop and adopt common +criteria, definitions and interpretations for the implementation +of this Chapter. + + +Article 1603: Grant of Temporary Entry + +1. Each Party shall grant, in accordance with this Chapter, +including Annex 1603, temporary entry to business persons who are +otherwise qualified for entry under applicable measures relating +to public health and safety and national security. + +2. A Party may refuse to issue an immigration document +authorizing employment to a business person where the temporary +entry of that person might affect adversely: + + (a) the settlement of any labor dispute that is in progress + at the place or intended place of employment; or + + (b) the employment of any person who is involved in such + dispute. + +3. When a Party refuses pursuant to paragraph 2 to issue an +immigration document authorizing employment, it shall: + + (a) inform in writing the business person of the reasons + for the refusal; and + + (b) promptly notify in writing the Party whose business + person has been refused entry of the reasons for the + refusal. + +4. Each Party shall limit any fees for processing applications +for temporary entry of business persons to the approximate cost +of services rendered. + + +Article 1604: Provision of Information + +1. Further to Article 1802 (Publication), each Party shall: + + (a) provide to the other Parties such materials as will + enable them to become acquainted with its measures + relating to the provisions of this Chapter; and + + (b) not later than one year after the date of entry into + force of this Agreement, prepare, publish and make + available in its own territory, and in the territories + of the other Parties, explanatory material in a + consolidated document regarding the requirements for + temporary entry under this Chapter in such a manner as + to enable business persons of the other Parties to + become acquainted with them. + +2. Subject to Annex 1604.2, each Party shall collect and +maintain, and make available to the other Parties in accordance +with its domestic law, data respecting the granting of temporary +entry under this Chapter to business persons of the other Parties +who have been issued immigration documentation, including that +specific to each occupation, profession or activity. + + +Article 1605: Working Group + +1. The Parties hereby establish a Temporary Entry Working +Group, comprising representatives of each Party, including +immigration officials. + +2. The Working Group shall meet at least once a year to +consider: + + (a) the implementation and administration of this + Chapter; + + (b) the development of measures to further facilitate + temporary entry of business persons on a reciprocal + basis; + + (c) the waiving of labor certification tests or procedures + of similar effect for spouses of business persons who + have been granted temporary entry for more than one + year under Sections B, C, or D of Annex 1603; and + + (d) proposed modifications of or additions to this + Chapter. + + +Article 1606: Dispute Settlement + + A Party may not initiate proceedings under Article 2007 +regarding a refusal to grant temporary entry under this Chapter +or a particular case arising under Article 1602(1) unless: + + (a) the matter involves a pattern of practice; and + + (b) the business person has exhausted available + administrative remedies regarding the particular + matter, provided that such remedies shall be deemed to + be exhausted if a final determination in the matter has + not been issued by the competent authority within one + year of the institution of an administrative + proceeding, and the failure to issue a determination is + not attributable to delay caused by the business + person. + + +Article 1607: Relation to Other Chapters + + Except for Chapter One (Objectives), Chapter Two (General +Definitions), Chapter Twenty (Institutional Arrangements and +Dispute Settlement), Chapter Twenty-Two (Final Provisions) and +Articles 1801 through 1804, no provision of any other Chapter +shall impose any obligation upon a Party regarding its +immigration measures. + + +Article 1608: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +business person means a citizen of a Party who is engaged in the +trade in goods, the provision of services or the conduct of +investment activities; + +citizen means "citizen" as defined in Annex 1608; + +existing means "existing" as defined in Annex 1608; and + +temporary entry means entry into the territory of a Party by a +business person of another Party without the intent to establish +permanent residence. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1603 + + Temporary Entry for Business Persons + + +Section A - Business Visitors + +1. Each Party shall grant temporary entry to a business person +seeking to engage in a business activity set out in Schedule I, +without requiring that person to obtain an employment +authorization, provided that the business person otherwise +complies with existing immigration measures applicable to +temporary entry, upon presentation of: + + (a) proof of citizenship of a Party; + + (b) documentation demonstrating that the business person + will be so engaged and describing the purpose of entry; + and + + (c) evidence demonstrating that the proposed business + activity is international in scope and that the + business person is not seeking to enter the local labor + market. + +2. Each Party shall provide that a business person may satisfy +the requirements of paragraph 1(c) by demonstrating that: + + (a) the primary source of remuneration for the proposed + business activity is outside the territory of the Party + granting temporary entry; and + + (b) the business person's principal place of business and + the actual place of accrual of profits, at least + predominantly, remain outside such territory. A Party + shall normally accept an oral declaration as to the + principal place of business and the actual place of + accrual of profits. If the Party requires further + proof, it shall normally consider a letter from the + employer attesting to these matters as sufficient + proof. + +3. Each Party shall grant temporary entry to a business person +seeking to engage in a business activity other than those set out +in Schedule I, without requiring that person to obtain an +employment authorization, on a basis no less favorable than that +provided under the existing provisions of the measure set out in +Appendix 1603.A, provided that the business person otherwise +complies with existing immigration measures applicable to +temporary entry. + +4. No Party shall: + + (a) as a condition for temporary entry under paragraphs 1 + or 3, require prior approval procedures, petitions, + labor certification tests, or other procedures of + similar effect; or + + (b) impose or maintain any numerical restriction relating + to temporary entry under paragraphs 1 or 3. + +5. Notwithstanding paragraph 4, a Party may require a business +person seeking temporary entry under this Part to obtain a visa +or its equivalent prior to entry. Before imposing a visa +requirement, such Party shall consult with a Party whose business +persons would be affected with a view to avoiding the imposition +of the requirement. With respect to an existing visa +requirement, a Party shall, at the request of a Party whose +business persons are subject to the requirement, consult with +that Party with a view to its removal. + + +Section B - Traders and Investors + +1. Each Party shall grant temporary entry and provide +confirming documentation to a business person seeking to: + + (a) carry on substantial trade in goods or services + principally between the territory of the Party of which + the business person is a citizen and the territory of + the Party into which entry is sought; or + + (b) establish, develop, administer or provide advice or key + technical services to the operation of an investment to + which the business person or the business person's + enterprise has committed, or is in the process of + committing, a substantial amount of capital, in a + capacity that is supervisory, executive or involves + essential skills, + +provided that the business person otherwise complies with +existing immigration measures applicable to temporary entry. + +2. No Party shall: + + (a) as a condition for temporary entry under paragraph 1, + require labor certification tests or other procedures + of similar effect; or + + (b) impose or maintain any numerical restriction relating + to temporary entry under paragraph 1. + +3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, a Party may require a business +person seeking temporary entry under this Part to obtain a visa +or its equivalent prior to entry. + + +Section C - Intra-Company Transferees + +1. Each Party shall grant temporary entry and provide +confirming documentation to a business person employed by an +enterprise who seeks to render services to that enterprise or a +subsidiary or affiliate thereof, in a capacity that is +managerial, executive, or involves specialized knowledge, +provided that the business person otherwise complies with +existing immigration measures applicable to temporary entry. A +Party may require that such business person shall have been +employed continuously by such enterprise for one year within the +three-year period immediately preceding the date of the +application for admission. + +2. No Party shall: + + (a) as a condition for temporary entry under paragraph 1, + require labor certification tests or other procedures + of similar effect; or + + (b) impose or maintain any numerical restriction relating + to temporary entry under paragraph 1. + +3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, a Party may require a business +person seeking temporary entry under this Part to obtain a visa +or its equivalent prior to entry. Before imposing a visa +requirement, such Party shall consult with a Party whose business +persons would be affected with a view to avoiding the imposition +of the requirement. With respect to an existing visa +requirement, a Party shall, at the request of a Party whose +business persons are subject to the requirement, consult with +that Party with a view to its removal. + + +Section D - Professionals + +1. Each Party shall grant temporary entry and provide +confirming documentation to a business person seeking to engage +in a business activity at a professional level in a profession +set out in Schedule II, if the business person otherwise complies +with existing immigration measures applicable to temporary entry, +upon presentation of: + + (a) proof of citizenship of a Party; and + + (b) documentation demonstrating that the business person + will be so engaged and describing the purpose of entry. + +2. No Party shall: + + (a) as a condition for temporary entry under paragraph 1, + require prior approval procedures, petitions, labor + certification tests, or other procedures of similar + effect; or + + (b) impose or maintain any numerical restriction relating + to temporary entry under paragraph 1. + +3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, a Party may require a business +person seeking temporary entry under this Part to obtain a visa +or its equivalent prior to entry. Before imposing a visa +requirement, such Party shall consult with a Party whose business +persons would be affected with a view to avoiding the imposition +of the requirement. With respect to an existing visa +requirement, a Party shall, upon the request of a Party whose +business persons are subject to the requirement, consult with +that Party with a view to its removal. + +4. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, a Party may establish an +annual numerical limit, which shall be set out in Schedule III, +regarding temporary entry of business persons of another Party +seeking to engage in business activities at a professional level +in a profession set out in Schedule II, if the Parties concerned +have not agreed otherwise prior to the entry into force of this +Agreement for such Parties. In establishing such a limit, such +Party shall consult with the other Party concerned. + +5. A Party establishing a numerical limit pursuant to paragraph +4, unless the Parties concerned agree otherwise: + + (a) shall, for each year after the first year after the + date of entry into force of this Agreement, consider + increasing the numerical limit set out in Schedule III + by an amount to be established in consultation with the + other Party concerned, taking into account the demand + for temporary entry under this Part; + + (b) shall not apply its procedures established pursuant to + paragraph 1 to the temporary entry of a business person + subject to the numerical limit, but may require such + business person to comply with its other procedures + applicable to the temporary entry of professionals; and + + (c) may, in consultation with the other Party concerned, + grant temporary entry under paragraph 1 to a business + person who practices in a profession where + accreditation, licensing, and certification + requirements are mutually recognized by such Parties. + +6. Nothing in paragraphs 4 or 5 shall be construed so as to +limit the ability of a business person to seek temporary entry +under a Party's applicable immigration measures relating to the +entry of professionals other than those adopted or maintained +pursuant to paragraph 1. + +7. Three years after a Party establishes a numerical limit +pursuant to paragraph 4, it shall consult with the other Party +concerned with a view to determining a date after which the limit +shall cease to apply. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1604.2 + + Provision of Information + + + The obligations under Article 1604(2) shall take effect with +respect to Mexico one year after the date of entry into force of +this Agreement. +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1608 + + Country - Specific Definitions + + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +citizen means, with respect to Mexico, a national or a citizen +according to the existing provisions of Articles 30 and 34, +respectively, of the Mexican Constitution; and + +existing means, as between: + + (a) Canada and Mexico, and the United States and Mexico, in + effect upon the date of entry into force of this + Agreement; and + + (b) Canada and the United States, in effect on January 1, + 1989. +============================================================================= + Appendix 1603.A + + Existing Immigration Measures + + + +1. In the case of Canada, the Immigration Act, R.S.C. 1985 c.I- +2, as amended, and subsection 19(1) of the Immigration +Regulations, 1978, as amended. + +2. In the case of the United States, Section 101(a)(15)(B) of +the Immigration and Nationality Act, 1952, as amended. + +3. In the case of Mexico, Chapter III of the Ley General de +Poblacion, 1974, as amended. + + +============================================================================= + Schedule I + + +Research and Design + +- Technical, scientific, and statistical researchers conducting +independent research, or research for an enterprise located in +the territory of another Party. + + +Growth, Manufacture and Production + +- Harvester owner supervising a harvesting crew admitted under +applicable law. + +- Purchasing and production management personnel conducting +commercial transactions for an enterprise located in the +territory of another Party. + + +Marketing + +- Market researchers and analysts conducting independent research +or analysis, or research or analysis for an enterprise located in +the territory of another Party. + +- Trade fair and promotional personnel attending a trade +convention. + + +Sales + +- Sales representatives and agents taking orders or negotiating +contracts for goods or services for an enterprise located in the +territory of another Party but not delivering goods or providing +services. + +- Buyers purchasing for an enterprise located in the territory of +another Party. + + +Distribution + +- Transportation operators transporting goods or passengers to +the territory of a Party from the territory of another Party or +loading and transporting goods or passengers from the territory +of a Party to the territory of another Party, with no loading and +delivery within the territory of the Party into which entry is +sought of goods located in or passengers boarding in that +territory. + +- With respect to temporary entry into the territory of the +United States, Canadian customs brokers performing brokerage +duties relating to the export of goods from the territory of the +United States to or through the territory of Canada; with respect +to temporary entry into the territory of Canada, United States +customs brokers performing brokerage duties relating to the +export of goods from the territory of Canada to or through the +territory of the United States. + +- Customs brokers consulting regarding the facilitation of the +import or export of goods. + + +After-Sales Service + +- Installers, repair and maintenance personnel, and supervisors, +possessing specialized knowledge essential to a seller's +contractual obligation, performing services or training workers +to perform such services, pursuant to a warranty or other service +contract incidental to the sale of commercial or industrial +equipment or machinery, including computer software, purchased +from an enterprise located outside the territory of the Party +into which temporary entry is sought, during the life of the +warranty or service agreement. + + +General Service + +- Professionals engaging in a business activity at a professional +level in a profession set out in Schedule II. + +- Management and supervisory personnel engaging in a commercial +transaction for an enterprise located in the territory of another +Party. + +- Financial services personnel (insurers, bankers or investment +brokers) engaging in commercial transactions for an enterprise +located in the territory of another Party. + +- Public relations and advertising personnel consulting with +business associates, and attending or participating in +conventions. + +- Tourism personnel (tour and travel agents, tour guides or tour +operators) attending or participating in conventions or +conducting a tour that has begun in the territory of another +Party. + +- Tour bus operators entering the territory of a Party: + + (a) with a group of passengers on a bus tour that has begun + in, and will return to, the territory of another Party; + + (b) to meet a group of passengers on a bus tour that will + end, and the predominant portion of which will take + place, in the territory of another Party; or + + (c) with a group of passengers on a bus tour to be unloaded + in the territory of the Party into which temporary + entry is sought, and returning with no passengers or + reloading with such group for transportation to the + territory of another Party. + +- Translators or interpreters performing services as employees of +an enterprise located in the territory of another Party. + + +Definitions + +For purposes of this Schedule: + +territory of another Party means the territory of a Party other +than the territory of the Party into which temporary entry is +sought; + +tour bus operator means a natural person, including relief +personnel accompanying or following to join, necessary for the +operation of a tour bus for the duration of a trip; and + +transportation operator means a natural person, other than a tour +bus operator, including relief personnel accompanying or +following to join, necessary for the operation of a vehicle for +the duration of a trip. +============================================================================= + Schedule II + + + + + +PROFESSION + + + +Accountant + + + +Architect + + +Computer Systems Analyst + + + + + +MINIMUM EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS +AND ALTERNATIVE CREDENTIALS + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or C.P.A., C.A., +C.G.A., C.M.A. + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or state/provincial +license + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or Post-Secondary +Diploma or Post-Secondary +Certificate, and three years +experience + + + + + +Disaster Relief Insurance +Claims Adjuster (claims +adjuster employed by an +insurance company located in +the territory of a Party, or +an independent claims +adjuster) + + + + + + +Economist + +Engineer + + +Forester + + +Graphic Designer + + + +Hotel Manager + + + + + + +Industrial Designer + + + +Interior Designer + + + +Land Surveyor +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree, and successful +completion of training in the +appropriate areas of insurance +adjustment pertaining to +disaster relief claims; or +three years of experience in +claims adjustment, and +successful completion of +training in the appropriate +areas of insurance adjustment +pertaining to disaster relief +claims + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or state/provincial +license + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or state/provincial +license + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or Post-Secondary +Diploma or Post-Secondary +Certificate, and three years +experience + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree in hotel/restaurant +management; or Post-Secondary +Diploma or Post-Secondary +Certificate in +hotel/restaurant management, +and three years experience in +hotel/restaurant management + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or Post-Secondary +Diploma or Post-Secondary +Certificate, and three years +experience + + + + + +Landscape Architect + + +Lawyer (including Notary in +the Province of Quebec) + + +Librarian + + + +Management Consultant + + + + + + + +Mathematician +(including Statistician) + + +MEDICAL/ALLIED PROFESSIONAL + +Dentist + + + + +Dietitian +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +LL.B., J.D., LL.L., B.C.L., or +Licenciatura Degree (five +years); or membership in a +state/provincial bar + +M.L.S. or B.L.S. (for which +another Baccalaureate or +Licenciatura Degree was a +prerequisite) + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or equivalent +professional experience as +established by statement, or +professional credential, +attesting to five years +experience as a management +consultant, or five years +experience in a field of +specialty related to the +consulting agreement + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + + + + +D.D.S., D.M.D., Doctor en +Odontologia, or Doctor en +Cirugia Dental; or +state/provincial license + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or state/provincial +license + +============================================================================= + +Medical Laboratory +Technologist (Canada)/Medical +Technologist (United States +and Mexico) + + +Nutritionist + + +Occupational Therapist + + + +Pharmacist + + +Physician (teaching or +research only) + + +Physiotherapist/Physical +Therapist + + +Psychologist + + +Recreational Therapist + +Registered Nurse + + +Veterinarian + + + + + + +Research Assistant +(Working in a post-secondary + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or Post-Secondary +Diploma or Post-Secondary +Certificate, and three years +experience + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or state/provincial +license + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or state/provincial +license + +M.D. or Doctor en Medicina; or +state/provincial license + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or state/provincial +license + +State/provincial license or +Licenciatura Degree + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + +State/provincial license or +Licenciatura Degree + +D.V.M., D.M.V., or Doctor en +Veterinaria; or +state/provincial license + + + + +Range Manager/ +Range Conservationalist + + +Research Assistant +(Working in a post-secondary +educational institution) + +Scientific +Technician/Technologist + + + + + + + + + + + +SCIENTIST + +Agriculturist (including +Agronomist) + + +Animal Breeder + + +Animal Scientist + + +Apiculturist + + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + + +Possession of: (a) theoretical +knowledge of any of the +following disciplines: +agricultural sciences, +astronomy, biology, chemistry, +engineering, forestry, +geology, geophysics, +meteorology or physics; and +(b) the ability to solve +practical problems in any of +such disciplines, or the +ability to apply principles of +any of such disciplines to +basic or applied research + + + + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + + + + +Astronomer + + +Biochemist + + +Biologist + + +Chemist + + +Dairy Scientist + + +Entomologist + + +Epidemiologist + + +Geneticist + + +Geologist + + +Geochemist + + +Geophysicist (including +Oceanographer in Mexico and +the United States) + +Horticulturist + + +Meteorologist + + +Pharmacologist +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + + + + + +Pharmacologist + + +Physicist (including +Oceanographer in Canada) + +Plant Breeder + + +Poultry Scientist + + +Soil Scientist + + +Zoologist + + +Social Worker + + +Sylviculturist +(including Forestry +Specialist) + + +TEACHER + +College + + +Seminary + + +University + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + + + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + + +============================================================================= + + +Technical Publications Writer + + + + +Urban Planner +(including Geographer) + +Vocational Counsellor + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree; or Post-Secondary +Diploma or Post-Secondary +Certificate, and three years +experience + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + + +Baccalaureate or Licenciatura +Degree + +============================================================================= + + Schedule III + + + United States of America + + +1. Commencing on the date of entry into force of this Agreement +as between the United States and Mexico, the United States shall +annually approve as many as 5,500 initial petitions of business +persons of Mexico seeking temporary entry under Section D of +Annex 1603 to engage in a business activity at a professional +level in a profession set out in Schedule II. + +2. For purposes of paragraph 1, the United States shall not +take into account: + + (a) the renewal of a period of temporary entry; + + (b) the entry of a spouse or children accompanying or + following to join the principal business person; + + (c) an admission under Section 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b) of the + Immigration and Nationality Act, 1952, as amended, + including the worldwide numerical limit established by + Section 214(g)(1)(A) of such Act; or + + (d) an admission under any other provision of Section + 101(a)(15) of such Act relating to the entry of + professionals. + +3. Paragraphs 4 and 5 of Section D of Annex 1603 shall apply as +between the United States and Mexico for no longer than: + + (a) the period that such paragraphs or similar provisions + may apply as between the United States and any other + Party or non-Party; or + + (b) 10 years after the date of entry into force of this + Agreement as between such Parties, + +whichever period is shorter. + + + PART SIX + INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY + + + Chapter Seventeen + + Intellectual Property + + + +Article 1701: Nature and Scope of Obligations + +1. Each Party shall provide in its territory to the nationals +of another Party adequate and effective protection and +enforcement of intellectual property rights, while ensuring that +measures to enforce intellectual property rights do not +themselves become barriers to legitimate trade. + +2. To provide adequate and effective protection and enforcement +of intellectual property rights, each Party shall, at a minimum, +give effect to this Chapter and to the substantive provisions of: + + (a) the Geneva Convention for the Protection of Producers + of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of their + Phonograms, 1971 (Geneva Convention); + + (b) the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and + Artistic Works, 1971 (Berne Convention); + + (c) the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial + Property, 1967 (Paris Convention); and + + (d) the International Convention for the Protection of New + Varieties of Plants, 1978 (UPOV Convention), or the + International Convention for the Protection of New + Varieties of Plants, 1991 (UPOV Convention). + +If a Party has not acceded to the specified text of any such +Conventions on or before the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, it shall make every effort to accede. + +3. Paragraph 2 shall apply, except as provided in Annex 1701.3. + + +Article 1702: More Extensive Protection + + A Party may implement in its domestic law more extensive +protection of intellectual property rights than is required under +this Agreement, provided that such protection is not inconsistent +with this Agreement. + + +Article 1703: National Treatment + +1. Each Party shall accord to nationals of another Party +treatment no less favorable than that it accords to its own +nationals with regard to the protection and enforcement of all +intellectual property rights. In respect of sound recordings, +each Party shall provide such treatment to producers and +performers of another Party, except that a Party may limit rights +of performers of another Party in respect of secondary uses of +sound recordings to those rights its nationals are accorded in +the territory of such other Party. + +2. No Party may, as a condition of according national treatment +under this Article, require right holders to comply with any +formalities or conditions in order to acquire rights in respect +of copyright and related rights. + +3. A Party may derogate from paragraph 1 in relation to its +judicial and administrative procedures for the protection or +enforcement of intellectual property rights, including any +procedure requiring a national of another Party to designate for +service of process an address in the Party's territory or to +appoint an agent in the Party's territory, if the derogation is +consistent with the relevant Convention listed in Article +1701(2), provided that such derogation: + + (a) is necessary to secure compliance with measures that + are not inconsistent with this Chapter; and + + (b) is not applied in a manner that would constitute a + disguised restriction on trade. + +4. No Party shall have any obligation under this Article with +respect to procedures provided in multilateral agreements +concluded under the auspices of the World Intellectual Property +Organization relating to the acquisition or maintenance of +intellectual property rights. + + +Article 1704: Control of Abusive or Anticompetitive Practices or + Conditions + + Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent a Party from +specifying in its domestic law licensing practices or conditions +that may in particular cases constitute an abuse of intellectual +property rights having an adverse effect on competition in the +relevant market. A Party may adopt or maintain, consistent with +the other provisions of this Agreement, appropriate measures to +prevent or control such practices or conditions. + + +Article 1705: Copyright + +1. Each Party shall protect the works covered by Article 2 of +the Berne Convention, including any other works that embody +original expression within the meaning of that Convention. In +particular: + + (a) all types of computer programs are literary works + within the meaning of the Berne Convention and each + Party shall protect them as such; and + + (b) compilations of data or other material, whether in + machine readable or other form, which by reason of the + selection or arrangement of their contents constitute + intellectual creations, shall be protected as such. + +The protection a Party provides under subparagraph (b) shall not +extend to the data or material itself, or prejudice any copyright +subsisting in that data or material. + +2. Each Party shall provide to authors and their successors in +interest those rights enumerated in the Berne Convention in +respect of works covered by paragraph 1, including the right to +authorize or prohibit: + + (a) the importation into the Party's territory of copies of + the work made without the right holder's authorization; + + (b) the first public distribution of the original and each + copy of the work by sale, rental or otherwise; + + (c) the communication of a work to the public; and + + (d) the commercial rental of the original or a copy of a + computer program. + +Subparagraph (d) shall not apply where the copy of the computer +program is not itself an essential object of the rental. Each +Party shall provide that putting the original or a copy of a +computer program on the market with the right holder's consent +shall not exhaust the rental right. + +3. Each Party shall provide that for copyright and related +rights: + + (a) any person acquiring or holding economic rights may + freely and separately transfer such rights by contract + for purposes of their exploitation and enjoyment by the + transferee; and + + (b) any person acquiring or holding such economic rights by + virtue of a contract, including contracts of employment + underlying the creation of works and sound recordings, + shall be able to exercise those rights in its own name + and enjoy fully the benefits derived from those rights. + +4. Each Party shall provide that, where the term of protection +of a work, other than a photographic work or a work of applied +art, is to be calculated on a basis other than the life of a +natural person, the term shall be not less than 50 years from the +end of the calendar year of the first authorized publication of +the work, or, failing such authorized publication within 50 years +from the making of the work, 50 years from the end of the +calendar year of making. + +5. Each Party shall confine limitations or exceptions to the +rights provided for in this Article to certain special cases that +do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not +unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right +holder. + +6. No Party may grant translation and reproduction licenses +permitted under the Appendix to the Berne Convention where +legitimate needs in that Party's territory for copies or +translations of the work could be met by the right holder's +voluntary actions but for obstacles created by the Party's +measures. + +7. Each Party shall comply with the requirements set out in +Annex 1705.7. + + +Article 1706: Sound Recordings + +1. Each Party shall provide to the producer of a sound +recording the right to authorize or prohibit: + + (a) the direct or indirect reproduction of the sound + recording; + + (b) the importation into the Party's territory of copies of + the sound recording made without the producer's + authorization; + + (c) the first public distribution of the original and each + copy of the sound recording by sale, rental or + otherwise; and + + (d) the commercial rental of the original or a copy of the + sound recording, except where expressly otherwise + provided in a contract between the producer of the + sound recording and the authors of the works fixed + therein. + +Each Party shall provide that putting the original or a copy of a +sound recording on the market with the right holder's consent +shall not exhaust the rental right. + +2. Each Party shall provide a term of protection for sound +recordings of at least 50 years from the end of the calendar year +in which the fixation was made. + +3. Each Party shall confine limitations or exceptions to the +rights provided for in this Article to certain special cases that +do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the sound recording +and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the +right holder. + + +Article 1707: Protection of Encrypted Program-Carrying Satellite + Signals + + Within one year from the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, each Party shall: + + (a) make it a criminal offense to manufacture, import, + sell, lease or otherwise make available a device or + system that is primarily of assistance in decoding an + encrypted program-carrying satellite signal without the + authorization of the lawful distributor of such signal; + and + + (b) make it a civil offense to receive, in connection with + commercial activities, or further distribute, an + encrypted program-carrying satellite signal that has + been decoded without the authorization of the lawful + distributor of the signal or to engage in any activity + prohibited under subparagraph (a). + +Each Party shall provide that any civil offense established under +subparagraph (b) shall be actionable by any person that holds an +interest in the content of such signal. + + +Article 1708: Trademarks + +1. For purposes of this Agreement, a trademark consists of any +sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the +goods or services of one person from those of another, including +personal names, designs, letters, numerals, colors, figurative +elements, or the shape of goods or of their packaging. +Trademarks shall include service marks and collective marks, and +may include certification marks. A Party may require, as a +condition for registration that a sign be visually perceptible. + +2. Each Party shall provide to the owner of a registered +trademark the right to prevent all persons not having the owner's +consent from using in commerce identical or similar signs for +goods or services that are identical or similar to those goods or +services in respect of which the owner's trademark is registered, +where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In the +case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or +services, a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The +rights described above shall not prejudice any prior rights, nor +shall they affect the possibility of a Party making rights +available on the basis of use. + +3. A Party may make registrability depend on use. However, +actual use of a trademark shall not be a condition for filing an +application for registration. No Party may refuse an application +solely on the ground that intended use has not taken place before +the expiry of a period of three years from the date of +application for registration. + +4. Each Party shall provide a system for the registration of +trademarks, which shall include: + + (a) examination of applications; + + (b) notice to be given to an applicant of the reasons for + the refusal to register a trademark; + + (c) a reasonable opportunity for the applicant to respond + to the notice; + + (d) publication of each trademark either before or promptly + after it is registered; and + + (e) a reasonable opportunity for interested persons to + petition to cancel the registration of a trademark. + +A Party may provide for a reasonable opportunity for interested +persons to oppose the registration of a trademark. + +5. The nature of the goods or services to which a trademark is +to be applied shall in no case form an obstacle to the +registration of the trademark. + +6. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention shall apply, with such +modifications as are necessary, to services. In determining +whether a trademark is well-known, account shall be taken of the +knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public, +including knowledge in the Party's territory obtained as a result +of the promotion of the trademark. No Party may require that the +reputation of the trademark extend beyond the sector of the +public that normally deals with the relevant goods or services. + +7. Each Party shall provide that the initial registration of a +trademark be for a term of at least 10 years and that the +registration be indefinitely renewable for terms of not less than +10 years when conditions for renewal have been met. + +8. Each Party shall require the use of a trademark to maintain +a registration. The registration may be canceled for the reason +of non-use only after an uninterrupted period of at least two +years of non-use, unless valid reasons based on the existence of +obstacles to such use are shown by the trademark owner. Each +Party shall recognize, as valid reasons for non-use, +circumstances arising independently of the will of the trademark +owner that constitute an obstacle to the use of the trademark, +such as import restrictions on, or other government requirements +for, goods or services identified by the trademark. + +9. Each Party shall recognize use of a trademark by a person +other than the trademark owner, where such use is subject to the +owner's control, as use of the trademark for purposes of +maintaining the registration. + +10. No Party shall encumber the use of a trademark in commerce +by special requirements, such as a use that reduces the +trademark's function as an indication of source or a use with +another trademark. + +11. A Party may determine conditions on the licensing and +assignment of trademarks, it being understood that the compulsory +licensing of trademarks shall not be permitted and that the owner +of a registered trademark shall have the right to assign its +trademark with or without the transfer of the business to which +the trademark belongs. + +12. A Party may provide limited exceptions to the rights +conferred by a trademark, such as fair use of descriptive terms, +provided that such exceptions take into account the legitimate +interests of the trademark owner and of other persons. + +13. Each Party shall prohibit the registration as a trademark of +words, at least in English, French or Spanish, that generically +designate goods or services or types of goods or services to +which the trademark applies. + +14. Each Party shall refuse to register trademarks that consist +of or comprise immoral, deceptive or scandalous matter, or matter +that may disparage or falsely suggest a connection with persons, +living or dead, institutions, beliefs or any Party's national +symbols, or bring them into contempt or disrepute. + + +Article 1709: Patents + +1. Subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, each Party shall make patents +available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in +all fields of technology, provided that such inventions are new, +result from an inventive step and are capable of industrial +application. For the purposes of this Article, a Party may deem +the terms "inventive step" and "capable of industrial +application" to be synonymous with the terms "non-obvious" and +"useful", respectively. + +2. A Party may exclude from patentability inventions if +preventing in its territory the commercial exploitation of the +inventions is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, +including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to +avoid serious prejudice to nature or the environment, provided +that the exclusion is not based solely on the ground that the +Party prohibits commercial exploitation in its territory of the +subject matter of the patent. + +3. A Party may also exclude from patentability: + + (a) diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the + treatment of humans or animals; + + (b) plants and animals other than microorganisms; and + + (c) essentially biological processes for the production of + plants or animals, other than non-biological and + microbiological processes for such production. + +Notwithstanding subparagraph (b), each Party shall provide for +the protection of plant varieties through patents, an effective +scheme of sui generis protection, or both. + +4. If a Party has not made available product patent protection +for pharmaceutical or agricultural chemicals commensurate with +paragraph 1: + + (a) as of January 1, 1992, for subject matter that relates + to naturally occurring substances prepared or produced + by, or significantly derived from, microbiological + processes and intended for food or medicine; and + + (b) as of July 1, 1991, for any other subject matter, + +that Party shall provide to the inventor of any such product or +its assignee the means to obtain product patent protection for +such product for the unexpired term of the patent for such +product granted in another Party, as long as the product has not +been marketed in the Party providing protection under this +paragraph and the person seeking such protection makes a timely +request. + +5. Each Party shall provide that: + + (a) where the subject matter of a patent is a product, the + patent shall confer on the patent owner the right to + prevent other persons from making, using or selling the + subject matter of the patent, without the patent + owner's consent; and + + (b) where the subject matter of a patent is a process, the + patent shall confer on the patent owner the right to + prevent other persons from using that process and from + using, selling, or importing at least the product + obtained directly by that process, without the patent + owner's consent. + +6. A Party may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive +rights conferred by a patent, provided that such exceptions do +not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the +patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests +of the patent owner, taking into account the legitimate interests +of other persons. + +7. Subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, patents shall be available +and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the +field of technology, the territory of the Party where the +invention was made and whether products are imported or locally +produced. + +8. A Party may revoke a patent only when: + + (a) grounds exist that would have justified a refusal to + grant the patent; or + + (b) the grant of a compulsory license has not remedied the + lack of exploitation of the patent. + +9. Each Party shall permit patent owners to assign and transfer +by succession their patents, and to conclude licensing contracts. + +10. Where the law of a Party allows for use of the subject +matter of a patent, other than that use allowed under paragraph +6, without the authorization of the right holder, including use +by the government or other persons authorized by the government, +the Party shall respect the following provisions: + + (a) authorization of such use shall be considered on its + individual merits; + + (b) such use may only be permitted if, prior to such use, + the proposed user has made efforts to obtain + authorization from the right holder on reasonable + commercial terms and conditions and such efforts have + not been successful within a reasonable period of time. + The requirement to make such efforts may be waived by a + Party in the case of a national emergency or other + circumstances of extreme urgency or in cases of public + non-commercial use. In situations of national + emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, + the right holder shall, nevertheless, be notified as + soon as reasonably practicable. In the case of public + non-commercial use, where the government or contractor, + without making a patent search, knows or has + demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patent is or + will be used by or for the government, the right holder + shall be informed promptly; + + (c) the scope and duration of such use shall be limited to + the purpose for which it was authorized; + + (d) such use shall be non-exclusive; + + (e) such use shall be non-assignable, except with that part + of the enterprise or goodwill that enjoys such use; + + (f) any such use shall be authorized predominantly for the + supply of the Party's domestic market; + + (g) authorization for such use shall be liable, subject to + adequate protection of the legitimate interests of the + persons so authorized, to be terminated if and when the + circumstances that led to it cease to exist and are + unlikely to recur. The competent authority shall have + the authority to review, upon motivated request, the + continued existence of these circumstances; + + (h) the right holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in + the circumstances of each case, taking into account the + economic value of the authorization; + + (i) the legal validity of any decision relating to the + authorization shall be subject to judicial or other + independent review by a distinct higher authority; + + (j) any decision relating to the remuneration provided in + respect of such use shall be subject to judicial or + other independent review by a distinct higher + authority; + + (k) the Party shall not be obliged to apply the conditions + set out in subparagraphs (b) and (f) where such use is + permitted to remedy a practice determined after + judicial or administrative process to be + anticompetitive. The need to correct anticompetitive + practices may be taken into account in determining the + amount of remuneration in such cases. Competent + authorities shall have the authority to refuse + termination of authorization if and when the conditions + that led to such authorization are likely to recur; + + (l) the Party shall not authorize the use of the subject + matter of a patent to permit the exploitation of + another patent except as a remedy for an adjudicated + violation of domestic laws regarding anticompetitive + practices. + +11. Where the subject matter of a patent is a process for +obtaining a product, each Party shall, in any infringement +proceeding, place on the defendant the burden of establishing +that the allegedly infringing product was made by a process other +than the patented process in one of the following situations: + + (a) the product obtained by the patented process is new; or + + (b) a substantial likelihood exists that the allegedly + infringing product was made by the process and the + patent owner has been unable through reasonable efforts + to determine the process actually used. + +In the gathering and evaluation of evidence, the legitimate +interests of the defendant in protecting its trade secrets shall +be taken into account. + +12. Each Party shall provide a term of protection for patents of +at least 20 years from the date of filing or 17 years from the +date of grant. A Party may extend the term of patent protection, +in appropriate cases, to compensate for delays caused by +regulatory approval processes. + + +Article 1710: Layout Designs of Semiconductor Integrated + Circuits + +1. Each Party shall protect layout designs (topographies) of +integrated circuits ("layout designs") in accordance with +Articles 2 through 7, 12 and 16(3), other than Article 6(3), of +the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated +Circuits as opened for signature on 26 May 1989. + +2. Subject to paragraph 3, each Party shall make it unlawful +for any person without the right holder's authorization to +import, sell or otherwise distribute for commercial purposes any +of the following: + + (a) a protected layout design; + + (b) an integrated circuit in which a protected layout + design is incorporated; or + + (c) an article incorporating such an integrated circuit, + only insofar as it continues to contain an unlawfully + reproduced layout design. + +3. No Party may make unlawful any of the acts referred to in +paragraph 2 performed in respect of an integrated circuit that +incorporates an unlawfully reproduced layout design or any +article that incorporates such an integrated circuit where the +person performing those acts or ordering those acts to be done +did not know and had no reasonable ground to know, when it +acquired the integrated circuit or article incorporating such an +integrated circuit, that it incorporated an unlawfully reproduced +layout design. + +4. Each Party shall provide that, after the person referred to +in paragraph 3 has received sufficient notice that the layout +design was unlawfully reproduced, such person may perform any of +the acts with respect to the stock on hand or ordered before such +notice, but shall be liable to pay the right holder for doing so +an amount equivalent to a reasonable royalty such as would be +payable under a freely negotiated license in respect of such a +layout design. + +5. No Party may permit the compulsory licensing of layout +designs of integrated circuits. +6. Any Party that requires registration as a condition for +protection of a layout design shall provide that the term of +protection shall not end before the expiration of a period of 10 +years counted from the date of: + + (a) filing of the application for registration; or + + (b) the first commercial exploitation of the layout design, + wherever in the world it occurs. + +7. Where a Party does not require registration as a condition +for protection of a layout design, the Party shall provide a term +of protection of not less than 10 years from the date of the +first commercial exploitation of the layout design, wherever in +the world it occurs. + +8. Notwithstanding paragraphs 6 and 7, a Party may provide that +the protection shall lapse 15 years after the creation of the +layout design. + +9. This Article shall apply, except as provided in Annex +1710.9. + + +Article 1711: Trade Secrets + +1. Each Party shall provide the legal means for any person to +prevent trade secrets from being disclosed to, acquired by, or +used by others without the consent of the person lawfully in +control of the information in a manner contrary to honest +commercial practices, in so far as: + + (a) the information is secret in the sense that it is not, + as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly + of its components, generally known among or readily + accessible to persons that normally deal with the kind + of information in question; + + (b) the information has actual or potential commercial + value because it is secret; and + + (c) the person lawfully in control of the information has + taken reasonable steps under the circumstances to keep + it secret. + +2. A Party may require that to qualify for protection a trade +secret must be evidenced in documents, electronic or magnetic +means, optical discs, microfilms, films or other similar +instruments. + +3. No Party may limit the duration of protection for trade +secrets, so long as the conditions in paragraph 1 exist. + +4. No Party may discourage or impede the voluntary licensing of +trade secrets by imposing excessive or discriminatory conditions +on such licenses, or conditions that dilute the value of the +trade secrets. + +5. If a Party requires, as a condition for approving the +marketing of pharmaceutical or agricultural chemical products +that utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed +test or other data necessary to determine whether the use of such +products is safe and effective, the Party shall protect against +disclosure of the data of persons making such submissions, where +the origination of such data involves considerable effort, except +where the disclosure is necessary to protect the public or unless +steps are taken to ensure that the data is protected against +unfair commercial use. + +6. Each Party shall provide that for data subject to paragraph +5 that are submitted to the Party after the date of entry into +force of this Agreement, no person other than the person that +submitted them may, without the latter's permission, rely on such +data in support of an application for product approval during a +reasonable period of time after their submission. For this +purpose, a reasonable period shall normally mean not less than +five years from the date on which the Party granted approval to +the person that produced the data for approval to market its +product, taking account of the nature of the data and the +person's efforts and expenditures in producing them. Subject to +this provision, there shall be no limitation on any Party to +implement abbreviated approval procedures for such products on +the basis of bioequivalence and bioavailability studies. + +7. Where a Party relies upon a marketing approval granted by +another Party, the reasonable period of exclusive use of the data +submitted in connection with obtaining the approval relied upon +shall commence with the date of the first marketing approval +relied upon. + + +Article 1712: Geographical Indications + +1. Each Party shall provide, in respect of geographical +indications, the legal means for interested persons to prevent: + + (a) the use of any means in the designation or presentation + of a good that indicates or suggests that the good in + question originates in a territory, region or locality + other than the true place of origin, in a manner that + misleads the public as to the geographical origin of + the good; + + (b) any use that constitutes an act of unfair competition + within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris + Convention. + +2. Each Party shall, on its own initiative if its domestic law +so permits or at the request of an interested person, refuse to +register, or invalidate the registration of, a trademark +containing or consisting of a geographical indication with +respect to goods that do not originate in the indicated +territory, region or locality, if use of the indication in the +trademark for such goods is of such a nature as to mislead the +public as to the geographical origin of the good. + +3. Each Party shall also apply paragraphs 1 and 2 to a +geographical indication that, although correctly indicating the +territory, region or locality in which the goods originate, +falsely represents to the public that the goods originate in +another territory, region or locality. + +4. Nothing in this Article shall require a Party to prevent +continued and similar use of a particular geographical indication +of another Party in connection with goods or services by any of +its nationals or domiciliaries who have used that geographical +indication in a continuous manner with regard to the same or +related goods or services in that Party's territory, either: + + (a) for at least 10 years, or + + (b) in good faith, before the date of signature of this + Agreement. + +5. Where a trademark has been applied for or registered in good +faith, or where rights to a trademark have been acquired through +use in good faith, either: + + (a) before the date of application of these provisions in + that Party, or + + (b) before the geographical indication is protected in its + Party of origin, + +no Party may adopt any measure to implement this Article that +prejudices eligibility for, or the validity of, the registration +of a trademark, or the right to use a trademark, on the basis +that such a trademark is identical with, or similar to, a +geographical indication. + +6. No Party shall be required to apply this Article to a +geographical indication if it is identical to the customary term +in common language in that Party's territory for the goods or +services to which the indication applies. + +7. A Party may provide that any request made under this Article +in connection with the use or registration of a trademark must be +presented within five years after the adverse use of the +protected indication has become generally known in that Party or +after the date of registration of the trademark in that Party, +provided that the trademark has been published by that date, if +such date is earlier than the date on which the adverse use +became generally known in that Party, provided that the +geographical indication is not used or registered in bad faith. + +8. No Party shall adopt any measure implementing this Article +that would prejudice any person's right to use, in the course of +trade, its name or the name of its predecessor in business, +except where such name forms all or part of a valid trademark in +existence before the geographical indication became protected and +with which there is a likelihood of confusion, or such name is +used in such a manner as to mislead the public. + +9. Nothing in this Chapter shall require a Party to protect a +geographical indication that is not protected, or has fallen into +disuse, in the Party of origin. + + +Article 1713: Industrial Designs + +1. Each Party shall provide for the protection of independently +created industrial designs that are new or original. A Party may +provide that: + + (a) designs are not new or original if they do not + significantly differ from known designs or combinations + of known design features; and + + (b) such protection shall not extend to designs dictated + essentially by technical or functional considerations. + +2. Each Party shall ensure that the requirements for securing +protection for textile designs, in particular in regard to any +cost, examination or publication, do not unreasonably impair a +person's opportunity to seek and obtain such protection. A Party +may comply with this obligation through industrial design law or +copyright law. + +3. Each Party shall provide the owner of a protected industrial +design the right to prevent other persons not having the owner's +consent from making or selling articles bearing or embodying a +design that is a copy, or substantially a copy, of the protected +design, when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes. + +4. A Party may provide limited exceptions to the protection of +industrial designs, provided that such exceptions do not +unreasonably conflict with the normal exploitation of protected +industrial designs and do not unreasonably prejudice the +legitimate interests of the owner of the protected design, taking +into account the legitimate interests of other persons. + +5. Each Party shall provide a term of protection for industrial +designs of at least 10 years. + + +Article 1714: Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights: + General Provisions + +1. Each Party shall ensure that enforcement procedures, as +specified in this Article and Articles 1715 through 1718, are +available under its domestic law so as to permit effective action +to be taken against any act of infringement of intellectual +property rights covered by this Chapter, including expeditious +remedies to prevent infringements and remedies to deter further +infringements. Such enforcement procedures shall be applied so +as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to +provide for safeguards against abuse of the procedures. + +2. Each Party shall ensure that its procedures for the +enforcement of intellectual property rights are fair and +equitable, are not unnecessarily complicated or costly, and do +not entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays. + +3. Each Party shall provide that decisions on the merits of a +case in judicial and administrative enforcement proceedings +shall: + + (a) preferably be in writing and preferably state the + reasons on which the decisions are based; + + (b) be made available at least to the parties in a + proceeding without undue delay; and + + (c) be based only on evidence in respect of which such + parties were offered the opportunity to be heard. + +4. Each Party shall ensure that parties in a proceeding have an +opportunity to have final administrative decisions reviewed by a +judicial authority of that Party and, subject to jurisdictional +provisions in its domestic laws concerning the importance of a +case, to have reviewed at least the legal aspects of initial +judicial decisions on the merits of a case. Notwithstanding the +above, no Party shall be required to provide for judicial review +of acquittals in criminal cases. + +5. Nothing in this Article and in Articles 1715 through 1718 +shall require a Party to establish a judicial system for the +enforcement of intellectual property rights distinct from that +Party's system for the enforcement of laws in general. + +6. For the purposes of Articles 1715 through 1718, the term +"right holder" includes federations and associations having legal +standing to assert such rights. + + +Article 1715: Specific Procedural and Remedial Aspects of Civil + and Administrative Procedures + +1. Each Party shall make available to right holders civil +judicial procedures for the enforcement of any intellectual +property right covered by this Chapter. Each Party shall provide +that: + + (a) defendants have the right to written notice that is + timely and contains sufficient detail, including the + basis of the claims; + + (b) parties in a proceeding are allowed to be represented + by independent legal counsel; + + (c) the procedures do not include imposition of overly + burdensome requirements concerning mandatory personal + appearances; + + (d) all parties in a proceeding are duly entitled to + substantiate their claims and to present relevant + evidence; and + + (e) the procedures include a means to identify and protect + confidential information. + +2. Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities shall +have the authority: + + (a) where a party in a proceeding has presented reasonably + available evidence sufficient to support its claims and + has specified evidence relevant to the substantiation + of its claims that is within the control of the + opposing party, to order the opposing party to produce + such evidence, subject in appropriate cases to + conditions that ensure the protection of confidential + information; + + (b) where a party in a proceeding voluntarily and without + good reason refuses access to, or otherwise does not + provide relevant evidence under that party's control + within a reasonable period, or significantly impedes a + proceeding relating to an enforcement action, to make + preliminary and final determinations, affirmative or + negative, on the basis of the evidence presented, + including the complaint or the allegation presented by + the party adversely affected by the denial of access to + evidence, subject to providing the parties an + opportunity to be heard on the allegations or evidence; + + (c) to order a party in a proceeding to desist from an + infringement, including to prevent the date of entry + into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of + imported goods that involve the infringement of an + intellectual property right, which order shall be + enforceable at least immediately after customs + clearance of such goods; + + (d) to order the infringer of an intellectual property + right to pay the right holder damages adequate to + compensate for the injury the right holder has suffered + because of the infringement where the infringer knew or + had reasonable grounds to know that it was engaged in + an infringing activity; + + (e) to order an infringer of an intellectual property right + to pay the right holder's expenses, which may include + appropriate attorney's fees; and + + (f) to order a party in a proceeding at whose request + measures were taken and who has abused enforcement + procedures to provide adequate compensation to any + party wrongfully enjoined or restrained in the + proceeding for the injury suffered because of such + abuse and to pay that party's expenses, which may + include appropriate attorney's fees. + +3. With respect to the authority referred to in subparagraph +2(c), no Party shall be obliged to provide such authority in +respect of protected subject matter that is acquired or ordered +by a person before that person knew or had reasonable grounds to +know that dealing in that subject matter would entail the +infringement of an intellectual property right. + +4. With respect to the authority referred to in subparagraph +2(d), a Party may, at least with respect to copyrighted works and +sound recordings, authorize the judicial authorities to order +recovery of profits or payment of pre-established damages, or +both, even where the infringer did not know or had no reasonable +grounds to know that it was engaged in an infringing activity. + +5. Each Party shall provide that, in order to create an +effective deterrent to infringement, its judicial authorities +shall have the authority to order that: + + (a) goods that they have found to be infringing be, without + compensation of any sort, disposed of outside the + channels of commerce in such a manner as to avoid any + injury caused to the right holder, or, unless this + would be contrary to existing constitutional + requirements, destroyed; and + + (b) materials and implements the predominant use of which + has been in the creation of the infringing goods be, + without compensation of any sort, disposed of outside + the channels of commerce in such a manner as to + minimize the risks of further infringements. + +In considering whether to issue such an order, judicial +authorities shall take into account the need for proportionality +between the seriousness of the infringement and the remedies +ordered as well as the interests of other persons. In regard to +counterfeit goods, the simple removal of the trademark unlawfully +affixed shall not be sufficient, other than in exceptional cases, +to permit release of the goods into the channels of commerce. + +6. In respect of the administration of any law pertaining to +the protection or enforcement of intellectual property rights, +each Party shall only exempt both public authorities and +officials from liability to appropriate remedial measures where +actions are taken or intended in good faith in the course of the +administration of such laws. + +7. Notwithstanding the other provisions of Articles 1714 +through 1718, where a Party is sued with respect to an +infringement of an intellectual property right as a result of its +use of that right or use on its behalf, that Party may limit the +remedies available against it to the payment to the right holder +of adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case, +taking into account the economic value of the use. + +8. Each Party shall provide that, where a civil remedy can be +ordered as a result of administrative procedures on the merits of +a case, such procedures shall conform to principles equivalent in +substance to those set out in this Article. + + +Article 1716: Provisional Measures + +1. Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities shall +have the authority to order prompt and effective provisional +measures: + + (a) to prevent an infringement of any intellectual property + right, and in particular to prevent the date of entry + into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of + allegedly infringing goods, including measures to + prevent the entry of imported goods at least + immediately after customs clearance; and + + (b) to preserve relevant evidence in regard to the alleged + infringement. + +2. Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities shall +have the authority to require any applicant for provisional +measures to provide to the judicial authorities any evidence +reasonably available to that applicant that the judicial +authorities consider necessary to enable them to determine with a +sufficient degree of certainty whether: + + (a) the applicant is the right holder; + + (b) the applicant's right is being infringed or such + infringement is imminent; and + + (c) any delay in the issuance of such measures is likely to + cause irreparable harm to the right holder, or there is + a demonstrable risk of evidence being destroyed. + +Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities shall have +the authority to require the applicant to provide a security or +equivalent assurance sufficient to protect the interests of the +defendant and to prevent abuse. + +3. Each Party shall provide that its competent authorities +shall have the authority to require an applicant for provisional +measures to provide other information necessary for the +identification of the relevant goods by the authority that will +execute the provisional measures. + +4. Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities shall +have the authority to order provisional measures on an ex parte +basis, in particular where any delay is likely to cause +irreparable harm to the right holder, or where there is a +demonstrable risk of evidence being destroyed. + +5. Each Party shall provide that where provisional measures are +adopted by that Party's judicial authorities on an ex parte +basis: + + (a) a person affected shall be given notice of those + measures without delay but in any event no later than + immediately after the execution of the measures; + + (b) a defendant shall, upon request, have those measures + reviewed by that Party's judicial authorities, for the + purpose of deciding, within a reasonable period after + notice of those measures is given, whether the measures + shall be modified, revoked or confirmed, and shall be + given an opportunity to be heard in the review + proceedings. + +6. Without prejudice to paragraph 5, each Party shall provide +that, upon the request of the defendant, the Party's judicial +authorities shall revoke or otherwise cease to apply the +provisional measures taken on the basis of paragraphs 1 and 4 if +proceedings leading to a decision on the merits are not +initiated: + + (a) within a reasonable period as determined by the + judicial authority ordering the measures where the + Party's domestic law so permits; or + + (b) in the absence of such a determination, within a period + of no more than 20 working days or 31 calendar days, + whichever is longer. + +7. Each Party shall provide that, where the provisional +measures are revoked or where they lapse due to any act or +omission by the applicant, or where the judicial authorities +subsequently find that there has been no infringement or threat +of infringement of an intellectual property right, the judicial +authorities shall have the authority to order the applicant, on +request of the defendant, to provide the defendant appropriate +compensation for any injury caused by these measures. + +8. Each Party shall provide that, where a provisional measure +can be ordered as a result of administrative procedures, such +procedures shall conform to principles equivalent in substance to +those set out in this Article. + + +Article 1717: Criminal Procedures and Penalties + +1. Each Party shall provide criminal procedures and penalties +to be applied at least in cases of willful trademark +counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale. Each +Party shall provide that penalties available include imprisonment +or monetary fines, or both, sufficient to provide a deterrent, +consistent with the level of penalties applied for crimes of a +corresponding gravity. + +2. Each Party shall provide that, in appropriate cases, its +judicial authorities may order the seizure, forfeiture and +destruction of infringing goods and of any materials and +implements the predominant use of which has been in the +commission of the offense. + +3. A Party may provide criminal procedures and penalties to be +applied in cases of infringement of intellectual property rights, +other than those in paragraph 1, where they are committed +wilfully and on a commercial scale. + + +Article 1718: Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights at the + Border + +1. Each Party shall, in conformity with this Article, adopt +procedures to enable a right holder, who has valid grounds for +suspecting that the importation of counterfeit trademark goods or +pirated copyright goods may take place, to lodge an application +in writing with its competent authorities, whether administrative +or judicial, for the suspension by the customs administration of +the release of such goods into free circulation. No Party shall +be obligated to apply such procedures to goods in transit. A +Party may permit such an application to be made in respect of +goods that involve other infringements of intellectual property +rights, provided that the requirements of this Article are met. +A Party may also provide for corresponding procedures concerning +the suspension by the customs administration of the release of +infringing goods destined for exportation from its territory. + +2. Each Party shall require any applicant who initiates +procedures under paragraph 1 to provide adequate evidence: + + (a) to satisfy that Party's competent authorities that, + under the domestic laws of the country of importation, + there is prima facie an infringement of its + intellectual property right; and + + (b) to supply a sufficiently detailed description of the + goods to make them readily recognizable by the customs + administration. + +The competent authorities shall inform the applicant within a +reasonable period whether they have accepted the application and, +if so, the period for which the customs administration will take +action. + +3. Each Party shall provide that its competent authorities +shall have the authority to require an applicant under paragraph +1 to provide a security or equivalent assurance sufficient to +protect the defendant and the competent authorities and to +prevent abuse. Such security or equivalent assurance shall not +unreasonably deter recourse to these procedures. + +4. Each Party shall provide that, where pursuant to an +application under procedures adopted pursuant to this Article, +its customs administration suspends the release of goods +involving industrial designs, patents, integrated circuits or +trade secrets into free circulation on the basis of a decision +other than by a judicial or other independent authority, and the +period provided for in paragraphs 6 through 8 has expired without +the granting of provisional relief by the duly empowered +authority, and provided that all other conditions for importation +have been complied with, the owner, importer, or consignee of +such goods shall be entitled to their release on the posting of a +security in an amount sufficient to protect the right holder +against any infringement. Payment of such security shall not +prejudice any other remedy available to the right holder, it +being understood that the security shall be released if the right +holder fails to pursue its right of action within a reasonable +period of time. + +5. Each Party shall provide that its customs administration +shall promptly notify the importer and the applicant when the +customs administration suspends the release of goods pursuant to +paragraph 1. + +6. Each Party shall provide that its customs administration +shall release goods from suspension if within a period not +exceeding ten working days after the applicant under paragraph 1 +has been served notice of the suspension: + + (a) the customs administration has not been informed that a + party other than the defendant has initiated + proceedings leading to a decision on the merits of the + case, or + + (b) a competent authority has taken provisional measures + prolonging the suspension, + +provided that all other conditions for importation or exportation +have been met. Each Party shall provide that, in appropriate +cases, the customs administration may extend the suspension by +another 10 working days. + +7. Each Party shall provide that if proceedings leading to a +decision on the merits of the case have been initiated, a review, +including a right to be heard, shall take place on request of the +defendant with a view to deciding, within a reasonable period, +whether the measures shall be modified, revoked or confirmed. + +8. Notwithstanding paragraphs 6 and 7, where the suspension of +the release of goods is carried out or continued in accordance +with a provisional judicial measure, the provisions of Article +1716(6) shall apply. + +9. Each Party shall provide that its competent authorities +shall have the authority to order the applicant under paragraph 1 +to pay the importer, the consignee and the owner of the goods +appropriate compensation for any injury caused to them through +the wrongful detention of goods or through the detention of goods +released pursuant to paragraph 6. + +10. Without prejudice to the protection of confidential +information, each Party shall provide that its competent +authorities shall have the authority to give the right holder +sufficient opportunity to have any goods detained by the customs +administration inspected in order to substantiate its claims. +Each Party shall also provide that its competent authorities have +the authority to give the importer an equivalent opportunity to +have any such goods inspected. Where the competent authorities +have made a positive determination on the merits of a case, a +Party may provide the competent authorities the authority to +inform the right holder of the names and addresses of the +consignor, the importer and the consignee, and of the quantity of +the goods in question. + +11. Where a Party requires its competent authorities to act upon +their own initiative and to suspend the release of goods in +respect of which they have acquired prima facie evidence that an +intellectual property right is being infringed: + + (a) the competent authorities may at any time seek from the + right holder any information that may assist them to + exercise these powers; + + (b) the importer and the right holder shall be promptly + notified of the suspension by the Party's competent + authorities, and where the importer lodges an appeal + against the suspension with competent authorities, the + suspension shall be subject to the conditions, with + such modifications as are necessary, set out in + paragraphs 6 through 8; and + + (c) the Party shall only exempt both public authorities and + officials from liability to appropriate remedial + measures where actions are taken or intended in good + faith. + +12. Without prejudice to other rights of action open to the +right holder and subject to the defendant's right to seek +judicial review, each Party shall provide that its competent +authorities shall have the authority to order the destruction or +disposal of infringing goods in accordance with the principles +set out in Article 1715(5). In regard to counterfeit goods, the +authorities shall not allow the re-exportation of the infringing +goods in an unaltered state or subject them to a different +customs procedure, other than in exceptional circumstances. + +13. A Party may exclude from the application of paragraphs 1 +through 12 small quantities of goods of a non-commercial nature +contained in travellers' personal luggage or sent in small +consignments that are not repetitive. + +14. This Article shall apply, except as provided in Annex +1718.14. + + +Article 1719: Cooperation and Technical Assistance + +1. The Parties shall provide each other on mutually agreed +terms with technical assistance and shall promote cooperation +between their competent authorities. Such cooperation shall +include, but not be limited to, the training of personnel. + +2. The Parties shall cooperate with a view to eliminating trade +in goods that infringe intellectual property rights. For this +purpose, each Party shall establish and notify the other Parties +of contact points in its federal government and shall exchange +information concerning trade in infringing goods. + + +Article 1720: Protection of Existing Subject Matter + +1. Other than the provisions of Article 1705(7), this Agreement +does not give rise to obligations in respect of acts that +occurred before the date of application of the relevant +provisions of this Agreement for the Party in question. + +2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Agreement, each +Party shall apply this Agreement to all subject matter existing +on the date of application of the relevant provisions of this +Agreement for the Party in question, and which is protected in a +Party on the said date, or which meets or comes subsequently to +meet the criteria for protection under the terms of this Chapter. +In respect of this paragraph and paragraphs 3 and 4, a Party's +obligations with respect to existing works shall be solely +determined under Article 18 of the Berne Convention and with +respect to the rights of producers of sound recordings in +existing sound recordings shall be determined solely under +Article 18 of that Convention, as made applicable under this +Agreement. + +3. Except as required under Article 1705(7), and +notwithstanding paragraph 2, a Party shall not be required to +restore protection to subject matter that, on the date of +application of the relevant provisions of this Agreement for the +Party in question, has fallen into the public domain in its +territory. + +4. Any acts in respect of specific objects embodying protected +subject matter which become infringing under the terms of +legislation in conformity with this Agreement, and which were +commenced or in respect of which a significant investment was +made, before the date of ratification of this Agreement by that +Party, any Party may provide for a limitation of the remedies +available to the right holder as to the continued performance of +such acts after the date of application of the Agreement for that +Party. In such cases, the Party shall, however, at least provide +for payment of equitable remuneration. + +5. No Party shall be obliged to apply the provisions of Article +1705(2)(d) or Article 1706(1)(d) with respect to originals or +copies purchased prior to the date of application of the relevant +provisions of this Agreement for that Party. + +6. No Party shall be required to apply Article 1709(10), or the +requirement in Article 1709(7) that patent rights shall be +enjoyable without discrimination as to the field of technology, +to use without the authorization of the right holder where +authorization for such use was granted by the government before +the text of the Draft Final Act Embodying the Results of the +Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations became known. + +7. In the case of intellectual property rights for which +protection is conditional upon registration, applications for +protection that are pending on the date of application of the +relevant provisions of this Agreement for the Party in question +shall be permitted to be amended to claim any enhanced protection +provided under the provisions of this Agreement. Such amendments +shall not include new matter. + + +Article 1721: Definitions + +For purposes of this Agreement: + +confidential information includes trade secrets, privileged +information and other materials exempted from disclosure under +the Party's domestic law; + +encrypted program-carrying satellite signal means a +program-carrying satellite signal that is transmitted in a form +whereby the aural or visual characteristics, or both, are +modified or altered for the purpose of preventing the +unauthorized reception by persons without the authorized +equipment that is designed to eliminate the effects of such +modification or alteration, of a program carried in that signal; + +geographical indication means any indication that identifies a +good as originating in the territory of a Party, or a region or +locality in that territory, where a particular quality, +reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially +attributable to its geographical origin; + +in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices means at +least practices such as breach of contract, breach of confidence +and inducement to breach, and includes the acquisition of +undisclosed information by other persons who knew, or were +grossly negligent in failing to know, that such practices were +involved in the acquisition; + +intellectual property rights refers to copyright and related +rights, trademark rights, patent rights, rights in layout designs +of semiconductor integrated circuits, trade secret rights, plant +breeders' rights, rights in geographical indications and +industrial design rights; + +nationals of another Party means, in respect of the relevant +intellectual property right, persons who would meet the criteria +for eligibility for protection provided for in the Paris +Convention (1967), the Berne Convention (1971), the Geneva +Convention (1971), the International Convention for the +Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and +Broadcasting Organizations (1961), the UPOV Convention (1978), +the UPOV Convention (1991) or the Treaty on Intellectual Property +in Respect of Integrated Circuits, as if each Party were a party +to those Conventions, and with respect to intellectual property +rights that are not the subject of these Conventions, "nationals +of another Party" shall be understood to be at least individuals +who are citizens or permanent residents of that Party and also +includes any other natural person referred to in Annex 201.1; + +public includes, with respect to rights of communication and +performance of works provided for under Articles 11, 11bis(1) and +14(1)(ii) of the Berne Convention, with respect to dramatic, +dramatico-musical, musical and cinematographic works, at least, +any aggregation of individuals intended to be the object of, and +capable of perceiving, communications or performances of works, +regardless of whether they can do so at the same or different +times or in the same or different places, provided that such an +aggregation is larger than a family and its immediate circle of +acquaintances or is not a group comprising a limited number of +individuals having similarly close ties that has not been formed +for the principal purpose of receiving such performances and +communications of works; and + +secondary uses of sound recordings means the use directly for +broadcasting or for any other public communication of a sound +recording. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1701.3 + + Intellectual Property Conventions + + +1. Mexico shall: + + (a) make every effort to comply with the substantive + provisions of the 1978 or 1991 UPOV Convention as soon + as possible and shall do so no later than two years + after the date of signature of this Agreement; and + + (b) accept from the date of entry into force of this + Agreement, applications from plant breeders for + varieties in all plant genera and species and grant + protection, in accordance with such substantive + provisions, promptly after complying with subparagraph + (a). + +2. Notwithstanding Article 1701(2)(b), this Agreement confers +no rights and imposes no obligations on the United States with +respect to Article 6bis of the Berne Convention, or the rights +derived from that Article. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1705.7 + + Copyright + + + The United States shall provide protection to motion +pictures produced in another Party's territory that have been +declared to be in the public domain pursuant to 17 U.S.C. section +405. This obligation shall apply to the extent that it is +consistent with the Constitution of the United States, and is +subject to budgetary considerations. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1710.9 + + Layout Designs + + + Mexico shall make every effort to implement the requirements +of Article 1710 as soon as possible, and shall do so no later +than four years after the date of entry into force of this +Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX 1718.14 + + Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights + + + Mexico shall make every effort to comply with the +requirements of Article 1718 as soon as possible, and shall do so +in any event no later than three years after the date of +signature of this Agreement. + + + + Chapter Eighteen + + Publication, Notification and Administration of Laws + + + +Article 1801: Contact Points + + Each Party shall designate a contact point to facilitate +communications between the Parties on any matter covered by this +Agreement. Upon the request of another Party, the contact point +shall identify the office or official responsible for the matter +and assist, as necessary, in facilitating communication with the +requesting Party. + + +Article 1802: Publication + +1. Each Party shall ensure that its laws, regulations, +procedures and administrative rulings of general application +respecting any matter covered by this Agreement shall be promptly +published or otherwise made available in such a manner as to +enable interested persons and Parties to become acquainted with +them. + +2. To the extent possible, each Party shall: + + (a) publish in advance any such measure that it proposes to + adopt; and + + (b) provide a reasonable opportunity for comment by + interested persons and Parties on such proposed + measures. + + +Article 1803: Notification and Provision of Information + +1. Each Party shall, to the maximum extent possible, notify any +other Party with an interest in the matter of any proposed or +actual measure that it considers might materially affect the +operation of this Agreement or otherwise substantially affect +another Party's interests under this Agreement. + +2. Upon request of another Party, a Party shall promptly +provide information and respond to questions pertaining to any +actual or proposed measure, whether or not previously notified. + +3. Notification and provision of information shall be without +prejudice as to whether the measure is consistent with this +Agreement. + + +Article 1804: Administrative Proceedings + + With a view to administering in a consistent, impartial and +reasonable manner all measures of general application affecting +matters covered by this Agreement, each Party shall ensure in its +administrative proceedings applying measures referred to in +Article 1802 to particular persons, goods or services of another +Party in specific cases that: + + (a) whenever possible, persons of another Party that are + directly affected by a proceeding are provided + reasonable notice, in accordance with domestic + procedures, when a proceeding is initiated, including a + description of the nature of the proceeding, a + statement of the legal authority under which the + proceeding is initiated and a general description of + any issues in controversy; + + (b) such persons are afforded a reasonable opportunity to + present facts and arguments in support of their + positions prior to any final administrative action, + when time, the nature of the proceeding and the public + interest permit; and + + (c) its procedures are in accordance with domestic law. + + +Article 1805: Review and Appeal + +1. Each Party shall adopt or maintain judicial, quasi-judicial +or administrative tribunals or procedures for the purpose of the +prompt review and, where warranted, correction of final +administrative actions regarding matters covered by this +Agreement. Such tribunals shall be impartial and independent of +the office or authority entrusted with administrative enforcement +and shall not have any substantial interest in the outcome of the +matter. + +2. Each Party shall ensure that, in any such tribunals or +procedures, the parties to the proceeding are provided with the +right to: + + (a) a reasonable opportunity to support or defend their + respective positions; and + + (b) a decision based on the evidence and submissions of + record or, where required by domestic law the record + compiled by the administrative authority. + +3. Each Party shall ensure, subject to appeal or further review +as provided in its domestic law, that such decisions shall be +implemented by, and shall govern the practice of, such offices or +authorities with respect to the administrative action at issue. + + +Article 1806: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +administrative ruling of general application means an +administrative ruling or interpretation that applies to all +persons and fact situations that fall generally within its ambit +and that establishes a norm of conduct rather than adjudicating +with respect to a particular act or practice, but, does not +include a determination or ruling made in an administrative or +quasi-judicial proceeding that applies to a particular person, +good or service of another Party in a specific case. + + + + Chapter Nineteen + + Review and Dispute Settlement in Antidumping + and Countervailing Duty Matters + + + +Article 1901: General Provisions + +1. The provisions of Article 1904 shall apply only with respect +to goods that the competent investigating authority of the +importing Party, applying the importing Party's antidumping or +countervailing duty law to the facts of a specific case, +determines are goods of another Party. + +2. For the purposes of Articles 1903 and 1904, panels shall be +established in accordance with the provisions of Annex 1901.2. + +3. With the exception of Article 2203 (Entry into Force), no +provision of any other chapter of this Agreement shall be +construed as imposing obligations on the Parties with respect to +the Parties' antidumping law or countervailing duty law. + + +Article 1902: Retention of Domestic Antidumping Law and + Countervailing Duty Law + +1. Each Party reserves the right to apply its antidumping law +and countervailing duty law to goods imported from the territory +of any other Party. Antidumping law and countervailing duty law +include, as appropriate for each Party, relevant statutes, +legislative history, regulations, administrative practice and +judicial precedents. + +2. Each Party reserves the right to change or modify its +antidumping law or countervailing duty law, provided that in the +case of an amendment to a Party's antidumping or countervailing +duty statute: + + (a) such amendment shall apply to goods from another Party + only if the amending statute specifies that it applies + to the Parties to this Agreement; + + (b) the amending Party notifies any Party to which the + amendment applies in writing of the amending statute as + far in advance as possible of the date of enactment of + such statute; + + (c) following notification, the amending Party, upon + request of any Party to which the amendment applies, + consults with that Party prior to the enactment of the + amending statute; and + + (d) such amendment, as applicable to another Party, is not + inconsistent with: + + (i) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), + the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of + the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the + Antidumping Code) or the Agreement on the + Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI + and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and + Trade (the Subsidies Code), or successor + agreements to which all the original signatories + to this Agreement are party, or + + (ii) the object and purpose of this Agreement and this + Chapter, which is to establish fair and + predictable conditions for the progressive + liberalization of trade among the Parties to this + Agreement while maintaining effective and fair + disciplines on unfair trade practices, such object + and purpose to be ascertained from the provisions + of this Agreement, its preamble and objectives and + the practices of the Parties. + + +Article 1903: Review of Statutory Amendments + +1. A Party to which an amendment of another Party's antidumping +or countervailing duty statute applies may request in writing +that such amendment be referred to a binational panel for a +declaratory opinion as to whether: + + (a) the amendment does not conform to the provisions of + Article 1902(2)(d)(i) or (ii); or + + (b) such amendment has the function and effect of + overturning a prior decision of a panel made pursuant + to Article 1904 and does not conform to the provisions + of Article 1902(2)(d)(i) or (ii). + +Such declaratory opinion shall have force or effect only as +provided in this Article. + +2. The panel shall conduct its review in accordance with the +procedures of Annex 1903.2. + +3. In the event that the panel recommends modifications to the +amending statute to remedy a non-conformity that it has +identified in its opinion: + + (a) the two Parties shall immediately begin consultations + and shall seek to achieve a mutually satisfactory + solution to the matter within 90 days of the issuance + of the panel's final declaratory opinion. Such + solution may include seeking corrective legislation + with respect to the statute of the amending Party; + + (b) if corrective legislation is not enacted within nine + months from the end of the 90-day consultation period + referred to in subparagraph (a) and no other mutually + satisfactory solution has been reached, the Party that + requested the panel may + + (i) take comparable legislative or equivalent + executive action, or + + (ii) terminate this Agreement with regard to the + amending Party upon 60-day written notice to that + Party. + + +Article 1904: Review of Final Antidumping and Countervailing + Determinations + +1. As provided in this Article, the Parties shall replace +judicial review of final antidumping and countervailing duty +determinations with binational panel review. + +2. An involved Party may request that a panel review, based +upon the administrative record, a final antidumping or +countervailing duty determination of a competent investigating +authority of a Party to determine whether such determination was +in accordance with the antidumping or countervailing duty law of +the importing Party. For this purpose, the antidumping or +countervailing duty law consists of the relevant statutes, +legislative history, regulations, administrative practice and +judicial precedents to the extent that a court of the importing +Party would rely on such materials in reviewing a final +determination of the competent investigating authority. Solely +for purposes of the panel review provided for in this Article, +the antidumping and countervailing duty statutes of the Parties, +as those statutes may be amended from time to time, are +incorporated into this Agreement. + +3. The panel shall apply the standard of review described in +Article 1909 and the general legal principles that a court of the +importing Party otherwise would apply to a review of a +determination of the competent investigating authority. + +4. A request for a panel shall be made in writing to the other +involved Party within 30 days following the date of publication +of the final determination in question in the official journal of +the importing Party. In the case of final determinations that +are not published in the official journal of the importing Party, +the importing Party shall immediately notify the other involved +Party of such final determination where it involves goods from +the other involved Party, and the other involved Party may +request a panel within 30 days of receipt of such notice. Where +the competent investigating authority of the importing Party has +imposed provisional measures in an investigation, the other +involved Party may provide notice of its intention to request a +panel under this Article, and the Parties shall begin to +establish a panel at that time. Failure to request a panel +within the time specified in this paragraph shall preclude review +by a panel. + +5. An involved Party on its own initiative may request review +of a final determination by a panel and shall, upon request of a +person who would otherwise be entitled under the law of the +importing Party to commence domestic procedures for judicial +review of that final determination, request such review. + +6. The panel shall conduct its review in accordance with the +procedures established by the Parties pursuant to paragraph 14. +Where both involved Parties request a panel to review a final +determination, a single panel shall review that determination. + +7. The competent investigating authority that issued the final +determination in question shall have the right to appear and be +represented by counsel before the panel. Each Party shall +provide that other persons who, pursuant to the law of the +importing Party, otherwise would have had the right to appear and +be represented in a domestic judicial review proceeding +concerning the determination of the competent investigating +authority, shall have the right to appear and be represented by +counsel before the panel. + +8. The panel may uphold a final determination, or remand it for +action not inconsistent with the panel's decision. Where the +panel remands a final determination, the panel shall establish as +brief a time as is reasonable for compliance with the remand, +taking into account the complexity of the factual and legal +issues involved and the nature of the panel's decision. In no +event shall the time permitted for compliance with a remand +exceed an amount of time equal to the maximum amount of time +(counted from the date of the filing of a petition, complaint or +application) permitted by statute for the competent investigating +authority in question to make a final determination in an +investigation. If review of the action taken by the competent +investigating authority on remand is needed, such review shall be +before the same panel, which shall normally issue a final +decision within 90 days of the date on which such remand action +is submitted to it. + +9. The decision of a panel under this Article shall be binding +on the involved Parties with respect to the particular matter +between the Parties that is before the panel. + +10. This Agreement shall not affect: + + (a) the judicial review procedures of any Party; or + + (b) cases appealed under those procedures, + +with respect to determinations other than final determinations. + +11. A final determination shall not be reviewed under any +judicial review procedures of the importing Party if an involved +Party requests a panel with respect to that determination within +the time limits set forth in this Article. No Party shall +provide in its domestic legislation for an appeal from a panel +decision to its domestic courts. + +12. The provisions of this Article shall not apply where: + + (a) neither involved Party seeks panel review of a final + determination; + + (b) a revised final determination is issued as a direct + result of judicial review of the original final + determination by a court of the importing Party in + cases where neither involved Party sought panel review + of that original final determination; or + + (c) a final determination is issued as a direct result of + judicial review that was commenced in a court of the + importing Party before the date of entry into force of + this Agreement. + +13. Where within a reasonable time after the panel decision is +issued, an involved Party alleges that: + + (a) (i) a member of the panel was guilty of gross + misconduct, bias, or a serious conflict of + interest, or otherwise materially violated the + rules of conduct, + + (ii) the panel seriously departed from a fundamental + rule of procedure, or + + (iii) the panel manifestly exceeded its powers, + authority or jurisdiction set forth in this + Article, for example by failing to apply the + appropriate standard of review, and + + (b) any of the actions set out in subparagraph (a) has + materially affected the panel's decision and threatens + the integrity of the binational panel review process, + +that Party may avail itself of the extraordinary challenge +procedure set out in Annex 1904.13. + +14. To implement the provisions of this Article, the Parties +shall adopt rules of procedure by January 1, 1994. Such rules +shall be based, where appropriate, upon judicial rules of +appellate procedure, and shall include rules concerning: the +content and service of requests for panels; a requirement that +the competent investigating authority transmit to the panel the +administrative record of the proceeding; the protection of +business proprietary, government classified, and other privileged +information (including sanctions against persons participating +before panels for improper release of such information); +participation by private persons; limitations on panel review to +errors alleged by the Parties or private persons; filing and +service; computation and extensions of time; the form and content +of briefs and other papers; pre- and post-hearing conferences; +motions; oral argument; requests for rehearing; and voluntary +terminations of panel reviews. The rules shall be designed to +result in final decisions within 315 days of the date on which a +request for a panel is made, and shall allow: + + (a) 30 days for the filing of the complaint; + + (b) 30 days for designation or certification of the + administrative record and its filing with the panel; + + (c) 60 days for the complainant to file its brief; + + (d) 60 days for the respondent to file its brief; + + (e) 15 days for the filing of reply briefs; + + (f) 15 to 30 days for the panel to convene and hear oral + argument; and + + (g) 90 days for the panel to issue its written decision. + +15. In order to achieve the objectives of this Article, the +Parties shall, with respect to goods of the other Parties, amend +their antidumping and countervailing duty statutes and +regulations, and other statutes and regulations to the extent +that they apply to the operation of the antidumping and +countervailing duty laws. In particular, without limiting the +generality of the foregoing: + + (a) each Party shall amend its statutes or regulations to + ensure that existing procedures concerning the refund, + with interest, of antidumping or countervailing duties + operate to give effect to a final panel decision that a + refund is due; + + (b) each Party shall amend its statutes or regulations to + ensure that its courts shall give full force and + effect, with respect to any person within its + jurisdiction, to all sanctions imposed pursuant to the + laws of the other Parties to enforce provisions of any + protective order or undertaking that such other Party + has promulgated or accepted in order to permit access + for purposes of panel review or of the extraordinary + challenge procedure to confidential, personal, business + proprietary or other privileged information; + + (c) each Party shall amend its statutes or regulations to + ensure that + + (i) domestic procedures for judicial review of a final + determination may not be commenced until the time + for requesting a panel under paragraph 4 has + expired, and + + (ii) as a prerequisite to commencing domestic judicial + review procedures to review a final determination, + a Party or other person intending to commence such + procedures shall provide notice of such intent to + the Parties concerned and to other persons + entitled to commence such review procedures of the + same final determination no later than 10 days + prior to the latest date on which a panel may be + requested; and + + (d) Each Party shall make the further amendments set forth + in Annex 1904.15(d). + + +Article 1905: Safeguarding the Panel Review System + +1. Where a Party alleges that the application of another +Party's domestic law, + + (a) has prevented the establishment of a panel requested by + the complaining Party; + + (b) has prevented a panel requested by the complaining + Party from rendering a final decision; + + (c) has prevented the implementation of the decision of a + panel requested by the complaining Party or denied it + binding force and effect with respect to the particular + matter that was before the panel; or + + (d) has resulted in a failure to provide opportunity for + review of a final determination by a court or panel of + competent jurisdiction that is independent of the + competent investigating authorities, that examines the + basis for the investigating authorities' determination + and whether the investigating authority properly + applied domestic antidumping and countervailing duty + law in reaching the challenged determination, and that + employs the relevant standard of review identified in + Article 1911, + +that Party may request in writing consultations with the other +Party regarding the allegations. The consultations shall begin +within 15 days of the date of the request. + +2. If the matter has not been resolved within 45 days of the +request for consultations or such other period as the consulting +Parties may agree, the complaining Party may request the +establishment of a special committee. + +3. Unless otherwise agreed by the disputing Parties, the +special committee shall be established within 15 days of a +request and perform its functions in a manner consistent with the +provisions of this Chapter. + +4. The roster for special committees shall be that established +pursuant to Annex 1904.13.1. + +5. The special committee shall comprise three members selected +in accordance with the procedures set out in Annex 1904.13.1. + +6. The Parties shall establish rules of procedure in accordance +with the principles set out in Annex 1905.7. + +7. If the special committee makes an affirmative finding in +respect of one of the grounds specified in paragraph 1, the +complaining Party and the Party complained against shall begin +consultations within 10 days, and shall seek to achieve a +mutually satisfactory solution within 60 days of the issuance of +the committee's report. + +8. If, within the 60-day period, the Parties are unable to +reach a mutually satisfactory solution to the matter, or the +Party complained against has not demonstrated to the satisfaction +of the special committee that it has corrected the problem or +problems with respect to which the committee has made an +affirmative finding, the complaining Party may: + + (a) suspend the operation of Article 1904 with respect to + the Party complained against; or + + (b) suspend the application to the Party complained against + of such benefits under this Agreement as may be + appropriate under the circumstances. + +9. In the event that a complaining Party suspends the operation +of Article 1904 with respect to the Party complained against, the +latter Party may reciprocally suspend the operation of Article +1904. If either Party decides to suspend the operation of +Article 1904, it shall provide written notice of such suspension +to the other Party. + +10. The special committee may reconvene at any time, at the +request of the Party complained against, to determine: + + (a) whether the suspension of benefits by the complaining + Party pursuant to subparagraph 8(b) is manifestly + excessive; or + + (b) whether the Party complained against has corrected the + problem or problems with respect to which the committee + has made an affirmative finding. + +The special committee shall, within 45 days of the request, +present a report to both Parties containing its determination. +Where the special committee determines that the Party complained +against has corrected the problem or problems, any suspension +effected by the complaining Party or the Party complained +against, or both, pursuant to paragraphs 8 or 9 shall be +terminated. + +11. If the special committee makes an affirmative finding with +respect to one of the grounds specified in paragraph 1, then +effective as of the day following the date of issuance of the +special committee's decision: + + (a) binational panel or extraordinary challenge committee + review under Article 1904 shall be stayed + + (i) with respect to review of any final determination + of the complaining Party requested by the Party + complained against, if such review was requested + after the date on which consultations were + requested pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article + and in no case later than 150 days prior to an + affirmative finding by the special committee, or + + (ii) with respect to review of any final determination + of the Party complained against requested by the + complaining Party, at the request of the + complaining Party; and + + (b) the time for requesting panel or committee review under + Article 1904 shall be tolled. + +12. If either Party suspends the operation of Article 1904 +pursuant to paragraph 8(a), the panel or committee review stayed +under paragraph 11(a) shall be terminated and the challenge to +the final determination shall be irrevocably referred to the +appropriate domestic court for decision, as provided below: + + (a) with respect to review of any final determination of + the complaining Party requested by the Party complained + against, at the request of either Party, or of a party + to the panel review under Article 1904; or + + (b) with respect to review of any final determination of + the Party complained against requested by the + complaining Party, at the request of the complaining + Party, or of a party of the complaining Party that is a + party to the panel review under Article 1904. + +If either Party suspends the operation of Article 1904 pursuant +to paragraph 8(a), any time period tolled under Paragraph 11(b) +of this Article shall resume. + +If such suspension does not become effective, panel or committee +review stayed under paragraph 11(a), and any time period tolled +under paragraph 8(b), shall resume. + + +Article 1906: Prospective Application + + The provisions of this Chapter shall apply only +prospectively to: + + (a) final determinations of a competent investigating + authority made after the date of entry into force of + this Agreement; and + + (b) with respect to declaratory opinions under + Article 1903, amendments to antidumping or + countervailing duty statutes enacted after the date of + entry into force of this Agreement. + + +Article 1907: Consultations + +1. The Parties shall consult annually, or on the request of any +Party, to consider any problems that may arise with respect to +the implementation or operation of this Chapter and recommend +solutions, where appropriate. The Parties shall each designate +one or more officials, including officials of the competent +investigating authorities, to be responsible for ensuring that +consultations occur, when required, so that the provisions of +this Chapter are carried out expeditiously. + +2. The Parties further agree to consult on: + + (a) the potential to develop more effective rules and + disciplines concerning the use of government subsidies; + and + + (b) the potential for reliance on a substitute system of + rules for dealing with unfair transborder pricing + practices and government subsidization. + +3. The competent investigating authorities of the Parties shall +consult annually or on the request of any Party and may submit +reports to the Commission, if appropriate. In the context of +these consultations, the Parties agree that it is desirable in +the administration of anti-dumping and countervailing duty laws +to: + + (a) publish notice of initiation of investigations in the + importing country's official journal, setting forth the + nature of the proceeding, the legal authority under + which the proceeding is initiated, and a description of + the product at issue; + + (b) provide notice of the times for submissions of + information and for decisions that the competent + investigating authorities are expressly required by + statute or regulations to make; + + (c) provide explicit written notice and instructions as to + the information required from interested parties, + including foreign interests, and reasonable time to + respond to requests for information; + + (d) accord reasonable access to information + + (i) "reasonable access" in this context means access + during the course of the investigation, to the + extent practicable, so as to permit an opportunity + to present facts and arguments as set forth in + paragraph (e); when it is not practicable to + provide access to information during the + investigation in such time as to permit an + opportunity to present facts and arguments, + reasonable access shall mean in time to permit the + adversely affected party to make an informed + decision as to whether to seek judicial or panel + review, + + (ii) "access to information" in this context means + access to representatives determined by the + competent investigating authority to be qualified + to have access to information received by that + competent investigating authority, including + access to confidential (business proprietary) + information, but does not include information of + such high degree of sensitivity that its release + would lead to substantial and irreversible harm to + the owner or which is required to be kept + confidential in accordance with domestic + legislation of a Party; any privileges arising + under domestic law of the importing Party relating + to communications between the competent + investigating authorities and a lawyer in the + employ of, or providing advice to, those + authorities may be maintained; + + (e) provide the opportunity for interested parties, + including foreign interests, to present facts and + arguments, to the extent time permits, including an + opportunity to comment on the preliminary determination + of dumping or of subsidization; + + (f) protect confidential (business proprietary) + information, received by the competent investigating + authority, to ensure that there is no disclosure except + to representatives determined by the competent + investigating authorities to be qualified; + + (g) prepare administrative records, including + recommendations of official advisory bodies that may be + required to be kept, and any record of ex parte + meetings that may be required to be kept; + + (h) provide disclosure of relevant information upon which + any preliminary or final determination of dumping or of + subsidization is based, within a reasonable time after + a request by interested parties, including foreign + interests. Such information shall include an + explanation of the calculation or the methodology used + to determine the margin of dumping or the amount of + subsidy; + + (i) provide a statement of reasons concerning the final + determination of dumping or subsidization; and + + (j) provide a statement of reasons for final determinations + concerning material injury to a domestic industry, + threat of material injury to a domestic industry or + material retardation of the establishment of such an + industry. + +Inclusion of an item in paragraphs (a) through (j) is not +intended to serve as guidance to a binational panel reviewing a +final antidumping or countervailing duty determination pursuant +to Article 1904 in determining whether such determination was in +accordance with the antidumping or countervailing duty law of the +importing Party. + + +Article 1908: Special Secretariat Provisions + +1. The Parties shall establish a section within the Secretariat +established pursuant to Article 2002 to facilitate the operation +of this Chapter and the work of panels or committees that may be +convened pursuant to this Chapter. + +2. The secretaries of the Secretariat established pursuant to +Article 2002 shall act jointly to service all meetings of panels +or committees established pursuant to this Chapter. The +secretary of the Party in which a panel or committee proceeding +is held shall prepare a record thereof and shall preserve an +authentic copy of the same in the permanent offices. Such +secretary shall upon request provide to the secretary of any +other Party a copy of such portion of the record as is requested, +except that only public portions of the record shall be provided +to the secretary of the Party that is not an involved Party. + +3. Each secretary shall receive and file all requests, briefs +and other papers properly presented to a panel or committee in +any proceeding before it that is instituted pursuant to this +Chapter and shall number in numerical order all requests for a +panel or committee. The number given to a request shall be the +file number for briefs and other papers relating to such request. + +4. Each secretary shall forward to the secretary of the other +involved Party copies of all official letters, documents or other +papers received or filed with the Secretariat office pertaining +to any proceeding before a panel or committee, except for the +administrative record, which shall be handled in accordance with +paragraph 1. The secretary of an involved Party shall provide +upon request to the secretary of the Party that is not an +involved Party in the proceeding a copy of such public documents +as are requested. + +5. The remuneration of panelists or committee members, their +travel and lodging expenses, and all general expenses of the +panels or committees shall be borne equally by the involved +Parties. Each panelist or committee member shall keep a record +and render a final account of the person's time and expenses, and +the panel or committee shall keep a record and render a final +account of all general expenses. The Commission shall establish +amounts of remuneration and expenses that will be paid to the +panelists and committee members. + + +Article 1909: Code of Conduct + + The Parties shall, by the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, exchange letters establishing a code of conduct for +panelists and members of committees established pursuant to +Articles 1903, 1904 and 1905. + + +Article 1910: Miscellaneous + + Upon request, the competent investigating authority of a +Party shall provide the other Party or Parties with copies of all +public information submitted to it for the purposes of an +investigation with respect to goods of that other Party or +Parties. + + +Article 1911: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +administrative record means, unless otherwise agreed by the +Parties and the other persons appearing before a panel: + + (a) all documentary or other information presented to or + obtained by the competent investigating authority in + the course of the administrative proceeding, including + any governmental memoranda pertaining to the case, and + including any record of ex parte meetings as may be + required to be kept; + + (b) a copy of the final determination of the competent + investigating authority, including reasons for the + determination; + + (c) all transcripts or records of conferences or hearings + before the competent investigating authority; and + + (d) all notices published in the official journal of the + importing party in connection with the administrative + proceeding; + +antidumping statute as referred to in Articles 1902 and 1903 +means "antidumping statute" as defined in Annex 1911; + +competent investigating authority means "competent investigating +authority" of a Party, as defined in Annex 1911; + +countervailing duty statute as referred to in Articles 1902 and +1903 means "countervailing duty statute" as defined in Annex +1911; + +domestic law for the purposes of Article 1905(1) means a Party's +constitution, statutes, regulations and judicial decisions to the +extent they are relevant to the antidumping and countervailing +duty laws; + +final determination means "final determination" as defined in +Annex 1911; + +foreign interests includes exporters or producers of the Party +whose goods are the subject of the proceeding or, in the case of +a countervailing duty proceeding, the government of the Party +whose goods are the subject of the proceeding; + +general legal principles includes principles such as standing, +due process, rules of statutory construction, mootness and +exhaustion of administrative remedies; + +importing Party means the Party that issued the final +determination; + +involved Party means: + + (a) the importing Party; or + + (b) a Party whose goods are the subject of the final + determination; + +remand means a referral back for a determination not inconsistent +with the panel or committee decision; and + +standard of review means the standards set out in Annex 1911, as +may be amended from time to time by a Party. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1901.2 + + Establishment of Binational Panels + + +1. Prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the +Parties shall develop a roster of individuals to serve as +panelists in disputes under this Chapter. The roster shall +include sitting or retired judges to the fullest extent +practicable. The Parties shall consult in developing the roster, +which shall include at least 75 candidates. Each Party shall +select at least 25 candidates, and all candidates shall be +citizens of Canada, the United States or Mexico. Candidates +shall be of good character, high standing and repute, and shall +be chosen strictly on the basis of objectivity, reliability, +sound judgment and general familiarity with international trade +law. Candidates shall not be affiliated with a Party, and in no +event shall a candidate take instructions from a Party. Judges +shall not be considered to be affiliated with a Party. The +Parties shall maintain the roster, and may amend it, when +necessary, after consultations. + +2. A majority of the panelists on each panel shall be lawyers +in good standing. Within 30 days of a request for a panel, each +involved Party shall appoint two panelists, in consultation with +the other involved Party. The involved Parties normally shall +appoint panelists from the roster. If a panelist is not selected +from the roster, the panelist shall be chosen in accordance with +and be subject to the criteria of paragraph 1. Each involved +Party shall have the right to exercise four peremptory +challenges, to be exercised simultaneously and in confidence, +disqualifying from appointment to the panel up to four candidates +proposed by the other involved Party. Peremptory challenges and +the selection of alternative panelists shall occur within 45 days +of the request for the panel. If an involved Party fails to +appoint its members to a panel within 30 days or if a panelist is +struck and no alternative panelist is selected within 45 days, +such panelist shall be selected by lot on the 31st or 46th day, +as the case may be, from that Party's candidates on the roster. + +3. Within 55 days of the request for a panel, the involved +Parties shall agree on the selection of a fifth panelist. If the +involved Parties are unable to agree, they shall decide by lot +which of them shall select, by the 61st day, the fifth panelist +from the roster, excluding candidates eliminated by peremptory +challenges. + +4. Upon appointment of the fifth panelist, the panelists shall +promptly appoint a chairman from among the lawyers on the panel +by majority vote of the panelists. If there is no majority vote, +the chairman shall be appointed by lot from among the lawyers on +the panel. + +5. Decisions of the panel shall be by majority vote and based +upon the votes of all members of the panel. The panel shall +issue a written decision with reasons, together with any +dissenting or concurring opinions of panelists. + +6. Panelists shall be subject to the code of conduct +established pursuant to Article 1909. If an involved Party +believes that a panelist is in violation of the code of conduct, +the involved Parties shall consult and if they agree, the +panelist shall be removed and a new panelist shall be selected in +accordance with the procedures of this Annex. + +7. When a panel is convened pursuant to Article 1904 each +panelist shall be required to sign: + + (a) an application for protective order for information + supplied by the United States or its persons covering + business proprietary and other privileged information; + + (b) an undertaking for information supplied by Canada or + its persons covering confidential, personal, business + proprietary and other privileged information; or + + (c) an undertaking for information supplied by Mexico or + its persons covering confidential, business + proprietary, and other privileged information. + +8. Upon a panelist's acceptance of the obligations and terms of +an application for protective order or disclosure undertaking, +the importing Party shall grant access to the information covered +by such order or disclosure undertaking. Each Party shall +establish appropriate sanctions for violations of protective +orders or disclosure undertakings issued by or given to any +Party. Each Party shall enforce such sanctions with respect to +any person within its jurisdiction. Failure by a panelist to +sign a protective order or disclosure undertaking shall result in +disqualification of the panelist. + +9. If a panelist becomes unable to fulfill panel duties or is +disqualified, proceedings of the panel shall be suspended pending +the selection of a substitute panelist in accordance with the +procedures of this Annex. + +10. Subject to the code of conduct established pursuant to +Article 1909, and provided that it does not interfere with the +performance of the duties of such panelist, a panelist may engage +in other business during the term of the panel. + +11. While acting as a panelist, a panelist may not appear as +counsel before another panel. + +12. With the exception of violations of protective orders or +disclosure undertakings, signed pursuant to paragraph 7, +panelists shall be immune from suit and legal process relating to +acts performed by them in their official capacity. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 19O3.2 + + Panel Procedures Under Article 1903 + + +1. The panel shall establish its own rules of procedure unless +the Parties otherwise agree prior to the establishment of that +panel. The procedures shall ensure a right to at least one +hearing before the panel, as well as the opportunity to provide +written submissions and rebuttal arguments. The proceedings of +the panel shall be confidential, unless the two Parties otherwise +agree. The panel shall base its decisions solely upon the +arguments and submissions of the two Parties. + +2. Unless the Parties otherwise agree, the panel shall, within +90 days after its chairman is appointed, present to the two +Parties an initial written declaratory opinion containing +findings of fact and its determination pursuant to Article 1903. + +3. If the findings of the panel are affirmative, the panel may +include in its report its recommendations as to the means by +which the amending statute could be brought into conformity with +the provisions of Article 1902(2)(d). In determining what, if +any, recommendations are appropriate, the panel shall consider +the extent to which the amending statute affects interests under +this Agreement. Individual panelists may provide separate +opinions on matters not unanimously agreed. The initial opinion +of the panel shall become the final declaratory opinion, unless a +Party to the dispute requests a reconsideration of the initial +opinion pursuant to paragraph 4. + +4. Within 14 days of the issuance of the initial declaratory +opinion, a Party to the dispute disagreeing in whole or in part +with the opinion may present a written statement of its +objections and the reasons for those objections to the panel. In +such event, the panel shall request the views of both Parties and +shall reconsider its initial opinion. The panel shall conduct +any further examination that it deems appropriate, and shall +issue a final written opinion, together with dissenting or +concurring views of individual panelists, within 30 days of the +request for reconsideration. + +5. Unless the Parties to the dispute otherwise agree, the final +declaratory opinion of the panel shall be made public, along with +any separate opinions of individual panelists and any written +views that either Party may wish to be published. + +6. Unless the Parties to the dispute otherwise agree, meetings +and hearings of the panel shall take place at the office of the +amending Party's Section of the Secretariat. + ANNEX 1904.13 + + Extraordinary Challenge Procedure + + +1. The involved Parties shall establish an extraordinary +challenge committee, composed of three members, within 15 days of +a request pursuant to Article 1904(13). The members shall be +selected from a 15-person roster comprised of judges or former +judges of a federal judicial court of the United States or a +judicial court of superior jurisdiction of Canada, or a Federal +Judicial Court of Mexico. Each Party shall name five persons to +this roster. Each involved Party shall select one member from +this roster and the involved Partie's shall decide by lot which +of them shell select the third member from the roster. + +2. The Parties shall establish by the date of entry into force +of the Agreement rules of procedure for committees. The rules +shall provide for a decision of a committee within 90 days of its +establishment. + +3. Committee decisions shall be binding on the Parties with +respect to the particular matter between the Parties that was +before the panel. After examination of the legal and factual +analysis underlying the findings and conclusions of the panel's +decision in order to determine whether one of the grounds set out +in Article 1904(13) has been established, and upon finding that +one of those grounds has been established, the committee shall +vacate the original panel decision or remand it to the original +panel for action not inconsistent with the committee's decision; +if the grounds are not established, it shall deny the challenge +and, therefore, the original panel decision shall stand affirmed. +If the original decision is vacated, a new panel shall be +established pursuant to Annex 1901.2. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1904.15(d) + + Amendments to Domestic Laws + + + Part A - Schedule of Canada + +1. Canada shall amend sections 56 and 58 of the Special Import +Measures Act, as amended, to allow the United States or Mexico or +a United States or a Mexican manufacturer, producer, or exporter, +without regard to payment of duties, to make a written request +for a re-determination; and section 59 to require the Deputy +Minister to make a ruling on a request for a redetermination +within one year of a request to a designated officer or other +customs officer; + +2. Canada shall amend section 18.3(1) of the Federal Court Act, +as amended, to render that section inapplicable to the United +States and to Mexico; and shall provide in its statutes or +regulations that persons (including producers of goods subject to +an investigation) have standing to ask Canada to request a panel +review where such persons would be entitled to commence domestic +procedures for judicial review if the final determination were +reviewable by the Federal Court pursuant to section 18.1(4); + +3. Canada shall amend the Special Import Measures Act, as +amended, and any other relevant provisions of law, to provide +that the following actions of the Deputy Minister shall be deemed +for the purposes of this Article to be final determinations +subject to judicial review: + + (a) a determination by the Deputy Minister pursuant to + section 41; + + (b) a re-determination by the Deputy Minister pursuant to + section 59; and + + (c) a review by the Deputy Minister of an undertaking + pursuant to section 53(1). + +4. Canada shall amend Part II of the Special Import Measures +Act, as amended, to provide for binational panel review +respecting goods of the Mexico and the United States; + +5. Canada shall amend Part II of the Special Import Measures +Act, as amended, to provide for definitions related to this +Agreement, as may be required; + +6. Canada shall amend Part II the Special Import Measures Act, +as amended, to permit the governments of Mexico and the United +States to request binational panel review of final +determinations; + +7. Canada shall amend Part II of Special Import Measures Act, +as amended, to provide for the establishment of panels requested +to review final determinations in respect of goods of Mexico and +goods of the United States; + +8. Canada shall amend Part II of Special Import Measures Act, +as amended, to provide for the conduct of review of a final +determination in accordance with Chapter XX of this Agreement; + +9. Canada shall amend Part II of the Special Import Measures +Act, as amended, to provide for request and conduct of an +extraordinary challenge proceeding in accordance with Article +1904 of this Agreement; + +10. Canada shall amend Part II of the Special Import Measures +Act, as amended, to provide for a code of conduct, immunity, +disclosure undertakings respecting confidential information and +remuneration for members of panels established pursuant to this +Agreement; and + +11. Canada shall make such amendments as are necessary to +establish a Canadian Secretariat for this Agreement and generally +to facilitate the operation of Chapter 19 of this Agreement. + + + Part B - Schedule of Mexico + + Mexico shall amend its antidumping and countervailing duty +statutes and regulations, and other statutes and regulations to +the extent that they apply to the operation of the antidumping +and countervailing duty laws, to provide the following: + +1. elimination of the possibility of imposing duties within the +five day period after the acceptance of a petition; substitution +of the term Resoluci¢n de Inicio for Resoluci¢n Provisional and +the term Resoluci¢n Provisional for Resoluci¢n que revisa a la +Resoluci¢n Provisional; + +2. full participation in the administrative process for +interested parties, including foreign interests, as well as the +right to administrative appeal and judicial review of final +determinations of investigations, reviews, product coverage or +other final decisions affecting them; + +3. elimination of the possibility of imposing provisional +duties before the issuance of a preliminary determination; + +4. the right to immediate access to review of final +determinations by binational panels, to interested parties, +including foreign interests, without the need to exhaust first +the administrative appeal; + +5. explicit and adequate timetables for determinations of the +competent investigating authority and for the submission of +questionnaires, evidence and comments by interested parties, +including foreign interests, as well as an opportunity for them +to present facts and arguments in support of their positions +prior to any final determination, to the extent time permits, +including an opportunity to be adequately informed in a timely +manner of and to comment on all aspects of preliminary +determinations of dumping or subsidization; + +6. written notice to interested parties, including foreign +interests, of any of the actions or resolutions rendered by the +competent investigating authority, including initiation of an +administrative review as well as its conclusion; + +7. disclosure meetings by the competent investigating authority +with interested parties, including foreign interests, in +investigations and reviews, within seven calendar days after the +date of publication in the Diario Oficial de la Federacion of +preliminary and final determinations, to explain the margins of +dumping and the amount of subsidies calculations and to provide +them with copies of sample calculations and, if used, computer +programs; + +8. timely access by eligible counsel of interested parties, +including foreign interests, during the course of the proceeding +(including disclosure meetings) and on appeal, either before a +national tribunal or a panel, to all information contained in the +administrative record of the proceeding, including confidential +information, excepting proprietary information of such a high +degree of sensitivity that its release would lead to substantial +and irreversible harm to the owner as well as government +classified information, subject to an undertaking for +confidentiality that strictly forbids use of the information for +personal benefit and its disclosure to persons who are not +authorized to receive such information; and for sanctions that +are specific to violations of undertakings in proceedings before +national tribunals or panels; + +9. timely access by interested parties, including foreign +interests, during the course of the proceeding, to all non- +confidential information contained in the administrative record +and access to such information by interested parties or their +representatives in any proceeding after 90 days following the +issuance of the final determination; + +10. a mechanism requiring that any person submitting documents +to the competent investigating authority shall simultaneously +serve on interested persons, including foreign interests, any +submissions after the complaint; + +11. preparation of summaries of ex parte meetings held between +the competent investigating authority and any interested party +and the inclusion in the administrative record of such summaries, +which shall be made available to parties to the proceeding; if +such summaries contain business proprietary information, such +documents must be disclosed to a party's representative under an +undertaking to ensure confidentiality; + +12. maintenance by the competent investigating authority of an +administrative record as defined in this Chapter and a +requirement that the final determination be based solely on the +administrative record; + +13. informing interested parties, including foreign interests, +in writing of all data and information the administering +authority requires them to submit for the investigation, review, +product coverage proceeding, or other antidumping and +countervailing duty proceedings; + +14. the right to an annual individual review on request by the +interested parties, including foreign interests, through which +they can obtain their own dumping margin or countervailing duty +rate, or can change the margin or rate they received in the +investigation or a previous review, reserving to the competent +investigating authority the ability to initiate a review, at any +time, on its own motion and requiring that the competent +investigating authority issue a notice of initiation within a +reasonable period of time after the request; + +15. application of determinations issued as a result of +judicial, administrative, or panel review, to the extent they are +relevant to interested parties, including foreign interests, in +addition to the plaintiff, so that all interested parties will +benefit; + +16. issuance of binding decisions by the competent investigating +authority if an interested party, including a foreign interest, +seeks clarification outside the context of an antidumping or +countervailing duty investigation or review as to whether a +particular product is covered by an antidumping or countervailing +duty order; + +17. a detailed statement of reasons and legal basis concerning +final determinations in a manner sufficient to permit interested +parties, including foreign interests, to make an informed +decision as to whether to seek judicial or panel review, +including an explanation of methodological or policy issues +raised in the calculation of dumping or subsidization; + +18. written notice to interested parties, including foreign +interests, and publication in the Diario Oficial de la Federacion +of initiation of investigations setting forth the nature of the +proceeding, the legal authority under which the proceeding is +initiated, and a description of the product at issue; + +19. documentation in writing of all advisory bodies' decisions +or recommendations, including the basis for the decision, and +release of such written decision to parties to the proceeding; +all decisions or recommendations of any advisory body shall be +placed in the administrative record and made available to parties +to the proceeding; and + +20. a standard of review to be applied by binational panels as +defined in Article 1911. + + + Part C - Schedule of the United States + +1. The United States shall amend section 301 of the Customs +Courts Act of 1980, as amended, and any other relevant provisions +of law, to eliminate the authority to issue declaratory judgments +in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing +duty proceeding regarding a class or kind of Canadian or Mexican +merchandise; + +2. The United States shall amend section 405(a) of the United +States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, 19 +U.S.C. section 2112 note, to provide that the interagency group +established under section 242 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 +shall prepare a list of individuals qualified to serve as members +of binational panels, extraordinary challenge committees, and +special committees convened under chapter 19 of this Agreement; + +3. The United States shall amend section 405(b) of the United +States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, 19 +U.S.C. section 2112 note, to provide that panelists selected to +serve on panels or committees convened pursuant to chapter XX of +this Agreement, and individuals designated to assist such +appointed individuals, shall not be considered employees of the +United States; + +4. The United States shall amend section 405(c) of the United +States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, 19 +U.S.C. section 2112 note, to provide that panelists selected to +serve on panels or committees convened pursuant to chapter XX of +this Agreement, and individuals designated to assist the +individuals serving on such panels or committees, shall be immune +from suit and legal process relating to acts performed by such +individuals in their official capacity and within the scope of +their functions as such panelists or committee members, except +with respect to the violation of protective orders described in +section 777f(d)(3) of the Tariff Act of 1930; + +5. The United States shall amend section 405(d) of the United +States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, 19 +U.S.C. section 2112 note, to establish a United States +Secretariat to facilitate, inter alia, the operation of chapter +XX of this Agreement and the work of the binational panels, +extraordinary challenge committees, and special committees +convened under that chapter; + +6. The United States shall amend section 407 of the United +States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, 19 +U.S.C. section 2112 note, to provide on that an extraordinary +challenge committee convened pursuant to chapter XX of this +Agreement shall have authority to obtain information in the event +of an allegation that a member of a binational panel was guilty +of gross misconduct, bias, or a serious conflict of interest, or +otherwise materially violated the rules of conduct, and for the +committee to summon the attendance of witnesses, order the taking +of depositions, and obtain the assistance of any district or +territorial court of the United States in aid of the committee's +investigation; + +7. The United States shall amend section 408 of the United +States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, 19 +U.S.C. section 2112 note, to provide that, in the case of a final +determination of a competent investigating authority of Mexico, +as well as Canada, the filing with the United States Secretary of +a request for binational panel review by a person described in +Article 1904.5 of this Agreement shall be deemed, upon receipt of +the request by the Secretary, to be a request for binational +panel review within the meaning of Article 1904.4 of that +Agreement; + +8. The United States shall amend section 516A of the Tariff Act +of 1930 to provide that judicial review of antidumping or +countervailing duty cases regarding Mexican, as well as Canadian, +merchandise shall not be commenced in the Court of International +Trade if binational panel review is requested; + +9. The United States shall amend section 516A(a) of the Tariff +Act of 1930 to provide that the time limits for commencing an +action in the Court of International Trade with regard to +antidumping or countervailing duty proceedings involving Mexican +or Canadian merchandise shall not begin to run until the 31st day +after the date of publication in the Federal Register of notice +of the final determination or the antidumping duty order; + +10. The United States shall amend section 516A(g) of the Tariff +Act of 1930 to provide, in accordance with the terms of this +Agreement, for binational panel review of antidumping and +countervailing duty cases involving Mexican or Canadian +merchandise. Such amendment shall provide that if binational +panel review is requested such review will be exclusive; + +11. The United States shall amend section 516A(g) of the Tariff +Act of 1930 to provide that the competent investigating authority +shall, within the period specified by any panel formed to review +a final determination regarding Mexican or Canadian merchandise, +take action not inconsistent with the decision of the panel or +committee; + +12. The United States shall amend section 777 of the Tariff Act +of 1930 to provide for the disclosure to authorized persons under +protective order of proprietary information in the administrative +record if binational panel review of a final determination +regarding Mexican or Canadian merchandise is requested; and + +13. The United States shall amend section 777 of the Tariff Act +of 1930 to provide for the imposition of sanctions on any person +who the competent investigating authority finds to have violated +a protective order issued by the competent investigating +authority of the United States or disclosure undertakings entered +into with an authorized agency of Mexico or with a competent +investigating authority of Canada to protect proprietary material +during binational panel review. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1905.7 + + Special Committee Procedures + + +1. The Parties shall establish rules of procedure by the date +of entry into force of this Agreement in accordance with the +following principles: + + (a) the procedures shall assure a right to at least one + hearing before the special committee as well as the + opportunity to provide initial and rebuttal written + submissions; + + (b) the procedures shall assure that the special committee + shall prepare an initial report typically within + 60 days of the appointment of the last member, and + shall afford the Parties 14 days to comment on that + report prior to issuing a final report 30 days after + presentation of the initial report; + + (c) the special committee's hearings, deliberations, and + initial report, and all written submissions to and + communications with the special committee shall be + confidential; + + (d) unless the parties to the dispute otherwise agree, the + decision of the special committee shall be published 10 + days after it is transmitted to the disputing Parties, + along with any separate opinions of individual members + and any written views that either Party may wish to be + published; and + + (e) unless the Parties to the dispute otherwise agree, + meetings and hearings of the special committee shall + take place at the office of the section of the + Secretariat of the Party complained against. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 1911 + + Country-Specific Definitions + + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +antidumping statute means: + + (a) in the case of Canada, the relevant provisions of the + Special Import Measures Act, as amended, and any + successor statutes; + + (b) in the case of the United States, the relevant + provisions of Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as + amended, and any successor statutes; + + (c) in the case of Mexico, the relevant provisions of the + Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n + Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de + Comercio Exterior Implementing Article 131 of the + Constitution of the United Mexican States, as amended, + and any successor statutes; and + + (d) the provisions of any other statute that provides for + judicial review of final determinations under + subparagraph (a), (b) or (c), or indicates the standard + of review to be applied to such determinations. + +competent investigating authority means: + + (a) in the case of Canada; + + (i) the Canadian International Trade Tribunal, or its + successor, or + + (ii) the Deputy Minister of National Revenue for + Customs and Excise as defined in the Special + Import Measures Act, or the Deputy Minister's + successor; + + (b) in the case of the United States; + + (i) the International Trade Administration of the + United States Department of Commerce, or its + successor, or + + (ii) the United States International Trade Commission, + or its successor; and + + (c) in the case of Mexico, the designated authority within + the Secretar¡a de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, or its + successor. + +countervailing duty statute means: + + (a) in the case of Canada, the relevant provisions of the + Special Import Measures Act, as amended, and any + successor statutes; + + (b) in the case of the United States, section 303 and the + relevant provisions of Title VII of the Tariff Act of + 1930, as amended, and any successor statutes; + + (c) in the case of Mexico, the relevant provisions of the + Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n + Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de + Comercio Exterior, as amended, and any successor + statutes; and + + (d) the provisions of any other statute that provides for + judicial review of final determinations under + subparagraph (a), (b) or (c), or indicates the standard + of review to be applied to such determinations. + +final determination means: + + (a) in the case of Canada, + + (i) an order or finding of the Canadian International + Trade Tribunal under subsection 43(1) of the + Special Import Measures Act, + + (ii) an order by the Canadian International Trade + Tribunal under subsection 76(4) of the Special + Import Measures Act, continuing an order or + finding made under subsection 43(1) of the Act + with or without amendment, + + (iii) a determination by the Deputy Minister of + National Revenue for Customs and Excise + pursuant to section 41 of the Special Import + Measures Act, + + (iv) a re-determination by the Deputy Minister pursuant + to section 59 of the Special Import Measures Act, + + (v) a decision by the Canadian International Trade + Tribunal pursuant to subsection 76(3) of the + Special Import Measures Act not to initiate a + review, + + (vi) a reconsideration by the Canadian International + Trade Tribunal pursuant to subsection 91(3) of the + Special Import Measures Act, and + + (vii) a review by the Deputy Minister of an + undertaking pursuant to section 53(1) of the + Special Import Measures Act; + + (b) in the case of the United States, + + (i) a final affirmative determination by the + International Trade Administration of the United + States Department of Commerce or by the United + States International Trade Commission under + section 705 or 735 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as + amended, including any negative part of such a + determination, + + (ii) a final negative determination by the + International Trade Administration of the United + States Department of Commerce or by the United + States International Trade Commission under + section 705 or 735 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as + amended, including any affirmative part of such a + determination, + + (iii) a final determination, other than a + determination in (iv), under section 751 of + the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, + + (iv) a determination by the United States International + Trade Commission under section 751(b) of the + Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, not to review a + determination based upon changed circumstances, + and + + (v) a final determination by the International Trade + Administration of the United States Department of + Commerce as to whether a particular type of + merchandise is within the class or kind of + merchandise described in an existing finding of + dumping or antidumping or countervailing duty + order; and + + (c) in the case of the Mexico, + + (i) a final resolution regarding anti-dumping or + countervailing duties investigations by the + Secretar¡a de Comercio y Fomento Industrial, + pursuant to Article 13 of the Ley Reglamentaria + del Art¡culo 131 de la Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de + los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de + Comercio Exterior, as amended, + + (ii) a final resolution regarding an annual + administrative review of anti-dumping or + countervailing duties by the Secretar¡a de + Comercio y Fomento Industrial, as described in + Article 1904.15(q)(xiv), and + + (iii) a final resolution by the Secretaria de + Comercio y Fomento Industrial as to whether a + particular type of merchandise is within the + class or kind of merchandise described in an + existing antidumping or countervailing duty + resolution. + +standard of review means: + + (a) in the case of Canada, the grounds set forth in section + 18.1(4) of the Federal Court Act with respect to all + final determinations; + + (b) in the case of the United States, + + (i) the standard set forth in section 516A(b)(l)(B) of + the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, with the + exception of a determination referred to in (ii), + and + + (ii) the standard set forth in section 516A(b)(l)(A) of + the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, with respect + to a determination by the United States + International Trade Commission not to initiate a + review pursuant to section 751(b) of the Tariff + Act of 1930, as amended; and + + (c) in the case of the Mexico, the standard set forth in + Article 238 of the C¢digo Fiscal de la Federaci¢n, or + any successor statutes, based solely on the + administrative record. + + + + + Chapter Twenty + + Institutional Arrangements + and Dispute Settlement Procedures + + + Subchapter A - Institutions + + +Article 2001: The Free Trade Commission + +1. The Parties hereby establish the Free Trade Commission, +comprising cabinet-level representatives of the Parties or their +designees. + +2. The Commission shall: + + (a) supervise the implementation of this Agreement; + + (b) oversee its further elaboration; + + (c) resolve disputes that may arise regarding its + interpretation or application; + + (d) supervise the work of all committees and working groups + established under this Agreement, referred to in Annex + 2001.2; and + + (e) consider any other matter that may affect the operation + of this Agreement. + +3. The Commission may: + + (a) establish, and delegate responsibilities to, ad hoc or + standing committees, working groups or expert groups; + + (b) seek the advice of non-governmental persons or groups; + and + + (c) take such other action in the exercise of its functions + as the Parties may agree. + +4. The Commission shall establish its rules and procedures. +All decisions of the Commission shall be taken by consensus, +except as the Commission may otherwise agree. + +5. The Commission shall convene at least once a year in regular +session. Regular sessions of the Commission shall be chaired +successively by each Party. + + +Article 2002: The Secretariat + +1. The Commission shall establish and oversee a Secretariat +comprising national Sections. + +2. Each Party shall: + + (a) establish a permanent office of its Section; + + (b) be responsible for + + (i) the operation and costs of its Section, and + + (ii) the remuneration and payment of expenses of + panelists and members of committees and scientific + review boards established under this Agreement, as + set out in Annex 2002.2; + + (c) designate an individual to serve as Secretary for its + Section, who shall be responsible for its + administration and management; and + + (d) notify the Commission of the location of its Section's + office. + +3. The Secretariat shall: + + (a) provide assistance to the Commission; + + (b) provide administrative assistance to: + + (i) panels and committees established under Chapter + Nineteen (Review and Dispute Settlement in + Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Matters), in + accordance with the procedures established + pursuant to Article 1908, and + + (ii) panels established under this Chapter, in + accordance with procedures established pursuant to + Article 2012; and + + (c) as the Commission may direct: + + (i) support the work of other committees and groups + established under this Agreement, and + + (ii) otherwise facilitate the operation of this + Agreement. + + + + Subchapter B - Dispute Settlement + + +Article 2003: Cooperation + + The Parties shall at all times endeavor to agree on the +interpretation and application of this Agreement, and shall make +every attempt through cooperation and consultations to arrive at +a mutually satisfactory resolution of any matter that might +affect its operation. + + +Article 2004: Recourse to Dispute Settlement Procedures + + Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, the dispute +settlement provisions of this Chapter shall apply with respect to +the avoidance or settlement of all disputes between the Parties +regarding the interpretation or application of this Agreement or +wherever a Party considers that an actual or proposed measure of +another Party is or would be inconsistent with the obligations of +this Agreement or cause nullification or impairment in the sense +of Annex 2004. + + +Article 2005: GATT Dispute Settlement + +1. Subject to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4, disputes regarding any +matter arising under both this Agreement and the General +Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, any agreement negotiated +thereunder, or any successor agreement (GATT), may be settled in +either forum at the discretion of the complaining Party. + +2. Before a Party initiates a dispute settlement proceeding in +the GATT against another Party on grounds that are substantially +equivalent to those available to that Party under this Agreement, +that Party shall notify any third Party of its intention. If a +third Party wishes to have recourse to dispute settlement +procedures under this Agreement regarding the matter, it shall +inform promptly the notifying Party and those Parties shall +consult with a view to agreement on a single forum. If those +Parties cannot agree, the dispute normally shall be settled under +this Agreement. + +3. In any dispute referred to in paragraph 1 where the +responding Party claims that its action is subject to Article 104 +(Relation to Environmental and Conservation Agreements) and +requests in writing that the matter be considered under this +Agreement, the complaining Party may, in respect of that matter, +thereafter have recourse to dispute settlement procedures solely +under this Agreement. + +4. In any dispute referred to in paragraph 1 that arises under +Subchapter Seven-B (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) or +Chapter Nine (Standards-Related Measures). + + (a) concerning a measure adopted or maintained by a Party + to protect its human, animal, or plant life or health, + or to protect its environment; and + + (b) that raises factual issues concerning the environment, + health, safety or conservation, including directly + related scientific matters, + +where the responding Party requests in writing that the matter be +considered under this Agreement, the complaining Party may, in +respect of that matter, thereafter have recourse to dispute +settlement procedures solely under this Agreement. + +5. The responding Party shall deliver a copy of a request made +pursuant to paragraph 3 or 4 to the other Parties and to its +Section of the Secretariat. Where the complaining Party has +initiated dispute settlement proceedings regarding any matter +subject to paragraph 3 or 4, the responding Party shall deliver +its request no later than 15 days thereafter. Upon receipt of +such request, the complaining Party shall promptly withdraw from +participation in those proceedings and may initiate dispute +settlement procedures under Article 2007. + +6. Once dispute settlement procedures have been initiated under +Article 2007 or dispute settlement proceedings have been +initiated under the GATT, the forum selected shall be used to the +exclusion of the other, unless a Party makes a request pursuant +to paragraph 3 or 4. + +7. For purposes of this Article, dispute settlement proceedings +under the GATT are deemed to be initiated by a Party's request +for a panel, such as under Article XXIII:2 of the General +Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947, or for a committee +investigation, such as under Article 20.1 of the Customs +Valuation Code. + + +Consultations + +Article 2006: Consultations + +1. Any Party may request in writing consultations with any +other Party regarding any actual or proposed measure or any other +matter that it considers might affect the operation of this +Agreement. + +2. The requesting Party shall deliver the request to the other +Parties and to its Section of the Secretariat. + +3. Unless the Commission otherwise provides in its rules and +procedures established under Article 2001(4), a third Party that +considers it has a substantial interest in the matter shall be +entitled to participate in the consultations on delivery of +written notice to the other Parties and to its Section of the +Secretariat. + +4. Consultations on matters regarding perishable agricultural +goods shall commence within 15 days of the date of delivery of +the request. + +5. The consulting Parties shall make every attempt to arrive at +a mutually satisfactory resolution of any matter through +consultations under this Article or other consultative provisions +of this Agreement. To this end, the consulting Parties shall: + + (a) provide sufficient information to enable a full + examination of how the actual or proposed measure or + other matter might affect the operation of this + Agreement; + + (b) treat any confidential or proprietary information + exchanged in the course of consultations on the same + basis as the Party providing the information; and + + (c) seek to avoid any resolution that adversely affects the + interests under this Agreement of any other Party. + + +Initiation of Procedures + +Article 2007: Commission - Good Offices, Conciliation and + Mediation + +1. If the consulting Parties fail to resolve a matter pursuant +to Article 2006 within: + + (a) 30 days of delivery of a request for consultations; + + (b) 45 days of delivery of such request if any other Party + has subsequently requested or has participated in + consultations regarding the same matter; + + (c) 15 days of delivery of a request for consultations in + matters regarding perishable agricultural goods; or + + (d) such other period as they may agree, + +any such Party may request in writing a meeting of the +Commission. + +2. A Party may also request in writing a meeting of the +Commission where: + + (a) it has initiated dispute settlement proceedings under + the GATT regarding any matter subject to Article + 2005(3) or (4), and has received a request pursuant to + Articles 2005(5) for recourse to dispute settlement + procedures under this Chapter; or + + (b) consultations have been held pursuant to Article 513 + (Working Group on Rules of Origin), Article 765 + (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures - Technical + Consultations) and Article 914 (Standards-Related + Measures - Technical Consultations). + +3. The requesting Party shall state in the request the measure +or other matter complained of and indicate the provisions of this +Agreement that it considers relevant, and shall deliver the +request to the other Parties and to its Section of the +Secretariat. + +4. Unless it decides otherwise, the Commission shall convene +within 10 days of delivery of the request and shall endeavor to +resolve the dispute promptly. + +5. The Commission may: + + (a) call on such technical advisers or create such working + groups or expert groups as it deems necessary; + + (b) have recourse to good offices, conciliation, mediation + or such other dispute resolution procedures; or + + (c) make recommendations, + +as may assist the consulting Parties to reach a mutually +satisfactory resolution of the dispute. + +6. Unless it decides otherwise, the Commission shall +consolidate two or more proceedings before it pursuant to this +Article regarding the same measure. The Commission may +consolidate two or more proceedings regarding other matters +before it pursuant to this Article that it determines are +appropriate to be considered jointly. + + +Panel Proceedings + +Article 2008: Request for an Arbitral Panel + +1. If the Commission has convened pursuant to Article 2007(4), +and the matter has not been resolved within: + + (a) 30 days thereafter; + + (b) 30 days after the Commission has convened in respect of + the matter most recently referred to it, where + proceedings have been consolidated pursuant to Article + 2007(6); or + + (c) such other period as the consulting Parties may agree, + +any consulting Party may request in writing the establishment of +an arbitral panel. The requesting Party shall deliver the +request to the other Parties and to its Section of the +Secretariat. + +2. Upon delivery of the request, the Commission shall establish +an arbitral panel. + +3. A third Party that considers it has a substantial interest +in the matter shall be entitled to join as a complaining Party, +on delivery of written notice of its intention to participate to +the disputing Parties and its Section of the Secretariat. Such +notice shall be delivered at the earliest possible time, and in +any event no later than seven days after the date of delivery of +a request by a Party for the establishment of a panel. + +4. If such Party does not join as a complaining Party in +accordance with paragraph 3, it normally shall refrain thereafter +from initiating or continuing: + + (a) a dispute settlement procedure under this Agreement; or + + + (b) a dispute settlement proceeding in the GATT on grounds + that are substantially equivalent to those available to + that Party under this Agreement, + +regarding the same matter in the absence of a significant change +in economic or commercial circumstances. + +5. Unless otherwise agreed by the disputing Parties, the panel +shall be established and perform its functions in a manner +consistent with the provisions of this Chapter. + + +Article 2009: Roster + +1. The Parties shall establish and maintain a roster of up to +30 individuals who are willing and able to serve as panelists. +The roster members shall be appointed by consensus for terms of +three years, and may be reappointed. + +2. Roster members shall: + + (a) have expertise or experience in law, international + trade, other matters covered by this Agreement, or the + resolution of disputes arising under international + trade agreements, and shall be chosen strictly on the + basis of objectivity, reliability and sound judgment; + + (b) be independent of, and not be affiliated with or take + instructions from, any Party; and + + (c) comply with a code of conduct to be established by the + Commission. + + +Article 2010: Qualifications of Panelists + +1. All panelists shall meet the qualifications set out in +Article 2009(2). + +2. Individuals may not serve as panelists for a dispute in +which they have participated pursuant to Article 2007(5). + + +Article 2011: Panel Selection + +1. Where there are two disputing Parties, the following +procedures shall apply: + + (a) The panel shall comprise five members. + + (b) The disputing Parties shall endeavor to agree on the + chair of the panel within 15 days of the delivery of + the request for the establishment of the panel. If the + disputing Parties are unable to agree on the chair + within this period, the disputing Party chosen by lot + shall select within five days as chair an individual + who is not a citizen of that Party. + + (c) Within 15 days of selection of the chair, each + disputing Party shall select two panelists who are + citizens of the other disputing Party. + + (d) If a disputing Party fails to select its panelists + within such period, such panelists shall be selected by + lot from among the roster members who are citizens of + the other disputing Party. + +2. Where there are more than two disputing Parties, the +following procedures shall apply: + + (a) The panel shall comprise five members. + + (b) The disputing Parties shall endeavor to agree on the + chair of the panel within 15 days of the delivery of + the request for the establishment of the panel. If the + disputing Parties are unable to agree on the chair + within this period, the Party or Parties on the side of + the dispute chosen by lot shall select within 10 days a + chair who is not a citizen of such Party or Parties. + + (c) Within 15 days of selection of the chair, the Party + complained against shall select two panelists, one of + whom is a citizen of a complaining Party, and the other + of whom is a citizen of another complaining Party. The + complaining Parties shall select two panelists who are + citizens of the Party complained against. + + (d) If any disputing Party fails to select a panelist + within such period, such panelist shall be selected by + lot in accordance with the citizenship criteria of + subparagraph (c). + +3. Panelists shall normally be selected from the roster. Any +disputing Party may exercise a peremptory challenge against any +individual not on the roster who is proposed as a panelist by a +disputing Party within 15 days after the individual has been +proposed. + +4. If a disputing Party believes that a panelist is in +violation of the code of conduct, the disputing Parties shall +consult and if they agree, the panelist shall be removed and a +new panelist shall be selected in accordance with this Article. + + +Article 2012: Rules of Procedure + +1. The Commission shall establish Model Rules of Procedure, in +accordance with the following principles: + + (a) The procedures shall assure a right to at least one + hearing before the panel as well as the opportunity to + provide initial and rebuttal written submissions. + + (b) The panel's hearings, deliberations and initial report, + and all written submissions to and communications with + the panel shall be confidential. + +2. Unless the disputing Parties otherwise agree, the panel +shall conduct its proceedings in accordance with the Model Rules +of Procedure. + +3. Unless the disputing Parties otherwise agree within 20 days +from the date of the delivery of the request for the +establishment of the panel, the terms of reference shall be: + + "To examine, in the light of the relevant provisions of + the NAFTA, the matter referred to the Commission (as + set out in the request for a Commission meeting) and to + make findings, determinations and recommendations as + provided in Article 2016(2)." + +4. If a complaining Party wishes to argue that a matter has +nullified or impaired benefits, the terms of reference shall so +indicate. + +5. If a disputing Party wishes the panel to make findings as to +the degree of adverse trade effects on any Party of any measure +found not to conform with the obligations of the Agreement or to +have caused nullification or impairment in the sense of Annex +2004, the terms of reference shall so indicate. + +Article 2013: Third Party Participation + + A Party that is not a disputing Party, on delivery of a +written notice to the disputing Parties and to its Section of the +Secretariat, shall be entitled to attend all hearings, to make +written and oral submissions to the panel and to receive written +submissions of the disputing Parties. + + +Article 2014: Role of Experts + + At the request of a disputing Party, or on its own +initiative, the panel may seek information and technical advice +from any person or body that it deems appropriate, provided that +the disputing Parties so agree and subject to such terms and +conditions as such Parties may agree. + + +Article 2015: Scientific Review Boards + +1. At the request of a disputing Party or, unless the disputing +Parties disapprove, on its own initiative, the panel may request +a written report of a scientific review board on any factual +issue concerning environmental, health, safety or other +scientific matters raised by a disputing Party in a proceeding, +subject to such terms and conditions as such Parties may agree. + +2. The board shall be selected by the panel from among highly +qualified, independent experts in the scientific matters, after +consultations with the disputing Parties and the scientific +bodies set out in the Model Rules of Procedure established +pursuant to Article 2012(1). + +3. The participating Parties shall be provided: + + (a) advance notice of, and an opportunity to provide + comments to the panel on, the proposed factual issues + to be referred to the board; and + + (b) a copy of the board's report and an opportunity to + provide comments on the report to the panel. + +4. The panel shall take the board's report and any comments by +the Parties thereon into account in the preparation of its +report. + + +Article 2016: Initial Report + +1. Unless the disputing Parties otherwise agree, the panel +shall base its report on the submissions and arguments of the +Parties and on any information before it pursuant to Article 2014 +or 2015. + +2. Unless the disputing Parties otherwise agree, the panel +shall, within 90 days after the last panelist is selected or such +other period as the Model Rules of Procedure established pursuant +to Article 2012(1) may provide, present to the disputing Parties +an initial report containing: + + (a) findings of fact, including any findings pursuant to a + request under Article 2012(5); + + (b) its determination as to whether the measure at issue is + or would be inconsistent with the obligations of this + Agreement or cause nullification or impairment in the + sense of Annex 2004, or any other determination + requested in the terms of reference; and + + (c) its recommendations, if any, for resolution of the + dispute. + +3. Panelists may furnish separate opinions on matters not +unanimously agreed. + +4. A disputing Party may submit written comments to the panel +on its initial report within 14 days of presentation of the +report. + +5. In such an event, and after considering such written +comments, the panel, on its own initiative or at the request of +any disputing Party, may: + + (a) request the views of any participating Party; + + (b) reconsider its report; and + + (c) make any further examination that it considers + appropriate. + + +Article 2017: Final Report + +1. The panel shall present to the disputing Parties a final +report, including any separate opinions on matters not +unanimously agreed, within 30 days of presentation of the initial +report, unless the disputing Parties otherwise agree. + +2. No panel may, either in its initial report or its final +report, disclose which panelists are associated with majority or +minority opinions. + +3. The disputing Parties shall transmit to the Commission the +final report of the panel, including any report of a scientific +review board established under Article 2015, as well as any +written views that a disputing Party desires to be appended, on a +confidential basis within a reasonable period of time after it is +presented to them. + +4. Unless the Commission decides otherwise, the final report of +the panel shall be published 15 days after it is transmitted to +the Commission. + + +Implementation of Panel Reports + +Article 2018: Implementation of Final Report + +1. On receipt of the final report of a panel, the disputing +Parties shall agree on the resolution of the dispute, which +normally shall conform with the determinations and +recommendations of the panel, and shall notify their Sections of +the Secretariat of any agreed resolution of any dispute. + +2. Whenever possible, such resolution shall be +non-implementation or removal of a measure not conforming with +this Agreement or causing nullification or impairment in the +sense of Annex 2004 or, failing such a resolution, compensation. + + +Article 2019: Non-Implementation - Suspension of Benefits + +1. If in its final report a panel has determined that a measure +is inconsistent with the obligations of this Agreement or causes +nullification or impairment in the sense of Annex 2004 and the +Party complained against has not reached agreement with any +complaining Party on a mutually satisfactory resolution pursuant +to Article 2018(1) within 30 days of receiving the final report, +such complaining Party may suspend the application to the Party +complained against of benefits of equivalent effect until such +time as they have reached agreement on a resolution of the +dispute. + +2. In considering what benefits to suspend pursuant to +paragraph 1: + + (a) a complaining Party should first seek to suspend + benefits in the same sector or sectors as that affected + by the measure or other matter that the panel has found + to be inconsistent with the obligations of this + Agreement or to have caused nullification or impairment + by the non-complying Party in the sense of Annex 2004; + and + + (b) a complaining Party that considers it is not + practicable or effective to suspend benefits in the + same sector or sectors may suspend benefits in other + sectors. + +3. On the written request of any disputing Party delivered to +the other Parties and its Section of the Secretariat, the +Commission shall establish a panel to determine whether the level +of benefits suspended by a Party pursuant to paragraph 1 is +manifestly excessive. + +4. The panel proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with +the Model Rules of Procedure. The panel shall present its +determination within 60 days after the last panelist is selected +or such other period as the disputing Parties may agree. + + + + Subchapter C - Domestic Proceedings + and Private Commercial Dispute Settlement + + +Article 2020: Referrals of Matters from Judicial or + Administrative Proceedings + +1. If an issue of interpretation or application of this +Agreement arises in any domestic judicial or administrative +proceeding of a Party that any Party considers would merit its +intervention, or if a court or administrative body solicits the +views of a Party, that Party shall notify the other Parties and +its Section of the Secretariat. The Commission shall endeavor to +agree on an appropriate response as expeditiously as possible. + +2. The Party in whose territory the court or administrative +body is located shall submit any agreed interpretation of the +Commission to the court or administrative body in accordance with +the rules of that forum. + +3. If the Commission is unable to agree, any Party may submit +its own views to the court or administrative body in accordance +with the rules of that forum. + + +Article 2021: Private Rights + + No Party may provide for a right of action under its +domestic law against any other Party on the ground that a measure +of another Party is inconsistent with this Agreement. + + +Article 2022: Alternative Dispute Resolution of Commercial +Disputes + +1. Each Party shall, to the maximum extent possible, encourage +and facilitate the use of arbitration and other means of +alternative dispute resolution for the settlement of +international commercial disputes between private parties in the +free trade area. + +2. To this end, each Party shall provide appropriate procedures +to ensure observance of agreements to arbitrate and for the +recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in such disputes. + +3. A Party shall be deemed to be in compliance with paragraph 2 +if it is a party to and is in compliance with the 1958 United +Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign +Arbitral Awards or the 1975 Inter-American Convention on +International Commercial Arbitration. + +4. The Commission shall establish an Advisory Committee on +Private Commercial Disputes comprising persons with expertise or +experience in the resolution of private international commercial +disputes. The Committee shall report and provide recommendations +to the Commission on general issues referred to it by the +Commission respecting the availability, use and effectiveness of +arbitration and other procedures for the resolution of such +disputes in the free trade area. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 2001.2 + + Committees and Working Groups + + +A. Committees: + + 1. Committee on Trade in Goods (Article 317) + + 2. Committee on Trade in Worn Clothing (Annex 300-B, + Section 9.1) + + 3. Committee on Agricultural Trade (Article 708) + + 4. Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures + (Article 764) + + 5. Committee on Standards-Related Measures (Article 913) + + (a) Land Transportation Services Standards + Subcommittee (Article 913(5)) + + (b) Telecommunications Standards Subcommittee (Article + 913(5)) + + (c) Automotive Standards Council (Article 913(5)) + + (d) Subcommittee on Labelling of Textile and Apparel + Goods (Article 913(5)) + + 6. Committee on NAFTA Small Business (Article 1021) + + 7. Financial Services Committee (Article 1414) + + 8. Advisory Committee on Private Commercial Disputes + (Article 2022) + + +B. Working Groups: + + 1. Working Group on Rules of Origin (Article 513) + + (a) Customs Subgroup (Article 513(5)) + + 2. Working Group on Agricultural Subsidies (Article + 706(6)) + + 3. Mexican-American Working Group (Article 704(3), Section + I) + + 4. Mexican-Canadian Working Group (Article 704(3), Section + II) + + 5. Working Group on Trade and Competition (Article 1504) + + 6. Temporary Entry Working Group (Article 1605) + + +C. Other Committees and Working Groups established under this + Agreement + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 2002.2 + + Remuneration and Payment of Expenses + + +1. The Commission shall establish the amounts of remuneration +and expenses that will be paid to the panelists, committee +members and members of scientific review boards. + +2 The remuneration of panelists or committee members and their +assistants, members of scientific review boards, their travel and +lodging expenses, and all general expenses of panels, committees +or scientific review boards shall be borne equally by: + + (a) in the case of panels or committees established under + Chapter Nineteen (Review and Dispute Settlement in + Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Matters), the + involved Parties, as they are defined in Article 1911; + or + + (b) in the case of panels and scientific review boards + established under this Chapter, the disputing Parties. + +3. Each panelist shall keep a record and render a final account +of the person's time and expenses, and the panel, committee or +scientific review board shall keep a record and render a final +account of all general expenses. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 2004 + + Nullification and Impairment + + +1. If any Party considers that any benefit it could reasonably +have expected to accrue to it under any provision of: + + (a) Part Two (Trade in Goods), except for those provisions + of Annex 300-A (Automotive Sector) or Chapter Six + (Energy) relating to investment, + + (b) Part Three (Technical Barriers to Trade), + + (c) Chapter Twelve (Cross-Border Trade in Services), or + + (d) Part Six (Intellectual Property), + +is being nullified or impaired as a result of the application of +any measure that is not inconsistent with this Agreement, the +Party may have recourse to dispute settlement under this Chapter. + +2. A Party may not invoke: + + (a) paragraph (1)(a) or (b), to the extent that the benefit + arises from any cross-border trade in services + provision of Part Two, or + + (b) paragraph (1)(c) or (d), + +with respect to any measure subject to an exception under Article +2101 (General Exceptions). + + + + + + PART NINE + OTHER PROVISIONS + + Chapter Twenty-One + + Exceptions + + + +Article 2101: General Exceptions + +1. For purposes of: + + (a) Part Two (Trade in Goods), except to the extent that a + provision of that Part applies to services or + investment, and + + (b) Part Three (Technical Barriers to Trade), except to the + extent that a provision of that Part applies to + services, + +GATT Article XX and its interpretative notes, or any equivalent +provision of a successor agreement to which all Parties are +party, are incorporated into and made part of this Agreement. +The Parties understand that the measures referred to in GATT +Article XX(b) include environmental measures necessary to protect +human, animal or plant life or health, and that GATT Article +XX(g) applies to measures relating to the conservation of living +and non-living exhaustible natural resources. + +2. Provided that such measures are not applied in a manner that +would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable +discrimination between countries where the same conditions +prevail or a disguised restriction on trade between the Parties, +nothing in: + + (a) Part Two (Trade in Goods), to the extent that a + provision of that Part applies to services, + + (b) Part Three (Technical Barriers to Trade), to the extent + that a provision of that Part applies to services, + + (c) Chapter Twelve (Cross-Border Trade in Services), and + + (d) Chapter Thirteen (Telecommunications), + +shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any +Party of measures necessary to secure compliance with laws or +regulations that are not inconsistent with the provisions of this +Agreement, including those relating to health and safety and +consumer protection, or + +3. Provided that such measures are not applied in an arbitrary +or unjustifiable manner, or do not constitute a disguised +restriction on international trade or investment, nothing in +Article 1106(1)(b) or (c) or (3)(a) or (b) (Performance +Requirements) shall be construed to prevent any Party from +adopting or maintaining measures, including environmental +measures: + + (a) necessary to secure compliance with laws and + regulations that are not inconsistent with the + provisions of this Agreement; + + (b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or + health; or + + (c) necessary for the conservation of living or non-living + exhaustible natural resources. + + +Article 2102: National Security + +1. Subject to Articles 607 (Energy) and 1018 (Government +Procurement), nothing in this Agreement shall be construed: + + (a) to require any Party to furnish or allow access to any + information the disclosure of which it determines to be + contrary to its essential security interests; + + (b) to prevent any Party from taking any actions that it + considers necessary for the protection of its essential + security interests + + (i) relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition and + implements of war and to such traffic and + transactions in other goods, materials, services + and technology undertaken directly or indirectly + for the purpose of supplying a military or other + security establishment, + + (ii) taken in time of war or other emergency in + international relations, or + + (iii) relating to the implementation of national + policies or international agreements + respecting the non-proliferation of nuclear + weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; + or + + (c) to prevent any Party from taking action in pursuance of + its obligations under the United Nations Charter for + the maintenance of international peace and security. + + +Article 2103: Taxation + +1. Except as set out in this Article, nothing in this Agreement +shall apply to taxation measures. + +2. Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the rights and +obligations of any Party under any tax convention. In the event +of any inconsistency between the provisions of this Agreement and +any such convention, the provisions of that convention shall +prevail to the extent of the inconsistency. + +3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2: + + (a) Article 301 (Market Access - National Treatment) and + such other provisions of this Agreement as are + necessary to give effect to that Article shall apply to + taxation measures to the same extent as does Article + III of the GATT, and + + (b) Article 315 (Market Access - Export Taxes) and Article + 604 (Energy - Export Taxes), + +shall apply to taxation measures. + +4. Subject to paragraph 2: + + (a) Article 1202 (Cross-Border Trade in Services - National + Treatment) and Article 1407 (Financial Services - + National Treatment) shall apply to taxation measures on + income, capital gains or on the taxable capital of + corporations, and to those taxation measures set out in + Annex 2103.4 that relate to the purchase or consumption + of particular services, and + + (b) Articles 1102 and 1103 (Investment - National Treatment + and MFN), Articles 1202 and 1203 (Cross-Border Trade in + Services - National Treatment and MFN) and Articles + 1407 and 1408 (Financial Services - National Treatment + and MFN) and shall apply to all taxation measures, + other than those on income, capital gains or on the + taxable capital of corporations and those taxes listed + in Annex 2103.4, + +except that nothing in those Articles shall apply + + (c) any most-favored-nation obligation with respect to an + advantage accorded by a Party pursuant to a tax + convention, + + (d) to a non-conforming provision of any existing taxation + measure, + + (e) to the continuation or prompt renewal of a non- + conforming provision of any existing taxation measure, + + (f) to an amendment to a non-conforming provision of any + existing taxation measure to the extent that the + amendment does not decrease its conformity, at the time + of the amendment, with any of those Articles, + + (g) to any new taxation measure aimed at ensuring the + equitable and effective imposition or collection of + taxes and that does not arbitrarily discriminate + between persons, goods or services of the Parties or + arbitrarily nullify or impair benefits accorded under + those Articles, in the sense of Annex 2004, or + + (h) to the measures set out in Annex 2103.4. + +5. Subject to paragraph 2 and without prejudice to the rights +and obligations of the Parties, Article 1106(3), (4), (5) and (6) +(Performance Requirements) shall apply to taxation measures. + +6. Article 1110 (Expropriation) shall apply to taxation +measures except that no investor may invoke that Article as the +basis for a claim under Article 1116 or 1117, where it has been +determined pursuant to this paragraph that the measure is not an +expropriation. The investor shall refer the issue of whether the +measure is not an expropriation for a determination to the +appropriate competent authorities set out in Annex 2104.6 at the +time that it gives notice under Article 1119. If the competent +authorities do not agree to consider the issue or, having agreed +to consider it, fail to agree that the measure is not an +expropriation within a period of six months after such referral, +the investor may submit its claim to arbitration under Article +1120. + + +Article 2104: Balance of Payments + +1. Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent a Party from +adopting or maintaining measures that restrict international +transactions or related international transfers and payments +("transfers") where the Party experiences serious balance of +payments difficulties, or the threat thereof, and such +restrictions are: + + (a) consistent with paragraphs 4 through 8 when imposed on + cross-border trade in financial services; or + + (b) consistent with paragraphs 2 through 6 when imposed on + any other transaction or transfer. + +2. Restrictions imposed on transactions or transfers other than +cross-border trade in financial services shall: + + (a) when imposed on payments for current international + transactions, be consistent with Article VIII(3) of the + Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary + Fund ("IMF"); + + (b) when imposed on international capital transactions, be + consistent with Article VI of the Articles of Agreement + of the IMF and imposed only in conjunction with + measures imposed on current international transactions + under paragraphs 2(a) and 4(a); and + + (c) when imposed on transfers covered by Article 1109 + (Investment - Transfers) and transfers related to trade + in goods, be made in a freely usable currency at a + market rate of exchange such that the payments and + transfers are not substantially impeded. + +3. No Party may adopt or maintain measures such as tariff +surcharges, quotas or licenses under this Article. + +4. As soon as practicable after imposing a restriction under +this Article, the Party imposing the restriction shall: + + (a) submit any current account exchange restrictions to the + IMF for review under Article VIII of the Articles of + Agreement of the IMF; and + + (b) enter into good faith consultations with the IMF on + economic adjustment measures to address the fundamental + underlying economic problems causing the difficulties + and receive endorsement of such measures by the IMF. + +5. Each Party shall ensure that any measure that it adopts or +maintains under this Article shall: + + (a) avoid unnecessary damage to the commercial, economic + and financial interests of another Party; + + (b) not be more burdensome than necessary to deal with the + balance of payments difficulties or threat thereof; + + (c) be temporary and be phased out progressively as the + situation improves; + + (d) be consistent with any economic adjustment measures + endorsed by the IMF under paragraph 4(b) and consistent + with the Articles of Agreement of the IMF; and + + (e) be applied on a national treatment and + most-favored-nation treatment basis. + +6. A Party may adopt or maintain a measure under this Article +that gives priority to services which are more essential to its +economic program, provided that, except as specifically approved +under an IMF-endorsed adjustment program in effect under +paragraph 4, no such measure is imposed for the purpose of +protecting a specific industry or sector. + +7. A Party imposing a restriction on cross-border trade in +financial services shall: + + (a) not impose more than one measure on any given + transaction and its related transfer, except as + specifically approved under an IMF-endorsed adjustment + program; + + (b) promptly notify the other Parties; and + + (c) consult promptly with the other Parties to assess the + balance of payments situation of the Party and the + measures it has adopted, taking into account among + other elements + + (i) the nature and extent of the balance of payments + and external financial difficulties of the Party, + + (ii) the external economic and trading environment of + the Party, and + + (iii) alternative corrective measures that may be + available. + +8. In consultations under paragraph 7(c), the Parties shall: + + (a) consider if measures adopted under this Article comply + with paragraph 5, in particular subparagraph 5(c); and + + (b) accept all findings of statistical and other facts + presented by the IMF relating to foreign exchange, + monetary reserves and balance of payments, and shall + base their conclusions on the assessment by the IMF of + the balance of payments and external financial + situation of the Party adopting the measures. + + +Article 2105: Disclosure of Information + + Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to require a +Party to furnish or allow access to information the disclosure of +which would impede law enforcement or would be contrary to laws +protecting personal privacy. + + +Article 2106: Cultural Industries + + Annex 2106 applies to cultural industries. + + +Article 2107: Definitions + +For purposes of this Chapter: + +cultural industries means any person engaged in any of the +following activities: + + (a) the publication, distribution, or sale of books, + magazines, periodicals or newspapers in print or + machine readable form but not including the sole + activity of printing or typesetting any of the + foregoing; + + (b) the production, distribution, sale or exhibition of + film or video recordings; + + (c) the production, distribution, sale or exhibition of + audio or video music recordings; + + (d) the publication, distribution or sale of music in print + or machine readable form; or + + (e) radio communication in which the transmissions are + intended for direct reception by the general public, + and all radio, television and cable broadcasting + undertakings and all satellite programming and + broadcast network services; + +international capital transactions means "international capital +transactions" as defined under the Articles of Agreement of the +IMF; + +payments for current international transactions means "payments +for current international transactions" as defined under the +Articles of Agreement of the IMF; + +tax convention means a convention for the avoidance of double +taxation or other international taxation agreement or +arrangement; and + +taxes and taxation measures do not include: + + (a) a "customs duty" as defined in Article 319; or + + (b) the measures listed in exceptions (b), (c), (d) and (e) + of that definition. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 2103.4 + + Specific Taxation Measures + + +1. Article 2103(4)(a) (Taxation) shall apply to an asset tax +under the Asset Tax Law ("Ley del Impuesto al Activo") of Mexico. + +2. Article 2103(4)(a) and (b) shall not apply to any excise tax +on insurance premiums adopted by Mexico to the extent that such +tax would, if levied by Canada or the United States, be covered +by Article 2103(4)(d), (e) or (f). + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 2104.6 + + Competent Authorities + + +1. The competent authority for Canada is the Assistant Deputy +Minister for Tax Policy, Department of Finance. + +2. The competent authority for Mexico is the Deputy Minister of +Revenue of the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit. +(Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Publico) + +3. The competent authority for the United States is the +Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy), U.S. Department +of the Treasury. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX 2106 + + Cultural Industries + + + Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, as +between the United States and Canada, any measure adopted or +maintained with respect to cultural industries, except as +specifically provided in Article 302 (Market Access - Tariff +Elimination), and any measure of equivalent commercial effect +taken in response, shall be governed exclusively in accordance +with the terms of the Canada - United States Free Trade +Agreement. The rights and obligations between Canada and any +other Party with respect to such measures shall be identical to +those applying between Canada and the United States. + + Chapter Twenty-Two + + Final Provisions + + + +Article 2201: Annexes + + The Annexes to this Agreement constitute an integral part of +this Agreement. + + +Article 2202: Amendments + +1. The Parties may agree on any modification of or addition to +this Agreement. + +2. When so agreed, and approved in accordance with the applicable +legal procedures of each Party, a modification or addition shall +constitute an integral part of this Agreement. + + +Article 2203: Entry into Force + + This Agreement shall enter into force on January 1, 1994, upon +an exchange of written notifications certifying the completion of +necessary legal procedures. + + +Article 2204: Withdrawal + + A Party may withdraw from this Agreement six months after it +provides written notice of withdrawal to the other Parties. If a +Party withdraws, the Agreement shall remain in force for the +remaining Parties. + + +Article 2205: Accession + +1. Any country or group of countries may accede to this Agreement +subject to such terms and conditions as may be agreed between such +country or countries and the Commission and following approval in +accordance with the applicable approval procedures of each country. + +2. This Agreement shall not apply as between any Party and any +acceding country or group of countries if, at the time of +accession, either does not consent to such application. + + +Article 2206: Authentic Texts + + The English, French and Spanish texts of this Agreement are +equally authentic. + + Annex 401.1 + + GENERAL INTERPRETATIVE NOTE + + +For purposes of interpreting the rules of origin set out in this +Annex: + + a) the specific rule, or specific set of rules that apply to + a particular heading, subheading, or tariff item is set + out immediately adjacent to the heading, subheading, or + tariff item; + + b) a rule applicable to a tariff item shall take precedence + over a rule applicable to the heading or subheading + which is parent to that tariff item; + + c) a requirement of a change in tariff classification shall + apply only to non-originating materials; + + d) the expression: + + heading means the first four digits in the tariff + classification number under the Harmonized System; + + subheading means the first six digits in the tariff + classification number under the Harmonized System; + + tariff item means the first eight digits in the tariff + classification number under the Harmonized System as + implemented by each Party. + + SPECIFIC RULES OF ORIGIN + +SECTION I +Live Animals; Animal Products (Ch. 1-5) + +Chapter 1 Live Animals + +01.01-01.06 A change to headings 01.01 through 01.06 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 2 Meat and Edible Meat Offal + +02.01-02.10 A change to headings 02.01 through 02.10 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 3 Fish and Crustaceans, Molluscs and Other + Aquatic Invertebrates +03.01-03.07 A change to headings 03.01 through 03.07 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 4 Dairy Produce; Birds' Eggs; Natural + Honey; Edible Products of Animal + Origin, Not Elsewhere Specified or Included + +04.01-04.10 A change to headings 04.01 through 04.10 + from any other chapter, except from + Canadian tariff item 1901.90.31, U.S. + tariff item 1901.90.31, 1901.90.41 or + 1901.90.81, Mexican tariff item + 1901.90.03. + + +Chapter 5 Products of Animal Origin, Not Elsewhere + Specified or Included +05.01-05.11 A change to headings 05.01 through 05.11 + from any other chapter. + + +SECTION II +Vegetable Products (Ch. 6-14) + +Note: Agricultural and horticultural goods grown in the territory +of a Party shall be treated as originating in the territory of that +Party even if grown from seed or bulbs imported from a country not +a Party to this Agreement. + +Chapter 6 Live Trees and Other Plants; Bulbs, Roots and + the Like; Cut Flowers and Ornamental Foliage + +06.01-06.04 A change to headings 06.01 through 06.04 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 7 Edible Vegetables and Certain Roots and Tubers + +07.01-07.14 A change to headings 07.01 through 07.14 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 8 Edible Fruit and Nuts; Peel of Citrus Fruit or + Melons +08.01-08.14 A change to headings 08.01 through 08.14 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 9 Coffee, Tea, Mat‚ and Spices + +09.01-09.10 A change to headings 09.01 through 09.10 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 10 Cereals + +10.01-10.08 A change to headings 10.01 through 10.08 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 11 Products of the Milling Industry; Malt; + Starches; Insulin; Wheat Gluten +11.01-11.09 A change to headings 11.01 through 11.09 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 12 Oil Seeds and Oleaginous Fruits; + Miscellaneous Grains, Seeds and Fruit; + Industrial or Medicinal Plants; Straw and + Fodder + + +12.01-12.14 A change to headings 12.01 through 12.14 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 13 Lac; Gums, Resins and Other Vegetable + Saps and Extracts + +13.01-13.02 A change to headings 13.01 through 13.02 + from any other chapter. +Chapter 14 Vegetable Plaiting Materials; Vegetable + Products Not Elsewhere Specified or + Included +14.01-14.04 A change to headings 14.01 through 14.04 + from any other chapter. + + + +SECTION III +Animal or Vegetable Fats and Oils and Their Cleavage Products; +Prepared Edible Fats; Animal or Vegetable Waxes (Ch. 15) + +Chapter 15 Animal or Vegetable Fats and Oils and + Their Cleavage Products; Prepared Edible + Fats; Animal or Vegetable Waxes + +15.01-15.18 A change to headings 15.01 through 15.18 + from any other chapter. + +1519.11-1519.13 A change to subheadings 1519.11 through + 1519.13 from any other heading, except + from heading 15.20. + +1519.19 A change to subheading 1519.19 from any other + subheading. + +1519.20 A change to subheading 1519.20 from any other + heading, except from heading 15.20. + +1520.10 A change to subheading 1520.10 from any other + heading, except from heading 15.19. + +1520.90 A change to subheading 1520.90 from any other + subheading. + +15.21-15.22 A change to headings 15.21 through 15.22 + from any other chapter. + + +SECTION IV +Prepared Foodstuffs; Beverages, Spirits, and Vinegar; Tobacco and +Manufactured Tobacco Substitutes (Ch. 16-24) + +Chapter 16 Preparations of Meat, of Fish or of + Crustaceans, Molluscs or Other Aquatic + Invertebrates + +16.01-16.05 A change to headings 16.01 through 16.05 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 17 Sugars and Sugar Confectionery + +17.01-17.03 A change to headings 17.01 through 17.03 + from any other chapter. + +17.04 A change to heading 17.04 from any other + heading. + + +Chapter 18 Cocoa and Cocoa Preparations + +18.01-18.05 A change to headings 18.01 through 18.05 + from any other chapter. + +1806.10 + + 1806.10.10 A change to Canadian tariff item + 1806.10.10, U.S. tariff item 1806.10.41 + or 1806.10.42, Mexican tariff item + 1806.10.01 from any other heading. + + 1806.10 A change to subheading 1806.10 from any other + heading, provided that the non-originating + sugar of Chapter 17 constitutes no more than + 35% by weight of the sugar and provided that + the non-originating cocoa powder of heading + 18.05 constitutes no more than 35% by weight + of the cocoa powder. + +1806.20 A change to subheading 1806.20 from any other + heading. + +1806.31 A change to subheading 1806.31 from any other + subheading. + +1806.32 A change to subheading 1806.32 from any other + heading. + +1806.90 A change to subheading 1806.90 from any other + subheading. + +Chapter 19 Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch or + Milk; Pastrycooks' Products + +1901.10 + + 1901.10.31 A change to Canadian tariff item + 1901.10.31, U.S. tariff item 1901.10.10, + Mexican tariff item 1901.10.01 from any + other chapter, except from Chapter 4. + + 1901.10 A change to subheading 1901.10 from any other + chapter. + +1901.20 + + 1901.20.11 A change to Canadian tariff item + 1901.20.11 or 1901.20.21, U.S. tariff + item 1901.20.10, Mexican tariff item + 1901.20.01 from any other chapter, except + from Chapter 4. + + 1901.20 A change to subheading 1901.20 from any other + chapter. + +1901.90 + + 1901.90.31 A change to Canadian tariff item + 1901.90.31, U.S. tariff item 1901.90.31, + 1901.90.41 or 1901.90.81, Mexican tariff + item 1901.90.03 from any other chapter, + except from Chapter 4. + + 1901.90 A change to subheading 1901.90 from any + other chapter. + +19.02-19.05 A change to headings 19.02 through 19.05 + from any other chapter. + +Chapter 20 Preparations of Vegetables, Fruit, Nuts + or Other Parts of Plants + +Note: Fruit, nut and vegetable preparations of Chapter 20 that +have been prepared or preserved merely by freezing, by packing +(including canning) in water, brine, or in natural juices, or by +roasting, either dry or in oil (including processing incidental to +freezing, packing or roasting), shall be treated as a good of the +country in which the fresh good was produced. + +20.01-20.07 A change to headings 20.01 through 20.07 + from any other chapter. + +2008.11 + + 2008.11.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2008.11.a1, U.S. tariff item 2008.11.h1, + Mexican tariff item 2008.11.x1 from any + other heading, except from heading 12.02. + + 2008.11 A change to subheading 2008.11 from any other + chapter. + +2008.19-2008.99 A change to subheadings 2008.19 through + 2008.99 from any other chapter. + +2009.11-2009.30 A change to subheadings 2009.11 through + 2009.30 from any other chapter, except + from heading 08.05. + +2009.40-2009.80 A change to subheadings 2009.40 through + 2009.80 from any other chapter. + +2009.90 A change to subheading 2009.90 from any other + chapter; or + + A change to subheading 2009.90 from any other + subheading within Chapter 20, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided that a single juice ingredient, or + juice ingredients from a single non-Party, + constitute in single strength form no more + than 60% by volume of the product. + +Chapter 21 Miscellaneous Edible Preparations + +21.01 + + 2101.10.11 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2101.10.11, U.S. tariff item 2101.10.25, + Mexican tariff item 2101.10.01 from any + other chapter, provided that the non- + originating coffee of Chapter 9 + constitutes no more than 60 percent by + weight. + + 21.01 A change to heading 21.01 from any other + chapter. + +21.02 A change to heading 21.02 from any other + chapter. + +2103.10 A change to subheading 2103.10 from any other + chapter. + +2103.20 + + 2103.20.10 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2103.20.10, U.S. tariff item 2103.20.20, + Mexican tariff item 2103.20.01 from any + other chapter, except from subheading + 2002.90. + + 2103.20 A change to subheading 2103.20 from any other + chapter. + +2103.30-2103.90 A change to subheadings 2103.30 through + 2103.90 from any other chapter. + +21.04 A change to heading 21.04 from any other + chapter. + +21.05 A change to heading 21.05 from any other + heading, except from Chapter 4 or + Canadian tariff item 1901.90.31, U.S. + tariff item 1901.90.31, 1901.90.41 or + 1901.90.81, Mexican tariff item + 1901.90.03. +21.06 + + 2106.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2106.90.a2, U.S. tariff items 2106.90.16 + through 2106.90.19A, Mexican tariff item + 2106.90.x2 from any other chapter, except + from heading 08.05 or 20.09 or Canadian + tariff item 2202.90.a1 , U.S. tariff + item 2202.90.30, 2202.90.35 or + 2202.90.39A, Mexican tariff item + 2202.90.x1. + + 2106.90.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2106.90.a3, U.S. tariff item + 2106.90.19B, Mexican tariff item + 2106.90.x3 from any other + chapter, except from subheading + 2009.90 or Canadian tariff item + 2202.90.a2, U.S. tariff item + 2202.90.39B, Mexican tariff item + 2202.90.x2; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 2106.90.a3, + U.S. tariff item 2106.90.19B, Mexican tariff + item 2106.90.x3 from any other subheading + within Chapter 21, whether or not there is + also a change from any other chapter, provided + that a single juice ingredient, or juice + ingredients from a single non-Party, + constitute in single strength form no more + than 60% by volume of the product. + + 2106.90.a4 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2106.90.a4, U.S. tariff item 2106.90.h4, + Mexican tariff item 2106.90.x4 from any + other chapter, except from Chapter 4 or + tariff item 1901.90.a1. + + 21.06 A change to heading 21.06 from any other + chapter. + + +Chapter 22 Beverages, Spirits and Vinegar + +22.01 A change to heading 22.01 from any other + chapter. + +2202.10 A change to subheading 2202.10 from any other + chapter. + +2202.90 + 2202.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2202.90.a1, U.S. tariff items 2202.90.30 + through 2202.90.39A, Mexican tariff item + 2202.90.x4 from any other chapter, except + from heading 08.05 or 20.09 or Canadian + tariff item 2106.90.a2, U.S. tariff item + 2106.90.16 or 2106.90.19A, Mexican tariff + item 2106.90.x2. + + 2202.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2202.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 2202.90.39B, + Mexican tariff item 2202.90.x2 from any + other chapter, except from subheading + 2009.90 or Canadian tariff item + 2106.90.a3, U.S. tariff item 2106.90.19B, + Mexican tariff item 2106.90.x3; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 2202.90.a2, + U.S. tariff item 2202.90.39B, Mexican tariff + item 2202.90.x2 from any other subheading + within Chapter 22, whether or not there is + also a change from any other chapter, provided + that a single juice ingredient, or juice + ingredients from a single non-Party, + constitute in single strength form no more + than 60% by volume of the product. + + 2202.90.9x A change to Canadian tariff item + 2202.90.9x, U.S. tariff item 2202.90.10 + or 2202.90.20, Mexican tariff item + 2202.90.02 from any other chapter, except + from Chapter 4 or Canadian tariff item + 1901.90.31, U.S. tariff item 1901.90.31, + 1901.90.41 or 1901.90.81, Mexican tariff + item 1901.90.03. + + 2202.90 A change to subheading 2202.90 from any other + chapter. + +22.03-22.09 A change to headings 22.03 through 22.09 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + +Chapter 23 Residues and Waste From the Food + Industries; Prepared Animal Fodder + +23.01-23.08 A change to headings 23.01 through 23.08 + from any other chapter. + +2309.10 A change to subheading 2309.10 from any other + heading. + +2309.90 + + 2309.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 2309.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 2309.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 2309.90.x1 from any + other heading, except from Chapter 4 or + tariff item 1901.90.a1. + + 2309.90 A change to subheading 2309.90 from any other + heading. + + +Chapter 24 Tobacco and Manufactured Tobacco + Substitutes + +24.01-24.03 A change to headings 24.01 through 24.03 + from any other chapter or from Canadian + tariff item 2401.10.10 or + 2403.91.a1, U.S. tariff item 2401.10.h1 + or 2403.91.20, Mexican tariff item + 2401.10.x1 or 2403.91.x1. + + +SECTION V +Mineral Products (Ch. 25-27) + +Chapter 25 Salt; Sulphur; Earths and Stone; + Plastering Materials, Lime and Cement +25.01-25.30 A change to headings 25.01 through 25.30 + from any other chapter. + + + +Chapter 26 Ores, Slag and Ash + +26.01-26.21 A change to headings 26.01 through 26.21 + from any other chapter. + + + +Chapter 27 Mineral Fuels, Mineral Oils and Products + of Their Distillation; Bituminous + Substances; Mineral Waxes + +27.01-27.03 A change to headings 27.01 through 27.03 + from any other chapter. + +27.04 A change to heading 27.04 from any other + heading. + +27.05-27.09 A change to headings 27.05 through 27.09 + from any other chapter. + +27.10-27.15 A change to headings 27.10 through 27.15 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +27.16 A change to heading 27.16 from any other + heading. + + +SECTION VI +Products of the Chemical or Allied Industries (Ch. 28-38) + +Chapter 28 Inorganic Chemicals; Organic or Inorganic + Compounds of Precious Metals, of Rare- + Earth Metals, of Radioactive Elements or + of Isotopes + +28.01-28.24 A change to subheadings 2801.10 through + 2824.90 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2801.10 through + 2824.90 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is used. + +2825.10-2825.60 A change to subheadings 2825.10 through + 2825.60 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2825.10 through + 2825.60 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +2825.70 A change to subheading 2825.70 from any other + subheading, except from subheading 2613.10. + +2825.80-2825.90 A change to subheadings 2825.80 through + 2825.90 from any chapter, except from + Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2825.80 through + 2825.90 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content + must be not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +28.26-28.29 A change to subheadings 2826.11 through + 2829.90 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2826.11 through + 2829.90 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +2830.10-2830.30 A change to subheadings 2830.10 through + 2830.30 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2830.10 through + 2830.30 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +2830.90 A change to subheading 2830.90 from any other + subheading, except from subheading 2613.90. + +28.31-28.40 A change to subheadings 2831.10 through + 2840.30 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2831.10 through + 2840.30 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +2841.10-2841.60 A change to subheadings 2841.10 through + 2841.60 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2841.10 through + 2841.60 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +2841.70 A change to subheading 2841.70 from any other + subheading, except from subheading 2613.10. + +2841.80-2841.90 A change to subheadings 2841.80 through + 2841.90 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2841.80 through + 2841.90 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +28.42-28.51 A change to subheadings 2842.10 through + 2851.00 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2842.10 through + 2851.00 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 29 Organic Chemicals + +29.01-29.42 A change to subheadings 2901.10 through + 2942.00 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 2901.10 through + 2942.00 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + + +Chapter 30 Pharmaceutical Products + +30.01 A change to subheadings 3001.10 through + 3001.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3001.10 through + 3001.90 from any other subheading within + heading 30.01, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +30.02 A change to subheadings 3002.10 through + 3002.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3002.10 through + 3002.90 from any other subheading within + heading 30.02, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +30.03 A change to subheadings 3003.10 through + 3003.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3003.10 through + 3003.90 from any other subheading within + heading 30.03, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +30.04 A change to subheadings 3004.10 through + 3004.90 from any other heading, except + from heading 30.03; or + + A change to subheadings 3004.10 through + 3004.90 from any other subheading within + heading 30.04, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +30.05 A change to subheadings 3005.10 through + 3005.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3005.10 through + 3005.90 from any other subheading within + heading 30.05, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +30.06 A change to subheadings 3006.10 through + 3006.60 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3006.10 through + 3006.60 from any other subheading within + heading 30.06, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 31 Fertilisers + +31.01-31.05 A change to subheadings 3101.00 through + 3105.90 from any other chapter; or + + A change to subheadings 3101.00 through + 3105.90 from any other subheading within + Chapter 31, whether or not there is also a + change from any other chapter, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 32 Tanning or Dyeing Extracts; Tannins and + Their Derivatives; Dyes, Pigments and + Other Colouring Matter; Paints and + Varnishes; Putty and Other Mastics; Inks + +32.01-32.03 A change to subheadings 3201.10 through + 3203.00 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 3201.10 through + 3203.00 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +3204.11-3204.16 A change to subheadings 3204.11 through + 3204.16 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 3204.11 through + 3204.16 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3204.17 For any colour, as defined under the Colour + Index, identified in the List of Colours + below, a change to subheading 3204.17 from any + other subheading. + + List of Colours + + pigment yellow: 1, 3, 16, 55, 61, 62, 65, + 73, 74, 75, 81, 97, 120, + 151, 152, 154, 156, and + 175 + + pigment orange: 4, 5, 13, 34, 36, 60, and + 62 + + pigment red: 2, 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 17, + 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 31, + 32, 48, 49, 52, 53, 57, + 63, 112, 119, + 133, 146, 170, 171, 175, 176, + 183, 185, 187, 188, 208, and + 210; or + + For any colour, as defined under the Colour + Index, not identified in the List of Colours + above: + + 1) a change to subheading 3204.17 from any + other subheading, except from Chapter 29; + or + + 2) a change to subheading 3204.17 from any + other subheading within Chapter 29, + whether or not there is also a change + from any other subheading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3204.19-3204.90 A change to subheadings 3204.19 through + 3204.90 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 3204.19 through + 3204.90 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +32.05 A change to heading 32.05 from any other + heading. + +32.06-32.07 A change to subheadings 3206.10 through + 3207.40 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 3206.10 through + 3207.40 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +32.08-32.10 A change to headings 32.08 through 32.10 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +32.11-32.12 A change to headings 32.11 through 32.12 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +32.13-32.15 A change to headings 32.13 through 32.15 + from any other heading outside that + group, except from headings 32.08 through + 32.10. + + +Chapter 33 Essential Oils and Resinoids; Perfumery, + Cosmetics or Toilet Preparations + +33.01 A change to subheadings 3301.11 through + 3301.90 from any other chapter; or + + A change to subheadings 3301.11 through + 3301.90 from any other subheading within + Chapter 33, whether or not there is also a + change from any other chapter, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +33.02 A change to heading 33.02 from any other + heading, except from headings 22.07 + through 22.08. + +33.03 A change to heading 33.03 from any other + chapter; or + + A change to heading 33.03 from any other + heading within Chapter 33, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +33.04-33.07 A change to subheadings 3304.10 through + 3307.90 from any other heading outside + that group; or + + A change to subheadings 3304.10 through + 3307.90 from any other subheading within that + group, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading outside that group, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 34 Soap, Organic Surface-active Agents, + Washing Preparations, Lubricating + Preparations, Artificial Waxes, Prepared + Waxes, Polishing or Scouring + Preparations, Candles and Similar + Articles, Modelling Pastes, "Dental + Waxes" and Dental Preparations with a + Basis of Plaster + +34.01 A change to subheadings 3401.11 through + 3401.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3401.11 through + 3401.20 from any other subheading within + heading 34.01, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3402.11-3402.19 A change to subheadings 3402.11 through + 3402.19 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3402.11 through + 3402.19 from any other subheading within + heading 34.02, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3402.20-3402.90 A change to subheadings 3402.20 through + 3402.90 from any other subheading outside + that group; or + + A change to subheadings 3402.20 through + 3402.90 from any other subheading within that + group, whether or not there is also a change + from any other subheading outside that group, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +34.03 A change to subheadings 3403.11 through + 3403.99 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3403.11 through + 3403.99 from any other subheading within + heading 34.03, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +34.04 A change to subheadings 3404.10 through + 3404.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3404.10 through + 3404.90 from any other subheading within + heading 34.04, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +34.05 A change to subheadings 3405.10 through + 3405.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3405.10 through + 3405.90 from any other subheading within + heading 34.05, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +34.06-34.07 A change to headings 34.06 through 34.07 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + + +Chapter 35 Albuminoidal Substances; Modified + Starches; Glues; Enzymes + +35.01 A change to subheadings 3501.10 through + 3501.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3501.10 through + 3501.90 from any other subheading within + heading 35.01, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +35.02 A change to subheadings 3502.10 through + 3502.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3502.10 through + 3502.90 from any other subheading within + heading 35.02, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +35.03-35.04 A change to headings 35.03 through 35.04 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + +35.05 A change to subheadings 3505.10 through + 3505.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3505.10 through + 3505.20 from any other subheading within + heading 35.05, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +35.06 A change to subheadings 3506.10 through + 3506.99 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3506.10 through + 3506.99 from any other subheading within + heading 35.06, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +35.07 A change to subheadings 3507.10 through + 3507.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3507.10 through + 3507.90 from any other subheading within + heading 35.07, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 36 Explosives; Pyrotechnic Products; + Matches; Pyrophoric Alloys; Certain + Combustible Preparations + +36.01-36.03 A change to headings 36.01 through 36.03 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + +36.04 A change to subheadings 3604.10 through + 3604.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3604.10 through + 3604.90 from any other subheading within + heading 36.04, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +36.05 A change to heading 36.05 from any other + heading. + +36.06 A change to subheadings 3606.10 through + 3606.90 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 3606.10 through + 3606.90 from any other subheading within + heading 36.06, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 37 Photographic or Cinematographic Goods + +37.01-37.03 A change to headings 37.01 through 37.03 from + any other chapter. + +37.04 A change to heading 37.04 from any other + heading. + +37.05-37.06 A change to headings 37.05 through 37.06 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +37.07 A change to subheadings 3707.10 through + 3707.90 from any other chapter; or + + A change to subheadings 3707.10 through + 3707.90 from any other subheading within + Chapter 37, including another subheading + within that group, whether or not there is + also a change from any other chapter, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 65% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 38 Miscellaneous Chemical Products + +38.01-38.07 A change to subheadings 3801.10 through + 3807.00 from any other chapter, except + from Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 3801.10 through + 3807.00 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +38.08 Note: A material, imported into the territory + of a Party for use in the production of a + good classified under heading 38.08, + shall be treated as a material + originating in the territory of a Party + if: + + a) such material is eligible, in the + territories of both that Party and the + Party to whose territory the good is + exported, for duty-free treatment at the + rates provided for most-favoured-nations; + or + + b) the good is exported to the territory of + the United States of America and such + material would, if imported into the + territory of the United States of + America, be free of duty under a trade + agreement that is not subject to a + competitive need limitation. + + A change to heading 38.08 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or 80% where the + transaction value method is used and + the goods contain more than one + active ingredient; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used, or 70% where the net cost + method is used and the goods contain + more than one active ingredient. + + +38.09-38.23 A change to subheadings 3809.10 through + 3823.90 from any other chapter, except from + Chapters 28 through 38; or + + A change to subheadings 3809.10 through + 3823.90 from any other subheading within + Chapters 28 through 38, including another + subheading within that group, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +SECTION VII +Plastics and Articles Thereof; Rubber and Articles Thereof +(Ch. 39-40) + +Chapter 39 Plastics and Articles Thereof + +39.01-39.20 A change to headings 39.01 through 39.20 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group, provided there + is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3921.11-3921.13 A change to subheadings 3921.11 through + 3921.13 from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not + less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3921.14 A change to subheading 3921.14 from any other + heading, except from subheading 3920.20 or + 3920.71. In addition, the regional value + content must be not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3921.19 A change to subheading 3921.19 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3921.90 A change to subheading 3921.90 from any other + heading, except from subheading 3920.20 or + 3920.71. In addition, the regional value + content percentage must be not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +39.22 A change to heading 39.22 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3923.10-3923.21 A change to subheadings 3923.10 through + 3923.21 from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not + less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3923.29 A change to subheading 3923.29 from any other + heading, except from subheading 3920.20 or + 3920.71. In addition, the regional value + content percentage must be not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +3923.30-3923.90 A change to subheadings 3923.30 through + 3923.90 from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not + less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +39.24-39.26 A change to headings 39.24 through 39.26 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group, provided there + is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 40 Rubber and Articles Thereof + +40.01-40.06 A change to headings 40.01 through 40.06 + from any other chapter; or + + A change to headings 40.01 through 40.06 from + any other heading within Chapter 40, including + another heading within that group, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is us + +40.07-40.08 A change to headings 40.07 through 40.08 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +4009.10-4009.40 A change to subheadings 4009.10 through + 4009.40 from any other heading, except + from headings 40.10 through 40.17. + +4009.50 A change to tubes, pipes or hoses of + subheading 4009.50, of a kind used for motor + vehicles of heading 87.02 for the transport of + 15 or fewer persons, motor cars or other motor + vehicles of heading 87.03, motor vehicles of + subheading 8704.21 or 8704.31 or motorcycles + of heading 87.11, from any other heading, + except from headings 40.10 through 40.17; or + + A change to tubes, pipes or hoses of + subheading 4009.50, of a kind used for motor + vehicles of heading 87.02 for the transport of + 15 or fewer persons, motor cars or other motor + vehicles of heading 87.03, motor vehicles of + subheading 8704.21 or 8704.31 or motorcycles + of heading 87.11, from subheadings 4009.10 + through 4017.00, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction method is used, + or + b) 50% where the net cost method is used; or + + + A change to tubes, pipes or hoses of + subheading 4009.50, other than those of a kind + used for motor vehicles of heading 87.02 for + the transport of 15 or fewer persons, motor + cars or other motor vehicles of heading 87.03, + motor vehicles of subheading 8704.21 or + 8704.31 or motorcycles of heading 87.11 from + any other heading, except from headings 40.10 + through 40.17 + +40.10-40.11 A change to headings 40.10 through 40.11 + from any other heading, except from + headings 40.09 through 40.17. + +4012.10 A change to subheading 4012.10 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 4012.20.20, U.S. tariff item 4012.20.15 or + 4012.20.18, Mexican tariff item 4012.20.01. + +4012.20-4012.90 A change to subheadings 4012.20 through + 4012.90 from any other heading, except + from headings 40.09 through 40.17. + +40.13-40.15 A change to headings 40.13 through 40.15 + from any other heading, except from + headings 40.09 through 40.17. + +4016.10-4016.92 A change to subheadings 4016.10 through + 4016.92 from any other heading, except + from headings 40.09 through 40.17. + +4016.93 + + 4016.93.10 A change to Canadian tariff item + 4016.93.10, U.S. tariff item 4016.93.10, + Mexican tariff item 4016.93.04 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff item 4008.19.10 or + 4008.29.10, U.S. tariff item 4008.19.05 + or 4008.29.10, Mexican tariff item + 4008.19.01 or 4008.29.01. + + + 4016.93 A change to subheading 4016.93 from any other + heading, except from headings 40.09 through + 40.17. + +4016.94-4016.95 A change to subheadings 4016.94 through + 4016.95 from any other heading, except + from headings 40.09 through 40.17. + +4016.99 + + 4016.99.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 4016.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 4016.99.h1, + Mexican tariff item 4016.99.x1 from any + other subheading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + + 4016.99 A change to subheading 4016.99 from any other + heading, except from headings 40.09 through + 40.17. + +40.17 A change to heading 40.17 from any other + heading, except from headings 40.09 + through 40.16. + + +SECTION VIII +Raw Hides and Skins, Leather, Furskins and Articles Thereof; +Saddlery and Harness; Travel Goods, Handbags, and Similar +Containers; Articles of Animal Gut (Other Than Silkworm Gut) +(Ch.41-43) + +Chapter 41 Raw Hides and Skins (Other Than Furskins) + and Leather + +41.01-41.03 A change to headings 41.01 through 41.03 + from any other chapter. + +41.04 A change to heading 41.04 from any other + heading, except from headings 41.05 + through 41.11. + +41.05 A change to heading 41.05 from Canadian + tariff item 4105.19.10, U.S. tariff + item 4105.19.10, Mexican tariff item + 4105.19.01, headings 41.01 through 41.03 + or any other chapter. + +41.06 A change to heading 41.06 from Canadian + tariff item 4106.19.10, U.S. tariff + item 4106.19.10, Mexican tariff item + 4106.19.01, headings 41.01 through 41.03 + or any other chapter. + +41.07 A change to heading 41.07 from Canadian + tariff item 4107.10.10, U.S. tariff + item 4107.10.10, Mexican tariff item + 4107.10.02, headings 41.01 through 41.03 + or any other chapter. + +41.08-41.11 A change to headings 41.08 through 41.11 + from any other heading, except from + headings 41.04 through 41.11. + + +Chapter 42 Articles of Leather; Saddlery and + Harness; Travel Goods, Handbags and + Similar Containers; Articles of Animal + Gut (Other Than Silk-Worm Gut) + + +42.01 A change to heading 42.01 from any other + chapter. + +4202.11 A change to subheading 4202.11 from any other + chapter. + +4202.12 A change to subheading 4202.12 from any other + chapter, except from headings 54.07, 54.08 or + 55.12 through 55.16. + +4202.19-4202.21 A change to subheadings 4202.19 through + 4202.21 from any other chapter. + +4202.22 A change to subheading 4202.22 from any other + chapter, except from headings 54.07, 54.08 or + 55.12 through 55.16. + +4202.29-4202.31 A change to subheadings 4202.29 through + 4202.31 from any other chapter. + +4202.32 A change to subheading 4202.32 from any other + chapter, except from headings 54.07, 54.08 or + 55.12 through 55.16. + +4202.39-4202.91 A change to subheadings 4202.39 through + 4202.91 from any other chapter. + +4202.92 A change to subheading 4202.92 from any other + chapter, except from headings 54.07, 54.08 or + 55.12 through 55.16. + +4202.99 A change to subheading 4202.99 from any other + chapter. + +42.03-42.06 A change to headings 42.03 through 42.06 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 43 Furskins and Artificial Fur; Manufactures + Thereof + +43.01 A change to heading 43.01 from any other + chapter. + +43.02 A change to heading 43.02 from any other + heading. + +43.03-43.04 A change to headings 43.03 through 43.04 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + +SECTION IX +Wood and Articles of Wood; Wood Charcoal; Cork and Articles of +Cork; Manufactures of Straw, of Esparto or of Other Plaiting +Materials; Basketware and Wickerwork (Ch. 44-46) + +Chapter 44 Wood and Articles of Wood; Wood Charcoal + +44.01-44.21 A change to headings 44.01 through 44.21 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + + +Chapter 45 Cork and Articles of Cork + +45.01-45.02 A change to headings 45.01 through 45.02 + from any other chapter. + +45.03-45.04 A change to headings 45.03 through 45.04 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + +Chapter 46 Manufactures of Straw, of Esparto or of + Other Plaiting Materials; Basketware and + Wickerwork + +46.01 A change to heading 46.01 from any other + chapter. + +46.02 A change to heading 46.02 from any other + heading. + + + +SECTION X +Pulp of Wood or of other Fibrous Cellulosic Material; Waste and +Scrap of Paper or Paperboard; Paper and Paperboard and Articles +Thereof (Ch. 47-49) + +Chapter 47 Pulp of Wood or of Other Fibrous + Cellulosic Material; Waste and Scrap of + Paper or Paperboard + +47.01-47.07 A change to headings 47.01 through 47.07 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 48 Paper and Paperboard; Articles of Paper + Pulp, of Paper or of Paperboard + +48.01-48.07 A change to headings 48.01 through 48.07 + from any other chapter. + +48.08-48.09 A change to headings 48.08 through 48.09 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +48.10-48.13 A change to headings 48.10 through 48.13 + from any other chapter. + +48.14-48.15 A change to headings 48.14 through 48.15 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +48.16 A change to heading 48.16 from any other + heading, except from heading 48.09. + +48.17-48.23 A change to headings 48.17 through 48.23 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + +Chapter 49 Printed Books, Newspapers, Pictures and + Other Products of the Printing Industry; + Manuscripts, Typescripts and Plans + + +49.01-49.11 A change to headings 49.01 through 49.11 + from any other chapter. + + + +SECTION XI +Textiles and Textile Articles (Ch. 50-63) + +Note: For purposes of the textiles provisions, the term + "wholly" is interpreted to mean that the product is made + entirely or solely of the named material. + + +Chapter 50 Silk + +50.01-50.03 A change to headings 50.01 through 50.03 + from any other chapter. + +50.04-50.06 A change to headings 50.04 through 50.06 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +50.07 A change to heading 50.07 from + any other heading. + + +Chapter 51 Wool, Fine or Coarse Animal Hair; + Horsehair Yarn and Woven Fabric + +51.01-51.05 A change to headings 51.01 through + 51.05 from any other chapter. + +51.06-51.10 A change to headings 51.06 through 51.10 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +51.11-51.13 A change to headings 51.11 through 51.13 + from any other heading outside that + group, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.10, 52.05 through 52.06, 54.01 through + 54.04, or 55.09 through 55.10. + + +Chapter 52 Cotton + +52.01-52.07 A change to headings 52.01 through 52.07 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 54.01 through 54.05 or 55.01 + through 55.07. + +52.08-52.12 A change to headings 52.08 through 52.12 + from any other heading outside that + group, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.10, 52.05 through 52.06, 54.01 through + 54.04, or 55.09 through 55.10. + + +Chapter 53 Other Vegetable Textile Fibres; Paper + Yarn and Woven Fabrics of Paper Yarn + +53.01-53.05 A change to headings 53.01 through + 53.05 from any other chapter. + +53.06-53.08 A change to headings 53.06 through 53.08 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +53.09 A change to heading 53.09 from any other + heading, except from headings 53.07 + through 53.08. + +53.10-53.11 A change to headings 53.10 through 53.11 + from any other heading outside that + group, except from headings 53.07 through + 53.08. + + +Chapter 54 Man-Made Filaments + +54.01-54.06 A change to headings 54.01 through 54.06 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 52.01 through 52.03 or 55.01 + through 55.07. +54.07 + + 5407.60.10 A change to Canadian tariff item + 5407.60.10, U.S. tariff item 5407.60.22, + Mexican tariff item 5407.60.02 from any + other chapter or from Canadian tariff + item 5402.43.10 or 5402.52.10, U.S. + tariff item 5402.43.10 or 5402.52.10, + Mexican tariff item 5402.43.01 or + 5402.52.02, except from headings 51.06 + through 51.10, 52.05 through 52.06 or + 55.09 through 55.10. + +54.07 A change to heading 54.07 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 + through 51.10, 52.05 through 52.06 or + 55.09 through 55.10. + +54.08 A change to heading 54.08 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 + through 51.10, 52.05 through 52.06 or + 55.09 through 55.10. + + +Chapter 55 Man-Made Staple Fibres + +55.01-55.11 A change to headings 55.01 through 55.11 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 52.01 through 52.03 or 54.01 + through 54.05. + +55.12-55.16 A change to headings 55.12 through 55.16 + from any other heading outside that + group, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.10, 52.05 through 52.06, 54.01 through + 54.04 or 55.09 through 55.10. + + +Chapter 56 Wadding, Felt and Nonwovens; Special + Yarns; Twine; Cordage, Ropes and Cables + and Articles Thereof + +56.01-56.09 A change to headings 56.01 through 56.09 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, or Chapters 54 through 55. + +Chapter 57 Carpets and Other Textile Floor Coverings + +57.01-57.05 A change to headings 57.01 through 57.05 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.08, 53.11, 55.08 + through 55.16, or Chapter 54. + + +Chapter 58 Special Woven Fabrics; Tufted Textile + Fabrics; Lace; Tapestries; Trimmings; + Embroidery + +58.01-58.11 A change to headings 58.01 through 58.11 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, or Chapters 54 through 55. + + +Chapter 59 Impregnated, Coated, Covered or Laminated + Textile Fabrics; Textile + Articles of a Kind Suitable For Industrial Use + +59.01 A change to heading 59.01 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.11 + through 51.13, 52.08 through 52.12, 53.10 + through 53.11, 54.07 through 54.08, or + 55.12 through 55.16. + +59.02 A change to heading 59.02 from any other + heading, except from headings 51.06 + through 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.06 + through 53.11, or Chapters 54 through 55. + + +59.03-59.08 A change to headings 59.03 through 59.08 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.11 through 51.13, 52.08 + through 52.12, 53.10 through 53.11, 54.07 + through 54.08, or 55.12 through 55.16. + +59.09 A change to heading 59.09 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.11 + through 51.13, 52.08 through 52.12, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.12 through 55.16, or + Chapter 54. + +59.10 A change to heading 59.10 from any other + heading, except from headings 51.06 + through 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 + through 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, or + Chapters 54 through 55. + +59.11 A change to heading 59.11 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.11 + through 51.13, 52.08 through 52.12, 53.10 + through 53.11, 54.07 through 54.08, or + 55.12 through 55.16. + + +Chapter 60 Knitted or Crocheted Fabrics + +60.01-60.02 A change to headings 60.01 through 60.02 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 53.07 + through 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, or + Chapters 52, 54 through 55. + + +Chapter 61 Articles of Apparel and Clothing + Accessories, Knitted or Crocheted + + + Note 1: A change to any of the following headings or + subheadings for visible lining fabrics: + + 51.11-51.12, 5208.31-5208.59, 5209.31-5209.59, + 5210.31-5210.59, 5211.31-5211.59, + 5212.13-5212.15, 5212.23-5212.25, + 5407.42-5407.44, 5407.52-5407.54, 5407.60, + 5407.72-5407.74, 5407.82-5407.84, + 5407.92-5407.94, 5408.22-5408.24 (excluding + Canadian tariff item 5408.22.10, + 5408.23.10 or 5408.24.10, U.S. tariff + item 5408.22.h1, 5408.23.h1 or 5408.24.h1, + Mexican tariff item 5408.22.x1, 5408.23.x1 or + 5408.24.x1), 5408.32-5408.34, 5512.19, + 5512.29, 5512.99, 5513.21-5513.49, + 5514.21-5515.99, 5516.12-5516.14, + 5516.22-5516.24, 5516.32-5516.34, + 5516.42-5516.44, 5516.92-5516.94, 6001.10, + 6001.92, 6002.43, or 6002.91-6002.93, from any + other heading outside that group. + + Note 2: Apparel products of this Chapter shall be + considered to originate in the territory of a + Party if they are both cut and sewn or + otherwise assembled in the territory of one or + more of the Parties and if the outer shell, + exclusive of collars or cuffs, is wholly of + fabrics of Canadian tariff item 6002.92.a1, + U.S. tariff item 6002.92.10, Mexican tariff + item 6002.92.01. + + Note 3: For the purpose of determining the origin of a + good of this Chapter, the rule applicable to + that good shall only apply to the fabric which + imparts to the good its essential character + and such fabric must satisfy the tariff change + requirements set out in the rule for that + good. If the rule requires that the good must + also satisfy the tariff change requirements + for visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1, + such requirement shall only apply to the + visible lining fabric in the main body of the + garment, excluding sleeves, which covers the + largest surface area, and shall not apply to + removable linings. + +6101.10-6101.30 A change to subheadings 6101.10 through + 6101.30 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note + 1 satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6101.90 A change to subheading 6101.90 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6102.10-6102.30 A change to subheadings 6102.10 through + 6102.30 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note + 1 satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6102.90 A change to subheading 6102.90 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6103.11-6103.12 A change to subheadings 6103.11 through + 6103.12 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note + 1 satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6103.19 + + 6103.19.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6103.19.90, U.S. tariff item 6103.19.40, + Mexican tariff item 6103.19.02 or + 6103.19.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + + 6103.19 A change to subheading 6103.19 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, and + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6103.21-6103.29 A change to subheadings 6103.21 through + 6103.29 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties + and, with the additional requirement that + garments described in heading 61.01 or + jackets or blazers described in heading + 61.03, of wool, fine animal hair, cotton + or man-made fibres, imported as part of + the ensembles of these subheadings, the + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6103.31-6103.33 A change to subheadings 6103.31 through + 6103.33 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note + 1 satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6103.39 + + 6103.39.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6103.39.90, U.S. tariff item 6103.39.20, + Mexican tariff item 6103.39.02 or + 6103.39.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + + 6103.39 A change to subheading 6103.39 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, and + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6103.41-6103.49 A change to subheadings 6103.41 through + 6103.49 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6104.11-6104.13 A change to subheadings 6104.11 through + 6104.13 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note + 1 satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6104.19 + + 6104.19.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6104.19.90, U.S. tariff item 6104.19.20, + Mexican tariff item 6104.19.02 or + 6104.19.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + + 6104.19 A change to subheading 6104.19 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, and + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6104.21-6104.29 A change to subheadings 6104.21 through + 6104.29 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties + and, with the additional requirement that + garments described in heading 61.02, + jackets or blazers described in heading + 61.04, or skirts described in heading + 61.04, of wool, fine animal hair, cotton + or man-made fibres, imported as part of + the ensembles of these subheadings, the + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6104.31-6104.33 A change to subheadings 6104.31 through + 6104.33 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note + 1 satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6104.39 + + 6104.39.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6104.39.90, U.S. tariff item 6104.39.20, + Mexican tariff item 6104.39.02 or + 6104.39.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + + 6104.39 A change to subheading 6104.39 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, and + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6104.41-6104.49 A change to subheadings 6104.41 through + 6104.49 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6104.51-6104.53 A change to subheadings 6104.51 through + 6104.53 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note + 1 satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6104.59 + + 6104.59.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6104.59.90, U.S. tariff item 6104.59.20, + Mexican tariff item 6104.59.02 or + 6104.59.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + + 6104.59 A change to subheading 6104.59 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut (or knit to + shape) and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties, and + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6104.61-6104.69 A change to subheadings 6104.61 through + 6104.69 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + +61.05-61.17 A change to headings 61.05 through 61.17 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + + + +Chapter 62 Articles of Apparel and Clothing + Accessories, Not Knitted or Crocheted + + + Note 1: A change to any of the following headings or + subheadings for visible lining fabrics: + + 51.11-51.12, 5208.31-5208.59, 5209.31-5209.59, + 5210.31-5210.59, 5211.31-5211.59, + 5212.13-5212.15, 5212.23-5212.25, + 5407.42-5407.44, 5407.52-5407.54, 5407.60, + 5407.72-5407.74, 5407.82-5407.84, + 5407.92-5407.94, 5408.22-5408.24 (excluding + Canadian tariff item 5408.22.10, 5408.23.10 or + 5408.24.10, U.S. tariff item 5408.22.h1, + 5408.23.h1 or 5408.24.h1, Mexican tariff item + 5408.22.x1, 5408.23.x1 or 5408.24.x1), + 5408.32-5408.34, 5512.19, 5512.29, 5512.99, + 5513.21-5513.49, 5514.21-5515.99, + 5516.12-5516.14, 5516.22-5516.24, + 5516.32-5516.34, 5516.42-5516.44, + 5516.92-5516.94, 6001.10, 6001.92, 6002.43, or + 6002.91-6002.93, from any other heading + outside that group. + + Note 2: Apparel products of this Chapter shall be + considered to originate if they are both cut + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties and if + the outer shell, exclusive of collars or + cuffs, is wholly of one or more of the + following fabrics: + + (i) Velveteen fabrics of subheading 5801.23, + containing 85 per cent or more by weight + of cotton; + + (ii) Corduroy fabrics of subheading 5801.22, + containing 85 per cent or more by weight + of cotton and containing more than 7.5 + wales per centimetre; + + (iii) Fabrics of subheading 5111.11 or + 5111.19, if hand-woven, with a loom + width of less than 76 cm, woven in + the United Kingdom in accordance + with the rules and regulations of + the Harris Tweed Association, Ltd., + and so certified by the Association; + + (iv) Fabrics of subheading 5112.30, weighing + not more than 340 grams per square metre, + containing wool, not less than 20 per + cent by weight of fine animal hair and + not less than 15 per cent by weight of + man-made staple fibres; + + (v) Batiste fabrics of subheading 5513.11 or + 5513.21, of square construction, of + single yarns exceeding 76 metric count, + containing between 60 and 70 warp ends + and filling picks per square centimetre, + of a weight not exceeding 110 grams per + square metre. + + + Note 3: For the purpose of determining the origin of a + good of this Chapter, the rule applicable to + that good shall only apply to the fabric which + imparts to the good its essential character + and such fabric must satisfy the tariff change + requirements set out in the rule for that + good. If the rule requires that the good must + also satisfy the tariff change requirements + for visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1, + such requirement shall only apply to the + visible lining fabric in the main body of the + garment, excluding sleeves, which covers the + largest surface area, and shall not apply to + removable linings. + + +6201.11-6201.13 A change to subheadings 6201.11 through + 6201.13 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6201.19 A change to subheading 6201.19 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6201.91-6201.93 A change to subheadings 6201.91 through + 6201.93 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6201.99 A change to subheading 6201.99 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6202.11-6202.13 A change to subheadings 6202.11 through + 6202.13 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6202.19 A change to subheading 6202.19 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6202.91-6202.93 A change to subheadings 6202.91 through + 6202.93 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6202.99 A change to subheading 6202.99 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6203.11-6203.12 A change to subheadings 6203.11 through + 6203.12 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6203.19 + + 6203.19.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6203.19.90, U.S. tariff item 6203.19.40, + Mexican tariff item 6203.19.02 or + 6203.19.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + + 6203.19 A change to subheading 6203.19 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6203.21-6203.29 A change to subheadings 6203.21 through + 6203.29 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties + and, with the additional requirement that + garments described in heading 62.01 or + jackets or blazers described in heading + 62.03, of wool, fine animal hair, cotton + or man-made fibres, imported as part of + the ensembles of these subheadings, the + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6203.31-6203.33 A change to subheadings 6203.31 through + 6203.33 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6203.39 + + 6203.39.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6203.39.a1, U.S. tariff item 6203.39.40, + Mexican tariff item 6203.39.02 or + 6203.39.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + + 6203.39 A change to subheading 6203.39 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6203.41-6203.49 A change to subheadings 6203.41 through + 6203.49 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + +6204.11-6204.13 A change to subheadings 6204.11 through + 6204.13 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6204.19 + + 6204.19.a1 A change to Canadian tariff 6204.19.a1, + U.S. tariff item 6204.19.30, Mexican + tariff item 6204.19.02 or 6204.19.99 from + any other chapter, except from headings + 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, + 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, + 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, + 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut and sewn + or otherwise assembled in the territory + of one or more of the Parties. + + 6204.19 A change to subheading 6204.19 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6204.21-6204.29 A change to subheadings 6204.21 through + 6204.29 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 60.01 + through 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided + the goods are both cut (or knit to shape) + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties + and, with the additional requirement that + garments described in heading 62.02, + jackets or blazers described in heading + 62.04, or skirts described in heading + 62.04, of wool, fine animal hair, cotton + or man-made fibres, imported as part of + the ensembles of these subheadings, the + visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6204.31-6204.33 A change to subheadings 6204.31 through + 6204.33 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6204.39 + + 6204.39.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6204.39.90, U.S. tariff item 6204.39.60 + or 6204.39.80, Mexican tariff item + 6204.39.02 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + + 6204.39 A change to subheading 6204.39 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6204.41-6204.49 A change to subheadings 6204.41 through + 6204.49 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + +6204.51-6204.53 A change to subheadings 6204.51 through + 6204.53 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties, and visible lining fabrics + listed in Note 1 satisfy the tariff + change requirements provided therein. + +6204.59 + + 6204.59.90 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6204.59.90, U.S. tariff item 6204.59.40, + Mexican tariff item 6204.59.02 or + 6204.59.99 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + + 6204.59 A change to subheading 6204.59 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties, + and visible lining fabrics listed in Note 1 + satisfy the tariff change requirements + provided therein. + +6204.61-6204.69 A change to subheadings 6204.61 through + 6204.69 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + +6205.10 A change to subheading 6205.10 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6205.20-6205.30 Note: Men's or boys' shirts of cotton or + man-made fibres shall be considered to + originate if they are both cut and + assembled in the territory of one or more + of the Parties and if the outer shell, + exclusive of collars or cuffs, is wholly + of one or more of the following fabrics: + + (i) Fabrics of subheading 5208.21, 5208.22, + 5208.29, 5208.31, 5208.32, 5208.39, + 5208.41, 5208.42, 5208.49, 5208.51, + 5208.52 or 5208.59, of average yarn + number exceeding 135 metric; + + (ii) Fabrics of subheading 5513.11 or 5513.21, + not of square construction, containing + more than 70 warp ends and filling picks + per square centimetre, of average yarn + number exceeding 70 metric; + + (iii) Fabrics of subheading 5210.21 or + 5210.31, not of square construction, + containing more than 70 warp ends + and filling picks per square + centimetre, of average yarn number + exceeding 70 metric; + + (iv) Fabrics of subheading 5208.22 or 5208.32, + not of square construction, containing + more than 75 warp ends and filling picks + per square centimetre, of average yarn + number exceeding 65 metric; + + (v) Fabrics of subheading 5407.81, 5407.82 or + 5407.83, weighing less than 170 grams per + square metre, having a dobby weave + created by a dobby attachment; + + (vi) Fabrics of subheading 5208.42 or 5208.49, + not of square construction, containing + more than 85 warp ends and filling picks + per square centimetre, of average yarn + number exceeding 85 metric; + + (vii) Fabrics of subheading 5208.51, of + square construction, containing more + than 75 warp ends and filling picks + per square centimetre, made with + single yarns, of average yarn number + 95 or greater metric; + + (viii) Fabrics of subheading 5208.41, of + square construction, with a gingham + pattern, containing more than 85 + warp ends and filling picks per + square centimetre, made with single + yarns, of average yarn number 95 or + greater metric, and characterized by + a check effect produced by the + variation in color of the yarns in + the warp and filling. + + A change to subheadings 6205.20 through + 6205.30 from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 through + 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 through + 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 through + 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or Chapter 54; + provided the goods are both cut and sewn or + otherwise assembled in the territory of one or + more of the Parties. + +6205.90 A change to subheading 6205.90 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 through + 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 through + 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, 55.08 through + 55.16, 58.01 through 58.02, 60.01 through + 60.02, or Chapter 54; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the Parties. + +62.06-62.11 A change to headings 62.06 through 62.11 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + +6212.10 A change to subheading 6212.10 from any + other chapter; provided the goods are both cut + and sewn or otherwise assembled in the + territory of one or more of the Parties. + +6212.20-6212.90 A change to subheadings 6212.20 through + 6212.90 from any other chapter, except + from headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + +62.13-62.17 A change to headings 62.13 through 62.17 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, 55.08 through 55.16, 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 through 60.02, or + Chapter 54; provided the goods are both + cut and sewn or otherwise assembled in + the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + + +Chapter 63 Other Made Up Textile Articles; Sets; + Worn Clothing and Worn Textile Articles; + Rags + + Note 1: For the purpose of determining the origin of a + good of this Chapter, the rule applicable to + that good shall only apply to the fabric which + imparts to the good its essential character + and such fabric must satisfy the tariff change + requirements set out in the rule for that + good. + + +63.01-63.02 A change to headings 63.01 through 63.02 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, Chapters 54 through 55, + headings 58.01 through 58.02 or 60.01 + through 60.02; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn (or knit to shape) or + otherwise assembled in the territory of + one or more of the Parties. + +63.03 + + 6303.92.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6303.92.a1, U.S. tariff item 6302.92.h1, + Mexican tariff item 6302.92.x1 from any + other chapter or from Canadian tariff + item 5402.43.10 or 5402.52.10, U.S. + tariff item 5402.43.10 or 5402.52.10, + Mexican tariff item 5402.43.01 or + 5402.52.02, except from headings 51.06 + through 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 + through 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, + Chapters 54 through 55, headings 58.01 + through 58.02, 60.01 or 60.02; provided + the goods are both cut and sewn or + otherwise assembled in the territory of + one or more of the Parties. + + 63.03 A change to heading 63.03 from any other + chapter, except from headings 51.06 + through 51.13, 52.04 through 52.12, 53.07 + through 53.08, 53.10 through 53.11, + Chapters 54 through 55, headings 58.01 + through 58.02 or 60.01 through 60.02; + provided the goods are both cut and sewn + (or knit to shape) or otherwise assembled + in the territory of one or more of the + Parties. + +63.04-63.10 A change to headings 63.04 through 63.10 + from any other chapter, except from + headings 51.06 through 51.13, 52.04 + through 52.12, 53.07 through 53.08, 53.10 + through 53.11, Chapters 54 through 55, + headings 58.01 through 58.02 or 60.01 + through 60.02; provided the goods are + both cut and sewn (or knit to shape) or + otherwise assembled in the territory of + one or more of the Parties. + + +SECTION XII +Footwear, Headgear, Umbrellas, Sun Umbrellas, Walking-Sticks, Seat- +Sticks, Whips, Riding-Crops and Parts Thereof; Prepared Feathers +and Articles Made Therewith; Artificial Flowers; Articles of Human +Hair (Ch. 64-67) + +Chapter 64 Footwear, Gaiters and the Like; Parts of + Such Articles + +6401.10-6406.10 A change to subheadings 6401.10 through + 6406.10 from any other subheading outside + that group, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than 55% under + the net cost method. + +6406.20-6406.99 A change to subheadings 6406.20 through + 6406.99 from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 65 Headgear and Parts Thereof + +65.01-65.02 A change to headings 65.01 through 65.02 + from any other chapter. + +65.03-65.07 A change to headings 65.03 through 65.07 + from any heading outside that group. + + +Chapter 66 Umbrellas, Sun Umbrellas, Walking-Sticks, + Seat-Sticks, Whips, Riding-Crops and + Parts Thereof + +66.01 A change to heading 66.01 from any other + heading, except from a combination of + both: + + a) subheading 6603.20; and + b) headings 39.20 through 39.21, 50.07, + 51.11 through 51.13, 52.08 through + 52.12, 53.09 through 53.11, 54.07 + through 54.08, 55.12 through 55.16, + 56.02 through 56.03, 58.01 through + 58.11, 59.01 through 59.11, 60.01 + through 60.02. + +66.02 A change to heading 66.02 from any other + heading. + +66.03 A change to heading 66.03 from any other + chapter. + + +Chapter 67 Prepared Feathers and Down and Articles + Made of Feathers or of Down; Artificial + Flowers; Articles of Human Hair + +67.01 + + 6701.00.10 A change to Canadian tariff item + 6701.00.10, U.S. tariff item 6701.00.10, + Mexican tariff item 6701.00.01 or + 6701.00.02 from any other tariff item. + + 67.01 A change to heading 67.01 from any other + chapter. + +67.02 A change to heading 67.02 from any other + heading. + +67.03 A change to heading 67.03 from any other + chapter. + +67.04 A change to heading 67.04 from any other + heading. + + +SECTION XIII +Articles of Stone, Plaster, Cement, Asbestos, Mica or Similar +Materials; Ceramic Products; Glass and Glassware (Ch. 68-70) + +Chapter 68 Articles of Stone, Plaster, Cement, + Asbestos, Mica or Similar Materials + +68.01-68.11 A change to headings 68.01 through 68.11 + from any other chapter. + +6812.10 A change to subheading 6812.10 from any other + chapter. + +6812.20 A change to subheading 6812.20 from any other + subheading. + +6812.30-6812.40 A change to subheadings 6812.30 through + 6812.40 from any other subheading outside + that group. + +6812.50 A change to subheading 6812.50 from any other + subheading. + +6812.60-6812.90 A change to subheadings 6812.60 through + 6812.90 from any other subheading outside + that group. + +68.13 A change to heading 68.13 from any other + heading. + +68.14-68.15 A change to headings 68.14 through 68.15 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 69 Ceramic Products + +69.01-69.14 A change to headings 69.01 through 69.14 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 70 Glass and Glassware + +70.01-70.02 A change to headings 70.01 through 70.02 + from any other chapter. + +70.03-70.09 A change to headings 70.03 through 70.09 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +70.10-70.20 A change to headings 70.10 through 70.20 + from any other heading, except from + headings 70.07 through 70.20. + + +SECTION XIV +Natural or Cultured Pearls, Precious or Semiprecious Stones, +Precious Metals, Metals Clad with Precious Metal, and Articles +Thereof; Imitation Jewellery; Coin (Ch. 71) + +Chapter 71 Natural or Cultured Pearls, Precious or + Semi-Precious Stones, Precious Metals, + Metals Clad with Precious Metal, and + Articles Thereof; Imitation Jewellery; + Coin (Ch. 71) + +71.01-71.12 A change to headings 71.01 through 71.12 + from any other chapter. + +71.13-71.18 Note: Pearls, temporarily or permanently + strung but without the addition of + clasps or other ornamental features + of precious metals or stones, shall + be treated as a good of the country + in which the pearls were obtained. + + A change to headings 71.13 through 71.18 from + any other heading outside that group. + + +SECTION XV +Base Metals and Articles of Base Metal (Ch. 72-83) + +Chapter 72 Iron and Steel + +72.01 A change to heading 72.01 from any other + chapter. + +7202.11-7202.60 A change to subheadings 7202.11 through + 7202.60 from any other chapter. + +7202.70 A change to subheading 7202.70 from any other + chapter, except from subheading 2613.10. + +7202.80-7202.99 A change to subheadings 7202.80 through + 7202.99 from any other chapter. + +72.03-72.05 A change to headings 72.03 through 72.05 + from any other chapter. + +72.06-72.07 A change to headings 72.06 through 72.07 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +72.08-72.16 A change to headings 72.08 through 72.16 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +72.17 A change to heading 72.17 from any other + heading, except from headings 72.13 + through 72.15. + +72.18-72.22 A change to headings 72.18 through 72.22 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +72.23 A change to heading 72.23 from any other + heading, except from headings 72.21 + through 72.22. + +72.24-72.28 A change to headings 72.24 through 72.28 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +72.29 A change to heading 72.29 from any other + heading, except from headings 72.27 + through 72.28. + + +Chapter 73 Articles of Iron or Steel + +73.01-73.03 A change to headings 73.01 through 73.03 + from any other chapter. + +7304.10-7304.39 A change to subheadings 7304.10 through + 7304.39 from any other chapter. + +7304.41 + 7304.41.10 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7304.41.10, U.S. tariff item 7304.41.10, + Mexican tariff item 7304.41.02 or + 7304.41.03 from subheading 7304.49 or + from any other chapter. + + 7304.41 A change to subheading 7304.41 from any other + chapter. + +7304.49-7304.90 A change to subheadings 7304.49 through + 7304.90 from any other chapter. + +73.05-73.07 A change to headings 73.05 through 73.07 + from any other chapter. + +73.08 A change to heading 73.08 from any other + heading, except for changes resulting + from the following processes performed on + angles, shapes, or sections of heading + 72.16: + + a) drilling, punching, notching, + cutting, cambering, or sweeping, + whether performed individually or in + combination; + b) adding attachments or weldments for + composite construction; + c) adding attachments for handling + purposes; + d) adding weldments, connectors or + attachments to H-sections or I- + sections; provided that the maximum + dimension of the weldments, + connectors, or attachments is not + greater than the dimension between + the inner surfaces of the flanges of + the H-sections or I-sections + e) painting, galvanizing, or otherwise + coating; or + f) adding a simple base plate without + stiffening elements, individually or + in combination with drilling, + punching, notching, or cutting, to + create an article suitable as a + column. + +73.09-73.11 A change to headings 73.09 through 73.11 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +73.12-73.14 A change to headings 73.12 through 73.14 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + +7315.11-7315.12 A change to subheadings 7315.11 through + 7315.12 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 7315.11 through + 7315.12 from subheading 7315.19, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +7315.19 A change to subheading 7315.19 from any other + heading. + +7315.20-7315.89 A change to subheadings 7315.20 through + 7315.89 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 7315.20 through + 7315.89 from subheading 7315.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +7315.90 A change to subheading 7315.90 from any other + heading. + +73.16 A change to heading 73.16 from any other + heading, except from heading 73.12 or + 73.15. + +73.17-73.18 A change to headings 73.17 through 73.18 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + +73.19-73.20 A change to headings 73.19 through 73.20 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +7321.11 + + 7321.11.19 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7321.11.19, U.S. tariff item 7321.11.30, + Mexican tariff item 7321.11.02 or + 7321.11.03 from any other subheading, + except from Canadian tariff item + 7321.90.51, 7321.90.52 or 7321.90.53, + U.S. tariff item 7321.90.32, 7321.90.34 + or U.S. tariff item 7321.90.36, Mexican + tariff item 7321.90.05, 7321.90.06 or + 7321.90.07. + + 7321.11 A change to subheading 7321.11 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 7321.11 from subheading + 7321.90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +7321.12-7321.83 A change to subheadings 7321.12 through + 7321.83 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 7321.12 through + 7321.83 from subheading 7321.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +7321.90 + + 7321.90.51 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7321.90.51, U.S. tariff item 7321.90.32, + Mexican tariff item 7321.90.05 from any + other tariff item. + + 7321.90.52 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7321.90.52, U.S. tariff item 7321.90.34, + Mexican tariff item 7321.90.06 from any + other tariff item. + + 7321.90.53 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7321.90.53, U.S. tariff item 7321.90.36, + Mexican tariff item 7321.90.07 from any + other tariff item. + + 7321.90 A change to subheading 7321.90 from any other + heading. + +73.22-73.23 A change to headings 73.22 through 73.23 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +7324.10-7324.29 A change to subheadings 7324.10 through + 7324.29 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 7324.10 through + 7324.29 from subheading 7324.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +7324.90 A change to subheading 7324.90 from any other + heading. + +73.25-73.26 A change to headings 73.25 through 73.26 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + + +Chapter 74 Copper and Articles Thereof + +74.01-74.02 A change to headings 74.01 through 74.02 + from any other chapter. + +74.03 A change to heading 74.03 from any other + chapter; or + + A change to heading 74.03 from any of Canadian + tariff item 7404.00.11, 7404.00.21 or + 7404.11.91, U.S. tariff item 7404.00.10, + Mexican tariff item 7404.00.01 or 7404.11.02, + heading 74.01 or 74.02, whether or not there + is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +74.04 A change to heading 74.04 from any other + chapter. + +74.05-74.07 A change to headings 74.05 through 74.07 + from any other chapter; or + + A change to headings 74.05 through 74.07 from + any of Canadian tariff item 7404.00.11, + 7404.00.21 or 7404.00.91, U.S. tariff item + 7404.00.10, Mexican tariff item 7404.00.01 or + 7404.00.02, heading 74.01 or 74.02, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +7408.11 + + 7408.11.11 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7408.11.11 or 7408.11.21, U.S. tariff + item 7408.11.60, Mexican tariff item + 7408.11.01 from any other chapter; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 7408.11.11 or + 7408.11.21, U.S. tariff item 7408.11.60, + Mexican tariff item 7408.11.01 from any of + Canadian tariff item 7404.00.11, 7404.00.21 or + 7404.00.91, U.S. tariff item 7404.00.10, + Mexican tariff item 7404.00.01 or 7404.00.02, + or heading 74.01 or 74.02, whether or not + there is also a change from any other chapter, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 7408.11 A change to subheading 7408.11 from any + other heading, except from heading 74.07. + + +7408.19-7408.29 A change to subheadings 7408.19 through + 7408.29 from any other heading, except + from heading 74.07. + +74.09 A change to heading 74.09 from any other + heading. + +74.10 A change to heading 74.10 from any other + heading, except from heading 74.09. + +74.11 A change to heading 74.11 from any other + heading, except from heading 74.09 or + Canadian tariff item 7407.10.13, + 7407.10.22, 7407.21.13, 7407.21.22, + 7407.22.13, 7407.22.22, 7407.29.13, or + 7407.29.22, U.S. tariff item + 7407.10.20, 7407.21.20, 7407.22.20 or + 7407.29.20, Mexican tariff item + 7407.10.02, 7407.21.02, 7407.22.02 or + 7407.29.02. + +74.12 A change to heading 74.12 from any other + heading, except from heading 74.11. + +74.13 A change to heading 74.13 from any other + heading, except from headings 74.07 + through 74.08; or + + A change to heading 74.13 from any of headings + 74.07 through 74.08, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +74.14-74.18 A change to headings 74.14 through 74.18 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + +7419.10 A change to subheading 7419.10 from any other + heading, except from heading 74.07. + +7419.91-7419.99 A change to subheadings 7419.91 through + 7419.99 from any other heading. + + +Chapter 75 Nickel and Articles Thereof + +75.01-75.04 A change to headings 75.01 through 75.04 + from any other chapter. + + 75.05 A change to heading 75.05 from any other + heading. + +75.06 + + 7506.10.22 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7506.10.22, U.S. tariff item 7506.10.50, + Mexican tariff item 7506.10.01 from any + other tariff item. + + 7506.20.92 A change to Canadian tariff item + 7506.20.92, U.S. tariff item 7506.20.50, + Mexican tariff item 7506.20.01 from any + other tariff item. + + 75.06 A change to heading 75.06 from any other + heading. + +75.07-75.08 A change to headings 75.07 through 75.08 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + +Chapter 76 Aluminum and Articles Thereof + +76.01-76.03 A change to headings 76.01 through 76.03 + from any other chapter. + +76.04-76.06 A change to headings 76.04 through 76.06 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +76.07 A change to heading 76.07 from any other + heading. + +76.08-76.09 A change to headings 76.08 through 76.09 + from any other heading outside that + group. + +76.10-76.13 A change to headings 76.10 through 76.13 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + +76.14 A change to heading 76.14 from any other + heading, except from headings 76.04 + through 76.05. + +76.15-76.16 A change to headings 76.15 through 76.16 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + + + +Chapter 78 Lead and Articles Thereof + +78.01-78.02 A change to headings 78.01 through 78.02 + from any other chapter. + +78.03-78.06 A change to headings 78.03 through 78.06 + from any other chapter; or + + A change to headings 78.03 through 78.06 from + any other heading within Chapter 78, including + another heading within that group, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 79 Zinc and Articles Thereof + +79.01-79.03 A change to headings 79.01 through 79.03 + from any other chapter. + +79.04-79.07 A change to headings 79.04 through 79.07 + from any other chapter; or + + A change to headings 79.04 through 79.07 from + any other heading within Chapter 79, including + another heading within that group, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +Chapter 80 Tin and Articles Thereof + +80.01-80.02 A change to headings 80.01 through 80.02 + from any other chapter. + +80.03-80.04 A change to headings 80.03 through 80.04 + from any other heading outside that group. + +80.05-80.07 A change to headings 80.05 through 80.07 + from any other heading outside that + group. + + +Chapter 81 Other Base Metals; Cermets; Articles + Thereof + +8101.10-8101.91 A change to subheadings 8101.10 through + 8101.91 from any other chapter. + +8101.92 A change to subheading 8101.92 from any other + subheading. + +8101.93 A change to subheading 8101.93 from any other + chapter. + +8101.99 A change to subheading 8101.99 from any other + subheading. + +8102.10-8102.91 A change to subheadings 8102.10 through + 8102.91 from any other chapter. + +8102.92 A change to subheading 8102.92 from any other + subheading. + +8102.93 A change to subheading 8102.93 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8102.92.10, U.S. tariff item 8102.92.10, + Mexican tariff item 8102.92.01. + +8102.99 A change to subheading 8102.99 from any other + subheading. + +8103.10 A change to subheading 8103.10 from any other + chapter. + +8103.90 A change to subheading 8103.90 from any other + subheading. + +8104.11-8104.30 A change to subheadings 8104.11 through + 8104.30 from any other chapter. + +8104.90 A change to subheading 8104.90 from any other + subheading. + +8105.10 A change to subheading 8105.10 from any other + chapter. + +8105.90 A change to subheading 8105.90 from any other + subheading. + +81.06 A change to heading 81.06 from any other + chapter. + +8107.10 A change to subheading 8107.10 from any other + chapter. + +8107.90 A change to subheading 8107.90 from any + other subheading. + +8108.10 A change to subheading 8108.10 from any other + chapter. + +8108.90 A change to subheading 8108.90 from any other + subheading. + +8109.10 A change to subheading 8109.10 from any other + chapter. + +8109.90 A change to subheading 8109.90 from any other + subheading. + +81.10 A change to heading 81.10 from any other + chapter. + +81.11 + + 8111.00.21 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8111.00.21. 8111.00.22, 8111.00.40, U.S. + tariff item 8111.00.60, Mexican tariff + item 8111.00.01 from any other tariff + item. + + 81.11 A change to heading 81.11 from any other + chapter. + + +81.12-81.13 A change to headings 81.12 through 81.13 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 82 Tools, Implements, Cutlery, Spoons and + Forks, of Base Metal; Parts Thereof of + Base Metal +82.01-82.15 A change to headings 82.01 through 82.15 + from any other chapter. + + +Chapter 83 Miscellaneous Articles of Base Metal + +8301.10-8301.50 A change to subheadings 8301.10 through + 8301.50 from any chapter; or + + A change to subheadings 8301.10 through + 8301.50 from subheading 8301.60, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8301.60-8301.70 A change to subheadings 8301.60 through + 8301.70 from any other chapter. + +83.02-83.04 A change to headings 83.02 through 83.04 + from any other chapter. + +8305.10-8305.20 A change to subheadings 8305.10 through + 8305.20 from any other chapter; or + + A change to subheadings 8305.10 through + 8305.20 from subheading 8305.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8305.90 A change to subheading 8305.90 from any other + chapter. + +83.06-83.07 A change to headings 83.06 through 83.07 + from any other chapter.; or + + A change to headings 83.06 through 83.07 from + within headings 83.06 through 83.07, whether + or not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% the transaction value method is + used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8308.10-8308.20 A change to subheadings 8308.10 through + 8308.20 from any other chapter; or + + A change to subheadings 8308.10 through + 8308.20 from subheading 8308.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8308.90 A change to subheading 8308.90 from any other + chapter. + +83.09-83.10 A change to headings 83.09 through 83.10 + from any other chapter. + +8311.10-8311.30 A change to subheadings 8311.10 through + 8311.30 from any other chapter; or + + A change to subheadings 8311.10 through + 8311.30 from subheading 8311.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + chapter, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8311.90 A change to subheading 8311.90 from any other + chapter. + + +SECTION XVI +Machinery and Mechanical Appliances; Electrical Equipment; Parts +Thereof; Sound Recorders and Reproducers, Television Image and +Sound Recorders and Reproducers, and Parts and Accessories of Such +Articles (Ch. 84-85) + +Note: For purposes of this Section, the term, "printed circuit + assembly", means goods consisting of one or more printed + circuits of heading 85.34 with one or more active + elements assembled thereon, with or without passive + elements. For purposes of this Note, "active elements" + means diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor + devices, whether or not photosensitive, of heading 85.41, + and integrated circuits and microassemblies of heading + 85.42. + + + +Chapter 84 Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, Machinery and + Mechanical Appliances; Parts Thereof + + + Note X: Tariff item 8473.30.a3 covers the + following parts of printers: + + (1) Control or command assemblies for + printers of subheading 8471.92, + incorporating at least two of the + following: printed circuit assembly; + hard or flexible (floppy) disc drive; + keyboard; user interface; + + (2) Light source assemblies for printers of + subheading 8471.92, incorporating at + least two of the following: light + emitting diode assembly; gas laser; + mirror polygon assembly; base casting; + + (3) Laser imaging assemblies for the printers + of subheading 8471.92, incorporating at + least two of the following: + photoreceptor belt or cylinder; toner + receptacle unit; toner developing unit; + charge/discharge unit; cleaning unit; + + (4) Image fixing assemblies for the printers + of subheading 8471.92, incorporating at + least two of the following: fuser; + pressure roller; heating element; release + oil dispenser; cleaning unit; electrical + control; + + (5) Ink jet marking assemblies for the + printers of subheading 8471.92, + incorporating at least two of the + following: thermal print head; ink + dispensing unit; nozzle and reservoir + unit; ink heater; + + (6) Maintenance/sealing assemblies for the + printers of subheading 8471.92, + incorporating at least two of the + following: vacuum unit; ink jet covering + unit; sealing unit; purging unit; + + (7) Paper handling assemblies for the + printers of subheading 8471.92, + incorporating at least two of the + following: paper transport belt; roller; + print bar; carriage; gripper roller; + paper storage unit; exit tray; + + (8) Thermal transfer imaging assemblies for + the printers of subheading 8471.92, + incorporating at least two of the + following: thermal print head; cleaning + unit; supply or take-up roller; + + (9) Ionographic imaging assemblies for the + printers of subheading 8471.92, + incorporating at least two of the + following: ion generation and emitting + unit; air assist unit; printed circuit + assembly; charge receptor belt or + cylinder; toner receptacle unit; toner + distribution unit; developer receptacle + and distribution unit; developing unit; + charge/discharge unit; cleaning unit; and + + (10) Combinations of the above specified + assemblies. + + +8401.10-8401.30 A change to subheadings 8401.10 through + 8401.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8401.10 through + 8401.30 from subheading 8401.40, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8401.40 A change to subheading 8401.40 from any other + heading. + +8402.11-8402.20 A change to subheadings 8402.11 through + 8402.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8402.11 through + 8402.20 from subheading 8402.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8402.90 A change to subheading 8402.90 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8402.90 from within + subheading 8402.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8403.10 A change to subheading 8403.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8403.10 from subheading + 8403.90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8403.90 A change to subheading 8403.90 from any other + heading. + +8404.10-8404.20 A change to subheadings 8404.10 through + 8404.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8404.10 through + 8404.20 from subheading 8404.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8404.90 A change to subheading 8404.90 from any other + heading. + +8405.10 A change to subheading 8405.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8405.10 from + subheading 8405.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8405.90 A change to subheading 8405.90 from any other + heading. + +8406.11-8406.19 A change to subheadings 8406.11 through + 8406.19 from any other subheading outside + that group, except from Canadian tariff + item 8406.90.32 or 8406.90.34, U.S. + tariff item 8406.90.20, 8406.90.40, + 8406.90.50 or 8406.90.70, Mexican tariff + item 8406.90.x1 or 8406.90.x2. + +8406.90 + + 8406.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8406.90.32, U.S. tariff item 8406.90.20, + Mexican tariff item 8406.90.x1 from + Canadian tariff item 8406.90.31, U.S. + tariff item 8406.90.30 or 8406.90.60, + Mexican tariff item 8406.90.x3 or any + other heading. + + US8406.90.50 A change to U.S. tariff item 8406.90.50 from + Canadian tariff item 8406.90.31, U.S. tariff + item 8406.90.30 or 8406.90.60, Mexican tariff + item 8406.90.x3 or any other heading. + + 8406.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8406.90.34, U.S. tariff item 8406.90.40, + Mexican tariff item 8406.90.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8406.90.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8406.90.31, U.S. tariff item 8406.90.30, + Mexican tariff item 8406.90.x3 from any + other tariff item. + + US8406.90.60 A change to U.S. tariff item 8406.90.60 from + any other tariff item. + + US8406.90.70 A change to U.S. tariff item 8406.90.70 from + any other tariff item. + + 8406.90 A change to subheading 8406.90 from any other + heading. + +84.07-84.08 A change to headings 84.07 through 84.08 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group, provided there + is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8409.10 A change to subheading 8409.10 from any other + heading. + +8409.91 A change to subheading 8409.91 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8409.91 from within + subheading 8409.91, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8409.99 A change to subheading 8409.99 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8409.99 from within + subheading 8409.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8410.11-8410.13 A change to subheadings 8410.11 through + 8410.13 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8410.11 through + 8410.13 from subheading 8410.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8410.90 A change to subheading 8410.90 from any other + heading. + +8411.11-8411.82 A change to subheadings 8411.11 through + 8411.82 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8411.11 through + 8411.82 from any of subheadings 8411.91 + through 8411.99, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8411.91-8411.99 A change to subheadings 8411.91 through + 8411.99 from any other heading. + +8412.10-8412.80 A change to subheadings 8412.10 through + 8412.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8412.10 through + 8412.80 from subheading 8412.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8412.90 A change to subheading 8412.90 from any other + heading. + +8413.11-8413.82 A change to subheadings 8413.11 through + 8413.82 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8413.11 through + 8413.82 from any of subheadings 8413.91 + through 8413.92, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8413.91 A change to subheading 8413.91 from any other + heading. + +8413.92 A change to subheading 8413.92 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8413.92 from within + subheading 8409.92, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8414.10-8414.20 A change to subheadings 8414.10 through + 8414.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8414.10 through + 8414.20 from subheading 8414.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8414.30 A change to subheading 8414.30 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8414.90.21 or 8414.90.51, U.S. tariff item + 8414.90.20, Mexican tariff item 8414.90.x1. + +8414.40-8414.80 A change to subheadings 8414.40 through + 8414.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8414.40 through + 8414.80 from subheading 8414.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8414.90 A change to subheading 8414.90 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8414.90 from within + subheading 8414.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8415.10 A change to subheading 8415.10 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8415.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8415.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8415.90.x1 or from + assemblies incorporating at least two of the + following: compressor, condenser,evaporator, + connecting tubing. + +8415.81-8415.83 A change to subheadings 8415.81 through + 8415.83 from any other subheading outside + that group, except from Canadian tariff + item 8415.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8415.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8415.90.x1 or from assemblies for goods + of subheadings 8415.10 through 8415.83, + incorporating at least two of the + following: compressor, + condenser,evaporator, connecting tubing; + or + + A change to subheadings 8415.81 through + 8415.83 from any of Canadian tariff item + 8415.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8415.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8415.90.x1 or assemblies + for goods of subheadings 8415.10 through + 8415.83, incorporating at least two of the + following: compressor, condenser,evaporator, + connecting tubing, whether or not there is + also a change from any other subheading + outside that group, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8415.90 + + 8415.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8415.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8415.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8415.90.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8415.90 A change to subheading 8415.90 from any other + heading. + +8416.10-8416.30 A change to subheadings 8416.10 through + 8416.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8416.10 through + 8416.30 from subheading 8416.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8416.90 A change to subheading 8416.90 from any other + heading. + +8417.10-8417.80 A change to subheadings 8417.10 through + 8417.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8417.10 through + 8417.80 from subheading 8417.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8417.90 A change to subheading 8417.90 from any other + heading. + +8418.10-8418.21 A change to subheadings 8418.10 through + 8418.21 from any other subheading, except + from subheading 8418.91 or Canadian + tariff item 8418.99.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8418.99.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8418.99.x1, or from assemblies + incorporating at least two of the + following: compressor, condenser, + evaporator, connecting tubing. + +8418.22 A change to subheading 8418.22 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8418.22 from any of + subheadings 8418.91 through 8418.99, whether + or not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8418.29-8418.40 A change to subheadings 8418.29 through + 8418.40 from any other subheading outside + that group, except from subheading + 8418.91 or Canadian tariff item + 8418.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8418.99.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8418.99.x1, or from + assemblies incorporating at least two of + the following: compressor, condenser, + evaporator, connecting tubing. + +8418.50-8418.69 A change to subheadings 8418.50 through + 8418.69 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8418.50 through + 8418.69 from any of subheadings 8418.91 + through 8418.99, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8418.91 A change to subheading 8418.91 from any other + subheading. + +8418.99 + + 8418.99.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8418.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8418.99.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8418.99.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8418.99 A change to subheading 8418.99 from any other + heading. + +8419.11-8419.89 A change to subheadings 8419.11 through + 8419.89 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8419.11 through + 8419.89 from subheading 8419.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8419.90 A change to subheading 8419.90 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8419.90 from within + subheading 8419.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8420.10 A change to subheading 8420.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8420.10 from any of + subheadings 8420.91 through 8420.99, whether + or not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8420.91-8420.99 A change to subheadings 8420.91 through + 8420.99 from any other heading. + +8421.11 A change to subheading 8421.11 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8421.11 from subheading + 8421.91, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8421.12 A change to subheading 8421.12 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8421.91.a1, 8421.91.a2 or 8537,10.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8421.91.h1, 8421.91.h2 or + 8537.10.h1, Mexican tariff item 8421.91.x1, + 8421.91.x2 or 8537.10.x1. + +8421.19-8421.39 A change to subheadings 8421.19 through + 8421.39 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8421.19 through + 8421.39 from any of subheadings 8421.91 + through 8421.99, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8421.91 + + 8421.91.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8421.91.a1, U.S. tariff item 8421.91.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8421.91.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8421.91.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8421.91.a2, U.S. tariff item 8421.91.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8421.91.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8421.91 A change to subheading 8421.91 from any other + heading. + +8421.99 A change to subheading 8421.99 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8421.99 from within + subheading 8421.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8422.11 A change to subheading 8422.11 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8422.90.a1, 8422.90.a2 or 8537.10.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8422.90.h1, 8422.90.h2 or + 8537.10.h1, Mexican tariff item 8422.90.x1. + 8422.90.x2 or 8537.10.x1, or from water + circulation systems incorporating a pump, + whether or not motorized, and auxiliary + apparatus for controlling, filtering, or + dispersing a spray. + +8422.19-8422.40 A change to subheadings 8422.19 through + 8422.40 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8422.19 through + 8422.40 from subheading 8422.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8422.90 + + 8422.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8422.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8422.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8422.90.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8422.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8422.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8422.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8422.90.h2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8422.90 A change to subheading 8422.90 from any other + heading. + +8423.10-8423.89 A change to subheadings 8423.10 through + 8423.89 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8423.10 through + 8423.89 from subheading 8423.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8423.90 A change to subheading 8423.90 from any other + heading. + +8424.10-8424.89 A change to subheadings 8424.10 through + 8424.89 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8424.10 through + 8424.89 from subheading 8424.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8424.90 A change to subheading 8424.90 from any other + heading. + +84.25-84.26 A change to headings 84.25 through 84.26 + from any other heading, except from + heading 84.31; or + + A change to headings 84.25 through 84.26 from + heading 84.31, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +8427.10 + + 8427.10.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8427.10.a1, U.S. tariff item 8427.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8427.10.x1 from any + other heading, except from heading 84.07 + or 84.08 or subheading 8431.20 or + 8483.40; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8427.10.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8427.10.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8427.10.x1 from any of headings 84.07 or + 84.08 or subheadings 8431.20 or 8483.40, + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8427.10 A change to subheading 8427.10 from any other + heading, except from subheading 8431.20; or + + A change to subheading 8427.10 from subheading + 8431.20, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8427.20 + + 8427.20.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8427.20.a1, U.S. tariff item 8427.20.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8427.20.x1 from any + other heading, except from heading 84.07 + or 84.08 or subheading 8431.20 or + 8483.40; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8427.20.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8427.20.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8427.20.x1 from any of headings 84.07 or + 84.08 or subheadings 8431.20 or 8483.40, + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8427.20 A change to subheading 8427.20 from any other + heading, except from subheading 8431.20; or + + A change to subheading 8427.20 from subheading + 8431.20, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8427.90 A change to subheading 8427.90 from any other + heading, except from subheading 8431.20; or + + A change to subheading 8427.90 from subheading + 8431.20, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +84.28-84.30 A change to headings 84.28 through 84.30 + from any other heading outside that + group, except from heading 84.31; or + + A change to headings 84.28 through 84.30 from + heading 84.31, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading outside that + group, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8431.10 A change to subheading 8431.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8431.10 from within + subheading 8431.10, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8431.20 A change to subheading 8431.20 from any other + heading outside that group. + +8431.31 A change to subheading 8431.31 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8431.31 from within + subheading 8431.31, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +8431.39 A change to subheading 8431.39 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8431.39 from within + subheading 8431.39, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8431.41-8431.42 A change to subheadings 8431.41 through + 8431.42 from any other heading. + +8431.43 A change to subheading 8431.43 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8431.43 from within + subheading 8431.43, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8431.49 A change to subheading 8431.49 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8431.49 from within + subheading 8431.49, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8432.10-8432.80 A change to subheading 8432.10 through + 8432.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8432.10 through + 8432.80 from subheading 8432.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8432.90 A change to subheading 8432.90 from any other + heading. + +8433.11-8433.60 A change to subheadings 8433.11 through + 8433.60 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8433.11 through + 8433.60 from subheading 8433.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8433.90 A change to subheading 8433.90 from any other + heading. + +8434.10-8434.20 A change to subheadings 8434.10 through + 8434.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8434.10 through + 8434.20 from subheading 8434.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8434.90 A change to subheading 8434.90 from any other + heading. + +8435.10 A change to subheading 8435.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8435.10 from subheading + 8435.90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8435.90 A change to subheading 8435.90 from any other + heading. + +8436.10-8436.80 A change to subheadings 8436.10 through + 8436.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8436.10 through + 8436.80 from any of subheadings 8436.91 + through 8436.99, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8436.91-8436.99 A change to subheadings 8436.91 through + 8436.99 from any other heading. + +8437.10-8437.80 A change to subheadings 8437.10 through + 8437.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8437.10 through + 8437.80 from subheading 8437.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8437.90 A change to subheading 8437.90 from any other + heading. + +8438.10-8438.80 A change to subheadings 8438.10 through + 8438.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8438.10 through + 8438.80 from subheading 8438.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8438.90 A change to subheading 8438.90 from any other + heading. + +8439.10-8439.30 A change to subheadings 8439.10 through + 8439.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8439.10 through + 8439.30 from any of subheadings 8439.91 + through 8439.99, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8439.91-8439.99 A change to subheadings 8439.91 through + 8439.99 from any other heading. + +8440.10 A change to subheading 8440.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8440.10 from subheading + 8440.90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8440.90 A change to subheading 8440.90 from any other + heading. + +8441.10-8441.80 A change to subheadings 8441.10 through + 8441.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8441.10 through + 8441.80, from subheading 8441.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8441.90 A change to subheading 8441.90 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8441.90 from within + subheading 8441.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8442.10-8442.30 A change to subheadings 8442.10 through + 8442.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8442.10 through + 8442.30 from any of subheadings 8442.40 + through 8442.50, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8442.40-8442.50 A change to subheadings 8442.40 through + 8442.50 from any other heading. + +8443.11-8443.50 A change to subheadings 8443.11 through + 8443.50 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8443.11 through + 8443.50 from any of subheadings 8443.60 or + 8443.90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8443.60 A change to subheading 8443.60 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8443.60 from subheading + 8443.90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8443.90 A change to subheading 8443.90 from any other + heading. + +84.44-84.47 A change to headings 84.44 through 84.47 + from any other heading outside that + group, except from heading 84.48; or + + A change to headings 84.44 through 84.47 from + heading 84.48, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8448.11-8448.19 A change to subheadings 8448.11 through + 8448.19 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8448.11 through + 8448.19 from any of subheadings 8448.20 + through 8448.59, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8448.20-8448.59 A change to subheadings 8448.20 through + 8448.59 from any other heading. + +84.49 A change to heading 84.49 from any other + heading. + +8450.11-8450.20 A change to subheadings 8450.11 through + 8450.20 from any other subheading outside + that group, except from Canadian tariff + item 8450.90.a1, 8450.90.a2 or + 8537.10.a1, U.S. tariff item 8450.90.h1, + 8450.90.h2 or 8537.10.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8450.90.x1, 8450.90.x2 or + 8537.10.x1, or from washer assemblies + incorporating at least two of the + following: agitator, motor, + transmission, clutch. + +8450.90 + + 8450.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8450.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8450.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8450.90.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8450.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8450.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8450.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8450.90.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8450.90 A change to subheading 8450.90 from any other + heading. + +8451.10 A change to subheading 8451.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8451.10 from + subheading 8451.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +8451.21-8451.29 A change to subheadings 8451.21 through + 8451.29 from any other subheading outside + that group, except from Canadian tariff + item 8451.90.a1 or 8451.90.a2, U.S. + tariff item 8451.90.h1 or 8451.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8451.90.x1 or + 8451.90.x2, or subheading 8537.10. + +8451.30-8451.80 A change to subheadings 8451.30 through + 8451.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8451.30 through + 8451.80 from subheading 8451.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8451.90 + + 8451.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8451.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8451.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8451.90.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8451.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8451.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8451.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8451.90.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8451.90 A change to subheading 8451.90 from any other + heading. + +8452.10-8452.30 A change to subheadings 8452.10 through + 8452.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8452.10 through + 8452.30 from any of subheadings 8452.40 or + 8452.90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8452.40-8452.90 A change to subheadings 8452.40 through + 8452.90 from any other heading. + +8453.10-8453.80 A change to subheadings 8453.10 through + 8453.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8453.10 through + 8453.80 from subheading 8453.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8453.90 A change to subheading 8453.90 from any other + heading. + +8454.10-8454.30 A change to subheadings 8454.10 through + 8454.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8454.10 through + 8454.30 from subheading 8454.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8454.90 A change to subheading 8454.90 from any other + heading. + +8455.10-8455.22 A change to subheadings 8455.10 through + 8455.22 from any other subheading outside + that group, except from Canadian tariff + item 8455.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8455.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8455.90.x1. + +8455.30 A change to subheading 8455.30 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8455.30 from + subheading 8455.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8455.90 A change to subheading 8455.90 from any other + heading. + +8456.10 A change to subheading 8456.10 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8537.10, + o subheading 9013.20. + +8456.20-8456.90 A change to subheadings 8456.20 through + 8456.90 from any other heading, except + from more than one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +84.57 A change to heading 84.57 from any other + heading, except from heading 84.59 or + from more than one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8458.11 A change to subheading 8458.11 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8458.19 A change to subheading 8458.19 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8458.91 A change to subheading 8458.91 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8458.99 A change to subheading 8458.99 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8459.10 A change to subheading 8459.10 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8459.21 A change to subheading 8459.21 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10; or + + A change to subheading 8459.21 from more than + one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10, + + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8459.29 A change to subheading 8459.29 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8459.31 A change to subheading 8459.31 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10; or + + A change to subheading 8459.31 from more than + one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10, + + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8459.39 A change to subheading 8459.39 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8459.40-8459.51 A change to subheadings 8459.40 through + 8459.51 from any other heading, except + from more than one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10; or + + A change to subheadings 8459.40 through + 8459.51 from more than one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10, + + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8459.59 A change to subheading 8459.59 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8459.61 A change to subheading 8459.61 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10; or + + A change to subheading 8459.61 from more than + one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10, + + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +8459.69 A change to subheading 8459.69 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8459.70 + + 8459.70.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8459.70.a1, U.S. tariff item 8459.70.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8459.70.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8459.70.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8459.70.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8459.70.x1 from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10, + + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8459.70 A change to subheading 8459.70 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8460.11 A change to subheading 8460.11 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8460.19 A change to subheading 8460.19 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8460.21 A change to subheading 8460.21 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8460.29 A change to subheading 8460.29 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8460.31 A change to subheading 8460.31 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8460.39 A change to subheading 8460.39 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8460.40 + + 8460.40.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8460.40.a1, U.S. tariff item 8460.40.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8460.40.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8460.40 A change to subheading 8460.40 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8460.90 + + 8460.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8460.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8460.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8460.90.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8460.90 A change to subheading 8460.90 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1 or subheading + 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +8461.10 + + 8461.10.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8461.10.a1, U.S. tariff item 8461.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8461.10.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8461.10 A change to subheading 8461.10 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.83.x1. + +8461.20 + + 8461.20.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8461.20.a1, US. tariff item 8461.20.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8461.20.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8461.20 A change to subheading 8461.20 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.83.x1. + +8461.30 + + 8461.30.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8461.30.a1, U.S. tariff item 8461.30.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8461.30.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8461.30 A change to subheading 8461.30 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1. + +8461.40 A change to subheading 8461.40 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1. + +8461.50 + + 8461.50.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8461.50.a1, U.S. tariff item 8461.50.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8461.50.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8461.50 A change to subheading 8461.50 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1. + +8461.90 + + 8461.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8461.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8461.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8461.90.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.93.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.93.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8461.90 A change to subheading 8461.90 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.93.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.93.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.93.x1. + +8462.10 A change to subheading 8462.10 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.94.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.94.x1. + +8462.21 A change to subheading 8462.21 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.94.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.94.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8462.29 A change to subheading 8462.29 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.94.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.94.x1. + +8462.31 A change to subheading 8462.31 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.94.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.94.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8462.39 A change to subheading 8462.29 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.94.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.94.x1. + +8462.41 A change to subheading 8462.41 from any other + heading, except from more than one of the + following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.94.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.94.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + +8462.49 A change to subheading 8462.49 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.94.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.94.x1. + +8462.91 + + 8462.91.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8462.91.a1, U.S. tariff item 8462.91.h1, + 8462.91.x1 from any other heading, except + from more than one of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.94.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.94.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8462.91 A change to subheading 8462.91 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.94.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.94.x1. + +8462.99 + + 8462.99.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8462.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8462.99.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8462.99.x1 from any + other heading, except from more than one + of the following: + + o subheadings 8413.50 through 8413.60, + o Canadian tariff item 8466.94.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8466.94.x1, + o subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52, + o subheading 8537.10. + + 8462.99 A change to subheading 8462.99 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8466.94.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.94.x1. + +84.63 A change to heading 84.63 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + 8466.94.a1, U.S. tariff item 8466.94.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8466.94.x1 or + subheading 8501.32 or 8501.52. + +84.64 A change to heading 84.64 from any other + heading, except from subheading 8466.91; + or + + A change to heading 84.64 from subheading + 8466.91, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +84.65 A change to heading 84.65 from any other + heading, except from subheading 8466.92; + or + + A change to heading 84.65 from subheading + 8466.92, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +84.66 A change to heading 84.66 from any other + heading. + +8467.11-8467.89 A change to subheadings 8467.11 through + 8467.89 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8467.11 through + 8467.89 from any of subheadings 8467.91, + 8467.92 or 8467.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8467.91-8467.99 A change to subheadings 8467.91 through + 8467.99 from any other heading. + +8468.10-8468.80 A change to subheadings 8468.10 through + 8468.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8468.10 through + 8468.80 from subheading 8468.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8468.90 A change to subheading 8468.90 from any other + heading. + +84.69 + + 8469.10.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8469.10.20, U.S.tariff item 8469.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8469.10.x1 from any + other heading, except from heading 84.73; + or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8469.10.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8469.10.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8469.10.x1 from heading 84.73, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + + 84.69 A change to headings 84.69 from any other + heading, except from heading 84.73; or + + A change to heading 84.69 from heading 84.73, + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +84.70 A change to headings 84.70 from any other + heading, except from heading 84.73; or + + A change to heading 84.70 from heading 84.73, + whether or not there is also a change from any + other heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8471.10 A change to subheading 8471.10 from any other + heading, except from heading 84.73; or + + A change to subheading 8471.10 from heading + 84.73, whether or not there is also a change + from any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8471.20-8471.91 A change to subheadings 8471.20 through + 8471.91 from any other subheading + outside that group. + +8471.92 + + 8471.92.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.92.a1, U.S. tariff item 8471.92.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8471.92.x1 from any other + subheading, except from subheading 8540.30. + + 8471.92.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.92.a2, U.S. tariff item 8471.92.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8471.92.x2 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8473.30.a3, + 8473.30.a1 or 8548.00.a1, U.S. + tariff item 8473.30.h3, 8473.30.h1 or + 8548.00.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8473.30.x3, 8473.30.x1 or 8548.00.x1. + + 8471.92.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.92.a3, U.S. tariff item 8471.92.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8471.92.x3 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8473.30.a1 or 8548.00.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8473.30.h1 or + 8548.00.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8473.30.x1 or 8548.00.x1. + + 8471.92.a4 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.92.a4, U.S. tariff item 8471.92.h4, + Mexican tariff item 8471.92.x4 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8473.30.a3, 8473.30.a1 or + 8548.00.a1, U.S. tariff item 8473.30.h3, + 8473.30.h1 or 8548.00.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8473.30.x3, 8473.30.x1 or + 8548.00.x1. + + 8471.92.a5 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.92.a5, U.S. tariff item 8471.92.h5, + Mexican tariff item 8471.92.x5 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8473.30.a3, U.S. tariff item + 8473.30.h3, Mexican tariff item + 8473.30.x3. + + 8471.92.a6 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.92.a6, U.S. tariff item 8471.92.h6, + Mexican tariff item 8471.92.x6 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8473.30.a3, U.S. tariff item + 8473.30.h3, Mexican tariff item + 8473.30.x3. + + 8471.92.a7 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.92.a7, U.S. tariff item 8471.92.h7, + Mexican tariff item 8471.92.x7 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8473.30.a3, U.S. tariff item + 8473.30.h3, Mexican tariff item + 8473.30.x3. + + 8471.92 A change to subheading 8471.92 from any other + subheading. + +8471.93 A change to subheading 8471.93 from any other + subheading. + +8471.99 + + 8471.99.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8471.99.15, + Mexican tariff item 8471.99.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8471.99.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.99.a2, U.S. tariff item 8471.99.32 + or 8471.99.34, Mexican tariff item + 8471.99.x2 from any other tariff item. + + 8471.99.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8471.99.a3, U.S. tariff item 8471.99.60, + Mexican tariff item 8471.99.x3 from any + other tariff item. + + 8471.99 A change to any tariff item within subheading + 8471.99 from any other tariff item, including + another tariff item within that subheading. + +84.72 A change to heading 84.72 from any other + heading, except from heading 84.73; or + + A change to heading 84.72 from heading 84.73, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8473.10 + + 8473.10.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8473.10.a1, U.S. tariff item 8473.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8473.10.x1 from any + other heading. + + 8473.10.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8473.10.a2, U.S. tariff item 8473.10.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8473.10.x2 from any + other heading; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8473.10.a2, + U.S. tariff item 8473.10.h2, Mexican tariff + item 8473.10.x2 from within Canadian tariff + item 8473.10.a2, U.S. tariff item 8473.10.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8473.10.x2, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8473.21 A change to subheading 8473.21 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8473.21 from within + subheading 8473.21, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8473.29 A change to subheading 8473.29 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8473.29 from within + subheading 8473.29, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8473.30 + + 8473.30.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8473.30.a1, U.S. tariff item 8473.30.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8473.30.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + + 8473.30.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8473.30.a2, U.S. tariff item 8473.30.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8473.30.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8473.30.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8473.30.a3, U.S. tariff item 8473.30.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8473.30.x3 from any + other tariff item. + + 8473.30 A change to subheading 8473.30 from any other + heading. + +8473.40 A change to subheading 8473.40 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8473.40 from within + heading 8473.40, whether or not there is also + a change from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8474.10-8474.80 A change to subheadings 8474.10 through + 8474.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8474.10 through + 8474.80 from subheading 8474.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8474.90 A change to subheading 8474.90 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8474.90 from within + subheading 8474.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + + +8475.10-8475.20 A change to subheadings 8475.10 through + 8475.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8475.10 through + 8475.20 from subheading 8475.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8475.90 A change to subheading 8475.90 from any other + heading. + +8476.11-8476.19 A change to subheadings 8476.11 through + 8476.19 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8476.11 through + 8476.19 from subheading 8476.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8476.90 A change to subheading 8476.90 from any other + heading. + +8477.10 A change to subheading 8477.10 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8477.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8477.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8477.90.x1 or from more + than one of the following: + + o Canadian tariff item + 8477.90.a2, U.S. tariff item + 8477.90.h2, Mexican tariff item + 8477.x2, + o Canadian tariff item 8537.10.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8537.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8537.10.x1. + +8477.20 A change to subheading 8477.20 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8477.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8477.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8477.90.x1 or from more + than one of the following: + + o Canadian tariff item 8477.90.a2, + U.S. tariff item 8477.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8477.x2, + o Canadian tariff item 8537.10.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8537.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8537.10.x1. + + +8477.30 A change to subheading 8477.30 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8477.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8477.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8477.90.x1 or from more + than one of the following: + + o Canadian tariff item + 8477.90.a3, U.S. tariff item + 8477.90.h3, Mexican tariff item + 8477.90.x3, + o Canadian tariff item 8537.10.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8537.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8537.10.x1. + +8477.40-8477.80 A change to subheadings 8477.40 through + 8477.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8477.40 through + 8477.80 from subheading 8477.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8477.90 A change to subheading 8477.90 from any other + heading. + +8478.10 A change to subheading 8478.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8478.10 from + subheading 8478.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8478.90 A change to subheading 8478.90 from any other + heading. + +8479.10-8479.81 A change to subheadings 8479.10 through + 8479.81 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8479.10 through + 8479.81 from subheading 8479.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8479.82 + + 8479.82.x1 A change to Mexican tariff item + 8479.82.x1 from any other tariff item, + except from Canadian tariff item + 8479.90.a1, 8479.90.a2, 8479.90.a3 + or 8479.90.a4, U.S. tariff item + 8479.90.h1, 8479.90.h2, 8479.90.h3 or + 8479.90.h4, Mexican tariff item + 8479.90.x1, 8479.90.x2, 8479.90.x3 or + 8479.90.x4, or combinations thereof. + + 8479.82 A change to subheading 8479.82 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8479.82 from + subheading 8479.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8479.89 + + 8479.89.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8479.89.a1, U.S. tariff item 8479.89.h1 + from any other tariff item, except from + Canadian tariff item 8479.90.a1, + 8479.90.a2, 8479.90.a3 or 8479.90.a4, + U.S. tariff item 8479.90.h1, 8479.90.h2, + 8479.90.h3 or 8479.90.h4, Mexican tariff + item 8479.90.x1, 8479.90.x2, 8479.90.x3 + or 8479.90.x4, or combinations thereof. + + 8479.89 A change to subheading 8479.89 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8479.89 from + subheading 8479.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8479.90 + + 8479.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8479.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8479.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8479.90.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8479.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8479.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8479.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8479.90.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8479.90.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8479.90.a3, U.S. tariff item 8479.90.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8479.90.x3 from any + other tariff item. + + 8479.90.a4 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8479.90.a4, U.S. tariff item 8479.90.h4, + Mexican tariff item 8479.90.x4 from any + other tariff item. + + 8479.90 A change to subheading 8479.90 from any other + heading. + +84.80 A change to heading 84.80 from any other + heading. + +8481.10-8481.80 A change to subheadings 8481.10 through + 8481.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8481.10 through + 8481.80 from subheading 8481.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8481.90 A change to subheading 8481.90 from any other + heading. + +8482.10-8482.80 A change to subheadings 8482.10 through + 8482.80 from any other subheading + outside that group, except from Canadian + tariff item 8482.99.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8482.99.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8482.99.x1; or + + A change to subheadings 8482.10 through + 8482.80 from Canadian tariff item 8482.99.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8482.99.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8482.99.x1, whether or not there is also + a change from any other subheading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8482.91-8482.99 A change to subheadings 8482.91 through + 8482.99 from any other heading. + +8483.10 A change to subheading 8483.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8483.10 from + subheading 8483.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8483.20 A change to subheading 8483.20 from any other + subheading, except from subheadings 8482.10 + through 8482.80, Canadian tariff item + 8482.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8482.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8482.90.x1 or subheading + 8483.90; or + + A change to subheadings 8483.20 from any of + subheadings 8482.10 through 8482.80, Canadian + tariff item 8482.99.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8482.90.h1, Mexican tariff item 8482.90.x1 or + subheading 8483.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other subheading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8483.30 A change to subheading 8483.30 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8483.30 from + subheading 8483.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8483.40-8483.60 A change to subheadings 8483.40 through + 8483.60 from any other subheading, + except from subheadings 8482.10 through + 8482.80, Canadian tariff item + 8482.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8482.99.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8482.99.x1 or + subheading 8483.90; or + + A change to subheadings 8483.40 through + 8483.60 from any of subheadings 8482.10 + through 8482.80, Canadian tariff item + 8482.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8482.99.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8482.99.x1 or subheading + 8483.90, whether or not there is also a + change from any other subheading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8483.90 A change to subheading 8483.90 from any other + heading. + +84.84-84.85 A change to headings 84.84 through 84.85 + from any other heading, including + another heading within that group. + + +Chapter 85 Electrical Machinery and Equipment and + Parts Thereof; Sound Recorders and + Reproducers, Television Image and Sound + Recorders and Reproducers, and Parts and + Accessories of Such Articles + Note X: Canadian tariff item 8517.90.a3, U.S. tariff + item 8517.90.h3, Mexican tariff item + 8517.90.x3 covers the following parts of + facsimile machines: + + (1) Control or command assemblies, + incorporating at least two of the + following: printed circuit assembly; + modem; hard or flexible (floppy) disc + drive; keyboard; user interface; + + (2) Optics module assemblies, incorporating + at least two of the following: optics + lamp; charge couples device and + appropriate optics; lenses; mirror; + + (3) Laser imaging assemblies, incorporating + at least two of the following: + photoreceptor belt or cylinder; toner + receptacle unit; toner developing unit; + charge/discharge unit; cleaning unit; + + (4) Ink jet marking assemblies, + incorporating at least two of the + following: thermal print head; ink + dispensing unit; nozzle and reservoir + unit; ink heater; + + (5) Thermal transfer imaging assemblies, + incorporating at least two of the + following: thermal print head; cleaning + unit; supply or take-up roller; + + (6) Ionographic imaging assemblies, + incorporating at least two of the + following: ion generation and emitting + unit; air assist unit; printed circuit + assembly; charge receptor belt or + cylinder; toner receptacle unit; toner + distribution unit; developer receptacle + and distribution unit; developing unit; + charge/discharge unit; cleaning unit; + + (7) Image fixing assemblies, incorporating + at least two of the following: fuser; + pressure roller; heating element; + release oil dispenser; cleaning unit; + electrical control; + + (8) Paper handling assemblies, incorporating + at least two of the following: paper + transport belt; roller; print bar; + carriage; gripper roller; paper storage + unit; exit tray; + + (9) Combinations of the above specified + assemblies. + + + Note Y: For the purposes of this Chapter, references + to "high definition" as it applies to + television receivers and cathode-ray tubes + refers to goods having: + + (1) an aspect ratio of the screen equal to + or greater than 16:9; and + (2) a viewing screen capable of displaying + more than 700 scanning lines. + + For the purposes of this Chapter, the video + display diagonal is determined by measuring + the maximum straight line dimension across + the visible portion of the face plate used + for displaying video. + + Note Z: Canadian tariff item 8529.90.a3, U.S. tariff + item 8529.90.h3, Mexican tariff item + 8529.90.x3 covers the following parts of + television receivers: + + (1) Video intermediate (IF) amplifying and + detecting systems; + (2) Video processing and amplification + systems; + (3) Synchronizing and deflection circuitry; + (4) Tuners and tuner control systems; + (5) Audio detection and amplification + systems. + + + Note XX: For the purposes of Canadian tariff item + 8540.91.a1, U.S. tariff item 8540.91.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8540.91.x1, the term + "front panel assembly" refers to an assembly + which consists of a glass panel and a shadow + mask or aperture grille, attached for + ultimate use, which is suitable for + incorporation into a colour cathode ray + television picture tube (including video + monitor cathode-ray tube), and which has + undergone the necessary chemical and physical + processes for imprinting phosphors on the + glass panel with sufficient precision to + render a video image when excited by a stream + of electrons. + + +85.01 A change to heading 85.01 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + item 8503.00.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8503.00.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8503.00.x1; or + + A change to heading 85.01 from Canadian + tariff item 8503.00.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8503.00.h1, Mexican tariff item 8503.00.x1, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +85.02 A change to heading 85.02 from any other + heading, except from heading 84.06, + 84.11, 85.01 or 85.03; or + + A change to heading 85.02 from any of + headings 84.06, 84.11, 85.01 or 85.03, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +85.03 A change to heading 85.03 from any other + heading. + +8504.10-8504.34 A change to subheadings 8504.10 through + 8504.34 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8504.10 through + 8504.34 from subheading 8504.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8504.40.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8504.40.a1, U.S. tariff item 8504.40.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8504.40.x1 from any + other subheading. + +8504.40.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8504.40.a2, U.S. tariff item 8504.40.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8504.40.x2 from any + other subheading, except from Canadian + tariff item 8504.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8504.40.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8504.40.x1. + +8504.40 A change to subheading 8504.40 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8504.40 from + subheading 8504.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8504.50 A change to subheading 8504.50 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8504.50 from + subheading 8504.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8504.90 + + 8504.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8504.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8504.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8504.90.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8504.90 A change to subheading 8504.90 from any other + heading. + +8505.11-8505.30 A change to subheadings 8505.11 through + 8505.30 from any other heading;or + + A change to subheadings 8505.11 through + 8505.30 from subheading 8505.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8505.90 A change to subheading 8505.90 from any other + heading. + +8506.11-8506.20 A change to subheadings 8506.11 through + 8506.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8506.11 through + 8506.20 from subheading 8506.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8506.90 A change to subheading 8506.90 from any other + heading. + +8507.10-8507.80 A change to subheadings 8507.10 through + 8507.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8507.10 through + 8507.80 from subheading 8507.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8507.90 A change to subheading 8507.90 from any other + heading. + +8508.10-8508.80 A change to subheadings 8508.10 through + 8508.80 from any other subheading + outside that group, except from heading + 85.01 or Canadian tariff item + 8508.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8508.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8508.90.x1; or + + A change to subheadings 8508.10 through + 8508.80 from any of heading 85.01 or Canadian + tariff item 8508.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8508.90.h1, Mexican tariff item 8508.90.x1, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other subheading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8508.90 A change to subheading 8508.90 from any other + heading. + +8509.10-8509.40 A change to subheadings 8509.10 through + 8509.40 from any other subheading + outside that group, except from heading + 85.01 or Canadian tariff item + 8509.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8509.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8509.90.x1; or + + A change to subheadings 8509.10 through + 8509.40 from any of heading 85.01 or Canadian + tariff item 8509.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8509.90.h1, Mexican tariff item 8509.90.x1, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other subheading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8509.80 A change to subheading 8509.80 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8509.80 from + subheading 8509.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8509.90 A change to subheading 8509.90 from any other + heading. + +8510.10-8510.20 A change to subheadings 8510.10 through + 8510.20 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8510.10 through + 8510.20 from subheading 8510.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8510.90 A change to subheading 8510.90 from any other + heading. + +8511.10-8511.80 A change to subheadings 8511.10 through + 8511.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8511.10 through + 8511.80 from subheading 8511.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8511.90 A change to subheading 8511.90 from any other + heading. + +8512.10-8512.40 A change to subheadings 8512.10 through + 8512.40 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8512.10 through + 8512.40 from subheading 8512.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is also a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8512.90 A change to subheading 8512.90 from any other + heading. + +8513.10 A change to subheading 8513.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8513.10 from + subheading 8513.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8513.90 A change to subheading 8513.90 from any other + heading. + +8514.10-8514.40 A change to subheadings 8514.10 through + 8514.40 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8514.10 through + 8514.40 from subheading 8514.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8514.90 A change to subheading 8514.90 from any other + heading. + +8515.11-8515.80 A change to subheadings 8515.11 through + 8515.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8515.11 through + 8515.80 from subheading 8515.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8515.90 A change to subheading 8515.90 from any other + heading. + +8516.10-8516.29 A change to subheadings 8516.10 through + 8516.29 from subheading 8516.80 or any + other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8516.10 through + 8516.29 from subheading 8516.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any of + subheading 8516.80 or any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8516.31 A change to subheading 8516.31 from any other + subheading, except from subheading 8516.80 or + heading 85.01. + +8516.32 A change to subheading 8516.32 from + subheading 8516.80 or from any other heading; + or + + A change to subheading 8516.32 from + subheading 8516.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any of subheading 8516.80 + or any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8516.33 A change to subheading 8516.33 from any other + subheading, except from subheading 8516.80, + heading 85.01 or Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x1. + +8516.40 A change to subheading 8516.40 from any other + subheading, except from heading 84.02, + subheading 8481.40 or Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x2. + +8516.50 A change to subheading 8516.50 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a3 or 8516.90.a4, U.S. tariff + item 8516.90.h3 or 8516.90.h4, Mexican tariff + item 8516.90.x3 or 8516.90.x4. + +8516.60 + + 8516.60.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8516.60.a1, U.S. tariff item 8516.60.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8516.60.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8516.90.a5, 8516.90.a6, + 8516.90.a7 or 8537.10.a1, U.S. + tariff item 8516.90.h5, 8516.90.h6, + 8516.90.h7 or 8537.10.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8516.90.x5, 8516.90.x6, 8516.90.x7 + or 8537.10.x1. + + 8516.60 A change to subheading 8516.60 from any other + subheading. + +8516.71 A change to subheading 8516.71 from + subheading 8516.80 or from any other heading; + or + + A change to subheading 8516.71 from + subheading 8516.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any of subheading 8516.80 + or any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8516.72 A change to subheading 8516.72 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a8, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h8, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x8 or subheading + 9032.10; or + + A change to subheading 8516.72 from any of + Canadian tariff item 8516.90.a8, U.S. tariff + item 8516.90.h8, Mexican tariff item + 8516.90.x8 or subheading 9032.10, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + subheading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8516.79 A change to subheading 8516.79 from + subheading 8516.80 or from any other heading; + or + + A change to subheading 8516.79 from + subheading 8516.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any of subheading 8516.80 + or any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8516.80 A change to subheading 8516.80 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8516.80 from + subheading 8516.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8516.90 + + 8516.90.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a3, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x3 from any + other tariff item. + + 8516.90.a4 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a4, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h4, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x4 from any + other tariff item. + + 8516.90.a5 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a5, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h5, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x5 from any + other tariff item. + + 8516.90.a6 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a6, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h6, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x6 from any + other tariff item. + + 8516.90.a7 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8516.90.a7, U.S. tariff item 8516.90.h7, + Mexican tariff item 8516.90.x7 from any + other tariff item. + + 8516.90 A change to subheading 8516.90 from any other + heading. + +8517.10 A change to subheading 8517.10 from any + other subheading, except from Canadian tariff + item 8517.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.04, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x1. + +8517.20 A change to subheading 8517.20 from any other + subheading, provided that, with respect to + printed circuit assemblies (PCAs) of Canadian + tariff item 8517.90.a1 or 8473.30.a1, U.S. + tariff item 8517.90.04 or 8473.30.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8517.90.x1 or 8473.30.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + +8517.30 A change to subheading 8517.30 from any other + subheading, provided that, with respect to + printed circuit assemblies (PCAs) of Canadian + tariff item 8517.90.a1 or 8473.30.a1, U.S. + tariff item 8517.90.04 or 8473.30.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8517.90.x1 or 8473.30.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + +8517.40 + + 8517.40.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.40.a2, U.S. tariff item 8517.40.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8517.40.x2 from any + other subheading, provided that, with + respect to printed circuit assemblies + (PCAs) of Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a1 or 8473.30.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8517.90.04 or 8473.30.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8517.90.x1 or 8473.30.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + + 8517.40 A change to subheading 8517.40 from any other + subheading. + +8517.81 + + 8517.81.x1 A change to Mexican tariff item + 8517.81.x1 from any other tariff item, + except from Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a3, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x3. + +8517.81 A change to subheading 8517.81 from any other + subheading, provided that, with respect to + printed circuit assemblies (PCAs) of Canadian + tariff item 8517.90.a1 or 8473.30.a1, U.S. + tariff item 8517.90.04 or 8473.30.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8517.90.x1 or 8473.30.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + +8517.82 + + 8517.82.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.82.a2, U.S. tariff item 8517.82.h2 + from any other tariff item, except from + Canadian tariff item 8517.90.a3, U.S. + tariff item 8517.90.h3, Mexican tariff + item 8517.90.x3. + + 8517.82 A change to subheading 8517.82 from any other + subheading. + +8517.90 + + 8517.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8517.90.a5, U.S. tariff item + 8517.90.h5, Mexican tariff item + 8517.90.x5. + + 8517.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x2 from any + other tariff item, provided that, with + respect to printed circuit assemblies + (PCAs) of Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a1 or 8473.30.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8517.90.04 or 8473.30.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8517.90.x1 or 8473.30.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + + 8517.90.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a3, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x3 from any + other tariff item. + + 8517.90.a4 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a4, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h4, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x4 from any + other tariff item. + + 8517.90.a5 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a5, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h5, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x5 from any + other tariff item. + + 8517.90.a6 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a6, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h6, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x6 from any + other heading. + + 8517.90.a7 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8517.90.a7, U.S. tariff item 8517.90.h7, + Mexican tariff item 8517.90.x7 from + Canadian tariff item 8517.90.a6, U.S. + tariff item 8517.90.h6, Mexican tariff + item 8517.90.x6 or from any other + heading. + + 8517.90 A change to subheading 8517.90 from any other + heading. + +8518.10-8518.21 A change to subheadings 8518.10 through + 8518.21 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8518.10 through + 8518.21 from subheading 8518.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8518.22 A change to subheading 8518.22 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8518.22 from any of + subheading 8518.29 or 8518.90, whether or not + there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8518.29 A change to subheading 8518.29 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8518.29 from + subheading 8518.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8518.30 + + 8518.30.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8518.30.a1, U.S. tariff item 8518.30.10, + Mexican tariff item 8518.30.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8518.30 A change to subheading 8518.30 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8518.30 from + subheading 8518.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8518.40-8518.50 A change to subheadings 8518.40 through + 8518.50 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8518.40 through + 8518.50 from subheading 8518.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8518.90 A change to subheading 8518.90 from any other + heading. + +8519.10-8519.99 A change to subheadings 8519.10 through + 8519.99 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group, except from Canadian tariff item + 8522.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8522.90.h1, 8522.90.x1. + +8520.10-8520.90 A change to subheadings 8520.10 through + 8520.90 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group, except from Canadian tariff item + 8522.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8522.90.h1, + 8522.90.x1. + +8521.10-8521.90 A change to subheadings 8521.10 through + 8521.90 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group, except from Canadian tariff item + 8522.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8522.90.h1, + 8522.90.x1. + +85.22 A change to heading 85.22 from any other + heading. + +85.23-85.24 A change to headings 85.23 through 85.24 + from any other heading, including + another heading within that group. + +8525.10-8525.20 A change to subheadings 8525.10 through + 8525.20 from any other subheading, + provided that, with respect to printed + circuit assemblies (PCAs) of Canadian + tariff item 8529.90.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8529.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8529.90.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + +8525.30 + + 8525.30.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8525.30.a1, U.S. tariff item 8525.30.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8525.30.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8525.30.a2, U.S. tariff + item 8525.30.h2, Mexican tariff item + 8525.30.x2. + + 8525.30 A change to subheading 8525.30 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x1. + +8526.10 A change to subheading 8526.10 from any other + subheading, except from subheading 8525.20, + Canadian tariff item 8529.90.a2, U.S. + tariff item 8529.90.h2, Mexican tariff item + 8529.90.x2 or from more than two of the + following: + + o subheading 8529.10, + o radar display unit, + o Canadian tariff item 8529.90.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x1. + +8526.91-8526.92 A change to subheadings 8526.91 through + 8526.92 from any other heading, except + from heading 85.29; or + + A change to subheadings 8526.91 through + 8526.92 from heading 85.29, whether or not + there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8527.11-8527.39 A change to subheadings 8527.11 through + 8527.39 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group, except from Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x1. + +8527.90 A change to subheading 8527.90 from any other + subheading, provided that, with respect to + printed circuit assemblies (PCAs) of Canadian + tariff item 8529.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8529.90.h1, Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + +8528.10 + + 8528.10.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8528.10.a1, U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8528.10.x1 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff item 8529.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8529.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8529.90.x1. + + 8528.10.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8528.10.a2, U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8528.10.x2 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff 8540.11.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8540.11.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8540.11.x1. + + Note: Commencing on January 1, 1999, the above + rule of origin for tariff item + 8528.10.a2 shall be replaced by the + following: + + 8528.10.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8528.10.a2, U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8528.10.x2 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff 8540.11.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8540.11.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8540.11.x1 or a combination of all the + specified parts of television receivers, + as listed in Note Z to Chapter 85, plus + a power supply. + + 8528.10.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8528.10.a3, U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8528.10.x3 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff item 8540.12.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8540.12.h1, 8540.12.x1. + + 8528.10.a4 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8528.10.a4, U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h4, + Mexican tariff item 8528.10.x4 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff 8540.11.a2, Mexican tariff + 8540.11.h2, U.S. 8540.11.x2. In + addition, no more than half by unit of + the semiconductors of Canadian tariff + item 8542.11.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8542.11.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8542.11.x1 may be non-originating; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8528.10.a4, + U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h4, Mexican tariff + item 8528.10.x4 from any other heading, + except from Canadian tariff 8540.11.a2, + Mexican tariff 8540.11.h2, U.S. 8540.11.x2. + In addition, the regional value content must + be not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8528.10.a5 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8528.10.a5, U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h5, + Mexican tariff item 8528.10.x5 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff item 8540.12.a2, Mexican + tariff item 8540.12.h2, U.S. tariff item + 8540.12.x2. In addition, no more than + half by unit of the semiconductors of + Canadian tariff item 8542.11.a1, U.S. + tariff item 8542.11.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8542.11.x1 may be non-originating; + or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8528.10.a5, + U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h5, Mexican tariff + item 8528.10.x5 from any other heading, + except from Canadian tariff item 8540.12.a2, + Mexican tariff item 8540.12.h2, U.S. tariff + item 8540.12.x2. In addition, the regional + value content must be not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8528.10.a6 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8528.10.a6, U.S. tariff item 8528.10.h6, + Mexican tariff item 8528.10.x6 from any + other heading, except from Canadian + tariff item 8529.90.a5, U.S. tariff + item 8529.90.h5, Mexican tariff item + 8529.90.x5. + + 8528.10 A change to subheading 8528.10 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value- + content percentage is not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8528.20 A change to subheading 8528.20 from any other + heading, provided that, with respect to + printed circuit assemblies (PCAs) of Canadian + tariff item 8529.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8529.90.10, Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + +8529.10 A change to subheading 8529.10 from any other + heading. + +8529.90 + + 8529.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8529.90.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a2, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x2 from any + other tariff item. + + 8529.90.a3 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a3, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x3 from any + other tariff item. + + 8529.90.a4 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a4, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h4, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x4 from any + other tariff item. + + 8529.90.a5 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a5, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h5, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x5 from any + other tariff item. + + 8529.90.a6 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a6, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h6, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x6 from any + other tariff item. + + 8529.90.a7 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8529.90.a7, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h7, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x7 from any + other heading; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8529.90.a7, + U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h7, Mexican tariff + item 8529.90.x7 from within Canadian tariff + item 8529.90.a7, U.S. tariff item 8529.90.h7, + Mexican tariff item 8529.90.x7, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8529.90 A change to subheading 8529.90 from any other + heading. + +8530.10-8530.80 A change to subheadings 8530.10 through + 8530.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8530.10 through + 8530.80 from subheading 8530.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8530.90 A change to subheading 8530.90 from any other + heading. + +8531.10 A change to subheading 8531.10 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8531.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8531.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8531.90.x3. + +8531.20 A change to subheading 8531.20 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8531.20 from + subheading 8531.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8531.80 + + 8531.80.h1 A change to U.S. tariff item 8531.80.h1 + from any other subheading, provided + that, with respect to printed circuit + assemblies (PCAs) of Canadian tariff + item 8531.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8531.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8531.90.x1: + + a) except as provided in subparagraph + (b), for each multiple of nine + PCAs, or any portion thereof, that + is contained in the good, only one + PCA may be a non-originating PCA; + and + + b) if the good contains less than + three PCAs, all of the PCAs must be + originating PCAs. + + 8531.80 A change to subheading 8531.80 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8531.80 from + subheading 8531.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8531.90 A change to subheading 8531.90 from any other + heading. + +8532.10 A change to subheading 8532.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8532.10 from + subheading 8532.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8532.21-8532.30 A change to subheadings 8532.21 through + 8532.30 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group. + +8532.90 A change to subheading 8532.90 from any other + heading. + +8533.10-8533.39 A change to subheadings 8533.10 through + 8533.39 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group. + +8533.40 A change to subheading 8533.40 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8533.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8533.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8533.90.x1. + +8533.90 A change to subheading 8533.90 from any other + heading. + +85.34 A change to heading 85.34 from any other + heading. + +85.35 + + 8535.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8535.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8535.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8535.90.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8538.90.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8538.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8538.90.x1; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8535.90.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8535.90.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8535.90.x1 from Canadian tariff item + 8535.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8535.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8538.90.x1, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + tariff item, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 85.35 A change to heading 85.35 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + item 8538.90.a2 or 8538.90.a3, + U.S. tariff item 8538.90.h2 or + 8538.90.h3, Mexican tariff item + 8538.90.x2 or 8538.90.x3; or + + A change to heading 85.35 from any of + Canadian tariff items 8538.90.a2 or + 8538.90.a3, U.S. tariff items 8538.90.h2 or + 8538.90.h3, Mexican tariff items 8538.90.x2 + or 8538.90.x3, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +85.36 + + 8536.30.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8536.30.a1, U.S. tariff item 8536.30.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8536.30.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8538.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8538.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8538.90.x1; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8536.30.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8536.30.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8536.30.x1 from Canadian tariff item + 8538.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8538.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8538.90.x1, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + tariff item, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8536.50.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8536.50.a1, U.S. tariff item 8536.50.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8536.50.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 8538.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8538.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8538.90.x1; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8536.50.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8536.50.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8536.50.x1 from Canadian tariff item + 8538.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8538.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8538.90.x1, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + tariff item, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8536.90.x1 A change to Mexican tariff item + 8536.90.x1 from any other tariff item, + except from Canadian tariff item + 8538.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 8538.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8538.90.x1; or + + A change to Mexican tariff item 8536.90.x1 + from Canadian tariff item 8538.90.a1, U.S. + tariff item 8538.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8538.90.x1, whether or not there is also a + change from any other tariff item, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 85.36 A change to heading 85.36 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + item 8538.90.a2 or 8538.90.a3, U.S. + tariff item 8538.90.h2 or 8538.90.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8538.90.x2 or + 8538.90.x3; or + + A change to heading 85.36 from any of + Canadian tariff items 8538.90.a2 or + 8538.90.a3, U.S. tariff items 8538.90.h2 or + 8538.90.h3, Mexican tariff items 8538.90.x2 + or 8538.90.x3, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +85.37 A change to heading 85.37 from any other + heading, except from Canadian tariff + item 8538.90.a2 or 8538.90.a3, U.S. + tariff item 8538.90.h2 or 8538.90.h3, + Mexican tariff item 8538.90.x2 or + 8538.90.x3; or + + A change to heading 85.37 from any of + Canadian tariff items 8538.90.a2 or + 8538.90.a3, U.S. tariff items 8538.90.h2 or + 8538.90.h3, Mexican tariff items 8538.90.x2 + or 8538.90.x3, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +85.38 A change to heading 85.38 from any other + heading. + +8539.10-8539.40 A change to subheadings 8539.10 through + 8539.40 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8539.10 through + 8539.40 from subheading 8539.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8539.90 A change to subheading 8539.90 from any other + heading. + +8540.11 + + 8540.11.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8540.11.a1, U.S. tariff item 8540.11.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8540.11.x1 from any + other subheading, except from more than + one of the following: + + o Canadian tariff item + 8540.91.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8540.91.11, Mexican tariff item + 8540.91.x1 + o Canadian tariff item + 7011.20.a1, U.S. tariff item + 7011.20.11, Mexican tariff item + 7011.20.x1. + + 8540.11.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8540.11.a2, U.S. tariff item 8540.11.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8540.11.x2 from any + other subheading, except from Canadian + tariff item 8540.91.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8540.91.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8540.91.x1. + + 8540.11 A change to subheading 8540.11 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8540.11 from + subheading 8540.91, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8540.12 + + 8540.12.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8540.12.a1, U.S. tariff item 8540.12.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8540.12.x1 from any + other subheading, except from more than + one of the following: + + o Canadian tariff item 8540.91.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8540.91.11, + Mexican tariff item 8540.91.x1, + o Canadian tariff item 7011.21.a1, + U.S. tariff item 7011.21.11, + Mexican tariff item 7011.21.x1. + + 8540.12.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8540.12.a2, U.S. tariff item 8540.12.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8540.12.x2 from any + other subheading, except from Canadian + tariff item 8540.91.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8540.91.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8540.91.x1. + + 8540.12 A change to subheading 8540.12 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8540.12 from + subheading 8540.91, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8540.20 A change to subheading 8540.20 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8540.20 from any of + subheadings 8540.91 through 8540.99, whether + or not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8540.30 A change to subheading 8540.30 from any other + subheading, except from Canadian tariff item + 8540.91.a1, U.S. tariff item 8540.91.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8540.91.x1. + +8540.41-8540.49 A change to subheadings 8540.41 through + 8540.49 from any other subheading + outside of that group, except from + Canadian tariff item 8540.99.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8540.99.h1, Mexican + tariff item 8540.99.x1. + +8540.81-8540.89 A change to subheadings 8540.81 through + 8540.89 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group. + +8540.91 + + 8540.91.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8540.91.a1, U.S. tariff item 8540.91.11, + Mexican tariff item 8540.91.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8540.91 A change to subheading 8540.91 from any other + heading. + +8540.99 + + 8540.99.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8540.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8540.99.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8540.99.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 8540.99 A change to subheading 8540.99 from any other + heading. + +85.41-85.42 Note: Notwithstanding Article 410 + (Transshipment), goods qualifying + under the rule below as originating + goods may undergo further + production outside the territory of + the Parties and, when imported into + the territory of a Party, will + originate in the territory of a + Party, provided that such further + production did not result in a + change to a subheading outside of + headings 85.41 and 85.42. + + A change to subheadings 8541.10 through + 8542.90 from any other subheading, including + another subheading within that group. + +8543.10-8543.30 A change to subheadings 8543.10 through + 8543.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8543.10 through + 8543.30 from subheading 8543.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8543.80 + + 8543.80.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8543.80.a1, U.S. tariff item 8543.80.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8543.80.x1 from any + other subheading, except from subheading + 8504.40 or Canadian tariff item + 8543.90.a1, U.S. tariff item + 8543.90.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8543.90.x1; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8543.80.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8543.80.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8543.80.x1 from any of subheading + 8504.40 or Canadian tariff item 8543.90.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8543.90.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8543.90.x1, whether or not there is also + a change from any other subheading, provided + there is a regional value content of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8543.80 A change to subheading 8543.80 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8543.80 from + subheading 8543.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8543.90 A change to subheading 8543.90 from any other + heading. + +8544.11-8544.60 A change to subheadings 8544.11 through + 8544.60 from any other subheading, + except from heading 74.08, 74.13, 76.05 + or 76.14; or + + A change to subheadings 8544.11 through + 8544.60 from any of headings 74.08, 74.13, + 76.05 or 76.14, whether or not there is also + a change from any other subheading, provided + there is also a regional value content of not + less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8544.70 A change to subheading 8544.70 from any other + subheading, except from heading 90.01 or + 70.02; or + + A change to subheading 8544.70 from any of + headings 90.01 or 70.02, whether or not there + is also a change from any other subheading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used; or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +85.45-85.48 A change to headings 85.45 through 85.48 + from any other heading, including + another heading within that group. + + + + + +SECTION XVII +Vehicles, Aircraft, Vessels and Associated Transport Equipment +(Ch. 86-89) + +Chapter 86 Railway or Tramway Locomotives, Rolling- + Stock and Parts Thereof; Railway or + Tramway Track Fixtures and Fittings and + Parts Thereof; Mechanical (Including + Electro-Mechanical) Traffic Signalling + Equipment of all Kinds + +86.01-86.06 A change to headings 86.01 through 86.06 + from any other heading, including + another heading within that group, + except from heading 86.07; or + + A change to headings 86.01 through 86.06 from + heading 86.07, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8607.11-8607.12 A change to subheadings 8607.11 through + 8607.12 from any other heading. + +8607.19 + + 8607.19.11 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8607.19.11, U.S. tariff item 8607.19.12, + Mexican tariff item 8607.19.02 or + 8607.19.06 from any other heading; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8607.19.11, + U.S. tariff item 8607.19.12, Mexican tariff + item 8607.19.02 or 8607.19.06 from Canadian + tariff item 8607.19.14, U.S. tariff item + 8607.19.16, Mexican tariff item 8607.19.99, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8607.19.12 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8607.19.12, U.S. tariff item 8607.19.22, + Mexican tariff item 8607.19.03 from any + other heading; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8607.19.12, + U.S. tariff item 8607.19.22, Mexican tariff + item 8607.19.03 from Canadian tariff item + 8607.19.14, U.S. tariff item 8607.19.26, + Mexican tariff item 8607.19.99, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + 8607.19 A change to subheading 8607.19 from any other + heading. + +8607.21-8607.30 A change to subheadings 8607.21 through + 8607.30 from any other heading. + +8607.91-8607.99 A change to subheadings 8607.91 through + 8607.99 from any other heading. + +86.08-86.09 A change to headings 86.08 through 86.09 + from any other heading, including + another heading within that group. + + +Chapter 87 Vehicles Other Than Railway or Tramway + Rolling-Stock, and Parts and Accessories + Thereof + + +87.01 A change to heading 87.01 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than 50% under + the net cost method. + +87.02 + + 8702.10.a1 A change to tariff item 8702.10.a1 from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + + 8702.10.a2 A change to tariff item 8702.10.a2 from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + + 8702.90.a1 A change to tariff item 8702.90.a1 from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + + 8702.90.a2 A change to tariff item 8702.90.a2 from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + +8703.10 A change to subheading 8703.10 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8703.21-8703.90 A change to subheadings 8703.21 through + 8703.90 from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not + less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8704.10 A change to subheading 8704.10 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + +8704.21 A change to subheading 8704.21 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + +8704.22-8407.23 A change to subheadings 8704.22 through + 8704.23 from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not + less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8704.31 A change to subheading 8704.31 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + +8704.32-8407.90 A change to subheadings 8704.32 through + 8704.90 from any other heading, provided + there is a regional value content of not + less than 50% under the net cost method. + +87.05 A change to heading 87.05 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than 50% under + the net cost method. + +87.06 + + 8706.00.a1 A change to subheading 8706.00.a1 from + any other chapter, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + + 8706.00.a2 A change to subheading 8706.00.a2 from + any other chapter, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + +87.07 A change to heading 87.07 from any other + chapter; or + + A change to heading 87.07 from heading 87.08, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other chapter, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than 50% + under the net cost method. + +8708.10 A change to subheading 8708.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8707.10 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.21 A change to subheading 8708.21 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.21 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.29 A change to subheading 8708.29 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.29 from within + subheading 8708.29 or from subheading + 8708.99, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.31 A change to subheading 8708.31 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.31 from any of + subheadings 8708.39 or 8708.99, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + +8708.39 A change to subheading 8708.39 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.39 from any of + subheadings 8708.31 or 8708.99, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + +8708.40 A change to subheading 8708.40 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.40 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.50 + + 8708.50.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8708.50.a1, U.S. tariff item 8708.50.50, + Mexican tariff item 8708.50.x1 from any + other heading, except from subheadings + 8482.10 through 8482.80; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8708.50.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8708.50.50, Mexican tariff + item 8708.50.x1 from any of subheadings + 8482.10 through 8482.80 or 8708.99, whether + or not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + + 8708.50 A change to subheading 8708.50 from any + other heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.50 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.60 + + 8708.60.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8708.60.a1, U.S. tariff item 8708.60.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8708.60.x1 from any + other heading, except from subheadings + 8482.10 through 8482.80; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8708.60.a1, + U.S. tariff item 8708.60.h1, Mexican tariff + item 8708.60.x1 from any of subheadings + 8482.10 through 8482.80 or 8708.99, whether + or not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than 50% under the net + cost method. + + 8708.60 A change to subheading 8708.60 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.60 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.70 A change to subheading 8708.70 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.70 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.80 + + 8708.80.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8708.80.a1, U.S. tariff item 8708.80.h1, + Mexican tariff item 8708.80.x1 from any + other subheading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + + 8708.80 A change to subheading 8708.80 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.80 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% of the net cost method. + +8708.91 A change to subheading 8708.91 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.91 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% of the net cost method. + +8708.92 A change to subheading 8708.92 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.92 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.93 A change to subheading 8708.93 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.93 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.94 A change to subheading 8708.94 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.94 from + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content of + not less than 50% under the net cost method. + +8708.99 + + 8708.99.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8708.99.a1, U.S. tariff item 8708.99.40, + Mexican tariff item 8708.99.x1 from any + other subheading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than + 50% under the net cost method. + + 8708.99.a2 A change to Canadian tariff item + 8708.99.a2, U.S. tariff item 8708.99.h2, + Mexican tariff item 8708.99.x2 from any + other heading, except from subheadings + 8482.10 through 8482.80 or Canadian + tariff item 8482.99.a1, U.S. tariff + item 8482.99.h1, Mexican tariff item + 8482.99.x1; or + + A change to Canadian tariff item 8708.99.a2, + U.S. tariff item 8708.99.h2, Mexican tariff + item 8708.99.x2 from any other tariff item, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than 50% + under the net cost method. + + 8708.99 A change to subheading 8708.99 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 8708.99 from within + subheading 8708.99, whether or not there + is also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content + of not less than 50% under the net cost + method. + +8709.11-8709.19 A change to subheadings 8709.11 through + 8709.29 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8709.11 through + 8709.19 from subheading 8709.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8709.90 A change to subheading 8709.90 from any other + heading. + +87.10 A change to heading 87.10 from any other + heading. + +87.11 A change to heading 87.11 from any other + heading, except from heading 87.14; or + + A change to heading 87.11 from heading 87.14, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +87.12 A change to heading 87.12 from any other + heading, except from heading 87.14; or + + A change to heading 87.12 from heading 87.14, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +87.13 A change to heading 87.13 from any other + heading, except from heading 87.14; or + + A change to heading 87.13 from heading 87.14, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other heading, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +87.14 A change to heading 87.14 from any other + heading. + +87.15 A change to heading 87.15 from any other + heading. + +8716.10-8716.80 A change to subheadings 8716.10 through + 8716.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 8716.10 through + 8716.80 from subheading 8716.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +8716.90 A change to subheading 8716.90 from any other + heading. + + +Chapter 88 Aircraft, Spacecraft, and Parts Thereof + +8801.10-8803.90 A change to subheadings 8801.10 through + 8803.90 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group. + +88.04-88.05 A change to headings 88.04 through 88.05 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + + +Chapter 89 Ships, Boats and Floating Structures + +89.01-89.02 A change to headings 89.01 through 89.02 + from any other chapter; or + + A change to headings 89.01 through 89.02 from + any other heading within Chapter 89, + including another heading within that group, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other chapter, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +89.03 A change to heading 89.03 from any other + heading, provided there is a regional + value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +89.04-89.05 A change to headings 89.04 through 89.05 + from any other chapter; or + + A change to headings 89.04 through 89.05 from + any other heading within Chapter 89, + including another heading within that group, + whether or not there is also a change from + any other chapter, provided there is a + regional value content of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + + +89.06-89.08 A change to headings 89.06 through 89.08 + from any other heading, including another + heading within that group. + + +SECTION XVIII +Optical, Photographic, Cinematographic, Measuring, Checking, +Precision, Medical or Surgical Instruments and Apparatus; Clocks +and Watches; Musical Instruments; Parts and Accessories Thereof +(Ch. 90-92) + + +Chapter 90 Optical, Photographic, Cinematographic, + Measuring, Checking, Precision, Medical or + Surgical Instruments and Apparatus; Parts + and Accessories Thereof + + Note 1: For purposes of this Chapter, the term, + "printed circuit assembly", means a + printed circuit of heading 85.34 with one + or more active elements assembled thereon, + with or without passive elements. For + purposes of this Note, "active elements" + means diodes, transistors and other + semiconductor devices, whether or not + photosensitive, of heading 85.41, and + integrated circuits and microassemblies of + heading 85.42. + + Note 2: The origin of the goods of Chapter 90 + shall be determined without regard to the + origin of any automatic data processing + machines or units thereof of heading + 84.71, or parts and accessories thereof of + heading 84.73, which may be included + therewith. + + Note X: Canadian tariff item 9009.90.a1, U.S. + tariff item 9009.90.h1, Mexican tariff + item 9009.90.x1 covers the following parts + of photo-copying apparatus: + + (1) Imaging assemblies for the machines of + subheading 9009.12, incorporating at + least two of the following: + photoreceptor belt or cylinder; toner + receptacle unit; toner distribution + unit; developer receptacle unit; + developer distribution unit; + charge/discharge unit; cleaning unit; + + (2) Optics assemblies for machines of + subheading 9009.12, incorporating at + least two of the following: lens; + mirror; illumination source; document + exposure glass; + + (3) User control assemblies for machines of + subheading 9009.12, incorporating at + least two of the following: printed + circuit assembly; power supply; user + input keyboard; wiring harness; display + unit (cathode ray type or flat panel); + + (4) Image fixing assemblies for machines of + subheading 9009.12, incorporating at + least two of the following: fuser; + pressure roller; heating element; + release oil dispenser; cleaning unit; + electrical control; and + + (5) Combinations of the above specified + assemblies. + + +9001.10 A change to subheading 9001.10 from any other + chapter, except from heading 70.02; or + + A change to subheading 9001.10 from heading + 70.02, whether or not there is also a change + from any other chapter, provided there is a + regional value content percentage of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9001.20-9002.90 A change to subheadings 9001.20 through + 9002.90 from any other heading, including + another heading within that group. + +9003.11-9003.19 A change to subheadings 9003.11 through + 9003.19 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9003.11 through + 9003.19 from subheading 9003.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9003.90 A change to subheading 9003.90 from any other + heading. + +90.04 A change to heading 90.04 from any other + chapter; or + + A change to heading 90.04 from within Chapter + 90, whether or not there is also a change + from any other chapter, provided there is a + regional value content percentage of not less + than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9005.10-9005.80 A change to subheadings 9005.10 through + 9005.80 from any other subheading, except + from headings 90.01 through 90.02. + +9005.90 A change to subheading 9005.90 from any other + heading. + +9006.10-9006.69 A change to subheadings 9006.10 through + 9006.69 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9006.10 through + 9006.69 from any of subheadings 9006.91 or + 9006.99, whether or not there is also a + change from any other heading, provided there + is a regional value content percentage of not + less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9006.91-9006.99 A change to subheadings 9006.91 through + 9006.99 from any other heading. + +9007.11 A change to subheading 9007.11 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 9007.11 from + subheading 9007.91, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content + percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9007.19 + + 9007.19.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 9007.19.a1, U.S. tariff item 9007.19.h1, + Mexican tariff item 9007.19.x1 from any + other tariff item. + + 9007.19 A change to subheading 9007.19 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 9007.19 from + subheading 9007.91, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content + percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9007.21-9007.29 A change to subheadings 9007.21 through + 9007.29 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9007.21 through + 9007.29 from subheading 9007.92, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9007.91 A change to subheading 9007.91 from any other + heading. + +9007.92 A change to subheading 9007.92 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 9007.92 from within + subheading 9007.92, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content + percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9008.10-9008.40 A change to subheadings 9008.10 through + 9008.40 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9008.10 through + 9008.40 from subheading 9008.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9008.90 A change to subheading 9008.90 from any other + heading. + +9009.11 A change to subheading 9009.11 from any other + subheading. + +9009.12 A change to subheading 9009.12 from any other + tariff item, except from Canadian tariff item + 9009.90.a1. + +9009.21-9009.30 A change to subheadings 9009.21 through + 9009.30 from any other subheading, + including another subheading within that + group. + +9009.90 + + 9009.90.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 9009.90.a1, U.S. tariff item 9009.90.h1, + Mexican tariff item 9009.90.x1 from + Canadian tariff item 9009.90.a2, U.S. + tariff item 9009.90.h2, Mexican tariff + item 9009.90.x2 or from any other heading, + provided that at least one of the + components of such assembly named in the + Legal Note is originating. + + 9009.90 A change to subheading 9009.90 from any other + heading. + +9010.10-9010.30 A change to subheadings 9010.10 through + 9010.30 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9010.10 through + 9010.30 from subheading 9010.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9010.90 A change to subheading 9010.90 from any other + heading. + +9011.10-9011.80 A change to subheadings 9011.10 through + 9011.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9011.10 through + 9011.80 from subheading 9011.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9011.90 A change to subheading 9011.90 from any other + heading. + +9012.10 A change to subheading 9012.10 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 9012.10 from + subheading 9012.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content + percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9012.90 A change to subheading 9012.90 from any other + heading. + +9013.10-9013.80 A change to subheadings 9013.10 through + 9013.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9013.10 through + 9013.80 from subheading 9013.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9013.90 A change to subheading 9013.90 from any other + heading. + +9014.10-9014.80 A change to subheadings 9014.10 through + 9014.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9014.10 through + 9014.80 from subheading 9014.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9014.90 A change to subheading 9014.90 from any other + heading. + +9015.10-9015.80 A change to subheadings 9015.10 through + 9015.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9015.10 through + 9015.80 from subheading 9015.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9015.90 A change to subheading 9015.90 from any other + heading; or + + A change to subheading 9015.90 from within + subheading 9015.90, whether or not there is + also a change from any other heading, + provided there is a regional value content + percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +90.16 A change to heading 90.16 from any other + heading. + +9017.10-9017.80 A change to subheadings 9017.10 through + 9017.80 from any other heading; or + + A change to subheadings 9017.10 through + 9017.80 from subheading 9017.90, whether or + not there is also a change from any other + heading, provided there is a regional value + content percentage of not less than: + + a) 60% where the transaction value + method is used, or + b) 50% where the net cost method is + used. + +9017.90 A change to subheading 9017.90 from any other + heading. + +9018.11 + + 9018.11.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 9018.11.a1, U.S. tariff item 9018.11.h1, + Mexican tariff item 9018.11.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 9018.11.a2, U.S tariff + item 9018.11 h2, Mexican tariff item + 9018.11.x2. + + 9018.11 A change to subheading 9018.11 from any other + heading. + +9018.19 + + 9018.19.a1 A change to Canadian tariff item + 9018.19.a1, U.S. tariff item 9018.19.h1, + Mexican tariff item 9018.19.x1 from any + other tariff item, except from Canadian + tariff item 9018.19.a2, U.S tariff + item 9018.19.h2, Mexican tariff item + 9018.19.x2. + 9018.19 A change to subheading 9018.19 from any other + heading. + +9018.20-9018.50 A change to subheadings 9018.20 through + 9018.50 from any other heading. +9018.90 + + 9018.90.a1 A change + + ANNEX I + +1. The Schedule of a Party sets out the reservations taken by +that Party, pursuant to Articles 1108(1) and 1206(2), with respect +to existing, non-conforming measures that derogate from an +obligation relating to: + + (a) national treatment, pursuant to Article 1102 (Investment) + or 1202 (Services); + + (b) most-favored-nation treatment, pursuant to Article 1103 + (Investment) or 1203 (Services); + + (c) local presence, pursuant to Article 1205 (Services); + + (d) performance requirements, pursuant to Article 1106 + (Investment); or + + (e) nationality requirements for senior management or members + of boards of directors, pursuant to Article 1107 + (Investment). + +2. Each reservation sets out the following elements (ftnt 1): + + (a) SECTOR refers to the general sector in which the + reservation is taken; + + (b) SUB-SECTOR refers to the specific sector in which the + reservation is taken; + + (c) INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION refers to the activity, where + applicable, covered by the reservation according to + domestic industry classification codes; + + (d) TYPE OF RESERVATION specifies the obligation referred to + in paragraph 1 for which a reservation is taken; + + (e) LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT indicates the level of government + maintaining the measure for which the Party is taking the + reservation; + + (f) LEGAL CITATION identifies the specific existing measures, + where applicable, for which the reservation is taken; + (ftnt 2) + + (g) DESCRIPTION describes the non-conforming aspects of the + existing measures for which the reservation is taken and, + where applicable, commitments for liberalization upon + entry into force of this Agreement; and + + (h) DURATION sets out the period for which the reservation is + taken and the phase-in of commitments for liberalization. + +3. In the interpretation of a reservation, all elements of the +reservation should be considered. Where the DURATION does not +provide for liberalization, the LEGAL CITATION shall govern to the +extent of any inconsistency with any other element. Where the +DURATION provides for liberalization upon or after entry into force +of this Agreement, the DURATION shall govern to the extent of any +inconsistency with any other element. + +4. Where a Party maintains a measure that requires that a service +provider be a citizen, permanent resident or resident of its +territory as a condition to the provision of a service in its +territory, a reservation for Articles 1202, 1203 or 1205 taken with +respect to that measure shall operate as a reservation for Articles +1102 or 1103 with respect to the effect of that measure on the +ability of the service provider to establish an investment. + +5. For purposes of this Annex: + +CMAP means Clasificaci¢n Mexicana de Actividades y Productos; + +concession means an authorization provided by the State to a person +to exploit a natural resource or provide a service, for which +Mexican nationals and Mexican enterprises are granted priority over +foreigners; + +CPC means Central Product Classification numbers as set out in +Statistical Office of the United Nations, Statistical Papers, +Series M, No. 77, Provisional Central Product Classification, +1991; + +foreigners' exclusion clause means the express provision in an +enterprise's by-laws, stating that the enterprise shall not allow +foreigners, directly or indirectly, to become partners or +shareholders of the enterprise; + +international cargo means goods that have an origin or destination +outside the territory of a Party; + +Mexican enterprise means an enterprise constituted under the laws +of Mexico; + +Mexican national means a national of Mexico, as defined by the +Constitution of Mexico; + +person of a Party means a national or an enterprise of a Party; and + +SIC means: + + (a) with respect to Canada, Standard Industrial + Classification (SIC) numbers as set out in Statistics + Canada, Standard Industrial Classification, fourth + edition, 1980; and + + (b) with respect to the United States, Standard Industrial + Classification (SIC) numbers as set out in the United + States Office of Management and Budget, Standard + Industrial Classification Manual, 1987. + + +FOOTNOTE 1: The reservations are current as of September 5, 1992. +The three delegations understand that where a Party adopts +liberalizing measures prior to the date of entry into force of this +Agreement, such measures will be considered to be existing +measures. + +FOOTNOTE 2: The three delegations are considering the need for +inclusion of language to the effect that measures set out in the +LEGAL CITATION shall be deemed to include existing administrative +decisions, interpretations and practices pursuant to the measure +cited. + + + + ANNEX II + +1. The Schedule of a Party sets out the reservations taken by +that Party, pursuant to Articles 1108(4) and 1206(4), with respect +to specific sectors, sub-sectors or activities for which it may +maintain existing, non-conforming measures or adopt new or more +restrictive measures. Such measures may derogate from an +obligation relating to: + + (a) national treatment, pursuant to Article 1102 (Investment) + or 1202 (Services); + + (b) most-favored-nation treatment, pursuant to Article 1103 + (Investment) or 1203 (Services); + + (c) local presence, pursuant to Article 1205 (Services); + + (d) performance requirements, pursuant to Article 1106 + (Investment); or + + (e) nationality requirements for senior management or members + of boards of directors, pursuant to Article 1107 + (Investment). + +2. Each reservation sets out the following elements: + + (a) SECTOR refers to the general sector in which the + reservation is taken; + + (b) SUB-SECTOR refers to the specific sector in which the + reservation is taken; + + (c) INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION refers to the activity, where + appropriate, covered by the reservation according to + domestic industry classification codes; + + (d) TYPE OF RESERVATION specifies the obligation referred to + in paragraph 1 for which a reservation is taken; + + (e) DESCRIPTION describes the scope of the sector, sub-sector + or activities covered by the reservation; and + + (f) LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES identifies existing + measures that apply to the sector, sub-sector or + activities covered by the reservation. + +3. In the interpretation of a reservation, all elements of the +reservation should be considered. In the event of any +inconsistency between DESCRIPTION and any other element of the +reservation, the DESCRIPTION shall govern to the extent of the +inconsistency. + +4. For purposes of this Annex: + +CMAP means Clasificaci¢n Mexicana de Actividades y Productos; + +CPC means Central Product Classification numbers as set out in +Statistical Office of the United Nations, Statistical Papers, +Series M, No. 77, Provisional Central Product Classification, +1991; + +Mexican enterprise means an enterprise constituted under the laws +of Mexico; + +Mexican national means a national of Mexico, as defined by the +Constitution of Mexico; + +person of a Party means a national or an enterprise of a Party; and + +SIC means: + + (a) with respect to Canada, Standard Industrial + Classification (SIC) numbers as set out in Statistics + Canada, Standard Industrial Classification, fourth + edition, 1980; and + + (b) with respect to the United States, Standard Industrial + Classification (SIC) numbers as set out in the United + States Office of Management and Budget, Standard + Industrial Classification Manual, 1987. + + + ANNEX IV + + The Schedule of a Party sets out the reservations taken by +that Party pursuant to Article 1108(7) with respect to Article +1103 (Most-Favored-Nation Treatment). Each reservation sets out +the sector, subsector or activities to which it applies. + + + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + +SECTOR: Agriculture + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Farm Credit Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. F-2 + as amended by R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (4th + Supp.); S.C. 1991, c. 5, 53 + + Farm Credit Regulations, C.R.C. 1978, + c. 644 as amended by SOR/81-560; + SOR/82-495; SOR/83-198 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Loans by the Farm Credit Corporation +may be made only to: + +(a) individuals who are Canadian + citizens or permanent residents; + +(b) farming corporations controlled + by Canadian citizens or permanent + residents; or + +(c) cooperative farm associations, + all of whose members are Canadian + citizens or permanent residents. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + +SECTOR: All Sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Investment Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. + 28, as amended by S.C.1988, c. 65 + + Investment Canada Regulations, + SOR/85-611, as amended by SOR/189-69 + + An Act to Amend the Investment Canada + Act, (Bill C-89, introduced in + Parliament on 18 June 1992) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +1. Under the Investment Canada Act, +the following acquisitions of Canadian +businesses by "non-Canadians" are +subject to review by Investment +Canada: + +(1) all direct acquisitions of + Canadian businesses with assets + of $5 million or more; + +(2) all indirect acquisitions of + Canadian businesses with assets + of $50 million or more; and + +(3) indirect acquisitions of Canadian + businesses with assets between $5 + million and $50 million which + represent more than 50 percent of + the value, calculated in the + prescribed manner, of the assets + of all the entities the control + of which is being acquired, + directly or indirectly, in the + transaction in question. + +2. "Canadian business", "Canadian" +and "non-Canadian" are defined in the +Investment Canada Act. A "non- +Canadian" is an individual, government +or agency thereof or an entity which +is not "Canadian". + +3. In addition, specific +acquisitions or new businesses in +designated types of business +activities related to Canada's +cultural heritage or national +identity, which are normally +notifiable, may be reviewed if the +Governor in Council authorizes a +review in the public interest. + +4. Investments subject to review +under the Investment Canada Act are +not to be implemented unless the +Minister responsible for the +Investment Canada Act advises the +applicant that the investment is +likely to be of net benefit to Canada. +Such a determination is made in +accordance with six factors described +in the Act. + +5. These factors are summarized as +follows: + +(a) the effect of the investment on + the level and nature of economic + activity in Canada, including the + effect on employment, on the + utilization of parts, components + and services produced in Canada, + and on exports from Canada; + +(b) the degree and significance of + participation by Canadians in the + investment; + +(c) the effect of the investment on + productivity, industrial + efficiency, technological + development and product + innovation in Canada; + +(d) the effect of the investment on + competition within any industry + or industries in Canada; + +(e) the compatibility of the + investment with national + industrial, economic and cultural + policies, taking into + consideration industrial, + economic and cultural policy + objectives enunciated by the + government or legislature of any + province likely to be + significantly affected by the + investment; and + +(f) the contribution of the + investment to Canada's ability to + compete in world markets. + +6. In making a net benefit +determination, the Minister, through +Investment Canada, may review plans +under which the applicant demonstrates +the net benefit to Canada of the +proposed acquisition. An applicant +may also submit undertakings to the +Minister in connection with any +proposed acquisition which is the +subject of review. In the event of +noncompliance with an undertaking by +an applicant, the Minister may seek a +court order directing compliance or +any other remedy authorized under the +Act. + +7. The establishment or acquisition +of Canadian businesses by non- +Canadians, other than those described +above, are to be notified to the +agency administering the Act, +Investment Canada. + +8. Review of "acquisition of +control", as defined in the Investment +Canada Act, of a Canadian business by +an American or Mexican will take place +if the value of the gross assets of +the Canadian business is not less than +the applicable thresholds, effective +on the date of entry into force of +this Agreement and adjusted on each +anniversary thereof. The calculation +of the applicable review threshold is +set out in the Duration section below. + +9. The review threshold applicable +to American and Mexican investors is +higher than those set out above. +However, this higher review threshold +does not apply in the following +sectors: uranium production and +ownership of uranium producing +properties; oil and gas; financial +services; transportation services and +cultural businesses. + +10. Indirect "acquisitions of +control", as defined in the Investment +Canada Act, of Canadian businesses by +"American" and "Mexican" investors are +not reviewable. Notwithstanding the +definition of "investor of a Party" in +Chapter Eleven, only investors who are +nationals, or entities controlled by +nationals, (as defined in the +Investment Canada Act) of the United +States or Mexico, may benefit from the +higher review threshold. + +11. Notwithstanding Article 1106(1), +Canada reserves the right to impose +requirements, or enforce any +commitment or undertaking, in +connection with the establishment, +acquisition, expansion, conduct or +operation of an investment of an +investor of another Party for the +transfer of technology, production +process or other proprietary knowledge +to a national or enterprise, +affiliated to the transferor, in +Canada, in connection with the review +of an acquisition of an investment +pursuant to the Investment Canada Act. + +12. Except for requirements, +commitments or undertakings related to +technology transfer as set out above, +Article 1106(1) shall apply to +requirements, commitments or +undertakings imposed or enforced under +the Investment Canada Act. However, +Article 1106(1) shall not be construed +to apply to any requirement, +commitment or undertaking imposed or +enforced in connection with a review +under the Investment Canada Act, to +locate production, carry out research +and development, employ or train +workers, or to construct or expand +particular facilities, in Canada. + +DURATION: Paragraphs 10, 11 and 12 of the +Description setting out Canada's +reservations and commitments with +respect to Articles 1102, 1106(1), +and 1138 shall govern. + +For American and Mexican investors, +the applicable threshold for the +review of a direct acquisition of +control of a Canadian business shall +be: + +(a) for the twelve month period + commencing on the date of entry + into force of this Agreement, + such monetary amount as + determined in accordance with + Annex 1607.3 of the Canada-United + State Free Trade Agreement; + +(b) commencing on the first + anniversary of the date of entry + into force of this Agreement, the + monetary amount for the preceding + year multiplied by an annual + adjustment representing the + increase in nominal Gross + Domestic Product, as set out + below. + +The calculation of the annual +adjustment shall be determined in +January of each year after 1994 using +the most recently available data as +published by Statistics Canada and +using the following formula: + +Ann ual Adjustment = + + Current nominal GDP at market + prices + --------------------------------- + ----------------------Previous + year nominal GDP at market prices + +"Current nominal GDP at market prices" +means the arithmetic mean of the +nominal Gross Domestic Product at +market prices for the most recent four +consecutive quarters (seasonally +adjusted at annual rates). + +"Previous year nominal GDP at market +prices" means the arithmetic mean of +the nominal Gross Domestic Product at +market prices for the four consecutive +quarters (seasonally adjusted at +annual rates) for the comparable +period in the year preceding the year +used in calculating the "current +nominal GDP at market prices". + +The amounts determined in this manner +shall be rounded to the nearest +million dollars. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: All Sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + Provincial + +LEGAL CITATION: + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +When selling or disposing of its +equity interests in, or the assets of, +an existing state enterprise or an +existing governmental entity, Canada +and each province reserve the right to +prohibit or impose limitations on the +ownership of such interests or assets, +and on the ability of owners of such +interests or assets to control any +resulting enterprise, by investors of +another Party or non-Party or their +investments. In addition, Canada and +each province reserve the right to +adopt or maintain any measure relating +to the nationality of senior +management or members of the board of +directors. + +For the purposes of this reservation: + +(a) any measure maintained, or + adopted after the entry into + force of this Agreement, + prohibiting or imposing + limitations on the ownership of + equity interests or assets or + nationality requirements + described in this reservation + shall be deemed to be an existing + measure; and + +(b) "state enterprise" means an + enterprise owned or controlled + through ownership interests by + Canada or a province and includes + an enterprise established after + the date of entry into force of + this Agreement solely for the + purposes of selling or disposing + of equity interests in, or the + assets of, an existing state + enterprise or governmental + entity. + +DURATION: +The Description shall govern on entry +into force of this Agreement. + +Indeterminate. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: All Sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Business Corporations Act, + R.S.C. 1985, C. I-44, as amended by + R.S.C. 1985, c. 27 (2nd Supp.), R.S.C. + 1985, c. 1 (4th Supp.); S.C. 1990, c. + 17; S.C. 1991, c. 45, 46, 47 + + Canada Corporations Act, R.S.C. 1970, + C. C-32, as amended by R.S.C. 1970, c. + C-10 (1st Supp.); S.C. 1970-71-72, c. + 43, 63; S.C. 1972, c. 17; S.C. + 1974-75-76, c. 33; S.C. 1978-79, c. + 11; S.C. 1985, c. 26; S.C. 1986, c. + 26, 35 + + Canada Business Corporations Act + Regulations SOR/79-316, as amended by + SOR/79-513, SOR/79-728, SOR/80-873, + SOR/81-3, SOR/81-189, SOR/81-868, + SOR/82-187, SOR/83-511, SOR/83781, + SOR/83-817, SOR/85-384, SOR/86-365, + SOR/86-366, SOR/86-421, SOR/86-983, + SOR/87-248, SOR/87-629, SOR/8863, + SOR/88-491, SOR/89-159, SOR/89-323, + SOR/90-660, SOR/91-567 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +The cited laws and regulations permit +constraints to be placed on issue, +transfer and ownership of shares in +federally incorporated business +corporations. The object is to permit +corporations to meet Canadian +ownership requirements, under certain +laws as prescribed in the regulations, +in sectors where such ownership is +required as a condition to operate. +In order to maintain certain +"Canadian" ownership levels, +corporations are permitted to sell +shareholders' shares without the +consent of those shareholders, and to +purchase the corporation's own shares +on the open market. "Canadian" is +defined in the regulations. + +DURATION: +Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: All Sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Business Corporations Act, + R.S.C. 1985, c. I-44 as amended R.S.C. + 1985, c. 27 (2nd Supp.), R.S.C. 1985, + c. 1 (4th Supp.); S.C. 1990, c. 17; + S.C. 1991, c. 45, 46, 47 + + Canada Business Corporations Act + Regulations, SOR/79-316, as amended + SOR/79-513, SOR/79-728, SOR/80-873, + SOR/81-3, SOR/81-189, SOR/81-868, + SOR/82-187, SOR/83-511, SOR/83-781, + SOR/83-817, SOR/85-384, SOR/86-365, + SOR/86-366, SOR/86-421, SOR/86-983, + SOR/87-248, SOR/87-629, SOR/88-63, + SOR/88-491, SOR/89-159, SOR/89-323, + SOR/90-660, SOR/91-567 + + Canada Corporations Act, R.S.C. 1970, + c. C-32 + + Special Acts of Parliament + incorporating specific companies + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +The Canada Business Corporations Act +requires that a simple majority of +members of the board of directors, or +of a committee thereof, of a +federally-incorporated company must be +resident Canadians. For the purposes +of the Act the term "resident +Canadian" is defined as an individual +who is a Canadian citizen ordinarily +resident in Canada, a citizen who is a +member of a class as set out in the +regulations, or a permanent resident +as defined in the Immigration Act +except a person who has been +ordinarily resident in Canada for more +than one year after he became eligible +to apply for Canadian citizenship. + +In the case of a holding corporation, +not more than 1/3 of the directors +need be resident Canadians if the +earnings in Canada of the holding +corporation and its subsidiaries are +less than 5% of the gross earnings of +the holding corporation and its +subsidiaries. + +Under the Canada Corporations Act, a +simple majority of the elected +directors of a Special Act corporation +must be residents of Canada and +citizens of a Commonwealth country. +This requirement applies to every +joint stock company incorporated +subsequent to 22 June 1869 by any +Special Act of Parliament and any +subsequent amendments to such Acts. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: All Sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Citizenship Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-29 + as amended by R.S.C. 1985 c. 28 (1st + Supp.); c. 30 (3rd Supp.); c. 44 (3rd + Supp.); c. 28 (4th Supp.) + + Foreign Ownership of Land Regulations, + SOR/79-416; SOR/79-514; SOR/80-156; + SOR/82-544 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Under the Citizenship Act, a province +is authorized to prohibit or restrict +acquisitions of real property located +in that province by non-Canadians. + +The Foreign Ownership of Land +Regulations are made pursuant to the +Citizenship Act and the Alberta +Agricultural and Recreational Land +Ownership Act. In Alberta, an +ineligible person or foreign owned or +controlled corporation may only hold +an interest in controlled land +consisting of not more than 2 parcels +containing, in the aggregate, not more +than 20 acres. An "ineligible +person" is (1) an individual who is +not a Canadian citizen or permanent +resident; (2) a foreign government or +agency thereof; or (3) a corporation +incorporated elsewhere than in Canada. +"Controlled land" means land in +Alberta but does not include (1) land +other than land owned by the Crown; +(2) land within a city, town, new +town, village, or summer village and +(3) mines or minerals. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Air Canada Public Participation Act, + R.S.C. 1985, c. 35 (4th Supp.) + + Canada Development Corporation + Reorganization Act, S.C. 1985, c. 49 + + Petro-Canada Public Participation Act, + S.C. 1991, c. 10 + + Canadian Arsenals Limited Divestiture + Authorization Act, S.C. 1986, c. 20 + + Cooperative Energy Act, S.C. + 1980-81-82-83, c. 108 + + Eldorado Nuclear Limited + Reorganization and Divestiture Act, + S.C. 1988, c. 41 + + Nordion and Theratronics Divestiture + Authorization Act, S.C. 1990, c. 4 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Non-residents may not own more than a +specified percentage of the voting +shares of the corporation to which +each Act applies. For each company the +restrictions are as follows: + +Air Canada: 25% +Canada Development Corporation: 25% +Petro-Canada Inc: 25% +Canadian Arsenals Limited: 25% +Eldorado Nuclear Limited: ownership +not restricted but voting rights +restricted to 25% of votes cast at +meetings +Nordion Limited: 25% +Theratronics Limited: 49% +Cooperative Energy Corporation: 49% + +Non-resident is defined in the cited +laws to generally mean: + +(a) an individual, other than a + Canadian citizen, who is not + ordinarily resident in Canada; + +(b) a corporation incorporated, + formed or otherwise organized + outside Canada; + +(c) the government of a foreign state + or any political subdivision + thereof, or a person empowered to + perform a function or duty on + behalf of such a government; + +(d) a corporation that is controlled + directly or indirectly by + non-residents as defined in any + of paragraphs (a) to (c); + +(e) a trust (i) established by a + non-resident as defined in any of + paragraphs (b) to (d), other than + a trust for the administration of + a pension fund for the benefit of + individuals a majority of whom + are residents, or (ii) in which + non-residents as defined in any + of paragraphs (a) to (d) have + more than fifty per cent of the + beneficial interest; or + +(f) a corporation that is controlled + directly or indirectly by a trust + described in paragraph (e). + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + + +SECTOR: All Sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Export and Import Permits Act, R.S.C., + 1985, c. E-19 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Only natural persons ordinarily +resident in Canada, enterprises having +their head office in Canada or branch +offices in Canada of a foreign +enterprise may apply for and be issued +import or export permits or a transit +authorization certificate for goods +and related services subject to +controls pursuant to regulations of +the Export and Import Permits Act. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Automotive + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada-United-States Free Trade + Agreement Implementation Act + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Article 1106(3) shall not apply to the +granting of waivers of customs duties +conditioned, explicitly or implicitly, +upon the fulfillment of performance +requirements by those manufacturers of +automotive goods: + +(a) set out in Part One of Annex + 1002.1 of the Canada - United- + States Free Trade Agreement, in + accordance with the headnote to + that Part; and + +(b) for the applicable periods + specified in Article 1002(2) and + (3) of the Canada - United-States + Free Trade Agreement to those + manufacturers of automotive goods + set out in Parts Two and Three, + respectively, of Annex 1002.1 of + that Agreement. + +DURATION: (a) Indeterminate + +(b) For Part Two, until January 1, + 1998; and for Part Three, until + January 1, 1996 or such earlier + date specified in existing + agreements between Canada and the + recipient of the waiver. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Business Service Industries + +SUB-SECTOR: Customs Brokerages and Brokers + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 7794 Customs Brokerages and Brokers + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Customs Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. 41 (2nd Supp.) + Customs Brokers Licensing Regulations, + SOR/86-1067 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +1. To be a licensed customs broker +in Canada, an individual must be a +Canadian citizen or permanent +resident. + +2. To be a licensed customs +brokerage in Canada: +(a) a corporation must be + incorporated in Canada with a + majority of its directors being + Canadian citizens or permanent + residents; and + +(b) a partnership must be composed of + persons who are Canadian citizens + or permanent residents, or + corporations incorporated in + Canada with a majority of their + directors being Canadian citizens + or permanent residents. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Business Service Industries + +SUB-SECTOR: Duty Free Shops + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 6599 Other Retail Stores, Not + Elsewhere Classified + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Customs Act, R.S.C., 1986, c.1 (2nd Supp.) + Duty Free Shop Regulations, + SOR/86-1072, as amended + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +1. To be a licensed duty free shop +operator at a land border crossing in +Canada, an individual must: + +(a) be a Canadian citizen or + permanent resident; + +(b) be of good character; + +(c) be principally resident in + Canada; and + +(d) have resided in Canada for at + least 183 days of the year + preceding the year of application + for the licence. + + 2. To be a licensed duty free shop +operator at a border crossing in +Canada, a corporation must: + +(a) be incorporated in Canada; and + +(b) have all of its shares + beneficially owned by Canadian + citizens or permanent residents + who meet the requirements of + paragraph 1. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Business Service Industries + +SUB-SECTOR: Examination Services relating to the + Export and Import of Cultural Property + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 990 Other Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Cultural Property Export and Import + Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-51 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +For purposes of the Cultural Property +Export and Import Act an "expert +examiner" of cultural property must be +either a natural person who ordinarily +resides in Canada or a corporation +that has its head office in Canada or +maintains one or more establishments +in Canada to which employees employed +in connection with the business of the +corporation ordinarily report for +work. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Business Service Industries + +SUB-SECTOR: Patent Agents and Agencies + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 7499 Other Financial + Intermediaries, Not + Elsewhere Classified + (Limited to Holders of + Intellectual Property + Rights) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Patent Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. P-4 + Patent Rules, CRC, Vol. XIII, c. 1250, + p.10053 + + Patent Cooperation Treaty Regulations, + SOR/89-453 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +1. To be able to represent persons +in the presentation and prosecution of +applications for patents or in other +business before the Patent Office, a +patent agent must be a resident of +Canada and registered by the Patent +Office. + +2. To prosecute an application for a +patent in Canada a registered patent +agent who is not a resident of Canada +must appoint a registered patent agent +who is a resident of Canada as an +associate to prosecute the +application. + +3. Any firm may be added to the +patent register provided that it has +at least one member who is also on the +register. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Business Service Industries + +SUB-SECTOR: Trade-Mark Agents + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 7499 Other Financial + Intermediaries, Not + Elsewhere Classified + (Limited to Holders of + intellectual Property + Rights) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Trade-Marks Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. T-13 + Trade-Marks Regulations, CRC, Vol. + XVIII, c. 1559, p. 13803, as amended + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +1. To be able to represent persons +in the presentation and prosecution of +applications for trade-marks or in +other business before the Trade-Mark +Office, a trade-mark agent must be a +resident of Canada and registered by +the Trade-Mark Office. + +2. To prosecute an application for a +trade-mark in Canada, a registered +trade-mark agent who is not resident +in Canada must appoint a registered +trade-mark agent who is resident in +Canada as an associate to prosecute +the application. + +3. Trade-mark agents who reside, and +are registered (in good standing), in +a Commonwealth country or the United +States may be added to the register of +trade-mark agents. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Oil and Gas + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Petroleum Resources Act, R.S.C. + 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) as amended by + R.S.C. 1985, c. 21 (4th Supp.), S.C. + 1990, c. 8, 41., S.C. 1991, c. 10 + (partly in force), 24 (not in force), + 46 (not in force) + + Territorial Lands Act, R.S.C. 1985, + c.T-7 as amended by R.S.C. 1985, c. 7 + (3rd Supp.)(partly in force); S.C. + 1991, c. 2, 24 (not in force), 50 (not + in force) + + Public Lands Grants Act, R.S.C. 1985, + c. P-30 as amended R.S.C. 1985, c. 13 + (1st Supp.); S.C. 1991, c. 24 (not in + force). Act repealed S.C. 1991, c. 50 + (repealing legislation not in force) + + Canada-Newfoundland Atlantic Accord + Implementation Act, S.C. 1987, c. 3 as + amended by S.C. 1988, c. 28, S.C. + 1990, c. 41; S.C. 1991, c. 46 (not in + force), 49, 50 (not in force) + + Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum + Resources Accord Implementation Act, + S.C. 1988, c. 28 as amended by S.C. + 1990, c. 28, 41; S.C. 1991, c. 46 (not + in force), 49, 50 (not in force) + + Canada Oil and Gas Land Regulations, + C.R.C. c. 1518 as amended SOR/80-590; + SOR/82-663; SOR/89-144 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Canadian legislation contains certain +qualifications for holders of oil and +gas production licenses for +discoveries made after March 5, 1982. +These qualifications ensure that +holders of such licenses, or shares +therein, are Canadian citizens +ordinarily resident in Canada, +permanent residents or corporations +incorporated in Canada. + +Notwithstanding qualification to hold +a production license, no production +license shall be issued for +discoveries made after March 5, 1982 +unless the Minister of Energy, Mines +and Resources is satisfied that the +Canadian ownership rate of the +interest-owner in relation to the +production license on the date of +issuance would not be less than 50%. +"Interest-owner" is defined in the +Canada Petroleum Resources Act to mean +"an interest holder who holds the +interest or a group of interest +holders who hold all the shares of the +interest". + +With respect to production licenses +for discoveries made prior to March 5, +1982, the Canadian ownership +requirements are as set out in the +Canada Oil and Gas Land Regulations. + +These qualifications and Canadian +ownership requirements are in respect +of production licenses issued on +"frontier lands" and the "offshore +areas" (areas not under provincial +jurisdiction) as defined in the +legislation. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Uranium + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment + (Article 1103) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Investment Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. + 28, as amended by S.C.1988, c.65 + + Investment Canada Regulations, SOR/85- + 611 as amended by SOR/189-69 + + An Act to Amend the Investment Canada + Act, (Bill C-89, introduced in + Parliament on 18 June 1992) + + Policy on Non-resident Ownership in + the Uranium Mining Sector, 1987 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Non-resident ownership of a uranium +mining property is limited to 49% at +the stage of first production. +Exceptions to this limit may be +permitted if it can be established +that the property is in fact +Canadian-controlled as defined in the +Investment Canada Act. + +Exemptions from the policy are +allowed, subject to Cabinet approval, +only in cases where Canadian +participants in the ownership of the +property cannot be found. Investments +in properties by "non-Canadians", as +defined in the Investment Canada Act, +prior to December 23, 1987, beyond the +permitted ownership level, are allowed +to remain in place; however no +increase in non-Canadian ownership is +permitted. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Fisheries + +SUB-SECTOR: Fish Harvesting and Processing + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Coastal Fisheries Protection Act, + R.S.C. 1985, c. C-33 as amended by + R.S.C. 1985, c. 31 (1st Supp.); R.S.C. + 1985, c. 39 (2nd Supp.); S.C. 1990, c. + 44 + + Fisheries Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. F-14 as + amended by R.S.C. 1985, c. 31 (1st + Supp.); R.S.C. 1985, c. 35 (1st + Supp.); R.S.C. 1985, c. 40 (4th + Supp.); S.C. 1990, c. 16; S.C. 1990, + c. 17 + + Policy on Foreign Investment in the + Canadian Fisheries Sector, 1985 + + Commercial Fisheries Licensing Policy + + Coastal Fisheries Protection + Regulations, C.R.C., 1978, c. 413 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Under the Coastal Fisheries Protection +Act, "foreign" fishing vessels are +prohibited from entering Canada's 200 +mile fishing zone except under +authority of a license or under +treaty. "Foreign" vessels are those +which are not "Canadian" as defined in +the Coastal Fisheries Protection Act. +Under the Fisheries Act, The Minister +of Fisheries and Oceans has a +discretionary authority with respect +to the issuance of licenses. + +Fish processing companies which have a +foreign ownership level of more than +49% are prohibited from holding +Canadian commercial fishing licenses. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Fisheries + +SUB-SECTOR: Fishing-Related Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 032 Services Incidental to Fishing + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Coastal Fisheries Protection Act, + R.S.C., 1985, c. C-33 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Under the Coastal Fisheries Protection +Act, the Department of Fisheries and +Oceans is responsible for controlling +the activities of foreign fishing +vessels in Canada's Exclusive +Fisheries Zone (EFZ), including access +to Canadian ports (port privileges). + +In general, the Department grants such +port privileges, including the +purchase of fuel and supplies, ship +repair, crew exchanges and +transshipment of fish catches, only to +fishing vessels from countries with +which it has favorable fishery +relations, based primarily on +adherence by the foreign country to +Canadian and international +conservation practices and policies. +Exceptions to this general rule are +allowed in cases of emergency ("force +majeure") and where the specific +provisions of bilateral fisheries +treaties apply. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Government Finance + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Financial Administrative Act, R.S.C., + 1985, Chap. F-11 and annual Orders-in- + Council + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Canada Savings Bonds are issued +annually pursuant to the Financial +Administration Act. Terms and +conditions are set by Orders-in- +Council. Sale of Canada Savings Bonds +is restricted to individuals who are +Canadian nationals. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most Favored Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: National Transportation Act, 1987, + R.S.C. 1985, c. 28 (3rd Supp.), as + amended by R.S.C. 1985, c. 29 (3rd + Supp.); R.S.C. 1985 c. 19 (4th Supp.); + R.S.C. 1985, c. 32 (4th Supp.) + + Aeronautics Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A-2 + as amended by R.S.C.1985, c. 33 (1st + Supp.); R.S.C. 1985, c. 28 (3rd Supp.) + + Air Regulations, C.R.C. 1978, c. 2 + + Aircraft Marking and Registration + Regulations, SOR/90-591, as amended by + SOR/91-504 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +The following "commercial air +services" are reserved to Canadian air +carriers or operators: domestic air +transportation services (cabotage); +international scheduled air +transportation services reserved by +bilateral agreements to Canadian +airlines; and international +non-scheduled air transportation +services between Canada and a country +other than a foreign air carrier's +state of registry ("fifth freedom +charters"). For specialty air +services, see Schedule of Canada, +Annex I, p.I-C-42 and Schedule of +Canada, Annex II, p.II-C-9. + +Only qualified persons may provide +commercial air services reserved to +Canadian air carriers or operators. +Non-Canadian investment in voting +stock of enterprises providing +commercial air services that are +reserved to Canadian air carriers or +operators is limited to 25% or to a +lesser percentage where control in +fact of the enterprise is otherwise +considered not to be held by +Canadians. Non-Canadians are not +permitted, through voting interests or +other forms of investment, to control +Canadian air carriers or operators. +Aircraft other than state aircraft may +only be registered in Canada by +qualified persons. Aircraft not +registered in Canada are limited by +regulation concerning the period +during which they may be operated in +Canada by Canadians. + +A qualified person is a Canadian +citizen or permanent resident, or a +corporation incorporated by or under +the laws of Canada or a province and +of which: + +(a) not less than 75 % of the voting + interest is in fact owned and + controlled by Canadian citizens + or permanent residents or by a + corporation meeting the + requirements on Canadian + ownership and control; + +(b) not less than 2/3 of its + directors are Canadian citizens + or permanent residents; + +(c) the executive head is a Canadian + citizen or permanent resident; + and + +(d) the principal place of business + is in Canada. + +A corporation incorporated by or under +the laws of Canada or a province but +that does not meet the Canadian +ownership and control requirements may +only register a private aircraft when +the corporation is the sole owner and +subject to other limitations and +requirements of the Air Regulations. + +The Air Regulations also have the +effect of limiting "non-Canadian" +corporations operating foreign +registered private aircraft within +Canada to the carriage of their own +employees. A "non-Canadian" +corporation is a corporation which +does not meet the Canadian ownership +and control requirements. + +All commercial air services operating +in Canada require a Canadian operating +certificate to ensure their safety and +security. An operating certificate +authorizing the provision of +commercial air services reserved to +Canadian operators or air carriers is +only issued to qualified persons. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4513 Non-Scheduled Air Transport, + Specialty Industry + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2, + section 4.2 + + Air Regulations, C.R.C., Vol. I, c. 2, + sections 700 and 702 + + Air Regulations Series 2, No. 2 + (Aircraft Marking and Registration + Regulations), SOR/90-591, section 19 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +1. A person requires a Canadian +operating certificate issued by the +Department of Transport to provide +specialty air services in the +territory of Canada. The Department +of Transport will issue an operating +certificate to a person applying for +authority to provide such services, +subject to compliance by such person +with Canadian safety requirements. + +2. Such operating certificate for +the provision of aerial construction, +heli-logging, aerial inspection, +aerial surveillance, flight training, +aerial sightseeing, and aerial +spraying services is not issued to a +person that is not "Canadian" as +defined in the applicable regulations +(a Canadian national or a corporation +incorporated and having its principal +place of business in Canada, its chief +executive officer and not fewer than +2/3 of its directors as Canadian +nationals, and not less than 75% of +its voting interest owned and +controlled by persons otherwise +meeting these requirements). + +3. A person of Mexico or of the +United States may obtain an operating +certificate, subject to compliance by +such person with Canadian safety +requirements, for the provision of +aerial mapping, aerial surveying, +aerial photography, forest fire +management, fire-fighting, aerial +advertising, glider towing and +parachute jumping services. + +DURATION: Cross-Border Services + +Paragraph 3 of the Description shall +govern upon entry into force of this +Agreement. + +A person of Mexico or of the United +States will be permitted to obtain an +operating certificate, subject to +compliance with Canadian safety +requirements, for the provision of the +following specialty air services: + +(a) two years after the entry into + force of this Agreement, aerial + construction and heli-logging + services; + +(b) three years after the entry into + force of this Agreement, aerial + inspection, aerial surveillance, + flight training, and aerial + sightseeing services; and + +(c) six years after the entry into + force of this Agreement, aerial + spraying services. + + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4523 Aircraft Servicing Industry + + SIC 3211 Aircraft and Aircraft Parts + Industry + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + Local Presence (1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, + c. A-2, section 4.9 + + Air Regulations, Series 2, No.11 + [ ] + + Airworthiness Manual, chapters 573 and + 575 [ ] + + Agreement Concerning Airworthiness + Certification, Exchange of Letters + between Canada and the United States, + dated August 31, 1984, CTS______. + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Aircraft repair, overhaul and +maintenance activities which are +required to maintain the airworthiness +of Canadian-registered aircraft must +be performed by Canadian-certified +persons. Such certifications are not +provided for enterprises located +outside Canada, except sub- +organizations of approved maintenance +organizations that are themselves +located in Canada. + +Pursuant to an airworthiness agreement +between Canada and the United States, +Canada recognizes the certifications +and oversight provided by the United +States for all repair, maintenance and +overhaul activities performed by U.S.- +certified persons, including the +individual performing the work, +located in the United States. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 456 Truck Transport Industries + + SIC 4572 Interurban and Rural Transit + Systems Industry + + SIC 4573 School Bus Operations + Industry + + SIC 4574 Charter and Sightseeing Bus + Services Industry + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEGAL CITATION: Motor Vehicle Transport Act, 1987, + R.S.C., 1985, c. 29, (3rd Supp.), + Parts I and II + + National Transportation Act, 1987, + R.S.C., 1985, c. 28 (3rd Supp.), Part + IV + + Customs Tariff, R.S.C., 1985, c. 41 + (3rd Supp.), subsection 19(1) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Only persons of Canada, using +Canadian-built or duty-paid trucks or +buses, may provide truck or bus +services between points in the +territory of Canada. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4541 Freight and Passenger Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4542 Ferry Industry + + SIC 4543 Marine Towing Industry + + SIC 4549 Other Water Transport + Industries + + SIC 4553 Marine Salvage Industry + + SIC 4559 Other Service Industries + Incidental to Water + Transport + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Shipping Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. + S-9, sections 6 and 7 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +To register a ship in Canada for the +purpose of providing international +maritime transportation services, the +owner of the ship must be: + +(a) a Canadian citizen or a citizen + of a Commonwealth country, or + +(b) a corporation incorporated under + the laws of, and having its + principal place of business in, + Canada or a Commonwealth country. + +For domestic maritime transportation +services (cabotage), see Schedule of +Canada, Annex II, +p.II-C-10. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4541 Freight and Passenger Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4542 Ferry Industry + + SIC 4543 Marine Towing Industry + + SIC 4549 Other Water Transport + Industries + + SIC 4553 Marine Salvage Industry + + SIC 4554 Piloting Service, Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4559 Other Service Industries + Incidental to Water + Transport + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Shipping Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. + S-9, Part II + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Masters, mates, and engineers are +required to be certified by the +Department of Transport as ship's +officers while engaged on a Canadian- +registered vessel. Only Canadian +nationals may be certified as ship's +officers. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4554 Piloting Service, Water + Transport Industry + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Pilotage Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. P-14 + + General Pilotage Regulations, C.R.C., + Vol. XIII c. 1263 + + Atlantic Pilotage Authority + Regulations, C.R.C. Vol. XIII, c. 1264 + + Laurentian Pilotage Authority + Regulations, C.R.C., Vol. XIII, c. + 1268 + + Great Lakes Pilotage Regulations, + C.R.C., Vol. XIII, c. 1266 + + Pacific Pilotage Regulations, C.R.C., + Vol. XIII, c. 1270 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A licence issued by the Department of +Transport is required to provide +pilotage services in Canada. Only +Canadian citizens or permanent +residents may obtain such licence. A +permanent resident of Canada who has +been issued a pilot's licence must +become a Canadian citizen within five +years of receipt of such licence in +order to retain it. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 454 Water Transport Industry + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Shipping Conference Exemption Act, + 1987, R.S.C., 1985, c.17 (3rd Supp.), + section 18 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Members of a shipping conference shall +maintain jointly an office or agency +in the region of Canada where they +operate. A shipping conference is an +association of ocean carriers that has +the purpose or effect of regulating +rates and conditions for the +transportation by such carriers of +goods by water. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4541 Freight and Passenger Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4542 Ferry Industry + + SIC 4543 Marine Towing Industry + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Coasting Trade Act, S.C., 1992, c. 31, + subsection 3(5) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +The prohibitions under the Coasting +Trade Act set out in Schedule of +Canada, Annex II, p. II-C-10 do not +apply to any vessel that is owned by +the U.S. Government when used solely +for the purpose of transporting goods +owned by the U.S. Government from the +territory of Canada to supply Distant +Early Warning sites. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Oil and Gas + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act (in + force as of September 1, 1992) + + Hibernia Development Project Act + +DESCRIPTION: + +1. The terms and conditions of +government assistance for the Hibernia +project require that certain goods and +services be sourced in Newfoundland +and in Canada and that the project +operator undertakes, on a "best +efforts" basis, to achieve specific +Canadian and Newfoundland content +levels. + +2. In addition, Canada reserves the +right to impose any requirement or +enforce any commitment or undertaking +for the transfer of technology, a +production process or other +proprietary knowledge to a national or +enterprise in Canada, in connection +with the Hibernia project. +DURATION: For purposes of this entry, paragraph +2 of the Description shall govern with +respect to Canada's reservation to the +obligations of Article 1106(1) (f). + +Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Oil and Gas + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Oil and Gas Operation Act, (in + force as of September 1, 1992) + + Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum + Resources Accord Implementation Act, + S.C. 1988, c.28 + + Canada-Newfoundland Atlantic Accord, + S.C. 1987, c.3 + + Yukon Oil and Gas Accord (under + negotiation) + + Northwest Territories Oil and Gas + Accord (under negotiation) + +DESCRIPTION: + +1. Under the Canada Oil and Gas +Operations Act, the Minister of +Energy, Mines and Resources requires +the applicant to submit a "benefits +plan". Approval of the benefits plan +is required to receive authorization +to proceed with any oil and gas +development project. + +2. A "benefits plan" means a plan +for the employment of Canadians and +for providing Canadian manufacturers, +consultants, contractors and service +companies with a full and fair +opportunity to participate on a +competitive basis in the supply of +goods and services used in any +proposed work or activity referred to +in the benefits plan. The Act permits +the Minister to impose an additional +requirement on the applicant, as part +of the benefits plan, to ensure that +disadvantaged individuals or groups +have access to training and employment +opportunities or can participate in +the supply of goods and services used +in any proposed work referred to in +the benefits plan. Similar provisions +will be included in the Yukon and +Northwest Territories Accords. + +3. The Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore +Petroleum Resources Accord +Implementation Act and the Canada- +Newfoundland Atlantic Accord +Implementation Act have the same +requirement for a "benefits plan" but +also require that the "benefits plan" +ensure that: + +(a) before carrying out any work or + activity in the offshore area the + corporation or other body + submitting the plan shall + establish in the Province an + office where appropriate levels + of decision-making are to take + place; + +(b) expenditures shall be made for + research and development to be + carried out in the Province, and + for education and training to be + provided in the Province; and + +(c) first consideration shall be + given to goods produced or + services provided from within the + Province, where those goods or + services are competitive in terms + of fair market price, quality and + delivery. + +4. The Boards administering the +benefits plan under these Acts may +also require that the plan include +provisions to ensure that +disadvantaged individuals or groups or +corporations owned or cooperatives +operated by them participate in the +supply of goods and services used in +any proposed work or activity referred +in the benefits plan. + +5. In addition, Canada reserves the +right to impose any requirement or +enforce any commitment or undertaking +for the transfer of technology, a +production process or other +proprietary knowledge to a national or +enterprise in Canada, in connection +with the approval of development +projects under the Acts cited above. +DURATION: For purposes of this entry, paragraph +5 of the Description shall govern with +respect to Canada's reservation to the +obligations of Article 1106(1) (f). + +For purposes of this entry, the Yukon +Oil and Gas Accord and the Northwest +Territories Oil and Gas Accord shall +be deemed to be existing measures, +upon completion of their negotiation. + +Indeterminate + + + + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Aboriginal Affairs + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION:Investment and Cross-Border Services + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure denying investors +of another Party and their +investments, or service providers of +another Party, any rights or +preferences provided to aboriginal +peoples. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +[Constitution Act, 1982 and any +relevant legislation or policy] + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Social Services + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment and Cross-Border Services + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure with respect to +the provision of public law +enforcement and correctional services, +and the following services to the +extent that they are social services +established or maintained for a public +purpose: income security or insurance, +social security or insurance, social +welfare, public education, public +training, health, and child care. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications Transport Networks + and Services, Radiocommunications and + Submarine Cables + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 752 Telecommunications Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to +investment in telecommunications +transport networks and +telecommunications transport services, +radiocommunications and submarine +cables, including ownership +restrictions and measures concerning +corporate officers and directors and +place of incorporation. + +This reservation does not apply to +providers of Value-Added Networks (CPC +752323) and Other Message Services +(CPC 752329) whose underlying +telecommunications transmission +facilities are leased from providers +of public telecommunications transport +networks. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + Bell Canada Act, S.C. 1987, c.19 + + British Columbia Telephone Company + Special Act, S.C. 1916, c.66 + + Teleglobe Canada Reorganization and + Divestiture Act, R.S.C. 1985, c.T-4 + + Telesat Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c.T-6 + + Radiocommunication Act, R.S.C. 1985, + c.R-2; as amended by S.C.1989 c.1, + c.17 + + Telegraphs Act R.S.C. 1985, c.T-5 + + Telecommunications Policy Framework, + 1987 + + Telecommunications Act (Bill C-62) + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications Transport Networks and Services, + Radiocommunications and Submarine Cables + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 752 Telecommunication Services + (not including CPC 752323 + value-Added Network Service + or CPC 752329 Other Message + Services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to +radio-communications, submarine +cables, and the provision of +telecommunications transport networks +and telecommunications transport +services. These measures apply to +such matters as market entry, spectrum +assignment, tariffs, intercarrier +agreements, terms and conditions of +service, interconnection between +networks and services, and routing +requirements that impede the provision +of telecommunications transport +networks and telecommunications +transport services, radio +communication and submarine cables, on +a cross-border basis. + +Telecommunications transport services +typically involve the real-time +transmission of customer-supplied +information between two or more points +without any end-to-end change in the +form or content of the customer's +information, whether or not such +services are offered to the public +generally. These services include +voice and data services by wire, +radiocommunication or any other +electromagnetic means of transmission. + +This reservation does not apply to +measures relating to the cross-border +provision of enhanced or value-added +services. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + Bell Canada Act, S.C. 1987, c. 19 + + British Columbia Telephone Company + Special Act, S.C. 1916, c.66 + + Railway Act, R.S.C. 1985, c.R-3 + + Radiocommunication Act, R.S.C. 1985, + c.R-2; as amended by S.C. 1989, c.1, + c.17 + + Telegraphs Act, R.S.C. 1985, c.T-5 + + Telecommunications Policy Framework, + 1987 + + Telecommunications Act (Bill C-62) + + CRTC Decisions, including (85-19), + (90-3), (91-10), (91-21), (92-11), + (92-12) + +============================================================================= + Annex II + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Government Finance + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to the +acquisition or sale or other +disposition of bonds, treasury bills, +or other kinds of debt securities +issued by the Government of Canada, a +province or local government by +nationals of another Party. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + Financial Administrative Act, R.S.C., + 1985, Chap. F-11 + +============================================================================ + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: minority Affairs + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure according rights +or preferences to socially or +economically disadvantaged minorities. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: +None + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4513 Non-Scheduled Air Transport, + Specialty Industry + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure that restricts +the acquisition or establishment of an +investment in Canada for the provision +of specialty air services to a +Canadian national or a corporation +incorporated and having its principal +place of business in Canada, its chief +executive officer and not fewer than +2/3 of its directors as Canadian +nationals, and not less than 75% of +its voting interest owned and +controlled by persons otherwise +meeting these requirements. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2 + + Air Regulations, C.R.C., Vol.I, c.2 + + Air Regulations Series 2, No.2 + (Aircraft Marking and Registration + Regulations), SOR/90-591 + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4541 Freight and Passenger Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4542 Ferry Industry + + SIC 4543 Marine Towing Industry + + SIC 4549 Other Water Transport + Industries + + SIC 4552 Harbour and Port Operation + Industries + + SIC 4553 Marine Salvage Industry + + SIC 4554 Piloting Service, Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4559 Other Service Industries + Incidental to Water + Transport + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to the +investment in or provision of maritime +cabotage services, including: + +(a) the transportation of goods or + passengers by vessel between + points in the territory of Canada + and the Exclusive Economic Zone; + +(b) with respect to waters above the + continental shelf, the + transportation of goods in + relation to the exploration, + exploitation, or transportation + of the mineral or non-living + natural resources of the + continental shelf; and + +(c) the engaging by vessel in any + maritime activity of a commercial + nature in the territory of Canada + and the Exclusive Economic Zone + and, with respect to waters above + the continental shelf, in such + other maritime activities of a + commercial nature in relation to + the exploration, exploitation or + transportation of mineral or non- + living natural resources of the + continental shelf. + +This reservation relates to, among +other things, local presence +requirements for service providers +entitled to participate in these +activities, the criteria for the +issuance of a temporary cabotage +license to foreign vessels, and limits +on the number of cabotage licenses +issued to foreign vessels. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + Coasting Trade Act, S.C., 1992, c. 31 + + Canada Shipping Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. + S-9 + + Customs Act, R.S.C., 1985, c.1 (2nd + Supp.) + + Customs and Excise Offshore + Application Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-53 + + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4541 Freight and Passenger Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4542 Ferry Industry + + SIC 4543 Marine Towing Industry + + SIC 4549 Other Marine Transport + Industries + SIC 4551 Marine Cargo Handling + + Industry + + SIC 4552 Harbour and Port + OperationIndustry + + SIC 4553 Marine Salvage Industry + + SIC 4554 Piloting Service, Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4559 Other Service Industries + Incidental to Water + Transport + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure denying service +providers or investors of the United +States, or their investments, the +benefits accorded service providers or +investors of Mexico or any other +country, or their investments, in +sectors equivalent to those subject to +the maritime services reservation +inscribed in page II-U-8. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: None + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4541 Freight and Passenger Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4542 Ferry Industry + + SIC 4543 Marine Towing Industry + + SIC 4549 Other Marine Transport + Industries + + SIC 4551 Marine Cargo Handling + Industry + + SIC 4552 Harbour and Port Operation + Industry + + SIC 4553 Marine Salvage Industry + + SIC 4554 Piloting Service, Water + Transport Industry + + SIC 4559 Other Service Industries + Incidental to Water + Transport + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Canada reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to the +implemention of agreements, +arrangements and other formal or +informal undertakings with other +countries with respect to maritime +activities in waters of mutual +interest in such areas as pollution +control (including double hull +requirements for oil tankers), safe +navigation, barge inspection +standards, water quality, pilotage, +salvage, drug abuse control, and +maritime communications. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + United States Wreckers Act, R.S.C. + 1985, c. U-3 + + Various Agreements and Arrangements, + including: + + (a) Memorandum or Arrangement on + Great Lakes Pilotage; + + (b) Canada-United-States Joint Marine + Pollution Circumpolar Agreement; + + (c) Agreement with the United States + on Loran "C" Service on the East + and West Coasts; and + + (d) Denmark - Canada Joint Marine + Pollution Circumpolar Agreement. + + + ANNEX IV + Schedule of Canada + + + Canada takes an exception to Article 1103 for all +international agreements (bilateral and multilateral) in force or +signed prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement. + + As for international agreements other than those in force or +signed prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement, +Canada takes an exception to Article 1103 for those agreements +involving: + + +1. Aviation; + +2. Fisheries; + +3. Maritime matters, including salvage; or + +4. Telecommunications. + + With respect to provincial measures not yet described in +Annex I, pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 1108, Canada takes an +exception for international agreements signed within two years of +the entry into force of this Agreement. + + For greater certainty, the Parties note that Article 1103 +does not apply to any current or future foreign aid programs to +promote economic development, such as those governed by the +Energy Economic Cooperation Program with Central America and the +Caribbean (Pacto de San Jos‚) and the OECD Agreement on Export +Credits. + + + ANNEX V + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Communication Industries + +SUB-SECTOR: Postal Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4841 Postal Service Industry + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Canada Post Corporation Act, R.S.C., + c. C-10 + + Letter Definition Regulations, + SOR/83-481 + +DESCRIPTION: Canada Post Corporation has the +exclusive privilege to collect, +transmit and deliver "letters", as +defined in the Letter Definition +Regulations, addressed in the +territory of Canada, and its assent is +required in order for other persons to +sell stamps. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX V + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Radiocommunications + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 752 Telecommunication + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Radiocommunication Act, R.S.C. 1985, + c.R-2; as amended by S.C 1989 c.1, + c.17, ss. 5, 6 + +DESCRIPTION: A person desiring to operate a private +radio transmission system must obtain +a licence from the Department of +Communications. The issuance of such +licence is subject to spectrum +availability and policies regarding +its use. In general, priority is +given to the use of spectrum for the +purpose of developing non-private +networks. + + +============================================================================= + ANNEX V + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Electricity Transmission + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: National Energy Board Act, R.S.C., + 1985, c. N-6 + +DESCRIPTION: Under Part III of the Act, +construction and operation of +international electricity transmission +lines may require approval by the +National Energy Board. + + +============================================================================= + ANNEX V + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Oil and Gas Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [To be provided] + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: National Energy Board Act R.S.C., 1985 c. N-6 + +DESCRIPTION: The approval of the National Energy +Board (NEB) is required for the +construction and operation of all +interprovincial or international +pipelines for the transmission of oil +or gas. A public hearing must be held +and a certificate of public +convenience and necessity issued where +the pipeline in question is longer +than 40 kilometers. Pipelines shorter +than 40 kilometers may be authorized +by an order without a public hearing. +All modifications to and extension of +pipelines must be approved by the +Board. + +Part IV of the Act requires that all +tolls for the transmission of oil and +gas on NEB-regulated pipelines and all +tariff matters shall be filed with or +approved by the NEB. A public hearing +may be held in considering toll and +tariff matters. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX V + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Food, Beverages and Drug Industries, Retail + +SUB-SECTOR: Liquor, Wine and Beer Stores + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 6021 Liquor Stores + 6022 Wine Stores + 6023 Beer Stores + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Importation of Intoxicating Liquors + Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. I-3 + +DESCRIPTION: The Importation of Intoxicating +Liquors Act gives each provincial +government an import monopoly on any +intoxicating liquors entering its +territory. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX V + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 457 Public Passenger Transit Systems + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal (administration delegated to provinces) + +LEGAL CITATION: National Transportation Act, 1987, R.S.C., 1985, c. 28 + (3rd Supp.) + +DESCRIPTION: Provincial transport boards have been +delegated the authority to permit +persons to provide extra-provincial +(inter-provincial and cross-border) +bus services in their respective +provinces on the same basis as local +bus services. All provinces, except +New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island +and Yukon, permit the provision of +local and extra-provincial bus +services on the basis of a public +convenience and necessity test. + + + ANNEX VI + Schedule of Canada + + + +SECTOR: Professional Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Lawyers + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC [To be provided] + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Provincial + +LEGAL CITATION: [To be provided] + +DESCRIPTION: Lawyers authorized to practise in +Mexico or the United States and law +firms headquartered in Mexico or the +United States will be permitted to +provide foreign legal consultancy +services and to establish for that +purpose, in British Columbia, Ontario, +and Saskatchewan, and in any other +province that so permits by the date +of entry into force of this Agreement. + + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Canada + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Insurance + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1404 (Cross-Border Trade) + +MEASURE: Limitation on purchase of reinsurance + from non-resident reinsurers + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: The Insurance Companies Act; S.C. 1991, c.47; + Reinsurance (Canadian Companies) + Regulations; SOR/92-298; Reinsurance + (Foreign Companies) Regulations; SOR/92-596. + +DESCRIPTION: The purchase of reinsurance services by a +Canadian insurer, other than a life insurer or a reinsurer, from a non- +resident reinsurer is limited to no more than 25 percent of the risks +undertaken by the insurer purchasing the reinsurance. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Canada + + + Canada shall set out any existing non-conforming measure +maintained at the provincial level by the date of entry into force +of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + + PART B + + + Schedule of Canada + + + Canada reserves the right to derogate from Article 1405(1) for +the securities sector. With respect to this Article, Canada +reserves the right to adopt and maintain new measures affecting +cross-border trade in securities services that are more restrictive +than such measures existing on the entry into force of this +Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + + PART C + + Schedule of Canada + + + + + For the purposes of restrictions that limit foreign ownership +of Canadian-controlled financial institutions and for the purposes +of limitations on total domestic assets of foreign bank +subsidiaries in Canada, Canada commits to give to Mexico the same +treatment that Canada gives under the Bank Act, the Insurance +Companies Act (Canada), the Trust and Loan Companies Act (Canada), +and the Investment Companies Act, to United States residents and to +institutions controlled by United States residents. + + Canada commits to exempt foreign bank subsidiaries in Canada +controlled by Mexican residents from the requirement to obtain +approval of the Minister of Finance prior to opening branches +within Canada in the same manner as it exempts foreign bank +subsidiaries in Canada controlled by United States residents. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + + PART D + + Schedule of Canada + + + + For the purposes of Article 1413(2), Canada designates the +Department of Finance of Canada as its governmental agency +responsible for financial services. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + + PART E + + Schedule of Canada + + + + For the purposes of restrictions that limit foreign ownership +of Canadian-controlled financial institutions and for the purposes +of restrictions on total domestic assets of foreign bank +subsidiaries in Canada, an enterprise of another Party, to be +considered an enterprise of such other Party must meet the terms +and conditions of being controlled by one or more residents of the +other Party. For these purposes: + + (a) an enterprise controlled by one or more residents of + another Party means controlled, directly or indirectly by + such residents; + + (b) an enterprise that is a body corporate is controlled by + one or more persons if + + (i) securities of the enterprise to which are attached + more than fifty percent of the votes that may be + cast to elect directors of the enterprise are + beneficially owned by the person or persons and the + votes attached to those shares are sufficient, if + exercised, to elect a majority of the directors of + the enterprise, and + + (ii) the person or persons has or have, directly or + indirectly, control in fact of the enterprise, + + (c) an enterprise that is an unincorporated entity is + controlled by one or more persons if + + (i) more than fifty percent of ownership interests, + however designated, into which the enterprise is + divided is beneficially owned by the person or + persons and the person or persons are able to + direct the business and affairs of the enterprise, + and + + (ii) the person or persons has or have, directly or + indirectly, control in fact of the enterprise, + + (d) a limited partnership is controlled by the general partner; + + (e) ordinarily resident in a country generally means + sojourning in that country for a period of, or periods + the aggregate of which is, 183 days or more during the + relevant year; and + + (f) a person ordinarily resident in another Party means; + + (i) in the case of an enterprise, an enterprise legally + constituted or organized under the laws of that + Party and controlled, directly or indirectly, by + one or more individuals of that Party described in + clause (ii), and + + (ii) in the case of an individual, an individual who is + ordinarily resident in the territory of that Party. + + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: All sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: All sub-sectors + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution). +T¡tulo I Cap¡tulo I. + +Ley de Nacionalidad y Naturalizaci¢n +(Nationality and Naturalization Law). +Cap¡tulo VI (Disposiciones generales) + +Ley Org nica de la Fracci¢n I del +Art¡culo 27 de la Constituci¢n +(Organic Law of the First Section of +Article 27 of the United Mexican +States Political Constitution). + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment). Cap¡tulos I y IV (Objeto +y Fideicomisos en frontera y +litorales) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). +T¡tulo III Cap¡tulo I y T¡tulo III +Cap¡tulo III. (Inversi¢n extranjera +mediante fideicomisos) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Foreigners and foreign enterprises, as +defined in the Constituci¢n Pol¡tica +de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos; and +Mexican enterprises without a +foreigners' exclusion clause may not +acquire "direct dominion" (dominio +directo) over land and water in a 100 +kilometers strip along the country's +borders or in a 50 kilometers strip +inland from its coasts (the Restricted +Zone). + +Nevertheless, foreigners, foreign +enterprises and Mexican enterprises +may acquire "Certificados de +Participaci¢n Ordinaria" (CPO's). Such +CPO's grant to the beneficiaries the +right to use and enjoy the real estate +and to receive the profits that it may +obtain from the profitable use of the +property. + +The CPO's are issued by a Mexican +credit institution that has been +granted authorization to acquire +through trust the title to real estate +intended for industrial and tourist +activities in the Restricted Zone for +a period not to exceed 30 years. + +The trust is renewable if: + +(a) The beneficiaries of the trust + which is to be extinguished or + terminated will be beneficiaries + of the new trust; + +(b) the new trust is to be executed + under the same terms and + conditions as the trust which is + to be extinguished or terminated, + in respect of the purposes of the + trust, the use of real estate and + its characteristics; + + +(c) the respective permits are + requested within a period of 360 + to 181 days prior to the trust be + extinguished or terminated; and + +(d) the provisions of the Ley para + Promover la Inversi¢n Mexicana y + Regular la Inversi¢n Extranjera + and its regulations are observed. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: All sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: All sub-sectors + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment). + +Reglamento de la Ley Para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +The Comisi¢n Nacional de Inversiones +Extranjeras in order to evaluate the +applications submitted to its +consideration (acquisitions or +establishment of investments in +restricted activities as set out in +this Schedule), shall take into +account the following criteria: + +(a) Its effects on employment and + training; + +(b) Its technological contribution; + +(c) In general its contribution to + increase the Mexican industrial + production and competitiveness. + +The Comisi¢n Nacional de Inversiones +Extranjeras may impose performance +requirements which are not prohibited +by Article 1106 of the Investment +Chapter. + +DURATION: Description shall govern upon entry +into force of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: All sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: All sub-sectors + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment). + +Reglamento de la Ley Para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Mexico will review the acquisition, +whether directly or indirectly, of +more than 49% of the ownership +interest of a Mexican enterprise in an +unrestricted sector, that is owned or +controlled by Mexican nationals, +directly or indirectly, by an investor +of another Party if the value of the +gross assets of the Mexican enterprise +is not less than the applicable +thresholds, effective on the date of +entry into force of this Agreement and +adjusted on each anniversary thereof. +The calculation of the applicable +review thresholds is set out in the +following section below. + +DURATION: Description shall govern upon entry +into force of this Agreement. + +The basis for calculating the +threshold will be: + +(a) USD 25 million, for the three + year period commencing on the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement; + +(b) USD 50 million, for the three + year period commencing on the + fourth year after the date of + entry into force of this + Agreement; + +(c) USD 75 million, for the three + year period commencing on the + seventh year after the entry into + force of this Agreement; + +(d) USD 150 million, for the tenth + year after entry into force of + this Agreement. + +Beginning with the Agreement's second +year these thresholds shall be +adjusted for cumulative inflation +based on the US GDP price deflator +from the date of entry into force of +this Agreement. + +Beginning with year eleven after entry +into force of this Agreement, the +threshold will be adjusted for growth +in nominal Mexican GDP--but in no case +will the threshold to be applied +exceed that of Canada. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: All sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: All sub-sectors + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) Senior Management + (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution). + +Ley General de Sociedades Cooperativas +(General Law of Cooperative +Companies). T¡tulo I Cap¡tulo I y +T¡tulo II Cap¡tulo II + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +No more than 10 percent of the persons +participating in a Mexican Cooperative +Production enterprise may be +foreigners. + +Foreigners cannot engage in general +administrative functions. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: All sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: All sub-sectors + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal para el Fomento de la Microindustria (Law to + Promote the Microindustry). + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Only Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises with foreigners' exclusion +clause may qualify as microindustry +enterprises. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, and Lumber Activities + +SUB-SECTOR: Agriculture, Livestock or Forestry + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 1111 Agriculture + CMAP 1112 Livestock + CMAP 120011 Forestry + CMAP 120012 Exploitation of Forest Nurseries + CMAP 120030 Collection of Forest Products + CMAP 120040 Falling Trees + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados + Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican States Political Constitution). + Ley Agraria (Agrarian Law). T¡tulo VI, + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +All enterprises constituted in Mexico +which own land for agriculture, +livestock or forestry purposes, must +issue a special type of shares ("T" +shares) which represent the value of +the aforementioned land at the time of +its acquisition. Investors of another +Party and their investments may own up +to 49 percent of such "T" shares. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Entertainment Services (Broadcasting and Multipoint Distribution + Systems, (MDS), and Cable Television) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 941104 Private Production and + Transmission of Radio Programs (Limited to Production + and Transmission of Radio Programs, MDS + and uninterrupted music) + + CMAP 941105 Private Services of Production, + Transmission and + Repetition of Television Programming + (Limited to Production, Transmission + and Repetition of Television Programs, + MDS, Direct Broadcasting Systems, and + High Definition Television and Cable + Television) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal de Radio y Televisi¢n +(Radio and Television Federal Law), +T¡tulo IV (Funcionamiento), Cap¡tulo +III (Programaci¢n) + +Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Radio +y Televisi¢n y de la Ley de la +Industria Cinematogr fica relativo al +contenido de las transmisiones de +Radio y Televisi¢n (Regulations of the +Radio and Television Federal Law and +Motion Picture Industry Law relating +to Radio o Television Content), T¡tulo +III (Programaci¢n) + + + +Reglamento del Servicio de Televisi¢n +por Cable, (Cable Television +Regulations) Cap¡tulo VI +(Programaci¢n) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +For the protection of copyrights a +holder of a concession for a +commercial broadcast station or for a +cable television system in Mexico is +required to obtain an authorization +from the Secretar¡a de Gobernaci¢n to +import in any form radio or television +programming for broadcast or cable +distribution of such programming +within Mexico. + +The authorization will be granted if +the request includes documentation +showing that the foreign government, +sponsoring international organization, +or the private entrepreneur or +organizer has granted the license +("derechos") to retransmit or +distribute by cable such program. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Entertainment Services (Cable Television) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 941105 Private Services of + Production, Transmission and + Retransmission of Television + Programming (Limited to cable + television) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos(United Mexican States +Political Constitution), Article 32 + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro I Cap¡tulo III (Concesiones, +Permisos y Contratos) + +Ley Federal de Radio y Televisi¢n +(Radio and Television Federal Law), +T¡tulo III, (Concesiones, Permisos e +Instalaciones) + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento del Servicio de Televisi¢n +por Cable (Cable Television +Regulations), Cap¡tulo II +(Concesiones) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +1. A concession granted by the +Secretar¡a de Comunicaciones y +Transportes is required to construct +and operate, or to operate, cable +television systems. Such concession is +granted only to Mexican nationals or +Mexican enterprises. + +Investment: + +2. Investors of another Party and +their investments may own, directly or +indirectly, up to 49 percent of an +enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico which owns or +operates a cable television systems or +provides cable television services. + +DURATION: Cross-Border Services +Indeterminate. + +Investment + +Paragraph 2 of the description shall +govern upon entry into force of this +Agreement; subject to discussion by +the Parties five years after the entry +into force of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Entertainment Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 941103 Private Exhibition of Films (cinema) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de la Industria Cinematogr fica +(Motion Picture Industry Law) + +Reglamento de la Ley de la Industria +Cinematogr fica (Regulations of the +Motion Picture Industry) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +On an annual basis, 30 percent of the +screen time of every theater may be +reserved for films produced, either +within or outside Mexico, by Mexican +enterprises. + +DURATION: The description shall govern upon +entry into force of this Agreement. + +Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Entertainment Services (Broadcasting, + Multipoint Distribution Systems (MDS), + and Cable Television) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 941104 Private Production and + Transmission of Radio Programs + (Limited to Production and + Transmission of Radio Programs, MDS + and uninterrupted music) + + CMAP 941105 Private Services of + Production, Transmission and + Retransmission of Television + Programming (Limited to Production, + Transmission and Retransmission of + Television Programs, MDS, Direct + Broadcasting Systems, High-Definition + Television and Cable Television) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Performance Requirement (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal de Radio y Televisi¢n, +(Radio and Television Federal Law), +T¡tulo IV (Funcionamiento), Cap¡tulo +III (Programaci¢n) + +Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Radio +y Televisi¢n y de la Ley de la +Industria Cinematogr fica relativo al +contenido de las transmisiones de +Radio y Televisi¢n (Regulation of +Radio and Television Federal Law and +Regulations of the Motion Picture +Industry Law relating to Broadcasting +Content), T¡tulo III (Programaci¢n) + + +Reglamento del Servicio de Televisi¢n +por Cable (Cable Television +Regulations), Cap¡tulo VI +(Programaci¢n) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +The use of the Spanish language is +required for the broadcast, cable or +multipoint-distribution-system +distribution of radio or television +programming, except when the +Secretar¡a de Gobernaci¢n authorizes +the use of another language. + +A majority of personnel involved in +the production and performance of a +live broadcast programming activity +must be Mexican nationals. + +To perform in Mexico, a radio and +television announcer or presentor who +is not a Mexican national must obtain +an authorization from the Secretar¡a +de Gobernaci¢n. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Entertainment Services (Broadcasting, + and Multipoint Distribution Systems and Cable Television) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 941105 Private Services of + Production, Transmission and + Retransmission of Television + Programming (Limited to Broadcasting, + Cable Television and Multipoint + Distribution Systems) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal de Radio y Televisi¢n, +(Radio and Television Federal Law), +T¡tulo IV (Funcionamiento), Cap¡tulo +III (Programaci¢n) + +Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Radio +y Televisi¢n y de la Ley de la +Industria Cinematogr fica relativo al +contenido de las transmisiones de +Radio y Televisi¢n (Regulations of the +Radio and Television Federal Law and +Regulation of the Motion Picture +Industry Law relating to Broadcasting +Content), T¡tulo III (Programaci¢n) + +Reglamento del Servicio de Televisi¢n +por Cable, (Cable Television +Regulations), Cap¡tulo VI +(Programaci¢n) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +The use of the Spanish language or +Spanish subtitles is required for +advertising broadcast or distributed +in Mexico. + +Advertising included in programs +transmitted directly from outside +Mexico may not be broadcast in such +programs when they are retransmitted +or distributed in Mexico + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications (Enhanced or Value-Added Services) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 720006 Other Telecomunications + Services (Limited to Enhanced or + Value-Added Services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro Primero, Cap¡tulo III +(Concesiones, Permisos y Contratos) + +Reglamento de Telecomunicaciones +(Telecommunications Regulations), +Cap¡tulo 4, (Permisos) + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-border Services + +1. A provider of enhanced or +value-added services must obtain a +permit issued by the Secretar¡a de +Comunicaciones y Transportes. + +2. Persons of Canada or the United +States may provide all enhanced or +value-added services, except videotext +or enhanced packet switching services, +without the need to establish local +presence. + +3. Videotext and enhanced packet +switching services may not be provided +on a cross-border basis. + +Investment + +1. Investors of another Party and +their investments may own 100 percent +of an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico that provides +any telecommunication enhanced or +value-added service, other than +videotext or enhanced packet switching +services. + +2. Investors of another Party and +their investments may own, directly or +indirectly, up to 49 percent of an +enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico that provides +videotext or enhanced packet switching +services. + +DURATION: Cross-border Services + +Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the description +shall govern upon entry into force of +this Agreement. + +Commencing July 1, 1995, a person of +Canada or the United States may +provide videotext or enhanced packet +switching services without the need to +establish a local presence in Mexico. + +Investment + +Paragraph 1 of the description shall +govern upon entry into force of this +Agreement. + +Commencing July 1, 1995, investors of +another Party and their investments +may own 100 percent of an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico that provides videotext or +enhanced packet switching services. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Transport Telecommunications General Means of Communication + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 7200 Communications + CMAP 7100 Transport + CMAP 9411 Radio and Television + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law) + +Ley Federal de Radio y Televisi¢n, +(Radio and Television Federal Law) + +Reglamento del Servicio de Televisi¢n +por Cable (Cable Television +Regulations) + +Reglamento de Telecomunicaciones +(Telecommunications Regulations) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Foreign Governments and Foreign state +enterprises or their investments may +not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a Mexican enterprise providing +services related to the general means +of communication set out herein. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Construction + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 501101 Residential or Housing Construction + + CMAP 501102 Non-residential Construction + + CMAP 501200 Construction of Urbanization Projects + + CMAP 501311 Construction of Industrial Plants + + CMAP 501312 Construction of Electricity Generation + Plants + + CMAP 501321 Construction and Maintenance of + Electricity Conduction Lines and Networks + + CMAP 501411 Mounting or Installing Concrete + Structures + + CMAP 501412 Mounting or Installing Metallic + Structures + + CMAP 501421 Marine and River Works + + CMAP 501422 Construction of Routes for Land + Transportation + + CMAP 502001 Hydraulic and Sanitation Installations in + Buildings + + CMAP 502002 Electrical Installations in Buildings + + CMAP 502003 Telecommunications Installations + + CMAP 502004 Other Special Installations + + CMAP 503001 Earth Movement + + CMAP 503002 Cement Works + + CMAP 503003 Underground Excavations + + CMAP 503004 Underwater Works + + CMAP 503005 Installation of Signs and Warnings + + CMAP 503006 Demolition + + CMAP 503007 Construction of Water Purification or + Treatment Plants + + CMAP 503009 Drilling Water Wells + + CMAP 503010 Construction Activities not Elsewhere + Classified + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment), Cap¡tulos II y III + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Prior approval of the Comisi¢n +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party or their investments to own, +directly or indirectly, more than 49 +percent of the ownership interests of +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico that carry out +construction activities as set out in +the classification mentioned above. + +DURATION: Five years after the entry into force +of this Agreement, investors of +another Party and their investments +may own 100 percent of the ownership +interests of such enterprises without +Comisi¢n Nacional de Inversiones +Extranjeras' prior approval. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Construction + +SUB-SECTOR: Not applicable + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 503008 Exploration and drilling + works and services done by specialized + contractors excluding the case when + these same works and services are done + by personnel of PEMEX in the + activities classified under industrial + classification 220000. + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution), T¡tulo +I Cap¡tulo I. + +Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 27 +Constitucional en el Ramo del Petr¢leo +(Regulatory Law of Article 27 of the +United Mexican States Political +Constitution in matters related with +Petroleum) + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) Cap¡tulo I + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Risk-sharing services contracts are +prohibited. + +Prior approval of the Comisi¢n +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party and their investments to own, +directly or indirectly, more than 49 +percent of the ownership interests of +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico involved in +"non-risk sharing" service contracts +for the drilling of petroleum and gas +wells. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Educational Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Private Schools + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 921101 Preschool Private + Educational Services + + CMAP 921102 Primary School Private + Educational Services + + CMAP 921103 Secondary School Private + Educational Services + + CMAP 921104 Middle High School Private + Educational Services + + CMAP 921105 Higher Private Educational + Services + + CMAP 921106 Private Educational + Services that Combine Preschool, + Primary, Secondary, Middle High and + Higher Instruction + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +Ley Para la Coordinaci¢n de la +Educaci¢n Superior (Law for the +Coordination of the Higher Education), +Cap¡tulo II + +Ley Federal de Educaci¢n (Education +Law), Cap¡tulo III + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Prior approval of the Comisi¢n +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party or their investments to own, +directly or indirectly, more than 49 +percent of the ownership interests of +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico that operates +educational services as set out in the +classification mentioned above. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Commercialization of Petroleum Products + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 623050 Retail Sales of Gas of + liquified petroleum gas (LPG), + including the installation of fixed + deposits when the facilities are built + by the same establishment. + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 27 +Constitucional en el Ramo del Petr¢leo +(Regulatory Law of Article 27 of the +United Mexican States Political +Constitution related to Oil). + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment). Cap¡tulo I + +Reglamento de la Ley Reglamentaria del +Art¡culo 27 Constitucional en el Ramo +de Petr¢leo (Reglamentation of the +Regulatory Law of Article 27 of the +United Mexican States Political +Constitution related to Oil) + +Reglamento de la Distribuci¢n de +Gas.(Regulations of the Distribution +of LPG). Cap¡tulos I y II +(Autorizaciones y permisos) + + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Only Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises with foreigners' exclusion +clause may engage in the distribution +of liquified Petroleum gas. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Commercialization of Petroleum Products + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 6260000 Retail Outlets of + Gasoline and Diesel. Includes + Lubricants, Oils and Additives for + Resale in these Retail Outlets. + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 27 +Constitucional en el Ramo del Petr¢leo +(Regulatory Law of Article 27 of the +United Mexican States Political +Constitution related to Oil) + +Reglamento de la Ley Reglamentaria del +Art¡culo 27 Constitucional en el Ramo +del Petr¢leo (Reglamentation of the +Regulatory Law of Article 27 of the +United Mexican States Political +Constitution related to Oil). + +DESCRIPTION: Only Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises with foreigners' exclusion +clause may acquire, establish and +operate retail outlets engaged in the +resale of gasoline, diesel, +lubricants, oils and additives. +DURATION: The description shall govern upon +entry into force of this Agreement + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Fishing + +SUBÄSECTOR: Fishing + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 130011 Fishing on the High Seas + + CMAP 130012 Coastal Fishing + + CMAP 130013 Fresh Water Fishing + + CMAP 130014 Fishing in the Economic Exclusive Zone + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Pesca (Fishing Law) Cap¡tulo I. + +Ley de Navegaci¢n y Comercio Mar¡timo +(Navigation and Maritime Commerce +Law), Libro II T¡tulo Unico Cap¡tulo V + + +Ley Federal del Mar (Federal Sea Law) + +Ley Federal de Aguas (Federal Law of +Water) + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment). + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +With respect to enterprises +established or to be established in +Mexico performing coastal fishing, +fresh water fishing and fishing in the +exclusive economic zone, investors of +another Party and their investments +may own, directly or indirectly, up to +49 percent of the ownership interest +of such enterprises. +With respect to enterprises +established or to be established in +Mexico performing fishing on the high +seas, prior approval of the Comision +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party or their investments to own, +directly or indirectly, more than 49 +percent of the ownership interests of +enterprises established or to be +established in Mexico performing +fishing on the high seas. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Manufacturing and Assembly of Goods + +SUB-SECTOR: Auto Parts Industry + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 383103 Manufacturing of Parts and + Accessories for Electrical Automotive + Systems + + CMAP 384121 Manufacture and Assembly + of Car and Truck Bodies and Tows + + CMAP 384122 Manufacture of Car and + Trucks Motors and Their Parts + CMAP 384123 Manufacture of Car and + Truck Transmission System Parts + + CMAP 384124 Manufacture of Car and + Truck Suspension System Parts + + CMAP 384125 Manufacture of Car and + Truck Brake System Parts and + Accessories + + CMAP 384126 Manufacture of Other Car + and Truck Parts and Accessories + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Annex 300-A (Trade and Investment in +the Automotive Industry Sector) of +this Agreement. + +Ley Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment). + +Reglamento de la Ley Para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). + +Decreto para el fomento y +modernizaci¢n de la Industria +Automotriz (Decree for the Development +and Modernization of the Automotive +Industry) ("Auto Decree"). + +Decreto que Determina Reglas para la +Aplicaci¢n del Decreto para el Fomento +y Modernizaci¢n de la Industria +Automotriz (Resolution that +Establishes Rules for the +Implementation of the Auto Decree) +("Auto Decree Implementing +Regulations"). + +DESCRIPTION: Investors of another Party and their +investments may own, directly or +indirectly, up to 49 percent of the +ownwership interests of an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico and engaged in the auto parts +industry. + +Investors of another Party and their +investments that qualify as "national +suppliers" may own 100% of an +enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico engaged in the +manufactured of specified auto parts. + +To qualify as "national supplier", the +enterprise must: + +(a) obtain a national value added + calculated as set out in the + "Auto Decree Implementing + Regulations" of at least 20%; + and + +(b) not be controlled or related, + directly or indirectly, to a + manufacturer of motor vehicles. + +DURATION: Annex 300-A (Trade and Investment in +the Automotive Sectors) of Chapter +Three (National Treatment and Market +Access) shall govern. + +Commencing on the sixth year after the +entry into force of this Agreement, +investors of another Party and their +investments may own 100 percent of the +ownership interests of an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico engaged in auto parts industry. + +(See also page I-M-39 of this Schedule +- performance requirements) + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Manufacture of Goods + +SUB-SECTOR: Automotive Industry + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 383103 Manufacturing of Parts and + Accessories for Electrical Automotive + Systems + + CMAP 3841 Automotive Industry. + + CMAP 384121 Manufacture and Assembly + of Car and Truck Bodies and Tows + + CMAP 384122 Manufacture of Car and + Trucks Motors and Their Parts + + CMAP 384123 Manufacture of Car and + Truck Transmission System Parts + + CMAP 384124 Manufacture of Car and + Truck Suspension System Parts + + CMAP 384125 Manufacture of Car and + Truck Brake System Parts and + Accessories + + CMAP 384126 Manufacture of Other Car + and Truck Parts and Accessories + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Annex 300-A (Trade and Investment in the Automotive Sector) + of Chapter Three (Market Access) of this Agreement + +Decreto para el fomento y +modernizaci¢n de la Industria +Automotriz (Decree for the Development +and Modernization of the Automotive +Industry) ("Auto Decree") + + +Decreto que Determina Reglas para la +Aplicaci¢n del Decreto para el Fomento +y Modernizaci¢n de la Industria +Automotriz (Resolution that +Establishes Rules for the +Implementation of the Auto Decree) +("Auto Decree Implementing +Regulations") + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Annex 300-A (Trade and Investment in +the Automotive Sector) of Chapter +Three (Market Access) shall govern. A +summary of performance requirements in +the automotive industry follows: + +(a) National value added shall + constitute at least 20% of the + total value of sales of an + enterprise of the autoparts + industry or of a "National + Supplier". In calculating the + national value added, custom + duties shall be included in the + value of imports. + +(b) A manufacturer of motor vehicles + must attain specified levels of + national value added from + suppliers of Mexican parts + (enterprises of the autoparts + industry and national suppliers) + and must comply with specified + trade balance requirements in + order to receive permits for the + importation of new motor + vehicles. + +(c) Manufacturers of + autotransportation vehicles may + only import the types of + autotransportation vehicles it + produces in Mexico and in a + quantity not exceed 50% of the + number of such vehicles it + produces in Mexico in a year. + +DURATION: Annex 300-A (Trade and Investment in +the Automotive Sector) of Chapter +Three (Market Access) shall govern +upon entry into force of this +Agreement + +Commencing on the sixth year after +entry into force of this Agreement +Mexico will eliminate restrictions on +the number of an autotransportation +vehicles that a manufacture +autotransportation vehicles may +import. + +Commencing on the eleventh year after +the entry into force of this +Agreement, Mexico will eliminate all +performance requirements in the Auto +Decree + and the "Auto Decree Implementing +Regulations". + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Manufacture of Goods + +SUB-SECTOR: Maquiladora Industry + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Aduanera (Customs Law) + +Decreto para el Fomento y Operaci¢n de +la Industria Maquiladora de +Exportaci¢n (Decree for the Promotion +and Operation of Maquiladora Industry +for Export) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Persons authorized by the Secretar¡a +de Comercio y Fomento Industrial to +operate under the "Maquiladora Decree" +may not sell to the domestic market +more than 50% of the total value of +its exports. + +DURATION: Domestic market may not exceed: + +(a) during the first year of entry + into force of this Agreement, 55% + of the total value of its + exports; + + +(b) during the second year after the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement, 60% of the total value + of its exports; + +(c) during the third year after the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement, 65% of the total value + of its exports; + +(d) during the fourth year after the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement, 70% of the total value + of its exports; + +(e) during the fifth year after the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement, 75% of the total value + of its exports; + +(f) during the sixth year after the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement, 80% of the total value + of its exports; + +(g) during the seventh year after the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement, 85% of the total value + of its exports; + +(h) from the eighth year after the + date of entry into force of this + Agreement and thereafter, persons + may not be subject to this + requirement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Manufacture of Goods + +SUB-SECTOR: Not applicable + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 131 de +la Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los +Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de +Comercio Exterior (Mexican Foreign +Trade Act) + +Decreto para el Fomento y Operaci¢n de +las Empresas Altamente Exportadoras" +(Decree for the Promotion and +Operation of High-Export Firms) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +1. "Direct exporters" authorized by +the Secretar¡a de Comercio y Fomento +Industrial to operate under the "ALTEX +Decree" must export at least 40% of +their total sales or $2,000,000. U.S. +dollars. + +2. "Indirect exporters" authorized by +the Secretar¡a de Comercio y Fomento +Industrial to +operate under the "ALTEX Decree" must +export at least 50% of their total +sales. + +DURATION: Seven years after the entry into force +of this Agreement, direct and indirect +exporters will not be subject to the +above mencioned percentage. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Manufacture of Goods + +SUB-SECTOR: Not applicable + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 131 de +la Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los +Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de +Comercio Exterior (Mexican Foreign +Trade Act). + +Ley Aduanera (Customs Law). + +Programa de Importaci¢n Temporal para +Producir Art¡culos de Exportaci¢n +(Temporal Import Program to Produce +Export Goods). + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Persons authorized by Secretar¡a de +Comercio y Fomento Industrial to +operate under the "PITEX Decree" are +required to: + +(a) export at least 30% of their + total production for the + temporary entry of machinery, + equipment, instruments, molds and + durable tools used in the + manufacturing process; equipment + used to handle materials directly + related to exported such goods; + and research, industrial + security, quality control, + communication, training + personnel, computer and + environmental devices, equipment + and accessories or others related + with the process of the goods + exported. + +(b) export at least 10% of their + total production or $500,000 + U.S.dollars for the temporary + import of raw materials, parts + and components totally used as + inputs on the export merchandise, + packages, bottles, containers and + trailer's containers which are + fully used to contain export + merchandise; fuel, lubricants, + auxiliary materials, reparation + of tools and equipment consumed + in the export process. + +DURATION: As from the eighth year after the date +of entry into force of this Agreement +such persons will not be subject to +the above mentioned percentages. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Manufacturing Industry + +SUB-SECTOR: Artificial explosives, fireworks, firearms and cartridges + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 352236 Manufacturing of + Artificial Explosives and Fireworks + + CMAP 382208 Manufacturing of Firearms + and Cartridges + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) Senior Management + (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal de Armas de Fuego y +Explosivos (Federal Law of Firearms +and Explosives) T¡tulo III Cap¡tulo I + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Armas +de Fuego y Explosivos (Regulations of +the Federal Law of Firearms and +Explosives) Cap¡tulo IV + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Investors of another Party and their +investments may own, directly or +indirectly, up to 49 percent of the +ownership interest of an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico that manufacture artificial +explosives and fireworks, and +ammunition as set out in the +classification mentioned above. + +Foreigners cannot appoint directors +nor become members of the board of +directors of such enterprises. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Mining + +SUB-SECTOR: Extraction and Exploitation of Minerals + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 210000 Exploitation of Mineral Carbon + + CMAP 231000 Extraction of Minerals + Containing Iron + + CMAP 232001 Extraction of Minerals + Containing Gold, Silver and Other + Precious Minerals and Metals + + CMAP 232002 Extraction of Mercury and + Antimony + + CMAP 232003 Extraction of Industrial + Minerals Containing Lead and Zinc + + CMAP 232004 Extraction of Minerals + Containing Copper + + CMAP 232006 Extraction of Other + Metallic Minerals Not Containing Iron + + CMAP 291001 Extraction of Sand and + Gravel + + CMAP 291002 Extraction of Marble and + other Gravels for construction + + CMAP 291003 Exploitation of Feldspar + + CMAP 291004 Extraction of Kaolin, Clay + and Refractory Minerals + + CMAP 291005 Extraction of Limestones + + CMAP 291006 Exploitation of Gypsum + + CMAP 292001 Extraction of Barium Oxide + + CMAP 292002 Extraction of Phosphoric + Rock + + CMAP 292003 Extraction of Fluorite + + CMAP 292004 Extraction of Sulphur + + CMAP 292005 Extraction of Other + Minerals in Order to Obtain Chemicals + + CMAP 292006 Extraction of Salt + + CMAP 292007 Extraction of Graphite + + CMAP 292008 Extraction of other Non + Metallic Minerals +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Minera (Mining Law) + +Ley Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley Minera (Mining +Law Regulations) + +Reglamento de la Ley Para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Prior approval of the Comisi¢n +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party or their investments to own, +directly or indirectly, more than 49 +percent of the ownership interests of +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico engaged in the +extraction or exploitation of all kind +of minerals. + +DURATION: The description shall govern upon the +entry into force of this Agreement. + +Commencing on the sixth year after the +entry into force of this Agreement +investors of another Party and their +investments may own 100 percent of +ownership interests of an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico engaged in such activities. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Printing, Editing and Associated Industries + +SUB-SECTOR: Newspaper Publishing + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 342001 Newspaper Publishing + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Investors of another Party and their +investments may own 100 percent of an +enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico engaged in the +simultaneous printing and distribution +in Mexico of a daily newspaper that is +published outside of Mexico. + +Investors of another Party and their +investments may own, directly or +indirectly, up to 49 percent of an +enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico engaged in the +publication of daily newspapers +written primarily for a Mexican +audience and distributed in Mexico. + +For purposes of this reservation, +daily newspapers are those published +at least five days a week. + +DURATION: The description shall govern upon +entry into force of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Other + Services Provider by natural persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Medical Doctors + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 9231 Private Medical, + Odontological and Veterinary Services + (limited to medical and odontological + services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal del Trabajo (Federal Labor + Law) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Only Mexican nationals licensed as +doctors in Mexico may provide medical +in-house services in Mexican +enterprises. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Services + Provider by natural persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Specialized Personnel + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951012 Custom Brokers and + Representation Agency Services + (limited to shippers' export + declarations) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Aduanera, (Customs Law) Cap¡tulo + Unico, T¡tulo Noveno + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A shipper's export declaration must be +processed by a Mexican national +licensed as a customs broker (agente +aduanal) or by the representative +(apoderado aduanal) employed by the +exporter and authorized by the +Secretar¡a de Hacienda y Cr‚dito +P£blico for this purpose. + +DURATION: Indeterminate; subject to discussion +by the Parties five years after the +entry into force of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Other + Services Provider by natural persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Professional Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 9510 Professional, Technical and + Specialized Services (limited to + Professional Services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 5o. +Constitucional, relativo al ejercicio +de las profesiones en el Distrito +Federal y sus regulaciones (Regulatory +Law of Article 5 of the United Mexican +States Political Constitution in +relation to Professional Services and +its regulations) Cap¡tulo III, Secci¢n +Tercera, +Cap¡tulos IV y V + +Equivalent State Laws + +Ley General de Poblaci¢n (General +Population Law) +Cap¡tulo III + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Only Mexican nationals may be licensed +at the federal level, in the Distrito +Federal, and in the States of Baja +California Sur, Colima, Chihuahua, +Durango, Jalisco, Estado de M‚xico, +Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Le¢n, Puebla, +Quer‚taro, Sonora, Tabasco and +Veracruz in professions that require a +"c‚dula professional". + +Only a permanent resident (inmigrado +or inmigrante) in Mexico may be +granted a waiver of the citizenship +requirement by the Supreme Court to be +licensed as a professional at the +federal level. + +DURATION: Citizenship and permanent residency +requirements are subject to removal +within two years after the entry into +force of this Agreement in accordance +with Article 1210(3). Upon removal of +these requirements, a foreign +professional will be required to have +non-immigrant visitor status and an +address in Mexico. + +With respect to legal services see +Mexico's Schedule in Annex II, p. M- +10. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and + Specialized Services and Services + Provided by natural persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Professional Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951002 Legal Services and Foreign + Legal Consultants + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102 and 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment + (Articles 1103 and 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 5o. +Constitucional, relativo al ejercicio +de las profesiones en el Distrito +Federal (Regulatory Law of Article 5' +of the United Mexican States Political +Constitution in relation to +Professional Services), Cap¡tulo I, +Cap¡tulo III, Secci¢n Tercera + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross Border Services and Investment + +Except as provided for in this +reservation, only lawyers licensed in +Mexico may have an ownership interest +in a law firm established in Mexico. + +Lawyers licensed in a Canadian +province that allows partnerships +between lawyers licensed in that +province and lawyers licensed in +Mexico, will be permitted to form +partnerships with lawyers licensed in +Mexico. + +The number of lawyers licensed in +Canada serving as partners, and their +ownership interest in the partnership, +shall not exceed the number of lawyers +licensed in Mexico serving as +partners, and their ownership interest +in the partnership. A lawyer licensed +in Canada shall not be allowed to +practice or advise on Mexican law. + +A law firm established in Mexico +resulting from the partnership of +lawyers licensed in Canada and lawyers +licensed in Mexico may hire lawyers +licensed in Mexico as employees. + +Lawyers licensed in Canada will be +subject to the regime for foreign +legal consultants established in page +M-2 of Schedule VI. + +DURATION: The description shall govern upon +entry into force of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Services + Provided by natural persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Professional Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951003 Accounting and Auditing + Services (limited to accounting + services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: C¢digo Fiscal de la Federaci¢n, + (Federal Tax Code), T¡tulo Tercero, + Cap¡tulo Unico + +Reglamento del C¢digo Fiscal de la +Federaci¢n, (Regulations of the +Federal Tax Code) + +Reglamento de la Ley Para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Only Mexican nationals who are +licensed as accountants in Mexico are +authorized to perform audits for tax +purposes on behalf of the following: + +(a) state enterprises, + +(b) enterprises that are authorized + to receive tax-deductible donations, + +(c) enterprises with income, capital + stock, number of employees, and + operations above levels specified + annually by the Secretar¡a de + Hacienda y Cr‚dito P£blico, or + +(d) enterprises undergoing a merger + or divestiture. + +DURATION: Citizenship and permanent residency +requirements are subject to removal +within two years after the entry into +force of this Agreement in accordance +with Article 1210(3). Upon removal of +these requirements, a foreign +professional will be required to have +non-immigrant visitor status and an +address in Mexico. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Services + Provided by natural persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Specialized Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951001 Notary Public (limited to + Corredores P£blicos) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: C¢digo de Comercio (Commerce Code), +Libro Primero, T¡tulo Tercero + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +1. Only a Mexican by birth may be +licensed to be a commercial notary +public. + +2. A commercial notary public may not +have any business affiliations with +any person to provide commercial +notary public services. + +DURATION: 1. Citizenship and permanent residency +requirements are subject to removal +within two years after the entry into +force of this Agreement in accordance +with Article 1210(3). Upon removal of +these requirements, a foreign +professional will be required to have +non-immigrant visitor status and an +address in Mexico. + +2. Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Services + Provided by Natural Persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Specialized Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951001 Notary Public + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley del Notariado del Distrito Federal +(Notary Law of the Federal District, +and its equivalents at state laws) + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Only Mexicans by birth may be licensed +to be notaries public. + +A notary public may not have any +business affiliations with any person +to provide notary public services. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Services + Provided by Natural Persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Specialized Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 923121 Private Veterinary + Services to Cattle + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal, State and Local + +LEGAL CITATION: Reglamento de Control de Productos +Qu¡mico-Farmac‚uticos, Biol¢gicos, +Alimenticios, Equipos y Servicios para +Animales, (Chemical Products Control +Regulations) Cap¡tulos IV y V + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Veterinarians responsible for +enterprises managing chemical, +pharmaceutical and biological goods +for application to animals must be +Mexican nationals. A Mexican national +who is a licensed professional must be +responsible for the laboratories of +such enterprises. +DURATION: Citizenship and permanent residency +requirements are subject to removal +within two years after the entry into +force of this Agreement in accordance +with Article 1210(3). Upon removal of +these requirements, a foreign +professional will be required to have +non-immigrant visitor status and an +address in Mexico. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Retail Commerce + +SUB-SECTOR: Sales of Non-Food Products in Specialized Establishment + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 623087 Sales of Firearms, + Cartridges and Ammunition + + CMAP 612024 Wholesale Commerce, not + elsewhere Classified (limited to a + firearms, cartridges and ammunition) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Senior Managment (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal de Armas de Fuego y +Explosivos (Federal Law of Firearms +and Explosives), T¡tulo Tercero, +Cap¡tulo I + +Reglamento de la Ley de Armas de Fuego +y Explosivos (Regulation of the +Federal Law of Firearms and +Explosives), Cap¡tulo IV + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Investors of another Party and their +investments may own, directly and +indirectly, up to 49 percent of the +ownership interest of an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico that sells firearms, cartridges +and ammunition as set out in the +classification mentioned above + +Foreigners cannot appoint or elect +members to be directors nor become +members of the board of directors of +such enterprises. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Religious Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Not applicable + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 929001 Religious Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Asociaciones Religiosas y Culto +Privado (Religious Associations Law). +T¡tulo II, Cap¡tulo II + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +The representatives of the religious +associations in Mexico must be Mexican +nationals. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Services to Agriculture and Cattle + +SUB-SECTOR: Services to Agriculture + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 971010 Agriculture Services Supply + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos, (United Mexican +States Political Constitution) Article +32 + +Reglamento de la Ley de Sanidad +Fitopecuaria (Regulation of the +Phitosanitary Law), Cap¡tulo VII + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Agricultura y Recursos Hidr ulicos +is required to spray pesticides. + +Only Mexican nationals or Mexican +enterprises may obtain such +concession. +DURATION: The requirement of a concession will +be replaced with a permit requirement, +and the citizenship requirement will +be eliminated, in accordance with the +schedule of liberalization for +specialty air services. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 713001 Transportation + Services on Mexican-Registered + Aircraft + + CMAP 713002 Air Taxi Transportation + Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera(Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment), Cap¡tulo I + +Reglamento de la Ley Para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera(Regulation of the +Law to Promote Mexican Investment and +to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +Ley de V¡as Generales de +Comunicaci¢n(General Means of +Communications Law), Libro Cuarto, +Cap¡tulo I-XII + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Investors of another Party and their +investments may own directly or +indirectly, up to 25 percent of the +voting interest in an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico that provides commercial air +services. The chairman and at least +two-thirds of the board of directors +and two-thirds of managing officers of +such enterprises must be Mexican +nationals. + +DURATION: Description shall govern upon entry +into force of this Agreement. + + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 973303 Specialty Air Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro Cuarto, Cap¡tulo XII + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +1. A permit issued by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT) +is required to provide all specialty +air services in the territory of +Mexico. + +2. Such permit may be issued to a +person of Canada and the United States +to provide services related to flight +training, forest fire-management, +fire-fighting, glider towing, and +parachute jumping in Mexico, subject +to compliance with national safety +rules. + +3. Such permit may not be issued to a +person of Canada or the United States +to provide: aerial advertising, aerial +sightseeing services, aerial +construction, heli-logging, inspection +(surveillance), mapping, photography, +surveying and aerial spraying +services. + +Investment + +Investors of another Party and their +investments may own, directly or +indirectly, up to 25 percent of the +voting interest in an enterprise +established or to be established in +Mexico that provides specialty air +services. The chairman and at least +two-thirds of the board of directors +and two-thirds of managing officers of +such enterprises must be Mexican +nationals. + +DURATION: Cross-Border Services + +Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the description +shall govern upon entry into force of +this Agreement. + +A person of Canada or the United +States will be issued a permit by SCT +to provide, subject to compliance with +safety requirements, the following +specialty air services: + +(a) three years after entry into + force of the Agreement, aerial + advertising, aerial sightseeing + services, aerial construction and + heli-logging. + +(b) six years after entry into force + of this Agreement, inspection + (surveillance), mapping, + photography, surveying and aerial + spraying services. + +Investment + +Description shall govern upon entry +into force of this Agreement + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 384205 Aircraft Building, + Assembly and Repair (limited to + aircraft repair) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution), +Art¡culo 32 + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro Cuarto, Cap¡tulo XV + +Reglamento de Talleres Aeron uticos +(Aeronautical Workshops Regulation) +Article 8 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to establish and operate an +aircraft repair facility. Only Mexican +nationals and Mexican enterprises may +obtain such concession. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 973301 Air Navigation Services + + CMAP 973302 Airport and Heliport + Administration Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution), +Art¡culo 32 + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro Primero, Cap¡tulo II y II, Libro +Cuarto, Cap¡tulo IX + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera(Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) Libro Primero, Cap¡tulo II +y III, Libro Cuarto, Cap¡tulo IX + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera(Regulation of the +Law to Promote Mexican Investment and +to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to construct and operate, or +operate, airports and heliports and to +provide air navigation services. Only +Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises may obtain such +concession. + +Investment + +Prior approval of the Comisi¢n +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party or their investments to own, +directly or indirectly, more than 49 +percent of the ownership interest of +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico engaged in the +following activities: + +(a) construction and operation of + airports or heliports; + +(b) operation of airports or + heliports; or + +(c) provision of air navigation + services. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 973101 Bus and Truck Station + Administration and Ancillary Services + (main bus and truck terminals and bus + and truck stations) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro Primero, Cap¡tulo II y III, +Libro Segundo, T¡tulo Segundo, +Cap¡tulos I y II, T¡tulo Tercero, +Cap¡tulo Unico + +Reglamento para el Aprovechamiento del +Derecho de V¡a de las Carreteras +Federales y Zonas Aleda¤as +(Regulations for the Use of the Right +of Way of Federal Roads and their +Adjacent Areas), Cap¡tulos II y IV + +Reglamento del Autotransporte Federal +de Pasajeros, (Regulations of the +Federal Transport of Passengers), and +34 Cap¡tulo IV + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A permit issued by the Secretar¡a de +Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to establish or operate a bus +or truck station or terminal. Only +Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises with a foreigners' +exclusion clause may obtain such +permit. + +Investment + +Foreign investment is not permitted in +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico engaged in the +establishment or operation of bus or +truck station or terminals as +described in the industry +classification mentioned above. + +DURATION: Cross-Border Services + +Description shall govern upon entry +into force of this Agreement. + +Three years after signature of this +Agreement, such permit may be obtained +by Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises. + +Investment + +With respect to enterprises +established or to be established in +Mexico providing such service +investors of another Party and their +investment may own: + +(a) three years after the signature + of this Agreement, up to 49 + percent of ownership interest of + the enterprise; + +(b) seven years after the entry into + force of this Agreement, up to 51 + percent of the ownership interest + of the enterprise; and + +(c) ten years after the entry into + force of this Agreement, up to + 100 percent of the enterprise. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 973102 Road and Bridge + Administration Services and Ancillary + Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution), +Art¡culo 32 + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro Primero, Cap¡tulos I, II y III, +Libro Segundo, T¡tulo Segundo, +Cap¡tulo II, T¡tulo Tercero, Cap¡tulo +Unico + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to provide road and bridge +administration services and ancillary +services. Only Mexican nationals and +Mexican enterprises may obtain such +concession. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 711312 Urban and Suburban + Passenger Transportation Service by + Bus + + CMAP 711315 Collective Automobile + Transportation Service + + CMAP 711316 Established Route + Automobile Transportation Service + + CMAP 711317 Automobile Transportation + Service from a Specific Station + + CMAP 711318 School and Tourist + Transportation Service (limited to + school transportation service) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote General +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulation of +the Law to Promote General Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +Reglamento para el Autotransporte +Federal de Pasajeros (Regulations of +the Federal Transport of Passengers) + +State laws [to be provided] + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Only Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises with a foreigners' +exclusion clause may provide local bus +services, school bus services and taxi +and other collective transportation +services. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 711201 Road Transport Services + for Construction Materials + + CMAP 711202 Road Transport Moving + Services + + CMAP 711203 Other Services of + Specialized Cargo Transportation + + CMAP 711204 General Trucking Services + + CMAP 711311 Inter-City Busing Services + + CMAP 711318 School and Tourist + Transportation Services (limited to + tourist transportation services). +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: State + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution), +Art¡culo 32 + +State laws and its regulations +equivalent to Ley de V¡as Generales de +Comunicaci¢n (General Means of +Communication Law) [to be provided] +Libro Primero, T¡tulo Segundo, +Cap¡tulo II, Libro Primero, Cap¡tulo +III + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +In each state, a concession is +required to provide intrastate bus and +truck services on roads under the +jurisdiction of such state. Such +concession is provided on the basis of +economic needs tests. +Preferences in the granting of such +concessions by states is accorded to +natural persons born in such states +and enterprises constitued by persons +born in such states, including the +states of Michoac n, San Luis Potos¡, +Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala and Zacatecas. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 711201 Road Transport Services + for Construction Materials + + CMAP 711202 Road Transport Moving + Services + + CMAP 711203 Other Services of + Specialized Cargo Transportation + + CMAP 711204 General Trucking Services + + CMAP 711311 Inter-City Busing Services + + CMAP 711318 School and Tourist + Transportation Services (limited to + tourist transportation services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +and its regulations [to be provided] + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera, (Law to Promote General +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Memorandum de Entendimiento entre los +Estados Unidos Mexicanos y los Estados +Unidos de Norteam‚rica para la +promoci¢n de Servicios de Transporte +Tur¡stico de Ruta Fija, (Memorandum of +Understanding Between the United +States of America and the United +Mexican States on Facilitation of +Charter/Tour Bus Service) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera, (Regulation of +the Law to Promote General Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A permit issued by the Secretar¡a de +Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to provide bus or truck +services for the transportation of +goods or passengers to or from the +territory of Mexico. Only Mexican +nationals and Mexican enterprises with +a foreigners' exclusion clause may +provide such services, except that a +person of Canada or the United States +may be granted permanent operating +authority to provide international +charter or tour bus services into the +territory of Mexico. + +Only Mexican nationals, and Mexican +enterprises with a foreigners' +exclusion clause, using Mexican +registered equipment and drivers who +are Mexican nationals, may provide bus +and truck services for the +transportation of goods and passangers +between two points in the territory of +Mexico. + +Investment + +Foreign investment is not permitted in +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico engaged in bus +or truck transportation services as +described in the industry +classification mentioned above. + +DURATION: Cross-Border Services + +Description shall govern upon entry +into force of this Agreement. + +A person of Canada or of the United +States will be permitted to provide: + +(a) three years after signature of + this Agreement, cross-border + truck services to or from the + territory of border states (Baja + California, Sonora, Chihuahua, + Coahuila, Tamaulipas and Nuevo + Le¢n), and such person will be + permitted to enter and depart + Mexico through different ports of + entry in such states; + +(b) three years after signature of + this Agreement, only Mexican + nationals and Mexican + enterprises, using + Mexican-registered equipment and + drivers who are Mexican + nationals, may provide bus and + truck services for the + transportation of goods and + passengers between two points in + the territory of Mexico. + +(c) three years after entry into + force of this Agreement, + cross-border scheduled bus + services to or from the territory + of Mexico; and + +(d) six years after entry into force + of this Agreement, cross-border + truck services to or from the + territory of Mexico. + +Investment + +With respect to enterprises +established or to be established in +Mexico providing such services, +investors of another Party may own: + +(a) three years after signature of + this Agreement, up to 49 percent + of ownership of an enterprise + providing bus services, tourist + transportation services and truck + services for the transportation + of international cargo, between + points in the territory of + Mexico; + +(b) seven years after entry into + force of this Agreement, up to 51 + percent of the ownership interest + of an enterprise providing bus + services, tourist transportation + services or truck services for + the transportation of + international cargo, between + points in the territory of + Mexico; and + +(c) ten years after entry into force + of this Agreement, up to 100 + percent ownership interest of an + enterprise providing bus + services, tourist services and + truck services for the + transportation of international + cargo, between points in the + territory of Mexico. + +Foreign ownership in enterprises +providing truck services for the +carriage of domestic cargo will not be +permitted. Indeterminate. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Land Transportation and Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 501421 Marine and River Works + + CMAP 501422 Construction of Roads for + Land Transportation + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos, (Political +Constitution of the United Mexican +States) Art¡culo 32 + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communications Law) +Libro Primero, Cap¡tulos I, Libro +Segundo, Cap¡tulo I + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to construct and operate, or +operate, marine and river works and +roads for land transportation. Such +concession may be granted only to +Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Non-energy pipelines + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution) + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Articles 8, 12 and 5 + +Ley Federal de Aguas(Waters Federal +Law) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to construct and operate, or +operate, pipelines carrying non-energy +goods, excluding basic petrochemicals. +Only Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises may obtain such +concession. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Freight and Passenger Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 712011 International Maritime + Transportation Services + + CMAP 712012 Cabotage Maritime Services + + CMAP 712013 International and Cabotage + Towing Services + + CMAP 712021 River and Lake + Transportation Services + + CMAP 712022 Internal Port Water + Transportation Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation (Articles 1103, 1203) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Cap¡tulo III, Libro Tercero + +Ley para el Desarrollo de la Marina +Mercante (Law for the Development of +the Merchant Navy), Cap¡tulos I y III + +Ley de Navegaci¢n y Comercio Mar¡timos +(Navigation and Maritime Navigation +Law) + +Libro Segundo, T¡tulo Unico, Cap¡tulos +I y IIILey Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Maritime cabotage services, including +off-shore maritime services, are +reserved to Mexican-flagged vessels. A +waiver may be granted by the +Secretar¡a de Comunicaciones y +Transportes when Mexican-flagged +vessels are not able to provide such +services.Only Mexican flagged vessels +may transport cargo owned by the +Federal Government. + +Foreign-flagged vessels may provide +international maritime services in +Mexico on the basis of reciprocity +with the relevant country. Only +Mexican-flagged towing vessels may +provide towing services from Mexican +ports to foreign ports. When such +towing vessels are not able to provide +such services, the Secretar¡a de +Comunicaciones y Transporte may +provide a permit to foreign-flagged +towing vessels.Only a Mexican national +or a Mexican enterprise with a +foreigners' exclusion clause may own +vessels registered and flagged as +Mexican. All members of the board of +directors and managers of such +enterprise must be Mexican nationals. + +Prior approval of the Comisi¢n +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party or their investments, to own, +directly or indirectly, more the 49 +percent of the ownership interest of +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico operating +foreign-flagged vessels providing +international maritime transport +services. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Specialized Personnel + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951012 Customs Brokers (Agentes + Aduanales) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEGAL CITATION: +Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution) + +Ley Aduanera (Customs Law) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Only Mexican nationals by birth may +serve as customs brokers. + +DURATION: +Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 1300 Fishing + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation (Article 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +Stated Political Constitution), +Art¡culo 32 + +Ley de Pesca (Fishing Law), Cap¡tulos +I y II + +Ley de Navegaci¢n y Comercio Mar¡timo +(Navigation and Maritime Commerce Law) +Libro Segundo, T¡tulo Unico, Cap¡tulo +I + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted, or permit +issued, by the Secretar¡a de Pesca is +required to engage in fishing +activities in Mexican jurisdictional +waters. Only Mexican nationals and +Mexican enterprises, using +Mexican-flagged vessels, may obtain +such concession or permit. Permits may +exceptionally be issued to persons +operating vessels flagged in a foreign +country that provides equivalent +treatment to Mexican-flagged vessels +to engage in fishing activities in the +Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). + +Only Mexican nationals and Mexican +enterprises may obtain authorization +from the Secretar¡a de Pesca for deep +sea fishing on Mexican-flagged +vessels, fixed rigging installation, +recollection from the natural milieu +of larvae, post-larvae, eggs, seeds or +alevines, for research or acuaculture +purposes, introduction of live species +into Mexican jurisdictional waters, +and for educational fishing in +accordance with the programmes of the +fishing educational institutions. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 384201 Shipbuilding and Ship + Repairs + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Performance Requirement (Article 1106) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +Stated Political Constitution), +Art¡culo 32 + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law) +Cap¡tulo XV, Libro Tercero + +Ley Para el Desarrollo de la Marina +Mercante (Law for the Development of +the Merchant Navy), Cap¡tulo IV + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to establish and operate a +shipyard. Only Mexican nationals and +Mexican enterprises may obtain such +concession. + +For the owner of a Mexican-flagged +vessel to be eligible for government +cargo preferences, subsidies and tax +benefits granted under the Ley para el +Desarrollo de la Marina Mercante, such +person must carry out repair and +maintenance operations in shipyards +and repair facilities in Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 973203 Maritime and Inland (Lake + and Rivers) Ports Administration + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Navegaci¢n y Comercio Mar¡timo +(Navigation and Maritime Commerce +Law), Libro Segundo, Cap¡tulo II +Secciones A y B, T¡tulo Unico + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Cap¡tulo XI + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +All port workers must be Mexican +nationals. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX I + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 973201 Loading and Unloading + Services Related to Water + Transportation (includes operation and + maintenance of docks; Loading and + unloading of vessels at shore-side; + marine cargo handling; operation and + maintenance of piers; ship and boat + cleaning; stevedoring; transfer of + cargo between ships and trucks, + trains, pipelines and wharfs; + waterfront terminal operations) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution), +Art¡culo 32 + +Ley de Navegaci¢n y Comercio Mar¡timo +(Navigation and Maritime Commerce +Law), Libro Primero, T¡tulo Unico, +Cap¡tulo I, Libro Segundo, T¡tulo +Segundo + +Ley Org nica de la Administraci¢n +P£blica Federal (Federal Public +Administration Law) + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law) +Libro Tercero, Cap¡tulo II + +Reglamento del Servicio de Maniobras +en las Zonas Federales de Puertos, +Articles 1, 2, 13 and 14 +(Operation Services in the Federal +Port Zones Regulation), Libro Primero, +T¡tulo Unico, Cap¡tulo I, Libro +Segundo, T¡tulo Unico, Cap¡tulo II, +Secci¢n A y Libro Cuarto, T¡tulo Unico + +Reglamento para el Uso y +Aprovechamiento del Mar Territorial, +V¡as Navegables, Playas, Zona Federal +Mar¡timo Terrestre y Terrenos Ganados +al Mar, (Regulation for the Use of the +Territorial Sea, Navigable Ways, +Beaches, Maritime and Terrestrial +Federal Zones) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A concession granted by the Secretar¡a +de Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to construct and operate, or +operate, maritime and inland port +terminals, including dock, cranes and +related facilities. Only Mexican +nationals and Mexican enterprises may +obtain such concession. +A permit issued by the Secretar¡a de +Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to provide stevedoring and +warehousing services. Only Mexican +nationals and Mexican enterprises may +obtain such permit. + +Investment + +Prior approval of the Comisi¢n +Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras is +required for investors of another +Party or their investments to own +directly or indirectly, more than 49 +percent of the ownership interest of +an enterprise established or to be +established in Mexico providing to +third persons the following services: +operation and maintenance of docks; +loading and unloading of vessels at +shore-side; marine cargo handling; +operation and maintenance of piers; +ship and boat cleaning; stevedoring; +transfer of cargo between ships and +trucks, trains, pipelines and wharves; +and waterfront terminal operations. + +DURATION: Cross-Border Services + +Indeterminate + +Investment + +Description shall govern upon entry +into force of this Agreement. + + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: All sectors + +SUB-SECTOR: All sub-sectors + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Mexico reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure restricting the +ownership of bonds, treasury bills or +any other kind of debt or security +issued by the federal, state or local +governments except with respect to +ownership by financial institutions of +another Party, as such term is defined +in Chapter Fourteen (Financial +Services). + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Entertainment Services (Broadcasting + and Multipoint Distribution Systems (MDS)) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 941104 Private Production and + Transmission of Radio Programs + (Limited to Transmission of Radio + Programs, MDS and uninterrupted music) + + CMAP 941105 Private Services of + Production, Transmission and + Repetition of Television Programming + (Limited to Transmission and + Repetition of Television Programs, + MDS, and High-Definition Television) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1106) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Mexico reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to +investment in or provision of +broadcasting, multipoint distribution +systems, uninterrupted music and +high-definition television services. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution) + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law) + +Ley Federal de Radio y Televisi¢n +(Radio and Television Federal Law) + +Ley Para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 720006 Other Telecommunications + Services (Limited to Aeronautical + Mobile and Fixed Services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Mexico reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to +investment in or provision of air +traffic control, aeronautical +meteorology, aeronautical +telecommunications, flight control and +other telecommunication services +relating to air navigation services. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution) + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law) + +Decree creating the entity "Servicios +a la navegaci¢n en el espacio a‚reo +mexicano" (SENEAM) (Air Services in +the Mexican Air Space), 3 de octubre +de 1978 + + +Ley para Promover la Inversi¢n +Mexicana y Regular la Inversi¢n +Extranjera (Law to Promote Mexican +Investment and to Regulate Foreign +Investment) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications Transport Networks + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 720003 Telephone Services + + CMAP 720004 Telephone Booth Services + + CMAP 720006 Other Telecommunications + Services (Not Including Enhanced or + Value-Added Services) + + CMAP 502003 Telecommunications + installations + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Mexico reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to +investment in, or provision of, +telecommunications transport networks +and telecommunication transport +services. Telecommunications transport +networks include the facilities to +provide telecommunications transport +services such as local basic telephone +services, long-distance telephone +services (national and international), +rural telephone services, cellular +telephone services, telephone booth +services, satellite services, +trunking, paging, mobile telephony, +maritime telecommunication services, +air telephone, telex, and data +transmission services. +Telecommunications transport services +typically involve the real-time +transmission of customer-supplied +information between two or more points +without any end-to-end change in the +form or content of the customer's +information, whether or not such +services are offered to the public +generally. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution) + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law) + +Reglamento de Telecomunicaciones +(Telecommunications Regulations) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment) + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications and Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Postal Services, Telecommunications, Railroads + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 720001 Postal Services + + CMAP 720005 Telegraphic Services, + Radiotelegraphic Services, Wireless + Telegraphy + + CMAP 720006 Other Telecommunications + services (limited to satellite + communications) + + CMAP 711101 Railway Transportation + Service (limited to operation, + administration and control of traffic + within the Mexican railway system, + supervision and management of railway + rights-of-way, construction, + operation, and maintenance of basic + railway infrastructure) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) + Most-favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Mexico reserves the right to adopt or +mantain any measure related to the +provision of the following services: +postal services (operation, +administration and organization of +first class mail), telegraph, +radiotelegraphy, satellite +communications (establishment, +ownership and operation of satellite +systems, and establishment, ownership +and operation of earth stations with +international links), and railroads +(operation, administration and control +of traffic within the Mexican railway +system, supervision and management of +railway rights-of-way, construction, +operation, and maintenance of basic +railway infrastructure). + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos, (United Mexican +States Political Constitution) Article +28 + +Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communications Law +and its regulations) + +Ley Org nica de Ferrocarriles +Nacionales de M‚xico (Mexican National +Railroad Law) + +Ley del Servicio Postal Mexicano +(Mexican Postal Services Law and its +regulations) + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Other + Services Provided by Natural Persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Professional Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951002 Legal Services/Foreign + Legal Consultants + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treament (Article 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Subject to page VI-M-2, Mexico +reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to the +provision of legal services and +foreign legal consultancy services by +person of the United States. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 5o. +Constitucional, relativo al ejercicio +de las profesiones en el Distrito +Federal (Regulatory Law of Article 5' +of the United Mexican States Political +Constitution in relation to +Professional Services) + +Reglamento de la Ley para Promover la +Inversi¢n Mexicana y Regular la +Inversi¢n Extranjera (Regulations of +the Law to Promote Mexican Investment +and to Regulate Foreign Investment). + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Social Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Not applicable + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Mexico reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure with respect to +the provision of public law +enforcement and correctional services, +and the following services to the +extent they are social services +established or maintained for a public +purpose: income security or +insurance, social security or +insurance, social welfare, public +education, public training, health, +and child care. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +============================================================================= + ANNEX II + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation +SUB-SECTOR: Specialized Personnel + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Ship Captains (Capitanes) + Aircraft Pilots (Pilotos) + Ship Masters (Patrones) + Ship Machinists (Maquinistas) + Ship Mechanics (Mec nicos) + Airport Administrators (Comandantes de + Aer¢dromos) + Harbor Masters (Capitanes de Puerto) + Harbor Pilots (Pilotos de Puerto) + Customs Brokers (Agentes Aduanales) + Crew on Mexican flagged vessels and + aircraft (Personal que tripule + cualquier embarcaci¢n o aeronave con + bandera o insignia mercante mexicana) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treament (Article 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Only Mexicans by birth may serve as +captains, pilots, ship masters, +machinists, mechanics and crew members +manning vessels or aircraft under the +Mexican flag; as harbor pilots, harbor +masters and airport administrators; +and as customs brokers. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos, (Political +Constitution of United Mexican States) + + ANNEX III + Schedule of Mexico + + +I. The Mexican State reserves the right to perform exclusively, +and to refuse to permit the establishment of investments in, the +following activities: + + +1. Petroleum, other Hydrocarbons and Basic Petrochemicals + + (a) Description of activities + + (i) exploration and exploitation of crude oil and + natural gas; refining or processing of crude oil + and natural gas; and production of artificial gas, + basic petrochemicals and their feedstocks and + pipelines; and, + + (ii) foreign trade; transportation, storage and + distribution up to and including first hand sales + of the following goods: crude oil; natural and + artificial gas; goods obtained from the refining + or processing of crude oil and natural gas; and + basic petrochemicals. + + (b) Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, +Articles 25, 27 and 28 (United Mexican States Political +Constitution, Articles 25, 27 and 28). + + Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 27 Constitucional en el +Ramo del Petr¢leo y sus reglamentos (Regulatory Law of +Article 27 of the United Mexican States Constitution +related to Oil, and its regulations). + + Ley Org nica de Petr¢leos Mexicanos y Organismos +Subsidiarios (Statutory Law of Petr¢leos Mexicanos and +its Subsidiaries). + +============================================================================= + ANNEX III + Schedule of Mexico + + + + +2. Electricity + + (a) Description of activities: the supply of electricity as + a public service in Mexico, including, except as + provided in Annex 602.3 of the Energy Chapter, the + generation, transmission, transformation, distribution + and sale of electricity. + + (b) Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, +Articles 25 and 28 (United Mexican States Political +Constitution, Articles 25 and 28). + + Ley del Servicio P£blico de Energ¡a El‚ctrica y su +reglamento (Public Service of Electric Energy Law, and +its Regulations) + +3. Nuclear Power and Treatment of Radioactive Minerals + + (a) Description of activities: the generation of nuclear + energy; the exploration, exploitation and processing of + radioactive minerals; the nuclear fuel cycle; the use + and reprocessing of nuclear fuels and the regulation of + their applications for other purposes; the + transportation and storage of nuclear wastes; and the + production of heavy water. + + (b) Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, +Articles 25, 27 and 28 (United Mexican Constitution, +Article 25, 27 and 28). + + Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 27 Constitucional en +Materia de Energ¡a Nuclear (Regulatory Law of the +Aticle 27 of the United Mexican Constitution related to +Atomic Energy). + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX III + Schedule of Mexico + + + + +4. Satellite Communications + + (a) Description of activities: the establishment, operation + and ownership of satellite systems and earth stations + with international links. + + (b) Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, +Articles 25 and 28 (United Mexican States, Articles 25 +and 26). + + Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n y sus reglamentos +(General Means of Communication Law) + +5. Telegraph Services + + Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, + Articles 25 and 28 (United Mexican States, Articles 25 and + 28) + + Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n y sus reglamentos + (General Means Communication Law) + +6. Radiotelegraph Services + + Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, + Articles 25 and 28 (United Mexican States Political + Constitution, Article 25 and 28) + + Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n y sus reglamentos + (Genral Means of Communication Law). + +============================================================================= + ANNEX III + Schedule of Mexico + + + +7. Postal Services + + (a) Description of activities: operation, administration + and organization of first class mail. + + (b) Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, +Articles 25 and 28 (United Mexican States Political +Constitution, Articles 25 and 28). + + Ley del Servicio Postal Mexicano (Mexican Postal +Service Law) + +8. Railroads + + (a) Description of activities: the operation, + administration and control of traffic within the + Mexican railway system; supervision and management of + railway right-of-way; operation, construction and + maintenance of basic railway infrastructure. + + (b) Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, +Articles 25 and 28 (United Mexican States Political +Constitution, Articles 25 y 28). + + Ley Org nica de Ferrocarriles Nacionales de M‚xico +(Statutory Law of Mexican Railroads). + +9. Issuance of Bills (currency) and Minting of Coinage + + Legal citation: + + Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, + Articles 25 and 28 (United Mexican States Political + Constitution, Articles 25 and 28). + +============================================================================= + ANNEX III + Schedule of Mexico + + + + Ley Org nica del Banco de M‚xico (Statutory Law of Banco de + M‚xico). + + Ley Org nica de la Casa de Moneda de M‚xico (Statutory Law + of the Mexican Coining Agency). + +10. Control, Inspection and Surveillance of Maritime and Inland +(Lake and River) Ports + + Legal citation: + + Ley de Navegaci¢n y Comercio Mar¡timo (Commercial and + Navigation Law), Articles 43 and 47. + + Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n (General Means of + Communication Law) Article 272. + +11. Control, Inspection and Surveillance of Airports and +Heliports + + Legal citation: + + Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n (General Means of + Communication) Article 327. + +The legal citations are provided only for transparency purposes. + +II. Deregulation of Activities Reserved to the State + +1. The activities set out in Section I are reserved to the +Mexican State, and private equity investment is prohibited under +Mexican Law. Where Mexico allows private investment to +participate in such activities through service contracts, +concessions, lending arrangements or any other type of +contractual arrangement, such participation shall not be +construed to affect the State's reservation of those activities. + +2. If Mexican laws or regulations are amended to allow private +equity investment in an activity set out in Section I, Mexico may +impose restrictions on foreign investment + +============================================================================= + ANNEX III + Schedule of Mexico + + + +participation notwithstanding Article 1102 and describe them in +Annex I. Mexico may also impose derogations from 1102 on foreign +equity investment participation when selling an asset or +ownership interest in an enterprise in activities set out in +Section I and describe them in Annex I. + + +III. Activities Formerly Reserved to the Mexican State + + Where an activity was reserved to the Mexican State on +January 1, 1992 and is not reserved to the Mexican State upon +entry into force of this Agreement, Mexico may restrict the +initial sale of a state-owned asset or an ownership interest in a +state enterprise that performs that activity to enterprises with +majority ownership by Mexican nationals, as defined by the +Mexican Constitution. For a period not to exceed three years from +the initial sale, Mexico may restrict the transfer of such asset +or ownership interest to other enterprises with majority +ownership by Mexican nationals, as defined by the Mexican +Constitution. Upon expiration of the three year period , the +obligations of national treatment set out in Article 1102 +(National Treatment) shall apply. This provision is subject to +Article 1108 (Reservations and exceptions). +Title: NAFTA - ANNEX IV: Schedule of Mexico + + ANNEX IV + Schedule of Mexico + + + + Mexico takes an exception to Article 1103 for all +international agreements (bilateral and multilateral) in force or +signed prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement. + + As for international agreements other than those in force or +signed prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement, +Mexico takes an exception to Article 1103 for those agreements +involving: + +1. Aviation; + +2. Fisheries; + +3. Maritime matters, including salvage; or + +4. Telecommunications. + + With respect to state measures not yet described in Annex I, +pursusant to paragraph 2 of Article 1108, Mexico takes an +exception to Article 1103 for international agreements signed +within two years of the entry into force of this Agreement. + + For greater certainty, the Parties note that Article 1103 +does not apply to any current or future foreign aid programs to +promote economic development, such as those governed by the +Energy Economic Cooperation Program with Central America and the +Caribbean (Pacto de San Jos‚) and the OECD Agreement on Export +Credits. + + + + ANNEX V + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 720006 Other Telecommunications + Services (Limited to Private Networks) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de Comunicaci¢n +(General Means of Communication Law), +Libro Primero, Cap¡tulo III +(Concesiones, Permisos y Contratos) + +Reglamento de Telecomunicaciones +(Telecommunications Regulations), +Cap¡tulo 2 Cap¡tulo 4 (Permisos) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Resale of circuit capacity of a +private network may not exceed 30 +percent of such capacity. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX V + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Private Educational Services + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 921101 Preschool Private + Educational Services + + CMAP 921102 Primary School Private + Educational Services + + CMAP 921103 Secondary School Private + Educational Services + + CMAP 921104 Middle High (Preparatory) + School Private Educational Services + + CMAP 921105 Higher Private Educational + Services + + CMAP 921106 Private Educational + Services that Combine Preschool, + Primary, Secondary, Middle High and + Higher School Instruction + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: Constituci¢n Pol¡tica de los Estados +Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican +States Political Constitution)T¡tulo +Primero, Cap¡tulo I + +Ley Federal de Educaci¢n (Federal +Education Law) Cap¡tulos I, II, III y +IV + +Ley para la Coordinaci¢n de la +Educaci¢n Superior (Higher Education +Coordination Law) Cap¡tulos I y II + +Ley Reglamentaria del Art¡culo 5 +Constitucional relativo al ejercicio +de las profesiones en el Distrito +Federal, (Regulatory Law of Article 5 +of the United Mexican States Political +Constitution in relation to +Professional Services) Article 1, +related articles and its Regulation +Art. 12, Cap¡tulos I y III, Secciones +I y III + +Reglamento de la Ley Reglamentaria del +Art¡culo 5 Constitucional relativo al +ejercicio de las profesiones en el +Distrito Federal, (Regulation of the +Regulatory Law of Article 5 of the +United Mexican States Political +Constitution in relation to +Professional Services) Cap¡tulo V + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +For the provision of primary, +secondary, normal and workers or +peasants educational services, prior +and express authorization granted by +the Secretar¡a de Educaci¢n P£blica or +corresponding state authorities is +required. Such authorization is +granted on a case-by-case basis in +accordance with public convenience and +necessity. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX V + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBÄSECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 973103 Vehicle Parking services) + Services (Parking and garage + + CMAP 973104 Weight Scale Services for + Transportation. + + CMAP 973105 Towing Services for + Vehicles. + + CMAP 973106 Other Services Related to + Land Transportation not mentioned in + sections 9731, 7112 and 7113 of the + CMAP + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de V¡as Generales de +Comunicaci¢n (General Means of +Communication Law) + +State laws [to be provided] + +DESCRIPTION: A permit issued by the Secretar¡a de +Comunicaciones y Transportes is +required to provide services related +to land transportation. In some states +such permits are granted on a basis of +the public convenience and necessity. +Title: NAFTA - ANNEX VI: Schedule of Mexico + + ANNEX VI + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Entertainment Services (Cinema) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 941102 Private Services of + Distribution and Films Rental + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de la Industria Cinematogr fica +(Motion Picture Industry Law) + +Reglamento de la Ley de la Industria +Cinematogr fica. (Regulations of the +Motion Picture Industry Law) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +A distributor of films produced +outside of Mexico is required to +provide to the Cineteca Nacional no +more than one copy of two film titles +of each five film titles imported by +such distributor into Mexico. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VI + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Professional, Technical and Specialized Services and Services + Provided by Natural Persons + +SUB-SECTOR: Professional Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 951002 Legal Services and Foreign + Legal Consultants + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal and State + +LEGAL CITATION: [to be provided] + +DESCRIPTION: 1. Mexico will ensure that: + +(a) a lawyer authorized to practice + in a province of Canada or a + state of the United States of + America who seeks to practice as + a foreign legal consultant in + Mexico shall be granted a license + to do so if lawyers licensed in + Mexico are accorded equivalent + treatment in such province or + state; and + +(b) a law firm headquartered in a + province of Canada or a state of + the United States of America that + seeks to establish in Mexico to + provide legal services through + licensed foreign legal + consultants shall be authorized + to do so if law firms + headquartered in Mexico are + accorded equivalent treatment in + such province or state. + +2. Mexico will, pursuant to +paragraph 1(a), deny benefits to +foreign lawyers employed by or +associated with foreign legal +consultancy firms established in +Mexico, pursuant to paragraph 1(b), if +such lawyers are not authorized to +practice in a province of Canada or a +state of the United States of America +that authorizes lawyers licensed in +Mexico to practice as foreign legal +consultants in its territory. + +3. Subject to paragraphs 1 and 2, +Mexico will adopt rules and procedures +regarding the practice of foreign +legal consultants in Mexico, including +matters related to association and +hiring of lawyers licensed in Mexico. + + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VI + Schedule of Mexico + + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUBSECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CMAP 711201 Road Transport + Services for Construction Materials + + CMAP 711202 Road Transport Moving + Services + + CMAP 711203 Other Services of + Specialized Cargo Transportation + + CMAP 711204 General Trucking Services + + CMAP 711311 Inter-City Busing Services + + CMAP 711318 School and Tourist + Transportation Services (limited to + Tourist Transportation Services) + +LEGAL CITATION: Federal regulations will be +established in relation to leasing and +rental operations. + +DESCRIPTION: An enterprise authorized in Mexico to +provide bus or truck transportation +services may use equipment of its own, +leased vehicles with option to +purchase (financial leasing), leased +vehicles (operational leasing), or +short-term rental vehicles. + + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Financial Holding Companies + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Aggregate limits on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley para Regular las Agrupaciones Financieras (Law Regulating + Financial Groups), Art. 18 + +DESCRIPTION: Aggregate foreign investments in +financial holding companies are limited to 30% of common stock capital +(capital ordinario). These limits do not apply to financial holding +companies established pursuant to Parts B and C of the Schedule of +Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Commercial Banks (Instituciones de Cr‚dito) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811030 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Aggregate limits on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Instituciones de Cr‚dito (Law of the Credit + Institutions), Arts. 11 y 15 + +DESCRIPTION: Aggregate foreign investments in +commercial banks are limited to 30% of common stock capital (capital +ordinario). These limits do not apply to Foreign Financial Affiliates +established pursuant to Part B of the Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities Firms (Casas de Bolsa) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 812001 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitations on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley del Mercado de Valores (Law of the Stock Market), + Art. 17-II + +DESCRIPTION: Aggregate foreign investments in +securities firms are limited to 30% of capital (capital social) and +individual foreign investments are limited to 10% of capital, while +individual investments by Mexicans may, with approval from the Ministry +of Finance and Public Credit, rise to 15% of capital. These limits do not +apply to Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities Specialists (Especialistas Burs tiles) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 812001 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitations on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley del Mercado de Valores (Law of the Stock Market), + Art. 17-II + +DESCRIPTION: Aggregate foreign investments in +securities specialists are limited to 30% of capital (capital social) and +individual foreign investments are limited to 10% of capital, while +individual investments by Mexicans may, with approval from the Ministry +of Finance and Public Credit, rise to 15% of capital. These limits do not +apply to Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: General Deposit Warehouses (Almacenes Generales de Dep¢sito) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811042 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Aggregate limits on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliares del + Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit Organizations and + Activities), Art. 8-III-1 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign participation must be less +than 50% of paid-in capital (capital pagado). These limits do not apply to +Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Financial Leasing Companies (Arrendadoras Financieras) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811043 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Aggregate limits on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliares del + Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit Organizations and + Activities), Art. 8-III-1 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign participation must be less +than 50% of paid-in capital (capital pagado). These limits do not apply to +Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Financial Factoring Companies (Empresas de Factoraje Financiero) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Aggregate limits on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliares del + Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit Organizations and + Activities), Art. 8-III-1 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign participation must be less +than 50% of paid-in capital (capital pagado). These limits do not apply to +Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Credit Unions (Uniones de Cr‚dito) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811041 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliares del + Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit Organizations and + Activities), Art. 8-III-1 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign capital investment in these +entities is prohibited. This limitation does not apply to Foreign +Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the Schedule of +Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Foreign Exchange Firms (Casas de Cambio) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811044 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliares del + Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit Organizations and + Activities), Art. 82-III + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign investors may not participate +in the capital of these entities. This limitation does not apply to +Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Financial Agents (Comisionistas Financieros) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811045 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Instituciones de Cr‚dito (Law of Credit Institutions), + Art. 92 Reglas de SHCP (Regulations of the Ministry of Finance + and Public Credit) + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign investors may not participate +in the capital of these entities. This limitation does not apply to +Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Bonding Companies (Instituciones de Fianzas) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 813001 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Aggregate limits on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal de Instituciones de Fianzas (Federal Law of + Bonding Companies), Art. 15-XIII + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign participation must be less +than 50% of paid-in capital (capital pagado). These limits do not apply to +Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Insurance Companies (Instituciones de Seguros) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 813002 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Aggregate limits on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Instituciones y Sociedades Mutualistas de + Seguros (General Law on Insurance Institutions and Mutual + Societies), Art. 29-I + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign participation must be less +than 50% of paid-in capital (capital pagado). These limits do not apply to +Foreign Financial Affiliates established pursuant to Part B of the +Schedule of Mexico. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Financial Holding Companies + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Limitation on foreign ownership + +MEASURE: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley para Regular las Agrupaciones Financieras (Law Regulating + Financial Groups), Art. 18 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a financial holding company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Commercial Banks (Instituciones de Cr‚dito) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811030 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Instituciones de Cr‚dito (Law of Credit Institutions), + Art. 15 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign entities that exercise +governmental functions may not invest, directly or indirectly, in a +commercial bank. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities Firms (Casas de Bolsa) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 812001 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley del Mercado de Valores (Law of the Stock Market), + Art. 17-II-b + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a securities firm. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities Specialists (Especialistas Burs tiles) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley del Mercado de Valores (Law of the Stock Market), + Art. 17-II + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a securities specialist. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: General Deposit Warehouses (Almacenes Generales de Dep¢sito) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811042 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliares del + Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit Organizations and + Activities), Art. 8-III-1 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a general deposit warehouse. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Financial Leasing Companies (Arrendadoras Financieras) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811043 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y + Actividades Auxiliares del Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary + Credit organizations and Activities), Art. 8-III-1 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a financial leasing company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Financial Factoring Companies (Empresas de Factoraje Financiero) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y +Actividades Auxiliares del Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit +Organizations and Activities), Art. 8-III-1 + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a financial factoring company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Savings and Loan Companies (Sociedades de Ahorro y Pr‚stamo) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811046 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades Auxiliares del + Cr‚dito (General Law of Auxiliary Credit Organizations and + Activities), Art. 38-G + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may +not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a savings and loan company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Managing Companies of Investment Companies (Sociedades Operadoras + de Sociedades de Inversi¢n) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 812003 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Sociedades de Inversi¢n (Law of Investment Companies), + Art. 29-VI + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +an operator of an investment company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Investment Companies (Sociedades de Inversi¢n) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 812002 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley de Sociedades de Inversi¢n (Law of Investment Companies), + Art. 9-III + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +an investment company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Bonding Companies (Instituciones de Fianzas) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 813001 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Federal de Instituciones de Fianzas (Federal Law of + Bonding Companies), Art. 15 bis-IV-a + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +a bonding company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Insurance Companies (Instituciones de Seguros) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 813002 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1407 (Establishment, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on foreign ownership + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Instituciones y Sociedades de Mutualistas de + Seguros (General Law on Insurance Institutions and Mutual + Societies), Art. 29-I + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign governments and foreign state +enterprises or their investments may not invest, directly or indirectly, in +an insurance company. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Insurance + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 813002 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1405 (Cross-Border Trade) + +MEASURE: Restrictions on cross-border insurance + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley General de Instituciones y Sociedades Mutualistas de + Seguros (General Law on Insurance Institutions and Mutual + Societies), Art. 3§ + +DESCRIPTION: Mexico reserves its existing +prohibitions and restrictions on +cross-border trade in insurance +services, which do not now include +restrictions on the right of +individuals to purchase, by physical +mobility, life and health insurance. +Mexico is not reserving its present +restrictions with respect to the +ability of residents of Mexico to +purchase from non-resident insurance +companies of another Party, the +following types of insurance: + + (a) tourist insurance (including + travel accident and motor + vehicle insurance for non- + resident tourists, but not + insurance of risks of + liability to third parties) + for individuals, purchased + without solicitation via + physical mobility of such + individuals; + + (b) cargo insurance to and from + each Party purchased without + solicitation for goods in + international transit from + point of origin to final + destination and for the + vehicle during the period of + its use in transportation of + such goods, provided such + vehicle is licensed and + registered outside Mexico + (including vehicles in + maritime shipping, + commercial aviation, space + launching and freight + (including satellites)); and + + (c) intermediary services + incidental to (a) and (b) + without solicitation. + +DURATION: For greater clarity, this reservation does not apply to reinsurance. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART A + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 811021 811030 + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1404, 1405, 1407 (Establishment, Cross-Border + Trade, National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Activities reserved for development banks + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Ley Org nica de Nacional Financiera (Organic Law of Nacional + Financiera), Art. 7; Ley Org nica del Banco Nacional del + Ej‚rcito, la Fuerza A‚rea y la Armada (Organic Law of the + National Bank of the Army, Air Force and Navy) + +DESCRIPTION: The following activities are reserved +solely to Mexican development banks: + +(1) acting as custodians of + securities and cash funds + deposited by or in the + administrative or judiciary + authorities, and acting as + custodian of goods that have been + confiscated according to Mexican + measures; + +(2) managing the savings funds, + retirement plans and any other + funds or property of the + personnel of the Secretar¡a de la + Defensa Nacional, Secretar¡a de + Marina and the Mexican armed + forces, and performing other + financial activities pertaining + to the financial resources of + such personnel. + +DURATION: Indeterminate ANNEX VII + +============================================================================= + PART B + + Schedule of Mexico + + +TRANSITIONAL EXCEPTIONS + +Reservations to Articles 1404 and 1407 + +1. The provisions of paragraphs 2 through 10 of this Part B of +the Schedule of Mexico shall apply during the Transition Period, +except as otherwise specifically provided in paragraphs 9 and 10 +of this Part B. + +2. For the types of financial institutions listed in the chart +in this paragraph 2, the maximum capital to be authorized for a +Foreign Financial Affiliate, measured as a percentage of the +aggregate capital of all financial institutions of the same type +in Mexico, shall not exceed the percentage set forth in the chart +in this paragraph 2: + + Type of Financial Institution Maximum Individual Capital to + be Authorized (Percentage of + the Aggregate Capital of all + Institutions of the same type) + + + Commercial Banks 1.5% + Securities Firms 4.0% + Insurance Companies + Casualty 1.5% + Life and Health 1.5% + +In the case of an acquisition by a financial service provider of +another Party of a financial institution established in Mexico, +the sum of the authorized capital of the acquired institution and +the authorized capital of any Foreign Financial Affiliate already +controlled by the acquiror may not, at the time of acquisition or +at any time thereafter during the Transition Period, exceed the +applicable limit set forth in the chart in this paragraph 2. + +This paragraph 2 will not apply to new or existing Mexican +insurance companies invested in by insurance providers of another +Party (or their affiliates) pursuant to paragraph 7 of this Part +3 or paragraph 4 of Part C of the Schedule of Mexico. + +3. For purposes of the proper administration of the capital +limits in the Schedule of Mexico, the following provisions shall +apply: + + i. Each Foreign Financial Affiliate shall have a paid-in +capital not less than that authorized by Mexico at the time of +approval of its establishment. The authorized capital shall be +determined by Mexico. After the time of establishment, Mexico +may permit authorized capital to exceed paid-in capital. +Authorized capital shall not be reduced by any measure of Mexico +(other than prudential measures) below paid-in capital. The +maximum size of the operations of each Foreign Financial +Affiliate shall be determined, on a national treatment basis, as +a function of the lesser of its capital or its authorized +capital. + + ii. Mexico reserves the right to impose limitations on +transfers of assets or liabilities by Foreign Financial +Affiliates that have the effect of evading the capital limits set +forth in the Schedule of Mexico. This subparagraph does not +apply to bona fide transfers of funds to make overnight deposits +or bona fide transfers of banking liabilities. + +4. A Foreign Financial Affiliate shall not issue subordinated +debentures, except to its parent outside of Mexico. + +5. The aggregate of the authorized capital of all Foreign +Financial Affiliates of the same type, measured as a percentage +of the aggregate capital of all financial institutions of such +type in Mexico, shall not exceed the percentage set forth in the +chart in this paragraph 5 for that type of institution, except +for the case of insurance which is addressed in paragraph 6 of +this Part B. Beginning one year after the entry into force of +the Agreement, these initial limits shall increase annually in +equal increments so as to reach the final limits specified in the +chart in this paragraph 5 at the beginning of the last year of +the Transition Period. + + +Type of Financial Institution Percentage of Total Capital + Initial Final + Limit Limit + + Commercial banks 8% 15% + Securities firms 10% 20% + Factoring companies 10% 20% + Leasing companies 10% 20% + +Any capital in existence as of the date of signature of this +Agreement of a foreign bank branch established in Mexico prior to +such date shall be excluded from each of the aggregate capital +limits referred to in the Schedule of Mexico. + +6. In the case of insurance, the aggregate of the authorized +capital of all Foreign Insurance Affiliates, measured as a +percentage of the aggregate capital of all insurance companies in +Mexico, shall not exceed the percentage set forth in the chart in +this paragraph 6 for the respective one-year periods beginning on +each of the following dates: + + Date Percentage of Total Capital + + January 1, 1994 6% + January 1, 1995 8% + January 1, 1996 9% + January 1, 1997 10% + January 1, 1998 11% + January 1, 1999 12% + +If the entry into force of the Agreement occurs on a date prior +to January 1, 1994, that date shall become the initial date for +purposes of this chart, and each succeeding anniversary of the +entry into force of the Agreement shall become the next +succeeding date in this chart, with the percentages listed in +this chart applying to each of the respective periods as so +adjusted. If the entry into force of the Agreement occurs on a +date after January 1, 1994, the dates and corresponding limits in +this chart shall nonetheless not be changed. + +The individual and aggregate capital limits described in +paragraphs 2 and 6 of this Part B shall be measured separately +(through separate accounting) for life and non-life insurance +operations; but both types of insurance operations may be +conducted either by a single or separate Foreign Financial +Affiliates. + +7. Insurance providers of another Party may elect an +alternative procedure for entering Mexico through phasing-in an +equity interest in a new or existing Mexican insurance company, +and thereby exempt such Mexican company from the capital limits +of paragraphs 2 and 6 of this Part B. In order to qualify, the +percentage of the Mexican insurance company's voting common stock +that is owned by Mexican persons must not be less than the levels +set forth in the chart in this paragraph 7 for the respective +one-year periods beginning on each of the following dates: + + Date Mexican Interest + + January 1, 1994 70% + January 1, 1995 65% + January 1, 1996 60% + January 1, 1997 55% + January 1, 1998 49% + January 1, 1999 25% + +If the entry into force of the Agreement occurs on a date prior +to January 1, 1994, that date shall become the initial date for +purposes of this chart, and each succeeding anniversary of the +entry into force of the Agreement shall become the next +succeeding date in this chart, with the percentages listed in +this chart applying to each of the respective periods as so +adjusted. If the entry into force of the Agreement occurs on a +date after January 1, 1994, the dates and corresponding limits in +this chart shall nonetheless not be changed. + +On and after January 1, 2000 (or, if the entry into force of the +Agreement occurs on a date prior to January 1, 1994, on and after +the sixth anniversary of such date), the percentage requirement +of Mexican ownership set forth in this paragraph 7 shall no +longer apply. + +This paragraph 7 is further modified by paragraph 4 of Part C of +the Schedule of Mexico to the extent set forth therein. + +8. The aggregate assets of Foreign Financial Affiliates that +are limited scope financial institutions within the meaning of +paragraph 2 of Part C of the Schedule of Mexico shall not exceed +3% of the sum of (1) the aggregate assets of all commercial banks +in Mexico plus (2) the aggregate assets of all types of limited +scope financial institutions in Mexico. Lending by affiliates of +automobile manufacturing companies with respect to their vehicles +shall not be subject to or taken into account in determining +compliance with this 3% limit. + +9. The capital limits in paragraphs 2, 5, 6 and 8 of this Part +B shall be removed at the end of the Transition Period. If the +sum of the authorized capital of Foreign Financial Affiliates, +measured as a percentage of the aggregate capital of all +financial institutions of such type in Mexico, reaches the +percentage set forth in the chart in this paragraph 9 for such +type of institutions, then Mexico shall have the right, once +during the four years following the end of the Transition Period, +to freeze such aggregate capital percentage at its then-existing +level: + + Commercial banks 25% + Securities firms 30% + +If applied, such a restriction will have a duration not to exceed +a period of 3 years. + +10. No additional license to establish a Foreign Financial +Affiliate shall be granted during the Transition Period (and, in +the case of paragraph 9 of this Part B, during the additional +periods described in that paragraph) if after such issuance the +sum of the authorized capital of all Foreign Financial Affiliates +of the same type would exceed the applicable percentage limit for +that type of institution in paragraph 5, 6, 8 or 9 of this +Part B. + + +OTHER EXCEPTIONS + +11. The provisions of the following paragraphs 12 through 15 of +this Part B shall apply immediately upon the entry into force of +the Agreement and at all times thereafter, except as otherwise +specifically provided in such paragraphs. Any amendment or +modification to a measure adopted or maintained pursuant to +paragraphs 12 through 15 of this Part B shall not decrease the +conformity of the measure, as it existed immediately before such +amendment or modification, with Articles 1404 to 1409 of the +Agreement. + +Reservation to Article 1407 + +12. Mexico may require that a Foreign Financial Affiliate (other +than a Foreign Insurance Affiliate) be wholly-owned by a +financial service provider of another Party (except for +directors' nominal qualifying shares). Mexico may also restrict +any Foreign Financial Affiliate from establishing agencies, +branches, or other direct or indirect subsidiaries in the +territory of any other country. + +Reservations to Articles 1404 and 1407 + +13. Following the Transition Period, acquisition of a commercial +bank established in Mexico, or of the assets or liabilities +thereof, by a financial service provider of another Party will +only be authorized by Mexico, subject to reasonable prudential +considerations on a case by case basis, if the sum of the +authorized capital of the acquired commercial bank and the +authorized capital of any commercial bank in Mexico already +controlled by the acquiror would not exceed 4% of the aggregate +capital of all commercial banks in Mexico. + +14. Mexico may adopt measures that (i) limit eligibility to +establish a Foreign Financial Affiliate in Mexico to a financial +service provider of another Party that is, directly or through +any of its affiliates, engaged in the same general type of +financial services in the territory of the other Party; and (ii) +limit such provider (together with its affiliates) to no more +than one institution of the same type in Mexico. In determining +what types of operations a financial service provider of another +Party is engaged in for purposes of the preceding sentence, all +types of insurance shall be considered to be only one type of +financial service; but both life and non-life insurance +operations may be conducted either by a single or separate +Foreign Financial Affiliates. + +Reservation to Articles 1404, 1405 and 1407 + +15. The existing activities and operations of Mexican +governmental insurance programs conducted by Aseguradora +Mexicana, S.A. or Aseguradora Hidalgo, S.A. (including insurance +for government employees, agencies, instrumentalities and public +entities) are excluded from Articles 1404, 1405 and 1407 for so +long as such firm is controlled by the government of Mexico and +for a commercially reasonable time after such governmental +control ceases. + +Reservation to Article 1405 + +16. In order not to impair the conduct of Mexico's monetary and +exchange rate policies, non-resident financial service providers +of another Party shall not be permitted to provide financial +services into the territory of Mexico or to residents of Mexico, +and residents of Mexico may not purchase financial services from +non-resident financial service providers of another Party, if +such transactions are denominated in Mexican pesos. + +Reservation to Articles 1404-1409 + +17. The benefits of this Agreement shall not be extended to a +foreign bank branch existing in Mexico on the date of entry into +force of this Agreement. The existing legal regime will continue +to apply to such a branch for so long as it operates in that +form. Such a branch shall be permitted to convert to a +subsidiary pursuant to the terms of this Schedule, and upon +conversion shall be covered by this Agreement. The existing +capital of such branch on the date of signature of this Agreement +shall not be counted against such Foreign Commercial Bank +Affiliate's individual capital limit, or the aggregate capital +limits for commercial banks in the event of conversion. +Definitions + +For purposes of Part B of Mexico's schedule: + +capital means the following, as defined in Mexican measures, +applied on a national treatment basis: + + Type of Financial Institution Concept of "Capital" + + commercial banks capital neto + securities firms capital global + insurance companies + casualty requerimiento bruto + de solvencia (allocation to +casualty insurance) + life and health requerimiento bruto + de solvencia (allocation to +life and health insurance) + factoring companies capital contable + leasing companies capital contable + + +Foreign Commercial Bank Affiliate means a Foreign Financial +Affiliate that is a commercial bank; + +Foreign Financial Affiliate means a financial institution +established in Mexico and owned and controlled by a financial +service provider of another Party; + +Foreign Insurance Affiliate means a Foreign Financial Affiliate +that is an insurance company; and + +Transition Period means the period beginning with the entry into +force of the Agreement and ending on the earlier of i) January 1, +2000, or ii) six years from the entry into force of the +Agreement. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART C + + Schedule of Mexico + + +SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS + +1. Mexico shall retain discretion to approve, on a case-by-case +basis, any affiliation of a commercial bank or securities firm +with a commercial or industrial corporation that has a commercial +presence in Mexico, if Mexico determines that such affiliation is +harmless and, in the case of banking, either (a) not substantial, +or (b) the financial-related activities of the commercial or +industrial commercial corporation are at least 90 percent of its +annual income worldwide, and the non-financial activities of such +commercial or industrial corporation are of a type that Mexico +determines to be acceptable. Affiliation with a non-resident +commercial or industrial corporation that has no commercial +presence in Mexico will not be a reason for denial of an +application to establish or acquire a commercial bank or +securities firm in Mexico. + +2. Non-bank financial service providers of another Party shall +be permitted to establish one or more limited scope financial +institutions in Mexico to provide separately consumer lending, +commercial lending, mortgage lending or credit card services on +terms no less favorable than those applied to like domestic firms +under Mexican measures. Mexico may permit lending services +closely related to the principal authorized business of a limited +scope financial institution to be carried out by that +institution. Such firms shall be provided the opportunity to +raise funds in the securities market for business operations +subject to normal terms and conditions. Mexico may restrict such +limited scope financial institutions from taking deposits. + +3. Within two years of the entry into force of the Agreement, +Mexico shall conduct a study of the desirability and, if +desirable, the possible methods of establishing limited scope +securities firms which would have more limited powers than +current securities firms. Such limited scope securities firms +would be subject to differing capital requirements, depending on +the type and extent of business conducted, that would permit +lower minimum capital requirements than those currently +applicable to Mexican securities firms. The basis of the study +would be prudential considerations and opportunities for +investment in the securities sector. As part of the second +annual meeting of the Committee required under Article 1414, +Mexico shall report to the other Parties on the outcome of the +study, including any plans for the establishment of new +categories of securities firms. + +4. Notwithstanding Part B (paragraph 7) of the Schedule of +Mexico, an insurance provider of another Party, together with its +affiliates, that as of July 1, 1992 collectively have an active +investment or ownership interest that has been specifically +approved by the Mexico of 10% or more in a Mexican insurance +company may: (1) exercise any contract right or option in +existence as of July 1, 1992 with respect to ownership interests +in such Mexican insurance company; and (2) effective the earlier +of January 1, 1996 or two years following the date of entry into +force of the Agreement, acquire a controlling interest of up to +100% in such Mexican insurance company. Before the effective +date described in clause (2) of the preceding sentence, an +insurance provider of another Party (together with its +affiliates) described in that sentence may exercise any existing +contract right or option described in clause (1) of that +sentence, and choose to maintain its existing interest or expand +its interest in such Mexican insurance company to the extent +consistent with Part B (paragraph 7) of the Schedule of Mexico. +Mexico shall maintain discretion to permit acceleration of the +schedule for equity participation in a Mexican insurance company +by an insurance provider of another Party described in the first +sentence of this paragraph. + +5. A bank or securities provider of another Party that is +authorized to and establishes or acquires a commercial bank or +securities firm, respectively, in Mexico may also establish a +financial holding company in Mexico, and thereby establish or +acquire other types of financial institutions in Mexico, under +the terms of Mexican measures. + +6. Mexico shall administer its licensing and approval +procedures during the Transition Period (as defined in Part B of +the Schedule of Mexico) in a manner that does not deny the +benefits of the liberalization of existing measures described in +the Schedule of Mexico to enterprises of another Party ultimately +controlled by nationals of that Party. + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + + PART D + + Schedule of Mexico + + + The agency of the government of Mexico responsible for +financial services is the Secretar¡a de Hacienda y Cr‚dito +P£blico. +DRAFT NAFTA TARIFF PHASING (PRELIMINARY) 09/03/92 +_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ + +Subhead Description Canada USA Mexico0101.11 Horses, live pure-bred breeding 0101.11.00 D 0101.11.00 D 0101.11.01 A + +0101.19 Horses, live except pure-bred breeding 0101.19.00 D 0101.19.00 D 0101.19.01 A + 0101.19.02 A + 0101.19.03 A + 0101.19.99 A + +0101.20 Asses, mules and hinnies, live 0101.20.00 D 0101.20.10 D 0101.20.01 A + 0101.20.20 A + 0101.20.30 D + 0101.20.40 A + +0102.10 Bovine, live pure-bred breeding 0102.10.00 D 0102.10.00 D 0102.10.01 D + +0102.90 Bovine, live except pure-bred breeding 0102.90.10 D 0102.90.20 D 0102.90.01 D + 0102.90.90 A 0102.90.40 A 0102.90.02 D + 0102.90.03 D + 0102.90.99 D + +0103.10 Swine, live pure-bred breeding 0103.10.00 D 0103.10.00 D 0103.10.01 D + +0103.91 Swine, live except pure-bred breeding weighing less than 50 kg 0103.91.00 D 0103.91.00 D 0103.91.01 A + 0103.91.99 Ctq + +0103.92 Swine, live except pure-bred breeding weighing 50 kg or more 0103.92.00 D 0103.92.00 D 0103.92.01 A + 0103.92.99 Ctq + +0104.10 Sheep, live 0104.10.10 D 0104.10.00 D 0104.10.01 D + 0104.10.90 A 0104.10.02 C + 0104.10.99 C + +0104.20 Goats, live 0104.20.10 D 0104.20.00 A 0104.20.01 D + 0104.20.90 A 0104.20.99 B + +0105.11 Fowls, live domestic weighing not more than 185 g 0105.11.10 D 0105.11.00 A 0105.11.01 EX + 0105.11.90 Bg 0105.11.02 D + 0105.11.9V Ex 0105.11.99 C + +0105.19 Poultry, live except domestic fowls, weighing not more than 18 0105.19.10 D 0105.19.00 A 0105.19.99 C + 0105.19.91 A + 0105.19.92 Bg + +0105.91 Fowls, live domestic weighing more than 185 g 0105.91.00 Ex 0105.91.00 A 0105.91.01 EX + 0105.91.99 EX + +0105.99 Poultry, live except domestic fowls, weighing more than 185 g 0105.99.00 Ex 0105.99.00 A 0105.99.99 EX + +0106.00 Animals, live nes 0106.00.00 D 0106.00.10 A 0106.00.01 A + + 0106.00.30 A 0106.00.02 A + 0106.00.50 D 0106.00.03 A + 0106.00.99 C + +0201.10 Bovine carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled 0201.10.00 A 0201.10.00 A 0201.10.01 D + +0201.20 Bovine cuts bone in, fresh or chilled 0201.20.00 A 0201.20.20 A 0201.20.99 D + 0201.20.40 A + 0201.20.60 A + +0201.30 Bovine cuts boneless, fresh or chilled 0201.30.00 A 0201.30.20 A 0201.30.01 D + 0201.30.40 A + 0201.30.60 A + +0202.10 Bovine carcasses and half carcasses, frozen 0202.10.00 A 0202.10.00 A 0202.10.01 D + +0202.20 Bovine cuts bone in, frozen 0202.20.00 A 0202.20.20 A 0202.20.99 D + 0202.20.40 A + 0202.20.60 A + +0202.30 Bovine cuts boneless, frozen 0202.30.00 Bg 0202.30.20 A 0202.30.01 D + 0202.30.40 A + 0202.30.60 A + +0203.11 Swine carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled 0203.11.00 D 0203.11.00 D 0203.11.01 Ctq + +0203.12 Hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, of swine bone in, fresh or 0203.12.00 D 0203.12.10 A 0203.12.01 Ctq + 0203.12.90 D + +0203.19 Swine cuts, fresh or chilled, nes 0203.19.00 D 0203.19.20 A 0203.19.99 Ctq + 0203.19.40 D + +0203.21 Swine carcasses and half carcasses, frozen 0203.21.00 D 0203.21.00 D 0203.21.01 Ctq + +0203.22 Hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, of swine, bone in, frozen 0203.22.00 D 0203.22.10 A 0203.22.01 Ctq + 0203.22.90 D + +0203.29 Swine cuts, frozen nes 0203.29.00 D 0203.29.20 A 0203.29.99 Ctq + 0203.29.40 D + +0204.10 Lamb carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled 0204.10.00 A 0204.10.00 A 0204.10.01 C + +0204.21 Sheep carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled 0204.21.00 A 0204.21.00 A 0204.21.01 C + +0204.22 Sheep cuts, bone in, fresh or chilled 0204.22.10 A 0204.22.20 A 0204.22.01 C + 0204.22.20 A 0204.22.40 A + +0204.23 Sheep cuts, boneless, fresh or chilled 0204.23.10 A 0204.23.20 A 0204.23.01 C + 0204.23.20 A 0204.23.40 A + +0204.30 Lamb carcasses and half carcasses, frozen 0204.30.00 A 0204.30.00 A 0204.30.01 C + + +0204.41 Sheep carcasses and half carcasses, frozen 0204.41.00 A 0204.41.00 A 0204.41.01 C + +0204.42 Sheep cuts, bone in, frozen 0204.42.10 A 0204.42.20 A 0204.42.01 C + 0204.42.20 A 0204.42.40 A + +0204.43 Sheep cuts, boneless, frozen 0204.43.10 A 0204.43.20 A 0204.43.01 C + 0204.43.20 A 0204.43.40 A + +0204.50 Goat meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 0204.50.00 D 0204.50.00 D 0204.50.01 C + +0205.00 Horse, ass, mule or hinny meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 0205.00.00 D 0205.00.00 D 0205.00.01 B + +0206.10 Bovine edible offal, fresh or chilled 0206.10.00 D 0206.10.00 D 0206.10.01 C + +0206.21 Bovine tongues, edible offal, frozen 0206.21.00 D 0206.21.00 D 0206.21.01 C + +0206.22 Bovine livers, edible offal, frozen 0206.22.00 D 0206.22.00 D 0206.22.01 C + +0206.29 Bovine edible offal, frozen nes 0206.29.00 D 0206.29.00 D 0206.29.99 C + +0206.30 Swine edible offal, fresh or chilled 0206.30.00 D 0206.30.00 D 0206.30.01 C + 0206.30.99 C + +0206.41 Swine livers, edible offal, frozen 0206.41.00 D 0206.41.00 D 0206.41.01 C + +0206.49 Swine edible offal, frozen nes 0206.49.00 D 0206.49.00 D 0206.49.01 D + 0206.49.99 C + +0206.80 Sheep, goats, asses, mules or hinnies edible offal, fresh or 0206.80.00 D 0206.80.00 D 0206.80.01 B + +0206.90 Sheep, goats, asses, mules or hinnies edible offal, frozen 0206.90.00 D 0206.90.00 D 0206.90.01 B + +0207.10 Poultry, domestic, whole, fresh or chilled 0207.10.00 Ex 0207.10.20 A 0207.10.01 EX + 0207.10.40 A + +0207.21 Fowls, domestic, whole, frozen 0207.21.00 Ex 0207.21.00 A 0207.21.01 EX + +0207.22 Turkeys, domestic, whole, frozen 0207.22.00 Ex 0207.22.20 A 0207.22.01 EX + 0207.22.40 A + +0207.23 Ducks, geese and guinea fowls, domestic, whole, frozen 0207.23.00 Bg 0207.23.00 A 0207.23.01 CAg + +0207.31 Fatty livers of geese or ducks, domestic fresh or chilled 0207.31.00 D 0207.31.00 A 0207.31.01 C + +0207.39 Poultry cuts and offal, domestic except geese or ducks livers 0207.39.00 Ex 0207.39.00 A 0207.39.01 EX + 0207.39.99 EX + +0207.41 Fowl cuts and offal, domestic, except livers, frozen 0207.41.00 Ex 0207.41.00 A 0207.41.0X EX + 0207.41.0Y EX + 0207.41.0Z EX + + 0207.41.01 Bp + +0207.42 Turkey cuts and offal, except livers, frozen 0207.42.00 Ex 0207.42.00 A 0207.42.0Y EX + 0207.42.0Z EX + 0207.42.0Z EX + 0207.42.01 Bp + +0207.43 Duck, geese or guinea fowl cuts and offal, domestic, except 0207.43.00 Bg 0207.43.00 A 0207.43.01 CAg + +0207.50 Poultry livers, domestic, frozen 0207.50.00 D 0207.50.00 A 0207.50.01 EX + +0208.10 Rabbit or hare meat and edible meat offal, fresh, chilled or 0208.10.00 D 0208.10.00 A 0208.10.01 C + +0208.20 Frog legs, fresh, chilled or frozen 0208.20.00 D 0208.20.00 D 0208.20.01 A + +0208.90 Meat and edible meat offal, nes fresh, chilled or frozen 0208.90.00 D 0208.90.20 D 0208.90.99 C + 0208.90.30 A + 0208.90.40 A + +0209.00 Pig fat lean meat free and poultry fat unrendered, fresh, 0209.00.10 D 0209.00.00 A 0209.00.0X EX + 0209.00.20 Ex 0209.00.01 CAg + +0210.11 Hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, of swine bone in, cured 0210.11.00 A 0210.11.00 A 0210.11.01 Ctq + +0210.12 Bellies, streaky and cuts thereof, swine cured 0210.12.00 A 0210.12.00 A 0210.12.01 Ctq + +0210.19 Swine meat cured, nes 0210.19.10 D 0210.19.00 A 0210.19.99 Ctq + 0210.19.90 A + +0210.20 Bovine meat cured 0210.20.00 A 0210.20.00 A 0210.20.01 C + +0210.90 Meat and edible meat offal cured nes and edible meat or offal, 0210.90.10 Ex 0210.90.20 A 0210.90.01 C + 0210.90.90 A 0210.90.40 A 0210.90.02 C + 0210.90.99 EX + +0301.10 Ornamental fish, live 0301.10.00 D 0301.10.00 D 0301.10.01 A + +0301.91 Trout, live 0301.91.00 D 0301.91.00 D 0301.91.01 A + +0301.92 Eels, live 0301.92.00 D 0301.92.00 D 0301.92.01 A + +0301.93 Carp, live 0301.93.00 D 0301.93.00 D 0301.93.01 A + +0301.99 Fish live, nes 0301.99.00 D 0301.99.00 D 0301.99.01 A + 0301.99.99 B + +0302.11 Trout, fresh or chilled excluding heading No 03.04, livers and 0302.11.00 D 0302.11.00 D 0302.11.01 A + +0302.12 Salmon Pacific, Atlantic & Danube, fr or chd excl hd No 03.04, 0302.12.00 D 0302.12.00 D 0302.12.01 A + +0302.19 Salmonidae nes, fresh or chilled, excl heading No 03.04, liver 0302.19.00 D 0302.19.00 D 0302.19.99 A + + +0302.21 Halibut, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers 0302.21.00 D 0302.21.00 D 0302.21.01 B + +0302.22 Plaice, fresh or chilled, excl heading No 03.04, livers and 0302.22.00 D 0302.22.00 A 0302.22.01 A + +0302.23 Sole, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and 0302.23.00 D 0302.23.00 A 0302.23.01 A + +0302.29 Flatfish nes, fresh or chilled excluding heading No 03.04, 0302.29.00 D 0302.29.00 A 0302.29.99 A + +0302.31 Tunas,albacore or longfinned,fr or chd excl heading No 03.04, 0302.31.00 D 0302.31.00 D 0302.31.01 C + +0302.32 Tunas, yellowfin, fresh or chilled, excl heading No 03.04, 0302.32.00 D 0302.32.00 D 0302.32.01 C + +0302.33 Skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito, fr or chd,excl heading No 0302.33.00 D 0302.33.00 D 0302.33.01 C + +0302.39 Tunas nes, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, liver 0302.39.00 D 0302.39.00 D 0302.39.99 C + +0302.40 Herrings, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers 0302.40.00 D 0302.40.00 D 0302.40.01 A + +0302.50 Cod, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and 0302.50.00 D 0302.50.00 D 0302.50.01 A + +0302.61 Sardines,sardinella,brisling or sprats, fr or chd,excl hd No 0302.61.00 D 0302.61.00 A 0302.61.01 B + +0302.62 Haddock, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers 0302.62.00 D 0302.62.00 D 0302.62.01 A + +0302.63 Coalfish, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers 0302.63.00 D 0302.63.00 D 0302.63.01 A + +0302.64 Mackerel, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers 0302.64.00 D 0302.64.00 D 0302.64.01 A + +0302.65 Dogfish and other sharks, fresh or chd, excl heading No 03.04, 0302.65.00 D 0302.65.00 A 0302.65.01 A + +0302.66 Eels, fresh or chilled, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and 0302.66.00 D 0302.66.00 D 0302.66.01 A + +0302.69 Fish nes, fresh or chilled excl heading No 03.04, livers and 0302.69.00 D 0302.69.10 A 0302.69.01 A + 0302.69.20 D 0302.69.99 B + 0302.69.40 A + +0302.70 Livers and roes, fresh or chilled 0302.70.00 A 0302.70.20 A 0302.70.01 A + 0302.70.40 D + +0303.10 Salmon, Pacific, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers an 0303.10.00 D 0303.10.00 D 0303.10.01 A + +0303.21 Trout, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.21.00 D 0303.21.00 D 0303.21.01 A + +0303.22 Salmon Atlantic,frozen,excluding heading No 03.04, livers and 0303.22.00 D 0303.22.00 D 0303.22.01 A + +0303.29 Salmonidae, nes,frozen,excluding heading No 03.04, livers and 0303.29.00 D 0303.29.00 D 0303.29.99 A + +0303.31 Halibut, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.31.00 D 0303.31.00 D 0303.31.01 B + +0303.32 Plaice, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.32.00 D 0303.32.00 A 0303.32.01 A + + +0303.33 Sole, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.33.00 D 0303.33.00 A 0303.33.01 A + +0303.39 Flatfish nes, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and 0303.39.00 D 0303.39.00 A 0303.39.99 A + +0303.41 Tunas, albacore or longfinned, frozen, excl heading No 03.04, 0303.41.00 D 0303.41.00 D 0303.41.01 C + +0303.42 Tunas, yellowfin, frozen excluding heading No 03.04, livers an 0303.42.00 D 0303.42.00 D 0303.42.01 C + +0303.43 Skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito,frozen excl heading No 03.04 0303.43.00 D 0303.43.00 D 0303.43.01 C + +0303.49 Tunas nes, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.49.00 D 0303.49.00 D 0303.49.01 C + +0303.50 Herrings, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.50.00 D 0303.50.00 D 0303.50.01 A + +0303.60 Cod, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.60.00 D 0303.60.00 D 0303.60.01 A + +0303.71 Sardines,sardinella,brisling or sprats, frozen excl hd No 0303.71.00 D 0303.71.00 A 0303.71.01 B + +0303.72 Haddock, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.72.00 D 0303.72.00 D 0303.72.01 A + +0303.73 Coalfish, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.73.00 D 0303.73.00 D 0303.73.01 A + +0303.74 Mackerel, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.74.00 D 0303.74.00 D 0303.74.01 A + +0303.75 Dogfish and other sharks, frozen, excl heading No 03.04, liver 0303.75.00 D 0303.75.00 A 0303.75.01 A + +0303.76 Eels, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.76.00 D 0303.76.00 D 0303.76.01 A + +0303.77 Sea bass, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.77.00 D 0303.77.00 A 0303.77.01 A + +0303.78 Hake, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.78.00 D 0303.78.00 D 0303.78.01 A + +0303.79 Fish nes, frozen, excluding heading No 03.04, livers and roes 0303.79.00 D 0303.79.20 D 0303.79.99 A + 0303.79.40 A + +0303.80 Livers and roes, frozen 0303.80.00 A 0303.80.20 A 0303.80.01 A + 0303.80.40 D + +0304.10 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or 0304.10.00 D 0304.10.10 C 0304.10.01 C + 0304.10.30 A + 0304.10.40 D + +0304.20 Fish fillets frozen 0304.20.00 D 0304.20.20 D 0304.20.01 C + 0304.20.30 C + 0304.20.50 A + 0304.20.60 D + +0304.90 Fish meat nes, minced or not, frozen 0304.90.00 D 0304.90.10 D 0304.90.99 B + 0304.90.90 A + + +0305.10 Fish meal fit for human consumption 0305.10.00 A 0305.10.20 D 0305.10.01 A + 0305.10.40 A + +0305.20 Livers and roes, dried, smoked, salted or in brine 0305.20.00 A 0305.20.20 A 0305.20.01 A + 0305.20.40 D + +0305.30 Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine but not smoked 0305.30.00 D 0305.30.20 B 0305.30.01 B + 0305.30.40 B + 0305.30.60 D + +0305.41 Salmon, Pacific, Atlantic and Danube, smoked including fillets 0305.41.00 D 0305.41.00 A 0305.41.01 A + +0305.42 Herrings smoked, including fillets 0305.42.00 D 0305.42.00 D 0305.42.01 A + +0305.49 Fish nes, smoked including fillets 0305.49.00 D 0305.49.20 A 0305.49.01 A + 0305.49.40 D 0305.49.99 A + +0305.51 Cod dried, whether or not salted but not smoked 0305.51.00 D 0305.51.00 A 0305.51.01 A + 0305.51.99 A + +0305.59 Fish nes, dried, whether or not salted but not smoked 0305.59.00 D 0305.59.20 A 0305.59.01 A + 0305.59.40 A 0305.59.99 A + +0305.61 Herrings, salted and in brine, but not dried or smoked 0305.61.00 D 0305.61.20 A 0305.61.01 A + 0305.61.40 D + +0305.62 Cod, salted and in brine, but not dried or smoked 0305.62.00 D 0305.62.00 D 0305.62.01 A + +0305.63 Anchovies, salted and in brine, but not dried or smoked 0305.63.00 D 0305.63.20 A 0305.63.01 A + 0305.63.40 A + 0305.63.60 D + +0305.69 Fish nes, salted and in brine, but not dried or smoked 0305.69.00 D 0305.69.10 D 0305.69.99 A + 0305.69.20 A + 0305.69.30 D + 0305.69.40 A + 0305.69.50 A + 0305.69.60 A + +0306.11 Rock lobster & other sea crawfish,frozen in shell or not, incl 0306.11.00 C 0306.11.00 D 0306.11.01 C + +0306.12 Lobsters nes, frozen, in shell, boiled 0306.12.00 D 0306.12.00 D 0306.12.01 B + +0306.13 Shrimps and prawns, frozen, in shell or not, including boiled 0306.13.00 D 0306.13.00 D 0306.13.01 C + +0306.14 Crabs frozen, in shell or not, including boiled in shell 0306.14.00 A 0306.14.20 A 0306.14.01 A + 0306.14.40 D + +0306.19 Crustaceans nes, frozen, in shell or not including boiled in 0306.19.00 A 0306.19.00 D 0306.19.99 A + +0306.21 Rock lobster & other sea crawfish not fz,in shell or not, incl 0306.21.00 C 0306.21.00 D 0306.21.01 C + + +0306.22 Lobsters nes, not frozen, in shell, including boiled in shell 0306.22.00 D 0306.22.00 D 0306.22.01 B + +0306.23 Shrimps and prawns, not frozen, in shell or not, including 0306.23.00 D 0306.23.00 D 0306.23.01 C + +0306.24 Crabs, not frozen, in shell or not, including boiled in shell 0306.24.00 A 0306.24.20 A 0306.24.01 A + 0306.24.40 D + +0306.29 Crustaceans nes, not frozen, in shell or not, including boiled 0306.29.00 A 0306.29.00 D 0306.29.99 A + +0307.10 Oysters, shelled or not, live, fresh, chilled,frozen,dried, 0307.10.10 A 0307.10.00 D 0307.10.01 B + 0307.10.20 D + +0307.21 Scallops, including queen scallops, shelled or not, live, fres 0307.21.00 D 0307.21.00 D 0307.21.01 B + +0307.29 Scallops, incl queen scallops, shelled or not,frozen, dried, 0307.29.10 D 0307.29.00 D 0307.29.99 B + 0307.29.20 B + +0307.31 Mussels, shelled or not, live, fresh or chilled 0307.31.00 D 0307.31.00 D 0307.31.01 B + +0307.39 Mussels, shelled or not, frozen, dried, salted or in brine 0307.39.00 D 0307.39.00 D 0307.39.99 B + +0307.41 Cuttle fish and squid, shelled or not, live, fresh or chilled 0307.41.00 D 0307.41.00 D 0307.41.01 B + 0307.41.99 A + +0307.49 Cuttle fish and squid, shelled or not, frozen, dried, salted o 0307.49.00 D 0307.49.00 D 0307.49.01 B + 0307.49.99 A + +0307.51 Octopus, live, fresh or chilled 0307.51.00 D 0307.51.00 D 0307.51.01 A + +0307.59 Octopus, frozen, dried, salted or in brine 0307.59.00 D 0307.59.00 D 0307.59.99 B + +0307.60 Snails, (excl sea) shelled or not, live, fresh, chd, fz, 0307.60.00 D 0307.60.00 A 0307.60.01 A + +0307.91 Molluscs nes,shelled or not,and aquatic invertebrates nes,live 0307.91.00 D 0307.91.00 D 0307.91.01 A + +0307.99 Molluscs nes, shelled or not and aquatic invert nes, fz, 0307.99.00 D 0307.99.00 D 0307.99.99 A + +0401.10 Milk not concentrated and unsweetened not exceeding 1% fat 0401.10.00 Ex 0401.10.00 A 0401.10.01 EX + 0401.10.99 EX + +0401.20 Milk not concentrated and unsweetened exceeding 1% not 0401.20.00 Ex 0401.20.20 A 0401.20.01 EX + 0401.20.40 A 0401.20.99 EX + +0401.30 Milk and cream not concentrated and unsweetened exceeding 6% 0401.30.00 Ex 0401.30.10 C 0401.30.01 EX + 0401.30.30 C 0401.30.99 EX + 0401.30.40 C + +0402.10 Milk powder not exceeding 1.5% fat 0402.10.00 Ex 0402.10.00 C 0402.10.01 EX + 0402.10.99 EX + + +0402.21 Milk and cream powder unsweetened exceeding 1.5% fat 0402.21.10 Ex 0402.21.20 C 0402.21.01 EX + 0402.21.20 Ex 0402.21.40 C 0402.21.99 EX + 0402.21.60 C + +0402.29 Milk and cream powder sweetened exceeding 1.5% fat 0402.29.10 Ex 0402.29.00 C 0402.29.99 EX + 0402.29.20 Ex + +0402.91 Milk and cream unsweetened, nes 0402.91.00 Ex 0402.91.20 C 0402.91.01 EX + 0402.91.40 C 0402.91.99 EX + +0402.99 Milk and cream nes sweetened 0402.99.00 Ex 0402.99.20 C 0402.99.01 EX + 0402.99.40 C 0402.99.99 EX + 0402.99.60 C + +0403.10 Yogurt concentrated or not, sweetened or not, flavoured or 0403.10.00 Ex 0403.10.00 C 0403.10.01 EX + +0403.90 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, kephir and ferm or acid 0403.90.10 Ex 0403.90.10 C 0403.90.01 EX + 0403.90.90 Ex 0403.90.15 C 0403.90.99 EX + 0403.90.20 C + 0403.90.40 C + 0403.90.50 C + 0403.90.60 C + 0403.90.70 C + 0403.90.75 C + 0403.90.80 C + +0404.10 Whey whether or not concentrated or sweetened 0404.10.10 Ex 0404.10.20 A 0404.10.01 EX + 0404.10.90 Ex 0404.10.40 C + +0404.90 Products consisting of natural milk constituents sweetened or 0404.90.00 Ex 0404.90.05 A 0404.90.99 EX + 0404.90.10 A + 0404.90.20 C + 0404.90.40 C + 0404.90.60 C + +0405.00 Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk 0405.00.10 Ex 0405.00.70 C 0405.00.01 EX + 0405.00.90 Ex 0405.00.75 C 0405.00.02 EX + 0405.00.80 C 0405.00.03 EX + 0405.00.99 EX + +0406.10 Cheese, fresh (including whey cheese) unfermented, and curd 0406.10.00 Ex 0406.10.10 A 0406.10.01 EX + 0406.10.50 C + +0406.20 Cheese, grated or powdered, of all kinds 0406.20.10 Ex 0406.20.10 C 0406.20.01 EX + 0406.20.90 Ex 0406.20.20 C + 0406.20.30 C + 0406.20.35 C + 0406.20.40 C + 0406.20.50 C + 0406.20.55 C + 0406.20.60 C + + +0406.30 Cheese processed, not grated or powdered 0406.30.00 Ex 0406.30.10 C 0406.30.01 EX + 0406.30.20 C 0406.30.99 EX + 0406.30.30 C + 0406.30.40 C + 0406.30.50 C + 0406.30.55 C + 0406.30.60 C + +0406.40 Cheese, blue-veined 0406.40.00 Ex 0406.40.20 C 0406.40.01 EX + 0406.40.40 C + 0406.40.60 C + 0406.40.80 C + +0406.90 Cheese nes 0406.90.10 Ex 0406.90.05 C 0406.90.01 EX + 0406.90.90 Ex 0406.90.10 C 0406.90.02 EX + 0406.90.15 C 0406.90.03 EX + 0406.90.20 C 0406.90.04 EX + 0406.90.25 C 0406.90.05 EX + 0406.90.30 C 0406.90.06 EX + 0406.90.35 C 0406.90.99 EX + 0406.90.40 C + 0406.90.45 C + 0406.90.50 D + 0406.90.55 D + 0406.90.60 C + 0406.90.65 C + 0406.90.70 C + 0406.90.80 C + +0407.00 Eggs, bird, in shell, fresh, preserved or cooked 0407.00.00 Ex 0407.00.00 A 0407.00.01 EX + 0407.00.02 EX + 0407.00.99 EX + +0408.11 Egg yolks dried 0408.11.00 Ex 0408.11.00 A 0408.11.01 EX + +0408.19 Egg yolks nes 0408.19.00 Ex 0408.19.00 A 0408.19.99 EX + +0408.91 Eggs, bird, not in shell, dried 0408.91.00 Ex 0408.91.00 A 0408.91.01 EX + 0408.91.99 EX + +0408.99 Eggs, bird, not in shell nes 0408.99.00 Ex 0408.99.00 A 0408.99.01 EX + 0408.99.99 EX + +0409.00 Honey, natural 0409.00.00 A 0409.00.00 C 0409.00.01 A + +0410.00 Edible products of animal origin nes 0410.00.00 A 0410.00.00 A 0410.00.01 C + +0501.00 Hair, human, unworked washed or scoured or not and waste 0501.00.00 D 0501.00.00 A 0501.00.01 A + +0502.10 Bristles, hair and waste of pigs, hogs or boars 0502.10.00 D 0502.10.00 A 0502.10.01 A + + +0502.90 Hair and waste of badger and of other brushmaking hair 0502.90.00 D 0502.90.00 D 0502.90.99 A + +0503.00 Horsehair and waste put up or not as a layer with or without 0503.00.10 Bg 0503.00.00 D 0503.00.01 A + 0503.00.90 D + +0504.00 Guts, bladders and stomachs of animals except fish whole or in 0504.00.00 D 0504.00.00 D 0504.00.01 C + +0505.10 Feathers used for stuffing and down cleaned, disinfected or 0505.10.00 D 0505.10.00 A 0505.10.01 A + +0505.90 Feathers & down nes clnd, disinfected presvd,feathered pts & 0505.90.00 D 0505.90.00 A 0505.90.99 A + +0506.10 Ossein and bones treated with acid, unworked, defatted or 0506.10.10 D 0506.10.00 D 0506.10.01 A + 0506.10.90 A + +0506.90 Bones and horn-cores degelatinised,unwk, defatted or simply 0506.90.00 D 0506.90.00 D 0506.90.99 A + + +0507.10 Ivory unworked or simply prepared not cut to shape and powder 0507.10.00 D 0507.10.00 D 0507.10.01 A + +0507.90 Whalebone, horns, etc unworked or simply prepared, unshaped, 0507.90.00 D 0507.90.00 D 0507.90.01 B + 0507.90.99 A + +0508.00 Coral & sim mat, shellfish shells,cuttle bone, echinoderm unwk 0508.00.00 D 0508.00.00 D 0508.00.01 A + 0508.00.99 A + +0509.00 Sponges, natural of animal origin 0509.00.00 D 0509.00.00 A 0509.00.01 A + +0510.00 Ambergris, castoreum, etc, bile dried or not & animal gland & 0510.00.10 D 0510.00.20 A 0510.00.01 A + 0510.00.90 A 0510.00.40 D 0510.00.02 A + 0510.00.03 A + 0510.00.99 A + +0511.10 Semen bovine 0511.10.00 D 0511.10.00 D 0511.10.01 D + +0511.91 Fish, shellfish & aqua invert prod nes & dead animals of Ch 3 0511.91.00 D 0511.91.00 D 0511.91.01 A + 0511.91.99 A + +0511.99 Animal products nes & dead animals of Chapter I unfit for huma 0511.99.00 D 0511.99.20 D 0511.99.01 A + 0511.99.30 D 0511.99.02 A + 0511.99.40 A 0511.99.03 D + 0511.99.99 C + +0601.10 Bulbs, tubers, tuberous roots, corms, crowns and rhizomes, 0601.10.11 Bg 0601.10.15 A 0601.10.01 D + 0601.10.19 D 0601.10.30 A 0601.10.99 D + 0601.10.21 D 0601.10.45 A + 0601.10.22 Bg 0601.10.60 A + 0601.10.23 D 0601.10.75 A + 0601.10.29 Bg 0601.10.85 A + 0601.10.90 A + +0601.20 Bulbs, tubers, corms etc in growth or in flower & chicory 0601.20.10 Bg 0601.20.10 A 0601.20.01 A + 0601.20.21 D 0601.20.90 A 0601.20.02 A + 0601.20.22 D 0601.20.99 A + 0601.20.29 Bg + +0602.10 Cuttings and slips, unrooted 0602.10.00 D 0602.10.00 A 0602.10.01 D + +0602.20 Trees, edible fruit or nut, shrubs and bushes, grafted or not 0602.20.00 D 0602.20.00 D 0602.20.01 A + 0602.20.02 A + 0602.20.03 A + 0602.20.99 A + +0602.30 Rhododendrons and azaleas,grafted or not 0602.30.00 D 0602.30.00 A 0602.30.01 A + +0602.40 Roses, grafted or not 0602.40.10 Bg 0602.40.00 D 0602.40.01 D + 0602.40.90 D 0602.40.99 A + + +0602.91 Mushroom spawn 0602.91.00 D 0602.91.00 A 0602.91.01 A + +0602.99 Plants, live (including their roots),nes 0602.99.10 D 0602.99.20 D 0602.99.01 A + 0602.99.91 D 0602.99.30 A 0602.99.02 A + 0602.99.99 Bg 0602.99.40 A 0602.99.03 A + 0602.99.60 A 0602.99.04 A + 0602.99.90 A 0602.99.05 D + 0602.99.99 A + +0603.10 Cut flowers & flower buds for bouquets or ornamental purposes, 0603.10.10 A 0603.10.30 A 0603.10.01 A + 0603.10.90 Ctq 0603.10.60 B 0603.10.99 A + 0603.10.70 A + 0603.10.80 A + +0603.90 Cut flowers & flower buds for bouquets or ornamental purposes, 0603.90.10 Bg 0603.90.00 A 0603.90.99 A + 0603.90.90 Bg + +0604.10 Mosses and lichens suitable for bouquets or for ornamental 0604.10.00 D 0604.10.00 D 0604.10.01 D + 0604.10.99 A + +0604.91 Foliage,branch & pts of plant w/o flo or bud,grass, for 0604.91.10 D 0604.91.00 D 0604.91.01 A + 0604.91.20 D 0604.91.99 A + 0604.91.30 D + 0604.91.90 Bg + +0604.99 Foliage,branch,etc w/o flowers or buds & grass for bouquet or 0604.99.10 D 0604.99.30 D 0604.99.01 A + 0604.99.90 Bg 0604.99.60 A 0604.99.99 A + +0701.10 Potatoes seed, fresh or chilled 0701.10.00 Bg 0701.10.00 A 0701.10.01 D + +0701.90 Potatoes, fresh or chilled nes 0701.90.00 Bg 0701.90.10 A 0701.90.99 CAg + 0701.90.50 B + +0702.00 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled 0702.00.10 Bg 0702.00.0W Ctq 0702.00.XX A + 0702.00.91 Ctq 0702.00.0X B 0702.00.XY A + 0702.00.99 D 0702.00.0Y Ctq 0702.00.XZ A + 0702.00.0Z A 0702.00.0X A + 0702.00.40 B 0702.00.0Y A + 0702.00.60 Ctq 0702.00.0Z A + +0703.10 Onions and shallots, fresh or chilled 0703.10.10 Bg 0703.10.20 A 0703.10.01 B + 0703.10.21 Bg 0703.10.30 A 0703.10.99 A + 0703.10.29 D 0703.10.4X Ctq + 0703.10.31 Ctq 0703.10.4Y C + 0703.10.39 D + 0703.10.91 Bg + 0703.10.99 D + +0703.20 Garlic, fresh or chilled 0703.20.00 Bg 0703.20.00 A 0703.20.01 A + 0703.20.99 A + + +0703.90 Leeks and other alliaceous vegetables, fresh or chilled 0703.90.00 Bg 0703.90.00 B 0703.90.01 A + 0703.90.0X B + +0704.10 Cauliflowers and headed broccoli, fresh or chilled 0704.10.11 Bg 0704.10.20 A 0704.10.XX A + 0704.10.12 Bg 0704.10.0X C 0704.10.XY A + 0704.10.90 D 0704.10.0Y B 0704.10.0X A + 0704.10.0Z A 0704.10.0Y A + 0704.10.60 C 0704.10.0Z A + +0704.20 Brussels sprouts, fresh or chilled 0704.20.11 Bg 0704.20.0X C 0704.20.01 A + 0704.20.12 Bg 0704.20.0Y B + 0704.20.90 D + +0704.90 Cabbages, kohlrabi, kale and sim edible brassicas nes, fresh o 0704.90.10 Bg 0704.90.20 A 0704.90.01 A + 0704.90.21 C 0704.90.4W C+ 0704.90.9W A + 0704.90.29 D 0704.90.4X B 0704.90.9X A + 0704.90.31 Bg 0704.90.4Y B 0704.90.9Y A + 0704.90.39 D 0704.90.4Z A 0704.90.9Z A + 0704.90.41 Bg + 0704.90.49 D + 0704.90.90 A + +0705.11 Cabbage lettuce (head lettuce) fresh or chilled 0705.11.11 Bg 0705.11.20 A 0705.11.0X A + 0705.11.12 Bg 0705.11.0X C 0705.11.0Y A + 0705.11.90 D 0705.11.0Y B 0705.11.0Z A + 0705.11.0Z B + +0705.19 Lettuce, fresh or chilled nes 0705.19.11 Bg 0705.19.20 A 0705.19.9X A + 0705.19.12 Bg 0705.19.0X C 0705.19.9Y A + 0705.19.90 D 0705.19.0Y B 0705.19.9Z A + 0705.19.0Z B 0705.19.99 A + +0705.21 Witloof chicory, fresh or chilled 0705.21.00 D 0705.21.00 A 0705.21.01 A + +0705.29 Chicory, fresh or chilled, nes 0705.29.00 D 0705.29.00 A 0705.29.99 A + +0706.10 Carrots and turnips, fresh or chilled 0706.10.11 C 0706.10.05 A 0706.10.01 A + 0706.10.12 C 0706.10.10 A + 0706.10.21 Bg 0706.10.20 B + 0706.10.22 Bg 0706.10.40 D + 0706.10.30 D + 0706.10.40 D + +0706.90 Salad beetroot,salsify,celeriac,radishes & sim edible roots, 0706.90.10 Bg 0706.90.20 A 0706.90.99 A + 0706.90.21 Bg 0706.90.30 A + 0706.90.22 Bg 0706.90.40 B + 0706.90.30 D + 0706.90.40 Bg + 0706.90.51 Bg + 0706.90.59 D + 0706.90.90 D + + +0707.00 Cucumbers and gherkins, fresh or chilled 0707.00.10 C 0707.00.0V A 0707.00.0W A + 0707.00.91 Ctq 0707.00.0W C+ 0707.00.0X A + 0707.00.99 D 0707.00.0X B 0707.00.0Y A + 0707.00.0Y B 0707.00.0Z A + 0707.00.0Z C+ 0707.00.01 A + 0707.00.60 A + +0708.10 Peas, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 0708.10.10 Bg 0708.10.20 A 0708.10.01 A + 0708.10.91 Bg 0708.10.40 A + 0708.10.99 D + +0708.20 Beans, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 0708.20.10 Bg 0708.20.10 A 0708.20.01 A + 0708.20.21 Bg 0708.20.20 D + 0708.20.22 Bg 0708.20.0X C + 0708.20.30 D 0708.20.0Y B + 0708.20.91 D + 0708.20.99 Bg + +0708.90 Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled 0708.90.10 D 0708.90.05 A 0708.90.99 A + 0708.90.90 A 0708.90.15 A + 0708.90.25 D + 0708.90.30 A + 0708.90.40 B + +0709.10 Globe artichokes, fresh or chilled 0709.10.00 D 0709.10.00 A 0709.10.01 A + +0709.20 Asparagus, fresh or chilled 0709.20.10 Bg 0709.20.10 A 0709.20.0V A + 0709.20.91 Bg 0709.20.0X C+ 0709.20.0W A + 0709.20.99 D 0709.20.0Y C+ 0709.20.0X A + 0709.20.0Z A 0709.20.0Y A + 0709.20.90 C 0709.20.0Z A + +0709.30 Aubergines(egg-plants), fresh or chilled 0709.30.00 D 0709.30.0X Ctq 0709.30.01 A + 0709.30.0Y A + 0709.30.0Z C + 0709.30.40 C + +0709.40 Celery, other than celeriac, fresh or chilled 0709.40.11 Bg 0709.40.20 C 0709.40.XX A + 0709.40.12 Bg 0709.40.40 A 0709.40.XY A + 0709.40.90 D 0709.40.0X C 0709.40.XZ A + 0709.40.0Y B 0709.40.YY A + +0709.51 Mushrooms, fresh or chilled 0709.51.10 Bg 0709.51.00 C 0709.51.01 A + 0709.51.90 Bg + +0709.52 Truffles, fresh or chilled 0709.52.00 D 0709.52.00 D 0709.52.01 A + +0709.60 Peppers of the genus Capsicum or of the genus Pimenta, fresh o 0709.60.10 Bg 0709.60.0W C 0709.60.0X A + 0709.60.90 D 0709.60.0X C 0709.60.0Y A + 0709.60.0Y Ctq 0709.60.01 A + + 0709.60.0Z A + +0709.70 Spinach, N-Z spinach and orache spinach (garden spinach), fres 0709.70.00 D 0709.70.0X B 0709.70.01 A + 0709.70.0Y B + +0709.90 Vegetables, fresh or chilled nes 0709.90.10 D 0709.90.05 A 0709.90.99 A + 0709.90.20 Bg 0709.90.10 A + 0709.90.31 Bg 0709.90.13 A + 0709.90.39 D 0709.90.16 A + 0709.90.41 Bg 0709.90.0N Ctq + 0709.90.49 D 0709.90.0P B + 0709.90.51 Bg 0709.90.0N B + 0709.90.52 Bg 0709.90.0P B + 0709.90.60 D 0709.90.0Q B + 0709.90.91 D 0709.90.0R B + 0709.90.99 Bg 0709.90.0S B + 0709.90.0T B + 0709.90.0U B + 0709.90.0V B + 0709.90.0W B + 0709.90.0X B + 0709.90.0Y B + 0709.90.0Z C + 0709.90.30 A + 0709.90.35 A + +0710.10 Potatoes, frozen 0710.10.00 Bg 0710.10.00 B 0710.10.01 Ctq + +0710.21 Peas, frozen 0710.21.00 Bg 0710.21.20 A 0710.21.01 A + 0710.21.40 A + +0710.22 Beans, frozen 0710.22.00 Bg 0710.22.10 A 0710.22.01 A + 0710.22.15 A + 0710.22.20 D + 0710.22.25 A + 0710.22.37 B + 0710.22.40 B + +0710.29 Leguminous vegetables frozen nes 0710.29.10 D 0710.29.05 A 0710.29.99 A + 0710.29.90 Bg 0710.29.15 A + 0710.29.25 D + 0710.29.30 A + 0710.29.40 B + +0710.30 Spinach, N-Z spinach and orache spinach (garden spinach), 0710.30.00 D 0710.30.00 A 0710.30.01 A + +0710.40 Sweet corn, frozen 0710.40.00 Bg 0710.40.00 B 0710.40.01 B + +0710.80 Vegetables, frozen nes 0710.80.10 C 0710.80.10 D 0710.80.XX A + 0710.80.20 Ctq 0710.80.20 C 0710.80.XY A + 0710.80.30 Bg 0710.80.40 A 0710.80.XZ A + + 0710.80.41 C 0710.80.45 A 0710.80.YX A + 0710.80.49 Bg 0710.80.50 A 0710.80.YY A + 0710.80.50 Bg 0710.80.60 A 0710.80.01 A + 0710.80.91 D 0710.80.65 A 0710.80.9X A + 0710.80.99 Bg 0710.80.70 A 0710.80.9Y A + 0710.80.85 C 0710.80.9Z A + 0710.80.93 A 0710.80.99 A + 0710.80.9U C + 0710.80.9V C + 0710.80.9W C + 0710.80.9X C + 0710.80.9Y C + 0710.80.9Z B + +0710.90 Mixtures of vegetables, frozen 0710.90.00 C 0710.90.10 A 0710.90.0X A + 0710.90.90 B 0710.90.0Y A + +0711.10 Onions, provisionally preserved but not suitable for immediate 0711.10.00 Bg 0711.10.00 A 0711.10.01 A + +0711.20 Olives, provisionally preserved but not suitable for immediate 0711.20.00 D 0711.20.15 A 0711.20.01 A + 0711.20.25 B + 0711.20.40 C + +0711.30 Capers, provisionally preserved but not suitable for immediate 0711.30.00 A 0711.30.00 A 0711.30.01 A + +0711.40 Cucumbers & gherkins provisionally presvd, but not for 0711.40.00 C 0711.40.00 A 0711.40.01 A + +0711.90 Vegetables nes & mixtures provisionally presvd but not for 0711.90.00 Bg 0711.90.20 D 0711.90.9X A + 0711.90.40 B 0711.90.99 A + 0711.90.60 A + +0712.10 Potatoes dried, but not further prepared 0712.10.00 Bg 0712.10.00 B 0712.10.01 Ctq + +0712.20 Onions dried but not further prepared 0712.20.00 A 0712.20.20 C+ 0712.20.01 A + 0712.20.40 C+ + +0712.30 Mushrooms and truffles dried but not further prepared 0712.30.10 Bg 0712.30.10 A 0712.30.01 A + 0712.30.20 D 0712.30.20 B + 0712.30.40 D + +0712.90 Vegetables and mixtures dried, but not further prepared nes 0712.90.10 D 0712.90.10 A 0712.90.9X A + 0712.90.20 Bg 0712.90.15 A 0712.90.9Y A + 0712.90.90 Bg 0712.90.20 B 0712.90.99 A + 0712.90.40 C+ + 0712.90.60 D + 0712.90.65 A + 0712.90.70 A + 0712.90.75 A + 0712.90.80 A + +0713.10 Peas dried, shelled, whether or not skinned or split 0713.10.10 A 0713.10.10 A 0713.10.01 A + + 0713.10.90 D 0713.10.20 D 0713.10.02 D + 0713.10.40 A + +0713.20 Chickpeas, dried, shelled, whether or not skinned or split 0713.20.00 D 0713.20.10 A 0713.20.01 A + 0713.20.20 A + +0713.31 Urd,mung,black or green gram beans dried shelled, whether or 0713.31.10 D 0713.31.10 A 0713.31.01 A + 0713.31.90 A 0713.31.20 D + 0713.31.40 A + +0713.32 Beans, small red (Adzuki) dried, shelled, whether or not 0713.32.00 A 0713.32.10 A 0713.32.01 A + 0713.32.20 A + +0713.33 Kidney beans and white pea beans dried shelled, whether or not 0713.33.10 D 0713.33.10 A 0713.33.01 D + 0713.33.91 A 0713.33.20 A 0713.33.02 C+Ag + 0713.33.99 A 0713.33.40 A + +0713.39 Beans dried, shelled, whether or not skinned or split, nes 0713.39.10 D 0713.39.10 A 0713.39.99 A + 0713.39.90 A 0713.39.15 D + 0713.39.20 A + 0713.39.40 A + +0713.40 Lentils dried, shelled, whether or not skinned or split 0713.40.00 D 0713.40.10 A 0713.40.01 A + 0713.40.20 A + +0713.50 Broad beans & horse beans dried, shelled, whether or not 0713.50.10 D 0713.50.10 A 0713.50.01 A + 0713.50.90 A 0713.50.20 A + +0713.90 Leguminous vegetables dried, shelled, whether or not skinned o 0713.90.10 D 0713.90.10 A 0713.90.99 A + 0713.90.90 A 0713.90.50 D + 0713.90.60 A + 0713.90.80 A + +0714.10 Manioc (cassava), fresh or dried, whether or not sliced or 0714.10.00 D 0714.10.00 A 0714.10.01 A + +0714.20 Sweet potatoes, fresh or dried, whether or not sliced or 0714.20.00 D 0714.20.00 A 0714.20.01 A + +0714.90 Arrowroot, salep etc fr or dried whether or not sliced or 0714.90.10 D 0714.90.10 A 0714.90.9X A + 0714.90.21 Bg 0714.90.20 A 0714.90.99 A + 0714.90.22 Bg 0714.90.40 C + 0714.90.91 D 0714.90.50 D + 0714.90.92 Bg 0714.90.60 A + +0801.10 Coconuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled 0801.10.00 D 0801.10.00 D 0801.10.01 A + +0801.20 Brazil nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled 0801.20.00 D 0801.20.00 D 0801.20.01 A + +0801.30 Cashew nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled 0801.30.00 D 0801.30.00 D 0801.30.01 A + 0801.30.99 A + +0802.11 Almonds in shell fresh or dried 0802.11.00 D 0802.11.00 A 0802.11.01 A + + +0802.12 Almonds,fresh or dried,shelled or peeled 0802.12.00 D 0802.12.00 A 0802.12.01 A + +0802.21 Hazelnuts or filberts in shell fresh or dried 0802.21.00 D 0802.21.00 A 0802.21.01 A + +0802.22 Hazelnuts or filberts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled 0802.22.00 D 0802.22.00 A 0802.22.01 A + +0802.31 Walnuts in shell, fresh or dried 0802.31.00 D 0802.31.00 A 0802.31.01 A + +0802.32 Walnuts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled 0802.32.00 D 0802.32.00 A 0802.32.01 A + +0802.40 Chestnuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled 0802.40.00 D 0802.40.00 D 0802.40.01 A + +0802.50 Pistachios, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled 0802.50.00 D 0802.50.20 A 0802.50.01 A + 0802.50.40 A 0802.50.02 A + +0802.90 Nuts edible, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled, 0802.90.00 D 0802.90.10 A 0802.90.01 A + 0802.90.15 A 0802.90.99 A + 0802.90.20 A + 0802.90.25 A + 0802.90.80 A + 0802.90.90 A + +0803.00 Bananas including plantains, fresh or dried 0803.00.00 D 0803.00.20 D 0803.00.01 A + 0803.00.30 D + 0803.00.40 A + +0804.10 Dates, fresh or dried 0804.10.00 D 0804.10.20 B 0804.10.01 A + 0804.10.40 A 0804.10.02 A + 0804.10.60 A + 0804.10.80 B + +0804.20 Figs, fresh or dried 0804.20.00 D 0804.20.40 A 0804.20.01 A + 0804.20.60 A 0804.20.02 A + 0804.20.80 B + +0804.30 Pineapples, fresh or dried 0804.30.00 D 0804.30.20 A 0804.30.01 A + 0804.30.40 A + 0804.30.60 A + +0804.40 Avocados, fresh or dried 0804.40.00 D 0804.40.00 C 0804.40.01 A + +0804.50 Guavas, mangoes and mangosteens, fresh or dried 0804.50.00 D 0804.50.40 A 0804.50.01 A + 0804.50.0X B + 0804.50.0Y C + 0804.50.80 A + +0805.10 Oranges, fresh or dried 0805.10.00 D 0805.10.0X B 0805.10.01 A + 0805.10.0Y A + +0805.20 Mandarins(tang & sats)clementines & wilkings &sim citrus 0805.20.00 D 0805.20.0X C 0805.20.01 A + + 0805.20.0Y B + +0805.30 Lemons and limes, fresh or dried 0805.30.00 D 0805.30.20 C 0805.30.01 A + 0805.30.40 C + +0805.40 Grapefruit, fresh or dried 0805.40.00 D 0805.40.40 A 0805.40.0X A + 0805.40.60 C 0805.40.0Y A + 0805.40.80 C 0805.40.0Z A + +0805.90 Citrus fruits, fresh or dried, nes 0805.90.00 D 0805.90.00 A 0805.90.99 A + +0806.10 Grapes, fresh 0806.10.10 Bg 0806.10.20 A 0806.10.01 C + 0806.10.91 D 0806.10.40 D + 0806.10.99 Bg 0806.10.60 A + +0806.20 Grapes, dried 0806.20.00 D 0806.20.10 A 0806.20.01 A + 0806.20.20 A + 0806.20.90 A + +0807.10 Melons (including watermelons), fresh 0807.10.00 D 0807.10.0Q D 0807.10.01 A + 0807.10.0R C+ + 0807.10.30 A + 0807.10.0S C + 0807.10.50 A + 0807.10.60 A + 0807.10.0T C+ + 0807.10.0U A + 0807.10.0W C + 0807.10.0X A + 0807.10.0Y B + 0807.10.0Z C + 0807.10.80 C+ + +0807.20 Papaws (papayas), fresh 0807.20.00 D 0807.20.00 C 0807.20.01 A + +0808.10 Apples, fresh 0808.10.10 D 0808.10.00 D 0808.10.01 Ctq + 0808.10.90 Bg + +0808.20 Pears and quinces, fresh 0808.20.10 Bg 0808.20.20 D 0808.20.01 B + 0808.20.21 Bg 0808.20.40 A 0808.20.02 B + 0808.20.29 D + 0808.20.30 D + +0809.10 Apricots, fresh 0809.10.10 Bg 0809.10.00 A 0809.10.01 B + 0809.10.91 Bg + 0809.10.99 D + +0809.20 Cherries, fresh 0809.20.10 Bg 0809.20.00 D 0809.20.01 A + 0809.20.21 Bg + 0809.20.29 D + 0809.20.31 Bg + + 0809.20.39 D + 0809.20.90 Bg + +0809.30 Peaches, including nectarines, fresh 0809.30.10 Bg 0809.30.20 A 0809.30.01 C + 0809.30.21 Bg 0809.30.40 D + 0809.30.29 D + 0809.30.30 D + 0809.30.90 Bg + +0809.40 Plums and sloes, fresh 0809.40.10 Bg 0809.40.20 D 0809.40.01 B + 0809.40.21 Bg 0809.40.40 A + 0809.40.29 D + 0809.40.31 Bg + 0809.40.39 D + 0809.40.90 Bg + +0810.10 Strawberries, fresh 0810.10.10 Bg 0810.10.20 A 0810.10.01 A + 0810.10.91 Bg 0810.10.40 A + 0810.10.99 D + +0810.20 Raspberries, blackberries, mulberries and loganberries, fresh 0810.20.11 Bg 0810.20.10 A 0810.20.01 A + 0810.20.19 D 0810.20.90 D + 0810.20.90 Bg + +0810.30 Black, white or red currants and gooseberries, fresh 0810.30.00 Bg 0810.30.00 D 0810.30.01 B + +0810.40 Cranberries, bilberries and other fruits of the genus 0810.40.10 D 0810.40.00 D 0810.40.01 B + 0810.40.90 Bg + +0810.90 Fruits, fresh nes 0810.90.10 Bg 0810.90.20 D 0810.90.01 B + 0810.90.90 D 0810.90.40 B 0810.90.99 A + +0811.10 Strawberries, uncooked or steamed or boiled in water,sweetened 0811.10.10 Ctq 0811.10.00 C 0811.10.01 C + 0811.10.90 Ctq + +0811.20 Raspberries,mulberries, etc uncook,steam or boil in water 0811.20.00 Bg 0811.20.20 A 0811.20.01 A + 0811.20.40 A + +0811.90 Fruits and edible nuts uncook, steam or boil (water) sweetened 0811.90.10 D 0811.90.10 A 0811.90.99 A + 0811.90.20 Bg 0811.90.20 D + 0811.90.30 Bg 0811.90.22 C + 0811.90.40 A 0811.90.25 A + 0811.90.50 A 0811.90.30 D + 0811.90.90 Bg 0811.90.35 A + 0811.90.40 C + 0811.90.50 A + 0811.90.52 A + 0811.90.55 A + 0811.90.80 B + +0812.10 Cherries provisionally preserved but unsuitable for immediate 0812.10.00 Bg 0812.10.00 B 0812.10.01 B + + +0812.20 Strawberries provisionally preserved but unsuitable for 0812.20.00 C 0812.20.00 A 0812.20.01 A + +0812.90 Fruits and nuts provisionally preserved but unfit for immediat 0812.90.10 D 0812.90.10 B 0812.90.9X B + 0812.90.91 D 0812.90.20 B 0812.90.9Y B + 0812.90.99 Bg 0812.90.30 C 0812.90.99 A + 0812.90.40 A + 0812.90.90 A + +0813.10 Apricots, dried 0813.10.00 D 0813.10.00 A 0813.10.01 B + 0813.10.99 B + +0813.20 Prunes, dried 0813.20.00 D 0813.20.10 A 0813.20.01 B + 0813.20.20 A 0813.20.02 A + +0813.30 Apples, dried 0813.30.00 Bg 0813.30.00 A 0813.30.01 C + +0813.40 Fruits, dried nes 0813.40.00 D 0813.40.10 A 0813.40.01 C + 0813.40.15 A 0813.40.02 B + 0813.40.20 A 0813.40.03 C + 0813.40.30 A 0813.40.99 A + 0813.40.40 A + 0813.40.80 A + 0813.40.90 A + +0813.50 Mixtures of edible nuts or dried fruits of this chapter 0813.50.10 D 0813.50.00 A 0813.50.01 A + 0813.50.20 Bg + +0814.00 Peel of citrus fruit or melons (watermelons) fresh, frz, dried 0814.00.00 D 0814.00.10 D 0814.00.01 A + 0814.00.90 A + +0901.11 Coffee, not roasted, not decaffeinated 0901.11.00 D 0901.11.00 D 0901.11.01 A + +0901.12 Coffee, not roasted, decaffeinated 0901.12.00 D 0901.12.00 D 0901.12.01 A + +0901.21 Coffee, roasted, not decaffeinated 0901.21.00 A 0901.21.00 D 0901.21.01 C + +0901.22 Coffee, roasted, decaffeinated 0901.22.00 A 0901.22.00 D 0901.22.01 C + +0901.30 Coffee husks and skins 0901.30.00 D 0901.30.00 D 0901.30.01 C + +0901.40 Coffee substitutes containing coffee in any proportion 0901.40.00 A 0901.40.00 A 0901.40.01 C + +0902.10 Green tea (not fermented) in packages not exceeding 3 kg 0902.10.00 D 0902.10.00 D 0902.10.01 A + +0902.20 Green tea (not fermented) in packages exceeding 3 kg 0902.20.00 D 0902.20.00 D 0902.20.01 A + +0902.30 Black tea (fermented) & partly fermented tea in packages not 0902.30.00 D 0902.30.00 D 0902.30.01 A + +0902.40 Black tea (fermented) & partly fermented tea in packages 0902.40.00 D 0902.40.00 D 0902.40.01 A + + +0903.00 Mat‚ 0903.00.00 D 0903.00.00 D 0903.00.01 A + +0904.11 Pepper of the genus Piper, except cubeb pepper, neither crushe 0904.11.00 D 0904.11.00 D 0904.11.01 A + +0904.12 Pepper of the genus Piper, except cubeb pepper, crushed or 0904.12.00 A 0904.12.00 D 0904.12.01 A + +0904.20 Fruits of the genus Capsicum or Pimenta, dried, crushed or 0904.20.10 D 0904.20.20 A 0904.20.0X A + 0904.20.21 D 0904.20.40 C 0904.20.01 A + 0904.20.29 A 0904.20.60 A + 0904.20.70 A + 0904.20.80 D + +0905.00 Vanilla beans 0905.00.00 D 0905.00.00 D 0905.00.01 A + +0906.10 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers neither crushed nor ground 0906.10.00 D 0906.10.00 D 0906.10.01 A + +0906.20 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers crushed or ground 0906.20.00 A 0906.20.00 D 0906.20.01 A + +0907.00 Cloves (whole fruit, cloves and stems) 0907.00.10 D 0907.00.00 D 0907.00.01 A + 0907.00.20 A + +0908.10 Nutmeg 0908.10.10 D 0908.10.00 D 0908.10.01 A + 0908.10.20 A + +0908.20 Mace 0908.20.10 D 0908.20.20 A 0908.20.01 A + 0908.20.20 A 0908.20.40 D + +0908.30 Cardamoms 0908.30.10 D 0908.30.00 D 0908.30.01 A + 0908.30.20 A + +0909.10 Anise or badian seeds 0909.10.10 D 0909.10.00 D 0909.10.01 A + 0909.10.20 A + +0909.20 Coriander seeds 0909.20.10 D 0909.20.00 D 0909.20.01 A + 0909.20.20 A + +0909.30 Cumin seeds 0909.30.10 D 0909.30.00 D 0909.30.01 A + 0909.30.20 A + +0909.40 Caraway seeds 0909.40.10 D 0909.40.00 D 0909.40.01 A + 0909.40.20 A + +0909.50 Fennel or juniper seeds 0909.50.10 D 0909.50.00 D 0909.50.01 A + 0909.50.20 A + +0910.10 Ginger 0910.10.10 D 0910.10.20 D 0910.10.01 A + 0910.10.20 A 0910.10.40 A + +0910.20 Saffron 0910.20.00 D 0910.20.00 D 0910.20.01 A + +0910.30 Turmeric (curcuma) 0910.30.00 D 0910.30.00 D 0910.30.01 A + + +0910.40 Thyme and bay leaves 0910.40.10 D 0910.40.20 D 0910.40.01 A + 0910.40.20 A 0910.40.30 A + 0910.40.40 A + +0910.50 Curry 0910.50.00 D 0910.50.00 D 0910.50.01 A + +0910.91 Mixtures of two or more of the products of different headings 0910.91.10 D 0910.91.00 A 0910.91.01 A + 0910.91.20 A + +0910.99 Spices nes 0910.99.11 Bg 0910.99.20 D 0910.99.99 A + 0910.99.19 D 0910.99.40 A + 0910.99.91 D 0910.99.50 D + 0910.99.92 A 0910.99.60 A + +1001.10 Durum wheat 1001.10.00 Bg 1001.10.00 C 1001.10.01 C + +1001.90 Wheat nes and meslin 1001.90.00 Bg 1001.90.10 A 1001.90.99 C + 1001.90.20 B + +1002.00 Rye 1002.00.00 D 1002.00.00 D 1002.00.01 A + +1003.00 Barley 1003.00.00 Bg 1003.00.20 A 1003.00.01 A + 1003.00.40 A 1003.00.02 CAg + 1003.00.99 CAg + +1004.00 Oats 1004.00.00 D 1004.00.00 D 1004.00.01 A + 1004.00.99 C + +1005.10 Maize (corn) seed 1005.10.10 Bg 1005.10.00 D 1005.10.01 D + 1005.10.90 Bg + +1005.90 Maize (corn) nes 1005.90.10 Bg 1005.90.20 A 1005.90.01 C + 1005.90.90 Bg 1005.90.40 A 1005.90.02 C + 1005.90.99 C+Ag + +1006.10 Rice in the husk (paddy or rough) 1006.10.00 D 1006.10.00 C 1006.10.01 C + +1006.20 Rice, husked (brown) 1006.20.00 D 1006.20.20 C 1006.20.01 C + 1006.20.40 C + +1006.30 Rice, semi-milled or wholly milled, whether or not polished or 1006.30.00 A 1006.30.10 A 1006.30.01 C + 1006.30.90 C + +1006.40 Rice, broken 1006.40.00 A 1006.40.00 C 1006.40.01 C + +1007.00 Grain sorghum 1007.00.00 A 1007.00.00 A 1007.00.01 D + 1007.00.02 A + +1008.10 Buckwheat 1008.10.00 D 1008.10.00 D 1008.10.01 A + + +1008.20 Millet 1008.20.00 D 1008.20.00 A 1008.20.01 A + +1008.30 Canary seed 1008.30.10 Bg 1008.30.00 A 1008.30.01 B + 1008.30.20 D + +1008.90 Cereals unmilled nes 1008.90.00 D 1008.90.00 A 1008.90.99 C + +1101.00 Wheat or meslin flour 1101.00.00 Bg 1101.00.00 A 1101.00.01 C + +1102.10 Rye flour 1102.10.00 Bg 1102.10.00 A 1102.10.01 C + +1102.20 Maize (corn) flour 1102.20.00 Bg 1102.20.00 A 1102.20.01 C + +1102.30 Rice flour 1102.30.00 A 1102.30.00 A 1102.30.01 C + +1102.90 Cereal flour nes 1102.90.00 A 1102.90.20 D 1102.90.99 C + + 1102.90.30 A + 1102.90.60 A + +1103.11 Wheat meal 1103.11.00 Bg 1103.11.00 A 1103.11.01 C + +1103.12 Oat groats and meal 1103.12.00 A 1103.12.00 A 1103.12.01 C + +1103.13 Maize (corn) groats and meal 1103.13.10 Bg 1103.13.00 A 1103.13.01 C + 1103.13.20 D + 1103.13.90 Bg + +1103.14 Rice groats and meal 1103.14.00 D 1103.14.00 A 1103.14.01 C + +1103.19 Cereal groats and meal nes 1103.19.10 D 1103.19.00 A 1103.19.99 C + 1103.19.90 Bg + +1103.21 Wheat pellets 1103.21.00 Bg 1103.21.00 D 1103.21.01 C + +1103.29 Cereal pellets nes 1103.29.00 Bg 1103.29.00 D 1103.29.99 C + +1104.11 Barley, rolled or flaked grains 1104.11.00 Bg 1104.11.00 A 1104.11.01 C + +1104.12 Oats, rolled or flaked grains 1104.12.00 A 1104.12.00 A 1104.12.01 C + +1104.19 Cereals, rolled or flaked grains nes 1104.19.10 D 1104.19.00 A 1104.19.01 C + 1104.19.90 A + +1104.21 Barley,hulled,pearled,sliced or kibbled 1104.21.00 Bg 1104.21.00 A 1104.21.01 C + +1104.22 Oats, hulled,pearled,sliced or kibbled 1104.22.00 A 1104.22.00 A 1104.22.01 C + +1104.23 Maize (corn), hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled 1104.23.00 Bg 1104.23.00 A 1104.23.01 C + +1104.29 Cereals, hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled nes 1104.29.00 A 1104.29.00 A 1104.29.01 C + +1104.30 Germ of cereals, whole, rolled, flaked or ground 1104.30.00 A 1104.30.00 A 1104.30.01 C + +1105.10 Potato flour and meal 1105.10.00 Bg 1105.10.00 A 1105.10.01 C + +1105.20 Potato flakes 1105.20.00 Bg 1105.20.00 A 1105.20.01 C + +1106.10 Flour and meal of the dried leguminous vegetables of heading N 1106.10.10 D 1106.10.00 A 1106.10.01 C + 1106.10.90 Bg + +1106.20 Flour and meal of sago and of roots or tubers with hi starch o 1106.20.10 A 1106.20.00 D 1106.20.01 C + 1106.20.90 Bg 1106.20.99 C + +1106.30 Flour, meal and powder of edible fruits & nuts & peel of citru 1106.30.00 Bg 1106.30.20 A 1106.30.01 C + 1106.30.40 A 1106.30.99 C + +1107.10 Malt, not roasted 1107.10.10 Bg 1107.10.00 A 1107.10.01 CAg + + 1107.10.90 Bg + +1107.20 Malt, roasted 1107.20.10 Bg 1107.20.00 A 1107.20.01 CAg + 1107.20.90 Bg + +1108.11 Wheat, starch 1108.11.00 Bg 1108.11.00 A 1108.11.01 C + +1108.12 Maize (corn) starch 1108.12.00 Bg 1108.12.00 A 1108.12.01 C + +1108.13 Potato starch 1108.13.00 Bg 1108.13.00 B 1108.13.01 C + +1108.14 Manioc (cassava) starch 1108.14.00 A 1108.14.00 D 1108.14.01 C + +1108.19 Starches nes 1108.19.00 A 1108.19.00 D 1108.19.01 C + 1108.19.99 C + +1108.20 Inulin 1108.20.00 Bg 1108.20.00 A 1108.20.01 C + +1109.00 Wheat gluten, whether or not dried 1109.00.00 Bg 1109.00.10 A 1109.00.01 C + 1109.00.90 A + +1201.00 Soya beans 1201.00.00 D 1201.00.00 D 1201.00.01 D + 1201.00.02 D + 1201.00.03 C + +1202.10 Ground-nuts in shell not roasted or otherwise cooked 1202.10.00 D 1202.10.00 C+ 1202.10.01 D + 1202.10.99 D + +1202.20 Ground-nuts shelled, whether or not broken, not roasted or 1202.20.00 D 1202.20.00 C+ 1202.20.01 D + +1203.00 Copra 1203.00.00 D 1203.00.00 D 1203.00.01 C + +1204.00 Linseed, whether or not broken 1204.00.00 D 1204.00.00 A 1204.00.01 D + 1204.00.99 D + +1205.00 Rape or colza seeds, whether or not broken 1205.00.00 D 1205.00.00 A 1205.00.01 D + 1205.00.02 D + +1206.00 Sunflower seeds, whether or not broken 1206.00.00 D 1206.00.00 D 1206.00.01 D + 1206.00.99 D + +1207.10 Palm nuts and kernels, whether or not broken 1207.10.00 D 1207.10.00 D 1207.10.01 D + +1207.20 Cotton seeds, whether or not broken 1207.20.00 D 1207.20.00 A 1207.20.01 D + 1207.20.02 D + +1207.30 Castor oil seeds, whether or not broken 1207.30.00 D 1207.30.00 D 1207.30.01 D + +1207.40 Sesamum seeds, whether or not broken 1207.40.00 D 1207.40.00 D 1207.40.01 D + +1207.50 Mustard seeds, whether or not broken 1207.50.00 D 1207.50.00 D 1207.50.01 D + + +1207.60 Safflower seeds, whether or not broken 1207.60.00 D 1207.60.00 D 1207.60.01 D + 1207.60.02 D + 1207.60.03 C + +1207.91 Poppy seeds, whether or not broken 1207.91.00 D 1207.91.00 A 1207.91.01 Pro + +1207.92 Shea nuts (karite nuts), whether or not broken 1207.92.00 D 1207.92.00 D 1207.92.01 D + +1207.99 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, nes, whether or not broken 1207.99.00 D 1207.99.00 D 1207.99.01 D + 1207.99.99 D + +1208.10 Soya bean flour and meals 1208.10.10 A 1208.10.00 A 1208.10.01 C + 1208.10.20 D + +1208.90 Flours and meals of oil seeds or oleaginous fruits, except 1208.90.10 A 1208.90.00 A 1208.90.01 C + 1208.90.20 D 1208.90.02 C + 1208.90.99 C + +1209.11 Seeds, sugar beet, for sowing 1209.11.00 D 1209.11.00 D 1209.11.01 A + +1209.19 Seeds, beet, for sowing nes 1209.19.10 Bg 1209.19.00 D 1209.19.99 A + 1209.19.20 D + +1209.21 Seeds, lucerne (alfalfa), for sowing 1209.21.00 D 1209.21.00 A 1209.21.01 D + +1209.22 Seeds, clover, for sowing 1209.22.00 D 1209.22.20 A 1209.22.01 D + 1209.22.40 D + +1209.23 Seeds, fescue, for sowing 1209.23.00 D 1209.23.00 D 1209.23.01 D + +1209.24 Seeds, Kentucky blue grass, for sowing 1209.24.00 D 1209.24.00 A 1209.24.01 D + +1209.25 Seeds, rye grass, for sowing 1209.25.00 D 1209.25.00 A 1209.25.01 D + +1209.26 Seeds, Timothy grass, for sowing 1209.26.00 D 1209.26.00 D 1209.26.01 D + +1209.29 Seeds of forage plants, except beet seeds, for sowing nes 1209.29.00 D 1209.29.00 D 1209.29.01 D + 1209.29.02 D + 1209.29.03 D + 1209.29.99 D + +1209.30 Seeds, flower, for sowing 1209.30.10 Bg 1209.30.00 A 1209.30.01 D + 1209.30.20 D + +1209.91 Seeds, vegetable, nes for sowing 1209.91.11 D 1209.91.10 A 1209.91.01 D + 1209.91.19 Bg 1209.91.20 D 1209.91.02 D + 1209.91.20 D 1209.91.40 D 1209.91.03 D + 1209.91.50 A 1209.91.04 D + 1209.91.60 D 1209.91.05 D + 1209.91.80 A 1209.91.06 D + + 1209.91.07 D + 1209.91.08 D + 1209.91.09 D + 1209.91.10 D + 1209.91.11 D + 1209.91.12 D + 1209.91.13 D + 1209.91.14 D + 1209.91.99 D + +1209.99 Seeds, fruit and spores for sowing, nes 1209.99.10 D 1209.99.20 D 1209.99.01 D + 1209.99.91 Bg 1209.99.40 A 1209.99.02 D + 1209.99.92 D 1209.99.03 D + 1209.99.04 D + 1209.99.99 D + +1210.10 Hop cones, not ground, powdered or pelleted 1210.10.00 D 1210.10.00 A 1210.10.01 D + +1210.20 Hop cones, ground, powdered or pelleted and lupulin 1210.20.00 D 1210.20.00 A 1210.20.01 D + +1211.10 Liquorice roots used primarily in pharm, perf, insecticide, 1211.10.00 D 1211.10.00 D 1211.10.01 A + +1211.20 Ginseng roots used primarily in pharm, perf, insecticide, 1211.20.00 D 1211.20.00 D 1211.20.01 A + +1211.90 Plants &pts of plants(incl seed & fruit) used in pharm, perf, 1211.90.00 D 1211.90.20 D 1211.90.01 A + 1211.90.40 A 1211.90.02 Pro + 1211.90.60 A 1211.90.03 Pro + 1211.90.80 D 1211.90.99 A + +1212.10 Locust beans, including seeds, fresh or dried, whether or not 1212.10.00 D 1212.10.00 D 1212.10.01 A + 1212.10.99 A + +1212.20 Seaweeds and other algae, fresh or dried whether or not ground 1212.20.00 D 1212.20.00 D 1212.20.01 B + +1212.30 Apricot, peach or plum stones & kernels nes,used primarily for 1212.30.00 Bg 1212.30.00 A 1212.30.01 A + +1212.91 Sugar beet, fresh or dried, whether or not ground 1212.91.00 Bg 1212.91.00 B 1212.91.01 A + +1212.92 Sugar cane, fresh or dried, whether or not ground 1212.92.00 Bg 1212.92.00 A 1212.92.01 C + +1212.99 Vegetable products nes used primarily for human consumption 1212.99.00 D 1212.99.00 D 1212.99.01 C + 1212.99.99 A + +1213.00 Cereal straw and husks, unprepd, whether or not chopped, 1213.00.00 D 1213.00.00 D 1213.00.01 B + +1214.10 Lucerne (alfalfa) meal and pellets 1214.10.00 A 1214.10.00 A 1214.10.01 C + +1214.90 Swedes,mangolds,fodder roots,hay,clover, sainfoin,forage 1214.90.10 A 1214.90.00 D 1214.90.01 C + 1214.90.90 D 1214.90.99 C + +1301.10 Lac 1301.10.00 D 1301.10.00 D 1301.10.01 A + + +1301.20 Gum arabic 1301.20.00 D 1301.20.00 D 1301.20.01 A + 1301.20.02 A + +1301.90 Natural gums, resins, gum-resins and balsam, except arabic gum 1301.90.00 D 1301.90.40 A 1301.90.01 A + 1301.90.90 D 1301.90.02 A + 1301.90.99 A + +1302.11 Opium sap 1302.11.00 A 1302.11.00 D 1302.11.01 Pro + 1302.11.02 Pro + 1302.11.03 Pro + 1302.11.99 A + +1302.12 Liquorice extract 1302.12.00 D 1302.12.00 A 1302.12.01 A + 1302.12.99 C + +1302.13 Hop extract 1302.13.00 D 1302.13.00 B 1302.13.01 D + +1302.14 Pyrethrum or roots of plants containing rotenone, extracts 1302.14.00 D 1302.14.00 D 1302.14.01 A + 1302.14.99 A + +1302.19 Vegetable saps and extracts nes 1302.19.00 D 1302.19.20 D 1302.19.01 A + 1302.19.40 A 1302.19.02 A + 1302.19.90 D 1302.19.03 A + 1302.19.04 A + 1302.19.05 A + 1302.19.06 A + 1302.19.07 A + 1302.19.08 A + 1302.19.09 Pro + 1302.19.10 A + 1302.19.11 A + 1302.19.99 A + +1302.20 Pectic substances, pectinates & pectates 1302.20.00 D 1302.20.00 B 1302.20.01 A + 1302.20.99 A + +1302.31 Agar-agar 1302.31.00 D 1302.31.00 A 1302.31.01 A + +1302.32 Mucilages and thickeners derived from locust beans and seeds o 1302.32.00 D 1302.32.00 D 1302.32.01 A + 1302.32.02 A + 1302.32.99 A + +1302.39 Mucilages and thickeners nes, modified or not, derived from 1302.39.00 D 1302.39.00 B 1302.39.01 A + 1302.39.02 B + 1302.39.99 A + +1401.10 Bamboos used primarily for plaiting 1401.10.00 D 1401.10.00 D 1401.10.01 A + +1401.20 Rattans used primarily for plaiting 1401.20.00 D 1401.20.20 D 1401.20.01 A + 1401.20.40 A + + +1401.90 Vegetable materials nes, used primarily for plaiting 1401.90.00 D 1401.90.20 B 1401.90.99 A + 1401.90.40 A + +1402.10 Kapok used as stuffing or padding put up or not as a layer wit 1402.10.00 D 1402.10.00 D 1402.10.01 A + +1402.91 Veg hair used as stuffing or padding put up or not as a layer 1402.91.00 D 1402.91.00 A 1402.91.01 A + +1402.99 Veg mat nes used as stuffing or pad put up or not as a layer w 1402.99.00 D 1402.99.00 D 1402.99.99 A + +1403.10 Broomcorn used in brooms or brushes whether or not in hanks or 1403.10.00 D 1403.10.00 A 1403.10.01 A + +1403.90 Veg mat nes used in brooms or brushes whether or not in hanks 1403.90.00 D 1403.90.20 D 1403.90.01 A + 1403.90.40 A 1403.90.99 A + +1404.10 Raw vegetable materials used primarily in dyeing or tanning 1404.10.00 D 1404.10.00 D 1404.10.01 A + 1404.10.99 A + +1404.20 Cotton linters 1404.20.00 D 1404.20.00 D 1404.20.01 C + +1404.90 Vegetable products nes 1404.90.00 D 1404.90.00 D 1404.90.99 A + +1501.00 Lard;pig fat nes & poultry fat,rendered, whether or not presse 1501.00.00 A 1501.00.00 A 1501.00.01 CAg + +1502.00 Bovine,sheep & goat fats,raw or rendered whether or not presse 1502.00.00 A 1502.00.00 A 1502.00.01 C + +1503.00 Lard stearin & oil, oleostearin & oil & tallow oil,not 1503.00.00 A 1503.00.00 A 1503.00.01 C + 1503.00.99 C + +1504.10 Fish-liver oils & their fractions, refined or not, but not 1504.10.00 A 1504.10.20 D 1504.10.01 A + 1504.10.40 A 1504.10.99 C + +1504.20 Fish fats & oils & their fractions exc liver,refined or not, 1504.20.00 A 1504.20.20 D 1504.20.01 C + 1504.20.40 A 1504.20.99 C + 1504.20.60 A + +1504.30 Marine mammal fats & oils & their fract, refined or not, but 1504.30.00 A 1504.30.00 A 1504.30.01 C + +1505.10 Wool grease, crude 1505.10.00 A 1505.10.00 A 1505.10.01 B + +1505.90 Derivatives of wool grease and fatty substances (including 1505.90.00 A 1505.90.00 A 1505.90.01 B + 1505.90.02 C + 1505.90.99 C + +1506.00 Animal fats & oils & their fractions nes refined or not, but 1506.00.00 A 1506.00.00 A 1506.00.01 C + 1506.00.99 C + +1507.10 Soya-bean oil crude, whether or not degummed 1507.10.00 A 1507.10.00 B 1507.10.01 C + +1507.90 Soya-bean oil and its fractions, refined but not chemically 1507.90.10 D 1507.90.20 A 1507.90.99 C + 1507.90.90 Bg 1507.90.40 B + + +1508.10 Ground-nut oil, crude 1508.10.00 A 1508.10.00 A 1508.10.01 C + +1508.90 Ground-nut oil and its fractions refined but not chemically 1508.90.00 A 1508.90.00 A 1508.90.99 C + +1509.10 Olive oil, virgin 1509.10.00 D 1509.10.20 A 1509.10.01 A + 1509.10.40 A 1509.10.99 A + +1509.90 Olive oil and its fractions refined but not chemically modifie 1509.90.00 D 1509.90.20 A 1509.90.01 A + 1509.90.40 A 1509.90.02 A + 1509.90.99 A + +1510.00 Oils & their fract nes obt from olives, ref'd or not, not chem 1510.00.00 D 1510.00.20 D 1510.00.01 C + 1510.00.40 A + 1510.00.60 A + +1511.10 Palm oil, crude 1511.10.00 A 1511.10.00 D 1511.10.01 C + 1511.10.99 C + +1511.90 Palm oil and its fractions refined but not chemically modified 1511.90.00 Bg 1511.90.00 D 1511.90.99 C + +1512.11 Sunflower-seed or safflower oil, crude 1512.11.10 A 1512.11.0X B 1512.11.01 C + 1512.11.20 A 1512.11.0Y B + +1512.19 Sunflower-seed or safflower oil & their fractions refined but 1512.19.10 A 1512.19.0X B 1512.19.99 C + 1512.19.20 A 1512.19.0Y B + +1512.21 Cotton-seed oil crude, whether or not gossypol has been remove 1512.21.00 A 1512.21.00 B 1512.21.01 C + +1512.29 Cotton-seed and its fractions refined but not chemically 1512.29.00 A 1512.29.00 B 1512.29.99 C + +1513.11 Coconut (copra) oil crude 1513.11.00 A 1513.11.00 D 1513.11.01 C + +1513.19 Coconut (copra) oil and its fractions refined but not 1513.19.00 A 1513.19.00 D 1513.19.99 C + +1513.21 Palm kernel or babassu oil, crude 1513.21.00 A 1513.21.00 D 1513.21.01 C + +1513.29 Palm kernel or babassu oil their fract, refined but not 1513.29.00 Bg 1513.29.00 D 1513.29.99 C + +1514.10 Rape, colza or mustard oil crude 1514.10.00 A 1514.10.10 D 1514.10.01 C + 1514.10.90 A + +1514.90 Rape,colza or mustard oil & their fract, refined but not 1514.90.00 A 1514.90.10 D 1514.90.99 C + 1514.90.50 A + 1514.90.90 A + +1515.11 Linseed oil, crude 1515.11.00 A 1515.11.00 A 1515.11.01 C + +1515.19 Linseed oil and its fractions, refined but not chemically 1515.19.00 Bg 1515.19.00 A 1515.19.99 C + +1515.21 Maize (corn) oil crude 1515.21.00 A 1515.21.00 A 1515.21.01 C + + +1515.29 Maize (corn) oil and its fractions, refined but not chemically 1515.29.00 Bg 1515.29.00 A 1515.29.99 C + +1515.30 Castor oil and its fractions,whether or not refined, but not 1515.30.10 D 1515.30.20 A 1515.30.01 A + 1515.30.90 Bg 1515.30.40 A + +1515.40 Tung oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not 1515.40.00 D 1515.40.00 D 1515.40.01 A + +1515.50 Sesame oil and its fractions whether or not refined, but not 1515.50.10 A 1515.50.00 A 1515.50.01 A + 1515.50.90 Bg + +1515.60 Jojoba oil and its fractions whether or not refined, but not 1515.60.10 A 1515.60.00 A 1515.60.01 A + 1515.60.90 Bg + +1515.90 Veg fats & oils nes & their fractions, refined or not but not 1515.90.10 D 1515.90.20 D 1515.90.01 A + 1515.90.91 A 1515.90.40 A 1515.90.02 A + 1515.90.99 A 1515.90.03 C + 1515.90.99 C + +1516.10 Animal fats & oils & fract hydrogenated, inter or 1516.10.00 A 1516.10.00 A 1516.10.01 CAg + +1516.20 Veg fats &oils & fractions hydrogenated, inter or 1516.20.00 A 1516.20.10 A 1516.20.01 C + 1516.20.90 A + +1517.10 Margarine, excluding liquid margarine 1517.10.00 A 1517.10.00 A 1517.10.01 C + +1517.90 Edible mx or prep of animal or veg fats & oils or of fractions 1517.90.10 Bg 1517.90.10 A 1517.90.01 C + 1517.90.91 A 1517.90.20 A 1517.90.02 C + 1517.90.99 Bg 1517.90.40 C 1517.90.99 C + +1518.00 Animal or veg fats & oils & fract boiled oxid,etc, & ined 1518.00.10 Bg 1518.00.20 A 1518.00.01 C + 1518.00.20 A 1518.00.40 A 1518.00.02 C + 1518.00.90 Bg 1518.00.03 C + 1518.00.99 C + +1519.11 Stearic acid 1519.11.00 Bg 1519.11.00 A 1519.11.01 C + 1519.11.02 C + 1519.11.99 C + +1519.12 Oleic acid 1519.12.00 Bg 1519.12.00 A 1519.12.01 C + 1519.12.99 C + +1519.13 Tall oil fatty acids 1519.13.00 D 1519.13.00 A 1519.13.01 C + +1519.19 Industrial monocarboxylic fatty acids, nes 1519.19.00 Bg 1519.19.20 A 1519.19.01 C + 1519.19.40 A 1519.19.99 C + +1519.20 Acid oils from refining 1519.20.00 Bg 1519.20.00 A 1519.20.01 C + +1519.30 Industrial fatty alcohols 1519.30.10 D 1519.30.20 A 1519.30.01 C + 1519.30.90 Bg 1519.30.40 A 1519.30.02 C + + 1519.30.60 A 1519.30.99 C + +1520.10 Glycerol (glycerine), crude and glycerol waters and lyes 1520.10.00 D 1520.10.00 A 1520.10.01 C + 1520.10.99 C + +1520.90 Glycerol (glycerine), nes including synthetic glycerol 1520.90.00 Bg 1520.90.00 A 1520.90.01 C + 1520.90.99 A + +1521.10 Vegetable waxes excluding triglycerides, whether or not refine 1521.10.10 D 1521.10.00 D 1521.10.01 C + 1521.10.90 Bg 1521.10.99 C + +1521.90 Beeswax,other insect waxes & spermaceti whether or not refined 1521.90.10 A 1521.90.20 A 1521.90.01 A + 1521.90.90 A 1521.90.40 D 1521.90.02 A + 1521.90.03 A + 1521.90.99 A + +1522.00 Degras & residues from fatty substances or animal or vegetable 1522.00.10 D 1522.00.00 A 1522.00.01 C + 1522.00.90 Bg 1522.00.99 C + +1601.00 Sausages & sim prod of meat, meat offal or blood & food prep 1601.00.10 A 1601.00.20 A 1601.00.01 C + 1601.00.1V Ex 1601.00.40 A 1601.00.9X EX + 1601.00.91 A 1601.00.60 A 1601.00.99 C + 1601.00.99 A + +1602.10 Homogenized preparations of meat and meat offal 1602.10.00 A 1602.10.00 A 1602.10.01 C + +1602.20 Livers of any animal prepared or preserved 1602.20.10 A 1602.20.20 A 1602.20.0X EX + 1602.20.90 D 1602.20.40 A 1602.20.01 C + +1602.31 Turkey meat and meat offal prepared or preserved, excluding 1602.31.10 Ex 1602.31.00 A 1602.31.01 EX + 1602.31.91 Ex + 1602.31.99 Ex + +1602.39 Dom fowl, duck, goose & guinea fowl meat & meat offal prep or 1602.39.10 Ex 1602.39.00 A 1602.39.99 EX + 1602.39.91 Ex + 1602.39.99 Ex + +1602.41 Hams and cuts thereof of swine prepared or preserved 1602.41.10 A 1602.41.10 A 1602.41.01 C + 1602.41.90 A 1602.41.20 A + 1602.41.90 A + +1602.42 Shoulders and cut thereof of swine prepared or preserved 1602.42.10 A 1602.42.20 A 1602.42.01 C + 1602.42.90 A 1602.42.40 A + +1602.49 Swine meat & meat offal nes/exc livers/ incl mixtures, prepare 1602.49.10 Bg 1602.49.10 A 1602.49.01 C + 1602.49.91 A 1602.49.20 A 1602.49.99 C + 1602.49.99 A 1602.49.40 A + 1602.49.60 A + 1602.49.90 A + +1602.50 Bovine meat and meat offal nes,excluding livers, prepared or 1602.50.10 Bg 1602.50.05 A 1602.50.01 C + + 1602.50.91 A 1602.50.09 A 1602.50.99 C + 1602.50.99 A 1602.50.10 A + 1602.50.20 A + 1602.50.60 A + 1602.50.90 A + +1602.90 Meat, meat offal or blood, prepared or preserved, nes 1602.90.10 Bg 1602.90.10 A 1602.90.01 C + 1602.90.91 A 1602.90.90 A + 1602.90.99 A + +1603.00 Extracts & juices of meat,fish,or crust, molluscs or other 1603.00.10 A 1603.00.10 A 1603.00.01 B + 1603.00.21 Bg 1603.00.90 D 1603.00.99 B + 1603.00.29 A + +1604.11 Salmon prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces, but not 1604.11.00 A 1604.11.20 A 1604.11.01 A + 1604.11.40 A + +1604.12 Herrings, prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces but not 1604.12.10 D 1604.12.20 A 1604.12.01 A + 1604.12.91 A 1604.12.40 A + 1604.12.92 A 1604.12.60 D + 1604.12.99 A + +1604.13 Sardines,sardinella & brisling or sprats prep or presvd, whole 1604.13.10 C 1604.13.10 C 1604.13.01 C + 1604.13.90 C 1604.13.20 C 1604.13.99 C + 1604.13.30 C + 1604.13.40 A + 1604.13.45 A + 1604.13.50 A + +1604.14 Tunas,skipjack & Atl bonito, prepared or preserved,whole or in 1604.14.11 Bg 1604.14.10 C+ 1604.14.01 C+ + 1604.14.12 Bg 1604.14.20 C+ 1604.14.99 C+ + 1604.14.90 Bg 1604.14.30 C+ + 1604.14.40 C+ + 1604.14.50 A + 1604.14.70 C + 1604.14.80 C + +1604.15 Mackerel, prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces, but not 1604.15.00 A 1604.15.00 A 1604.15.01 A + +1604.16 Anchovies, prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces, but not 1604.16.10 A 1604.16.10 A 1604.16.01 A + 1604.16.90 A 1604.16.30 A 1604.16.99 A + 1604.16.40 A + 1604.16.60 D + +1604.19 Fish nes, prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces, but not 1604.19.10 Bg 1604.19.10 B 1604.19.99 B + 1604.19.90 Bg 1604.19.20 A + 1604.19.25 B + 1604.19.30 A + 1604.19.40 B + 1604.19.50 B + 1604.19.60 D + + 1604.19.80 A + +1604.20 Fish prepared or preserved, except whole or in pieces 1604.20.10 Bg 1604.20.05 A 1604.20.99 B + 1604.20.90 Bg 1604.20.10 D + 1604.20.15 B + 1604.20.20 D + 1604.20.25 B + 1604.20.30 B + 1604.20.40 B + 1604.20.50 B + 1604.20.60 B + +1604.30 Caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs 1604.30.00 A 1604.30.20 A 1604.30.01 A + 1604.30.30 A 1604.30.99 A + 1604.30.40 D + +1605.10 Crab, prepared or preserved 1605.10.00 Bg 1605.10.05 A 1605.10.01 B + 1605.10.20 A + 1605.10.40 A + 1605.10.60 D + +1605.20 Shrimps and prawns,prepared or preserved 1605.20.00 D 1605.20.05 A 1605.20.01 B + 1605.20.10 D + +1605.30 Lobster, prepared or preserved 1605.30.10 Bg 1605.30.05 A 1605.30.01 B + 1605.30.91 D 1605.30.10 D + 1605.30.99 Bg + +1605.40 Crustaceans nes, prepared or preserved 1605.40.10 A 1605.40.05 A 1605.40.01 A + 1605.40.90 A 1605.40.10 D 1605.40.99 A + +1605.90 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates prepared or preserved 1605.90.10 A 1605.90.05 A 1605.90.99 A + 1605.90.91 D 1605.90.06 A + 1605.90.92 A 1605.90.10 A + 1605.90.93 A 1605.90.20 A + 1605.90.94 A 1605.90.30 D + 1605.90.99 A 1605.90.40 D + 1605.90.50 A + 1605.90.55 A + 1605.90.60 D + +1701.11 Raw sugar, cane 1701.11.10 Sug 1701.11.01 Sug 1701.11.01 Sug + 1701.11.20 Sug 1701.11.02 Sug 1701.11.99 Sug + 1701.11.30 Sug 1701.11.03 Sug + 1701.11.40 Sug + 1701.11.50 Sug + +1701.12 Raw sugar, beet 1701.12.00 Sug 1701.12.01 Sug 1701.12.01 Sug + 1701.12.02 Sug 1701.12.99 Sug + +1701.91 Refined sugar, in solid form, containing added flavouring or 1701.91.00 Sug 1701.91.21 Sug 1701.91.01 Sug + + 1701.91.22 Sug + 1701.91.40 Sug + +1701.99 Refined sugar, in solid form, nes 1701.99.00 Sug 1701.99.01 Sug 1701.99.01 Sug + 1701.99.02 Sug 1701.99.99 Sug + +1702.10 Lactose and lactose syrup 1702.10.00 Bg 1702.10.00 A 1702.10.01 C + 1702.10.02 C + 1702.10.99 C + +1702.20 Maple sugar and maple syrup 1702.20.00 D 1702.20.20 A 1702.20.01 C + 1702.20.40 D + +1702.30 Glucose & glucose syrup not cntg fruct or cntg in dry state < 1702.30.00 Bg 1702.30.20 A 1702.30.01 C + 1702.30.40 A 1702.30.99 C + +1702.40 Glucose inc syrup cntg in dry state at least 20% but < 50% by 1702.40.00 Bg 1702.40.00 A 1702.40.01 C + 1702.40.99 C + +1702.50 Fructose, chemically pure 1702.50.00 D 1702.50.00 C 1702.50.01 C + +1702.60 Fructose & fructose syrup nes, cntg in dry state > 50% by 1702.60.00 Bg 1702.60.00 A 1702.60.01 C + +1702.90 Sugar nes, including invert sugar 1702.90.10 Bg 1702.90.31 Sug 1702.90.01 Sug + 1702.90.20 Bg 1702.90.32 Sug 1702.90.99 Sug + 1702.90.31 Sug 1702.90.35 A + 1702.90.32 Sug 1702.90.40 A + 1702.90.33 Sug 1702.90.50 A + 1702.90.34 Sug + 1702.90.35 Sug + 1702.90.36 Sug + 1702.90.37 Sug + 1702.90.38 Sug + 1702.90.40 Sug + 1702.90.50 Bg + 1702.90.60 Bg + 1702.90.90 Bg + +1703.10 Cane molasses 1703.10.10 A 1703.10.30 A 1703.10.01 Sug + 1703.10.20 A 1703.10.50 A 1703.10.02 Sug + 1703.10.30 A + 1703.10.90 D + +1703.90 Molasses nes 1703.90.10 Bg 1703.90.30 A 1703.90.99 Sug + 1703.90.20 Bg 1703.90.50 A + 1703.90.90 Bg + +1704.10 Chewing gum containing sugar, except medicinal 1704.10.00 C 1704.10.00 A 1704.10.01 C + +1704.90 Sugar confectionery nes (including white chocolate), not 1704.90.10 D 1704.90.10 B 1704.90.99 C + 1704.90.20 C 1704.90.20 A + + 1704.90.30 C 1704.90.40 C + 1704.90.90 C 1704.90.60 C + +1801.00 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted 1801.00.00 D 1801.00.00 D 1801.00.01 A + +1802.00 Cocoa shells, husks, skins and other cocoa waste 1802.00.00 D 1802.00.00 D 1802.00.01 A + +1803.10 Cocoa paste not defatted 1803.10.00 D 1803.10.00 D 1803.10.01 A + +1803.20 Cocoa paste wholly or partly defatted 1803.20.00 D 1803.20.00 A 1803.20.01 A + +1804.00 Cocoa butter, fat and oil 1804.00.00 D 1804.00.00 D 1804.00.01 A + +1805.00 Cocoa powder, not containing added sugar or other sweetening 1805.00.00 Bg 1805.00.00 A 1805.00.01 A + +1806.10 Cocoa powder, containing added sugar or other sweetening matte 1806.10.00 Sug 1806.10.20 C 1806.10.01 Sug + 1806.10.30 A + 1806.10.41 Sug + 1806.10.42 Sug + +1806.20 Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa weighin 1806.20.10 D 1806.20.20 D 1806.20.01 C + 1806.20.20 Bg 1806.20.40 A + 1806.20.90 Bg 1806.20.60 A + 1806.20.70 A + 1806.20.80 C + +1806.31 Choc & food prep cntg cocoa in blocks, slabs or bars,filled, 1806.31.00 Bg 1806.31.00 A 1806.31.01 C + +1806.32 Choc & food prep cntg cocoa in blocks, slabs or bars, not 1806.32.00 Bg 1806.32.20 A 1806.32.01 C + 1806.32.40 A + +1806.90 Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa nes 1806.90.00 Bg 1806.90.00 A 1806.90.99 C + +1901.10 Prep of cereals, flour, starch or milk for infant use, put up 1901.10.10 Bg 1901.10.00 C 1901.10.01 C + 1901.10.20 Bg + +1901.20 Mixes & doughs for the prep of bakers' wares of heading No 1901.20.10 Bg 1901.20.00 A 1901.20.01 B + 1901.20.20 Bg 1901.20.99 B + +1901.90 Malt extract & food prep of Ch 19 < 50% cocoa & hd 04.01 to 1901.90.10 Bg 1901.90.10 A 1901.90.01 C + 1901.90.21 Bg 1901.90.20 B 1901.90.02 B + 1901.90.22 Bg 1901.90.25 D 1901.90.99 B + 1901.90.30 C 1901.90.2X A + 1901.90.30 C + 1901.90.40 C + 1901.90.80 C + 1901.90.90 C + +1902.11 Uncooked pasta not stuffed or otherwise prepared, containing 1902.11.00 Bg 1902.11.20 D 1902.11.01 C + 1902.11.40 A + + +1902.19 Uncooked pasta, not stuffed or otherwise prepared, nes 1902.19.10 D 1902.19.20 D 1902.19.99 C + 1902.19.90 Bg 1902.19.40 A + +1902.20 Stuffed pasta, whether or not cooked or otherwise prepared 1902.20.00 Bg 1902.20.00 A 1902.20.01 B + +1902.30 Pasta nes 1902.30.10 Bg 1902.30.00 A 1902.30.01 B + 1902.30.20 Bg + +1902.40 Couscous 1902.40.10 Bg 1902.40.00 A 1902.40.01 B + 1902.40.20 Bg + +1903.00 Tapioca subst prep from starch in flake, grain, pearl, sifting 1903.00.00 D 1903.00.20 D 1903.00.01 B + 1903.00.40 A + +1904.10 Prep foods obtained by the swelling or roasting of cereal or 1904.10.00 Bg 1904.10.00 A 1904.10.01 C + + +1904.90 Cereals, exc maize (corn),in grain form, pre-cooked or 1904.90.10 Bg 1904.90.00 A 1904.90.99 C + 1904.90.20 Bg + +1905.10 Crispbread 1905.10.10 D 1905.10.00 D 1905.10.01 B + 1905.10.91 Bg + 1905.10.92 Bg + +1905.20 Gingerbread and the like 1905.20.00 Bg 1905.20.00 D 1905.20.01 B + +1905.30 Sweet biscuits, waffles and wafers 1905.30.10 Bg 1905.30.00 D 1905.30.01 C + 1905.30.90 Bg + +1905.40 Rusks, toasted bread and similar toasted products 1905.40.10 D 1905.40.00 D 1905.40.01 C + 1905.40.90 Bg + +1905.90 Communion wafers,empty cachets for pharm use and sim prod and 1905.90.11 D 1905.90.10 D 1905.90.01 A + 1905.90.12 D 1905.90.90 A 1905.90.99 C + 1905.90.13 Bg + 1905.90.14 Bg + 1905.90.21 Bg + 1905.90.29 Bg + 1905.90.31 Bg + 1905.90.39 Bg + 1905.90.40 A + 1905.90.50 D + 1905.90.61 Bg + 1905.90.62 Bg + 1905.90.90 Bg + +2001.10 Cucumbers and gherkins, prepared or preserved by vinegar or 2001.10.00 Bg 2001.10.00 A 2001.10.01 B + +2001.20 Onions prepared or preserved by vinegar or acetic acid 2001.20.00 Bg 2001.20.00 A 2001.20.01 C + +2001.90 Veg,fruit,nuts & edible parts of plants nes,prep or presvd by 2001.90.10 Bg 2001.90.10 A 2001.90.9X A + 2001.90.90 Bg 2001.90.20 C 2001.90.9Y A + 2001.90.25 A 2001.90.9Z A + 2001.90.30 A 2001.90.99 A + 2001.90.33 A + 2001.90.35 C + 2001.90.39 B + 2001.90.42 A + 2001.90.45 A + 2001.90.50 A + 2001.90.60 C + +2002.10 Tomatoes,whole or in pieces prepared or preserved o/t by 2002.10.00 Bg 2002.10.00 C 2002.10.01 A + +2002.90 Tomatoes nes,prepared or preserved other than by vinegar or 2002.90.00 Ctq 2002.90.00 C 2002.90.99 A + +2003.10 Mushrooms prepared or preserved other than by vinegar or aceti 2003.10.00 Bg 2003.10.00 C 2003.10.01 C + + +2003.20 Truffles prepared or preserved other than by vinegar or acetic 2003.20.00 D 2003.20.00 D 2003.20.01 A + +2004.10 Potatoes prepared or preserved other than by vinegar or acetic 2004.10.00 Bg 2004.10.40 A 2004.10.01 Ctq + 2004.10.80 B + +2004.90 Veg nes & mx of veg prep or presvd, o/t by vinegar or acetic 2004.90.10 C 2004.90.10 A 2004.90.9X A + 2004.90.20 C 2004.90.80 A 2004.90.99 A + 2004.90.30 Bg 2004.90.90 C + 2004.90.41 Bg + 2004.90.49 Bg + 2004.90.50 D + 2004.90.91 D + 2004.90.99 Bg + +2005.10 Homogenized vegetables prep or presvd, o/t by vinegar or aceti 2005.10.00 Bg 2005.10.00 A 2005.10.01 C + +2005.20 Potatoes prepared or preserved, o/t by vinegar or acetic acid, 2005.20.00 Bg 2005.20.20 A 2005.20.01 Ctq + 2005.20.60 A + +2005.30 Sauerkraut prepared or preserved, o/t by vinegar or acetic 2005.30.00 Bg 2005.30.00 B 2005.30.01 A + +2005.40 Peas prepared or preserved, other than by vinegar or acetic 2005.40.00 Bg 2005.40.00 D 2005.40.01 B + +2005.51 Beans, shelled prepared or preserved,o/t by vinegar or acetic 2005.51.10 Bg 2005.51.20 A 2005.51.01 A + 2005.51.90 Bg 2005.51.40 A + +2005.59 Beans nes prepared or preserved, o/t by vinegar or acetic acid 2005.59.00 Bg 2005.59.00 A 2005.59.99 A + +2005.60 Asparagus prepared or preserved, o/t by vinegar or acetic acid 2005.60.00 C 2005.60.00 C 2005.60.01 A + +2005.70 Olives prepared or preserved,other than by vinegar or acetic 2005.70.10 D 2005.70.11 C 2005.70.01 B + 2005.70.90 Bg 2005.70.13 C + 2005.70.15 C + 2005.70.21 C + 2005.70.22 C + 2005.70.25 C + 2005.70.50 C + 2005.70.60 C + 2005.70.70 C + 2005.70.75 C + 2005.70.81 C + 2005.70.83 C + +2005.80 Sweet corn prepared or preserved, o/t by vinegar or acetic aci 2005.80.00 Bg 2005.80.00 A 2005.80.01 C + +2005.90 Veg nes & mix of veg prep or presvd o/t by vinegar or acetic 2005.90.11 Bg 2005.90.10 A 2005.90.9X B + 2005.90.19 Bg 2005.90.20 A 2005.90.99 B + 2005.90.20 D 2005.90.40 D + 2005.90.91 D 2005.90.50 C + 2005.90.99 Bg 2005.90.55 C + 2005.90.60 D + + 2005.90.80 C + 2005.90.85 A + 2005.90.87 A + 2005.90.95 A + +2006.00 Fruits, nuts, fruit-peel & pts of plants presvd by sugar 2006.00.10 Bg 2006.00.20 B 2006.00.01 B + 2006.00.20 A 2006.00.30 A + 2006.00.90 D 2006.00.40 B + 2006.00.50 B + 2006.00.60 B + 2006.00.70 A + 2006.00.90 A + +2007.10 Homo prep (jams, fruit jellies etc) ckd prep whether or not 2007.10.00 Bg 2007.10.00 B 2007.10.01 C + +2007.91 Citrus fruit (marmalades, pur‚e,etc) ckd prep whether or not 2007.91.00 A 2007.91.10 C 2007.91.01 C + 2007.91.40 C + 2007.91.90 A + +2007.99 Jams,fruit jellies, fruit or nut pur‚e & paste, ckd 2007.99.10 C 2007.99.05 A 2007.99.01 A + 2007.99.20 D 2007.99.10 A 2007.99.02 A + 2007.99.90 Bg 2007.99.15 B 2007.99.03 A + 2007.99.20 A 2007.99.04 C + 2007.99.25 A 2007.99.99 A + 2007.99.30 D + 2007.99.35 B + 2007.99.40 A + 2007.99.45 A + 2007.99.48 A + 2007.99.50 A + 2007.99.55 B + 2007.99.60 C + 2007.99.65 C + 2007.99.70 B + 2007.99.75 A + +2008.11 Ground-nuts nes o/w prep or presvd, sugared, sweetened, 2008.11.10 A 2008.11.00 C+ 2008.11.01 C + 2008.11.90 A + +2008.19 Nuts and seeds nes incl mx, o/w prep or presvd, sugared, 2008.19.10 D 2008.19.10 D 2008.19.9X A + 2008.19.90 A 2008.19.15 A 2008.19.99 C + 2008.19.20 A + 2008.19.25 A + 2008.19.30 A + 2008.19.40 A + 2008.19.50 B + 2008.19.85 B + 2008.19.90 A + +2008.20 Pineapples nes, o/w prep or presvd, sugared, sweetened, 2008.20.00 D 2008.20.00 A 2008.20.01 C + + +2008.30 Citrus fruits nes, o/w prep or presvd, sugared, sweetened, 2008.30.10 D 2008.30.10 A 2008.30.0S A + 2008.30.90 D 2008.30.20 B 2008.30.0T A + 2008.30.30 B 2008.30.0U A + 2008.30.35 C 2008.30.0V A + 2008.30.37 A 2008.30.0W A + 2008.30.40 C 2008.30.0X A + 2008.30.52 D 2008.30.0Y A + 2008.30.54 A 2008.30.0Z A + 2008.30.55 B 2008.30.01 A + 2008.30.60 A + 2008.30.65 C + 2008.30.70 B + 2008.30.80 A + 2008.30.85 C + 2008.30.95 A + +2008.40 Pears nes, o/w prep or presvd whether or not sugared, 2008.40.10 Bg 2008.40.00 B 2008.40.01 B + 2008.40.90 Bg + +2008.50 Apricots nes, o/w prep or presvd whether or not sugared, 2008.50.10 Bg 2008.50.20 B 2008.50.01 B + 2008.50.90 Bg 2008.50.40 A + +2008.60 Cherries nes, o/w prep or presvd whether or not sugared, 2008.60.10 Bg 2008.60.00 A 2008.60.01 A + 2008.60.90 Bg + +2008.70 Peaches nes, o/w prep or presvd whether or not sugared, 2008.70.10 Bg 2008.70.00 C 2008.70.01 C + 2008.70.90 Bg + +2008.80 Strawberries nes, o/w prep or presvd, whether or not 2008.80.10 Bg 2008.80.00 B 2008.80.01 A + 2008.80.90 Bg + +2008.91 Palm hearts nes, o/w prep or presvd, whether or not 2008.91.10 D 2008.91.00 A 2008.91.01 A + 2008.91.90 A + +2008.92 Fruit mixtures nes, o/w prep or presvd, whether or not sugared 2008.92.10 D 2008.92.10 C 2008.92.01 B + 2008.92.90 Bg 2008.92.90 B + +2008.99 Fruits & other edible pts of plants nes, prep or presvd,sug, 2008.99.11 Bg 2008.99.05 A 2008.99.9X B + 2008.99.19 Bg 2008.99.10 C 2008.99.99 B + 2008.99.91 A 2008.99.13 A + 2008.99.92 D 2008.99.15 A + 2008.99.99 Bg 2008.99.18 A + 2008.99.20 A + 2008.99.23 A + 2008.99.25 B + 2008.99.28 A + 2008.99.29 A + 2008.99.30 D + 2008.99.35 A + 2008.99.40 A + 2008.99.42 C + + 2008.99.45 A + 2008.99.50 A + 2008.99.60 C + 2008.99.61 A + 2008.99.63 A + 2008.99.65 A + 2008.99.80 A + 2008.99.90 A + +2009.11 Orange juice,unfermented & not spirited, whether or not sugare 2009.11.10 D 2009.11.00 C+ 2009.11.01 A + 2009.11.90 A + +2009.19 Orange juice nes, unfermented and not spirited,whether or not 2009.19.10 D 2009.19.20 C+ 2009.19.99 A + 2009.19.90 Bg 2009.19.40 C+ + +2009.20 Grapefruit juice, unfermented and not spirited,whether or not 2009.20.10 D 2009.20.20 C 2009.20.01 A + 2009.20.90 A 2009.20.40 C + +2009.30 Citrus fruit juice nes exc mx unferment unspirited, whether or 2009.30.00 D 2009.30.10 A 2009.30.0X A + 2009.30.20 A 2009.30.0Y A + 2009.30.40 C 2009.30.01 A + 2009.30.60 C + +2009.40 Pineapple juice, unfermented and not spirited,whether or not 2009.40.00 D 2009.40.20 C 2009.40.0X A + 2009.40.40 B 2009.40.0Y A + +2009.50 Tomato juice unfermented and not spirited,whether or not 2009.50.00 C 2009.50.00 A 2009.50.01 A + +2009.60 Grape juice (incl grape must) unferment & unspirited,whether o 2009.60.10 D 2009.60.00 C 2009.60.01 C + 2009.60.90 Bg + +2009.70 Apple juice unfermented and not spirited whether or not sugare 2009.70.10 Bg 2009.70.00 D 2009.70.01 C + 2009.70.91 Bg + 2009.70.99 Bg + +2009.80 Fruit & veg juice nes (exc mx) unferment unspirited, whether o 2009.80.11 D 2009.80.20 D 2009.80.01 B + 2009.80.12 Bg 2009.80.40 B + 2009.80.19 Bg 2009.80.60 A + 2009.80.20 Bg 2009.80.80 A + +2009.90 Mixtures of juices unfermented and not spirited whether or not 2009.90.10 D 2009.90.20 A 2009.90.0X A + 2009.90.20 A 2009.90.40 C 2009.90.01 A + 2009.90.30 Bg + 2009.90.40 Bg + +2101.10 Coffee extracts, essences & concentrates and preparations 2101.10.00 A 2101.10.20 D 2101.10.01 C + 2101.10.40 A + +2101.20 Tea or mat‚ extracts, essences and concentrates and 2101.20.00 D 2101.20.20 D 2101.20.01 C + 2101.20.40 A + + +2101.30 Chicory & other coffee substitutes roasted & extracts, ess and 2101.30.10 D 2101.30.00 A 2101.30.01 C + 2101.30.90 A + +2102.10 Yeasts, active 2102.10.10 A 2102.10.00 A 2102.10.01 A + 2102.10.20 A 2102.10.02 A + 2102.10.99 A + +2102.20 Yeasts, inactive and other dead singlecell micro-organisms 2102.20.00 D 2102.20.20 A 2102.20.01 B + 2102.20.40 D 2102.20.99 B + 2102.20.60 A + +2102.30 Baking powders, prepared 2102.30.00 Bg 2102.30.00 D 2102.30.01 A + +2103.10 Soya sauce 2103.10.00 Bg 2103.10.00 A 2103.10.01 C + +2103.20 Tomato ketchup and other tomato sauces 2103.20.00 C 2103.20.20 A 2103.20.0X B + 2103.20.40 C 2103.20.01 B + +2103.30 Mustard flour and meal and prepared mustard 2103.30.10 A 2103.30.20 D 2103.30.01 A + 2103.30.20 Bg 2103.30.40 A 2103.30.02 A + +2103.90 Sauces and preparations nes and mixed condiments and mixed 2103.90.10 Bg 2103.90.20 D 2103.90.99 C + 2103.90.20 Bg 2103.90.40 A + 2103.90.90 Bg 2103.90.60 A + +2104.10 Soups and broths and preparations thereof 2104.10.00 Bg 2104.10.00 A 2104.10.01 B + +2104.20 Homogenised composite food preparations put up for retail sale 2104.20.00 Bg 2104.20.00 A 2104.20.01 B + +2105.00 Ice cream and other edible ice, whether or not containing coco 2105.00.00 Ex 2105.00.00 C 2105.00.01 EX + +2106.10 Protein concentrates and textured protein substances 2106.10.00 A 2106.10.00 A 2106.10.01 C + 2106.10.02 C + 2106.10.03 C + 2106.10.99 C + +2106.90 Food preparations nes 2106.90.10 D 2106.90.05 A 2106.90.01 C + 2106.90.20 Sug 2106.90.11 Sug 2106.90.02 C + 2106.90.30 Bg 2106.90.12 Sug 2106.90.03 C + 2106.90.40 D 2106.90.15 C 2106.90.04 C + 2106.90.50 Bg 2106.90.16 C+ 2106.90.05 Sug + 2106.90.60 Bg 2106.90.19 2106.90.9X EX + 2106.90.70 Ex 2106.90.20 A 2106.90.99 Sug + 2106.90.80 Bg 2106.90.40 C + 2106.90.90 Bg 2106.90.50 C + 2106.90.9V Ex 2106.90.60 A + +2201.10 Mineral and aerated waters not cntg sugar or sweetening matter 2201.10.00 D 2201.10.00 A 2201.10.01 C + 2201.10.02 C + +2201.90 Ice & snow and potable waters nes not cntg sugar or sweeteners 2201.90.00 C 2201.90.00 D 2201.90.01 C + + 2201.90.02 C + 2201.90.99 C + +2202.10 Waters incl mineral & aerated,containing sugar or sweetening 2202.10.00 C 2202.10.00 C 2202.10.01 C + +2202.90 Non-acloholic beverages nes, excluding fruit or veg juices of 2202.90.10 A 2202.90.10 B 2202.90.01 A + 2202.90.90 Bg 2202.90.20 C 2202.90.99 A + 2202.90.30 C+ + 2202.90.35 C+ + 2202.90.39 + 2202.90.90 A + +2203.00 Beer made from malt 2203.00.00 A 2203.00.00 A 2203.00.01 B+ + +2204.10 Grape wines, sparkling 2204.10.00 C 2204.10.00 A 2204.10.01 C + +2204.21 Grape wines nes, incl fort & grape must, unfermented by add al 2204.21.10 B 2204.21.20 A 2204.21.01 B + 2204.21.21 B 2204.21.40 A 2204.21.02 C + 2204.21.22 B 2204.21.60 A 2204.21.03 C + 2204.21.23 B 2204.21.80 A 2204.21.04 A + 2204.21.24 B 2204.21.99 C + 2204.21.25 B + 2204.21.26 B + 2204.21.27 B + 2204.21.28 B + 2204.21.29 B + 2204.21.30 B + +2204.29 Grape wines nes, incl fort & grape must, unfermented by add 2204.29.10 C 2204.29.20 A 2204.29.99 C + 2204.29.21 C 2204.29.40 A + 2204.29.22 C 2204.29.60 A + 2204.29.23 C 2204.29.80 A + 2204.29.24 C + 2204.29.25 C + 2204.29.26 C + 2204.29.27 C + 2204.29.28 C + 2204.29.29 C + 2204.29.30 C + +2204.30 Grape must nes, unfermented, other than that of heading No 2204.30.00 Bg 2204.30.00 A 2204.30.01 C + +2205.10 Vermouth & other grape wines flav with plants or arom subst in 2205.10.10 Bg 2205.10.30 A 2205.10.01 B + 2205.10.20 Bg 2205.10.60 A 2205.10.99 B + +2205.90 Vermouth & other grape wines flav with plants or arom subst in 2205.90.10 Bg 2205.90.20 A 2205.90.01 B + 2205.90.20 Bg 2205.90.40 A 2205.90.99 B + 2205.90.60 A + +2206.00 Fermented beverages nes (for example, cider, perry, mead, etc) 2206.00.11 Bg 2206.00.15 A 2206.00.01 A + 2206.00.19 Bg 2206.00.30 A + + 2206.00.20 Bg 2206.00.45 A + 2206.00.30 Bg 2206.00.60 A + 2206.00.40 Bg 2206.00.90 A + 2206.00.50 Bg + 2206.00.61 Bg + 2206.00.62 Bg + 2206.00.63 Bg + 2206.00.64 Bg + 2206.00.65 Bg + 2206.00.66 Bg + 2206.00.67 Bg + 2206.00.68 Bg + 2206.00.69 Bg + 2206.00.70 Bg + 2206.00.90 Bg + +2207.10 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcohol strength by vol of 80% 2207.10.10 Bg 2207.10.30 A 2207.10.01 A + 2207.10.90 Bg 2207.10.60 C + +2207.20 Ethyl alcohol and other spirits, denatured, of any strength 2207.20.11 Bg 2207.20.00 C 2207.20.01 B + 2207.20.19 Bg + 2207.20.90 Bg + +2208.10 Compound alcoholic preparations of a kind used in manufacturin 2208.10.00 A 2208.10.30 A 2208.10.01 A + 2208.10.60 A 2208.10.99 A + 2208.10.90 A + +2208.20 Spirits obtained by distilling grape wine or grape marc 2208.20.00 A 2208.20.10 A 2208.20.01 A + 2208.20.20 A 2208.20.02 B + 2208.20.30 A 2208.20.03 B + 2208.20.40 A 2208.20.99 C + 2208.20.50 A + 2208.20.60 A + +2208.30 Whiskies 2208.30.00 A 2208.30.30 A 2208.30.XX B + 2208.30.60 A 2208.30.01 A + 2208.30.02 B + 2208.30.03 B + 2208.30.99 B + +2208.40 Rum and tafia 2208.40.10 A 2208.40.00 C 2208.40.01 B + 2208.40.20 A 2208.40.02 B + +2208.50 Gin and geneva 2208.50.00 Bg 2208.50.00 A 2208.50.01 B + +2208.90 Undenatured ethyl alc < 80% alc cont by vol & spirits, liqueur 2208.90.10 Bg 2208.90.01 A 2208.90.01 B + 2208.90.20 D 2208.90.05 A 2208.90.02 B + 2208.90.30 A 2208.90.10 A 2208.90.03 B + 2208.90.41 Bg 2208.90.12 A 2208.90.04 C + 2208.90.49 Bg 2208.90.14 A 2208.90.99 B + 2208.90.50 D 2208.90.15 A + + 2208.90.91 Bg 2208.90.20 A + 2208.90.99 Bg 2208.90.25 A + 2208.90.30 A + 2208.90.35 A + 2208.90.40 A + 2208.90.45 A + 2208.90.50 A + 2208.90.55 A + 2208.90.60 A + 2208.90.65 A + 2208.90.70 A + 2208.90.71 A + 2208.90.72 A + 2208.90.75 A + 2208.90.80 A + +2209.00 Vinegar and substitutes for vinegar obtained from acetic acid 2209.00.00 A 2209.00.00 A 2209.00.01 B + +2301.10 Flours,meals & pellets of meat or meat offal unfit for human 2301.10.00 D 2301.10.00 D 2301.10.01 C + 2301.10.99 C + +2301.20 Flours,meals & pellets of fish,crust,mol or other aqua 2301.20.10 A 2301.20.00 D 2301.20.01 C + 2301.20.90 D 2301.20.99 C + +2302.10 Maize (corn) bran, sharps and other residues, pelleted or not 2302.10.00 D 2302.10.00 D 2302.10.01 C + +2302.20 Rice bran, sharps and other residues, pelleted or not 2302.20.00 D 2302.20.00 D 2302.20.01 C + +2302.30 Wheat bran, sharps and other residues, pelleted or not 2302.30.00 D 2302.30.00 D 2302.30.01 C + +2302.40 Cereal bran, sharps and other residues nes, pelleted or not 2302.40.00 D 2302.40.00 D 2302.40.01 B + +2302.50 Bran, sharps and other residues of leguminous plants, pelleted 2302.50.00 D 2302.50.00 A 2302.50.01 B + +2303.10 Residues of starch manufacture and similar residues 2303.10.00 D 2303.10.00 A 2303.10.01 C + +2303.20 Beet-pulp, bagasse and other waste of sugar manufacture 2303.20.10 A 2303.20.00 D 2303.20.01 B + 2303.20.90 D 2303.20.99 B + +2303.30 Brewing or distilling dregs and waste 2303.30.00 D 2303.30.00 D 2303.30.01 A + 2303.30.99 A + +2304.00 Soya-bean oil-cake and other solid residues,whether or not 2304.00.00 D 2304.00.00 A 2304.00.01 C + +2305.00 Ground-nut oil-cake and other solid residues,whether or not 2305.00.00 D 2305.00.00 A 2305.00.01 C + +2306.10 Cotton seed oil-cake and other solid residues,whether or not 2306.10.00 D 2306.10.00 A 2306.10.01 C + +2306.20 Linseed oil-cake and other solid residues,whether or not groun 2306.20.00 D 2306.20.00 A 2306.20.01 C + +2306.30 Sunflower seed oil-cake and other solid residues,whether or no 2306.30.00 D 2306.30.00 A 2306.30.01 C + + +2306.40 Rape or colza seed oil-cake&other solid residues,whether or no 2306.40.00 D 2306.40.00 A 2306.40.01 C + +2306.50 Coconut or copra oil-cake & other solid residues,whether or no 2306.50.00 D 2306.50.00 A 2306.50.01 C + +2306.60 Palm nut or kernel oil-cake&other solid residues,whether or no 2306.60.00 D 2306.60.00 A 2306.60.01 C + +2306.90 Veg oil-cake & other solid residues nes, whether or not ground 2306.90.00 D 2306.90.00 A 2306.90.99 C + +2307.00 Wine lees and argol 2307.00.00 D 2307.00.00 D 2307.00.01 B + +2308.10 Acorns & horse-chestnuts used in animal feeding 2308.10.00 D 2308.10.00 A 2308.10.01 B + +2308.90 Veg mat, waste, residues & by-prod nes pelleted or not, used i 2308.90.00 D 2308.90.30 D 2308.90.99 B + 2308.90.50 A + 2308.90.80 A + +2309.10 Dog or cat food put up for retail sale 2309.10.00 A 2309.10.00 C 2309.10.01 C + +2309.90 Animal feed preparations nes 2309.90.10 D 2309.90.10 D 2309.90.01 C + 2309.90.20 Bg 2309.90.30 C 2309.90.02 B + 2309.90.91 Ex 2309.90.60 A 2309.90.03 A + 2309.90.92 D 2309.90.90 A 2309.90.04 C + 2309.90.93 D 2309.90.05 A + 2309.90.99 A 2309.90.06 A + 2309.90.07 C + 2309.90.08 B + 2309.90.09 A + 2309.90.9X EX + 2309.90.99 C + +2401.10 Tobacco, unmanufactured, not stemmed or stripped 2401.10.10 D 2401.10.20 A 2401.10.01 C + 2401.10.91 A 2401.10.40 A + 2401.10.99 Bg 2401.10.60 C + 2401.10.80 A + +2401.20 Tobacco, unmanufactured, partly or wholly stemmed or stripped 2401.20.10 Bg 2401.20.05 C 2401.20.01 C + 2401.20.90 A 2401.20.20 A 2401.20.99 C + 2401.20.30 C + 2401.20.50 A + 2401.20.60 C + 2401.20.80 C + +2401.30 Tobacco refuse 2401.30.00 Bg 2401.30.30 D 2401.30.01 C + 2401.30.60 C + 2401.30.90 C + +2402.10 Cigars, cheroots and cigarillos, containing tobacco 2402.10.10 A 2402.10.30 C 2402.10.01 C + 2402.10.90 Bg 2402.10.60 C + 2402.10.80 A + + +2402.20 Cigarettes containing tobacco 2402.20.00 Bg 2402.20.10 A 2402.20.0X C + 2402.20.80 C 2402.20.0Y C + 2402.20.90 A 2402.20.01 C + +2402.90 Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, cntg tobacco 2402.90.00 Bg 2402.90.00 C 2402.90.99 C + +2403.10 Smoking tobacco, whether or not cntg tobacco substitutes in an 2403.10.00 Bg 2403.10.00 C 2403.10.01 C + +2403.91 Homogenized or reconstituted tobacco 2403.91.10 A 2403.91.20 A 2403.91.01 C + 2403.91.90 Bg 2403.91.40 C + +2403.99 Tobacco extracts and essences 2403.99.10 Bg 2403.99.00 C 2403.99.99 C + 2403.99.90 Bg + +2501.00 Salt (including table salt and denatured salt) pure sodium 2501.00.10 A 2501.00.00 D 2501.00.01 A + 2501.00.90 D 2501.00.99 A + +2502.00 Unroasted iron pyrites 2502.00.00 D 2502.00.00 D 2502.00.01 A + +2503.10 Sulphur, crude or unrefined 2503.10.00 D 2503.10.00 D 2503.10.01 A + +2503.90 Sulphur nes, exc sublimated, precipitated & colloidal & crude 2503.90.00 D 2503.90.00 D 2503.90.99 A + +2504.10 Natural graphite in powder or flakes 2504.10.10 A 2504.10.10 A 2504.10.01 A + 2504.10.20 A 2504.10.50 D + +2504.90 Natural graphite, nes 2504.90.00 D 2504.90.00 D 2504.90.99 A + +2505.10 Silica sands and quartz sands 2505.10.00 D 2505.10.10 D 2505.10.01 B + 2505.10.50 D + +2505.90 Natural sands nes, exc metal bearing sand of Chapter 26 2505.90.00 D 2505.90.00 D 2505.90.01 C + 2505.90.99 C + +2506.10 Quartz (other than natural sands) 2506.10.00 D 2506.10.00 D 2506.10.01 A + +2506.21 Quartzite, crude or roughly trimmed 2506.21.00 D 2506.21.00 D 2506.21.01 A + +2506.29 Quartzite, nes 2506.29.00 D 2506.29.00 D 2506.29.99 A + +2507.00 Kaolin and other kaolinic clays, whether or not calcined 2507.00.00 D 2507.00.00 A 2507.00.01 D + +2508.10 Bentonite 2508.10.00 D 2508.10.00 A 2508.10.01 A + +2508.20 Decolourising earths and fuller's earth 2508.20.00 D 2508.20.00 B 2508.20.01 B + +2508.30 Fire-clay 2508.30.00 D 2508.30.00 A 2508.30.01 D + +2508.40 Other clays(exc expanded clays of 68.06) 2508.40.00 D 2508.40.00 A 2508.40.99 A + +2508.50 Andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite 2508.50.00 D 2508.50.00 D 2508.50.01 A + + +2508.60 Mullite 2508.60.00 D 2508.60.00 A 2508.60.01 A + +2508.70 Chamotte or dinas earths 2508.70.00 D 2508.70.00 D 2508.70.01 A + +2509.00 Chalk 2509.00.10 A 2509.00.10 D 2509.00.01 A + 2509.00.90 D 2509.00.20 A + +2510.10 Natural calcium phosphates, aluminum calcium phosphates etc, 2510.10.00 D 2510.10.00 D 2510.10.01 D + 2510.10.99 A + +2510.20 Natural calcium phosphates, aluminum calcium phosphates etc, 2510.20.00 D 2510.20.00 D 2510.20.01 D + 2510.20.99 A + +2511.10 Natural barium sulphate (barytes) 2511.10.00 A 2511.10.10 A 2511.10.01 A + 2511.10.50 A + +2511.20 Natural barium carbonate (witherite) 2511.20.00 A 2511.20.00 A 2511.20.01 A + +2512.00 Siliceous fossil meals (ie kieselguhr etc) & similar siliceous 2512.00.00 D 2512.00.00 D 2512.00.01 A + +2513.11 Pumice stones, crude or in irregular pieces incl crushed 2513.11.00 D 2513.11.00 D 2513.11.01 A + +2513.19 Pumice stone, nes 2513.19.00 D 2513.19.00 A 2513.19.99 A + +2513.21 Emery, natural corundum, natural garnet etc, crude or in 2513.21.00 D 2513.21.00 D 2513.21.01 A + 2513.21.02 A + 2513.21.99 A + +2513.29 Emery, natural corundum, natural garnet etc nes 2513.29.00 D 2513.29.00 A 2513.29.99 A + +2514.00 Slate, whether or not roughly trimmed or merely cut etc 2514.00.10 D 2514.00.00 A 2514.00.01 A + 2514.00.20 A + 2514.00.90 A + +2515.11 Marble and travertine, crude or roughly trimmed 2515.11.00 D 2515.11.00 A 2515.11.01 A + +2515.12 Marble and travertine, merely cut, by sawing or otherwise into 2515.12.00 A 2515.12.10 A 2515.12.01 A + 2515.12.20 A 2515.12.99 A + +2515.20 Ecaussine & other calcareous monumental or building stone; 2515.20.10 D 2515.20.00 A 2515.20.01 A + 2515.20.20 A + +2516.11 Granite, crude or roughly trimmed 2516.11.00 D 2516.11.00 D 2516.11.01 A + +2516.12 Granite, merely cut, by sawing or otherwise, into blocks etc 2516.12.10 A 2516.12.00 A 2516.12.01 A + 2516.12.90 D + +2516.21 Sandstone, crude or roughly trimmed 2516.21.00 D 2516.21.00 D 2516.21.01 A + +2516.22 Sandstone, merely cut, by sawing or otherwise, into blocks etc 2516.22.00 A 2516.22.00 A 2516.22.01 A + + +2516.90 Monumental or building stone nes 2516.90.10 D 2516.90.00 A 2516.90.01 A + 2516.90.20 A + +2517.10 Pebbles, gravel, broken or crushed stone used for aggregates 2517.10.00 D 2517.10.00 D 2517.10.01 A + 2517.10.99 A + +2517.20 Macadam of slag, dross or similar industrial waste etc 2517.20.00 D 2517.20.00 A 2517.20.01 A + +2517.30 Tarred macadam 2517.30.00 A 2517.30.00 A 2517.30.01 A + +2517.41 Marble granules, chipping & powder of 25.15 or 25.16 2517.41.00 D 2517.41.00 D 2517.41.01 A + +2517.49 Granules, chippings & powder nes, of 25.15 or 25.16 2517.49.10 D 2517.49.00 D 2517.49.99 A + 2517.49.90 A + +2518.10 Dolomite not calcined 2518.10.00 A 2518.10.00 D 2518.10.01 A + +2518.20 Calcined dolomite 2518.20.00 A 2518.20.00 A 2518.20.01 A + +2518.30 Agglomerated dolomite (incl tarred dolomite) 2518.30.00 A 2518.30.00 A 2518.30.01 A + +2519.10 Natural magnesium carbonate (magnesite) 2519.10.10 D 2519.10.00 D 2519.10.01 A + 2519.10.90 A + +2519.90 Magnesia, fused, dead-burned etc & magnesium oxide pure or not 2519.90.10 D 2519.90.10 A 2519.90.01 C + 2519.90.90 A 2519.90.20 C 2519.90.99 A + 2519.90.50 D + +2520.10 Gypsum; anhydrite 2520.10.00 D 2520.10.00 D 2520.10.01 A + +2520.20 Plasters (consisting of calcined gypsum or calcium sulphate) 2520.20.10 D 2520.20.00 A 2520.20.01 A + 2520.20.90 A + +2521.00 Limestone flux; limestone & other calcareous stone, for lime o 2521.00.00 D 2521.00.00 D 2521.00.01 A + +2522.10 Quicklime 2522.10.00 D 2522.10.00 D 2522.10.01 A + +2522.20 Slaked lime 2522.20.00 D 2522.20.00 D 2522.20.01 A + +2522.30 Hydraulic lime 2522.30.00 D 2522.30.00 D 2522.30.01 A + +2523.10 Cement clinkers 2523.10.00 D 2523.10.00 D 2523.10.01 B + +2523.21 Portland cement, white, whether or not artificially coloured 2523.21.00 B 2523.21.00 A 2523.21.01 B + +2523.29 Portland cement nes 2523.29.00 D 2523.29.00 D 2523.29.99 B + +2523.30 Aluminous cement (ciment fondu) 2523.30.00 D 2523.30.00 D 2523.30.01 D + +2523.90 Hydraulic cements nes 2523.90.00 D 2523.90.00 D 2523.90.99 B + + +2524.00 Asbestos 2524.00.10 D 2524.00.00 D 2524.00.01 D + 2524.00.90 A 2524.00.02 D + +2525.10 Mica crude or rifted into sheets or splittings 2525.10.00 D 2525.10.00 D 2525.10.01 A + +2525.20 Mica powder 2525.20.10 A 2525.20.00 A 2525.20.01 A + 2525.20.20 A + +2525.30 Mica waste 2525.30.00 D 2525.30.00 D 2525.30.01 A + +2526.10 Natural steatite, not crushed/powdered 2526.10.00 A 2526.10.00 A 2526.10.01 A + 2526.10.02 A + +2526.20 Natural steatite, crushed or powdered 2526.20.10 A 2526.20.00 A 2526.20.01 A + 2526.20.90 A 2526.20.02 A + + +2527.00 Natural cryolite; natural chiolite 2527.00.10 D 2527.00.00 D 2527.00.01 A + 2527.00.20 A + +2528.10 Natural sodium borates 2528.10.00 D 2528.10.00 D 2528.10.01 C + +2528.90 Natural borates etc nes 2528.90.00 D 2528.90.00 D 2528.90.99 C + +2529.10 Felspar 2529.10.00 D 2529.10.00 D 2529.10.01 C + +2529.21 Fluorspar, containing by weight 97% or less of calcium fluorid 2529.21.00 D 2529.21.00 A 2529.21.01 A + +2529.22 Fluorspar, containing by weight more than 97% of calcium 2529.22.00 D 2529.22.00 A 2529.22.01 A + +2529.30 Leucite; nepheline and nepheline syenite 2529.30.00 A 2529.30.00 D 2529.30.01 A + +2530.10 Vermiculite, perlite and chlorites, unexpanded 2530.10.10 D 2530.10.00 D 2530.10.01 A + 2530.10.20 A 2530.10.02 A + +2530.20 Kieserite, epsomite (natural magnesium sulphates) 2530.20.00 A 2530.20.10 D 2530.20.01 A + 2530.20.20 A + +2530.30 Earth colours 2530.30.00 A 2530.30.00 D 2530.30.01 A + +2530.40 Natural micaceous iron oxides 2530.40.00 A 2530.40.00 A 2530.40.01 A + +2530.90 Mineral substances, nes 2530.90.10 D 2530.90.00 D 2530.90.01 A + 2530.90.20 B 2530.90.02 A + 2530.90.30 D 2530.90.03 A + 2530.90.40 D 2530.90.04 A + 2530.90.50 D 2530.90.05 A + 2530.90.90 A 2530.90.06 A + 2530.90.07 A + 2530.90.99 B + +2601.11 Iron ores and concentrates, other than roasted iron pyrites, 2601.11.00 D 2601.11.00 D 2601.11.01 A + +2601.12 Iron ores and concentrates, other than roasted iron pyrites, 2601.12.00 D 2601.12.00 D 2601.12.01 A + +2601.20 Roasted iron pyrites 2601.20.00 D 2601.20.00 D 2601.20.01 A + +2602.00 Manganese ores and concentrates etc 2602.00.00 D 2602.00.00 D 2602.00.01 B + +2603.00 Copper ores and concentrates 2603.00.00 D 2603.00.00 A 2603.00.01 A + +2604.00 Nickel ores and concentrates 2604.00.00 D 2604.00.00 D 2604.00.01 A + +2605.00 Cobalt ores and concentrates 2605.00.00 D 2605.00.00 D 2605.00.01 A + +2606.00 Aluminium ores and concentrates 2606.00.00 D 2606.00.00 D 2606.00.01 A + 2606.00.02 D + 2606.00.99 A + + +2607.00 Lead ores and concentrates 2607.00.00 D 2607.00.00 A 2607.00.01 A + +2608.00 Zinc ores and concentrates 2608.00.00 D 2608.00.00 A 2608.00.01 A + +2609.00 Tin ores and concentrates 2609.00.00 D 2609.00.00 D 2609.00.01 D + +2610.00 Chromium ores and concentrates 2610.00.00 D 2610.00.00 D 2610.00.01 D + 2610.00.99 A + +2611.00 Tungsten ores and concentrates 2611.00.00 D 2611.00.00 A 2611.00.01 A + +2612.10 Uranium ores and concentrates 2612.10.00 D 2612.10.00 D 2612.10.01 A + +2612.20 Thorium ores and concentrates 2612.20.00 D 2612.20.00 D 2612.20.01 A + +2613.10 Molybdenum concentrates, roasted 2613.10.00 D 2613.10.00 A 2613.10.01 A + +2613.90 Molybdenum ores and concentrates nes 2613.90.00 D 2613.90.00 A 2613.90.99 A + +2614.00 Titanium ores and concentrates 2614.00.00 D 2614.00.30 A 2614.00.01 A + 2614.00.60 D 2614.00.99 A + +2615.10 Zirconium ores and concentrates 2615.10.00 D 2615.10.00 D 2615.10.01 A + +2615.90 Niobium, tantalum and vanadium ores and concentrates 2615.90.00 D 2615.90.30 D 2615.90.99 A + 2615.90.60 D + +2616.10 Silver ores and concentrates 2616.10.00 D 2616.10.00 A 2616.10.01 A + +2616.90 Precious metal ores and concentrates nes 2616.90.00 D 2616.90.00 A 2616.90.99 A + +2617.10 Antimony ores and concentrates 2617.10.00 D 2617.10.00 D 2617.10.01 B + +2617.90 Ores and concentrates nes 2617.90.00 D 2617.90.00 D 2617.90.99 B + +2618.00 Granulated slag (slag sand) from the manufacture of iron or 2618.00.00 D 2618.00.00 D 2618.00.01 A + +2619.00 Slag, dross, (exc granulated slag) scaling & other waste etc 2619.00.00 D 2619.00.30 A 2619.00.01 D + 2619.00.90 D 2619.00.99 A + +2620.11 Ash and residues containing hard zinc spelter 2620.11.00 D 2620.11.00 C 2620.11.01 C + +2620.19 Ash and residues containing mainly zinc nes 2620.19.00 D 2620.19.30 A 2620.19.99 C + 2620.19.60 A + +2620.20 Ash and residues containing mainly lead 2620.20.00 D 2620.20.00 A 2620.20.01 C + +2620.30 Ash and residues containing mainly copper 2620.30.00 D 2620.30.00 A 2620.30.01 C + +2620.40 Ash and residues containing mainly aluminium 2620.40.00 D 2620.40.00 D 2620.40.01 A + + 2620.40.99 A + +2620.50 Ash and residues containing mainly vanadium 2620.50.00 D 2620.50.00 D 2620.50.01 A + +2620.90 Ash and residues containing metals or metallic compounds nes 2620.90.00 D 2620.90.20 A 2620.90.01 A + 2620.90.30 D 2620.90.02 C + 2620.90.50 D 2620.90.03 A + 2620.90.70 D 2620.90.99 A + 2620.90.80 D + 2620.90.90 A + +2621.00 Slag and ash nes, including seaweed ash (kelp) 2621.00.00 D 2621.00.00 D 2621.00.01 A + 2621.00.99 A + +2701.11 Anthracite, whether or not pulverised but not agglomerated 2701.11.00 D 2701.11.00 D 2701.11.01 A + +2701.12 Bituminous coal, whether or not pulverised but not agglomerate 2701.12.00 D 2701.12.00 D 2701.12.01 A + +2701.19 Coal nes, whether or not pulverised but not agglomerated 2701.19.00 D 2701.19.00 D 2701.19.99 A + +2701.20 Coal briquettes, ovoids and similar manufactured solid fuels 2701.20.00 D 2701.20.00 D 2701.20.01 A + +2702.10 Lignite, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated 2702.10.00 D 2702.10.00 D 2702.10.01 A + +2702.20 Lignite, agglomerated 2702.20.00 D 2702.20.00 D 2702.20.01 A + +2703.00 Peat (including peat litter), whether or not agglomerated 2703.00.00 A 2703.00.00 D 2703.00.01 A + +2704.00 Coke and semi-coke of coal, lignite or peat, agglomerated or 2704.00.00 D 2704.00.00 D 2704.00.01 D + 2704.00.02 A + +2705.00 Coal gas, water gas, etc, o/than petroleum gases & gaseous 2705.00.00 A 2705.00.00 D 2705.00.01 A + +2706.00 Tar distilled from coal, lignite or peat & other mineral tars 2706.00.00 D 2706.00.00 D 2706.00.01 A + +2707.10 Benzole 2707.10.00 A 2707.10.00 D 2707.10.01 A + +2707.20 Toluole 2707.20.00 A 2707.20.00 D 2707.20.01 A + +2707.30 Xylole 2707.30.00 A 2707.30.00 D 2707.30.01 A + +2707.40 Naphthalene 2707.40.10 D 2707.40.00 D 2707.40.01 B + 2707.40.90 B 2707.40.02 A + +2707.50 Aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures etc nes 2707.50.10 D 2707.50.00 D 2707.50.01 A + 2707.50.90 A 2707.50.99 A + +2707.60 Phenols 2707.60.00 C 2707.60.00 A 2707.60.01 C + 2707.60.02 C + 2707.60.99 C + + +2707.91 Creosote oils 2707.91.00 A 2707.91.00 D 2707.91.01 A + +2707.99 Oils and other products of the distillation of high temp coal 2707.99.00 A 2707.99.10 D 2707.99.01 A + 2707.99.20 D 2707.99.02 A + 2707.99.30 A 2707.99.03 A + 2707.99.40 A 2707.99.04 A + 2707.99.50 D 2707.99.99 A + +2708.10 Pitch 2708.10.00 D 2708.10.00 D 2708.10.01 A + +2708.20 Pitch coke 2708.20.00 D 2708.20.00 D 2708.20.01 A + +2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, 2709.00.10 D 2709.00.10 C 2709.00.01 C + 2709.00.90 C 2709.00.20 C + +2710.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, 2710.00.10 C 2710.00.05 C 2710.00.01 D + 2710.00.20 C 2710.00.10 C 2710.00.02 C + 2710.00.30 C 2710.00.15 C 2710.00.03 C + 2710.00.40 C 2710.00.18 C 2710.00.04 A + 2710.00.90 D 2710.00.20 C 2710.00.05 D + 2710.00.25 C 2710.00.06 C + 2710.00.30 C 2710.00.07 A + 2710.00.35 A 2710.00.08 C + 2710.00.40 A 2710.00.09 D + 2710.00.45 C 2710.00.10 C + 2710.00.60 C 2710.00.11 C + 2710.00.12 C + 2710.00.13 C + 2710.00.14 C + 2710.00.15 C + 2710.00.16 C + 2710.00.17 C + 2710.00.18 C + 2710.00.19 C + 2710.00.20 C + 2710.00.99 C + +2711.11 Natural gas, liquefied 2711.11.00 A 2711.11.00 D 2711.11.01 D + +2711.12 Propane, liquefied 2711.12.10 C 2711.12.00 D 2711.12.01 C + 2711.12.90 D + +2711.13 Butanes, liquefied 2711.13.00 A 2711.13.00 D 2711.13.01 D + +2711.14 Ethylene, propylene, butylene and butadiene, liquefied 2711.14.00 C 2711.14.00 D 2711.14.01 C + +2711.19 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons nes, liquefied 2711.19.10 B 2711.19.00 D 2711.19.01 D + 2711.19.90 D 2711.19.02 A + 2711.19.99 C + +2711.21 Natural gas in gaseous state 2711.21.00 D 2711.21.00 D 2711.21.01 C + + +2711.29 Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons nes, in gaseous 2711.29.00 D 2711.29.00 D 2711.29.01 C + 2711.29.02 C + 2711.29.99 C + +2712.10 Petroleum jelly 2712.10.00 C 2712.10.00 D 2712.10.01 C + +2712.20 Paraffin wax containing by weight less than 0.75% of oil 2712.20.10 D 2712.20.00 D 2712.20.01 C + 2712.20.90 B 2712.20.02 C + +2712.90 Mineral waxes nes and similar products obtained by synthesis 2712.90.10 D 2712.90.10 D 2712.90.01 A + 2712.90.20 B 2712.90.20 D 2712.90.02 C + 2712.90.90 B 2712.90.03 C + 2712.90.04 C + 2712.90.99 C + +2713.11 Petroleum coke, not calcined 2713.11.00 D 2713.11.00 D 2713.11.01 C + +2713.12 Petroleum coke, calcined 2713.12.00 D 2713.12.00 A 2713.12.01 D + +2713.20 Petroleum bitumen 2713.20.10 D 2713.20.00 D 2713.20.FA A + 2713.20.90 A 2713.20.FB A + +2713.90 Residues of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous 2713.90.00 D 2713.90.00 D 2713.90.01 A + +2714.10 Bituminous or oil shale and tar sands 2714.10.00 C 2714.10.00 D 2714.10.01 C + +2714.90 Bitumen and asphalt; asphaltites and asphaltic rocks 2714.90.10 D 2714.90.00 D 2714.90.FA C + 2714.90.90 A 2714.90.FB C + 2714.90.99 C + +2715.00 Bituminous mixtures based on natural asphalt etc 2715.00.10 D 2715.00.00 D 2715.00.01 C + 2715.00.20 B + 2715.00.90 A + +2716.00 Electrical energy 2716.00.00 D 2716.00.00 D 2716.00.01 B + +2801.10 Chlorine 2801.10.00 D 2801.10.00 D 2801.10.01 C + +2801.20 Iodine 2801.20.00 D 2801.20.00 D 2801.20.01 D + +2801.30 Fluorine; bromine 2801.30.00 D 2801.30.10 A 2801.30.01 A + 2801.30.20 A + +2802.00 Sulphur, sublimed or precipitated; colloidal sulphur 2802.00.00 D 2802.00.00 D 2802.00.01 A + +2803.00 Carbon (carbon blacks and other forms of carbon, nes) 2803.00.00 D 2803.00.00 D 2803.00.01 A + 2803.00.02 C + 2803.00.99 A + +2804.10 Hydrogen 2804.10.00 A 2804.10.00 A 2804.10.01 C + + +2804.21 Argon 2804.21.00 A 2804.21.00 A 2804.21.01 C + +2804.29 Rare gases nes 2804.29.00 A 2804.29.00 A 2804.29.01 A + 2804.29.99 A + +2804.30 Nitrogen 2804.30.00 A 2804.30.00 A 2804.30.01 C + +2804.40 Oxygen 2804.40.00 A 2804.40.00 A 2804.40.01 C + +2804.50 Boron; tellurium 2804.50.00 A 2804.50.00 D 2804.50.01 A + 2804.50.02 A + +2804.61 Silicon containing by weight not less than 99.99% of silicon 2804.61.00 A 2804.61.00 A 2804.61.01 A + +2804.69 Silicon nes 2804.69.00 B 2804.69.10 A 2804.69.99 A + 2804.69.50 B + +2804.70 Phosphorus 2804.70.00 A 2804.70.00 D 2804.70.01 D + 2804.70.02 A + 2804.70.03 A + +2804.80 Arsenic 2804.80.00 A 2804.80.00 D 2804.80.01 A + +2804.90 Selenium 2804.90.00 A 2804.90.00 D 2804.90.01 A + +2805.11 Sodium 2805.11.00 D 2805.11.00 A 2805.11.01 A + +2805.19 Alkali metals nes 2805.19.00 A 2805.19.00 A 2805.19.01 A + 2805.19.99 A + +2805.21 Calcium 2805.21.00 A 2805.21.00 B 2805.21.01 A + +2805.22 Strontium and barium 2805.22.00 A 2805.22.10 A 2805.22.01 A + 2805.22.20 D + +2805.30 Rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium 2805.30.00 A 2805.30.00 B 2805.30.01 A + +2805.40 Mercury 2805.40.00 D 2805.40.00 A 2805.40.01 A + +2806.10 Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) 2806.10.00 D 2806.10.00 D 2806.10.01 A + 2806.10.02 A + +2806.20 Chlorosulphuric acid 2806.20.00 D 2806.20.00 A 2806.20.01 C + +2807.00 Sulphuric acid; oleum 2807.00.00 D 2807.00.00 D 2807.00.01 C + +2808.00 Nitric acid; sulphonitric acids 2808.00.00 D 2808.00.00 D 2808.00.01 A + 2808.00.02 A + 2808.00.03 A + + +2809.10 Diphosphorus pentaoxide 2809.10.00 A 2809.10.00 D 2809.10.01 A + +2809.20 Phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acids 2809.20.00 A 2809.20.00 D 2809.20.01 C + 2809.20.02 A + 2809.20.03 A + 2809.20.99 A + +2810.00 Oxides of boron; boric acids 2810.00.00 D 2810.00.00 A 2810.00.01 C + 2810.00.02 A + 2810.00.03 A + 2810.00.99 A + +2811.11 Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) 2811.11.00 D 2811.11.00 D 2811.11.01 B + 2811.11.99 A + +2811.19 Inorganic acids nes 2811.19.10 D 2811.19.10 A 2811.19.01 A + 2811.19.90 A 2811.19.50 A 2811.19.02 B + 2811.19.03 A + 2811.19.04 A + 2811.19.99 A + +2811.21 Carbon dioxide 2811.21.00 A 2811.21.00 A 2811.21.01 B + 2811.21.02 A + 2811.21.03 A + +2811.22 Silicon dioxide 2811.22.00 A 2811.22.10 A 2811.22.01 C + 2811.22.50 D 2811.22.02 D + 2811.22.03 A + +2811.23 Sulphur dioxide 2811.23.00 D 2811.23.00 A 2811.23.01 C + +2811.29 Inorganic oxygen compounds of non-metals nes 2811.29.10 A 2811.29.10 D 2811.29.01 A + 2811.29.90 A 2811.29.20 D 2811.29.02 A + 2811.29.50 A 2811.29.03 A + 2811.29.04 A + 2811.29.99 A + +2812.10 Chlorides and chloride oxides of nonmetals 2812.10.10 D 2812.10.10 D 2812.10.01 A + 2812.10.90 A 2812.10.50 A 2812.10.02 A + 2812.10.99 A + +2812.90 Halides and halide oxides of non-metals nes 2812.90.00 A 2812.90.00 A 2812.90.01 A + +2813.10 Carbon disulphide 2813.10.00 D 2813.10.00 A 2813.10.01 B + +2813.90 Sulphides of non-metals nes; commercial phosphorus trisulphide 2813.90.00 D 2813.90.10 D 2813.90.01 A + 2813.90.20 D 2813.90.02 A + 2813.90.50 A 2813.90.03 A + 2813.90.99 A + +2814.10 Anhydrous ammonia 2814.10.00 D 2814.10.00 D 2814.10.01 C + + +2814.20 Ammonia in aqueous solution 2814.20.00 D 2814.20.00 D 2814.20.01 C + +2815.11 Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) solid 2815.11.00 D 2815.11.00 D 2815.11.01 C + +2815.12 Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) in aqueous solution 2815.12.00 D 2815.12.00 D 2815.12.01 C + +2815.20 Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) 2815.20.00 D 2815.20.00 D 2815.20.01 C + 2815.20.02 C + +2815.30 Peroxides of sodium or potassium 2815.30.00 D 2815.30.00 A 2815.30.01 A + 2815.30.02 A + +2816.10 Hydroxide and peroxide of magnesium 2816.10.00 D 2816.10.00 A 2816.10.01 A + 2816.10.99 A + +2816.20 Oxide, hydroxide and peroxide of strontium 2816.20.00 D 2816.20.00 A 2816.20.01 A + +2816.30 Oxide, hydroxide and peroxide of barium 2816.30.00 D 2816.30.00 A 2816.30.01 A + 2816.30.99 A + +2817.00 Zinc oxide; zinc peroxide 2817.00.00 A 2817.00.00 D 2817.00.01 C + 2817.00.02 A + +2818.10 Artificial corundum 2818.10.00 D 2818.10.10 D 2818.10.01 A + 2818.10.20 A 2818.10.99 A + +2818.20 Aluminium oxide nes 2818.20.00 D 2818.20.00 D 2818.20.01 D + 2818.20.99 A + +2818.30 Aluminium hydroxide 2818.30.00 D 2818.30.00 D 2818.30.01 A + 2818.30.02 C + +2819.10 Chromium trioxide 2819.10.00 A 2819.10.00 A 2819.10.01 A + +2819.90 Chromium oxides nes; chromium hydroxides 2819.90.00 A 2819.90.00 A 2819.90.99 A + +2820.10 Manganese dioxide 2820.10.00 D 2820.10.00 A 2820.10.01 C + 2820.10.02 C + +2820.90 Manganese oxides nes 2820.90.00 D 2820.90.00 A 2820.90.01 B + +2821.10 Iron oxides and hydroxides 2821.10.00 B 2821.10.00 A 2821.10.01 C + 2821.10.02 A + 2821.10.03 A + +2821.20 Earth colours cntg 70% or more by weight of combined iron 2821.20.00 A 2821.20.00 A 2821.20.01 A + +2822.00 Cobalt oxides and hydroxides; commercial cobalt oxides 2822.00.10 D 2822.00.00 A 2822.00.01 A + 2822.00.90 A + + +2823.00 Titanium oxides 2823.00.00 A 2823.00.00 A 2823.00.01 A + 2823.00.02 A + +2824.10 Lead monoxide (litharge, massicot) 2824.10.00 A 2824.10.00 A 2824.10.01 A + +2824.20 Red lead and orange lead 2824.20.00 A 2824.20.00 A 2824.20.01 A + +2824.90 Lead oxides nes 2824.90.00 A 2824.90.10 A 2824.90.99 A + 2824.90.50 A + +2825.10 Hydrazine and hydroxylamine and their inorganic salts 2825.10.00 D 2825.10.00 A 2825.10.01 A + 2825.10.02 B + 2825.10.03 A + 2825.10.99 A + +2825.20 Lithium oxide and hydroxide 2825.20.00 D 2825.20.00 A 2825.20.01 A + +2825.30 Vanadium oxides and hydroxides 2825.30.00 D 2825.30.00 A 2825.30.01 A + 2825.30.99 A + +2825.40 Nickel oxides and hydroxides 2825.40.00 D 2825.40.00 D 2825.40.01 A + 2825.40.99 A + +2825.50 Copper oxides and hydroxides 2825.50.00 D 2825.50.10 A 2825.50.01 A + 2825.50.20 A 2825.50.02 A + 2825.50.30 A 2825.50.99 C + +2825.60 Germanium oxides and zirconium dioxide 2825.60.00 D 2825.60.00 A 2825.60.01 A + 2825.60.02 A + +2825.70 Molybdenum oxides and hydroxides 2825.70.10 A 2825.70.00 A 2825.70.01 A + 2825.70.20 D 2825.70.99 A + +2825.80 Antimony oxides 2825.80.00 D 2825.80.00 D 2825.80.01 C + +2825.90 Inorganic bases nes; metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides ne 2825.90.10 A 2825.90.10 A 2825.90.01 A + 2825.90.90 D 2825.90.15 A 2825.90.02 A + 2825.90.20 A 2825.90.03 A + 2825.90.30 C 2825.90.04 A + 2825.90.60 A 2825.90.05 C + 2825.90.06 A + 2825.90.99 A + +2826.11 Fluorides of ammonium or of sodium 2826.11.00 A 2826.11.10 A 2826.11.01 A + 2826.11.50 A 2826.11.02 A + 2826.11.03 C + +2826.12 Aluminum fluoride 2826.12.00 D 2826.12.00 D 2826.12.01 C + +2826.19 Fluorides of metals nes 2826.19.00 A 2826.19.00 A 2826.19.01 A + 2826.19.02 A + + 2826.19.03 A + 2826.19.04 A + 2826.19.99 A + +2826.20 Fluorosilicates of sodium or of potassium 2826.20.00 A 2826.20.00 A 2826.20.01 A + +2826.30 Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (synthetic cryolite) 2826.30.00 D 2826.30.00 D 2826.30.01 A + +2826.90 Complex fluorine salts nes 2826.90.00 A 2826.90.00 A 2826.90.01 A + 2826.90.02 A + 2826.90.03 A + 2826.90.99 A + +2827.10 Ammonium chloride 2827.10.00 A 2827.10.00 A 2827.10.01 C + +2827.20 Calcium chloride 2827.20.00 C 2827.20.00 D 2827.20.01 C + +2827.31 Magnesium chloride 2827.31.00 A 2827.31.00 A 2827.31.01 A + +2827.32 Aluminium chloride 2827.32.00 A 2827.32.00 D 2827.32.01 A + 2827.32.99 A + +2827.33 Iron chlorides 2827.33.00 A 2827.33.00 A 2827.33.01 A + 2827.33.99 A + +2827.34 Cobalt chloride 2827.34.00 A 2827.34.00 A 2827.34.01 A + +2827.35 Nickel chloride 2827.35.00 A 2827.35.00 A 2827.35.01 A + +2827.36 Zinc chloride 2827.36.00 A 2827.36.00 A 2827.36.01 A + +2827.37 Tin chlorides 2827.37.10 D 2827.37.00 A 2827.37.01 A + 2827.37.20 A + +2827.38 Barium chloride 2827.38.10 D 2827.38.00 A 2827.38.01 C + 2827.38.90 A + +2827.39 Chlorides of metals nes 2827.39.00 A 2827.39.10 A 2827.39.01 A + 2827.39.20 A 2827.39.02 A + 2827.39.30 A 2827.39.03 A + 2827.39.40 B 2827.39.04 A + 2827.39.50 A 2827.39.05 C + 2827.39.06 A + 2827.39.99 A + +2827.41 Chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides of copper 2827.41.00 A 2827.41.00 A 2827.41.01 C + 2827.41.99 A + +2827.49 Chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides of metals nes 2827.49.00 A 2827.49.10 A 2827.49.01 A + 2827.49.50 A 2827.49.99 A + + +2827.51 Bromides of sodium or of potassium 2827.51.00 D 2827.51.10 A 2827.51.01 A + 2827.51.20 A + +2827.59 Bromides and bromide oxides of metals nes 2827.59.00 D 2827.59.05 A 2827.59.01 A + 2827.59.20 D 2827.59.02 A + 2827.59.30 A 2827.59.99 A + 2827.59.50 A + +2827.60 Iodides and iodide oxides of metals 2827.60.00 A 2827.60.10 D 2827.60.01 A + 2827.60.20 A 2827.60.02 A + 2827.60.50 A 2827.60.03 A + 2827.60.99 A + +2828.10 Commercial calcium hypochlorite and other calcium hypochlorite 2828.10.00 D 2828.10.00 A 2828.10.01 C + +2828.90 Hypochlorites of metals nes; chlorites and hypobromites of 2828.90.10 A 2828.90.00 A 2828.90.01 A + 2828.90.90 D 2828.90.02 A + 2828.90.99 A + +2829.11 Sodium chlorate 2829.11.00 D 2829.11.00 D 2829.11.01 C + 2829.11.02 C + +2829.19 Chlorates of metals nes 2829.19.00 A 2829.19.00 A 2829.19.01 C + 2829.19.99 A + +2829.90 Perchlorates, bromates, perbromates, iodates and periodates of 2829.90.10 A 2829.90.10 A 2829.90.01 A + 2829.90.90 D 2829.90.50 A 2829.90.02 A + 2829.90.03 A + 2829.90.99 A + +2830.10 Sodium sulphides 2830.10.00 A 2830.10.00 A 2830.10.01 A + 2830.10.02 A + 2830.10.03 A + 2830.10.99 A + +2830.20 Zinc sulphide 2830.20.00 D 2830.20.00 A 2830.20.01 A + +2830.30 Cadmium sulphide 2830.30.00 D 2830.30.00 A 2830.30.01 A + +2830.90 Sulphides of metals nes; polysulphides of metals 2830.90.00 D 2830.90.00 A 2830.90.99 C + +2831.10 Dithionites and sulphoxylates of sodium 2831.10.00 D 2831.10.00 A 2831.10.01 C + +2831.90 Dithionites and sulphoxylates of metals nes 2831.90.00 D 2831.90.00 A 2831.90.01 C + 2831.90.99 A + +2832.10 Sodium sulphites 2832.10.00 D 2832.10.00 A 2832.10.01 C + 2832.10.99 A + +2832.20 Sulphites of metals nes 2832.20.00 D 2832.20.00 A 2832.20.01 A + 2832.20.99 A + + +2832.30 Thiosulphates of metals 2832.30.10 A 2832.30.10 A 2832.30.01 A + 2832.30.90 D 2832.30.50 A 2832.30.02 A + 2832.30.99 A + +2833.11 Disodium sulphate 2833.11.00 A 2833.11.10 D 2833.11.01 C + 2833.11.50 A + +2833.19 Sodium sulphates nes 2833.19.10 D 2833.19.00 D 2833.19.01 A + 2833.19.90 A 2833.19.99 A + +2833.21 Magnesium sulphate 2833.21.00 A 2833.21.00 A 2833.21.01 A + +2833.22 Aluminium sulphate 2833.22.10 D 2833.22.00 D 2833.22.01 C + 2833.22.90 A + +2833.23 Chromium sulphates 2833.23.10 D 2833.23.00 A 2833.23.01 C + 2833.23.90 A + +2833.24 Nickel sulphates 2833.24.00 A 2833.24.00 A 2833.24.01 A + +2833.25 Copper sulphates 2833.25.10 A 2833.25.00 A 2833.25.01 C + 2833.25.90 A 2833.25.02 A + +2833.26 Zinc sulphate 2833.26.00 A 2833.26.00 A 2833.26.01 A + +2833.27 Barium sulphate 2833.27.00 A 2833.27.00 A 2833.27.01 A + 2833.27.02 A + +2833.29 Sulphates of metal nes 2833.29.00 A 2833.29.10 A 2833.29.01 B + 2833.29.20 D 2833.29.02 A + 2833.29.30 A 2833.29.03 A + 2833.29.50 A 2833.29.04 C + 2833.29.05 A + 2833.29.08 A + 2833.29.99 A + +2833.30 Alums 2833.30.10 D 2833.30.00 A 2833.30.01 A + 2833.30.90 A 2833.30.99 A + +2833.40 Peroxosulphates (persulphates) of metals 2833.40.00 A 2833.40.10 A 2833.40.01 C + 2833.40.20 A 2833.40.02 A + 2833.40.50 A 2833.40.03 A + +2834.10 Nitrites of metals 2834.10.00 A 2834.10.10 A 2834.10.01 A + 2834.10.50 A 2834.10.99 A + +2834.21 Potassium nitrate 2834.21.00 D 2834.21.00 D 2834.21.01 A + 2834.21.02 A + +2834.22 Bismuth nitrates 2834.22.00 A 2834.22.00 A 2834.22.01 C + + 2834.22.99 A + +2834.29 Nitrates of metals nes 2834.29.10 D 2834.29.10 D 2834.29.01 A + 2834.29.90 A 2834.29.20 A 2834.29.02 A + 2834.29.50 A 2834.29.99 A + +2835.10 Phosphinates (hypophosphites) and phosphonates (phosphites) of 2835.10.00 A 2835.10.00 A 2835.10.01 A + 2835.10.02 A + 2835.10.99 A + +2835.21 Triammonium phosphate (tripolyphosphate de sodium) 2835.21.00 C 2835.21.00 A 2835.21.01 C + +2835.22 Mono- or disodium phosphates 2835.22.00 C 2835.22.00 A 2835.22.01 C + 2835.22.99 C + +2835.23 Trisodium phosphate 2835.23.00 C 2835.23.00 A 2835.23.01 C + +2835.24 Potassium phosphates 2835.24.00 A 2835.24.00 A 2835.24.01 A + 2835.24.02 A + +2835.25 Calcium hydrogenorthophosphate (dicalcium phosphate) 2835.25.00 D 2835.25.00 D 2835.25.01 D + 2835.25.99 C + +2835.26 Calcium phosphates nes 2835.26.00 C 2835.26.00 D 2835.26.01 C + +2835.29 Phosphates of metals nes 2835.29.00 C 2835.29.10 D 2835.29.01 C + 2835.29.50 A 2835.29.99 A + +2835.31 Sodium triphosphate (sodium tripolyphosphate) 2835.31.00 C 2835.31.00 A 2835.31.01 C + +2835.39 Polyphosphates of metals nes 2835.39.00 B 2835.39.10 A 2835.39.01 C + 2835.39.50 A 2835.39.02 A + 2835.39.03 A + 2835.39.04 A + 2835.39.05 A + 2835.39.06 C + 2835.39.99 A + +2836.10 Commercial ammonium carbonate and other ammonium carbonates 2836.10.00 A 2836.10.00 A 2836.10.01 A + 2836.10.02 A + +2836.20 Disodium carbonate 2836.20.00 C 2836.20.00 A 2836.20.01 C + +2836.30 Sodium hydrogencarbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 2836.30.00 A 2836.30.00 D 2836.30.01 C + +2836.40 Potassium carbonates 2836.40.00 D 2836.40.10 A 2836.40.01 C + 2836.40.20 A 2836.40.02 A + +2836.50 Calcium carbonate 2836.50.00 A 2836.50.00 D 2836.50.01 A + 2836.50.02 A + + +2836.60 Barium carbonate 2836.60.00 D 2836.60.00 A 2836.60.01 A + +2836.70 Lead carbonate 2836.70.00 A 2836.70.00 A 2836.70.01 A + +2836.91 Lithium carbonates 2836.91.00 A 2836.91.00 A 2836.91.01 A + +2836.92 Strontium carbonate 2836.92.00 A 2836.92.00 A 2836.92.01 A + +2836.93 Bismuth carbonate 2836.93.00 D 2836.93.00 A 2836.93.01 A + +2836.99 Carbonates of metals nes; peroxocarbonates (percarbonates) of 2836.99.00 A 2836.99.10 A 2836.99.01 A + 2836.99.50 A 2836.99.02 A + 2836.99.03 A + 2836.99.99 A + +2837.11 Cyanides and cyanide oxides of sodium 2837.11.00 D 2837.11.00 D 2837.11.01 B + + 2837.11.99 A + +2837.19 Cyanides and cyanide oxides of metals nes 2837.19.00 D 2837.19.00 D 2837.19.01 A + 2837.19.99 C + +2837.20 Complex cyanides of metals 2837.20.00 D 2837.20.10 A 2837.20.01 A + 2837.20.50 A 2837.20.99 A + +2838.00 Fulminates, cyanates and thiocyanates of metals 2838.00.00 A 2838.00.00 A 2838.00.01 A + +2839.11 Sodium metasilicates 2839.11.00 A 2839.11.00 A 2839.11.01 C + +2839.19 Silicates of sodium nes 2839.19.00 A 2839.19.00 A 2839.19.01 C + 2839.19.99 C + +2839.20 Potassium silicates 2839.20.00 A 2839.20.00 A 2839.20.01 B + 2839.20.02 A + +2839.90 Silicates of metals nes; commercial alkali metal silicates 2839.90.00 D 2839.90.00 A 2839.90.01 C + 2839.90.02 A + 2839.90.99 B + +2840.11 Disodium tetraborate (refined borax) anhydrous 2840.11.00 D 2840.11.00 A 2840.11.01 A + +2840.19 Disodium tetraborate (refined borax) hydrated 2840.19.00 D 2840.19.00 A 2840.19.01 D + +2840.20 Borates of metals nes 2840.20.00 D 2840.20.00 A 2840.20.01 A + +2840.30 Peroxoborates (perborates) of metals 2840.30.00 D 2840.30.00 A 2840.30.01 A + +2841.10 Metallic aluminates 2841.10.10 A 2841.10.00 A 2841.10.01 C + 2841.10.90 A + +2841.20 Chromates of zinc or of lead 2841.20.00 A 2841.20.00 A 2841.20.01 A + +2841.30 Sodium dichromate 2841.30.00 D 2841.30.00 A 2841.30.01 C + +2841.40 Potassium dichromate 2841.40.00 A 2841.40.00 A 2841.40.01 A + +2841.50 Chromates and dichromates of metals nes; peroxochromates of 2841.50.00 A 2841.50.00 A 2841.50.99 A + +2841.60 Manganites, manganates and permanganates of metals 2841.60.00 A 2841.60.00 A 2841.60.01 A + 2841.60.99 A + +2841.70 Metallic molybdates 2841.70.00 A 2841.70.10 A 2841.70.01 A + 2841.70.50 A 2841.70.99 A + +2841.80 Metallic tungstates (wolframates) 2841.80.00 A 2841.80.00 C 2841.80.01 A + +2841.90 Salts of oxymetallic or peroxometallic acids nes 2841.90.00 A 2841.90.10 A 2841.90.01 A + 2841.90.20 A 2841.90.02 A + + 2841.90.30 A 2841.90.99 A + 2841.90.50 A + +2842.10 Double or complex silicates of metals 2842.10.00 D 2842.10.00 A 2842.10.01 B + 2842.10.02 A + 2842.10.03 A + 2842.10.99 A + +2842.90 Metallic salts of inorganic acids or peroxoacids nes, excl 2842.90.10 A 2842.90.00 A 2842.90.01 A + 2842.90.90 D 2842.90.02 A + 2842.90.03 A + 2842.90.99 A + +2843.10 Colloidal precious metals 2843.10.00 A 2843.10.00 B 2843.10.01 A + +2843.21 Silver nitrate 2843.21.00 A 2843.21.00 A 2843.21.01 A + +2843.29 Silver compounds nes 2843.29.00 A 2843.29.00 A 2843.29.99 A + +2843.30 Gold compounds 2843.30.00 A 2843.30.00 A 2843.30.01 A + +2843.90 Precious metal compounds nes; amalgams 2843.90.00 A 2843.90.00 A 2843.90.01 A + 2843.90.02 A + 2843.90.03 A + 2843.90.04 A + 2843.90.99 A + +2844.10 Natural uranium and its compounds; mixtures cntg natural 2844.10.00 D 2844.10.10 A 2844.10.01 B + 2844.10.20 D + 2844.10.50 B + +2844.20 Uranium U235+ & its compds, plutonium & its compds, their mx & 2844.20.00 D 2844.20.00 D 2844.20.01 B + +2844.30 Uranium U235- & its compds, thorium & its compds, their mx & 2844.30.00 D 2844.30.10 A 2844.30.01 B + 2844.30.20 D + 2844.30.50 A + +2844.40 Radio active elements & isotopes nes, their mixtures & 2844.40.00 D 2844.40.00 D 2844.40.01 B + 2844.40.02 B + 2844.40.99 B + +2844.50 Spent fuel elements of nuclear reactors 2844.50.00 D 2844.50.00 D 2844.50.01 B + +2845.10 Heavy water (deuterium oxide) 2845.10.00 D 2845.10.00 D 2845.10.01 B + +2845.90 Isotopes nes and their compounds 2845.90.00 D 2845.90.00 D 2845.90.99 B + +2846.10 Cerium compounds 2846.10.00 A 2846.10.00 A 2846.10.01 A + +2846.90 Compds of rare-earth met nes, of yttrium or scandium or mx of 2846.90.00 A 2846.90.20 D 2846.90.01 B + 2846.90.50 A 2846.90.02 A + + 2846.90.99 A + +2847.00 Hydrogen peroxide 2847.00.00 A 2847.00.00 A 2847.00.01 C + +2848.10 Phosphides of copper cntg > 15% by weight of phosphorous 2848.10.00 D 2848.10.00 A 2848.10.01 A + +2848.90 Phosphides of other metals or of non-metals 2848.90.00 D 2848.90.00 D 2848.90.01 A + 2848.90.02 A + 2848.90.03 A + 2848.90.99 A + +2849.10 Calcium carbide 2849.10.00 A 2849.10.00 A 2849.10.01 A + +2849.20 Silicon carbide 2849.20.00 D 2849.20.10 D 2849.20.01 A + 2849.20.20 A 2849.20.02 A + 2849.20.99 A + +2849.90 Carbides nes 2849.90.00 D 2849.90.10 A 2849.90.01 A + 2849.90.20 A 2849.90.02 A + 2849.90.30 A + 2849.90.50 A + +2850.00 Hydrides, nitrides, azides, silicides & borides 2850.00.10 A 2850.00.05 D 2850.00.01 A + 2850.00.90 D 2850.00.07 A 2850.00.02 A + 2850.00.10 C 2850.00.99 A + 2850.00.20 A + 2850.00.50 A + +2851.00 Inorgn compds nes;liquid air;compressed air;amalgams o/t of 2851.00.00 A 2851.00.00 A 2851.00.01 A + 2851.00.02 A + 2851.00.03 A + 2851.00.04 A + 2851.00.05 A + 2851.00.06 A + 2851.00.99 A + +2901.10 Saturated acyclic hydrocarbons 2901.10.10 D 2901.10.10 D 2901.10.01 C + 2901.10.90 C 2901.10.30 A 2901.10.02 C + 2901.10.40 C 2901.10.03 C + 2901.10.50 C 2901.10.99 C + +2901.21 Ethylene 2901.21.00 D 2901.21.00 D 2901.21.01 C + +2901.22 Propene (propylene) 2901.22.00 D 2901.22.00 D 2901.22.01 A + +2901.23 Butene (butylene) and isomers thereof 2901.23.00 D 2901.23.00 D 2901.23.01 C + +2901.24 Buta-1, 3-diene and isoprene 2901.24.10 D 2901.24.10 D 2901.24.01 D + 2901.24.20 A 2901.24.20 B + 2901.24.50 B + + +2901.29 Unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons nes 2901.29.00 A 2901.29.10 C 2901.29.01 A + 2901.29.50 B 2901.29.99 C + +2902.11 Cyclohexane 2902.11.00 A 2902.11.00 A 2902.11.01 D + +2902.19 Cyclanes, cyclenes and cycloterpenes nes 2902.19.10 D 2902.19.00 A 2902.19.01 A + 2902.19.90 A 2902.19.02 A + 2902.19.03 A + 2902.19.99 A + +2902.20 Benzene 2902.20.00 D 2902.20.00 D 2902.20.01 C + +2902.30 Toluene 2902.30.00 D 2902.30.00 D 2902.30.01 D + +2902.41 O-xylene 2902.41.00 D 2902.41.00 D 2902.41.01 D + +2902.42 M-xylene 2902.42.00 D 2902.42.00 D 2902.42.01 C + +2902.43 P-xylene 2902.43.00 D 2902.43.00 D 2902.43.01 D + +2902.44 Mixed xylene isomers 2902.44.00 D 2902.44.00 D 2902.44.01 C + +2902.50 Styrene 2902.50.00 A 2902.50.00 A 2902.50.01 D + +2902.60 Ethylbenzene 2902.60.00 C 2902.60.00 C 2902.60.01 C + +2902.70 Cumene 2902.70.00 A 2902.70.00 D 2902.70.01 D + +2902.90 Cyclic hydrocarbons nes 2902.90.00 B 2902.90.10 D 2902.90.01 A + 2902.90.20 D 2902.90.02 A + 2902.90.30 C 2902.90.03 A + 2902.90.50 C 2902.90.04 A + 2902.90.05 A + 2902.90.99 C + +2903.11 Chloromethane (methyl chloride) and chloroethane (ethyl 2903.11.00 A 2903.11.00 A 2903.11.01 C + +2903.12 Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) 2903.12.00 C 2903.12.00 A 2903.12.01 C + +2903.13 Chloroform (trichloromethane) 2903.13.00 C 2903.13.00 A 2903.13.01 C + 2903.13.02 C + 2903.13.03 C + +2903.14 Carbon tetrachloride 2903.14.00 B 2903.14.00 A 2903.14.01 B + +2903.15 1,2-dichloroethane(ethylene dichloride) 2903.15.00 C 2903.15.00 A 2903.15.01 C + +2903.16 1,2-dichloropropane (propylene dichloride) and dichlorobutanes 2903.16.00 A 2903.16.00 A 2903.16.01 A + +2903.19 Chlorinated derivatives of saturated acyclic hydrocarbons, nes 2903.19.00 A 2903.19.10 A 2903.19.01 A + 2903.19.50 A 2903.19.02 A + + 2903.19.03 A + 2903.19.99 A + +2903.21 Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene) 2903.21.00 A 2903.21.00 A 2903.21.01 D + +2903.22 Trichloroethylene 2903.22.00 A 2903.22.00 A 2903.22.01 A + +2903.23 Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) 2903.23.00 A 2903.23.00 A 2903.23.01 A + +2903.29 Chlorinated derivatives of unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons, 2903.29.00 A 2903.29.00 A 2903.29.01 A + 2903.29.99 A + +2903.30 Fluorinated, brominated or iodinated derivatives of acyclic 2903.30.10 D 2903.30.05 A 2903.30.01 A + 2903.30.90 A 2903.30.15 A 2903.30.02 A + 2903.30.20 A 2903.30.03 A + 2903.30.99 A + +2903.40 Halogenated derivs of acyclic hydrocarbons cntg two or more 2903.40.00 C 2903.40.00 A 2903.40.01 C + 2903.40.02 C + 2903.40.03 C + 2903.40.04 C + 2903.40.05 C + 2903.40.06 C + 2903.40.07 C + 2903.40.08 C + 2903.40.09 C + 2903.40.10 C + 2903.40.99 C + +2903.51 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane 2903.51.00 A 2903.51.00 A 2903.51.01 A + 2903.51.02 A + 2903.51.99 A + +2903.59 Halogenated derivs of cyclanic, cyclenic or cycloterpenic 2903.59.00 A 2903.59.05 A 2903.59.01 A + 2903.59.10 A 2903.59.02 A + 2903.59.15 A 2903.59.03 A + 2903.59.20 A 2903.59.04 A + 2903.59.30 A 2903.59.05 A + 2903.59.40 A 2903.59.99 A + 2903.59.50 A + +2903.61 Chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene 2903.61.00 C 2903.61.10 A 2903.61.01 C + 2903.61.20 C + 2903.61.30 A + +2903.62 Hexachlorobenzene & DDT(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis 2903.62.00 A 2903.62.00 A 2903.62.01 A + 2903.62.02 A + +2903.69 Halogenated derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons, nes 2903.69.00 A 2903.69.05 A 2903.69.01 C + 2903.69.10 A 2903.69.02 A + 2903.69.20 A 2903.69.03 A + + 2903.69.25 A 2903.69.04 A + 2903.69.30 A 2903.69.05 A + 2903.69.60 C 2903.69.06 A + 2903.69.07 A + 2903.69.99 A + +2904.10 Derivs of hydrocarbons cntg only sulpho groups, their salts & 2904.10.00 A 2904.10.10 A 2904.10.01 B + 2904.10.15 A 2904.10.02 A + 2904.10.20 A 2904.10.03 A + 2904.10.30 A 2904.10.04 A + 2904.10.50 A 2904.10.05 B + 2904.10.99 A + +2904.20 Derivs of hydrocarbons cntg only nitro or only nitroso groups 2904.20.00 A 2904.20.10 C 2904.20.01 A + 2904.20.15 A 2904.20.02 A + 2904.20.20 D 2904.20.03 C + 2904.20.30 A 2904.20.04 C + 2904.20.35 C 2904.20.05 A + 2904.20.40 A 2904.20.06 A + 2904.20.45 A 2904.20.07 A + 2904.20.50 A 2904.20.99 A + +2904.90 Derivs of hydrocarbons cntg mixtures of sulpho, nitro or 2904.90.00 A 2904.90.04 A 2904.90.01 A + 2904.90.08 B 2904.90.02 A + 2904.90.15 A 2904.90.03 A + 2904.90.20 A 2904.90.04 A + 2904.90.30 A 2904.90.05 A + 2904.90.35 C 2904.90.06 A + 2904.90.40 A 2904.90.99 A + 2904.90.47 B + 2904.90.50 A + +2905.11 Methanol (methyl alcohol) 2905.11.00 A 2905.11.10 D 2905.11.01 D + 2905.11.20 A + +2905.12 Propan-1-ol(propyl alcohol)and propan-2ol(isopropyl alcohol) 2905.12.00 A 2905.12.00 A 2905.12.01 A + 2905.12.02 D + +2905.13 Butan-1-ol (N-butyl alcohol) 2905.13.00 C 2905.13.00 A 2905.13.01 C + +2905.14 Butanols nes 2905.14.00 A 2905.14.00 A 2905.14.01 C + 2905.14.02 A + 2905.14.03 A + 2905.14.99 C + +2905.15 Pentanol (amyl alcohol) and isomers thereof 2905.15.00 D 2905.15.00 A 2905.15.01 A + +2905.16 Octanol(octyl alcohol) and isomers thereof 2905.16.00 C 2905.16.00 A 2905.16.01 C + 2905.16.02 C + 2905.16.99 C + + +2905.17 Dodecan-1-ol, hexadecan-1-ol and octadecan-1-ol 2905.17.00 C 2905.17.00 C 2905.17.01 C + +2905.19 Saturated monohydric acyclic alcohols nes 2905.19.00 A 2905.19.00 A 2905.19.01 A + 2905.19.02 C + 2905.19.03 A + 2905.19.04 A + 2905.19.05 A + 2905.19.06 C + 2905.19.07 C + 2905.19.08 A + 2905.19.99 C + +2905.21 Allyl alcohol 2905.21.00 A 2905.21.00 A 2905.21.01 A + +2905.22 Acyclic terpene alcohols 2905.22.00 A 2905.22.10 A 2905.22.01 A + 2905.22.20 A 2905.22.02 A + 2905.22.50 A 2905.22.03 D + 2905.22.04 A + 2905.22.05 A + 2905.22.99 A + +2905.29 Unsaturated monohydric acyclic alcohols nes 2905.29.00 A 2905.29.00 A 2905.29.01 A + 2905.29.02 A + 2905.29.99 A + +2905.31 Ethylene glycol (ethanediol) 2905.31.00 C 2905.31.00 A 2905.31.01 C + +2905.32 Propylene glycol (propane-1,2-diol) 2905.32.00 C 2905.32.00 A 2905.32.01 C + +2905.39 Diols nes 2905.39.00 B 2905.39.10 A 2905.39.01 C + 2905.39.20 A 2905.39.02 A + 2905.39.50 A 2905.39.03 A + 2905.39.04 A + 2905.39.05 A + 2905.39.99 A + +2905.41 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3diol (trimethylolpropane) 2905.41.00 A 2905.41.00 A 2905.41.01 A + +2905.42 Pentaerythritol 2905.42.00 A 2905.42.00 A 2905.42.01 D + +2905.43 Mannitol 2905.43.00 A 2905.43.00 A 2905.43.01 A + +2905.44 D-glucitol (sorbitol) 2905.44.00 B 2905.44.00 A 2905.44.01 B + +2905.49 Polyhydric acyclic alcohols nes 2905.49.00 A 2905.49.10 A 2905.49.01 A + 2905.49.20 A 2905.49.99 A + 2905.49.50 A + +2905.50 Halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivs of 2905.50.00 A 2905.50.10 A 2905.50.01 A + 2905.50.50 A 2905.50.02 A + 2905.50.03 A + + 2905.50.99 A + +2906.11 Menthol 2906.11.00 D 2906.11.00 A 2906.11.01 A + +2906.12 Cyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanols and dimethylcyclohexanols 2906.12.00 A 2906.12.00 A 2906.12.01 C + 2906.12.99 C + +2906.13 Sterols and inositols 2906.13.00 A 2906.13.10 A 2906.13.01 A + 2906.13.50 A 2906.13.02 A + 2906.13.99 A + +2906.14 Terpineols 2906.14.00 D 2906.14.00 A 2906.14.01 A + +2906.19 Cyclic alcohols (o/t aromatic), nes; derivs of cyclic alcohols 2906.19.00 A 2906.19.00 A 2906.19.01 A + 2906.19.02 A + 2906.19.99 A + +2906.21 Benzyl alcohol 2906.21.00 A 2906.21.00 C 2906.21.01 C + +2906.29 Aromatic alcohols nes; derivatives of aromatic alcohols 2906.29.00 B 2906.29.10 A 2906.29.01 A + 2906.29.20 A 2906.29.02 A + 2906.29.50 B 2906.29.03 A + 2906.29.04 A + 2906.29.05 C + 2906.29.06 A + 2906.29.99 A + +2907.11 Phenol (hdroxybenzene) and its salts 2907.11.00 A 2907.11.00 A 2907.11.01 C + 2907.11.99 C + +2907.12 Cresols and their salts 2907.12.10 D 2907.12.00 A 2907.12.01 D + 2907.12.90 A 2907.12.99 A + +2907.13 Octylphenol, nonylphenol and their isomers; salts thereof 2907.13.00 B 2907.13.00 B 2907.13.01 A + 2907.13.02 C + 2907.13.99 A + +2907.14 Xylenols and their salts 2907.14.00 A 2907.14.00 D 2907.14.01 A + +2907.15 Naphthols and their salts 2907.15.00 A 2907.15.10 A 2907.15.01 A + 2907.15.50 A 2907.15.99 A + +2907.19 Monophenols nes 2907.19.00 B 2907.19.10 A 2907.19.01 C + 2907.19.20 C 2907.19.02 A + 2907.19.40 A 2907.19.03 B + 2907.19.50 A 2907.19.04 A + 2907.19.05 A + 2907.19.06 A + 2907.19.07 A + 2907.19.08 A + 2907.19.99 A + + +2907.21 Resorcinol and its salts 2907.21.00 A 2907.21.00 A 2907.21.01 A + +2907.22 Hydroquinone (quinol) and its salts 2907.22.00 A 2907.22.10 A 2907.22.01 A + 2907.22.50 C 2907.22.02 C + +2907.23 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A, diphenylolpropane) 2907.23.00 A 2907.23.00 C 2907.23.01 C + 2907.23.02 C + +2907.29 Polyphenols nes 2907.29.00 A 2907.29.10 A 2907.29.01 A + 2907.29.20 A 2907.29.02 A + 2907.29.30 A 2907.29.03 A + 2907.29.60 A 2907.29.04 A + 2907.29.99 A + +2907.30 Phenol-alcohols 2907.30.00 A 2907.30.00 C 2907.30.01 C + +2908.10 Derivs of phenols or phenol-alc cntg only halogen subst & thei 2908.10.00 A 2908.10.10 A 2908.10.01 A + 2908.10.15 A 2908.10.02 A + 2908.10.20 A 2908.10.03 A + 2908.10.25 A 2908.10.04 A + 2908.10.35 B 2908.10.05 A + 2908.10.50 A 2908.10.06 C + 2908.10.07 A + 2908.10.08 A + 2908.10.99 A + +2908.20 Derivs of phenols or phenol-alc cntg only sulpho groups,their 2908.20.00 A 2908.20.10 A 2908.20.01 A + 2908.20.20 A 2908.20.02 A + 2908.20.50 A 2908.20.03 A + 2908.20.04 A + 2908.20.05 A + 2908.20.06 A + 2908.20.07 A + 2908.20.99 A + +2908.90 Derivs of phenols or phenol-alcohols, nes 2908.90.00 A 2908.90.04 A 2908.90.01 A + 2908.90.08 A 2908.90.02 A + 2908.90.20 A 2908.90.03 A + 2908.90.30 A 2908.90.04 A + 2908.90.40 A 2908.90.05 A + 2908.90.50 A 2908.90.99 A + +2909.11 Diethyl ether 2909.11.00 A 2909.11.00 A 2909.11.01 A + +2909.19 Acyclic ethers nes; derivatives of acyclic ethers 2909.19.00 C 2909.19.10 A 2909.19.01 A + 2909.19.50 A 2909.19.02 A + 2909.19.03 D + 2909.19.99 C + +2909.20 Cyclanic, cyclenic or cycloterpenic ethers and their 2909.20.00 A 2909.20.00 A 2909.20.01 A + + 2909.20.02 A + 2909.20.99 A + +2909.30 Aromatic ethers and their derivatives 2909.30.00 A 2909.30.05 A 2909.30.01 A + 2909.30.07 A 2909.30.02 A + 2909.30.10 A 2909.30.03 A + 2909.30.20 A 2909.30.04 A + 2909.30.30 A 2909.30.05 A + 2909.30.40 B 2909.30.06 A + 2909.30.50 C 2909.30.07 A + 2909.30.08 A + 2909.30.09 A + 2909.30.99 A + +2909.41 2,2'-oxydiethanol(diethylene glycol) 2909.41.00 C 2909.41.00 A 2909.41.01 C + +2909.42 Monomethyl ethers of ethylene glycol or of diethylene glycol 2909.42.00 C 2909.42.00 A 2909.42.01 C + +2909.43 Monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol or of diethylene glycol 2909.43.00 C 2909.43.00 A 2909.43.01 C + +2909.44 Monoalkylethers of ethylene glycol or of diethylene glycol, ne 2909.44.00 C 2909.44.00 A 2909.44.01 C + 2909.44.02 C + 2909.44.99 C + +2909.49 Ether-alcohols nes; derivatives of ether-alcohols 2909.49.00 C 2909.49.05 A 2909.49.01 C + 2909.49.10 C 2909.49.02 C + 2909.49.15 C 2909.49.03 C + 2909.49.20 A 2909.49.04 C + 2909.49.50 A 2909.49.05 C + 2909.49.06 C + 2909.49.07 C + 2909.49.08 C + 2909.49.99 C + +2909.50 Ether-phenols, ether-alcohol-phenols and their derivatives 2909.50.00 B 2909.50.10 B 2909.50.01 A + 2909.50.20 A 2909.50.02 C + 2909.50.40 A 2909.50.03 C + 2909.50.45 C 2909.50.04 A + 2909.50.50 C 2909.50.05 A + 2909.50.06 C + 2909.50.99 A + +2909.60 Alcohol peroxides, ether peroxides, ketone peroxides and their 2909.60.00 A 2909.60.10 C 2909.60.01 A + 2909.60.20 B 2909.60.02 A + 2909.60.50 A 2909.60.03 A + 2909.60.04 A + 2909.60.05 A + 2909.60.99 A + +2910.10 Oxirane (ethylene oxide) 2910.10.00 A 2910.10.00 A 2910.10.01 D + + +2910.20 Methyloxirane (propylene oxide) 2910.20.00 A 2910.20.00 A 2910.20.01 D + +2910.30 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane(epichlorohydrin) 2910.30.00 D 2910.30.00 A 2910.30.01 D + +2910.90 Epoxides, epoxyalcohols, epoxyphenols & epoxyethers nes & thei 2910.90.00 A 2910.90.10 A 2910.90.01 A + 2910.90.20 A 2910.90.02 A + 2910.90.50 A 2910.90.99 A + +2911.00 Acetals and hemiacetals and their derivatives 2911.00.00 B 2911.00.00 A 2911.00.01 A + 2911.00.02 A + 2911.00.03 A + 2911.00.04 A + 2911.00.99 B + +2912.11 Methanal (formaldehyde) 2912.11.00 A 2912.11.00 A 2912.11.01 A + +2912.12 Ethanal (acetaldehyde) 2912.12.00 A 2912.12.00 A 2912.12.01 D + +2912.13 Butanal (butyraldehyde, normal isomer) 2912.13.00 A 2912.13.00 A 2912.13.01 C + +2912.19 Acyclic aldehydes w/out other oxygen function, nes 2912.19.10 D 2912.19.10 A 2912.19.01 A + 2912.19.90 A 2912.19.20 A 2912.19.02 A + 2912.19.30 A 2912.19.03 A + 2912.19.40 A 2912.19.04 A + 2912.19.50 A 2912.19.05 A + 2912.19.06 A + 2912.19.07 A + 2912.19.08 A + 2912.19.09 A + 2912.19.10 A + 2912.19.11 A + 2912.19.99 A + +2912.21 Benzaldehyde 2912.21.00 C 2912.21.00 C 2912.21.01 C + +2912.29 Cyclic aldehydes w/out other oxygen function, nes 2912.29.00 B 2912.29.10 A 2912.29.01 C + 2912.29.50 A 2912.29.02 A + 2912.29.03 A + 2912.29.99 A + +2912.30 Aldehyde-alcohols 2912.30.00 A 2912.30.10 A 2912.30.01 A + 2912.30.20 A + 2912.30.50 A + +2912.41 Vanillin(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) 2912.41.00 A 2912.41.00 A 2912.41.01 A + +2912.42 Ethylvanillin(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) 2912.42.00 A 2912.42.00 A 2912.42.01 A + +2912.49 Aldehyde-ethers, aldehyde-phenols & aldehydes with other oxyge 2912.49.00 A 2912.49.10 A 2912.49.01 A + 2912.49.20 A 2912.49.02 A + 2912.49.50 A 2912.49.03 A + + 2912.49.04 A + 2912.49.05 A + 2912.49.06 A + 2912.49.99 A + +2912.50 Cyclic polymers of aldehyde 2912.50.00 A 2912.50.00 A 2912.50.01 A + +2912.60 Paraformaldehyde 2912.60.00 A 2912.60.00 A 2912.60.01 C + +2913.00 Derivatives of aldehydes,of cyclic poly of aldehydes & of 2913.00.00 A 2913.00.10 A 2913.00.01 A + 2913.00.50 A 2913.00.99 A + +2914.11 Acetone 2914.11.00 A 2914.11.10 C 2914.11.01 C + 2914.11.50 D + +2914.12 Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 2914.12.00 A 2914.12.00 A 2914.12.01 C + +2914.13 4-methylpentan-2-one(methyl isobutyl ketone) 2914.13.00 A 2914.13.00 A 2914.13.01 C + +2914.19 Acyclic ketones without other oxygen function, nes 2914.19.00 A 2914.19.00 A 2914.19.01 A + 2914.19.02 C + 2914.19.03 A + 2914.19.04 A + 2914.19.05 A + 2914.19.06 A + 2914.19.99 A + +2914.21 Camphor 2914.21.00 D 2914.21.10 D 2914.21.01 A + 2914.21.20 A + +2914.22 Cyclohexanone and methylcyclohexanones 2914.22.00 A 2914.22.10 A 2914.22.01 C + 2914.22.20 A + +2914.23 Ionones and methylionones 2914.23.00 B 2914.23.00 A 2914.23.01 A + 2914.23.02 B + +2914.29 Cyclanic, cyclenic or cycloterpenic ketones w/o other oxygen 2914.29.00 B 2914.29.10 A 2914.29.01 A + 2914.29.50 A 2914.29.02 A + 2914.29.03 A + 2914.29.99 B + +2914.30 Aromatic ketones without other oxygen function 2914.30.00 A 2914.30.00 A 2914.30.01 A + 2914.30.02 A + 2914.30.03 A + 2914.30.04 A + 2914.30.05 A + 2914.30.06 A + 2914.30.07 A + 2914.30.08 A + 2914.30.09 A + 2914.30.99 A + + +2914.41 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one(diacetone alcohol) 2914.41.00 A 2914.41.00 A 2914.41.01 C + +2914.49 Ketone-alcohols nes; ketone-aldehydes 2914.49.00 C 2914.49.10 C 2914.49.01 C + 2914.49.50 A 2914.49.99 C + +2914.50 Ketone-phenols and ketones with other oxygen function 2914.50.00 B 2914.50.20 B 2914.50.01 B + 2914.50.50 A 2914.50.02 A + 2914.50.03 A + 2914.50.99 B + +2914.61 Anthraquinone 2914.61.00 A 2914.61.00 A 2914.61.01 A + +2914.69 Quinones nes 2914.69.00 A 2914.69.10 A 2914.69.01 B + 2914.69.20 A 2914.69.02 A + 2914.69.50 A 2914.69.99 A + +2914.70 Derivatives of ketones and quinones 2914.70.00 A 2914.70.10 A 2914.70.01 A + 2914.70.20 A 2914.70.02 A + 2914.70.50 A 2914.70.03 A + 2914.70.04 A + 2914.70.99 A + +2915.11 Formic acid 2915.11.00 A 2915.11.00 A 2915.11.01 C + +2915.12 Salts of formic acid 2915.12.00 A 2915.12.00 A 2915.12.01 A + 2915.12.02 A + 2915.12.99 A + +2915.13 Esters of formic acid 2915.13.10 D 2915.13.10 A 2915.13.01 A + 2915.13.90 A 2915.13.50 A 2915.13.02 A + 2915.13.03 A + 2915.13.04 A + 2915.13.99 A + +2915.21 Acetic acid 2915.21.00 C 2915.21.00 A 2915.21.01 C + +2915.22 Sodium acetate 2915.22.00 A 2915.22.00 A 2915.22.01 A + +2915.23 Cobalt acetates 2915.23.00 A 2915.23.00 A 2915.23.01 A + +2915.24 Acetic anhydride 2915.24.00 C 2915.24.00 A 2915.24.01 C + +2915.29 Acetic acid salts nes 2915.29.00 A 2915.29.00 A 2915.29.99 A + +2915.31 Ethyl acetate 2915.31.00 C 2915.31.00 A 2915.31.01 C + +2915.32 Vinyl acetate 2915.32.00 C 2915.32.00 A 2915.32.01 C + +2915.33 N-butyl acetate 2915.33.00 A 2915.33.00 A 2915.33.01 C + + +2915.34 Isobutyl acetate 2915.34.00 A 2915.34.00 A 2915.34.01 C + +2915.35 2-ethoxyethyl acetate 2915.35.00 A 2915.35.00 A 2915.35.01 C + +2915.39 Acetic acid esters nes 2915.39.00 A 2915.39.10 A 2915.39.01 C + 2915.39.20 A 2915.39.02 C + 2915.39.30 B 2915.39.03 C + 2915.39.35 B 2915.39.04 A + 2915.39.40 A 2915.39.05 A + 2915.39.45 A 2915.39.06 A + 2915.39.47 A 2915.39.07 B + 2915.39.50 A 2915.39.08 A + 2915.39.09 A + 2915.39.10 C + 2915.39.11 A + 2915.39.12 A + 2915.39.13 C + 2915.39.14 B + 2915.39.15 B + 2915.39.16 A + 2915.39.17 C + 2915.39.18 A + 2915.39.19 A + 2915.39.99 B + +2915.40 Mono-,di-or trichloroacetic acids, their salts and esters 2915.40.00 A 2915.40.10 A 2915.40.01 C + 2915.40.20 A 2915.40.02 A + 2915.40.30 A 2915.40.03 A + 2915.40.50 A 2915.40.99 A + +2915.50 Propionic acid, its salts and esters 2915.50.00 B 2915.50.10 A 2915.50.01 A + 2915.50.20 A 2915.50.02 A + 2915.50.50 A 2915.50.03 A + 2915.50.04 A + 2915.50.99 B + +2915.60 Butyric acids, valeric acids, their salts and esters 2915.60.00 A 2915.60.10 A 2915.60.01 A + 2915.60.50 A 2915.60.02 B + 2915.60.03 A + 2915.60.04 A + 2915.60.05 A + 2915.60.06 A + 2915.60.99 A + +2915.70 Palmitic acid, stearic acid, their salts and esters 2915.70.00 C 2915.70.00 A 2915.70.01 C + 2915.70.02 C + 2915.70.03 C + 2915.70.04 C + 2915.70.05 C + 2915.70.06 C + 2915.70.07 C + + 2915.70.08 C + 2915.70.09 C + 2915.70.10 C + 2915.70.11 C + 2915.70.12 C + 2915.70.99 C + +2915.90 Saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their derivatives, 2915.90.00 B 2915.90.10 A 2915.90.01 C + 2915.90.15 C 2915.90.02 C + 2915.90.20 A 2915.90.03 A + 2915.90.50 A 2915.90.04 A + 2915.90.05 A + 2915.90.06 A + 2915.90.07 C + 2915.90.08 A + 2915.90.09 A + 2915.90.10 A + 2915.90.11 C + 2915.90.12 C + 2915.90.13 A + 2915.90.14 A + 2915.90.15 C + 2915.90.16 C + 2915.90.17 C + 2915.90.18 C + 2915.90.19 A + 2915.90.20 A + 2915.90.21 C + 2915.90.22 A + 2915.90.23 A + 2915.90.24 A + 2915.90.25 A + 2915.90.26 A + 2915.90.27 A + 2915.90.28 A + 2915.90.29 C + 2915.90.30 A + 2915.90.99 C + +2916.11 Acrylic acid and its salts 2916.11.00 D 2916.11.00 C 2916.11.01 C + +2916.12 Acrylic acid esters 2916.12.10 D 2916.12.10 A 2916.12.01 C + 2916.12.90 C 2916.12.50 A 2916.12.02 C + 2916.12.03 C + 2916.12.99 C + +2916.13 Methacrylic acid and its salts 2916.13.00 D 2916.13.00 A 2916.13.01 A + +2916.14 Methacrylic acid esters 2916.14.00 A 2916.14.00 A 2916.14.01 C + 2916.14.02 A + 2916.14.03 A + + 2916.14.04 A + 2916.14.99 C + +2916.15 Oleic,linoleic or linolenic acids, their salts and esters 2916.15.00 C 2916.15.10 C 2916.15.01 C + 2916.15.50 A 2916.15.02 C + 2916.15.03 C + 2916.15.04 C + 2916.15.05 C + 2916.15.99 C + +2916.19 Unsaturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their derivatives 2916.19.00 A 2916.19.10 A 2916.19.01 A + 2916.19.20 A 2916.19.02 A + 2916.19.30 A 2916.19.03 A + 2916.19.50 A 2916.19.04 A + 2916.19.05 C + 2916.19.06 A + + 2916.19.99 A + +2916.20 Cyclanic, cyclenic or cycloterpenic mono carboxylic acids and 2916.20.00 A 2916.20.00 A 2916.20.01 A + 2916.20.02 A + 2916.20.03 A + 2916.20.99 A + +2916.31 Benzoic acid, its salts and esters 2916.31.00 C 2916.31.10 A 2916.31.01 C + 2916.31.20 A 2916.31.02 C + 2916.31.30 C 2916.31.03 C + 2916.31.50 C 2916.31.04 C + 2916.31.99 B + +2916.32 Benzoyl peroxide and benzoyl chloride 2916.32.00 A 2916.32.10 C 2916.32.01 C + 2916.32.20 C 2916.32.02 C + +2916.33 Phenylacetic acid, its salts and esters 2916.33.00 A 2916.33.10 A 2916.33.01 A + 2916.33.20 A + 2916.33.30 A + 2916.33.50 A + +2916.39 Aromatic monocarboxylic acids and their derivatives, nes 2916.39.00 A 2916.39.04 C 2916.39.01 A + 2916.39.08 A 2916.39.02 A + 2916.39.12 A 2916.39.03 A + 2916.39.15 A 2916.39.04 A + 2916.39.16 A 2916.39.05 A + 2916.39.20 A 2916.39.99 C + 2916.39.40 C + 2916.39.60 C + +2917.11 Oxalic acid, its salts and esters 2917.11.00 A 2917.11.00 A 2917.11.01 C + 2917.11.02 C + +2917.12 Adipic acid, its salts and esters 2917.12.00 C 2917.12.10 C 2917.12.01 C + 2917.12.20 A + 2917.12.50 C + +2917.13 Azelaic acid, sebacic acid, their salts and esters 2917.13.00 A 2917.13.00 A 2917.13.01 A + 2917.13.02 A + 2917.13.99 A + +2917.14 Maleic anhydride 2917.14.00 C 2917.14.10 A 2917.14.01 C + 2917.14.50 A + +2917.19 Acyclic polycarboxylic acids and their derivatives, nes 2917.19.00 A 2917.19.10 C 2917.19.01 C + 2917.19.15 A 2917.19.02 A + 2917.19.17 A 2917.19.03 A + 2917.19.20 A 2917.19.04 A + 2917.19.23 A 2917.19.05 A + 2917.19.27 C 2917.19.06 A + 2917.19.30 A 2917.19.07 A + + 2917.19.40 A 2917.19.08 A + 2917.19.50 A 2917.19.09 A + 2917.19.99 A + +2917.20 Cyclanic, cyclenic or cycloterpenic poly carboxylic acids and 2917.20.00 A 2917.20.00 C 2917.20.01 A + 2917.20.99 A + +2917.31 Dibutyl orthophthalates 2917.31.00 C 2917.31.00 A 2917.31.01 C + +2917.32 Dioctyl orthophthalates 2917.32.00 C 2917.32.00 A 2917.32.01 C + +2917.33 Dinonyl or didecyl orthophthalates 2917.33.00 C 2917.33.00 A 2917.33.01 C + +2917.34 Orthophthalic acid esters, nes 2917.34.00 C 2917.34.00 A 2917.34.01 C + +2917.35 Phthalic anhydride 2917.35.00 C 2917.35.00 A 2917.35.01 C + +2917.36 Terephthalic acid and its salts 2917.36.00 D 2917.36.00 C 2917.36.01 C + +2917.37 Dimethyl terephthalate 2917.37.00 D 2917.37.00 A 2917.37.01 C + +2917.39 Aromatic polycarboxylic acids and their derivatives, nes 2917.39.00 B 2917.39.10 A 2917.39.01 A + 2917.39.15 A 2917.39.02 A + 2917.39.17 A 2917.39.03 A + 2917.39.20 A 2917.39.04 B + 2917.39.30 A 2917.39.05 A + 2917.39.50 C 2917.39.06 A + 2917.39.07 A + 2917.39.99 C + +2918.11 Lactic acid, its salts and esters 2918.11.10 D 2918.11.10 A 2918.11.01 C + 2918.11.20 A 2918.11.50 A + +2918.12 Tartaric acid 2918.12.00 A 2918.12.00 A 2918.12.01 A + +2918.13 Salts and esters of tartaric acid 2918.13.10 D 2918.13.10 A 2918.13.01 A + 2918.13.20 A 2918.13.20 A 2918.13.02 A + 2918.13.90 A 2918.13.30 A 2918.13.03 A + 2918.13.50 A 2918.13.04 A + 2918.13.99 C + +2918.14 Citric acid 2918.14.00 A 2918.14.00 A 2918.14.01 C + +2918.15 Salts and esters of citric acid 2918.15.10 D 2918.15.10 A 2918.15.01 C + 2918.15.20 D 2918.15.50 A 2918.15.02 A + 2918.15.90 A 2918.15.03 A + 2918.15.04 A + 2918.15.05 A + 2918.15.99 A + +2918.16 Gluconic acid, its salts and esters 2918.16.10 D 2918.16.10 A 2918.16.01 A + + 2918.16.20 A 2918.16.50 A 2918.16.99 A + +2918.17 Phenylglycolic acid (mandelic acid), its salts and esters 2918.17.00 A 2918.17.10 A 2918.17.01 A + 2918.17.50 A 2918.17.99 A + +2918.19 Carboxylic acids with alcohol function only and their 2918.19.10 D 2918.19.10 A 2918.19.01 A + 2918.19.90 A 2918.19.20 A 2918.19.02 A + 2918.19.30 A 2918.19.03 A + 2918.19.60 A 2918.19.04 A + 2918.19.90 A 2918.19.05 C + 2918.19.06 A + 2918.19.07 A + 2918.19.08 A + 2918.19.09 A + 2918.19.10 A + 2918.19.11 A + 2918.19.12 A + 2918.19.13 A + 2918.19.14 A + 2918.19.15 A + 2918.19.99 A + +2918.21 Salicylic acid and its salts 2918.21.00 D 2918.21.10 A 2918.21.01 C + 2918.21.50 C 2918.21.02 C + 2918.21.99 B + +2918.22 O-acetylsalicylic acid, its salts and esters 2918.22.10 D 2918.22.10 A 2918.22.01 C + 2918.22.90 A 2918.22.50 A 2918.22.99 A + +2918.23 Salicylic acid esters, nes, and their salts 2918.23.00 A 2918.23.10 A 2918.23.01 C + 2918.23.20 A 2918.23.02 A + 2918.23.30 C 2918.23.03 C + 2918.23.50 C 2918.23.99 C + +2918.29 Carboxylic acids with phenol function only and their 2918.29.00 A 2918.29.10 C 2918.29.01 C + 2918.29.20 A 2918.29.02 B + 2918.29.22 A 2918.29.03 A + 2918.29.30 A 2918.29.04 C + 2918.29.40 A 2918.29.05 A + 2918.29.50 C 2918.29.06 A + 2918.29.07 A + 2918.29.99 A + +2918.30 Carboxylic acids with aldehyde or ketone function only and 2918.30.00 B 2918.30.10 A 2918.30.01 C + 2918.30.20 A 2918.30.02 A + 2918.30.30 A 2918.30.03 A + 2918.30.50 A 2918.30.04 A + 2918.30.05 A + 2918.30.06 A + 2918.30.07 A + 2918.30.08 A + + 2918.30.09 C + 2918.30.99 A + +2918.90 Carboxylic acids with additional oxygen functions, nes and 2918.90.00 A 2918.90.05 C 2918.90.01 C + 2918.90.10 A 2918.90.02 A + 2918.90.20 A 2918.90.03 C + 2918.90.30 A 2918.90.04 C + 2918.90.35 A 2918.90.05 A + 2918.90.40 C 2918.90.06 A + 2918.90.45 C 2918.90.07 A + 2918.90.50 A 2918.90.08 A + 2918.90.09 A + 2918.90.10 A + 2918.90.11 A + 2918.90.12 A + 2918.90.13 A + 2918.90.14 A + 2918.90.15 A + 2918.90.16 A + 2918.90.17 A + 2918.90.18 A + 2918.90.19 A + 2918.90.20 A + 2918.90.21 A + 2918.90.22 C + 2918.90.23 A + 2918.90.24 C + 2918.90.25 A + 2918.90.99 A + +2919.00 Phosphoric esters, their salts and their derivatives 2919.00.10 D 2919.00.10 A 2919.00.01 A + 2919.00.90 A 2919.00.30 A 2919.00.02 A + 2919.00.50 A 2919.00.03 C + 2919.00.04 A + 2919.00.05 A + 2919.00.06 A + 2919.00.07 A + 2919.00.08 A + 2919.00.09 A + 2919.00.10 A + 2919.00.11 A + 2919.00.12 C + 2919.00.13 C + 2919.00.99 A + +2920.10 Thiophosphoric esters(phosphorothioates) their salts and their 2920.10.00 A 2920.10.10 A 2920.10.01 A + 2920.10.20 A 2920.10.02 C + 2920.10.50 A 2920.10.03 A + 2920.10.99 A + +2920.90 Esters of inorganic acids, nes, their salts and their 2920.90.10 A 2920.90.10 A 2920.90.01 A + + 2920.90.20 D 2920.90.20 B 2920.90.02 A + 2920.90.90 A 2920.90.50 A 2920.90.03 A + 2920.90.04 C + 2920.90.05 A + 2920.90.06 A + 2920.90.07 A + 2920.90.08 A + 2920.90.09 C + 2920.90.10 A + 2920.90.11 A + 2920.90.12 A + 2920.90.13 A + 2920.90.14 A + 2920.90.15 A + 2920.90.16 A + 2920.90.17 A + 2920.90.99 A + +2921.11 Methylamine, di- or trimethylamine and their salts 2921.11.00 C 2921.11.00 A 2921.11.01 C + 2921.11.02 C + 2921.11.03 C + 2921.11.99 C + +2921.12 Diethylamine and its salts 2921.12.00 C 2921.12.00 A 2921.12.01 C + 2921.12.02 A + +2921.19 Acyclic monoamines nes, and their derivatives; salts thereof 2921.19.00 C 2921.19.10 A 2921.19.01 A + 2921.19.50 A 2921.19.02 C + 2921.19.03 C + 2921.19.04 C + 2921.19.05 C + 2921.19.06 C + 2921.19.07 C + 2921.19.08 C + 2921.19.09 A + 2921.19.10 A + 2921.19.11 A + 2921.19.12 C + 2921.19.99 C + +2921.21 Ethylenediamine and its salts 2921.21.00 C 2921.21.00 A 2921.21.01 C + 2921.21.02 A + +2921.22 Hexamethylenediamine and its salts 2921.22.00 C 2921.22.05 A 2921.22.01 C + 2921.22.10 C + 2921.22.50 A + +2921.29 Acyclic polyamines nes, and their derivatives; salts thereof 2921.29.00 B 2921.29.00 A 2921.29.01 C + 2921.29.02 C + 2921.29.03 C + 2921.29.04 A + + 2921.29.05 A + 2921.29.06 A + 2921.29.07 A + 2921.29.08 C + 2921.29.09 C + 2921.29.10 A + 2921.29.11 A + 2921.29.99 C + +2921.30 Cyclanic,cyclenic or cycloterpenic monoor polyamines & derivs; 2921.30.00 B 2921.30.10 C 2921.30.01 C + 2921.30.20 C 2921.30.02 A + 2921.30.50 A 2921.30.99 A + +2921.41 Aniline and its salts 2921.41.00 C 2921.41.10 C 2921.41.01 C + 2921.41.20 C + +2921.42 Aniline derivatives and their salts 2921.42.00 A 2921.42.10 C 2921.42.01 A + 2921.42.20 A 2921.42.02 A + 2921.42.23 A 2921.42.03 A + 2921.42.24 A 2921.42.04 A + 2921.42.25 A 2921.42.05 A + 2921.42.30 A 2921.42.06 A + 2921.42.70 C 2921.42.07 A + 2921.42.08 A + 2921.42.09 A + 2921.42.10 A + 2921.42.11 B + 2921.42.12 A + 2921.42.13 A + 2921.42.14 A + 2921.42.15 A + 2921.42.16 A + 2921.42.17 A + 2921.42.18 A + 2921.42.20 A + 2921.42.21 A + 2921.42.22 A + 2921.42.99 A + +2921.43 Toluidines and their derivatives; salts thereof 2921.43.00 B 2921.43.10 A 2921.43.01 A + 2921.43.15 C 2921.43.02 A + 2921.43.18 A 2921.43.03 A + 2921.43.20 C 2921.43.04 C + 2921.43.60 C 2921.43.05 A + 2921.43.06 A + 2921.43.07 A + 2921.43.09 A + 2921.43.99 A + +2921.44 Diphenylamine and its derivatives; salts thereof 2921.44.00 B 2921.44.10 C 2921.44.01 A + 2921.44.20 C 2921.44.02 D + + 2921.44.50 C 2921.44.03 C + 2921.44.04 C + 2921.44.05 A + 2921.44.06 A + 2921.44.99 A + +2921.45 1-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylamine and their derivatives; salts 2921.45.00 A 2921.45.10 A 2921.45.01 A + 2921.45.20 A 2921.45.02 A + 2921.45.30 A 2921.45.03 A + 2921.45.50 A 2921.45.04 A + 2921.45.05 A + 2921.45.06 A + 2921.45.07 A + 2921.45.08 A + 2921.45.09 A + 2921.45.99 A + +2921.49 Aromatic monoamines nes, and their derivatives; salts thereof 2921.49.00 A 2921.49.10 A 2921.49.01 A + 2921.49.20 A 2921.49.02 A + 2921.49.30 A 2921.49.03 A + 2921.49.35 A 2921.49.04 A + 2921.49.40 A 2921.49.05 A + 2921.49.45 A 2921.49.06 A + 2921.49.50 C 2921.49.07 A + 2921.49.08 A + 2921.49.09 D + 2921.49.99 A + +2921.51 O-,M-,P-phenylenediamine,diaminotoluenes and their derivatives 2921.51.00 A 2921.51.10 A 2921.51.01 A + 2921.51.20 A 2921.51.02 D + 2921.51.30 A 2921.51.03 A + 2921.51.50 A 2921.51.04 A + 2921.51.05 A + 2921.51.99 A + +2921.59 Aromatic polyamines nes, and their derivatives; salts thereof 2921.59.00 A 2921.59.10 A 2921.59.01 A + 2921.59.20 C 2921.59.02 A + 2921.59.30 A 2921.59.03 A + 2921.59.40 A 2921.59.04 A + 2921.59.50 C 2921.59.05 A + 2921.59.07 C + 2921.59.08 A + 2921.59.99 B + +2922.11 Monoethanolmine and its salts 2922.11.00 C 2922.11.00 A 2922.11.01 C + 2922.11.99 C + +2922.12 Diethanolamine and its salts 2922.12.00 B 2922.12.00 A 2922.12.01 C + 2922.12.99 A + +2922.13 Triethanolamine and its salts 2922.13.00 B 2922.13.00 A 2922.13.01 C + + 2922.13.99 A + +2922.19 Amino-alcohols nes, their ethers and esters; salts thereof 2922.19.00 A 2922.19.10 A 2922.19.01 A + 2922.19.12 A 2922.19.02 C + 2922.19.15 A 2922.19.03 A + 2922.19.20 A 2922.19.04 A + 2922.19.30 A 2922.19.05 A + 2922.19.40 A 2922.19.06 A + 2922.19.50 A 2922.19.07 C + 2922.19.08 A + 2922.19.09 A + 2922.19.10 A + 2922.19.11 A + 2922.19.12 A + 2922.19.13 A + 2922.19.14 A + 2922.19.15 A + 2922.19.16 A + 2922.19.17 A + 2922.19.18 A + 2922.19.19 A + 2922.19.20 A + 2922.19.21 A + 2922.19.22 A + 2922.19.23 A + 2922.19.24 C + 2922.19.99 A + +2922.21 Aminohydroxynaphthalenesulphonic acids and their salts 2922.21.00 A 2922.21.10 A 2922.21.01 A + 2922.21.20 A 2922.21.02 A + 2922.21.50 A 2922.21.03 A + 2922.21.04 A + 2922.21.05 A + 2922.21.06 A + 2922.21.99 A + +2922.22 Anisidines, dianisidines, phenetidines, and their salts 2922.22.00 A 2922.22.10 A 2922.22.01 A + 2922.22.20 A 2922.22.02 A + 2922.22.50 A 2922.22.03 A + 2922.22.04 A + 2922.22.05 A + 2922.22.06 A + 2922.22.07 A + 2922.22.08 A + 2922.22.99 A + +2922.29 Amino-naphthols & other amino-phenols, nes,their ethers & 2922.29.00 A 2922.29.10 A 2922.29.01 A + 2922.29.15 A 2922.29.02 A + 2922.29.20 A 2922.29.03 A + 2922.29.23 A 2922.29.04 A + 2922.29.25 A 2922.29.05 A + + 2922.29.27 A 2922.29.06 A + 2922.29.29 A 2922.29.07 A + 2922.29.35 C 2922.29.08 A + 2922.29.50 A 2922.29.99 A + +2922.30 Amino-aldehydes, amino-ketones & aminoquinones; salts thereof 2922.30.00 A 2922.30.10 C 2922.30.01 A + 2922.30.20 C 2922.30.02 A + 2922.30.30 C 2922.30.03 A + 2922.30.50 A 2922.30.04 A + 2922.30.05 A + 2922.30.06 A + 2922.30.07 A + 2922.30.08 A + 2922.30.09 C + 2922.30.99 A + +2922.41 Lysine and its esters; salts thereof 2922.41.00 C 2922.41.00 A 2922.41.01 C + 2922.41.99 C + +2922.42 Glutamic acid and its salts 2922.42.00 A 2922.42.10 A 2922.42.01 A + 2922.42.50 A 2922.42.99 A + +2922.49 Amino-acids nes, and their esters; salts thereof 2922.49.00 B 2922.49.10 B 2922.49.01 A + 2922.49.20 B 2922.49.02 A + 2922.49.30 B 2922.49.03 A + 2922.49.35 B 2922.49.04 A + 2922.49.40 A 2922.49.05 A + 2922.49.50 A 2922.49.06 A + 2922.49.08 A + 2922.49.09 A + 2922.49.10 A + 2922.49.11 C + 2922.49.12 A + 2922.49.13 A + 2922.49.14 A + 2922.49.15 A + 2922.49.16 A + 2922.49.17 A + 2922.49.18 A + 2922.49.19 A + 2922.49.20 A + 2922.49.21 A + 2922.49.22 A + 2922.49.23 A + 2922.49.24 C + 2922.49.25 A + 2922.49.26 A + 2922.49.27 A + 2922.49.99 B + +2922.50 Amino-alcohol-phenols,amino-acid-phenols & other amino-compds 2922.50.00 A 2922.50.10 A 2922.50.01 A + + 2922.50.13 A 2922.50.02 A + 2922.50.15 A 2922.50.03 A + 2922.50.17 A 2922.50.04 A + 2922.50.19 A 2922.50.05 C + 2922.50.25 A 2922.50.06 A + 2922.50.30 A 2922.50.07 A + 2922.50.40 A 2922.50.08 A + 2922.50.50 A 2922.50.09 C + 2922.50.10 A + 2922.50.11 A + 2922.50.12 A + 2922.50.13 A + 2922.50.14 A + 2922.50.15 A + 2922.50.16 A + 2922.50.17 C + 2922.50.18 A + 2922.50.19 A + 2922.50.20 A + 2922.50.21 A + 2922.50.22 A + 2922.50.23 A + 2922.50.24 D + 2922.50.25 A + 2922.50.26 A + 2922.50.27 A + 2922.50.28 A + 2922.50.29 A + 2922.50.30 A + 2922.50.31 A + 2922.50.32 A + 2922.50.33 A + 2922.50.34 A + 2922.50.35 A + 2922.50.36 A + 2922.50.37 A + 2922.50.38 C + 2922.50.39 A + 2922.50.40 A + 2922.50.41 A + 2922.50.42 A + 2922.50.43 A + 2922.50.44 A + 2922.50.45 A + 2922.50.46 A + 2922.50.47 A + 2922.50.48 A + 2922.50.49 A + 2922.50.99 A + +2923.10 Choline and its salts 2923.10.00 A 2923.10.00 A 2923.10.01 A + + 2923.10.02 A + 2923.10.03 A + +2923.20 Lecithins and other phosphoaminolipids 2923.20.00 C 2923.20.00 A 2923.20.01 C + 2923.20.99 C + +2923.90 Quarternary ammonium salts and hydroxides, nes 2923.90.00 A 2923.90.00 A 2923.90.01 A + 2923.90.02 A + 2923.90.03 C + 2923.90.04 A + 2923.90.05 A + 2923.90.06 A + 2923.90.07 A + 2923.90.08 A + 2923.90.09 A + 2923.90.10 A + 2923.90.11 A + 2923.90.99 A + +2924.10 Acyclic amides and their derivatives; salts thereof 2924.10.00 B 2924.10.10 A 2924.10.01 B + 2924.10.50 B 2924.10.02 B + 2924.10.03 A + 2924.10.04 A + 2924.10.05 A + 2924.10.06 A + 2924.10.07 A + 2924.10.08 A + 2924.10.09 A + 2924.10.10 A + 2924.10.11 C + 2924.10.12 A + 2924.10.13 A + 2924.10.14 A + 2924.10.15 A + 2924.10.99 A + +2924.21 Ureines and their derivatives; salts thereof 2924.21.00 A 2924.21.10 A 2924.21.01 A + 2924.21.15 A 2924.21.02 A + 2924.21.20 A 2924.21.03 A + 2924.21.30 A 2924.21.04 A + 2924.21.50 A 2924.21.05 A + 2924.21.06 C + 2924.21.99 A + +2924.29 Cyclic amides and their derivatives, nes; salts thereof 2924.29.00 A 2924.29.02 A 2924.29.01 C + 2924.29.04 A 2924.29.02 A + 2924.29.05 A 2924.29.03 A + 2924.29.07 A 2924.29.04 A + 2924.29.09 A 2924.29.05 A + 2924.29.11 A 2924.29.06 A + 2924.29.13 A 2924.29.07 A + + 2924.29.14 A 2924.29.08 A + 2924.29.15 A 2924.29.09 C + 2924.29.19 A 2924.29.10 A + 2924.29.25 A 2924.29.11 D + 2924.29.35 A 2924.29.12 A + 2924.29.39 A 2924.29.13 C + 2924.29.42 A 2924.29.14 C + 2924.29.44 B 2924.29.15 A + 2924.29.46 C 2924.29.16 A + 2924.29.50 A 2924.29.17 A + 2924.29.18 A + 2924.29.19 A + 2924.29.20 A + 2924.29.22 A + 2924.29.23 A + 2924.29.24 A + 2924.29.25 A + 2924.29.26 A + 2924.29.27 A + 2924.29.28 A + 2924.29.29 C + 2924.29.30 A + 2924.29.31 A + 2924.29.32 A + 2924.29.33 A + 2924.29.34 C + 2924.29.35 A + 2924.29.36 A + 2924.29.37 A + 2924.29.38 A + 2924.29.39 A + 2924.29.40 A + 2924.29.41 A + 2924.29.42 A + 2924.29.43 A + 2924.29.44 A + 2924.29.45 A + 2924.29.46 A + 2924.29.47 A + 2924.29.99 B + +2925.11 Saccharin and its salts 2925.11.00 A 2925.11.00 A 2925.11.01 A + +2925.19 Imides and their derivatives, nes; salts thereof 2925.19.00 A 2925.19.10 A 2925.19.01 A + 2925.19.20 C 2925.19.02 A + 2925.19.50 A 2925.19.03 A + 2925.19.04 A + 2925.19.99 A + +2925.20 Imines and their derivatives; salts thereof 2925.20.10 D 2925.20.10 A 2925.20.01 A + 2925.20.90 A 2925.20.20 A 2925.20.02 A + + 2925.20.30 A 2925.20.03 A + 2925.20.50 A 2925.20.04 A + 2925.20.99 A + +2926.10 Acrylonitrile 2926.10.00 A 2926.10.00 A 2926.10.01 D + +2926.20 1-cyanoguanidine (dicyandiamide) 2926.20.00 A 2926.20.00 D 2926.20.01 A + +2926.90 Nitrile-function compounds, nes 2926.90.10 D 2926.90.10 B 2926.90.01 A + 2926.90.20 A 2926.90.21 A 2926.90.02 B + 2926.90.90 A 2926.90.23 A 2926.90.03 B + 2926.90.25 A 2926.90.04 A + 2926.90.27 A 2926.90.05 A + 2926.90.35 B 2926.90.06 A + 2926.90.40 A 2926.90.07 A + 2926.90.50 D 2926.90.08 A + 2926.90.99 A + +2927.00 Diazo-, azo- or azoxy-compounds 2927.00.00 D 2927.00.10 A 2927.00.01 A + 2927.00.15 A 2927.00.02 A + 2927.00.20 A 2927.00.03 A + 2927.00.30 A 2927.00.04 A + 2927.00.40 A 2927.00.05 A + 2927.00.50 C 2927.00.99 A + +2928.00 Organic derivatives of hydrazine or of hydroxylamine 2928.00.00 D 2928.00.10 A 2928.00.01 A + 2928.00.20 A 2928.00.02 A + 2928.00.30 A 2928.00.03 A + 2928.00.50 A 2928.00.04 A + 2928.00.05 A + 2928.00.06 A + 2928.00.99 A + +2929.10 Isocyanates 2929.10.00 B 2929.10.10 C 2929.10.01 A + 2929.10.15 A 2929.10.02 A + 2929.10.20 A 2929.10.03 A + 2929.10.30 A 2929.10.04 C + 2929.10.40 A 2929.10.05 A + 2929.10.60 B 2929.10.99 B + +2929.90 Compounds with other nitrogen function, nes 2929.90.00 A 2929.90.10 A 2929.90.01 A + 2929.90.20 A 2929.90.99 A + 2929.90.50 A + +2930.10 Dithiocarbonates (xanthates) 2930.10.00 C 2930.10.00 A 2930.10.01 C + 2930.10.99 C + +2930.20 Thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates 2930.20.00 A 2930.20.10 A 2930.20.01 A + 2930.20.20 A 2930.20.02 A + 2930.20.50 A 2930.20.03 B + 2930.20.04 A + + 2930.20.05 A + 2930.20.06 A + 2930.20.07 A + 2930.20.08 A + 2930.20.09 A + 2930.20.99 A + +2930.30 Thiuram mono-, di- or tetrasulphides 2930.30.00 B 2930.30.00 A 2930.30.01 C + 2930.30.99 A + +2930.40 Methionine 2930.40.00 A 2930.40.00 A 2930.40.01 D + +2930.90 Organo-sulphur compounds, nes 2930.90.00 A 2930.90.10 A 2930.90.01 A + 2930.90.20 A 2930.90.02 A + 2930.90.30 A 2930.90.03 B + 2930.90.40 A 2930.90.04 A + 2930.90.45 A 2930.90.05 A + 2930.90.50 A 2930.90.06 A + 2930.90.07 A + 2930.90.08 A + 2930.90.09 A + 2930.90.10 A + 2930.90.11 A + 2930.90.12 C + 2930.90.13 A + 2930.90.14 A + 2930.90.15 C + 2930.90.16 A + 2930.90.17 A + 2930.90.18 A + 2930.90.19 A + 2930.90.20 A + 2930.90.21 A + 2930.90.22 A + 2930.90.23 A + 2930.90.24 A + 2930.90.25 C + 2930.90.26 A + 2930.90.27 A + 2930.90.28 A + 2930.90.29 A + 2930.90.30 A + 2930.90.31 A + 2930.90.32 A + 2930.90.33 A + 2930.90.34 A + 2930.90.35 A + 2930.90.36 A + 2930.90.37 A + 2930.90.38 A + 2930.90.39 A + + 2930.90.40 A + 2930.90.41 A + 2930.90.42 A + 2930.90.43 A + 2930.90.44 A + 2930.90.45 A + 2930.90.46 A + 2930.90.47 A + 2930.90.48 A + 2930.90.49 A + 2930.90.50 A + 2930.90.51 A + 2930.90.52 A + 2930.90.53 A + 2930.90.54 D + 2930.90.55 A + 2930.90.56 A + 2930.90.57 A + 2930.90.58 A + 2930.90.59 A + 2930.90.60 A + 2930.90.61 A + 2930.90.62 A + 2930.90.63 A + 2930.90.64 A + 2930.90.99 A + +2931.00 Organo-inorganic compounds, nes 2931.00.10 D 2931.00.10 A 2931.00.01 A + 2931.00.90 B 2931.00.15 A 2931.00.02 A + 2931.00.22 A 2931.00.03 A + 2931.00.25 A 2931.00.04 A + 2931.00.27 A 2931.00.05 A + 2931.00.30 A 2931.00.06 A + 2931.00.40 A 2931.00.07 A + 2931.00.50 A 2931.00.08 A + 2931.00.09 A + 2931.00.10 A + 2931.00.11 A + 2931.00.12 A + 2931.00.13 A + 2931.00.14 A + 2931.00.15 A + 2931.00.16 A + 2931.00.17 A + 2931.00.18 A + 2931.00.19 C + 2931.00.20 A + 2931.00.21 C + 2931.00.99 A + +2932.11 Tetrahydrofuran 2932.11.00 C 2932.11.00 A 2932.11.01 C + + +2932.12 2-furaldehyde (furfuraldehyde) 2932.12.00 B 2932.12.00 D 2932.12.01 C + +2932.13 Furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 2932.13.00 A 2932.13.00 A 2932.13.01 A + +2932.19 Heterocyclic compds cntg an unfused furan ring in the 2932.19.00 A 2932.19.10 B 2932.19.01 A + 2932.19.50 A 2932.19.02 A + 2932.19.03 C + 2932.19.04 C + 2932.19.05 A + 2932.19.99 A + +2932.21 Coumarin, methylcoumarins and ethylcoumarins 2932.21.00 A 2932.21.00 A 2932.21.01 A + +2932.29 Lactones, nes 2932.29.00 B 2932.29.10 A 2932.29.01 A + 2932.29.20 C 2932.29.02 A + 2932.29.30 C 2932.29.03 A + 2932.29.40 C 2932.29.04 A + 2932.29.50 A 2932.29.05 A + 2932.29.06 A + 2932.29.07 A + 2932.29.99 C + +2932.90 Heterocyclic compounds with oxygen hetero-atom(s) only, nes 2932.90.00 A 2932.90.10 A 2932.90.01 A + 2932.90.20 A 2932.90.02 A + 2932.90.30 A 2932.90.03 A + 2932.90.32 D 2932.90.04 A + 2932.90.35 A 2932.90.05 A + 2932.90.37 A 2932.90.06 A + 2932.90.39 A 2932.90.07 C + 2932.90.41 A 2932.90.08 C + 2932.90.45 A 2932.90.09 C + 2932.90.50 A 2932.90.10 A + 2932.90.11 A + 2932.90.12 A + 2932.90.15 A + 2932.90.99 A + +2933.11 Phenazone (antipyrin) and its derivatives 2933.11.00 A 2933.11.00 A 2933.11.01 C + 2933.11.02 A + 2933.11.03 A + 2933.11.04 C + 2933.11.99 A + +2933.19 Heterocyclic compds cntg an unfused pyrazole ring in the 2933.19.00 A 2933.19.10 A 2933.19.01 A + 2933.19.25 A 2933.19.02 A + 2933.19.30 A 2933.19.03 A + 2933.19.35 A 2933.19.04 C + 2933.19.40 A 2933.19.05 A + 2933.19.42 A 2933.19.06 A + 2933.19.45 A 2933.19.99 A + + 2933.19.50 A + +2933.21 Hydantoin and its derivatives 2933.21.00 A 2933.21.00 A 2933.21.01 C + +2933.29 Heterocyclic compds cntg an unfused imidazole ring in the 2933.29.00 B 2933.29.10 A 2933.29.01 A + 2933.29.20 A 2933.29.02 A + 2933.29.30 C 2933.29.03 C + 2933.29.40 A 2933.29.04 A + 2933.29.45 A 2933.29.05 A + 2933.29.50 A 2933.29.06 C + 2933.29.07 A + 2933.29.08 C + 2933.29.09 A + 2933.29.10 A + 2933.29.11 A + 2933.29.13 A + + 2933.29.14 C + 2933.29.15 A + 2933.29.16 A + 2933.29.17 A + 2933.29.99 A + +2933.31 Pyridine and its salts 2933.31.00 B 2933.31.00 D 2933.31.01 A + 2933.31.02 C + +2933.39 Heterocyclic compds cntg an unfused pyridine ring in the 2933.39.00 B 2933.39.10 D 2933.39.01 A + 2933.39.20 B 2933.39.02 A + 2933.39.21 A 2933.39.03 C + 2933.39.23 A 2933.39.04 A + 2933.39.25 A 2933.39.05 A + 2933.39.27 A 2933.39.06 A + 2933.39.30 B 2933.39.07 A + 2933.39.35 B 2933.39.08 A + 2933.39.47 B 2933.39.09 A + 2933.39.50 B 2933.39.10 A + 2933.39.11 A + 2933.39.12 A + 2933.39.13 A + 2933.39.14 A + 2933.39.15 A + 2933.39.16 A + 2933.39.17 C + 2933.39.18 A + 2933.39.19 A + 2933.39.20 A + 2933.39.21 A + 2933.39.22 C + 2933.39.23 C + 2933.39.24 A + 2933.39.25 C + 2933.39.99 C + +2933.40 Heterocyclic compds cntg a quinoline or isoquinoline ring-syst 2933.40.00 C 2933.40.10 A 2933.40.01 C + 2933.40.15 C 2933.40.02 A + 2933.40.20 C 2933.40.03 A + 2933.40.25 C 2933.40.04 A + 2933.40.30 A 2933.40.05 C + 2933.40.45 C 2933.40.06 A + 2933.40.50 C 2933.40.07 A + 2933.40.08 A + 2933.40.09 A + 2933.40.10 C + 2933.40.11 A + 2933.40.99 C + +2933.51 Malonylurea (barbituric acid) and its derivatives; salts 2933.51.00 A 2933.51.10 A 2933.51.01 A + 2933.51.50 A + + +2933.59 Hetercycl compds cntg a pyrimidine rng or piperazine rng, nes; 2933.59.00 B 2933.59.10 A 2933.59.01 A + 2933.59.15 A 2933.59.02 A + 2933.59.18 A 2933.59.03 A + 2933.59.20 A 2933.59.04 A + 2933.59.23 A 2933.59.05 A + 2933.59.25 B 2933.59.06 C + 2933.59.26 B 2933.59.07 C + 2933.59.27 B 2933.59.08 C + 2933.59.28 B 2933.59.09 A + 2933.59.29 B 2933.59.10 C + 2933.59.30 A 2933.59.11 A + 2933.59.35 B 2933.59.12 A + 2933.59.40 B 2933.59.99 A + 2933.59.50 A + +2933.61 Melamine 2933.61.00 A 2933.61.00 A 2933.61.01 A + +2933.69 Heterocyclic compds cntg an unfused triazine ring in the 2933.69.00 B 2933.69.00 A 2933.69.01 A + 2933.69.02 A + 2933.69.03 C + 2933.69.04 A + 2933.69.05 A + 2933.69.06 A + 2933.69.07 A + 2933.69.08 A + 2933.69.09 C + 2933.69.10 A + 2933.69.11 A + 2933.69.99 C + +2933.71 6-hexanelactam (epsilon-captolactam) 2933.71.00 A 2933.71.00 A 2933.71.01 C + +2933.79 Lactams nes 2933.79.00 A 2933.79.10 A 2933.79.01 A + 2933.79.15 A 2933.79.02 A + 2933.79.20 A 2933.79.99 A + 2933.79.30 A + 2933.79.50 A + +2933.90 Heterocyclic compds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only, nes 2933.90.00 B 2933.90.05 D 2933.90.01 A + 2933.90.10 A 2933.90.02 A + 2933.90.15 A 2933.90.03 C + 2933.90.18 A 2933.90.05 A + 2933.90.20 A 2933.90.06 C + 2933.90.25 A 2933.90.07 A + 2933.90.26 A 2933.90.08 A + 2933.90.27 A 2933.90.09 A + 2933.90.28 A 2933.90.10 A + 2933.90.29 A 2933.90.11 A + 2933.90.30 A 2933.90.12 A + 2933.90.31 A 2933.90.13 A + + 2933.90.32 A 2933.90.14 A + 2933.90.33 A 2933.90.15 A + 2933.90.34 A 2933.90.16 C + 2933.90.35 A 2933.90.17 A + 2933.90.36 A 2933.90.18 C + 2933.90.37 A 2933.90.19 A + 2933.90.39 A 2933.90.20 A + 2933.90.40 A 2933.90.21 C + 2933.90.47 C 2933.90.22 A + 2933.90.48 A 2933.90.23 A + 2933.90.50 A 2933.90.24 A + 2933.90.25 A + 2933.90.26 A + 2933.90.27 A + 2933.90.28 C + 2933.90.29 A + 2933.90.30 A + 2933.90.31 A + 2933.90.32 A + 2933.90.33 A + 2933.90.34 A + 2933.90.35 A + 2933.90.36 A + 2933.90.37 A + 2933.90.38 A + 2933.90.39 A + 2933.90.40 A + 2933.90.41 A + 2933.90.42 A + 2933.90.43 A + 2933.90.44 A + 2933.90.45 A + 2933.90.47 C + 2933.90.48 A + 2933.90.49 A + 2933.90.50 A + 2933.90.51 C + 2933.90.52 A + 2933.90.53 A + 2933.90.54 A + 2933.90.55 A + 2933.90.56 A + 2933.90.57 C + 2933.90.58 C + 2933.90.59 C + 2933.90.60 A + 2933.90.61 A + 2933.90.62 D + 2933.90.63 A + 2933.90.64 A + 2933.90.65 A + + 2933.90.99 A + +2934.10 Heterocyclic compounds containing an unfused thiazole ring in 2934.10.00 A 2934.10.10 A 2934.10.01 A + 2934.10.20 A 2934.10.02 A + 2934.10.50 A 2934.10.03 A + 2934.10.04 A + 2934.10.99 A + +2934.20 Heterocyclic compounds containing a benzothiazole ring-system 2934.20.00 A 2934.20.05 A 2934.20.01 A + 2934.20.10 A 2934.20.02 A + 2934.20.15 A 2934.20.03 A + 2934.20.20 A 2934.20.04 A + 2934.20.30 A 2934.20.05 A + 2934.20.35 A 2934.20.07 A + 2934.20.40 A 2934.20.99 A + 2934.20.60 A + +2934.30 Heterocyclic compounds containing a phen othiazine ring-system 2934.30.00 C 2934.30.10 C 2934.30.01 C + 2934.30.20 C 2934.30.99 C + 2934.30.30 C + 2934.30.40 C + 2934.30.50 C + +2934.90 Heterocyclic compounds, nes 2934.90.10 A 2934.90.05 C 2934.90.01 C + 2934.90.90 B 2934.90.06 C 2934.90.02 A + 2934.90.10 A 2934.90.03 A + 2934.90.12 A 2934.90.04 C + 2934.90.14 A 2934.90.05 C + 2934.90.16 A 2934.90.06 A + 2934.90.18 A 2934.90.07 C + 2934.90.20 A 2934.90.08 A + 2934.90.25 A 2934.90.09 A + 2934.90.40 C 2934.90.10 B + 2934.90.45 C 2934.90.11 A + 2934.90.47 A 2934.90.12 C + 2934.90.50 A 2934.90.13 A + 2934.90.14 C + 2934.90.15 A + 2934.90.16 C + 2934.90.17 A + 2934.90.18 A + 2934.90.19 A + 2934.90.20 C + 2934.90.21 A + 2934.90.22 A + 2934.90.23 A + 2934.90.24 C + 2934.90.25 A + 2934.90.26 A + 2934.90.27 A + 2934.90.28 C + + 2934.90.29 A + 2934.90.30 A + 2934.90.31 A + 2934.90.32 A + 2934.90.33 A + 2934.90.34 A + 2934.90.35 A + 2934.90.36 A + 2934.90.37 A + 2934.90.38 A + 2934.90.39 A + 2934.90.40 A + 2934.90.41 A + 2934.90.42 C + 2934.90.43 C + 2934.90.44 A + 2934.90.45 A + 2934.90.46 C + 2934.90.47 A + 2934.90.48 A + 2934.90.49 A + 2934.90.50 A + 2934.90.51 A + 2934.90.52 A + 2934.90.99 C + +2935.00 Sulphonamides in bulk 2935.00.00 B 2935.00.05 A 2935.00.01 A + 2935.00.10 C 2935.00.02 A + 2935.00.15 C 2935.00.03 C + 2935.00.20 A 2935.00.04 D + 2935.00.30 A 2935.00.05 A + 2935.00.31 A 2935.00.06 A + 2935.00.33 A 2935.00.07 C + 2935.00.35 C 2935.00.08 A + 2935.00.37 A 2935.00.09 A + 2935.00.39 C 2935.00.10 C + 2935.00.43 A 2935.00.11 A + 2935.00.44 A 2935.00.12 A + 2935.00.46 C 2935.00.13 A + 2935.00.47 C 2935.00.14 A + 2935.00.50 C 2935.00.15 A + 2935.00.16 A + 2935.00.17 A + 2935.00.18 A + 2935.00.19 A + 2935.00.20 C + 2935.00.21 A + 2935.00.22 C + 2935.00.23 A + 2935.00.24 A + 2935.00.25 A + + 2935.00.26 A + 2935.00.27 A + 2935.00.28 C + 2935.00.29 C + 2935.00.30 A + 2935.00.31 C + 2935.00.32 A + 2935.00.33 A + 2935.00.34 A + 2935.00.35 A + 2935.00.36 A + 2935.00.37 C + 2935.00.99 C + +2936.10 Provitamins, unmixed 2936.10.00 A 2936.10.00 A 2936.10.01 A + 2936.10.99 A + +2936.21 Vitamins A and their derivatives, unmixed 2936.21.00 A 2936.21.00 A 2936.21.01 C + 2936.21.02 A + 2936.21.03 A + 2936.21.99 A + +2936.22 Vitamin B1 and its derivatives, unmixed 2936.22.00 A 2936.22.00 A 2936.22.01 A + 2936.22.02 A + 2936.22.03 A + 2936.22.99 A + +2936.23 Vitamin B2 and its derivatives, unmixed 2936.23.10 D 2936.23.00 B 2936.23.01 A + 2936.23.90 A 2936.23.02 A + 2936.23.99 C + +2936.24 D-or DL-panthothenic acid (Vit B3 or B5) and its derivatives, 2936.24.00 A 2936.24.00 A 2936.24.01 A + 2936.24.02 C + 2936.24.99 A + +2936.25 Vitamin B6 and its derivatives, unmixed 2936.25.00 A 2936.25.00 A 2936.25.01 A + 2936.25.99 A + +2936.26 Vitamin B12 and its derivatives, unmixed 2936.26.00 A 2936.26.00 C 2936.26.01 C + 2936.26.99 C + +2936.27 Vitamin C and its derivatives, unmixed 2936.27.00 A 2936.27.00 A 2936.27.01 C + 2936.27.02 A + 2936.27.99 A + +2936.28 Vitamin E and its derivatives, unmixed 2936.28.00 A 2936.28.00 A 2936.28.01 C + 2936.28.02 A + 2936.28.99 A + +2936.29 Vitamins nes, and their derivatives, unmixed 2936.29.00 A 2936.29.10 B 2936.29.01 A + 2936.29.15 A 2936.29.02 A + + 2936.29.20 B 2936.29.03 C + 2936.29.50 A 2936.29.04 C + 2936.29.05 C + 2936.29.06 A + 2936.29.07 A + 2936.29.99 A + +2936.90 Vitamin concentrates; intermixtures of vitamins, of provitamin 2936.90.00 A 2936.90.00 A 2936.90.01 A + 2936.90.02 A + 2936.90.99 A + +2937.10 Pituitary anterior hormones and their derivatives, in bulk 2937.10.00 A 2937.10.00 A 2937.10.01 A + 2937.10.02 A + 2937.10.04 A + 2937.10.99 A + +2937.21 Cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone and prednisolone, in bul 2937.21.00 A 2937.21.00 A 2937.21.01 A + 2937.21.02 A + 2937.21.03 A + 2937.21.04 A + 2937.21.05 A + +2937.22 Halogenated derivatives of adrenal cortical hormones, in bulk 2937.22.00 A 2937.22.00 A 2937.22.01 A + +2937.29 Adrenal cortical hormones nes, in bulk; derivs of adren cor 2937.29.00 B 2937.29.00 A 2937.29.01 A + 2937.29.02 C + 2937.29.03 C + 2937.29.04 C + 2937.29.05 D + 2937.29.06 C + 2937.29.99 A + +2937.91 Insulin and its salts, in bulk 2937.91.00 A 2937.91.00 A 2937.91.01 D + 2937.91.02 A + +2937.92 Oestrogens and progestogens, in bulk 2937.92.00 B 2937.92.10 B 2937.92.01 C + 2937.92.20 B 2937.92.02 A + 2937.92.30 B 2937.92.03 C + 2937.92.04 C + 2937.92.05 C + 2937.92.06 A + 2937.92.07 C + 2937.92.08 C + 2937.92.09 A + 2937.92.10 B + 2937.92.11 A + 2937.92.12 A + 2937.92.13 C + 2937.92.14 C + 2937.92.15 C + 2937.92.16 C + + 2937.92.17 C + 2937.92.18 C + 2937.92.19 C + 2937.92.20 A + 2937.92.99 C + +2937.99 Hormones nes, & their derivs, in bulk; steroids nes used prim 2937.99.00 B 2937.99.10 A 2937.99.01 C + 2937.99.50 C 2937.99.02 C + 2937.99.03 C + 2937.99.04 C + 2937.99.05 A + 2937.99.06 C + 2937.99.07 A + 2937.99.08 C + 2937.99.09 C + 2937.99.10 A + 2937.99.11 C + 2937.99.12 C + 2937.99.13 A + 2937.99.14 C + 2937.99.15 C + 2937.99.16 C + 2937.99.17 C + 2937.99.18 A + 2937.99.19 A + 2937.99.20 A + 2937.99.21 A + 2937.99.22 C + 2937.99.23 A + 2937.99.24 C + 2937.99.25 C + 2937.99.26 C + 2937.99.27 A + 2937.99.28 A + 2937.99.29 C + 2937.99.30 C + 2937.99.31 A + 2937.99.32 C + 2937.99.33 C + 2937.99.34 A + 2937.99.35 C + 2937.99.36 C + 2937.99.37 C + 2937.99.38 C + 2937.99.39 A + 2937.99.40 A + 2937.99.41 A + 2937.99.99 A + +2938.10 Rutoside (rutin) and its derivatives, in bulk 2938.10.00 A 2938.10.00 A 2938.10.01 A + + +2938.90 Glycosides and their salts, ethers, esters and other 2938.90.00 A 2938.90.00 A 2938.90.01 A + 2938.90.02 A + 2938.90.03 A + 2938.90.04 A + 2938.90.05 A + 2938.90.06 A + 2938.90.07 A + 2938.90.08 A + 2938.90.99 A + +2939.10 Opium alkaloids and their derivatives, in bulk; salts thereof 2939.10.00 A 2939.10.10 A 2939.10.01 A + 2939.10.20 A 2939.10.02 A + 2939.10.50 A 2939.10.03 A + 2939.10.04 A + 2939.10.05 A + 2939.10.06 A + 2939.10.07 A + 2939.10.08 A + 2939.10.09 A + 2939.10.10 A + 2939.10.11 A + 2939.10.12 A + 2939.10.13 A + 2939.10.15 A + 2939.10.16 A + 2939.10.17 A + 2939.10.18 A + 2939.10.19 A + 2939.10.20 A + 2939.10.21 A + 2939.10.22 A + 2939.10.99 A + +2939.21 Quinine and its salts, in bulk 2939.21.10 A 2939.21.00 D 2939.21.01 A + 2939.21.20 D + +2939.29 Cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives nes, in bulk; salts 2939.29.10 D 2939.29.00 D 2939.29.01 A + 2939.29.90 A + +2939.30 Caffeine and its salts, in bulk 2939.30.00 A 2939.30.00 A 2939.30.01 C + 2939.30.02 C + 2939.30.03 A + +2939.40 Ephedrines and their salts, in bulk 2939.40.00 A 2939.40.10 A 2939.40.01 A + 2939.40.50 A + +2939.50 Theophylline & aminophylline and their derivatives, in bulk; 2939.50.00 A 2939.50.00 A 2939.50.01 D + 2939.50.02 A + 2939.50.99 A + +2939.60 Rye ergot alkaloids and their derivatives, in bulk; salts 2939.60.00 A 2939.60.00 A 2939.60.01 A + + +2939.70 Nicotine and its salts, in bulk 2939.70.00 D 2939.70.00 A 2939.70.01 A + +2939.90 Vegetable alkaloids nes, & their salts, ethers, esters and 2939.90.00 A 2939.90.10 A 2939.90.01 A + 2939.90.50 A 2939.90.02 A + 2939.90.03 A + 2939.90.04 A + 2939.90.05 A + 2939.90.06 A + 2939.90.07 A + 2939.90.08 A + 2939.90.09 A + 2939.90.10 A + 2939.90.11 A + 2939.90.12 A + 2939.90.13 A + 2939.90.14 A + 2939.90.15 A + 2939.90.16 A + 2939.90.99 C + +2940.00 Sugars, chemically pure, their ethers, esters and their salts 2940.00.00 A 2940.00.00 A 2940.00.01 A + 2940.00.02 A + 2940.00.99 A + +2941.10 Penicillins and their derivatives, in bulk; salts thereof 2941.10.00 B 2941.10.10 C 2941.10.01 C + 2941.10.20 A 2941.10.02 C + 2941.10.30 C 2941.10.03 C + 2941.10.50 C 2941.10.04 A + 2941.10.05 C + 2941.10.06 C + 2941.10.07 C + 2941.10.08 C + 2941.10.09 C + 2941.10.10 C + 2941.10.11 C + 2941.10.99 D + +2941.20 Streptomycins and their derivatives, in bulk; salts thereof 2941.20.00 A 2941.20.00 A 2941.20.01 A + +2941.30 Tetracyclines and their derivatives, in bulk; salts thereof 2941.30.00 B 2941.30.00 A 2941.30.01 C + 2941.30.02 A + 2941.30.03 C + 2941.30.99 D + +2941.40 Chloramphenicol and its derivatives, in bulk; salts thereof 2941.40.00 C 2941.40.00 C 2941.40.01 C + +2941.50 Erythromycin and its derivatives, in bulk; salts thereof 2941.50.00 C 2941.50.00 A 2941.50.01 A + 2941.50.99 C + +2941.90 Antibiotics nes, in bulk 2941.90.00 B 2941.90.10 A 2941.90.01 A + + 2941.90.30 C 2941.90.02 C + 2941.90.50 A 2941.90.03 A + 2941.90.04 C + 2941.90.05 A + 2941.90.06 A + 2941.90.07 A + 2941.90.08 C + 2941.90.09 D + 2941.90.10 A + 2941.90.11 A + 2941.90.12 A + 2941.90.13 C + 2941.90.14 A + 2941.90.15 A + 2941.90.16 C + 2941.90.17 C + 2941.90.18 C + 2941.90.19 C + 2941.90.99 D + +2942.00 Organic compounds nes 2942.00.00 A 2942.00.05 A 2942.00.01 A + 2942.00.10 A 2942.00.99 A + 2942.00.20 A + 2942.00.50 A + +3001.10 Glands and other organs, dried, powdered or not, for 3001.10.00 A 3001.10.00 A 3001.10.01 A + +3001.20 Extracts of glands or other organs or of their secretions, for 3001.20.00 BM 3001.20.00 A 3001.20.01 C + 3001.20.02 C + 3001.20.03 A + 3001.20.04 A + 3001.20.99 C + +3001.90 Heparin & its salts;human or animal substances for therap or 3001.90.10 BM 3001.90.00 D 3001.90.01 D + 3001.90.20 D 3001.90.02 A + 3001.90.90 BM 3001.90.03 A + 3001.90.04 A + 3001.90.05 C + 3001.90.06 C + 3001.90.99 C + +3002.10 Antisera and other blood fractions 3002.10.10 D 3002.10.00 D 3002.10.01 C + 3002.10.21 D 3002.10.02 C + 3002.10.29 CM 3002.10.03 C + 3002.10.04 C + 3002.10.05 C + 3002.10.06 C + 3002.10.07 C + 3002.10.08 C + 3002.10.99 C + + +3002.20 Vaccines, human use 3002.20.00 D 3002.20.00 D 3002.20.01 C + 3002.20.02 C + 3002.20.03 C + 3002.20.04 C + 3002.20.05 C + 3002.20.99 C + +3002.31 Vaccines against foot or mouth disease, veterinary use 3002.31.00 D 3002.31.00 D 3002.31.01 A + +3002.39 Vaccines, veterinary use, nes 3002.39.10 D 3002.39.00 D 3002.39.01 A + 3002.39.90 CM 3002.39.99 C + +3002.90 Human blood;animal blood for therap,prophltc or diag uses; 3002.90.10 D 3002.90.10 A 3002.90.01 A + 3002.90.90 BM 3002.90.50 D 3002.90.02 C + 3002.90.99 C + +3003.10 Penicillins or streptomycins and their derivatives, formulated 3003.10.00 CM 3003.10.00 C 3003.10.01 C + +3003.20 Antibiotics nes, formulated, in bulk 3003.20.00 CM 3003.20.00 C 3003.20.01 C + 3003.20.02 C + 3003.20.99 C + +3003.31 Insulin, formulated, in bulk 3003.31.10 D 3003.31.00 A 3003.31.01 C + 3003.31.91 CM 3003.31.99 C + 3003.31.99 CM + +3003.39 Hormones nes, formulated, not cntg antibiotics, in bulk, o/t 3003.39.10 D 3003.39.10 A 3003.39.01 C + 3003.39.91 CM 3003.39.50 C 3003.39.99 C + 3003.39.99 CM + +3003.40 Alkaloids or their derivs, formltd, not cntg antibiotics or 3003.40.10 C 3003.40.00 A 3003.40.01 A + 3003.40.90 CM 3003.40.02 A + 3003.40.03 C + 3003.40.99 C + +3003.90 Medicaments nes, formulated, in bulk 3003.90.10 D 3003.90.00 A 3003.90.01 C + 3003.90.91 CM 3003.90.02 C + 3003.90.99 CM 3003.90.03 C + 3003.90.04 C + 3003.90.05 C + 3003.90.06 C + 3003.90.07 C + 3003.90.08 C + 3003.90.09 C + 3003.90.10 C + 3003.90.11 C + 3003.90.12 C + 3003.90.13 C + 3003.90.14 C + 3003.90.15 C + 3003.90.16 C + + 3003.90.17 C + 3003.90.18 C + 3003.90.99 C + +3004.10 Penicillins or streptomycins and their derivatives, in dosage 3004.10.00 CM 3004.10.10 A 3004.10.01 A + 3004.10.50 C 3004.10.99 C + +3004.20 Antibiotics nes, in dosage 3004.20.00 CM 3004.20.00 A 3004.20.01 C + +3004.31 Insulin, in dosage 3004.31.10 D 3004.31.00 A 3004.31.01 C + 3004.31.91 CM 3004.31.99 C + 3004.31.99 CM + +3004.32 Adrenal cortex hormones, in dosage 3004.32.10 CM 3004.32.00 A 3004.32.01 C + 3004.32.90 CM + +3004.39 Hormones nes, not containing antibiotics, in dosage,o/t 3004.39.10 D 3004.39.00 A 3004.39.01 C + 3004.39.91 CM 3004.39.99 C + 3004.39.99 CM + +3004.40 Alkaloids or their derivs, not cntg antibiotics or hormones, i 3004.40.10 CM 3004.40.00 A 3004.40.01 A + 3004.40.90 CM 3004.40.02 A + 3004.40.03 C + 3004.40.99 C + +3004.50 Vitamins and their derivatives,in dosage 3004.50.10 D 3004.50.10 C 3004.50.01 C + 3004.50.91 CM 3004.50.20 C 3004.50.02 C + 3004.50.99 CM 3004.50.30 A 3004.50.99 C + 3004.50.40 C + 3004.50.50 A + +3004.90 Medicaments nes, in dosage 3004.90.10 D 3004.90.10 D 3004.90.01 C + 3004.90.91 C 3004.90.30 A 3004.90.02 C + 3004.90.99 C 3004.90.60 A 3004.90.03 C + 3004.90.04 C + 3004.90.05 C + 3004.90.06 C + 3004.90.07 C + 3004.90.08 C + 3004.90.09 C + 3004.90.10 C + 3004.90.11 C + 3004.90.12 C + 3004.90.13 C + 3004.90.14 C + 3004.90.15 C + 3004.90.16 C + 3004.90.17 C + 3004.90.18 C + 3004.90.19 C + 3004.90.20 C + + 3004.90.21 C + 3004.90.22 D + 3004.90.99 C + +3005.10 Dressings and other articles having an adhesive layer 3005.10.10 C 3005.10.10 A 3005.10.01 C + 3005.10.91 CM 3005.10.50 A 3005.10.02 A + 3005.10.99 C 3005.10.99 C + +3005.90 Dressings & similar articles,impreg or coated or packaged for 3005.90.10 C 3005.90.10 A 3005.90.01 C + 3005.90.20 C 3005.90.50 A 3005.90.02 C + 3005.90.30 C 3005.90.03 A + 3005.90.91 C 3005.90.99 C + 3005.90.92 C + 3005.90.93 C + 3005.90.99 C + +3006.10 Suture materials,sterile;laminaria, sterile; haemostatics, 3006.10.00 D 3006.10.00 A 3006.10.01 C + 3006.10.02 C + 3006.10.99 C + +3006.20 Blood-grouping reagents 3006.20.10 D 3006.20.00 D 3006.20.01 A + 3006.20.20 A 3006.20.99 A + 3006.20.90 A + +3006.30 Opacifying prep, x-ray; diagnostic reagents, designed for admi 3006.30.10 C 3006.30.10 D 3006.30.01 C + 3006.30.91 D 3006.30.50 C 3006.30.02 A + 3006.30.99 C 3006.30.99 C + +3006.40 Dental cements & other dental fillings; bone reconstruction 3006.40.10 D 3006.40.00 A 3006.40.01 A + 3006.40.20 A 3006.40.02 A + 3006.40.90 A 3006.40.03 A + 3006.40.99 A + +3006.50 First-aid boxes and kits 3006.50.00 C 3006.50.00 A 3006.50.01 C + +3006.60 Contraceptive preparations based on hormones or spermicides 3006.60.00 C 3006.60.00 A 3006.60.01 C + +3101.00 Animal or vegetable fertilizers, in packages weighing more tha 3101.00.00 D 3101.00.00 D 3101.00.01 C + +3102.10 Urea, whether or not in aqueous solution in packages weighing 3102.10.00 D 3102.10.00 D 3102.10.01 A + +3102.21 Ammonium sulphate, in packages weighing more than 10 kg 3102.21.00 D 3102.21.00 D 3102.21.01 B + +3102.29 Ammonium sulphate/nitrate mixtures or double salts in pack 3102.29.00 D 3102.29.00 D 3102.29.01 A + +3102.30 Ammonium nitrate, whether or not in aqeuous sol in pack 3102.30.00 D 3102.30.00 D 3102.30.01 A + +3102.40 Ammonium nitrate mixed with cal carb or non-frt subts in pack 3102.40.00 D 3102.40.00 A 3102.40.01 A + +3102.50 Sodium nitrate, in packages weighing more than 10 kg 3102.50.00 D 3102.50.00 D 3102.50.01 A + + +3102.60 Calcium nitrate/ammonium nitrate mx or double salts in pack of 3102.60.00 D 3102.60.00 D 3102.60.01 A + +3102.70 Calcium cyanamide in packages weighing more than 10 kg 3102.70.00 D 3102.70.00 D 3102.70.01 A + +3102.80 Urea/ammonium nitrate mx in aqueous or ammoniacal sol in pack 3102.80.00 D 3102.80.00 D 3102.80.01 A + +3102.90 Mineral or chem fertilizers nitrogenous, nes, in pack weighing 3102.90.00 D 3102.90.00 D 3102.90.01 A + +3103.10 Superphosphates, in packages weighing more than 10 kg 3103.10.00 D 3103.10.00 D 3103.10.01 C + +3103.20 Basic slag, in packages weighing more than 10 kg 3103.20.00 D 3103.20.00 D 3103.20.01 A + +3103.90 Mineral or chemical fertilizers, phosphatic, nes, in packages 3103.90.00 D 3103.90.00 D 3103.90.99 A + +3104.10 Carnallite, sylvite & other crude potassium salts, in package 3104.10.00 D 3104.10.00 D 3104.10.01 A + +3104.20 Potassium chloride, in packages weighing more than 10 kg 3104.20.00 D 3104.20.00 D 3104.20.01 A + + +3104.30 Potassium sulphate, in packages weighing more than 10 kg 3104.30.00 D 3104.30.00 D 3104.30.01 A + +3104.90 Mineral or chemical fertilizers, potassic, nes, in packages 3104.90.00 D 3104.90.00 D 3104.90.01 A + 3104.90.02 A + 3104.90.99 A + +3105.10 Fertilizers in tablets or similar forms or in packages not 3105.10.00 D 3105.10.00 D 3105.10.01 A + +3105.20 Fertilizers cntg nitrogen, phosphorus & potassium in packages 3105.20.00 D 3105.20.00 D 3105.20.01 A + +3105.30 Diammonium phosphate, in packages 3105.30.00 D 3105.30.00 D 3105.30.01 C + +3105.40 Monoammonium phosphate & mx thereof with diamonium phosphate, 3105.40.00 D 3105.40.00 D 3105.40.01 A + 3105.40.99 A + +3105.51 Fertilizers containing nitrates and phosphates, nes, in pack 3105.51.00 D 3105.51.00 D 3105.51.01 A + +3105.59 Fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, nes, in pack 3105.59.00 D 3105.59.00 D 3105.59.99 A + +3105.60 Fertilizers containing phosphorus and popassium, in packages 3105.60.00 D 3105.60.00 D 3105.60.01 A + +3105.90 Fertilizers nes, in packages 3105.90.00 D 3105.90.00 D 3105.90.01 A + 3105.90.02 A + 3105.90.99 A + +3201.10 Quebracho extract 3201.10.00 D 3201.10.00 D 3201.10.01 B + +3201.20 Wattle extract 3201.20.00 D 3201.20.00 D 3201.20.01 B + 3201.20.02 B + +3201.30 Oak or chestnut extract 3201.30.00 D 3201.30.00 D 3201.30.01 B + 3201.30.02 B + +3201.90 Tanning extracts of veg orig,nes;tannins & their 3201.90.00 D 3201.90.10 A 3201.90.01 B + 3201.90.20 D 3201.90.02 B + 3201.90.50 A 3201.90.03 B + 3201.90.99 B + +3202.10 Synthetic organic tanning substances 3202.10.10 A 3202.10.10 A 3202.10.01 B + 3202.10.90 D 3202.10.50 B + +3202.90 Inorganic tanning subst; tanning preps; enzymatic preps for 3202.90.00 D 3202.90.10 D 3202.90.01 B + 3202.90.50 A 3202.90.99 B + +3203.00 Colouring matter of vegetable or animal origin and preparation 3203.00.10 A 3203.00.10 D 3203.00.01 A + 3203.00.90 D 3203.00.50 A 3203.00.02 A + 3203.00.99 A + +3204.11 Disperse dyes and preparations based thereon 3204.11.00 D 3204.11.10 C 3204.11.01 C10 + 3204.11.15 C 3204.11.02 C10 + + 3204.11.20 C 3204.11.99 D + 3204.11.50 C + +3204.12 Acid and mordant dyes and preparations based thereon 3204.12.00 D 3204.12.10 C 3204.12.01 D + 3204.12.20 C 3204.12.02 C10 + 3204.12.30 C 3204.12.03 C10 + 3204.12.40 C 3204.12.04 C10 + 3204.12.50 C 3204.12.99 D + +3204.13 Basic dyes and preparations based thereon 3204.13.00 D 3204.13.10 C 3204.13.01 C10 + 3204.13.20 C 3204.13.02 D + 3204.13.25 C 3204.13.99 D + 3204.13.30 C + 3204.13.50 C + +3204.14 Direct dyes and preparations based thereon 3204.14.00 D 3204.14.10 C 3204.14.01 C10 + 3204.14.20 C 3204.14.02 C10 + 3204.14.25 C 3204.14.99 D + 3204.14.30 C + 3204.14.50 C + +3204.15 Vat dyes and preparations based thereon 3204.15.00 D 3204.15.10 C 3204.15.01 C10 + 3204.15.20 A 3204.15.99 D + 3204.15.30 A + 3204.15.35 A + 3204.15.40 A + 3204.15.50 A + +3204.16 Reactive dyes and preparations based thereon 3204.16.00 D 3204.16.10 C 3204.16.01 C10 + 3204.16.20 C 3204.16.99 D + 3204.16.30 C + 3204.16.50 C + +3204.17 Synthetic organic pigments and preparations based thereon 3204.17.10 A 3204.17.10 C 3204.17.01 D + 3204.17.20 A 3204.17.20 C 3204.17.02 C10 + 3204.17.90 A 3204.17.30 C 3204.17.99 D + 3204.17.50 C + +3204.19 Synthetic organic colouring matter nes, prep of syn orgn 3204.19.00 D 3204.19.11 C 3204.19.01 D + 3204.19.15 C 3204.19.02 C10 + 3204.19.19 C 3204.19.03 C10 + 3204.19.30 A 3204.19.04 C10 + 3204.19.35 A 3204.19.99 D + 3204.19.40 C + 3204.19.50 C + +3204.20 Synthetic organic products used as fluorescent brightening 3204.20.00 D 3204.20.10 C 3204.20.01 D + 3204.20.50 C 3204.20.02 D + 3204.20.03 C10 + 3204.20.99 C10 + + +3204.90 Synthetic organic products used as luminophores 3204.90.00 D 3204.90.00 A 3204.90.01 C10 + 3204.90.02 C10 + 3204.90.03 C10 + 3204.90.04 C10 + 3204.90.05 C10 + 3204.90.06 C10 + 3204.90.07 C10 + 3204.90.99 C10 + +3205.00 Colour lakes and preparations based thereon 3205.00.00 A 3205.00.20 A 3205.00.01 A + 3205.00.40 C 3205.00.02 A + 3205.00.50 C 3205.00.99 A + +3206.10 Pigments and preparations based on titanium dioxide 3206.10.00 A 3206.10.00 A 3206.10.01 A + +3206.20 Pigments and preparations based on chromium compounds 3206.20.00 B 3206.20.00 A 3206.20.01 B + 3206.20.02 A + +3206.30 Pigments and preparations based on cadmium compounds 3206.30.00 A 3206.30.00 A 3206.30.01 A + +3206.41 Ultramarine and preparations based thereon 3206.41.00 A 3206.41.00 A 3206.41.01 D + 3206.41.99 A + +3206.42 Pigments and preparations based on zinc sulphide incl 3206.42.00 A 3206.42.00 A 3206.42.01 A + 3206.42.99 A + +3206.43 Pigments and preparations based on hexacyanoferrates 3206.43.00 A 3206.43.00 A 3206.43.01 B + 3206.43.99 A + +3206.49 Inorganic colouring matter nes and preparations based thereon 3206.49.10 A 3206.49.10 A 3206.49.01 B + 3206.49.80 A 3206.49.20 A 3206.49.02 A + 3206.49.90 A 3206.49.30 A 3206.49.03 A + 3206.49.40 D 3206.49.99 A + 3206.49.50 A + +3206.50 Inorganic products of a kind used as luminophores 3206.50.00 D 3206.50.00 A 3206.50.01 B + 3206.50.02 A + 3206.50.99 A + +3207.10 Pigments,opacifiers,colours & sim preps for ceramic,enamelling 3207.10.00 A 3207.10.00 A 3207.10.01 B + 3207.10.02 B + 3207.10.99 B + +3207.20 Vitrifiable enamels and glazes, engobes (slips) and similar 3207.20.00 A 3207.20.00 A 3207.20.01 B + +3207.30 Liquid lustres and similar preparations 3207.30.00 A 3207.30.00 A 3207.30.01 B + 3207.30.99 B + +3207.40 Glass frit and other glass, in the form of powder, granules or 3207.40.00 A 3207.40.10 B 3207.40.01 B + 3207.40.50 B 3207.40.02 A + 3207.40.99 B + + +3208.10 Paints & varnishes based on polyesters, dispersed in a 3208.10.00 C 3208.10.00 A 3208.10.01 C + 3208.10.99 C + +3208.20 Paints & varnishes based on acrylic or vinyl poly,dspr in a 3208.20.00 C 3208.20.00 A 3208.20.01 C + 3208.20.02 A + 3208.20.99 C + +3208.90 Paints & varni based on polymers dissolv in a non aqueous solv 3208.90.00 C 3208.90.00 A 3208.90.01 A + 3208.90.99 C + +3209.10 Paints & varnishes based on acrylic or vinyl poly, dspr in an 3209.10.00 C 3209.10.00 A 3209.10.01 A + 3209.10.99 C + +3209.90 Paints & varnishes based on polymers, dispersed in an aqueous 3209.90.00 C 3209.90.00 A 3209.90.01 A + 3209.90.99 C + +3210.00 Paints & varnishes nes; water pigments for finishing leather 3210.00.10 D 3210.00.00 A 3210.00.01 A + 3210.00.90 A 3210.00.02 A + 3210.00.03 A + 3210.00.04 A + 3210.00.99 C + +3211.00 Prepared driers 3211.00.00 A 3211.00.00 A 3211.00.01 A + 3211.00.99 A + +3212.10 Stamping foils 3212.10.00 A 3212.10.00 A 3212.10.01 A + 3212.10.99 A + +3212.90 Pigments dspr in a non-aqueous media for mfg of paints; dyes 3212.90.00 C 3212.90.00 A 3212.90.01 C + 3212.90.02 C + 3212.90.99 C + +3213.10 Colours in sets 3213.10.00 A 3213.10.00 A 3213.10.01 C + 3213.10.02 C + 3213.10.99 C + +3213.90 Artists'students'painters' & amusement colours in tubes or 3213.90.10 C 3213.90.00 A 3213.90.99 C + 3213.90.90 A + +3214.10 Mastics; painters' fillings 3214.10.00 C 3214.10.00 A 3214.10.01 C + +3214.90 Non-refractory surfacing preparations for facades, walls, 3214.90.00 C 3214.90.10 D 3214.90.01 A + 3214.90.50 C 3214.90.99 C + +3215.11 Printing ink, black 3215.11.00 C 3215.11.00 A 3215.11.01 C + +3215.19 Printing ink, nes 3215.19.00 C 3215.19.00 A 3215.19.01 C + 3215.19.02 A + +3215.90 Ink, nes 3215.90.00 C 3215.90.10 A 3215.90.01 C + + 3215.90.50 A 3215.90.02 C + 3215.90.03 C + 3215.90.04 A + 3215.90.99 C + +3301.11 Essential oils of bergamot 3301.11.00 D 3301.11.00 D 3301.11.01 A + +3301.12 Essential oils of orange 3301.12.00 D 3301.12.00 A 3301.12.01 A + +3301.13 Essential oils of lemon 3301.13.00 D 3301.13.00 A 3301.13.01 A + 3301.13.99 A + +3301.14 Essential oils of lime 3301.14.00 A 3301.14.00 D 3301.14.01 A + 3301.14.02 A + 3301.14.99 A + +3301.19 Essential oils of citrus fruits, nes 3301.19.00 A 3301.19.10 A 3301.19.01 A + 3301.19.50 D 3301.19.02 A + 3301.19.03 A + 3301.19.04 A + 3301.19.99 A + +3301.21 Essential oils of geranium 3301.21.00 D 3301.21.00 D 3301.21.01 A + +3301.22 Essential oils of jasmin 3301.22.00 A 3301.22.00 D 3301.22.01 A + +3301.23 Essential oils of lavender or of lavandin 3301.23.00 A 3301.23.00 D 3301.23.01 A + +3301.24 Essential oils of peppermint 3301.24.00 A 3301.24.00 A 3301.24.01 A + +3301.25 Essential oils of other mints 3301.25.00 A 3301.25.00 D 3301.25.01 A + +3301.26 Essential oils of vetiver 3301.26.00 D 3301.26.00 D 3301.26.01 A + +3301.29 Essential oils, nes 3301.29.10 D 3301.29.10 A 3301.29.01 B + 3301.29.90 A 3301.29.20 A 3301.29.02 A + 3301.29.50 D + +3301.30 Resinoids 3301.30.10 D 3301.30.10 A 3301.30.01 A + 3301.30.90 A 3301.30.50 D + +3301.90 Conc & aqueous distls of essential oils; terpenic by-products 3301.90.00 Bg 3301.90.00 D 3301.90.01 A + 3301.90.02 A + 3301.90.03 C + 3301.90.04 A + 3301.90.05 A + 3301.90.06 A + +3302.10 Mixtures of odoriferous substances for the food or drink 3302.10.00 A 3302.10.10 A 3302.10.01 C + 3302.10.20 A + 3302.10.30 C + + +3302.90 Mixtures of odoriferous substances for use as raw materials in 3302.90.00 A 3302.90.10 A 3302.90.99 C + 3302.90.20 A + +3303.00 Perfumes and toilet waters 3303.00.00 A 3303.00.10 D 3303.00.01 C + 3303.00.20 A 3303.00.99 C + 3303.00.30 A + +3304.10 Lip make-up preparations 3304.10.00 C 3304.10.00 A 3304.10.01 C + +3304.20 Eye make-up preparations 3304.20.00 C 3304.20.00 A 3304.20.01 C + +3304.30 Manicure or pedicure preparations 3304.30.00 C 3304.30.00 A 3304.30.01 C + +3304.91 Powders, skin care, whether or not compressed 3304.91.00 CM 3304.91.00 A 3304.91.01 C + +3304.99 Beauty or make-up preparations nes; sunscreen or sun tan 3304.99.00 CM 3304.99.00 A 3304.99.01 C + 3304.99.99 C + +3305.10 Hair shampoos 3305.10.00 CM 3305.10.00 A 3305.10.01 C + +3305.20 Hair waving or straightening preparations 3305.20.00 CM 3305.20.00 A 3305.20.01 B + +3305.30 Hair lacquers 3305.30.00 BM 3305.30.00 A 3305.30.01 A + +3305.90 Hair preparations, nes 3305.90.00 CM 3305.90.00 A 3305.90.99 C + +3306.10 Dentifrices 3306.10.00 BM 3306.10.00 A 3306.10.01 B + +3306.90 Oral or dental hygiene preparations, nes 3306.90.00 BM 3306.90.00 A 3306.90.99 B + +3307.10 Pre-shave, shaving or after shaving prep 3307.10.00 CM 3307.10.10 A 3307.10.01 C + 3307.10.20 A + +3307.20 Personal deodorants & antiperspirants 3307.20.00 CM 3307.20.00 A 3307.20.01 C + +3307.30 Perfumed bath salts and other bath preparations 3307.30.00 A 3307.30.10 A 3307.30.01 A + 3307.30.50 A + +3307.41 Agarbatti and other odoriferous preparations which operate by 3307.41.00 A 3307.41.00 A 3307.41.01 A + +3307.49 Room perfuming or deodorizing preparations, nes 3307.49.00 CM 3307.49.00 A 3307.49.99 C + +3307.90 Perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations, nes 3307.90.00 CM 3307.90.00 A 3307.90.99 C + +3401.11 Toilet soap & prep, shaped; papers and nonwovens impreg with 3401.11.10 A 3401.11.10 A 3401.11.01 C + 3401.11.90 C 3401.11.50 A + +3401.19 Soap & orgn surf prep,shaped,nes;papers & nonwovens impreg wit 3401.19.00 B 3401.19.00 A 3401.19.99 B + +3401.20 Soap nes 3401.20.10 B 3401.20.00 A 3401.20.01 B + + 3401.20.90 B + +3402.11 Anionic surface-active agents 3402.11.00 B 3402.11.10 A 3402.11.01 B + 3402.11.50 A 3402.11.02 C + 3402.11.03 C + 3402.11.99 C + +3402.12 Cationic surface-active agents 3402.12.00 B 3402.12.10 A 3402.12.01 A + 3402.12.50 A 3402.12.02 C + 3402.12.03 A + 3402.12.99 B + +3402.13 Non-ionic surface active agents 3402.13.00 B 3402.13.10 A 3402.13.01 C + 3402.13.20 A 3402.13.02 C + 3402.13.50 A 3402.13.03 A + 3402.13.99 A + +3402.19 Organic surface-active agents, nes 3402.19.00 A 3402.19.10 A 3402.19.01 A + 3402.19.50 A 3402.19.02 A + 3402.19.03 A + 3402.19.99 A + +3402.20 Surface-active prep, washing & cleaning prep put up for retail 3402.20.10 C 3402.20.10 A 3402.20.01 A + 3402.20.90 C 3402.20.50 D 3402.20.02 A + 3402.20.03 C + 3402.20.04 C + 3402.20.05 C + 3402.20.06 A + 3402.20.99 C + +3402.90 Surface-active preparations, washing and cleaning preparations 3402.90.00 B 3402.90.10 B 3402.90.99 B + 3402.90.30 A + 3402.90.50 A + +3403.11 Lube or other prep cntg 70% pet oils for treat textiles, 3403.11.10 A 3403.11.20 A 3403.11.01 A + 3403.11.90 A 3403.11.40 A 3403.11.99 A + 3403.11.50 A + +3403.19 Lubricating & similar prep containing 70% petroleum oils, ne 3403.19.10 A 3403.19.10 A 3403.19.01 A + 3403.19.90 A 3403.19.50 A 3403.19.99 A + +3403.91 Lub or other prep, not cntg pet oils for treat 3403.91.00 B 3403.91.10 A 3403.91.01 B + 3403.91.50 B 3403.91.99 B + +3403.99 Lubricating preparations and similar preparations not cntg pet 3403.99.00 B 3403.99.00 B 3403.99.99 B + +3404.10 Artificial and prepared waxes, of chemically modified lignite 3404.10.00 A 3404.10.00 D 3404.10.01 A + +3404.20 Artificial and prepared waxes, of polyethylene glycol 3404.20.00 C 3404.20.00 A 3404.20.01 C + 3404.20.99 C + + +3404.90 Artificial and prepared waxes, nes 3404.90.10 D 3404.90.10 C 3404.90.01 C + 3404.90.91 C 3404.90.50 D 3404.90.02 C + 3404.90.92 C 3404.90.99 C + 3404.90.99 A + +3405.10 Polishes, creams & similar preparations for footwear or leathe 3405.10.00 A 3405.10.00 A 3405.10.01 C + +3405.20 Polishes, creams & similar preparations for maintenance of 3405.20.00 A 3405.20.00 A 3405.20.01 A + 3405.20.99 B + +3405.30 Polishes & similar preparations for coachwork, o/t metal 3405.30.00 A 3405.30.00 A 3405.30.01 B + +3405.40 Scouring pastes and powders and other scouring preparations 3405.40.00 A 3405.40.00 A 3405.40.01 A + +3405.90 Polishes, creams and similar preparations, nes 3405.90.00 A 3405.90.00 A 3405.90.01 C + 3405.90.99 A + +3406.00 Candles, tapers and the like 3406.00.00 C 3406.00.00 A 3406.00.01 C + +3407.00 Model paste;dental impress prep retail pack; other dental prep 3407.00.10 B 3407.00.20 A 3407.00.01 A + 3407.00.20 A 3407.00.40 B 3407.00.02 A + 3407.00.30 D 3407.00.03 A + 3407.00.90 D 3407.00.04 A + 3407.00.99 C + +3501.10 Casein 3501.10.00 Ex 3501.10.10 A 3501.10.01 EX + 3501.10.50 D + +3501.90 Casein glues; caseinates and other casein derivatives 3501.90.00 Ex 3501.90.20 A 3501.90.01 EX + 3501.90.50 A 3501.90.02 EX + 3501.90.99 EX + +3502.10 Egg albumin 3502.10.10 Ex 3502.10.10 A 3502.10.01 A + 3502.10.90 Ex 3502.10.50 A + +3502.90 Albumins nes; albuminates and other albumin derivatives 3502.90.00 C 3502.90.10 D 3502.90.01 A + 3502.90.50 D 3502.90.99 A + +3503.00 Gelatin and gelatin derivs; isinglass; glues of animal origin, 3503.00.10 D 3503.00.10 A 3503.00.01 A + 3503.00.90 A 3503.00.20 A 3503.00.02 A + 3503.00.40 A 3503.00.03 A + 3503.00.55 A 3503.00.04 A + 3503.00.99 A + +3504.00 Peptones & derivs;protein substances and derivs, nes; hide 3504.00.00 A 3504.00.10 A 3504.00.01 A + 3504.00.50 A 3504.00.02 A + 3504.00.03 A + 3504.00.04 A + 3504.00.05 A + 3504.00.06 A + 3504.00.99 A + + +3505.10 Dextrins and other modified starches 3505.10.10 A 3505.10.00 A 3505.10.01 A + 3505.10.20 A + 3505.10.90 A + +3505.20 Glues based on starches, on dextrins or other modified 3505.20.00 A 3505.20.00 A 3505.20.01 C + +3506.10 Glues or adhesives of all kinds in pack of a net weight not 3506.10.00 C 3506.10.10 C 3506.10.01 C + 3506.10.50 A 3506.10.02 C + 3506.10.99 B + +3506.91 Adhesives based on rubber or plastics, nes 3506.91.10 C 3506.91.00 A 3506.91.01 B + 3506.91.90 C 3506.91.02 B + 3506.91.03 C + 3506.91.04 C + 3506.91.05 C + 3506.91.06 C + 3506.91.99 C + +3506.99 Glues or adhesives, prepared nes 3506.99.00 C 3506.99.00 A 3506.99.01 B + 3506.99.99 C + +3507.10 Rennet and concentrates thereof 3507.10.00 D 3507.10.00 D 3507.10.01 B + +3507.90 Enzymes nes; prepared enzymes nes 3507.90.00 B 3507.90.00 A 3507.90.01 A + 3507.90.02 C + 3507.90.03 A + 3507.90.04 A + 3507.90.05 A + 3507.90.06 B + 3507.90.07 A + 3507.90.08 A + 3507.90.09 B + 3507.90.10 A + 3507.90.11 B + 3507.90.99 C + +3601.00 Propellent powders 3601.00.00 A 3601.00.00 A 3601.00.01 A + 3601.00.99 A + +3602.00 Prepared explosives, o/t propellent powders 3602.00.00 A 3602.00.00 D 3602.00.01 A + 3602.00.02 A + 3602.00.99 A + +3603.00 Safety or detonating fuses;percussion or detonating 3603.00.00 A 3603.00.30 A 3603.00.01 A + 3603.00.60 A 3603.00.02 A + 3603.00.90 A 3603.00.99 A + +3604.10 Fireworks 3604.10.00 A 3604.10.00 A 3604.10.01 A + +3604.90 Signalling flares, rain rockets, fog signals and other 3604.90.00 A 3604.90.00 A 3604.90.01 A + + +3605.00 Matches 3605.00.10 A 3605.00.00 D 3605.00.01 C + 3605.00.90 A + +3606.10 Lighters refill fuels in containers of a capacity not exceedin 3606.10.00 A 3606.10.00 D 3606.10.01 A + +3606.90 Pyrophoric alloys; solid or semi-solid fuels, put-up; 3606.90.00 A 3606.90.30 A 3606.90.01 A + 3606.90.60 A 3606.90.02 A + 3606.90.03 A + 3606.90.99 A + +3701.10 Photographic plates & film in the flat, sensitised, unexposed, 3701.10.00 D 3701.10.00 A 3701.10.01 A + 3701.10.02 A + 3701.10.99 A + +3701.20 Photographic instant print film in the flat, sensitised, 3701.20.00 A 3701.20.00 A 3701.20.01 A + +3701.30 Photographic plates & film in the flat, sens, unexp, with any 3701.30.10 A 3701.30.00 A 3701.30.01 C + 3701.30.20 A + +3701.91 Photographic plates & film in the flat, sens, unexposed, for 3701.91.10 A 3701.91.00 A 3701.91.01 C + 3701.91.20 A + +3701.99 Photographic plates and film in the flat, sensitised, 3701.99.10 A 3701.99.30 A 3701.99.01 C + 3701.99.20 A 3701.99.60 A 3701.99.02 C + 3701.99.03 A + 3701.99.04 C + 3701.99.05 A + 3701.99.99 A + +3702.10 Photographic film in rolls, sensitised, unexposed, for X-ray 3702.10.00 D 3702.10.00 A 3702.10.01 A + 3702.10.99 A + +3702.20 Instant print film in rolls, sensitised, unexposed 3702.20.00 A 3702.20.00 A 3702.20.01 A + +3702.31 Colour photo film in rolls, sensitised, unexposed w/o sprocket 3702.31.00 A 3702.31.00 A 3702.31.FA A + 3702.31.01 C + 3702.31.99 C + +3702.32 Silver halide film in rolls, sensitised, unexposed w/o sprocke 3702.32.10 A 3702.32.00 A 3702.32.01 C + 3702.32.90 A + +3702.39 Photo film, nes in rolls, sensitised, unexposed w/o sprocket 3702.39.10 A 3702.39.00 A 3702.39.01 A + 3702.39.90 A 3702.39.02 A + 3702.39.99 A + +3702.41 Colour film in rolls, sens., unexp., w/o sprocket holes, of a 3702.41.00 A 3702.41.00 A 3702.41.FA A + 3702.41.01 C + 3702.41.99 C + +3702.42 Film in rolls, w/o sprocket holes,unexp, sens, width >610mm & 3702.42.00 A 3702.42.00 A 3702.42.01 C + + 3702.42.02 C + 3702.42.99 A + +3702.43 Film in rolls, w/o sprocket holes,unexp, sens, width >610mm & 3702.43.00 A 3702.43.00 A 3702.43.01 C + +3702.44 Film in rolls, w/o sprocket holes,unexp, sens, width >105mm bu 3702.44.10 A 3702.44.00 A 3702.44.01 C + 3702.44.20 D + 3702.44.30 A + 3702.44.90 A + +3702.51 Film for colour photo sens, unexp, in rolls, width È16mm & le 3702.51.00 A 3702.51.00 A 3702.51.01 C + 3702.51.02 C + 3702.51.99 C + +3702.52 Film for colour photo sens, unexp, in rolls, width È16mm & le 3702.52.10 A 3702.52.00 A 3702.52.01 A + 3702.52.90 A 3702.52.99 A + +3702.53 Film for col photo sens, unexp, in rolls w >16mm but È35mm & l 3702.53.00 A 3702.53.00 A 3702.53.01 C + 3702.53.99 C + +3702.54 Film for col photo sens, unexp, in rolls w >16mm but È35mm & l 3702.54.00 A 3702.54.00 A 3702.54.01 C + +3702.55 Film for colour photo sens, unexp, in rolls w >16mm but È35 mm 3702.55.00 A 3702.55.00 D 3702.55.01 C + +3702.56 Photographic film in rolls, for colour photo sens, unexp, widt 3702.56.10 A 3702.56.00 D 3702.56.01 C + 3702.56.90 A + +3702.91 Photo film in rolls, sens, unexp, width È 16 mm and length È 1 3702.91.10 A 3702.91.00 A 3702.91.01 C + 3702.91.90 A 3702.91.02 C + 3702.91.99 C + +3702.92 Photo film in rolls, sens, unexp, width È 16 mm and length > 1 3702.92.10 A 3702.92.00 A 3702.92.01 C + 3702.92.90 A 3702.92.02 C + +3702.93 Photo film in rolls, sens, unexp, width >16mm but È35 mm and 3702.93.10 A 3702.93.00 A 3702.93.01 C + 3702.93.90 A 3702.93.02 C + +3702.94 Photo film in rolls, sens, unexp, width >16 mm but È35 mm and 3702.94.10 A 3702.94.00 D 3702.94.01 C + 3702.94.90 A 3702.94.02 C + 3702.94.03 C + +3702.95 Photographic film in rolls, sensitised, unexp, of a width 3702.95.10 A 3702.95.00 A 3702.95.01 C + 3702.95.20 A + 3702.95.90 A + +3703.10 Photographic paper, paperboard & textile sens, unexp in rolls 3703.10.00 A 3703.10.30 A 3703.10.01 C + 3703.10.60 A 3703.10.99 C + +3703.20 Photographic paper, paperboard & textile sens, unexp for colou 3703.20.00 A 3703.20.30 A 3703.20.FA A + 3703.20.60 A 3703.20.01 C + 3703.20.99 C + + +3703.90 Photographic paper, paperboard and textiles, sensitised, 3703.90.00 A 3703.90.30 A 3703.90.01 A + 3703.90.60 A 3703.90.02 C + 3703.90.03 A + 3703.90.04 A + 3703.90.05 A + 3703.90.06 A + 3703.90.07 A + 3703.90.08 A + 3703.90.99 A + +3704.00 Photo plates, film, paper, paperboard & textiles, exposed but 3704.00.10 D 3704.00.00 D 3704.00.01 A + 3704.00.90 A + +3705.10 Photo plates & film, exp & developed, o/t cine film, for offse 3705.10.10 D 3705.10.00 D 3705.10.01 A + 3705.10.90 A 3705.10.99 A + +3705.20 Microfilms exposed and developed 3705.20.00 A 3705.20.10 D 3705.20.01 A + 3705.20.50 D + +3705.90 Photographic plates and film, exposed & developed, o/t 3705.90.10 D 3705.90.00 D 3705.90.01 A + 3705.90.20 D 3705.90.02 A + 3705.90.90 A 3705.90.99 A + +3706.10 Cinematograph film, exposed & developed, of a width of 35 mm o 3706.10.11 D 3706.10.30 A 3706.10.01 A + 3706.10.19 A 3706.10.60 D 3706.10.99 A + 3706.10.20 D + 3706.10.90 A + +3706.90 Cinematograph film, exposed & developed, nes 3706.90.11 D 3706.90.00 D 3706.90.01 A + 3706.90.19 A 3706.90.02 A + 3706.90.20 D 3706.90.03 A + 3706.90.90 A 3706.90.99 A + +3707.10 Sensitised emulsions prepared for photograpic uses, in measure 3707.10.00 A 3707.10.00 A 3707.10.01 A + 3707.10.99 A + +3707.90 Chemical preparations for photographic uses, put up in measure 3707.90.00 A 3707.90.30 A 3707.90.01 A + 3707.90.60 A 3707.90.02 A + 3707.90.03 A + 3707.90.99 A + +3801.10 Artificial graphite 3801.10.00 B 3801.10.10 A 3801.10.01 C + 3801.10.50 D 3801.10.02 A + +3801.20 Colloidal or semi-colloidal graphite 3801.20.00 A 3801.20.00 D 3801.20.01 A + 3801.20.99 A + +3801.30 Carbonaceous pastes for electrodes and similar pastes for 3801.30.00 A 3801.30.00 A 3801.30.01 A + 3801.30.99 A + + +3801.90 Pastes,blocks,plates or other semi-manuf based on graphite or 3801.90.00 A 3801.90.00 A 3801.90.01 B + 3801.90.02 A + 3801.90.03 A + 3801.90.99 A + +3802.10 Activated carbon 3802.10.00 D 3802.10.00 A 3802.10.01 C + +3802.90 Activated natural mineral products; animal black, incl spent 3802.90.10 B 3802.90.10 A 3802.90.01 C + 3802.90.20 A 3802.90.20 A 3802.90.02 C + 3802.90.90 D 3802.90.50 A 3802.90.03 A + 3802.90.04 A + 3802.90.05 A + 3802.90.99 A + +3803.00 Tall oil, whether or not refined 3803.00.00 D 3803.00.00 D 3803.00.01 C + + +3804.00 Residual lyes from the manufacture of wood pulp 3804.00.00 A 3804.00.10 D 3804.00.01 A + 3804.00.50 A 3804.00.02 A + 3804.00.99 A + +3805.10 Gum, wood or sulphate turpentine oils 3805.10.00 D 3805.10.00 A 3805.10.01 C + 3805.10.99 A + +3805.20 Pine oil 3805.20.00 D 3805.20.00 D 3805.20.01 C + +3805.90 Terpenic oils nes; crude dipentene; sulphite turpentine and 3805.90.00 D 3805.90.00 A 3805.90.99 A + +3806.10 Rosin 3806.10.00 D 3806.10.00 A 3806.10.01 A + +3806.20 Rosin salts or resin acid salts 3806.20.00 D 3806.20.00 A 3806.20.01 A + 3806.20.02 A + 3806.20.03 A + 3806.20.99 A + +3806.30 Ester gums 3806.30.00 A 3806.30.00 A 3806.30.01 B + 3806.30.02 A + 3806.30.99 A + +3806.90 Resin acids & derivs nes; rosin derivs nes; rosin spirit & 3806.90.00 D 3806.90.00 A 3806.90.01 A + 3806.90.02 A + 3806.90.03 A + 3806.90.04 B + 3806.90.05 A + 3806.90.99 A + +3807.00 Tar,tar oils,creosote & naphta, of wood; veg pitch; brewer's 3807.00.10 A 3807.00.00 A 3807.00.01 A + 3807.00.90 D 3807.00.02 A + 3807.00.99 A + +3808.10 Insecticides, packaged for retail sale or formulated 3808.10.10 A 3808.10.10 A 3808.10.01 A + 3808.10.20 D 3808.10.20 A 3808.10.02 A + 3808.10.30 A 3808.10.03 A + 3808.10.50 A + +3808.20 Fungicides, packaged for retail sale or formulated 3808.20.10 A 3808.20.10 A 3808.20.01 A + 3808.20.20 D 3808.20.20 A 3808.20.99 A + 3808.20.30 A + 3808.20.50 C + +3808.30 Herbicides, anti-sprouting prod & plant growth regs, packd for 3808.30.10 A 3808.30.10 A 3808.30.01 A + 3808.30.20 D 3808.30.20 A 3808.30.02 B + 3808.30.50 C 3808.30.03 A + 3808.30.99 C + +3808.40 Disinfectants, packaged for retail sale or formulated 3808.40.10 A 3808.40.10 A 3808.40.01 A + 3808.40.20 D 3808.40.50 A + + +3808.90 Pesticides including rodenticides, nes, packaged for retail 3808.90.10 A 3808.90.10 A 3808.90.01 A + 3808.90.20 D 3808.90.20 A 3808.90.02 A + 3808.90.50 C 3808.90.99 C + +3809.10 Prep with a basis of amylaceous subs for textile, paper, 3809.10.00 A 3809.10.00 A 3809.10.01 A + +3809.91 Finishing agents, dye carriers & other prep, nes, for use in 3809.91.10 D 3809.91.00 A 3809.91.01 A + 3809.91.20 A + 3809.91.90 A + +3809.92 Finishing agents, dye carriers & other prep, nes, for use in 3809.92.10 A 3809.92.10 A 3809.92.01 A + 3809.92.90 A 3809.92.50 A 3809.92.02 A + 3809.92.99 A + +3809.99 Finishing agents, dye carriers & other prep, for use in 3809.99.00 C 3809.99.10 C 3809.99.99 C + 3809.99.50 C + +3810.10 Pickling prep for metal surfaces;soldering,brazing or welding 3810.10.00 C 3810.10.00 C 3810.10.01 C + +3810.90 Fluxes & other prep for soldering; core or coating prep for 3810.90.00 A 3810.90.10 A 3810.90.01 A + 3810.90.20 D 3810.90.02 A + 3810.90.50 A 3810.90.99 A + +3811.11 Anti-knock preparations based on lead compounds 3811.11.00 C 3811.11.10 A 3811.11.01 A + 3811.11.50 A 3811.11.99 C + +3811.19 Anti-knock preparations, nes 3811.19.00 C 3811.19.00 C 3811.19.99 C + +3811.21 Lubricating oil additives cntg pet oils or oils obtained from 3811.21.00 C 3811.21.00 C 3811.21.01 C + 3811.21.02 C + +3811.29 Lubricating oil additives, nes 3811.29.00 C 3811.29.00 C 3811.29.99 C + +3811.90 Prepared additives for mineral oils or for other similar 3811.90.00 C 3811.90.00 C 3811.90.01 C + 3811.90.99 C + +3812.10 Prepared rubber accelerators 3812.10.00 C 3812.10.10 C 3812.10.01 C + 3812.10.50 C + +3812.20 Compound plasticizers for rubber or plastics, nes 3812.20.10 D 3812.20.10 A 3812.20.01 C + 3812.20.90 C 3812.20.50 C + +3812.30 Anti-oxidising prep & other compound stabilizers for rubber or 3812.30.10 D 3812.30.20 A 3812.30.01 C + 3812.30.90 B 3812.30.40 C 3812.30.99 A + 3812.30.50 A + +3813.00 Preparations & charges for fire-extings; charged 3813.00.00 C 3813.00.10 D 3813.00.01 C + 3813.00.50 A 3813.00.02 C + 3813.00.03 C + 3813.00.99 C + + +3814.00 Organic composite solvents and thinners, nes; prepared paint 3814.00.00 A 3814.00.10 A 3814.00.01 A + 3814.00.20 A 3814.00.02 A + 3814.00.50 A + +3815.11 Supported catalysts, with nickel or nickel compounds as the 3815.11.00 A 3815.11.00 D 3815.11.01 A + 3815.11.02 A + 3815.11.99 A + +3815.12 Supported catalysts, with precious metal or compds thereof as 3815.12.00 A 3815.12.00 D 3815.12.01 A + 3815.12.02 A + 3815.12.99 A + +3815.19 Supported catalysts, nes 3815.19.00 A 3815.19.00 D 3815.19.01 B + 3815.19.99 A + +3815.90 Reaction initiators, reaction accelerator and catalytic 3815.90.00 A 3815.90.10 A 3815.90.01 A + 3815.90.20 A 3815.90.02 C + 3815.90.30 D 3815.90.03 A + 3815.90.50 A 3815.90.99 A + +3816.00 Refractory cements,mortars,concretes and similar compositions, 3816.00.00 B 3816.00.00 A 3816.00.01 B + 3816.00.02 C + 3816.00.03 B + 3816.00.04 A + 3816.00.05 C + 3816.00.06 A + 3816.00.07 B + 3816.00.99 B + +3817.10 Mixed alkylbenzenes, nes 3817.10.00 D 3817.10.10 C 3817.10.FA C + 3817.10.50 A 3817.10.01 D + 3817.10.02 A + 3817.10.99 C + +3817.20 Mixed alkylnaphthalenes, nes 3817.20.00 A 3817.20.00 A 3817.20.01 A + +3818.00 Chemical compds, chem elements in the form of disc,wafer 3818.00.00 A 3818.00.00 D 3818.00.01 A + +3819.00 Hydraulic brake & transmis fluids not cntg or cntg <70% of 3819.00.00 B 3819.00.00 B 3819.00.01 C + 3819.00.02 C + 3819.00.03 B + 3819.00.04 B + 3819.00.99 B + +3820.00 Anti-freezing preparations and prepared de-icing fluids 3820.00.00 C 3820.00.00 C 3820.00.01 C + +3821.00 Prepared culture media for the development of micro-organisms 3821.00.00 D 3821.00.00 C 3821.00.01 C + +3822.00 Composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents, nes 3822.00.00 C 3822.00.10 D 3822.00.01 C + 3822.00.50 C 3822.00.02 C + 3822.00.03 C + + 3822.00.04 C + 3822.00.05 C + +3823.10 Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores 3823.10.00 A 3823.10.00 A 3823.10.01 A + +3823.20 Naphthenic acids, their water-insoluble salts and their esters 3823.20.10 D 3823.20.00 A 3823.20.01 A + 3823.20.90 A 3823.20.02 A + 3823.20.99 A + +3823.30 Non-agglomerated metal carbides mixed together or with metalli 3823.30.00 A 3823.30.00 A 3823.30.01 A + 3823.30.99 A + +3823.40 Prepared additives for cements, mortars or concretes 3823.40.00 B 3823.40.10 B 3823.40.01 B + 3823.40.20 D 3823.40.99 B + 3823.40.50 B + +3823.50 Non-refractory mortars and concretes 3823.50.10 D 3823.50.00 D 3823.50.01 B + 3823.50.90 B 3823.50.02 B + 3823.50.03 B + 3823.50.99 B + +3823.60 Sorbitol nes 3823.60.00 A 3823.60.00 A 3823.60.01 B + +3823.90 Chemical products,prep & residual prod of the chemical or 3823.90.10 D 3823.90.11 D 3823.90.01 A + 3823.90.20 D 3823.90.19 A 3823.90.02 A + 3823.90.30 B 3823.90.21 D 3823.90.03 A + 3823.90.40 D 3823.90.22 A 3823.90.04 A + 3823.90.50 D 3823.90.25 A 3823.90.05 A + 3823.90.90 B 3823.90.27 C 3823.90.06 C + 3823.90.31 A 3823.90.07 A + 3823.90.32 A 3823.90.08 A + 3823.90.33 A 3823.90.09 A + 3823.90.34 A 3823.90.10 A + 3823.90.35 A 3823.90.11 A + 3823.90.36 A 3823.90.12 A + 3823.90.39 D 3823.90.13 A + 3823.90.40 A 3823.90.14 A + 3823.90.45 A 3823.90.15 A + 3823.90.46 A 3823.90.16 A + 3823.90.47 A 3823.90.17 C + 3823.90.50 C 3823.90.18 B + 3823.90.19 A + 3823.90.20 A + 3823.90.21 A + 3823.90.22 A + 3823.90.23 C + 3823.90.24 B + 3823.90.25 A + 3823.90.26 A + 3823.90.27 A + 3823.90.28 A + + 3823.90.29 D + 3823.90.30 A + 3823.90.31 A + 3823.90.32 A + 3823.90.33 A + 3823.90.34 A + 3823.90.35 A + 3823.90.36 A + 3823.90.37 D + 3823.90.38 A + 3823.90.39 A + 3823.90.40 A + 3823.90.41 A + 3823.90.42 A + 3823.90.43 B + 3823.90.44 A + 3823.90.45 A + 3823.90.46 A + 3823.90.47 A + 3823.90.48 A + 3823.90.49 C + 3823.90.50 A + 3823.90.51 A + 3823.90.52 A + 3823.90.53 A + 3823.90.54 A + 3823.90.55 C + 3823.90.56 A + 3823.90.57 A + 3823.90.58 C + 3823.90.59 C + 3823.90.60 C + 3823.90.61 C + 3823.90.62 A + 3823.90.63 A + 3823.90.64 A + 3823.90.65 A + 3823.90.66 A + 3823.90.67 A + 3823.90.68 A + 3823.90.69 A + 3823.90.70 A + 3823.90.71 A + 3823.90.72 A + 3823.90.73 A + 3823.90.74 A + 3823.90.75 A + 3823.90.76 A + 3823.90.77 A + 3823.90.78 A + 3823.90.79 A + + 3823.90.80 A + 3823.90.81 A + 3823.90.82 A + 3823.90.99 C + +3901.10 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94 3901.10.00 A 3901.10.00 A 3901.10.01 D + 3901.10.02 D + +3901.20 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more 3901.20.00 A 3901.20.00 A 3901.20.01 D + 3901.20.02 D + +3901.30 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers 3901.30.00 A 3901.30.00 A 3901.30.01 A + +3901.90 Polymers of ethylene nes, in primary forms 3901.90.00 B 3901.90.10 D 3901.90.01 A + 3901.90.50 A 3901.90.02 A + 3901.90.03 A + 3901.90.99 C + +3902.10 Polypropylene 3902.10.00 B+ 3902.10.00 B 3902.10.01 B+ + 3902.10.99 C + +3902.20 Polyisobutylene 3902.20.00 A 3902.20.10 D 3902.20.01 D + 3902.20.50 A 3902.20.99 A + +3902.30 Propylene copolymers 3902.30.00 C 3902.30.00 A 3902.30.01 C + +3902.90 Polymers of propylene nes or of olefins nes, in primary forms 3902.90.00 A 3902.90.00 A 3902.90.01 A + +3903.11 Polystyrene, expansible 3903.11.00 C 3903.11.00 A 3903.11.01 C + +3903.19 Polystyrene nes 3903.19.10 C 3903.19.00 A 3903.19.01 A + 3903.19.90 C 3903.19.02 C + 3903.19.99 C + +3903.20 Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers 3903.20.10 C 3903.20.00 A 3903.20.01 C + 3903.20.90 C + +3903.30 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers 3903.30.10 C 3903.30.00 A 3903.30.01 C + 3903.30.90 C + +3903.90 Polymers of styrene nes, in primary forms 3903.90.00 C 3903.90.10 A 3903.90.01 C + 3903.90.50 A 3903.90.02 A + 3903.90.03 A + 3903.90.04 C + 3903.90.05 C + 3903.90.99 C + +3904.10 Polyvinyl chloride, not mixed with any other substances 3904.10.00 B 3904.10.00 A 3904.10.01 C + 3904.10.02 B + 3904.10.03 B + + +3904.21 Polyvinyl chloride nes, not plasticised 3904.21.00 B 3904.21.00 A 3904.21.01 C + 3904.21.02 C + 3904.21.03 A + +3904.22 Polyvinyl chloride nes, plasticised 3904.22.00 C 3904.22.00 A 3904.22.01 C + 3904.22.02 C + +3904.30 Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers 3904.30.00 C 3904.30.00 A 3904.30.01 C + 3904.30.02 C + +3904.40 Vinyl chloride copolymers nes 3904.40.00 C 3904.40.00 A 3904.40.01 A + 3904.40.99 C + +3904.50 Vinylidene chloride polymers 3904.50.00 A 3904.50.00 A 3904.50.01 A + +3904.61 Polytetrafluoroethylene 3904.61.00 A 3904.61.00 A 3904.61.01 A + +3904.69 Fluoro-polymers nes 3904.69.00 C 3904.69.10 D 3904.69.99 C + 3904.69.50 A + +3904.90 Polymers of vinyl chloride nes, or of other halogenated olefin 3904.90.00 C 3904.90.10 D 3904.90.99 C + 3904.90.50 A + +3905.11 Polyvinyl acetate, in aqueous dispersion 3905.11.00 C 3905.11.00 A 3905.11.01 C + +3905.19 Polyvinyl acetate nes 3905.19.00 B 3905.19.00 A 3905.19.01 C + 3905.19.02 B + 3905.19.03 B + 3905.19.04 B + 3905.19.99 B + +3905.20 Polyvinyl alcohols, whether or not containing unhydrolysed 3905.20.00 A 3905.20.00 A 3905.20.01 A + +3905.90 Polyvinyl esters nes; other vinyl polymers in primary forms 3905.90.00 A 3905.90.10 A 3905.90.01 A + 3905.90.50 A 3905.90.02 A + 3905.90.03 A + 3905.90.04 A + 3905.90.99 A + +3906.10 Polymethyl methacrylate 3906.10.00 B 3906.10.00 A 3906.10.01 A + 3906.10.02 A + 3906.10.99 C + +3906.90 Acrylic polymers nes, in primary forms 3906.90.00 A 3906.90.10 D 3906.90.01 A + 3906.90.20 A 3906.90.02 C + 3906.90.50 A 3906.90.03 A + 3906.90.04 A + 3906.90.05 A + 3906.90.06 A + 3906.90.07 A + 3906.90.08 D + + 3906.90.09 D + 3906.90.99 A + +3907.10 Polyacetals 3907.10.00 A 3907.10.00 A 3907.10.01 B + 3907.10.02 A + 3907.10.03 A + 3907.10.04 A + 3907.10.99 A + +3907.20 Polyethers nes 3907.20.10 B 3907.20.00 A 3907.20.01 A + 3907.20.90 B 3907.20.02 A + 3907.20.03 B + 3907.20.04 A + 3907.20.05 A + 3907.20.06 C + 3907.20.99 B + +3907.30 Epoxide resins 3907.30.00 C 3907.30.00 A 3907.30.01 C + 3907.30.02 A + 3907.30.03 A + 3907.30.99 A + +3907.40 Polycarbonates 3907.40.10 A 3907.40.00 A 3907.40.01 A + 3907.40.90 A 3907.40.02 A + 3907.40.03 A + 3907.40.04 A + 3907.40.99 A + +3907.50 Alkyd resins 3907.50.00 B 3907.50.00 A 3907.50.01 B + 3907.50.02 B + 3907.50.99 B + +3907.60 Polyethylene terephthalate 3907.60.00 C 3907.60.00 A 3907.60.01 C + 3907.60.02 C + +3907.91 Polyesters nes, unsaturated 3907.91.00 B 3907.91.10 A 3907.91.01 C + 3907.91.50 A 3907.91.02 C + 3907.91.99 A + +3907.99 Polyesters nes, in primary forms 3907.99.00 B 3907.99.00 A 3907.99.01 B + 3907.99.02 C + 3907.99.03 A + 3907.99.04 A + 3907.99.05 C + 3907.99.06 B + 3907.99.07 B + 3907.99.08 A + 3907.99.09 B + 3907.99.10 B + 3907.99.11 A + 3907.99.12 A + + 3907.99.99 B + +3908.10 Polyamide-6, -11, -12, -6,6, -6,9, -6,10 or -6,12 3908.10.10 B 3908.10.00 A 3908.10.01 A + 3908.10.90 B 3908.10.02 A + 3908.10.03 A + 3908.10.04 C + 3908.10.05 B + 3908.10.99 A + +3908.90 Polyamides nes, in primary forms 3908.90.00 B 3908.90.00 A 3908.90.01 A + 3908.90.02 A + 3908.90.99 C + +3909.10 Urea resins; thiourea resins 3909.10.10 B 3909.10.00 A 3909.10.01 B + 3909.10.20 B 3909.10.99 B + 3909.10.90 B + +3909.20 Melamine resins 3909.20.10 B 3909.20.00 A 3909.20.01 B + 3909.20.90 B 3909.20.02 C + 3909.20.99 B + +3909.30 Amino-resins nes 3909.30.00 B 3909.30.00 A 3909.30.01 B + 3909.30.02 A + 3909.30.99 B + +3909.40 Phenolic resins 3909.40.10 C 3909.40.00 A 3909.40.01 C + 3909.40.90 C 3909.40.02 C + 3909.40.03 C + 3909.40.04 C + 3909.40.05 C + 3909.40.99 C + +3909.50 Polyurethanes in primary forms 3909.50.10 B 3909.50.10 D 3909.50.01 C + 3909.50.90 B 3909.50.20 A 3909.50.02 C + 3909.50.50 A 3909.50.03 A + 3909.50.04 A + 3909.50.99 C + +3910.00 Silicones in primary forms 3910.00.00 A 3910.00.00 A 3910.00.01 A + 3910.00.02 A + 3910.00.03 A + 3910.00.04 A + 3910.00.05 A + 3910.00.06 A + 3910.00.07 A + 3910.00.08 A + 3910.00.09 A + 3910.00.10 A + 3910.00.11 C + 3910.00.12 D + 3910.00.13 A + + 3910.00.99 A + +3911.10 Petroleum resins, coumarone, indene or coumarone-indene resins 3911.10.00 A 3911.10.00 A 3911.10.01 A + 3911.10.99 A + +3911.90 Polysulphides, polysulphones & other products of Note 3 Chap 3911.90.00 B 3911.90.10 D 3911.90.01 A + 3911.90.20 A 3911.90.02 A + 3911.90.30 A 3911.90.03 C + 3911.90.50 A 3911.90.04 C + 3911.90.99 C + +3912.11 Cellulose acetates, non-plasticised 3912.11.00 C 3912.11.00 A 3912.11.01 C + +3912.12 Cellulose acetates, plasticised 3912.12.00 A 3912.12.00 A 3912.12.01 A + +3912.20 Cellulose nitrates (incl collodions) 3912.20.00 A 3912.20.00 A 3912.20.01 D + 3912.20.02 A + 3912.20.03 A + 3912.20.99 A + +3912.31 Carboxymethylcellulose and its salts 3912.31.00 C 3912.31.00 A 3912.31.01 C + 3912.31.02 C + +3912.39 Cellulose ethers nes, in primary forms 3912.39.10 D 3912.39.00 A 3912.39.01 C + 3912.39.90 C 3912.39.02 C + 3912.39.03 C + 3912.39.04 C + 3912.39.05 C + 3912.39.99 C + +3912.90 Cellulose derivatives nes, in primary forms 3912.90.10 D 3912.90.00 A 3912.90.01 A + 3912.90.90 A 3912.90.02 A + 3912.90.99 A + +3913.10 Alginic acid, its salts and esters 3913.10.00 A 3913.10.00 A 3913.10.01 A + 3913.10.02 A + 3913.10.03 A + 3913.10.04 A + 3913.10.05 A + 3913.10.99 A + +3913.90 Natural polymers, modified natural polymers nes, in primary 3913.90.10 D 3913.90.10 D 3913.90.01 C + 3913.90.90 A 3913.90.20 A 3913.90.02 C + 3913.90.50 A 3913.90.03 D + 3913.90.04 A + 3913.90.05 B + 3913.90.06 A + 3913.90.07 C + 3913.90.08 A + 3913.90.99 A + + +3914.00 Ion-exchangers based on polymers of Nos 39.01 to 39.13 in 3914.00.10 A 3914.00.00 A 3914.00.01 A + 3914.00.90 A 3914.00.02 A + 3914.00.99 A + +3915.10 Polyethylene waste and scrap 3915.10.00 A 3915.10.00 D 3915.10.01 A + +3915.20 Polystyrene waste and scrap 3915.20.00 A 3915.20.00 D 3915.20.01 A + +3915.30 Polyvinyl chloride waste and scrap 3915.30.00 A 3915.30.00 D 3915.30.01 A + +3915.90 Plastics waste and scrap nes 3915.90.10 A 3915.90.00 D 3915.90.01 A + 3915.90.20 A 3915.90.99 A + 3915.90.30 A + 3915.90.40 A + 3915.90.50 A + 3915.90.60 A + 3915.90.71 A + 3915.90.79 A + 3915.90.80 A + 3915.90.90 A + +3916.10 Monofilaments >1 mm, profile shapes etc of polymers of ethylen 3916.10.00 C 3916.10.00 A 3916.10.01 C + 3916.10.02 C + +3916.20 Monofilaments >1 mm, profile shapes etc of polymers of vinyl 3916.20.00 C 3916.20.00 A 3916.20.01 C + 3916.20.02 B + 3916.20.03 B + 3916.20.04 C + +3916.90 Monofilaments >1 mm, profile shapes etc of plastics nes 3916.90.11 C 3916.90.10 A 3916.90.01 B + 3916.90.19 C 3916.90.20 A 3916.90.02 B + 3916.90.90 C 3916.90.30 C 3916.90.03 B + 3916.90.50 A 3916.90.99 C + +3917.10 Sausage casings of hardened protein or of cellulosic materials 3917.10.11 A 3917.10.10 A 3917.10.01 C + 3917.10.12 C 3917.10.50 A 3917.10.02 C + 3917.10.90 C 3917.10.99 C + +3917.21 Tubes, pipes and hoses, rigid; of polyethylene 3917.21.00 C 3917.21.00 A 3917.21.01 C + 3917.21.02 C + 3917.21.99 C + +3917.22 Tubes, pipes and hoses, rigid; of polypropylene 3917.22.00 C 3917.22.00 A 3917.22.01 C + 3917.22.02 C + 3917.22.99 C + +3917.23 Tubes, pipes and hoses, rigid; of polyvinyl chloride 3917.23.00 C 3917.23.00 A 3917.23.01 C + 3917.23.02 C + 3917.23.03 C + 3917.23.99 C + + +3917.29 Tubes, pipes and hoses, rigid; of plastics nes 3917.29.00 B 3917.29.00 A 3917.29.01 B + 3917.29.03 C + 3917.29.05 B + 3917.29.06 B + 3917.29.07 B + 3917.29.99 B + +3917.31 Tubes, pipes & hoses, flexible, plastic, minimum burst pressur 3917.31.00 C 3917.31.00 A 3917.31.01 C + +3917.32 Tubes, pipes and hoses nes, plastic, notreinforced etc, withou 3917.32.00 B 3917.32.00 A 3917.32.01 A + 3917.32.02 A + 3917.32.03 A + 3917.32.99 A + +3917.33 Tubes, pipes and hoses nes, plastic, not reinforced etc, with 3917.33.00 C 3917.33.00 C 3917.33.01 C + 3917.33.99 C + +3917.39 Tubes, pipes and hoses nes, plastic 3917.39.00 C 3917.39.00 A 3917.39.01 C + 3917.39.02 C + +3917.40 Fittings, plastic 3917.40.00 C 3917.40.00 A 3917.40.01 C + +3918.10 Floor, wall and ceiling coverings etc, of polymers of vinyl 3918.10.11 C 3918.10.10 A 3918.10.01 C + 3918.10.19 C 3918.10.20 A 3918.10.99 C + 3918.10.90 C 3918.10.31 A + 3918.10.32 C + 3918.10.40 C + 3918.10.50 A + +3918.90 Floor, wall and ceiling coverings etc, of plastics nes 3918.90.11 C 3918.90.10 A 3918.90.01 C + 3918.90.19 C 3918.90.20 C + 3918.90.91 C 3918.90.30 C + 3918.90.99 C 3918.90.50 A + +3919.10 Self-adhesive plates, sheets, film etc, of plastic in rolls <2 3919.10.11 C 3919.10.10 A 3919.10.01 C + 3919.10.19 C 3919.10.20 A 3919.10.02 C + 3919.10.20 C 3919.10.99 C + 3919.10.30 C + 3919.10.91 C + 3919.10.99 C + +3919.90 Self-adhesive plates, sheets, film etc, of plastic nes 3919.90.11 C 3919.90.10 A 3919.90.01 C + 3919.90.19 C 3919.90.50 A + 3919.90.91 C + 3919.90.99 C + +3920.10 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polymers ofethylene 3920.10.00 C 3920.10.00 A 3920.10.01 C + 3920.10.02 C + 3920.10.03 C + 3920.10.04 C + 3920.10.99 C + + +3920.20 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polymers of propylene 3920.20.00 C 3920.20.00 A 3920.20.01 C + 3920.20.02 C + 3920.20.03 B + 3920.20.04 C + 3920.20.99 C + +3920.30 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polymers of styrene 3920.30.00 C 3920.30.00 A 3920.30.01 C + 3920.30.02 C + 3920.30.03 B + 3920.30.99 C + +3920.41 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polymers of vinyl 3920.41.00 C 3920.41.00 A 3920.41.01 C + 3920.41.02 C + 3920.41.03 C + 3920.41.99 C + +3920.42 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polymers of vinyl 3920.42.00 C 3920.42.10 A 3920.42.01 C + 3920.42.50 A 3920.42.02 B + 3920.42.99 C + +3920.51 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polymethyl 3920.51.00 C 3920.51.10 A 3920.51.01 C + 3920.51.50 A + +3920.59 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of acrylic polymers nes 3920.59.00 B 3920.59.10 A 3920.59.01 B + 3920.59.50 A 3920.59.02 C + 3920.59.99 C + +3920.61 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polycarbonates 3920.61.00 B 3920.61.00 A 3920.61.01 B + +3920.62 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polyethylene 3920.62.00 B 3920.62.00 A 3920.62.01 D + 3920.62.02 B + 3920.62.03 B + 3920.62.99 B + +3920.63 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of unsaturated polyester 3920.63.00 B 3920.63.10 A 3920.63.01 C + 3920.63.20 A 3920.63.02 B + 3920.63.99 B + +3920.69 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polyesters nes 3920.69.00 B 3920.69.00 A 3920.69.01 A + 3920.69.99 A + +3920.71 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of regenerated cellulose 3920.71.00 C 3920.71.00 A 3920.71.01 C + +3920.72 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of vulcanised rubber 3920.72.00 A 3920.72.00 A 3920.72.01 A + +3920.73 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of cellulose acetate 3920.73.00 A 3920.73.00 A 3920.73.01 D + 3920.73.99 A + +3920.79 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of cellulose derivatives 3920.79.00 B 3920.79.10 A 3920.79.01 A + 3920.79.50 A + + +3920.91 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polyvinyl butyral 3920.91.00 C 3920.91.00 A 3920.91.01 C + +3920.92 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of polyamides 3920.92.00 B 3920.92.00 A 3920.92.01 B + 3920.92.99 C + +3920.93 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of amino-resins 3920.93.00 A 3920.93.00 A 3920.93.01 A + +3920.94 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of phenolic resins 3920.94.00 A 3920.94.00 A 3920.94.01 A + +3920.99 Film and sheet etc, non-cellular etc, of plastics nes 3920.99.00 B 3920.99.10 A 3920.99.01 A + 3920.99.20 A 3920.99.02 A + 3920.99.50 A 3920.99.99 A + +3921.11 Film and sheet etc, cellular of polymers of styrene 3921.11.00 C 3921.11.00 A 3921.11.01 C + + +3921.12 Film and sheet etc, cellular of polymers of vinyl chloride 3921.12.00 C 3921.12.11 A 3921.12.01 C + 3921.12.15 C + 3921.12.19 A + 3921.12.50 A + +3921.13 Film and sheet etc, cellular of polyurethane 3921.13.00 C 3921.13.11 A 3921.13.01 C + 3921.13.15 C + 3921.13.19 C + 3921.13.50 A + +3921.14 Film and sheet etc, cellular of regenerated cellulose 3921.14.00 B 3921.14.00 A 3921.14.01 A + +3921.19 Film and sheet etc, cellular of plastics nes 3921.19.10 C 3921.19.00 A 3921.19.01 C + 3921.19.90 C 3921.19.99 C + +3921.90 Film and sheet etc, nes of plastics 3921.90.11 C 3921.90.11 A 3921.90.01 C + 3921.90.19 C 3921.90.15 C 3921.90.02 C + 3921.90.20 C 3921.90.19 C 3921.90.03 C + 3921.90.90 C 3921.90.21 C 3921.90.04 C + 3921.90.25 C 3921.90.05 C + 3921.90.29 C 3921.90.06 C + 3921.90.40 A 3921.90.07 C + 3921.90.50 A 3921.90.08 C + 3921.90.99 C + +3922.10 Baths, shower-baths and wash basins, of plastics 3922.10.00 C 3922.10.00 A 3922.10.01 C + +3922.20 Lavatory seats and covers of plastics 3922.20.00 C 3922.20.00 A 3922.20.01 C + +3922.90 Bidets, lavatory pans, flushing cisterns and similar plastic 3922.90.10 C 3922.90.00 A 3922.90.01 C + 3922.90.90 C 3922.90.99 C + +3923.10 Boxes, cases, crates & similar articles of plastic 3923.10.00 C 3923.10.00 A 3923.10.01 C + +3923.21 Sacks and bags (including cones) of polymers of ethylene 3923.21.00 C 3923.21.00 A 3923.21.01 C + +3923.29 Sacks and bags (including cones) of plastics nes 3923.29.00 C 3923.29.00 A 3923.29.01 C + 3923.29.02 C + 3923.29.99 C + +3923.30 Carboys, bottles, flasks and similar articles of plastics 3923.30.10 C 3923.30.00 A 3923.30.01 C + 3923.30.90 C 3923.30.02 C + 3923.30.99 C + +3923.40 Spools, cops, bobbins and similar supports, of plastics 3923.40.00 C 3923.40.00 A 3923.40.01 C + 3923.40.99 C + +3923.50 Stoppers, lids, caps and other closures of plastics 3923.50.10 C 3923.50.00 A 3923.50.01 C + 3923.50.90 C + +3923.90 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods nes, of 3923.90.00 C 3923.90.00 A 3923.90.99 C + + +3924.10 Tableware and kitchenware of plastics 3924.10.10 C 3924.10.10 A 3924.10.01 C + 3924.10.90 C 3924.10.20 A + 3924.10.30 A + 3924.10.50 A + +3924.90 Household and toilet articles nes, of plastics 3924.90.10 C 3924.90.10 A 3924.90.01 C + 3924.90.90 CM 3924.90.20 A 3924.90.99 C + 3924.90.50 A + +3925.10 Reservoirs, tanks, vats etc of a capacity exceeding 300 l, of 3925.10.00 C 3925.10.00 A 3925.10.01 C + +3925.20 Doors, windows and their frames and thresholds for doors, of 3925.20.00 C 3925.20.00 A 3925.20.01 C + +3925.30 Shutters, blinds (incl Venetian) and similar articles & parts 3925.30.00 C 3925.30.10 A 3925.30.01 C + 3925.30.50 A + +3925.90 Builders' ware nes, of plastics 3925.90.00 C 3925.90.00 A 3925.90.99 C + +3926.10 Office or school supplies, of plastics 3926.10.00 CM 3926.10.00 A 3926.10.01 C + +3926.20 Apparel and clothing accessories (incl gloves) of plastic 3926.20.11 CM 3926.20.10 A 3926.20.01 A + 3926.20.19 CM 3926.20.20 A 3926.20.02 A + 3926.20.20 CM 3926.20.30 A 3926.20.99 A + 3926.20.30 CM 3926.20.40 B + 3926.20.81 C 3926.20.50 A + 3926.20.82 BM + 3926.20.89 C + 3926.20.90 CM + +3926.30 Fittings for furniture, coachwork or the like, of plastics 3926.30.00 BM 3926.30.10 A 3926.30.01 B + 3926.30.50 B 3926.30.99 B + +3926.40 Statuettes and other ornamental articles, of plastics 3926.40.10 BM 3926.40.00 A 3926.40.01 B + 3926.40.90 BM + +3926.90 Articles of plastics or of other materials of Nos 39.01 to 3926.90.10 CM 3926.90.10 A 3926.90.01 C + 3926.90.20 D 3926.90.15 A 3926.90.02 C + 3926.90.30 CM 3926.90.20 A 3926.90.03 A + 3926.90.40 CM 3926.90.25 A 3926.90.04 C + 3926.90.50 CM 3926.90.30 A 3926.90.05 C + 3926.90.60 D 3926.90.33 A 3926.90.06 C + 3926.90.70 D 3926.90.35 A 3926.90.07 C + 3926.90.80 D 3926.90.40 A 3926.90.08 C + 3926.90.90 CM 3926.90.45 A 3926.90.09 A + 3926.90.50 A 3926.90.10 A + 3926.90.55 B 3926.90.11 C + 3926.90.56 A 3926.90.12 C + 3926.90.57 A 3926.90.13 C + 3926.90.59 C 3926.90.14 C + 3926.90.60 A 3926.90.15 C + + 3926.90.65 B 3926.90.16 A + 3926.90.70 A 3926.90.17 C + 3926.90.75 A 3926.90.18 C + 3926.90.77 C 3926.90.19 C + 3926.90.83 A 3926.90.20 A + 3926.90.85 C 3926.90.21 C + 3926.90.87 C 3926.90.22 A + 3926.90.90 A 3926.90.23 C + 3926.90.24 C + 3926.90.26 A + 3926.90.27 C + 3926.90.28 A + 3926.90.29 C + 3926.90.30 A + 3926.90.31 C + 3926.90.32 C + 3926.90.99 C + +4001.10 Natural rubber latex, whether or not prevulcanised 4001.10.00 D 4001.10.00 D 4001.10.01 D + +4001.21 Natural rubber in smoked sheets 4001.21.00 D 4001.21.00 D 4001.21.01 A + +4001.22 Technically specified natural rubber (TSNR) 4001.22.00 D 4001.22.00 D 4001.22.01 D + +4001.29 Natural rubber in other forms nes 4001.29.11 D 4001.29.00 D 4001.29.01 A + 4001.29.19 A + 4001.29.90 D + +4001.30 Balata, gutta-percha, guayule, chicle and similar gums 4001.30.00 D 4001.30.00 D 4001.30.01 A + 4001.30.02 A + 4001.30.99 A + +4002.11 Styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR)/carboxylated styrene-butadiene 4002.11.00 D 4002.11.00 D 4002.11.01 C + 4002.11.02 C + 4002.11.03 C + 4002.11.99 C + +4002.19 Styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR)/carboxylated styrene-butadiene 4002.19.00 D 4002.19.00 D 4002.19.01 C + 4002.19.02 C + 4002.19.99 C + +4002.20 Butadiene rubber (BR) 4002.20.00 D 4002.20.00 D 4002.20.01 C + +4002.31 Isobutene-isoprene (butyl) rubber (IIR) 4002.31.00 D 4002.31.00 D 4002.31.01 D + 4002.31.99 C + +4002.39 Halo-isobutene-isoprene rubber (CIIR or BIIR) 4002.39.00 D 4002.39.00 D 4002.39.01 D + 4002.39.99 C + +4002.41 Chloroprene (chlorobutadiene) rubber (CR), latex 4002.41.00 D 4002.41.00 D 4002.41.01 A + + +4002.49 Chloroprene (chlorobutadiene) rubber (CR) nes 4002.49.00 D 4002.49.00 D 4002.49.01 D + 4002.49.99 A + +4002.51 Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), latex 4002.51.00 D 4002.51.00 D 4002.51.01 C + +4002.59 Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) nes 4002.59.00 D 4002.59.00 D 4002.59.01 C + 4002.59.02 C + 4002.59.03 C + 4002.59.04 C + 4002.59.99 C + +4002.60 Isoprene rubber (IR) 4002.60.00 D 4002.60.00 D 4002.60.01 A + 4002.60.99 A + +4002.70 Ethylene-propylene-non-conjugated diene rubber (EPDM) 4002.70.00 D 4002.70.00 D 4002.70.01 D + +4002.80 Mixtures of any product of heading No 40.01 with any product o 4002.80.00 D 4002.80.00 D 4002.80.01 C + +4002.91 Synthetic rubber and factice derived from oils, etc, latex 4002.91.00 D 4002.91.00 D 4002.91.01 A + 4002.91.02 C + 4002.91.99 C + +4002.99 Synthetic rubber and factice derived from oils, etc, nes 4002.99.00 D 4002.99.00 D 4002.99.01 C + 4002.99.02 A + 4002.99.99 C + +4003.00 Reclaimed rubber in primary forms or in plates, sheets or stri 4003.00.00 D 4003.00.00 D 4003.00.01 B + +4004.00 Waste, parings & scrap (exc hard rubber) & powders/granules 4004.00.00 D 4004.00.00 D 4004.00.01 B + 4004.00.02 C + 4004.00.99 C + +4005.10 Rubber compounded with carbon black or silica (unvulcanised) 4005.10.00 BM 4005.10.00 D 4005.10.01 C + 4005.10.99 C + +4005.20 Rubber solutions; dispersions other than those of subheading N 4005.20.00 BM 4005.20.00 D 4005.20.01 B + 4005.20.02 B + +4005.91 Compounded rubber in plates, sheets and strip (unvulcanised) 4005.91.00 BM 4005.91.00 D 4005.91.01 A + 4005.91.02 B + 4005.91.03 C + 4005.91.99 C + +4005.99 Compounded rubber, unvulcanised in primary forms nes 4005.99.00 BM 4005.99.00 D 4005.99.01 B + 4005.99.99 B + +4006.10 Camel-back strips for retreading rubber tires 4006.10.00 B 4006.10.00 A 4006.10.01 C + +4006.90 Rubber unvulcanised forms nes, rods, tubes, profile shapes, 4006.90.00 BM 4006.90.10 A 4006.90.01 A + 4006.90.50 A 4006.90.02 C + 4006.90.03 A + + 4006.90.04 C + 4006.90.99 C + +4007.00 Vulcanised rubber thread and cord 4007.00.10 A 4007.00.00 A 4007.00.01 C + 4007.00.90 B + +4008.11 Plates, sheets and strip of cellular rubber (vulcanised) 4008.11.00 BM 4008.11.10 A 4008.11.01 C + 4008.11.50 A + +4008.19 Rods and profile shapes of cellular rubber (vulcanised) 4008.19.00 BM 4008.19.10 A 4008.19.01 C + 4008.19.50 A 4008.19.99 C + +4008.21 Plates, sheets and strip of non cellular rubber, other than 4008.21.10 D 4008.21.00 C 4008.21.01 A + 4008.21.90 B 4008.21.99 C + +4008.29 Rods and profile shapes of non cellular rubber (vulcanised) 4008.29.00 BM 4008.29.00 A 4008.29.01 C + 4008.29.02 C + 4008.29.99 C + +4009.10 Tubes, pipes and hoses vulcanised rubber not reinforced etc, 4009.10.00 B 4009.10.00 A 4009.10.01 B + 4009.10.02 A + +4009.20 Tubes, pipes and hoses vulcanised rubber reinforced with metal 4009.20.00 B 4009.20.00 A 4009.20.01 B + 4009.20.02 A + 4009.20.03 B + 4009.20.04 B + +4009.30 Tubes, pipes and hoses vulc/rubber reinforced with tex mat 4009.30.00 B 4009.30.00 A 4009.30.01 B + 4009.30.02 A + 4009.30.03 B + 4009.30.04 B + 4009.30.05 B + +4009.40 Tubes, pipes and hoses vulcanised rubber reinforced nes, 4009.40.00 B 4009.40.00 A 4009.40.01 B + 4009.40.02 A + 4009.40.03 B + 4009.40.99 B + +4009.50 Tubes, pipes and hoses vulcanised rubber reinforced or not, 4009.50.00 B 4009.50.00 A 4009.50.01 A + 4009.50.02 B + 4009.50.03 B + 4009.50.04 B + 4009.50.99 B + +4010.10 Transmission belts etc vulcanised rubber trapezoidal 4010.10.00 B 4010.10.10 A 4010.10.01 B + 4010.10.50 A 4010.10.99 B + +4010.91 Conveyor belts or belting vulcanised rubber exceeding 20 cm 4010.91.10 CM 4010.91.11 A 4010.91.01 B + 4010.91.90 CM 4010.91.15 A 4010.91.02 B + 4010.91.19 C 4010.91.03 C + 4010.91.50 A 4010.91.04 C + + 4010.91.99 C + +4010.99 Conveyor or transmission belts/belting, of vulcanised rubber 4010.99.10 CM 4010.99.11 A 4010.99.01 C + 4010.99.90 C 4010.99.15 A 4010.99.02 C + 4010.99.19 A 4010.99.03 C + 4010.99.50 A 4010.99.99 C + +4011.10 Pneumatic tires new of rubber for motor cars incl station 4011.10.00 B 4011.10.00 A 4011.10.01 B + +4011.20 Pneumatic tires new of rubber for buses or lorries 4011.20.00 B 4011.20.00 A 4011.20.01 B + +4011.30 Pneumatic tires new of rubber for aircraft 4011.30.00 D 4011.30.00 D 4011.30.01 A + +4011.40 Pneumatic tires new of rubber for motorcycles 4011.40.00 B 4011.40.00 A 4011.40.01 B + +4011.50 Pneumatic tires new of rubber for bicycles 4011.50.00 BM 4011.50.00 B 4011.50.01 B + +4011.91 Pneumatic tires new of rubber nes, having a 'herring-bone' or 4011.91.10 D 4011.91.10 D 4011.91.01 A + 4011.91.91 B 4011.91.50 A 4011.91.02 B + 4011.91.99 B 4011.91.03 A + 4011.91.99 B + +4011.99 Pneumatic tires new of rubber nes 4011.99.11 D 4011.99.10 D 4011.99.01 B + 4011.99.18 B 4011.99.50 A 4011.99.02 B + 4011.99.19 B 4011.99.99 B + 4011.99.90 B + +4012.10 Retreaded tires 4012.10.10 D 4012.10.10 D 4012.10.01 C + 4012.10.90 BM 4012.10.20 D + 4012.10.50 A + +4012.20 Pneumatic tires used 4012.20.10 D 4012.20.10 D 4012.20.01 C + 4012.20.90 BM 4012.20.20 D + 4012.20.50 A + +4012.90 Solid or cushioned tires, interchangeable tire treads & tire 4012.90.11 BM 4012.90.10 D 4012.90.01 C + 4012.90.19 BM 4012.90.20 A 4012.90.02 A + 4012.90.81 BM 4012.90.50 A 4012.90.99 C + 4012.90.89 BM + 4012.90.90 BM + +4013.10 Inner tubes of rubber for motor cars etc buses or lorries 4013.10.00 B 4013.10.00 A 4013.10.01 B + +4013.20 Inner tubes of rubber for bicycles 4013.20.00 BM 4013.20.00 B 4013.20.01 B + +4013.90 Inner tubes of rubber nes 4013.90.10 D 4013.90.10 D 4013.90.01 A + 4013.90.90 B 4013.90.50 A 4013.90.02 A + 4013.90.99 C + +4014.10 Hygienic or pharmaceutical articles of rubber etc sheath 4014.10.00 A 4014.10.00 A 4014.10.01 C + + +4014.90 Hygienic or pharmaceutical articles of rubber etc nes 4014.90.00 BM 4014.90.10 A 4014.90.01 A + 4014.90.50 A 4014.90.02 A + 4014.90.03 C + 4014.90.04 C + 4014.90.99 C + +4015.11 Gloves surgical of rubber 4015.11.00 CM 4015.11.00 A 4015.11.01 A + +4015.19 Gloves nes of rubber 4015.19.00 C 4015.19.10 A 4015.19.99 A + 4015.19.50 A + +4015.90 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories nes, of vulcanise 4015.90.10 CM 4015.90.00 C 4015.90.01 C + 4015.90.90 CM 4015.90.02 C + 4015.90.03 C + 4015.90.99 C + +4016.10 Articles of cellular rubber 4016.10.00 BM 4016.10.00 A 4016.10.01 C + +4016.91 Floor coverings and mats of rubber exc cellular and hard rubbe 4016.91.00 BM 4016.91.00 A 4016.91.01 C + 4016.91.0V C + +4016.92 Erasers (vulcanised rubber) 4016.92.00 BM 4016.92.00 A 4016.92.01 B + 4016.92.99 C + +4016.93 Gaskets, washers and other seals of vulcanised rubber 4016.93.00 BM 4016.93.00 A 4016.93.01 C + 4016.93.02 B + 4016.93.03 C + 4016.93.99 C + +4016.94 Boat and dock fenders, whether or not inflatable, of vulcanise 4016.94.00 BM 4016.94.00 A 4016.94.01 C + 4016.94.02 C + 4016.94.99 C + +4016.95 Rubber articles inflatable nes, vulcanised rubber 4016.95.10 BM 4016.95.00 A 4016.95.01 C + 4016.95.90 BM 4016.95.99 C + +4016.99 Articles of vulcanised rubber nes, other than hard rubber 4016.99.10 BM 4016.99.03 A 4016.99.01 C + 4016.99.20 D 4016.99.05 A 4016.99.02 C + 4016.99.90 CM 4016.99.10 A 4016.99.03 C + 4016.99.15 A 4016.99.04 C + 4016.99.20 A 4016.99.05 C + 4016.99.25 A 4016.99.06 C + 4016.99.50 A 4016.99.07 C + 4016.99.08 A + 4016.99.09 C + 4016.99.99 C + +4017.00 Hard rubber in all forms, incl waste & scrap; articles of hard 4017.00.10 D 4017.00.00 A 4017.00.01 C + 4017.00.90 BM 4017.00.02 C + 4017.00.99 C + + +4101.10 Bovine skins, whole, raw 4101.10.00 D 4101.10.00 D 4101.10.01 D + +4101.21 Bovine hides, whole, fresh or wet-salted 4101.21.00 D 4101.21.00 D 4101.21.01 D + +4101.22 Butts and bends, bovine, fresh or wet-salted 4101.22.00 D 4101.22.00 D 4101.22.01 D + +4101.29 Hide sections, bovine, nes, fresh or wet-salted 4101.29.00 D 4101.29.00 D 4101.29.99 A + +4101.30 Bovine hides, raw, nes 4101.30.00 D 4101.30.00 D 4101.30.01 A + +4101.40 Equine hides and skins, raw 4101.40.00 D 4101.40.00 D 4101.40.01 A + +4102.10 Sheep or lamb skins, raw, with wool on, nes 4102.10.00 D 4102.10.00 D 4102.10.01 A + +4102.21 Sheep or lamb skins, pickled, without wool on 4102.21.00 D 4102.21.00 D 4102.21.01 A + +4102.29 Sheep or lamb skins, raw, o/t pickled, without wool on 4102.29.00 D 4102.29.00 D 4102.29.99 A + +4103.10 Goat or kid hides and skins, raw, nes 4103.10.00 D 4103.10.00 D 4103.10.01 A + +4103.20 Reptile skins, raw 4103.20.00 D 4103.20.00 D 4103.20.01 A + +4103.90 Raw hides and skins of animals, nes 4103.90.00 D 4103.90.00 D 4103.90.01 B + 4103.90.99 A + +4104.10 Bovine skin leather, whole 4104.10.10 A 4104.10.20 A 4104.10.01 C + 4104.10.91 C 4104.10.40 A + 4104.10.99 C 4104.10.60 C + 4104.10.80 C + +4104.21 Bovine leather, vegetable pre-tanned, nes 4104.21.00 A 4104.21.00 A 4104.21.01 A + +4104.22 Bovine leather, otherwise pre-tanned, nes 4104.22.00 A 4104.22.00 A 4104.22.01 A + 4104.22.99 A + +4104.29 Bovine and equine leather, tanned or retanned, nes 4104.29.10 B 4104.29.30 A 4104.29.99 B + 4104.29.20 B 4104.29.50 A + 4104.29.90 B 4104.29.90 A + +4104.31 Bovine and equine leather, full/split grains, nes 4104.31.10 B 4104.31.20 A 4104.31.01 B + 4104.31.90 B 4104.31.40 A + 4104.31.50 A + 4104.31.60 A + 4104.31.80 A + +4104.39 Bovine and equine leather, nes 4104.39.10 C 4104.39.20 A 4104.39.01 B + 4104.39.90 C 4104.39.40 A 4104.39.02 C + 4104.39.50 A 4104.39.99 C + 4104.39.60 A + 4104.39.80 A + + +4105.11 Sheep or lamb skin leather, vegetable pre-tanned 4105.11.00 A 4105.11.00 A 4105.11.01 A + +4105.12 Sheep or lamb skin leather, otherwise pre-tanned 4105.12.00 A 4105.12.00 A 4105.12.01 A + +4105.19 Sheep or lamb skin leather, tanned or retanned, nes 4105.19.00 A 4105.19.00 A 4105.19.01 A + 4105.19.99 A + +4105.20 Sheep or lamb skin leather, nes 4105.20.00 A 4105.20.30 A 4105.20.01 A + 4105.20.60 A 4105.20.02 A + 4105.20.99 A + +4106.11 Goat or kid skin leather, vegetable pre-tanned 4106.11.00 A 4106.11.00 D 4106.11.01 A + +4106.12 Goat or kid skin leather, otherwise pre-tanned 4106.12.00 A 4106.12.00 A 4106.12.01 A + +4106.19 Goat or kid skin leather, tanned or retanned, nes 4106.19.00 A 4106.19.00 A 4106.19.01 A + 4106.19.99 A + +4106.20 Goat or kid skin leather, nes 4106.20.00 A 4106.20.30 A 4106.20.01 C + 4106.20.60 A 4106.20.99 C + +4107.10 Swine leather, nes 4107.10.00 A 4107.10.00 B 4107.10.01 B + 4107.10.02 A + 4107.10.99 B + +4107.21 Reptile leather, vegetable pre-tanned, nes 4107.21.00 D 4107.21.00 A 4107.21.01 A + +4107.29 Reptile leather, nes 4107.29.00 D 4107.29.30 A 4107.29.01 B + 4107.29.60 A 4107.29.99 B + +4107.90 Leather, nes 4107.90.10 D 4107.90.30 B 4107.90.01 B + 4107.90.91 B 4107.90.60 A 4107.90.99 B + 4107.90.99 B + +4108.00 Chamois (including combination chamois) leather 4108.00.00 C 4108.00.00 A 4108.00.01 C + +4109.00 Patent leather and patent laminated leather; metallised leathe 4109.00.00 C 4109.00.30 C 4109.00.01 C + 4109.00.40 C + 4109.00.70 A + +4110.00 Parings and other waste of leather; leather dust, powder and 4110.00.00 D 4110.00.00 D 4110.00.01 C + +4111.00 Composition leather, in slabs, sheets or strip 4111.00.00 C 4111.00.00 A 4111.00.01 C + +4201.00 Saddlery and harness for any animal, of any material 4201.00.10 A 4201.00.30 A 4201.00.01 A + 4201.00.90 B 4201.00.60 A 4201.00.99 A + +4202.11 Trunks, suit-cases and similar containers with outer surface o 4202.11.00 C 4202.11.00 C 4202.11.01 C + +4202.12 Trunks, suit-cases and similar container w/outer surface of 4202.12.00 C 4202.12.20 C 4202.12.01 C + 4202.12.40 C + + 4202.12.60 C + 4202.12.80 C + +4202.19 Trunks, suit-cases and similar containers, nes 4202.19.00 C 4202.19.00 C 4202.19.99 C + +4202.21 Handbags with outer surface of leather 4202.21.00 C 4202.21.30 C 4202.21.01 C + 4202.21.60 C + 4202.21.90 C + +4202.22 Handbags with outer surface of sheeting of plastics or of 4202.22.00 C 4202.22.15 C 4202.22.01 C + 4202.22.35 A + 4202.22.40 C + 4202.22.45 C + 4202.22.60 C + 4202.22.70 C + 4202.22.80 C + +4202.29 Handbags, of vulcanised fibre or of paperboard 4202.29.00 C 4202.29.00 C 4202.29.99 C + +4202.31 Articles carried in pocket or handbag, with outer surface of 4202.31.00 C 4202.31.30 A 4202.31.01 C + 4202.31.60 C + +4202.32 Articles carried in pocket or handbag, w/outer surface sheetin 4202.32.00 C 4202.32.10 A 4202.32.01 C + 4202.32.20 A + 4202.32.40 C + 4202.32.80 C + 4202.32.85 C + 4202.32.95 C + +4202.39 Articles carried in pocket or handbag, nes 4202.39.00 C 4202.39.00 A 4202.39.99 C + +4202.91 Containers, with outer surface of leather, nes 4202.91.10 C 4202.91.00 C 4202.91.01 C + 4202.91.20 D + 4202.91.90 C + +4202.92 Containers, with outer surface of sheeting of plas or tex 4202.92.10 C 4202.92.15 C 4202.92.01 C + 4202.92.20 D 4202.92.20 C + 4202.92.90 C 4202.92.30 C + 4202.92.45 C + 4202.92.50 A + 4202.92.60 C + 4202.92.90 C + +4202.99 Containers, nes 4202.99.10 D 4202.99.00 C 4202.99.99 C + 4202.99.90 C + +4203.10 Articles of apparel of leather or of composition leather 4203.10.00 C 4203.10.20 A 4203.10.01 C + 4203.10.40 C 4203.10.99 C + +4203.21 Gloves, mittens and mitts, for sports, of leather or of 4203.21.10 A 4203.21.20 A 4203.21.01 A + 4203.21.90 CM 4203.21.40 A + + 4203.21.55 A + 4203.21.60 A + 4203.21.70 D + 4203.21.80 A + +4203.29 Gloves mittens and mitts, o/t for sport, of leather or of 4203.29.10 CM 4203.29.05 C 4203.29.01 C + 4203.29.90 CM 4203.29.08 C 4203.29.99 C + 4203.29.15 C + 4203.29.18 C + 4203.29.20 C + 4203.29.30 C + 4203.29.40 C + 4203.29.50 C + +4203.30 Belts and bandoliers of leather or of composition leather 4203.30.00 B 4203.30.00 A 4203.30.01 A + 4203.30.99 A + +4203.40 Clothing accessories nes, of leather or of composition leather 4203.40.00 B 4203.40.30 A 4203.40.01 A + 4203.40.60 D 4203.40.99 A + +4204.00 Articles of leather or of composition leather, for technical 4204.00.00 A 4204.00.30 A 4204.00.01 A + 4204.00.60 D + +4205.00 Articles of leather or of composition leather, nes 4205.00.00 CM 4205.00.20 D 4205.00.01 C + 4205.00.40 A + 4205.00.60 A + 4205.00.80 D + +4206.10 Catgut 4206.10.00 D 4206.10.30 A 4206.10.01 A + 4206.10.90 A + +4206.90 Articles of gut (o/t catgut), of goldbeater's skin, of bladder 4206.90.00 A 4206.90.00 A 4206.90.01 A + 4206.90.99 A + +4301.10 Raw mink furskins, whole 4301.10.00 D 4301.10.00 D 4301.10.01 A + +4301.20 Raw rabbit or hare furskins, whole 4301.20.00 D 4301.20.00 D 4301.20.01 A + +4301.30 Raw Persian and similar lamb furskins, whole 4301.30.00 D 4301.30.00 D 4301.30.01 A + +4301.40 Raw beaver furskins, whole 4301.40.00 D 4301.40.00 D 4301.40.01 A + +4301.50 Raw musk-rat furskins, whole 4301.50.00 D 4301.50.00 D 4301.50.01 A + +4301.60 Raw fox furskins, whole 4301.60.00 D 4301.60.30 A 4301.60.01 A + 4301.60.60 D + +4301.70 Raw seal furskins, whole 4301.70.00 D 4301.70.00 D 4301.70.01 A + +4301.80 Raw furskins nes, whole 4301.80.00 D 4301.80.00 D 4301.80.01 A + 4301.80.02 A + + 4301.80.03 A + 4301.80.99 A + +4301.90 Raw furskin pieces (e.g. heads, tails, paws), suitable for 4301.90.00 D 4301.90.00 D 4301.90.01 A + +4302.11 Tanned or dressed mink furskins, whole, not assembled 4302.11.00 A 4302.11.00 A 4302.11.01 A + +4302.12 Tanned or dressed rabbit or hare furskins, whole, not assemble 4302.12.00 A 4302.12.00 A 4302.12.01 A + +4302.13 Tanned or dressed Persian and similar lamb furskins, whole, no 4302.13.00 A 4302.13.00 A 4302.13.01 A + +4302.19 Tanned or dressed furskins nes, whole, not assembled 4302.19.10 D 4302.19.15 A 4302.19.01 A + 4302.19.20 A 4302.19.30 A 4302.19.02 A + 4302.19.90 A 4302.19.45 A 4302.19.99 A + 4302.19.60 A + 4302.19.75 A + +4302.20 Tanned or dressed furskin pieces (e.g. heads, tails, paws), no 4302.20.00 A 4302.20.30 A 4302.20.01 A + 4302.20.60 A + 4302.20.90 A + +4302.30 Tanned or dressed whole furskins and furskins pieces, 4302.30.10 D 4302.30.00 A 4302.30.01 A + 4302.30.90 A + +4303.10 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories of furskin 4303.10.10 CM 4303.10.00 A 4303.10.01 A + 4303.10.20 CM + 4303.10.90 CM + +4303.90 Articles of furskin nes 4303.90.00 CM 4303.90.00 A 4303.90.99 A + +4304.00 Artificial fur and articles thereof 4304.00.00 C 4304.00.00 A 4304.00.01 A + +4401.10 Fuel wood 4401.10.00 D 4401.10.00 D 4401.10.01 B + +4401.21 Wood in chips, coniferous 4401.21.00 D 4401.21.00 D 4401.21.01 Cq + +4401.22 Wood in chips, non-coniferous 4401.22.00 D 4401.22.00 D 4401.22.01 B + +4401.30 Sawdust and wood waste and scrap 4401.30.00 D 4401.30.20 A 4401.30.01 C + 4401.30.40 D + +4402.00 Wood charcoal (incl shell or nut charcoal) 4402.00.10 D 4402.00.00 D 4402.00.01 C + 4402.00.90 A + +4403.10 Poles, treated/painted etc 4403.10.00 D 4403.10.00 D 4403.10.01 Cq + +4403.20 Logs, poles, coniferous nes 4403.20.00 D 4403.20.00 D 4403.20.01 C + +4403.31 Logs, Meranti, light & dark red & Bakau 4403.31.00 D 4403.31.00 D 4403.31.01 A + +4403.32 Logs, white Lauan, Meranti, Seraya yellow Meranti & Alan 4403.32.00 D 4403.32.00 D 4403.32.01 A + + +4403.33 Logs, Keruing, Ramin, Kapur, Teak, Jongkong, Merbau, etc 4403.33.00 D 4403.33.00 D 4403.33.01 A + +4403.34 Logs, Okoum‚, Obeche, Sapelli, Sipo, Acajou d'Afrique, etc 4403.34.00 D 4403.34.00 D 4403.34.01 C + +4403.35 Logs, Tiama, Mansonia, Llomba, Dib‚tou, Limba and Azob‚ 4403.35.00 D 4403.35.00 D 4403.35.01 C + +4403.91 Logs, Oak 4403.91.00 D 4403.91.00 D 4403.91.01 B + +4403.92 Logs, Beech 4403.92.00 D 4403.92.00 D 4403.92.01 B + +4403.99 Logs, non-coniferous nes 4403.99.00 D 4403.99.00 D 4403.99.99 C + +4404.10 Poles, piles etc, coniferous, pointed but not sawn 4404.10.00 D 4404.10.00 D 4404.10.01 C + 4404.10.02 B + +4404.20 Poles, piles etc, non-coniferous, pointed but not sawn 4404.20.00 D 4404.20.00 D 4404.20.01 A + 4404.20.02 B + 4404.20.03 A + 4404.20.04 B + 4404.20.99 B + +4405.00 Wood wool; wood flour 4405.00.00 D 4405.00.00 C 4405.00.01 C + 4405.00.02 C + +4406.10 Ties, railway/tramway, wood not impregnated 4406.10.00 D 4406.10.00 D 4406.10.01 C + +4406.90 Ties, railway/tramway, wood nes 4406.90.00 D 4406.90.00 D 4406.90.99 B + +4407.10 Lumber, coniferous (softwood) 6 mm and thicker 4407.10.00 D 4407.10.00 D 4407.10.FA A + 4407.10.01 Cq + 4407.10.02 Cq + 4407.10.03 Cq + 4407.10.99 C + +4407.21 Lumber, Meranti red (light & dark), Meranti Bakau, White Lauan 4407.21.00 D 4407.21.00 D 4407.21.01 B + 4407.21.99 B + +4407.22 Lumber, Okoum‚, Obeche, Sapelli, Sipo, Acajou d'Afrique, Makor 4407.22.00 D 4407.22.00 D 4407.22.01 B + 4407.22.99 B + +4407.23 Lumber, Baboen, Mahogany (Swietenia spp), Imbuia and Balsa 4407.23.00 D 4407.23.00 D 4407.23.01 C + 4407.23.99 B + +4407.91 Lumber, Oak 4407.91.00 D 4407.91.00 D 4407.91.01 Cq + +4407.92 Lumber, Beech 4407.92.00 D 4407.92.00 D 4407.92.01 A + 4407.92.99 B + +4407.99 Lumber, non-coniferous nes 4407.99.00 D 4407.99.00 D 4407.99.FA B + 4407.99.FB B + + 4407.99.01 C + 4407.99.02 C + 4407.99.03 B + 4407.99.99 Cq + +4408.10 Veneer, coniferous (softwood) less than 6 mm thick 4408.10.00 D 4408.10.00 D 4408.10.01 A + +4408.20 Veneer, tropical woods, less than 6 mm thick 4408.20.00 D 4408.20.00 D 4408.20.01 A + +4408.90 Veneer, non-coniferous nes, less than 6 mm thick 4408.90.00 D 4408.90.00 D 4408.90.99 A + +4409.10 Wood (lumber) continuously shaped coniferous (softwood) 4409.10.00 D 4409.10.10 D 4409.10.01 A + 4409.10.20 A 4409.10.02 A + 4409.10.40 A 4409.10.99 A + 4409.10.45 D + 4409.10.50 A + 4409.10.60 A + 4409.10.65 B + 4409.10.90 D + +4409.20 Wood (lumber) continuously shaped non-coniferous (hardwood) 4409.20.11 A 4409.20.10 D 4409.20.01 A + 4409.20.19 D 4409.20.25 D 4409.20.99 A + 4409.20.90 D 4409.20.40 D + 4409.20.50 A + 4409.20.60 D + 4409.20.65 A + 4409.20.90 D + +4410.10 Particle board of wood 4410.10.10 C 4410.10.00 A 4410.10.01 C + 4410.10.91 C + 4410.10.99 C + +4410.90 Particle board of other ligneous materials 4410.90.10 C 4410.90.00 D 4410.90.01 C + 4410.90.90 C 4410.90.02 C + 4410.90.99 C + +4411.11 Fibreboard >0.8 g/cmú not worked or surface covered 4411.11.00 B 4411.11.00 A 4411.11.01 B + +4411.19 Fibreboard >0.8 g/cmú nes 4411.19.00 B 4411.19.20 A 4411.19.99 B + 4411.19.30 D + 4411.19.40 A + +4411.21 Fibreboard >0.5 g/cmú <0.8 g/cmú not worked or surface covered 4411.21.00 BM 4411.21.00 A 4411.21.01 B + +4411.29 Fibreboard >0.5 g/cmú <0.8 g/cmú nes 4411.29.00 BM 4411.29.20 A 4411.29.99 B + 4411.29.30 D + 4411.29.60 A + 4411.29.90 A + +4411.31 Fibreboard >0.35 g/cmú <0.5 g/cmú not worked or surface covere 4411.31.00 BM 4411.31.00 D 4411.31.01 B + + +4411.39 Fibreboard >0.35 g/cmú <0.5 g/cmú nes 4411.39.00 BM 4411.39.00 D 4411.39.99 B + +4411.91 Fibreboard not worked or surface covered nes (0.35 g/cmú & 4411.91.00 BM 4411.91.00 D 4411.91.01 B + +4411.99 Fibreboard nes (0.35 g/cmú & less) 4411.99.00 BM 4411.99.00 D 4411.99.99 B + +4412.11 Plywood, at least 1 outer ply of tropical woods (ply's <6 mm) 4412.11.10 C 4412.11.10 A 4412.11.01 C + 4412.11.90 C 4412.11.20 A + 4412.11.50 A + +4412.12 Plywood, at least 1 outer ply of non-coniferous wood nes (ply' 4412.12.10 C 4412.12.10 A 4412.12.01 C + 4412.12.90 C 4412.12.15 A + 4412.12.20 A + 4412.12.50 A + +4412.19 Plywood nes, at least 1 outer ply of coniferous wood (ply's <6 4412.19.10 CM 4412.19.10 A 4412.19.01 C + 4412.19.90 CM 4412.19.30 A 4412.19.02 C + 4412.19.40 A 4412.19.99 C + 4412.19.50 C + +4412.21 Panels, 1 outer ply non-coniferous & 1 ply of particle board 4412.21.10 C 4412.21.00 A 4412.21.01 C + 4412.21.90 C + +4412.29 Panels, 1 outer ply non-coniferous wood nes 4412.29.10 C 4412.29.10 A 4412.29.99 C + 4412.29.90 C 4412.29.30 A + 4412.29.40 A + 4412.29.50 A + +4412.91 Panels, 1 outer ply coniferous wood, & 1 ply of particle board 4412.91.10 C 4412.91.00 A 4412.91.01 C + 4412.91.90 C + +4412.99 Panels, 1 outer ply coniferous wood nes 4412.99.10 CM 4412.99.10 A 4412.99.99 C + 4412.99.90 CM 4412.99.30 A + 4412.99.40 A + 4412.99.50 A + 4412.99.90 A + +4413.00 Densified wood, in blocks, plates, strips or profile shapes 4413.00.00 A 4413.00.00 A 4413.00.01 A + 4413.00.02 A + 4413.00.99 A + +4414.00 Wooden frames for paintings, photographs mirrors or similar 4414.00.00 B 4414.00.00 A 4414.00.01 B + +4415.10 Cases, boxes, crates, drums & similar packings; cable-drums, 4415.10.10 B 4415.10.30 D 4415.10.01 B + 4415.10.90 B 4415.10.60 D 4415.10.99 B + 4415.10.90 A + +4415.20 Pallets, box pallets and other load boards, wooden 4415.20.00 C 4415.20.40 D 4415.20.01 C + 4415.20.80 A + +4416.00 Casks, barrels etc (cooper's prods) & parts of wood, incl 4416.00.10 D 4416.00.30 A 4416.00.01 B + + 4416.00.90 B 4416.00.60 D 4416.00.02 B + 4416.00.90 A 4416.00.03 B + 4416.00.04 B + 4416.00.05 B + 4416.00.99 B + +4417.00 Tools, tool bodies & handles, brooms or brush bodies & handles 4417.00.11 D 4417.00.20 D 4417.00.01 B + 4417.00.19 B 4417.00.40 D 4417.00.02 B + 4417.00.20 B 4417.00.60 A 4417.00.99 B + 4417.00.90 B 4417.00.80 A + +4418.10 Windows, French-windows and their frames, of wood 4418.10.10 B 4418.10.00 A 4418.10.01 B + 4418.10.90 B + +4418.20 Doors and their frames and thresholds, of wood 4418.20.10 B 4418.20.00 A 4418.20.01 B + 4418.20.20 A + + +4418.30 Parquet panels, including tiles of wood 4418.30.00 A 4418.30.00 A 4418.30.01 B + +4418.40 Shuttering for concrete constructional work, of wood 4418.40.00 B 4418.40.00 A 4418.40.01 B + +4418.50 Shingles and shakes, of wood 4418.50.00 D 4418.50.00 D 4418.50.01 A + +4418.90 Builder's joinery and carpentery of wood nes 4418.90.10 B 4418.90.20 D 4418.90.01 B + 4418.90.90 C 4418.90.40 A 4418.90.99 C + +4419.00 Tableware and kitchenware, of wood 4419.00.00 B 4419.00.40 A 4419.00.01 B + 4419.00.80 A + +4420.10 Statuettes and other ornaments of wood 4420.10.00 B 4420.10.00 A 4420.10.01 B + +4420.90 Wood marquetry and inlaid wood; caskets and cases for jeweller 4420.90.00 B 4420.90.20 A 4420.90.99 B + 4420.90.40 A + 4420.90.60 B + 4420.90.80 A + +4421.10 Clothes hangers of wood 4421.10.00 CM 4421.10.00 C 4421.10.01 C + +4421.90 Wood articles nes 4421.90.10 D 4421.90.10 A 4421.90.01 C + 4421.90.20 CM 4421.90.15 D 4421.90.02 C + 4421.90.30 A 4421.90.20 C 4421.90.03 C + 4421.90.40 CM 4421.90.30 A 4421.90.04 C + 4421.90.50 CM 4421.90.40 C 4421.90.05 C + 4421.90.60 A 4421.90.50 A 4421.90.06 C + 4421.90.90 CM 4421.90.60 A 4421.90.99 C + 4421.90.70 D + 4421.90.80 C + 4421.90.85 C + 4421.90.88 D + 4421.90.90 A + +4501.10 Natural cork, raw or simply prepared 4501.10.00 D 4501.10.00 D 4501.10.01 A + +4501.90 Waste cork; crushed, granulated or ground 4501.90.00 D 4501.90.20 D 4501.90.99 A + 4501.90.40 A + +4502.00 Natural cork, debacked/roughly squared or in rectangular block 4502.00.00 D 4502.00.00 A 4502.00.01 A + +4503.10 Corks and stoppers, natural cork 4503.10.00 D 4503.10.20 A 4503.10.01 A + 4503.10.30 A + 4503.10.40 A + 4503.10.60 A + +4503.90 Natural cork articles nes 4503.90.00 D 4503.90.20 A 4503.90.01 A + 4503.90.40 D 4503.90.99 A + 4503.90.60 A + + +4504.10 Blocks/plates/sheets/strip/tiles, solid cylinders, incl discs, 4504.10.00 D 4504.10.10 A 4504.10.01 B + 4504.10.20 D 4504.10.02 B + 4504.10.30 D 4504.10.03 B + 4504.10.40 D 4504.10.99 B + 4504.10.45 A + 4504.10.47 A + 4504.10.50 A + +4504.90 Articles of agglomerated cork nes, with or without binder 4504.90.00 D 4504.90.20 A 4504.90.99 A + 4504.90.40 A + +4601.10 Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials 4601.10.00 A 4601.10.00 A 4601.10.01 A + +4601.20 Mats, matting and screens of vegetable plaiting materials 4601.20.10 D 4601.20.20 A 4601.20.01 A + 4601.20.90 A 4601.20.40 A 4601.20.99 A + 4601.20.60 A + 4601.20.80 A + 4601.20.90 A + +4601.91 Products of vegetable plaiting materials other than mats, 4601.91.00 A 4601.91.20 A 4601.91.01 A + 4601.91.40 A + +4601.99 Products of plaiting materials, nes 4601.99.00 A 4601.99.00 A 4601.99.99 A + +4602.10 Basketwork, wickerwork and other article made up from plaited 4602.10.10 A 4602.10.05 A 4602.10.01 A + 4602.10.91 A 4602.10.11 A + 4602.10.92 A 4602.10.12 A + 4602.10.93 D 4602.10.13 A + 4602.10.99 A 4602.10.19 A + 4602.10.21 A + 4602.10.22 A + 4602.10.23 A + 4602.10.25 A + 4602.10.29 A + 4602.10.40 A + 4602.10.50 A + +4602.90 Basketwork, wickerwork and other article made up from other 4602.90.10 A 4602.90.00 A 4602.90.99 A + 4602.90.90 A + +4701.00 Mechanical wood pulp 4701.00.00 D 4701.00.00 D 4701.00.01 C + +4702.00 Chemical wood pulp, dissolving grades 4702.00.00 D 4702.00.00 D 4702.00.01 D + 4702.00.02 D + 4702.00.99 D + +4703.11 Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate, coniferous, unbleached 4703.11.00 D 4703.11.00 D 4703.11.01 D + 4703.11.02 A + 4703.11.99 A + +4703.19 Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate, non-coniferous, 4703.19.00 D 4703.19.00 D 4703.19.01 A + + 4703.19.02 A + +4703.21 Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate, coniferous, semi-bl or 4703.21.00 D 4703.21.00 D 4703.21.01 D + 4703.21.02 A + 4703.21.03 D + +4703.29 Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate, non-coniferous, semi-bl 4703.29.00 D 4703.29.00 D 4703.29.01 D + 4703.29.02 D + +4704.11 Chemical wood pulp, sulphite, coniferous unbleached 4704.11.00 D 4704.11.00 D 4704.11.01 A + +4704.19 Chemical wood pulp, sulphite, nonconiferous, unbleached 4704.19.00 D 4704.19.00 D 4704.19.01 A + +4704.21 Chemical wood pulp, sulphite, coniferous semi-bleached or 4704.21.00 D 4704.21.00 D 4704.21.01 D + +4704.29 Chemical wood pulp, sulphite, nonconiferous, semi-bl or 4704.29.00 D 4704.29.00 D 4704.29.01 A + +4705.00 Semi-chemical wood pulp 4705.00.00 D 4705.00.00 D 4705.00.01 C + +4706.10 Cotton linters pulp 4706.10.00 D 4706.10.00 D 4706.10.01 A + +4706.91 Mechanical pulps of other fibrous material (o/t cotton linters 4706.91.00 D 4706.91.00 D 4706.91.01 A + +4706.92 Chemical pulps of other fibrous material (o/t cotton linters) 4706.92.00 D 4706.92.00 D 4706.92.01 A + +4706.93 Semi-chemical pulps of other fibrous material (o/t cotton 4706.93.00 D 4706.93.00 D 4706.93.01 A + +4707.10 Waste and scrap of unbleached kraft or corrugated paper and 4707.10.00 D 4707.10.00 D 4707.10.01 D + +4707.20 Waste and scrap of paper/paperboard made of bl chem pulp, not 4707.20.00 D 4707.20.00 D 4707.20.01 D + +4707.30 Waste and scrap of paper/paperboard made mainly of mechanical 4707.30.00 D 4707.30.00 D 4707.30.01 A + 4707.30.99 D + +4707.90 Waste and scrap of paper or paperboard, nes (including unsorte 4707.90.00 D 4707.90.00 D 4707.90.01 D + +4801.00 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets 4801.00.00 D 4801.00.00 D 4801.00.01 Bp + 4801.00.02 A + 4801.00.03 B + 4801.00.04 Bp + 4801.00.99 Bp + +4802.10 Paper, hand-made, uncoated, in rolls or sheets 4802.10.00 A 4802.10.00 A 4802.10.01 A + +4802.20 Paper, sensitising base stock, in rolls or sheets, uncoated 4802.20.00 A 4802.20.00 D 4802.20.01 B + 4802.20.02 A + 4802.20.99 B + +4802.30 Paper, carbonising base, in rolls or sheets, uncoated 4802.30.00 A 4802.30.20 A 4802.30.01 B + 4802.30.40 A 4802.30.02 A + + +4802.40 Paper, wallpaper base, in rolls or sheets, uncoated 4802.40.00 D 4802.40.00 D 4802.40.01 A + 4802.40.02 A + 4802.40.99 B + +4802.51 Paper, fine, woodfree, in rolls or sheets, <40 g/mO, uncoated, 4802.51.11 A 4802.51.10 A 4802.51.01 A + 4802.51.19 A 4802.51.40 A 4802.51.02 C + 4802.51.90 A 4802.51.90 D 4802.51.03 B + 4802.51.04 A + 4802.51.05 D + 4802.51.06 B + 4802.51.07 C + 4802.51.99 C + +4802.52 Paper, fine, woodfree, in rolls or sheets, 40 g/mO, È150 4802.52.10 B 4802.52.10 A 4802.52.01 Bp + 4802.52.90 B 4802.52.15 A 4802.52.02 B + 4802.52.20 A 4802.52.03 D + 4802.52.40 A 4802.52.04 Bp + 4802.52.90 D 4802.52.05 Bp + 4802.52.99 Bp + +4802.53 Paper, fine, woodfree, in rolls or sheets, >150 g/mO, uncoated 4802.53.10 B 4802.53.10 A 4802.53.01 B + 4802.53.90 B 4802.53.15 A 4802.53.02 B + 4802.53.20 A 4802.53.03 B + 4802.53.90 A 4802.53.04 C + 4802.53.99 C + +4802.60 Paper, fine, woodcontaining, in rolls or sheets, uncoated, nes 4802.60.11 D 4802.60.10 A 4802.60.01 B + 4802.60.19 A 4802.60.20 A 4802.60.02 A + 4802.60.90 A 4802.60.90 D 4802.60.99 A + +4803.00 Paper, household/sanitary, rolls of a width >36 cm, sheets one 4803.00.10 D 4803.00.20 A 4803.00.01 Bp + 4803.00.20 BM 4803.00.40 D 4803.00.02 C + 4803.00.90 A 4803.00.03 A + 4803.00.99 B + +4804.11 Paper, Kraftliner, in rolls, unbleached, uncoated 4804.11.00 B 4804.11.00 D 4804.11.01 Bp + +4804.19 Paper, Kraftliner, in rolls, o/t unbleached, uncoated 4804.19.00 B 4804.19.00 D 4804.19.01 B + 4804.19.02 Bp + 4804.19.99 B + +4804.21 Paper, sack kraft, in rolls, unbleached, uncoated 4804.21.10 D 4804.21.00 D 4804.21.01 C + 4804.21.90 C + +4804.29 Paper, sack kraft, in rolls, o/t unbl, uncoated 4804.29.00 C 4804.29.00 D 4804.29.99 C + +4804.31 Paper, kraft, rolls or sheets, È150g/mO, unbleached, uncoated, 4804.31.10 A 4804.31.10 A 4804.31.01 B + 4804.31.21 D 4804.31.20 A 4804.31.02 B + 4804.31.29 B 4804.31.40 D 4804.31.03 A + 4804.31.91 A 4804.31.60 A 4804.31.99 B + 4804.31.99 B + + +4804.39 Paper, kraft, rolls or sheets, È150g/mO, uncoated, nes 4804.39.10 B 4804.39.20 A 4804.39.01 B + 4804.39.90 B 4804.39.40 D 4804.39.99 B + 4804.39.60 A + +4804.41 Paper, kraft, rolls or sheets, >150g/mO, <225 g/mO, unbleached 4804.41.11 D 4804.41.20 D 4804.41.01 Bp + 4804.41.19 B 4804.41.40 A + 4804.41.21 A + 4804.41.29 B + 4804.41.30 D + 4804.41.90 B + +4804.42 Paper, kraft, rolls/sheets, >150g/mO but <225 g/mO, bl, >95% 4804.42.11 A 4804.42.00 D 4804.42.01 A + 4804.42.19 A + 4804.42.90 A + +4804.49 Paper, kraft, rolls or sheets, >150g/mO, <225 g/mO, uncoated, 4804.49.10 B 4804.49.00 A 4804.49.01 B + 4804.49.90 B 4804.49.02 B + 4804.49.99 Bp + +4804.51 Paper, kraft, rolls or sheets, 225g/mO, unbleached, uncoated, 4804.51.10 A 4804.51.00 D 4804.51.01 A + 4804.51.90 A 4804.51.99 B + +4804.52 Paper, kraft, rolls or sheets, 225g/mO, bl, >95% chemical 4804.52.10 D 4804.52.00 D 4804.52.01 A + 4804.52.90 A 4804.52.99 A + +4804.59 Paper, kraft, rolls or sheets, 225g/mO, uncoated, nes 4804.59.00 A 4804.59.00 A 4804.59.01 A + 4804.59.02 A + 4804.59.99 A + +4805.10 Paper, fluting (corrugating medium), in rolls, semi-chemical, 4805.10.00 B 4805.10.00 A 4805.10.01 C + +4805.21 Paper, multi-ply, each layer bleached, in rolls or sheets, 4805.21.00 B 4805.21.00 D 4805.21.01 B + +4805.22 Paper, multi-ply, with only one layer bleached, rolls or 4805.22.00 C 4805.22.00 D 4805.22.01 C + +4805.23 Paper, multi-ply, 3 layers, only 2 outer layers bl, 4805.23.00 B 4805.23.00 D 4805.23.01 B + +4805.29 Paper, multi-ply, rolls/sheets, uncoated, nes 4805.29.10 D 4805.29.00 D 4805.29.99 C + 4805.29.20 C + 4805.29.90 C + +4805.30 Paper, wrapping, sulphite, rolls/sheets, uncoated 4805.30.10 D 4805.30.00 A 4805.30.01 A + 4805.30.90 A + +4805.40 Paper, filter, in rolls or sheets, uncoated 4805.40.10 A 4805.40.00 A 4805.40.01 A + 4805.40.20 A 4805.40.99 A + 4805.40.90 A + +4805.50 Paper, felt, in rolls or sheets, uncoated 4805.50.10 D 4805.50.00 D 4805.50.01 A + 4805.50.20 A + + 4805.50.90 A + +4805.60 Paper, in rolls or sheets, weighing 150 g/mO or less, uncoated 4805.60.10 A 4805.60.20 A 4805.60.99 C + 4805.60.21 D 4805.60.30 D + 4805.60.29 C 4805.60.40 D + 4805.60.30 B 4805.60.50 A + 4805.60.91 C 4805.60.70 D + 4805.60.99 C 4805.60.90 A + +4805.70 Paper, in rolls or sheets, weighing >150 g/mO, <225 g/mO, 4805.70.10 D 4805.70.20 A 4805.70.01 C + 4805.70.20 A 4805.70.40 D + 4805.70.30 D + 4805.70.41 D + 4805.70.49 C + 4805.70.50 C + 4805.70.90 C + +4805.80 Paper, in rolls or sheets, weighing 225 g/mO or more, uncoated 4805.80.10 D 4805.80.20 A 4805.80.01 C + 4805.80.20 A 4805.80.40 D + 4805.80.31 D + 4805.80.39 C + 4805.80.91 A + 4805.80.99 C + +4806.10 Paper, vegetable parchment, in rolls or sheets 4806.10.00 A 4806.10.00 D 4806.10.01 A + +4806.20 Paper, greaseproof, in rolls or sheets 4806.20.00 C 4806.20.00 D 4806.20.01 C + +4806.30 Paper, tracing, in rolls or sheets 4806.30.10 A 4806.30.00 D 4806.30.01 A + 4806.30.90 A + +4806.40 Paper, glassine, other glazed transparent or translucent, in 4806.40.00 B 4806.40.00 D 4806.40.01 B + +4807.10 Paper, laminated internally with bitumen tar/asphalt, 4807.10.00 A 4807.10.00 D 4807.10.01 A + +4807.91 Paper, straw, in rolls or sheets, not coated 4807.91.00 A 4807.91.00 A 4807.91.01 A + +4807.99 Paper, composite, in rolls or sheets, nes, not coated 4807.99.10 D 4807.99.20 A 4807.99.99 C + 4807.99.90 C 4807.99.40 D + +4808.10 Paper, corrugated, in rolls or sheets 4808.10.00 B 4808.10.00 A 4808.10.01 Bp + +4808.20 Paper, sack kraft, creped or crinkled, in rolls or sheets 4808.20.10 D 4808.20.00 D 4808.20.01 B + 4808.20.90 B + +4808.30 Paper, kraft, creped or crinkled, in rolls or sheets, nes 4808.30.10 D 4808.30.00 D 4808.30.01 A + 4808.30.90 A 4808.30.02 B + 4808.30.99 B + +4808.90 Paper, creped, crinkled, embossed or perforated, in rolls or 4808.90.10 D 4808.90.20 A 4808.90.01 A + 4808.90.90 A 4808.90.40 A 4808.90.02 A + + 4808.90.60 A 4808.90.99 A + +4809.10 Paper, carbon or similar copying, rolls width >36 cm, sheets 4809.10.00 C 4809.10.20 A 4809.10.01 C + 4809.10.40 D 4809.10.99 C + +4809.20 Paper, self-copy, in rolls of a width > 36 cm, sheets at least 4809.20.10 B 4809.20.20 A 4809.20.01 Bp + 4809.20.90 B 4809.20.40 D 4809.20.99 Bp + +4809.90 Paper, copying/transfer, rolls of a width >36 cm, sheets one 4809.90.10 D 4809.90.20 A 4809.90.01 C + 4809.90.90 C 4809.90.40 A 4809.90.99 C + 4809.90.60 D + 4809.90.70 D + 4809.90.80 A + +4810.11 Paper, fine, woodfree, in rolls or sheets, È150 g/mO, clay 4810.11.11 D 4810.11.20 A 4810.11.01 B + 4810.11.12 B 4810.11.30 A 4810.11.02 B + 4810.11.19 B 4810.11.90 A 4810.11.03 B + 4810.11.20 B 4810.11.04 B + 4810.11.05 B + 4810.11.06 B + 4810.11.99 Bp + +4810.12 Paper, fine, woodfree, in rolls or sheets, >150 g/mO, clay 4810.12.11 A 4810.12.00 A 4810.12.01 A + 4810.12.19 A 4810.12.02 A + 4810.12.20 A 4810.12.03 A + 4810.12.04 A + 4810.12.05 A + 4810.12.99 Bp + +4810.21 Paper, fine, light weight coated, in rolls or sheets 4810.21.10 A 4810.21.00 A 4810.21.01 Bp + 4810.21.90 B 4810.21.99 Bp + +4810.29 Paper, fine, woodcontaining, in rolls or sheets, clay coated, 4810.29.10 A 4810.29.00 A 4810.29.01 Bp + 4810.29.21 B 4810.29.02 B + 4810.29.29 B 4810.29.03 B + 4810.29.30 B 4810.29.04 B + 4810.29.05 B + 4810.29.06 B + 4810.29.99 B + +4810.31 Paper, kraft, in rolls/sheets, bl, >95% chemical pulp, È150 4810.31.10 A 4810.31.00 D 4810.31.01 B + 4810.31.90 A 4810.31.02 A + 4810.31.03 A + 4810.31.99 B + +4810.32 Paper, kraft, in rolls/sheets, bl, >95% chemical pulp, >150 4810.32.10 B 4810.32.00 D 4810.32.01 B + 4810.32.90 B 4810.32.02 B + 4810.32.99 B + +4810.39 Paper, kraft, in rolls or sheets, clay coated, nes 4810.39.00 B 4810.39.20 D 4810.39.01 B + 4810.39.40 A 4810.39.02 B + + 4810.39.03 B + 4810.39.99 B + +4810.91 Paper, multi-ply, in rolls or sheets, clay coated, nes 4810.91.00 B 4810.91.20 D 4810.91.01 B + 4810.91.40 A + +4810.99 Paper, in rolls or sheets, clay coated, nes 4810.99.00 A 4810.99.00 A 4810.99.01 A + 4810.99.02 A + 4810.99.03 A + 4810.99.04 A + 4810.99.99 A + +4811.10 Paper, tarred, bituminised or asphalted, in rolls or sheets, 4811.10.00 A 4811.10.00 D 4811.10.01 A + 4811.10.02 A + 4811.10.03 A + 4811.10.99 A + +4811.21 Paper, self-adhesive, in rolls or sheets, nes 4811.21.00 C 4811.21.00 A 4811.21.01 C + +4811.29 Paper, gummed or adhesive, in rolls or sheets, nes 4811.29.00 B 4811.29.00 D 4811.29.01 B + +4811.31 Paper, in rolls or sheets, bl, >150g/mO, ctd, impreg or cov 4811.31.10 A 4811.31.20 D 4811.31.01 A + 4811.31.90 A 4811.31.40 A 4811.31.02 A + 4811.31.03 A + 4811.31.04 Bp + 4811.31.05 A + 4811.31.99 B + +4811.39 Paper, in rolls or sheets, coated/impregnated or covered with 4811.39.00 A 4811.39.20 A 4811.39.01 B + 4811.39.40 D 4811.39.02 A + 4811.39.03 Bp + 4811.39.04 Bp + 4811.39.05 A + 4811.39.99 B + +4811.40 Paper, in rolls or sheets ctd impreg or cov with wax,stearin 4811.40.00 C 4811.40.00 A 4811.40.01 C + 4811.40.99 C + +4811.90 Paper, in rolls or sheets, ctd, impreg, cov, surf-col, surf-de 4811.90.00 A 4811.90.10 A 4811.90.01 B + 4811.90.20 A 4811.90.02 A + 4811.90.30 D 4811.90.03 A + 4811.90.40 A 4811.90.04 C + 4811.90.60 D 4811.90.05 C + 4811.90.80 A 4811.90.06 A + 4811.90.07 A + 4811.90.08 B + 4811.90.09 C + 4811.90.99 C + +4812.00 Filter blocks, slabs and plates, of paper pulp 4812.00.00 A 4812.00.00 A 4812.00.01 A + + +4813.10 Paper, cigarette, in the form of booklets or tubes 4813.10.00 A 4813.10.00 A 4813.10.01 A + +4813.20 Paper, cigarette, in rolls of a width not exceeding 5 cm 4813.20.00 C 4813.20.00 A 4813.20.01 C + +4813.90 Paper, cigarette, nes 4813.90.00 C 4813.90.00 A 4813.90.01 C + 4813.90.99 C + +4814.10 Paper "Ingrain" 4814.10.00 A 4814.10.00 D 4814.10.01 A + +4814.20 Wallpaper, coated or covered on the face side with a decorated 4814.20.00 A 4814.20.00 D 4814.20.01 A + +4814.30 Wallpaper, covered on the face side with plaiting material 4814.30.00 A 4814.30.00 D 4814.30.01 A + +4814.90 Wallpaper and similar wall coverings, nes 4814.90.10 C 4814.90.00 D 4814.90.99 C + 4814.90.90 A + +4815.00 Floor coverings on a base of paper, whether or not cut to size 4815.00.00 A 4815.00.00 A 4815.00.01 A + 4815.00.99 C + +4816.10 Paper, carbon or similar copying, nes 4816.10.00 B 4816.10.00 A 4816.10.01 B + 4816.10.99 C + +4816.20 Paper, self-copy, nes 4816.20.00 C 4816.20.00 A 4816.20.01 C + +4816.30 Duplicator stencils 4816.30.00 A 4816.30.00 A 4816.30.01 A + +4816.90 Paper, copying/transfer, nes 4816.90.00 C 4816.90.00 A 4816.90.99 C + +4817.10 Envelopes of paper 4817.10.00 C 4817.10.00 A 4817.10.01 C + +4817.20 Cards, letter or correspondence, plain postcards, of paper 4817.20.00 B 4817.20.20 A 4817.20.01 B + 4817.20.40 A + +4817.30 Paper stationery, nes 4817.30.00 C 4817.30.00 A 4817.30.01 C + +4818.10 Toilet paper 4818.10.00 C 4818.10.00 A 4818.10.01 C + +4818.20 Handkerchiefs, cleansing or facial tissues and towels, of pape 4818.20.00 C 4818.20.00 A 4818.20.01 C + +4818.30 Tablecloths and serviettes, of paper 4818.30.00 C 4818.30.00 A 4818.30.01 C + +4818.40 Sanitary articles of paper, incl sanit towels & napkins 4818.40.10 C 4818.40.20 D 4818.40.01 C + 4818.40.90 C 4818.40.40 A 4818.40.02 C + 4818.40.99 C + +4818.50 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of paper, nes 4818.50.00 A 4818.50.00 A 4818.50.01 A + +4818.90 Household or hospital supplies, of paper, nes 4818.90.10 C 4818.90.00 A 4818.90.99 C + 4818.90.90 C + +4819.10 Cartons, boxes and cases, of corrugated paper or paperboard 4819.10.00 A 4819.10.00 A 4819.10.01 B8 + + +4819.20 Cartons, boxes and cases, folding, of non-corrugated paper or 4819.20.00 A 4819.20.00 A 4819.20.01 B8 + 4819.20.99 B8 + +4819.30 Sacks and bags, of paper, having a base of a width of 40 cm or 4819.30.00 A 4819.30.00 A 4819.30.01 C + +4819.40 Sacks and bags, of paper, nes; including cones 4819.40.10 C 4819.40.00 A 4819.40.01 C + 4819.40.91 A 4819.40.02 C + 4819.40.99 A 4819.40.99 C + +4819.50 Containers, packing, nes (including record sleeves) of paper 4819.50.00 A 4819.50.20 A 4819.50.99 B8 + 4819.50.30 A + 4819.50.40 A + +4819.60 Box files, letter trays and similar articles of paper, used in 4819.60.00 C 4819.60.00 A 4819.60.01 C + +4820.10 Registers, account books, note books, diaries and similar 4820.10.00 C 4820.10.20 A 4820.10.01 C + 4820.10.40 D 4820.10.99 C + +4820.20 Exercise books of paper 4820.20.00 C 4820.20.00 D 4820.20.01 C + +4820.30 Binders, folders and file covers, of paper 4820.30.00 B 4820.30.00 A 4820.30.01 B + +4820.40 Manifold business forms and interleaved carbon sets, of paper 4820.40.00 C 4820.40.00 A 4820.40.01 C + +4820.50 Albums for samples or for collections, of paper 4820.50.10 A 4820.50.00 A 4820.50.01 A + 4820.50.90 A + +4820.90 Office supplies nes, of paper 4820.90.10 D 4820.90.00 A 4820.90.01 B + 4820.90.90 B 4820.90.99 B + +4821.10 Paper labels of all kinds, printed 4821.10.00 A 4821.10.20 A 4821.10.01 C + 4821.10.40 A + +4821.90 Paper labels of all kinds, not printed 4821.90.00 A 4821.90.20 A 4821.90.99 B + 4821.90.40 A + +4822.10 Bobbins, spools and similar supports of paper, used for windin 4822.10.00 D 4822.10.00 A 4822.10.01 C + +4822.90 Bobbins, spools and similar supports of paper, nes 4822.90.00 C 4822.90.00 A 4822.90.99 C + +4823.11 Paper, self-adhesive, cut to size, in strips or rolls 4823.11.00 A 4823.11.00 A 4823.11.01 A + +4823.19 Paper, gummed or adhesive (o/t self-adhesive), cut to size, in 4823.19.00 B 4823.19.00 A 4823.19.99 B + +4823.20 Paper, filter, cut to size or shape 4823.20.10 A 4823.20.10 A 4823.20.01 A + 4823.20.90 A 4823.20.90 A 4823.20.99 C + +4823.30 Cards, not punched, for punch card machines, of paper,whether 4823.30.00 C 4823.30.00 A 4823.30.01 C + +4823.40 Rolls, sheets and dials, of paper, printed, for self-recording 4823.40.10 D 4823.40.00 A 4823.40.01 A + + 4823.40.90 A + +4823.51 Paper, fine, cut to size or shape, printed, embossed or 4823.51.00 A 4823.51.00 A 4823.51.01 C + +4823.59 Paper, fine, cut to size or shape, nes 4823.59.00 A 4823.59.20 A 4823.59.99 Bp + 4823.59.40 A + +4823.60 Trays, dishes, plates, cups and the like, of paper 4823.60.00 C 4823.60.00 A 4823.60.01 C + +4823.70 Moulded or pressed articles of paper pulp, nes 4823.70.10 D 4823.70.00 D 4823.70.01 C + 4823.70.20 D 4823.70.02 A + 4823.70.90 A 4823.70.03 C + 4823.70.99 C + +4823.90 Paper and paper articles, nes 4823.90.10 D 4823.90.10 D 4823.90.01 C + 4823.90.91 A 4823.90.20 A 4823.90.02 A + 4823.90.99 A 4823.90.40 A 4823.90.03 C + 4823.90.50 A 4823.90.04 A + 4823.90.60 A 4823.90.05 C + 4823.90.65 A 4823.90.06 C + 4823.90.70 A 4823.90.07 C + 4823.90.80 A 4823.90.08 C + 4823.90.85 A 4823.90.09 A + 4823.90.10 C + 4823.90.11 C + 4823.90.12 C + 4823.90.13 C + 4823.90.14 C + 4823.90.15 C + 4823.90.16 A + 4823.90.17 C + 4823.90.99 C + +4901.10 Brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, in single 4901.10.00 D 4901.10.00 D 4901.10.01 D + +4901.91 Dictionaries and encyclopaedias, and serial instalments thereo 4901.91.00 D 4901.91.00 D 4901.91.01 D + 4901.91.02 D + 4901.91.03 D + 4901.91.04 D + 4901.91.99 D + +4901.99 Books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, nes 4901.99.00 D 4901.99.00 D 4901.99.01 D + 4901.99.02 D + 4901.99.03 D + 4901.99.04 D + 4901.99.05 D + 4901.99.06 D + 4901.99.99 D + +4902.10 Newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing at least four 4902.10.00 D 4902.10.00 D 4902.10.01 D + 4902.10.02 D + + +4902.90 Newspapers, journals and periodicals, nes 4902.90.00 D 4902.90.10 A 4902.90.01 D + 4902.90.20 D 4902.90.02 D + +4903.00 Children's picture, drawing or colouring books 4903.00.10 D 4903.00.00 D 4903.00.01 A + 4903.00.20 A 4903.00.99 A + +4904.00 Music, printed or in manuscript, whether or not bound or 4904.00.00 D 4904.00.00 D 4904.00.01 D + +4905.10 Globes, topographical, printed 4905.10.00 D 4905.10.00 A 4905.10.01 A + +4905.91 Maps and hydrographic or similar charts of all kinds, printed, 4905.91.00 D 4905.91.00 D 4905.91.01 A + 4905.91.02 A + 4905.91.99 A + +4905.99 Maps and hydrographic or similar charts of all kinds, printed, 4905.99.10 D 4905.99.00 D 4905.99.01 A + 4905.99.90 A 4905.99.02 A + 4905.99.99 A + +4906.00 Plans and drawings for architectural etc originals drawn by 4906.00.00 D 4906.00.00 D 4906.00.01 A + +4907.00 Unused postage, revenue stamps; cheque forms, banknotes, bond 4907.00.10 D 4907.00.00 D 4907.00.01 D + 4907.00.20 D 4907.00.02 D + 4907.00.90 A 4907.00.03 D + 4907.00.04 D + 4907.00.99 A + +4908.10 Transfers (decalcomanias), vitrifiable 4908.10.00 D 4908.10.00 A 4908.10.01 C + 4908.10.99 C + +4908.90 Transfers (decalcomanias), nes 4908.90.00 A 4908.90.00 A 4908.90.01 C + 4908.90.02 C + 4908.90.03 C + 4908.90.04 C + 4908.90.05 A + 4908.90.99 A + +4909.00 Postcards, printed or illustrated; printed greeting cards 4909.00.00 A 4909.00.20 A 4909.00.01 A + 4909.00.40 A 4909.00.99 A + +4910.00 Calendars of any kind, printed, including calendar blocks 4910.00.10 D 4910.00.20 D 4910.00.01 A + 4910.00.20 A 4910.00.40 A 4910.00.99 A + 4910.00.90 A 4910.00.60 A + +4911.10 Trade advertising material, commercial catalogue and the like 4911.10.10 D 4911.10.00 D 4911.10.01 A + 4911.10.20 D 4911.10.02 A + 4911.10.91 D 4911.10.03 A + 4911.10.92 A 4911.10.04 A + 4911.10.99 A 4911.10.99 A + +4911.91 Pictures, designs and photographs 4911.91.10 D 4911.91.10 D 4911.91.01 A + + 4911.91.90 A 4911.91.15 D 4911.91.02 A + 4911.91.20 A 4911.91.03 A + 4911.91.30 D 4911.91.04 A + 4911.91.40 A 4911.91.05 A + 4911.91.06 A + 4911.91.99 A + +4911.99 Printed matter, nes 4911.99.10 D 4911.99.20 D 4911.99.01 A + 4911.99.20 D 4911.99.60 A 4911.99.02 A + 4911.99.30 D 4911.99.80 A 4911.99.03 A + 4911.99.40 D 4911.99.04 A + 4911.99.50 A 4911.99.05 A + 4911.99.90 A 4911.99.06 A + 4911.99.99 A + +5001.00 Silk-worm cocoons suitable for reeling 5001.00.00 D 5001.00.00 D 5001.00.01 A + + +5002.00 Raw silk (not thrown) 5002.00.00 D 5002.00.00 D 5002.00.01 A + +5003.10 Silk waste, not carded or combed 5003.10.00 D 5003.10.00 D 5003.10.01 A + +5003.90 Silk waste, nes 5003.90.00 D 5003.90.00 A 5003.90.99 A + +5004.00 Silk yarn (other than yarn spun from silk waste) not put up fo 5004.00.00 D 5004.00.00 A 5004.00.01 A + +5005.00 Yarn spun from silk waste, not put up for retail sale 5005.00.00 D 5005.00.00 A 5005.00.01 A + +5006.00 Silk yarn and yarn spun from wilk waste, put up for retail 5006.00.00 D 5006.00.10 A 5006.00.01 A + 5006.00.90 A + +5007.10 Woven fabrics of noil silk 5007.10.00 D 5007.10.30 A 5007.10.01 A + 5007.10.60 A 5007.10.02 A + 5007.10.99 A + +5007.20 Woven fabrics of silk/silk waste, o/t noil silk, 85% or more o 5007.20.00 D 5007.20.00 A 5007.20.01 A + 5007.20.02 A + 5007.20.03 A + 5007.20.99 A + +5007.90 Woven fabrics of silk, nes 5007.90.00 D 5007.90.30 A 5007.90.01 A + 5007.90.60 A 5007.90.99 A + +5101.11 Greasy shorn wool, not carded or combed 5101.11.00 D 5101.11.10 D 5101.11.01 D + 5101.11.20 A 5101.11.02 D + 5101.11.40 A + 5101.11.50 A + 5101.11.60 A + +5101.19 Greasy wool (other than shorn wool) not carded or combed 5101.19.00 D 5101.19.10 D 5101.19.01 C + 5101.19.20 A 5101.19.02 C + 5101.19.40 A + 5101.19.50 A + 5101.19.60 A + +5101.21 Degreased shorn wool, not carded, combed or carbonised 5101.21.00 D 5101.21.10 D 5101.21.01 C + 5101.21.15 A 5101.21.02 C + 5101.21.30 A + 5101.21.35 A + 5101.21.40 A + 5101.21.60 A + +5101.29 Degreased wool (other than shorn wool), not carded, combed or 5101.29.00 D 5101.29.10 D 5101.29.01 C + 5101.29.15 A 5101.29.02 C + 5101.29.30 A + 5101.29.35 A + 5101.29.40 A + 5101.29.60 B + + +5101.30 Carbonised wool, not carded or combed 5101.30.00 D 5101.30.10 B 5101.30.01 C + 5101.30.15 B 5101.30.02 C + 5101.30.30 B + 5101.30.40 A + 5101.30.60 A + +5102.10 Fine animal hair, not carded or combed 5102.10.00 D 5102.10.20 A 5102.10.01 A + 5102.10.40 A 5102.10.02 C + 5102.10.60 A 5102.10.99 C + 5102.10.80 D + 5102.10.90 B + +5102.20 Coarse animal hair, not carded or combed 5102.20.00 D 5102.20.00 D 5102.20.01 C + 5102.20.99 C + +5103.10 Noils of wool or of fine animal hair 5103.10.00 D 5103.10.00 A 5103.10.01 A + 5103.10.02 C + 5103.10.99 C + +5103.20 Waste (other than noils) of wool or of fine animal hair, exc 5103.20.00 D 5103.20.00 A 5103.20.01 C + 5103.20.02 C + 5103.20.99 A + +5103.30 Waste of coarse animal hair, excluding garnetted stock 5103.30.00 D 5103.30.00 B 5103.30.01 C + +5104.00 Garnetted stock of wool or of fine or coarse animal hair 5104.00.00 D 5104.00.00 B 5104.00.01 C + +5105.10 Carded wool 5105.10.10 D 5105.10.00 A 5105.10.01 A + 5105.10.90 A + +5105.21 Combed wool in fragments 5105.21.00 D 5105.21.00 A 5105.21.01 A + +5105.29 Wool tops and other combed wool, other than combed wool in 5105.29.10 D 5105.29.00 A 5105.29.01 A + 5105.29.90 A 5105.29.99 A + +5105.30 Fine animal hair, carded or combed 5105.30.10 D 5105.30.00 A 5105.30.01 A + 5105.30.90 A 5105.30.99 A + +5105.40 Coarse animal hair, carded or combed 5105.40.10 D 5105.40.00 A 5105.40.01 A + 5105.40.90 A 5105.40.02 A + 5105.40.99 A + +5106.10 Yarn of carded wool, 85% by weight of wool, not put up for 5106.10.00 Bl 5106.10.00 A 5106.10.01 Bl + +5106.20 Yarn of carded, wool, <85% by weight of wool, not put up for 5106.20.00 Bl 5106.20.00 A 5106.20.01 Bl + +5107.10 Yarn of combed wool, 85% by weight of wool, not put up for 5107.10.00 Bl 5107.10.00 A 5107.10.01 Bl + +5107.20 Yarn of combed wool, <85% by weight of wool, not put up for 5107.20.00 Bl 5107.20.00 A 5107.20.01 Bl + + +5108.10 Yarn of carded fine animal hair, not put up for retail sale 5108.10.10 Bl 5108.10.30 A 5108.10.01 Bl + 5108.10.20 Bl 5108.10.60 A 5108.10.99 Bl + +5108.20 Yarn of combed fine animal hair, not put up for retail sale 5108.20.10 Bl 5108.20.30 A 5108.20.01 Bl + 5108.20.20 Bl 5108.20.60 A 5108.20.99 Bl + +5109.10 Yarn of wool or of fine animal hair, 85% by weight of such 5109.10.00 Bl 5109.10.20 D 5109.10.01 Bl + 5109.10.40 A + 5109.10.60 A + +5109.90 Yarn of wool or of fine animal hair, <85% by weight of such 5109.90.00 Bl 5109.90.20 D 5109.90.99 Bl + 5109.90.40 A + 5109.90.60 A + +5110.00 Yarn of coarse animal hair or of horsehair 5110.00.00 Bl 5110.00.00 A 5110.00.01 Bl + +5111.11 Woven fabrics of carded wool/fine animal hair, 85% by weight, 5111.11.10 Bl 5111.11.20 B 5111.11.FA Bl + 5111.11.90 Bl 5111.11.30 B 5111.11.01 Bl + 5111.11.70 B + +5111.19 Woven fabrics of carded wool/fine animal hair, 85% by weight, 5111.19.00 Bl 5111.19.10 B 5111.19.FA Bl + 5111.19.20 B 5111.19.99 Bl + 5111.19.60 B + +5111.20 Woven fabrics of carded wool/fine animal hair, mixed with m-m 5111.20.10 Bl 5111.20.05 B 5111.20.FA Bl + 5111.20.91 Bl 5111.20.10 B 5111.20.99 Bl + 5111.20.92 Bl 5111.20.90 B + +5111.30 Woven fabrics of carded wool/fine animal hair, mixed with m-m 5111.30.10 Bl 5111.30.05 B 5111.30.FA Bl + 5111.30.91 Bl 5111.30.10 B 5111.30.99 Bl + 5111.30.92 Bl 5111.30.90 B + +5111.90 Woven fabrics of carded wool/fine animal hair, nes 5111.90.10 Bl 5111.90.30 B 5111.90.99 Bl + 5111.90.91 Bl 5111.90.40 B + 5111.90.92 Bl 5111.90.50 B + 5111.90.90 B + +5112.11 Woven fabrics of combed wool/fine animal hair, 85% by weight, 5112.11.10 Bl 5112.11.10 B 5112.11.FA Bl + 5112.11.90 Bl 5112.11.20 B 5112.11.01 Bl + +5112.19 Woven fabrics of combed wool/fine animal hair, 85% by weight, 5112.19.10 A 5112.19.20 B 5112.19.FA A + 5112.19.91 Bl 5112.19.90 B 5112.19.FB Bl + 5112.19.92 Bl 5112.19.99 Bl + +5112.20 Woven fabrics of combed wool/fine animal hair, <85% by wt, 5112.20.10 Bl 5112.20.10 B 5112.20.FA Bl + 5112.20.91 Bl 5112.20.20 B 5112.20.01 Bl + 5112.20.92 Bl 5112.20.30 B + +5112.30 Woven fabrics of combed wool/fine animal hair, <85% by wt, 5112.30.10 A 5112.30.10 B 5112.30.FA A + 5112.30.20 Bl 5112.30.20 B 5112.30.FB Bl + 5112.30.91 Bl 5112.30.30 B 5112.30.01 Bl + + 5112.30.92 Bl + +5112.90 Woven fabrics of combed wool/fine animal hair, <85% by weight, 5112.90.10 Bl 5112.90.30 B 5112.90.99 Bl + 5112.90.91 Bl 5112.90.40 B + 5112.90.92 Bl 5112.90.50 B + 5112.90.90 B + +5113.00 Woven fabrics of coarse animal hair or of horsehair 5113.00.00 Bl 5113.00.00 A 5113.00.01 Bl + 5113.00.02 Bl + +5201.00 Cotton, not carded or combed 5201.00.00 D 5201.00.10 C 5201.00.01 C + 5201.00.20 C 5201.00.02 C + 5201.00.50 C 5201.00.03 D + +5202.10 Cotton yarn waste (including thread waste) 5202.10.00 D 5202.10.00 D 5202.10.01 B + 5202.10.02 B + 5202.10.99 B + +5202.91 Garnetted stock of cotton 5202.91.00 D 5202.91.00 A 5202.91.01 B + +5202.99 Cotton waste, nes 5202.99.00 D 5202.99.00 C 5202.99.01 C + 5202.99.99 B + +5203.00 Cotton, carded or combed 5203.00.10 D 5203.00.00 C 5203.00.01 C + 5203.00.90 C + +5204.11 Cotton sewing thread 85% by weight of cotton, not put up for 5204.11.00 B+ 5204.11.00 A 5204.11.01 B+ + +5204.19 Cotton sewing thread, <85% by weight of cotton, not put up for 5204.19.00 B+ 5204.19.00 A 5204.19.99 B+ + +5204.20 Cotton sewing thread, put up for retail sale 5204.20.00 B+ 5204.20.00 A 5204.20.01 B+ + +5205.11 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, uncombed, 714.29 dtex, not put up 5205.11.00 B+ 5205.11.10 B 5205.11.01 B+ + 5205.11.20 B + +5205.12 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, uncombed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, not 5205.12.00 B+ 5205.12.10 B 5205.12.01 B+ + 5205.12.20 B + +5205.13 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, uncombed, 232.56 >dtex 192.31, not 5205.13.00 B+ 5205.13.10 B 5205.13.01 B+ + 5205.13.20 B + +5205.14 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, uncombed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not pu 5205.14.00 B+ 5205.14.10 B 5205.14.01 B+ + 5205.14.20 B + +5205.15 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, uncombed, <125 dtex, not put up for 5205.15.00 B+ 5205.15.10 B 5205.15.01 B+ + 5205.15.20 B + +5205.21 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, combed, 714.29, not put up 5205.21.00 B+ 5205.21.00 B 5205.21.01 B+ + +5205.22 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, combed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, not 5205.22.00 B+ 5205.22.00 B 5205.22.01 B+ + + +5205.23 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, combed, 232.56 >dtex 192.31, not 5205.23.00 B+ 5205.23.00 B 5205.23.01 B+ + +5205.24 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, combed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not put 5205.24.00 B+ 5205.24.00 B 5205.24.01 B+ + +5205.25 Cotton yarn, 85%, single, combed, <125 dtex, not put up for 5205.25.00 B+ 5205.25.00 B 5205.25.01 B+ + +5205.31 Cotton yarn, 85%, multi, uncombed, 714.29 dtex, not put up, 5205.31.00 B+ 5205.31.00 B 5205.31.01 B+ + +5205.32 Cotton yarn, 85%, multi, uncombed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, not 5205.32.00 B+ 5205.32.00 B 5205.32.01 B+ + +5205.33 Cotton yarn, 85%, multi, uncombed, 232.56 >dtex 192.31, not 5205.33.00 B+ 5205.33.00 B 5205.33.01 B+ + +5205.34 Cotton yarn, 85%, multi, uncombed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not put 5205.34.00 B+ 5205.34.00 B 5205.34.01 B+ + +5205.35 Cotton yarn, 85%, multi, uncombed, <125 dtex, not put up, nes 5205.35.00 B+ 5205.35.00 B 5205.35.01 B+ + +5205.41 Cotton yarn, 85%, multiple, combed, 714.29 dtex, not put up, 5205.41.00 B+ 5205.41.00 B 5205.41.01 B+ + +5205.42 Cotton yarn, 85%, multi, combed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, not pu 5205.42.00 B+ 5205.42.00 B 5205.42.01 B+ + +5205.43 Cotton yarn, 85%, multi, combed, 232.56 >dtex 192.31, not pu 5205.43.00 B+ 5205.43.00 B 5205.43.01 B+ + +5205.44 Cotton yarn, 85%, multiple, combed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not pu 5205.44.00 B+ 5205.44.00 B 5205.44.01 B+ + +5205.45 Cotton yarn, 85%, multiple, combed, <125 dtex, not put up, ne 5205.45.10 D 5205.45.00 B 5205.45.01 B+ + 5205.45.90 B+ + +5206.11 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, uncombed, 714.29, not put up 5206.11.00 B+ 5206.11.00 B 5206.11.01 B+ + +5206.12 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, uncombed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, not 5206.12.00 B+ 5206.12.00 B 5206.12.01 B+ + +5206.13 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, uncombed, 232.56 >dtex 192.31, not 5206.13.00 B+ 5206.13.00 B 5206.13.01 B+ + +5206.14 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, uncombed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not pu 5206.14.00 B+ 5206.14.00 B 5206.14.01 B+ + +5206.15 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, uncombed, <125 dtex, not put up for 5206.15.00 B+ 5206.15.00 B 5206.15.01 B+ + +5206.21 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, combed, 714.29 dtex, not put up 5206.21.00 B+ 5206.21.00 B 5206.21.01 B+ + +5206.22 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, combed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, not 5206.22.00 B+ 5206.22.00 B 5206.22.01 B+ + +5206.23 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, combed, 232.56 >dtex 192.31, not 5206.23.00 B+ 5206.23.00 B 5206.23.01 B+ + +5206.24 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, combed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not put 5206.24.00 B+ 5206.24.00 B 5206.24.01 B+ + +5206.25 Cotton yarn, <85%, single, combed, <125 dtex, not put up for 5206.25.00 B+ 5206.25.00 B 5206.25.01 B+ + +5206.31 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, uncombed, 714.29, not put up, ne 5206.31.00 B+ 5206.31.00 B 5206.31.01 B+ + +5206.32 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, uncombed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, 5206.32.00 B+ 5206.32.00 B 5206.32.01 B+ + + +5206.33 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, uncombed, 232.56 >dex 192.31, no 5206.33.00 B+ 5206.33.00 B 5206.33.01 B+ + +5206.34 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, uncombed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not 5206.34.00 B+ 5206.34.00 B 5206.34.01 B+ + +5206.35 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, uncombed, <125 dtex, not put up, 5206.35.00 B+ 5206.35.00 B 5206.35.01 B+ + +5206.41 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, combed, 714.29, not put up, nes 5206.41.00 B+ 5206.41.00 B 5206.41.01 B+ + +5206.42 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, combed, 714.29 >dtex 232.56, not 5206.42.00 B+ 5206.42.00 B 5206.42.01 B+ + +5206.43 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, combed, 232.56 >dtex 192.31, not 5206.43.00 B+ 5206.43.00 B 5206.43.01 B+ + +5206.44 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, combed, 192.31 >dtex 125, not pu 5206.44.00 B+ 5206.44.00 B 5206.44.01 B+ + +5206.45 Cotton yarn, <85%, multiple, combed, <125 dtex, not put up, ne 5206.45.00 B+ 5206.45.00 B 5206.45.01 B+ + +5207.10 Cotton yarn (o/t sewing thread) 85% by weight of cotton, put 5207.10.00 B+ 5207.10.00 B 5207.10.01 B+ + +5207.90 Cotton yarn (o/t sewing thread) <85% by wt of cotton, put up 5207.90.00 B+ 5207.90.00 B 5207.90.99 B+ + +5208.11 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 100 g/mO, 5208.11.10 D 5208.11.20 B 5208.11.01 B+ + 5208.11.90 B+ 5208.11.40 B + 5208.11.60 B + 5208.11.80 B + +5208.12 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, >100 g/mO to 200 g/mO, 5208.12.00 B+ 5208.12.40 B 5208.12.01 B+ + 5208.12.60 B + 5208.12.80 B + +5208.13 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, 5208.13.00 B+ 5208.13.00 A 5208.13.01 B+ + +5208.19 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, 5208.19.00 B+ 5208.19.20 B 5208.19.FA B+ + 5208.19.2V A 5208.19.01 B+ + 5208.19.40 B + 5208.19.60 B + 5208.19.80 B + +5208.21 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 100 g/mO, 5208.21.00 B+ 5208.21.20 B 5208.21.01 B+ + 5208.21.40 B + 5208.21.60 B + +5208.22 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, >100 g/mO to 200 g/mO, 5208.22.10 D 5208.22.40 B 5208.22.01 B+ + 5208.22.90 B+ 5208.22.60 B + 5208.22.80 B + +5208.23 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, 5208.23.00 B+ 5208.23.00 A 5208.23.01 B+ + +5208.29 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, 5208.29.00 B+ 5208.29.20 B 5208.29.FA B+ + 5208.29.2V A 5208.29.01 B+ + 5208.29.40 B + 5208.29.60 B + + 5208.29.80 B + +5208.31 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 100 g/mO, dyed 5208.31.00 B+ 5208.31.20 A 5208.31.01 B+ + 5208.31.40 B + 5208.31.60 B + 5208.31.80 B + +5208.32 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, >100 g/mO to 200 g/mO, dyed 5208.32.10 D 5208.32.10 A 5208.32.01 B+ + 5208.32.90 B+ 5208.32.30 B + 5208.32.40 B + 5208.32.50 B + +5208.33 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, dyed 5208.33.00 B+ 5208.33.00 A 5208.33.01 B+ + +5208.39 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, dyed, 5208.39.00 B+ 5208.39.20 B 5208.39.FA B+ + 5208.39.2V A 5208.39.01 B+ + 5208.39.40 B + 5208.39.60 B + 5208.39.80 B + +5208.41 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 100 g/mO, yarn 5208.41.00 B+ 5208.41.20 A 5208.41.01 B+ + 5208.41.40 B + 5208.41.60 B + 5208.41.80 B + +5208.42 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, >100 g/mO to 200 g/mO, yarn 5208.42.10 D 5208.42.10 A 5208.42.01 B+ + 5208.42.90 B+ 5208.42.30 B + 5208.42.40 B + 5208.42.50 B + +5208.43 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, yarn 5208.43.00 B+ 5208.43.00 B 5208.43.01 B+ + +5208.49 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, yarn 5208.49.00 B+ 5208.49.20 B 5208.49.01 B+ + 5208.49.40 B + 5208.49.60 B + 5208.49.80 B + +5208.51 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 100 g/mO, 5208.51.00 B+ 5208.51.20 A 5208.51.01 B+ + 5208.51.40 B + 5208.51.60 B + 5208.51.80 B + +5208.52 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, >100 g/mO to 200 g/mO, 5208.52.10 D 5208.52.10 A 5208.52.01 B+ + 5208.52.90 B+ 5208.52.30 B + 5208.52.40 B + 5208.52.50 B + +5208.53 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, 5208.53.00 B+ 5208.53.00 A 5208.53.01 B+ + +5208.59 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, not more than 200 g/mO, printed 5208.59.00 B+ 5208.59.20 B 5208.59.FA B+ + 5208.59.2V A 5208.59.01 B+ + + 5208.59.40 A + 5208.59.60 A + 5208.59.80 A + +5209.11 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, 5209.11.00 B+ 5209.11.00 B 5209.11.01 B+ + +5209.12 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, 5209.12.00 B+ 5209.12.00 A 5209.12.01 B+ + +5209.19 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, unbleached, 5209.19.00 B+ 5209.19.00 B 5209.19.FA B+ + 5209.19.0V A 5209.19.01 B+ + +5209.21 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, bleached 5209.21.00 B+ 5209.21.00 B 5209.21.01 B+ + +5209.22 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, bleached 5209.22.00 B+ 5209.22.00 A 5209.22.01 B+ + +5209.29 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, bleached, 5209.29.00 B+ 5209.29.00 B 5209.29.FA B+ + 5209.29.0V A 5209.29.01 B+ + +5209.31 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, dyed 5209.31.00 B+ 5209.31.30 A 5209.31.01 B+ + 5209.31.60 B + +5209.32 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, dyed 5209.32.00 B+ 5209.32.00 A 5209.32.01 B+ + +5209.39 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, dyed, nes 5209.39.00 B+ 5209.39.00 B 5209.39.FA B+ + 5209.39.0V A 5209.39.01 B+ + +5209.41 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, yarn dye 5209.41.00 B+ 5209.41.30 A 5209.41.01 B+ + 5209.41.60 B + +5209.42 Denim fabrics of cotton, 85%, more than 200 g/mO 5209.42.00 A 5209.42.00 A 5209.42.01 A + +5209.43 Twill weave cotton fabrics, o/t denim, 85%, more than 200 5209.43.00 B+ 5209.43.00 B 5209.43.01 B+ + +5209.49 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, yarn dyed, 5209.49.00 B+ 5209.49.00 B 5209.49.01 B+ + +5209.51 Plain weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, printed 5209.51.00 B+ 5209.51.30 A 5209.51.01 B+ + 5209.51.60 B + +5209.52 Twill weave cotton fabrics, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, printed 5209.52.00 B+ 5209.52.00 A 5209.52.01 B+ + +5209.59 Woven fabrics of cotton, 85%, more than 200 g/mO, printed, ne 5209.59.00 B+ 5209.59.00 B 5209.59.FA B+ + 5209.59.0V A 5209.59.01 B+ + +5210.11 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, not more than 5210.11.00 B+ 5210.11.40 B 5210.11.01 B+ + 5210.11.60 B 5210.11.99 B+ + 5210.11.80 B + +5210.12 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, not more than 5210.12.00 B+ 5210.12.00 A 5210.12.01 B+ + +5210.19 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, È 200 g/mO, 5210.19.00 B+ 5210.19.20 B 5210.19.FA B+ + 5210.19.2V A 5210.19.01 B+ + + 5210.19.40 A + 5210.19.60 A + 5210.19.80 A + +5210.21 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, not more than 5210.21.00 B+ 5210.21.40 B 5210.21.01 B+ + 5210.21.60 B + 5210.21.80 B + +5210.22 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, not more than 5210.22.00 B+ 5210.22.00 A 5210.22.01 B+ + +5210.29 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, È 200 g/mO, 5210.29.00 B+ 5210.29.20 B 5210.29.FA B+ + 5210.29.2V A 5210.29.99 B+ + 5210.29.40 A + 5210.29.60 A + 5210.29.80 A + +5210.31 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, not more than 5210.31.00 B+ 5210.31.40 B 5210.31.01 B+ + 5210.31.60 B + 5210.31.80 B + +5210.32 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, not more than 5210.32.00 B+ 5210.32.00 A 5210.32.01 B+ + +5210.39 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, È 200 g/mO, 5210.39.00 B+ 5210.39.20 B 5210.39.FA B+ + 5210.39.2V A 5210.39.99 B+ + 5210.39.40 B + 5210.39.60 B + 5210.39.80 B + +5210.41 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed w m-m fib, not more than 20 5210.41.00 B+ 5210.41.40 B 5210.41.01 B+ + 5210.41.60 B + 5210.41.80 B + +5210.42 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed w m-m fib, not more than 20 5210.42.00 B+ 5210.42.00 B 5210.42.01 B+ + +5210.49 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed w m-m fib, È 200 g/mO, yar 5210.49.00 B+ 5210.49.20 B 5210.49.99 B+ + 5210.49.40 B + 5210.49.60 B + 5210.49.80 B + +5210.51 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed w m-m fib, not more than 20 5210.51.00 B+ 5210.51.40 B 5210.51.01 B+ + 5210.51.60 B + 5210.51.80 B + +5210.52 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed w m-m fib, not more than 20 5210.52.00 B+ 5210.52.00 A 5210.52.01 B+ + +5210.59 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, È 200 g/mO, 5210.59.00 B+ 5210.59.20 B 5210.59.FA B+ + 5210.59.2V A 5210.59.01 B+ + 5210.59.40 B + 5210.59.60 B + 5210.59.80 B + + +5211.11 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.11.00 B+ 5211.11.00 B 5211.11.01 B+ + 5211.11.99 B+ + +5211.12 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.12.00 B+ 5211.12.00 A 5211.12.01 B+ + +5211.19 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 20 5211.19.00 B+ 5211.19.00 B 5211.19.FA B+ + 5211.19.0V A 5211.19.01 B+ + +5211.21 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.21.00 B+ 5211.21.00 B 5211.21.01 B+ + +5211.22 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.22.00 B+ 5211.22.00 A 5211.22.01 B+ + +5211.29 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 20 5211.29.00 B+ 5211.29.00 B 5211.29.FA B+ + 5211.29.0V A 5211.29.99 B+ + +5211.31 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.31.00 B+ 5211.31.00 B 5211.31.01 B+ + +5211.32 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.32.00 B+ 5211.32.00 A 5211.32.01 B+ + +5211.39 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 20 5211.39.00 B+ 5211.39.00 B 5211.39.FA B+ + 5211.39.0V A 5211.39.01 B+ + +5211.41 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.41.00 B+ 5211.41.00 B 5211.41.01 B+ + +5211.42 Denim fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 20 5211.42.00 A 5211.42.00 A 5211.42.01 A + +5211.43 Twill weave cotton fab, o/t denim, <85% mixed w m-m fib, >200 5211.43.00 B+ 5211.43.00 B 5211.43.99 B+ + +5211.49 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed with m-m fib, >200 g/mO, 5211.49.00 B+ 5211.49.00 B 5211.49.01 B+ + +5211.51 Plain weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.51.00 B+ 5211.51.00 B 5211.51.01 B+ + +5211.52 Twill weave cotton fab, <85% mixed with m-m fib, more than 200 5211.52.00 B+ 5211.52.00 A 5211.52.01 B+ + +5211.59 Woven fabrics of cotton, <85% mixed w m-m fib, more than 200 5211.59.00 B+ 5211.59.00 B 5211.59.FA B+ + 5211.59.0V A 5211.59.01 B+ + +5212.11 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing not more than 200 g/mO, 5212.11.10 B+ 5212.11.10 B 5212.11.01 B+ + 5212.11.20 B+ 5212.11.60 B + 5212.11.90 B+ + +5212.12 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing not more than 200 g/mO, 5212.12.10 B+ 5212.12.10 B 5212.12.01 B+ + 5212.12.20 B+ 5212.12.60 B + 5212.12.90 B+ + +5212.13 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing not more than 200 g/mO, dyed 5212.13.10 B+ 5212.13.10 B 5212.13.01 B+ + 5212.13.20 B+ 5212.13.60 B + 5212.13.90 B+ + +5212.14 Woven fabrics of cotton, È 200 g/mO, of yarns of different 5212.14.10 B+ 5212.14.10 B 5212.14.01 B+ + 5212.14.20 B+ 5212.14.60 B + + 5212.14.90 B+ + +5212.15 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing not more than 200 g/mO, 5212.15.10 B+ 5212.15.10 B 5212.15.01 B+ + 5212.15.20 B+ 5212.15.60 B + 5212.15.90 B+ + +5212.21 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing more than 200 g/mO, 5212.21.10 B+ 5212.21.10 B 5212.21.01 B+ + 5212.21.20 B+ 5212.21.60 B + 5212.21.90 B+ + +5212.22 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing more than 200 g/mO, bleached 5212.22.10 B+ 5212.22.10 B 5212.22.01 B+ + 5212.22.20 B+ 5212.22.60 B + 5212.22.90 B+ + +5212.23 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing more than 200 g/mO, dyed, ne 5212.23.10 B+ 5212.23.10 B 5212.23.01 B+ + 5212.23.20 B+ 5212.23.60 B + 5212.23.90 B+ + +5212.24 Woven fabrics of cotton, >200 g/mO, of yarns of different 5212.24.10 B+ 5212.24.10 B 5212.24.FA A + 5212.24.20 B+ 5212.24.60 B 5212.24.01 B+ + 5212.24.90 B+ + 5212.24.9V A + +5212.25 Woven fabrics of cotton, weighing more than 200 g/mO, printed, 5212.25.10 B+ 5212.25.10 B 5212.25.01 B+ + 5212.25.20 B+ 5212.25.60 B + 5212.25.90 B+ + +5301.10 Flax fibre, raw or retted 5301.10.00 D 5301.10.00 D 5301.10.01 C + +5301.21 Flax fibre, broken or scutched 5301.21.00 D 5301.21.00 A 5301.21.01 C + +5301.29 Flax fibre, otherwise processed but not spun 5301.29.00 D 5301.29.00 A 5301.29.99 C + +5301.30 Flax tow and waste (including yarn waste and garnetted stock) 5301.30.00 D 5301.30.00 D 5301.30.01 C + 5301.30.99 C + +5302.10 True hemp fibre (Cannabis sativa l), raw or retted 5302.10.00 D 5302.10.00 D 5302.10.01 C + +5302.90 True hemp fibre otherwise processed but not spun; tow and wast 5302.90.00 D 5302.90.00 D 5302.90.01 C + 5302.90.99 C + +5303.10 Jute and other textile bast fibres, raw or retted 5303.10.00 D 5303.10.00 D 5303.10.01 C + 5303.10.99 C + +5303.90 Jute and other tex bast fib, not spun, nes; tow and waste of 5303.90.00 D 5303.90.00 D 5303.90.01 C + 5303.90.99 C + +5304.10 Sisal and other textile fibres of the genus Agave, raw 5304.10.00 D 5304.10.00 D 5304.10.01 C + +5304.90 Sisal textile fibres processed but not spun; tow and waste of 5304.90.00 D 5304.90.00 D 5304.90.99 C + + +5305.11 Coconut (coir) fibre, raw 5305.11.00 D 5305.11.00 D 5305.11.01 C + +5305.19 Coconut (coir) fibre,processed not spun; tow, noils and waste 5305.19.00 D 5305.19.00 D 5305.19.99 C + +5305.21 Abaca fibre, raw 5305.21.00 D 5305.21.00 D 5305.21.01 C + +5305.29 Abaca fibre, processed but not spun; tow, noils and waste of 5305.29.00 D 5305.29.00 D 5305.29.99 C + +5305.91 Vegetable textile fibres nes, raw 5305.91.00 D 5305.91.00 D 5305.91.01 C + 5305.91.99 C + +5305.99 Vegetable tex fib nes, processed not spun;tow,noils and waste 5305.99.00 D 5305.99.00 D 5305.99.01 C + 5305.99.99 C + +5306.10 Flax yarn, single 5306.10.10 D 5306.10.00 A 5306.10.01 A + 5306.10.20 A + +5306.20 Flax yarn, multile (folded) or cabled 5306.20.10 D 5306.20.00 A 5306.20.01 A + 5306.20.20 A + +5307.10 Yarn of jute or of other textile bast fibres, single 5307.10.00 A 5307.10.00 A 5307.10.01 A + 5307.10.99 A + +5307.20 Yarn of jute or of other textile bast fibres, multiple (folded 5307.20.00 A 5307.20.00 A 5307.20.01 A + +5308.10 Coir yarn 5308.10.00 D 5308.10.00 D 5308.10.01 A + +5308.20 True hemp yarn 5308.20.00 A 5308.20.00 A 5308.20.01 A + 5308.20.99 A + +5308.30 Paper yarn 5308.30.00 A 5308.30.00 A 5308.30.01 A + +5308.90 Yarn of other vegetable textile fibres 5308.90.10 A 5308.90.00 A 5308.90.01 A + 5308.90.20 A 5308.90.99 A + +5309.11 Woven fabrics, containing 85% or more by weight of flax, 5309.11.00 A 5309.11.00 A 5309.11.01 A + +5309.19 Woven fabrics, containing 85% or more by weight of flax, o/t 5309.19.00 A 5309.19.00 A 5309.19.99 A + +5309.21 Woven fabrics of flax, containing <85% by weight of flax, 5309.21.00 A 5309.21.20 A 5309.21.01 A + 5309.21.30 A + 5309.21.40 A + +5309.29 Woven fabrics of flax, containing <85% by weight of flax, o/t 5309.29.00 A 5309.29.20 A 5309.29.99 A + 5309.29.30 A + 5309.29.40 A + +5310.10 Woven fabrics of jute or of other textile bast fibres, 5310.10.10 D 5310.10.00 D 5310.10.01 A + 5310.10.90 A + +5310.90 Woven fabrics of jute or of other textile bast fibres, o/t 5310.90.10 D 5310.90.00 A 5310.90.99 A + + 5310.90.90 A + +5311.00 Woven fabrics of other vegetable textile fibres; woven fabrics 5311.00.00 A 5311.00.20 A 5311.00.01 A + 5311.00.30 A 5311.00.02 A + 5311.00.40 A 5311.00.03 A + 5311.00.60 A 5311.00.99 A + +5401.10 Sewing thread of synthetic filaments 5401.10.00 B+ 5401.10.00 A 5401.10.01 B+ + +5401.20 Sewing thread of artificial filaments 5401.20.00 B+ 5401.20.00 A 5401.20.01 B+ + +5402.10 High tenacity yarn (o/t sewing thread), nylon/other polyamides 5402.10.00 B+ 5402.10.30 B 5402.10.FA A + 5402.10.0V A 5402.10.60 B 5402.10.01 B+ + 5402.10.0W A 5402.10.02 A + +5402.20 High tenacity yarn (o/t sewing thread), of polyester filaments 5402.20.00 B+ 5402.20.30 B 5402.20.FA A + + 5402.20.0V A 5402.20.60 B 5402.20.01 A + +5402.31 Textured yarn nes, of nylon or other polyamides fi, È50 5402.31.00 B+ 5402.31.30 B 5402.31.01 B+ + 5402.31.60 B + +5402.32 Textured yarn nes, of nylon or other polyamides fi, >50 5402.32.00 B+ 5402.32.30 B 5402.32.FA A + 5402.32.0V A 5402.32.60 B 5402.32.01 B+ + +5402.33 Textured yarn nes, of polyester filaments, not put up for 5402.33.00 B+ 5402.33.30 B 5402.33.01 B+ + 5402.33.60 B + +5402.39 Textured yarn of synthetic filaments, nes, not put up 5402.39.00 B+ 5402.39.30 B 5402.39.01 B+ + 5402.39.60 B 5402.39.02 B+ + 5402.39.03 B+ + 5402.39.99 B+ + +5402.41 Yarn of nylon or other polyamides fi, single, untwisted, nes, 5402.41.00 B+ 5402.41.00 B 5402.41.FA A + 5402.41.0V A 5402.41.FB A + 5402.41.0W A 5402.41.01 B+ + 5402.41.02 B+ + 5402.41.03 B+ + +5402.42 Yarn of polyester filaments, partially oriented, single, nes, 5402.42.00 A 5402.42.00 B 5402.42.01 A + +5402.43 Yarn of polyester filaments, single, untwisted, nes, not put u 5402.43.00 B+ 5402.43.00 B 5402.43.FA A + 5402.43.0V A 5402.43.01 B+ + +5402.49 Yarn of synthetic filaments, single, untwisted, nes, not put u 5402.49.00 B+ 5402.49.00 A 5402.49.FA A + 5402.49.0V A 5402.49.01 B+ + 5402.49.02 B+ + 5402.49.03 B+ + 5402.49.04 B+ + 5402.49.05 B+ + 5402.49.06 Bl + 5402.49.07 B+ + 5402.49.99 B+ + +5402.51 Yarn of nylon or other polyamides fi, single, >50 turns/m, not 5402.51.00 B+ 5402.51.00 A 5402.51.01 B+ + 5402.51.02 B+ + +5402.52 Yarn of polyester filaments, single, >50 turns per metre, not 5402.52.00 B+ 5402.52.00 A 5402.52.01 B+ + 5402.52.99 B+ + +5402.59 Yarn of synthetic filaments, single, >50 turns per metre, nes, 5402.59.00 B+ 5402.59.00 B 5402.59.01 B+ + 5402.59.02 B+ + 5402.59.03 B+ + 5402.59.04 B+ + 5402.59.05 B+ + 5402.59.99 B+ + +5402.61 Yarn of nylon or other polyamides fi, multiple, nes, not put u 5402.61.00 B+ 5402.61.00 B 5402.61.01 B+ + + 5402.61.02 B+ + +5402.62 Yarn of polyester filaments, multiple, nes, not put up 5402.62.00 B+ 5402.62.00 B 5402.62.01 B+ + 5402.62.99 B+ + +5402.69 Yarn of synthetic filaments, multiple, nes, not put up 5402.69.00 B+ 5402.69.00 B 5402.69.01 B+ + 5402.69.02 B+ + 5402.69.03 B+ + 5402.69.04 B+ + 5402.69.05 B+ + 5402.69.99 B+ + +5403.10 High tenacity yarn (o/t sewing thread), of viscose rayon 5403.10.00 B+ 5403.10.30 C 5403.10.01 B+ + 5403.10.60 C + +5403.20 Textured yarn nes, of artificial filaments, not put up for 5403.20.00 B+ 5403.20.30 B 5403.20.01 B+ + 5403.20.60 C 5403.20.99 B+ + +5403.31 Yarn of viscose rayon filaments, single, untwisted, nes, not 5403.31.00 A 5403.31.00 C 5403.31.01 A + 5403.31.99 A + +5403.32 Yarn of viscose rayon filaments, single, >120 turns per metre, 5403.32.00 A 5403.32.00 C 5403.32.01 A + 5403.32.99 A + +5403.33 Yarn of cellulose acetate filaments, single, nes, not put up 5403.33.00 B+ 5403.33.00 A 5403.33.01 B+ + +5403.39 Yarn of artificial filaments, single, nes, not put up 5403.39.00 B+ 5403.39.00 B 5403.39.99 B+ + +5403.41 Yarn of viscose rayon filaments, multiple, nes, not put up 5403.41.00 A 5403.41.00 C 5403.41.01 A + 5403.41.99 A + +5403.42 Yarn of cellulose acetate filaments, multiple, nes, not put up 5403.42.00 B+ 5403.42.00 A 5403.42.01 B+ + +5403.49 Yarn of artificial filaments, multiple, nes, not put up 5403.49.00 B+ 5403.49.00 B 5403.49.99 B+ + +5404.10 Synthetic mono, 67 dtex, no cross sectional dimension exceeds 5404.10.00 B+ 5404.10.10 A 5404.10.FA A + 5404.10.0V A 5404.10.20 B 5404.10.01 B+ + 5404.10.0W A 5404.10.2V A 5404.10.02 B+ + 5404.10.2W A 5404.10.03 B+ + 5404.10.04 B+ + 5404.10.99 B+ + +5404.90 Strip and the like of syn tex materials of an apparent width 5404.90.00 B+ 5404.90.00 A 5404.90.FA A + 5404.90.0V A 5404.90.99 B+ + +5405.00 Artificial mono 67 dtex, cross-sect >1 mm; strip of arti tex 5405.00.00 B+ 5405.00.30 B 5405.00.01 B+ + 5405.00.60 A 5405.00.02 B+ + 5405.00.03 B+ + 5405.00.04 B+ + 5405.00.99 B+ + + +5406.10 Yarn of synthetic filament (o/t sewing thread), put up for 5406.10.00 B+ 5406.10.00 B 5406.10.01 B+ + 5406.10.02 B+ + 5406.10.03 B+ + 5406.10.99 B+ + +5406.20 Yarn of artificial filament (o/t sewing thread), put up for 5406.20.00 B+ 5406.20.00 B 5406.20.01 B+ + +5407.10 Woven fabrics of high tenacity fi yarns of nylon other 5407.10.00 B+ 5407.10.00 C 5407.10.01 B+ + 5407.10.02 B+ + 5407.10.99 B+ + +5407.20 Woven fabrics obtained from strip or the like of synthetic 5407.20.00 B+ 5407.20.00 B 5407.20.01 B+ + 5407.20.99 B+ + +5407.30 Fabrics specified in Note 9 to Section XI (layers of parallel 5407.30.00 B+ 5407.30.10 B 5407.30.01 B+ + 5407.30.90 B 5407.30.02 B+ + 5407.30.03 B+ + 5407.30.99 B+ + +5407.41 Woven fabrics, 85% of nylon/other polyamides filaments, unbl 5407.41.00 B+ 5407.41.00 A 5407.41.01 B+ + +5407.42 Woven fabrics, 85% of nylon/other polyamides filaments, dyed, 5407.42.00 B+ 5407.42.00 B 5407.42.01 B+ + +5407.43 Woven fabrics, 85% of nylon/other polyamides filaments, yarn 5407.43.00 B+ 5407.43.10 B 5407.43.01 B+ + 5407.43.20 B 5407.43.02 B+ + 5407.43.04 B+ + 5407.43.99 B+ + +5407.44 Woven fabrics, 85% of nylon/other polyamides filaments, 5407.44.00 B+ 5407.44.00 B 5407.44.01 B+ + +5407.51 Woven fabrics, 85% of textured polyester filaments, unbl or 5407.51.00 B+ 5407.51.00 A 5407.51.01 B+ + +5407.52 Woven fabrics, 85% of textured polyester filaments, dyed, nes 5407.52.00 B+ 5407.52.05 A 5407.52.01 B+ + 5407.52.20 A + +5407.53 Woven fabrics, 85% of textured polyester filaments, yarn dyed 5407.53.00 B+ 5407.53.10 B 5407.53.01 B+ + 5407.53.20 B 5407.53.02 B+ + 5407.53.03 B+ + 5407.53.99 B+ + +5407.54 Woven fabrics, 85% of textured polyester filaments, printed, 5407.54.00 B+ 5407.54.00 A 5407.54.01 B+ + +5407.60 Woven fabrics, 85% of non-textured polyester filaments, nes 5407.60.00 B+ 5407.60.05 B 5407.60.01 B+ + 5407.60.10 B 5407.60.99 B+ + 5407.60.20 B + +5407.71 Woven fabrics, 85% of synthetic filaments, unbleached or 5407.71.00 B+ 5407.71.00 B 5407.71.01 B+ + +5407.72 Woven fabrics, 85% of synthetic filaments, dyed, nes 5407.72.00 B+ 5407.72.00 B 5407.72.01 B+ + +5407.73 Woven fabrics, 85% of synthetic filaments, yarn dyed, nes 5407.73.00 B+ 5407.73.10 B 5407.73.01 B+ + + 5407.73.20 B 5407.73.02 B+ + 5407.73.03 B+ + 5407.73.99 B+ + +5407.74 Woven fabrics, 85% of synthetic filaments, printed, nes 5407.74.00 B+ 5407.74.00 B 5407.74.01 B+ + +5407.81 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, <85% mixed with cotton, 5407.81.00 B+ 5407.81.00 B 5407.81.01 B+ + +5407.82 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, <85% mixed with cotton, 5407.82.00 B+ 5407.82.00 B 5407.82.01 B+ + 5407.82.02 B+ + 5407.82.03 B+ + 5407.82.99 B+ + +5407.83 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, <85% mixed with cotton, 5407.83.00 B+ 5407.83.00 B 5407.83.01 B+ + +5407.84 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, <85% mixed with cotton, 5407.84.00 B+ 5407.84.00 B 5407.84.01 B+ + +5407.91 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, unbleached or bleached, 5407.91.00 B+ 5407.91.05 B 5407.91.FA B+ + 5407.91.10 B 5407.91.01 B+ + 5407.91.20 B 5407.91.02 B+ + 5407.91.03 B+ + 5407.91.04 B+ + 5407.91.05 B+ + 5407.91.06 B+ + 5407.91.99 B+ + +5407.92 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, dyed, nes 5407.92.00 B+ 5407.92.05 B 5407.92.FA B+ + 5407.92.10 B 5407.92.01 B+ + 5407.92.20 B 5407.92.02 B+ + 5407.92.03 B+ + 5407.92.04 B+ + 5407.92.05 B+ + 5407.92.99 B+ + +5407.93 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, yarn dyed, nes 5407.93.00 B+ 5407.93.05 B 5407.93.FA B+ + 5407.93.10 B 5407.93.01 B+ + 5407.93.15 B 5407.93.02 B+ + 5407.93.20 B 5407.93.03 B+ + 5407.93.04 B+ + 5407.93.05 B+ + 5407.93.06 B+ + 5407.93.99 B+ + +5407.94 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, printed, nes 5407.94.00 B+ 5407.94.05 B 5407.94.FA B+ + 5407.94.10 B 5407.94.01 B+ + 5407.94.20 B 5407.94.02 B+ + 5407.94.03 B+ + 5407.94.04 B+ + 5407.94.05 B+ + 5407.94.06 B+ + 5407.94.99 B+ + + +5408.10 Woven fabrics of high tenacity filament yarns of viscose rayon 5408.10.00 B+ 5408.10.00 B 5408.10.01 B+ + 5408.10.02 B+ + 5408.10.03 B+ + 5408.10.04 B+ + 5408.10.99 B+ + +5408.21 Woven fabrics, 85% of artificial fi or strip of art tex mat, 5408.21.00 B+ 5408.21.00 B 5408.21.01 B+ + 5408.21.02 B+ + 5408.21.03 B+ + 5408.21.99 B+ + +5408.22 Woven fabrics, 85% of artificial fi or strip of art tex mat, 5408.22.00 B+ 5408.22.00 B 5408.22.01 B+ + 5408.22.02 B+ + 5408.22.03 B+ + 5408.22.99 B+ + +5408.23 Woven fabrics, 85% of artificial fi or strip of art tex mat, 5408.23.00 B+ 5408.23.10 B 5408.23.01 B+ + 5408.23.20 B 5408.23.02 B+ + 5408.23.03 B+ + 5408.23.04 B+ + 5408.23.99 B+ + +5408.24 Woven fabrics, 85% of artificial fi or strip of art tex mat, 5408.24.00 B+ 5408.24.00 B 5408.24.01 B+ + +5408.31 Woven fabrics of artificial filaments, unbleached or bleached, 5408.31.00 B+ 5408.31.05 B 5408.31.FA B+ + 5408.31.10 B 5408.31.01 B+ + 5408.31.20 B 5408.31.02 B+ + 5408.31.03 B+ + 5408.31.99 B+ + +5408.32 Woven fabrics of artificial filaments, dyed, nes 5408.32.00 B+ 5408.32.05 B 5408.32.FA B+ + 5408.32.10 B 5408.32.01 B+ + 5408.32.30 B 5408.32.02 B+ + 5408.32.90 B 5408.32.03 B+ + 5408.32.04 B+ + 5408.32.99 B+ + +5408.33 Woven fabrics of artificial filaments, yarn dyed, nes 5408.33.00 B+ 5408.33.05 B 5408.33.FA B+ + 5408.33.10 B 5408.33.01 B+ + 5408.33.15 B 5408.33.02 B+ + 5408.33.30 B 5408.33.03 B+ + 5408.33.90 B 5408.33.99 B+ + +5408.34 Woven fabrics of artificial filaments, printed, nes 5408.34.00 B+ 5408.34.05 B 5408.34.FA B+ + 5408.34.10 B 5408.34.01 B+ + 5408.34.30 B 5408.34.02 B+ + 5408.34.90 B 5408.34.99 B+ + +5501.10 Filament tow of nylon or other polyamides 5501.10.00 B+ 5501.10.00 B 5501.10.01 B+ + + +5501.20 Filament tow of polyesters 5501.20.00 B+ 5501.20.00 B 5501.20.01 B+ + 5501.20.02 B+ + 5501.20.03 B+ + 5501.20.99 B+ + +5501.30 Filament tow of acrylic or modacrylic 5501.30.00 A 5501.30.00 A 5501.30.01 A + +5501.90 Synthetic filament tow, nes 5501.90.00 B+ 5501.90.00 B 5501.90.01 B+ + 5501.90.99 B+ + +5502.00 Artificial filament tow 5502.00.00 B+ 5502.00.00 A 5502.00.FA B+ + 5502.00.0V C 5502.00.01 B+ + +5503.10 Staple fibres of nylon or other polyamides, not carded or 5503.10.00 B 5503.10.00 B 5503.10.01 B+ + 5503.10.99 B+ + +5503.20 Staple fibres of polyesters, not carded or combed 5503.20.00 Bl 5503.20.00 B 5503.20.01 Bl + 5503.20.02 Bl + 5503.20.03 Bl + 5503.20.99 Bl + +5503.30 Staple fibres of acrylic or modacrylic, not carded or combed 5503.30.00 A 5503.30.00 A 5503.30.01 A + +5503.40 Staple fibres of polypropylene, not carded or combed 5503.40.00 B+ 5503.40.00 B 5503.40.01 D + 5503.40.99 D + +5503.90 Synthetic staple fibres, not carded or combed, nes 5503.90.00 B+ 5503.90.00 B 5503.90.01 B+ + 5503.90.99 B+ + +5504.10 Staple fibres of viscose, not carded or combed 5504.10.00 A 5504.10.00 A 5504.10.01 D + 5504.10.99 A + +5504.90 Artificial staple fibres, o/t viscose, not carded or combed 5504.90.00 B+ 5504.90.00 A 5504.90.01 B+ + +5505.10 Waste of synthetic fibres 5505.10.00 D 5505.10.00 A 5505.10.01 B+ + +5505.20 Waste of artificial fibres 5505.20.00 D 5505.20.00 B 5505.20.01 B+ + +5506.10 Staple fibres of nylon or other polyamides, carded or combed 5506.10.00 B 5506.10.00 B 5506.10.01 Bl + +5506.20 Staple fibres of polyesters, carded or combed 5506.20.00 B 5506.20.00 B 5506.20.01 Bl + +5506.30 Staple fibres of acrylic or modacrylic, carded or combed 5506.30.00 A 5506.30.00 A 5506.30.01 A + +5506.90 Synthetic staple fibres, carded or combed, nes 5506.90.00 B+ 5506.90.00 B 5506.90.99 B+ + +5507.00 Artificial staple fibres, carded or combed 5507.00.00 A 5507.00.00 B 5507.00.01 A + +5508.10 Sewing thread of synthetic staple fibres 5508.10.00 B+ 5508.10.00 A 5508.10.01 B+ + +5508.20 Sewing thread of artificial staple fibres 5508.20.00 B+ 5508.20.00 A 5508.20.01 B+ + + +5509.11 Yarn, 85% of nylon or other polyamides staple fibres, single, 5509.11.00 B+ 5509.11.00 B 5509.11.01 B+ + +5509.12 Yarn, 85% of nylon or other polyamides staple fibres, multi, 5509.12.00 B+ 5509.12.00 B 5509.12.01 B+ + +5509.21 Yarn, 85% of polyester staple fibres, single, not put up 5509.21.00 B+ 5509.21.00 B 5509.21.01 B+ + +5509.22 Yarn, 85% of polyester staple fibres, multiple, not put up, 5509.22.10 B+ 5509.22.00 B 5509.22.01 B+ + 5509.22.90 B+ + +5509.31 Yarn, 85% of acrylic or modacrylic staple fibres, single, not 5509.31.00 B+ 5509.31.00 B 5509.31.01 B+ + +5509.32 Yarn, 85% of acrylic or modacrylic staple fibres, multiple, 5509.32.00 B+ 5509.32.00 B 5509.32.01 B+ + +5509.41 Yarn, 85% of other synthetic staple fibres, single, not put u 5509.41.00 B+ 5509.41.00 B 5509.41.01 B+ + +5509.42 Yarn, 85% of other synthetic staple fibres, multiple, not put 5509.42.00 B+ 5509.42.00 B 5509.42.01 B+ + +5509.51 Yarn of polyester staple fibres mixed w/ arti staple fib, not 5509.51.00 B+ 5509.51.30 B 5509.51.01 B+ + 5509.51.60 B + +5509.52 Yarn of polyester staple fib mixed w/ wool or fine animal 5509.52.00 B+ 5509.52.00 B 5509.52.01 B+ + +5509.53 Yarn of polyester staple fibres mixed with cotton, not put up, 5509.53.00 B+ 5509.53.00 B 5509.53.01 B+ + +5509.59 Yarn of polyester staple fibres, not put up, nes 5509.59.00 B+ 5509.59.00 B 5509.59.01 B+ + +5509.61 Yarn of acrylic staple fib mixed with wool or fine animal 5509.61.00 B+ 5509.61.00 B 5509.61.01 B+ + +5509.62 Yarn of acrylic staple fibres mixed with cotton, not put up, 5509.62.00 B+ 5509.62.00 B 5509.62.01 B+ + +5509.69 Yarn of acrylic staple fibres, not put up, nes 5509.69.00 B+ 5509.69.20 B 5509.69.01 B+ + 5509.69.40 B + 5509.69.60 B + +5509.91 Yarn of other synthetic staple fibres mixed w/wool/fine animal 5509.91.00 B+ 5509.91.00 B 5509.91.01 B+ + +5509.92 Yarn of other synthetic staple fibres mixed with cotton, not 5509.92.00 B+ 5509.92.00 B 5509.92.01 B+ + +5509.99 Yarn of other synthetic staple fibres, not put up, nes 5509.99.00 B+ 5509.99.20 B 5509.99.01 B+ + 5509.99.40 B + 5509.99.60 B + +5510.11 Yarn, 85% of artificial staple fibres, single, not put up 5510.11.00 B+ 5510.11.00 C 5510.11.01 B+ + +5510.12 Yarn, 85% of artificial staple fibres, multiple, not put up, 5510.12.00 B+ 5510.12.00 C 5510.12.01 B+ + +5510.20 Yarn of artificial staple fibres mixed w/wool/fine animal hair 5510.20.00 B+ 5510.20.00 B 5510.20.01 B+ + +5510.30 Yarn of artificial staple fibres mixed with cotton, not put up 5510.30.00 B+ 5510.30.00 B 5510.30.01 B+ + + +5510.90 Yarn of artificial staple fibres, not put up, nes 5510.90.00 B+ 5510.90.20 B 5510.90.01 B+ + 5510.90.40 B + 5510.90.60 B + +5511.10 Yarn, 85% of synthetic staple fibres, o/t sewing thread, put 5511.10.00 B+ 5511.10.00 B 5511.10.01 B+ + +5511.20 Yarn, <85% of synthetic staple fibres, put up for retail sale, 5511.20.00 B+ 5511.20.00 B 5511.20.01 B+ + +5511.30 Yarn of artificial fibres (o/t sewing thread), put up for 5511.30.00 B+ 5511.30.00 B 5511.30.01 B+ + +5512.11 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of polyester staple fibres, unb 5512.11.00 B+ 5512.11.00 B 5512.11.01 B+ + +5512.19 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of polyester staple fibres, o/t 5512.19.00 B+ 5512.19.00 B 5512.19.FA A + 5512.19.0V A 5512.19.99 B+ + +5512.21 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of acrylic staple fibres, 5512.21.00 B+ 5512.21.00 A 5512.21.01 B+ + +5512.29 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of acrylic staple fibres, o/t 5512.29.00 B+ 5512.29.00 A 5512.29.99 B+ + +5512.91 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of other synthetic staple 5512.91.00 B+ 5512.91.00 B 5512.91.01 B+ + +5512.99 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of other synthetic staple fib, 5512.99.00 B+ 5512.99.00 B 5512.99.99 B+ + +5513.11 Plain weave polyester staple fib fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5513.11.00 B+ 5513.11.00 B 5513.11.01 B+ + +5513.12 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5513.12.00 B+ 5513.12.00 B 5513.12.01 B+ + +5513.13 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib, <85% mixed w/cot, 5513.13.00 B+ 5513.13.00 B 5513.13.99 B+ + +5513.19 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot, È170 5513.19.00 B+ 5513.19.00 B 5513.19.01 B+ + +5513.21 Plain weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5513.21.00 B+ 5513.21.00 B 5513.21.01 B+ + +5513.22 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5513.22.00 B+ 5513.22.00 B 5513.22.01 B+ + +5513.23 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot, È170 5513.23.00 B+ 5513.23.00 B 5513.23.01 B+ + +5513.29 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, <85% mixed w/cotton, 5513.29.00 B+ 5513.29.00 B 5513.29.01 B+ + +5513.31 Plain weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85% mixed w/cot, È170 5513.31.00 B+ 5513.31.00 B 5513.31.01 B+ + +5513.32 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85% mixed w/cot, È170 5513.32.00 B+ 5513.32.00 B 5513.32.01 B+ + +5513.33 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib, <85% mixed w/cot, È170 5513.33.00 B+ 5513.33.00 B 5513.33.99 B+ + +5513.39 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, <85% mixed w/cot, È170 5513.39.00 B+ 5513.39.00 B 5513.39.01 B+ + +5513.41 Plain weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cot, È17 5513.41.00 B+ 5513.41.00 B 5513.41.01 B+ + +5513.42 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cot, È17 5513.42.00 B+ 5513.42.00 B 5513.42.01 B+ + + +5513.43 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot, È170 5513.43.00 B+ 5513.43.00 B 5513.43.01 B+ + +5513.49 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot, È170 5513.49.00 B+ 5513.49.00 B 5513.49.01 B+ + +5514.11 Plain weave polyester staple fib fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5514.11.00 B+ 5514.11.00 B 5514.11.01 B+ + +5514.12 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5514.12.00 B+ 5514.12.00 B 5514.12.01 B+ + +5514.13 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib, <85% mixed w/cot, 5514.13.00 B+ 5514.13.00 B 5514.13.01 B+ + +5514.19 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot, >170 5514.19.00 B+ 5514.19.00 B 5514.19.99 B+ + +5514.21 Plain weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5514.21.00 B+ 5514.21.00 B 5514.21.01 B+ + +5514.22 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cotton, 5514.22.00 B+ 5514.22.00 B 5514.22.01 B+ + +5514.23 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot, >170 5514.23.00 B+ 5514.23.00 B 5514.23.01 B+ + +5514.29 Woven fabrics of other synthetic staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot 5514.29.00 B+ 5514.29.00 B 5514.29.99 B+ + +5514.31 Plain weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85% mixed w/cot, >170 5514.31.00 B+ 5514.31.00 B 5514.31.01 B+ + +5514.32 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85% mixed w/cot, >170 5514.32.00 B+ 5514.32.00 B 5514.32.FA A + 5514.32.0V A 5514.32.01 B+ + +5514.33 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib, <85% mixed w/cot, 5514.33.00 B+ 5514.33.00 B 5514.33.99 B+ + +5514.39 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, <85% mixed w/cot, >170 5514.39.00 B+ 5514.39.00 B 5514.39.99 B+ + +5514.41 Plain weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cot, >17 5514.41.00 B+ 5514.41.00 B 5514.41.01 B+ + +5514.42 Twill weave polyester staple fibre fab, <85%, mixed w/cot, >17 5514.42.00 B+ 5514.42.00 B 5514.42.01 B+ + +5514.43 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fibres <85%, mixed w/cot, 5514.43.00 B+ 5514.43.00 B 5514.43.01 B+ + +5514.49 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, <85%, mixed w/cot, >170 5514.49.00 B+ 5514.49.00 B 5514.49.99 B+ + +5515.11 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fib mixed with viscose rayon 5515.11.00 B+ 5515.11.00 B 5515.11.01 B+ + +5515.12 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fibres mixed with man-made 5515.12.00 B+ 5515.12.00 C 5515.12.01 B+ + +5515.13 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fibres mixed w/wool or fine 5515.13.00 B+ 5515.13.05 B 5515.13.FA B+ + 5515.13.10 C 5515.13.FB B+ + +5515.19 Woven fabrics of polyester staple fibres, nes 5515.19.00 B+ 5515.19.00 B 5515.19.01 B+ + +5515.21 Woven fabrics of acrylic staple fibres, mixed with man-made 5515.21.00 B+ 5515.21.00 B 5515.21.01 B+ + +5515.22 Woven fabrics of acrylic staple fibres, mixed w/wool or fine 5515.22.00 B+ 5515.22.05 B 5515.22.FA B+ + 5515.22.10 C 5515.22.FB B+ + + +5515.29 Woven fabrics of acrylic or modacrylic staple fibres, nes 5515.29.00 B+ 5515.29.00 B 5515.29.01 B+ + +5515.91 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, mixed with man-made 5515.91.00 B+ 5515.91.00 C 5515.91.01 B+ + +5515.92 Woven fabrics of other syn staple fib, mixed w/wool or fine 5515.92.00 B+ 5515.92.05 B 5515.92.FA B+ + 5515.92.10 C 5515.92.FB B+ + +5515.99 Woven fabrics of synthetic staple fibres, nes 5515.99.00 B+ 5515.99.00 B 5515.99.99 B+ + +5516.11 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of artificial staple fibres, 5516.11.00 B+ 5516.11.00 C 5516.11.01 B+ + +5516.12 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of artificial staple fibres, 5516.12.00 B+ 5516.12.00 C 5516.12.01 B+ + +5516.13 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of artificial staple fib, yarn 5516.13.00 B+ 5516.13.00 C 5516.13.01 B+ + +5516.14 Woven fabrics, containing 85% of artificial staple fibres, 5516.14.00 B+ 5516.14.00 C 5516.14.01 B+ + +5516.21 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85%, mixed with 5516.21.00 B+ 5516.21.00 B 5516.21.01 B+ + +5516.22 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85%, mixed with 5516.22.00 B+ 5516.22.00 B 5516.22.01 B+ + +5516.23 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85%, mixed with m-m 5516.23.00 B+ 5516.23.00 B 5516.23.01 B+ + +5516.24 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85%, mixed with 5516.24.00 B+ 5516.24.00 B 5516.24.01 B+ + +5516.31 Woven fabrics of arti staple fib, <85% mixed w/wool/fine anima 5516.31.00 B+ 5516.31.05 B 5516.31.FA B+ + 5516.31.10 C 5516.31.FB B+ + +5516.32 Woven fabrics of arti staple fib, <85% mixed w/wool/fine anima 5516.32.00 B+ 5516.32.05 B 5516.32.FA B+ + 5516.32.10 C 5516.32.FB B+ + +5516.33 Woven fabrics of arti staple fib, <85% mixed w/wool/fine anima 5516.33.00 B+ 5516.33.05 B 5516.33.FA B+ + 5516.33.10 C 5516.33.FB B+ + +5516.34 Woven fabrics of arti staple fib, <85% mixed w/wool/fine anima 5516.34.00 B+ 5516.34.05 A 5516.34.FA B+ + 5516.34.10 A 5516.34.01 B+ + +5516.41 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85% mixed with cotton 5516.41.00 B+ 5516.41.00 B 5516.41.01 B+ + +5516.42 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85% mixed with cotton 5516.42.00 B+ 5516.42.00 B 5516.42.01 B+ + +5516.43 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85% mixed with cotton 5516.43.00 B+ 5516.43.00 B 5516.43.01 B+ + +5516.44 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fib, <85% mixed with cotton 5516.44.00 B+ 5516.44.00 B 5516.44.01 B+ + +5516.91 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fibres, unbleached or 5516.91.00 B+ 5516.91.00 B 5516.91.01 B+ + +5516.92 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fibres, dyed, nes 5516.92.00 B+ 5516.92.00 B 5516.92.01 B+ + +5516.93 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fibres, yarn dyed, nes 5516.93.00 B+ 5516.93.00 B 5516.93.01 B+ + + +5516.94 Woven fabrics of artificial staple fibres, printed, nes 5516.94.00 B+ 5516.94.00 B 5516.94.01 B+ + +5601.10 Sanitary articles of wadding of textile materials i.e. sanitar 5601.10.10 Bl 5601.10.10 B 5601.10.01 Bl + 5601.10.90 Bl 5601.10.20 B + +5601.21 Wadding of cotton and articles thereof, o/t sanitary articles 5601.21.10 B+ 5601.21.00 A 5601.21.01 B+ + 5601.21.20 B+ 5601.21.99 B+ + +5601.22 Wadding of man-made fibres and articles thereof, o/t sanitary 5601.22.10 B+ 5601.22.00 A 5601.22.01 B+ + 5601.22.20 B+ 5601.22.99 B+ + +5601.23 5601.23.01 B+ + 5601.23.02 B+ + +5601.29 Wadding of other textile materials and articles thereof, o/t 5601.29.10 B+ 5601.29.00 A + 5601.29.20 B+ + +5601.30 Textile flock and dust and mill neps 5601.30.11 D 5601.30.00 A 5601.30.01 B+ + 5601.30.12 B+ 5601.30.99 B+ + 5601.30.20 D + +5602.10 Needleloom felt and stitch-bonded fibre fabrics 5602.10.10 B+ 5602.10.10 A 5602.10.01 B+ + 5602.10.91 B+ 5602.10.90 A 5602.10.02 B+ + 5602.10.99 B+ 5602.10.03 B+ + 5602.10.04 B+ + 5602.10.99 B+ + +5602.21 Felt o/t needleloom, of wool or fine animal hair, not impreg, 5602.21.00 B+ 5602.21.00 B 5602.21.01 B+ + 5602.21.02 B+ + 5602.21.99 B+ + +5602.29 Felt o/t needleloom, of other textile materials, not impreg, 5602.29.00 B+ 5602.29.00 A 5602.29.01 B+ + 5602.29.02 B+ + 5602.29.03 B+ + 5602.29.99 B+ + +5602.90 Felt of textile materials, nes 5602.90.00 B+ 5602.90.30 A 5602.90.99 B+ + 5602.90.60 A + 5602.90.90 A + +5603.00 Nonwovens, whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or 5603.00.10 B+ 5603.00.10 B 5603.00.FA A + 5603.00.1V A 5603.00.30 B 5603.00.FB A + 5603.00.20 B+ 5603.00.90 B 5603.00.FC Bl + 5603.00.90 B+ 5603.00.FD A + 5603.00.9V A 5603.00.01 B+ + 5603.00.9W A 5603.00.99 B+ + 5603.00.9X B + +5604.10 Rubber thread and cord, textile covered 5604.10.00 B+ 5604.10.00 B 5604.10.01 B+ + +5604.20 High tenacity yarn of polyesters, nylon other polyamides, 5604.20.10 B+ 5604.20.00 B 5604.20.01 B+ + + 5604.20.20 B+ 5604.20.02 B+ + 5604.20.03 B+ + 5604.20.04 B+ + 5604.20.99 B+ + +5604.90 Textile yarn, strips & the like, impreg ctd/cov with rubber or 5604.90.00 B+ 5604.90.00 B 5604.90.01 B+ + 5604.90.02 B+ + 5604.90.03 B+ + 5604.90.04 B+ + 5604.90.05 B+ + 5604.90.06 B+ + 5604.90.07 B+ + 5604.90.08 B+ + 5604.90.09 B+ + 5604.90.99 B+ + +5605.00 Metallised yarn, being textile yarn combined with metal thread 5605.00.00 B+ 5605.00.00 B 5605.00.01 B+ + +5606.00 Gimped yarn nes; chenille yarn; loop wale-yarn 5606.00.11 B+ 5606.00.00 A 5606.00.01 B+ + 5606.00.12 D 5606.00.02 B+ + 5606.00.13 B+ 5606.00.99 B+ + 5606.00.19 B+ + 5606.00.21 D + 5606.00.29 B+ + 5606.00.31 B+ + 5606.00.39 B+ + +5607.10 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of jute or other textile bas 5607.10.10 B+ 5607.10.00 A 5607.10.01 B+ + 5607.10.20 B+ + +5607.21 Binder or baler twine, of sisal or other textile fibres of the 5607.21.00 D 5607.21.00 D 5607.21.01 B+ + +5607.29 Twine nes, cordage, ropes and cables, of sisal textile fibres 5607.29.10 B+ 5607.29.00 A 5607.29.99 B+ + 5607.29.20 B+ + +5607.30 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of abaca or other hard (leaf 5607.30.10 B+ 5607.30.10 D 5607.30.01 B+ + 5607.30.20 B+ 5607.30.20 A + +5607.41 Binder or baler twine, of polyethylene or polypropylene 5607.41.00 D 5607.41.10 A 5607.41.01 B+ + 5607.41.30 A + +5607.49 Twine nes, cordage, ropes and cables, of polyethylene or 5607.49.10 B+ 5607.49.10 A 5607.49.99 B+ + 5607.49.20 B+ 5607.49.15 B + 5607.49.25 B + 5607.49.30 B + +5607.50 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of other synthetic fibres 5607.50.10 B+ 5607.50.20 B 5607.50.01 B+ + 5607.50.20 B+ 5607.50.40 B 5607.50.99 B+ + +5607.90 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, of other materials 5607.90.10 B+ 5607.90.10 D 5607.90.99 B+ + 5607.90.20 B+ 5607.90.20 A + + +5608.11 Made up fishing nets, of man-made textile materials 5608.11.00 B+ 5608.11.00 B 5608.11.01 B+ + 5608.11.02 B+ + +5608.19 Knotted netting of twine/cordage/rope, and other made up nets 5608.19.10 D 5608.19.10 B 5608.19.99 B+ + 5608.19.90 B+ 5608.19.20 B + +5608.90 Knotted netting of twine/cordage/rope, nes, and made up nets o 5608.90.00 B+ 5608.90.10 B 5608.90.01 B+ + 5608.90.23 A 5608.90.02 B+ + 5608.90.27 B 5608.90.99 B+ + 5608.90.30 A + +5609.00 Articles of yarn, strip, twine, cordage, rope and cables, nes 5609.00.00 B+ 5609.00.10 B 5609.00.01 B+ + 5609.00.20 A 5609.00.99 B+ + 5609.00.30 B + 5609.00.40 B + + +5701.10 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, knotted 5701.10.10 B+ 5701.10.13 A 5701.10.01 B+ + 5701.10.90 B+ 5701.10.16 C 5701.10.99 B+ + 5701.10.20 C + +5701.90 Carpets of other textile materials, knotted 5701.90.10 B+ 5701.90.10 C 5701.90.99 B+ + 5701.90.90 B+ 5701.90.20 C + +5702.10 "Kelem", "Schumacks", "Karamanie" and similar textile 5702.10.00 B+ 5702.10.10 A 5702.10.01 B+ + 5702.10.90 C + +5702.20 Floor coverings of coconut fibres (coir) 5702.20.00 D 5702.20.10 A 5702.20.01 B+ + 5702.20.20 D + +5702.31 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, of woven pile 5702.31.00 B+ 5702.31.10 C 5702.31.01 B+ + 5702.31.20 C + +5702.32 Carpets of man-made textile mat, of woven pile construction, 5702.32.00 B+ 5702.32.10 C 5702.32.01 B+ + 5702.32.20 C + +5702.39 Carpets of other textile materials, of woven pile construction 5702.39.00 B+ 5702.39.10 A 5702.39.99 B+ + 5702.39.20 C + +5702.41 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, of woven pile 5702.41.00 B+ 5702.41.10 C 5702.41.01 B+ + 5702.41.20 C + +5702.42 Carpets of man-made textile mat, of woven pile construction, 5702.42.00 B+ 5702.42.10 C 5702.42.01 B+ + 5702.42.20 C + +5702.49 Carpets of other textile materials, of woven pile construction 5702.49.00 B+ 5702.49.10 C 5702.49.99 B+ + 5702.49.15 A + 5702.49.20 C + +5702.51 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, woven, not made up, nes 5702.51.00 B+ 5702.51.20 C 5702.51.01 B+ + 5702.51.40 C + +5702.52 Carpets of man-made textile materials, woven, not made up, nes 5702.52.00 B+ 5702.52.00 C 5702.52.01 B+ + +5702.59 Carpets of other textile materials, woven, not made up, nes 5702.59.10 B+ 5702.59.10 C 5702.59.99 B+ + 5702.59.90 B+ 5702.59.20 C + +5702.91 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, woven, made up, nes 5702.91.00 B+ 5702.91.20 A 5702.91.01 B+ + 5702.91.30 C + 5702.91.40 C + +5702.92 Carpets of man-made textile materials, woven, made up, nes 5702.92.00 B+ 5702.92.00 C 5702.92.01 B+ + +5702.99 Carpets of other textile materials, woven, made up, nes 5702.99.10 B+ 5702.99.10 C 5702.99.99 B+ + 5702.99.90 B+ 5702.99.20 A + +5703.10 Carpets of wool or fine animal hair, tufted 5703.10.10 B+ 5703.10.00 C 5703.10.01 B+ + 5703.10.90 B+ + + +5703.20 Carpets of nylon or other polyamides, tufted 5703.20.10 B+ 5703.20.10 C 5703.20.FA B+ + 5703.20.90 B+ 5703.20.20 B 5703.20.01 B+ + +5703.30 Carpets of other man-made textile materials, tufted 5703.30.10 B+ 5703.30.00 B 5703.30.FA B+ + 5703.30.90 B+ 5703.30.01 B+ + +5703.90 Carpets of other textile materials, tufted 5703.90.10 B+ 5703.90.00 A 5703.90.99 B+ + 5703.90.90 B+ + +5704.10 Tiles of felt of textile materials, having a maximum surface 5704.10.00 B+ 5704.10.00 C 5704.10.01 B+ + +5704.90 Carpets of felt of textile materials, nes 5704.90.00 B+ 5704.90.00 C 5704.90.99 B+ + +5705.00 Carpets and other textile floor coverings, nes 5705.00.00 B+ 5705.00.10 D 5705.00.01 B+ + 5705.00.20 C +DRAFT NAFTA TARIFF PHASING (PRELIMINARY) 09/03/92 +_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ + +Subhead Description Canada USA Mexico5801.10 Woven pile fabrics of wool or fine animal hair, o/t terry and 5801.10.00 B+ 5801.10.00 B 5801.10.01 B+ + +5801.21 Woven uncut weft pile fabrics of cotton, o/t terry and narrow 5801.21.00 B+ 5801.21.00 B 5801.21.01 B+ + +5801.22 Cut corduroy fabrics of cotton, o/t narrow fabrics 5801.22.10 Bl 5801.22.00 B 5801.22.01 Bl + 5801.22.90 Bl + +5801.23 Woven weft pile fabrics of cotton, nes 5801.23.10 B+ 5801.23.00 B 5801.23.01 B+ + 5801.23.20 B+ + +5801.24 Woven warp pile fabrics of cotton, ‚pingl‚ (uncut), o/t terry 5801.24.00 B+ 5801.24.00 B 5801.24.01 B+ + +5801.25 Woven warp pile fabrics of cotton, cut, o/t terry and narrow 5801.25.10 A 5801.25.00 A 5801.25.01 A + 5801.25.20 A + +5801.26 Chenille fabrics of cotton, o/t narrow fabrics 5801.26.00 B+ 5801.26.00 B 5801.26.01 B+ + +5801.31 Woven uncut weft pile fabrics of manmade fibres, o/t terry and 5801.31.00 B+ 5801.31.00 B 5801.31.01 B+ + +5801.32 Cut corduroy fabrics of man-made fibres, o/t narrow fabrics 5801.32.00 Bl 5801.32.00 B 5801.32.01 Bl + +5801.33 Woven weft pile fabrics of man-made fibres, nes 5801.33.00 B+ 5801.33.00 B 5801.33.01 B+ + +5801.34 Woven warp pile fabrics of man-made fib, ‚pingl‚ (uncut), o/t 5801.34.00 B+ 5801.34.00 B 5801.34.01 B+ + +5801.35 Woven warp pile fabrics of man-made fib, cut, o/t terry and 5801.35.00 A 5801.35.00 A 5801.35.01 A + +5801.36 Chenille fabrics of man-made fibres, o/t narrow fabrics 5801.36.00 B+ 5801.36.00 B 5801.36.01 B+ + +5801.90 Woven pile fab and chenille fab of other tex mat, o/t terry an 5801.90.10 D 5801.90.10 A 5801.90.01 B+ + 5801.90.90 B+ 5801.90.20 A + +5802.11 Terry towelling and similar woven terry fab of cotton, o/t 5802.11.10 B+ 5802.11.00 B 5802.11.01 B+ + 5802.11.90 B+ + +5802.19 Terry towelling and similar woven terry fab of cotton, o/t unb 5802.19.00 B+ 5802.19.00 B 5802.19.99 B+ + +5802.20 Terry towelling and similar woven terry fab of other tex mat, 5802.20.00 B+ 5802.20.00 B 5802.20.01 B+ + +5802.30 Tufted textile fabrics, o/t products of heading No 57.03 5802.30.00 B+ 5802.30.00 B 5802.30.01 B+ + +5803.10 Gauze of cotton, o/t narrow fabrics 5803.10.10 D 5803.10.00 B 5803.10.01 B+ + 5803.10.90 B+ + +5803.90 Gauze of other textile material, o/t narrow fabrics 5803.90.11 B+ 5803.90.11 B 5803.90.01 B+ + 5803.90.19 B+ 5803.90.12 B 5803.90.02 B+ + 5803.90.90 B+ 5803.90.20 B 5803.90.03 B+ + 5803.90.30 B 5803.90.99 B+ + + 5803.90.40 B + +5804.10 Tulles and other net fabrics, not incl woven, knitted or 5804.10.10 B+ 5804.10.00 A 5804.10.01 B+ + 5804.10.90 B+ + +5804.21 Mechanically made lace of man-made fib, in the piece, in strip 5804.21.00 B+ 5804.21.00 A 5804.21.01 B+ + +5804.29 Mechanically made lace of other tex mat, in the piece, in 5804.29.00 B+ 5804.29.00 A 5804.29.01 B+ + +5804.30 Hand-made lace, in the piece, in strips or in motifs 5804.30.10 B+ 5804.30.00 B 5804.30.01 B+ + 5804.30.90 B+ + +5805.00 Hand-woven tapestries and needle-worked tapestries, whether or 5805.00.10 D 5805.00.10 D 5805.00.01 B+ + 5805.00.90 B+ 5805.00.20 A + 5805.00.25 A + 5805.00.30 B + 5805.00.40 B + +5806.10 Narrow woven pile fabrics and narrow chenille fabrics 5806.10.10 B+ 5806.10.10 B 5806.10.01 B+ + 5806.10.90 B+ 5806.10.20 B 5806.10.99 B+ + 5806.10.30 B + +5806.20 Narrow woven fab, cntg by wt 5% of elastomeric yarn or rubber 5806.20.00 B+ 5806.20.00 B 5806.20.01 B+ + 5806.20.99 B+ + +5806.31 Narrow woven fabrics of cotton, nes 5806.31.10 B+ 5806.31.00 B 5806.31.01 B+ + 5806.31.20 B+ + 5806.31.30 B+ + 5806.31.90 B+ + +5806.32 Narrow woven fabrics of man-made fibres, nes 5806.32.00 B+ 5806.32.10 B 5806.32.01 B+ + 5806.32.20 B 5806.32.99 B+ + +5806.39 Narrow woven fabrics of other textile materials, nes 5806.39.10 D 5806.39.10 A 5806.39.01 B+ + 5806.39.90 B+ 5806.39.20 A 5806.39.99 B+ + 5806.39.30 A + +5806.40 Fabrics consisting of warp w/o weft assembled by means of an 5806.40.00 B+ 5806.40.00 B 5806.40.01 B+ + 5806.40.99 B+ + +5807.10 Labels, badges and similar woven articles of textile materials 5807.10.10 B+ 5807.10.10 B 5807.10.01 B+ + 5807.10.20 B+ 5807.10.20 B 5807.10.99 B+ + +5807.90 Labels, badges and similar articles, not woven, of textile 5807.90.00 B+ 5807.90.10 B 5807.90.01 B+ + 5807.90.20 B 5807.90.99 B+ + +5808.10 Braids in the piece 5808.10.00 B+ 5808.10.10 D 5808.10.01 B+ + 5808.10.20 A 5808.10.99 B+ + 5808.10.30 B + +5808.90 Ornamental trimmings in the piece, o/t knit; tassels, pompons 5808.90.00 B+ 5808.90.00 B 5808.90.01 B+ + + 5808.90.99 B+ + +5809.00 Woven fabrics of metal thread or of metallised yarn, for 5809.00.00 B+ 5809.00.00 B 5809.00.01 B+ + +5810.10 Embroidery without visible ground, in the piece, in strips or 5810.10.00 B+ 5810.10.00 B 5810.10.01 B+ + +5810.91 Embroidery of cotton, in the piece, in strips or in motifs, ne 5810.91.10 B+ 5810.91.00 B 5810.91.01 B+ + 5810.91.90 B+ 5810.91.99 B+ + +5810.92 Embroidery of man-made fibres, in the piece, in strips or in 5810.92.00 B+ 5810.92.00 C 5810.92.01 B+ + 5810.92.99 B+ + +5810.99 Embroidery of other textile materials, in the piece, in strips 5810.99.00 B+ 5810.99.00 B 5810.99.01 B+ + 5810.99.99 B+ + +5811.00 Quilted textile products in the piece 5811.00.00 B+ 5811.00.10 B 5811.00.01 B+ + 5811.00.20 B + 5811.00.30 B + 5811.00.40 B + +5901.10 Textile fabrics coated with gum, of a kind used for outer 5901.10.00 B+ 5901.10.10 B 5901.10.01 B+ + 5901.10.20 B + +5901.90 Tracing cloth; prepared painting canvas; stiffened textile fab 5901.90.10 B+ 5901.90.20 B 5901.90.01 B+ + 5901.90.90 B+ 5901.90.40 B 5901.90.02 B+ + 5901.90.99 B+ + +5902.10 Tire cord fabric made of nylon or other polyamides high 5902.10.00 B+ 5902.10.00 C 5902.10.01 B+ + +5902.20 Tire cord fabric made of polyester high tenacity yarns 5902.20.00 B+ 5902.20.00 C 5902.20.01 B+ + +5902.90 Tire cord fabric made of viscose rayon high tenacity yarns 5902.90.00 B+ 5902.90.00 C 5902.90.99 B+ + +5903.10 Textile fabrics impregnated, ctd, cov, or laminated with 5903.10.10 B+ 5903.10.10 A 5903.10.01 B+ + 5903.10.20 B+ 5903.10.15 A + 5903.10.18 B + 5903.10.20 A + 5903.10.25 B + 5903.10.30 B + +5903.20 Textile fabrics impregnated, ctd, cov, or laminated with 5903.20.10 B+ 5903.20.10 B 5903.20.01 B+ + 5903.20.20 B+ 5903.20.15 A + 5903.20.18 B + 5903.20.20 A + 5903.20.25 B + 5903.20.30 B + +5903.90 Textile fabrics impregnated, ctd, cov, or laminated with 5903.90.11 B+ 5903.90.10 A 5903.90.01 B+ + 5903.90.12 B+ 5903.90.15 A 5903.90.99 B+ + 5903.90.19 B+ 5903.90.18 B + 5903.90.20 B+ 5903.90.20 A + + 5903.90.25 B + 5903.90.30 B + +5904.10 Lineoleum, whether or not cut to shape 5904.10.00 B+ 5904.10.00 A 5904.10.01 B+ + +5904.91 Floor coverings, o/t linoleum, with a base of needleloom felt 5904.91.10 B+ 5904.91.00 A 5904.91.01 B+ + 5904.91.90 B+ + +5904.92 Floor coverings, o/t linoleum, with other textile base 5904.92.00 B+ 5904.92.00 A 5904.92.01 B+ + +5905.00 Textile wall coverings 5905.00.10 B+ 5905.00.10 D 5905.00.01 B+ + 5905.00.91 B+ 5905.00.90 B + 5905.00.99 B+ + +5906.10 Rubberised textile adhesive tape of a width not exceeding 20 c 5906.10.10 B+ 5906.10.00 A 5906.10.01 B+ + 5906.10.20 B+ + +5906.91 Rubberised textile knitted or crocheted fabrics, nes 5906.91.10 B+ 5906.91.10 B 5906.91.01 B+ + 5906.91.20 B+ 5906.91.20 A + 5906.91.25 B + 5906.91.30 B + +5906.99 Rubberised textile fabrics, nes 5906.99.10 B+ 5906.99.10 B 5906.99.01 B+ + 5906.99.20 B+ 5906.99.20 A 5906.99.02 B+ + 5906.99.25 B 5906.99.99 B+ + 5906.99.30 B + +5907.00 Textile fabrics impreg, ctd, cov nes; painted canvas 5907.00.11 B+ 5907.00.10 B 5907.00.01 B+ + 5907.00.12 B+ 5907.00.90 B 5907.00.02 B+ + 5907.00.13 B+ 5907.00.03 B+ + 5907.00.21 D 5907.00.04 B+ + 5907.00.29 B+ 5907.00.05 B+ + 5907.00.99 B+ + +5908.00 Textile wicks for lamps, stoves,etc; gas mantles and knitted 5908.00.10 B+ 5908.00.00 B 5908.00.01 B+ + 5908.00.90 B+ 5908.00.02 B+ + 5908.00.03 B+ + 5908.00.99 B+ + +5909.00 Textile hosepiping and similar textile tubing 5909.00.10 B+ 5909.00.10 A 5909.00.01 B+ + 5909.00.90 B+ 5909.00.20 B 5909.00.02 B+ + 5909.00.99 B+ + +5910.00 Transmission or conveyor belts or belting of textile material 5910.00.10 B+ 5910.00.10 A 5910.00.01 B+ + 5910.00.90 B+ 5910.00.90 B 5910.00.02 B+ + 5910.00.99 B+ + +5911.10 Textile fabrics used for card clothing, and similar fabric for 5911.10.11 B+ 5911.10.10 A 5911.10.01 B+ + 5911.10.19 D 5911.10.20 A + 5911.10.90 B+ + + +5911.20 Textile bolting cloth, whether or not made up 5911.20.00 B+ 5911.20.10 A 5911.20.01 B+ + 5911.20.20 D + 5911.20.30 A + +5911.31 Textile fabrics used in paper-making or similar machines, <650 5911.31.00 B+ 5911.31.00 B 5911.31.01 B+ + 5911.31.02 B+ + 5911.31.99 B+ + +5911.32 Textile fabrics used in paper-making or similar machines, 5911.32.00 B+ 5911.32.00 B 5911.32.01 B+ + 5911.32.02 B+ + 5911.32.99 B+ + +5911.40 Textile straining cloth used in oil presses or the like, incl 5911.40.00 B+ 5911.40.00 A 5911.40.01 B+ + +5911.90 Textile products and articles for technical uses, nes 5911.90.10 D 5911.90.00 A 5911.90.01 B+ + 5911.90.20 B+ 5911.90.02 B+ + 5911.90.90 B+ 5911.90.03 B+ + 5911.90.04 B+ + 5911.90.05 B+ + 5911.90.99 B+ + +6001.10 "Long pile" knitted or crocheted textile fabrics 6001.10.00 B+ 6001.10.20 B 6001.10.01 B+ + 6001.10.60 B 6001.10.99 B+ + +6001.21 Looped pile knitted or crocheted fabrics, of cotton 6001.21.00 B+ 6001.21.00 B 6001.21.01 B+ + +6001.22 Looped pile knitted or crocheted fabrics, of man-made fibres 6001.22.00 B+ 6001.22.00 B 6001.22.01 B+ + +6001.29 Looped pile knitted or crocheted fabrics, of other textile 6001.29.00 B+ 6001.29.00 B 6001.29.01 B+ + 6001.29.02 B+ + 6001.29.99 B+ + +6001.91 Pile knitted or crocheted fabrics, of cotton, nes 6001.91.00 B+ 6001.91.00 B 6001.91.01 B+ + +6001.92 Pile knitted or crocheted fabrics, of man-made fibres, nes 6001.92.00 B+ 6001.92.00 B 6001.92.01 B+ + +6001.99 Pile knitted or crocheted fabrics, of other textile materials, 6001.99.00 B+ 6001.99.00 B 6001.99.01 B+ + 6001.99.02 B+ + 6001.99.99 B+ + +6002.10 Knitted or crocheted tex fab, width È30 cm, 5% of 6002.10.10 B+ 6002.10.40 B 6002.10.01 B+ + 6002.10.20 B+ 6002.10.80 B 6002.10.02 B+ + 6002.10.90 B+ 6002.10.03 B+ + 6002.10.04 B+ + 6002.10.99 B+ + +6002.20 Knitted or crocheted textile fabrics, of a width not exceeding 6002.20.10 B+ 6002.20.10 B 6002.20.01 B+ + 6002.20.20 B+ 6002.20.30 B 6002.20.02 B+ + 6002.20.90 B+ 6002.20.60 B 6002.20.03 B+ + 6002.20.90 B 6002.20.04 B+ + 6002.20.99 B+ + + +6002.30 Knitted or crocheted tex fab, width > 30 cm, 5% of elastomeri 6002.30.10 B+ 6002.30.20 B 6002.30.01 B+ + 6002.30.20 B+ 6002.30.90 B 6002.30.02 B+ + 6002.30.90 B+ 6002.30.03 B+ + 6002.30.04 B+ + 6002.30.99 B+ + +6002.41 Warp knitted fabrics, of wool or fine animal hair, nes 6002.41.00 B+ 6002.41.00 B 6002.41.01 B+ + +6002.42 Warp knitted fabrics, of cotton, nes 6002.42.10 B+ 6002.42.00 B 6002.42.01 B+ + 6002.42.20 B+ + 6002.42.90 B+ + +6002.43 Warp knitted fabrics, of man-made fibres, nes 6002.43.10 B+ 6002.43.00 B 6002.43.01 B+ + 6002.43.20 D + 6002.43.90 B+ + +6002.49 Warp knitted fabrics, of other materials, nes 6002.49.10 B+ 6002.49.00 B 6002.49.01 B+ + 6002.49.20 B+ 6002.49.99 B+ + 6002.49.30 D + 6002.49.90 B+ + +6002.91 Knitted or crocheted fabrics, of wool or of fine animal hair, 6002.91.00 B+ 6002.91.00 B 6002.91.01 B+ + +6002.92 Knitted or crocheted fabrics, of cotton, nes 6002.92.00 B+ 6002.92.00 B 6002.92.01 B+ + +6002.93 Knitted or crocheted fabrics, of manmade fibres, nes 6002.93.00 B+ 6002.93.00 B 6002.93.01 B+ + +6002.99 Knitted or crocheted fabrics, of other materials, nes 6002.99.00 B+ 6002.99.00 B 6002.99.01 B+ + 6002.99.99 B+ + +6101.10 Mens/boys overcoats, anoraks etc, of wool or fine animal hair, 6101.10.00 C 6101.10.00 B 6101.10.01 C + +6101.20 Mens/boys overcoats, anoraks etc, of cotton, knitted 6101.20.00 C 6101.20.00 B 6101.20.01 C + +6101.30 Mens/boys overcoats, anoraks etc, of man-made fibres, knitted 6101.30.00 C 6101.30.10 A 6101.30.FA C + 6101.30.15 B 6101.30.01 C + 6101.30.20 A + +6101.90 Mens/boys overcoats, anoraks etc, of other textile materials, 6101.90.00 C 6101.90.00 B 6101.90.99 C + +6102.10 Womens/girls overcoats, anoraks etc, of wool or fine animal 6102.10.00 C 6102.10.00 C 6102.10.01 C + +6102.20 Womens/girls overcoats, anoraks etc, of cotton, knitted 6102.20.00 C 6102.20.00 B 6102.20.01 C + +6102.30 Womens/girls overcoats, anoraks etc, of man-made fibres, 6102.30.00 C 6102.30.05 A 6102.30.FA C + 6102.30.10 C 6102.30.01 C + 6102.30.20 A + +6102.90 Womens/girls overcoats, anoraks etc, of other textile 6102.90.00 C 6102.90.00 B 6102.90.99 C + + +6103.11 Mens/boys suits, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6103.11.00 C 6103.11.00 B 6103.11.01 C + +6103.12 Mens/boys suits, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6103.12.00 C 6103.12.10 B 6103.12.01 C + 6103.12.20 B + +6103.19 Mens/boys suits, of other textile materials, knitted 6103.19.00 C 6103.19.10 B 6103.19.99 C + 6103.19.15 B + 6103.19.20 B + 6103.19.40 B + +6103.21 Mens/boys ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6103.21.00 C 6103.21.00 B 6103.21.01 C + +6103.22 Mens/boys ensembles, of cotton, knitted 6103.22.00 C 6103.22.00 B 6103.22.01 C + +6103.23 Mens/boys ensembles, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6103.23.00 C 6103.23.00 B 6103.23.01 C + +6103.29 Mens/boys ensembles, of other textile materials, knitted 6103.29.00 C 6103.29.10 B 6103.29.99 C + 6103.29.20 B + +6103.31 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of wool or fine animal hair, 6103.31.00 C 6103.31.00 C 6103.31.01 C + +6103.32 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of cotton, knitted 6103.32.00 C 6103.32.00 B 6103.32.01 C + +6103.33 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6103.33.00 C 6103.33.10 C 6103.33.FA C + 6103.33.20 B 6103.33.01 C + +6103.39 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of other textile materials, 6103.39.00 C 6103.39.10 B 6103.39.FA C + 6103.39.20 B 6103.39.99 C + 6103.39.2V B + 6103.39.2W A + +6103.41 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal hair, 6103.41.00 C 6103.41.10 B 6103.41.01 C + 6103.41.20 B + +6103.42 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, knitted 6103.42.00 C 6103.42.10 B 6103.42.FA C + 6103.42.20 A 6103.42.01 C + +6103.43 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6103.43.00 C 6103.43.10 B 6103.43.FA C + 6103.43.15 A 6103.43.FB C + 6103.43.20 A 6103.43.01 C + +6103.49 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, 6103.49.00 C 6103.49.10 6103.49.FA C + 6103.49.20 A 6103.49.FB C + 6103.49.30 B 6103.49.FC C + 6103.49.3V B 6103.49.FD C + 6103.49.3W A 6103.49.99 C + 6103.49.3X B + 6103.49.3Y B + 6103.49.3Z A + +6104.11 Womens/girls suits, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6104.11.00 C 6104.11.00 C 6104.11.01 C + + +6104.12 Womens/girls suits, of cotton, knitted 6104.12.00 C 6104.12.00 B 6104.12.01 C + +6104.13 Womens/girls suits, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6104.13.00 C 6104.13.10 C 6104.13.FA C + 6104.13.20 B 6104.13.01 C + +6104.19 Womens/girls suits, of other textile materials, knitted 6104.19.00 C 6104.19.10 C 6104.19.FA C + 6104.19.15 B 6104.19.FB C + 6104.19.20 B 6104.19.99 C + 6104.19.2V A + +6104.21 Womens/girls ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6104.21.00 C 6104.21.00 B 6104.21.01 C + +6104.22 Womens/girls ensembles, of cotton, knitted 6104.22.00 C 6104.22.00 B 6104.22.01 C + +6104.23 Womens/girls ensembles, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6104.23.00 C 6104.23.00 B 6104.23.01 C + +6104.29 Womens/girls ensembles, of other textile materials, knitted 6104.29.00 C 6104.29.10 B 6104.29.99 C + 6104.29.20 B + +6104.31 Womens/girls jackets, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6104.31.00 C 6104.31.00 C 6104.31.01 C + +6104.32 Womens/girls jackets, of cotton, knitted 6104.32.00 C 6104.32.00 B 6104.32.01 C + +6104.33 Womens/girls jackets, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6104.33.00 C 6104.33.10 C 6104.33.FA C + 6104.33.20 B 6104.33.01 C + +6104.39 Womens/girls jackets, of other textile materials, knitted 6104.39.00 C 6104.39.10 B 6104.39.FA C + 6104.39.20 B 6104.39.99 C + 6104.39.2V A + +6104.41 Womens/girls dresses, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6104.41.00 C 6104.41.00 C 6104.41.01 C + +6104.42 Womens/girls dresses, of cotton, knitted 6104.42.00 C 6104.42.00 B 6104.42.01 C + +6104.43 Womens/girls dresses, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6104.43.00 C 6104.43.10 C 6104.43.FA C + 6104.43.20 B 6104.43.01 C + +6104.44 Womens/girls dresses, of artificial fibres, knitted 6104.44.00 C 6104.44.10 C 6104.44.FA C + 6104.44.20 B 6104.44.01 C + +6104.49 Womens/girls dresses, of other textile materials, knitted 6104.49.00 C 6104.49.00 B 6104.49.FA C + 6104.49.0V A 6104.49.99 C + +6104.51 Womens/girls skirts, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6104.51.00 C 6104.51.00 C 6104.51.01 C + +6104.52 Womens/girls skirts, of cotton, knitted 6104.52.00 C 6104.52.00 B 6104.52.01 C + +6104.53 Womens/girls skirts, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6104.53.00 C 6104.53.10 C 6104.53.FA C + 6104.53.20 B 6104.53.01 C + + +6104.59 Womens/girls skirts, of other textile materials, knitted 6104.59.00 C 6104.59.10 B 6104.59.FA C + 6104.59.20 B 6104.59.99 C + 6104.59.2V A + +6104.61 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal hair, 6104.61.00 C 6104.61.00 C 6104.61.01 C + +6104.62 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, knitted 6104.62.00 C 6104.62.10 A 6104.62.FA C + 6104.62.20 B 6104.62.01 C + +6104.63 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6104.63.00 C 6104.63.10 A 6104.63.FA C + 6104.63.15 C 6104.63.01 C + 6104.63.20 A + +6104.69 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, 6104.69.00 C 6104.69.10 A 6104.69.FA C + 6104.69.20 A 6104.69.FB C + 6104.69.30 B 6104.69.FC C + 6104.69.3V A 6104.69.FD C + 6104.69.3W A 6104.69.99 C + +6105.10 Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, knitted 6105.10.00 C 6105.10.00 B 6105.10.01 C + +6105.20 Mens/boys shirts, of man-made fibres, knitted 6105.20.00 C 6105.20.10 B 6105.20.01 C + 6105.20.20 B + +6105.90 Mens/boys shirts, of other textile materials, knitted 6105.90.00 C 6105.90.10 B 6105.90.FA C + 6105.90.30 A 6105.90.99 C + +6106.10 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of cotton, knitted 6106.10.00 C 6106.10.00 B 6106.10.01 C + +6106.20 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of man-made fibres, knitted 6106.20.00 C 6106.20.10 C 6106.20.FA C + 6106.20.20 B 6106.20.01 C + +6106.90 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of other materials, knitted 6106.90.00 C 6106.90.10 C 6106.90.FA C + 6106.90.20 A 6106.90.FB C + 6106.90.30 B 6106.90.99 C + +6107.11 Mens/boys underpants and briefs, of cotton, knitted 6107.11.00 C 6107.11.00 A 6107.11.01 C + +6107.12 Mens/boys underpants and briefs, of man-made fibres, knitted 6107.12.00 C 6107.12.00 A 6107.12.01 C + +6107.19 Mens/boys underpants and briefs, of other textile materials, 6107.19.00 C 6107.19.00 A 6107.19.99 C + +6107.21 Mens/boys nightshirts and pyjamas, of cotton, knitted 6107.21.00 C 6107.21.00 B 6107.21.01 C + +6107.22 Mens/boys nightshirts and pyjamas, of man-made fibres, knitted 6107.22.00 C 6107.22.00 B 6107.22.01 C + +6107.29 Mens/boys nightshirts and pyjamas, of other textile materials, 6107.29.00 C 6107.29.20 B 6107.29.FA C + 6107.29.40 A 6107.29.99 C + +6107.91 Mens/boys bathrobes, dressing gowns etc of cotton, knitted 6107.91.00 C 6107.91.00 B 6107.91.01 C + + +6107.92 Mens/boys bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc of man-made fibres, 6107.92.00 C 6107.92.00 B 6107.92.01 C + +6107.99 Mens/boys bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc of other textile 6107.99.00 C 6107.99.20 B 6107.99.FA C + 6107.99.40 A 6107.99.99 C + +6108.11 Womens/girls slips and petticoats, of man-made fibres, knitted 6108.11.00 C 6108.11.00 A 6108.11.01 C + +6108.19 Womens/girls slips and petticoats, of other textile materials, 6108.19.00 C 6108.19.00 A 6108.19.99 C + +6108.21 Womens/girls briefs and panties, of cotton, knitted 6108.21.00 C 6108.21.00 A 6108.21.01 C + +6108.22 Womens/girls briefs and panties, of man-made fibres, knitted 6108.22.00 C 6108.22.00 A 6108.22.01 C + +6108.29 Womens/girls briefs and panties, of other textile materials, 6108.29.00 C 6108.29.00 A 6108.29.99 C + +6108.31 Womens/girls nightdresses and pyjamas, of cotton, knitted 6108.31.00 C 6108.31.00 B 6108.31.01 C + +6108.32 Womens/girls nightdresses and pyjamas, of man-made fibres, 6108.32.00 C 6108.32.00 B 6108.32.01 C + +6108.39 Womens/girls nightdresses and pyjamas, of other textile 6108.39.00 C 6108.39.10 C 6108.39.FA C + 6108.39.20 A 6108.39.99 C + +6108.91 Womens/girls bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc, of cotton, knitte 6108.91.00 C 6108.91.00 B 6108.91.FA C + 6108.91.01 C + +6108.92 Womens/girls bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc, of man-made 6108.92.00 C 6108.92.00 B 6108.92.FA C + 6108.92.0V A 6108.92.01 C + 6108.92.0W A + 6108.92.0X A + +6108.99 Womens/girls bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc, of other textile 6108.99.00 C 6108.99.20 C 6108.99.FA C + 6108.99.40 A 6108.99.99 C + +6109.10 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, of cotton, knitted 6109.10.00 C 6109.10.00 A 6109.10.01 C + +6109.90 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, of other textile materials 6109.90.00 C 6109.90.10 A 6109.90.FA C + 6109.90.15 B 6109.90.FB C + 6109.90.20 A 6109.90.99 C + 6109.90.2V B + 6109.90.2W B + +6110.10 Pullovers, cardigans and similar article of wool or fine anima 6110.10.10 C 6110.10.10 C 6110.10.01 C + 6110.10.90 C 6110.10.20 C + +6110.20 Pullovers, cardigans and similar articles of cotton, knitted 6110.20.00 C 6110.20.10 C 6110.20.FA C + 6110.20.1V A 6110.20.01 C + 6110.20.1W A + 6110.20.20 C + 6110.20.2V A + 6110.20.2W A + 6110.20.2X A + + 6110.20.2Y A + +6110.30 Pullovers, cardigans and similar articles of man-made fibres, 6110.30.00 C 6110.30.10 A 6110.30.FA C + 6110.30.15 C 6110.30.01 C + 6110.30.20 A + 6110.30.30 A + +6110.90 Pullovers, cardigans and similar articles of other textile 6110.90.00 C 6110.90.00 C 6110.90.FA C + 6110.90.0V A 6110.90.99 C + 6110.90.0W A + 6110.90.0X A + 6110.90.0Y A + 6110.90.0Z A + +6111.10 Babies garments and clothing accessories of wool or fine anima 6111.10.00 C 6111.10.00 B 6111.10.01 C + +6111.20 Babies garments and clothing accessories of cotton, knitted 6111.20.00 C 6111.20.10 B 6111.20.01 C + 6111.20.20 B + 6111.20.30 B + 6111.20.40 B + 6111.20.50 B + 6111.20.60 B + +6111.30 Babies garments and clothing accessories of synthetic fibres, 6111.30.00 C 6111.30.10 B 6111.30.01 C + 6111.30.20 B + 6111.30.30 B + 6111.30.40 B + 6111.30.50 B + +6111.90 Babies garments and clothing accessories of other textile 6111.90.00 C 6111.90.10 B 6111.90.99 C + 6111.90.20 B + 6111.90.30 B + 6111.90.40 B + 6111.90.50 B + 6111.90.60 B + +6112.11 Track suits, of cotton, knitted 6112.11.00 C 6112.11.00 B 6112.11.FA C + 6112.11.0V A 6112.11.01 C + 6112.11.0W A + +6112.12 Track suits, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6112.12.00 C 6112.12.00 A 6112.12.01 C + +6112.19 Track suits, of other textile materials, knitted 6112.19.00 C 6112.19.10 A 6112.19.FA C + 6112.19.20 B 6112.19.FB C + 6112.19.2V A 6112.19.99 C + 6112.19.2W A + 6112.19.2X A + +6112.20 Ski suits, of textile materials, knitted 6112.20.00 C 6112.20.10 A 6112.20.FA C + 6112.20.20 B 6112.20.01 C + + +6112.31 Mens/boys swimwear, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6112.31.00 C 6112.31.00 A 6112.31.01 C + +6112.39 Mens/boys swimwear, of other textile materials, knitted 6112.39.00 C 6112.39.00 A 6112.39.99 C + +6112.41 Womens/girls swimwear, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6112.41.00 C 6112.41.00 A 6112.41.01 C + +6112.49 Womens/girls swimwear, of other textile materials, knitted 6112.49.00 C 6112.49.00 A 6112.49.99 C + +6113.00 Garments made up of impreg, coated, covered or laminated 6113.00.10 C 6113.00.00 B 6113.00.01 C + 6113.00.90 C 6113.00.99 C + +6114.10 Garments nes, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6114.10.00 C 6114.10.00 C 6114.10.01 C + +6114.20 Garments nes, of cotton, knitted 6114.20.00 C 6114.20.00 A 6114.20.FA C + 6114.20.0V B 6114.20.01 C + 6114.20.0W B + 6114.20.0X B + 6114.20.0Y B + +6114.30 Garments nes, of man-made fibres, knitted 6114.30.00 C 6114.30.10 A 6114.30.FA C + 6114.30.20 A 6114.30.FB C + 6114.30.30 A 6114.30.FC C + 6114.30.3V B 6114.30.01 C + 6114.30.3W B + 6114.30.3X B + +6114.90 Garments nes, of other textile materials, knitted 6114.90.00 C 6114.90.00 B 6114.90.FA C + 6114.90.0V A 6114.90.99 C + +6115.11 Panty hose and tights, of synthetic fibre yarns <67 dtex/singl 6115.11.00 C 6115.11.00 B 6115.11.01 C + +6115.12 Panty hose and tights, of synthetic fibre yarns 67 dtex/singl 6115.12.00 C 6115.12.00 B 6115.12.01 C + +6115.19 Panty hose and tights, of other textile materials, knitted 6115.19.00 C 6115.19.00 B 6115.19.99 C + +6115.20 Womens full-l or knee-l hosiery, of textile yarns <67 6115.20.00 C 6115.20.00 B 6115.20.01 C + +6115.91 Hosiery nes, of wool or fine animal hair, knitted 6115.91.00 C 6115.91.00 C 6115.91.01 C + +6115.92 Hosiery nes, of cotton, knitted 6115.92.00 C 6115.92.10 B 6115.92.01 C + 6115.92.20 B + +6115.93 Hosiery nes, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6115.93.00 C 6115.93.10 B 6115.93.01 C + 6115.93.20 B + +6115.99 Hosiery nes, of other textile materials, knitted 6115.99.00 C 6115.99.14 B 6115.99.99 C + 6115.99.18 B + 6115.99.20 B + +6116.10 Gloves impregnated, coated or covered with plastics or rubber, 6116.10.00 C 6116.10.05 D 6116.10.01 C + 6116.10.08 A + + 6116.10.18 B + 6116.10.45 B + 6116.10.70 B + 6116.10.90 B + +6116.91 Gloves, mittens and mitts, nes, of wool or fine animal hair, 6116.91.00 C 6116.91.00 A 6116.91.01 C + +6116.92 Gloves, mittens and mitts, nes, of cotton, knitted 6116.92.00 C 6116.92.05 D 6116.92.01 C + 6116.92.08 A + 6116.92.60 B + 6116.92.90 B + +6116.93 Gloves, mittens and mitts, nes, of synthetic fibres, knitted 6116.93.00 C 6116.93.05 D 6116.93.01 C + 6116.93.08 A + 6116.93.60 A + 6116.93.90 B + +6116.99 Gloves, mittens and mitts, nes, of other textile materials, 6116.99.00 C 6116.99.20 D 6116.99.99 C + 6116.99.35 A + 6116.99.50 B + 6116.99.80 A + 6116.99.8V B + 6116.99.8W B + +6117.10 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of textile materials, 6117.10.00 C 6117.10.10 C 6117.10.FA C + 6117.10.20 B 6117.10.01 C + 6117.10.40 A + 6117.10.60 B + +6117.20 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of textile materials, knitted 6117.20.00 C 6117.20.00 B 6117.20.01 C + +6117.80 Clothing accessories nes, of textile materials, knitted 6117.80.10 C 6117.80.00 B 6117.80.99 C + 6117.80.90 C + +6117.90 Parts of garments or of clothing accessories, of textile 6117.90.10 C 6117.90.00 B 6117.90.99 C + 6117.90.20 C + 6117.90.90 C + +6201.11 Mens/boys overcoats and similar articles of wool or fine anima 6201.11.00 C 6201.11.00 B 6201.11.01 C + +6201.12 Mens/boys overcoats and similar articles of cotton, not knitte 6201.12.00 C 6201.12.10 A 6201.12.FA C + 6201.12.20 B 6201.12.01 C + +6201.13 Mens/boys overcoats and similar articles of man-made fibres, 6201.13.00 C 6201.13.10 A 6201.13.FA C + 6201.13.30 B 6201.13.FB C + 6201.13.40 A 6201.13.01 C + +6201.19 Mens/boys overcoats and similar articles of other textile 6201.19.00 C 6201.19.00 A 6201.19.99 C + +6201.91 Mens/boys anoraks and similar articles, of wool or fine animal 6201.91.00 C 6201.91.10 B 6201.91.01 C + 6201.91.20 B + + +6201.92 Mens/boys anoraks and similar articles, of cotton, not knitted 6201.92.10 C 6201.92.10 A 6201.92.FA C + 6201.92.90 C 6201.92.15 B 6201.92.01 C + 6201.92.20 B + +6201.93 Mens/boys anoraks and similar articles, of man-made fibres, no 6201.93.00 C 6201.93.10 A 6201.93.FA C + 6201.93.20 A 6201.93.01 C + 6201.93.25 B + 6201.93.30 A + 6201.93.35 A + +6201.99 Mens/boys anoraks and similar articles, of other textile 6201.99.00 C 6201.99.00 A 6201.99.99 C + +6202.11 Womens/girls overcoats and similar articles of wool/fine anima 6202.11.00 C 6202.11.00 C 6202.11.01 C + +6202.12 Womens/girls overcoats and similar articles of cotton, not 6202.12.00 C 6202.12.10 A 6202.12.FA C + 6202.12.20 B 6202.12.01 C + +6202.13 Womens/girls overcoats and similar articles of man-made fibres 6202.13.00 C 6202.13.10 A 6202.13.FA C + 6202.13.30 C 6202.13.01 C + 6202.13.40 A + +6202.19 Womens/girls overcoats and similar articles of other textile 6202.19.00 C 6202.19.00 A 6202.19.01 C + +6202.91 Womens/girls anoraks and similar article of wool or fine anima 6202.91.00 C 6202.91.10 C 6202.91.01 C + 6202.91.20 C + +6202.92 Womens/girls anoraks and similar article of cotton, not knitte 6202.92.00 C 6202.92.10 A 6202.92.FA C + 6202.92.15 B 6202.92.01 C + 6202.92.20 B + +6202.93 Womens/girls anoraks and similar article of man-made fibres, 6202.93.00 C 6202.93.10 A 6202.93.FA C + 6202.93.20 A 6202.93.01 C + 6202.93.40 C + 6202.93.45 A + 6202.93.50 A + +6202.99 Womens/girls anoraks and similar article of other textile 6202.99.00 C 6202.99.00 A 6202.99.01 C + +6203.11 Mens/boys suits, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 6203.11.00 C 6203.11.10 B 6203.11.01 C + 6203.11.20 B + +6203.12 Mens/boys suits, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 6203.12.00 C 6203.12.10 B 6203.12.01 C + 6203.12.20 B + +6203.13 6203.13.01 C + +6203.19 Mens/boys suits, of other textile materials, not knitted 6203.19.00 C 6203.19.10 B 6203.19.FA C + 6203.19.20 B + 6203.19.30 B + 6203.19.40 B + + 6203.19.4V A + +6203.21 Mens/boys ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 6203.21.00 C 6203.21.00 B 6203.21.01 C + +6203.22 Mens/boys ensembles, of cotton, not knitted 6203.22.00 C 6203.22.10 B 6203.22.01 C + 6203.22.30 B + +6203.23 Mens/boys ensembles, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 6203.23.00 C 6203.23.00 B 6203.23.01 C + +6203.29 Mens/boys ensembles, of other textile materials, not knitted 6203.29.00 C 6203.29.20 B 6203.29.01 C + 6203.29.30 B + +6203.31 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of wool or fine animal hair, no 6203.31.00 C 6203.31.00 C 6203.31.01 C + +6203.32 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of cotton, not knitted 6203.32.00 C 6203.32.10 B 6203.32.01 C + 6203.32.20 B + +6203.33 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of synthetic fibres, not knitte 6203.33.00 C 6203.33.10 C 6203.33.FA C + 6203.33.20 B 6203.33.01 C + +6203.39 Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of other textile materials, not 6203.39.00 C 6203.39.10 C 6203.39.FA C + 6203.39.20 B 6203.39.FB C + 6203.39.40 B 6203.39.01 C + 6203.39.4V A + +6203.41 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal hair, no 6203.41.00 C 6203.41.10 B 6203.41.01 C + 6203.41.20 B + +6203.42 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted 6203.42.00 C 6203.42.10 A 6203.42.FA C + 6203.42.20 A 6203.42.FB C + 6203.42.40 B 6203.42.01 C + +6203.43 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibres, not knitte 6203.43.00 C 6203.43.10 A 6203.43.FA C + 6203.43.15 A 6203.43.01 C + 6203.43.20 A + 6203.43.25 A + 6203.43.30 B + 6203.43.35 A + 6203.43.40 A + +6203.49 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, not 6203.49.00 C 6203.49.10 A 6203.49.01 C + 6203.49.15 A + 6203.49.20 A + 6203.49.30 A + +6204.11 Womens/girls suits, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 6204.11.00 C 6204.11.00 C 6204.11.01 C + +6204.12 Womens/girls suits, of cotton, not knitted 6204.12.00 C 6204.12.00 B 6204.12.01 C + +6204.13 Womens/girls suits, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 6204.13.00 C 6204.13.10 C 6204.13.FA C + 6204.13.20 B 6204.13.01 C + + +6204.19 Womens/girls suits, of other textile materials, not knitted 6204.19.00 C 6204.19.10 C 6204.19.FA C + 6204.19.20 B 6204.19.FB C + 6204.19.30 B 6204.19.01 C + 6204.19.3V A + +6204.21 Womens/girls ensembles, of wool or fine animal hair, not 6204.21.00 C 6204.21.00 6204.21.01 C + 6204.21.0W B + 6204.21.0X B + +6204.22 Womens/girls ensembles, of cotton, not knitted 6204.22.00 C 6204.22.10 B 6204.22.01 C + 6204.22.30 B + +6204.23 Womens/girls ensembles, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 6204.23.00 C 6204.23.00 B 6204.23.01 C + +6204.29 Womens/girls ensembles, of other textile materials, not knitte 6204.29.00 C 6204.29.20 B 6204.29.01 C + 6204.29.40 B + +6204.31 Womens/girls jackets, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 6204.31.00 C 6204.31.10 C 6204.31.01 C + 6204.31.20 C + +6204.32 Womens/girls jackets, of cotton, not knitted 6204.32.00 C 6204.32.10 B 6204.32.01 C + 6204.32.20 B + +6204.33 Womens/girls jackets, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 6204.33.00 C 6204.33.10 B 6204.33.FA C + 6204.33.20 A 6204.33.FB C + 6204.33.40 C 6204.33.01 C + 6204.33.50 B + +6204.39 Womens/girls jackets, of other textile materials, not knitted 6204.39.00 C 6204.39.20 C 6204.39.FA C + 6204.39.30 B 6204.39.FB C + 6204.39.60 A 6204.39.01 C + 6204.39.80 B + +6204.41 Womens/girls dresses, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 6204.41.00 C 6204.41.10 C 6204.41.01 C + 6204.41.20 C + +6204.42 Womens/girls dresses, of cotton, not knitted 6204.42.00 C 6204.42.10 A 6204.42.FA C + 6204.42.20 B 6204.42.01 C + 6204.42.30 B + +6204.43 Womens/girls dresses, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 6204.43.00 C 6204.43.10 A 6204.43.FA C + 6204.43.20 B 6204.43.FB C + 6204.43.30 C 6204.43.01 C + 6204.43.40 B + +6204.44 Womens/girls dresses, of artificial fibres, not knitted 6204.44.00 C 6204.44.20 A 6204.44.FA C + 6204.44.30 C 6204.44.FB C + 6204.44.40 B 6204.44.01 C + +6204.49 Womens/girls dresses, of other textile materials, not knitted 6204.49.00 C 6204.49.10 A 6204.49.FA C + + 6204.49.50 B 6204.49.01 C + +6204.51 Womens/girls skirts, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 6204.51.00 C 6204.51.00 C 6204.51.01 C + +6204.52 Womens/girls skirts, of cotton, not knitted 6204.52.00 C 6204.52.10 A 6204.52.FA C + 6204.52.20 B 6204.52.01 C + +6204.53 Womens/girls skirts, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 6204.53.00 C 6204.53.10 A 6204.53.FA C + 6204.53.20 C 6204.53.FB C + 6204.53.30 B 6204.53.01 C + +6204.59 Womens/girls skirts, of other textile materials, not knitted 6204.59.00 C 6204.59.10 A 6204.59.FA C + 6204.59.20 C 6204.59.FB C + 6204.59.30 B 6204.59.FC C + 6204.59.40 B 6204.59.01 C + 6204.59.4V A + +6204.61 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of wool or fine animal hair, 6204.61.00 C 6204.61.00 C 6204.61.01 C + +6204.62 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted 6204.62.00 C 6204.62.10 A 6204.62.FA C + 6204.62.20 A 6204.62.01 C + 6204.62.30 A + 6204.62.40 B + +6204.63 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibres, not 6204.63.00 C 6204.63.10 A 6204.63.FA C + 6204.63.12 A 6204.63.01 C + 6204.63.15 + 6204.63.20 A + 6204.63.25 C + 6204.63.30 A + 6204.63.35 A + +6204.69 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, 6204.69.00 C 6204.69.10 A 6204.69.FA C + 6204.69.20 C 6204.69.01 C + 6204.69.25 A + 6204.69.30 B + 6204.69.3V A + 6204.69.3W A + 6204.69.90 A + +6205.10 Mens/boys shirts, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 6205.10.00 C 6205.10.10 A 6205.10.FA C + 6205.10.20 B 6205.10.01 C + +6205.20 Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, not knitted 6205.20.00 C 6205.20.10 A 6205.20.FA C + 6205.20.20 B 6205.20.01 C + +6205.30 Mens/boys shirts, of man-made fibres, not knitted 6205.30.00 C 6205.30.10 A 6205.30.FA C + 6205.30.15 B 6205.30.01 C + 6205.30.20 B + +6205.90 Mens/boys shirts, of other textile materials, not knitted 6205.90.00 C 6205.90.20 B 6205.90.FA C + + 6205.90.2V A 6205.90.99 C + 6205.90.2W A + 6205.90.2X A + 6205.90.40 A + +6206.10 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of silk or silk waste, not 6206.10.00 C 6206.10.00 C 6206.10.FA C + 6206.10.0V A 6206.10.01 C + 6206.10.0W A + +6206.20 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of wool or fine animal hair, 6206.20.00 C 6206.20.10 A 6206.20.FA C + 6206.20.20 C 6206.20.01 C + 6206.20.30 C + +6206.30 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of cotton, not knitted 6206.30.00 C 6206.30.10 A 6206.30.01 C + 6206.30.20 A + 6206.30.30 A + +6206.40 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of man-made fibres, not 6206.40.00 C 6206.40.10 A 6206.40.FA C + 6206.40.20 B 6206.40.FB C + 6206.40.25 C 6206.40.01 C + 6206.40.30 B + +6206.90 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of other textile materials, 6206.90.00 C 6206.90.00 A 6206.90.FA C + 6206.90.0V B 6206.90.99 C + +6207.11 Mens/boys underpants and briefs, of cotton, not knitted 6207.11.00 C 6207.11.00 A 6207.11.01 C + +6207.19 Mens/boys underpants and briefs, of other textile materials, 6207.19.00 C 6207.19.00 A 6207.19.01 C + +6207.21 Mens/boys nightshirts and pyjamas, of cotton, not knitted 6207.21.00 C 6207.21.00 B 6207.21.01 C + +6207.22 Mens/boys nightshirts and pyjamas, of man-made fibres, not 6207.22.00 C 6207.22.00 B 6207.22.01 C + +6207.29 Mens/boys nightshirts and pyjamas, of other textile materials, 6207.29.00 C 6207.29.00 B 6207.29.FA C + 6207.29.0V A 6207.29.99 C + +6207.91 Mens/boys bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc of cotton, not knitte 6207.91.00 C 6207.91.10 B 6207.91.01 C + 6207.91.30 B + +6207.92 Mens/boys bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc of man-made fibres, 6207.92.00 C 6207.92.20 B 6207.92.01 C + 6207.92.40 B + +6207.99 Mens/boys bathrobes, dressing gowns, etc of other textile 6207.99.00 C 6207.99.20 B 6207.99.FA C + 6207.99.40 B 6207.99.99 C + 6207.99.60 B + 6207.99.6V A + +6208.11 Womens/girls slips and petticoats, of man-made fibres, not 6208.11.00 C 6208.11.00 B 6208.11.01 C + +6208.19 Womens/girls slips and petticoats, of other textile materials, 6208.19.00 C 6208.19.20 A 6208.19.01 C + 6208.19.40 A + + +6208.21 Womens/girls nightdresses and pyjamas, of cotton, not knitted 6208.21.00 C 6208.21.00 B 6208.21.01 C + +6208.22 Womens/girls nightdresses and pyjamas, of man-made fibres, not 6208.22.00 C 6208.22.00 B 6208.22.01 C + +6208.29 Womens/girls nightdresses and pyjamas, of other textile 6208.29.00 C 6208.29.00 B 6208.29.FA C + 6208.29.0V A 6208.29.01 C + +6208.91 Womens/girls panties, bathrobes, etc, of cotton, not knitted 6208.91.00 C 6208.91.10 B 6208.91.01 C + 6208.91.30 B + +6208.92 Womens/girls panties, bathrobes, etc, of man-made fibres, not 6208.92.00 C 6208.92.00 B 6208.92.FA C + 6208.92.0V B 6208.92.01 C + 6208.92.0W B + 6208.92.0X B + 6208.92.0Y A + 6208.92.0Z A + +6208.99 Womens/girls panties, bathrobes, etc, of other textile 6208.99.00 C 6208.99.20 C 6208.99.FA C + 6208.99.60 B 6208.99.FB C + 6208.99.6V A 6208.99.01 C + 6208.99.6W A + 6208.99.80 A + +6209.10 Babies garments and clothing accessories of wool or fine anima 6209.10.00 C 6209.10.00 B 6209.10.01 C + +6209.20 Babies garments and clothing accessories of cotton, not knitte 6209.20.00 C 6209.20.10 B 6209.20.01 C + 6209.20.20 B + 6209.20.30 B + 6209.20.50 B + +6209.30 Babies garments and clothing accessories of synthetic fibres, 6209.30.00 C 6209.30.10 B 6209.30.01 C + 6209.30.20 B + 6209.30.30 B + +6209.90 Babies garments and clothing accessories of other textile 6209.90.00 C 6209.90.10 B 6209.90.01 C + 6209.90.20 B + 6209.90.30 B + 6209.90.40 B + +6210.10 Garments made up of textile felts and of nonwoven textile 6210.10.00 C 6210.10.20 B 6210.10.01 C + 6210.10.40 B + +6210.20 Mens/boys overcoats and similar articles of impreg, ctd, cov 6210.20.00 C 6210.20.10 B 6210.20.99 C + 6210.20.20 B + +6210.30 Womens/girls overcoats and similar articles, of impreg, ctd, 6210.30.00 C 6210.30.10 B 6210.30.99 C + 6210.30.20 B + +6210.40 Mens/boys garments nes, made up of impreg, ctd, cov,etc,textil 6210.40.00 C 6210.40.10 B 6210.40.01 C + 6210.40.20 B + + +6210.50 Womens/girls garments nes, of impregnated, ctd, cov, 6210.50.00 C 6210.50.10 B 6210.50.99 C + 6210.50.20 B + +6211.11 Mens/boys swimwear, of textile materials not knitted 6211.11.00 C 6211.11.10 A 6211.11.01 C + 6211.11.20 A + +6211.12 Womens/girls swimwear, of textile materials, not knitted 6211.12.00 C 6211.12.10 A 6211.12.01 C + 6211.12.30 A + +6211.20 Ski suits, of textile materials, not knitted 6211.20.00 C 6211.20.10 A 6211.20.FA C + 6211.20.15 B 6211.20.FB C + 6211.20.20 A 6211.20.FC C + 6211.20.30 A 6211.20.01 C + 6211.20.40 B + 6211.20.50 A + 6211.20.60 A + 6211.20.70 B + +6211.31 Mens/boys garments nes, of wool or fine animal hair, not 6211.31.00 C 6211.31.00 B 6211.31.01 C + +6211.32 Mens/boys garments nes, of cotton, not knitted 6211.32.00 C 6211.32.00 A 6211.32.FA C + 6211.32.0V B 6211.32.01 C + +6211.33 Mens/boys garments nes, of man-made fibres, not knitted 6211.33.00 C 6211.33.00 A 6211.33.FA C + 6211.33.0V B 6211.33.01 C + +6211.39 Mens/boys garments nes, of other textile materials, not knitte 6211.39.00 C 6211.39.00 B 6211.39.FA C + 6211.39.0V A 6211.39.99 C + 6211.39.0W A + 6211.39.0X A + 6211.39.0Y A + +6211.41 Womens/girls garments nes, of wool or fine animal hair, not 6211.41.00 C 6211.41.00 C 6211.41.01 C + +6211.42 Womens/girls garments nes, of cotton, not knitted 6211.42.00 C 6211.42.00 A 6211.42.FA C + 6211.42.0V B 6211.42.FB C + 6211.42.0W B 6211.42.01 C + 6211.42.0X B + 6211.42.0Y B + 6211.42.0Z B + +6211.43 Womens/girls garments nes, of man-made fibres, not knitted 6211.43.10 C 6211.43.00 A 6211.43.FA C + 6211.43.90 C 6211.43.0V B 6211.43.FB C + 6211.43.0W B 6211.43.01 C + 6211.43.0X B + 6211.43.0Y B + +6211.49 Womens/girls garments nes, of other textile materials, not 6211.49.10 C 6211.49.00 B 6211.49.99 C + 6211.49.90 C + + +6212.10 Brassieres and parts thereof, of textile materials 6212.10.00 C 6212.10.10 A 6212.10.01 C + 6212.10.20 A + +6212.20 Girdles, panty girdles and parts thereof, of textile materials 6212.20.00 C 6212.20.00 A 6212.20.01 C + +6212.30 Corselettes and parts thereof, of textile materials 6212.30.00 C 6212.30.00 A 6212.30.01 C + +6212.90 Corsets, braces and similar articles and parts thereof, of 6212.90.00 C 6212.90.00 B 6212.90.01 C + 6212.90.99 C + +6213.10 Handkerchiefs, of silk or silk waste, not knitted 6213.10.00 C 6213.10.10 A 6213.10.01 C + 6213.10.20 B + +6213.20 Handkerchiefs, of cotton, not knitted 6213.20.00 C 6213.20.10 A 6213.20.01 C + 6213.20.20 A + +6213.90 Handkerchiefs, of other textile materials, not knitted 6213.90.00 C 6213.90.10 B 6213.90.99 C + 6213.90.20 B + +6214.10 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of silk or silk waste, no 6214.10.00 C 6214.10.10 A 6214.10.01 C + 6214.10.20 B + +6214.20 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of wool or fine animal 6214.20.00 C 6214.20.00 C 6214.20.01 C + +6214.30 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of synthetic fibres, not 6214.30.00 C 6214.30.00 B 6214.30.01 C + +6214.40 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of artificial fibres, not 6214.40.00 C 6214.40.00 B 6214.40.01 C + +6214.90 Shawls, scarves, veils and the like, of other textile 6214.90.00 C 6214.90.00 B 6214.90.99 C + +6215.10 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of silk or silk waste, not knitted 6215.10.00 C 6215.10.00 B 6215.10.01 C + +6215.20 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of man-made fibres, not knitted 6215.20.00 C 6215.20.00 B 6215.20.01 C + +6215.90 Ties, bow ties and cravats, of other textile materials, not 6215.90.00 C 6215.90.00 B 6215.90.99 C + +6216.00 Gloves, mittens and mitts, of textile materials, not knitted 6216.00.00 C 6216.00.05 D 6216.00.01 C + 6216.00.08 A + 6216.00.12 B + 6216.00.18 B + 6216.00.28 B + 6216.00.32 B + 6216.00.33 D + 6216.00.35 A + 6216.00.39 B + 6216.00.43 D + 6216.00.46 A + 6216.00.52 A + 6216.00.80 A + 6216.00.90 A + + +6217.10 Clothing accessories nes, of textile materials, not knitted 6217.10.00 C 6217.10.00 B 6217.10.01 C + +6217.90 Parts of garments or of clothing accessories nes, of tex mat, 6217.90.00 C 6217.90.00 B 6217.90.99 C + +6301.10 Electric blankets, of textile materials 6301.10.00 B+ 6301.10.00 B 6301.10.01 B+ + +6301.20 Blankets (o/t electric) and travelling rugs, of wool or fine 6301.20.00 B+ 6301.20.00 B 6301.20.01 B+ + +6301.30 Blankets (o/t electric) and travelling rugs, of cotton 6301.30.00 B+ 6301.30.00 B 6301.30.01 B+ + +6301.40 Blankets (o/t electric) and travelling rugs, of synthetic 6301.40.00 B+ 6301.40.00 B 6301.40.01 B+ + +6301.90 Blankets (o/t electric) and travelling rugs, of other textile 6301.90.00 B+ 6301.90.00 B 6301.90.99 B+ + +6302.10 Bed linen, of textile knitted or crocheted materials 6302.10.00 B+ 6302.10.00 B 6302.10.01 B+ + +6302.21 Bed linen, of cotton, printed, not knitted 6302.21.00 B+ 6302.21.10 B 6302.21.01 B+ + 6302.21.20 B + +6302.22 Bed linen, of man-made fibres, printed, not knitted 6302.22.00 B+ 6302.22.10 B 6302.22.01 B+ + 6302.22.20 B + +6302.29 Bed linen, of other textile materials, printed, not knitted 6302.29.00 B+ 6302.29.00 B 6302.29.99 B+ + +6302.31 Bed linen, of cotton, nes 6302.31.00 B+ 6302.31.10 B 6302.31.01 B+ + 6302.31.20 B + +6302.32 Bed linen, of man-made fibres, nes 6302.32.00 B+ 6302.32.10 B 6302.32.01 B+ + 6302.32.20 B + +6302.39 Bed linen, of other textile materials, nes 6302.39.00 B+ 6302.39.00 B 6302.39.99 B+ + +6302.40 Table linen, of textile knitted or crocheted materials 6302.40.00 B+ 6302.40.10 B 6302.40.01 B+ + 6302.40.20 B + +6302.51 Table linen, of cotton, not knitted 6302.51.00 B+ 6302.51.10 C 6302.51.01 B+ + 6302.51.20 C + 6302.51.30 C + 6302.51.40 C + +6302.52 Table linen, of flax, not knitted 6302.52.00 B+ 6302.52.10 B 6302.52.01 B+ + 6302.52.20 B + +6302.53 Table linen, of man-made fibres, not knitted 6302.53.00 B+ 6302.53.00 B 6302.53.01 B+ + +6302.59 Table linen, of other textile materials, not knitted 6302.59.00 B+ 6302.59.00 B 6302.59.99 B+ + +6302.60 Toilet and kitchen linen, of terry towelling or similar terry 6302.60.00 B+ 6302.60.00 A 6302.60.01 B+ + +6302.91 Toilet and kitchen linen, of cotton, nes 6302.91.00 B+ 6302.91.00 C 6302.91.01 B+ + + +6302.92 Toilet and kitchen linen, of flax 6302.92.00 B+ 6302.92.00 B 6302.92.01 B+ + +6302.93 Toilet and kitchen linen, of man-made fibres 6302.93.00 B+ 6302.93.10 B 6302.93.01 B+ + 6302.93.20 B + +6302.99 Toilet and kitchen linen, of other textile materials 6302.99.00 B+ 6302.99.10 A 6302.99.01 B+ + 6302.99.20 B + +6303.11 Curtains, drapes, interior blinds & curtain or bed valances, o 6303.11.00 B+ 6303.11.00 A 6303.11.01 B+ + +6303.12 Curtains, drapes, interior blinds & curtain/bed valances, of 6303.12.00 B+ 6303.12.00 A 6303.12.01 B+ + +6303.19 Curtains, drapes, interior blinds & curtain/bed valances, othe 6303.19.00 B+ 6303.19.00 A 6303.19.99 B+ + +6303.91 Curtains/drapes/interior blinds & curtain/bed valances, of 6303.91.00 B+ 6303.91.00 A 6303.91.01 B+ + +6303.92 Curtains/drapes/interior blinds curtain/ bed valances, of syn 6303.92.00 B+ 6303.92.00 A 6303.92.01 B+ + +6303.99 Curtains/drapes/interior blinds curtain/ bed valances, of othe 6303.99.00 B+ 6303.99.00 A 6303.99.99 B+ + +6304.11 Bedspreads of textile materials, nes, knitted or crocheted 6304.11.00 B+ 6304.11.10 B 6304.11.01 B+ + 6304.11.20 B + 6304.11.30 B + +6304.19 Bedspreads of textile materials, nes, not knitted or crocheted 6304.19.00 B+ 6304.19.05 B 6304.19.99 B+ + 6304.19.10 B + 6304.19.15 B + 6304.19.20 B + 6304.19.30 B + +6304.91 Furnishing articles nes, of textile materials, knitted or 6304.91.00 B+ 6304.91.00 B 6304.91.01 B+ + +6304.92 Furnishing articles nes, of cotton, not knitted or crocheted 6304.92.00 B+ 6304.92.00 C 6304.92.01 B+ + +6304.93 Furnishing articles nes, of synthetic fibres, not knitted or 6304.93.00 B+ 6304.93.00 B 6304.93.01 B+ + +6304.99 Furnishing articles nes, of other textile materials, not 6304.99.00 B+ 6304.99.10 A 6304.99.99 B+ + 6304.99.15 B + 6304.99.25 A + 6304.99.35 B + 6304.99.40 A + 6304.99.60 B + +6305.10 Sacks and bags, for packing of goods, of jute or of other 6305.10.00 B+ 6305.10.00 D 6305.10.01 B+ + +6305.20 Sacks and bags, for packing of goods, of cotton 6305.20.00 B+ 6305.20.00 B 6305.20.01 B+ + +6305.31 Sacks and bags, for packing of goods, of polyethylene or 6305.31.00 B+ 6305.31.00 B 6305.31.01 B+ + +6305.39 Sacks and bags, for packing of goods, of other man-made textil 6305.39.00 B+ 6305.39.00 B 6305.39.01 B+ + + +6305.90 Sacks and bags, for packing of goods, of other textile 6305.90.00 B+ 6305.90.00 A 6305.90.01 B+ + +6306.11 Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds, of cotton 6306.11.00 B+ 6306.11.00 B 6306.11.01 B+ + +6306.12 Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds, of synthetic fibres 6306.12.00 B+ 6306.12.00 B 6306.12.01 B+ + +6306.19 Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds, of other textile materials 6306.19.00 B+ 6306.19.00 B 6306.19.99 B+ + +6306.21 Tents, of cotton 6306.21.00 B+ 6306.21.00 B 6306.21.01 B+ + +6306.22 Tents, of synthetic fibres 6306.22.00 B+ 6306.22.10 A 6306.22.01 B+ + 6306.22.90 B + +6306.29 Tents, of other textile materials 6306.29.00 B+ 6306.29.00 B 6306.29.99 B+ + +6306.31 Sails, of synthetic fibres 6306.31.00 B+ 6306.31.00 A 6306.31.01 B+ + 6306.31.99 B+ + +6306.39 Sails, of other textile materials 6306.39.00 B+ 6306.39.00 A 6306.39.01 B+ + 6306.39.99 B+ + +6306.41 Pneumatic mattresses, of cotton 6306.41.00 B+ 6306.41.00 B 6306.41.01 B+ + +6306.49 Pneumatic mattresses, of other textile materials 6306.49.00 B+ 6306.49.00 A 6306.49.99 B+ + +6306.91 Camping goods nes, of cotton 6306.91.00 B+ 6306.91.00 B 6306.91.01 B+ + +6306.99 Camping goods nes, of other textile materials 6306.99.00 B+ 6306.99.00 B 6306.99.99 B+ + +6307.10 Floor-cloths, dish-cloths, dusters and similar cleaning cloths 6307.10.10 B+ 6307.10.10 C 6307.10.01 B+ + 6307.10.90 B+ 6307.10.20 C + +6307.20 Life jackets and life belts, of textile materials 6307.20.00 B+ 6307.20.00 B 6307.20.01 B+ + 6307.20.99 B+ + +6307.90 Made up articles, of textile materials, nes, including dress 6307.90.10 B+ 6307.90.30 B 6307.90.FA B+ + 6307.90.20 D 6307.90.40 B 6307.90.01 B+ + 6307.90.91 B+ 6307.90.50 B + 6307.90.92 B+ 6307.90.60 B + 6307.90.93 B+ 6307.90.70 B + 6307.90.99 B+ 6307.90.75 B + 6307.90.85 A + 6307.90.86 C + 6307.90.94 A + +6308.00 Sets consisting of woven fab and yarn, for making up into rugs 6308.00.00 B+ 6308.00.00 B 6308.00.01 B+ + +6309.00 Worn clothing and other worn articles 6309.00.00 B+ 6309.00.00 6309.00.01 B+ + +6310.10 Used or new rags of textile materials, sorted 6310.10.00 D 6310.10.10 C 6310.10.01 B+ + 6310.10.20 D 6310.10.02 B+ + + 6310.10.99 B+ + +6310.90 Used or new rags of textile materials, not sorted 6310.90.00 D 6310.90.10 C 6310.90.01 B+ + 6310.90.20 D 6310.90.99 B+ + +6401.10 Waterproof footwear, outer soles and uppers of rubber/plastics 6401.10.10 C 6401.10.00 C+ 6401.10.01 C + 6401.10.20 C + +6401.91 Waterproof footwear, outer soles/uppers of rubber/plastics, 6401.91.10 C 6401.91.00 C+ 6401.91.01 C + 6401.91.20 C + +6401.92 Waterproof footwear, outer soles/uppers of rbr/plas, covg ankl 6401.92.11 A 6401.92.30 A 6401.92.FA B + 6401.92.12 C 6401.92.60 B 6401.92.FB C + 6401.92.91 C 6401.92.90 C+ + 6401.92.92 C + 6401.92.9V A + 6401.92.9W A + +6401.99 Waterproof footwear, outer soles/uppers of rubber or plastics, 6401.99.10 C 6401.99.30 C+ 6401.99.FA A + 6401.99.20 C 6401.99.60 C+ 6401.99.FB C + 6401.99.80 A + 6401.99.90 C+ + +6402.11 Ski-boots and cross-country ski footwear outer soles/uppers of 6402.11.10 A 6402.11.00 A 6402.11.01 A + 6402.11.20 C + +6402.19 Sports footwear, outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics, 6402.19.00 C 6402.19.10 B 6402.19.99 B + 6402.19.0V A 6402.19.1V C10 + 6402.19.0W A 6402.19.30 A + 6402.19.0X A 6402.19.50 B + 6402.19.0Y A 6402.19.70 B + 6402.19.90 B + +6402.20 Footwear of rubber or plastics, upper straps assembled to sole 6402.20.10 C 6402.20.00 A 6402.20.01 A + 6402.20.20 B + +6402.30 Footwear, outer soles/uppers of rubber or plastics, with metal 6402.30.00 C 6402.30.30 C10 6402.30.99 C + 6402.30.50 C+ + 6402.30.60 A + 6402.30.70 C+ + 6402.30.80 C+ + 6402.30.90 C10 + +6402.91 Footwear, outer soles/uppers of rubber or plastics, covering 6402.91.00 C 6402.91.40 C10 6402.91.01 C + 6402.91.50 C+ + 6402.91.60 C10 + 6402.91.70 C10 + 6402.91.80 C+ + 6402.91.90 C+ + +6402.99 Footwear, outer soles/uppers of rubber or plastics, nes 6402.99.00 C 6402.99.05 C10 6402.99.FA A + + 6402.99.10 C10 6402.99.FB C10 + 6402.99.15 C10 + 6402.99.1V A + 6402.99.20 C+ + 6402.99.30 C+ + 6402.99.60 C10 + 6402.99.70 C10 + 6402.99.80 C+ + 6402.99.90 C+ + +6403.11 Ski footwear, with outer soles of rbr/ plas/leather and uppers 6403.11.10 A 6403.11.30 D 6403.11.01 A + 6403.11.20 C 6403.11.60 A + +6403.19 Sports footwear, o/t ski, outer soles of rbr/plas/leather and 6403.19.00 B 6403.19.15 A 6403.19.99 A + 6403.19.0V A 6403.19.1V B + 6403.19.0W A 6403.19.1W C10 + 6403.19.0X C 6403.19.45 A + 6403.19.4V C10 + 6403.19.60 A + 6403.19.6V C10 + +6403.20 Footwear, outer soles/uppers of leather, straps across the 6403.20.00 C 6403.20.00 A 6403.20.01 C + +6403.30 Footwear, wooden, outer soles of rubber/ plas/leather and 6403.30.00 C 6403.30.00 A 6403.30.01 C + +6403.40 Footwear, outer soles of rubber/plastic/ leathr, uppers of 6403.40.00 C 6403.40.30 C10 6403.40.01 C10 + 6403.40.60 C10 + +6403.51 Footwear, outer soles and uppers of leather, covering the 6403.51.00 C 6403.51.30 C10 6403.51.01 C10 + 6403.51.60 C10 + 6403.51.90 C10 + +6403.59 Footwear, outer soles and uppers of leather, nes 6403.59.00 B+ 6403.59.15 B 6403.59.99 B+ + 6403.59.30 C10 + 6403.59.60 C10 + 6403.59.90 C + +6403.91 Footwear, outer soles of rubber/plastics uppers of leather cov 6403.91.00 C10 6403.91.30 C10 6403.91.01 C10 + 6403.91.60 C+ + 6403.91.90 C10 + +6403.99 Footwear, outer soles of rubber/plastics uppers of leather, ne 6403.99.00 C 6403.99.20 C10 6403.99.99 C10 + 6403.99.0V B 6403.99.40 C10 + 6403.99.60 C10 + 6403.99.75 C10 + 6403.99.90 C10 + +6404.11 Sports footwear with outer soles of rubber or plastics and 6404.11.10 CM 6404.11.20 C10 6404.11.FA B + 6404.11.1V A 6404.11.40 B 6404.11.FB C10 + 6404.11.1W A 6404.11.50 C+ 6404.11.FC C + 6404.11.1X A 6404.11.60 C+ + + 6404.11.1Y A 6404.11.70 C+ + 6404.11.90 C 6404.11.80 C+ + 6404.11.9V A 6404.11.90 B + 6404.11.9W A + 6404.11.9X A + 6404.11.9Y A + +6404.19 Footwear o/t sports, with outer soles of rubber/plastics and 6404.19.10 CM 6404.19.15 C10 6404.19.FA A + 6404.19.90 C 6404.19.20 C+ 6404.19.FB C + 6404.19.25 C10 + 6404.19.30 C10 + 6404.19.35 C+ + 6404.19.40 A + 6404.19.50 C+ + 6404.19.60 C10 + 6404.19.70 C+ + 6404.19.80 C10 + 6404.19.90 A + +6404.20 Footwear with outer soles of leather and uppers of textile 6404.20.00 C 6404.20.20 C10 6404.20.01 C10 + 6404.20.40 C10 + 6404.20.60 C10 + +6405.10 Footwear with uppers of leather or composition leather, nes 6405.10.00 C 6405.10.00 C10 6405.10.01 C10 + 6405.10.99 C10 + +6405.20 Footwear with uppers of textile materials, nes 6405.20.00 C 6405.20.30 C10 6405.20.FA C + 6405.20.60 A 6405.20.FB C10 + 6405.20.90 C10 + +6405.90 Footwear, nes 6405.90.00 C 6405.90.20 A 6405.90.FA A + 6405.90.90 C10 6405.90.FB C10 + +6406.10 Uppers and parts thereof, other than stiffeners 6406.10.10 C 6406.10.05 C10 6406.10.FA C + 6406.10.90 CM 6406.10.10 C10 6406.10.FB C + 6406.10.20 C10 6406.10.FC C10 + 6406.10.25 B + 6406.10.30 B + 6406.10.35 B + 6406.10.40 B + 6406.10.45 C10 + 6406.10.50 B + 6406.10.60 A + 6406.10.65 A + 6406.10.70 D + 6406.10.72 A + 6406.10.77 A + 6406.10.85 A + 6406.10.90 A + +6406.20 Outer soles and heels, of rubber or plastics 6406.20.10 CM 6406.20.00 A 6406.20.01 C + + 6406.20.20 CM + +6406.91 Parts of footwear of wood 6406.91.10 D 6406.91.00 A 6406.91.01 A + 6406.91.90 BM 6406.91.99 A + +6406.99 Parts of footwear nes 6406.99.10 D 6406.99.15 A 6406.99.01 A + 6406.99.20 CM 6406.99.30 A 6406.99.02 A + 6406.99.90 CM 6406.99.60 A 6406.99.03 A + 6406.99.90 A 6406.99.99 A + +6501.00 Hat-forms, hat bodies and hoods of felt; plateaux and manchons 6501.00.00 D 6501.00.30 A 6501.00.01 B + 6501.00.60 A + 6501.00.90 B + +6502.00 Hat-shapes, plaited or made by assembling strips of any 6502.00.00 D 6502.00.20 A 6502.00.01 B + 6502.00.40 A + 6502.00.60 A + 6502.00.90 B + +6503.00 Felt hats and other felt headgear 6503.00.00 BM 6503.00.30 A 6503.00.01 B + 6503.00.60 A + 6503.00.90 B + +6504.00 Hats and other headgear, plaited or made by assembling strips 6504.00.00 B 6504.00.30 A 6504.00.01 B + 6504.00.60 A 6504.00.99 B + 6504.00.90 B + +6505.10 Hair-nets of any material 6505.10.00 B 6505.10.00 A 6505.10.01 B + +6505.90 Hats and other headgear, knitted or made up from lace, or othe 6505.90.10 B 6505.90.15 B 6505.90.01 B + 6505.90.90 B 6505.90.20 B 6505.90.99 B + 6505.90.25 B + 6505.90.30 B + 6505.90.40 B + 6505.90.50 B + 6505.90.60 B + 6505.90.70 B + 6505.90.80 B + 6505.90.90 B + +6506.10 Safety headgear, nes 6506.10.10 D 6506.10.30 A 6506.10.01 A + 6506.10.90 A 6506.10.60 A 6506.10.99 A + +6506.91 Headgear nes, of rubber or plastics 6506.91.00 BM 6506.91.00 A 6506.91.01 A + 6506.91.99 A + +6506.92 Headgear nes, of furskin 6506.92.00 A 6506.92.00 A 6506.92.01 A + +6506.99 Headgear nes, of other materials 6506.99.10 BM 6506.99.00 A 6506.99.99 A + 6506.99.90 BM + + +6507.00 Head-bands, linings, covers, hat foundations, hat frames, etc, 6507.00.00 D 6507.00.00 A 6507.00.01 A + +6601.10 Garden and similar umbrellas 6601.10.00 A 6601.10.00 A 6601.10.01 A + +6601.91 Umbrellas nes, having a telescopic shaft 6601.91.00 A 6601.91.00 A 6601.91.01 A + +6601.99 Umbrellas nes 6601.99.00 A 6601.99.00 A 6601.99.01 A + 6601.99.99 A + +6602.00 Walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding-crops and the like 6602.00.00 A 6602.00.00 A 6602.00.01 A + +6603.10 Handle and knobs of umbrellas, walkingsticks, whips, riding 6603.10.00 D 6603.10.00 A 6603.10.01 A + +6603.20 Umbrella frames, including frames mounted on shafts (sticks) 6603.20.00 D 6603.20.30 A 6603.20.01 A + 6603.20.90 A 6603.20.99 A + +6603.90 Parts, trimmings, accessories nes, of umbrellas, 6603.90.00 D 6603.90.00 A 6603.90.99 A + +6701.00 Skins/other pts of birds w/feather/down, feathers and pts, 6701.00.00 A 6701.00.00 A 6701.00.01 A + 6701.00.99 A + +6702.10 Artificial flowers, foliage, fruit and parts and articles 6702.10.00 BM 6702.10.20 A 6702.10.01 A + 6702.10.40 A 6702.10.99 A + +6702.90 Artificial flowers/foliage/fruit and pts and articles thereof, 6702.90.00 BM 6702.90.10 A 6702.90.01 A + 6702.90.35 A 6702.90.99 A + 6702.90.65 A + +6703.00 Human hair, worked; wool/animal hair and other tex mat, 6703.00.00 D 6703.00.30 A 6703.00.01 A + 6703.00.60 A + +6704.11 Complete wigs of synthetic textile materials 6704.11.00 A 6704.11.00 A 6704.11.01 A + +6704.19 False beard, eyebrows and the like, of synthetic textile 6704.19.10 A 6704.19.00 A 6704.19.99 A + 6704.19.90 A + +6704.20 Articles of human hair, nes 6704.20.00 A 6704.20.00 A 6704.20.01 A + +6704.90 Wigs, false beards, eyebrows and the like, of other materials 6704.90.00 A 6704.90.00 A 6704.90.99 A + +6801.00 Setts, curbstones and flagstones of natural stone (except 6801.00.00 A 6801.00.00 A 6801.00.01 B + +6802.10 Tiles etc rect or not >7 cm etc; arti coloured 6802.10.10 D 6802.10.00 A 6802.10.01 A + 6802.10.90 A 6802.10.02 B + +6802.21 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even, 6802.21.00 A 6802.21.10 A 6802.21.01 A + 6802.21.50 A + +6802.22 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even, other 6802.22.00 B 6802.22.00 A 6802.22.01 B + +6802.23 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even, granite 6802.23.00 A 6802.23.00 A 6802.23.01 A + + 6802.23.99 B + +6802.29 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even nes 6802.29.00 A 6802.29.00 A 6802.29.01 B + +6802.91 Worked monumental/building stone nes, marble, travertine and 6802.91.00 A 6802.91.05 A 6802.91.01 A + 6802.91.15 A + 6802.91.20 A + 6802.91.25 A + 6802.91.30 A + +6802.92 Worked monumental/building stone nes, calcareous stone nes 6802.92.00 A 6802.92.00 A 6802.92.01 A + +6802.93 Worked monumental/building stone nes, granite 6802.93.00 B 6802.93.00 A 6802.93.01 B + +6802.99 Worked monumental/building stone nes 6802.99.00 A 6802.99.00 A 6802.99.01 B + +6803.00 Worked slate and articles of slate or of agglomerated slate 6803.00.10 D 6803.00.10 A 6803.00.01 B + 6803.00.90 B 6803.00.50 A 6803.00.99 B + +6804.10 Millstones and grindstones for milling, grinding or pulping 6804.10.00 A 6804.10.00 D 6804.10.01 B + 6804.10.99 A + +6804.21 Millstones,grindstones etc of agglomerated synthetic or natura 6804.21.10 D 6804.21.00 A 6804.21.01 A + 6804.21.90 BM 6804.21.02 B + 6804.21.99 A + +6804.22 Millstones, grindstones etc of other agglomerated abrasives or 6804.22.10 D 6804.22.10 A 6804.22.01 B + 6804.22.90 B 6804.22.40 A 6804.22.02 B + 6804.22.60 A 6804.22.03 B + 6804.22.99 B + +6804.23 Millstones, grindstones etc of natural stone 6804.23.00 A 6804.23.00 D 6804.23.01 B + 6804.23.99 A + +6804.30 Hand sharpening or polishing stones 6804.30.00 BM 6804.30.00 D 6804.30.01 B + +6805.10 Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain on a woven 6805.10.10 A 6805.10.00 A 6805.10.01 C + 6805.10.90 A 6805.10.99 C + +6805.20 Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain on a paper or 6805.20.10 A 6805.20.00 A 6805.20.01 C + 6805.20.90 C + +6805.30 Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain on a base of 6805.30.10 A 6805.30.10 A 6805.30.01 C + 6805.30.90 C 6805.30.50 D + +6806.10 Slag wool, rock wool & similar mineral wools in bulk, sheets o 6806.10.10 A 6806.10.00 A 6806.10.01 B + 6806.10.20 A 6806.10.99 B + 6806.10.90 A + +6806.20 Exfoliated vermiculite, expanded clays, foamed slag & sim 6806.20.00 A 6806.20.00 A 6806.20.01 A + + +6806.90 Articles of heat/sound insulating, etc, nes, mineral mat exc 6806.90.10 A 6806.90.00 A 6806.90.99 A + 6806.90.20 A + 6806.90.90 A + +6807.10 Asphalt or similar material articles, in rolls 6807.10.00 A 6807.10.00 A 6807.10.01 B + +6807.90 Asphalt or similar material articles nes 6807.90.00 A 6807.90.00 A 6807.90.99 A + +6808.00 Panels, boards etc of veg fibre, straw etc agglomerated 6808.00.10 BM 6808.00.00 D 6808.00.01 B + 6808.00.90 A + +6809.11 Plaster boards etc not ornamental faced or reinforced with 6809.11.10 A 6809.11.00 A 6809.11.01 B + 6809.11.90 A + +6809.19 Plaster boards etc not ornamental faced or reinforced nes 6809.19.00 BM 6809.19.00 A 6809.19.01 B + 6809.19.99 B + +6809.90 Articles of plaster or compositions based on plaster nes 6809.90.10 D 6809.90.00 A 6809.90.01 A + 6809.90.90 A + +6810.11 Building blocks and bricks of cement, concrete or artificial 6810.11.00 A 6810.11.00 A 6810.11.01 A + +6810.19 Tiles, flagstones and similar articles of cement/concrete or 6810.19.00 A 6810.19.12 A 6810.19.99 B + 6810.19.14 A + 6810.19.50 A + +6810.20 Pipes of cement or concrete 6810.20.00 B 6810.20.00 A 6810.20.01 B + +6810.91 Prefabricated structural components of buildings etc of 6810.91.10 A 6810.91.00 A 6810.91.01 B + 6810.91.90 A 6810.91.99 A + +6810.99 Articles of cement, of concrete or of artificial stone nes 6810.99.00 A 6810.99.00 A 6810.99.99 B + +6811.10 Corrugated sheets of asbestos-cement, of cellulose fibre-cemen 6811.10.00 A 6811.10.00 D 6811.10.01 A + +6811.20 Sheets nes, panels/tiles etc of asbestos-cement, cellulose 6811.20.00 A 6811.20.00 D 6811.20.01 A + 6811.20.99 A + +6811.30 Tubes, pipes & tube or pipe fittings of asbestos-cellulose 6811.30.00 B 6811.30.00 A 6811.30.01 B + 6811.30.99 B + +6811.90 Articles nes, of asbestos-cement of cellulose fibre-cement or 6811.90.00 B 6811.90.00 D 6811.90.99 B + +6812.10 Asbestos fibres etc 6812.10.00 A 6812.10.00 D 6812.10.01 A + +6812.20 Asbestos yarn and thread 6812.20.00 A 6812.20.00 D 6812.20.01 A + +6812.30 Asbestos cords and string, whether or not plaited 6812.30.00 A 6812.30.00 D 6812.30.01 A + +6812.40 Asbestos woven or knitted fabric 6812.40.00 A 6812.40.00 D 6812.40.01 A + + +6812.50 Asbestos clothing, clothing accessories, footwear and headgear 6812.50.00 A 6812.50.10 A 6812.50.01 A + 6812.50.50 A + +6812.60 Asbestos paper, millboard and felt 6812.60.00 A 6812.60.00 D 6812.60.01 A + 6812.60.02 A + +6812.70 Compressed asbestos fibre jointing, in sheets or rolls 6812.70.00 A 6812.70.00 D 6812.70.01 A + 6812.70.99 B + +6812.90 Asbestos fabricated products nes 6812.90.10 A 6812.90.00 D 6812.90.01 B + 6812.90.90 A 6812.90.99 A + +6813.10 Asbestos brake linings and pads 6813.10.10 A 6813.10.00 D 6813.10.01 B + 6813.10.90 B 6813.10.99 B + +6813.90 Asbestos friction material and articles nes 6813.90.10 A 6813.90.00 D 6813.90.01 B + 6813.90.90 A 6813.90.02 A + 6813.90.03 A + 6813.90.99 A + +6814.10 Mica plates, sheets and strips, agglomerated/reconstituted on 6814.10.00 A 6814.10.00 A 6814.10.01 A + 6814.10.99 A + +6814.90 Worked mica and articles of mica nes 6814.90.00 A 6814.90.00 A 6814.90.99 A + +6815.10 Non-electrical articles of graphite or other carbon 6815.10.10 A 6815.10.00 A 6815.10.01 B + 6815.10.90 BM 6815.10.02 B + 6815.10.03 B + 6815.10.04 A + 6815.10.99 B + +6815.20 Articles of peat 6815.20.00 A 6815.20.00 D 6815.20.01 A + +6815.91 Articles containing magnesite, dolomite or chromite 6815.91.00 A 6815.91.00 A 6815.91.01 A + 6815.91.02 A + 6815.91.99 A + +6815.99 Articles of stone or of other mineral substances nes 6815.99.10 D 6815.99.20 D 6815.99.01 A + 6815.99.20 A 6815.99.40 A 6815.99.02 A + 6815.99.30 A 6815.99.99 A + 6815.99.40 A + 6815.99.91 A + 6815.99.99 A + +6901.00 Bricks, blocks etc & ceramic goods of siliceous fossil meals o 6901.00.00 D 6901.00.00 C 6901.00.01 C + 6901.00.99 C + +6902.10 Refractory bricks etc >50% Mg, Ca or Cr expressed as MgO, CaO 6902.10.00 D 6902.10.10 D 6902.10.01 B + 6902.10.50 A 6902.10.99 B + +6902.20 Refractory bricks etc >50% alumina Al2O3, silica SiO2 or 6902.20.00 D 6902.20.10 D 6902.20.01 C + + 6902.20.50 A 6902.20.02 C + 6902.20.99 C + +6902.90 Refractory bricks etc nes 6902.90.10 BM 6902.90.10 D 6902.90.01 B + 6902.90.90 D 6902.90.50 A 6902.90.02 B + 6902.90.03 B + 6902.90.04 B + 6902.90.99 B + +6903.10 Refractory ceramic goods nes, >50% of graphite or other forms 6903.10.10 A 6903.10.00 A 6903.10.01 A + 6903.10.91 A 6903.10.02 A + 6903.10.99 D 6903.10.03 A + 6903.10.04 A + 6903.10.05 A + 6903.10.99 A + +6903.20 Refractory ceramic goods nes, >50% of Al2O3 or mx/compds 6903.20.10 A 6903.20.00 A 6903.20.01 A + 6903.20.90 A 6903.20.02 A + 6903.20.03 A + 6903.20.04 A + 6903.20.05 A + 6903.20.06 A + 6903.20.07 A + 6903.20.99 A + +6903.90 Refractory ceramic goods nes 6903.90.10 A 6903.90.00 A 6903.90.01 A + 6903.90.90 A 6903.90.99 A + +6904.10 Building bricks 6904.10.00 A 6904.10.00 D 6904.10.01 A + +6904.90 Ceramic flooring blocks, support or filler tiles and the like 6904.90.10 A 6904.90.00 A 6904.90.99 A + 6904.90.20 A + +6905.10 Roofing tiles, ceramic 6905.10.00 A 6905.10.00 A 6905.10.01 A + +6905.90 Chimney-pots, cowls, chimney liners etc & other ceramic 6905.90.00 A 6905.90.00 A 6905.90.01 A + 6905.90.99 A + +6906.00 Ceramic pipes, conduits, guttering and pipe fittings 6906.00.00 A 6906.00.00 A 6906.00.01 A + +6907.10 Tiles, cubes and sim <7 cm rect or not etc, unglazed ceramics 6907.10.00 BM 6907.10.00 C+ 6907.10.01 B + +6907.90 Tiles, cubes and sim nes, unglazed ceramics 6907.90.10 A 6907.90.00 C+ 6907.90.01 A + 6907.90.90 BM 6907.90.99 A + +6908.10 Tiles, cubes and sim <7 cm rect or not etc, glazed ceramics 6908.10.00 BM 6908.10.10 C+ 6908.10.01 B + 6908.10.20 A + 6908.10.50 C+ + +6908.90 Tiles, cubes and sim nes, glazed ceramics 6908.90.10 A 6908.90.00 C+ 6908.90.01 A + 6908.90.90 BM 6908.90.99 A + + +6909.11 Ceramic wares laboratory, chemical/other technical uses of 6909.11.00 A 6909.11.20 A 6909.11.01 A + 6909.11.40 A 6909.11.02 A + 6909.11.03 A + 6909.11.04 A + 6909.11.05 A + 6909.11.06 A + 6909.11.07 A + 6909.11.08 A + 6909.11.09 A + 6909.11.10 A + 6909.11.99 A + +6909.19 Ceramic wares laboratory, chemical/other technical uses nes 6909.19.00 A 6909.19.10 A 6909.19.01 A + 6909.19.50 A 6909.19.99 A + +6909.90 Ceramic troughs, tubes etc used in agriculture, ceramic pots 6909.90.00 A 6909.90.00 A 6909.90.99 A + +6910.10 Ceramic sinks, wash basins etc & similar sanitary fixtures of 6910.10.10 CM 6910.10.00 C 6910.10.01 C + 6910.10.90 A + +6910.90 Ceramic sinks, wash basins etc & similar sanitary fixtures nes 6910.90.00 A 6910.90.00 A 6910.90.01 A + 6910.90.99 C + +6911.10 Tableware and kitchenware of porcelain or china 6911.10.00 A 6911.10.10 C 6911.10.FA A + 6911.10.20 A 6911.10.FB A + 6911.10.35 A + 6911.10.39 A + 6911.10.41 A + 6911.10.45 A + 6911.10.49 A + 6911.10.60 A + 6911.10.80 C + +6911.90 Household articles nes & toilet articles of porcelain or china 6911.90.00 BM 6911.90.00 A 6911.90.01 A + +6912.00 Ceramic tableware, kitchenware, other household & toilet 6912.00.00 B 6912.00.10 A 6912.00.FA B + 6912.00.20 C 6912.00.FB A + 6912.00.35 A 6912.00.FC B + 6912.00.39 B + 6912.00.41 A + 6912.00.44 A + 6912.00.45 B + 6912.00.46 A + 6912.00.48 B + 6912.00.50 A + +6913.10 Statuettes and other ornamental articles of porcelain or china 6913.10.10 A 6913.10.10 A 6913.10.01 B + 6913.10.90 BM 6913.10.20 A + 6913.10.50 A + + +6913.90 Statuettes and other ornamental articles of ceramics nes 6913.90.10 A 6913.90.10 A 6913.90.99 B + 6913.90.90 BM 6913.90.20 A + 6913.90.30 A + 6913.90.50 A + +6914.10 Articles of porcelain or china nes 6914.10.00 BM 6914.10.00 A 6914.10.01 A + +6914.90 Articles of ceramics nes 6914.90.00 BM 6914.90.00 A 6914.90.99 A + +7001.00 Cullet and other waste and scrap of glass; glass in the mass 7001.00.10 D 7001.00.10 A 7001.00.01 A + 7001.00.20 A 7001.00.20 A 7001.00.02 A + 7001.00.50 D 7001.00.99 A + +7002.10 Balls, glass exc microspheres of No 70.18 7002.10.10 D 7002.10.10 A 7002.10.01 A + 7002.10.90 A 7002.10.20 A + +7002.20 Rods, glass 7002.20.00 A 7002.20.10 A 7002.20.01 A + 7002.20.50 A 7002.20.02 A + 7002.20.03 A + 7002.20.04 A + 7002.20.05 A + 7002.20.99 A + +7002.31 Tubes of fused quartz or other fused silica 7002.31.00 D 7002.31.00 A 7002.31.01 A + 7002.31.02 A + 7002.31.03 A + 7002.31.99 A + +7002.32 Tubes of glass linear coef of exp È5X10-6 per Kelvin within 0C 7002.32.00 D 7002.32.00 A 7002.32.01 A + +7002.39 Tubes of glass nes 7002.39.00 D 7002.39.00 A 7002.39.99 A + +7003.11 Cast glass sheets non-wired coloured etc having an 7003.11.10 A 7003.11.00 A 7003.11.01 B + 7003.11.20 A 7003.11.02 B + 7003.11.99 B + +7003.19 Cast glass sheets non-wired nes 7003.19.00 A 7003.19.00 A 7003.19.01 B + 7003.19.99 B + +7003.20 Cast glass sheets wired 7003.20.00 A 7003.20.00 A 7003.20.01 B + +7003.30 Cast glass profiles 7003.30.00 A 7003.30.00 A 7003.30.01 B + +7004.10 Drawn glass sheets, coloured etc having an absorbing or 7004.10.00 A 7004.10.10 A 7004.10.01 C + 7004.10.20 A 7004.10.02 B + 7004.10.50 A 7004.10.99 C + +7004.90 Drawn glass in sheets nes 7004.90.00 A 7004.90.05 C 7004.90.01 C + 7004.90.10 C 7004.90.02 B + 7004.90.15 C 7004.90.99 C + 7004.90.20 C + + 7004.90.25 A + 7004.90.30 A + 7004.90.40 A + 7004.90.50 A + +7005.10 Float glass etc in sheets, non-wired having an absorbent or 7005.10.10 A 7005.10.00 A 7005.10.01 C + 7005.10.20 A 7005.10.02 C + 7005.10.99 C + +7005.21 Float glass etc in sheets, non-wired coloured throughout the 7005.21.00 A 7005.21.10 C 7005.21.01 C + 7005.21.20 C 7005.21.02 C + 7005.21.99 C + +7005.29 Float glass etc in sheets, non-wired nes 7005.29.00 A 7005.29.05 C 7005.29.01 B + 7005.29.15 C 7005.29.02 C8 + 7005.29.25 A 7005.29.03 B+ + 7005.29.99 C + +7005.30 Float glass etc in sheets, wired 7005.30.00 A 7005.30.00 A 7005.30.01 B + 7005.30.99 B + +7006.00 Glass of 70.03, 70.04, 70.05 bent, edgeworked etc not framed 7006.00.10 A 7006.00.10 A 7006.00.01 C + 7006.00.90 A 7006.00.20 A 7006.00.02 C + 7006.00.40 A 7006.00.03 C + 7006.00.04 C + 7006.00.99 C + +7007.11 Safety glass toughened (tempered) for vehicles, aircraft, 7007.11.11 B 7007.11.00 A 7007.11.01 C + 7007.11.19 A 7007.11.02 C + 7007.11.20 D 7007.11.03 C + 7007.11.30 B 7007.11.04 A + 7007.11.05 C + 7007.11.06 C + 7007.11.99 C + +7007.19 Safety glass toughened (tempered) nes 7007.19.00 B 7007.19.00 A 7007.19.01 C + 7007.19.02 C + 7007.19.99 C + +7007.21 Safety glass laminated for vehicles, aircraft, spacecraft or 7007.21.11 B 7007.21.10 A 7007.21.01 C + 7007.21.19 A 7007.21.50 A 7007.21.02 C + 7007.21.20 D 7007.21.03 A + 7007.21.30 A 7007.21.04 C + 7007.21.99 C + +7007.29 Safety glass laminated nes 7007.29.00 A 7007.29.00 A 7007.29.99 C + +7008.00 Multiple-walled insulating units of glass 7008.00.00 A 7008.00.00 A 7008.00.01 C + 7008.00.99 C + +7009.10 Rear-view mirrors for vehicles 7009.10.00 A 7009.10.00 A 7009.10.01 B + + 7009.10.02 B + 7009.10.03 B + 7009.10.04 B + 7009.10.99 A + +7009.91 Glass mirrors, unframed 7009.91.00 BM 7009.91.10 A 7009.91.01 B + 7009.91.50 A 7009.91.99 C + +7009.92 Glass mirrors, framed 7009.92.00 B 7009.92.10 A 7009.92.01 C + 7009.92.50 A + +7010.10 Ampoules of glass conveyance or packing 7010.10.00 D 7010.10.00 A 7010.10.01 A + 7010.10.99 C + +7010.90 Carboys/bottles/flasks etc for conveyance of goods etc stopper 7010.90.10 D 7010.90.05 D 7010.90.01 C + 7010.90.90 BM 7010.90.20 A 7010.90.02 C + 7010.90.30 A 7010.90.03 C + 7010.90.50 D 7010.90.04 C + 7010.90.99 C + +7011.10 Glass envelopes (including bulbs/tubes) for electric lighting 7011.10.00 A 7011.10.10 A 7011.10.01 A + 7011.10.50 A 7011.10.02 A + 7011.10.03 A + 7011.10.04 A + 7011.10.05 A + 7011.10.99 A + +7011.20 Glass envelopes (including bulbs/tubes) for cathode-ray tubes 7011.20.00 D 7011.20.00 A 7011.20.01 A + 7011.20.02 A + 7011.20.03 A + 7011.20.04 A + 7011.20.99 A + +7011.90 Glass envelopes (including bulbs/tubes) nes 7011.90.10 D 7011.90.00 A 7011.90.01 A + 7011.90.90 A 7011.90.99 A + +7012.00 Glass inners for vacuum flasks or for other vacuum vessels 7012.00.00 D 7012.00.00 A 7012.00.01 A + 7012.00.99 A + +7013.10 Glassware of a kind used for table kitchen, etc of 7013.10.00 D 7013.10.10 A 7013.10.01 A + 7013.10.50 C+ + +7013.21 Drinking glasses other than glassceramics, of lead crystal 7013.21.00 A 7013.21.10 C+ 7013.21.01 A + 7013.21.20 C+ 7013.21.99 A + 7013.21.30 C+ + 7013.21.50 A + +7013.29 Drinking glasses other than glassceramics nes 7013.29.10 BM 7013.29.05 C+ 7013.29.FA B + 7013.29.90 BM 7013.29.10 C+ 7013.29.FB B + 7013.29.20 C+ + 7013.29.30 C+ + + 7013.29.40 B + 7013.29.50 C+ + 7013.29.60 B + +7013.31 Table/kitchenware (exc drinking glasses) o/t glass-ceramics of 7013.31.00 A 7013.31.10 C+ 7013.31.01 A + 7013.31.20 C+ 7013.31.99 A + 7013.31.30 C+ + 7013.31.50 A + +7013.32 Table/kitchenware (exc drinking glasses) o/t glass ceramics 7013.32.00 D 7013.32.10 C+ 7013.32.01 A + 7013.32.20 C+ 7013.32.99 A + 7013.32.30 C+ + 7013.32.40 C+ + +7013.39 Table/kitchenware (exc drinking glasses) other than 7013.39.10 BM 7013.39.10 C+ 7013.39.01 B + 7013.39.20 D 7013.39.20 C+ 7013.39.03 B + 7013.39.90 B 7013.39.30 C+ 7013.39.04 B + 7013.39.40 C+ 7013.39.99 B + 7013.39.50 C+ + 7013.39.60 C+ + +7013.91 Glassware nes of lead crystal (other than that of 70.10 or 7013.91.10 A 7013.91.10 C+ 7013.91.01 A + 7013.91.90 A 7013.91.20 C+ 7013.91.99 A + 7013.91.30 C+ + 7013.91.50 A + +7013.99 Glassware nes (other than that of 70.10 or 70.18) 7013.99.10 BM 7013.99.10 C+ 7013.99.01 B + 7013.99.90 BM 7013.99.20 C+ 7013.99.99 B + 7013.99.30 A + 7013.99.35 A + 7013.99.40 C+ + 7013.99.50 C+ + 7013.99.60 C+ + 7013.99.70 C+ + 7013.99.80 C+ + 7013.99.90 C+ + +7014.00 Signalling glassware & optical elements glass (o/t 70.15) not 7014.00.00 D 7014.00.10 A 7014.00.02 A + 7014.00.20 A 7014.00.03 A + 7014.00.30 A 7014.00.05 A + 7014.00.50 A 7014.00.06 A + 7014.00.07 A + 7014.00.08 A + 7014.00.99 A + +7015.10 Glasses for corrective spectacles, not optically worked glass 7015.10.10 D 7015.10.00 A 7015.10.01 A + 7015.10.90 A 7015.10.99 A + +7015.90 Clock or watch glasses etc curved/bent not optically worked, 7015.90.10 D 7015.90.10 A 7015.90.01 A + 7015.90.90 BM 7015.90.20 A 7015.90.99 A + 7015.90.50 A + + +7016.10 Glass cubes & other glass smallwares backed or not for mosaics 7016.10.00 A 7016.10.00 A 7016.10.01 A + +7016.90 Paving blocks etc for building/const etc, leaded lights, 7016.90.10 A 7016.90.10 A 7016.90.01 A + 7016.90.90 A 7016.90.50 A 7016.90.02 A + 7016.90.99 A + +7017.10 Laboratory, hygienic or pharmaceutical glassware etc fused 7017.10.10 D 7017.10.00 A 7017.10.01 A + 7017.10.90 BM 7017.10.02 C + 7017.10.03 C + 7017.10.04 A + 7017.10.05 B + 7017.10.06 A + 7017.10.07 A + 7017.10.08 A + 7017.10.09 A + 7017.10.10 A + 7017.10.11 C + 7017.10.12 A + 7017.10.13 A + 7017.10.99 C + +7017.20 Laboratory glassware etc of other glass linear expa etc È5 X 7017.20.10 D 7017.20.00 A 7017.20.01 B + 7017.20.90 A 7017.20.02 A + 7017.20.03 A + 7017.20.04 A + 7017.20.05 A + 7017.20.06 C + 7017.20.99 C + +7017.90 Laboratory, hygienic or pharmaceutical glassware etc nes 7017.90.10 BM 7017.90.00 A 7017.90.01 A + 7017.90.90 BM 7017.90.02 B + 7017.90.03 A + 7017.90.04 A + 7017.90.05 C + 7017.90.99 C + +7018.10 Glass beads, imitation pearls, imitation precious or 7018.10.10 A 7018.10.10 A 7018.10.01 A + 7018.10.20 D 7018.10.20 A 7018.10.02 A + 7018.10.30 D 7018.10.50 A 7018.10.99 A + 7018.10.40 A + 7018.10.90 A + +7018.20 Glass microspheres not exceeding 1 mm in diameter 7018.20.00 A 7018.20.00 A 7018.20.01 A + 7018.20.99 A + +7018.90 Articles of glass etc exc jewellery, glass eyes exc prosthetic 7018.90.10 D 7018.90.10 A 7018.90.01 A + 7018.90.90 A 7018.90.50 A 7018.90.02 A + 7018.90.99 A + +7019.10 Slivers, rovings, yarn and chopped strands of glass 7019.10.10 CM 7019.10.10 B 7019.10.01 C + + 7019.10.21 A 7019.10.20 B 7019.10.02 C + 7019.10.29 CM 7019.10.30 A 7019.10.03 C + 7019.10.40 A 7019.10.04 C + 7019.10.60 B 7019.10.99 C + +7019.20 Woven fabrics, including narrow fabrics of glass fibres 7019.20.10 A 7019.20.10 B 7019.20.01 C + 7019.20.90 C 7019.20.20 B 7019.20.02 C + 7019.20.50 B 7019.20.03 C + 7019.20.04 C + 7019.20.05 C + 7019.20.99 C + +7019.31 Mats of glass fibres 7019.31.10 CM 7019.31.00 A 7019.31.01 C + 7019.31.90 C + +7019.32 Thin sheets (voiles) of glass fibres 7019.32.10 BM 7019.32.00 A 7019.32.01 A + 7019.32.90 B + +7019.39 Webs, mattresses, boards and similar nonwoven products of glas 7019.39.00 BM 7019.39.10 A 7019.39.01 A + 7019.39.50 A 7019.39.99 C + +7019.90 Glass fibres (including glass wool) and articles thereof nes 7019.90.10 C 7019.90.10 A 7019.90.01 C + 7019.90.90 BM 7019.90.50 A 7019.90.02 C + 7019.90.03 C + 7019.90.04 C + 7019.90.05 C + 7019.90.06 C + 7019.90.07 C + 7019.90.08 C + 7019.90.09 C + 7019.90.10 C + 7019.90.11 C + 7019.90.99 C + +7020.00 Articles of glass nes 7020.00.10 BM 7020.00.00 A 7020.00.01 A + 7020.00.20 D 7020.00.02 A + 7020.00.90 BM 7020.00.03 A + 7020.00.04 A + 7020.00.06 A + 7020.00.07 A + 7020.00.08 A + 7020.00.09 A + 7020.00.99 A + +7101.10 Pearls natural whether or not worked or graded 7101.10.00 D 7101.10.00 D 7101.10.01 A + 7101.10.99 A + +7101.21 Pearls cultured unworked 7101.21.00 D 7101.21.00 A 7101.21.01 A + 7101.21.99 A + +7101.22 Pearls cultured worked 7101.22.00 D 7101.22.00 A 7101.22.01 A + + +7102.10 Diamonds unsorted whether or not worked 7102.10.00 D 7102.10.00 D 7102.10.01 A + +7102.21 Diamonds industrial unworked or simply sawn, cleaved or bruted 7102.21.10 D 7102.21.10 D 7102.21.01 A + 7102.21.90 A 7102.21.30 A + 7102.21.40 D + +7102.29 Diamonds industrial nes excluding mounted or set diamonds 7102.29.10 D 7102.29.00 D 7102.29.99 A + 7102.29.90 A + +7102.31 Diamonds non-industrial unworked or simply sawn, cleaved or 7102.31.00 D 7102.31.00 D 7102.31.01 A + +7102.39 Diamonds non-industrial nes excluding mounted or set diamonds 7102.39.00 D 7102.39.00 D 7102.39.01 A + 7102.39.99 A + +7103.10 Prec or semi-prec stones (o/t diamonds) unworked or simply saw 7103.10.00 D 7103.10.20 D 7103.10.01 A + 7103.10.40 A + +7103.91 Rubies, sapphires and emeralds further worked than sawn or 7103.91.00 D 7103.91.00 D 7103.91.01 A + +7103.99 Precious or semi-precious stones nes further worked than sawn 7103.99.00 D 7103.99.10 A 7103.99.99 A + 7103.99.50 A + +7104.10 Piezo-electric quartz whether or not worked or graded 7104.10.00 D 7104.10.00 A 7104.10.01 A + +7104.20 Syn or reconstr prec/semi-prec stones unworked (simply sawn or 7104.20.00 D 7104.20.00 A 7104.20.01 A + +7104.90 Syn or reconstr prec/semi-prec stones further worked than sawn 7104.90.00 D 7104.90.10 A 7104.90.99 A + 7104.90.50 A + +7105.10 Diamond dust or powder 7105.10.10 D 7105.10.00 D 7105.10.01 A + 7105.10.91 A + 7105.10.92 D + +7105.90 Natural or synthetic precious or semiprecious stone dust and 7105.90.00 D 7105.90.00 A 7105.90.99 B + +7106.10 Silver powder 7106.10.10 A 7106.10.00 D 7106.10.01 B + 7106.10.20 A + +7106.91 Silver in unwrought forms 7106.91.10 D 7106.91.10 D 7106.91.01 A + 7106.91.20 A 7106.91.50 A + +7106.92 Silver in other semi-manufactured forms (incl silver plated 7106.92.11 D 7106.92.00 A 7106.92.01 A + 7106.92.19 A 7106.92.02 A + 7106.92.21 A 7106.92.99 A + 7106.92.22 A + +7107.00 Base metals clad with silver, not further worked than 7107.00.00 A 7107.00.00 A 7107.00.01 B + +7108.11 Gold powder non-monetary 7108.11.00 A 7108.11.00 D 7108.11.01 A + + +7108.12 Gold in unwrought forms non-monetary 7108.12.00 D 7108.12.10 D 7108.12.01 A + 7108.12.50 A + +7108.13 Gold in other semi-manufactured forms non-monetary(inc gold 7108.13.10 D 7108.13.10 A 7108.13.01 A + 7108.13.20 A 7108.13.50 A 7108.13.99 A + +7108.20 Monetary gold 7108.20.00 D 7108.20.00 D 7108.20.01 D + +7108.29 7108.29.99 A + +7109.00 Base metals or silver, clad with gold, not further worked than 7109.00.00 A 7109.00.00 A 7109.00.01 B + +7110.11 Platinum unwrought or in powder form 7110.11.00 D 7110.11.00 D 7110.11.01 A + +7110.19 Platinum in other semi-manufactured forms 7110.19.00 D 7110.19.00 D 7110.19.01 A + 7110.19.02 A + 7110.19.99 A + +7110.21 Palladium unwrought or in powder form 7110.21.00 D 7110.21.00 D 7110.21.01 A + +7110.29 Palladium in other semi-manufactured forms 7110.29.00 D 7110.29.00 D 7110.29.01 A + 7110.29.99 A + +7110.31 Rhodium unwrought or in powder form 7110.31.00 D 7110.31.00 D 7110.31.01 A + 7110.31.99 A + +7110.39 Rhodium in other semi-manufactured forms 7110.39.00 D 7110.39.00 D 7110.39.99 A + +7110.41 Iridium, osmium and ruthenium unwrought or in powder form 7110.41.00 D 7110.41.00 D 7110.41.01 A + +7110.49 Iridium, osmium and ruthenium in other semi-manufactured forms 7110.49.00 D 7110.49.00 D 7110.49.99 A + +7111.00 Base metals, silver or gold clad with platinum in 7111.00.00 A 7111.00.00 A 7111.00.01 A + +7112.10 Waste&scrap of gold,incl met clad w gold but exc sweepings 7112.10.00 D 7112.10.00 D 7112.10.01 B + +7112.20 Waste&scrap of platinum,incl met clad w plat exc sweepings 7112.20.00 D 7112.20.00 D 7112.20.01 A + +7112.90 Waste&scrap of precious metal or of metal clad with precious 7112.90.00 D 7112.90.00 D 7112.90.99 A + +7113.11 Articles of jewellery and pts thereof of silver w/n plated or 7113.11.00 CM 7113.11.10 A 7113.11.01 C + 7113.11.20 A + 7113.11.50 A + +7113.19 Articles of jewellery and pts thereof of/o prec met w/n 7113.19.00 CM 7113.19.10 A 7113.19.01 C + 7113.19.21 A 7113.19.02 C + 7113.19.25 A + 7113.19.29 A + 7113.19.30 A + 7113.19.50 A + + +7113.20 Articles of jewellery and pts thereof of base metal clad with 7113.20.00 C 7113.20.10 A 7113.20.01 C + 7113.20.21 A + 7113.20.25 A + 7113.20.29 A + 7113.20.30 A + 7113.20.50 A + +7114.11 Articles of gold or silversmiths & parts of silver w/n 7114.11.00 B 7114.11.10 A 7114.11.01 B + 7114.11.20 A + 7114.11.30 A + 7114.11.40 A + 7114.11.45 B + 7114.11.50 A + 7114.11.60 A + 7114.11.70 A + +7114.19 Articles of gold or silversmiths & parts of prec met w/n 7114.19.00 A 7114.19.00 A 7114.19.01 B + +7114.20 Articles of gold or silversmiths & parts of base metal clad 7114.20.00 A 7114.20.00 A 7114.20.01 B + +7115.10 Catalysts in the form of wire cloth or grill, of platinum 7115.10.00 A 7115.10.00 A 7115.10.01 A + +7115.90 Articles of precious metal or of metal clad with precious meta 7115.90.10 D 7115.90.10 A 7115.90.01 A + 7115.90.90 A 7115.90.20 A 7115.90.02 A + 7115.90.50 A 7115.90.03 A + 7115.90.04 A + 7115.90.05 D + 7115.90.99 A + +7116.10 Articles of natural or cultured pearls 7116.10.10 D 7116.10.10 A 7116.10.01 A + 7116.10.90 A 7116.10.15 A + 7116.10.20 A + +7116.20 Articles of precious or semi-precious stones, natural, syn or 7116.20.00 A 7116.20.10 A 7116.20.01 A + 7116.20.20 A 7116.20.02 A + 7116.20.50 A 7116.20.03 A + +7117.11 Imitation jewellery cuff-links and studs of base metal w/n 7117.11.00 BM 7117.11.00 A 7117.11.01 A + +7117.19 Imitation jewellery nes of base metal whether or not plated 7117.19.00 BM 7117.19.10 A 7117.19.01 A + 7117.19.20 A 7117.19.99 A + 7117.19.30 A + 7117.19.50 A + +7117.90 Imitation jewellery nes 7117.90.00 BM 7117.90.10 D 7117.90.01 A + 7117.90.20 A 7117.90.99 A + 7117.90.30 A + 7117.90.40 A + 7117.90.50 A + +7118.10 Coin (other than gold coin) not being legal tender 7118.10.00 A 7118.10.00 D 7118.10.01 D + + 7118.10.02 D + 7118.10.03 D + 7118.10.04 D + +7118.90 Coin nes 7118.90.00 D 7118.90.00 D 7118.90.01 D + 7118.90.02 D + 7118.90.03 D + 7118.90.04 D + 7118.90.05 D + 7118.90.06 D + +7201.10 Pig iron, non-alloy,containing by weight È0.5% of phosphorus i 7201.10.00 D 7201.10.00 D 7201.10.01 B + +7201.20 Pig iron, non-alloy,containing by weight >0.5% of phosphorus i 7201.20.00 D 7201.20.00 D 7201.20.01 B + +7201.30 Pig iron, alloy in primary forms 7201.30.00 D 7201.30.00 D 7201.30.01 B + +7201.40 Spiegeleisen in primary forms 7201.40.00 A 7201.40.00 A 7201.40.01 A + +7202.11 Ferro-manganese, containing by weight more than 2% of carbon 7202.11.10 A 7202.11.10 C 7202.11.01 C + 7202.11.20 A 7202.11.50 C 7202.11.99 C + +7202.19 Ferro-manganese, nes 7202.19.10 A 7202.19.10 A 7202.19.01 C + 7202.19.20 A 7202.19.50 C 7202.19.02 C + 7202.19.99 C + +7202.21 Ferro-silicon, containing by weight more than 55% of silicon 7202.21.10 D 7202.21.10 A 7202.21.01 A + 7202.21.20 A 7202.21.50 A 7202.21.99 A + 7202.21.30 A 7202.21.75 A + 7202.21.90 A + +7202.29 Ferro-silicon, nes 7202.29.00 D 7202.29.00 D 7202.29.01 A + 7202.29.99 A + +7202.30 Ferro-silico-manganese 7202.30.00 A 7202.30.00 C 7202.30.01 C + +7202.41 Ferro-chromium containing by weight more than 4% of carbon 7202.41.00 A 7202.41.00 C 7202.41.01 C + 7202.41.99 C + +7202.49 Ferro-chromium, nes 7202.49.00 A 7202.49.10 C 7202.49.01 C + 7202.49.50 C 7202.49.99 C + +7202.50 Ferro-silico-chromium 7202.50.00 A 7202.50.00 A 7202.50.01 A + +7202.60 Ferro-nickel 7202.60.00 A 7202.60.00 D 7202.60.01 A + +7202.70 Ferro-molybdenum 7202.70.00 A 7202.70.00 A 7202.70.01 A + +7202.80 Ferro-tungsten and ferro-silico-tungsten 7202.80.00 A 7202.80.00 A 7202.80.01 A + +7202.91 Ferro-titanium and ferro-silico-titanium 7202.91.00 A 7202.91.00 A 7202.91.01 A + + 7202.91.02 A + 7202.91.99 A + +7202.92 Ferro-vanadium 7202.92.00 A 7202.92.00 C 7202.92.01 A + +7202.93 Ferro-niobium 7202.93.00 A 7202.93.00 A 7202.93.01 A + +7202.99 Ferro-alloys, nes 7202.99.10 A 7202.99.10 A 7202.99.01 A + 7202.99.90 A 7202.99.50 A 7202.99.02 A + 7202.99.03 A + 7202.99.99 A + +7203.10 Ferrous products obtained by direct reduction of iron ore, nes 7203.10.00 D 7203.10.00 D 7203.10.01 A + +7203.90 Spongy ferrous products, or iron having a minimum purity by 7203.90.00 A 7203.90.00 D 7203.90.99 A + +7204.10 Waste and scrap, cast iron 7204.10.00 D 7204.10.00 D 7204.10.01 D + +7204.21 Waste and scrap, stainless steel 7204.21.00 D 7204.21.00 D 7204.21.01 D + +7204.29 Waste and scrap, of alloy steel, other than stainless 7204.29.00 D 7204.29.00 D 7204.29.99 D + +7204.30 Waste and scrap, of tinned iron or steel 7204.30.00 D 7204.30.00 D 7204.30.01 C + 7204.30.99 C + +7204.41 Ferrous waste and scrap, i or s, from the mechanical working o 7204.41.00 D 7204.41.00 D 7204.41.01 D + +7204.49 Ferrous waste and scrap, iron or steel, nes 7204.49.00 D 7204.49.00 D 7204.49.99 D + +7204.50 Remelting scrap ingots, of iron or steel 7204.50.00 D 7204.50.00 D 7204.50.01 C + 7204.50.99 C + +7205.10 Granules of pig iron or spiegeleisen 7205.10.11 A 7205.10.00 A 7205.10.01 A + 7205.10.19 A + 7205.10.90 A + +7205.21 Powders, alloy steel 7205.21.10 D 7205.21.00 A 7205.21.01 A + 7205.21.90 A + +7205.29 Powders, iron or steel, other than alloy 7205.29.00 A 7205.29.00 D 7205.29.99 A + +7206.10 Ingots, iron or non-alloy steel, of a purity of less than 7206.10.00 D 7206.10.00 C 7206.10.01 C + +7206.90 Primary forms, iron or non-alloy steel, nes, of a purity less 7206.90.00 A 7206.90.00 A 7206.90.99 C + +7207.11 Semi-fin prod, i/nas, rect/sq cross-sect cntg by wght <.25% c, 7207.11.00 C 7207.11.00 C 7207.11.01 C + 7207.11.02 C + 7207.11.99 C + +7207.12 Semi-fin prod, iron or n-al steel, rect/ sq cross sect, cntg b 7207.12.00 C 7207.12.00 C 7207.12.01 C + 7207.12.02 C + + 7207.12.99 C + +7207.19 Semi-fin prod, iron or non-alloy steel, cntg by wght <.25% 7207.19.10 C 7207.19.00 C 7207.19.01 C + 7207.19.90 C 7207.19.02 C + 7207.19.99 C + +7207.20 Semi-fin prod, iron or non-alloy steel, containing by weight 7207.20.10 C 7207.20.00 C 7207.20.01 C + 7207.20.90 C 7207.20.02 C + 7207.20.99 C + +7208.11 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, >10mm thk, 7208.11.00 C 7208.11.00 C 7208.11.01 C + +7208.12 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, 4.75mm Èthk 7208.12.00 C 7208.12.00 C 7208.12.01 C + +7208.13 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, 3mm Èthk 7208.13.00 C 7208.13.10 C 7208.13.01 C + 7208.13.50 C + +7208.14 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, <3mm thk, 7208.14.00 C 7208.14.10 C 7208.14.01 C + 7208.14.50 C + +7208.21 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, >10mm thk, 7208.21.00 C 7208.21.10 C 7208.21.01 C + 7208.21.50 C + +7208.22 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, 4.75mm Èthk 7208.22.00 C 7208.22.10 C 7208.22.01 C + 7208.22.50 C + +7208.23 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, 3mm Èthk 7208.23.00 C 7208.23.10 C 7208.23.01 C + 7208.23.50 C + +7208.24 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, hr, 600mm wide, less than 7208.24.00 C 7208.24.10 C 7208.24.01 C + 7208.24.50 C + +7208.31 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, nic, hr, 600mm Èwidth, È1,250mm 4mm 7208.31.00 C 7208.31.00 C 7208.31.01 C + +7208.32 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, nic, hr 600mm wide, >10mm thk, myp 7208.32.00 C 7208.32.00 C 7208.32.01 C + +7208.33 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, nic, hr 600mm wide, 4.75mm Èthk 7208.33.00 C 7208.33.10 C 7208.33.01 C + 7208.33.50 C + +7208.34 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, nic, hr 600mm wide, 3mm Èthk <4.75mm 7208.34.00 C 7208.34.10 C 7208.34.01 C + 7208.34.50 C + +7208.35 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, nic, hr 600mm wide, less than 3mm 7208.35.00 C 7208.35.10 C 7208.35.01 C + 7208.35.50 C + +7208.41 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, nic, hr, 600mm Èwidth È1,250mm, 4mm 7208.41.00 C 7208.41.00 C 7208.41.01 C + +7208.42 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, not in coil, hr 600mm wide, >10mm 7208.42.00 C 7208.42.00 C 7208.42.01 C + +7208.43 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, not in coil, hr 600mm wide, 4.75mm 7208.43.00 C 7208.43.00 C 7208.43.01 C + + +7208.44 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, not in coil, hr 600mm wide, 3mm Èthk 7208.44.00 C 7208.44.00 C 7208.44.01 C + +7208.45 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, not in coil, hr 600mm wide, <3mm thk 7208.45.00 C 7208.45.00 C 7208.45.01 C + +7208.90 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, not further worked than hot rolled, 7208.90.00 C 7208.90.00 C 7208.90.99 C + +7209.11 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, cr, 600mm wide, 3mm thk, 7209.11.00 C 7209.11.00 C 7209.11.01 C + +7209.12 Flat rolled prod, i/nas, in coil, cr, 600mm wide, 1mm 600mm wide, 4.75m 7219.22.00 C 7219.22.00 C 7219.22.01 C + +7219.23 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, hr, nic, >600mm wide, 3mm 7219.23.00 C 7219.23.00 C 7219.23.01 C + +7219.24 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, hr, nic, >600mm wide, less 7219.24.00 C 7219.24.00 C 7219.24.01 C + +7219.31 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, cr, >600mm wide, 4.75mm or 7219.31.00 C 7219.31.00 C 7219.31.01 C + +7219.32 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, cr, >600mm wide, 3mm Èthick 7219.32.00 C 7219.32.00 C 7219.32.01 C + 7219.32.99 C + +7219.33 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, cr, 600mm wide, 1mm 600mm wide, 0.5mm 7219.34.00 C 7219.34.00 C 7219.34.01 C + +7219.35 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, cr, >600mm wide, less than 7219.35.00 C 7219.35.00 C 7219.35.01 C + 7219.35.99 C + +7219.90 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, 600mm or more wide, nes 7219.90.10 C 7219.90.00 C 7219.90.01 C + 7219.90.90 C + + +7220.11 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, hr <600mm wide, exceeding 7220.11.00 C 7220.11.00 C 7220.11.01 C + +7220.12 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, hr <600mm wide, less than 7220.12.00 C 7220.12.10 C 7220.12.01 C + 7220.12.50 C + +7220.20 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, <600mm wide, cold rolled or 7220.20.10 C 7220.20.10 C 7220.20.01 C + 7220.20.21 D 7220.20.60 C 7220.20.02 C + 7220.20.29 C 7220.20.70 C 7220.20.99 C + 7220.20.80 C + 7220.20.90 C + +7220.90 Flat rolled prod, stainless steel, cr <600mm wide, nes 7220.90.00 C 7220.90.00 C 7220.90.01 C + +7221.00 Bars & rods, stainless steel, hot rolled in irregularly wound 7221.00.00 C 7221.00.00 C 7221.00.01 C + 7221.00.02 C + 7221.00.99 C + +7222.10 Bars & rods, stainless steel, nfw than hot rolled, hot drawn o 7222.10.00 C 7222.10.00 C 7222.10.01 C + 7222.10.02 C + 7222.10.99 C + +7222.20 Bars & rods, stainless steel, nfw than cold formed or cold 7222.20.00 C 7222.20.00 C 7222.20.01 C + 7222.20.02 C + 7222.20.03 C + 7222.20.99 C + +7222.30 Bars & rods, stainless steel, nes 7222.30.00 C 7222.30.00 C 7222.30.01 C + 7222.30.02 C + 7222.30.03 A + 7222.30.99 C + +7222.40 Angles, shapes and sections, stainless steel 7222.40.10 C 7222.40.30 C 7222.40.01 C + 7222.40.90 C 7222.40.60 C + +7223.00 Wire of stainless steel 7223.00.11 D 7223.00.10 C 7223.00.01 C + 7223.00.19 C 7223.00.50 C 7223.00.02 C + 7223.00.20 C 7223.00.90 C + +7224.10 Ingots & other primary forms of alloy steel, o/t stainless 7224.10.00 D 7224.10.00 C 7224.10.01 C + 7224.10.02 C + 7224.10.03 C + 7224.10.04 C + 7224.10.05 C + 7224.10.06 C + 7224.10.99 C + +7224.90 Semi-finished products of alloy steel o/t stainless 7224.90.10 C 7224.90.00 C 7224.90.01 A + 7224.90.90 C 7224.90.02 C + 7224.90.03 C + 7224.90.04 C + + 7224.90.99 C + +7225.10 Flat rolled products of siliconelectrical steel, 600mm wide 7225.10.10 A 7225.10.00 A 7225.10.01 A + 7225.10.90 A + +7225.20 Flat rolled products of high speed steel 600mm wide 7225.20.10 A 7225.20.00 A 7225.20.01 A + 7225.20.90 A + +7225.30 Flat rolled prod, as, o/t stainless, in coils, nfw than hr 7225.30.00 C 7225.30.10 C 7225.30.01 C + 7225.30.30 C + 7225.30.50 C + 7225.30.70 C + +7225.40 Flat rolled prod, as, o/t stainless, nic nfw than hr, 600mm 7225.40.00 C 7225.40.10 C 7225.40.01 C + 7225.40.30 C + 7225.40.50 C + 7225.40.70 C + +7225.50 Flat rolled prod, as, o/t stainless, nfw than cold rolled 7225.50.10 C 7225.50.10 C 7225.50.01 C + 7225.50.20 C 7225.50.60 C + 7225.50.70 C + 7225.50.80 C + +7225.90 Flat rolled prod, as, o/t stainless, 600mm wide, nes 7225.90.00 C 7225.90.00 A 7225.90.01 C + +7226.10 Flat rolled prod, of silicon electrical steel, <600mm wide 7226.10.10 A 7226.10.10 A 7226.10.01 A + 7226.10.90 A 7226.10.50 A + +7226.20 Flat rolled prod, of high speed steel, <600mm wide 7226.20.10 A 7226.20.00 A 7226.20.01 A + 7226.20.90 A + +7226.91 Flat rolled prod, as, o/t stainless, nfw than hot rolled, 7226.91.00 C 7226.91.05 D 7226.91.01 A + 7226.91.15 C 7226.91.99 C + 7226.91.25 C + 7226.91.50 C + 7226.91.70 C + 7226.91.80 C + +7226.92 Flat rolled prod, as, o/t stainless, nfw than cold rolled, 7226.92.10 B 7226.92.10 A 7226.92.01 A + 7226.92.20 B 7226.92.30 A 7226.92.02 A + 7226.92.50 A 7226.92.03 A + 7226.92.70 A + 7226.92.80 A + +7226.99 Flat rolled prod, as, o/t stainless, <600mm wide, nes 7226.99.00 C 7226.99.00 C 7226.99.01 C + +7227.10 Bars & rods, of high speed steel, hr, in irregularly wound 7227.10.00 C 7227.10.00 C 7227.10.01 C + 7227.10.99 C + +7227.20 Bars & rods, of silico-manganese steel, hr, in irregularly 7227.20.00 C 7227.20.00 C 7227.20.01 C + 7227.20.02 C + + +7227.90 Bars & rods, alloy steel, o/t stainless hr, in irregularly 7227.90.00 C 7227.90.10 C 7227.90.01 C + 7227.90.20 C 7227.90.99 C + 7227.90.60 C + +7228.10 Bars and rods of high speed steel, nes 7228.10.10 C 7228.10.00 C 7228.10.01 C + 7228.10.90 C 7228.10.99 C + +7228.20 Bars and rods of silico-manganese steel nes 7228.20.10 C 7228.20.10 C 7228.20.01 C + 7228.20.90 C 7228.20.50 C + +7228.30 Bars & rods, alloy steel, o/t stainless nfw than hot 7228.30.00 C 7228.30.20 C 7228.30.01 C + 7228.30.40 D 7228.30.99 C + 7228.30.60 C + 7228.30.80 C + +7228.40 Bars & rods, as, o/t stainless, not further worked than forged 7228.40.00 C 7228.40.00 C 7228.40.01 C + 7228.40.99 C + +7228.50 Bars & rods, as, o/t stainless, not further worked than cold 7228.50.00 C 7228.50.10 C 7228.50.01 C + 7228.50.50 C 7228.50.02 C + 7228.50.03 C + 7228.50.99 C + +7228.60 Bars & rods, as, o/t stainless, nes 7228.60.00 C 7228.60.10 C 7228.60.01 C + 7228.60.60 C 7228.60.99 C + 7228.60.80 C + +7228.70 Angles, shapes and sections, as, o/t stainless, nes 7228.70.10 C 7228.70.30 C 7228.70.01 C + 7228.70.90 C 7228.70.60 C + +7228.80 Bars & rods, hollow drill, alloy or nonalloy steel 7228.80.10 B 7228.80.00 A 7228.80.01 A + 7228.80.90 B 7228.80.02 A + 7228.80.99 A + +7229.10 Wire of high speed steel 7229.10.00 C 7229.10.00 C 7229.10.01 C + 7229.10.99 C + +7229.20 Wire of silico-manganese steel 7229.20.00 C 7229.20.00 C 7229.20.01 C + +7229.90 Wire of alloy steel, o/t stainless 7229.90.00 C 7229.90.10 C 7229.90.01 C + 7229.90.50 C 7229.90.02 A + 7229.90.90 C 7229.90.03 C + 7229.90.04 C + 7229.90.99 C + +7301.10 Sheet piling, i or s whether or not drilled/punched or made 7301.10.10 C 7301.10.00 C 7301.10.01 C + 7301.10.90 C + +7301.20 Angles, shapes and sections, welded, iron or steel 7301.20.00 C 7301.20.10 C 7301.20.01 C + 7301.20.50 C + + +7302.10 Rails, iron or steel 7302.10.10 D 7302.10.10 C 7302.10.01 C + 7302.10.20 C 7302.10.50 C 7302.10.02 D + 7302.10.90 C + +7302.20 Sleepers (cross-ties), iron or steel 7302.20.00 CM 7302.20.00 C 7302.20.01 C + +7302.30 Switch blades, crossing frogs, point rods & other crossing 7302.30.00 C 7302.30.00 A 7302.30.01 C + 7302.30.99 C + +7302.40 Fish plates and sole plates, iron or steel 7302.40.10 D 7302.40.00 C 7302.40.01 C + 7302.40.90 C 7302.40.99 C + +7302.90 Rail or tramway construction material of iron or steel, nes 7302.90.00 A 7302.90.00 A 7302.90.01 C + 7302.90.99 C + +7303.00 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of cast iron 7303.00.10 A 7303.00.00 A 7303.00.01 C + 7303.00.90 CM 7303.00.02 B + +7304.10 Pipes, line, iron or steel, smls, of a kind used for oil or ga 7304.10.10 C 7304.10.10 C 7304.10.01 C + 7304.10.21 C 7304.10.50 C 7304.10.02 C + 7304.10.22 C 7304.10.03 C + 7304.10.99 C + +7304.20 Casings, tubing & drill pipe, i or s, smls, for use in drillin 7304.20.10 D 7304.20.10 C 7304.20.01 C + 7304.20.90 C 7304.20.20 C 7304.20.02 C + 7304.20.30 C 7304.20.03 C + 7304.20.40 C 7304.20.04 C + 7304.20.50 C 7304.20.05 C + 7304.20.60 C 7304.20.99 C + 7304.20.70 C + 7304.20.80 C + +7304.31 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, i or nas, smls, cd/cr, of circ 7304.31.00 C 7304.31.30 C 7304.31.01 C + 7304.31.60 C 7304.31.02 C + 7304.31.03 C + 7304.31.04 A + 7304.31.05 A + 7304.31.06 C + 7304.31.07 A + 7304.31.08 C + 7304.31.09 C + 7304.31.99 C + +7304.39 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, i or nas, smls, of circ cross 7304.39.00 C 7304.39.00 C 7304.39.01 A + 7304.39.02 A + 7304.39.03 A + 7304.39.04 C + 7304.39.05 C + 7304.39.99 C + + +7304.41 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, stain steel,smls, cd/cr of circ 7304.41.00 B 7304.41.00 A 7304.41.01 A + 7304.41.04 A + 7304.41.99 A + +7304.49 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, stainless steel, smls, of circ 7304.49.00 B 7304.49.00 A 7304.49.01 A + 7304.49.99 A + +7304.51 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, as, (o/t stain) smls, cd/cr of 7304.51.00 B 7304.51.10 A 7304.51.01 A + 7304.51.50 A 7304.51.02 A + 7304.51.03 C + 7304.51.04 A + 7304.51.05 A + 7304.51.06 B + 7304.51.07 B + 7304.51.08 A + 7304.51.09 A + 7304.51.99 C + +7304.59 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, as, (o/t stainless) smls, of 7304.59.00 C 7304.59.10 C 7304.59.01 C + 7304.59.20 C 7304.59.02 C + 7304.59.60 C 7304.59.99 C + 7304.59.80 C + +7304.90 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, iron or steel, smls, nes 7304.90.11 C 7304.90.10 C 7304.90.99 C + 7304.90.12 C 7304.90.30 C + 7304.90.90 C 7304.90.50 C + 7304.90.70 C + +7305.11 Pipe, line, i or s, longitudinally subm arc wld, int/ext cc 7305.11.00 C 7305.11.10 C 7305.11.01 C + 7305.11.50 C 7305.11.99 C + +7305.12 Pipe, line, i or s, longitudinally wld w int/ext circ c sect, 7305.12.00 C 7305.12.10 C 7305.12.01 C + 7305.12.50 C 7305.12.99 C + +7305.19 Pipe, line, i or s, int/ext circ cross sect, wld, ext dia 7305.19.00 C 7305.19.10 C 7305.19.01 C + 7305.19.50 C 7305.19.99 C + +7305.20 Casings, i/s, int/ext circ c sect, wld ext dia >406.4mm, 7305.20.00 C 7305.20.20 C 7305.20.01 C + 7305.20.40 C 7305.20.99 C + 7305.20.60 C + 7305.20.80 C + +7305.31 Tubes & pipe, i or s, longitudinally welded, external dia 7305.31.10 C 7305.31.20 A 7305.31.01 C + 7305.31.20 C 7305.31.40 C 7305.31.02 A + 7305.31.60 C 7305.31.03 C + 7305.31.04 C + 7305.31.05 A + 7305.31.06 C + 7305.31.99 C + +7305.39 Tubes & pipe, i or s, welded, riveted or sim closed, ext dia 7305.39.10 C 7305.39.10 C 7305.39.01 C + + 7305.39.20 C 7305.39.50 C 7305.39.02 A + 7305.39.03 C + 7305.39.04 A + 7305.39.05 C + 7305.39.99 C + +7305.90 Tubes & pipe, i or s, riveted or sim closed, ext dia >406.4mm, 7305.90.10 C 7305.90.10 A 7305.90.01 C + 7305.90.20 C 7305.90.50 C 7305.90.02 A + 7305.90.99 C + +7306.10 Pipe, line, i or s, welded, riveted or sim closed, nes, for oi 7306.10.10 C 7306.10.10 C 7306.10.01 C + 7306.10.21 C 7306.10.50 C + 7306.10.22 C + +7306.20 Casing/tubing, i or s, welded, riveted or sim clsd, nes, for 7306.20.00 C 7306.20.10 C 7306.20.01 C + 7306.20.20 C + 7306.20.30 C + 7306.20.40 C + 7306.20.60 C + 7306.20.80 C + +7306.30 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, iron or nas, welded, of circ 7306.30.00 C 7306.30.10 C 7306.30.01 C + 7306.30.30 A 7306.30.02 C + 7306.30.50 C 7306.30.03 C + 7306.30.99 C + +7306.40 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, stainless steel, welded, of cir 7306.40.00 C 7306.40.10 C 7306.40.01 C + 7306.40.50 C + +7306.50 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, al/s, (o/t stain) wld, of circ 7306.50.00 C 7306.50.10 C 7306.50.01 A + 7306.50.30 A 7306.50.02 C + 7306.50.50 C 7306.50.03 C + 7306.50.04 C + 7306.50.99 C + +7306.60 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, i/s, welded, of non circ cross 7306.60.10 C 7306.60.10 C 7306.60.01 C + 7306.60.20 C 7306.60.30 C + 7306.60.50 C + 7306.60.70 C + +7306.90 Tubes, pipe & hollow profiles, iron or steel, welded, nes 7306.90.10 C 7306.90.10 C 7306.90.01 C + 7306.90.20 C 7306.90.50 C 7306.90.99 C + +7307.11 Fittings, pipe or tube, of non-malleable cast iron 7307.11.10 C 7307.11.00 A 7307.11.01 A + 7307.11.90 C 7307.11.02 C + 7307.11.99 C + +7307.19 Fittings, pipe or tube, cast, of iron or steel, nes 7307.19.10 C 7307.19.30 A 7307.19.01 C + 7307.19.90 C 7307.19.90 C 7307.19.02 C + 7307.19.03 C + 7307.19.04 C + + 7307.19.05 A + 7307.19.06 C + 7307.19.99 C + +7307.21 Flanges, stainless steel 7307.21.10 C 7307.21.10 A 7307.21.01 C + 7307.21.90 C 7307.21.50 A + +7307.22 Threaded elbows, bends and sleeves of stainless steel 7307.22.00 C 7307.22.10 A 7307.22.01 C + 7307.22.50 A + +7307.23 Fittings, butt welding, stainless steel 7307.23.00 C 7307.23.00 A 7307.23.01 C + 7307.23.99 C + +7307.29 Fittings pipe or tube of stainless steel, nes 7307.29.10 C 7307.29.00 A 7307.29.01 C + 7307.29.90 C 7307.29.99 C + +7307.91 Flanges, iron or steel, nes 7307.91.10 C 7307.91.10 A 7307.91.01 C + 7307.91.91 C 7307.91.30 A + 7307.91.92 C 7307.91.50 A + +7307.92 Threaded elbows, bend and sleeves, iron or steel, nes 7307.92.10 C 7307.92.30 A 7307.92.01 A + 7307.92.20 C 7307.92.90 A 7307.92.99 C + +7307.93 Fittings, but welding, iron or steel, nes 7307.93.10 C 7307.93.30 C 7307.93.01 C + 7307.93.20 C 7307.93.60 A 7307.93.99 C + 7307.93.90 A + +7307.99 Fittings, pipe or tube, iron or steel, nes 7307.99.10 C 7307.99.10 A 7307.99.01 C + 7307.99.91 C 7307.99.30 A 7307.99.02 C + 7307.99.92 C 7307.99.50 A 7307.99.03 C + 7307.99.04 C + 7307.99.05 A + 7307.99.99 C + +7308.10 Bridges and bridge sections, iron or steel 7308.10.00 CM 7308.10.00 A 7308.10.01 C + +7308.20 Towers and lattice masts, iron or steel 7308.20.00 CM 7308.20.00 A 7308.20.01 C + +7308.30 Doors, windows and their frames and thresholds for doors of 7308.30.10 A 7308.30.10 A 7308.30.01 C + 7308.30.90 CM 7308.30.50 A 7308.30.99 C + +7308.40 Props and similar equipment for scaffolding, shuttering or 7308.40.10 D 7308.40.00 A 7308.40.01 C + 7308.40.90 CM + +7308.90 Structures and parts of structures, i or s (excl prefab bldgs 7308.90.10 D 7308.90.30 C 7308.90.01 C + 7308.90.21 D 7308.90.60 C 7308.90.02 C + 7308.90.29 CM 7308.90.90 A 7308.90.99 C + 7308.90.90 CM + +7309.00 Reservoirs, tanks, vats & sim ctnr, cap >300L, i or s (excl 7309.00.10 D 7309.00.00 A 7309.00.01 C + 7309.00.20 CM 7309.00.02 C + + 7309.00.30 D 7309.00.03 C + 7309.00.90 CM 7309.00.04 C + 7309.00.05 C + 7309.00.06 C + 7309.00.99 C + +7310.10 Tanks, casks, drums, cans, boxes & sim contr, i or s, capacity 7310.10.10 CM 7310.10.00 D 7310.10.01 C + 7310.10.90 CM 7310.10.02 C + 7310.10.99 C + +7310.21 Cans, iron or steel, cap <50 litres, to be closed by crimping 7310.21.00 CM 7310.21.00 D 7310.21.01 C + +7310.29 Cans, iron or steel, capacity <50 litres nes 7310.29.10 CM 7310.29.00 D 7310.29.01 C + 7310.29.91 D 7310.29.02 C + 7310.29.99 CM 7310.29.03 A + 7310.29.04 C + 7310.29.99 C + +7311.00 Containers for compressed or liquefied gas of iron or steel 7311.00.00 C 7311.00.00 A 7311.00.01 C + 7311.00.02 C + 7311.00.03 C + 7311.00.04 A + 7311.00.05 A + 7311.00.06 A + 7311.00.99 C + +7312.10 Stranded wire, ropes and cables of iron or steel, not 7312.10.10 A 7312.10.05 A 7312.10.01 C + 7312.10.20 C 7312.10.10 A 7312.10.02 C + 7312.10.31 D 7312.10.20 A 7312.10.03 A + 7312.10.39 CM 7312.10.30 C 7312.10.04 D + 7312.10.40 D 7312.10.50 C 7312.10.05 C + 7312.10.90 C 7312.10.60 C 7312.10.99 C + 7312.10.70 C + 7312.10.80 A + 7312.10.90 C + +7312.90 Plaited bands, slings and the like of iron or steel, not elec 7312.90.00 A 7312.90.00 A 7312.90.01 C + +7313.00 Wire, barbed, twisted hoop, single flat or twisted double of i 7313.00.10 A 7313.00.00 D 7313.00.01 C + 7313.00.90 C + +7314.11 Woven products, stainless steel 7314.11.00 B 7314.11.10 A 7314.11.01 A + 7314.11.20 A + 7314.11.30 D + 7314.11.60 A + 7314.11.90 A + +7314.19 Woven products, iron or steel, other than stainless 7314.19.10 CM 7314.19.00 C 7314.19.01 C + 7314.19.20 C 7314.19.02 C + 7314.19.90 C 7314.19.99 C + + +7314.20 Grill, netting, fencing, i or s, welded inter, cross-sect dim 7314.20.00 C 7314.20.00 A 7314.20.01 C + +7314.30 Grill, netting, fencing, iron or steel, welded at the 7314.30.00 C 7314.30.10 C 7314.30.01 C + 7314.30.50 A 7314.30.99 C + +7314.41 Grill, netting, fencing, iron or steel, plated or coated with 7314.41.00 C 7314.41.00 C 7314.41.01 C + +7314.42 Grill, netting, fencing, iron or steel, plastic coated 7314.42.00 C 7314.42.00 C 7314.42.01 C + +7314.49 Grill, netting, fencing, iron or steel, nes 7314.49.00 C 7314.49.30 A 7314.49.99 C + 7314.49.60 A + +7314.50 Expanded metal, iron or steel 7314.50.00 C 7314.50.00 A 7314.50.01 C + +7315.11 Chain, roller, iron or steel 7315.11.10 D 7315.11.00 A 7315.11.01 C + 7315.11.91 A 7315.11.02 A + 7315.11.99 A 7315.11.03 C + 7315.11.04 C + 7315.11.05 C + 7315.11.99 C + +7315.12 Chain, articulated link, iron or steel, nes 7315.12.10 A 7315.12.00 A 7315.12.01 C + 7315.12.90 CM 7315.12.02 A + 7315.12.99 A + +7315.19 Chain parts, articulated link, iron or steel 7315.19.10 A 7315.19.00 A 7315.19.01 C + 7315.19.90 A 7315.19.02 C + 7315.19.03 C + 7315.19.99 A + +7315.20 Chain, skid, iron or steel 7315.20.00 BM 7315.20.10 A 7315.20.01 A + 7315.20.50 D + +7315.81 Chain, stud link, iron or steel 7315.81.00 CM 7315.81.00 D 7315.81.01 C + 7315.81.02 C + 7315.81.03 C + +7315.82 Chain, welded link, iron or steel, nes 7315.82.10 A 7315.82.10 A 7315.82.01 C + 7315.82.20 CM 7315.82.30 D 7315.82.02 C + 7315.82.50 A 7315.82.99 C + 7315.82.70 D + +7315.89 Chain, iron or steel, nes 7315.89.10 A 7315.89.10 A 7315.89.01 A + 7315.89.20 CM 7315.89.30 D 7315.89.02 C + 7315.89.50 A 7315.89.99 A + +7315.90 Chain parts, iron or steel, nes 7315.90.10 A 7315.90.00 A 7315.90.99 C + 7315.90.90 CM + +7316.00 Anchors, grapnels and parts thereof of iron or steel 7316.00.10 D 7316.00.00 A 7316.00.01 C + 7316.00.20 CM + + +7317.00 Nails, staples & sim art, i or s, excl art of head No 8305 & 7317.00.10 C 7317.00.10 A 7317.00.01 C + 7317.00.20 C 7317.00.20 D 7317.00.02 C + 7317.00.90 C 7317.00.30 A 7317.00.03 C + 7317.00.55 C 7317.00.04 C + 7317.00.65 A 7317.00.99 C + 7317.00.75 A + +7318.11 Screws, coach, iron or steel 7318.11.00 CM 7318.11.00 C 7318.11.01 C + +7318.12 Screws, wood, iron or steel, nes 7318.12.00 CM 7318.12.00 A 7318.12.99 C + +7318.13 Screw hooks and screw rings of iron or steel 7318.13.00 CM 7318.13.00 A 7318.13.01 C + +7318.14 Screws, self-tapping, iron or steel 7318.14.00 CM 7318.14.10 C 7318.14.01 C + 7318.14.50 C + +7318.15 Bolts or screws nes, with or without their nuts or washers, 7318.15.00 C 7318.15.20 C 7318.15.01 A + 7318.15.40 C 7318.15.02 C + 7318.15.50 A 7318.15.99 C + 7318.15.60 C + 7318.15.80 C + +7318.16 Nuts, iron or steel, nes 7318.16.00 C 7318.16.00 C 7318.16.01 A + 7318.16.03 C + 7318.16.99 C + +7318.19 Threaded articles of iron or steel, nes 7318.19.00 CM 7318.19.00 A 7318.19.01 A + 7318.19.02 C + 7318.19.99 C + +7318.21 Washers, spring or lock, iron or steel 7318.21.00 CM 7318.21.00 A 7318.21.01 A + 7318.21.99 C + +7318.22 Washers, iron or steel, nes 7318.22.00 C 7318.22.00 D 7318.22.01 A + 7318.22.99 C + +7318.23 Rivets, iron or steel 7318.23.00 C 7318.23.00 A 7318.23.01 A + 7318.23.99 C + +7318.24 Cotters and cotter-pins, iron or steel 7318.24.00 CM 7318.24.00 A 7318.24.01 C + 7318.24.02 A + 7318.24.99 C + +7318.29 Non-threaded articles of iron or steel, nes 7318.29.00 CM 7318.29.00 A 7318.29.01 A + 7318.29.99 C + +7319.10 Needles, sewing, darning or embroidery, iron or steel 7319.10.00 A 7319.10.00 D 7319.10.01 A + +7319.20 Pins, safety, iron or steel 7319.20.00 CM 7319.20.00 A 7319.20.01 C + + +7319.30 Pins, iron or steel, nes 7319.30.10 A 7319.30.10 A 7319.30.99 C + 7319.30.90 CM 7319.30.50 A + +7319.90 Articles for use in the hand, i or s, similar to sewing needle 7319.90.00 B 7319.90.00 A 7319.90.01 B + 7319.90.99 B + +7320.10 Springs, leaf and leaves therefor, iron or steel 7320.10.00 B 7320.10.00 A 7320.10.01 B + 7320.10.02 B + 7320.10.03 A + +7320.20 Springs, helical, iron or steel 7320.20.10 B 7320.20.10 A 7320.20.01 B + 7320.20.90 B 7320.20.50 A 7320.20.02 A + 7320.20.03 B + 7320.20.04 B + 7320.20.99 B + +7320.90 Springs, iron or steel, nes 7320.90.10 BM 7320.90.10 A 7320.90.01 A + 7320.90.90 BM 7320.90.50 A 7320.90.02 B + 7320.90.03 A + 7320.90.99 B + +7321.11 Cooking appliances & plate warmers for gas fuel or both gas an 7321.11.10 C 7321.11.10 A 7321.11.01 C + 7321.11.90 C 7321.11.30 A 7321.11.99 C + 7321.11.60 A + +7321.12 Cooking appliances & plate warmers for liquid fuel, iron or 7321.12.00 B 7321.12.00 A 7321.12.01 B + +7321.13 Cooking appliances & plate warmers for solid fuel, iron or 7321.13.00 B 7321.13.00 A 7321.13.01 A + +7321.81 Household or camping appliances, i/s, for htg or blgs,nes, f 7321.81.00 B 7321.81.10 A 7321.81.01 B + 7321.81.50 A 7321.81.99 B + +7321.82 Household or camping appliances, i/s, for htg or blgs, nes, fo 7321.82.00 B 7321.82.10 A 7321.82.01 B + 7321.82.50 A 7321.82.99 B + +7321.83 Household or camping appliances, i/s, for htg or blgs, nes, fo 7321.83.00 B 7321.83.00 A 7321.83.01 A + 7321.83.99 A + +7321.90 Appliance parts clearly identifiable as for household, cooking 7321.90.10 C 7321.90.30 A 7321.90.01 A + 7321.90.20 C 7321.90.60 A 7321.90.02 A + 7321.90.30 C 7321.90.03 C + 7321.90.40 C 7321.90.04 A + 7321.90.99 C + +7322.11 Radiators and parts thereof, cast iron 7322.11.00 BM 7322.11.00 A 7322.11.01 A + 7322.11.99 B + +7322.19 Radiators and parts thereof, iron or steel, other than cast 7322.19.00 BM 7322.19.00 A 7322.19.01 A + 7322.19.02 A + 7322.19.99 B + + +7322.90 Air heaters, hot air distributors, iron or steel & identifiabl 7322.90.10 D 7322.90.00 A 7322.90.01 A + 7322.90.91 BM 7322.90.02 A + 7322.90.99 BM 7322.90.99 B + +7323.10 Iron or steel wool, incl pot scourers, polishing pads, gloves 7323.10.00 CM 7323.10.00 A 7323.10.01 C + +7323.91 Table, kitchen or other household art & parts thereof, of cast 7323.91.00 A 7323.91.10 D 7323.91.01 A + 7323.91.50 A 7323.91.02 A + 7323.91.99 A + +7323.92 Table, kitchen or other household art & parts thereof, of cast 7323.92.00 BM 7323.92.00 A 7323.92.01 B + 7323.92.02 B + 7323.92.03 B + 7323.92.99 B + +7323.93 Table, kitchen or other household art & parts thereof, 7323.93.00 BM 7323.93.00 A 7323.93.01 A + 7323.93.02 A + 7323.93.03 A + 7323.93.04 A + 7323.93.99 A + +7323.94 Table, kitchen or other household art & parts thereof, i or s, 7323.94.00 C 7323.94.00 C 7323.94.01 C + 7323.94.02 C + 7323.94.03 C + 7323.94.04 C + 7323.94.99 C + +7323.99 Table, kitchen or other household art & parts thereof, of iron 7323.99.00 CM 7323.99.10 A 7323.99.99 C + 7323.99.30 A + 7323.99.50 A + 7323.99.70 A + 7323.99.90 A + +7324.10 Sinks and wash basins, stainless steel 7324.10.00 BM 7324.10.00 A 7324.10.01 C + +7324.21 Baths, cast iron, enamelled or not 7324.21.00 A 7324.21.10 D 7324.21.01 A + 7324.21.50 A + +7324.29 Baths, iron or steel, nes 7324.29.10 A 7324.29.00 A 7324.29.99 A + 7324.29.90 BM + +7324.90 Sanitary ware & parts thereof, i or s, nes, for example 7324.90.10 C 7324.90.00 C 7324.90.01 C + 7324.90.90 CM 7324.90.02 C + 7324.90.03 C + 7324.90.99 C + +7325.10 Cast articles of non-malleable cast iron nes 7325.10.10 BM 7325.10.00 D 7325.10.01 A + 7325.10.90 BM 7325.10.02 B + 7325.10.03 A + 7325.10.04 A + 7325.10.05 A + + 7325.10.06 A + 7325.10.99 A + +7325.91 Balls, grinding and similar articles of iron or steel, cast fo 7325.91.10 A 7325.91.00 A 7325.91.01 B + 7325.91.90 BM 7325.91.02 B + 7325.91.99 B + +7325.99 Articles of iron or steel, cast, nes 7325.99.10 D 7325.99.10 A 7325.99.01 C + 7325.99.91 BM 7325.99.50 A 7325.99.02 B + 7325.99.99 BM 7325.99.03 A + 7325.99.04 A + 7325.99.05 A + 7325.99.06 A + 7325.99.99 B + +7326.11 Balls, grinding and similar articles of i or s, forged or 7326.11.10 A 7326.11.00 A 7326.11.01 B + 7326.11.90 A 7326.11.02 A + 7326.11.99 B + +7326.19 Articles of iron or steel, forged or stamped, but not further 7326.19.00 BM 7326.19.00 A 7326.19.01 A + 7326.19.02 C + 7326.19.03 C + 7326.19.04 B + 7326.19.05 B + 7326.19.06 B + 7326.19.07 B + 7326.19.08 B + 7326.19.09 A + 7326.19.10 B + 7326.19.11 B + 7326.19.12 A + 7326.19.13 A + 7326.19.14 B + 7326.19.99 B + +7326.20 Articles of wire, iron or steel, nes 7326.20.00 BM 7326.20.00 A 7326.20.01 B + 7326.20.02 B + 7326.20.03 A + 7326.20.04 D + 7326.20.05 B + 7326.20.99 B + +7326.90 Articles, iron or steel, nes 7326.90.10 D 7326.90.10 A 7326.90.01 B + 7326.90.20 D 7326.90.30 B 7326.90.02 B + 7326.90.30 D 7326.90.45 D 7326.90.03 B + 7326.90.40 A 7326.90.60 A 7326.90.04 B + 7326.90.50 BM 7326.90.90 A 7326.90.05 C + 7326.90.60 D 7326.90.06 C + 7326.90.70 CM 7326.90.07 A + 7326.90.80 BM 7326.90.08 B + 7326.90.91 BM 7326.90.09 B + + 7326.90.99 BM 7326.90.10 A + 7326.90.11 A + 7326.90.12 A + 7326.90.13 B + 7326.90.14 D + 7326.90.15 D + 7326.90.16 B + 7326.90.99 B + +7401.10 Copper mattes 7401.10.00 D 7401.10.00 A 7401.10.01 A + +7401.20 Cement copper (precipitated copper) 7401.20.00 D 7401.20.00 A 7401.20.01 B + +7402.00 Copper unrefined, copper anodes for electrolytic refining 7402.00.00 D 7402.00.00 B 7402.00.01 B + 7402.00.99 B + +7403.11 Copper cathodes and sections of cathodes unwrought 7403.11.00 D 7403.11.00 A 7403.11.01 B + 7403.11.99 B + +7403.12 Wire bars, copper, unwrought 7403.12.00 A 7403.12.00 A 7403.12.01 B + 7403.12.99 B + +7403.13 Billets, copper, unwrought 7403.13.00 D 7403.13.00 A 7403.13.01 A + 7403.13.99 A + +7403.19 Refined copper products, unwrought, nes 7403.19.10 D 7403.19.00 A 7403.19.01 B + 7403.19.90 B 7403.19.99 B + +7403.21 Copper-zinc base alloys, unwrought 7403.21.10 A 7403.21.00 A 7403.21.01 A + 7403.21.90 A 7403.21.99 A + +7403.22 Copper-tin base alloys, unwrought 7403.22.00 A 7403.22.00 A 7403.22.01 A + 7403.22.99 A + +7403.23 Copper-nickel base alloys or coppernickel-zinc base alloys, 7403.23.10 D 7403.23.00 A 7403.23.01 A + 7403.23.90 A 7403.23.99 A + +7403.29 Copper alloys, unwrought (other than master alloys of heading 7403.29.10 A 7403.29.00 A 7403.29.99 B + 7403.29.90 B + +7404.00 Waste and scrap, copper or copper alloy 7404.00.10 D 7404.00.00 D 7404.00.01 C + 7404.00.21 A 7404.00.02 C + 7404.00.29 A + +7405.00 Master alloys of copper 7405.00.00 A 7405.00.10 A 7405.00.01 A + 7405.00.60 A 7405.00.99 A + +7406.10 Powders, copper, of non-lamellar structure 7406.10.10 A 7406.10.00 A 7406.10.01 B + 7406.10.20 B + +7406.20 Powders, copper, of lamellar structure and flakes 7406.20.10 A 7406.20.00 A 7406.20.01 B + + 7406.20.20 B + +7407.10 Bars, rods and profiles of refined copper 7407.10.11 B 7407.10.10 A 7407.10.01 C + 7407.10.12 A 7407.10.50 A 7407.10.02 C + 7407.10.20 B + +7407.21 Bars, rods and profiles of copper-zinc base alloys 7407.21.11 A 7407.21.10 A 7407.21.01 C + 7407.21.12 A 7407.21.50 A 7407.21.02 C + 7407.21.20 A 7407.21.70 A + 7407.21.90 A + +7407.22 Bars, rods and profiles of copper-nickel or copper-nickel-zinc 7407.22.11 A 7407.22.10 A 7407.22.01 C + 7407.22.12 A 7407.22.50 A 7407.22.02 B + 7407.22.13 A + 7407.22.20 A + +7407.29 Bars, rods and profiles, copper alloy nes 7407.29.11 C 7407.29.10 A 7407.29.01 C + 7407.29.12 A 7407.29.50 A 7407.29.02 C + 7407.29.20 C 7407.29.99 C + +7408.11 Wire of refined copper of which the max cross sectional 7408.11.11 B 7408.11.30 A 7408.11.01 C + 7408.11.12 B 7408.11.60 A + 7408.11.21 A + 7408.11.22 B + +7408.19 Wire of refined copper of which the max cross sectional 7408.19.10 B 7408.19.00 A 7408.19.01 C + 7408.19.20 B 7408.19.02 A + 7408.19.03 A + +7408.21 Wire, copper-zinc base alloy 7408.21.11 B 7408.21.00 A 7408.21.01 A + 7408.21.12 A + 7408.21.21 A + 7408.21.22 A + +7408.22 Wire, copper-nickel base alloy or copper-nickel-zinc base allo 7408.22.11 B 7408.22.10 A 7408.22.01 A + 7408.22.12 A 7408.22.50 A 7408.22.99 A + 7408.22.21 A + 7408.22.22 A + 7408.22.31 A + 7408.22.32 A + +7408.29 Wire, copper alloy, nes 7408.29.11 A 7408.29.10 A 7408.29.01 A + 7408.29.12 A 7408.29.50 A 7408.29.99 A + 7408.29.21 A + 7408.29.22 A + +7409.11 Plate, sheet & strip of refined copper, in coil, exceeding 7409.11.10 A 7409.11.10 A 7409.11.01 C + 7409.11.20 BM 7409.11.50 A + +7409.19 Plate, sheet & strip of refined copper, not in coil, exceeding 7409.19.10 A 7409.19.10 A 7409.19.01 B + 7409.19.20 BM 7409.19.50 A 7409.19.99 B + + 7409.19.90 A + +7409.21 Plate, sheet & strip of copper-zinc base alloys, in coil, 7409.21.10 A 7409.21.00 A 7409.21.01 B + 7409.21.20 BM + +7409.29 Plate, sheet & strip of copper-zinc base alloys, not in coil, 7409.29.10 A 7409.29.00 A 7409.29.99 B + 7409.29.20 BM + +7409.31 Plate, sheet & strip of copper-tin base alloys, in coil, 7409.31.10 A 7409.31.10 A 7409.31.01 A + 7409.31.20 A 7409.31.50 A 7409.31.99 A + 7409.31.90 A + +7409.39 Plate, sheet & strip of copper-tin base alloys, not in coil, > 7409.39.10 A 7409.39.10 A 7409.39.99 B + 7409.39.20 BM 7409.39.50 A + 7409.39.90 A + +7409.40 Plate, sheet & strip of copper-nickel or cop-nickel-zinc base 7409.40.11 A 7409.40.00 A 7409.40.01 C + 7409.40.12 A + 7409.40.20 A + +7409.90 Plate, sheet & strip of copper alloy, nes 7409.90.10 A 7409.90.10 A 7409.90.99 B + 7409.90.20 B 7409.90.50 A + 7409.90.90 A + +7410.11 Foil of refined copper, not backed 7410.11.10 A 7410.11.00 A 7410.11.01 B + 7410.11.20 B 7410.11.99 B + +7410.12 Foil, copper alloy, not backed 7410.12.10 A 7410.12.00 A 7410.12.01 B + 7410.12.20 B 7410.12.99 B + +7410.21 Foil of refined copper, backed 7410.21.10 A 7410.21.30 A 7410.21.01 A + 7410.21.20 A 7410.21.60 A 7410.21.02 A + 7410.21.03 A + 7410.21.99 C + +7410.22 Foil, copper alloy, backed 7410.22.10 A 7410.22.00 A 7410.22.01 B + 7410.22.20 A + +7411.10 Pipes and tubes, refined copper 7411.10.10 A 7411.10.10 A 7411.10.01 C + 7411.10.20 C 7411.10.50 A 7411.10.02 C + 7411.10.03 C + 7411.10.04 C + 7411.10.05 B + +7411.21 Pipes and tubes, copper-zinc base alloy 7411.21.10 A 7411.21.10 A 7411.21.01 C + 7411.21.20 B 7411.21.50 A 7411.21.02 C + 7411.21.03 C + 7411.21.04 C + 7411.21.05 B + +7411.22 Pipes and tubes, copper-nickel base alloy or copper-nickel-zin 7411.22.10 A 7411.22.00 A 7411.22.01 C + + 7411.22.20 C 7411.22.02 C + 7411.22.03 C + 7411.22.04 C + 7411.22.05 B + +7411.29 Pipes and tubes, copper alloy, nes 7411.29.10 A 7411.29.10 A 7411.29.01 B + 7411.29.21 D 7411.29.50 A 7411.29.02 B + 7411.29.29 B 7411.29.03 B + 7411.29.04 B + 7411.29.05 B + +7412.10 Fittings, pipe or tube, of refined copper 7412.10.00 A 7412.10.00 A 7412.10.01 A + 7412.10.99 A + +7412.20 Fittings, pipe or tube, copper alloy 7412.20.00 C 7412.20.00 A 7412.20.01 C + 7412.20.02 C + 7412.20.99 C + +7413.00 Stranded wire, cable, plaited bands and the like of copper not 7413.00.00 C 7413.00.10 A 7413.00.01 A + 7413.00.50 A 7413.00.99 C + 7413.00.90 A + +7414.10 Endless bands of copper wire for machinery 7414.10.00 BM 7414.10.30 D 7414.10.01 B + 7414.10.60 A 7414.10.02 A + 7414.10.90 A + +7414.90 Cloth, grill and netting of copper wire and expanded metal of 7414.90.00 BM 7414.90.00 A 7414.90.01 B + 7414.90.02 B + 7414.90.03 C + +7415.10 Nails, tacks, drawing pins, staples and sim art of copper or 7415.10.00 BM 7415.10.00 A 7415.10.01 A + 7415.10.02 A + +7415.21 Washers, copper, including spring washers 7415.21.00 BM 7415.21.00 A 7415.21.01 A + +7415.29 Articles of copper, not threaded, nes, similar to those of 7415.29.00 BM 7415.29.00 A 7415.29.01 A + 7415.29.99 A + +7415.31 Screws, copper, for wood 7415.31.00 BM 7415.31.00 A 7415.31.01 A + 7415.31.02 A + +7415.32 Screws, bolts and nuts of copper excluding wood screws 7415.32.00 B 7415.32.10 A 7415.32.01 A + 7415.32.50 A 7415.32.99 A + 7415.32.90 A + +7415.39 Articles of copper threaded, nes similar to bolts, nuts and 7415.39.00 B 7415.39.00 A 7415.39.01 A + 7415.39.99 A + +7416.00 Springs, copper 7416.00.00 A 7416.00.00 A 7416.00.01 A + 7416.00.99 A + + +7417.00 Cooking or heating apparatus, domestic, non-electric and parts 7417.00.00 B 7417.00.00 A 7417.00.01 C + +7418.10 Table, kitchen or other household articles and parts thereof o 7418.10.00 B 7418.10.10 A 7418.10.01 B + 7418.10.20 A + 7418.10.50 A + +7418.20 Sanitary ware and parts thereof of copper 7418.20.00 B 7418.20.10 A 7418.20.01 A + 7418.20.50 A + +7419.10 Chain and parts thereof of copper 7419.10.00 BM 7419.10.00 A 7419.10.01 A + +7419.91 Articles of copper, not further worked than cast, moulded, 7419.91.10 D 7419.91.00 A 7419.91.01 B + 7419.91.90 BM 7419.91.02 B + 7419.91.03 A + 7419.91.04 A + 7419.91.05 A + 7419.91.06 D + 7419.91.99 A + +7419.99 Articles of copper, nes 7419.99.10 D 7419.99.15 C 7419.99.01 C + 7419.99.20 C 7419.99.30 A 7419.99.02 B + 7419.99.90 C 7419.99.50 A 7419.99.03 B + 7419.99.04 B + 7419.99.05 B + 7419.99.06 B + 7419.99.07 B + 7419.99.08 D + 7419.99.09 D + 7419.99.99 C + +7501.10 Nickel mattes 7501.10.00 D 7501.10.00 D 7501.10.01 D + +7501.20 Nickel oxide sinters and other intermediate products of nickel 7501.20.00 D 7501.20.00 D 7501.20.01 D + +7502.10 Nickel unwrought, not alloyed 7502.10.00 D 7502.10.00 D 7502.10.01 D + +7502.20 Nickel unwrought, alloyed 7502.20.00 D 7502.20.00 D 7502.20.01 D + +7503.00 Waste and scrap, nickel 7503.00.00 D 7503.00.00 D 7503.00.01 D + +7504.00 Powders and flakes, nickel 7504.00.10 D 7504.00.00 D 7504.00.01 A + 7504.00.20 A 7504.00.02 A + +7505.11 Bars, rods and profiles, nickel, not alloyed 7505.11.11 A 7505.11.10 A 7505.11.01 A + 7505.11.12 D 7505.11.30 A 7505.11.99 A + 7505.11.13 A 7505.11.50 A + 7505.11.20 A + +7505.12 Bars, rods and profiles, nickel alloy 7505.12.11 A 7505.12.10 A 7505.12.01 A + 7505.12.12 D 7505.12.30 A + 7505.12.20 A 7505.12.50 A + + 7505.12.31 D + 7505.12.38 A + 7505.12.39 A + +7505.21 Wire, nickel, not alloyed 7505.21.11 A 7505.21.10 A 7505.21.01 A + 7505.21.12 A 7505.21.50 A 7505.21.02 A + 7505.21.21 D + 7505.21.22 A + +7505.22 Wire, nickel alloy 7505.22.11 D 7505.22.10 A 7505.22.01 A + 7505.22.18 A 7505.22.50 A 7505.22.02 A + 7505.22.19 A 7505.22.99 A + 7505.22.21 D + 7505.22.29 A + 7505.22.31 BM + 7505.22.39 A + +7506.10 Plates, sheet, strip and foil, nickel, not alloyed 7506.10.10 D 7506.10.10 A 7506.10.01 A + 7506.10.20 A 7506.10.30 A 7506.10.02 A + 7506.10.50 A + +7506.20 Plates, sheet, strip and foil, nickel alloy 7506.20.10 D 7506.20.10 A 7506.20.01 A + 7506.20.90 A 7506.20.30 A 7506.20.02 A + 7506.20.50 A 7506.20.99 A + +7507.11 Tubes and pipe, nickel, not alloyed 7507.11.10 D 7507.11.00 A 7507.11.01 A + 7507.11.90 A + +7507.12 Tubes and pipe, nickel alloy 7507.12.10 D 7507.12.00 A 7507.12.01 A + 7507.12.90 A 7507.12.99 A + +7507.20 Fittings, pipe and tube, nickel 7507.20.00 A 7507.20.00 A 7507.20.01 A + +7508.00 Articles of nickel, nes 7508.00.10 D 7508.00.10 A 7508.00.01 B + 7508.00.20 BM 7508.00.50 A 7508.00.02 B + 7508.00.90 BM 7508.00.03 B + 7508.00.99 B + +7601.10 Aluminium unwrought, not alloyed 7601.10.10 D 7601.10.30 C 7601.10.01 C + 7601.10.91 A 7601.10.60 D 7601.10.02 A + 7601.10.99 C + +7601.20 Aluminium unwrought, alloyed 7601.20.10 D 7601.20.30 C 7601.20.01 C + 7601.20.91 A 7601.20.60 C 7601.20.02 C + 7601.20.99 C 7601.20.90 D + +7602.00 Waste and scrap, aluminium 7602.00.00 D 7602.00.00 D 7602.00.01 D + 7602.00.02 C + +7603.10 Powders, aluminium, of non-lamellar structure 7603.10.00 A 7603.10.00 A 7603.10.01 C + 7603.10.99 C + + +7603.20 Powders, aluminium, of lamellar structure, including flakes 7603.20.10 A 7603.20.00 A 7603.20.01 C + 7603.20.20 C 7603.20.99 C + +7604.10 Bars, rods and profiles, aluminium, not alloyed 7604.10.11 A 7604.10.10 A 7604.10.01 B + 7604.10.12 A 7604.10.30 A 7604.10.02 C + 7604.10.20 C 7604.10.50 A 7604.10.99 C + +7604.21 Profiles, hollow, aluminium, alloyed 7604.21.10 A 7604.21.00 C 7604.21.01 C + 7604.21.20 C + +7604.29 Bars, rods and other profiles, aluminium alloyed 7604.29.11 A 7604.29.10 A 7604.29.01 C + 7604.29.12 A 7604.29.30 A 7604.29.02 C + 7604.29.20 C 7604.29.50 A 7604.29.03 C + +7605.11 Wire, aluminium, not alloyed, with a max cross sectional 7605.11.11 B 7605.11.00 A 7605.11.01 B + 7605.11.12 B 7605.11.99 B + 7605.11.21 A + 7605.11.22 B + +7605.19 Wire, aluminium, not alloyed, with a max cross sectional dim o 7605.19.10 B 7605.19.00 A 7605.19.01 B + 7605.19.20 B + +7605.21 Wire, aluminium alloy, with a maximum cross sectional dimensio 7605.21.11 B 7605.21.00 A 7605.21.01 B + 7605.21.12 B 7605.21.02 B + 7605.21.21 A 7605.21.99 B + 7605.21.22 B + +7605.29 Wire, aluminium alloy, with a maximum cross sectional dimensio 7605.29.10 B 7605.29.00 A 7605.29.01 B + 7605.29.20 B 7605.29.02 B + 7605.29.99 B + +7606.11 Plate, sheet or strip, aluminium, not alloyed, rect or sq, 7606.11.10 A 7606.11.30 A 7606.11.01 C + 7606.11.20 C 7606.11.60 A 7606.11.02 D + 7606.11.99 C + +7606.12 Plate, sheet or strip, aluminium alloy, rect or sq, exceeding 7606.12.11 D 7606.12.30 A 7606.12.01 C + 7606.12.12 D 7606.12.60 A 7606.12.02 D + 7606.12.19 A 7606.12.03 A + 7606.12.21 D 7606.12.04 C + 7606.12.29 C 7606.12.99 C + +7606.91 Plate, sheet or strip, aluminium, not alloyed, exceeding 0.2mm 7606.91.10 A 7606.91.30 A 7606.91.01 A + 7606.91.90 C 7606.91.60 A 7606.91.99 C + +7606.92 Plate, sheet or strip, aluminium alloy, exceeding 0.2mm thick, 7606.92.10 A 7606.92.30 A 7606.92.01 A + 7606.92.90 CM 7606.92.60 A 7606.92.99 C + +7607.11 Foil, aluminium, not backed, rolled but not further worked, no 7607.11.10 D 7607.11.30 A 7607.11.01 C + 7607.11.20 A 7607.11.60 A + 7607.11.30 A 7607.11.90 A + + +7607.19 Foil, aluminium, not backed and not exceeding 0.2mm thick, nes 7607.19.10 A 7607.19.10 A 7607.19.01 A + 7607.19.91 CM 7607.19.30 A 7607.19.02 A + 7607.19.99 CM 7607.19.60 A 7607.19.03 C + 7607.19.99 C + +7607.20 Foil, aluminium, backed, not exceeding 0.2mm thick excluding 7607.20.10 A 7607.20.10 A 7607.20.01 C + 7607.20.91 CM 7607.20.50 D 7607.20.02 A + 7607.20.99 CM 7607.20.03 C + 7607.20.04 C + 7607.20.05 C + 7607.20.99 C + +7608.10 Tubes and pipe, aluminium, not alloyed 7608.10.00 A 7608.10.00 A 7608.10.01 C + 7608.10.02 C + 7608.10.03 C + 7608.10.04 C + +7608.20 Tubes and pipe, aluminium alloy 7608.20.10 A 7608.20.00 A 7608.20.01 C + 7608.20.90 A 7608.20.02 C + 7608.20.03 C + 7608.20.04 C + +7609.00 Fittings, pipe or tube, aluminium, for example couplings, 7609.00.00 B 7609.00.00 A 7609.00.01 A + 7609.00.99 B + +7610.10 Doors, windows and their frames and thresholds for doors of 7610.10.00 C 7610.10.00 A 7610.10.01 C + +7610.90 Structures & parts, alum, eg plate, rods etc, for struct, 7610.90.00 C 7610.90.00 A 7610.90.01 A + 7610.90.99 C + +7611.00 Reservoirs, vats & similar cont of aluminium, cap >300L, o/t 7611.00.10 D 7611.00.00 A 7611.00.01 B + 7611.00.90 BM + +7612.10 Containers, collapsible tubular, aluminium 7612.10.00 CM 7612.10.00 A 7612.10.01 C + +7612.90 Containers, alum, cap <300L, lined/heat insul or not, n/ftd 7612.90.00 CM 7612.90.10 A 7612.90.01 A + 7612.90.50 D 7612.90.99 C + +7613.00 Containers, aluminium, for compressed or liquefied gas 7613.00.00 CM 7613.00.00 A 7613.00.01 C + +7614.10 Stranded wire, cables, plaited bands, etc, alum, steel core, 7614.10.00 BM 7614.10.10 C 7614.10.01 C + 7614.10.50 A + +7614.90 Stranded wire, cables, plaited bands and the like or alum, not 7614.90.00 BM 7614.90.20 A 7614.90.99 C + 7614.90.40 C + 7614.90.50 A + +7615.10 Table, kitchen & household art, alum & parts, nes, eg pot 7615.10.00 C 7615.10.10 A 7615.10.01 C + 7615.10.30 A 7615.10.99 C + 7615.10.50 A + + 7615.10.70 A + 7615.10.90 A + +7615.20 Sanitary ware & parts thereof, aluminium for the kitchen, tabl 7615.20.10 A 7615.20.00 A 7615.20.01 C + 7615.20.90 CM + +7616.10 Nails, tacks, staples, bolts, nuts & sim art, aluminium (excl 7616.10.00 B 7616.10.10 A 7616.10.01 C + 7616.10.30 A 7616.10.02 A + 7616.10.50 A 7616.10.03 A + 7616.10.70 A 7616.10.99 C + 7616.10.90 A + +7616.90 Articles of aluminium, nes, for example castings, forgings, et 7616.90.10 D 7616.90.00 A 7616.90.FA B + 7616.90.20 D 7616.90.01 C + 7616.90.90 B 7616.90.02 A + 7616.90.03 A + 7616.90.04 C + 7616.90.05 C + 7616.90.06 B + 7616.90.07 B + 7616.90.08 C + 7616.90.09 C + 7616.90.10 C + 7616.90.11 C + 7616.90.12 C + 7616.90.13 A + 7616.90.99 C + +7801.10 Lead refined unwrought 7801.10.10 D 7801.10.00 A 7801.10.01 B + 7801.10.90 A + +7801.91 Lead unwrought containing by weight antimony as the principal 7801.91.10 A 7801.91.00 A 7801.91.01 B + 7801.91.90 A + +7801.99 Lead unwrought nes 7801.99.00 A 7801.99.30 A 7801.99.01 B + 7801.99.90 A + +7802.00 Lead waste and scrap 7802.00.00 D 7802.00.00 A 7802.00.01 B + +7803.00 Lead bars, rods, profiles and wire 7803.00.10 CM 7803.00.00 A 7803.00.01 C + 7803.00.20 A + 7803.00.30 A + +7804.11 Lead sheets, strip and foil of a thickness (excluding any 7804.11.10 D 7804.11.00 A 7804.11.01 B + 7804.11.90 A + +7804.19 Lead plates, sheet, strip and foil nes 7804.19.10 BM 7804.19.00 A 7804.19.01 C + 7804.19.20 A + 7804.19.90 A + +7804.20 Lead powders and flakes 7804.20.10 A 7804.20.00 A 7804.20.01 B + + 7804.20.20 A + +7805.00 Lead pipes or tubes and fittings (for example, couplings, 7805.00.00 A 7805.00.00 A 7805.00.01 A + +7806.00 Articles of lead nes 7806.00.00 A 7806.00.00 A 7806.00.01 C + +7901.11 Zinc not alloyed unwrought containing by weight 99.99% or more 7901.11.00 D 7901.11.00 A 7901.11.01 B + +7901.12 Zinc not alloyed unwrought containing by weight less than 7901.12.00 D 7901.12.10 C 7901.12.01 B + 7901.12.50 A + +7901.20 Zinc alloys unwrought 7901.20.10 D 7901.20.00 A 7901.20.01 B + 7901.20.20 B + +7902.00 Zinc waste and scrap 7902.00.00 D 7902.00.00 B 7902.00.01 B + +7903.10 Zinc dust 7903.10.00 D 7903.10.00 A 7903.10.01 B + +7903.90 Zinc powders and flakes 7903.90.10 A 7903.90.30 A 7903.90.99 C + 7903.90.20 B 7903.90.60 A + +7904.00 Zinc bars, rods, profiles and wire 7904.00.10 D 7904.00.00 A 7904.00.01 C + 7904.00.21 B + 7904.00.22 B + +7905.00 Zinc plates, sheets, strip and foil 7905.00.11 D 7905.00.00 A 7905.00.01 C + 7905.00.19 B + 7905.00.20 B + +7906.00 Zinc pipes or tubes and fittings (for example, couplings, 7906.00.00 A 7906.00.00 A 7906.00.01 A + +7907.10 Zinc fabricated building components (ex gutters, roof capping, 7907.10.00 B 7907.10.00 A 7907.10.01 B + +7907.90 Articles of zinc nes 7907.90.10 D 7907.90.30 A 7907.90.99 B + 7907.90.20 B 7907.90.60 A + 7907.90.90 B + +8001.10 Tin not alloyed unwrought 8001.10.00 D 8001.10.00 D 8001.10.01 A + +8001.20 Tin alloys unwrought 8001.20.10 D 8001.20.00 D 8001.20.01 A + 8001.20.20 A + 8001.20.90 A + +8002.00 Tin waste and scrap 8002.00.00 D 8002.00.00 D 8002.00.01 A + +8003.00 Tin bars, rods, profiles and wire 8003.00.10 D 8003.00.00 A 8003.00.01 A + 8003.00.20 A + 8003.00.30 A + 8003.00.40 D + 8003.00.50 A + + +8004.00 Tin plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.2mm 8004.00.10 A 8004.00.00 A 8004.00.01 A + 8004.00.20 A + 8004.00.90 A + +8005.10 Tin foil (w/n printed or backed of a thickness (excluding 8005.10.00 D 8005.10.00 A 8005.10.01 A + +8005.20 Tin powders and flakes 8005.20.10 A 8005.20.00 A 8005.20.01 A + 8005.20.20 A + +8006.00 Tin pipes or tubes and fittings (for example, couplings, elbow 8006.00.00 A 8006.00.00 A 8006.00.01 A + +8007.00 Tin articles nes 8007.00.00 B 8007.00.10 A 8007.00.01 B + 8007.00.50 A + +8101.10 Powders, tungsten (wolfram) 8101.10.10 A 8101.10.00 A 8101.10.01 A + 8101.10.20 A + +8101.91 Tungsten (wolfram) unwrought, including bars&rods simply 8101.91.10 D 8101.91.10 A 8101.91.01 A + 8101.91.91 A 8101.91.50 A 8101.91.99 A + 8101.91.92 A + +8101.92 Tungsten profiles,plate,sheet,strip and foil, inc bars&rods no 8101.92.10 D 8101.92.00 A 8101.92.01 A + 8101.92.20 A + +8101.93 Wire, tungsten (wolfram) 8101.93.10 D 8101.93.00 B 8101.93.01 B + 8101.93.21 A 8101.93.02 B + 8101.93.22 A 8101.93.99 B + +8101.99 Tungsten (wolfram) and articles thereof nes 8101.99.00 A 8101.99.00 A 8101.99.99 B + +8102.10 Powders, molybdenum 8102.10.10 A 8102.10.00 A 8102.10.01 A + 8102.10.20 A + +8102.91 Molybdenum, unwrought, including bars or rods simply sintered; 8102.91.10 A 8102.91.10 A 8102.91.01 A + 8102.91.20 A 8102.91.50 D 8102.91.99 B + +8102.92 Molybdenum profiles,plate,sheet,strip or foil,incl bars&rods 8102.92.00 A 8102.92.00 A 8102.92.01 A + +8102.93 Wire, molybdenum 8102.93.10 A 8102.93.00 A 8102.93.01 A + 8102.93.20 A 8102.93.02 A + 8102.93.99 A + +8102.99 Molybdenum and articles thereof nes 8102.99.00 A 8102.99.00 A 8102.99.99 A + +8103.10 Tantalum unwrought including bars&rods simply sintered;waste 8103.10.10 A 8103.10.30 D 8103.10.01 A + 8103.10.20 A 8103.10.60 A + +8103.90 Tantalum and articles thereof nes 8103.90.00 A 8103.90.00 A 8103.90.01 A + +8104.11 Magnesium unwrought containing by weight at least 99.8% of 8104.11.00 A 8104.11.00 A 8104.11.01 A + + +8104.19 Magnesium unwrought nes 8104.19.00 A 8104.19.00 B 8104.19.01 A + 8104.19.02 A + +8104.20 Magnesium waste and scrap 8104.20.00 D 8104.20.00 D 8104.20.01 A + +8104.30 Magnesium raspings, turnings or granules graded according to 8104.30.10 A 8104.30.00 B 8104.30.01 A + 8104.30.20 A + +8104.90 Magnesium and articles thereof nes 8104.90.10 A 8104.90.00 A 8104.90.01 B + 8104.90.90 B 8104.90.02 B + 8104.90.99 B + +8105.10 Cobalt,unwrought,matte and other intermediate 8105.10.10 A 8105.10.30 A 8105.10.01 A + 8105.10.20 D 8105.10.60 D + 8105.10.90 D + +8105.90 Cobalt and articles thereof, nes 8105.90.10 A 8105.90.00 A 8105.90.01 A + 8105.90.90 A + +8106.00 Bismuth and articles thereof, including waste and scrap 8106.00.10 D 8106.00.00 D 8106.00.01 A + 8106.00.20 A + +8107.10 Cadmium, unwrought; waste and scrap; powders 8107.10.10 D 8107.10.00 D 8107.10.01 A + 8107.10.20 A + +8107.90 Cadmium and articles thereof, nes 8107.90.00 A 8107.90.00 A 8107.90.99 A + +8108.10 Titanium unwrought; waste and scrap; powders 8108.10.10 A 8108.10.10 D 8108.10.01 A + 8108.10.20 A 8108.10.50 A + +8108.90 Titanium and articles thereof, nes 8108.90.00 B 8108.90.30 A 8108.90.01 B + 8108.90.60 A 8108.90.99 B + +8109.10 Zirconium unwrought; waste and scrap; powders 8109.10.10 A 8109.10.30 D 8109.10.01 A + 8109.10.20 A 8109.10.60 A + +8109.90 Zirconium and articles thereof, nes 8109.90.00 A 8109.90.00 A 8109.90.99 A + +8110.00 Antimony and articles thereof, including waste and scrap 8110.00.10 A 8110.00.00 D 8110.00.01 A + 8110.00.20 A + +8111.00 Manganese and articles thereof, including waste and scrap 8111.00.10 D 8111.00.30 D 8111.00.01 A + 8111.00.20 A 8111.00.45 A + 8111.00.60 A + +8112.11 Beryllium unwrought; waste and scrap; powders 8112.11.10 A 8112.11.30 D 8112.11.01 A + 8112.11.20 A 8112.11.60 A + +8112.19 Beryllium and articles thereof, nes 8112.19.00 A 8112.19.00 A 8112.19.99 A + +8112.20 Chromium and articles thereof, including waste, scrap and 8112.20.10 A 8112.20.30 D 8112.20.01 A + + 8112.20.20 A 8112.20.60 A + +8112.30 Germanium and articles thereof, including waste, scrap and 8112.30.10 A 8112.30.30 D 8112.30.01 A + 8112.30.20 A 8112.30.60 A + 8112.30.90 A + +8112.40 Vanadium and articles thereof, including waste, scrap and 8112.40.10 A 8112.40.30 D 8112.40.01 A + 8112.40.20 A 8112.40.60 A + +8112.91 Gallium,hafnium,indium,niobium,rhenium or thallium, unwrought; 8112.91.10 A 8112.91.05 D 8112.91.01 A + 8112.91.20 A 8112.91.10 A + 8112.91.20 D + 8112.91.30 D + 8112.91.40 A + 8112.91.50 A + 8112.91.60 A + +8112.99 Gallium,hafnium,indium,niobium,rhenium or thallium and article 8112.99.10 A 8112.99.00 A 8112.99.99 A + 8112.99.90 A + +8113.00 Cermets and articles thereof, including waste and scrap 8113.00.00 A 8113.00.00 A 8113.00.01 B + +8201.10 Spades and shovels 8201.10.00 B 8201.10.00 A 8201.10.01 C + 8201.10.02 B + +8201.20 Forks 8201.20.00 BM 8201.20.00 A 8201.20.01 B + 8201.20.99 B + +8201.30 Mattocks, picks, hoes and rakes 8201.30.00 BM 8201.30.00 A 8201.30.01 C + 8201.30.99 B + +8201.40 Aces, bill hooks and similar hewing tools 8201.40.00 BM 8201.40.30 D 8201.40.01 B + 8201.40.60 A + +8201.50 One-handed secateurs (shears) including poultry shears 8201.50.00 D 8201.50.00 A 8201.50.01 B + +8201.60 Hedge shears, two-handed pruning shears and similar two-handed 8201.60.10 D 8201.60.00 A 8201.60.01 B + 8201.60.90 A 8201.60.99 B + +8201.90 Scythes, sickles and other hand tools used in agriculture, 8201.90.10 D 8201.90.30 A 8201.90.01 A + 8201.90.90 BM 8201.90.60 D 8201.90.02 A + 8201.90.99 A + +8202.10 Hand saws 8202.10.00 CM 8202.10.00 D 8202.10.01 C + 8202.10.02 C + 8202.10.03 B + 8202.10.99 C + +8202.20 Band saw blades 8202.20.10 A 8202.20.00 A 8202.20.01 C + 8202.20.20 A + + +8202.31 Circular saw blades with working part of steel 8202.31.00 A 8202.31.00 A 8202.31.01 C + 8202.31.02 A + 8202.31.03 A + +8202.32 Circular saw blades with working part of other materials 8202.32.00 A 8202.32.00 A 8202.32.01 C + 8202.32.02 A + 8202.32.03 A + 8202.32.04 A + 8202.32.05 C + 8202.32.06 C + 8202.32.99 B + +8202.40 Chain saw blades 8202.40.00 A 8202.40.30 A 8202.40.01 A + 8202.40.60 A 8202.40.99 A + +8202.91 Straight saw blades, for working metal 8202.91.10 C 8202.91.30 A 8202.91.01 C + 8202.91.20 C 8202.91.60 A 8202.91.02 C + 8202.91.03 C + 8202.91.04 C + 8202.91.99 C + +8202.99 Stone cutting saw blades, friction discs for cutting metals an 8202.99.10 A 8202.99.00 D 8202.99.01 A + 8202.99.20 A 8202.99.02 A + 8202.99.99 C + +8203.10 Files, rasps and similar tools 8203.10.00 A 8203.10.30 A 8203.10.01 B + 8203.10.60 A 8203.10.02 B + 8203.10.90 A 8203.10.03 A + 8203.10.04 B + 8203.10.99 B + +8203.20 Pliers (including cutting pliers), pincers, tweezers and 8203.20.00 BM 8203.20.20 A 8203.20.01 C + 8203.20.40 C 8203.20.02 C + 8203.20.60 A 8203.20.99 C + 8203.20.80 A + +8203.30 Metal cutting shears, tinmen's snips and other metal or wire 8203.30.10 A 8203.30.00 A 8203.30.01 C + 8203.30.90 CM + +8203.40 Pipe-cutters, bolt croppers, perforating punches and similar 8203.40.00 BM 8203.40.30 A 8203.40.01 B + 8203.40.60 A 8203.40.02 B + 8203.40.03 A + 8203.40.99 B + +8204.11 Wrenches, hand-operated, with nonadjustable jaws 8204.11.00 BM 8204.11.00 A 8204.11.01 C + 8204.11.02 C + 8204.11.99 C + +8204.12 Wrenches, hand-operated, with adjustable jaws 8204.12.00 BM 8204.12.00 A 8204.12.01 C + 8204.12.02 C + 8204.12.99 C + + +8204.20 Wrench sockets including ratchet handles extensions and 8204.20.10 BM 8204.20.00 A 8204.20.01 A + 8204.20.20 BM 8204.20.99 C + +8205.10 Drilling, threading or tapping tools 8205.10.10 A 8205.10.00 A 8205.10.01 A + 8205.10.90 BM 8205.10.02 B + 8205.10.03 B + 8205.10.99 B + +8205.20 Hammers and sledge hammers 8205.20.00 C 8205.20.30 A 8205.20.01 C + 8205.20.60 A + +8205.30 Planes, chisels, gouges and similar cutting tools for working 8205.30.00 BM 8205.30.30 A 8205.30.01 B + 8205.30.60 A 8205.30.02 B + 8205.30.03 B + 8205.30.99 B + +8205.40 Screwdrivers 8205.40.00 B 8205.40.00 A 8205.40.01 B + 8205.40.99 B + +8205.51 Curling irons, cork screws, nut-crackers and other household 8205.51.00 B 8205.51.15 A 8205.51.01 B + 8205.51.30 A 8205.51.02 A + 8205.51.45 A 8205.51.99 A + 8205.51.60 A + 8205.51.75 A + +8205.59 Tools for masons, watchmakers, miners and hand tools nes 8205.59.10 B 8205.59.10 A 8205.59.01 C + 8205.59.20 B 8205.59.20 D 8205.59.02 C + 8205.59.30 D 8205.59.30 A 8205.59.03 C + 8205.59.90 BM 8205.59.40 D 8205.59.04 C + 8205.59.45 A 8205.59.05 C + 8205.59.55 A 8205.59.06 C + 8205.59.60 A 8205.59.07 C + 8205.59.70 A 8205.59.08 B + 8205.59.80 A 8205.59.09 C + 8205.59.10 A + 8205.59.11 C + 8205.59.12 C + 8205.59.13 C + 8205.59.14 C + 8205.59.15 B + 8205.59.16 B + 8205.59.17 C + 8205.59.18 C + 8205.59.19 C + 8205.59.20 C + 8205.59.99 C + +8205.60 Blow torches 8205.60.10 BM 8205.60.00 A 8205.60.01 B + 8205.60.90 BM 8205.60.99 A + + +8205.70 Vices, clamps and the like 8205.70.10 A 8205.70.00 A 8205.70.01 B + 8205.70.90 C 8205.70.02 C + 8205.70.03 A + 8205.70.99 C + +8205.80 Anvils, portable forges and hand or pedal-operated grinding 8205.80.00 BM 8205.80.00 A 8205.80.01 B + 8205.80.99 B + +8205.90 Sets of articles of two or more of the foregoing subheadings 8205.90.00 BM 8205.90.00 8205.90.01 C + +8206.00 Tools of two or more of the heading Nos 82.02 to 82.05, in set 8206.00.00 BM 8206.00.00 8206.00.01 C + +8207.11 Rock drilling or earth boring tools with working part of 8207.11.10 D 8207.11.00 A 8207.11.01 C + 8207.11.90 A 8207.11.02 C + 8207.11.03 C + 8207.11.04 C + 8207.11.05 A + 8207.11.06 C + 8207.11.07 C + 8207.11.08 C + 8207.11.09 B + 8207.11.99 C + +8207.12 Rock drilling or earth boring tools with working part of other 8207.12.10 D 8207.12.30 A 8207.12.01 C + 8207.12.90 A 8207.12.60 A 8207.12.02 C + 8207.12.03 C + 8207.12.04 C + 8207.12.05 A + 8207.12.06 C + 8207.12.07 C + 8207.12.08 C + 8207.12.09 B + 8207.12.99 C + +8207.20 Dies for drawing or extruding metal 8207.20.10 A 8207.20.00 A 8207.20.01 B + 8207.20.90 A 8207.20.02 B + 8207.20.03 B + +8207.30 Tools for pressing, stamping or punching 8207.30.00 B 8207.30.30 A 8207.30.01 B + 8207.30.60 A 8207.30.02 B + 8207.30.03 B + +8207.40 Tools for taping or threading 8207.40.00 B 8207.40.30 A 8207.40.01 B + 8207.40.60 A 8207.40.02 B + 8207.40.03 A + 8207.40.99 B + +8207.50 Tools for drilling, other than for rock drilling 8207.50.00 B 8207.50.20 A 8207.50.01 C + 8207.50.40 A 8207.50.02 C + 8207.50.60 A 8207.50.03 C + 8207.50.80 A 8207.50.04 A + + 8207.50.05 A + 8207.50.06 B + 8207.50.99 C + +8207.60 Tools for boring or broaching 8207.60.00 BM 8207.60.00 A 8207.60.01 B + 8207.60.02 B + 8207.60.03 B + 8207.60.04 A + 8207.60.05 A + 8207.60.99 B + +8207.70 Tools for milling 8207.70.00 A 8207.70.30 A 8207.70.01 A + 8207.70.60 A 8207.70.02 A + 8207.70.99 A + +8207.80 Tools for turning 8207.80.00 A 8207.80.30 A 8207.80.01 C + 8207.80.60 A 8207.80.99 C + +8207.90 Screwdriver bits, lapping tools and other interchangeable tool 8207.90.10 D 8207.90.15 A 8207.90.01 A + 8207.90.90 B 8207.90.30 A 8207.90.02 C + 8207.90.45 A 8207.90.03 C + 8207.90.60 A 8207.90.99 C + 8207.90.75 A + +8208.10 Knives and blades for machines or mechanical appliances for 8208.10.00 A 8208.10.00 A 8208.10.01 B + 8208.10.99 B + +8208.20 Knives and blades for machines or mechanical appliances for 8208.20.00 A 8208.20.00 A 8208.20.01 B + 8208.20.99 B + +8208.30 Knives and blades for kitchen appliances or food industry 8208.30.00 BM 8208.30.00 A 8208.30.01 B + 8208.30.99 C + +8208.40 Knives and blades for agricultural, horticultural or forestry 8208.40.10 D 8208.40.30 A 8208.40.01 A + 8208.40.20 A 8208.40.60 D 8208.40.02 A + 8208.40.90 A 8208.40.99 A + +8208.90 Knives and blades for leather, paper, tobacco machines and 8208.90.00 A 8208.90.30 D 8208.90.99 B + 8208.90.60 A + +8209.00 Plates, tips and the like for tools of sintered metal carbides 8209.00.10 A 8209.00.00 A 8209.00.01 C + 8209.00.90 A + +8210.00 Hand-operated mechanical appliances, weighing 10 kg or less, 8210.00.00 C 8210.00.00 A 8210.00.01 C + 8210.00.02 C + 8210.00.03 C + 8210.00.04 C + 8210.00.05 C + 8210.00.06 C + 8210.00.07 C + 8210.00.99 C + + +8211.10 Sets of different knives or sets of different articles (knives 8211.10.10 B 8211.10.00 8211.10.01 A + 8211.10.90 A 8211.10.02 A + 8211.10.03 A + +8211.91 Table knives having fixed blades 8211.91.10 A 8211.91.10 A 8211.91.01 A + 8211.91.91 BM 8211.91.20 A 8211.91.02 A + 8211.91.99 BM 8211.91.25 A 8211.91.03 A + 8211.91.30 A + 8211.91.40 A + 8211.91.50 A + 8211.91.60 A + +8211.92 Butcher's knives, hunting knives and other knives having fixed 8211.92.00 A 8211.92.20 A 8211.92.01 A + 8211.92.40 A 8211.92.02 A + 8211.92.60 A 8211.92.03 A + 8211.92.80 A 8211.92.04 A + +8211.93 Pocket and pen knives and other knives with folding blades 8211.93.00 A 8211.93.00 A 8211.93.01 A + 8211.93.02 A + 8211.93.03 A + 8211.93.04 A + +8211.94 Blades for knives of hd 8211.10 to 8211.94 8211.94.00 A 8211.94.10 A 8211.94.01 A + 8211.94.50 A 8211.94.99 A + +8212.10 Razors including safety razors and open blade type 8212.10.00 A 8212.10.00 A 8212.10.01 B + 8212.10.02 C + 8212.10.99 C + +8212.20 Safety razor blades, including razor blade blanks in strips 8212.20.00 A 8212.20.00 A 8212.20.01 C + 8212.20.02 C + 8212.20.99 C + +8212.90 Parts of non-electric razors 8212.90.00 A 8212.90.00 A 8212.90.01 C + 8212.90.02 C + 8212.90.99 C + +8213.00 Scissors, tailors' shears and similar shears, and blades 8213.00.10 A 8213.00.30 A 8213.00.01 C + 8213.00.20 A 8213.00.60 A + 8213.00.30 A 8213.00.90 C + +8214.10 Paper knives, letter openers, erasing knives, pencil sharpener 8214.10.00 A 8214.10.00 A 8214.10.01 A + 8214.10.02 A + 8214.10.03 A + 8214.10.99 A + +8214.20 Manicure or pedicure sets and instruments (including nail 8214.20.00 A 8214.20.30 A 8214.20.01 A + 8214.20.60 A 8214.20.99 A + 8214.20.90 A + + +8214.90 Kitchen chopper, cleavers and mincing knives and other article 8214.90.10 D 8214.90.30 A 8214.90.01 A + 8214.90.90 A 8214.90.60 A 8214.90.02 A + 8214.90.90 A 8214.90.03 A + 8214.90.04 A + 8214.90.99 A + +8215.10 Tableware sets containing at least one article plated with 8215.10.10 BM 8215.10.00 8215.10.01 A + 8215.10.90 BM + +8215.20 Tableware sets not containing articles plated with precious 8215.20.10 BM 8215.20.00 8215.20.01 A + 8215.20.90 BM + +8215.91 Tableware articles not in sets plated with precious metal 8215.91.10 BM 8215.91.30 A 8215.91.01 A + 8215.91.90 BM 8215.91.60 A + 8215.91.90 A + +8215.99 Tableware articles not in sets and not plated with precious 8215.99.10 CM 8215.99.01 C 8215.99.01 A + 8215.99.20 A 8215.99.05 C 8215.99.99 C + 8215.99.90 BM 8215.99.10 C + 8215.99.15 C + 8215.99.20 A + 8215.99.22 A + 8215.99.24 A + 8215.99.26 C + 8215.99.30 C + 8215.99.35 C + 8215.99.40 A + 8215.99.45 A + 8215.99.50 A + +8301.10 Padlocks of base metal 8301.10.00 C 8301.10.20 C 8301.10.01 C + 8301.10.40 C + 8301.10.50 A + 8301.10.60 A + 8301.10.80 C + 8301.10.90 A + +8301.20 Locks of a kind used for motor vehicles of base metal 8301.20.00 B 8301.20.00 A 8301.20.01 B + 8301.20.99 B + +8301.30 Locks of a kind used for furniture of base metal 8301.30.00 A 8301.30.00 A 8301.30.01 C + +8301.40 Locks of base metal, nes 8301.40.10 BM 8301.40.30 A 8301.40.01 C + 8301.40.90 BM 8301.40.60 A 8301.40.99 C + +8301.50 Clasps and frames with clasps, incorporating locks, of base 8301.50.00 B 8301.50.00 A 8301.50.01 A + 8301.50.99 A + +8301.60 Lock parts, including parts of clasps or frames with clasps, o 8301.60.00 BM 8301.60.00 A 8301.60.01 A + 8301.60.99 A + + +8301.70 Keys, including blanks for keys presented separately, of base 8301.70.00 C 8301.70.00 A 8301.70.01 C + 8301.70.99 C + +8302.10 Hinges of base metal 8302.10.00 C 8302.10.30 A 8302.10.01 C + 8302.10.60 A 8302.10.02 B + 8302.10.90 A 8302.10.99 C + +8302.20 Castors of base metal 8302.20.00 BM 8302.20.00 A 8302.20.01 C + 8302.20.99 A + +8302.30 Mountings, fittings and similar articles of base metal for 8302.30.00 B 8302.30.30 A 8302.30.01 B + 8302.30.60 B 8302.30.02 B + 8302.30.03 B + 8302.30.04 B + 8302.30.05 B + 8302.30.06 B + 8302.30.99 B + +8302.41 Mountings, fittings and similar articles of base metal for 8302.41.10 C 8302.41.30 A 8302.41.01 B + 8302.41.90 B 8302.41.60 A 8302.41.02 B + 8302.41.90 A 8302.41.03 B + 8302.41.04 C + 8302.41.05 C + 8302.41.99 A + +8302.42 Mountings, fittings and similar articles of base metal for 8302.42.00 B 8302.42.30 A 8302.42.01 C + 8302.42.60 A 8302.42.02 B + 8302.42.99 C + +8302.49 Mountings, fittings and similar articles of base metal, nes 8302.49.10 B 8302.49.20 A 8302.49.99 B + 8302.49.90 B 8302.49.40 A + 8302.49.60 A + 8302.49.80 A + +8302.50 Hat-racks, hat-pegs, brackets and similar fixtures, of base 8302.50.00 B 8302.50.00 A 8302.50.01 C + +8302.60 Door closures, automatic, of base metal 8302.60.10 B 8302.60.30 A 8302.60.01 B + 8302.60.90 B 8302.60.90 A + +8303.00 Safes, safe deposit lockers, cash, deep or strong boxes & the 8303.00.00 B 8303.00.00 A 8303.00.01 A + +8304.00 Office/desk equipment, base metal eg filing cab, trays,etc, o/ 8304.00.10 B 8304.00.00 A 8304.00.01 B + 8304.00.90 B 8304.00.02 B + 8304.00.99 B + +8305.10 Fitting for loose-leaf binders or files of base metal 8305.10.00 A 8305.10.00 A 8305.10.01 A + +8305.20 Staples in strips, base metal, nes (eg for offices, upholstery 8305.20.00 B 8305.20.00 A 8305.20.01 C + 8305.20.02 C + 8305.20.99 C + + +8305.90 Letter corners, letter or paper clips and similar office art o 8305.90.10 B 8305.90.30 A 8305.90.01 B + 8305.90.90 B 8305.90.60 A 8305.90.02 B + 8305.90.99 B + +8306.10 Bells, gongs and the like, of base metal 8306.10.10 D 8306.10.00 A 8306.10.01 A + 8306.10.90 A + +8306.21 Statuettes and other ornaments plated with precious metal 8306.21.00 B 8306.21.00 A 8306.21.01 B + +8306.29 Statuettes and other ornaments, nes 8306.29.00 B 8306.29.00 A 8306.29.99 C + +8306.30 Photograph, picture, or similar frames and mirrors of base 8306.30.00 B 8306.30.00 A 8306.30.01 B + +8307.10 Tubing, flexible, with or without fittings of iron or steel 8307.10.00 A 8307.10.30 A 8307.10.01 A + 8307.10.60 A 8307.10.99 A + +8307.90 Tubing, flexible, with or without fittings, of base metal, nes 8307.90.00 BM 8307.90.30 A 8307.90.01 B + 8307.90.60 A + +8308.10 Hooks, eyes and eyelets of base metal for clothing, footwear, 8308.10.10 D 8308.10.00 A 8308.10.01 B + 8308.10.90 B 8308.10.02 B + 8308.10.03 B + 8308.10.04 B + 8308.10.05 C + 8308.10.06 C + 8308.10.99 B + +8308.20 Rivets, tubular or bifurcated, of base metal for 8308.20.10 D 8308.20.30 A 8308.20.01 C + 8308.20.90 B 8308.20.60 A + +8308.90 Beads, spangles and other made up art nes, for 8308.90.00 BM 8308.90.30 A 8308.90.01 C + 8308.90.60 A 8308.90.02 C + 8308.90.90 A 8308.90.03 C + 8308.90.04 C + 8308.90.99 C + +8309.10 Corks, crown, of base metal 8309.10.00 CM 8309.10.00 A 8309.10.01 C + +8309.90 Stoppers, caps, lids, seals and other packing accessories of 8309.90.00 C 8309.90.00 A 8309.90.01 C + 8309.90.02 B + 8309.90.03 B + 8309.90.04 C + 8309.90.05 C + 8309.90.06 C + 8309.90.99 C + +8310.00 Letters, numbers, sign plates & sim art of base metal, excl 8310.00.00 B 8310.00.00 A 8310.00.01 A + 8310.00.99 A + +8311.10 Electrodes, coated, of base metal, for electric arc welding 8311.10.00 B 8311.10.00 D 8311.10.01 C + 8311.10.02 C + + 8311.10.03 C + 8311.10.04 A + 8311.10.99 B + +8311.20 Wire, cored, of base metal, for electric arc welding 8311.20.00 B 8311.20.00 D 8311.20.01 C + 8311.20.02 C + 8311.20.03 C + 8311.20.04 C + 8311.20.99 C + +8311.30 Coated rods and cored wire of base metal for soldering, 8311.30.00 B 8311.30.30 A 8311.30.01 C + 8311.30.60 D 8311.30.02 C + 8311.30.03 C + 8311.30.04 C + 8311.30.99 C + +8311.90 Electrodes & sim prod of base metal/metal carbd, nes, for 8311.90.10 D 8311.90.00 D 8311.90.01 C + 8311.90.90 B 8311.90.02 C + 8311.90.03 C + 8311.90.04 B + 8311.90.05 B + 8311.90.99 B + +8401.10 Nuclear reactors 8401.10.00 A 8401.10.00 A 8401.10.01 A + +8401.20 Machinery and apparatus for isotopic separation and parts 8401.20.10 A 8401.20.00 A 8401.20.01 C + 8401.20.90 A + +8401.30 Fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated, for nuclear 8401.30.00 D 8401.30.00 A 8401.30.01 A + +8401.40 Parts of nuclear reactors 8401.40.00 A 8401.40.00 A 8401.40.01 A + +8402.11 Watertube boilers with a steam production exceeding 45T per 8402.11.00 B 8402.11.00 A 8402.11.01 B+ + +8402.12 Watertube boilers with a steam production not exceeding 45T pe 8402.12.00 B 8402.12.00 A 8402.12.01 B+ + +8402.19 Vapour generating boilers nes, including hybrid boilers 8402.19.00 B 8402.19.00 A 8402.19.01 B+ + 8402.19.99 A + +8402.20 Super-heated water boilers 8402.20.00 B 8402.20.00 A 8402.20.01 B+ + +8402.90 Parts of steam or vapour generating boilers nes 8402.90.00 C 8402.90.00 A 8402.90.01 C + +8403.10 Central heating boilers nes 8403.10.10 B 8403.10.00 A 8403.10.01 B + 8403.10.90 B + +8403.90 Parts of central heating boiler nes 8403.90.00 A 8403.90.00 A 8403.90.01 A + +8404.10 Auxiliary plant for use with steam or vapour generating boiler 8404.10.10 A 8404.10.00 A 8404.10.01 A + 8404.10.90 A 8404.10.02 A + + +8404.20 Condensers for steam or vapour power units 8404.20.10 A 8404.20.00 A 8404.20.01 C + 8404.20.90 A + +8404.90 Parts for auxiliary plant & condenser for steam or vapour 8404.90.10 A 8404.90.00 A 8404.90.01 A + 8404.90.20 A 8404.90.99 A + +8405.10 Producer gas or water gas generators acetylene gas gen & sim 8405.10.10 D 8405.10.00 A 8405.10.01 A + 8405.10.90 A 8405.10.02 A + 8405.10.99 B + +8405.90 Parts of prod gas or wat gas generators acetylene gas gen & si 8405.90.10 D 8405.90.00 A 8405.90.01 A + 8405.90.20 A + +8406.11 Steam and vapour turbines for marine propulsion 8406.11.00 D 8406.11.10 A 8406.11.01 A + 8406.11.90 A 8406.11.02 A + +8406.19 Steam and vapour turbines nes 8406.19.00 A 8406.19.10 A 8406.19.01 B + 8406.19.90 A 8406.19.02 B + +8406.90 Parts of steam and vapour turbines 8406.90.10 D 8406.90.10 A 8406.90.01 A + 8406.90.20 D 8406.90.90 A + 8406.90.30 A + +8407.10 Aircraft engines, spark-ignition reciprocating or rotary type 8407.10.00 D 8407.10.00 D 8407.10.01 A + 8407.10.99 A + +8407.21 Outboard motors, spark-ignition reciprocating or rotary type 8407.21.00 A 8407.21.00 D 8407.21.01 A + +8407.29 Marine engines nes of the spark-ignition reciprocating or 8407.29.10 D 8407.29.00 D 8407.29.01 A + 8407.29.20 A 8407.29.02 A + 8407.29.03 A + +8407.31 Engines, spark-ignition reciprocating, displacing not more tha 8407.31.00 B 8407.31.00 D 8407.31.01 B + 8407.31.99 A + +8407.32 Engines, spark-ignition reciprocating, displacing >50 cc but 8407.32.00 A 8407.32.10 D 8407.32.01 A + 8407.32.20 A 8407.32.02 A + 8407.32.90 D 8407.32.03 A + 8407.32.99 A + +8407.33 Engines, spark-ignition reciprocating displacing > 250 cc to 8407.33.00 A 8407.33.10 D 8407.33.01 A + 8407.33.20 A 8407.33.02 A + 8407.33.90 D 8407.33.03 A + 8407.33.99 A + +8407.34 Engines, spark-ignition reciprocating displacing more than 100 8407.34.00 A 8407.34.10 D 8407.34.01 A + 8407.34.20 A 8407.34.99 A + 8407.34.90 D + +8407.90 Engines, spark-ignition type nes 8407.90.10 B 8407.90.10 D 8407.90.01 A + 8407.90.20 D 8407.90.90 D 8407.90.99 A + + 8407.90.90 B + +8408.10 Marine propulsion engines, diesel 8408.10.10 D 8408.10.00 A 8408.10.01 A + 8408.10.90 A 8408.10.02 A + 8408.10.03 A + +8408.20 Engines, diesel, for the vehicles of Chapter 87 8408.20.10 D 8408.20.10 D 8408.20.01 B + 8408.20.90 A 8408.20.20 A 8408.20.99 B + 8408.20.90 A + +8408.90 Engines, diesel nes 8408.90.10 D 8408.90.10 D 8408.90.01 A + 8408.90.90 A 8408.90.90 A 8408.90.99 A + +8409.10 Parts for spark-ignition type aircraft engines 8409.10.00 D 8409.10.00 D 8409.10.01 A + +8409.91 Parts for spark-ignition type engines nes 8409.91.10 D 8409.91.10 D 8409.91.01 B + 8409.91.91 D 8409.91.91 B 8409.91.02 B + 8409.91.92 BM 8409.91.92 A 8409.91.03 C + 8409.91.93 B 8409.91.99 A 8409.91.04 B + 8409.91.94 B 8409.91.05 C + 8409.91.95 B 8409.91.06 C + 8409.91.07 C + 8409.91.08 C + 8409.91.09 C + 8409.91.10 C + 8409.91.11 C + 8409.91.12 C + 8409.91.13 C + 8409.91.14 B + 8409.91.15 A + 8409.91.16 A + 8409.91.17 C + 8409.91.18 C + 8409.91.19 B + 8409.91.20 C + 8409.91.21 C + 8409.91.22 C + 8409.91.23 C + 8409.91.24 C + 8409.91.25 C + 8409.91.99 C + +8409.99 Parts for diesel and semi-diesel engines 8409.99.10 D 8409.99.10 D 8409.99.01 B + 8409.99.20 A 8409.99.91 A 8409.99.02 B + 8409.99.91 D 8409.99.92 A 8409.99.03 B + 8409.99.92 D 8409.99.99 A 8409.99.04 B + 8409.99.93 A 8409.99.05 B + 8409.99.06 B + 8409.99.07 B + 8409.99.08 B + 8409.99.09 B + + 8409.99.10 B + 8409.99.11 B + 8409.99.12 B + 8409.99.13 A + 8409.99.14 B + 8409.99.15 B + 8409.99.16 B + 8409.99.17 B + 8409.99.18 B + 8409.99.19 B + 8409.99.20 B + 8409.99.21 B + 8409.99.22 B + 8409.99.23 B + 8409.99.24 B + 8409.99.25 B + 8409.99.99 B + +8410.11 Hydraulic turbines & water wheels of a power not exceeding 100 8410.11.10 B 8410.11.00 A 8410.11.01 C + 8410.11.20 B + +8410.12 Hyd turbines & water wheels of a power exc 1000 KW but not 8410.12.10 B 8410.12.00 A 8410.12.01 C + 8410.12.20 B + +8410.13 Hydraulic turbines and water wheels of a power exceeding 10000 8410.13.10 B 8410.13.00 A 8410.13.01 C + 8410.13.20 B + +8410.90 Parts of hydraulic turbines & water wheels including regulator 8410.90.10 D 8410.90.00 A 8410.90.01 A + 8410.90.20 A + 8410.90.30 A + +8411.11 Turbo-jets of a thrust not exceeding 25 KN 8411.11.00 D 8411.11.40 A 8411.11.01 A + 8411.11.80 A 8411.11.99 A + +8411.12 Turbo-jets of a thrust exceeding 25 KN 8411.12.00 D 8411.12.40 A 8411.12.01 A + 8411.12.80 A 8411.12.99 A + +8411.21 Turbo-propellers of a power not exceeding 1100 KW 8411.21.00 D 8411.21.40 A 8411.21.01 A + 8411.21.80 A 8411.21.99 A + +8411.22 Turbo-propellers of a power exceeding 1100 KW 8411.22.00 D 8411.22.40 A 8411.22.01 A + 8411.22.80 A 8411.22.99 A + +8411.81 Gas turbines nes of a power not exceeding 5000 KW 8411.81.10 D 8411.81.40 A 8411.81.01 A + 8411.81.90 A 8411.81.80 A 8411.81.99 A + +8411.82 Gas turbines nes of a power exceeding 5000 KW 8411.82.10 D 8411.82.40 A 8411.82.01 A + 8411.82.90 A 8411.82.80 A 8411.82.99 A + +8411.91 Parts of turbo-jets or turbo-propellers 8411.91.00 D 8411.91.10 D 8411.91.01 A + 8411.91.90 A 8411.91.99 A + + +8411.99 Parts of gas turbines nes 8411.99.10 D 8411.99.10 D 8411.99.01 A + 8411.99.20 A 8411.99.90 A 8411.99.02 A + 8411.99.99 A + +8412.10 Reaction engines nes other than turbo jets 8412.10.00 D 8412.10.00 A 8412.10.01 A + 8412.10.99 A + +8412.21 Hydraulic power engines & motors linear acting (cylinders) 8412.21.00 A 8412.21.00 A 8412.21.01 A + +8412.29 Hydraulic power engines & motors nes 8412.29.10 D 8412.29.40 A 8412.29.99 A + 8412.29.90 A 8412.29.80 A + +8412.31 Pneumatic power engines & motors linear acting (cylinders) 8412.31.00 A 8412.31.00 A 8412.31.01 A + 8412.31.99 A + +8412.39 Pneumatic power engines & motors nes 8412.39.10 D 8412.39.00 A 8412.39.01 B + 8412.39.90 A 8412.39.02 B + 8412.39.99 B + +8412.80 Engines and motors nes 8412.80.10 D 8412.80.10 A 8412.80.01 A + 8412.80.20 D 8412.80.90 A 8412.80.02 A + 8412.80.30 A 8412.80.03 A + 8412.80.90 A 8412.80.04 A + 8412.80.99 A + +8412.90 Parts of hydraulic & pneumatic & other power engines and motor 8412.90.10 D 8412.90.10 A 8412.90.01 A + 8412.90.20 D 8412.90.90 A 8412.90.02 A + 8412.90.30 A 8412.90.03 A + 8412.90.40 A 8412.90.99 A + 8412.90.50 A + +8413.11 Pumps with or w/o a meas device for disp fuel or lub in fillin 8413.11.00 A 8413.11.00 A 8413.11.01 C + 8413.11.99 C + +8413.19 Pumps fitted or designed to be fitted with a measuring device 8413.19.10 D 8413.19.00 A 8413.19.01 B + 8413.19.90 A 8413.19.02 A + 8413.19.03 A + 8413.19.04 A + 8413.19.99 A + +8413.20 Hand pumps nes, o/t those of subheading No 8413.11 or 8413.19 8413.20.00 A 8413.20.00 A 8413.20.01 B + +8413.30 Fuel, lubricating or cooling medium pumps for int comb piston 8413.30.10 D 8413.30.10 A 8413.30.01 B + 8413.30.90 B 8413.30.90 A 8413.30.02 B + 8413.30.03 C + 8413.30.04 A + 8413.30.05 A + 8413.30.06 B + 8413.30.99 B + + +8413.40 Concrete pumps 8413.40.00 A 8413.40.00 A 8413.40.01 A + 8413.40.02 A + 8413.40.03 A + 8413.40.99 A + +8413.50 Reciprocating positive displacement pumps nes 8413.50.10 D 8413.50.00 A 8413.50.01 B + 8413.50.90 A 8413.50.99 B + +8413.60 Rotary positive displacement pumps nes 8413.60.00 B 8413.60.00 A 8413.60.01 C + 8413.60.02 B + 8413.60.03 C + 8413.60.04 C + 8413.60.05 A + 8413.60.99 C + +8413.70 Centrifugal pumps nes 8413.70.10 D 8413.70.10 D 8413.70.01 C + 8413.70.90 B 8413.70.20 A 8413.70.02 C + 8413.70.03 C + 8413.70.04 C + 8413.70.05 C + +8413.81 Pumps nes 8413.81.00 B 8413.81.00 A 8413.81.01 C + 8413.81.02 A + 8413.81.99 C + +8413.82 Liquid elevators 8413.82.00 A 8413.82.00 A 8413.82.01 C + +8413.91 Parts of pumps for liquid whether or not fitted with a 8413.91.10 A 8413.91.10 A 8413.91.01 A + 8413.91.91 D 8413.91.20 D 8413.91.02 A + 8413.91.99 A 8413.91.90 A 8413.91.03 C + 8413.91.04 A + 8413.91.05 A + 8413.91.06 B + 8413.91.07 A + 8413.91.08 A + 8413.91.09 C + 8413.91.10 A + 8413.91.11 B + 8413.91.99 B + +8413.92 Parts of liquid elevators 8413.92.00 A 8413.92.00 A 8413.92.01 A + +8414.10 Vacuum pumps 8414.10.10 D 8414.10.00 A 8414.10.01 C + 8414.10.90 A 8414.10.02 B + 8414.10.03 A + 8414.10.04 A + 8414.10.05 A + 8414.10.99 A + +8414.20 Hand or foot-operated air pumps 8414.20.00 A 8414.20.00 A 8414.20.01 A + + +8414.30 Compressors of a kind used in refrigerating equipment 8414.30.10 B 8414.30.40 A 8414.30.01 C + 8414.30.90 B 8414.30.80 A 8414.30.02 B + 8414.30.03 A + 8414.30.04 C + 8414.30.05 B + 8414.30.06 B + 8414.30.07 B + 8414.30.08 B + 8414.30.09 B + 8414.30.99 C + +8414.40 Air compressors mounted on a wheeled chassis for towing 8414.40.10 D 8414.40.00 A 8414.40.01 C + 8414.40.90 B 8414.40.02 B + 8414.40.99 B + +8414.51 Fans: table, roof etc with a self-cont elec mtr of an output 8414.51.00 C 8414.51.00 A 8414.51.01 C + 8414.51.02 A + 8414.51.99 C + +8414.59 Fans nes 8414.59.00 B 8414.59.10 D 8414.59.01 C + 8414.59.80 A 8414.59.99 B + +8414.60 Hoods having a maximum horizontal side not exceeding 120 cm 8414.60.00 B 8414.60.00 A 8414.60.01 B + 8414.60.99 B + +8414.80 Air or gas compressors, hoods 8414.80.00 B 8414.80.10 A 8414.80.01 B + 8414.80.20 A 8414.80.02 B + 8414.80.90 A 8414.80.03 C + 8414.80.04 A + 8414.80.05 A + 8414.80.06 C + 8414.80.07 C + 8414.80.08 A + 8414.80.09 A + 8414.80.10 A + 8414.80.11 B + 8414.80.12 C + 8414.80.13 C + 8414.80.14 A + 8414.80.15 C + 8414.80.99 A + +8414.90 Parts of vacuum pumps, compressors, fans, blowers, hoods 8414.90.10 D 8414.90.10 A 8414.90.01 C + 8414.90.20 B 8414.90.20 A 8414.90.02 C + 8414.90.30 B 8414.90.90 A 8414.90.03 A + 8414.90.40 B 8414.90.04 C + 8414.90.50 B 8414.90.05 A + 8414.90.06 C + 8414.90.07 A + 8414.90.08 C + 8414.90.09 B + + 8414.90.10 C + 8414.90.11 B + 8414.90.12 B + 8414.90.13 C + 8414.90.99 C + +8415.10 Air conditioning machines window or wall types, self-contained 8415.10.10 B 8415.10.00 A 8415.10.01 B + 8415.10.90 BM + +8415.81 Air cond mach nes inc a ref unit and a valve for rev of the 8415.81.00 BM 8415.81.00 A 8415.81.01 B + 8415.81.99 B + +8415.82 Air cond mach nes, inc a refrigerating unit 8415.82.10 D 8415.82.00 A 8415.82.01 A + 8415.82.20 D 8415.82.02 B + 8415.82.90 B 8415.82.99 B + +8415.83 Air cond mach nes, not incorporating refrigerating unit 8415.83.00 A 8415.83.00 A 8415.83.01 A + 8415.83.02 A + 8415.83.99 A + +8415.90 Parts of air conditioning machines 8415.90.10 BM 8415.90.00 A 8415.90.01 A + 8415.90.20 D 8415.90.99 A + 8415.90.30 A + 8415.90.40 BM + +8416.10 Furnace burners for liquid fuel 8416.10.10 B 8416.10.00 A 8416.10.01 C + 8416.10.91 B + 8416.10.99 C + +8416.20 Furnace burners nes, including combination burners 8416.20.10 B 8416.20.00 A 8416.20.01 C + 8416.20.91 B + 8416.20.99 C + +8416.30 Mech stokers, mech grates, mech ash dischargers and similar 8416.30.10 B 8416.30.00 A 8416.30.01 C + 8416.30.91 B + 8416.30.99 C + +8416.90 Parts of furnace burners, mech stokers grates, ash dischargers 8416.90.10 B 8416.90.00 A 8416.90.01 B + 8416.90.20 B + +8417.10 Furnaces & ovens n-elec for the roast, melt or h-treat of ores 8417.10.10 D 8417.10.00 A 8417.10.01 B + 8417.10.20 D 8417.10.02 A + 8417.10.90 A 8417.10.03 B + 8417.10.04 B + 8417.10.99 A + +8417.20 Bakery ovens, including biscuit ovens, non-electric 8417.20.00 A 8417.20.00 A 8417.20.01 B + 8417.20.99 B + +8417.80 Industrial or lab furnaces & ovens, inc incinerators 8417.80.10 D 8417.80.00 A 8417.80.01 B + 8417.80.90 A 8417.80.02 B + + 8417.80.03 B + 8417.80.04 B + 8417.80.99 B + +8417.90 Parts of industrial or lab furnaces & ovens inc incinerators 8417.90.10 D 8417.90.00 A 8417.90.01 A + 8417.90.91 D 8417.90.99 A + 8417.90.92 D + 8417.90.93 A + 8417.90.94 A + +8418.10 Combined refrigerator-freezers, fitted with separate external 8418.10.10 B 8418.10.00 A 8418.10.01 C + 8418.10.90 CM 8418.10.02 B + +8418.21 Refrigerators, household type, compression-type 8418.21.10 CM 8418.21.00 A 8418.21.01 C + 8418.21.90 CM + +8418.22 Refrigerators, household type, absorption-type, electrical 8418.22.10 B 8418.22.00 A 8418.22.01 B + 8418.22.90 B + +8418.29 Refrigerators, household type, nes 8418.29.00 B 8418.29.00 A 8418.29.99 B + +8418.30 Freezers of the chest type, not exceeding 800 l capacity 8418.30.00 C 8418.30.00 A 8418.30.01 B + 8418.30.02 B + 8418.30.03 C + 8418.30.04 B + 8418.30.05 B + 8418.30.99 B + +8418.40 Freezers of the upright type, not exceeding 900 l capacity 8418.40.00 C 8418.40.00 A 8418.40.01 B + 8418.40.02 B + 8418.40.03 C + 8418.40.04 C + 8418.40.05 C + 8418.40.99 C + +8418.50 Refrigerating or freezing display counters, cabinets, 8418.50.10 B 8418.50.00 A 8418.50.01 B + 8418.50.20 B 8418.50.02 B + 8418.50.03 B + 8418.50.99 A + +8418.61 Compression type refrigerating or freez equip whose condensers 8418.61.10 D 8418.61.00 A 8418.61.01 B + 8418.61.20 B 8418.61.02 A + 8418.61.90 B 8418.61.99 A + +8418.69 Refrigerating or freezing equipment nes 8418.69.00 B 8418.69.00 A 8418.69.01 B + 8418.69.02 C + 8418.69.03 C + 8418.69.04 B + 8418.69.05 B + 8418.69.06 A + 8418.69.07 B + + 8418.69.08 B + 8418.69.09 B + 8418.69.10 B + 8418.69.11 B + 8418.69.12 B + 8418.69.13 C + 8418.69.14 C + 8418.69.15 C + 8418.69.16 C + 8418.69.17 C + 8418.69.18 C + 8418.69.99 C + +8418.91 Furniture designed to receive refrigerating or freezing 8418.91.10 A 8418.91.00 A 8418.91.01 A + 8418.91.20 A 8418.91.02 A + 8418.91.30 D 8418.91.99 A + 8418.91.40 A + +8418.99 Parts of refrigerating or freezing equipment, nes 8418.99.10 B 8418.99.00 A 8418.99.01 C + 8418.99.20 B 8418.99.02 C + 8418.99.30 B 8418.99.03 B + 8418.99.40 D 8418.99.04 C + 8418.99.50 CM 8418.99.05 C + 8418.99.06 C + 8418.99.07 C + 8418.99.08 C + 8418.99.09 C + 8418.99.10 C + 8418.99.11 C + 8418.99.99 C + +8419.11 Instantaneous gas water heaters 8419.11.10 B 8419.11.00 A 8419.11.01 B + 8419.11.90 B 8419.11.99 B + +8419.19 Instantaneous or storage water heaters, non-electric, nes 8419.19.10 CM 8419.19.00 C 8419.19.01 C + 8419.19.90 CM 8419.19.99 C + +8419.20 Medical, surgical or laboratory sterilizers 8419.20.10 D 8419.20.00 A 8419.20.01 B + 8419.20.20 A 8419.20.02 A + +8419.31 Dryers for agricultural products 8419.31.10 D 8419.31.00 A 8419.31.01 B + 8419.31.20 A 8419.31.02 B + 8419.31.90 A 8419.31.03 B + 8419.31.04 B + 8419.31.99 B + +8419.32 Dryers for wood, paper pulp, paper or paperboard 8419.32.10 D 8419.32.10 A 8419.32.01 A + 8419.32.90 A 8419.32.50 A 8419.32.02 A + 8419.32.99 A + +8419.39 Non-domestic, non-electric dryers nes 8419.39.10 D 8419.39.00 A 8419.39.01 A + + 8419.39.20 D 8419.39.02 A + 8419.39.90 A 8419.39.03 A + 8419.39.04 A + 8419.39.05 A + 8419.39.06 A + 8419.39.99 A + +8419.40 Distilling or rectifying plant 8419.40.00 A 8419.40.00 A 8419.40.01 A + 8419.40.02 A + 8419.40.03 C + 8419.40.04 C + 8419.40.99 A + +8419.50 Heat exchange units, non-domestic, non-electric 8419.50.10 D 8419.50.00 A 8419.50.01 B + 8419.50.20 D 8419.50.02 C + 8419.50.91 B 8419.50.03 C + 8419.50.99 B 8419.50.04 A + 8419.50.05 A + 8419.50.99 B + +8419.60 Machinery for liquefying air or gas 8419.60.00 A 8419.60.00 A 8419.60.01 A + +8419.81 Machinery for making hot drinks or for cooking or heating food 8419.81.10 D 8419.81.10 A 8419.81.01 C + 8419.81.20 B 8419.81.50 D 8419.81.02 C + 8419.81.30 A 8419.81.90 A 8419.81.99 A + 8419.81.40 A + 8419.81.90 B + +8419.89 Machinery, plant or laboratory equip for treat of mat by a 8419.89.10 D 8419.89.10 A 8419.89.01 A + 8419.89.20 D 8419.89.50 A 8419.89.02 A + 8419.89.30 A 8419.89.03 C + 8419.89.40 B 8419.89.04 C + 8419.89.90 B 8419.89.05 A + 8419.89.06 A + 8419.89.07 B + 8419.89.08 A + 8419.89.09 B + 8419.89.10 A + 8419.89.11 C + 8419.89.12 C + 8419.89.13 A + 8419.89.14 C + 8419.89.15 C + 8419.89.16 C + 8419.89.17 C + 8419.89.18 C + 8419.89.19 C + 8419.89.20 B + 8419.89.21 B + 8419.89.99 B + + +8419.90 Parts of machinery, plant and equipment of heading No 84.19 8419.90.10 B 8419.90.10 A 8419.90.01 B + 8419.90.20 A 8419.90.20 A 8419.90.02 A + 8419.90.30 BM 8419.90.30 A 8419.90.03 C + 8419.90.40 B 8419.90.90 A 8419.90.04 B + 8419.90.50 D 8419.90.05 B + 8419.90.60 BM 8419.90.99 B + 8419.90.70 A + 8419.90.80 B + 8419.90.90 D + +8420.10 Calendering or rolling machines, excluding for metals or glass 8420.10.10 D 8420.10.10 A 8420.10.01 A + 8420.10.90 A 8420.10.20 D + 8420.10.90 A + +8420.91 Cylinders for calendering or rolling mach, excluding for metal 8420.91.10 D 8420.91.10 A 8420.91.01 B + 8420.91.20 D 8420.91.20 D 8420.91.99 A + 8420.91.91 D 8420.91.90 A + 8420.91.92 A + +8420.99 Parts of calendering or rolling mach nes, excluding for metals 8420.99.10 D 8420.99.10 A 8420.99.99 A + 8420.99.91 D 8420.99.20 D + 8420.99.92 A 8420.99.90 A + +8421.11 Cream separators 8421.11.00 D 8421.11.00 A 8421.11.01 A + 8421.11.99 A + +8421.12 Clothes-dryers, centrifugal 8421.12.00 D 8421.12.00 A 8421.12.01 B + 8421.12.99 B + +8421.19 Centrifuges nes 8421.19.10 D 8421.19.00 A 8421.19.01 A + 8421.19.20 D 8421.19.02 A + 8421.19.30 D 8421.19.03 A + 8421.19.90 A 8421.19.04 A + 8421.19.05 A + 8421.19.06 A + 8421.19.99 A + +8421.21 Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for water 8421.21.00 B 8421.21.00 A 8421.21.01 A + 8421.21.02 B + 8421.21.03 B + 8421.21.04 B + 8421.21.99 B + +8421.22 Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for beverages, 8421.22.00 A 8421.22.00 A 8421.22.01 A + +8421.23 Oil or petrol-filters for internal combustion engines 8421.23.00 C 8421.23.00 A 8421.23.01 C + +8421.29 Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for liquids nes 8421.29.10 D 8421.29.00 A 8421.29.01 B + 8421.29.90 B 8421.29.02 C + 8421.29.03 B + 8421.29.04 B + + 8421.29.05 A + 8421.29.99 B + +8421.31 Intake air filters for internal combustion engines 8421.31.10 B 8421.31.00 A 8421.31.01 A + 8421.31.90 B 8421.31.02 A + 8421.31.99 B + +8421.39 Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for gases nes 8421.39.10 D 8421.39.00 A 8421.39.01 B + 8421.39.90 BM 8421.39.02 B + 8421.39.03 B + 8421.39.04 B + 8421.39.05 B + 8421.39.06 B + 8421.39.07 B + 8421.39.08 B + 8421.39.99 B + +8421.91 Parts of centrifuges, including centrifugal dryers 8421.91.10 D 8421.91.00 A 8421.91.01 A + 8421.91.20 A 8421.91.99 A + 8421.91.30 D + +8421.99 Parts for filtering or purifying mchy and apparatus for liquid 8421.99.10 D 8421.99.00 A 8421.99.01 B + 8421.99.20 B 8421.99.02 A + 8421.99.30 B 8421.99.03 B + 8421.99.99 B + +8422.11 Dish washing machines of the HH type 8422.11.10 D 8422.11.00 A 8422.11.01 B + 8422.11.91 B + 8422.11.99 B + +8422.19 Dish washing machines nes 8422.19.00 A 8422.19.00 A 8422.19.99 A + +8422.20 Machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or containers nes 8422.20.10 D 8422.20.00 A 8422.20.01 B + 8422.20.90 A 8422.20.02 B + 8422.20.03 A + 8422.20.04 B + 8422.20.99 A + +8422.30 Mach for fil/clos/seal/etc.btle/can/box/ bag or ctnr nes, mach 8422.30.10 D 8422.30.10 A 8422.30.01 A + 8422.30.90 B 8422.30.90 A 8422.30.02 A + 8422.30.03 A + 8422.30.04 A + 8422.30.05 B + 8422.30.06 B + 8422.30.07 A + 8422.30.08 B + 8422.30.09 A + 8422.30.10 B + 8422.30.11 B + 8422.30.12 B + 8422.30.13 A + + 8422.30.14 A + 8422.30.15 A + 8422.30.16 B + 8422.30.17 B + 8422.30.99 B + +8422.40 Packing or wrapping machinery nes 8422.40.10 D 8422.40.10 A 8422.40.01 B + 8422.40.90 A 8422.40.90 A 8422.40.02 B + 8422.40.03 A + 8422.40.04 A + 8422.40.05 A + 8422.40.06 A + 8422.40.99 A + +8422.90 Pts of dish washing, cleaning or drying container, packing or 8422.90.10 D 8422.90.05 A 8422.90.01 B + 8422.90.91 B 8422.90.10 A 8422.90.02 B + 8422.90.99 A 8422.90.20 A 8422.90.03 A + 8422.90.90 A 8422.90.04 B + 8422.90.99 A + +8423.10 Personal weighing machines, including baby scales; household 8423.10.00 A 8423.10.00 A 8423.10.01 C + 8423.10.02 B + 8423.10.99 B + +8423.20 Scales for continuous weighing of goods on conveyors 8423.20.00 A 8423.20.00 A 8423.20.01 A + 8423.20.99 A + +8423.30 Constant weight scales, including hopper scales 8423.30.00 A 8423.30.00 A 8423.30.01 B + 8423.30.02 B + 8423.30.99 A + +8423.81 Weighing machinery having a maximum weighing capacity not 8423.81.00 A 8423.81.00 A 8423.81.01 B + +8423.82 Weighing machinery having a maximum weighing cap > 30 kg but 8423.82.00 A 8423.82.00 A 8423.82.01 B + +8423.89 Weighing machinery, nes 8423.89.00 A 8423.89.00 A 8423.89.99 A + +8423.90 Weighing machine weights of all kinds; parts of weighing 8423.90.00 A 8423.90.00 A 8423.90.01 B + 8423.90.02 A + +8424.10 Fire extinguishers, whether or not charged 8424.10.00 B 8424.10.00 A 8424.10.01 A + 8424.10.02 B + 8424.10.03 C + +8424.20 Spray guns and similar appliances 8424.20.10 D 8424.20.10 A 8424.20.01 B + 8424.20.90 B 8424.20.90 A 8424.20.02 A + 8424.20.03 A + 8424.20.99 A + +8424.30 Steam or sand blasting machines and similar jet projecting 8424.30.00 B 8424.30.10 D 8424.30.01 C + 8424.30.90 A 8424.30.02 C + + 8424.30.03 A + 8424.30.04 C + 8424.30.99 B + +8424.81 Mech appl for proj/disp or spraying liquids or powders for agr 8424.81.00 A 8424.81.10 D 8424.81.01 A + 8424.81.90 A 8424.81.02 A + 8424.81.03 A + 8424.81.04 A + 8424.81.05 A + 8424.81.99 A + +8424.89 Mech appl (whether or not hand-op) for proj/disp or spraying 8424.89.00 A 8424.89.00 A 8424.89.01 A + 8424.89.02 A + 8424.89.03 A + 8424.89.99 A + +8424.90 Pts of mech app (hand-op or not) for proj/disp or spray liq or 8424.90.10 A 8424.90.05 A 8424.90.01 A + 8424.90.20 D 8424.90.10 A + 8424.90.30 A 8424.90.20 D + 8424.90.40 A 8424.90.90 A + +8425.11 Pulley tackle/hoists electric (exc skip hoists or hoists for 8425.11.00 A 8425.11.00 A 8425.11.01 C + 8425.11.99 C + +8425.19 Pulley tackle/hoists nes (exc skip hoists or hoists for raisin 8425.19.00 A 8425.19.00 A 8425.19.99 B + +8425.20 Pit-head winding gear winches specially designed for use 8425.20.10 A 8425.20.00 A 8425.20.01 C + 8425.20.20 D 8425.20.02 C + 8425.20.03 C + 8425.20.04 C + 8425.20.99 A + +8425.31 Winches or capstans nes powered by electric motor 8425.31.00 A 8425.31.00 A 8425.31.01 B + 8425.31.02 C + +8425.39 Winches or captsans nes 8425.39.10 D 8425.39.00 A 8425.39.01 C + 8425.39.90 A 8425.39.02 C + 8425.39.03 B + 8425.39.99 A + +8425.41 Built-in jacking systems of a type used in garage 8425.41.00 A 8425.41.00 A 8425.41.01 A + +8425.42 Jacks & hoists nes hydraulic 8425.42.00 B 8425.42.00 A 8425.42.01 B + 8425.42.02 B + 8425.42.03 B + 8425.42.99 B + +8425.49 Jacks & hoists nes 8425.49.00 B 8425.49.00 A 8425.49.01 B + 8425.49.99 B + +8426.11 Gantry & overhead travelling cranes on fixed support 8426.11.00 B 8426.11.00 A 8426.11.01 C + + +8426.12 Mobile lifting frames on tyres and straddle carriers 8426.12.00 A 8426.12.00 A 8426.12.01 C + +8426.19 Transporter or bridge cranes 8426.19.00 A 8426.19.00 A 8426.19.01 A + +8426.20 Tower cranes 8426.20.00 A 8426.20.00 A 8426.20.01 C + +8426.30 Portal or pedestal jib cranes 8426.30.00 A 8426.30.00 A 8426.30.01 C + +8426.41 Derricks/cranes or works trucks fitted with a crane, 8426.41.00 A 8426.41.00 A 8426.41.01 C + 8426.41.02 C + 8426.41.99 C + +8426.49 Derricks, cranes or work trucks fitted with a crane, 8426.49.00 A 8426.49.00 A 8426.49.01 C + 8426.49.02 C + 8426.49.99 C + +8426.91 Cranes designed for mounting on road vehicles 8426.91.00 A 8426.91.00 A 8426.91.01 A + 8426.91.02 A + 8426.91.03 A + 8426.91.04 A + 8426.91.99 A + +8426.99 Cranes or derricks nes 8426.99.00 A 8426.99.00 A 8426.99.01 C + 8426.99.02 C + 8426.99.03 B + 8426.99.04 C + 8426.99.99 A + +8427.10 Self-propelled works trucks powered by an electric motor 8427.10.00 B 8427.10.00 D 8427.10.01 C + 8427.10.02 A + +8427.20 Self-propelled works trucks nes 8427.20.10 B 8427.20.00 D 8427.20.01 C + 8427.20.90 B 8427.20.02 B + 8427.20.03 B + +8427.90 Trucks fitted with lifting or handling equipment, non-powered 8427.90.00 A 8427.90.00 D 8427.90.01 C + 8427.90.99 A + +8428.10 Lifts and skip hoists 8428.10.00 A 8428.10.00 A 8428.10.01 C + +8428.20 Pneumatic elevators and conveyors 8428.20.10 D 8428.20.00 A 8428.20.01 A + 8428.20.90 A 8428.20.02 A + 8428.20.03 A + 8428.20.04 A + 8428.20.05 A + 8428.20.99 A + +8428.31 Cont-action elevators/conveyors for goods/mat spec design for 8428.31.00 A 8428.31.00 A 8428.31.01 C + +8428.32 Cont-action elevators/conveyors for goods/mat, bucket types ne 8428.32.10 D 8428.32.00 A 8428.32.01 A + + 8428.32.90 A + +8428.33 Cont-action elevators/conveyors for goods/mat, belt type nes 8428.33.10 D 8428.33.00 A 8428.33.01 A + 8428.33.90 A + +8428.39 Cont-action elevators/conveyors for goods/mat nes 8428.39.10 D 8428.39.00 A 8428.39.01 C + 8428.39.90 A 8428.39.02 C + 8428.39.99 A + +8428.40 Escalators and moving walkways 8428.40.00 A 8428.40.00 A 8428.40.01 A + 8428.40.02 A + 8428.40.99 A + +8428.50 Wagon handling equipment 8428.50.00 A 8428.50.00 A 8428.50.01 A + +8428.60 Teleferics, chair-lifts, ski-draglines; traction mechanisms fo 8428.60.00 A 8428.60.00 A 8428.60.01 A + +8428.90 Lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery nes 8428.90.10 D 8428.90.00 B 8428.90.01 B + 8428.90.20 D 8428.90.02 B + 8428.90.90 B 8428.90.03 B + 8428.90.04 C + 8428.90.99 C + +8429.11 Bulldozers and angledozers, crawler type 8429.11.00 D 8429.11.00 A 8429.11.01 A + +8429.19 Bulldozers and angledozers, wheeled 8429.19.00 A 8429.19.00 A 8429.19.01 A + +8429.20 Graders and levellers, self-propelled 8429.20.10 D 8429.20.00 A 8429.20.01 C + 8429.20.90 B + +8429.30 Scrapers, self-propelled 8429.30.10 D 8429.30.00 A 8429.30.01 C + 8429.30.90 A + +8429.40 Tamping machines and road rollers, selfpropelled 8429.40.00 A 8429.40.00 A 8429.40.01 A + 8429.40.99 A + +8429.51 Front end shovel loaders 8429.51.10 D 8429.51.10 A 8429.51.01 A + 8429.51.20 B 8429.51.50 A 8429.51.02 C + 8429.51.30 D 8429.51.03 C + 8429.51.99 A + +8429.52 Shovels and excavators with a 360 revolving superstructure 8429.52.10 D 8429.52.10 A 8429.52.01 A + 8429.52.91 D 8429.52.50 A 8429.52.02 A + 8429.52.99 A 8429.52.99 A + +8429.59 Self-propelled excavating machinery nes 8429.59.10 D 8429.59.10 A 8429.59.01 C + 8429.59.90 A 8429.59.50 A 8429.59.02 C + 8429.59.03 C + 8429.59.04 A + 8429.59.05 C + 8429.59.99 A + + +8430.10 Pile-drivers and pile-extractors 8430.10.00 A 8430.10.00 A 8430.10.01 A + +8430.20 Snow-ploughs and snow-blowers, not selfpropelled 8430.20.00 B 8430.20.00 A 8430.20.01 A + +8430.31 Coal or rock cutters, self-propelled 8430.31.10 D 8430.31.00 A 8430.31.01 C + 8430.31.20 B 8430.31.02 A + 8430.31.99 A + +8430.39 Coal or rock cutters, not self-propelled 8430.39.10 D 8430.39.00 A 8430.39.01 C + 8430.39.20 A 8430.39.99 A + +8430.41 Boring or sinking machinery nes, selfpropelled 8430.41.10 D 8430.41.00 A 8430.41.01 C + 8430.41.20 D 8430.41.02 C + 8430.41.30 D 8430.41.99 C + 8430.41.40 D + 8430.41.50 D + 8430.41.90 B + +8430.49 Boring or sinking machinery nes, not self-propelled 8430.49.10 D 8430.49.40 C 8430.49.01 C + 8430.49.20 D 8430.49.80 A 8430.49.02 C + 8430.49.30 D 8430.49.99 C + 8430.49.40 D + 8430.49.50 D + 8430.49.60 C + 8430.49.90 B + +8430.50 Construction equipment, self-propelled nes 8430.50.10 D 8430.50.10 D 8430.50.01 A + 8430.50.90 A 8430.50.50 A 8430.50.02 A + 8430.50.99 A + +8430.61 Tamping or compacting machinery, not self-propelled 8430.61.00 A 8430.61.00 A 8430.61.01 A + 8430.61.02 B + 8430.61.99 A + +8430.62 Scrapers, not self-propelled 8430.62.10 D 8430.62.00 A 8430.62.01 A + 8430.62.90 A + +8430.69 Construction equipment, not selfpropelled nes 8430.69.10 D 8430.69.00 A 8430.69.01 A + 8430.69.90 A 8430.69.02 A + 8430.69.03 A + 8430.69.04 A + 8430.69.99 A + +8431.10 Parts of machinery of heading No 84.25 8431.10.10 D 8431.10.00 A 8431.10.01 B + 8431.10.20 B 8431.10.02 B + 8431.10.99 B + +8431.20 Parts of fork-lift and other works trucks fitted with lifting 8431.20.00 A 8431.20.00 D 8431.20.01 C + 8431.20.99 C + + +8431.31 Parts of lifts, skip hoist or escalators 8431.31.00 A 8431.31.00 A 8431.31.01 C + 8431.31.02 A + 8431.31.99 A + +8431.39 Parts of lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery nes 8431.39.10 D 8431.39.00 A 8431.39.01 B + 8431.39.20 B 8431.39.99 B + +8431.41 Buckets, shovels, grabs and grips of excavating machinery 8431.41.10 D 8431.41.00 A 8431.41.01 C + 8431.41.20 D 8431.41.02 C + 8431.41.90 B 8431.41.03 C + 8431.41.99 C + +8431.42 Bulldozer and angledozer blades 8431.42.10 D 8431.42.00 A 8431.42.01 A + 8431.42.90 A + +8431.43 Parts of boring or sinking machinery, whether or not 8431.43.10 D 8431.43.40 B 8431.43.01 C + 8431.43.20 D 8431.43.80 A 8431.43.02 C + 8431.43.30 A 8431.43.03 A + 8431.43.40 B 8431.43.99 A + +8431.49 Parts of cranes, work-trucks, shovels, and other construction 8431.49.10 D 8431.49.10 A 8431.49.01 B + 8431.49.20 D 8431.49.90 A 8431.49.02 C + 8431.49.30 B 8431.49.03 C + 8431.49.90 B 8431.49.04 C + 8431.49.99 B + +8432.10 Ploughs 8432.10.00 D 8432.10.00 D 8432.10.01 A + +8432.21 Disc harrows 8432.21.00 D 8432.21.00 D 8432.21.01 A + +8432.29 Scarifiers, cultivators, weeders and hoes 8432.29.10 D 8432.29.00 D 8432.29.01 A + 8432.29.90 A 8432.29.99 A + +8432.30 Seeders, planters and transplanters 8432.30.10 A 8432.30.00 D 8432.30.01 A + 8432.30.20 D 8432.30.02 A + 8432.30.03 A + 8432.30.99 A + +8432.40 Manure spreaders and fertiliser distributors 8432.40.10 A 8432.40.00 D 8432.40.01 A + 8432.40.20 D + +8432.80 Rollers, stone-removers and other soil preparation or 8432.80.10 D 8432.80.00 D 8432.80.01 A + 8432.80.20 A 8432.80.02 A + 8432.80.03 A + 8432.80.04 A + 8432.80.99 A + +8432.90 Parts for rollers and other soil preparation or cultivation 8432.90.10 A 8432.90.00 D 8432.90.01 A + 8432.90.20 D 8432.90.02 A + 8432.90.03 A + 8432.90.99 A + + +8433.11 Mowers, powered, lawn, with horizontal cutting device 8433.11.00 B 8433.11.00 A 8433.11.01 A + +8433.19 Mowers, powered, lawn, nes 8433.19.00 B 8433.19.00 A 8433.19.99 A + +8433.20 Mowers for hay etc including cutter bars for tractor mounting 8433.20.10 D 8433.20.00 D 8433.20.01 A + 8433.20.90 A 8433.20.02 C + 8433.20.99 A + +8433.30 Hay tedders and rakes and other haymaking machinery 8433.30.00 D 8433.30.00 D 8433.30.01 A + +8433.40 Straw or fodder balers, including pick-up balers 8433.40.00 D 8433.40.00 D 8433.40.01 A + 8433.40.02 A + 8433.40.99 A + +8433.51 Combine harvester-threshers 8433.51.00 D 8433.51.00 D 8433.51.01 A + +8433.52 Threshing machinery nes 8433.52.00 D 8433.52.00 D 8433.52.01 A + +8433.53 Root or tuber harvesting machines 8433.53.00 D 8433.53.00 D 8433.53.01 A + 8433.53.99 A + +8433.59 Harvesting machinery nes 8433.59.00 D 8433.59.00 D 8433.59.01 A + 8433.59.02 A + 8433.59.03 A + 8433.59.04 A + 8433.59.05 A + 8433.59.06 A + 8433.59.99 A + +8433.60 Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading eggs, fruit or other 8433.60.10 D 8433.60.00 D 8433.60.01 A + 8433.60.90 A 8433.60.02 A + 8433.60.03 A + 8433.60.99 A + +8433.90 Parts of harvesting, threshing and other agricultural and 8433.90.10 A 8433.90.10 A 8433.90.01 A + 8433.90.20 A 8433.90.50 D 8433.90.02 A + 8433.90.30 A 8433.90.03 A + 8433.90.90 D 8433.90.99 A + +8434.10 Milking machines 8434.10.00 D 8434.10.00 D 8434.10.01 A + +8434.20 Dairy machinery 8434.20.10 D 8434.20.00 D 8434.20.01 A + 8434.20.90 A + +8434.90 Parts of milking machines and dairy machinery 8434.90.10 D 8434.90.00 D 8434.90.01 A + 8434.90.20 A + +8435.10 Presses, crushers & sim mach used in the mfg of wine, cider, 8435.10.10 A 8435.10.00 A 8435.10.01 A + 8435.10.20 A + + +8435.90 Parts of presses, crushers & sim mach used in the mfg of wine, 8435.90.10 A 8435.90.00 A 8435.90.01 A + 8435.90.20 A + +8436.10 Machinery for preparing animal feeding stuffs 8436.10.00 D 8436.10.00 D 8436.10.01 A + +8436.21 Poultry incubators and brooders 8436.21.00 D 8436.21.00 D 8436.21.01 A + 8436.21.02 A + +8436.29 Poultry-keeping machinery, nes 8436.29.00 D 8436.29.00 D 8436.29.01 A + 8436.29.99 A + +8436.80 Agri/hortic/forestry bee-keeping mach nes inc germination plan 8436.80.10 D 8436.80.00 D 8436.80.01 A + 8436.80.20 A 8436.80.02 A + 8436.80.03 A + 8436.80.04 A + 8436.80.99 A + +8436.91 Parts of poultry-keeping machinery 8436.91.00 D 8436.91.00 D 8436.91.01 A + +8436.99 Parts of agr/hort/forestry/bee-keeping mach nes incl pts of 8436.99.10 A 8436.99.00 D 8436.99.99 A + 8436.99.20 D + +8437.10 Machines for cleaning/sorting or grading seed, grain or dried 8437.10.10 D 8437.10.00 A 8437.10.01 A + 8437.10.90 A 8437.10.02 A + 8437.10.03 A + 8437.10.99 A + +8437.80 Mach for milling/working of cereals/ dried leguminous nes veg 8437.80.00 A 8437.80.00 A 8437.80.01 A + 8437.80.02 A + 8437.80.99 A + +8437.90 Pts of clean/sort mach etc for seed/grn etc mill/wrkg of 8437.90.10 D 8437.90.00 A 8437.90.01 A + 8437.90.20 A 8437.90.02 A + 8437.90.03 A + 8437.90.99 A + +8438.10 Bakery mach and machy for the mfg of macaroni, spaghetti or si 8438.10.10 A 8438.10.00 A 8438.10.01 A + 8438.10.20 D 8438.10.02 A + 8438.10.03 A + 8438.10.04 A + 8438.10.05 A + 8438.10.06 A + 8438.10.07 A + 8438.10.08 A + 8438.10.99 A + +8438.20 Machinery for the manufacture of confectionary, cocoa or 8438.20.10 D 8438.20.00 A 8438.20.01 A + 8438.20.90 A 8438.20.99 A + +8438.30 Machinery for sugar manufacture 8438.30.00 A 8438.30.00 D 8438.30.01 B + 8438.30.02 B + + 8438.30.99 B + +8438.40 Brewery machinery 8438.40.00 A 8438.40.00 A 8438.40.01 A + 8438.40.02 A + 8438.40.03 A + 8438.40.99 A + +8438.50 Machinery for the preparation of meat or poultry 8438.50.10 D 8438.50.00 A 8438.50.01 A + 8438.50.90 A 8438.50.02 A + 8438.50.03 A + 8438.50.04 A + 8438.50.05 A + 8438.50.06 A + 8438.50.07 A + 8438.50.08 A + 8438.50.09 A + 8438.50.10 A + 8438.50.99 A + +8438.60 Machinery for the preparation of fruits, nuts or vegetables 8438.60.00 A 8438.60.00 A 8438.60.01 A + 8438.60.02 A + 8438.60.03 A + 8438.60.04 A + 8438.60.05 A + 8438.60.99 A + +8438.80 Mach nes for the ind prep/mfr of food/ drink exc for 8438.80.10 D 8438.80.00 A 8438.80.01 A + 8438.80.91 A 8438.80.02 A + 8438.80.99 A 8438.80.03 A + 8438.80.99 A + +8438.90 Pts of mach nes for the ind prep/mfr of food etc exc for 8438.90.10 D 8438.90.10 D 8438.90.01 A + 8438.90.20 A 8438.90.90 A 8438.90.02 A + 8438.90.30 A 8438.90.03 A + 8438.90.04 A + 8438.90.05 A + 8438.90.99 A + +8439.10 Machinery for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material 8439.10.00 A 8439.10.00 D 8439.10.01 A + 8439.10.02 A + 8439.10.03 A + 8439.10.04 A + 8439.10.05 A + 8439.10.06 A + +8439.20 Machinery for making paper or paperboard 8439.20.00 A 8439.20.00 D 8439.20.01 A + +8439.30 Machinery for finishing paper or paperboard 8439.30.00 A 8439.30.00 A 8439.30.01 A + +8439.91 Parts of mach for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material 8439.91.00 A 8439.91.10 A 8439.91.01 A + 8439.91.90 D 8439.91.02 A + + 8439.91.99 A + +8439.99 Parts of mach for making or finishing paper or paperboard mach 8439.99.10 D 8439.99.10 D 8439.99.01 A + 8439.99.90 A 8439.99.50 A 8439.99.02 A + 8439.99.03 A + 8439.99.99 A + +8440.10 Book-binding machinery, including book-sewing machines 8440.10.00 A 8440.10.00 A 8440.10.01 B + 8440.10.02 B + 8440.10.03 B + 8440.10.04 B + 8440.10.05 B + 8440.10.99 B + +8440.90 Parts of book-binding machinery including book-sewing machines 8440.90.00 A 8440.90.00 A 8440.90.01 A + +8441.10 Cutting machines for paper pulp, paper or paperboard of all 8441.10.10 A 8441.10.00 A 8441.10.01 A + 8441.10.90 D 8441.10.02 A + 8441.10.03 A + 8441.10.04 A + 8441.10.99 A + +8441.20 Machines for making bags, sacks or envelopes of paper or 8441.20.00 D 8441.20.00 A 8441.20.01 A + +8441.30 Mach for making boxes or sim cont, of paper or paperboard o/t 8441.30.00 D 8441.30.00 A 8441.30.01 A + +8441.40 Machines for moulding articles in paper pulp, paper or 8441.40.00 D 8441.40.00 A 8441.40.01 A + 8441.40.02 A + 8441.40.99 A + +8441.80 Machinery for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard nes 8441.80.00 D 8441.80.00 A 8441.80.99 A + +8441.90 Pts of mach for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard, inc 8441.90.10 A 8441.90.00 A 8441.90.01 A + 8441.90.90 D 8441.90.99 A + +8442.10 Phototype-setting and composing machines 8442.10.00 D 8442.10.00 D 8442.10.01 B + 8442.10.02 A + 8442.10.03 A + 8442.10.04 A + 8442.10.99 A + +8442.20 Mach app & equip for type-set or comp by other process w/o 8442.20.00 D 8442.20.00 D 8442.20.01 A + +8442.30 Mach app & equip for preparing or making printing blocks etc 8442.30.00 D 8442.30.00 D 8442.30.01 A + +8442.40 Pts of mach/app & equip for type-set or type-found for prep or 8442.40.00 D 8442.40.00 D 8442.40.01 A + +8442.50 Printing type, blocks, plates, cylinders & other printing 8442.50.10 A 8442.50.10 D 8442.50.01 A + 8442.50.20 D 8442.50.90 A 8442.50.02 A + 8442.50.30 D 8442.50.03 A + 8442.50.40 A 8442.50.04 A + + 8442.50.90 A 8442.50.99 A + +8443.11 Reel fed offset printing machinery 8443.11.10 D 8443.11.00 A 8443.11.01 A + 8443.11.20 A 8443.11.02 A + 8443.11.99 A + +8443.12 Sheet fed, office type (sheet size not exc-22x36 cm) offset 8443.12.00 A 8443.12.00 A 8443.12.01 A + +8443.19 Offset printing machinery nes 8443.19.10 D 8443.19.10 A 8443.19.01 A + 8443.19.20 A 8443.19.50 A 8443.19.02 A + 8443.19.90 A 8443.19.03 A + +8443.21 Reel fed letterpress printing mach exc flexographic printing 8443.21.10 D 8443.21.00 A 8443.21.01 A + 8443.21.20 A 8443.21.03 A + +8443.29 Letterpress printing machinery nes exc flexographic printing 8443.29.10 D 8443.29.00 A 8443.29.01 A + 8443.29.20 A 8443.29.02 A + 8443.29.99 A + +8443.30 Flexographic printing machinery 8443.30.10 D 8443.30.00 A 8443.30.01 A + 8443.30.20 A + +8443.40 Gravure printing machinery 8443.40.10 D 8443.40.00 A 8443.40.01 A + 8443.40.20 A + +8443.50 Printing machinery nes 8443.50.10 D 8443.50.10 A 8443.50.01 B + 8443.50.20 A 8443.50.50 A 8443.50.02 B + 8443.50.03 A + 8443.50.04 B + 8443.50.05 B + 8443.50.06 B + 8443.50.07 B + 8443.50.99 B + +8443.60 Machines for uses ancillary to printing 8443.60.10 D 8443.60.00 A 8443.60.01 A + 8443.60.90 A + +8443.90 Parts of printing machinery & machines for uses ancillary to 8443.90.10 D 8443.90.10 A 8443.90.01 B + 8443.90.20 A 8443.90.50 A 8443.90.02 A + 8443.90.30 A 8443.90.03 B + 8443.90.99 B + +8444.00 Machines for extruding, drawing, text or cutting m-m textile 8444.00.00 D 8444.00.00 A 8444.00.01 A + 8444.00.99 A + +8445.11 Textile carding machines 8445.11.00 D 8445.11.00 A 8445.11.01 A + +8445.12 Textile combing machines 8445.12.00 D 8445.12.00 A 8445.12.01 A + +8445.13 Textile drawing or roving machines 8445.13.00 D 8445.13.00 A 8445.13.01 A + + +8445.19 Textile preparing machines nes 8445.19.00 D 8445.19.00 A 8445.19.01 A + 8445.19.99 A + +8445.20 Textile spinning machines 8445.20.00 D 8445.20.00 A 8445.20.01 A + +8445.30 Textile doubling or twisting machines 8445.30.00 D 8445.30.00 A 8445.30.01 A + 8445.30.99 A + +8445.40 Textile winding (including weft-winding) or reeling machines 8445.40.00 D 8445.40.00 A 8445.40.01 A + +8445.90 Machinery for producing or preparing textile yarn nes 8445.90.00 D 8445.90.00 A 8445.90.01 A + 8445.90.99 A + +8446.10 Machines for weaving fabrics of a width not exceeding 30 cm 8446.10.10 D 8446.10.00 A 8446.10.01 A + 8446.10.90 A + +8446.21 Machines for weaving fabrics of a width exc 30 cm, shuttle 8446.21.10 D 8446.21.00 A 8446.21.01 A + 8446.21.90 A + +8446.29 Machines for weaving fabrics of a width exceeding 30 cm shuttl 8446.29.00 A 8446.29.00 A 8446.29.99 A + +8446.30 Machines for weaving fabrics of a width exceeding 30 cm 8446.30.10 D 8446.30.00 A 8446.30.01 A + 8446.30.90 A + +8447.11 Circular knitting machines with cylinder diameter not exceedin 8447.11.00 D 8447.11.10 A 8447.11.01 A + 8447.11.90 A + +8447.12 Circular knitting machines with cylinder diameter exceeding 16 8447.12.00 D 8447.12.10 A 8447.12.01 A + 8447.12.90 A + +8447.20 Flat knitting machines; stitch-bonding machines 8447.20.10 D 8447.20.10 A 8447.20.01 A + 8447.20.20 A 8447.20.40 D 8447.20.02 A + 8447.20.60 A 8447.20.99 A + +8447.90 Mach for making gimped yarn/tulle/lace/embroidery/trimmings/ 8447.90.00 A 8447.90.10 A 8447.90.01 A + 8447.90.50 A 8447.90.02 A + 8447.90.90 A 8447.90.99 A + +8448.11 Dobbies, Jacquards, card reducing, etc for use with mach of hd 8448.11.00 D 8448.11.00 A 8448.11.01 A + +8448.19 Auxiliary machinery nes for machines of heading No 84.44, 8448.19.00 A 8448.19.00 A 8448.19.99 A + +8448.20 Pts & access of mach of hdg No 84.44 or of their auxiliary 8448.20.00 D 8448.20.10 A 8448.20.01 A + 8448.20.50 A + +8448.31 Card clothing for hdg No 84.45 8448.31.00 D 8448.31.00 A 8448.31.01 A + +8448.32 Pts & access of mach for prep text fib, (exc card clothing) fo 8448.32.00 D 8448.32.00 A 8448.32.01 A + 8448.32.02 A + 8448.32.99 A + + +8448.33 Spindles, spindle flyers, spinning rings & ring travellers for 8448.33.00 D 8448.33.00 A 8448.33.01 A + 8448.33.02 A + 8448.33.99 A + +8448.39 Pts & access of mach of heading No 84.45 or of their aux mach 8448.39.00 D 8448.39.10 A 8448.39.99 A + 8448.39.50 A + 8448.39.90 A + +8448.41 Shuttles for weaving machines (looms) 8448.41.00 D 8448.41.00 A 8448.41.01 A + +8448.42 Reeds for looms, healds & heald-frames for weaving machines 8448.42.00 D 8448.42.00 A 8448.42.01 A + 8448.42.99 A + +8448.49 Parts and accessories of weaving mches (looms) or of their 8448.49.10 D 8448.49.00 A 8448.49.01 A + 8448.49.20 A + +8448.51 Sinkers, needles & other articles used in form stitches as pts 8448.51.10 A 8448.51.10 A 8448.51.01 A + 8448.51.90 D 8448.51.20 A + 8448.51.30 A + 8448.51.50 A + +8448.59 Parts & access of machines of hdg No 84.47 or of their 8448.59.10 D 8448.59.10 A 8448.59.99 A + 8448.59.20 A 8448.59.50 A + +8449.00 Mach for the mfr or fin of felt or n-wov in the pce or in sh 8449.00.10 A 8449.00.10 A 8449.00.01 A + 8449.00.20 A 8449.00.50 A 8449.00.02 A + 8449.00.90 D + +8450.11 Automatic washing machines, of a dry linen capacity not 8450.11.10 C 8450.11.00 A 8450.11.01 C + 8450.11.20 B 8450.11.02 B + +8450.12 Washing machines of a dry linen capacity È 10 kg, with built-i 8450.12.00 C 8450.12.00 A 8450.12.01 C + 8450.12.99 A + +8450.19 Household or laundry-type washing mach of a dry linen capacity 8450.19.00 C 8450.19.00 A 8450.19.01 C + 8450.19.99 B + +8450.20 Household or laundry-type washing mach of a dry linen capacity 8450.20.10 D 8450.20.00 A 8450.20.01 C + 8450.20.90 C + +8450.90 Parts of household or laundry-type washing machines, including 8450.90.10 C 8450.90.00 A 8450.90.01 C + 8450.90.20 D + 8450.90.30 B + 8450.90.40 B + +8451.10 Dry-cleaning machines o/t hdg No 84.50 8451.10.00 A 8451.10.00 A 8451.10.01 A + +8451.21 Drying machines (o/t hdg No 84.50) each of a dry linen cap not 8451.21.00 C 8451.21.00 A 8451.21.01 C + 8451.21.99 B + +8451.29 Drying machines (o/t No 84.50) nes 8451.29.10 D 8451.29.00 A 8451.29.01 A + + 8451.29.90 A 8451.29.02 A + 8451.29.03 A + 8451.29.04 A + +8451.30 Ironing mach & presses (including fusing presses) o/t hdg No 8451.30.00 A 8451.30.00 A 8451.30.01 A + +8451.40 Washing, bleaching or dyeing machines (o/t machines of heading 8451.40.10 D 8451.40.00 A 8451.40.01 A + 8451.40.90 A + +8451.50 Mach for reeling,unreeling,folding, cut or pink tex fab (o/t 8451.50.00 A 8451.50.00 A 8451.50.01 A + +8451.80 Mach for wring/dress/finishing/coating or impreg tex yarns 8451.80.10 A 8451.80.00 A 8451.80.01 A + 8451.80.20 D 8451.80.99 A + 8451.80.90 A + +8451.90 Pts of washing/cleaning/drying/ironing/ dyeing mach etc (o/t 8451.90.10 D 8451.90.00 A 8451.90.01 A + 8451.90.20 A + 8451.90.30 A + 8451.90.40 A + +8452.10 Household type sewing machines 8452.10.00 A 8452.10.00 A 8452.10.01 A + +8452.21 Automatic sewing machines, other than book-sewing machines, ne 8452.21.10 D 8452.21.10 D 8452.21.01 A + 8452.21.90 A 8452.21.90 A 8452.21.02 A + 8452.21.03 A + 8452.21.04 A + 8452.21.05 A + 8452.21.99 A + +8452.29 Sewing machines, other than book-sewing machines, nes 8452.29.10 D 8452.29.10 D 8452.29.01 A + 8452.29.90 A 8452.29.90 A 8452.29.02 A + 8452.29.03 A + 8452.29.04 A + 8452.29.05 A + 8452.29.06 A + 8452.29.07 A + 8452.29.99 A + +8452.30 Sewing machine needles 8452.30.00 D 8452.30.00 A 8452.30.01 A + +8452.40 Furniture, bases and covers for sewing machines and parts 8452.40.10 A 8452.40.00 A 8452.40.01 A + 8452.40.20 D + 8452.40.90 A + +8452.90 Parts of sewing machines, nes 8452.90.10 D 8452.90.00 A 8452.90.01 A + 8452.90.91 A 8452.90.02 A + 8452.90.99 A 8452.90.99 A + +8453.10 Machinery for preparing,tanning or working hides, skins or 8453.10.10 D 8453.10.00 A 8453.10.01 A + 8453.10.90 A + + +8453.20 Machinery for making or repairing footwear 8453.20.10 D 8453.20.00 D 8453.20.01 A + 8453.20.20 A 8453.20.02 A + 8453.20.03 A + 8453.20.04 A + 8453.20.05 A + 8453.20.99 A + +8453.80 Mach for making or repair art of hides, skins or leather nes 8453.80.00 A 8453.80.00 A 8453.80.01 A + 8453.80.02 A + 8453.80.03 A + 8453.80.04 A + 8453.80.99 A + +8453.90 Pts of mach for prep etc hides skin leather or mak or rep foot 8453.90.10 D 8453.90.10 D 8453.90.01 A + 8453.90.20 A 8453.90.50 A + +8454.10 Converters used in metallurgy or metal foundries 8454.10.10 A 8454.10.00 D 8454.10.01 A + 8454.10.90 A + +8454.20 Ingot moulds & ladles used in metallurgy or metal foundries 8454.20.10 D 8454.20.00 D 8454.20.01 B + 8454.20.20 A 8454.20.99 A + 8454.20.30 A + +8454.30 Casting machines used in metallurgy or metal foundries 8454.30.10 D 8454.30.00 D 8454.30.01 B + 8454.30.90 A 8454.30.99 A + +8454.90 Pts of converters/ladles/ingot moulds & casting mches used in 8454.90.10 A 8454.90.00 D 8454.90.01 B + 8454.90.20 A 8454.90.99 A + 8454.90.30 D + 8454.90.90 A + +8455.10 Tube mills, metal rolling 8455.10.00 A 8455.10.00 A 8455.10.01 A + +8455.21 Hot or combination hot & cold metal rolling mills 8455.21.00 A 8455.21.00 A 8455.21.01 A + 8455.21.02 A + 8455.21.03 A + 8455.21.99 A + +8455.22 Cold metal rolling mills 8455.22.00 A 8455.22.00 A 8455.22.01 A + 8455.22.02 A + 8455.22.03 A + 8455.22.99 A + +8455.30 Rolls for metal rolling mills 8455.30.10 D 8455.30.00 A 8455.30.01 C + 8455.30.20 D 8455.30.02 C + 8455.30.90 A 8455.30.99 B + +8455.90 Parts of metal rolling mills & rolls 8455.90.00 A 8455.90.00 A 8455.90.01 A + +8456.10 Mach-tls for work any mat by rem of mat optd by laser or lt or 8456.10.00 A 8456.10.10 A 8456.10.01 A + 8456.10.50 A 8456.10.99 A + + +8456.20 Mach-tls for work any mat by rem of mat optd by ultrasonic 8456.20.10 D 8456.20.10 A 8456.20.01 A + 8456.20.90 A 8456.20.50 A 8456.20.99 A + +8456.30 Mach-tls for work any mat by rem of mat optd by 8456.30.10 D 8456.30.10 A 8456.30.01 A + 8456.30.90 A 8456.30.50 A + +8456.90 Mach-tls for work any mat by rem of mat optd by electro-chem 8456.90.10 D 8456.90.10 A 8456.90.99 A + 8456.90.90 A 8456.90.50 A + +8457.10 Machining centres, for working metal 8457.10.00 D 8457.10.00 A 8457.10.01 A + +8457.20 Unit construction machines (single sta) for working metal 8457.20.00 A 8457.20.00 A 8457.20.01 A + +8457.30 Multi-station transfer machines for working metal 8457.30.00 B 8457.30.00 A 8457.30.01 B + 8457.30.02 B + 8457.30.03 B + 8457.30.04 B + 8457.30.99 A + +8458.11 Horizontal lathes numerically controlled for removing metal 8458.11.10 D 8458.11.00 A 8458.11.01 B + 8458.11.90 A 8458.11.02 B + 8458.11.99 A + +8458.19 Horizontal lathes nes for removing metal 8458.19.00 A 8458.19.00 A 8458.19.01 A + 8458.19.02 A + 8458.19.99 A + +8458.91 Lathes nes numerically controlled for removing metal 8458.91.00 A 8458.91.10 A 8458.91.01 A + 8458.91.50 A 8458.91.99 A + +8458.99 Lathes nes for removing metal 8458.99.00 A 8458.99.10 A 8458.99.01 A + 8458.99.50 A 8458.99.99 A + +8459.10 Way-type unit head mches for removing metal 8459.10.00 A 8459.10.00 A 8459.10.01 A + 8459.10.02 A + 8459.10.03 A + 8459.10.04 A + 8459.10.05 A + +8459.21 Drilling mches nes; numerically controlled for removing metal 8459.21.00 A 8459.21.00 A 8459.21.01 B + 8459.21.99 A + +8459.29 Drilling mches nes, for removing metal 8459.29.10 D 8459.29.00 A 8459.29.01 B + 8459.29.90 A 8459.29.99 A + +8459.31 Boring-milling mches nes, numerically controlled for removing 8459.31.00 A 8459.31.00 A 8459.31.01 A + +8459.39 Boring-milling mches nes for removing metal 8459.39.00 A 8459.39.00 A 8459.39.99 A + +8459.40 Boring machines nes for removing metal 8459.40.00 A 8459.40.00 A 8459.40.01 A + + 8459.40.99 A + +8459.51 Milling mach, knee-type numerically controlled for removing 8459.51.00 A 8459.51.00 A 8459.51.01 A + +8459.59 Milling mach, knee-type nes for removing metal 8459.59.00 A 8459.59.00 A 8459.59.01 A + 8459.59.99 A + +8459.61 Milling machines nes, numerically controlled for removing meta 8459.61.00 A 8459.61.00 A 8459.61.01 A + +8459.69 Milling machines nes, for removing metal 8459.69.10 D 8459.69.00 A 8459.69.01 A + 8459.69.90 A 8459.69.99 A + +8459.70 Threading or tapping machines nes for removing metal 8459.70.00 D 8459.70.00 A 8459.70.01 A + 8459.70.02 A + +8460.11 Fl-surf grinding mach in which the pos of one axis acc to 0.01 8460.11.00 D 8460.11.00 A 8460.11.01 A + 8460.11.99 A + +8460.19 Fl-surf grinding mach in which the pos of one axis acc to 0.01 8460.19.00 D 8460.19.00 A 8460.19.01 A + 8460.19.99 A + +8460.21 Grinding mach in which the pos of one axis to an acc to 0.01mm 8460.21.10 A 8460.21.00 A 8460.21.01 A + 8460.21.90 D 8460.21.02 A + 8460.21.03 A + 8460.21.04 A + 8460.21.05 A + 8460.21.06 A + 8460.21.07 A + 8460.21.08 A + 8460.21.09 A + 8460.21.10 A + 8460.21.99 A + +8460.29 Grinding mach in which the pos of one axis to an acc to 0.01mm 8460.29.10 A 8460.29.00 A 8460.29.01 A + 8460.29.90 D 8460.29.02 A + 8460.29.03 A + 8460.29.04 A + 8460.29.05 A + 8460.29.06 A + 8460.29.07 A + 8460.29.08 A + 8460.29.09 A + 8460.29.10 A + 8460.29.99 A + +8460.31 Sharpening (tool or cutter grinding) mach n/c for removing 8460.31.00 D 8460.31.00 A 8460.31.01 A + 8460.31.02 A + 8460.31.99 A + +8460.39 Sharpening (tool or cutter grinding) mach nes for removing 8460.39.00 D 8460.39.00 A 8460.39.01 A + 8460.39.99 A + + +8460.40 Honing or lapping machines for removing metal 8460.40.00 A 8460.40.00 A 8460.40.01 A + +8460.90 Mach-tools for deburring polishing etc for fin met nes o/t hdg 8460.90.10 D 8460.90.00 A 8460.90.01 B + 8460.90.90 A 8460.90.02 B + 8460.90.99 A + +8461.10 Planing machines by removing metal 8461.10.00 D 8461.10.00 A 8461.10.01 A + 8461.10.02 A + 8461.10.99 A + +8461.20 Shaping or slotting machines by removing metal 8461.20.10 D 8461.20.00 A 8461.20.01 A + 8461.20.20 A + +8461.30 Broaching machines by removing metal 8461.30.00 D 8461.30.00 A 8461.30.01 A + +8461.40 Gear cutting, gear grinding or gear finishing machines by 8461.40.00 D 8461.40.10 A 8461.40.01 A + 8461.40.50 A + +8461.50 Sawing or cutting-off machines by removing metal 8461.50.00 A 8461.50.00 A 8461.50.01 B + 8461.50.02 B + 8461.50.99 A + +8461.90 Filing or engraving mach(o/t those of hdg 84.59 or 84.60) etc 8461.90.10 D 8461.90.00 A 8461.90.01 A + 8461.90.90 A 8461.90.99 A + +8462.10 Forging or die-stamping mach (inc presses) and hammers for 8462.10.00 D 8462.10.00 A 8462.10.01 A + 8462.10.02 A + +8462.21 Bending folding stgting or flattening mach (inc presses) n/c 8462.21.10 D 8462.21.00 A 8462.21.01 A + 8462.21.90 A 8462.21.02 A + 8462.21.03 A + 8462.21.04 A + 8462.21.05 B + 8462.21.06 A + 8462.21.07 A + 8462.21.08 A + 8462.21.09 B + 8462.21.99 A + +8462.29 Bending/folding/stgting or flattening mach (inc presses) nes 8462.29.10 D 8462.29.00 A 8462.29.01 B + 8462.29.90 A 8462.29.02 B + 8462.29.03 B + 8462.29.04 B + 8462.29.05 B + 8462.29.06 B + 8462.29.07 A + 8462.29.08 A + 8462.29.09 B + 8462.29.99 A + + +8462.31 Shearing mach (inc presses) o/t combined punching/shearing mac 8462.31.00 A 8462.31.00 A 8462.31.01 B + 8462.31.02 B + 8462.31.03 B + 8462.31.04 A + 8462.31.05 B + 8462.31.06 A + 8462.31.99 A + +8462.39 Shearing mach (inc presses) o/t combined pnch/shearing mach ne 8462.39.00 A 8462.39.00 A 8462.39.01 B + 8462.39.02 B + 8462.39.03 B + 8462.39.04 B + 8462.39.99 A + +8462.41 Punching/notching mach (inc presses) inc comb punch/shear mach 8462.41.10 D 8462.41.00 A 8462.41.01 B + 8462.41.20 A 8462.41.02 B + 8462.41.03 A + 8462.41.99 A + +8462.49 Punching/notching mach (inc presses) inc comb punch/shear mach 8462.49.10 D 8462.49.00 A 8462.49.01 A + 8462.49.20 A 8462.49.02 A + 8462.49.03 A + 8462.49.99 A + +8462.91 Hydraulic presses for working metal 8462.91.00 A 8462.91.00 A 8462.91.01 B + 8462.91.02 A + 8462.91.03 A + 8462.91.04 A + +8462.99 Presses nes for working metal 8462.99.00 A 8462.99.00 A 8462.99.01 B + 8462.99.02 A + 8462.99.03 B + 8462.99.04 B + 8462.99.99 A + +8463.10 Draw-benches for bars/tubes/profiles wire or the like working 8463.10.00 A 8463.10.00 A 8463.10.01 A + 8463.10.99 A + +8463.20 Thread rolling machines for working metal 8463.20.00 D 8463.20.00 A 8463.20.01 A + +8463.30 Machines for working metal wire 8463.30.00 A 8463.30.00 A 8463.30.01 B + +8463.90 Mach-tls for wrkg met/sintered met carbd or cermets nes w/o 8463.90.00 A 8463.90.00 A 8463.90.99 A + +8464.10 Sawing mach for wrkg stone/ceram/concr/ asb/cement etc or for 8464.10.10 D 8464.10.00 A 8464.10.01 B + 8464.10.90 A + +8464.20 Grindg/polish mach for wrkg ston/ceram/ concr/asb-cem etc or 8464.20.10 D 8464.20.00 A 8464.20.01 B + 8464.20.90 A + +8464.90 Mach-tls for wrkg ston/ceram/concr/asbcement etc or for cold 8464.90.10 D 8464.90.00 A 8464.90.01 B + + 8464.90.90 A 8464.90.02 A + 8464.90.99 A + +8465.10 Mach which can c/o diff typ of mach op w/o tl chang bwn such o 8465.10.00 A 8465.10.00 A 8465.10.01 A + 8465.10.99 A + +8465.91 Sawing machines for working wood/cork/ bone/hard 8465.91.10 A 8465.91.00 A 8465.91.01 B + 8465.91.20 D 8465.91.99 A + 8465.91.90 A + +8465.92 Planing/milling or moulding (by cutting) mach for working 8465.92.00 A 8465.92.00 A 8465.92.01 A + 8465.92.02 A + 8465.92.03 A + 8465.92.04 A + 8465.92.05 A + 8465.92.06 A + 8465.92.99 A + +8465.93 Grinding/sanding or polishing mach for working 8465.93.00 A 8465.93.00 A 8465.93.01 A + 8465.93.99 A + +8465.94 Bending or assy mach for wrkg wood/cork/ bone/hard rubber/hard 8465.94.00 A 8465.94.00 A 8465.94.01 A + 8465.94.02 A + 8465.94.03 A + 8465.94.99 A + +8465.95 Drilling or morticing mach for wrkg wood /cork/bone/hrd 8465.95.00 A 8465.95.00 A 8465.95.01 A + 8465.95.99 A + +8465.96 Splitting/slicing or paring mach for wrkg wood/cork/bne/hrd 8465.96.10 D 8465.96.00 A 8465.96.01 A + 8465.96.90 A + +8465.99 Mach-tls for working wod/crk/bne/hrd rubber/hrd plas or sim hr 8465.99.10 A 8465.99.00 A 8465.99.01 A + 8465.99.20 D 8465.99.02 A + 8465.99.30 D 8465.99.03 A + 8465.99.90 A 8465.99.04 A + 8465.99.05 A + 8465.99.99 A + +8466.10 Tool holders and self-opening dieheads for use with mach of hd 8466.10.10 D 8466.10.00 A 8466.10.01 A + 8466.10.20 A 8466.10.02 B + 8466.10.90 A 8466.10.03 B + 8466.10.04 A + 8466.10.05 A + 8466.10.99 A + +8466.20 Work holders for use with mach of hdg 84.56 to 84.65 8466.20.10 D 8466.20.10 A 8466.20.01 A + 8466.20.20 A 8466.20.90 A 8466.20.02 A + 8466.20.90 A 8466.20.03 A + 8466.20.99 A + + +8466.30 Dividg heads & other spec attach for mch for use with mch or 8466.30.10 D 8466.30.10 A 8466.30.01 A + 8466.30.20 A 8466.30.30 A 8466.30.02 B + 8466.30.90 A 8466.30.50 A 8466.30.03 A + 8466.30.04 B + 8466.30.99 A + +8466.91 Parts and accessories nes for use on machines of heading No 8466.91.10 D 8466.91.10 D 8466.91.01 A + 8466.91.90 A 8466.91.50 A + +8466.92 Parts and accessories nes for use on machines of heading No 8466.92.10 A 8466.92.10 D 8466.92.01 A + 8466.92.20 D 8466.92.50 A + 8466.92.90 A + +8466.93 Parts and accessories nes for use on machines of heading No 8466.93.10 D 8466.93.10 D 8466.93.01 A + 8466.93.90 A 8466.93.50 A 8466.93.02 A + 8466.93.70 A 8466.93.03 A + 8466.93.99 A + +8466.94 Parts and accessories nes for use on machines of heading No 8466.94.10 D 8466.94.10 D 8466.94.01 A + 8466.94.90 A 8466.94.50 A 8466.94.99 A + +8467.11 Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic rotary type 8467.11.10 A 8467.11.10 A 8467.11.01 A + 8467.11.90 D 8467.11.50 A 8467.11.02 A + 8467.11.99 A + +8467.19 Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic type nes 8467.19.10 A 8467.19.10 A 8467.19.01 A + 8467.19.90 D 8467.19.50 A 8467.19.99 A + +8467.81 Chain saws 8467.81.00 A 8467.81.00 A 8467.81.01 A + +8467.89 Tools for working in the hand with selfcontained non-electric 8467.89.10 D 8467.89.10 A 8467.89.01 A + 8467.89.90 A 8467.89.50 A 8467.89.02 A + 8467.89.03 A + 8467.89.99 A + +8467.91 Chain saw parts 8467.91.00 A 8467.91.00 A 8467.91.01 A + +8467.92 Pneumatic hand tool parts 8467.92.10 D 8467.92.00 A 8467.92.01 A + 8467.92.20 A + +8467.99 Hand tools nes, parts of 8467.99.10 D 8467.99.00 A 8467.99.99 A + 8467.99.20 A + +8468.10 Torches, hand-held, for soldering, brazing or welding 8468.10.00 A 8468.10.00 A 8468.10.01 B + +8468.20 Gas-operated machinery for welding nes 8468.20.10 A 8468.20.10 A 8468.20.01 A + 8468.20.90 A 8468.20.50 D 8468.20.02 B + 8468.20.99 A + +8468.80 Welding machinery not gas-operated 8468.80.00 A 8468.80.10 A 8468.80.01 A + 8468.80.50 D + + +8468.90 Welding machinery parts 8468.90.10 A 8468.90.10 A 8468.90.01 A + 8468.90.20 A 8468.90.50 D + 8468.90.30 A + 8468.90.40 A + +8469.10 Automatic typewriters and wordprocessing machines 8469.10.10 D 8469.10.00 A 8469.10.01 B + 8469.10.20 A 8469.10.99 A + +8469.21 Typewriters, electric, weighing not more than 12 kg, excluding 8469.21.00 D 8469.21.00 D 8469.21.01 A + +8469.29 Typewriters, electric, nes 8469.29.10 A 8469.29.00 D 8469.29.99 A + 8469.29.90 D + +8469.31 Typewriters, non-electric, weighing not more than 12 kg, 8469.31.00 D 8469.31.00 D 8469.31.01 A + +8469.39 Typewriters, non-electric, nes 8469.39.00 D 8469.39.00 D 8469.39.99 A + +8470.10 Electronic calculators capable of oper without an external 8470.10.00 A 8470.10.00 A 8470.10.01 A + 8470.10.02 A + 8470.10.03 A + +8470.21 Electronic calculating machines, incorporating a printing 8470.21.00 A 8470.21.00 A 8470.21.01 A + +8470.29 Electronic calculating machines, nes 8470.29.00 A 8470.29.00 A 8470.29.01 A + 8470.29.02 A + +8470.30 Calculating machines, nes 8470.30.00 D 8470.30.00 A 8470.30.01 A + +8470.40 Accounting machines 8470.40.00 D 8470.40.00 A 8470.40.01 A + +8470.50 Cash registers 8470.50.00 D 8470.50.00 D 8470.50.01 B + +8470.90 Postage franking mchy ticket-issuing mchy etc incorp a calc 8470.90.00 A 8470.90.00 A 8470.90.01 A + 8470.90.02 A + 8470.90.99 A + +8471.10 Analogue or hybrid automatic data processing machines 8471.10.00 A 8471.10.00 A 8471.10.01 A + +8471.20 Digital auto data process mach cntg in the same housing a CPU 8471.20.00 A 8471.20.00 A 8471.20.01 B + +8471.91 Digital process units whether or not presented with the rest o 8471.91.00 A 8471.91.00 A 8471.91.01 B + +8471.92 Input or output units, whether or not presented with the rest 8471.92.10 D 8471.92.10 A 8471.92.FA B + 8471.92.90 A 8471.92.20 D 8471.92.01 A + 8471.92.30 D 8471.92.99 A + 8471.92.40 A + 8471.92.65 A + 8471.92.70 D + 8471.92.80 D + 8471.92.90 A + + +8471.93 Storage units, whether or not presented with the rest of a 8471.93.10 D 8471.93.10 D 8471.93.01 A + 8471.93.90 A 8471.93.15 D + 8471.93.20 A + 8471.93.30 D + 8471.93.40 A + 8471.93.50 D + 8471.93.60 A + +8471.99 Automatic data processing machines and units thereof, nes 8471.99.10 D 8471.99.15 D 8471.99.01 B + 8471.99.90 A 8471.99.32 D + 8471.99.34 A + 8471.99.60 D + 8471.99.90 A + +8472.10 Office duplicating machines 8472.10.00 A 8472.10.00 A 8472.10.01 A + 8472.10.02 A + +8472.20 Addressing machines and address plate embossing machines 8472.20.00 A 8472.20.00 A 8472.20.01 A + 8472.20.02 A + +8472.30 Mchy for sorting or folding mail etc & mchy for cancelling 8472.30.00 A 8472.30.00 A 8472.30.01 A + 8472.30.02 A + 8472.30.03 A + 8472.30.99 A + +8472.90 Office machines, nes 8472.90.10 A 8472.90.20 A 8472.90.01 B + 8472.90.20 A 8472.90.40 A 8472.90.02 B + 8472.90.30 A 8472.90.60 D 8472.90.03 B + 8472.90.90 A 8472.90.80 A 8472.90.04 B + 8472.90.05 B + 8472.90.06 B + 8472.90.07 B + 8472.90.08 B + 8472.90.09 A + 8472.90.10 B + 8472.90.11 B + 8472.90.12 B + 8472.90.13 A + 8472.90.14 A + 8472.90.15 A + 8472.90.99 A + +8473.10 Parts and accessories of typewriters and word-processing 8473.10.10 A 8473.10.00 A 8473.10.01 A + 8473.10.91 A 8473.10.02 A + 8473.10.92 A + 8473.10.93 D + +8473.21 Parts and accessories of electronic calculating mach of headin 8473.21.00 A 8473.21.00 A 8473.21.01 A + 8473.21.02 A + + +8473.29 Parts and accessories of calculating & accounting machines, ne 8473.29.10 D 8473.29.00 A 8473.29.01 A + 8473.29.20 A 8473.29.02 A + 8473.29.99 A + +8473.30 Parts and accessories of automatic data processing machines & 8473.30.10 D 8473.30.40 D 8473.30.01 A + 8473.30.20 A 8473.30.80 A 8473.30.99 A + +8473.40 Parts and accessories of other office machines, nes 8473.40.10 A 8473.40.20 A 8473.40.01 A + 8473.40.20 A 8473.40.40 A 8473.40.02 A + 8473.40.30 A 8473.40.03 A + 8473.40.40 A 8473.40.99 A + 8473.40.50 A + +8474.10 Sorting/screening/separating or washing mach for stone/ores or 8474.10.10 D 8474.10.00 A 8474.10.01 B + 8474.10.20 D 8474.10.02 A + 8474.10.90 A 8474.10.03 A + 8474.10.04 B + 8474.10.05 A + 8474.10.99 A + +8474.20 Crushing/grinding machines for earth/ stone/ores or other 8474.20.10 A 8474.20.00 A 8474.20.01 A + 8474.20.90 A 8474.20.02 B + 8474.20.03 A + 8474.20.04 A + 8474.20.05 B + 8474.20.06 B + 8474.20.07 B + 8474.20.99 A + +8474.31 Concrete or mortar mixers 8474.31.00 A 8474.31.00 A 8474.31.01 B + +8474.32 Machines for mixing mineral substances with bitumen 8474.32.00 A 8474.32.00 A 8474.32.01 A + +8474.39 Mixing or kneading machines nes for earth or other mineral 8474.39.10 D 8474.39.00 A 8474.39.01 B + 8474.39.20 A 8474.39.02 A + 8474.39.90 A 8474.39.99 A + +8474.80 Mach for agglomerating minerals fuels, mach for foundry moulds 8474.80.10 D 8474.80.00 A 8474.80.01 B + 8474.80.20 A 8474.80.02 B + 8474.80.90 A 8474.80.03 B + 8474.80.04 B + 8474.80.05 B + 8474.80.06 B + 8474.80.07 B + 8474.80.08 B + 8474.80.99 A + +8474.90 Pts of sorting/screening/mixing/crushing/grinding/washing/ 8474.90.10 D 8474.90.00 A 8474.90.01 B + 8474.90.20 D 8474.90.02 B + 8474.90.30 A 8474.90.03 B + 8474.90.40 A 8474.90.04 B + + 8474.90.99 B + +8475.10 Mach for assembling electric lamps, tubes, flashbulbs, in glas 8475.10.00 A 8475.10.00 A 8475.10.01 A + 8475.10.99 A + +8475.20 Machines for manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware 8475.20.00 D 8475.20.00 A 8475.20.01 A + 8475.20.02 A + 8475.20.03 C + 8475.20.04 A + 8475.20.99 A + +8475.90 Parts of glass working machines 8475.90.00 D 8475.90.10 A 8475.90.01 A + 8475.90.90 A 8475.90.99 A + +8476.11 Automatic goods-vending mach incorporating heating or 8476.11.10 A 8476.11.00 A 8476.11.01 A + 8476.11.90 A + +8476.19 Automatic goods-vending machines, nes 8476.19.10 A 8476.19.00 A 8476.19.99 A + 8476.19.20 A + 8476.19.90 A + +8476.90 Parts of automatic goods-vending machine 8476.90.00 A 8476.90.00 A 8476.90.01 A + 8476.90.99 A + +8477.10 Injection-moulding machines for working rubber or plastics nes 8477.10.11 A 8477.10.30 D 8477.10.01 A + 8477.10.19 A 8477.10.60 A 8477.10.02 A + 8477.10.20 A 8477.10.03 A + +8477.20 Extruders for working rubber or plastics nes 8477.20.11 A 8477.20.00 A 8477.20.01 A + 8477.20.19 A 8477.20.99 A + 8477.20.20 A + +8477.30 Blow moulding machines for working rubber or plastics nes 8477.30.11 A 8477.30.00 A 8477.30.01 A + 8477.30.19 A + 8477.30.20 A + +8477.40 Vacuum mld mach & other thermoforming mach for working rubber 8477.40.11 A 8477.40.00 A 8477.40.01 A + 8477.40.19 A + 8477.40.20 A + +8477.51 Mach for moulding/retreading pneu tires or for moulding/formin 8477.51.10 A 8477.51.00 A 8477.51.01 A + 8477.51.20 A + +8477.59 Mach for moulding or otherwise forming rubber or plastics nes 8477.59.10 A 8477.59.00 A 8477.59.99 A + 8477.59.20 A + +8477.80 Mach for working rubber or plastics or for the mfr of prods 8477.80.10 A 8477.80.00 A 8477.80.01 B + 8477.80.90 A 8477.80.02 B + 8477.80.03 B + 8477.80.04 A + 8477.80.05 B + + 8477.80.06 B + 8477.80.07 B + 8477.80.99 B + +8477.90 Pts of mach for wrkg rubber or plas or for the mfr of prods 8477.90.10 A 8477.90.00 A 8477.90.01 B + 8477.90.20 A + +8478.10 Machinery for preparing or making up tobacco nes 8478.10.00 D 8478.10.00 A 8478.10.01 A + 8478.10.02 A + 8478.10.03 A + 8478.10.04 A + 8478.10.99 A + +8478.90 Parts of machinery for preparing or making up tobacco nes 8478.90.00 D 8478.90.00 A 8478.90.01 A + +8479.10 Mach for public works, building or the like, nes having 8479.10.00 A 8479.10.00 A 8479.10.01 A + 8479.10.02 A + 8479.10.03 B + 8479.10.04 B + 8479.10.05 A + 8479.10.06 A + 8479.10.07 A + 8479.10.08 A + 8479.10.09 A + 8479.10.99 A + +8479.20 Mach for the extraction/prep of animal/ fixed fats/oil, nes 8479.20.00 A 8479.20.00 A 8479.20.01 A + +8479.30 Press for the mfr of part/fib board or for treat of wood etc 8479.30.00 A 8479.30.00 A 8479.30.01 A + 8479.30.02 A + 8479.30.99 A + +8479.40 Rope or cable-making machines, nes having individual functions 8479.40.00 A 8479.40.00 A 8479.40.01 A + 8479.40.02 A + 8479.40.99 A + +8479.81 Mach for treating metal inc electric wire coil-winders nes 8479.81.10 D 8479.81.00 A 8479.81.01 B + 8479.81.90 A 8479.81.02 B + 8479.81.03 B + 8479.81.04 B + 8479.81.05 B + 8479.81.99 A + +8479.82 Mach for mixing/kneading/crushing/grinding etc nes having 8479.82.00 A 8479.82.00 A 8479.82.01 B + 8479.82.02 C + 8479.82.03 A + 8479.82.04 B + 8479.82.05 A + 8479.82.99 A + +8479.89 Machines & mechanical appliances nes having individual 8479.89.10 D 8479.89.10 A 8479.89.01 A + + 8479.89.20 CM 8479.89.20 A 8479.89.02 A + 8479.89.30 BM 8479.89.30 A 8479.89.03 A + 8479.89.40 BM 8479.89.60 A 8479.89.04 B + 8479.89.51 D 8479.89.70 A 8479.89.05 B + 8479.89.59 A 8479.89.90 A 8479.89.06 B + 8479.89.60 A 8479.89.07 B + 8479.89.70 B 8479.89.08 B + 8479.89.80 A 8479.89.09 B + 8479.89.90 B 8479.89.10 B + 8479.89.11 A + 8479.89.12 B + 8479.89.13 B + 8479.89.14 C + 8479.89.15 C + 8479.89.16 C + 8479.89.17 C + 8479.89.18 B + 8479.89.19 C + 8479.89.20 A + 8479.89.21 B + 8479.89.22 B + 8479.89.23 C + 8479.89.24 B + 8479.89.25 B + 8479.89.26 B + 8479.89.99 B + +8479.90 Parts of machines & mechanical appliances nes having individua 8479.90.10 BM 8479.90.40 A 8479.90.01 B + 8479.90.20 D 8479.90.80 A 8479.90.02 B + 8479.90.30 BM 8479.90.03 B + 8479.90.40 A 8479.90.04 A + 8479.90.50 A 8479.90.05 B + 8479.90.60 A 8479.90.06 B + 8479.90.70 B 8479.90.07 A + 8479.90.80 A 8479.90.08 B + 8479.90.09 B + 8479.90.10 B + 8479.90.11 B + 8479.90.12 A + 8479.90.13 B + 8479.90.14 B + 8479.90.15 A + 8479.90.16 B + 8479.90.99 A + +8480.10 Boxes, moulding, for metal foundry 8480.10.00 D 8480.10.00 A 8480.10.01 C + +8480.20 Bases, mould 8480.20.00 A 8480.20.00 A 8480.20.01 B + +8480.30 Patterns, moulding 8480.30.00 A 8480.30.00 A 8480.30.01 A + 8480.30.02 A + + 8480.30.99 A + +8480.41 Moulds, injection or compression types, for metal or metal 8480.41.00 A 8480.41.00 A 8480.41.01 B + 8480.41.99 C + +8480.49 Moulds for metal or metal carbides, nes 8480.49.00 A 8480.49.00 A 8480.49.01 B + 8480.49.02 B + 8480.49.99 B + +8480.50 Moulds for glass 8480.50.00 D 8480.50.00 A 8480.50.01 C + 8480.50.02 C + 8480.50.99 B + +8480.60 Moulds for mineral materials 8480.60.00 A 8480.60.00 A 8480.60.01 B + 8480.60.99 B + +8480.71 Moulds, injection or compression types, for rubber or plastics 8480.71.00 A 8480.71.10 D 8480.71.01 B + 8480.71.90 A 8480.71.02 B + 8480.71.99 B + +8480.79 Moulds for rubber or plastics, nes 8480.79.00 A 8480.79.10 D 8480.79.01 C + 8480.79.90 A 8480.79.02 C + 8480.79.03 C + 8480.79.04 C + 8480.79.05 C + 8480.79.99 B + +8481.10 Valves, pressure reducing 8481.10.10 A 8481.10.00 A 8481.10.01 B + 8481.10.91 B 8481.10.02 C + 8481.10.99 B 8481.10.99 C + +8481.20 Valves for oleohydraulic or pneumatic transmissions 8481.20.00 A 8481.20.00 A 8481.20.01 C + 8481.20.02 A + 8481.20.03 C + 8481.20.04 C + 8481.20.05 B + 8481.20.06 C + 8481.20.07 C + 8481.20.08 A + 8481.20.09 A + 8481.20.10 C + 8481.20.11 C + 8481.20.12 C + 8481.20.99 C + +8481.30 Valves, check 8481.30.10 B 8481.30.10 A 8481.30.01 B + 8481.30.90 B 8481.30.20 A 8481.30.02 C + 8481.30.90 A 8481.30.03 B + 8481.30.04 C + 8481.30.99 B + + +8481.40 Valves, safety or relief 8481.40.10 D 8481.40.00 A 8481.40.01 A + 8481.40.20 D 8481.40.02 A + 8481.40.91 B 8481.40.03 A + 8481.40.99 B 8481.40.04 A + 8481.40.05 C + 8481.40.99 C + +8481.80 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances, nes 8481.80.10 D 8481.80.10 A 8481.80.01 C + 8481.80.20 B 8481.80.30 A 8481.80.02 C + 8481.80.91 BM 8481.80.50 A 8481.80.03 C + 8481.80.99 B 8481.80.90 A 8481.80.04 C + 8481.80.05 A + 8481.80.06 C + 8481.80.07 A + 8481.80.08 C + 8481.80.09 C + 8481.80.10 A + 8481.80.11 C + 8481.80.12 B + 8481.80.13 A + 8481.80.14 A + 8481.80.15 A + 8481.80.16 B + 8481.80.17 A + 8481.80.18 A + 8481.80.19 B + 8481.80.20 A + 8481.80.21 C + 8481.80.22 C + 8481.80.23 A + 8481.80.99 C + +8481.90 Parts of taps, cocks, valves or similar appliances 8481.90.10 B 8481.90.10 A 8481.90.01 C + 8481.90.20 D 8481.90.30 A 8481.90.02 C + 8481.90.30 A 8481.90.50 A 8481.90.03 C + 8481.90.40 B 8481.90.90 A 8481.90.04 A + 8481.90.05 A + 8481.90.06 C + 8481.90.99 C + +8482.10 Bearings, ball 8482.10.10 A 8482.10.10 C 8482.10.01 C + 8482.10.90 D 8482.10.50 C 8482.10.02 C + 8482.10.03 A + 8482.10.04 C + 8482.10.99 C + +8482.20 Bearings, tapered roller, including cone and tapered roller 8482.20.10 A 8482.20.00 C 8482.20.01 C + 8482.20.90 D 8482.20.02 A + 8482.20.99 C + +8482.30 Bearings, spherical roller 8482.30.00 D 8482.30.00 C 8482.30.01 A + + 8482.30.99 A + +8482.40 Bearings, needle roller 8482.40.00 D 8482.40.00 C 8482.40.01 A + 8482.40.99 A + +8482.50 Bearings, cylindrical roller, nes 8482.50.00 D 8482.50.00 C 8482.50.01 A + 8482.50.99 A + +8482.80 Bearings, ball or roller, nes, including combined ball/roller 8482.80.10 A 8482.80.00 C 8482.80.01 A + 8482.80.90 D 8482.80.99 A + +8482.91 Balls, needles and rollers for bearings 8482.91.10 A 8482.91.00 C 8482.91.01 A + 8482.91.91 A 8482.91.02 A + 8482.91.99 D 8482.91.99 A + +8482.99 Bearing parts, nes 8482.99.10 A 8482.99.10 C 8482.99.01 C + 8482.99.90 D 8482.99.30 C 8482.99.02 A + 8482.99.50 C 8482.99.99 C + 8482.99.70 C + +8483.10 Transmission shafts and cranks, including cam shafts and crank 8483.10.10 D 8483.10.10 A 8483.10.01 B + 8483.10.90 B 8483.10.30 A 8483.10.02 B + 8483.10.50 A 8483.10.03 B + 8483.10.04 B + 8483.10.05 B + 8483.10.06 B + 8483.10.07 A + 8483.10.08 A + 8483.10.09 B + 8483.10.10 B + 8483.10.11 B + 8483.10.12 B + 8483.10.99 A + +8483.20 Bearing housings, incorporating ball or roller bearings 8483.20.00 C 8483.20.40 A 8483.20.01 C + 8483.20.80 C + +8483.30 Bearing housings, not incorporating ball or roller bearings; 8483.30.00 B 8483.30.40 B 8483.30.01 B + 8483.30.80 A 8483.30.02 B + 8483.30.03 B + 8483.30.04 B + 8483.30.05 B + 8483.30.06 B + 8483.30.99 B + +8483.40 Gears and gearing, ball screws, gear boxes, speed 8483.40.00 B 8483.40.10 A 8483.40.01 B + 8483.40.30 D 8483.40.02 B + 8483.40.50 A 8483.40.03 C + 8483.40.70 A 8483.40.04 B + 8483.40.80 A 8483.40.05 C + 8483.40.90 A 8483.40.06 B + + 8483.40.07 B + 8483.40.08 B + 8483.40.09 B + 8483.40.10 B + 8483.40.11 B + 8483.40.12 B + 8483.40.13 B + 8483.40.14 B + 8483.40.15 B + 8483.40.99 B + +8483.50 Flywheels and pulleys, including pulley blocks 8483.50.10 D 8483.50.40 A 8483.50.01 B + 8483.50.90 B 8483.50.80 B 8483.50.02 B + 8483.50.03 B + 8483.50.04 B + 8483.50.99 B + +8483.60 Clutches and shaft couplings (including universal joints) 8483.60.10 D 8483.60.40 A 8483.60.01 B + 8483.60.20 D 8483.60.80 B 8483.60.02 B + 8483.60.80 B 8483.60.03 B + 8483.60.90 B 8483.60.04 B + 8483.60.99 B + +8483.90 Parts of power transmission equipment or other goods used to 8483.90.10 B 8483.90.10 A 8483.90.01 B + 8483.90.20 D 8483.90.20 A 8483.90.02 B + 8483.90.30 D 8483.90.30 A 8483.90.03 B + 8483.90.40 B 8483.90.50 A 8483.90.04 A + 8483.90.50 B 8483.90.70 A 8483.90.05 B + 8483.90.80 A 8483.90.99 B + +8484.10 Gaskets of metal sheeting combined with other material 8484.10.00 B 8484.10.00 A 8484.10.01 B + +8484.90 Gasket sets consisting of gaskets of different materials 8484.90.00 B 8484.90.00 A 8484.90.01 B + 8484.90.02 A + 8484.90.03 A + +8485.10 Ships' propellers and blades therefor 8485.10.00 A 8485.10.00 A 8485.10.01 B + 8485.10.99 A + +8485.90 Machinery parts, non-electrical, nes 8485.90.10 B 8485.90.00 A 8485.90.01 B + 8485.90.20 A 8485.90.02 A + 8485.90.90 B 8485.90.03 A + 8485.90.04 A + 8485.90.05 A + 8485.90.06 A + 8485.90.07 B + 8485.90.08 B + 8485.90.99 A + +8501.10 Electric motors of an output not exceeding 37.5 W 8501.10.10 CM 8501.10.20 A 8501.10.01 A + 8501.10.90 BM 8501.10.40 A 8501.10.02 A + + 8501.10.60 A 8501.10.03 A + 8501.10.04 A + 8501.10.05 A + 8501.10.06 A + 8501.10.07 C + 8501.10.08 A + 8501.10.09 C + 8501.10.99 C + +8501.20 Universal AC/DC motors of an output exceeding 37.5 W 8501.20.11 B 8501.20.20 A 8501.20.01 A + 8501.20.19 CM 8501.20.40 A 8501.20.02 C + 8501.20.21 C 8501.20.50 A 8501.20.03 C + 8501.20.29 BM 8501.20.60 A 8501.20.04 A + 8501.20.99 C + +8501.31 DC motors, DC generators, of an output not exceeding 750 W 8501.31.11 CM 8501.31.20 A 8501.31.01 B + 8501.31.19 BM 8501.31.40 A 8501.31.02 A + 8501.31.1V B 8501.31.50 A 8501.31.03 C + 8501.31.21 B 8501.31.60 A 8501.31.04 A + 8501.31.29 BM 8501.31.80 A 8501.31.05 B + 8501.31.30 B 8501.31.99 C + +8501.32 DC motors, DC generators, of an output exceeding 750 W but not 8501.32.11 B 8501.32.20 A 8501.32.01 C + 8501.32.19 B 8501.32.40 D 8501.32.02 A + 8501.32.20 B 8501.32.60 A 8501.32.03 A + 8501.32.04 A + 8501.32.05 C + 8501.32.99 C + +8501.33 DC motors, DC generators, of an output exceeding 75 KW but not 8501.33.11 A 8501.33.20 D 8501.33.01 C + 8501.33.19 B 8501.33.30 A 8501.33.02 C + 8501.33.21 A 8501.33.40 A 8501.33.03 A + 8501.33.29 A 8501.33.60 A 8501.33.04 A + 8501.33.31 A 8501.33.05 A + 8501.33.32 A 8501.33.99 C + +8501.34 DC motors, DC generators, of an output exceeding 375 KW 8501.34.11 B 8501.34.30 A 8501.34.01 C + 8501.34.19 B 8501.34.60 A 8501.34.02 A + 8501.34.20 B 8501.34.03 A + 8501.34.04 A + 8501.34.05 C + 8501.34.99 C + +8501.40 AC motors, single-phase, nes 8501.40.11 BM 8501.40.20 A 8501.40.01 A + 8501.40.12 D 8501.40.40 B 8501.40.02 A + 8501.40.19 B 8501.40.50 A 8501.40.03 A + 8501.40.21 BM 8501.40.60 A 8501.40.04 A + 8501.40.29 BM 8501.40.05 C + 8501.40.06 C + 8501.40.07 C + 8501.40.08 C + + 8501.40.09 C + 8501.40.99 C + +8501.51 AC motors, multi-phase, of an output not exceeding 750 W 8501.51.10 B 8501.51.20 A 8501.51.01 A + 8501.51.20 D 8501.51.40 A 8501.51.02 C + 8501.51.90 B 8501.51.50 A 8501.51.03 C + 8501.51.60 A 8501.51.04 C + 8501.51.99 C + +8501.52 AC motors, multi-phase, of an output exceeding 750 W but not 8501.52.10 C 8501.52.40 A 8501.52.01 A + 8501.52.90 B 8501.52.80 D 8501.52.02 A + 8501.52.03 A + 8501.52.04 C + 8501.52.05 C + 8501.52.99 C + +8501.53 AC motors, multi-phase, of an output exceeding 75 KW 8501.53.11 B 8501.53.40 D 8501.53.01 A + 8501.53.19 B 8501.53.60 A 8501.53.02 A + 8501.53.21 B 8501.53.80 A 8501.53.03 A + 8501.53.29 B 8501.53.04 C + 8501.53.05 C + 8501.53.06 C + 8501.53.07 C + 8501.53.99 C + +8501.61 AC generators (alternators), of an output not exceeding 75 KVA 8501.61.10 A 8501.61.00 A 8501.61.01 C + 8501.61.90 A + +8501.62 AC generators, of an output exceeding 75 KVA but not exceeding 8501.62.11 A 8501.62.00 A 8501.62.01 C + 8501.62.19 A + 8501.62.21 A + 8501.62.29 A + +8501.63 AC generators, of an output exceeding 375 KVA but not exceedin 8501.63.10 A 8501.63.00 A 8501.63.01 C + 8501.63.90 A + +8501.64 AC generators, of an output exceeding 750 KVA 8501.64.10 B 8501.64.00 A 8501.64.01 C + 8501.64.90 B 8501.64.99 C + +8502.11 Generating sets, diesel or semi-diesel engines, of an output 8502.11.00 A 8502.11.00 A 8502.11.01 C + +8502.12 Generating sets, diesel or semi-diesel exceeding 75 KVA but no 8502.12.00 A 8502.12.00 A 8502.12.01 C + +8502.13 Generating sets, diesel or semi-diesel engines, of an output 8502.13.00 A 8502.13.00 A 8502.13.01 C + 8502.13.02 A + 8502.13.03 A + +8502.20 Generating sets with spark-ignition internal combustion piston 8502.20.00 A 8502.20.00 A 8502.20.01 C + 8502.20.02 C + 8502.20.03 B + 8502.20.99 B + + +8502.30 Electric generating sets, nes 8502.30.00 B 8502.30.00 A 8502.30.01 C + 8502.30.99 C + +8502.40 Electric rotary converters 8502.40.00 A 8502.40.00 A 8502.40.01 B + +8503.00 Parts of electric motors, generators, generating sets and 8503.00.11 BM 8503.00.20 A 8503.00.01 C + 8503.00.12 B 8503.00.40 A 8503.00.02 B + 8503.00.13 B 8503.00.60 A 8503.00.03 A + 8503.00.14 BM 8503.00.04 B + 8503.00.15 B 8503.00.99 B + 8503.00.16 BM + 8503.00.17 B + 8503.00.18 BM + 8503.00.19 D + 8503.00.20 B + +8504.10 Ballasts for discharge lamps or tubes 8504.10.00 CM 8504.10.00 A 8504.10.01 C + 8504.10.99 C + +8504.21 Liquid dielectric transformers having a power handling capacit 8504.21.10 B 8504.21.00 A 8504.21.01 C + 8504.21.20 B 8504.21.02 C + 8504.21.03 C + 8504.21.04 C + 8504.21.99 C + +8504.22 Liq dielectric transf having a power handling cap >650 KVA but 8504.22.00 B 8504.22.00 A 8504.22.01 C + +8504.23 Liq dielectric transf having a power handling capacity 8504.23.00 B 8504.23.00 A 8504.23.01 C + +8504.31 Transformers electric power handling capacity not exceeding 1 8504.31.00 CM 8504.31.20 A 8504.31.01 C + 8504.31.40 A 8504.31.02 C + 8504.31.60 A 8504.31.03 C + 8504.31.04 C + 8504.31.05 C + 8504.31.99 C + +8504.32 Transformers electric power handling capacity > 1 KVA but È 16 8504.32.00 CM 8504.32.00 A 8504.32.01 C + 8504.32.02 C + 8504.32.03 C + 8504.32.99 C + +8504.33 Transformers electric power handling capacity > 16 KVA but È 8504.33.00 CM 8504.33.00 A 8504.33.01 C + 8504.33.99 C + +8504.34 Transformers electric having a power handling capacity 8504.34.00 C 8504.34.00 A 8504.34.01 C + +8504.40 Static converters, nes 8504.40.10 D 8504.40.00 A 8504.40.01 C + 8504.40.20 BM 8504.40.02 A + 8504.40.91 C 8504.40.03 A + 8504.40.99 B 8504.40.04 A + + 8504.40.05 A + 8504.40.06 A + 8504.40.07 A + 8504.40.08 A + 8504.40.09 A + 8504.40.10 B + 8504.40.11 C + 8504.40.99 B + +8504.50 Inductors, electric 8504.50.10 D 8504.50.00 A 8504.50.01 C + 8504.50.90 B 8504.50.02 C + 8504.50.03 A + 8504.50.99 A + +8504.90 Parts of electrical transformers, static converters and 8504.90.10 BM 8504.90.00 A 8504.90.01 A + 8504.90.20 D 8504.90.02 C + 8504.90.30 B 8504.90.03 A + 8504.90.40 B 8504.90.04 A + 8504.90.50 B 8504.90.05 A + 8504.90.06 C + 8504.90.99 C + +8505.11 Permanent magnets and articles intended to become permanent 8505.11.00 A 8505.11.00 A 8505.11.01 A + +8505.19 Permanent magnets and articles intended to become permanent 8505.19.00 A 8505.19.00 A 8505.19.99 A + +8505.20 Electro-magnetic couplings, clutches and brakes 8505.20.10 A 8505.20.00 A 8505.20.01 A + 8505.20.90 A 8505.20.99 A + +8505.30 Electro-magnetic lifting heads 8505.30.00 A 8505.30.00 A 8505.30.01 A + 8505.30.02 A + +8505.90 Electro-magnets nes and parts of heading No 85.05 8505.90.10 A 8505.90.40 A 8505.90.01 A + 8505.90.90 A 8505.90.80 A 8505.90.02 A + 8505.90.03 A + 8505.90.04 A + 8505.90.05 A + 8505.90.06 A + 8505.90.99 A + +8506.11 Manganese dioxide primary cells & batt of an external volume È 8506.11.00 BM 8506.11.00 A 8506.11.01 C + 8506.11.02 C + 8506.11.03 C + 8506.11.04 C + 8506.11.99 C + +8506.12 Mercuric oxide primary cells & batteries of an external volume 8506.12.00 A 8506.12.00 A 8506.12.01 C + 8506.12.02 C + 8506.12.03 C + 8506.12.04 C + 8506.12.99 C + + +8506.13 Silver oxide primary cells & batteries of an external volume È 8506.13.00 A 8506.13.00 A 8506.13.01 C + 8506.13.02 C + 8506.13.03 C + 8506.13.04 C + 8506.13.99 C + +8506.19 Primary cells and primary batteries of an external volume È 30 8506.19.00 B 8506.19.00 A 8506.19.01 C + 8506.19.02 C + 8506.19.03 C + 8506.19.04 C + 8506.19.99 C + +8506.20 Primary cells and primary batteries of an external volume 8506.20.00 B 8506.20.00 A 8506.20.01 C + +8506.90 Parts of primary cells and primary batteries 8506.90.10 D 8506.90.00 A 8506.90.01 C + 8506.90.90 B + +8507.10 Lead-acid electric accumulators of a kind used for starting 8507.10.00 C 8507.10.00 A 8507.10.01 C + 8507.10.02 B + 8507.10.03 C + +8507.20 Lead-acid electric accumulators nes 8507.20.00 B 8507.20.00 A 8507.20.01 C + 8507.20.02 B + 8507.20.03 B + 8507.20.04 B + +8507.30 Nickel-cadmium electric accumulators 8507.30.00 B 8507.30.00 A 8507.30.01 A + 8507.30.02 B + 8507.30.03 A + 8507.30.99 C + +8507.40 Nickel-iron electric accumultors 8507.40.00 A 8507.40.00 A 8507.40.01 A + 8507.40.02 B + 8507.40.03 A + 8507.40.99 C + +8507.80 Electric accumulators, nes 8507.80.00 B 8507.80.00 A 8507.80.01 B + 8507.80.02 B + 8507.80.03 B + 8507.80.99 C + +8507.90 Parts of electric accumulators, including separators therefor 8507.90.11 D 8507.90.40 A 8507.90.01 B + 8507.90.12 B 8507.90.80 A 8507.90.99 B + 8507.90.13 B + 8507.90.90 B + +8508.10 Drills, hand-held, with self-contained electric motor 8508.10.00 CM 8508.10.00 A 8508.10.01 C + 8508.10.02 C + 8508.10.03 C + 8508.10.99 B + + +8508.20 Saws, hand-held, with self-contained electric motor 8508.20.00 B 8508.20.00 A 8508.20.01 A + 8508.20.02 A + 8508.20.99 B + +8508.80 Tools, nes, hand-held, with selfcontained electric motor 8508.80.00 CM 8508.80.00 A 8508.80.01 C + 8508.80.02 A + 8508.80.03 C + 8508.80.99 B + +8508.90 Parts of hand tools with self-contained electric motor 8508.90.00 A 8508.90.00 A 8508.90.01 A + +8509.10 Domestic vacuum cleaners 8509.10.00 CM 8509.10.00 A 8509.10.01 C + +8509.20 Domestic floor polishers 8509.20.00 A 8509.20.00 A 8509.20.01 A + +8509.30 Domestic kitchen waste disposers 8509.30.00 A 8509.30.00 A 8509.30.01 A + +8509.40 Domestic food grinders and mixers; fruit or vegetable juice 8509.40.10 D 8509.40.00 A 8509.40.01 C + 8509.40.90 C 8509.40.02 C + 8509.40.03 C + 8509.40.04 C + +8509.80 Electro-mechanical domestic appliances, with self-contained 8509.80.00 BM 8509.80.00 A 8509.80.01 B + 8509.80.02 B + 8509.80.03 B + 8509.80.04 B + 8509.80.05 B + 8509.80.06 B + 8509.80.07 B + 8509.80.08 B + 8509.80.09 B + 8509.80.10 B + 8509.80.99 B + +8509.90 Parts of electro-mech dom appliances with self-contained 8509.90.10 A 8509.90.20 A 8509.90.01 A + 8509.90.20 D 8509.90.30 A 8509.90.99 C + 8509.90.30 A 8509.90.40 A + 8509.90.40 A + +8510.10 Shavers, with self-contained electric motor 8510.10.00 D 8510.10.00 A 8510.10.01 B + +8510.20 Hair clippers, with self-contained electric motor 8510.20.10 D 8510.20.00 A 8510.20.01 A + 8510.20.90 B + +8510.90 Parts of shavers and hair clippers, with self-contained 8510.90.10 D 8510.90.10 A 8510.90.01 B + 8510.90.20 A 8510.90.20 A 8510.90.02 B + 8510.90.30 A 8510.90.03 B + 8510.90.04 B + 8510.90.05 A + 8510.90.99 B + + +8511.10 Spark plugs 8511.10.00 B 8511.10.00 A 8511.10.01 A + 8511.10.02 A + 8511.10.99 B + +8511.20 Ignition magnetos, magneto-generators and magnetic flywheels 8511.20.10 A 8511.20.00 A 8511.20.01 A + 8511.20.90 B 8511.20.02 A + 8511.20.03 B + 8511.20.99 B + +8511.30 Distributors and ignition coils 8511.30.00 B 8511.30.00 A 8511.30.01 B + 8511.30.02 B + 8511.30.03 A + 8511.30.04 A + +8511.40 Starter motors 8511.40.00 B 8511.40.00 A 8511.40.01 B + 8511.40.02 A + 8511.40.03 A + 8511.40.04 C + +8511.50 Generators and alternators 8511.50.00 BM 8511.50.00 A 8511.50.01 B + 8511.50.02 A + 8511.50.03 A + 8511.50.04 C + 8511.50.05 B + +8511.80 Glow plugs and other ignition or starting equipment nes 8511.80.00 B 8511.80.20 A 8511.80.01 B + 8511.80.40 A 8511.80.02 A + 8511.80.60 A 8511.80.03 B + 8511.80.04 A + 8511.80.99 C + +8511.90 Parts of electrical ignition or starting equipment 8511.90.10 A 8511.90.20 A 8511.90.01 B + 8511.90.20 BM 8511.90.40 A 8511.90.02 B + 8511.90.60 A 8511.90.03 C + 8511.90.04 A + 8511.90.05 B + 8511.90.06 A + 8511.90.07 B + 8511.90.99 B + +8512.10 Lighting or signalling equipment of a kind used on bicycles 8512.10.00 B 8512.10.20 A 8512.10.01 C + 8512.10.40 A 8512.10.02 B + 8512.10.03 A + 8512.10.99 A + +8512.20 Lighting or visual signalling equipment nes 8512.20.00 B 8512.20.20 D 8512.20.01 B + 8512.20.40 A 8512.20.02 B + 8512.20.03 B + 8512.20.99 B + + +8512.30 Sound signalling equipment 8512.30.00 B 8512.30.00 A 8512.30.01 B + +8512.40 Windscreen wipes, defrosters and demisters 8512.40.00 A 8512.40.20 A 8512.40.01 A + 8512.40.40 A + +8512.90 Parts of electrical lighting, signalling and defrosting 8512.90.00 BM 8512.90.20 A 8512.90.01 B + 8512.90.40 A 8512.90.02 B + 8512.90.60 D 8512.90.03 B + 8512.90.70 A 8512.90.04 B + 8512.90.90 A 8512.90.05 B + 8512.90.06 B + 8512.90.07 B + 8512.90.08 B + 8512.90.99 B + +8513.10 Portable electric lamps designed to function by their own 8513.10.10 D 8513.10.20 A 8513.10.01 C + 8513.10.20 D 8513.10.40 A 8513.10.02 C + 8513.10.90 BM 8513.10.99 C + +8513.90 Parts of portable elect lamps designed to function by own 8513.90.10 D 8513.90.20 A 8513.90.01 A + 8513.90.20 A 8513.90.40 A + +8514.10 Industrial & laboratory electric resistance heated furnaces & 8514.10.10 B 8514.10.00 A 8514.10.01 C + 8514.10.90 B 8514.10.02 C + 8514.10.03 C + 8514.10.99 C + +8514.20 Industrial & laboratory electric induction or dielectric 8514.20.10 B 8514.20.00 A 8514.20.01 C + 8514.20.90 B 8514.20.02 C + 8514.20.03 B + 8514.20.99 C + +8514.30 Industrial & laboratory electric furnaces & ovens nes 8514.30.10 B 8514.30.00 A 8514.30.01 C + 8514.30.20 B 8514.30.02 B + 8514.30.90 B 8514.30.03 C + 8514.30.04 C + 8514.30.05 A + 8514.30.99 C + +8514.40 Industrial & laboratory electric induction or dielectric 8514.40.10 B 8514.40.00 A 8514.40.01 C + 8514.40.90 B 8514.40.99 C + +8514.90 Parts of industrial or laboratory electric furnaces and ovens 8514.90.10 D 8514.90.00 A 8514.90.01 B + 8514.90.91 B 8514.90.02 B + 8514.90.92 B 8514.90.03 B + 8514.90.93 B 8514.90.99 C + +8515.11 Electric soldering irons & guns 8515.11.00 A 8515.11.00 A 8515.11.01 C + 8515.11.99 C + +8515.19 Electric brazing or soldering machines and apparatus nes 8515.19.00 B 8515.19.00 A 8515.19.99 C + + +8515.21 Electric mach/app for resistance welding of metal fully or 8515.21.10 B 8515.21.00 A 8515.21.01 B + 8515.21.90 B 8515.21.02 C + 8515.21.03 C + +8515.29 Electric mach/app for resistance welding of metal nes 8515.29.10 B 8515.29.00 A 8515.29.01 B + 8515.29.90 B 8515.29.99 C + +8515.31 Elec mach & app for arc (inc plasma arc) welding of met fully 8515.31.00 B 8515.31.00 A 8515.31.01 C + 8515.31.02 C + 8515.31.99 C + +8515.39 Electric mach/app for arc (inc plasma arc) welding of metals 8515.39.00 B 8515.39.00 A 8515.39.01 C + 8515.39.02 C + 8515.39.99 C + +8515.80 Electric/laser/ultrasonic mach etc for weld/cut nes or for hot 8515.80.00 A 8515.80.00 A 8515.80.01 A + 8515.80.02 A + 8515.80.99 C + +8515.90 Pts of electric/laser/ultrasonic mach etc for weld/cut nes or 8515.90.10 A 8515.90.20 A 8515.90.01 B + 8515.90.90 A 8515.90.40 A 8515.90.02 B + 8515.90.03 B + 8515.90.99 B + +8516.10 Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion 8516.10.10 A 8516.10.00 A 8516.10.01 A + 8516.10.20 B + 8516.10.30 D + 8516.10.90 B + +8516.21 Electric space heating apparatus, having storage heating 8516.21.00 A 8516.21.00 A 8516.21.01 B + +8516.29 Electric space heating apparatus and electric soil heating 8516.29.11 B 8516.29.00 A 8516.29.01 B + 8516.29.19 B 8516.29.99 B + 8516.29.20 B + +8516.31 Electro-thermic hair dryers 8516.31.10 A 8516.31.00 A 8516.31.01 C + 8516.31.90 A + +8516.32 Electro-thermic hair-dressing apparatus, nes 8516.32.00 A 8516.32.00 A 8516.32.01 C + +8516.33 Electro-thermic hand-drying apparatus 8516.33.00 B 8516.33.00 A 8516.33.01 A + +8516.40 Electric smoothing irons 8516.40.00 A 8516.40.20 A 8516.40.01 C + 8516.40.40 A + +8516.50 Microwave ovens 8516.50.00 A 8516.50.00 A 8516.50.01 A + +8516.60 Ovens; cookers, cooking plates, boiling rings, grillers and 8516.60.00 B 8516.60.40 D 8516.60.01 B + 8516.60.60 A 8516.60.99 C + + +8516.71 Electro-thermic coffee or tea makers, domestic, nes 8516.71.10 C 8516.71.00 A 8516.71.01 C + 8516.71.20 A + +8516.72 Electro-thermic toasters, domestic 8516.72.00 A 8516.72.00 A 8516.72.01 B + +8516.79 Electro-thermic appliances, domestic, nes 8516.79.00 B 8516.79.00 A 8516.79.01 B + 8516.79.99 B + +8516.80 Electric heating resistors 8516.80.11 D 8516.80.40 A 8516.80.01 A + 8516.80.12 BM 8516.80.80 A 8516.80.02 B + 8516.80.19 BM 8516.80.03 B + 8516.80.91 D 8516.80.99 C + 8516.80.92 B + 8516.80.99 BM + +8516.90 Parts of electro-thermic apparatus of heading No 85.16 8516.90.10 A 8516.90.20 D 8516.90.01 B + 8516.90.20 B 8516.90.40 A 8516.90.02 B + 8516.90.30 B 8516.90.60 A 8516.90.03 B + 8516.90.41 D 8516.90.04 B + 8516.90.49 B 8516.90.05 B + 8516.90.50 B 8516.90.06 B + 8516.90.90 B 8516.90.99 B + +8517.10 Telephone sets 8517.10.00 A 8517.10.00 A 8517.10.FA A + 8517.10.01 B + 8517.10.02 B + 8517.10.03 B + +8517.20 Teleprinters 8517.20.00 A 8517.20.00 A 8517.20.01 A + 8517.20.99 A + +8517.30 Telephonic or telegraphic switching apparatus 8517.30.11 A 8517.30.15 A 8517.30.FA B + 8517.30.12 A 8517.30.20 A 8517.30.FB A + 8517.30.13 A 8517.30.25 A + 8517.30.19 A 8517.30.30 A + 8517.30.20 A 8517.30.50 A + +8517.40 Apparatus, for carrier-current line systems, nes 8517.40.10 A 8517.40.10 A 8517.40.01 A + 8517.40.90 A 8517.40.50 A 8517.40.02 A + 8517.40.70 A 8517.40.99 A + +8517.81 Telephonic apparatus, nes 8517.81.00 A 8517.81.00 A 8517.81.01 A + 8517.81.02 B + 8517.81.03 A + 8517.81.04 A + 8517.81.05 A + 8517.81.99 A + +8517.82 Telegraphic apparatus, nes 8517.82.10 D 8517.82.00 A 8517.82.01 A + 8517.82.20 A + 8517.82.90 A + + +8517.90 Parts of electrical apparatus for line telephone or line 8517.90.10 A 8517.90.05 A 8517.90.01 A + 8517.90.20 A 8517.90.10 A 8517.90.02 A + 8517.90.30 D 8517.90.15 A 8517.90.03 A + 8517.90.40 A 8517.90.30 A 8517.90.04 A + 8517.90.50 A 8517.90.35 A 8517.90.05 A + 8517.90.60 A 8517.90.40 A 8517.90.06 A + 8517.90.55 A 8517.90.07 A + 8517.90.60 A 8517.90.08 A + 8517.90.70 A 8517.90.09 A + 8517.90.80 A 8517.90.99 A + +8518.10 Microphones and stands therefor 8518.10.00 A 8518.10.00 A 8518.10.01 A + 8518.10.02 A + 8518.10.03 A + 8518.10.99 A + +8518.21 Single loudspeakers, mounted in the same enclosure 8518.21.00 ABM 8518.21.00 A 8518.21.01 B + +8518.22 Multiple loudspeakers, mounted in the same enclosure 8518.22.00 ABM 8518.22.00 A 8518.22.01 B + +8518.29 Loudspeakers, nes 8518.29.00 ABM 8518.29.00 A 8518.29.01 A + 8518.29.02 A + 8518.29.99 A + +8518.30 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets 8518.30.10 A 8518.30.10 A 8518.30.01 A + 8518.30.90 A 8518.30.20 A 8518.30.02 A + 8518.30.99 A + +8518.40 Audio-frequency electric amplifiers 8518.40.00 ABM 8518.40.10 A 8518.40.01 A + 8518.40.20 A 8518.40.02 A + 8518.40.03 A + 8518.40.04 A + 8518.40.05 A + 8518.40.06 A + 8518.40.07 A + 8518.40.99 A + +8518.50 Electric sound amplifier sets 8518.50.00 BM 8518.50.00 A 8518.50.01 B + +8518.90 Parts of microphones, loudspeakers, headphones, earphones & 8518.90.10 D 8518.90.10 A 8518.90.01 A + 8518.90.20 A 8518.90.30 A 8518.90.02 A + 8518.90.30 A 8518.90.99 A + 8518.90.40 A + +8519.10 Coin or disc-operated record-players 8519.10.00 D 8519.10.00 A 8519.10.01 A + +8519.21 Record-players without loudspeaker, nes 8519.21.00 D 8519.21.00 A 8519.21.01 A + 8519.21.02 A + 8519.21.99 A + + +8519.29 Record-players, nes 8519.29.00 D 8519.29.00 A 8519.29.01 A + 8519.29.02 A + 8519.29.99 A + +8519.31 Turntables with automatic record changing mechanism 8519.31.00 A 8519.31.00 A 8519.31.01 A + +8519.39 Turntables, nes 8519.39.00 D 8519.39.00 A 8519.39.99 A + +8519.40 Transcribing machines 8519.40.10 A 8519.40.00 A 8519.40.01 A + 8519.40.90 D + +8519.91 Sound reproducing apparatus, cassette type, not incorporating 8519.91.00 B 8519.91.00 A 8519.91.01 B + 8519.91.02 A + 8519.91.99 A + +8519.99 Sound reproducing apparatus, not incorporating a sound 8519.99.10 D 8519.99.00 A 8519.99.99 A + 8519.99.90 A + +8520.10 Dictating mach not capable of operating without an external 8520.10.10 A 8520.10.00 A 8520.10.01 A + 8520.10.90 D + +8520.20 Telephone answering machines 8520.20.00 A 8520.20.00 A 8520.20.01 A + +8520.31 Magnetic tape rec incorporating sound reproducing apparatus, 8520.31.10 D 8520.31.00 A 8520.31.01 A + 8520.31.90 B 8520.31.99 B + +8520.39 Magnetic tape recorders incorporating sound reproducing 8520.39.10 D 8520.39.00 A 8520.39.01 A + 8520.39.90 A 8520.39.99 A + +8520.90 Magnetic tape recorders and other sound recording apparatus, 8520.90.10 D 8520.90.00 A 8520.90.01 A + 8520.90.90 A 8520.90.02 A + 8520.90.99 A + +8521.10 Video recording or reproducing apparatus magnetic tape-type 8521.10.00 A 8521.10.00 A 8521.10.01 A + 8521.10.99 A + +8521.90 Video recording or reproducing apparatus nes 8521.90.00 A 8521.90.00 A 8521.90.01 A + +8522.10 Pick-up cartridges 8522.10.00 A 8522.10.00 A 8522.10.01 A + +8522.90 Parts and accessories of apparatus of heading Nos 85.19 to 8522.90.10 D 8522.90.40 A 8522.90.01 A + 8522.90.20 A 8522.90.60 A 8522.90.02 A + 8522.90.30 A 8522.90.90 A 8522.90.03 A + 8522.90.40 B 8522.90.04 A + 8522.90.50 A 8522.90.05 A + 8522.90.90 B 8522.90.06 A + 8522.90.07 A + 8522.90.08 A + 8522.90.09 A + 8522.90.10 C + 8522.90.11 A + + 8522.90.12 A + 8522.90.13 A + 8522.90.99 A + +8523.11 Unrecorded magnetic tapes, of a width not exceeding 4 mm 8523.11.00 A 8523.11.00 A 8523.11.01 A + 8523.11.02 A + 8523.11.99 A + +8523.12 Unrecorded magnetic tapes, of a width exceeding 4 mm but not 8523.12.00 A 8523.12.00 A 8523.12.01 A + 8523.12.02 A + 8523.12.99 A + +8523.13 Unrecorded magnetic tapes, of a width exceeding 6.5 mm 8523.13.00 A 8523.13.00 A 8523.13.01 A + 8523.13.02 A + 8523.13.03 A + 8523.13.99 A + +8523.20 Unrecorded magnetic discs 8523.20.00 D 8523.20.00 A 8523.20.01 A + 8523.20.99 A + +8523.90 Prepared unrecorded media for sound recording or other 8523.90.00 A 8523.90.00 A 8523.90.01 A + 8523.90.99 A + +8524.10 Recorded gramophone records 8524.10.00 A 8524.10.00 A 8524.10.01 A + 8524.10.02 A + 8524.10.99 A + +8524.21 Recorded magnetic tapes, of a width not exceeding 4 mm 8524.21.10 BM 8524.21.10 D 8524.21.01 A + 8524.21.90 D 8524.21.30 A 8524.21.02 A + 8524.21.03 A + 8524.21.99 A + +8524.22 Recorded magnetic tapes, of a width exceeding 4 mm but not 8524.22.10 BM 8524.22.10 A 8524.22.01 A + 8524.22.90 D 8524.22.20 A 8524.22.02 A + 8524.22.03 A + 8524.22.99 A + +8524.23 Recorded magnetic tapes, of a width exceeding 6.5 mm 8524.23.10 BM 8524.23.10 A 8524.23.01 A + 8524.23.90 D 8524.23.20 A 8524.23.02 A + 8524.23.03 A + 8524.23.99 A + +8524.90 Recorded media for sound or other similarly recorded phenomena 8524.90.10 A 8524.90.20 D 8524.90.01 A + 8524.90.20 D 8524.90.30 A 8524.90.99 A + 8524.90.90 A 8524.90.40 A + +8525.10 Transmission apparatus for radio-teleph radio-broadcasting or 8525.10.10 D 8525.10.60 A 8525.10.01 A + 8525.10.90 A 8525.10.80 A 8525.10.02 A + 8525.10.03 B + 8525.10.04 A + 8525.10.05 B + + 8525.10.06 B + 8525.10.07 A + 8525.10.08 B + 8525.10.09 A + 8525.10.10 A + 8525.10.11 A + 8525.10.99 B + +8525.20 Transmission apparatus, for radioteleph incorporating receptio 8525.20.10 D 8525.20.05 A 8525.20.01 B + 8525.20.90 A 8525.20.15 A 8525.20.02 A + 8525.20.20 A 8525.20.03 A + 8525.20.30 A 8525.20.04 B + 8525.20.50 A 8525.20.05 B + 8525.20.60 A 8525.20.06 A + 8525.20.07 B + 8525.20.08 B + 8525.20.09 A + 8525.20.10 A + 8525.20.99 B + +8525.30 Television cameras 8525.30.10 D 8525.30.00 A 8525.30.01 A + 8525.30.20 A 8525.30.02 A + +8526.10 Radar aparatus 8526.10.00 A 8526.10.00 A 8526.10.01 A + 8526.10.99 A + +8526.91 Radio navigational aid apparatus 8526.91.00 A 8526.91.00 A 8526.91.01 A + 8526.91.99 A + +8526.92 Radio remote control apparatus 8526.92.10 A 8526.92.00 A 8526.92.01 A + 8526.92.90 A 8526.92.99 A + +8527.11 Radio broad rece capable of op w/o an external source of power 8527.11.10 D 8527.11.11 A 8527.11.01 A + 8527.11.90 A 8527.11.20 A + 8527.11.40 A + 8527.11.60 A + +8527.19 Radio broad rece capable of op w/o an external source of power 8527.19.00 D 8527.19.00 A 8527.19.99 A + +8527.21 Radio rece not capable of op w/o ext source of power for motor 8527.21.00 D 8527.21.10 B 8527.21.01 A + 8527.21.40 A 8527.21.02 C + +8527.29 Radio rece not capable of op w/o ext source of power for motor 8527.29.00 D 8527.29.00 A 8527.29.01 C + 8527.29.02 C + +8527.31 Radio broad rece combined with sound recording or reproducing 8527.31.10 D 8527.31.05 A 8527.31.01 A + 8527.31.90 A 8527.31.40 A 8527.31.02 B + 8527.31.50 A + 8527.31.60 A + +8527.32 Radio broad rece not combi with sound recording but combined 8527.32.10 D 8527.32.00 A 8527.32.01 A + + 8527.32.90 A + +8527.39 Radio-broadcast receivers nes 8527.39.10 D 8527.39.00 A 8527.39.99 A + 8527.39.90 A + +8527.90 Radio reception apparatus nes 8527.90.10 D 8527.90.40 A 8527.90.01 A + 8527.90.90 A 8527.90.80 A 8527.90.02 A + 8527.90.03 B + 8527.90.04 B + 8527.90.05 A + 8527.90.06 A + 8527.90.07 B + 8527.90.08 B + 8527.90.09 A + 8527.90.10 A + 8527.90.11 A + 8527.90.12 A + 8527.90.99 B + +8528.10 Television receivers including video monitors and video 8528.10.10 BM 8528.10.40 A 8528.10.01 B + 8528.10.91 B 8528.10.80 A 8528.10.02 A + 8528.10.98 B 8528.10.03 A + 8528.10.99 B 8528.10.99 A + +8528.20 Television receivers an including video monitors and video 8528.20.10 D 8528.20.00 A 8528.20.01 A + 8528.20.90 A 8528.20.02 A + 8528.20.03 A + 8528.20.99 A + +8529.10 Aerials and aerial reflectors of all kinds; parts suitable for 8529.10.10 A 8529.10.20 A 8529.10.01 A + 8529.10.20 A 8529.10.40 A 8529.10.02 A + 8529.10.90 A 8529.10.60 A 8529.10.03 A + 8529.10.04 A + 8529.10.05 C + 8529.10.06 A + 8529.10.07 A + 8529.10.99 A + +8529.90 Parts suitable for use solely or princ with the app of heading 8529.90.10 D 8529.90.10 A 8529.90.01 A + 8529.90.20 A 8529.90.15 A 8529.90.02 A + 8529.90.30 A 8529.90.20 A 8529.90.03 A + 8529.90.40 A 8529.90.30 A 8529.90.04 A + 8529.90.50 A 8529.90.35 A 8529.90.05 A + 8529.90.60 A 8529.90.40 A 8529.90.06 A + 8529.90.71 A 8529.90.45 A 8529.90.07 A + 8529.90.79 A 8529.90.50 A 8529.90.08 A + 8529.90.09 A + 8529.90.10 A + 8529.90.11 A + 8529.90.12 A + 8529.90.13 A + + 8529.90.14 A + 8529.90.15 A + 8529.90.99 A + +8530.10 Electrical signalling, safety or traffic control equip for 8530.10.00 D 8530.10.00 A 8530.10.01 A + +8530.80 Electrical signalling, safety or traffic control equipment, ne 8530.80.00 A 8530.80.00 A 8530.80.01 A + 8530.80.02 A + 8530.80.99 C + +8530.90 Parts of electrical signalling, safety or traffic control 8530.90.10 D 8530.90.00 A 8530.90.01 A + 8530.90.20 A + +8531.10 Burglar or fire alarms and similar apparatus 8531.10.10 D 8531.10.00 A 8531.10.01 A + 8531.10.20 A 8531.10.02 A + 8531.10.90 A 8531.10.03 C + 8531.10.04 A + 8531.10.99 A + +8531.20 Indicator panels incorporating liquid crystal devices or light 8531.20.00 A 8531.20.00 A 8531.20.01 A + +8531.80 Electric sound or visual signalling apparatus, nes 8531.80.10 D 8531.80.00 A 8531.80.01 C + 8531.80.20 D 8531.80.02 C + 8531.80.90 B 8531.80.03 C + 8531.80.04 C + 8531.80.99 C + +8531.90 Parts of electric sound or visual signalling apparatus 8531.90.10 D 8531.90.00 A 8531.90.01 C + 8531.90.20 B 8531.90.02 A + +8532.10 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits (power 8532.10.00 A 8532.10.00 B 8532.10.01 B + 8532.10.99 C + +8532.21 Electrical capacitors, fixed, tantalum, nes 8532.21.00 A 8532.21.00 A 8532.21.01 A + 8532.21.99 A + +8532.22 Electrical capacitors, fixed, aluminium electrolytic, nes 8532.22.00 A 8532.22.00 C 8532.22.01 A + 8532.22.99 C + +8532.23 Electrical capacitors, fixed, ceramic dielectric, single layer 8532.23.00 A 8532.23.00 A 8532.23.01 A + 8532.23.02 A + 8532.23.03 A + 8532.23.99 A + +8532.24 Electrical capacitors, fixed, ceramic dielectric, multilayer, 8532.24.00 A 8532.24.00 A 8532.24.01 A + 8532.24.02 A + 8532.24.03 A + 8532.24.99 A + +8532.25 Electrical capacitors, fixed, dielectric of paper or plastics, 8532.25.00 B 8532.25.00 C 8532.25.01 A + 8532.25.02 C + + 8532.25.99 C + +8532.29 Electrical capacitors, fixed, nes 8532.29.00 B 8532.29.00 A 8532.29.01 B + 8532.29.02 B + 8532.29.03 A + 8532.29.04 B + 8532.29.05 A + 8532.29.99 B + +8532.30 Electrical capacitors, variable or adjustable (pre-set) 8532.30.00 A 8532.30.00 A 8532.30.01 A + 8532.30.02 A + 8532.30.03 A + 8532.30.04 A + 8532.30.05 A + 8532.30.99 A + +8532.90 Parts of electrical capacitors 8532.90.00 A 8532.90.00 A 8532.90.01 A + +8533.10 Electrical resistors, fixed carbon, composition or film type 8533.10.00 A 8533.10.00 A 8533.10.01 A + 8533.10.99 A + +8533.21 Electrical resistors fixed for a power handling capacity not 8533.21.00 A 8533.21.00 A 8533.21.01 A + 8533.21.99 A + +8533.29 Electrical resistors, fixed, other than heating resistors, nes 8533.29.00 A 8533.29.00 A 8533.29.01 A + 8533.29.02 B + 8533.29.99 B + +8533.31 Wirewound variable resistors, including rheostat and 8533.31.00 A 8533.31.00 A 8533.31.01 A + 8533.31.02 A + 8533.31.03 A + 8533.31.99 A + +8533.39 Wirewound variable resistors, including rheostat and 8533.39.00 A 8533.39.00 A 8533.39.01 A + 8533.39.02 A + 8533.39.03 C + 8533.39.99 A + +8533.40 Variable resistors, including rheostats and potentiometers, ne 8533.40.00 A 8533.40.00 A 8533.40.01 A + 8533.40.02 A + 8533.40.03 A + 8533.40.04 C + 8533.40.05 B + 8533.40.06 B + 8533.40.99 B + +8533.90 Parts of electrical resistors, rheostats and potentiometers 8533.90.10 A 8533.90.00 A 8533.90.01 A + 8533.90.20 A 8533.90.99 A + +8534.00 Printed circuits 8534.00.00 B 8534.00.00 A 8534.00.01 B + 8534.00.99 B + + +8535.10 Electrical fuses, for a voltage exceeding 1,000 volts 8535.10.00 BM 8535.10.00 A 8535.10.01 A + 8535.10.02 A + 8535.10.03 C + 8535.10.04 C + +8535.21 Automatic circuit breakers for a voltage exceeding 1,000 volts 8535.21.10 BM 8535.21.00 A 8535.21.01 C + 8535.21.90 BM 8535.21.99 C + +8535.29 Automatic circuit breakers, for a voltage exceeding 1,000 8535.29.10 B 8535.29.00 A 8535.29.99 C + 8535.29.90 B + +8535.30 Isolating switches and make-and-break switches, voltage exceed 8535.30.10 BM 8535.30.00 A 8535.30.01 C + 8535.30.90 BM 8535.30.02 C + 8535.30.03 C + 8535.30.04 A + 8535.30.05 C + 8535.30.06 C + 8535.30.99 C + +8535.40 Lightning arresters, voltage limiters and surge supp voltage > 8535.40.00 BM 8535.40.00 A 8535.40.01 A + 8535.40.02 C + 8535.40.99 C + +8535.90 Electrical app for switching or protec elec circuits, exceed 8535.90.10 BM 8535.90.00 A 8535.90.01 C + 8535.90.20 BM 8535.90.02 C + 8535.90.90 BM 8535.90.03 A + 8535.90.04 C + 8535.90.05 C + 8535.90.06 A + 8535.90.07 C + 8535.90.08 C + 8535.90.09 C + 8535.90.10 C + 8535.90.11 C + 8535.90.12 A + 8535.90.13 A + 8535.90.14 A + 8535.90.15 C + 8535.90.16 C + 8535.90.17 C + 8535.90.18 C + 8535.90.19 A + 8535.90.20 C + 8535.90.21 A + 8535.90.22 A + 8535.90.23 C + 8535.90.99 C + +8536.10 Electrical fuses, for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts 8536.10.00 BM 8536.10.00 A 8536.10.01 A + 8536.10.02 C + + 8536.10.03 C + 8536.10.04 C + 8536.10.05 A + 8536.10.06 A + +8536.20 Automatic circuit breakers for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 8536.20.00 BM 8536.20.00 A 8536.20.01 A + 8536.20.02 C + 8536.20.03 A + +8536.30 Electrical app for protecting electric circuits, for a voltage 8536.30.10 C 8536.30.00 A 8536.30.01 A + 8536.30.90 BM 8536.30.02 C + 8536.30.03 A + 8536.30.04 A + 8536.30.99 C + +8536.41 Electrical relays for a voltage not exceeding 60 volts 8536.41.10 D 8536.41.00 A 8536.41.01 A + 8536.41.90 B 8536.41.02 C + 8536.41.03 C + 8536.41.04 A + 8536.41.05 A + 8536.41.06 C + 8536.41.07 A + 8536.41.08 C + 8536.41.09 C + 8536.41.10 C + 8536.41.11 C + 8536.41.99 C + +8536.49 Electrical relays for a voltage exceed 60 V but not exceeding 8536.49.00 BM 8536.49.00 A 8536.49.01 C + 8536.49.02 C + 8536.49.03 C + 8536.49.04 A + 8536.49.05 C + 8536.49.99 C + +8536.50 Electrical switches for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts, 8536.50.10 D 8536.50.00 B 8536.50.01 C + 8536.50.80 C 8536.50.02 C + 8536.50.91 BM 8536.50.03 C + 8536.50.99 BM 8536.50.04 A + 8536.50.05 A + 8536.50.06 A + 8536.50.07 C + 8536.50.08 C + 8536.50.09 C + 8536.50.10 A + 8536.50.11 A + 8536.50.12 A + 8536.50.13 A + 8536.50.14 A + +8536.61 Electrical lamp-holders, for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 8536.61.00 BM 8536.61.00 A 8536.61.01 A + + 8536.61.02 A + 8536.61.03 A + 8536.61.99 A + +8536.69 Electrical plugs and sockets, for a voltage not exceeding 1,00 8536.69.00 BM 8536.69.00 A 8536.69.01 A + 8536.69.02 C + 8536.69.03 C + +8536.90 Electrical app for switching or protec elec circuits, not 8536.90.10 BM 8536.90.00 A 8536.90.01 A + 8536.90.20 BM 8536.90.02 A + 8536.90.30 CM 8536.90.03 A + 8536.90.90 BM 8536.90.04 C + 8536.90.05 C + 8536.90.06 C + 8536.90.07 C + 8536.90.08 A + 8536.90.09 A + 8536.90.10 A + 8536.90.11 C + 8536.90.12 A + 8536.90.13 C + 8536.90.14 C + 8536.90.15 C + 8536.90.16 C + 8536.90.17 C + 8536.90.18 C + 8536.90.19 C + 8536.90.20 C + 8536.90.21 C + 8536.90.22 C + 8536.90.23 C + 8536.90.24 C + 8536.90.25 A + 8536.90.26 C + 8536.90.27 A + 8536.90.28 A + 8536.90.29 A + 8536.90.30 C + 8536.90.31 A + 8536.90.32 C + 8536.90.99 C + +8537.10 Boards, panels, including numerical control panels, for a 8537.10.11 A 8537.10.00 A 8537.10.01 C + 8537.10.19 A 8537.10.02 C + 8537.10.20 BM 8537.10.03 C + 8537.10.91 B 8537.10.04 C + 8537.10.92 D 8537.10.99 C + 8537.10.99 B + +8537.20 Boards, panels, including numerical control panels, for a 8537.20.10 A 8537.20.00 A 8537.20.01 C + 8537.20.20 BM 8537.20.02 C + + 8537.20.90 B 8537.20.99 C + +8538.10 Boards, panels, etc for goods of heading no. 85.37, not 8538.10.10 A 8538.10.00 A 8538.10.01 C + 8538.10.20 B + 8538.10.30 B + 8538.10.40 A + +8538.90 Parts for use with the apparatus of heading no. 85.35, 85.36 o 8538.90.10 BM 8538.90.00 A 8538.90.01 C + 8538.90.20 BM 8538.90.02 C + 8538.90.30 CM 8538.90.03 C + 8538.90.90 BM 8538.90.04 A + 8538.90.05 C + 8538.90.06 C + 8538.90.07 A + 8538.90.08 C + 8538.90.09 A + 8538.90.10 C + 8538.90.11 C + 8538.90.99 C + +8539.10 Sealed beam lamp units 8539.10.10 C 8539.10.00 A 8539.10.01 A + 8539.10.90 A 8539.10.02 A + 8539.10.03 A + 8539.10.04 C + +8539.21 Filament lamps, tungsten halogen 8539.21.11 BM 8539.21.20 D 8539.21.01 B + 8539.21.12 BM 8539.21.40 A 8539.21.02 B + 8539.21.90 B 8539.21.99 B + +8539.22 Filament lamps, of a power not exceed 200 W and for a voltage 8539.22.00 BM 8539.22.40 A 8539.22.01 C + 8539.22.80 A 8539.22.02 A + 8539.22.03 A + 8539.22.04 A + 8539.22.05 C + 8539.22.06 A + 8539.22.99 C + +8539.29 Filament lamps, excluding ultraviolet or infra-red lamps, nes 8539.29.10 A 8539.29.10 A 8539.29.01 C + 8539.29.21 BM 8539.29.20 A 8539.29.02 A + 8539.29.29 A 8539.29.30 D 8539.29.03 A + 8539.29.40 A 8539.29.04 A + 8539.29.05 C + 8539.29.06 A + 8539.29.07 C + 8539.29.08 A + 8539.29.09 A + 8539.29.10 A + 8539.29.11 C + 8539.29.99 C + +8539.31 Fluorescent lamps, hot cathode 8539.31.00 CM 8539.31.00 A 8539.31.01 C + + 8539.31.99 C + +8539.39 Discharge lamps, other than ultra-violet lamps, nes 8539.39.10 D 8539.39.00 A 8539.39.01 C + 8539.39.90 BM 8539.39.02 C + 8539.39.03 C + 8539.39.04 A + 8539.39.05 A + 8539.39.06 C + 8539.39.07 A + 8539.39.08 C + 8539.39.09 A + 8539.39.99 C + +8539.40 Ultra-violet or infra-red lamps; arc lamps 8539.40.10 D 8539.40.40 A 8539.40.01 A + 8539.40.20 BM 8539.40.80 A 8539.40.02 A + 8539.40.90 A 8539.40.03 C + +8539.90 Parts of electric filament or discharge lamps, UV or IR lamps 8539.90.10 D 8539.90.00 A 8539.90.01 A + 8539.90.90 A 8539.90.02 A + 8539.90.03 A + 8539.90.04 B + 8539.90.05 C + 8539.90.06 A + 8539.90.07 C + 8539.90.08 A + 8539.90.09 A + 8539.90.99 A + +8540.11 Cathode-ray television picture tubes, including video monitor 8540.11.00 A 8540.11.00 A 8540.11.01 A + +8540.12 Cathode-ray TV picture tubes incl video monitor tubes, B&W or 8540.12.00 A 8540.12.40 A 8540.12.01 A + 8540.12.80 A + +8540.20 Television camera tubes, image converter and other photocathod 8540.20.00 A 8540.20.20 A 8540.20.01 A + 8540.20.40 A 8540.20.99 A + +8540.30 Cathode-ray tubes, nes 8540.30.00 A 8540.30.00 A 8540.30.01 A + 8540.30.99 A + +8540.41 Magnetron tubes 8540.41.00 A 8540.41.20 D 8540.41.01 A + 8540.41.40 A + +8540.42 Klystron tubes 8540.42.00 A 8540.42.00 A 8540.42.01 A + +8540.49 Microwave tubes, nes 8540.49.00 A 8540.49.00 A 8540.49.99 A + +8540.81 Receiver or amplifier valves and tubes 8540.81.00 A 8540.81.00 A 8540.81.01 A + 8540.81.02 A + 8540.81.99 A + +8540.89 Valve and tubes, nes 8540.89.00 A 8540.89.00 A 8540.89.01 A + + 8540.89.02 A + 8540.89.03 A + 8540.89.99 A + +8540.91 Parts of cathode-ray tubes 8540.91.00 D 8540.91.20 A 8540.91.01 A + 8540.91.40 A 8540.91.02 A + 8540.91.03 A + 8540.91.04 A + 8540.91.05 A + 8540.91.06 A + 8540.91.07 A + 8540.91.99 A + +8540.99 Parts of valve and tubes, nes 8540.99.00 D 8540.99.00 A 8540.99.01 A + 8540.99.02 A + 8540.99.03 A + 8540.99.04 A + 8540.99.99 A + +8541.10 Diodes, other than photosensitive or light emitting diodes 8541.10.10 A 8541.10.00 D 8541.10.01 A + 8541.10.90 D 8541.10.99 A + +8541.21 Transistors, other than photosensitive, with a dissipation rat 8541.21.00 D 8541.21.00 D 8541.21.01 A + +8541.29 Transistors, other than photosensitive transistors, nes 8541.29.00 D 8541.29.00 D 8541.29.99 A + +8541.30 Thyristors, diacs and triacs, other than photosensitive device 8541.30.11 A 8541.30.00 D 8541.30.01 A + 8541.30.19 D 8541.30.99 A + 8541.30.20 D + +8541.40 Photosensitive semiconductor devices, photovoltaic cells & 8541.40.00 D 8541.40.20 A 8541.40.01 A + 8541.40.60 D 8541.40.02 A + 8541.40.70 D 8541.40.03 A + 8541.40.80 A 8541.40.04 A + 8541.40.95 A 8541.40.99 A + +8541.50 Semiconductor devices, nes 8541.50.00 D 8541.50.00 A 8541.50.01 A + 8541.50.02 A + 8541.50.99 A + +8541.60 Mounted piezo-electric crystals 8541.60.00 A 8541.60.00 A 8541.60.01 A + +8541.90 Parts of mounted piezo-electric crystals and semiconductor 8541.90.00 D 8541.90.00 D 8541.90.01 A + +8542.11 Monolithic integrated circuits, digital 8542.11.00 D 8542.11.00 D 8542.11.01 A + 8542.11.99 A + +8542.19 Monolithic integrated circuits, nes 8542.19.00 D 8542.19.00 D 8542.19.01 A + 8542.19.99 A + +8542.20 Hybrid integrated circuits 8542.20.00 A 8542.20.00 D 8542.20.01 A + + 8542.20.02 A + 8542.20.99 A + +8542.80 Electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies, nes 8542.80.00 D 8542.80.00 A 8542.80.01 A + 8542.80.99 A + +8542.90 Parts of electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies 8542.90.00 D 8542.90.00 D 8542.90.01 A + +8543.10 Particle accelerators 8543.10.00 A 8543.10.00 A 8543.10.01 A + +8543.20 Signal generators 8543.20.00 A 8543.20.00 A 8543.20.01 A + 8543.20.02 A + 8543.20.03 A + 8543.20.04 A + 8543.20.05 A + 8543.20.06 A + 8543.20.99 A + +8543.30 Machines & apparatus for electroplating, electrolysis or 8543.30.10 A 8543.30.00 A 8543.30.01 A + 8543.30.90 A + +8543.80 Electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions 8543.80.10 D 8543.80.40 A 8543.80.01 A + 8543.80.20 D 8543.80.60 A 8543.80.02 A + 8543.80.30 A 8543.80.70 A 8543.80.03 A + 8543.80.40 B 8543.80.90 A 8543.80.04 A + 8543.80.90 BM 8543.80.05 A + 8543.80.06 A + 8543.80.07 C + 8543.80.08 A + 8543.80.09 A + 8543.80.10 B + 8543.80.11 B + 8543.80.12 A + 8543.80.13 A + 8543.80.14 A + 8543.80.15 A + 8543.80.16 B + 8543.80.17 A + 8543.80.18 A + 8543.80.19 A + 8543.80.99 B + +8543.90 Parts of electrical machines & apparatus having individual 8543.90.10 D 8543.90.40 A 8543.90.01 A + 8543.90.20 A 8543.90.80 A + 8543.90.30 A + 8543.90.40 A + +8544.11 Insulated (including enamelled or anodised) winding wire of 8544.11.00 BM 8544.11.00 A 8544.11.01 C + +8544.19 Insulated (including enamelled or anodised) winding wire, nes 8544.19.00 BM 8544.19.00 A 8544.19.01 C + 8544.19.99 C + + +8544.20 Co-axial cable and other co-axial electric conductors 8544.20.00 BM 8544.20.00 A 8544.20.01 C + 8544.20.02 A + 8544.20.03 A + 8544.20.99 C + +8544.30 Ignition wiring sets & other wiring sets of a kind used in 8544.30.00 D 8544.30.00 A 8544.30.01 A + 8544.30.99 C + +8544.41 Electric conductors, for a voltage not exceeding 80 V, fitted 8544.41.00 CM 8544.41.00 A 8544.41.01 C + 8544.41.02 C + 8544.41.03 C + 8544.41.04 C + 8544.41.05 C + 8544.41.06 A + 8544.41.07 C + 8544.41.99 C + +8544.49 Electric conductors, for a voltage not exceeding 80 V, nes 8544.49.00 B 8544.49.00 A 8544.49.01 C + 8544.49.02 C + 8544.49.03 C + 8544.49.04 C + 8544.49.05 C + 8544.49.06 A + 8544.49.07 C + 8544.49.99 C + +8544.51 Electric conductors, for a voltage >80V but È 1,000 V fitted 8544.51.00 CM 8544.51.40 A 8544.51.01 C + 8544.51.80 C 8544.51.02 C + 8544.51.03 C + 8544.51.04 C + 8544.51.05 C + 8544.51.06 A + 8544.51.07 C + 8544.51.99 C + +8544.59 Electric conductors, for a voltage >80V but not exceeding 1,00 8544.59.00 CM 8544.59.20 A 8544.59.01 C + 8544.59.40 A 8544.59.02 C + 8544.59.03 C + 8544.59.04 C + 8544.59.05 C + 8544.59.06 A + 8544.59.07 C + 8544.59.99 C + +8544.60 Electric conductors, for a voltage exceeding 1,000 V, nes 8544.60.00 C 8544.60.20 A 8544.60.01 C + 8544.60.40 A 8544.60.02 C + 8544.60.60 A 8544.60.99 C + +8544.70 Optical fibre cables, made up of individually sheathed fibres 8544.70.00 A 8544.70.00 A 8544.70.01 A + + +8545.11 Carbon or graphite electrodes, of a kind used for furnaces 8545.11.11 D 8545.11.00 A 8545.11.01 B + 8545.11.12 A 8545.11.99 B + 8545.11.21 A + 8545.11.22 A + +8545.19 Carbon or graphite electrodes, of a kind used for electrical 8545.19.10 A 8545.19.20 A 8545.19.01 B + 8545.19.21 D 8545.19.40 A 8545.19.02 B + 8545.19.22 B 8545.19.99 B + 8545.19.31 A + 8545.19.32 A + +8545.20 Carbon or graphite brushes 8545.20.00 B 8545.20.00 A 8545.20.01 C + +8545.90 Articles of carbon or graphite, of a kind used for electrical 8545.90.10 A 8545.90.20 A 8545.90.01 B + 8545.90.91 D 8545.90.40 A 8545.90.02 A + 8545.90.92 BM 8545.90.03 A + 8545.90.99 B + +8546.10 Electrical insulators of glass 8546.10.00 BM 8546.10.00 A 8546.10.01 C + 8546.10.02 A + 8546.10.03 A + 8546.10.99 B + +8546.20 Electrical insulators of ceramics 8546.20.00 BM 8546.20.00 A 8546.20.01 C + 8546.20.02 C + 8546.20.03 A + 8546.20.04 A + 8546.20.99 B + +8546.90 Electrical insulators, nes 8546.90.00 BM 8546.90.00 A 8546.90.01 B + 8546.90.02 A + 8546.90.03 C + 8546.90.04 B + 8546.90.99 C + +8547.10 Insulating fittings of ceramics for elec machines, appliances 8547.10.10 D 8547.10.40 A 8547.10.01 C + 8547.10.90 BM 8547.10.80 A 8547.10.02 C + 8547.10.03 A + 8547.10.04 A + 8547.10.05 A + 8547.10.06 A + +8547.20 Insulating fittings of plastics for elec machines, appliances 8547.20.00 A 8547.20.00 A 8547.20.01 A + 8547.20.02 A + 8547.20.03 A + 8547.20.99 A + +8547.90 Insulating fittings for electrical mach appliances or 8547.90.10 B 8547.90.00 A 8547.90.01 A + 8547.90.90 B 8547.90.02 A + 8547.90.03 A + 8547.90.04 A + + 8547.90.05 A + 8547.90.06 A + 8547.90.07 A + 8547.90.08 A + 8547.90.09 A + 8547.90.10 A + 8547.90.11 A + 8547.90.12 A + 8547.90.99 B + +8548.00 Electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, nes in this Chapte 8548.00.00 BM 8548.00.00 A 8548.00.01 C + 8548.00.02 C + 8548.00.03 C + 8548.00.99 C + +8601.10 Rail locomotives powered from an external source of electricit 8601.10.00 A 8601.10.00 A 8601.10.01 A + +8601.20 Rail locomotives powered by electric batteries 8601.20.00 A 8601.20.00 A 8601.20.01 A + +8602.10 Rail locomotives, diesel-electric 8602.10.00 A 8602.10.00 A 8602.10.01 A + +8602.90 Rail locomotives nes and locomotive tenders 8602.90.00 A 8602.90.00 A 8602.90.01 A + 8602.90.99 A + +8603.10 Self-propelled railway cars powered from an external source of 8603.10.00 A 8603.10.00 A 8603.10.01 A + +8603.90 Self-propelled railway cars nes 8603.90.00 A 8603.90.00 A 8603.90.99 A + +8604.00 Railway maintenance-of-way service vehicles 8604.00.10 D 8604.00.00 A 8604.00.01 A + 8604.00.90 A 8604.00.02 C + 8604.00.03 C + 8604.00.99 A + +8605.00 Railway passenger and special purpose coaches, not 8605.00.00 C 8605.00.00 A 8605.00.01 C + 8605.00.02 C + 8605.00.03 C + 8605.00.99 C + +8606.10 Railway tank cars, not self-propelled 8606.10.00 A 8606.10.00 A 8606.10.01 A + 8606.10.99 A + +8606.20 Railway cars, insulated or refrigerated, other than tank cars 8606.20.00 A 8606.20.00 A 8606.20.01 A + +8606.30 Railway cars, self-discharging, other than tank or refrigerate 8606.30.00 CM 8606.30.00 A 8606.30.01 C + 8606.30.99 C + +8606.91 Railway cars, closed and covered 8606.91.00 A 8606.91.00 A 8606.91.01 A + +8606.92 Railway cars, open, with non-removable sides of a height 8606.92.00 A 8606.92.00 A 8606.92.01 A + +8606.99 Railway cars nes 8606.99.00 A 8606.99.00 A 8606.99.01 A + + 8606.99.99 A + +8607.11 Driving bogies and bissel-bogies 8607.11.10 C 8607.11.00 A 8607.11.01 C + 8607.11.20 A 8607.11.99 A + +8607.12 Bogies and bissel-bogies nes 8607.12.10 C 8607.12.00 A 8607.12.01 C + 8607.12.20 A 8607.12.99 A + 8607.12.90 C + +8607.19 Axles and wheels and parts 8607.19.10 B 8607.19.10 B 8607.19.01 D + 8607.19.20 A 8607.19.20 D 8607.19.02 A + 8607.19.91 A 8607.19.30 A 8607.19.03 A + 8607.19.92 A 8607.19.90 A 8607.19.04 B + 8607.19.93 A 8607.19.05 A + 8607.19.06 A + +8607.21 Air brakes and parts for railway rolling stock 8607.21.00 C 8607.21.10 A 8607.21.01 C + 8607.21.50 A 8607.21.02 C + 8607.21.99 C + +8607.29 Brakes nes and parts thereof for railway rolling stock 8607.29.00 A 8607.29.10 A 8607.29.01 A + 8607.29.50 A 8607.29.99 A + +8607.30 Coupling devices and parts for railway rolling stock 8607.30.00 A 8607.30.10 A 8607.30.01 A + 8607.30.50 A 8607.30.99 A + +8607.91 Locomotive parts nes 8607.91.00 B 8607.91.00 A 8607.91.01 A + 8607.91.02 C + 8607.91.03 A + 8607.91.04 A + 8607.91.99 A + +8607.99 Railway rolling stock parts nes 8607.99.11 D 8607.99.10 A 8607.99.01 A + 8607.99.12 A 8607.99.50 A 8607.99.02 A + 8607.99.19 A 8607.99.03 A + 8607.99.20 A 8607.99.04 A + 8607.99.99 A + +8608.00 Signalling devices for railways, waterways and airports and 8608.00.11 A 8608.00.00 A 8608.00.01 A + 8608.00.19 D 8608.00.02 A + 8608.00.90 A 8608.00.03 A + 8608.00.04 C + 8608.00.99 C + +8609.00 Cargo containers designed to be carried by one or more modes o 8609.00.10 CM 8609.00.00 D 8609.00.01 C + 8609.00.20 CM + 8609.00.90 CM + +8701.10 Pedestrian controlled tractors 8701.10.10 D 8701.10.00 D 8701.10.01 B + 8701.10.90 BM + + +8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers (truck tractors) 8701.20.00 C 8701.20.00 C 8701.20.01 C + +8701.30 Track-laying tractors (crawlers) 8701.30.10 D 8701.30.10 D 8701.30.01 B + 8701.30.90 B 8701.30.50 A 8701.30.99 A + +8701.90 Wheeled tractors nes 8701.90.11 BM 8701.90.10 D 8701.90.01 A + 8701.90.19 D 8701.90.50 A 8701.90.02 B + 8701.90.90 BM 8701.90.99 B + +8702.10 Diesel powered buses with a seating capacity of > nine persons 8702.10.00 C 8702.10.00 A 8702.10.01 C + 8702.10.02 C + +8702.90 Buses with a seating capacity of more than nine persons nes 8702.90.00 C 8702.90.00 A 8702.90.01 C + 8702.90.02 C + 8702.90.03 C + +8703.10 Snowmobiles, golf cars and similar vehicles 8703.10.10 D 8703.10.10 A 8703.10.01 C + 8703.10.90 C 8703.10.50 A 8703.10.02 C + 8703.10.03 C + 8703.10.99 C + +8703.21 Automobiles with reciprocating piston engine displacing not 8703.21.10 A 8703.21.00 A 8703.21.01 Ca + 8703.21.90 Ca + +8703.22 Automobiles with reciprocating piston engine displacing > 1000 8703.22.00 Ca 8703.22.00 A 8703.22.01 Ca + +8703.23 Automobiles with reciprocating piston engine displacing > 1500 8703.23.00 Ca 8703.23.00 A 8703.23.01 Ca + +8703.24 Automobiles with reciprocating piston engine displacing > 3000 8703.24.00 Ca 8703.24.00 A 8703.24.01 Ca + +8703.31 Automobiles with diesel engine displacing not more than 1500 c 8703.31.00 Ca 8703.31.00 A 8703.31.01 Ca + +8703.32 Automobiles with diesel engine displacing more than 1500 cc to 8703.32.00 Ca 8703.32.00 A 8703.32.01 Ca + +8703.33 Automobiles with diesel engine displacing more than 2500 cc 8703.33.00 Ca 8703.33.00 A 8703.33.01 Ca + +8703.90 Automobiles nes including gas turbine powered 8703.90.00 Ca 8703.90.00 A 8703.90.01 Ca + 8703.90.99 Ca + +8704.10 Dump trucks designed for off-highway use 8704.10.00 C 8704.10.10 C 8704.10.01 B + 8704.10.50 C 8704.10.02 C + 8704.10.99 B + +8704.21 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW not exceeding five tonnes 8704.21.00 Ba 8704.21.00 B 8704.21.01 A + 8704.21.99 Ba + +8704.22 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW exc five tonnes but not exc 8704.22.00 C 8704.22.10 C 8704.22.01 A + 8704.22.50 C 8704.22.99 C + +8704.23 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW exceeding twenty tonnes 8704.23.00 C 8704.23.00 C 8704.23.01 A + 8704.23.99 C + + +8704.31 Gas powered trucks with a GVW not exceeding five tonnes 8704.31.00 Ba 8704.31.00 B 8704.31.01 A + 8704.31.99 Ba + +8704.32 Gas powered trucks with a GVW exceeding five tonnes 8704.32.00 C 8704.32.00 C 8704.32.01 A + 8704.32.99 C + +8704.90 Trucks nes 8704.90.00 CM 8704.90.00 C 8704.90.01 C + 8704.90.99 C + +8705.10 Mobile cranes 8705.10.10 D 8705.10.00 A 8705.10.01 C + 8705.10.90 C + +8705.20 Mobile drilling derricks 8705.20.00 B 8705.20.00 A 8705.20.01 A + 8705.20.99 C + +8705.30 Fire fighting vehicles 8705.30.00 A 8705.30.00 A 8705.30.01 A + +8705.40 Mobile concrete mixers 8705.40.00 C 8705.40.00 A 8705.40.01 C + +8705.90 Special purpose motor vehicles nes 8705.90.10 D 8705.90.00 A 8705.90.01 A + 8705.90.90 CM 8705.90.99 C + +8706.00 Chassis fitted with engines for the vehicles of heading Nos 8706.00.10 D 8706.00.10 B 8706.00.01 B + 8706.00.90 B 8706.00.15 B 8706.00.99 B + 8706.00.25 A + 8706.00.30 D + 8706.00.50 A + +8707.10 Bodies for passenger carrying vehicles 8707.10.10 BM 8707.10.00 A 8707.10.01 B + 8707.10.90 A 8707.10.02 B + 8707.10.99 B + +8707.90 Bodies for tractors, buses, trucks and special purpose vehicle 8707.90.10 D 8707.90.10 D 8707.90.01 B + 8707.90.90 B 8707.90.50 B 8707.90.02 B + 8707.90.99 B + +8708.10 Bumpers and parts for motor vehicles 8708.10.00 B 8708.10.00 A 8708.10.01 B + 8708.10.02 A + 8708.10.03 A + 8708.10.04 B + 8708.10.99 B + +8708.21 Safety seat belts for motor vehicles 8708.21.00 B 8708.21.00 B 8708.21.01 B + +8708.29 Parts and accessories of bodies nes for motor vehicles 8708.29.10 D 8708.29.00 A 8708.29.01 B + 8708.29.91 D 8708.29.02 B + 8708.29.92 BM 8708.29.03 B + 8708.29.93 B 8708.29.04 B + 8708.29.94 B 8708.29.05 A + 8708.29.95 B 8708.29.06 A + + 8708.29.99 B 8708.29.07 B + 8708.29.08 B + 8708.29.09 B + 8708.29.10 B + 8708.29.11 B + 8708.29.12 B + 8708.29.13 A + 8708.29.14 B + 8708.29.15 C + 8708.29.16 B + 8708.29.17 B + 8708.29.18 A + 8708.29.20 B + 8708.29.99 B + +8708.31 Mounted brake linings for motor vehicles 8708.31.10 D 8708.31.10 D 8708.31.01 A + 8708.31.90 B 8708.31.50 A 8708.31.02 A + 8708.31.03 B + 8708.31.99 B + +8708.39 Brake system parts nes for motor vehicles 8708.39.10 D 8708.39.10 D 8708.39.01 A + 8708.39.90 C 8708.39.50 A 8708.39.02 A + 8708.39.03 C + 8708.39.04 B + 8708.39.05 B + 8708.39.06 B + 8708.39.07 B + 8708.39.08 B + 8708.39.09 C + 8708.39.10 B + 8708.39.11 B + 8708.39.12 B + 8708.39.13 B + 8708.39.99 B + +8708.40 Tansmissions for motor vehicles 8708.40.10 D 8708.40.10 A 8708.40.01 A + 8708.40.90 C 8708.40.20 A 8708.40.02 C + 8708.40.30 D 8708.40.03 B + 8708.40.50 A 8708.40.04 C + 8708.40.05 B + 8708.40.99 C + +8708.50 Drive axles with differential for motor vehicles 8708.50.10 D 8708.50.10 D 8708.50.01 A + 8708.50.90 C 8708.50.30 A 8708.50.02 A + 8708.50.50 A 8708.50.03 C + 8708.50.80 A 8708.50.04 C + 8708.50.05 B + 8708.50.99 B + +8708.60 Non-driving axles and parts for motor vehicles 8708.60.10 D 8708.60.10 D 8708.60.01 A + 8708.60.90 C 8708.60.30 A 8708.60.02 A + + 8708.60.50 A 8708.60.03 C + 8708.60.80 A 8708.60.04 C + 8708.60.05 B + 8708.60.06 C + 8708.60.99 C + +8708.70 Wheels including parts and accessories for motor vehicles 8708.70.10 D 8708.70.10 D 8708.70.FA B + 8708.70.90 C 8708.70.30 A 8708.70.01 A + 8708.70.80 A 8708.70.02 A + 8708.70.03 C + 8708.70.04 C + 8708.70.05 B + 8708.70.06 B + 8708.70.99 B + +8708.80 Shock absorbers for motor vehicles 8708.80.00 C 8708.80.10 D 8708.80.01 A + 8708.80.50 A 8708.80.02 A + 8708.80.03 B + 8708.80.99 C + +8708.91 Radiators for motor vehicles 8708.91.10 D 8708.91.10 D 8708.91.01 A + 8708.91.90 B 8708.91.50 A 8708.91.02 B + 8708.91.99 B + +8708.92 Mufflers and exhaust pipes for motor vehicles 8708.92.10 D 8708.92.10 D 8708.92.01 A + 8708.92.90 B 8708.92.50 B 8708.92.02 A + 8708.92.99 B + +8708.93 Clutches and parts for motor vehicles 8708.93.10 D 8708.93.10 D 8708.93.01 A + 8708.93.90 C 8708.93.50 A 8708.93.02 A + 8708.93.03 C + 8708.93.04 A + 8708.93.99 C + +8708.94 Steering wheels, steering columns and steering boxes for motor 8708.94.10 D 8708.94.10 D 8708.94.01 A + 8708.94.90 B 8708.94.50 A 8708.94.02 A + 8708.94.03 B + 8708.94.04 B + 8708.94.05 B + 8708.94.06 B + 8708.94.07 B + 8708.94.08 B + 8708.94.99 B + +8708.99 Motor vehicle parts nes 8708.99.10 D 8708.99.10 D 8708.99.01 B + 8708.99.91 D 8708.99.20 A 8708.99.02 B + 8708.99.99 B 8708.99.30 D 8708.99.03 A + 8708.99.9V B 8708.99.50 A 8708.99.04 C + 8708.99.05 B + 8708.99.06 B + 8708.99.07 C + + 8708.99.08 B + 8708.99.09 B + 8708.99.10 C + 8708.99.11 B + 8708.99.12 B + 8708.99.13 B + 8708.99.14 B + 8708.99.15 C + 8708.99.16 B + 8708.99.17 C + 8708.99.18 C + 8708.99.19 B + 8708.99.20 B + 8708.99.21 B + 8708.99.22 B + 8708.99.23 B + 8708.99.24 B + 8708.99.25 B + 8708.99.26 B + 8708.99.27 C + 8708.99.28 B + 8708.99.29 C + 8708.99.30 B + 8708.99.31 B + 8708.99.32 B + 8708.99.33 B + 8708.99.34 B + 8708.99.35 B + 8708.99.36 B + 8708.99.37 A + 8708.99.38 B + 8708.99.39 B + 8708.99.40 C + 8708.99.41 B + 8708.99.99 B + +8709.11 Work trucks, electrically powered, for use in factories and 8709.11.00 BM 8709.11.00 D 8709.11.01 B + +8709.19 Work trucks not electrically powered 8709.19.11 BM 8709.19.00 D 8709.19.01 B + 8709.19.19 D 8709.19.02 B + 8709.19.90 BM 8709.19.99 B + +8709.90 Work truck parts 8709.90.10 D 8709.90.00 D 8709.90.01 B + 8709.90.20 BM + 8709.90.90 B + +8710.00 Tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles, motorised, and 8710.00.00 A 8710.00.00 D 8710.00.01 A + +8711.10 Motorcycles with reciprocating piston engine displacing 50 cc 8711.10.00 A 8711.10.00 A 8711.10.01 B + +8711.20 Motorcycles with reciprocating piston engine displacing > 50 c 8711.20.00 A 8711.20.00 A 8711.20.01 B + + +8711.30 Motorcycles with reciprocating piston engine displacing > 250 8711.30.00 A 8711.30.00 A 8711.30.01 B + +8711.40 Motorcycles with reciprocating piston engine displacing > 500 8711.40.00 A 8711.40.30 A 8711.40.01 B + 8711.40.60 A 8711.40.02 B + +8711.50 Motorcycles with reciprocating piston engine displacing more 8711.50.00 A 8711.50.00 A 8711.50.01 B + +8711.90 Motorcycles with other than a reciprocating piston engine 8711.90.00 A 8711.90.00 A 8711.90.01 B + 8711.90.99 B + +8712.00 Bicycles and other cycles (including delivery tricycles), not 8712.00.00 C 8712.00.15 C 8712.00.01 C + 8712.00.25 C 8712.00.02 C + 8712.00.35 C 8712.00.03 C + 8712.00.40 C 8712.00.99 A + 8712.00.50 A + +8713.10 Wheelchairs not mechanically propelled 8713.10.00 A 8713.10.00 A 8713.10.01 A + +8713.90 Wheelchairs, mechanically propelled 8713.90.00 A 8713.90.00 A 8713.90.99 A + +8714.11 Motorcycle saddles 8714.11.00 A 8714.11.00 A 8714.11.01 A + +8714.19 Motorcycle parts nes 8714.19.00 A 8714.19.00 A 8714.19.01 A + 8714.19.99 A + +8714.20 Wheelchair parts nes 8714.20.00 A 8714.20.00 A 8714.20.01 A + +8714.91 Bicycle frames and forks, and parts thereof 8714.91.00 B 8714.91.20 A 8714.91.01 A + 8714.91.30 C + 8714.91.50 C + 8714.91.90 C + +8714.92 Bicycle wheel rims and spokes 8714.92.00 BM 8714.92.10 C 8714.92.01 A + 8714.92.50 A + +8714.93 Bicycle hubs and free-wheel sprocket wheels 8714.93.00 BM 8714.93.10 A 8714.93.01 A + 8714.93.20 A + 8714.93.30 C + 8714.93.60 A + 8714.93.80 A + +8714.94 Bicycle brakes, including coaster braking hubs, and parts 8714.94.00 B 8714.94.10 A 8714.94.01 A + 8714.94.15 A 8714.94.99 A + 8714.94.25 A + 8714.94.40 A + 8714.94.60 C + +8714.95 Bicycle saddles 8714.95.00 BM 8714.95.00 C 8714.95.01 A + +8714.96 Bicycle pedals and crank-gear and parts thereof 8714.96.00 BM 8714.96.10 C 8714.96.01 A + + 8714.96.50 C + 8714.96.90 C + +8714.99 Bicycle parts nes 8714.99.10 A 8714.99.10 A 8714.99.01 A + 8714.99.20 B 8714.99.50 A + 8714.99.90 C + +8715.00 Baby carriages and parts thereof 8715.00.00 C 8715.00.00 A 8715.00.01 A + 8715.00.02 A + 8715.00.99 A + +8716.10 Trailers for housing or camping 8716.10.10 CM 8716.10.00 A 8716.10.01 B + 8716.10.21 CM + 8716.10.29 CM + +8716.20 Trailers for agricultural purposes 8716.20.10 D 8716.20.00 A 8716.20.01 A + 8716.20.90 CM 8716.20.02 A + 8716.20.03 A + 8716.20.99 A + +8716.31 Tanker trailers and semi-trailers 8716.31.00 CM 8716.31.00 A 8716.31.01 A + 8716.31.02 B + 8716.31.99 B + +8716.39 Trailers nes for the transport of goods 8716.39.10 D 8716.39.00 A 8716.39.01 B + 8716.39.20 ACM 8716.39.02 B + 8716.39.30 CM 8716.39.03 B + 8716.39.40 CM 8716.39.04 B + 8716.39.50 ACM 8716.39.05 B + 8716.39.90 CM 8716.39.06 B + 8716.39.07 B + 8716.39.08 A + 8716.39.99 B + +8716.40 Trailers and semi-trailers nes 8716.40.00 CM 8716.40.00 A 8716.40.01 B + +8716.80 Wheelbarrows, hand-carts, rickshaws and other hand propelled 8716.80.10 A 8716.80.10 D 8716.80.01 B + 8716.80.20 CM 8716.80.50 A 8716.80.02 B + 8716.80.99 B + +8716.90 Trailer and other vehicle parts nes 8716.90.10 D 8716.90.10 D 8716.90.01 C + 8716.90.20 A 8716.90.30 A 8716.90.02 B + 8716.90.30 A 8716.90.50 A 8716.90.99 B + 8716.90.40 A + 8716.90.90 C + +8801.10 Gliders and hang gliders 8801.10.00 D 8801.10.00 A 8801.10.01 A + +8801.90 Balloons, dirigibles and non-powered aircraft nes 8801.90.10 A 8801.90.00 A 8801.90.99 A + 8801.90.90 D + + +8802.11 Helicopters of an unladen weight not exceeding 2,000 kg 8802.11.00 D 8802.11.00 A 8802.11.01 A + 8802.11.99 A + +8802.12 Helicopters of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg 8802.12.00 D 8802.12.00 A 8802.12.01 A + 8802.12.99 A + +8802.20 Aircraft nes of an unladen weight not exceeding 2,000 kg 8802.20.00 D 8802.20.00 A 8802.20.01 A + 8802.20.99 A + +8802.30 Aircraft nes of an unladen weight > 2,000 kg but not exceeding 8802.30.00 D 8802.30.00 A 8802.30.01 A + 8802.30.02 D + 8802.30.99 A + +8802.40 Aircraft nes of an unladen weight exceeding 15,000 kg 8802.40.00 D 8802.40.00 A 8802.40.01 D + +8802.50 Spacecraft (including satellites) and spacecraft launch 8802.50.10 A 8802.50.30 D 8802.50.01 A + 8802.50.90 D 8802.50.90 A + +8803.10 Aircraft propellers and rotors and parts thereof 8803.10.00 D 8803.10.00 D 8803.10.01 A + 8803.10.99 A + +8803.20 Aircraft under-carriages and parts thereof 8803.20.00 D 8803.20.00 D 8803.20.01 A + 8803.20.99 A + +8803.30 Aircraft parts nes 8803.30.00 D 8803.30.00 D 8803.30.01 A + 8803.30.99 A + +8803.90 Parts of balloons, dirigibles, and spacecraft nes 8803.90.10 A 8803.90.30 D 8803.90.01 A + 8803.90.20 A 8803.90.90 D 8803.90.99 A + 8803.90.90 D + +8804.00 Parachutes and parts and accessories thereof 8804.00.10 A 8804.00.00 A 8804.00.01 A + 8804.00.90 A + +8805.10 Aircraft launching and deck-arrestor gear and parts thereof 8805.10.00 A 8805.10.00 A 8805.10.01 A + +8805.20 Flight simulators and parts thereof 8805.20.00 D 8805.20.00 D 8805.20.01 A + 8805.20.02 A + +8901.10 Cruise ships, excursion boats etc principally designed for 8901.10.00 CM 8901.10.00 D 8901.10.01 A + 8901.10.02 D + +8901.20 Tankers 8901.20.00 CM 8901.20.00 D 8901.20.01 C + 8901.20.02 C + +8901.30 Refrigerated vessels other than tankers 8901.30.00 CM 8901.30.00 D 8901.30.01 C + 8901.30.02 C + +8901.90 Cargo vessels nes and other vessels for the transport of both 8901.90.10 CM 8901.90.00 D 8901.90.01 C + 8901.90.90 CM 8901.90.02 C + 8901.90.03 C + + 8901.90.04 C + +8902.00 Fishing vessels and factory ships 8902.00.10 C 8902.00.00 D 8902.00.01 C + 8902.00.20 D 8902.00.02 C + 8902.00.99 C + +8903.10 Inflatable pleasure craft 8903.10.00 BM 8903.10.00 A 8903.10.01 A + +8903.91 Sailboats, with or without auxiliary motor 8903.91.00 BM 8903.91.00 A 8903.91.01 A + +8903.92 Motorboats, other than outboard motorboats 8903.92.00 CM 8903.92.00 A 8903.92.01 C + +8903.99 Rowing boats, canoes, sculls and other pleasure boats nes 8903.99.10 D 8903.99.05 D 8903.99.01 A + 8903.99.91 BM 8903.99.15 A + 8903.99.92 BM 8903.99.20 A + 8903.99.90 A + +8904.00 Tugs and pusher craft 8904.00.00 C 8904.00.00 D 8904.00.01 C + +8905.10 Dredgers 8905.10.00 C 8905.10.00 D 8905.10.01 C + +8905.20 Floating or submersible drilling or production platforms 8905.20.10 CM 8905.20.00 D 8905.20.01 C + 8905.20.20 CM + +8905.90 Floating docks and vessels which perform special functions 8905.90.10 CM 8905.90.10 A 8905.90.01 C + 8905.90.90 CM 8905.90.50 D + +8906.00 Warships, lifeboats, hospital ships and vessels nes 8906.00.10 CM 8906.00.10 A 8906.00.01 A + 8906.00.90 CM 8906.00.90 D 8906.00.99 A + +8907.10 Inflatable rafts including those for carrying shipwrecked 8907.10.00 A 8907.10.00 A 8907.10.01 A + 8907.10.99 A + +8907.90 Buoys, beacons, coffer-dams, pontoons and other floating 8907.90.10 A 8907.90.00 A 8907.90.99 A + 8907.90.90 A + +8908.00 Vessels and other floating structures for breaking up 8908.00.10 D 8908.00.00 D 8908.00.01 A + 8908.00.90 CM + +9001.10 Optical fibres, optical fibre bundles & cables,other than thos 9001.10.00 A 9001.10.00 A 9001.10.01 A + 9001.10.02 A + 9001.10.03 A + +9001.20 Sheets and plates of polarising material 9001.20.00 A 9001.20.00 A 9001.20.01 A + 9001.20.99 A + +9001.30 Contact lenses 9001.30.00 D 9001.30.00 A 9001.30.01 A + 9001.30.02 A + 9001.30.99 A + +9001.40 Spectacle lenses of glass 9001.40.10 D 9001.40.00 A 9001.40.01 A + + 9001.40.90 A 9001.40.02 A + 9001.40.99 A + +9001.50 Spectacle lenses of other materials 9001.50.10 D 9001.50.00 A 9001.50.01 A + 9001.50.90 A 9001.50.99 A + +9001.90 Prisms, mirrors & other optical elements of any material, 9001.90.10 D 9001.90.40 A 9001.90.01 A + 9001.90.20 A 9001.90.50 A 9001.90.99 A + 9001.90.90 A 9001.90.60 A + 9001.90.80 A + 9001.90.90 A + +9002.11 Objective lenses for cameras, projectors or photographic 9002.11.10 D 9002.11.40 A 9002.11.01 A + 9002.11.20 A 9002.11.80 A + 9002.11.90 A + +9002.19 Objective lenses, nes 9002.19.10 D 9002.19.00 A 9002.19.99 A + 9002.19.90 A + +9002.20 Optical filters 9002.20.10 D 9002.20.40 A 9002.20.01 A + 9002.20.90 A 9002.20.80 A + +9002.90 Lenses, prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, mounted, 9002.90.10 D 9002.90.20 A 9002.90.99 A + 9002.90.20 A 9002.90.40 A + 9002.90.30 A 9002.90.70 A + 9002.90.90 A 9002.90.90 A + +9003.11 Frames and mountings for spectacles, goggles or the like, of 9003.11.10 D 9003.11.00 A 9003.11.01 A + 9003.11.20 B + +9003.19 Frames and mountings for spectacles, goggles or the like, of 9003.19.10 D 9003.19.00 A 9003.19.01 A + 9003.19.20 B + +9003.90 Parts for frames and mountings for spectacles, goggles or the 9003.90.10 D 9003.90.00 A 9003.90.01 A + 9003.90.21 D 9003.90.02 A + 9003.90.22 A + +9004.10 Sunglasses 9004.10.00 BM 9004.10.00 A 9004.10.01 A + +9004.90 Spectacles, goggles and the like, corrective, protective or 9004.90.10 D 9004.90.00 A 9004.90.99 A + 9004.90.90 BM + +9005.10 Binoculars 9005.10.00 A 9005.10.00 D 9005.10.01 A + +9005.80 Monoculars, other optical telescopes, astronomical inst and 9005.80.10 D 9005.80.40 A 9005.80.01 A + 9005.80.90 A 9005.80.60 A 9005.80.02 A + 9005.80.99 A + +9005.90 Parts and accessories (including mountings), of items of 9005.90.10 D 9005.90.00 A 9005.90.01 A + 9005.90.90 A 9005.90.02 A + + +9006.10 Cameras of a kind used for preparing printing plates or 9006.10.00 D 9006.10.00 A 9006.10.01 A + 9006.10.99 A + +9006.20 Cameras of a kind used for recording doc on microfilm or other 9006.20.10 D 9006.20.00 A 9006.20.01 A + 9006.20.20 A + +9006.30 Cameras designed for special use, underwater, aerial survey, 9006.30.10 D 9006.30.00 A 9006.30.01 A + 9006.30.20 A + +9006.40 Instant print cameras 9006.40.00 D 9006.40.40 A 9006.40.01 A + 9006.40.60 A + 9006.40.90 A + +9006.51 Cameras, single lens reflex, for roll film of a width not 9006.51.00 A 9006.51.00 A 9006.51.01 A + +9006.52 Cameras for roll film of a width less than 35 mm 9006.52.00 A 9006.52.10 A 9006.52.01 A + 9006.52.30 A + 9006.52.50 A + 9006.52.60 A + 9006.52.90 A + +9006.53 Cameras for roll film of a width of 35 mm, nes 9006.53.00 A 9006.53.00 A 9006.53.01 A + +9006.59 Photographic, other than cinematographic cameras nes 9006.59.10 D 9006.59.40 A 9006.59.01 A + 9006.59.20 A 9006.59.60 A 9006.59.99 A + 9006.59.90 A + +9006.61 Photographic discharge lamp (electronic) flashlight apparatus 9006.61.00 A 9006.61.00 A 9006.61.01 A + +9006.62 Flashbulbs, flashcubes and the like 9006.62.00 A 9006.62.00 A 9006.62.01 A + +9006.69 Photographic flashlight apparatus, nes 9006.69.10 D 9006.69.00 A 9006.69.99 A + 9006.69.90 A + +9006.91 Parts and accessories for photographic cameras 9006.91.10 D 9006.91.00 A 9006.91.01 A + 9006.91.91 D 9006.91.02 A + 9006.91.92 D 9006.91.99 A + 9006.91.99 A + +9006.99 Parts and accessories for photographic flashlight apparatus an 9006.99.10 D 9006.99.00 A 9006.99.99 A + 9006.99.90 A + +9007.11 Cinematographic cameras for film of less than 16 mm width or 9007.11.00 A 9007.11.00 A 9007.11.01 A + +9007.19 Cinematographic cameras, nes 9007.19.00 A 9007.19.00 A 9007.19.99 A + +9007.21 Cinematographic projectors for film of less than 16 mm width 9007.21.00 A 9007.21.40 A 9007.21.01 A + 9007.21.80 A + +9007.29 Cinematographic projectors, nes 9007.29.00 A 9007.29.40 A 9007.29.01 A + 9007.29.80 A 9007.29.02 A + + 9007.29.99 A + +9007.91 Parts and accessories for cinematographic cameras 9007.91.10 D 9007.91.40 A 9007.91.01 A + 9007.91.90 A 9007.91.80 A + +9007.92 Parts and accessories for cinematographic projectors 9007.92.11 D 9007.92.00 A 9007.92.01 A + 9007.92.19 A + 9007.92.20 A + +9008.10 Slide projectors 9008.10.00 A 9008.10.00 A 9008.10.01 A + +9008.20 Microfilm, microfiche or other microform readers capable or no 9008.20.10 D 9008.20.40 A 9008.20.01 A + 9008.20.90 A 9008.20.80 A + +9008.30 Image projectors, nes 9008.30.00 A 9008.30.00 A 9008.30.01 A + 9008.30.99 A + +9008.40 Photographic enlargers and reducers, other than cinematographi 9008.40.10 D 9008.40.00 A 9008.40.01 A + 9008.40.90 A + +9008.90 Parts and access of image projectors, enlargers & reducers o/t 9008.90.11 D 9008.90.40 A 9008.90.01 A + 9008.90.12 D 9008.90.80 A 9008.90.99 A + 9008.90.19 A + 9008.90.20 A + +9009.11 Electrostatic photo-copying apparatus, direct process type 9009.11.00 D 9009.11.00 A 9009.11.01 A + +9009.12 Electrostatic photo-copying apparatus, indirect process type 9009.12.00 D 9009.12.00 A 9009.12.01 A + +9009.21 Photo-copying apparatus, incorporating an optical system, nes 9009.21.00 D 9009.21.00 A 9009.21.01 A + 9009.21.99 A + +9009.22 Contact type photo-copying apparatus,nes 9009.22.00 D 9009.22.00 A 9009.22.01 A + +9009.30 Thermo-copying apparatus 9009.30.00 D 9009.30.00 A 9009.30.01 A + +9009.90 Parts and accessories for photo-copying apparatus 9009.90.00 D 9009.90.00 A 9009.90.01 A + 9009.90.99 A + +9010.10 Apparatus and equip for automatically developing photo (incl 9010.10.00 D 9010.10.00 A 9010.10.01 A + 9010.10.99 A + +9010.20 Apparatus and equipment for photographic (incl cine) lab; 9010.20.10 D 9010.20.10 A 9010.20.01 A + 9010.20.91 D 9010.20.20 A + 9010.20.99 A 9010.20.30 A + 9010.20.40 A + 9010.20.50 A + 9010.20.60 A + +9010.30 Projection screens 9010.30.00 A 9010.30.00 A 9010.30.01 A + + +9010.90 Parts and accessories for apparatus and equipment for 9010.90.10 D 9010.90.40 A 9010.90.01 A + 9010.90.20 A 9010.90.80 A + +9011.10 Stereoscopic microscopes 9011.10.00 D 9011.10.40 A 9011.10.01 B + 9011.10.80 A 9011.10.99 B + +9011.20 Microscopes, for microphotography, microcinematography or 9011.20.00 D 9011.20.40 A 9011.20.01 B + 9011.20.80 A + +9011.80 Microscopes, optical, nes 9011.80.00 D 9011.80.00 A 9011.80.99 B + +9011.90 Parts and accessories for optical microscopes 9011.90.00 D 9011.90.00 A 9011.90.01 B + +9012.10 Microscopes other than optical microscopes and diffraction 9012.10.00 D 9012.10.00 A 9012.10.01 A + 9012.10.99 A + +9012.90 Parts and accessories for microscopes other than optical 9012.90.00 D 9012.90.00 A 9012.90.01 A + +9013.10 Telescopic sights for fitting to arms; periscopes; telescopes 9013.10.00 A 9013.10.10 A 9013.10.01 A + 9013.10.30 A + 9013.10.40 A + +9013.20 Lasers, other than laser diodes 9013.20.00 A 9013.20.00 A 9013.20.01 A + +9013.80 Optical devices, appliances and instruments, nes, of this 9013.80.10 D 9013.80.20 A 9013.80.01 A + 9013.80.21 A 9013.80.40 A 9013.80.02 A + 9013.80.29 A 9013.80.60 A + 9013.80.90 A + +9013.90 Parts and accessories of optical appliances and instruments, 9013.90.10 A 9013.90.20 A 9013.90.01 A + 9013.90.20 A 9013.90.40 A + 9013.90.30 A + +9014.10 Direction finding compasses 9014.10.10 D 9014.10.10 A 9014.10.01 A + 9014.10.90 A 9014.10.60 A 9014.10.02 A + 9014.10.70 A 9014.10.03 A + 9014.10.90 A 9014.10.99 A + +9014.20 Instruments & appl for aeronautical or space navigation (other 9014.20.00 D 9014.20.20 A 9014.20.01 A + 9014.20.40 A + 9014.20.60 A + 9014.20.80 D + +9014.80 Navigational instruments and appliances nes 9014.80.10 A 9014.80.10 A 9014.80.01 A + 9014.80.20 A 9014.80.20 A 9014.80.02 A + 9014.80.30 D 9014.80.40 A 9014.80.99 A + 9014.80.90 A 9014.80.50 D + +9014.90 Parts & access for direction finding compasses & other 9014.90.11 D 9014.90.10 A 9014.90.01 A + 9014.90.12 A 9014.90.20 D 9014.90.02 A + 9014.90.20 D 9014.90.40 D 9014.90.99 A + + 9014.90.30 A 9014.90.60 A + 9014.90.40 A + 9014.90.50 A + +9015.10 Rangefinders 9015.10.10 D 9015.10.40 A 9015.10.01 A + 9015.10.90 A 9015.10.80 A + +9015.20 Theodolites and tacheometers 9015.20.10 D 9015.20.40 A 9015.20.01 A + 9015.20.90 A 9015.20.80 A 9015.20.02 A + 9015.20.03 A + +9015.30 Surveying levels 9015.30.00 A 9015.30.40 A 9015.30.01 A + 9015.30.80 A + +9015.40 Photogrammetrical surveying instruments and appliances 9015.40.00 D 9015.40.40 A 9015.40.01 A + 9015.40.80 A + +9015.80 Surveying, hydrographic, oceanographic, meteorological or 9015.80.10 D 9015.80.20 A 9015.80.01 A + 9015.80.20 A 9015.80.60 A 9015.80.02 A + 9015.80.30 D 9015.80.80 A 9015.80.03 A + 9015.80.90 A 9015.80.04 A + 9015.80.05 A + 9015.80.99 A + +9015.90 Parts and accessories for use with the apparatus of heading No 9015.90.10 D 9015.90.00 A 9015.90.01 A + 9015.90.20 A 9015.90.99 A + 9015.90.30 A + +9016.00 Balances of a sensitivity of 5 cg or better with or without 9016.00.10 A 9016.00.20 A 9016.00.01 A + 9016.00.90 A 9016.00.40 A 9016.00.02 A + 9016.00.60 A 9016.00.99 A + +9017.10 Drafting tables and machines, whether or not automatic 9017.10.10 A 9017.10.00 A 9017.10.01 A + 9017.10.20 A 9017.10.02 A + 9017.10.99 A + +9017.20 Drawing, marking-out or mathematical calculating instruments, 9017.20.00 A 9017.20.40 A 9017.20.01 C + 9017.20.80 A 9017.20.02 C + 9017.20.99 C + +9017.30 Micrometers, callipers and gauges 9017.30.00 A 9017.30.40 A 9017.30.01 A + 9017.30.80 A 9017.30.99 A + +9017.80 Instruments for measuring length, for use in the hand, nes 9017.80.10 BM 9017.80.00 A 9017.80.01 C + 9017.80.90 BM 9017.80.02 A + 9017.80.03 A + 9017.80.04 C + 9017.80.05 A + 9017.80.99 A + +9017.90 Parts and accessories for use with the apparatus of heading No 9017.90.10 A 9017.90.00 A 9017.90.01 A + + 9017.90.20 A 9017.90.02 A + +9018.11 Electro-cardiographs 9018.11.00 D 9018.11.00 A 9018.11.01 A + +9018.19 Electro-diagnostic apparatus, nes 9018.19.00 D 9018.19.40 A 9018.19.01 A + 9018.19.80 A 9018.19.02 A + 9018.19.03 A + 9018.19.04 A + 9018.19.05 A + 9018.19.06 A + 9018.19.07 A + 9018.19.08 A + 9018.19.09 A + 9018.19.10 A + 9018.19.11 A + 9018.19.12 A + 9018.19.13 A + 9018.19.14 A + 9018.19.15 A + 9018.19.99 A + +9018.20 Ultra-violet or infra-red ray apparatus 9018.20.00 D 9018.20.00 A 9018.20.01 A + +9018.31 Syringes, with or without needles 9018.31.00 D 9018.31.00 A 9018.31.01 B + 9018.31.02 B + 9018.31.99 B + +9018.32 Tubular metal needles and needles for sutures 9018.32.00 D 9018.32.00 A 9018.32.01 A + 9018.32.02 B + 9018.32.99 B + +9018.39 Needles, catheters, cannulae and the like, nes 9018.39.00 D 9018.39.00 A 9018.39.01 B + 9018.39.02 A + 9018.39.03 B + 9018.39.04 A + 9018.39.05 B + 9018.39.99 B + +9018.41 Dental drill engines, whether or not combi on a single base 9018.41.00 D 9018.41.00 A 9018.41.01 A + 9018.41.99 A + +9018.49 Instruments and appliances, used in dental sciences, nes 9018.49.00 D 9018.49.40 A 9018.49.01 A + 9018.49.80 A 9018.49.02 A + 9018.49.03 A + 9018.49.04 A + 9018.49.05 A + 9018.49.06 A + 9018.49.07 A + +9018.50 Ophthalmic instruments and appliances, nes 9018.50.00 D 9018.50.00 A 9018.50.01 A + + +9018.90 Instruments and appliances used in medical or veterinary 9018.90.00 D 9018.90.10 A 9018.90.01 A + 9018.90.20 A 9018.90.02 A + 9018.90.30 A 9018.90.03 B + 9018.90.40 A 9018.90.04 A + 9018.90.50 A 9018.90.05 B + 9018.90.60 A 9018.90.06 A + 9018.90.70 A 9018.90.07 B + 9018.90.80 A 9018.90.08 A + 9018.90.09 B + 9018.90.10 A + 9018.90.11 A + 9018.90.12 B + 9018.90.13 A + 9018.90.14 A + 9018.90.15 B + 9018.90.16 A + 9018.90.17 A + 9018.90.18 B + 9018.90.19 B + 9018.90.20 A + 9018.90.21 A + 9018.90.22 A + 9018.90.23 A + 9018.90.24 B + 9018.90.99 B + +9019.10 Mechano-therapy appl; massage app; psychological 9019.10.10 A 9019.10.20 A 9019.10.01 A + 9019.10.20 A 9019.10.40 A 9019.10.02 A + 9019.10.60 A 9019.10.03 A + 9019.10.99 A + +9019.20 Oxygen therapy, artificial respiration or other therapeutic 9019.20.00 D 9019.20.00 A 9019.20.01 A + +9020.00 Breathing appliances and gas masks, exc protective masks havin 9020.00.00 D 9020.00.40 D 9020.00.01 A + 9020.00.60 A 9020.00.02 A + 9020.00.90 A 9020.00.03 A + 9020.00.04 A + 9020.00.05 A + 9020.00.99 A + +9021.11 Artificial joints 9021.11.00 D 9021.11.00 A 9021.11.01 A + +9021.19 Orthopaedic or fracture appliances, nes 9021.19.10 B 9021.19.40 A 9021.19.01 A + 9021.19.20 B 9021.19.80 A 9021.19.02 A + 9021.19.30 D 9021.19.03 A + 9021.19.04 A + 9021.19.05 A + 9021.19.99 A + +9021.21 Artificial teeth 9021.21.00 D 9021.21.40 A 9021.21.01 A + 9021.21.80 A 9021.21.99 A + + +9021.29 Dental fittings, nes 9021.29.10 D 9021.29.40 A 9021.29.99 A + 9021.29.20 A 9021.29.80 A + +9021.30 Artificial parts of the body, nes 9021.30.00 D 9021.30.00 A 9021.30.01 A + 9021.30.02 A + 9021.30.03 A + 9021.30.04 A + 9021.30.99 A + +9021.40 Hearing aids, excluding parts and accessories 9021.40.00 D 9021.40.00 A 9021.40.01 A + +9021.50 Pacemakers for stimulating heart muscles, excluding parts and 9021.50.00 D 9021.50.00 A 9021.50.01 A + +9021.90 Orthopedic and other appliances, worn, carried or implanted in 9021.90.00 D 9021.90.40 A 9021.90.01 A + 9021.90.80 A 9021.90.99 A + +9022.11 Apparatus based on the use of X-rays for medical, surgical, 9022.11.00 D 9022.11.00 A 9022.11.FA C + 9022.11.FB C + 9022.11.FC C + 9022.11.FD A + +9022.19 Apparatus based on the use of X-rays for other uses 9022.19.00 D 9022.19.00 A 9022.19.99 A + +9022.21 Apparatus based on the use of alpha beta or gamma radiations, 9022.21.00 D 9022.21.00 A 9022.21.01 A + 9022.21.99 A + +9022.29 Apparatus based on the use of alpha beta or gamma radiations, 9022.29.00 D 9022.29.40 A 9022.29.01 A + 9022.29.80 A 9022.29.99 A + +9022.30 X-ray tubes 9022.30.00 D 9022.30.00 A 9022.30.01 A + +9022.90 Parts and accessories for app based on the use of X-rays or 9022.90.00 D 9022.90.20 A 9022.90.01 A + 9022.90.40 A 9022.90.02 A + 9022.90.60 A 9022.90.03 A + 9022.90.70 A 9022.90.99 A + 9022.90.90 A + +9023.00 Instruments, apparatus and models, designed for demonstrationa 9023.00.00 D 9023.00.00 D 9023.00.01 A + 9023.00.99 A + +9024.10 Machines and appliances for testing the mechanical properties 9024.10.10 D 9024.10.00 A 9024.10.01 A + 9024.10.90 A 9024.10.02 A + 9024.10.99 A + +9024.80 Machines and appliances for testing the mechanical properties 9024.80.10 A 9024.80.00 A 9024.80.99 A + 9024.80.91 D + 9024.80.99 A + +9024.90 Parts and accessories of mach and appl for testing mech 9024.90.10 A 9024.90.00 A 9024.90.01 A + 9024.90.20 D + + 9024.90.30 A + +9025.11 Thermometers, not combined with other instruments, 9025.11.10 D 9025.11.20 A 9025.11.01 A + 9025.11.90 A 9025.11.40 A 9025.11.99 A + +9025.19 Thermometers, not combined with other instruments, nes 9025.19.11 D 9025.19.00 A 9025.19.01 B + 9025.19.19 BM 9025.19.02 A + 9025.19.90 B 9025.19.03 B + 9025.19.99 C + +9025.20 Barometers, not combined with other instruments 9025.20.00 A 9025.20.40 A 9025.20.01 A + 9025.20.80 A + +9025.80 Hydrometers, pyrometers, hygrometers and psychrometers, 9025.80.10 A 9025.80.10 A 9025.80.01 C + 9025.80.91 D 9025.80.20 A 9025.80.02 A + 9025.80.99 B 9025.80.30 A 9025.80.03 A + 9025.80.40 A 9025.80.04 A + 9025.80.50 A 9025.80.99 A + +9025.90 Parts and accessories for use with the apparatus of heading No 9025.90.10 B 9025.90.00 A 9025.90.01 B + 9025.90.91 D 9025.90.02 B + 9025.90.92 A 9025.90.99 B + 9025.90.93 B + +9026.10 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking the flow o 9026.10.10 B 9026.10.20 A 9026.10.01 C + 9026.10.91 D 9026.10.40 A 9026.10.02 B + 9026.10.99 A 9026.10.60 A 9026.10.03 B + 9026.10.04 C + 9026.10.05 C + 9026.10.06 C + 9026.10.99 B + +9026.20 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking pressure 9026.20.10 D 9026.20.40 A 9026.20.01 C + 9026.20.90 B 9026.20.80 A 9026.20.02 A + 9026.20.03 A + 9026.20.04 C + 9026.20.05 A + 9026.20.06 A + 9026.20.99 A + +9026.80 Instruments & apparatus for measuring or check variables of li 9026.80.10 D 9026.80.20 A 9026.80.01 A + 9026.80.90 A 9026.80.40 A 9026.80.02 A + 9026.80.60 A 9026.80.99 A + +9026.90 Parts of inst and app for measuring or checking variables of 9026.90.10 A 9026.90.20 A 9026.90.01 A + 9026.90.91 D 9026.90.40 A 9026.90.99 A + 9026.90.92 A 9026.90.60 A + 9026.90.93 A + +9027.10 Gas or smoke analysis apparatus 9027.10.10 D 9027.10.20 A 9027.10.01 A + 9027.10.90 A 9027.10.40 A + + 9027.10.60 A + +9027.20 Chromatographs and electrophoresis instruments 9027.20.10 D 9027.20.42 A 9027.20.01 A + 9027.20.90 A 9027.20.44 A 9027.20.02 A + 9027.20.80 A 9027.20.99 A + +9027.30 Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using 9027.30.10 A 9027.30.40 A 9027.30.01 A + 9027.30.91 D 9027.30.80 A 9027.30.02 A + 9027.30.99 A 9027.30.99 A + +9027.40 Exposure meters 9027.40.00 D 9027.40.00 A 9027.40.01 A + +9027.50 Instruments and apparatus using optical radiations (UV, 9027.50.10 D 9027.50.40 A 9027.50.01 A + 9027.50.90 A 9027.50.80 A 9027.50.02 A + 9027.50.99 A + +9027.80 Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis, 9027.80.10 A 9027.80.40 A 9027.80.01 A + 9027.80.80 D 9027.80.80 A 9027.80.02 A + 9027.80.90 A + +9027.90 Microtomes; parts & access of inst and app for physical or che 9027.90.11 D 9027.90.20 A 9027.90.01 A + 9027.90.19 A 9027.90.42 A 9027.90.02 A + 9027.90.20 A 9027.90.44 A 9027.90.99 A + 9027.90.91 D 9027.90.60 A + 9027.90.92 A 9027.90.80 A + 9027.90.93 A + +9028.10 Gas supply, production and calibrating meters 9028.10.00 A 9028.10.00 A 9028.10.01 B + +9028.20 Liquid supply, production and calibrating meters 9028.20.10 C 9028.20.00 A 9028.20.01 C + 9028.20.20 B 9028.20.02 C + 9028.20.90 A 9028.20.99 B + +9028.30 Electricity supply, production and calibrating meters 9028.30.00 B 9028.30.00 A 9028.30.01 C + 9028.30.99 C + +9028.90 Parts and accessories for gas, liquid or electricity supply or 9028.90.10 BM 9028.90.00 A 9028.90.01 C + 9028.90.91 C 9028.90.02 C + 9028.90.92 BM 9028.90.99 B + 9028.90.93 A + 9028.90.94 BM + +9029.10 Revolution counters, production counters taximeters, 9029.10.10 B 9029.10.40 A 9029.10.01 B + 9029.10.20 D 9029.10.80 D 9029.10.02 B + 9029.10.90 B 9029.10.03 B + 9029.10.04 B + 9029.10.99 B + +9029.20 Speed indicators and tachometers; stroboscopes 9029.20.10 A 9029.20.20 B 9029.20.01 B + 9029.20.91 D 9029.20.40 D 9029.20.02 B + 9029.20.99 B 9029.20.60 A 9029.20.03 B + + 9029.20.04 B + 9029.20.05 B + 9029.20.06 B + +9029.90 Parts and access of revolution counters, production counters, 9029.90.10 B 9029.90.20 A 9029.90.01 B + 9029.90.91 A 9029.90.40 B 9029.90.99 B + 9029.90.92 D 9029.90.60 A + 9029.90.93 B 9029.90.80 D + 9029.90.94 B + +9030.10 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or detecting ionising 9030.10.10 A 9030.10.00 A 9030.10.01 A + 9030.10.91 D + 9030.10.99 A + +9030.20 Cathode-ray oscilloscopes and cathoderay oscillographs 9030.20.00 D 9030.20.00 A 9030.20.01 A + 9030.20.99 A + +9030.31 Multimeters 9030.31.10 A 9030.31.00 A 9030.31.01 C + 9030.31.90 D + +9030.39 Inst & app, for measuring or checking voltage, current, etc w/ 9030.39.10 B 9030.39.00 A 9030.39.01 C + 9030.39.90 D 9030.39.02 A + 9030.39.03 C + 9030.39.04 C + 9030.39.05 A + 9030.39.06 C + 9030.39.07 A + 9030.39.99 A + +9030.40 Instruments and apparatus, specially designed for 9030.40.10 A 9030.40.00 A 9030.40.01 A + 9030.40.90 D 9030.40.99 A + +9030.81 Inst & app for measuring or checking elec qty, with a recordin 9030.81.10 A 9030.81.00 A 9030.81.01 A + 9030.81.20 A + 9030.81.91 D + 9030.81.99 A + +9030.89 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking electrical 9030.89.10 A 9030.89.00 A 9030.89.01 C + 9030.89.20 B 9030.89.02 A + 9030.89.91 D 9030.89.03 C + 9030.89.99 C 9030.89.04 A + 9030.89.05 A + 9030.89.06 A + 9030.89.07 A + 9030.89.08 C + 9030.89.09 A + 9030.89.99 A + +9030.90 Parts & access for inst & app for meas or checking electrical 9030.90.10 BM 9030.90.40 A 9030.90.01 C + 9030.90.91 BM 9030.90.80 A 9030.90.99 B + 9030.90.92 A + + 9030.90.93 D + 9030.90.94 C + +9031.10 Machines for balancing mechanical parts, nes 9031.10.10 A 9031.10.00 A 9031.10.01 A + 9031.10.91 D 9031.10.99 A + 9031.10.99 A + +9031.20 Test benches for measuring or checking instruments, appliances 9031.20.10 D 9031.20.00 A 9031.20.01 A + 9031.20.90 A 9031.20.02 C + 9031.20.03 A + 9031.20.99 A + +9031.30 Profile projectors, nes 9031.30.00 A 9031.30.00 A 9031.30.01 A + +9031.40 Optical instruments and appliances, nes 9031.40.00 A 9031.40.00 A 9031.40.01 A + 9031.40.99 A + +9031.80 Measuring or checking instruments, appliances and machines, ne 9031.80.10 A 9031.80.00 A 9031.80.01 A + 9031.80.20 A 9031.80.02 A + 9031.80.91 D 9031.80.03 A + 9031.80.99 A 9031.80.04 A + 9031.80.05 A + 9031.80.99 A + +9031.90 Parts and accessories for measuring or checking inst, appl and 9031.90.10 A 9031.90.20 A 9031.90.01 A + 9031.90.20 D 9031.90.40 A 9031.90.99 A + 9031.90.30 A 9031.90.60 A + 9031.90.40 A + 9031.90.50 A + +9032.10 Thermostats 9032.10.10 B 9032.10.00 A 9032.10.01 A + 9032.10.90 B 9032.10.02 C + 9032.10.03 C + 9032.10.04 C + 9032.10.05 C + 9032.10.06 C + 9032.10.99 C + +9032.20 Manostats 9032.20.00 A 9032.20.00 A 9032.20.01 B + +9032.81 Hydraulic or pneumatic automatic regulating or controlling ins 9032.81.10 BM 9032.81.00 A 9032.81.01 B + 9032.81.90 BM 9032.81.02 B + 9032.81.03 B + 9032.81.99 B + +9032.89 Automatic regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus, 9032.89.10 D 9032.89.20 A 9032.89.01 A + 9032.89.20 D 9032.89.40 A 9032.89.02 C + 9032.89.30 D 9032.89.60 A 9032.89.03 C + 9032.89.80 C 9032.89.04 A + 9032.89.90 B 9032.89.05 C + 9032.89.06 C + + 9032.89.07 C + 9032.89.08 C + 9032.89.99 C + +9032.90 Parts & access for automatic regulating or controlling 9032.90.10 BM 9032.90.20 A 9032.90.01 B + 9032.90.20 D 9032.90.40 A 9032.90.02 C + 9032.90.30 BM 9032.90.60 A 9032.90.03 C + 9032.90.40 C 9032.90.04 C + 9032.90.99 C + +9033.00 Parts & access nes for machines, appliances, inst or app of 9033.00.00 B 9033.00.00 A 9033.00.01 A + +9101.11 Wrist-watches with mech display, battery powered & with case o 9101.11.00 CM 9101.11.40 C+ 9101.11.01 C + 9101.11.80 C+ 9101.11.99 C + +9101.12 Wrist-watches with opto-electronic disp batt power & with case 9101.12.00 BM 9101.12.20 A 9101.12.01 A + 9101.12.40 A 9101.12.99 A + 9101.12.80 A + +9101.19 Wrist-watches, battery powered and with case of precious metal 9101.19.00 BM 9101.19.40 B 9101.19.01 B + 9101.19.80 B 9101.19.99 B + +9101.21 Wrist-watches, with automatic winding and with case of preciou 9101.21.00 BM 9101.21.10 A 9101.21.01 A + 9101.21.30 A 9101.21.99 A + 9101.21.50 A + 9101.21.80 A + +9101.29 Wrist-watches, with a case of precious metal, nes 9101.29.00 BM 9101.29.10 A 9101.29.01 A + 9101.29.20 A 9101.29.99 A + 9101.29.30 A + 9101.29.40 A + 9101.29.50 A + 9101.29.70 A + 9101.29.80 A + 9101.29.90 A + +9101.91 Pocket-watches & other watches battery powered & with case of 9101.91.10 D 9101.91.20 A 9101.91.01 A + 9101.91.90 BM 9101.91.40 A 9101.91.99 A + 9101.91.80 A + +9101.99 Pocket-watches & other watches with case of precious metal, ne 9101.99.00 BM 9101.99.20 A 9101.99.01 A + 9101.99.40 A 9101.99.99 A + 9101.99.60 A + 9101.99.80 A + +9102.11 Wrist-watches, battery or accumulator powered with mechanical 9102.11.00 C 9102.11.10 C+ 9102.11.01 C + 9102.11.25 C+ 9102.11.02 C + 9102.11.30 C+ 9102.11.03 C + 9102.11.45 C+ 9102.11.99 C + 9102.11.50 C+ + 9102.11.65 C+ + + 9102.11.70 C+ + 9102.11.95 C+ + +9102.12 Wrist-watches, battery or accum powered with opto-electronic 9102.12.00 BM 9102.12.20 A 9102.12.01 A + 9102.12.40 A 9102.12.02 A + 9102.12.80 A 9102.12.03 A + 9102.12.99 A + +9102.19 Wrist-watches, battery or accumulator powered, nes 9102.19.00 BM 9102.19.20 B 9102.19.01 B + 9102.19.40 B 9102.19.02 B + 9102.19.60 B 9102.19.03 B + 9102.19.80 B 9102.19.99 B + +9102.21 Wrist-watches with automatic winding nes 9102.21.00 BM 9102.21.10 A 9102.21.01 A + 9102.21.25 A 9102.21.02 A + 9102.21.30 A 9102.21.03 A + 9102.21.50 A 9102.21.99 A + 9102.21.70 A + 9102.21.90 A + +9102.29 Wrist-watches, nes 9102.29.00 BM 9102.29.02 A 9102.29.01 A + 9102.29.04 A 9102.29.02 A + 9102.29.10 A 9102.29.03 A + 9102.29.15 A 9102.29.99 A + 9102.29.20 A + 9102.29.25 A + 9102.29.30 A + 9102.29.35 A + 9102.29.40 A + 9102.29.45 A + 9102.29.50 A + 9102.29.55 A + 9102.29.60 A + +9102.91 Pocket-watches and other watches battery or accumulator 9102.91.10 D 9102.91.20 A 9102.91.01 C + 9102.91.90 BM 9102.91.40 C+ 9102.91.99 C + 9102.91.80 C+ + +9102.99 Pocket-watches and other watches, nes 9102.99.00 BM 9102.99.20 A 9102.99.01 A + 9102.99.40 A 9102.99.02 A + 9102.99.60 A 9102.99.99 A + 9102.99.80 A + +9103.10 Clocks with watch movements, battery or accumulator powered, 9103.10.00 BM 9103.10.20 A 9103.10.01 A + 9103.10.40 A + 9103.10.80 A + +9103.90 Clocks with watch movements, nes excluding clock of heading No 9103.90.10 BM 9103.90.00 A 9103.90.99 A + 9103.90.90 BM + +9104.00 Instrument panel clocks and clocks of a similar type for 9104.00.00 D 9104.00.05 A 9104.00.01 B + + 9104.00.10 A 9104.00.02 B + 9104.00.20 A 9104.00.03 B + 9104.00.25 A 9104.00.99 B + 9104.00.30 A + 9104.00.40 A + 9104.00.45 A + 9104.00.50 A + 9104.00.60 A + +9105.11 Alarm clocks, battery, accumulator or mains powered 9105.11.00 BM 9105.11.40 A 9105.11.01 A + 9105.11.80 A 9105.11.99 A + +9105.19 Alarm clocks, nes 9105.19.10 A 9105.19.10 A 9105.19.99 A + 9105.19.90 A 9105.19.20 A + 9105.19.30 A + 9105.19.40 A + 9105.19.50 A + +9105.21 Wall clocks, battery, accumulator or mains powered 9105.21.10 B 9105.21.40 A 9105.21.01 A + 9105.21.90 B 9105.21.80 A + +9105.29 Wall clocks, nes 9105.29.00 BM 9105.29.10 A 9105.29.99 A + 9105.29.20 A + 9105.29.30 A + 9105.29.40 A + 9105.29.50 A + +9105.91 Clocks, nes, battery, accumulator or mains powered 9105.91.10 B 9105.91.40 A 9105.91.01 A + 9105.91.20 D 9105.91.80 A 9105.91.99 A + 9105.91.90 A + +9105.99 Clocks, nes 9105.99.10 D 9105.99.10 A 9105.99.01 A + 9105.99.90 BM 9105.99.20 A 9105.99.99 A + 9105.99.30 A + 9105.99.40 A + 9105.99.50 A + 9105.99.60 A + +9106.10 Time-registers; time-recorders 9106.10.00 D 9106.10.00 A 9106.10.01 A + 9106.10.02 A + 9106.10.03 A + 9106.10.99 A + +9106.20 Parking meters 9106.20.00 A 9106.20.00 A 9106.20.01 A + +9106.90 Time of day recording apparatus, nes 9106.90.10 D 9106.90.40 A 9106.90.01 A + 9106.90.90 A 9106.90.80 A 9106.90.99 A + +9107.00 Time switches with clock or watch movement or with synchronous 9107.00.10 BM 9107.00.40 A 9107.00.01 A + 9107.00.20 B 9107.00.80 A 9107.00.02 A + 9107.00.90 BM 9107.00.03 A + + 9107.00.99 A + +9108.11 Watch movements, assembled, battery powered with mechanical 9108.11.00 A 9108.11.40 C+ 9108.11.01 C + 9108.11.80 C+ + +9108.12 Watch movements, assembled, battery powered, with 9108.12.00 A 9108.12.00 A 9108.12.01 A + 9108.12.99 A + +9108.19 Watch movements, assembled, battery powered, nes 9108.19.00 A 9108.19.40 B 9108.19.99 B + 9108.19.80 B + +9108.20 Watch movements, complete and assembled, with automatic 9108.20.00 A 9108.20.40 A 9108.20.01 A + 9108.20.80 A + +9108.91 Watch movements, complete and assembled, measuring 33.8 mm or 9108.91.00 A 9108.91.10 A 9108.91.01 A + 9108.91.20 A + 9108.91.30 A + 9108.91.40 A + 9108.91.50 A + 9108.91.60 A + +9108.99 Watch movements, complete and assembled, nes 9108.99.00 A 9108.99.20 A 9108.99.99 A + 9108.99.40 A + 9108.99.60 A + 9108.99.80 A + +9109.11 Clock movements, complete and assembled, battery powered, for 9109.11.00 A 9109.11.10 A 9109.11.01 A + 9109.11.20 A + 9109.11.40 A + 9109.11.60 A + +9109.19 Clock movements, complete and assembled, battery powered, nes 9109.19.10 D 9109.19.10 A 9109.19.01 A + 9109.19.90 A 9109.19.20 A 9109.19.99 A + 9109.19.40 A + 9109.19.60 A + +9109.90 Clock movements, complete and assembled, nes 9109.90.10 D 9109.90.20 A 9109.90.01 A + 9109.90.90 A 9109.90.40 A 9109.90.99 A + 9109.90.60 A + +9110.11 Complete movements of watches, unassembled or partly assembled 9110.11.00 A 9110.11.00 A 9110.11.01 A + +9110.12 Incomplete movements of watches, assembled 9110.12.00 A 9110.12.00 A 9110.12.01 A + +9110.19 Rough movements of watches 9110.19.00 A 9110.19.00 A 9110.19.01 A + +9110.90 Clock movements, unassembled or partly assembled; rough clock 9110.90.10 D 9110.90.20 A 9110.90.99 A + 9110.90.90 A 9110.90.40 A + 9110.90.60 A + +9111.10 Watch cases of precious metal or of metal clad with precious 9111.10.00 A 9111.10.00 A 9111.10.01 A + + 9111.10.02 A + 9111.10.03 A + +9111.20 Watch cases of base metal, whether or not gold- or 9111.20.00 A 9111.20.20 A 9111.20.01 A + 9111.20.40 A + +9111.80 Watch cases, nes 9111.80.00 A 9111.80.00 A 9111.80.99 A + +9111.90 Parts of watch cases 9111.90.00 A 9111.90.40 A 9111.90.01 A + 9111.90.50 A 9111.90.02 A + 9111.90.70 A 9111.90.99 A + +9112.10 Clock cases and cases of a similar type, of metal for other 9112.10.00 A 9112.10.00 A 9112.10.01 A + +9112.80 Clock cases and cases of a similar type, for other goods of 9112.80.00 A 9112.80.00 A 9112.80.99 A + +9112.90 Parts of clock cases and cases of a similar type for other 9112.90.00 A 9112.90.00 A 9112.90.01 A + +9113.10 Watch straps & pts thereof, of precious metal or of metal clad 9113.10.00 BM 9113.10.00 A 9113.10.01 A + 9113.10.02 A + +9113.20 Watch straps & pts thereof of base metal whether or not gold- 9113.20.00 BM 9113.20.20 A 9113.20.01 A + 9113.20.40 B 9113.20.02 A + 9113.20.60 A + 9113.20.90 A + +9113.90 Watch straps, watch bands and watch bracelets, and parts 9113.90.10 BM 9113.90.40 A 9113.90.01 A + 9113.90.90 BM 9113.90.80 A 9113.90.02 A + +9114.10 Clock or watch springs, including hairsprings 9114.10.10 D 9114.10.40 A 9114.10.01 A + 9114.10.20 A 9114.10.80 A 9114.10.02 A + 9114.10.30 A 9114.10.99 A + 9114.10.90 A + +9114.20 Clock or watch jewels 9114.20.00 D 9114.20.00 D 9114.20.01 A + +9114.30 Clock or watch dials 9114.30.10 D 9114.30.40 B 9114.30.01 A + 9114.30.20 A 9114.30.80 A + 9114.30.30 A + 9114.30.90 A + +9114.40 Clock or watch plates and bridges 9114.40.10 D 9114.40.20 A 9114.40.01 A + 9114.40.20 A 9114.40.40 A + 9114.40.30 A 9114.40.60 A + 9114.40.90 A 9114.40.80 A + +9114.90 Clock or watch parts, nes 9114.90.10 D 9114.90.15 A 9114.90.01 A + 9114.90.20 A 9114.90.30 A 9114.90.02 A + 9114.90.30 A 9114.90.40 A 9114.90.99 A + 9114.90.90 A 9114.90.50 A + + +9201.10 Upright pianos, including automatic 9201.10.00 A 9201.10.00 A 9201.10.01 A + +9201.20 Grand pianos, including automatic 9201.20.00 A 9201.20.00 A 9201.20.01 A + 9201.20.02 A + +9201.90 Harpsichords and other keyboard stringed instruments nes 9201.90.10 D 9201.90.00 A 9201.90.01 A + 9201.90.90 A 9201.90.02 A + 9201.90.99 A + +9202.10 String musical instruments played with a bow 9202.10.00 D 9202.10.00 A 9202.10.01 A + 9202.10.99 A + +9202.90 String musical instruments nes 9202.90.10 D 9202.90.20 A 9202.90.01 A + 9202.90.90 BM 9202.90.40 A 9202.90.02 B + 9202.90.60 A 9202.90.99 A + +9203.00 Harmoniums & sim keyboard inst with free metal reeds and 9203.00.10 D 9203.00.40 D 9203.00.01 B + 9203.00.20 A 9203.00.80 A + +9204.10 Accordions and similar instruments 9204.10.10 A 9204.10.40 A 9204.10.01 A + 9204.10.90 D 9204.10.80 A 9204.10.02 A + 9204.10.99 A + +9204.20 Mouth organs (harmonicas) 9204.20.00 D 9204.20.00 A 9204.20.01 A + 9204.20.99 A + +9205.10 Brass-wind instruments 9205.10.00 D 9205.10.00 A 9205.10.01 A + 9205.10.99 A + +9205.90 Wind musical instruments nes 9205.90.10 D 9205.90.20 D 9205.90.01 A + 9205.90.90 BM 9205.90.40 A 9205.90.02 B + 9205.90.60 A 9205.90.99 A + +9206.00 Percussion musical instruments 9206.00.10 D 9206.00.20 A 9206.00.01 A + 9206.00.90 A 9206.00.40 D 9206.00.99 A + 9206.00.60 A + 9206.00.80 A + +9207.10 Keyboard instruments, exc accordions, sound generated/amplifie 9207.10.10 A 9207.10.00 A 9207.10.01 A + 9207.10.90 A 9207.10.02 A + 9207.10.03 A + 9207.10.99 A + +9207.90 Musical instruments nes, sound generated or amplified 9207.90.10 D 9207.90.00 A 9207.90.01 A + 9207.90.90 BM 9207.90.99 A + +9208.10 Musical boxes nes 9208.10.00 A 9208.10.00 A 9208.10.01 A + +9208.90 Decoy calls, musical inst nes & mouth blown sound signalling 9208.90.10 A 9208.90.00 A 9208.90.99 A + 9208.90.90 A + + +9209.10 Metronomes, tuning forks and pitch pipes 9209.10.00 A 9209.10.00 A 9209.10.01 A + +9209.20 Mechanisms for musical box 9209.20.00 A 9209.20.00 A 9209.20.01 A + +9209.30 Strings, musical instrument 9209.30.10 D 9209.30.00 A 9209.30.01 A + 9209.30.90 A 9209.30.99 A + +9209.91 Parts and accessories for pianos 9209.91.10 D 9209.91.40 A 9209.91.01 A + 9209.91.20 A 9209.91.80 A 9209.91.99 A + 9209.91.90 A + +9209.92 Parts and accessories for the musical instruments of heading N 9209.92.10 D 9209.92.20 A 9209.92.01 A + 9209.92.20 A 9209.92.40 A + 9209.92.60 A + 9209.92.80 A + +9209.93 Parts and accessories for the musical instruments of heading N 9209.93.00 A 9209.93.40 D 9209.93.01 A + 9209.93.80 A 9209.93.02 A + 9209.93.99 A + +9209.94 Parts and accessories for the musical instruments of heading N 9209.94.00 A 9209.94.40 A 9209.94.01 A + 9209.94.80 A 9209.94.02 A + 9209.94.03 A + 9209.94.99 A + +9209.99 Parts and accessories for the musical instruments nes 9209.99.10 D 9209.99.10 A 9209.99.99 A + 9209.99.90 A 9209.99.20 D + 9209.99.40 A + 9209.99.60 A + 9209.99.80 A + +9301.00 Military weapons, other than revolvers, pistols and arms of 9301.00.10 A 9301.00.30 A 9301.00.01 A + 9301.00.90 A 9301.00.60 A + 9301.00.90 A + +9302.00 Revolvers and pistols, other than those of heading No 93.03 or 9302.00.00 A 9302.00.00 A 9302.00.01 A + 9302.00.99 A + +9303.10 Muzzle-loading firearms 9303.10.00 A 9303.10.00 D 9303.10.01 A + 9303.10.99 A + +9303.20 Shotguns incl combination shotgun-rifles sporting, hunting or 9303.20.10 A 9303.20.00 A 9303.20.01 A + 9303.20.90 A + +9303.30 Rifles, sporting, hunting or targetshooting, nes 9303.30.10 A 9303.30.40 A 9303.30.01 A + 9303.30.90 A 9303.30.80 A + +9303.90 Firearms & similar devices operated by the firing of an 9303.90.10 D 9303.90.40 A 9303.90.01 A + 9303.90.90 A 9303.90.80 A 9303.90.99 A + +9304.00 Arms nes, excluding those of heading No 93.07 9304.00.11 A 9304.00.20 A 9304.00.01 A + + 9304.00.19 A 9304.00.40 A + 9304.00.90 A 9304.00.60 A + +9305.10 Parts and accessories of revolvers or pistols of heading Nos 9305.10.00 A 9305.10.20 A 9305.10.01 A + 9305.10.40 A + 9305.10.60 D + 9305.10.80 A + +9305.21 Shotgun barrels of heading No 93.03 9305.21.00 A 9305.21.40 D 9305.21.01 A + 9305.21.80 A + +9305.29 Parts and accessories of shotguns or rifles, nes of heading No 9305.29.10 A 9305.29.05 D 9305.29.01 A + 9305.29.81 D 9305.29.10 A + 9305.29.89 A 9305.29.20 A + 9305.29.90 A 9305.29.40 A + 9305.29.50 A + +9305.90 Parts and accessories nes of heading Nos 93.01 to 93.04 9305.90.10 A 9305.90.10 A 9305.90.01 A + 9305.90.20 A 9305.90.20 A + 9305.90.30 D 9305.90.30 A + 9305.90.90 A 9305.90.40 A + 9305.90.50 A + 9305.90.60 A + +9306.10 Cartridges for riveting or sim tools or for captive-bolt human 9306.10.00 A 9306.10.00 A 9306.10.01 A + 9306.10.02 A + +9306.21 Cartridges, shotgun 9306.21.00 A 9306.21.00 A 9306.21.01 A + 9306.21.99 B + +9306.29 Air gun pellets and parts of shotgun cartridges 9306.29.00 A 9306.29.00 A 9306.29.01 A + +9306.30 Cartridges nes and parts thereof 9306.30.10 D 9306.30.40 A 9306.30.01 A + 9306.30.20 A 9306.30.80 A 9306.30.02 A + 9306.30.30 D 9306.30.03 A + 9306.30.90 A 9306.30.99 A + +9306.90 Munitions of war & pts thereof and other ammunitions & 9306.90.10 A 9306.90.00 A 9306.90.01 A + 9306.90.80 A 9306.90.02 A + 9306.90.90 A 9306.90.99 A + +9307.00 Swords, cutlasses, bayonets, lances & sim arms & parts, 9307.00.00 A 9307.00.00 A 9307.00.01 A + +9401.10 Seats, aircraft 9401.10.00 D 9401.10.40 A 9401.10.01 A + 9401.10.80 A + +9401.20 Seats, motor vehicles 9401.20.00 A 9401.20.00 B 9401.20.01 B + +9401.30 Swivel seats and variable height adjustment other than those o 9401.30.10 CM 9401.30.40 A 9401.30.01 C + 9401.30.90 CM 9401.30.80 A + + +9401.40 Seats excluding garden seats or camping equipment, convertible 9401.40.00 CM 9401.40.00 A 9401.40.01 C + +9401.50 Seats of cane, osier, bamboo or similar materials 9401.50.00 BM 9401.50.00 A 9401.50.01 B + +9401.61 Seats with wooden frames,upholstered nes 9401.61.00 CM 9401.61.20 A 9401.61.01 C + 9401.61.40 A + 9401.61.60 A + +9401.69 Seats with wooden frames, nes 9401.69.10 BM 9401.69.20 A 9401.69.99 B + 9401.69.90 CM 9401.69.40 A + 9401.69.60 A + 9401.69.80 A + +9401.71 Seats with metal frames,upholstered nes, other than those of 9401.71.10 A 9401.71.00 A 9401.71.01 C + 9401.71.90 CM + +9401.79 Seats with metal frames, nes, other than those of heading No 9401.79.00 CM 9401.79.00 A 9401.79.99 A + +9401.80 Seats nes, other than those of heading No 94.02 9401.80.00 CM 9401.80.20 A 9401.80.99 A + 9401.80.40 A + 9401.80.60 A + +9401.90 Parts of seats other than those of heading No 94.02 9401.90.10 A 9401.90.10 A 9401.90.01 A + 9401.90.20 A 9401.90.15 A 9401.90.02 A + 9401.90.90 A 9401.90.25 A 9401.90.99 A + 9401.90.35 A + 9401.90.40 A + 9401.90.50 A + +9402.10 Dentists', barbers' or similar chairs and parts thereof 9402.10.10 D 9402.10.00 A 9402.10.01 A + 9402.10.90 A 9402.10.02 A + +9402.90 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary furniture and parts ne 9402.90.10 D 9402.90.00 A 9402.90.01 A + 9402.90.90 A 9402.90.02 A + 9402.90.03 A + 9402.90.04 A + 9402.90.99 A + +9403.10 Office furniture, metal, nes 9403.10.10 C 9403.10.00 A 9403.10.01 A + 9403.10.90 C 9403.10.99 C + +9403.20 Furniture, metal, nes 9403.20.00 C 9403.20.00 A 9403.20.01 A + 9403.20.02 A + 9403.20.03 A + 9403.20.99 C + +9403.30 Office furniture, wooden, nes 9403.30.10 CM 9403.30.40 A 9403.30.01 C + 9403.30.90 CM 9403.30.80 A + +9403.40 Kitchen furniture, wooden, nes 9403.40.00 BM 9403.40.40 A 9403.40.01 B + 9403.40.60 A + + 9403.40.90 A + +9403.50 Bedroom furniture, wooden, nes 9403.50.10 CM 9403.50.40 A 9403.50.01 C + 9403.50.90 CM 9403.50.60 A + 9403.50.90 A + +9403.60 Furniture, wooden, nes 9403.60.00 CM 9403.60.40 A 9403.60.01 A + 9403.60.80 A 9403.60.02 A + 9403.60.99 C + +9403.70 Furniture, plastic, nes 9403.70.00 C 9403.70.40 A 9403.70.01 A + 9403.70.80 A 9403.70.99 A + +9403.80 Furniture of other materials, including cane, osier, bamboo or 9403.80.00 BM 9403.80.30 A 9403.80.01 B + 9403.80.60 A + +9403.90 Furniture parts nes 9403.90.10 A 9403.90.10 A 9403.90.01 A + 9403.90.90 A 9403.90.25 A + 9403.90.40 A + 9403.90.50 A + 9403.90.60 A + 9403.90.70 A + 9403.90.80 A + +9404.10 Mattress supports 9404.10.00 A 9404.10.00 A 9404.10.01 A + +9404.21 Mattresses of cellular rubber or plastics, whether or not 9404.21.00 BM 9404.21.00 A 9404.21.01 C + 9404.21.02 A + +9404.29 Mattresses fitted with springs or stuffed or internally fitted 9404.29.00 CM 9404.29.10 C 9404.29.99 C + 9404.29.90 A + +9404.30 Sleeping bags 9404.30.00 B 9404.30.40 A 9404.30.01 A + 9404.30.80 A + +9404.90 Articles of bedding/furnishing, nes, stuffed or internally 9404.90.10 C 9404.90.10 B 9404.90.01 C + 9404.90.90 C 9404.90.20 A 9404.90.99 C + 9404.90.80 B + 9404.90.90 B + +9405.10 Chandeliers & other electric ceiling or wall lighting fittings 9405.10.00 BM 9405.10.40 A 9405.10.01 C + 9405.10.60 A 9405.10.02 B + 9405.10.80 A 9405.10.03 C + 9405.10.04 B + 9405.10.99 B + +9405.20 Electric table, desk, bedside or floorstanding lamps 9405.20.00 CM 9405.20.40 A 9405.20.01 C + 9405.20.60 A 9405.20.02 C + 9405.20.80 A 9405.20.99 C + +9405.30 Lighting sets of a kind used for Christmas trees 9405.30.00 B 9405.30.00 A 9405.30.01 B + + +9405.40 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, nes 9405.40.10 A 9405.40.40 A 9405.40.01 C + 9405.40.90 CM 9405.40.60 A + 9405.40.80 A + +9405.50 Non-electrical lamps and lighting fittings 9405.50.10 C 9405.50.20 A 9405.50.01 B + 9405.50.20 B 9405.50.30 A 9405.50.99 C + 9405.50.90 C 9405.50.40 A + +9405.60 Illuminated signs, illuminated nameplates and the like 9405.60.00 B 9405.60.20 A 9405.60.01 C + 9405.60.40 A + 9405.60.60 A + +9405.91 Lamps and lighting fittings parts of glass 9405.91.10 B 9405.91.10 A 9405.91.01 B + 9405.91.91 D 9405.91.30 C+ 9405.91.02 C + 9405.91.99 B 9405.91.40 A 9405.91.03 B + 9405.91.60 A 9405.91.04 B + 9405.91.99 B + +9405.92 Lamps and lighting fittings parts of plastics 9405.92.00 C 9405.92.00 A 9405.92.01 C + +9405.99 Lamps and lighting fittings, parts of nes 9405.99.10 C 9405.99.20 A 9405.99.01 C + 9405.99.90 C 9405.99.40 A 9405.99.99 C + +9406.00 Prefabricated buildings 9406.00.10 A 9406.00.40 A 9406.00.01 A + 9406.00.20 A 9406.00.80 A 9406.00.02 A + 9406.00.91 A 9406.00.03 A + 9406.00.99 A 9406.00.99 A + +9501.00 Wheeled toys designed to be ridden by children and dolls' 9501.00.00 C 9501.00.20 D 9501.00.01 C + 9501.00.40 A 9501.00.02 C + 9501.00.60 A 9501.00.03 C + 9501.00.99 C + +9502.10 Dolls, whether or not dressed, representing only human beings 9502.10.00 CM 9502.10.20 A 9502.10.01 C + 9502.10.40 A + 9502.10.60 A + 9502.10.80 A + +9502.91 Garments and access therefor footwear & headgear for dolls rep 9502.91.00 CM 9502.91.00 A 9502.91.01 C + +9502.99 Parts and accessories nes, for dolls representing only human 9502.99.00 B 9502.99.10 A 9502.99.99 B + 9502.99.20 A + 9502.99.30 B + +9503.10 Electric trains, incl tracks, signals and other accessories 9503.10.10 D 9503.10.00 A 9503.10.01 A + 9503.10.90 B 9503.10.99 A + +9503.20 Reduced-size (scale) model assy kits, working mo or not, excl 9503.20.10 D 9503.20.00 A 9503.20.01 C + 9503.20.90 C 9503.20.02 C + 9503.20.03 C + + 9503.20.99 C + +9503.30 Construction sets and constructional toys, nes 9503.30.00 C 9503.30.40 A 9503.30.01 C + 9503.30.80 A 9503.30.02 C + 9503.30.03 C + 9503.30.99 C + +9503.41 Stuffed toys representing animals or non-human creatures 9503.41.00 C 9503.41.10 A 9503.41.01 C + 9503.41.20 A + 9503.41.30 A + +9503.49 Toys nes representing animals or nonhuman creatures 9503.49.00 C 9503.49.00 A 9503.49.01 B + 9503.49.02 C + 9503.49.03 C + 9503.49.04 C + 9503.49.05 C + 9503.49.99 C + +9503.50 Toy musical instruments and apparatus 9503.50.00 BM 9503.50.00 A 9503.50.01 A + 9503.50.99 A + +9503.60 Puzzles 9503.60.00 C 9503.60.10 D 9503.60.01 A + 9503.60.20 A 9503.60.02 B + 9503.60.99 C + +9503.70 Toys, put up in sets or outfits 9503.70.00 C 9503.70.40 D 9503.70.01 C + 9503.70.60 A 9503.70.02 C + 9503.70.80 A 9503.70.03 C + 9503.70.04 C + 9503.70.99 C + +9503.80 Toys and models, incorporating a motor 9503.80.10 B 9503.80.20 A 9503.80.01 B + 9503.80.90 B 9503.80.40 A 9503.80.02 B + 9503.80.60 A 9503.80.03 B + 9503.80.80 A 9503.80.99 B + +9503.90 Toys nes 9503.90.00 C 9503.90.20 B 9503.90.01 C + 9503.90.50 A 9503.90.02 B + 9503.90.60 A 9503.90.03 B + 9503.90.70 A 9503.90.04 C + 9503.90.05 C + 9503.90.06 C + 9503.90.07 C + 9503.90.08 C + 9503.90.09 C + 9503.90.10 C + 9503.90.99 C + +9504.10 Video games of a kind used with a television receiver 9504.10.00 A 9504.10.00 A 9504.10.01 A + +9504.20 Articles and accessories for billiards 9504.20.10 A 9504.20.20 A 9504.20.01 B + + 9504.20.21 B 9504.20.40 D 9504.20.02 B + 9504.20.22 B 9504.20.60 A 9504.20.99 B + 9504.20.23 B 9504.20.80 A + 9504.20.24 B + 9504.20.29 B + 9504.20.90 B + +9504.30 Games, coin or disc-operated, other than bowling alley 9504.30.00 D 9504.30.00 A 9504.30.01 A + 9504.30.99 A + +9504.40 Playing cards 9504.40.00 B 9504.40.00 A 9504.40.01 A + +9504.90 Art.funfair,games tab/parlour,pintab,sp tab casino games & aut 9504.90.10 A 9504.90.40 A 9504.90.01 A + 9504.90.20 B 9504.90.60 A 9504.90.02 B + 9504.90.90 B 9504.90.90 A 9504.90.03 A + 9504.90.04 A + 9504.90.05 A + 9504.90.06 A + 9504.90.07 A + 9504.90.08 A + 9504.90.09 A + 9504.90.10 A + 9504.90.99 A + +9505.10 Articles for Christmas festivities 9505.10.00 BM 9505.10.10 A 9505.10.02 B + 9505.10.15 A 9505.10.99 B + 9505.10.25 A + 9505.10.30 A + 9505.10.40 A + 9505.10.50 A + +9505.90 Festive, carnival or other entertainment art incl conjuring 9505.90.10 B 9505.90.20 A 9505.90.99 B + 9505.90.90 B 9505.90.40 A + 9505.90.60 A + +9506.11 Snow-skis 9506.11.00 A 9506.11.20 A 9506.11.01 A + 9506.11.40 A + 9506.11.60 A + +9506.12 Snow-ski-fastenings (ski-bindings) 9506.12.00 A 9506.12.40 A 9506.12.01 A + 9506.12.80 A + +9506.19 Snow-ski equipment nes 9506.19.10 A 9506.19.40 A 9506.19.99 A + 9506.19.90 A 9506.19.80 A + +9506.21 Sailboards 9506.21.00 A 9506.21.40 A 9506.21.01 A + 9506.21.80 A 9506.21.99 A + +9506.29 Water-skis, surf-boards and other watersport equipment 9506.29.00 BM 9506.29.00 A 9506.29.01 A + 9506.29.99 A + + +9506.31 Golf clubs, complete 9506.31.00 B 9506.31.00 A 9506.31.01 A + +9506.32 Golf balls 9506.32.10 A 9506.32.00 A 9506.32.01 A + 9506.32.90 A + +9506.39 Golf equipment nes 9506.39.10 D 9506.39.00 A 9506.39.01 A + 9506.39.20 A 9506.39.99 A + 9506.39.30 A + 9506.39.90 A + +9506.40 Articles and equipment for table-tennis 9506.40.00 B 9506.40.00 A 9506.40.01 B + 9506.40.99 B + +9506.51 Lawn-tennis rackets, whether or not strung 9506.51.00 A 9506.51.20 A 9506.51.01 B + 9506.51.40 A 9506.51.02 B + 9506.51.60 A + +9506.59 Badminton or similar rackets, whether or not strung 9506.59.00 A 9506.59.40 A 9506.59.01 B + 9506.59.80 A 9506.59.02 B + 9506.59.99 B + +9506.61 Lawn-tennis balls 9506.61.00 A 9506.61.00 A 9506.61.01 B + +9506.62 Inflatable balls 9506.62.00 A 9506.62.40 D 9506.62.01 A + 9506.62.0V B 9506.62.80 A + +9506.69 Balls nes 9506.69.10 A 9506.69.20 A 9506.69.01 A + 9506.69.20 D 9506.69.40 A 9506.69.99 A + 9506.69.90 B 9506.69.60 A + +9506.70 Ice skates and roller skates, including skating boots with 9506.70.10 A 9506.70.20 D 9506.70.01 A + 9506.70.1V C 9506.70.40 A + 9506.70.20 A 9506.70.60 A + +9506.91 Gymnasium or athletics articles and equipment 9506.91.10 B 9506.91.00 A 9506.91.01 A + 9506.91.20 BM 9506.91.02 A + 9506.91.90 BM + +9506.99 Articles & equip for sports & outdoor games nes & swimming & 9506.99.10 A 9506.99.05 A 9506.99.01 B + 9506.99.20 D 9506.99.08 A 9506.99.02 A + 9506.99.30 A 9506.99.12 A 9506.99.03 B + 9506.99.41 A 9506.99.15 A 9506.99.04 B + 9506.99.49 B 9506.99.20 A 9506.99.05 B + 9506.99.50 D 9506.99.25 D 9506.99.06 A + 9506.99.60 BM 9506.99.28 D 9506.99.07 A + 9506.99.70 B 9506.99.30 A 9506.99.08 B + 9506.99.81 B 9506.99.35 D 9506.99.09 A + 9506.99.89 B 9506.99.40 D 9506.99.10 A + 9506.99.90 BM 9506.99.45 A 9506.99.11 A + 9506.99.50 A 9506.99.12 A + 9506.99.55 A 9506.99.99 A + + 9506.99.60 A + +9507.10 Fishing rods 9507.10.00 A 9507.10.00 A 9507.10.01 A + 9507.10.99 A + +9507.20 Fish-hooks, whether or not snelled 9507.20.10 D 9507.20.40 A 9507.20.01 A + 9507.20.90 A 9507.20.80 A + +9507.30 Fishing reels 9507.30.00 A 9507.30.20 A 9507.30.01 A + 9507.30.40 A + 9507.30.60 A + 9507.30.80 A + +9507.90 Line fish tackle nes,f/landing,b/f & sim nets, dec birds & sim 9507.90.10 A 9507.90.20 A 9507.90.01 A + 9507.90.90 ACM 9507.90.40 A 9507.90.02 A + 9507.90.60 A 9507.90.99 A + 9507.90.70 A + 9507.90.80 A + +9508.00 Rndabts,swings,shoot galleries,fairgrnd amusements & trav 9508.00.10 D 9508.00.00 A 9508.00.01 A + 9508.00.90 A 9508.00.02 A + 9508.00.99 A + +9601.10 Worked ivory and articles of ivory 9601.10.00 D 9601.10.00 A 9601.10.01 A + +9601.90 Animal carving material (o/t ivory), and articles of these 9601.90.00 A 9601.90.20 A 9601.90.01 A + 9601.90.40 A 9601.90.99 A + 9601.90.60 D + 9601.90.80 A + +9602.00 Worked veg/mineral carving mat & art, carved art nes;worked 9602.00.10 D 9602.00.10 A 9602.00.01 B + 9602.00.90 B 9602.00.40 A 9602.00.02 B + 9602.00.50 A 9602.00.03 B + 9602.00.99 B + +9603.10 Brooms/brushes of twigs or other veg mat bound together, with 9603.10.10 C 9603.10.10 A 9603.10.01 A + 9603.10.20 C 9603.10.25 A + 9603.10.30 A + 9603.10.40 A + 9603.10.50 A + 9603.10.60 C+ + 9603.10.90 A + +9603.21 Tooth brushes 9603.21.00 B 9603.21.00 A 9603.21.01 A + +9603.29 Shaving, hair, nail, eyelash and other toilet brushes for use 9603.29.00 C 9603.29.40 A 9603.29.01 A + 9603.29.80 A 9603.29.99 A + +9603.30 Artists', writing and similar brushes for the application of 9603.30.10 A 9603.30.20 A 9603.30.01 A + 9603.30.90 A 9603.30.40 A 9603.30.99 A + 9603.30.60 A + + +9603.40 Paint, distemper, varnish or similar brushes nes; paint pads 9603.40.10 A 9603.40.20 A 9603.40.01 A + 9603.40.90 C 9603.40.40 A 9603.40.99 A + +9603.50 Brushes nes, constituting parts of machines, appliances or 9603.50.10 D 9603.50.00 A 9603.50.01 A + 9603.50.90 B + +9603.90 Hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers; prepared knot/tuft fo 9603.90.10 C 9603.90.40 A 9603.90.01 A + 9603.90.20 A 9603.90.80 A 9603.90.02 A + 9603.90.30 C 9603.90.03 A + 9603.90.41 C 9603.90.99 A + 9603.90.49 C + 9603.90.90 C + +9604.00 Hand sieves and hand riddles 9604.00.00 BM 9604.00.00 A 9604.00.01 B + +9605.00 Travel sets for personal toilet, sewing or shoe or clothes 9605.00.00 A 9605.00.00 A 9605.00.01 A + +9606.10 Press-fasteners, snap-fasteners and press-studs and parts 9606.10.00 C 9606.10.40 A 9606.10.01 C + 9606.10.80 A 9606.10.02 C + +9606.21 Buttons of plastics, not covered with textile material 9606.21.10 B 9606.21.20 A 9606.21.01 B + 9606.21.90 BM 9606.21.40 A + 9606.21.60 A + +9606.22 Buttons of base metal, not covered with textile material 9606.22.00 C 9606.22.00 A 9606.22.01 C + +9606.29 Buttons, nes 9606.29.00 CM 9606.29.20 A 9606.29.01 B + 9606.29.40 A 9606.29.02 B + 9606.29.60 A 9606.29.99 C + +9606.30 Button moulds and other parts of button; button blanks 9606.30.00 CM 9606.30.40 D 9606.30.01 C + 9606.30.80 A + +9607.11 Slide fasteners fitted with chain scoops of base metal 9607.11.00 C 9607.11.00 A 9607.11.01 C + +9607.19 Slide fasteners, nes 9607.19.00 C 9607.19.00 A 9607.19.99 C + +9607.20 Parts of slide fasteners 9607.20.11 C 9607.20.00 A 9607.20.01 C + 9607.20.19 C + 9607.20.90 CM + +9608.10 Ball point pens 9608.10.00 B 9608.10.00 A 9608.10.01 B + 9608.10.02 B + 9608.10.03 B + 9608.10.04 B + 9608.10.99 B + +9608.20 Felt tipped and other porous-tipped pens and markers 9608.20.00 C 9608.20.00 A 9608.20.01 C + +9608.31 Indian ink drawing pens 9608.31.00 BM 9608.31.00 B 9608.31.01 B + + 9608.31.99 B + +9608.39 Fountain pens, stylograph pens and other pens, o/t Indian ink 9608.39.00 BM 9608.39.00 B 9608.39.01 B + 9608.39.02 C + 9608.39.03 B + 9608.39.99 B + +9608.40 Propelling or sliding pencils 9608.40.00 B 9608.40.40 A 9608.40.01 B + 9608.40.80 A 9608.40.02 C + 9608.40.03 B + 9608.40.04 B + 9608.40.99 B + +9608.50 Sets of articles from 2 or >of foregoing subheadings (pens, 9608.50.00 BM 9608.50.00 B 9608.50.01 B + 9608.50.02 B + 9608.50.03 B + 9608.50.99 B + +9608.60 Refills for ball point pens, comprising the ball point and 9608.60.00 B 9608.60.00 A 9608.60.01 B + +9608.91 Pen nibs and nib points 9608.91.00 A 9608.91.00 D 9608.91.01 B + 9608.91.02 B + 9608.91.03 B + 9608.91.99 B + +9608.99 Duplicating stylos; pen/pencil holders; parts of pens, markers 9608.99.00 B 9608.99.20 A 9608.99.01 B + 9608.99.30 A 9608.99.02 A + 9608.99.40 A 9608.99.03 A + 9608.99.60 A 9608.99.04 A + 9608.99.05 B + 9608.99.06 A + 9608.99.07 B + 9608.99.08 B + 9608.99.09 B + 9608.99.10 B + 9608.99.11 B + 9608.99.12 B + 9608.99.13 B + 9608.99.14 B + 9608.99.15 B + 9608.99.16 B + 9608.99.99 B + +9609.10 Pencils and crayons, with leads encased in a rigid sheath, nes 9609.10.00 CM 9609.10.00 C 9609.10.01 C + +9609.20 Pencil leads, black or coloured 9609.20.00 B 9609.20.20 D 9609.20.01 B + 9609.20.40 A 9609.20.02 B + 9609.20.99 C + +9609.90 Pastels, drawing charcoals, writing or drawing chalks and 9609.90.00 B 9609.90.40 D 9609.90.01 B + 9609.90.80 A 9609.90.02 B + + 9609.90.99 B + +9610.00 Slates and boards, with writing or drawing surfaces, whether o 9610.00.00 A 9610.00.00 A 9610.00.01 B + +9611.00 Devices for printing or embossing labels, hand-operated 9611.00.00 B 9611.00.00 A 9611.00.01 B + 9611.00.02 B + 9611.00.03 B + 9611.00.04 B + 9611.00.05 B + 9611.00.99 B + +9612.10 Typewriter or similar ribbons, prepared for giving impressions 9612.10.10 C 9612.10.10 A 9612.10.01 C + 9612.10.90 CM 9612.10.90 B 9612.10.02 C + 9612.10.03 C + 9612.10.04 C + 9612.10.05 C + 9612.10.99 C + +9612.20 Ink-pads, whether or not inked, with or without boxes 9612.20.00 C 9612.20.00 C 9612.20.01 C + +9613.10 Pocket lighters, gas-fuelled, non-refillable 9613.10.00 B 9613.10.00 A 9613.10.01 B + +9613.20 Pocket lighters, gas-fuelled, refillable 9613.20.00 B 9613.20.00 A 9613.20.01 B + +9613.30 Table lighters 9613.30.00 B 9613.30.00 A 9613.30.01 B + +9613.80 Lighters, nes 9613.80.00 B 9613.80.20 A 9613.80.01 B + 9613.80.40 A 9613.80.99 B + 9613.80.60 A + 9613.80.80 A + +9613.90 Parts of lighters, other than flints and wicks 9613.90.00 BM 9613.90.40 A 9613.90.01 A + 9613.90.80 A 9613.90.02 B + 9613.90.99 B + +9614.10 Roughly shaped blocks of wood or root, for the manufacture of 9614.10.00 D 9614.10.00 D 9614.10.01 A + +9614.20 Smoking pipes and pipe bowls 9614.20.10 D 9614.20.40 A 9614.20.01 A + 9614.20.90 B 9614.20.60 A + 9614.20.80 A + +9614.90 Cigar or cigarette holders and parts thereof, and parts of 9614.90.00 B 9614.90.40 A 9614.90.01 A + 9614.90.80 A 9614.90.02 A + 9614.90.99 A + +9615.11 Combs, hair-slides and the like of hard rubber or plastics 9615.11.00 B 9615.11.10 A 9615.11.01 B + 9615.11.20 A + 9615.11.30 A + 9615.11.40 A + 9615.11.50 A + + +9615.19 Combs, hair-slides and the like of other materials 9615.19.00 B 9615.19.20 A 9615.19.99 B + 9615.19.40 A + 9615.19.60 A + +9615.90 Hairpins, curling pins, hair-curlers and the like, nes 9615.90.00 B 9615.90.20 A 9615.90.99 B + 9615.90.30 A + 9615.90.40 A + 9615.90.60 A + +9616.10 Scent sprays and similar toilet sprays, and mounts and heads 9616.10.00 A 9616.10.00 A 9616.10.01 B + +9616.20 Powder-puffs and pads for the application of cosmetics or 9616.20.10 B 9616.20.00 B 9616.20.01 B + 9616.20.90 B + +9617.00 Vacuum flasks/vacuum vessels complete w/cases; parts thereof 9617.00.00 A 9617.00.10 A 9617.00.01 B + 9617.00.30 A + 9617.00.40 A + 9617.00.60 A + +9618.00 Tailors' dummies/lay figures; automata and other animated 9618.00.00 BM 9618.00.00 A 9618.00.01 B + 9618.00.99 B + +9701.10 Paintings,drawings and pastels executed by hand exc hd 49.06 & 9701.10.10 D 9701.10.00 D 9701.10.01 D + 9701.10.90 A 9701.10.99 A + +9701.90 Collages and similar decorative plaques 9701.90.10 D 9701.90.00 D 9701.90.99 A + 9701.90.90 A + +9702.00 Original engravings, prints and lithographs 9702.00.00 D 9702.00.00 D 9702.00.01 A + +9703.00 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material 9703.00.00 D 9703.00.00 D 9703.00.01 A + +9704.00 Used postage or revenue stamps and the like or unused not of 9704.00.00 D 9704.00.00 D 9704.00.01 A + 9704.00.99 A + +9705.00 Coll & coll pce of zoo,bot,mineral,hist, anatom, archaeo, 9705.00.00 D 9705.00.00 D 9705.00.01 A + 9705.00.02 A + 9705.00.03 A + 9705.00.04 A + 9705.00.99 A + +9706.00 Antiques of an age exceeding one hundred years 9706.00.00 D 9706.00.00 D 9706.00.01 A + 9706.00.99 A + +9801.00 Foreign-based conveyances of Ch 87, 88 & 89 o/t cargo 9801.00.00 D 9801.00.10 D 9801.00.01 D + 9801.00.20 D 9801.00.02 D + 9801.00.25 D 9801.00.03 D + 9801.00.30 D 9801.00.04 D + 9801.00.40 D 9801.00.05 D + 9801.00.50 D 9801.00.06 D + 9801.00.60 D 9801.00.07 D + + 9801.00.65 D 9801.00.08 D + 9801.00.70 A 9801.00.09 D + 9801.00.80 A 9801.00.10 D + 9801.00.90 D 9801.00.11 D + 9801.00.12 D + 9801.00.13 D + 9801.00.14 D + 9801.00.15 D + +9802.00 Conveyances temporarily imported by a resident of Can used 9802.00.00 D 9802.00.20 D 9802.00.01 C + 9802.00.40 A 9802.00.02 C + 9802.00.50 A 9802.00.03 C + 9802.00.60 9802.00.04 C + 9802.00.80 9802.00.05 C + 9802.00.06 C + 9802.00.07 C + 9802.00.08 C + 9802.00.09 C + 9802.00.10 C + 9802.00.11 C + 9802.00.12 C + 9802.00.13 C + 9802.00.14 C + 9802.00.15 C + 9802.00.16 C + 9802.00.17 C + 9802.00.18 C + 9802.00.19 C + 9802.00.20 C + 9802.00.21 C + 9802.00.22 C + 9802.00.23 C + 9802.00.24 C + 9802.00.25 C + 9802.00.26 C + 9802.00.27 C + 9802.00.28 C + 9802.00.29 C + 9802.00.30 C + 9802.00.31 C + 9802.00.32 C + 9802.00.33 C + 9802.00.34 C + 9802.00.35 C + 9802.00.36 C + 9802.00.37 C + 9802.00.38 C + 9802.00.39 C + +9803.00 Conveyances & baggage temporarily imported by a non-resident o 9803.00.00 D 9803.00.50 D 9803.00.01 C + 9803.00.02 C + + +9804.00 9804.00.05 D 9804.00.01 D + 9804.00.10 D 9804.00.02 D + 9804.00.15 D + 9804.00.20 D + 9804.00.25 D + 9804.00.30 D + 9804.00.35 D + 9804.00.40 D + 9804.00.45 D + 9804.00.50 D + 9804.00.55 D + 9804.00.60 D + 9804.00.65 D + 9804.00.70 D + 9804.00.72 D + 9804.00.75 D + 9804.00.80 D + 9804.00.85 D + +9804.10 Goods valued at maximum 100 dollars in bag or not after absenc 9804.10.00 D + +9804.20 Goods valued at maximum 300 dollars incl in bag after absence 9804.20.00 D + +9804.30 Goods valued at maximum 300 dollars and incl in bag after 9804.30.00 C + +9804.40 Goods valued at maximum 20 dollars, incl in bag after absence 9804.40.00 D + +9805.00 Goods imported by a member of Canadian Forces etc after absenc 9805.00.00 D 9805.00.50 D + +9806.00 Personal & household effects of a resident of Canada dying 9806.00.00 D 9806.00.05 D + 9806.00.10 D + 9806.00.15 D + 9806.00.20 D + 9806.00.25 D + 9806.00.30 D + 9806.00.35 D + 9806.00.40 D + 9806.00.45 D + 9806.00.50 D + 9806.00.55 D + +9807.00 Goods, imported by a settler for personal use & owned prior to 9807.00.00 D 9807.00.40 D + 9807.00.50 D + +9808.00 Articles for the personal/official use of representatives of 9808.00.00 D 9808.00.10 D + 9808.00.20 D + 9808.00.30 D + 9808.00.40 D + 9808.00.50 D + 9808.00.60 D + + 9808.00.70 D + 9808.00.80 D + +9809.00 Articles for use of the Governor General 9809.00.00 D 9809.00.10 D + 9809.00.20 D + 9809.00.30 D + 9809.00.40 D + 9809.00.50 D + 9809.00.60 D + 9809.00.70 D + 9809.00.80 D + +9810.00 Arms, military stores, munitions of war to remain the property 9810.00.00 D 9810.00.05 D + 9810.00.10 D + 9810.00.15 D + 9810.00.20 D + 9810.00.25 D + 9810.00.30 D + 9810.00.35 D + 9810.00.40 D + 9810.00.45 D + 9810.00.50 D + 9810.00.55 D + 9810.00.60 D + 9810.00.65 D + 9810.00.67 D + 9810.00.70 D + 9810.00.75 D + 9810.00.80 D + 9810.00.85 D + 9810.00.90 D + 9810.00.95 D + +9811.00 Arms, military stores, munitions of war imported by Canada in 9811.00.00 D 9811.00.20 D + 9811.00.40 D + 9811.00.60 D + +9812.00 Publications of the United Nations; book from libraries, to 9812.00.00 D 9812.00.20 D + 9812.00.40 D + +9813.00 Goods incl containers originating in Can and returned w/o any 9813.00.00 D 9813.00.05 D + 9813.00.10 D + 9813.00.15 D + 9813.00.20 D + 9813.00.25 D + 9813.00.30 D + 9813.00.35 D + 9813.00.40 D + 9813.00.45 D + 9813.00.50 D + 9813.00.55 D + + 9813.00.60 D + 9813.00.65 D + 9813.00.70 D + 9813.00.75 D + +9814.00 Goods incl containers, once been released & accounted and 9814.00.00 D 9814.00.50 D + +9815.00 Donations of clothing & books for charitable purp & photo sent 9815.00.00 D 9815.00.20 D + 9815.00.40 D + 9815.00.60 D + +9816.00 Casual donations sent by persons abroad to Can, value does not 9816.00.00 D 9816.00.20 C + 9816.00.40 C + +9817.00 Medals, trophies awarded by persons abroad as marks of honour 9817.00.00 D 9817.00.20 D + 9817.00.30 D + 9817.00.40 D + 9817.00.42 D + 9817.00.44 D + 9817.00.46 D + 9817.00.48 D + 9817.00.50 D + 9817.00.60 D + 9817.00.70 D + 9817.00.80 D + 9817.00.90 D + 9817.00.92 D + 9817.00.94 D + 9817.00.96 D + +9818.00 Articles imported by or for public museums/libraries, 9818.00.00 D + +9819.00 Goods imported for a period È 6 months for display, exhibition 9819.00.00 D + +9820.00 Goods repaired under warranty 9820.00.00 D + +9821.00 Other commercial samples excl.98.19 9821.00.00 D + +DRAFT + + +NAFTA TARIFF PHASING DESCRIPTIONS + + + Four main staging categories exist for tariff elimination +under NAFTA: + + A - tariff elimination immediately upon implementation of +the Agreement, i.e., January 1, 1994. + + B - tariff to be eliminated in five equal annual stages, +beginning January 1, 1994 and ending January 1, 1998. + + C - tariff to be eliminated in ten equal annual stages, +beginning January 1, 1994 and ending January 1, 2003. + + D - tariff already MFN free. + + + In addition to the above general phasing categories, the +following categories exist for specific cases: + + Ex - excluded from tariff elimination. This category +applies to supply-managed goods (dairy, poultry, eggs) and to +several tariff items for sugar. + + Bl - tariff to be eliminated in six equal annual stages, +beginning January 1, 1994 and ending January 1, 1999. (Applies to +43 items in textile tariffs.) + + B+ - tariff to be eliminated in seven stages as follows: 20% +reduction on January 1, 1994, zero reduction on January 1, 1995, +10% reduction per year for years January 1, 1996 to January 1, +2000 and 30% reduction on January 1, 2001. (Applies to most +textile tariffs as well as 3902.1000 and 6403.5900.) + + B8 - tariff to be eliminated in two stages as follows: 50% +reduction on January 1, 1998 and 50% reduction on January 1, +2001. (Applies to four Mexican tariff items in the paper +sector.) + + Ba - tariff to be eliminated in five stages as follows: 50% +reduction on January 1, 1994 with remaining 50% to be phased out +in four equal annual reductions ending January 1, 1998. (Applies +to two light truck items.) + + Bg- tariff to be eliminated in five stages as follows: +reduction to the FTA rate on January 1, 1994 and then follow the +FTA C phasing schedule ending January 1, 1998. (Applies to +Canadian agricultural tariff items for Mexico). + + + + Bp- tariff to be eliminated in three stages as follows: 20% +reduction on January 1, 1997; 10% reduction on January 1, 1998 +and 70% reduction on January 1, 1999. + + BM - tariff to be eliminated according to B staging. For +joint Mexican-U.S. production (goods subject to paragraph 8 of +Annex 402.2 of the Agreement), phasing to start from the MFN +rate. + + ABM - tariff to be eliminated immediately. For goods +subject to paragraph 8 of Annex 402.2 of the Agreement, tariff to +be eliminated according to B staging and phasing to start from +the MFN rate. + + ACM - tariff to be eliminated immediately. For goods +subject to paragraph 8 of Annex 402.2 of the Agreement, tariff to +be eliminated according to C staging and phasing to start from +the MFN rate. + + CM - tariff to be eliminated according to C staging. For +goods subject to paragraph 8 of Annex 402.2 of the Agreement, +phasing to start from the MFN rate. + + Ca - tariff to be eliminated in 10 stages as follows: 50% +reduction on January 1, 1994; remaining 50% to be eliminated in +nine equal annual stages ending January 1, 2003. (Applies to +passenger vehicles in heading 8703.) + + C10 - tariff to be eliminated in nine stages as follows: 20% +reduction on January 1, 1994; no reduction year 2; remaining 80% +to be reduced in eight annual equal stages ending January 1, +2003. (Applies to one footwear item for Canada, numerous +footwear items for the U.S. and Mexico, several items in heading +3204 (paints and dyes) for the U.S. and Mexico, and several U.S. +ceramic items.) + + Cm - tariff to be eliminated in three stages as follows: 40% +reduction on January 1, 1994; freeze years 2, 3, and 4; 20% +reduction year 5; freeze years 6, 7, 8, and 9; 40% reduction on +January 1, 2003. (Applies to several Mexican furniture tariff +items.) + + C8 - tariff to be eliminated in eight stages as follows: 10% +reduction per year starting January 1, 1994 for seven years; 30% +reduction on January 1, 2001. (Applies to several Mexican and +U.S. glass items.) + + Cb+ - tariff to be eliminated in three stages as follows: +30% reduction on January 1, 1994; 20% reduction on January 1, +2000; and 50% reduction on January 1, 2005. (Applies to one U.S. +item for corn brooms.) + + + + C+ - tariff to be eliminated in 15 equal annual stages +starting January 1, 1994 and ending January 1, 2008. + + Cz+ - tariff to be eliminated in 13 stages as follows: 20% +reduction on January 1, 1994; freeze years 2 and 3; remaining 80% +to be phased out equally over remaining 12 years ending January +1, 2008. (Applies to several U.S. ceramic items.) + + Cq - for the following tariff items, the quantities +specified below imported by Mexico shall enter free of duty. For +quantities above these levels, the rate of duty shall be reduced +according to the staging category C. + + From the U.S. From Canada + (metric tonnes) + + 4401.2101 66,500 3,500 + 4403.1001 14,250 750 + 4407.1001 9,500 500 + 4407.1002 119,700 6,300 + 4407.1003 950 50 + 4407.9101 3,325 175 + 4407.9999 2,470 130 + + Ctq - tariff to be eliminated in ten equal stages begining +on January 1, 1994 and accompanied by the application of tariff +rate quotas. (Applies to certain agricultural products). + + CAg - tariff to be eliminated in ten stages as follows: six +annual reductions of 4% begining January 1, 1994 the remaining +76% being eliminated in four equal, annual steps ending on +January 1, 2003. (Applies to some Mexican agricultural tariff +items). + + C+Ag - tariff to be eliminated in 15 steps as follows: six +annual reductions of 4% begining January 1, 1994 the remaining +76% being eliminated in nine equal, annual steps ending on +January 1, 2008. (Applies to some Mexican agricutural tariff +items). + + Sug - refers to special considerations which apply to +certain tariff items for sugar and sugar products as outlined in +notes appended to the draft agreement. + + Pro - refers to a small number of Mexican tariff items for +prohibited goods. + + + The following phasing codes relate to textile tariff + items between the U.S. and Mexico only. They are: + + B6 - tariff to be eliminated in six stages as follows: on +January 1, 1994 a reduction equal in percentage terms to the base +rate; six equal annual reductions of 20% of the rate in effect on + +January 1, 1994 starting January 1, 1995 and ending January 1, +1999. + + Bw - tariff to be eliminated in six stages as follows: rate +of duty on January 1, 1994 will be 15%; on January 1, 1995, rate +of duty will be 14.5%; on January 1, 1996, rate of duty will be +10.8%; on January 1, 1997, 7.2%; on January 1, 1998, 3.6%; and +zero on January 1, 1999. + + Bo - tariff to be eliminated in six stages as follows: rate +of duty on January 1, 1994 and January 1, 1995 will be 15%; on +January 1, 1996, the rate of duty will be 12%; on January 1, +1997, rate of duty will be 8%; on January 1, 1998, rate of duty +will be 4% and zero on January 1, 1999. + + Bf - tariff to be eliminated in six stages as follows: rate +of duty on January 1, 1994 and January 1, 1995 will be 20%; rate +of duty on January 1, 1996 will be 10%; rate of duty on January +1, 1997 will be 6.6%; rate of duty on January 1, 1998 will be +3.3% and zero on January 1, 1999. + + + + + + + +NOTE:The 6-Digit tariff description presented in the +following pages is an abbreviated one. For full +description, see the Candian Customs Tariffs, Revenue +Canada Customs and Excise. + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Atomic Energy + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: Not Applicable + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. 2133-2134 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +A license is required for any person +in the United States to transfer, +manufacture, produce, use or import +any facilities that produce or use +nuclear materials. Such license may +not be issued to any entity known or +believed to be owned, controlled or +dominated by an alien, a foreign +corporation or a foreign government +(42 U.S.C. 2133, 2134). The +issuance of a license is also +prohibited for utilization or +production facilities for such uses as +medical therapy or research and +development activities to any +corporation or other entity owned, +controlled or dominated by one of the +foreign persons described above (42 +U.S.C. 2134(d)). + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Business Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Export Intermediaries + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 7389 Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) Local Presence + (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Export Trading Company Act of 1982, Public Law 97-290, + 96 Stat. 1233, 15 U.S.C. 4011-4021 + 15 C.F.R. Part 325 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Title III of the Export Trading +Company Act of 1982 authorizes the +Secretary of Commerce to issue +"certificates of review" with respect +to export conduct. The Act calls for +the issuance of a certificate of +review if the Secretary determines, +and the Attorney General concurs, that +the export conduct specified in an +application will not have the +anticompetitive effects proscribed by +the Act. A certificate of review +limits the liability under federal and +state antitrust laws in engaging in +the export conduct certified. + +Only a "person" as defined by the Act +can apply for a certificate of review. +The term "person" means "an individual +who is a resident of the United +States; a partnership that is created +under and exists pursuant to the laws +of any State or of the United States; +a State or local government entity; a +corporation, whether organized as a +profit or nonprofit corporation, that +is created under and exists pursuant +to the laws of any State or of the +United States; or any association or +combination, by contract or other +arrangement, between such persons." + +A foreign national or enterprise can +receive the protection provided by a +certificate of review by becoming a +"member" of a qualified applicant. +The regulations define "member" to +mean "an entity (U.S. or foreign) +which is seeking protection under the +certificate with the applicant. A +member may be a partner in a +partnership or a joint venture; a +shareholder of a corporation; or a +participant in an association, +cooperative, or other form of profit +or nonprofit organization or +relationship, by contract or other +arrangement." + +DURATION:Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR:Business Services + +SUB-SECTOR:Export Intermediaries + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION:7389 Business Services, Not Elsewhere + Classified + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) Local Presence + (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Export Administration Act of 1979, Pub. L. 96-72, as amended + Export Administration Regulations, + 15 C.F.R. parts 768 through 799 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +With some limited exceptions, the +export from the United States of all +commodities, and all "technical data", +requires either a general license or a +validated license or other +authorization granted by the Office of +Export Licensing, United States +Department of Commerce. A general +license requires no application or +documentation and is generally +available for use by all persons. + +An application for a validated license +may be made only by a person subject +to the jurisdiction of the United +States who is in fact the exporter, or +by his duly authorized agent. An +application may be made on behalf of a +person not subject to the jurisdiction +of the United States by an authorized +agent in the United States, who then +becomes the applicant. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications (Enhanced or Value-Added Services) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 752323 Value-Added Network Services CPC 752329 + Other Message Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: F.C.C. Decision, International Communications Policies + Governing Designation of Recognized Private Operating + Agencies, 104 F.C.C. 2d 208, n. 123, n. 126 (1986) + 47 C.F.R. 64.702 (1991) (Definition of enhanced or value- + added services) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +If a U.S.-based foreign-owned enhanced +service provider obtains voluntary +Recognized Private Operating Agency +certification from the U.S. Department +of State for purposes of negotiating +operating agreements with governments +other than the U.S. Government, it +must submit copies of all operating +agreements granted to it by foreign +governments and any refusal of a +foreign government to grant it an +operating agreement. For purposes of +this rule, a service provider is +generally considered "foreign owned" +if 20 percent or more of its stock is +owned by persons that are not U.S. +citizens. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Manufacturing + +SUB-SECTOR: Agricultural Chemicals + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 2879 Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals, + not Elsewhere Classified + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + +LEGAL CITATION: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as + amended, 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq. + +DESCRIPTION:Investment + +7 U.S.C. 135h(g) prevents the +Administrator of the Environmental +Protection Agency from knowingly +disclosing information submitted by an +applicant or registrant under the Act +(without consent) to any person +engaged in the production, sale or +distribution of pesticides in +countries other than the United States +or to any person who intends to +deliver such data to such foreign or +multinational business or entity. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Mining and Materials + +SUB-SECTOR: Minerals Mining + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) Most-Favored-Nation + Treatment (Article 1103) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Mineral Lands Leasing Act of 1920; 30 U.S.C. Chapter 3; + 10 U.S.C. 7435 + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +1. Under the Mineral Lands Leasing +Act of 1920, aliens and corporations +with foreign stockholders may not +acquire rights-of-way for oil or gas +pipelines, or pipelines carrying +products refined from them, across on- +shore federal lands, or acquire leases +or interests in certain minerals, such +as coal or oil. However, non-U.S. +citizens may own a 100 percent +interest in a domestic corporation +that acquires a right-of-way for oil +or gas pipelines across on-shore +federal lands or lease to develop +mineral resources on on-shore federal +lands unless the foreign investor's +home country denies similar or like +privileges for the mineral or access +in question to U.S. citizens or +corporations, as compared with the +privileges it accords to its own +(30 U.S.C. 181, 183(a)). + +2. Nationalization is not considered +to be denial of similar or like +privileges. + + +3. See also 10 U.S.C. 7435, which +restricts foreign citizens, or +corporations controlled by them, from +obtaining access to leases on Naval +Petroleum Reserves, should the laws, +customs or regulations of their +country deny the privilege of leasing +public lands to citizens or +corporations of the United States. + +DURATION: Indeterminate. +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Professional Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Patent Attorneys and Patent Agents and other Practice before + the Patent and Trademark Office + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: [to be provided] + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1202) Most-Favored-Nation + Treatment (Article 1203) Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: 35 USC Chapter 3 (Practice Before Patent and Trademark Office) + 37 C.F.R. Part 10 (Representation of Others Before the U.S. + Patent and Trademark Office) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +As a condition to be registered to +practice for others before the U.S. +Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO): + +(a) a patent attorney must be a U.S. +citizen or an alien lawfully residing +in the United States (37 C.F.R. +10.6(a)); + +(b) a patent agent must be a U.S. +citizen, an alien lawfully residing in +the United States, or a non-resident +who is registered to practice in a +country that permits patent agents +registered to practice before the +USPTO to practice in that country (37 +C.F.R. 10.6(c)); and + +(c) a practitioner in trademark and +non-patent cases must be an attorney +licensed in the United States, a +"grandfathered" agent, an attorney +licensed to practice in another +country that accords equivalent +treatment to attorneys licensed in the +United States, or an agent registered +to practice in such a country (37 +C.F.R. 10.14(a)-(c)). + +DURATION: Citizenship and permanent residency requirements subject to removal + within two years after entry into force of this Agreement in + accordance with Article 1210(3). +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Public Administration + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) Most-Favored-Nation + Treatment (Article 1103) + +LEGAL CITATION: 22 U.S.C. 2194(a), 2194(b) and 2198(c) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +The Overseas Private Investment +Corporation (OPIC) insurance and loan +guarantees under 22 U.S.C. 2194(a), +2194(b) and 2198(c) are not available +to certain aliens, foreign +enterprises, or foreign controlled +domestic enterprises. +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 3721 Aircraft Repair and Rebuilding on a Factory + Basis SIC 4581 Aircraft Repair (Except on a Factory + Basis) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1203) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: 49 U.S.C. App. 1354, 1421-1430 14 C.F.R. Parts 43 and 145 + Agreement Concerning Airworthiness Certification, Exchange + of Letters between U.S. and Canada dated August 31, 1984, + Treaties and International Agreement Service 11023 + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border + +For major aircraft repair, overhaul or +maintenance activities, during which +an aircraft is withdrawn from service, +U.S. measures require that, in order +to perform work on U.S.-registered +aircraft, foreign air repair stations +must be certified by the Federal +Aviation Administration with +continuing oversight provided by the +Federal Aviation Administration. +Pursuant to a bilateral airworthiness +agreement dated August 31, 1984, as +amended, between the United States and +Canada, the United States recognizes +the certifications and oversight +provided by Canada for all repair +stations and individuals performing +the work located in Canada. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: 4512 Air Transportation Scheduled + 4522 Air Transportation Non-scheduled + 4513 Air Courier Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended; + 14 C.F.R. For purposes of this entry, the Description + governs. + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Whether an entity is a U.S. citizen +determines the type of commercial air +services company that it can own or +control. Under the Federal Aviation +Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. App. Ch. 20), +"citizens" include (1) individuals who +are citizens; (2) a partnership in +which each member is a citizen of the +U.S.; or (3) a U.S. corporation of +which the president and at least +two-thirds of the board of directors +and other managing officers are U.S. +citizens, and at least seventy-five +percent of the voting interest in the +corporation is owned or controlled by +U.S. citizens. 49 U.S.C. App. +1301(16). + +In addition, this statutory +requirement has historically been +interpreted by the Department of +Transportation (and the Civil +Aeronautics Board before it) to +require that an air carrier in fact be +under the actual control of U.S. +citizens. The Department of +Transportation makes this +determination on a case-by-case basis. +Nevertheless, the Department has +provided guidance as to some lines of +demarcation. For example, total +foreign equity investment of up to 49 +percent (with a maximum of 25 percent +being voting stock), taken alone, is +not construed as indicative of foreign +control. (See Department of +Transportation Order 91-1-41, January +23, 1991.) + +Only air carriers that are U.S. +citizens are permitted to operate +domestic air services or operate +international air services as a "U.S." +carrier; non-U.S. citizens may own +and control foreign air carriers that +operate between the U.S. and foreign +points. See Sections 401, 402, +417(b)(7) and 1108 of the Federal +Aviation Act. The different rights of +each type of air carrier are usually +spelled out in the applicable aviation +bilateral agreement. + +Certain distinctions based on +citizenship also exist with regard to +other types of air services providers, +such as air freight forwarders (14 +C.F.R. 297), charter operators (14 +C.F.R. 380), and intermodal operators +(14 C.F.R. 222). + +Air freight forwarders may be "U.S. +citizens" (defined as indicated above) +which use the services of (inter alia) +direct air carriers (with a Department +of Transportation certificate, +regulation, order or permit) to +transport property. 14 C.F.R. Part +296. They may also be "foreign air +freight forwarders", which similarly +use direct air carriers to transport +property. 14 C.F.R. Part 296. There +is no "U.S. citizenship" requirement +for "foreign air freight forwarders." +14 C.F.R. 297.3(d). Foreign air +freight forwarders may obtain the same +operating exemptions available to U.S. +citizens. They must, however, apply +for registration with the Department +of Transportation. Their application +can be rejected "for reasons relating +to the failure of effective +reciprocity, or if the Department +finds that it is in the public +interest to do so." 14 C.F.R. +297.22. + +Charter operators may be "public +charter operators", which inter alia +must be "U.S. citizens" (defined as +indicated above) or "foreign charter +operators," for which there is not a +citizenship requirement. 14 C.F.R. +380.2. Unlike domestic charter +operators, "foreign charter operators" +wishing to operate charters which +originate in the U.S. must register +with the Department of Transportation. +14 C.F.R. 380.61. The Department of +Transportation may reject a +registration application "for reasons +relating to the failure of effective +reciprocity or if the Department finds +it would be in the public interest to +do so." 14 C.F.R.  380.64. + +A direct foreign air carrier may +engage in the surface transport of +property (which it has carried by air) +in a zone extending 35 miles from the +boundary of the airport or city it is +authorized to serve. There is no such +geographic limitation on a direct U.S. +air carrier, or on a U.S. or foreign +indirect air carrier. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Air Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 0721 Crop Planting, Cultivating, and Protecting + (limited to aerial dusting and spraying, dusting + crops, with or without fertilizing, spraying + crops, with or without fertilizing) + + SIC 4522 Air Transportation, services, sightseeing + airplane services) + + SIC 7319 Advertising, Not Elsewhere Classified + (limited to aerial advertising, sky writing) + + SIC 7335 Commercial Photography + (limited to aerial photographic service, except + mapmaking) + + SIC 7389 Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified + (limited to mapmaking, including aerial, pipeline + and powerline inspection services, firefighting + service, other than forestry or public) + + SIC 7997 Membership Sports & Recreation Clubs + (limited to aviation clubs, membership) + + SIC 8299 Schools & Education Services, Not Elsewhere + Classified (limited to flying instruction) + + SIC 8713 Surveying Services (limited to aerial + surveying) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended; + 49 U.S.C. App. 1508(b); 14 C.F.R. 375. For purposes of this + entry, paragraph 3 of the Description governs. + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +1. Authorization from the Department +of Transportation is required for the +provision of specialty air services in +the territory of the United States. A +person of Canada or Mexico that +provides aerial construction, +heli-logging, aerial sightseeing, +flight training, aerial inspection and +surveillance and aerial spraying +services may not be authorized to +provide such services if there is +inadequate reciprocity on the part of +the country of the applicant, or if +approval would otherwise not be in the +public interest. + +2. A person of Mexico or Canada may +be authorized to provide, subject to +compliance by that person with U.S. +safety regulations, aerial mapping, +aerial surveying, aerial photography, +forest fire management, fire fighting, +aerial advertising, glider towing and +parachute jumping. + +Investment + +3. Specialty air enterprises are +required to comply with the same +requirements as those set out in the +exception for air transportation +carriers described in the investment +exception for air transportation. +DURATION:Cross-Border + +Paragraph 2 of the Description governs +on entry into force. + +A person of Canada or Mexico may +obtain, subject to compliance with +U.S. safety requirements, +authorization to provide the following +specialty air services in the +territory of the United States: + +(a) two years after entry into force + of the Agreement, aerial + construction and heli-logging; + +(b) three years after entry into + force of the Agreement, aerial + sightseeing, flight training and + aerial inspection and + surveillance services; and + +(c) six years after entry into force + of the Agreement, aerial spraying + services. + +Investment: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Land Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4213 Trucking, Except Local + SIC 4215 Courier Services, Except by Air + SIC 4131 Intercity and Rural Bus Transportation + SIC 4142 Bus Charter Service, Except Local + SIC 4151 School Buses (limited to interstate + transportation not related to school activity) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, as amended, section 6, + 49 U.S.C. 10922(l) (1) and (2) + 49 U.S.C. 10530 (3) + 49 U.S.C. 10329, 10330 and 11705 and + 49 C.F.R. 1044 + 19 U.S.C. 1202 + + Memorandum of Understanding Between the United States of + America and the United Mexican States on Facilitation + of Charter/Tour Bus Service, December 3, 1990. + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services + +Operating authority from the +Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) +is required to provide interstate or +cross border bus or truck services in +the territory of the United States. A +moratorium has been imposed on new +grants of operating authority for +persons of Mexico, except for +provision of cross-border charter or +tour bus services. + +Under the moratorium, persons of +Mexico without operating authority may +operate only within ICC Border +Commercial Zones, for which ICC +operating authority is not required. +Persons of Mexico providing truck +services (including for hire, private, +and exempt services) without operating +authority are required to obtain a +certificate of registration from the +ICC to enter the United States and +operate in the ICC Border Commercial +Zones. Persons of Mexico providing +bus service are not required to obtain +an ICC certificate of registration to +provide such service within the ICC +Border Commercial Zones. + +A person providing bus or truck +service between points in the United +States is required to use United +States-registered and either U.S.- +built or duty-paid equipment. + +Investment + +The moratorium has the effect of being +an investment restriction because +enterprises of the United States +providing bus or truck services that +are owned or controlled by persons of +Mexico may not obtain ICC operating +authority. + +DURATION: On entry into force of this Agreement, the Description shall govern. + Cross-Border Services + +A person of Mexico will be permitted +to obtain operating authority to +provide: + +(a) three years after signature of + this Agreement, cross-border + truck services to or from border + states (California, Arizona, New + Mexico, and Texas), and such + persons will be permitted to + enter and depart the territory of + United States through different + ports of entry; + +(b) three years after entry into + force of this Agreement, + cross-border scheduled bus + services; and + +(c) six years after entry into force + of this Agreement, cross-border + truck services. + + +Investment + +A person of Mexico will be permitted +to establish an enterprise in the +United States to provide: + +(a) three years after signature of + this Agreement, truck services + for the distribution of + international cargo between + points in the United States; and + +(b) seven years after entry into + force of this Agreement, bus + services between points in the + United States. + +Indeterminate: The moratorium will +remain in place on grants of authority +for the provision of truck services by +persons of Mexico between points in +the United States for the +transportation of goods other than +international cargo. +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Transportation Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Customs Brokers + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4731 Arrangement of Transportation of Freight + and Cargo + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: 19 U.S.C. 1641(b) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Only U.S. citizens may obtain a +customs broker's license, which is +required to conduct customs business +on behalf of another person. A +corporation, association, or +partnership established under the laws +of any state may receive a customs +broker's license if at least one +officer of the corporation or +association, or one member of the +partnership, holds a valid customs +broker's license. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + +SECTOR: All + +SUB-SECTOR: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + +LEGAL CITATION: Securities Act of 1933, Rules 251 and 405, 17 C.F.R. 240.251 + and 240.405 + + Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Section 12(b)(2), 15 U.S.C. + 1(b)(2) and the Rules thereunder. + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Foreign issuers, except for certain +Canadian issuers, may not use the +small business forms under the +Securities Act of 1933 to register +securities. + +DURATION: Indeterminate +============================================================================= + + ANNEX I + Schedule of the United States + +SECTOR: + +SUBSECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4952 Sewerage System + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + +LEGAL CITATION: Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq. + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +The Clean Water Act authorizes grants +for the construction of treatment +plants for municipal sewage or +industrial waste. Grant recipients +may be privately-owned enterprises. +The Act provides that grants shall be +made for treatment works only if such +articles, materials, and supplies as +have been manufactured, mined or +produced in the United States will be +used in the treatment works. The +Administrator of the Environmental +Protection Agency has authority not to +apply this provision, e.g., if the +cost of the articles in question is +unreasonable. 33 U.S.C. 1295. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + + ANNEX II + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Communication + +SUB-SECTOR: Cable Television + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4841 Cable and Other Pay Television Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + +DESCRIPTION:Investment + +Subject to Article 2106, the United +States reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure that accords +equivalent treatment to persons of any +country that limits ownership by +persons of the United States in an +enterprise engaged in the operation of +a cable television system in that +country. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: None + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX II + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications Transport Networks and Services + and Radio Communications + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 752 Telecommunications Services + (Not Including CPC 752323 Value-Added + Network Services or CPC 752329 Other + Message Services) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +The United States reserves the right +to adopt or maintain any measure +relating to investment in, or the +provision of, telecommunications +transport networks and +telecommunications transport services +or to radio communications. These +measures apply to such matters as +market entry, spectrum assignment, +tariffs, intercarrier agreements, +terms and conditions of service, and +interconnection between networks and +services. Telecommunications transport +services typically involve the real- +time transmission of customer-supplied +information between two or more points +without end-to-end change in the form +or content of the customer's +information, whether or not such +services are offered to the public +generally. These services include +voice and data services provided by +any electromagnetic means. Radio +communications include all +communications by radio, including +broadcasting. This reservation does +not apply to measures relating to +enhanced or value-added services. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +Communications Act of 1934, as +amended, 47 U.S.C. 151 et seq., see +particularly 310(a), (b) (1988) +(radio licenses for common carrier, +aeronautical en route, aeronautical en +route, aeronautical fixed, and +broadcasting services), and any +Federal Communications Commission +rules or policies adopted pursuant to +Title 47 of the United States Code, +including F.C.C. Decision, +International Competitive Carrier, 102 +F.C.C. 2d 812 (1985) + +An Act relating to the Landing and +Operation of Submarine Cables in the +United States, as amended, 47 U.S.C. +34-9 (1988), see particularly 35 +(Submarine Cable Landing Act) +(undersea cables) + +Communications Satellite Act of 1962, +as amended, 47 U.S.C. 701-57 (1988) + +Telegraph Act, as amended, 47 U.S.C. +17 (1988) (telegraph cables serving +Alaska) + +Children's Television Act of 1990, 47 +U.S.C. 303a (1990) + +Television Program Improvement Act of +1990, 47 U.S.C. 303c (1990) +============================================================================= + + ANNEX II + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Social Services + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +The United States reserves the right +to adopt or maintain any measure with +respect to the provision of public law +enforcement and correctional services, + +and the following services to the +extent they are social services +established or maintained for a public +purpose: income security or +insurance, social security or +insurance, social welfare, public +education, public training, health, +and child care. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX II + Schedule of the United States + +SECTOR: Minority Affairs + +SUB-SECTOR: + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +The United States reserves the right +to adopt or maintain any measure +according rights or preferences to +socially or economically disadvantaged +minorities, including corporations +organized under the laws of the State +of Alaska in accordance with the +Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act +(43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX II + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Professional Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Attorneys + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 8111 Legal Services + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +Subject to page VI-U-3, the United +States reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure relating to the +provision of legal services, including +foreign legal consultancy services, by +persons of Mexico. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: None + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX II + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Publishing + +SUB-SECTOR: Newspaper Publishing + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 2711 Newspapers: Publishing, or Publishing + and Printing + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Article 1102) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 1103) + +DESCRIPTION: Investment + +Subject to Article 2106, the United +States reserves the right to adopt or +maintain any measure that accords +equivalent treatment to persons of any +country that limits ownership by +persons of the United States in an +enterprise engaged in the publication +of daily newspapers primarily written +for audiences and distributed in that +country. + +For purposes of this reservation, +daily newspapers are newspapers +published at least five days each +week. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: None + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX II + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Transportation + +SUB-SECTOR: Water Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4412 Deep Sea Foreign Transportation of Freight + (limited to promotional programs) + + SIC 4424 Deep Sea Domestic Transportation of Freight + (includes coastwise transportation of freight, + deep sea domestic freight transportation, + intercoastal transportation of freight, water + transportation of freight to noncontiguous + territories) + + SIC 4432 Freight Transportation on the + Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway + + SIC 4449 Water Transportation of Freight, Not + Elsewhere Classified (includes canal barge + operations, canal freight transportation, + intracoastal freight transportation, + lake freight transportation except on + the Great Lakes, log rafting and + towing, river freight transportation + except on the St. Lawrence Seaway, + transportation of freight on bays and + sounds of the oceans) + + SIC 4481 Deep Sea Transportation of + Passengers, Except by Ferry (limited + to promotional programs) + + SIC 4482 Ferries + + SIC 4489 Water Transportation of + Passengers, Not Elsewhere Classified + (includes airboats, swamp buggy rides, + excursion boat operations, passenger + water transportation on rivers and + canals, sightseeing boats, water taxis) + + SIC 4492 Towing and Tugboat Services + + SIC 4499 Water Transportation + Services, Not Elsewhere Classified + (limited to cargo salvaging, + chartering of commercial boats, + lighterage, bunkering, marine salvage, + pilotage, steamship leasing, cable + laying) + + SIC 4491 - Marine Cargo Handling + (limited to crew activities aboard + vessels transporting supplies and + cargo within U.S. territorial waters + and longshore work performed by crew + affected by reciprocity restrictions) + + SIC 1629 Heavy Construction, Not + Elsewhere Classified (limited to + marine dredging) + + SIC 091 Commercial Fishing (limited to + fishing vessels and fishing operations + within the Exclusive Economic Zone) + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: National Treatment (Articles 1102, 1202) + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 1103, 1203) + Local Presence (Article 1205) + Performance Requirements (Article 1106) + Senior Management (Article 1107) + +DESCRIPTION: Cross-Border Services and Investment + +The United States reserves the right +to adopt or maintain any measure +relating to the provision of maritime +transportation services and the +operation of U.S.-flagged vessels, +including the following: + +(a) requirements for investment in, + ownership and control of, and + operation of vessels and other + marine structures, including + drill rigs, in maritime cabotage + services, including maritime + cabotage services performed in + the domestic offshore trades, the + coastwise trades, U.S. + territorial waters, waters above + the continental shelf, and in the + inland waterways; + +(b) requirements for investment in, + ownership and control of, and + operation of U.S.-flagged vessels + in foreign trades; + +(c) requirements for investment in, + ownership and control of, and + operation of vessels engaging in + fishing and related activities in + U.S. territorial waters and the + Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); + +(d) requirements related to + documenting a vessel under the + U.S. flag; + +(e) promotional programs, including + tax benefits, available for + shipowners, operators and vessels + meeting certain requirements; + +(f) certification, licensing and + citizenship requirements for crew + members on U.S.-flagged vessels; + +(g) manning requirements of + U.S.-flagged vessels; + +(h) all matters falling under the + jurisdiction of the Federal + Maritime Commission; + +(i) negotiation and implementation of + bilateral and other international + maritime agreements and + understandings; + +(j) limitations on longshore work + performed by crew members; + +(k) tonnage duties and light money + assessments for entering U.S. + waters; and + +(l) certification, licensing, and + citizenship requirements for + pilots performing pilotage + services in U.S. territorial + waters. + +The following activities are not +included in this reservation: + +(a) vessel construction and repair; + and + +(b) landside aspects of port + activities including operation + and maintenance of docks, loading + and unloading of vessels directly + to or from land, marine cargo + handling, operation and + maintenance of piers, ship + cleaning, stevedoring, transfer + of cargo between a ship and + trucks, trains, pipelines and + wharves, waterfront terminal + operations, boat cleaning, canal + operation, dismantling of ships, + operation of marine railways for + drydocking, marine surveyors, + except cargo, marine wrecking of + ships for scrap and ship + classification societies. + +LEGAL CITATION OF EXISTING MEASURES: Merchant Marine Act of 1920, 27, 46 +App. U.S.C. 883 et seq. (Jones Act, +including Bowaters Corporations, 46 +App. U.S.C. 883-1); + +Jones Act Waiver Statute, Act of +December 27, 1950, 46 U.S.C. App., +note preceding Sec. 1; + +Shipping Act of 1916, 9, 46 U.S.C. +App. 808; + +Shipping Act of 1916, 2, 46 U.S.C. +App. 802; + +Merchant Marine Act of 1936, 905(c), +46 U.S.C. App. 1244; + +Merchant Ship Sales Act of 1946, 50 +U.S.C. App. 1738; + +46 U.S.C. App. 292; + +46 U.S.C. 12101 et seq. and 31301 et +seq.; + +46 U.S.C. App. 316 and 8904; + +Passenger Vessel Act, 46 U.S.C. 289; + +Merchant Marine Act of 1936, Title VI, +46 U.S.C. App. 1171, et seq. +(includes Capital Construction Fund -- +46 App. U.S.C. 1177, 26 U.S.C. 7518) +and the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, +Title V, 46 U.S.C. App. 1151, et seq. +(includes Capital Reserves Fund, 46 +App. U.S.C. 1161 and trade in of +obsolete vessels, 46 App. U.S.C. +1160(1) and for National Defense +Reserve Fleet, 46 App. 1160(i)); + +46 U.S.C. 31328(2); + +Merchant Marine Act of 1936, Title XI, +46 U.S.C. App. 1271, et seq. (includes +Marine Hull Insurance Requirements -- +46 App. U.S.C. 1273(b) and 46 U.S.C. +Part 249); + +Tonnage Duties, 46 App. U.S.C. 121; + +Merchant Marine Act of 1936, 901(a) +and (b), 46 App. U.S.C. 1241(b); +Public Resolution 17, 46 App. U.S.C. +1241-1; and the Cargo Preference Act +of 1904, 10 U.S.C. 2631; + +Environmental laws: CERCLA (superfund) +42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.; and Oil +Pollution Act of 1990, 33 U.S.C. 2701; +Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et +seq.; + +46 U.S.C. 3301 et seq.; + +46 U.S.C. 3701, et seq.; + +Controlled Carrier Act, Shipping Act +of 1984, 9, 46 App U.S.C. 1708; + +Merchant Marine Act of 1920, 19 as +amended, 46 App. U.S.C. 876; Shipping +Act of 1984, 13(b)(5); 46 App. U.S.C. +1712 (b)(5); and the Foreign Shipping +Practices Act of 1988; Omnibus Trade +and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Title +X, 46 App. U.S.C. 1710a; + +Immigration Act of 1990, 203, 8 +U.S.C. 1288, restrictions on +stevedoring by crews of foreign +vessels; + +46 U.S.C. 8103; + +Nicholson Act, 46 U.S.C. App. 251; + +Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel +Anti-Reflagging Act of 1987, 46 U.S.C. +2101 and 46 U.S.C. 12108; + +43 U.S.C. 1841; + +22 U.S.C. 1980; + +Intercoastal Shipping Act, 46 App. +U.S.C. 843; + +46 U.S.C. 9302, 46 U.S.C. 8502; +Agreement Governing the Operation of +Pilotage on the Great Lakes, Exchange +of Notes at Ottawa, August 23, 1978, +and March 29, 1979, Treaties and +International Agreements Service 9445; + +46 U.S.C. 12107(b); and + +Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and +Management Act, 16 U.S.C. 1801, et +seq. + + ANNEX IV + Schedule of the United States + + + The United States takes an exception to Article 1103 for all +international agreements (bilateral and multilateral) in force or +signed prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement. + + As for international agreements other than those in force or +signed prior to the date of entry into force of this Agreement, +the United States takes an exception to Article 1103 for those +agreements involving: + +1. Aviation; + +2. Fisheries; + +3. Maritime matters, including salvage; or + +4. Telecommunications. + + With respect to state measures not yet described in Annex I, +pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 1108, the United States takes +an exception to Article 1103 for international agreements signed +within two years of the entry into force of this Agreement. + + For greater certainty, the Parties note that Article 1103 +does not apply to any current or future foreign aid programs to +promote economic development, such as those governed by the +Energy Economic Cooperation Program with Central America and the +Caribbean (Pacto de San Jos‚) and the OECD Agreement on Export +Credits. + + ANNEX V + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Telecommunications (Radio Communications) + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 752 Telecommunications Services + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Communications Act of 1934, as amended, Sections 1, 2, 4, + and Title III, 47 U.S.C. 151 et. seq. (1988) + +DESCRIPTION: The Communications Act of 1934 (the +Act) requires anyone wishing to engage +in communications by radio within the +United States and between the United +States and points outside the United +States to obtain a license from the +Federal Communications Commission +(FCC) for the use, but not the +ownership, of all channels of radio +communications; and no such license +shall be construed to create any right +beyond the terms, conditions and +periods of the license. + +The Act requires the FCC, in granting +radio station licenses, to determine +if such a license would serve the +public interest, convenience and +necessity and empowers the FCC to +impose conditions pursuant to this +determination. The Act also empowers +the FCC to deny applications for radio +licenses where it is unable to find +that such grant would serve the public +interest, convenience and necessity. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX V + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Cable Television Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 753 Radio and Television Cable Services + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Communications Act of 1934, as amended, + 47 U.S.C. 151 et. seq. (1988) + Federal Communications Commission + Rules, Sections 76.501, 74.931(e)(5), + 63.54, and 21.912 + + 47 C.F.R. 76.501, 74.931(e)(5), + 63.54, and 21.912 + +DESCRIPTION: A cable television system is not +allowed to carry any television +broadcast signal if the cable system +owns, operates, controls or has an +interest in a television broadcast +station whose Grade B contour overlaps +the service area of such cable system. +(76.501(a)) + +A cable television system may directly +or indirectly own, operate, control, +or have an interest in a national +television network (such as ABC, CBS, +or NBC) only if such system does not +pass more than (i) 10 percent of homes +passed on a nationwide basis when +aggregated with all other cable +systems in which the network holds +such a cognizable interest, and (ii) +50 percent of homes passed within any +one ADI (Arbitron Area of Dominant +Influence), except that a cable +television system facing a competing +system will not be counted toward this +50 percent limit. (76.501(b)) + +A cable television company may not +lease excess transmission time or +capacity from a licensee of an +Instructional Television Fixed Service +(ITFS) station (television services +intended for use in educational +institutions) if the ITFS station is +located within 20 miles of that cable +television company's franchise area. +(74.931(e)(5)) + +A telephone common carrier may not +engage in the provision (e.g., +ownership, control, or production) of +video programming to the viewing +public in its telephone service area, +but may distribute such programming on +a common carrier basis and may only +have up to a five percent non- +controlling financial interest in +video programmers. (63.54(a)) + +A telephone common carrier may not +provide channels of communications or +pole line conduit space, or other +rental arrangements to any entity +which is directly or indirectly owned, +operated or controlled by, or under +common control with, such telephone +common carrier, where such facilities +or arrangements are to be used for, or +in connection with, the provision of +video programming to the viewing +public in the telephone service area +of the telephone common carrier. +(63.54(b)) + +In cable television franchise areas +served by a single cable operator, +that operator may not be authorized to +use frequencies assigned to the +Multichannel Multipoint Distribution +Service (MMDS) (the 2150-2165 Mhz and +2596-2644 Mhz bands), if a portion of +an MMDS station's protected service +area lies within that cable television +operator's franchise area. (21.912) + +============================================================================= + + + ANNEX V + Schedule of the United States + + + +SECTOR: Energy + +SUB-SECTOR: Natural Gas Transportation + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4922 Natural Gas Transmission + SIC 4923 Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution + SIC 4924 Natural Gas Distribution + +LEGAL CITATION: 15 U.S.C. section 717(f) + 18 C.F.R. part 157 + +DESCRIPTION: Section 7(c) of the Natural Gas Act of +1938, as amended, requires a natural +gas company, or a person which will be +a natural gas company upon completion +of proposed construction or extension +of transportation facilities, to +obtain a certificate of public +convenience and necessity to +construct, extend, acquire, or operate +such facilities. In addition, a +certificate is required to transport +or sell for resale natural gas in +interstate commerce. + +The Act requires the FERC to hold +hearings on applications for permanent +certificates and to give interested +persons notice of such hearings and +notices of applications are published +in the Federal Register. + +The FERC does not require a +certificate of pubic convenience and +necessity for certain replacement +construction, maintenance, emergency +facilities, auxiliary installations, +and certain types of taps. + +Natural gas services for drilling oil +wells, or for testing or purging new +natural gas pipeline facilities are +exempt from the certificate +requirement. + +Certain "emergency" sales, +transportation, or exchanges are +exempt from the certificate +requirement. When a certificate is +required, the FERC may grant a +temporary certificate for sale or +transportation in emergency +circumstances, pending the +determination on a permanent +certificate. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX V + Schedule of the United States + +SECTOR: Postal Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Postal Services + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 4311 United States Postal Service + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: 39 U.S.C.  401 et seq. + 18 U.S.C.  1693 + 39 C.F.R. Parts 310 and 320 + +DESCRIPTION: The United States Postal Service is +generally authorized to "receive, +transmit, and deliver throughout the +United States, its territories and +possessions ... written and printed +matter, parcels and like materials." +The Postal Service also has the +exclusive authority to "provide and +sell postage stamps." + +A carrier other than the U.S. Postal +Service may carry letters if, among +other things, each letter is enclosed +in an envelope, proper postage has +been paid in stamps, the stamp is +canceled by the sender, and the +carrier endorses the envelope. + +The postal regulations define +"letters" to exclude telegrams, books +and magazines, and other materials. +The regulations also permit letters to +be carried accompanying cargo, by the +sender, by others without +compensation, and by special +messengers. The Postal Service has +suspended its regulations with respect +to private "express mail" services. +============================================================================= + + ANNEX V + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Recreation + +SUB-SECTOR: National Parks Concessions + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 7999 Amusement and Recreation + Services, Not Elsewhere Classified + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: 16 U.S.C.  20 and 20a + +DESCRIPTION: A concession is required to operate +hotels, restaurants, gift shops, snack +bars, equipment rentals, horseback +riding services, guide services, +fishing guides, mountain climbing, bus +transportation, and other services +facilities in U.S. national parks. +The National Park Service regulates +all aspects of these services, +including building specifications, +rates for the services, and hours of +operation. + +The National Park Service awards +concessions only where they are +determined to be "necessary and +appropriate." In developing its plans +for the operation of a national park, +the Park Service determines what +operations, including concessions, are +"necessary and appropriate." As a +result of this determination, the Park +Service may determine that a given +concession is not needed. + + + Annex VI + Schedule of United States + + +SECTOR: Communications + +SUB-SECTOR: Broadcasting + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: CPC 7524 Program Transmission Services + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Communications Act of 1934, as amended, + Sections 309, 325, 47 U.S.C. 309, 325 (1988) + +DESCRIPTION: The United States will ensure that in +considering applications for a grant +of authority to transmit programming +to foreign stations for retransmission +into the United States under Section +325 of the Communications Act of 1934 +(the Act), the Federal Communications +Commission (FCC) will not consider the +nationality of the affected stations +for the purpose of favoring a U.S. +station that is competing with a +Mexican station for affiliation with a +U.S. programmer. Rather the FCC will +apply the criteria for the grant of +such permit in the same manner as +would be applied to a domestic +broadcast station application under +Section 309 of the Act. + +In addition, the term of the Section +325 permit shall be extended from one +year to five years in all situations +where it can be assured that the +retransmitting station is and will be +in full compliance with applicable +treaties. In assessing the public +interest, convenience, and necessity +required by the Act for the grant of +authorization under Section 325, the +primary criterion will be avoiding the +creation or maintenance of electrical +interference to U.S. broadcast +stations that violates applicable +treaty provisions. In evaluating this +and any other criteria permitted under +Section 309, the U.S. will ensure that +the Section 325 process shall not be +conducted in a manner that would +constitute an unnecessary restriction +on trade. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VI + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Professional Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Attorneys + +INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC 8111 Legal Services + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: State + +LEGAL CITATION: [to be provided] + +DESCRIPTION: Lawyers authorized to practice in Mexico or Canada and law + firms headquartered in Mexico or Canada will be permitted to + provide foreign legal consultancy services, and to establish + for that purpose, in Alaska, California, Connecticut, District of + Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, + New York, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Washington, or in any other + state that so permits by the date of entry into force of this + agreement. + + + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1409 (Staffing) + +MEASURE: U.S. citizenship requirements for chief executive officers of + national banks not affiliated or owned by foreign banks + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: The National Bank Act, 12 U.S.C.  72. + +DESCRIPTION: All directors of a national bank must +be citizens of the United States. +Because it is also required that chief +executive officers of all national +banks be directors, a chief executive +officer of a national bank must be a +citizen of the United States. An +exception from these requirements +exists for national banks affiliated +or owned by foreign banks. Such banks +are only required to have citizens +constitute a simple majority of the +directors and need not employ citizens +as chief executive officers. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1409 (Staffing) + +MEASURE: Residency requirements on boards of directors of national banks + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: The National Bank Act, 12 U.S.C.  72. + +DESCRIPTION: Two-thirds of the directors of a +national bank must have (i) resided +for one year prior to their election, +and (ii) continue to reside, in the +state in which the bank is located or +within 100 miles of the national bank. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitations on acquisition of interests in banks on an interstate + basis + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, + 12 U.S.C.  1842(d); International Banking Act of 1978, as + amended, 12 U.S.C.  3103(a)(5). + +DESCRIPTION: Federal authorities may not approve +the establishment of, or acquisition +of an interest in, a bank subsidiary +within a state ("the host state") by a +foreign bank that has a full-service +branch or bank subsidiary in the +United States, unless the measures of +the host state expressly permit the +transaction. Thus, foreign banks may +not acquire interests in banks in some +states on the same basis as domestic +bank holding companies from the +foreign bank's home state. For +purposes of determining national +treatment under paragraph 6(b) of +Article 1407, foreign banks are +located in their "home state," as that +term is used in the International +Banking Act of 1978. + +The following types of measures, inter +alia, fall into this category: + + (a) Foreign banks are expressly + excluded from the authority + to own banks in certain + regional holding company + laws. + + (b) Foreign banks + are implicitly excluded through a +definition of eligible owner +in certain state laws that +requires a majority of the +parent bank's deposits to be +in the United States, in a +particular region of the +United States, or in a +particular state. + + (c) Foreign banks + that do not already own a + banking subsidiary in + the United States are + interpreted as not qualifying + as an eligible "bank holding + company" entitled to own + a bank. + +DURATION:Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitations on ownership of corporations organized under + section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act ("Edge corporations") + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Federal Reserve Act, 12 U.S.C.  619. + +DESCRIPTION: Edge corporations (specialized +international banking companies +chartered under Federal law) may be +owned by domestically-owned banks and +bank holding companies, and by +domestic non-bank companies willing to +restrict their business activities to +those closely related to banking. +Foreign ownership of Edge corporations +is limited to foreign banks and U.S. +subsidiaries of foreign banks. Other +foreign persons may neither directly +nor indirectly own Edge corporations. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Exemption from limitations for federal- and state-owned companies + that own banks + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, + 12 U.S.C.  1841(b) + +DESCRIPTION: The Bank Holding Company Act does not apply to companies that + are majority-owned by the Federal and state governments, + whereas companies owned by foreign governments are not + excepted. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitations on the ability of foreign banks to accept certain +types of deposits through any form other than an insured banking subsidiary + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: International Banking Act of 1978, + 12 U.S.C. 3104 (as amended by The + Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, + Pub.L. 102-242, Title II,  214(a)). + +DESCRIPTION: After December 19, 1991, in order to accept or maintain deposit +accounts having balances of less than $100,000, a foreign bank must establish +an insured banking subsidiary. As a result, foreign bank branches are +prohibited from taking insured deposits unless engaged in that +activity on December 19, 1991. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitations on membership in the Federal Reserve System + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Federal Reserve Act, 12 U.S.C.  321, 221, 302; + International Banking Act of 1978, 12 U.S.C.  3106(d). + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign banks with branches and agencies in the United States +may not be members of the Federal Reserve System, and may thus not vote for +directors of a Federal Reserve Bank. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking and Securities + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1407 and 1408 (National Treatment, + Most-Favored-Nation Treatment) + +MEASURE: Limitation on designation of foreign firms as primary dealers in U.S. + government securities + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: The Primary Dealers Act of 1988, 22 U.S.C.  5341-5342. + +DESCRIPTION: The Primary Dealers Act of 1988 prohibits a foreign firm to be +designated as a primary dealer in U.S. government debt obligations unless the +home country of the foreign firm accords to U.S. firms the same +competitive opportunities as are accorded to domestic firms in the +underwriting and distribution of government debt instruments in the +firm's home country. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking and Securities + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1407, 1408 and 1409 (National Treatment, + MFN Treatment, Staffing) + +MEASURE: Eligibility of foreign trust indentures + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Trust Indenture Act of 1939, 15 U.S.C. +  77jjj(a)(1) and rules thereunder. + +DESCRIPTION: Under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, foreign firms located +outside the United States may be prohibited from acting as sole trustees +under an indenture for debt securities sold in the United States if U.S. +institutional trustees cannot act as sole trustee for securities sold in +the foreign country. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking and Securities + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1409 (MFN Treatment) + +MEASURE: Special reserve bank account + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Rule 15c3-3 of the Securities Exchange + Act of 1934, 17 C.F.R.  240.15c3-3. + +DESCRIPTION: Broker-dealers that maintain their +principal place of business in Canada may maintain their reserve requirement +at a Canadian bank subject to supervision by an authority of Canada; +however, other foreign broker-dealers not in the U.S. or Canada must +maintain reserves in the U.S. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Commodity Futures and Options + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Articles 1405 and 1406 (Cross-Border Trade, + New Financial Services) + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Commodity Exchange Act, 7 U.S.C.  2. + +DESCRIPTION: Federal law prohibits the offer or +sale of futures contracts on onions, options contracts on onions and +options on futures contracts on onions in the United States and services +related thereto. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Insurance + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: 31 U.S.C.  9304 + +DESCRIPTION: Branches of foreign insurance +companies are not permitted to provide surety bonds for U.S. Government +contracts. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking and Securities + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Differential treatment of foreign and domestic banks under the + federal securities laws + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Investment Advisors Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C.  80b-2 and +  80b-3 and the rules thereunder. + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign banks may be required to +register as investment advisers under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940 to +engage in securities advisory services in the United States, while domestic +banks are exempt from registration. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Application of the disclosure + provisions of the federal securities laws to the U.S. government, + government-owned enterprises, and state and local governments. + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 + U.S.C.  78c(a)(12)(A)(i), + 78c(a)(12)(A)(ii) and the rules + thereunder; Securities Act of 1933, 15 + U.S.C.  77c(a)(2) and the rules + thereunder. + +DESCRIPTION: U.S. federal, state and local +government securities are exempt from the registration and disclosure +provisions of the federal securities laws. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Securities TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Application of the federal securities laws to the U.S. government, + government owned enterprises, and state and local governments + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Investment Company Act of 1940, 15 + U.S.C.  80a-2(b), and the rules + thereunder; Investment Advisers Act of + 1940, 15 U.S.C.  80-2(b), and the + rules thereunder. + +DESCRIPTION: The Investment Company Act of 1940 and +the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 do not apply to investment companies and +investment advisers, respectively, that are owned by the federal, state +and local governments, whereas investment companies and investment +advisers owned by foreign governments are not excepted. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: Banking and Securities + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: Application of the federal securities laws to the U.S. government, + government-owned enterprises, and state and local governments. + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 + U.S.C.  78c(a)(43)(A), 78c(a)(44)(A) + and 78c(d) the rules thereunder. + +DESCRIPTION: No provision of the Exchange Act +applies to the U.S. government. Thus, U.S.-owned exchanges, clearing +agencies, brokers, dealers, and banks are not regulated under the Exchange +Act. In addition, U.S. government enterprises are exempt from government +securities broker and dealer registration and regulation. State +and local government officials are also exempted from the registration as +brokers, dealers, and municipal securities dealers. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + +SECTOR: Financial Services + +SUB-SECTOR: + +TYPE OF RESERVATION: Article 1407 (National Treatment) + +MEASURE: + +LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT: Federal + +LEGAL CITATION: + +DESCRIPTION: Foreign government owned firms are not +entitled to extend credit backed by the guarantees of the Commodity Credit +Corporation. + +DURATION: Indeterminate + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART A + Schedule of the United States + + The United States shall set out any existing non-conforming +measures maintained by California, Florida, Illinois, New York, +Ohio, and Texas by the date of entry into force of this +Agreement. Existing non-conforming state measures of all other +states shall be set out by January 1, 1995. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART B + Schedule of the United States + + The United States reserves the right to derogate from +Articles 1405(1) and 1408 for the securities sector with respect +to Canada. With respect to these Articles, the United States may +adopt or maintain measures affecting cross-border trade in +securities services that are more restrictive than measures +existing on the date of entry into force of this Agreement. + +============================================================================= + + + ANNEX VII + PART C + Schedule of the United States + + The United States commits to permit an eligible grupo +financiero that, in formation of the grupo in Mexico before the +entry into force of this Agreement, lawfully acquires an eligible +Mexican bank and a Mexican securities firm which owns or controls +a securities company in the United States, to continue to engage +through that U.S. securities company in the activities in which +that securities company was engaged on the date of acquisition by +the grupo for a time period of five years from the date of such +acquisition. The U.S. securities firm: (i) shall not be +permitted to expand through acquisition in the United States +during such period; and (ii) shall be subject to measures +consistent with national treatment that restrict transactions +between the firms and their affiliates. For purposes of this +paragraph: an "eligible grupo financiero" is a Mexican financial +group that has not previously benefitted from this commitment; +and an "eligible Mexican bank" means any Mexican instituci¢n de +cr‚dito that owned or controlled a subsidiary bank, or operated a +branch or agency, in the United States on January 1, 1992. + +============================================================================= + + ANNEX VII + PART D + Schedule of the United States + + For the purposes of Article 1413(2), the United States +designates the Department of the Treasury as its governmental +agency responsible for banking and other financial services, and +the United States Department of Commerce for insurance services. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/national.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/national.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8e174acd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/national.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2081 @@ + Criminal Justice Resource List + + + October 30, 1991 + + + + + +What follows is a list of national organizations concerned with criminal +justice issues. The list ranges from legislative bodies and law enforce- +ment consultants to victims advocates to Christian prison ministries to +prison reform groups, and includes much in between. An index is supplied +at the end of the list. + +This information was composed by collecting names, addresses, and descriptions +from a variety of sources including magazine and newsletter articles, books, +other resource lists, and direct contact with the organization. No guarantees +are made regarding its accuracy. + + + + + + Table of Contents + +National Organizations: + +Administering Criminal Justice or Correctional Programs. . . 3 + +Doing Research Related to Criminal Justice Issues. . . . . . 7 + +Concerned with Criminal Justice Issues . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + +Concerned with International Prisoners, Political Prisoners, +or Persons Wrongfully Imprisoned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 + +Providing Services to Prisoners, Victims, Families, Etc. . . 26 + +Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 + + + +This list is updated regularly! Please help by sending new or additional +information to the address below. Anyone furnishing new information will be +rewarded with a free updated listing. + +This list is privately maintained and distributed by: Judy C. Knupke, P.O. +Box 620643, Newton Lower Falls, MA 02162. + +To obtain additional copies, please send $5.00 per copy to cover the cost of +printing and postage. OR, send $6.00 to obtain a copy in machine-readable +form on a 3-1/2 inch diskette. + + National Organizations +Administering Criminal Justice or Correctional Programs + + + +Administrative Office of U.S. Courts, 811 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington DC +20544. (202) 633-6094. + + Administrative center of U.S. courts (except Supreme Court). Lends + statistical data, makes referrals, distributes publications. + +American Correctional Association (ACA), 4321 Hartwick Rd., Suite L208, +College Park, MD 20740. (301) 699-7600. + + A group of administrators, wardens, probation officers and others whose + goal is to improve correctional standards. The organization studies + causes of crime, juvenile delinquency, and methods of crime control and + prevention. They publish directories of institutions, standards and + guidelines for correctional facilities, educational materials for correc- + tional officials and others, the newsletter Corrections Today/On the + Line, and other items. + +Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 600, +Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 770-3097. + + Administers voluntary accreditation program for correctional facilities + and services. Provides consulting and reference services, distributes + publications. + +Correctional Education Association, 1400 20th St. NW, Washington DC 20036. +(202) 293-3120. + + A professional organization of prison educators. + +Correctional Industries Association. + + Organization of correctional personal interested in management and opera- + tions of correctional industries. + + Contact: Paul A. Skelton, Jr., Executive Secretary, 706 Middlebrook + Circle, Tallahassee, FL 32312. (904) 385-4878. + +Criminal Justice Center, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341. +(409) 294-1692. + + Publishes The NELS Monthly Bulletin, a listing of job opportunities in + the criminal justice and social services fields. + +Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP), 320 First St. NW, Washington DC 20534. +(202) 724-3198. + + Source of information on crime, criminals, juvenile delinquency, cor- + rections, and the federal prison system. Collections are accessible for + on-site use by professional personnel and adult students. + + Contact for info on electronic surveillance by FBOP: Annesley Schmidt. + (202) 724-3171. + +Fred A. Leutcher Associates, Inc., no current address [Formerly American +Engineering Company, 108 Bunker Hill, Charlestown, MA.] + + Specializes in the manufacture and sale of lethal injection machinery; + also sells spare parts for electric chairs, gallows, and gas chambers. + May be the only company in the United States specializing in execution + equipment. + + Contact: Norbert C. Lynch, President. + +International Association of Chiefs of Police, 13 First Field Rd., Gaithers- +bury, MD 20878. + +International Halfway House Association, P.O. Box 2337, Reston, VA 22090. +(703) 435-8221. + +Institute for Court Management, 1331 17th St., Suite 402, Denver, CO 80202. +(303) 293-3063. + + A project of the National Center for State Courts. Offers training for + judges and judicial administrators. + +National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, 1815 H. St. NW, Suite 550, +Washington DC 20006. (202) 872-8688. + + Strives to preserve the adversary system for justice, to maintain and + foster independent and able criminal defense lawyers, and to ensure + justice and due process for persons accused of crime. Supports attorneys + actively defending persons accused of crimes. Lobbies for fairer sen- + tencing. Publishes magazine, manuals, reviews. + +National Association of Criminal Justice Planners, 1500 Massachusetts Ave. NW, +Suite 129, Washington DC 20005. (202) 223-3171. + + Fosters criminal justice planning and improvement at all levels of + government. Publishes reviews, directories, data. + +National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies. + + Interested in prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency. + + Contact: Donald G. Blackburn, Secretary-Treasurer, 36 Locksley Lane, + Springfield, IL 62704. (217) 787-0690. + +National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies (NAPSA), 918 F St. NW, +Suite 500, Washington DC 20004. + + An association of agencies seeking to encourage the growth of pretrial + services. Organized in 1972 by program administrators and other criminal + justice experts. Serves as a national forum for pretrial ideas and + issues, fosters the establishment of agencies to promote pretrial servic- + es, promotes research and development, develops professional standards + and educational programs. + +National Commission on Correctional Health Care, 2000 North Racine, Suite +3500, Chicago, IL 60614. (312) 528-0818. + +National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, Box 8970 (Judicial +College Building), Reno, NV 89507. (784-6012. + + Interested in improving juvenile justice. Offers training for judges and + other judicial professionals. + +National Criminal Justice Association, 444 N. Capitol St., Suite 608, Washing- +ton DC 20001. (202) 347-4900. + + Organization of criminal justice practitioners that advises state gover- + nors on substantive criminal justice issues. Answers inquiries; provides + advisory and training services; conducts research; distributes publica- + tions. Services primarily for members. + +National District Attorneys Association, 708 Pendleton St., Alexandria, VA +22314. (703) 549-9222. + + Encourages cooperation among attorneys. Concerned with victim compensa- + tion. Distributes publications. + +National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 320 First St. NW, Washington DC +20534. (202) 724-3106. + + Federal agency concerned with the administration of prisons and rehabi- + litative programs. Publishes statistics and comparative studies on + prisons systems throughout the country. Provides training and technical + assistance. + + NIC Information Center: 1790 30th St., Suite 130, Boulder, CO 80301. + + +National Lawyers Guild, 14 Beacon St., Dorchester 02120. (617) 227-7335. + +National Legal Aid & Defender Association, 1625 K St. NW, 8th floor, Washing- +ton DC 20006. (202) 452-0620. + + Works with programs providing legal services, legal aid, and public + defenders; assists attorneys for the indigent in civil and criminal + matters. + +National Sheriffs' Association, 1450 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) +836-7827 or (800) 424-7827. + + Assists federal, state, and local governments in corrections and law + enforcement areas. Develops educational programs; conducts training; + publishes materials. + +National United Law Enforcement Officers Association, Inc., P.O. Box 969, +Memphis, TN 38101. (901) 332-3604. + + Seeks to foster a better relationship between communities and law en- + forcement. Brings all law enforcement officers together on a national + level regardless of the department or agency. + +SEARCH Group Inc., 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, CA 95831. +(916) 392-2550 + + SEARCH is a state criminal justice organization comprised of Governors' + appointees from each state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and + the Virgin Islands. SEARCH serves as a national consortium for justice + information and statistics. + + SEARCH also provides an on-line computer bulletin board for criminal + justice practitioners. To access, call (916) 392-4640 (8-bit, 1 stop + bit, no parity, 1200/2400/4800/9600 baud). Contact: Seth Jacobs. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + National Organizations + Doing Research Related to Criminal Justice Issues + + + +Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 402 Nunn +Hall, Highland Heights, KY 41076. (606) 572-5634. + + Contact: Patricia DeLancey, Executive Secretary + +American Society of Criminology (ASC), Ohio State University Research Center +Building, 1314 Kinnear Road, Suite 212, Columbus, OH 43212. (614) 292-9207. + + A national organization concerned with criminology, embracing scholarly, + scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the etiology, preven- + tion, control and treatment of crime and delinquency. This includes the + measurement and detection of crime, legislation and practice of criminal + law, as well as the law enforcement, judicial, and correctional systems. + The society's objective is to bring together a multi-disciplinary forum + fostering criminological study, research, and education. Publishes the + quarterly journal Criminology and the bi-monthly newsletter, The Crimin- + ologist. + +Center for Criminal Justice Research, Inc., Prison Overcrowding Project, 1701 +Arch St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. (215) 569-0347. + +Center for Research in Law and Justice, Department of Criminal Justice, +College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois, P.O. Box 4348, +Chicago, IL 60680. (312) 996-4632. + +Center for Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior, National Institute of +Mental Health, 6C-15 Parklawn Bldg, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. +(301) 443-3728. + + Funds grants to agencies investigating anti-social behavior, violence, + mental health, and law. + +Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law. 37th and Spruce St.s, 4th +floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104. (215) 898-7411. + + Conducts research in criminology. Permits on-site use of library. + Publishes bibliographies and other research materials. + +Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections, Southern Illinois +University, Carbondale, IL 62901. (618) 453-4701. + + Publishes training manuals for correctional personal. Provides consult- + ing services. + +Center on Administration of Criminal Justice, University of California, Davis, +CA 95616. (916) 752-2893. + + Interested in criminal justice research and programs. Publishes reports. + Provides advisory services, conducts seminars and workshops. + +Connecticut Justice Academy, Saybrook Rd., Haddam, CT 06438. (203) 345-4547. + + Interested in criminal justice and penology. + +Criminal Justice Statistics Association, 444 North Capitol St. NW, Suite 606, +Washington, D.C. 20001. (202) 624-8560. + + Maintains a catalog and library of statistical reports produced by state + criminal justice statistical analysis centers. + +The Institute of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Maryland, +College Park, MD 20742-8235. + + (Houses the editorial office for Criminology, the official publication of + the American Society of Criminology.) + +The Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics, John Jay College of Criminal +Justice, Suite 422, 899 Tenth Ave., New York, NY 10019. +(212) 237-8040/8037/8415. + + Established to foster greater concern for ethical issues among practi- + tioners and scholars in the criminal justice field. Serves as both a + national clearinghouse for information and as a stimulus to research and + publication. Seeks to encourage increased sensitivity to the demands of + ethical behavior among those who enforce our system of criminal justice, + a more focused treatment of moral issues in the education of criminal + justice professionals, and a new dialogue among scholars and practi- + tioners on specific topics in criminal justice ethics. Draws on the + facilities of John Jay College, a specialized college within the City + University of New York. Publishes Criminal Justice Ethics. + +Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, Southwest Texas State University, San +Marcos, TX 78664-4610. (512) 245-3030. + + Interested in prevention or control of crime and delinquency, criminal + justice, safety, school violence, substance abuse, child abuse. + +Institute of Criminal Law and Procedure, Law Center, Georgetown University, +25 E St. NW, Washington DC 20001. (202) 662-9550. + + Interested in criminal justice and corrections. Permits on-site use of + archives. + +National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, Inter-university Consortium for +Political and Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. +(313) 763-5010. + + Sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Provides data on + magnetic tapes, assisting users whose needs are not satisfied by pub- + lished statistics. + +National Center for Innovation in Corrections, The George Washington Univer- +sity, 2130 H St. NW, Room 621, Washington DC 20052. (202) 676-7062. + +National Center for Juvenile Justice, 701 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. +(412) 227-6950. + + Interested in legal system and children/juveniles. Publishes materials. + Provides consulting and on-site use of collections. + +National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, National Institute of +Mental Health, Parklawn Bldg, Room 6C-12, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD +20857. + + Supports research on causes of rape and sexual assault and mental health + consequences of such acts. + +National Clearinghouse for Criminal Justice Information Systems, 925 Secret +River Drive, Suite H, Sacramento, CA 95831. (916) 392-2550. + + Operates an automated index of criminal justice information systems + maintained by state and local governments. Issues technical publica- + tions, provides technical assistance and training. + +National Council on Crime & Delinquency (NCCD), 685 Market Street, Suite 620, +Sam Francisco, CA 94105. (415) 896-6223. [Or NCCD Midwest, 6409 Odana +Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53719. (608) 274-8882] + + A non-profit research and service organization founded in 1907. NCCD + combines research, public education, and professional assistance to + improve the criminal justice system and to maximize the effectiveness and + efficiency of law enforcement, juvenile and criminal courts, and correc- + tional institutions. Promotes criminal justice strategies that are fair, + humane, effective and economically sound. Seeks to stimulate and foster + community-based programs for the prevention, treatment and control of + delinquency and crime. Seeks an understanding of the connection between + social justice and criminal justice. Edits the policy journal Crime & + Delinquency, and many other reports; co-edits the scholarly Journal of + Research in Crime and Delinquency. (For subscription information on + either journal contact Sage Publications, 2111 West Hillcrest Drive, + Newbury Park, CA 91320.) + +National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), National Institute of +Justice, 1600 Research Blvd, Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. + (301) 251-5500 or (800) 851-3420 + (800) 732-3277 for Statistics Clearinghouse of NCJRS + (800) 666-3332 for Data Center and Clearinghouse for Drugs and Crime + + Federal agency which serves as a clearinghouse for exchange of informa- + tion on improvement of law enforcement and criminal justice. Publishes + criminal justice statistics, briefs on current criminal justice research, + and other reports Serves primarily criminal justice professionals. On- + site research permitted. + +National Crime Prevention Institute, School of Justice Administration, College +of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Louisville, Shelby Campus, Louis- +ville, KY 40292. (502) 588-6987. + + National clearinghouse for crime prevention literature. + +National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 320 First St. NW, Washington DC 20534. +(202) 724-3633. + + Federal agency concerned with criminal justice. Assists private sector + initiatives. + +National Institute for Sentencing Alternatives, Room 4D, Sydeman Hall, Brand- +eis University, Waltham, MA 02254. (617) 736-3980. + + An educational and policy center concentrating on the policy issues of + sentencing, the use of prison and jail, and the management of corrections + resources. Provides services to legislators and elected officials, law + enforcement agencies, corrections and judicial administrators, and others + with an interest in the justice system. Seeks to increase understanding + of the risks and needs of criminal offenders; the feasibility of prisons + for punishment and public protection; and the emergence of sentencing + alternatives such as restriction, intensive supervision, house arrest, + and community service. + + Contact: Mark D. Corrigan + +Police Executive Research Forum, 2300 M St. NW, Suite 910, Washington DC +20037. (202) 466-7820. + + Conducts research. Provides an open forum on criminal justice issues. + Concerned with professionalism of police. + +Youth Policy Institute, 1221 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Suite B, Washington DC +20005. (202) 638-2144. + + Concerned with juvenile justice issues. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + National Organizations + Concerned with Criminal Justice Issues + + + +American Friends Service Committee, 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA 19102. + + AFSC operates regional criminal justice programs which help to coordinate + the efforts of concerned people, both inside and outside of prisons, who + seek to eliminate institutional violence and to assure the rights of + those who are imprisoned. AFSC works toward fundamental change of the + justice system by challenging many institutional policies and practices + and supporting effective alternatives. + +American Indians and the Death Penalty, P.O. Box 2017, Sebastopol, CA 95472. + + An organization established to work for due process for American Indians. + +American Jail Association, 1000 Day Road, Suite 100, Hagerstown, MD 21740. + + Dedicated to the improvement of U.S. jails. Publishes the quarterly, + American Jails. + +American Justice Institute, 725 University Ave., Sacramento, CA 95825. +(916) 924-3700. + +Americans for Effective Law Enforcement, Inc. (AELE), 5519 North Cumberland +Ave., Suite 1008, Chicago, IL 60666. (312) 763-2800. + + Interested in improving law enforcement. Offers training for police. + Publishes Jail and Prisoner Law Bulletin. + +Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice, PO Drawer 6258, Ft. Worth, TX +76115. + + Seeks to educate public about corrections and prison needs, bring about + prison reform, improve ex-offenders' rights, and aid inmate families. + Holdings: Criminal Justice-Prison Data Collection that includes 21,000 + newspaper articles. Services free, except for photocopying. + +The Angolite, Louisiana State Penitentiary, Angola, LA 70712. + + Award-winning magazine written and edited solely by inmates of Angola + Orison. + +Association of Programs for Female Offenders, Community Responsibility Center, +Inc., New York Building, 1651 Kendall St., Lakewood, CO 80214. +(303) 232-4002. + + Dedicated to the improvement of services to female offenders, seeks to + stimulate awareness, encourage cooperation in identifying the unique + needs of the female offender, and to cross geographical barriers to + effectively communicate with all interested individuals, agencies, and + organizations. + +Capital Punishment Project, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 132 West +43rd St., New York, NY 10036. + + A project of the ACLU to abolish the death penalty. + + Contact: Henry Schwarzschild, Project Director. + +Center for Community and Social Concerns, World Correctional Service, 2849 W. +71st St., Chicago, IL 60637. (312) 925-6591. + + Volunteer organization providing current-awareness services on criminal + justice. + +Center for Effective Public Policy, Prison Overcrowding Project, 1701 Arch +St., Suite 400, Philadelphia, PA 19103. (215) 569-0347. + +The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence, 1914 N. 34th +St., Suite 205, Seattle, WA 98103. + +Children's Defense Fund, 122 C St NW, Washington DC 20001. (202) 628-8787, +or (800) 424-9602. + + Created to provide long-range and systematic advocacy on behalf of the + nations's children. Publishes newsletter, answers inquiries, provides + advisory services and legal aid, distributes publications, makes refer- + rals. Services free. + +Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants (CURE), 11 15th St. NE, Suite 6, +Washington DC 20002. (202) 543-8399. + + National effort to reduce crime through criminal justice reform. CURE + focuses on legislative analysis on prison issues in addition to working + with the families and friends of prisoners. Issues of concern include: + stopping passage of a federal death penalty, social security coverage for + prisoners, full use of the interstate compact so prisoners can be incar- + cerated near their families, placing pregnant prisoners under WIC, and + stopping federal prison construction, development of a criminal justice + amendment to the US constitution. + + Contacts: Charlie and Pauline Sullivan, Directors. + +Clearinghouse on Criminal Justice, 222 W. Pensacola St., Tallahassee, FL +23201. + + Works towards abolition of the death penalty. + +Committee to End the Marion Lockdown, PO Box 578172, Chicago, IL 60657. + +Correctional Economic Center, 1220 King St., Alexandria, VA 22314. +(703) 549-7686. + +The Crime and Justice Foundation, 95 Berkeley St., 2nd FL, Boston, MA 02116. +(617) 426-9800. + + The Crime and Justice Foundation, established in 1878, is dedicated to + the humane reform of the criminal justice system. They believe that a + fair and effective system will bring about a safer society. To that end, + the Foundation works to develop innovative programs; works with correc- + tional professionals to upgrade institutions; works with the legislature + to advocate progressive public policy; works with the public to help them + better understand the nature of crime and the system of justice. Pro- + vides general reference services and on-site study, conducts seminars. + +Criminal Justice Ministry, 229 South 8th St., Kansas City, KS 66101. + + Developers of the slide show "Seventy Times Seven: A Christian Response + to Crime in Our Communities." + +Criminologists for Abolition of the Death Penalty. + + Contact: Sue Caulfield, Western Michigan University, Department of + Sociology, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5189. (616) 387-5270. + +Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, Office of Communications, 250 Park Ave., +New York, NY 10017. (212) 986-7050. + + The Clark Foundation's Program for Justice aims to promote a more ratio- + nal, humane and effective criminal justice system through support for + litigation that ensures constitutional conditions in prisons and through + development of alternatives to incarceration for some criminal offenders. + Concerned about overcrowding. Finances public studies and publishes + reports. + + Contact: Gretchen Dykstra, Director of Communications. + Kenneth F. Schoen, Director, Program for Justice. + +Eisenhower Foundation, 1990 M St. NW, Suite 200, Washington DC 20202. +(202) 429-0440. + + Supports community self-help by inner-city residents to combat crime. + Publishes studies and other materials. + +End the Marion Lockdown, PO Box 578172, Chicago, IL 60657. (312) 235-0070. + + Working towards the end of lockdown status in the U.S. Penitentiary at + Marion. Marion has been in lockdown since 1983, and has been condemned + by Amnesty International for violation of the U.N. Standard Minimum Rules + for the Treatment of Prisoners. + +Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), Box 271, Nyack, NY 10960. +(914) 358-4601. + + Founded in Europe in 1949. Works toward the transformation of society + into a "peaceful world community, with full dignity and freedom for every + human being." Advocates non-violence, abolition of the death penalty, + methods of dealing with offenders founded on understanding and forgive- + ness and which week seek to redeem and rehabilitation rather than punish. + Publishes Fellowship magazine. + +Genesee Ecumenical Ministries, Judicial Process Commission, 121 N. Fitzhugh +St., Rochester, NY 14614. (716) 325-7727. + + Publishes Justicia, educational materials, etc., including materials on + conflict resolution. Also connected with Genesse Justice, a community + service/victim assistance program in Batavia, NY. + +House Committee on the Judiciary, Rm 2137, Rayburn House Office Bldg, Washing- +ton DC 20515. (202) 225-3951. + + Studies issues and formulates measures related to federal courts, consti- + tutional amendments, immigration and naturalization, and other issues. + Subcommittees: Administrative Law and Governmental Relations; Civil and + Constitutional Rights; Courts, Civil Liberties and Administration of Jus- + tice; Crime; Criminal Justice; Immigration, Refugees, and International + Law; Monopolies and Commercial Law. + +Interfaith Conciliation Center (ICC), 2707 Main St., La Crosse, WI 54601. +(608) 785-0083. + + Promotes the use of dispute resolution within communities; serves as a + clearinghouse for workshops and other resources; encourages dialogue + among practitioners who serve religious communities. (Founded in 1983 as + a project of the National Interreligious Task Force on Criminal Justice.) + + Contact: Janet D. Wollam, Coordinator. + +International Association of Justice Volunteerism (IAJV), c/o UW--Milwaukee +Criminal Justice, P.O. Box 786, Milwaukee, WI 53201. (414) 229-5630. + + A membership organization (founded 1970) committed to the improvement of + the juvenile and criminal justice systems through citizen participation. + Coordinates the efforts of various local programs and joins them with + other local programs across the U.S. and Canada. + +John Howard Association, 67 E. Madison St., Suite 1216, Chicago, IL 60603. +(312) 263-1901. + + A private, non-profit prison watchdog agency established in 1901. + Monitors prison conditions (through a volunteer network) and advocates + for wide-spread reforms to bring about more humane correctional policies + for adults and juveniles, particularly in Illinois. Is sometimes called + into the prison to mediate disputes. Publishes the newsletter, Update; + conducts seminars, discussions, and debates. + +Justice Fellowship, P.O. Box 17181, Washington DC 20041-0181. +(703) 834-3650. + + A project started by Prison Fellowship to work for criminal justice + reform. Lobbies (at state and national levels) for restitution and + community service sentencing, victim assistance and compensation pro- + grams, reconciliation opportunities for victims and offenders, and fair + and effective use of prison for those offenders who must be incarcerated. + Helps communities to establish VORP programs. Publishes the newsletter + The Justice Report. + + Contacts: Pamela J. Walsh, Membership Director. + Rhonda A. Miller, Director of Public Education + Daniel W. Van Ness, President. + +Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change, 449 Auburn Ave. NE, Atlanta, +GA 30312. + + Offers training in conflict resolution techniques for police and prison + staffs; non-violence and social change. + +Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) + + An international social service agency of the Mennonite and Brethren in + Christ churches. Their Office of Criminal Justice was a pioneer in + developing Victim-Offender Reconciliation Projects (VORPs) as alterna- + tives to incarceration. Conducts educational and resource programs. + Distributes booklets, posters, slide sets with worship/study guides; + publishes Crime and Justice Network Newsletter. + + Provincial chapters: MCC U.S. Office of Criminal Justice, 21 S. 12th + St., P.O. Box 500, Akron, PA 17501-0500. (717) 859-1151. + Contact: Howard Zehr, Director. + +National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1200 15th St. NW, No. 400, Washington +DC 20005. (202) 833-3530. + + Concerned about mentally ill offenders, and their placement. + +National Association of Counties, Criminal Justice Program, 440 First St. NW, +Washington DC 20036. (202) 393-6226. + + Interested in the administration of criminal justice by local govern- + ments. + +National Campaign to Abolish the Lexington Women's Control Unit, 294 Atlantic +Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11210. (718) 624-0800. + + Association of people working to abolish the control unit at the Federal + Correctional Institution for Women in Lexington, Kentucky. Publishes + pamphlets, conducts presentations, presents videos + +National Center for Youth Law, 1613 Mission St., 5th floor, San Francisco, CA +94103. (415) 543-3307. + + Interested in all aspects of juvenile legal advocacy. + +The National Center on Institutions and Alternatives (NCIA), 814 North Saint +Asaph St., Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 684-0373. + + Consulting firm dedicated to developing promoting, and supervising + enduring alternative programs, and eliminating unnecessary lockup in + prisons. Helps accused persons by diagnosing their strengths and weak- + nesses, and preparing individualized plans which are then proposed to the + judge as alternative sentences; such plans may include restitution, + community service, vocational training, medical or psychological treat- + ment, regular or intensive probation, or residence in a halfway house. + Publishes various resources including Augustus: A Journal of Progressive + Human Services, an investigative journal on prisons and alternatives. + +National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women, Philadelphia. + + Concerned with the defense of battered women who have murdered or struck + out against their abusive spouses. + +The National Clearinghouse on Death Penalty Legislation. + + Project of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. Operates + a data bank and information center for people involved in legislative + work against the death penalty. Can supply background information on the + statutes, history, and background of death penalty legislation for any + state. + + Contact: Susan Stephan, Clearinghouse coordinator, PO Box 600, Liberty + Mills, IN 40946. (291) 982-7480. + +The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty (NCADP), 1419 "V" St. NW, +Washington DC 20009. (202) 797-7090. + + A resource, coordination and support center for efforts to end capital + punishment throughout the United States; links individuals and organiza- + tions at the national, regional, state and local levels for information + sharing, mutual assistance and campaign development. Publishers news- + letter (Lifelines), directory, and other resources; answers inquiries; + conducts seminars. + + Contact: Leigh Dingerson. + +National Coalition for Jail Reform, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers +University, 15 University Street, Newark, NJ 07401. (201) 648-5204. + + A coalition of organizations concerned with jail issues. Advocates for + the removal from jail of persons held inappropriately--particularly + juveniles, the mentally ill and retarded, public inebriates, and many + pretrial detainees--and the elimination of inadequate and unconstitu- + tional jail conditions nationwide. + + Contact: Carol Shapior. + +National Community Service Sentencing Association (NCSSA), 1368 Lincoln Ave., +Suite 108, San Rafael, CA 94901. (415) 459-2234. + + A professional association which promotes the productive use of community + service as a disposition for adult and juvenile offenders. Objectives + include enhancing communication between programs and facilitating inter- + program transfers, assisting in the development of community programs, + monitoring and developing legislation. Publishes the newsletter Alterna- + tive Sentences quarterly. + + Contact: Ms. Cres Van Keulen, Executive Director. + +National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers, 1357 East Capitol Street +SE, Washington, DC 20003. (202) 547-1715. + + An ecumenical group of prison ministers working for change in the crimi- + nal justice system. Combines hands-on ministry with advocacy. Opposes + the death penalty. + + Contacts: Fr. Michael Bryant. (202) 547-1715 + Mrs. Mary K. Crowley. (703) 978-4204 + +The National Drug Strategy Network, 2000 L St. NW, Suite 702, Washington, DC +20036. (202) 835-9075 + + Composed of individuals and organizations who are united in their opposi- + tion to the punitive and militaristic aspects of the "War on Drugs." + +National Execution Alert Network, Box 6893, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. + + Publishes newsletter which reports on scheduled executions in the U.S. + + Contact: Pam Tucker. + +National Institute of Judicial Dynamics, c/o Albert B. Logan, Esq., Director, +411 Lakewood Circle, Suite B711, Colorado Springs, CO 80910. (303) 574-2082. + + Interested in improvement of American justice system, legal aspects of + alcoholism. Services to professionals and students. + +National Institute of Victimology, 2333 N. Vernon St., Arlington, VA 22207. +(703) 528-8872. + + Founded in 1976, the institute works to improve victim/witness services + and to make the public and criminal justice personnel aware of the needs + of crime victims. Monitors legislative and programmatic developments + affecting victims and witnesses of crimes. Publishes a quarterly jour- + nal, Victimology. + +National Interreligious Task Force on Criminal Justice (NITFCJ), Joint Stra- +tegy and Action Committee, Inc. (JSAC), 475 Riverside Drive, Room 1700A, New +York, NY 10015. + + The NITFCJ is an interfaith association of national religious bodies and + other affiliated organizations committed to equal justice, the creation + of safe and just communities, and the protection of human rights for + offenders and victims alike. NITFCJ supports a national religious agenda + for criminal justice and conflict resolution, collaborates with other + national coalitions, and forms linkages with the efforts of local and + regional organizations. NITFCJ works through advocacy for systemic + change, public education, and networking. NITFCJ publishes the news- + letter JUSTnews, and a variety of other educational publications. + +National Moratorium on Prison Construction (NMPC), Unitarian Universalist +Service Committee (UUSC), 78 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108. (617) 742-2120. + + The NMPC, established in 1975, is a project of the Unitarian Universalist + Service Committee. NMPC works toward a halt to all prison and jail + construction until alternatives to imprisonment are fully evaluated and + implemented. NMPC staff gather, analyze, and disseminate information + about prison and jail construction plans on the federal, state, and local + levels. The Moratorium's newsletter, Jericho, is published quarterly and + costs $5 per year. + + In 1987, the NMPC was shut down due to financial difficulties. However + the UUSC continues to accept orders for back-issues of Jericho and other + materials including films and slide shows. + +National Network of Women in Prison. + + Formed in 1990 to bring together individuals and activist groups working + on women's prison issues. + + Contact: Charlene Snow, (312) 332-5577. + +National Network of Youth Advisory Boards, P.O. Box 402036, Ocean View Beach, +Miami Beach, FL 33140. (305) 532-2607. + + Association devoted to enhancing communication between youth and local + government. Interested in juvenile justice, education, recreation, and + drug abuse. + +National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA), 1757 Park Rd NW, Washing- +ton DC 20010. (202) 232-8560. + + An advocacy organization for victims' and witnesses' rights, compensa- + tion, and assistance. Lobbies (at state and national levels) for victim- + oriented legislation; played a key role in the development of the federal + Victim-Witness Protection Act; provides publications and training packag- + es for criminal justice professionals; consulting and reference services + at cost. Publishers, "NOVA Newsletter." + + Contact: Dr. Marlene Young, Executive Director. + +National Peoples of Color Task Force on Criminal Justice, Box 433, Somerville, +MA 02144. + + A task force founded in 1981 as a national support and action group + focusing on the impact of U.S. criminal justice policies on African- + American, Native American, Asian, Latino, and Chicano people. + + Contact: Linda Thurston, President. + +National Prison Project (NPP), American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), +1616 P St. NW, Third Floor, Washington DC 20036. (202) 331-0500. + + Established in 1972 by the ACLU. Seeks to strengthen and protect the + rights of adult and juvenile offenders; improve overall conditions in + correctional facilities; and to develop alternatives to incarceration. + Primary work is in litigation, particularly class action suits; also + provides drafts model legislation, advises legislative bodies, develops + self-help materials for prisoners, provides educational materials; pub- + lishes The National Prison Project Journal quarterly. Furnishes infor- + mation on AIDS in Prison. + + Contact: Alvin J. Bronstein, Executive Director. + +National Task Force on Prostitution, P.O. Box 26354, San Francisco, CA 94126; +OR P.O. Box 892, Atlanta, GA 30301. + + A coalition of prostitutes' rights organizations. Seeks the decriminal- + ization of adult prostitution and other consensual adult commercial sex + acts, and full civil and human rights for prostitutes and other sex + workers, and their clients. + +National Victims Resource Center (NVRC), Office for Victims of Crime, +Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) 627-6872 or (301) 251-5525/5519. + + A national clearinghouse of information about crime victim assistance and + compensation programs, victimization statistics, and names, addresses and + telephone numbers of contact persons. Offers free publications, hard-to- + find documents, and selected videotapes for sale. Established by the + federal Office for Victims of Crime. + +New York State Coalition for Criminal Justice, 362 State St., Albany, NY +12210. (518) 436-9222. + + Contact: Jim Murphy. + +PACE Publications. + Business Office: 443 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. (212) 685-5450. + Fax: (212) 679-4701 + Editorial Office: 1900 : Street NW, Suite 312, Washington DC 20036. + (202) 835-1770. Fax: (202) 835-1772. + + Publishes Criminal Justice Newsletter, an independent report on issues in + criminal justice policy and administration, including both adult and + juvenile justice, law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. + +PACT Institute of Justice (Prisoner and Community Together), 254 S. Morgan +Boulevard, Valparaiso, IN 46383. (219) 462-1127. + + Works with a wide range of community-based justice programs in Indiana, + Illinois, and Ohio. Serves as a clearinghouse for information about + community-based justice models. Continues to promote the replication of + community-based Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs and Mediation + Programs. Publishes VORP Network News, various education materials, a + directory of VORP programs. + + Contact: John Gehm, Program Director. + +The Police Foundation, Communications Office, Suite 200, 1001 22nd St., Wash- +ington DC 20037. (202) 833-1460. Fax: (202) 659-9149 + + Interested in police management and administration, law enforcement, and + arrest productivity; answers inquiries, sells publications. + +Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program, 100 Witherspoon Street, Room 3044, +Louisville, KY 40202-1396. (502) 569-5810. + + Interested in Criminal Justice and related issues including ministry with + victims and families. Provides resource materials and consultations to + churches; works for public awareness of the issues; publishes the quar- + terly newsletter, Justice Jottings. + + Contact: Rev. Kathy (Young) Lancaster, Director. + +Presbyterian Family Services, 2200 S. Gaines, PO Box 6008, Little Rock, AR +72216. (501) 375-3264. + + Concerned about the practice of incarcerating children in adult jails and + prisons. Provides information for those working towards legislative and + administrative changes. Also provides a direct ministry through family + counseling, youth residential treatment, and family life education + programs. + + Contact: Dick Freer. + +Pretrial Services Resource Center, 918 F St NW, Suite 500, Washington DC +20004. (202) 638-3080. + + Non-profit criminal justice consulting agency associated with the Nation- + al Association of Pretrial Services Agencies. Interested in pretrial + alternatives and alternatives to prosecution for adults. Maintains + library and data bank on US programs; provides information and technical + assistance; publishes the bimonthly newsletter The Pretrial Reporter. + + Contact: Heidi L. Schornstein, Esq., Project Assistant. + +Prison Project, Gay Community News, 62 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116. + + Concerned with the rights of homosexual prisoners. + +Prisoner's Union, 1317 Eighteenth St., San Francisco, CA 94107. +(415) 648-2880. + + A group of convicts, ex-convicts, and others interested in improving + conditions of those incarcerated in California prisons. Its goals + include seeking redress for convict grievances, ending economic exploi- + tation by gaining the right to a prevailing wage of all work done in + prison, establishing a uniform and equitable sentencing procedure, and + restoring civil and human rights to convicts and ex-convicts. It pub- + lishes The California Prisoner. + +Progressive Prisoners' Movement (PPM), 462 1/2 Granville St., Newark, OH +43023. + + A program started by an ex-offender that seeks to break the cycle between + poverty and prison. Seeks to unite the prison population and the commu- + nity. Acts as spokesperson for prisoners on issues such as overcrowding, + low pay, unfair or inadequate legal representation, and other prison + conditions. Activity so far has been primarily in Pennsylvania, but PPM + is now expanding to Ohio. + + Contacts: Carl Upchurch, Executive Director and founder. + George Williamson, First Baptist Church of Granville, Gran- + ville, OH 43023. + +The Safer Society Program (Prison Research Education Action Project (PREAP)), +RR1, Shoreham Depot Rd., Box 24-B, Orwell, VT 05760-9756. (802) 897-7541. + + A national project of the New York State Council of Churches to provide + educational materials which advocate prison abolition and safer, non- + repressive alternatives for victims and offenders in a prevention frame- + work. It has published several books and manuals. Their most recent + emphasis is on sex offenders and victims. + +Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Rm 224, Dirksen Senate Office Bldg, Wash- +ington DC 20510. (202) 224-5225. + + Studies federal courts and judges, civil rights and civil liberties, and + other areas. Subcommittees: Administrative Practice and Procedure; + Constitution; Courts; Criminal Law; Immigration and Refugee Policy; + Juvenile Justice; Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks; Security and + Terrorism. + +The Sentencing Project, Inc. (TSP) 918 F St. NW, Suite 501, Washington DC +20004. (202) 463-8348. + + Established in June 1986 to improve the quality of legal representation + at sentencing, to promote greater use of alternatives to incarceration by + defense attorneys and other professionals involved in sentencing in the + nation's courts, and to increase the public's understanding of the + sentencing process. + + Contacts: Malcolm Young, Executive Director. + Marc Mauer, Assistant Director. + +SOLACE, P.O. Box 92282, Atlanta, GA 30314. + + An organization of murder victims' families who oppose the death penalty. + Also included are the families of those executed via capital punishment. + + Contact: Camille Bell, Director. + +Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons, Inc., PO Box 30065, Nashville, TN +37202. (615) 242-5131. + + Works throughout the South to assist prisoners and their families, reform + the criminal justice system, establish alternatives to incarceration, and + abolish the death penalty. + + Contact: Rev. Joseph B. Ingle, Director. + +Special Services Center, 809 W. Madison St., Suite 602, Chicago, IL 60607. +(312) 226-7990. + + Interested in reintegration of ex-offenders into the community. Provides + advisory, consulting, and reference services. + +U.S. Association for Victim-Offender Mediation, PACT Institute of Justice, 254 +South Morgan Boulevard, Valparaiso, IN 46383. (219) 462-1127. + + Seeks to develop and implement a program of public information and + education in the field of victim-offender mediation and reconciliation + programs. Encourages networking. Assists members in developing, plan- + ning, and operating programs more effectively by developing guidelines + for program management and facilitating information exchange. Advocates + for legislation and public policies which enhance opportunities for + restorative justice and other issues. + + Contact: Harriet Fagan, Assistant Program Director. + +Vera Institute of Justice, 30 East 39th St., New York, NY 10016. +(212) 986-6910. + + Interested in crime, juvenile justice, drug-addiction, and alternatives + to incarceration. Operates an community service (for indigent repeat + offenders) as one alternative. + +Voorhis Associates, Inc., 5796 51st St., Boulder, CO 80301. (303) 530-2159. + +The Washington Correctional Foundation, 3117 Hawthorn St. NW, Washington DC +20008. (202) 965-6116. + +Women's Prison Project, P.O. Box 1911, Santa Fe, New Mexico. + + National and International Organizations +Concerned with International Prisoners, Political Prisoners, +or Persons Wrongfully Imprisoned + + + +Amnesty International of the USA, 304 W 58th St., New York, NY 10019. +(212) 582-4440. + + Works impartially for release of prisoners of conscience provided they + have neither used nor advocated violence. Opposes torture and the death + penalty and advocates fair and prompt trials. Answers inquiries, sells + publications. + +Amnesty International Campaign Against the Death Penalty, 322 8th St., New +York, NY 10001. (212) 807-8400. + + Contact: Mr. M. Rose-Avila, Director. + +Centurion Ministries, Princeton, NJ. + + A non-profit organization whose primary mission is to vindicate and free + from prison through the judicial process those who are completely inno- + cent of the crime for which they have been wrongly convicted and impris- + oned. + + Contact: Rev. Jim McCloskey. + +Coalition to Support Cuban Detainees, PO Box 935, Decatur, GA 30030. +(404) 377-0701 or (404) 659-2687. + + A coalition working for the fair treatment of the cuban refugees who are + being held in the Atlanta federal Penitentiary pending deportation. + +Freedom Now, 59 E. Van Buren #1400, Chicago, IL 60605 (312) 663-4399. + + Campaigns for amnesty and human rights for political prisoners in the + United States. + + Other addresses: + 1560 Broadway, Suite 807, New York, NY 10036 + 3543 18th Street, #17, San Francisco, CA 94110. (415) 561-9055. + +International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, PO Box 17 (Harvard +Epworth Church, 1555 Massachusetts Ave.), Cambridge, MA 02138. +(617) 491-8384. + + Nonprofit group that provides legal defense for political prisoners in + Southern Africa and humanitarian aid for their dependents. Answers + inquiries and makes referrals free; distributes publications, some at + cost. + +International Legal Defense Counsel, 1420 Walnut St., Suite 315, Philadelphia, +PA 19102. (215) 545-2428. + + Provides counsel for Americans jailed abroad, or involved with interna- + tional civil law problems. Provides inquiry and advisory services, + conducts seminars. Some services free; usual attorney fees for legal + work. + +International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee, Box 6455, Kansas City, KS +66106. (816) 531-5774. + + Defense committee for Leonard Peltier, an American Indian convicted in + 1977 of killing two FBI agents on South Dakota's Pine Ridge Indian + Reservation. He is believed to be a political prisoner being persecuted + for his involvement in Indian rights organizations. Advocates for his + freedom include Amnesty International. + +International Prisoners Aid Association, c/o Dr. Badr-El-Din Ali, IPAA Exec +Dir, Dept of Sociology, Univ of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292. (502) 588- +6836. + + Group of agencies and individuals in 45 countries concerned with prisoner + aid programs. Its purpose is to assist nongovernmental organizations to + serve more effectively in their efforts to prevent crime, rehabilitate + offenders, stimulate social action and legislation and disseminate world- + wide information concerning sound methods of crime control. Publishes + international directory of prisoners' aid agencies, provides advisory + services, conducts seminars. Services available to anyone involved in + offender rehabilitation. + +National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression, 126 West 119th St., +New York, NY 10003. (212) 866-8600. + + Interested in the nature and scope of racist and political repression. + Opposes the death penalty. Publishes newsletter, distributes publica- + tions, makes referrals, permits on-site use of materials. Most services + available only to affiliates, branches, and special projects. + +Prison Reform International, NACRO, 169 Clapham Rd., London SW9 OPU, U.K. + + A worldwide movement to improve prison conditions and promote construc- + tive ways of dealing with offenders. + +United Nations, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch, U.N., +Room DC II-2348, New York, NY 10017. (212) 745-4657. + + Assists members states of the United Nations with respect to all matters + of crime control and criminal justice. Publishes newsletter. + + National Organizations + Providing Services to Prisoners, Victims, Families, Etc. + + + +Aid to Imprisoned Mothers, 957 Highland Ave. NE Atlanta, GA 30306. + +Alderson Hospitality House, Box 579, Alderson, WV 24910. + + A Catholic Worker House providing hospitality to families and loved ones + visiting prisoners at the nearby federal women's prison. Publishes a + newsletter, The Trumpet, which deals with prison issues. Lobbies against + the death penalty (home base for West Virginians Against the Death + Penalty). + +Alternatives to Violence Project, Inc., 15 Rutherford Place, New York, NY +10003. (212) 477-1067. + + Dedicated to teaching the non-violent techniques used by Gandhi and + Martin Luther King, Jr. Directs much of its effort towards prison + inmates. Offers conflict resolution workshops. Program started in NY + but has spread to 15 other states. + + Contact: Fred Feucht, 88 Mountain Road, Pleasantville, NY 10570. (914) + 796-1720. + +American Catholic Correctional Chaplains' Association. + + Contact: Fr. Frank T. Menei, President, 3509 Spring Garden St., Phila- + delphia, PA 19104. (215) 489-4151. + +American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center, 7514 Kensington +St., Pittsburgh, PA 15221. (423) 371-1000. + + AFSC's Conflict Resolution Center works with neighborhood mediation + projects and creative conflict education for children. Publishes a + quarterly newsletter and international directory on conciliation. + + Contact: Paul Wahrhaftig. + +American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association. + + Provides certification and promotes institutional standards for religious + programming and chaplaincy in corrections. Provides general reference + services. + + Contact: Rev. Ralph Graham, Executive Director, 5235 Greenpoint Dr., + Stone Mountain, GA 30008. + +Bill Glass Evangelistic Association, P.O. Box 1105, Cedar Hills, TX 75104. +(214) 291-7895. + + Coordinates volunteers in all continental states for evangelistic week- + ends in state and federal prisons. + +Books for Prisoners, c/o Left Bank Books, Box A, 92 Pike St., Seattle, WA +98101. + + Provides books for prisoners. + +Christian Jail Workers, P.O. Box 4009, Los Angeles, CA 90051. +(213) 974-8085. + + Volunteers work with chaplains of this organization in the Southwest and + in several countries. + +Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc., 1012 Eighth Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11215. +(718) 499-4319. + + Founded in 1978 as a direct service organization and national advocacy + center for women offenders. Helps women through a revolving bail fund, a + community work service program (alternative sentencing to volunteer hours + in a non-profit agency), and a parenting program that offers comprehen- + sive services to women and their children. Will also act as a referral + resource for male offenders. Founded by Rev. Constance M. Baugh of the + Church of Gethsemane (Presbyterian). + + Contact: Mary-Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Director. + +Coalition of Prison Evangelists (COPE), P.O. Box 1587, Orlando, FL 32802. +(305) 291-1500. + + Coordinates volunteers in evangelistic efforts in prisons and jails. + Also has a network of volunteer staff and affiliated chaplains throughout + America. Most active in the South. + +Conference of Jesuit Prison Personnel. + + An organization of Jesuit priests who minister in prisons and in the + criminal justice system. Publisher of the book, "Who is the Prisoner?" + + Contact: Father Anderson, St. Aloysius, 19 Eye Street NW, Washington, + D.C. 20001. + +Contact Center, Inc., P.O. Box 81826 (Superior Industrial Park), Lincoln, NE +68501. (402) 462-0602. + + Referral link for ex-offenders, runaways and others needing social and + human services. Provides reference services, does research, distributes + publications. + + +Convict Connection Service, 1626 N. Wilcox Ave., Suite 627, Hollywood, CA +90028-6273. + + Prison pen pal program; matches correspondents inside and outside of + prison. Publishes "Convict Connection." + + Contact: David Dunn, Correspondence Club. + +COSMEP Prison Project and the Prison Writing Review, The Greenfield Review, +R.D.I. P.O. Box 80, Greenfield Center, NY 12833. (518) 584-1728. + + Provides donated literary magazines and other small press publications + free on request to prison inmates. Boxes containing mini-libraries are + sent free to writing workshops being conducted inside prisons. Publishes + the newsletter, Prison Writing Review, which includes poetry by prison + writers. + +The Endeavor Project, PO Box 23511, Houston, TX 77228-3511. + + Endeavor is a newspaper written and produced by death row prisoners and + their families. Published by the War Resisters League four times a year. + +Family and Corrections Network (FCN), P.O. Box 2013, Waynesboro, VA 22980 OR +P.O. Box 59, Batesville, VA 22924. (703) 943-3141. + + Founded in 1983 as a channel for information about, and support to, + programs for families of adult offenders. + + Contact: Jim Mustin, founder. + +The Federal Bonding Program, Suite 803, 2000 L Street NW, Washington, DC +20036. 800-233-2258. + + Will give bond coverage up to $25,000, at no cost, to any employer who + will hire any person who has been rejected for bond coverage. Ex-offend- + ers are included. + + Contact: Joe Seiler, Program Director. + +Fortune Society, 39 W. 19th St., New York, NY 10011. (212) 206-7070. + + A group of ex-convicts and others interested in penal reform working to + create a greater public awareness of the prison system and to understand + the problems confronting inmates before, after, and during incarceration. + Publishes Fortune News, a quarterly newsletter (free to prisoners). + +Friends Outside, 116 E. San Luis St., Salinas, CA 93901. (408) 758-2733. + + Provides social services to inmates, their families and ex-offenders. + Their purposes are: to aid prisoners and their families in overcoming the + traumas and limitations imposed by their separation, to assist public + officials in improving prison conditions, to aid ex-offenders in making + the transition from confinement to freedom, and to develop better commu- + nity awareness of the problems caused by incarceration. Publishes a + monthly newsletter. + +God Accepting the Exiled (GATE), 3871 Piedmont Ave., Oakland, CA 94611. + + Provides specialized educational and support services to those who have + been traditionally exiled from the mainstream of society, particularly + the incarcerated. + +Good News Jail and Prison Ministries, 1036 South Highland Street, Arlington, +VA 22204. (703) 979-2200. + + Places chaplains in jails throughout the eastern and midwestern US. + Volunteers conduct Bible studies in jails and work with the chaplain in + many ministries. + +Gospel Echoes Team Association, P.O. Box 555, Goshen, IN 46526. +(219) 533-0221. + + Ministers in prisons throughout the United States and Canada. Offers + Bible Study Correspondence courses. + +The Human Kindness Foundation (HKF), Route 1 Box 201-n, Burham, NC 27705. + + Publishes materials, including a book of programs in which prisoners have + performed humanitarian service. Free of charge to prisoners and prison + workers. + +Institute for Ministry to Prisoners, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College, +Wheaton, IL 60187. (312) 260-5157. + + The institute does not conduct prison ministry itself, but is a training + and resource center for Christians interested in ministering in prisons. + Maintains a library of written and audiovisual materials which is avail- + able through interlibrary loan. + +International Prison Ministry, Box 63, Dallas, Texas 75221. (214) 494-2302. + + A department of the American Evangelistic Association. IPM's basic + outreach is to provide spiritual help via radio broadcasts, free Bibles + and literature, and other services to all prisoners regardless of race, + sex, age or religion, who are incarcerated in institutions in the US, + Canada, other parts of the English-speaking world and Mexico. Charters + and assists national prison fellowships around the world. Publishes + Prison Evangelism Magazine. + +Legal Defense Fund, 99 Hudson St., New York, NY 10013. (212) 219-1900. + + An organization founded by the NAACP to provide legal assistance to those + who may have been convicted or sentenced based wholly or partly on racial + discrimination. + +Legal Services for Prisoners with Children, 1317 18th St., San Francisco, CA +94107. + +Metanoia Ministries, Box 546, Owings Mills, MD 21117. + + Publishes Prison Voices, a newsletter for prisoners. Seeks poetry and + short stories for publication. + +National Association for Crime Victims Rights, Inc., P.O. Box 16161, Portland, +OR 97216-0161. (503) 252-9012 OR (800) 85-CRIME. + + Maintains a data base encompassing all aspects of crime victim compensa- + tion benefits for each State; makes referrals to local HELP groups; + provides extensive case histories to news teams and national radio/TV + talk show producers. + + Contact: Raymond L. Montee, Executive Director. + +National Victim Center, P.O. Box 17209, 307 West 7th St., Suite 1001, Fort +Worth, TX 76102. (817) 877-3355. + + Promotes efforts to assist crime victims at the local, state, and nation- + al levels. Conducts training conferences. + +National Yokefellow Prison Ministry, P.O. Box 207 (112 Old Trail North) +Shamokin Dam, PA 17876. (717) 743-7832. + + Serves spiritual, emotional, physical needs of prisoners and ex-offen- + ders. Publishes newsletter, provides consulting services, conducts + conferences, and workshops. + +Offender Aid and Restoration of the U.S.A., Inc., Historic Albemarle County +Jail, 409 East High St., Charlottesville, VA 22901. (804) 295-6196. + + Seeks to organize citizen volunteers to work one-to-one with prisoners in + local jails; to upgrade the criminal justice system by developing alter- + natives to incarceration at the local and state levels. Organizes local + OAR programs across the country. Publishes OAR News. + +Parents of Adult Sex Offenders + + A national support network for parents of sex offenders. + + Contact: Lynn Scott, P.O. Box 460126, San Francisco, CA + (415) 826-3081. + +Parents of Murdered Children (POMC), 100 East Eighth St. B-41, Cincinnati, OH +45202. (513) 721-5683. + + Organization formed to assist the families and friends of murder victims + in coping with the tragedy and rebuilding their lives. Provides on-going + emotional support by phone, mail, one-on-one, or group meetings, and + through literature. Will write or phone any parent of a murdered child + and, if possible, link that parent up with others in the same vicinity. + Will help any interested parent of a murdered child to form a chapter of + POMC in his/her own community. Provides information about survivors of + homicide and their problems. Publishes the newsletter Survivors. + + Contacts: Sidney Davis, President of National Board. + Nancy Ruhe, Executive Director. + +Partisan Defense Committee (PDC), P.O. Box 99, Canal Street Station, New York, +NY 10013. (212) 406-4252. + + A class-struggle, non-sectarian legal defense organization in accordance + with the political views of the Spartacist League. Works to abolish the + death penalty. Publishes the newsletter Class-Struggle Defense Notes. + +The Pen Pal Newsletter, 1306 150th St., Hammond, IN 46237 + + Matches correspondents inside and outside of prison. Send self- + addressed, stamped envelope for information. + +PEN Writing Awards for Prisoners, 568 Broadway, New York, NY 10012. + + Sponsors annual writing rewards for prisoners; categories include poetry, + fiction, non-fiction, and drama. + +Prison Book Program (PBP), Red Book Store, 94 Green St., Jamaica Plain, MA +02130. (617) 522-1464. + + Answers requests from prisoners around the country for books on the + struggles of Black, Latin American, Asian and Native American peoples, as + well as books on political and economic theory, women, gay liberation, + prisons, health care, and education. Relies on volunteers and community + support. + +Prison Evangelism Outreach, P.O. Box 54, Ocean Springs, MI 39564. + + Ministry to inmates via preaching, Bible Study, Correspondence, etc. + + Contact: Rev. Sid Taylor. + +Prison Fellowship Ministries (PFM), P.O. Box 17500, Washington DC 20041. +(703) 478-0100. + + Started in 1976 by Chuck Colson. Assists churches in ministry with + prisoners, ex-prisoners and their families. Ministry (in and out of + prison) is conducted by volunteers who are from local churches but + trained and assisted by PFM staff. Publishes the newsletter, Impact. + Administers a pen pal program between correspondents inside and outside + of prison. + +Prison Match, 2121 Russell St., Berkeley, CA 94705. + + Conducts programs for children and inmate parents. + +Prison Pen Pals, P.O. Box 1217, Cincinnati, OH 45201. + + Matches correspondents inside and outside of prison. Also provides lists + of local assistance organizations. + + Contact: Lou Torok + +Prisoner Visitation and Support Program, 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA +19102. (215) 241-7117 or 355-5854. + + An ecumenically supported ministry (sponsored by 33 national religious + bodies and socially-concerned agencies) for prisoners in federal and + military prisons; seeks to meet the needs of prisoners through an alter- + native ministry which is separate from official prison structures. + Volunteers are carefully chosen to visit prisoners. They do not impose a + particular philosophy or religion on prisoners, but accept prisoners as + they are and try to support their self-growth. + + Contact: Eric Corson, PVS Program Secretary. + +Prisoners Bible Institute, P.O. Box 2940, Dallas, TX 75221. + + Publishes Bible Study materials for prisoners. + +PTL Prison Ministries, PTL Television Network, Charlotte, NC 28279. +(704) 542-6000. + + Volunteer coordinators in many states visit prisoners and conduct evange- + listic services. + +Rock of Ages Prison Ministry, Inc., Route 8, Box 482, Cleveland, TN 37311. +(615) 479-3243. + + Contact: Ed Ballow, director. + +The Salvation Army, Correctional Services, 1424 N.E. Expressway, Atlanta, GA +30329. + + Ministers to prisoners. Offers Bible Correspondence course to prisoners. + +Very Special Persons (VSP) PO Box 2344, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. + + A support organization to help the families of inmates. Publishes a + monthly newsletter for relatives on prisoners; distributes brochures + offering tips on survival. Affiliated with CURE. + + Contact: Shirley Maynard, Founder. 639-1445. + +Voices for Incarcerated Veterans, 8609 Lyndale Ave. S., Suite 105D, Blooming- +ton, MN 55420. (612) 881-1754 + + Contact: Kathleen Crawley Stutz, President. + (612) 892-1342 or (612) 881-1754 + +Volunteers of America (VOA), 1813 N. Causeway Blvd., Metairie, LA 70002. +(504) 837-2652. + + A national Christian human services organization founded in 1896 to + provide material and spiritual assistance to those in need. VOA provides + residential pre-release centers for vocational training, counseling and + job placement to adult offenders and provides material aid and counseling + for families of prison inmates. + +Women's Prison Association and Home, 110 Second Ave., New York, NY 10003. +(212) 674-1163. + + The association provides temporary shelter and individualized treatment + for women and girls who have been in trouble with the law. The group + maintains an interest in prison conditions and in legislation regarding + women offenders. + +World Prison Poetry Center, 245 Whalley Ave., New Haven, CT 06511. + + Publishes the bimonthly magazine Sentences, a magazine of prison poetry. + Seeks poetry manuscripts in English or Spanish. + +Yokefellows International Prison Ministry, 1200 Almond Street, Williamsport, +PA 17701. (717) 326-6868. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Index + +Accreditation + Commission on Accreditation for Corrections 3 +AIDS + National Prison Project 19 + National Task Force on Prostitution 20 +Alcoholism + National Institute of Judicial Dynamics 18 +Alternatives + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + Justice Fellowship 15 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Community Service Sentencing Association 17 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Institute for Sentencing Alternatives 10 + National Moratorium on Prison Construction 18 + Offender Aid and Restoration 30 + PACT 20 + Pretrial Services Resource Center 21 + Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons 23 + The National Center on Institutions and Alternatives 16 + The Safer Society Program 22 + The Sentencing Project 22 + Vera Insitute of Justice 23 +American Indians + American Indians and the Death Penalty 11 + International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee 25 + National Peoples of Color Task Force on Criminal Justice 19 +Bail Bonds + Citizen Advocates for Justice 27 + The Federal Bonding Program 28 +Bible Study + Gospel Echoes Team Association 29 + Prisoners Bible Institute 32 + The Salvation Army 32 +Books for Prisoners + Books for Prisoners 27 + Prison Book Program 31 +Chaplains + American Catholic Corrections Chaplains Association 26 + American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association 26 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 +Children + Aid to Imprisoned Mothers 26 + American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center 26 + Children's Defense Fund 12 + Legal Services for Prisoners with Children 30 + National Center for Juvenile Justice 9 + Presbyterian Family Services 21 +Church Affiliated + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Conference of Jesuit Prison Personnel. 27 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers 17 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + National Moratorium on Prison Construction 18 + Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program 21 + Presbyterian Family Services 21 + The Safer Society Program 22 + The Salvation Army 32 + Volunteers of America 33 +Conflict Resolution + Alternatives to Violence Project 26 + American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center 26 + Genesee Ecumenical Ministries 14 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change 15 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 +Corrections + American Catholic Correctional Chaplains' Association. 26 + American Correctional Association 3 + American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association 26 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections 7 + Commission on Accreditation for Corrections 3 + Correctional Education Association 3 + Correctional Industries Association 3 + Family and Corrections Network 28 + Federal Bureau of Prisons 4 + John Howard Association 15 + National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies 4 + National Campaign to Abolish the Lexington Women's Control Unit 16 + National Center for Innovation in Corrections 8 + National Commission on Correctional Health Care 5 + National Institute of Corrections 5 + The Washington Correctional Foundation 23 +Courts + Administrative Office of U.S. Courts 3 + Institute for Court Management 4 + National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges 5 +Death Penalty + Alderson Hospitality House 26 + American Engineering Company 4 + American Indians and the Death Penalty 11 + Amnesty International Campaign Against the Death Penalty 24 + Amnesty International of the USA 24 + Capital Punishment Project 12 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + Clearinghouse on Criminal Justice 12 + Criminologists for Abolition of the Death Penalty 13 + Fellowship of Reconciliation 14 + National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression 25 + National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers 17 + National Execution Alert Network 18 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 + SOLACE 22 + Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons 23 + The Endeavor Project 28 + The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty 17 +Defense + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 + International Legal Defense Counsel 25 + International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee 25 + Legal Defense Fund 30 + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women 16 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 +Domestic Violence + The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence 12 +Drugs + National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9 + National Network of Youth Advisory Boards 19 + The National Drug Strategy Network 17 + Vera Insitute of Justice 23 +Economics + Correctional Economic Center 12 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 +Education + Correctional Education Association 3 +Employment + Criminal Justice Center 3 +Ethics + The Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics 8 +Ex-offenders + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Contact Center 27 + Fortune Society 28 + Prison Fellowship 32 + Prisoner's Union 21 + Volunteers of America 33 +Families + Aid to Imprisoned Mothers 26 + Alderson Hospitality House 26 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + Family and Corrections Network 28 + Friends Outside 29 + Legal Services for Prisoners with Children 30 + Parents of Adult Sex Offenders 30 + Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program 21 + Presbyterian Family Services 21 + Prison Fellowship 32 + Prison Match 32 + Very Special Persons 33 + Volunteers of America 33 +Homosexuality + Prison Project 21 +Hospitality House + Alderson Hospitality House 26 +Human Rights + Freedom Now 24 +Industries + Correctional Industries Association 3 +International Prisoners + Amnesty International of the USA 24 + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 + International Legal Defense Counsel 25 +Jail + American Jail Association 11 + Christian Jail Workers 27 + National Coalition for Jail Reform 17 + Offender Aid and Restoration 30 +Judicial system + Administrative Office of U.S. Courts 3 + House Committee on the Judiciary 14 + Senate Committee on the Judiciary 22 +Juvenile Justice + National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies 4 + National Center for Juvenile Justice 9 + National Center for Youth Law 16 + National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges 5 + National Network of Youth Advisory Boards 19 + Vera Insitute of Justice 23 + Youth Policy Institute 10 +Law enforcement 20 + Americans for Effective Law Enforcement 11 + International Association of Chiefs of Police 4 + Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change 15 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9 + National Sheriffs' Association 6 + National United Law Enforcement Officiers Association 6 + Police Executive Research Forum 10 + The Police Foundation 20 +Legal/Litigation + American Indians and the Death Penalty 11 + Centurion Ministries 24 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + International Legal Defense Counsel 25 + Legal Defense Fund 30 + Legal Services for Prisoners with Children 30 + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women 16 + National Legal Aid & Defender Association 5 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 + The National Center on Institutions and Alternatives 16 + The Sentencing Project, Inc. 22 +Legislation + American Friends Service Committee 11 + American Society of Criminology 7 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + House Committee on the Judiciary 14 + Justice Fellowship 15 + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Community Service Sentencing Association 17 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 + Senate Committee on the Judiciary 22 + The Sentencing Project 22 + Women's Prison Association and Home 33 +Local + National Association of Counties 16 +Mediation + American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center 26 + Justice Fellowship 15 + PACT 20 + U.S. Association for Victim-Offender Mediation 23 +Medical + National Commission on Correctional Health Care 5 +Mentally Ill + Center for Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior 7 + National Alliance for the Mentally Ill 15 +Newspaper Article Collection + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 +Overcrowding + Center for Criminal Justice Research 7 + Center for Effective Public Policy 12 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 +Pen Pals + Convict Connection Service 28 + Prison Fellowship Ministries 32 + Prison Pen Pals 32 + The Pen Pal Newsletter 31 +Political Prisoners + Amnesty International of the USA 24 + Coalition to Support Cuban Detainees 24 + Freedom Now 24 + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 + International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee 25 + National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression 25 +Pretrial + National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies 5 + Pretrial Services Resource Center 21 +Prevention + American Society of Criminology 7 + Eisenhower Foundation 13 + Institute of Criminal Justice Studies 8 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + International Prisoners Aid Association 25 + John Howard Association 15 + National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies 4 + National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape 9 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Crime Prevention Institute Information Center 10 + The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence 12 + The Safer Society Program 22 + United Nations 25 +Prison Ministry + Conference of Jesuit Prison Personnel 27 + Criminal Justice Ministry 13 + Good News Jail and Prison Ministries 29 + Gospel Echoes Team Association 29 + Institute for Ministry to Prisoners 29 + International Prison Ministry 29 + National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers 17 + National Yokefellow Prison Ministry 30 + Prison Evangelism Outreach 31 + Prison Fellowship 32 + Prisoner Visitation and Support Program 32 + Rock of Ages Prison Ministry, Inc. 32 + The Salvation Army 32 +Prisoner's Rights + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + End the Marion Lockdown 13 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + Prison Project 21 + Prisoner's Union 21 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 +Prostitution + National Task Force on Prostitution 20 +Public Awareness + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Center for Community and Social Concerns 12 + Criminal Justice Ministry 13 + Fortune Society 27, 28 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + Friends Outside 29 + International Prisoners Aid Association 25 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Institute of Victimology 18 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + National Moratorium on Prison Construction 18 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 + The Sentencing Project, Inc. 22 + U.S. Association for Victim-Offender Mediation 23 +Publications + Alternative Sentences 17 + American Jails 11 + Augustus 16 + Class-Struggle Defense Notes 31 + Convict Connection 28 + Corrections Today 3 + Crime & Delinquency 9 + Criminal Justice Ethics 8 + Criminal Justice Newsletter 20 + Criminology 7 + Endeavor 28 + Fellowship 14 + Fortune News 28 + Impact 32 + Jail and Prisoner Law Bulletin 11 + Jericho 18 + Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 9 + Justice Jottings 21 + Justicia 14 + JUSTnews 18 + Lifelines 17 + Network 15 + NOVA Newsletter 19 + OAR News 30 + Prison Evangelism Magazine 29 + Prison Voices 30 + Prison Writing Review 28 + Survivors 31 + The Angolite 11 + The California Prisoner 21 + The Criminologist 7 + The Justice Report 15 + The National Prison Project Journal 19 + The NELS Monthly Bulletin 3 + The Pretrial Reporter 21 + The Trumpet 26 + Update 15 + Victimology 18 + VORP Network News 20 + Who is the Prisoner 27 +Racial + Legal Defense Fund 30 + National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression 25 + National Peoples of Color Task Force on Criminal Justice 19 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 +Reform + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + Crime and Justice Foundation 13 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 + Fellowship of Reconciliation 14 + Fortune Society 28 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + John Howard Association 15 + Justice Fellowship 15 + National Coalition for Jail Reform 17 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + Prison Reform International 25 + Prisoner's Union 21 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 + Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons 23 +Refugees + Coalition to Support Cuban Detainees 24 + House Committee on the Judiciary 14 + Senate Committee on the Judiciary 22 +Rehabilitation + International Prisoners Aid Association 25 +Sentencing + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Institute for Sentencing Alternatives 10 + Prisoner's Union 21 + The Sentencing Project 22 +Sexual Offenders + Parents of Adult Sex Offenders 30 + The Safer Society Program 22 +Sexual Violence + National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape 9 + The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence 12 + The Safer Society Program 22 +South Africa + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 +Standards + American Correctional Association 3 + American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association 26 + Commission on Accreditation for Corrections 3 +Statistics + Criminal Justice Statistics Association 8 + National Archive of Criminal Justice Data 8 + National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9 + National Institute of Corrections 5 + National Victims Resource Center 20 + SEARCH Group Inc. 6 +Veterans + Voices for Incarcerated Veterans 33 +Victims + Genesee Ecumenical Ministries 14 + Justice Fellowship 15 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Association for Crime Victims Rights 30 + National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape 9 + National District Attorneys Association 5 + National Institute of Victimology 18 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 + National Victim Center 30 + National Victims Resource Center 20 + PACT Institute of Justice 20 + Parents of Murdered Children 31 + Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program 21 + SOLACE 22 + The Safer Society Program 22 +Visitors + Alderson Hospitality House 26 +Volunteers + Bill Glass Evangelistic Association 26 + Center for Community and Social Concerns 12 + Coalition of Prison Evangelists 27 + Good News Jail and Prison Ministries 29 + International Association of Justice Volunteerism 14 + John Howard Association 15 + Offender Aid and Restoration 30 + Prison Book Program 31 + Prison Fellowship Ministries 32 + Prisoner Visitation and Support Program, 32 + PTL Prison Ministries 32 + Volunteers of America 33 +Witnesses + National Institute of Victimology 18 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 +Women + Aid to Imprisoned Mothers 26 + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + National Campaign to Abolish the Lexington Women's Control Unit 16 + National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women 16 + National Newtork of Women in Prison. 19 + National Task Force on Prostitution 20 + Women's Prison Association and Home 33 + Women's Prison Project 23 +Writing + COSMEP Prison Project and the Prison Writing Review 28 + Metanoia Ministries 30 + PEN Writing Awards for Prisoners 31 + World Prison Poetry Center 33 diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nato-sov.air b/textfiles.com/politics/nato-sov.air new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f16146c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nato-sov.air @@ -0,0 +1,693 @@ +Newsgroups: rec.aviation.military +From: jfb200@cbnewsd.cb.att.com (joseph.f.baugher) +Subject: NATO Code Names for Soviet Aircraft +Organization: AT&T Bell Laboratories - Naperville, Illinois +Date: Tue, 1 Dec 1992 02:12:52 GMT +Message-ID: <1992Dec1.021252.8417@cbnewsd.cb.att.com> +Lines: 685 + + +I've been reading the thread on NATO code names for Soviet block aircraft. +I have had this list of NATO code names lying around for a while. Hope +someone finds this interesting. I would appreciate hearing from anyone who +has any corrections or additions to this list. + +The scheme used in coming up with the code names appears to be fairly simple +and straighforward. Names beginning with B refer to bombers, C names refer to +transport aircraft, and names starting with F refer to fighters. Names +beginning with M designate a catch-all of various types, ranging from utility +aircraft and trainers all the way to high-altitude spy planes. Names starting +with H refer to helicopters. For the "M", "F", "B" and "C" categories, +single-syllable names refer to aircraft that are powered by piston or turbo- +prop engines, whereas double-syllable names refer to jet-powered aircraft. +This distinction does not apply to helicopters. + +Code Soviet designation Comments + Name +_______ ____________________ _______________________________ + +Backfin Tupolev Tu-98(?) Supersonic medium bomber. First + appeared in 1957. Did not enter + production. + +Backfire Tupolev Tu-26 Medium-range strategic bomber and + maritime strike/reconnaissance aircraft. + Two 50,000 lb. st. (with AB) Kuznetsov + turbofans. Twin-barrel 23-mm cannon + in remotely-controlled tail barbette. + Up to 26,500 lbs of internal stores. + Stand-off missiles can be carried + externally. Entered service in 1972-3. +Badger Tupolev Tu-16 Twin-engine long-range medium bomber. + Two 19,180 lb. st. Mikulin AM-3M + turbojets. Crew of 6, 20,000 lb. + offensive load. 2 23 mm cannon in + each of dorsal, ventral, and tail + positions, one fixed forward firing + 23-mm cannon. Many converted to + platforms for stand-off missiles. + +Beagle Ilyushin Il-28 Twin-engine light tactical bomber. + Two 6040 lb. st. Klimov VK-1 turbojets. + Entered service in 1949. 2 23 mm cannon + in tail turret, two 20 mm cannon fixed + in nose. 4400 lb bombload. + +Bear Tupolev Tu-20 Four-turboprop long-range strategic + bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. + Four 14,795 shp Kuznetsov NK-12 + turbprops. Bear A has 2 23 mm cannon + in each of dorsal, ventral, and tail + positions, plus one 23mm cannon fixed + in forward-firing position. Up to + 25,000 lb offensive load. Many + converted to reconnaissance and stand- + off missile launching roles. + +Beast Ilyushin Il-10 Single-engine ground attack aircraft. + Postwar development of Il-2 heavily- + armored ground attack plane. + +Bison Myasishchev Mya-4 Four-engine long-range heavy bomber. + Four 19,180 lb. st. Mikulin AM-3M + turbojets. One fixed, forward firing + 23 mm cannon, 2 23 mm cannon in each of + of dorsal, ventral, and tail turrets. + About 150 built. Entered service in + 1955/56. Most converted to tanker + and reconnaissance roles. + +Blackjack Tupolev Tu-160 Long-range strategic bomber and + maritime strike/reconnaissance aircraft. + Variable-geometry wings. Has a close + physical resemblance to the Rockwell + B-1B Lancer, although the Blackjack is + appreciably larger and more powerful. + Four 55,000 lb. st. (with AB) Soloviev + turbofans. Up to 36,000 lbs. of + weapons can be carried, including + cruise missiles, attack missiles, and + free fall bombs. Entered service in + 1988. + +Blinder Tupolev Tu-22 Twin-engine long-range medium bomber + and reconnaissance-strike aircraft. + First seen in 1961. Entered service + in 1962. Two 30,000 lb. st. (with AB) + Kolesov VD-7 turbojets mounted side by + side above the rear fuselage. + +Blowlamp ??? Supersonic light attack bomber. Did + not enter quantity production. + +Bob Ilyushin Il-4 Twin engine medium bomber of World War + 2 vintage. + +Boot ???? Antisubmarine attack aircraft. One + 4000 hp Kuznetsov turboprop. Appeared + in 1956. Did not enter quantity + production. + +Bosun Tupolev Tu-14 Twin-engine land-based torpedo-bomber + operated by Soviet naval air arm. + Two 6040 lb. st. Klimov VK-1 turbojets. + Two fixed forward-firing cannon. + Two 23mm cannon in tail turret. Crew 4. + Entered service in 1949. + +Bounder Myasishchev M-52 Four-engine supersonic bomber prototype. + Never attained service. + +Brawny ??? Twin jet, two seat attack and close + support aircraft. First appeared in + 1956. Did not enter quantity + production. + +Brewer Yakovlev Yak-28 Two-seat light tactical bomber + adaptation of Yak-28P Firebar. Internal + weapons bay, bombardier position in + glazed nose. Entered service in early + 1960s. + +Buck Tupolev Tu-2 Twin engine light bomber of World War + 2 vintage. + +Bull Tupolev Tu-4 Four-engine long range heavy bomber. + Copy of Boeing B-29 Superfortress. + +Cab Lisunov Li-2 License-built version of Douglas DC-3 + commercial transport. + +Camel Tupolev Tu-104 Twin-engine commercial jet transport. + Adapted from Tu-16 bomber. Two + 15,000 lb. st. Mikulin RD-3M turbojets. + First entered service in 1956. + +Camp Antonov An-8 Twin-engined assault transport. + Did not enter quantity production. + +Candid Ilyushin Il-76 Four-engined heavy commercial and + military freighter. Four 26,450 lb. st. + Soloviev D-30-KP turbofans. Generally + similar in concept to Lockheed C-141 + Starlifter. Entered service in 1974. + +Careless Tupolev Tu-154 Three-engined medium- to long-range + commercial transport. Three 20,950 lb. + st. Kuznetsov NK-8-2 turbofans. Entered + service in 1972. + +Cat Antonov An-10 Four-engine turboprop commercial freight + and passenger transport. Four 4015 shp + Ivchenko AI-20 turboprops. Up to 130 + passengers. Entered service in 1959. + +Charger Tupolev Tu-144 Long-range supersonic commercial + transport. Four 38,580 lb. st. (with + AB) Kuznetsov NK-144 turbofans. + +Classic Ilyushin IL-62 Four-engined long-range commercial + transport. Four 23,150 lb. st. + Kutznetsov NK-8 turbofans. + +Cleat Tupolev Tu-114 Four-engine turboprop commercial + transport. Wing, undercarriage, and + tail of Tu-20 bomber. Four 14,795 shp + Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops. Entered + service in 1961. + +Cline Antonov An-32 Twin-engined military tactical + transport. Two 4195 ehp Ivchenko + AI-20M or 5112 ehp AI-20DM turboprops. + Derivative of An-26. Entered service + in early 1980s. + +Clobber Yakovlev Yak-42 Medium-range commercial transport. + Three 14,330 lb. st. Lotarev D-26 + turbofans. Entered service in 1978. + +Clod Antonov AN-14 Twin-engined light STOL utility + transport. Two 300 Ivchenko AI-14RF + radial engines. + +Coach Ilyushin IL-12 Twin-engine personnel and cargo + transport. Two 1775 shp Shvetsov + ASh-82FNV radials. + +Coaler Antonov An-72/74 Twin engined light STOL transport. + Two 14,330 lb. st. Lotarev D-36 or + 16,534 lb. st. D-436K turbofans. + An-72 is tactical transport version + which entered service with Soviet + Air Force in 1987. An-74 is dedicated + Arctic survey and support version. + Engines are mounted above the wing, + and use is made of the Coanda effect + to achieve STOL performance. + +Cock Antonov An-22 Four-engined heavy military and + commercial freighter. Four 15,000 shp + Kuznetsov NK-12MA turboprops. + +Codling Yakovlev Yak-40 Three-engined short-range commercial + feederliner. Three 3307 lb. st. + Ivchenko AI-25 turbofans. Entered + service in 1968. + +Coke Antonov An-24 Twin-turboprop short-range commercial + transport. Two 2550 shp Ivchenko AI-24 + turboprops. Entered service in 1963. + + +Colt Antonov An-2 Single-engine biplane utility transport. + One 1000 hp. Shvetsov Ash-62IR radial + engine. First flew in 1947. + +Condor Antonov An-124 Heavy strategic freighter. Four + 51,590 lb. st. Lotarev D-18T turbofans. + Entered service in 1984. + +Cooker Tupolev Tu-110 Four-jet commercial transport. Evolved + from Tu-104 transport. Four Lyulka + AL-5 turbojets, 12,125 lb. st. each. + +Cookpot Tupolev Tu-124 Twin-engine commercial jet transport. + Scaled down version of Tu-104. + Two 12,125 lb. st. Solovlev D-20P + turbofans. Entered service in 1962. + +Coot Ilyushin Il-18 Four-engine turboprop transport. + Four 4015 shp Ivchenko AI-20 turboprops. + Il-20 is elint version. + Il-22 is airborne control post version. + +Cossack Antonov An-225 Six-engined ultra-heavy transport. + 6 51,590 lb. st. Lotarev D-18T turbo- + fans. Freighter intended to carry + large outside loads on top of fuselage + in support of Soviet space program. + +Crate Ilyushin Il-14 Twin-engine commercial and military + personnel/cargo transport. Progressive + development of IL-12. Two 1900 hp. + Shvetsov ASh-82T-7 radials. + +Creek Yakovlev Yak-12 Single engine, four-seat light utility + aircraft. One 240hp Ivchenko AI-14R + radial. Entered production in 1946. + +Crusty Tupolev Tu-134 Twin-engine short- to medium-range + commercial transport. Two 14,990 lb. + st. Soloviev D-30-2 turbofans mounted + on rear fuselage. Entered service in + 1966. + +Cub Antonov An-12 Medium and long-range military + transport. Military version of An-10A + commercial transport. Redesigned rear + fuselage with loading ramp and tail + turret. + +Cuff Beriev Be-30 Twin-engined light commercial + feederliner. Two TVD-10 (Turbomeca + Astazou) turboprops, 970 shp each. + Entered service in 1969. + +Curl Antonov An-26 Twin-engined short to medium-range + military and commercial freighter. + Two 2820 shp Ivchenko AI-24T turboprops. + +Faceplate Mikoyan Ye-2 Code name assigned to swept-wing + version of delta-winged MiG-21 fighter. + First seen in 1956. This version seems + to have lost out to the familiar delta- + winged version for production orders. + However, it was not until 1963 that + people in the West finally became aware + that the delta-winged MiG-21 (Fishbed) + was the version which had entered + service. + +Fagot Mikoyan MiG-15 Single-engine interceptor/fighter of + Korean War fame. One 5950 lb. st. + Klimov VK-1 turbojet. Two 23 mm, one + 37 mm cannon. + +Faithless Mikoyan Ye-230 Single-seat STOL fighter-bomber + prototype. One turbojet plus two + vertically-disposed lift engines. + First demonstrated in 1967, but appears + never to have attained production + status. + +Fang Lavochkin La-11 Single-seat, piston-engined fighter. + Was standard equipment for Soviet Air + Force fighter units during immediate + postwar years. + +Fantail Lavochkin La-15 Single seat interceptor fighter. One + 3500 lb. st. RD-500 turbojet. + +Fargo Mikoyan MiG-9 Twin-engined jet-powered fighter. Was + interim jet fighter to fill the gap + until MiG-15 could enter service. + +Farmer Mikoyan MiG-19 Twin-engine interceptor/fighter. + Two 5500 lb. st. Klimov RD-9F turbojets + Entered service in 1955. + First Russian production aircraft + capable of supersonic flight in level + flight. 3 30-mm cannon (Farmer C). + Farmer E is all-weather interceptor + version. + +Feather Yakovlev Yak-17 Single-seat single-engine jet fighter. + Adapation of Yak-15. + +Fencer Sukhoi Su-24 Two-seat deep penetration interdictor + and strike, reconnaissance and + electronic warfare aircraft. Two + 25,350 lb. st.(with AB) Tumansky R-29B + turbojets. One 30 mm cannon plus + up to 13,000 lbs of external ordinance. + Entered service in 1974. + +Fiddler Tupolev Tu-28 Twin-engined, two seat long-range + all-weather interceptor. Two Lyulka + AL-21F-3 turbojets, 24,250 lb. st. with + AB. Derived from Tu-98 bomber. + +Firebar Yakovlev Yak-28P Third-generation development of + Yak-25 Flashlight two-seat all-weather + interceptor. Two 13,670 lb. st. (with + AB) Tumansky R-11 turbojets. No + cannon armament. Can carry two Anab + radar homing missiles plus two Atoll + infrared homers. Entered service in + 1964. + +Fishbed Mikoyan MiG-21 Single-engine interceptor/fighter. + Entered service in 1960. Most widely- + used Soviet fighter in postwar era. + Many exported to foreign air forces. + +Fishpot Suhkoi Su-9/11 Single-engine all-weather fighter. + Su-9 has one 19,840 lb st (with AB) + Lyulka AL-7 turbojet. Su-11 has + one 22,050 lb st (with AB) Lyulka + AL-7F-1 turbojet. No cannon armament. + Su-9 was similar to Su-7 fighter-bomber, + but with a delta wing rather than the + original swept wing. Su-11 is + uprated version with more powerful + engine and more advanced electronics. + +Fitter Sukhoi Su-7/17/20/22 Single-engine fighter bomber. + Su-7 is swept wing version, Su-17,20 + and 22 are variable geometry versions. + +Flashlight Yakovlev Yak-25 Twin-engine, two seat night and all + weather interceptor. Entered service + in 1955. Two 5500 lb. st. Klimov + RD-9 turbojets. 594 mph at 36,000 ft. + PD6 intercept radar in bulbous nose. + +Flagon Sukhoi Su-15 Single-seat all-weather interceptor + Two 15,000 lb. st. (with AB) Tumanksy + R-13F-200 turbojets (Flagon E and F). + No cannon armament. Four air to air + missiles under the wings. + +Flanker Sukhoi Su-27 Single-seat air superiority fighter. + Two 30,000 lb. st. (with AB) Lyulka + RD-32 turbofans. One 30 mm cannon + plus up to 10 air-to-air missiles. + Entered service in 1986. + +Flipper Mikoyan Ye-152A Code name was assigned to an + experimental twin engine interceptor + fighter development of MiG-21 which + was first seen in 1961. Two Tumansky + R-11F turbojets. Was not ordered into + production. + +Flogger Mikoyan MiG-23/27 Single-engine variable-sweep fighter + (MiG-23) and fighter-bomber (MiG-27). + One 27,000 lb. st. (with AB) Tumansky + R-29BS-300 turbojet. One twin-barrel + 23-mm cannon, plus up to 8 air to air + missiles. MiG-27 version can carry up + to 6600 lbs. of external ordinance. +Flora Yakovlev Yak-23 Single-seat interceptor fighter. One + 3500 lb. st. RD-500 turbojet. + +Forger Yakovlev Yak-38 Single-seat shipboard air defense and + strike fighter. One 17,985 lb. st. + Lyulks Al-12 lift/cruise turbojet and + two tandem-mounted 7875 lb. st. Koliesov + lift turbojets. Can carry two air to + air missiles or two podded 23-mm twin- + barreled cannon. In strike role, can + carry up to 8000 lbs. of stores. + +Foxbat Mikoyan MiG-25 Twin-engine interceptor/fighter. + Two Tumansky R-31 turbojets, 24,250 lb. + st. with AB. No cannon, up to four + externally-mounted AAMs. + Entered service in 1966. + +Foxhound Mikoyan MiG-31 Tandem two-seat all-weather interceptor. + Two 30,865 lb. st. (with AB) Tumansky + R-31F turbojets. No cannon armament. + Up to 8 air-to-air missiles. Derived + from MiG-25. Entered service in 1983. + +Fred Bell P-63 Kingcobra Lend-lease P-63s remaining in Soviet + service after the end of World War 2. + +Freehand Yakovlev Yak-36 Single-seat VTOL research aircraft. + Two vectored-thrust turbofans. First + demonstrated in 1967. Believed + experimental only. + +Freestyle Yakovlev Yak-141 Single seat VTOL carrier-based + interceptor/fighter. Believed + experimental only. + +Fresco Mikoyan MiG-17 Single-engine interceptor/fighter. + Aerodynamic refinement of MiG-15. + Entered service in 1954. One 6040 lb. + st. Klimov VK-1A turbojet. Two 23mm, + one 37 mm cannon. + +Frogfoot Sukhoi Su-25 Single-seat attack and close air support + aircraft. Two 9340 lb. st. Tumansky + R-13-300 turbojets. One 30 mm cannon, + plus up to 8820 lbs. of external + ordinance. Entered service in 1981-2. + +Fulcrum Mikoyan MiG-29 Single-seat air superiority fighter. + Two 18,300 lb. st. (with AB) Tumansky + RD-33 turbofans. One 30-mm cannon + plus air to air missiles. Entered + service in 1983. + +Halo Mil Mi-26 Military and commercial heavylift + helicopter. Two 11,240 shp Lotarev + D-136 turboshafts. Heaviest and + most powerful helicopter yet flown. + Entered service in 1981. + +Hare Mil Mi-1 Three-seat light utility helicopter. + One 575 hp Ivchenko AI-26V radial. + Entered service in 1950. + +Harke Mil Mi-10 Military crane-type helicopter evolved + from Mi-6. Two 5500 shp Soloviev D-25 + turboshafts. Entered service in 1963. + +Harp Kamov Ka-20 Twin-engine antisubmarine helicopter + prototype. + +Havoc Mil Mi-28 Tandem two-seat anti-armor and attack + helicopter. Two 200--2500 shp turbo- + shafts of uncertain origin. Dedicated + attack helicopter with no secondary + transport capability. Roughly + comparable to AH-64 Apache. Carries + a single gun in an undernose barbette, + plus external loads carried on pylons + beneath stub wings. Current status + is uncertain. + +Haze Mil Mi-14 Evolved from Mi-8 transport helicopter. + Built in antisubmarine, mine counter- + measures, and search and rescue + versions. Two 1950 shp Isotov TV-3-117M + turboshafts. Entered service in 1975. + +Helix Kamov Ka-27 Shipboard anti-submarine warfare, + assault transport, and search and rescue + helicopter. Two 2225 shp Isotov TV-117V + turboshafts. + +Hen Kamov Ka-15 Two-seat utility helicopter. Used + primarily for bush patrol, agricultural + purposes, and fishery control. + +Hermit Mil Mi-34 Two/four seat light instructional and + competition helicopter. One 325 hp + Vedeneyev M-14V-26 radial. Entered + productin in 1989. + +Hind Mil Mi-24 Assault and anti-armor helicopter. + Two 2200 shp Isotov TV3-117 turboshafts. + +Hip Mil Mi-8 General purpose transport helicopter. + Two 1500 shp Izotov TB-2-117A + turboshafts. Entered production in + 1964 for both military and civil + tasks. + +Hog Kamov Ka-18 Four-seat utility helicopter. One + Ivchenko AI-14V radial, 255 hp. + Apart from forward fuselage, generally + sililar to Ka-15. + +Hokum Kamov Ka-136(?) Side-by-side two-seat combat helicopter. + Designed as air-to-air combat + helicopter, intended to eliminate enemy + frontline helicopters. Current status + is uncertain. + +Homer Mil Mi-12 Heavy transport helicopter. Four + 6500 shp Soloviev D-25DF turboshafts. + Two engines are mounted side-by-side + at the tips of braced wings. World's + largest helicopter. Entered production + in 1972. + +Hoodlum Kamov Ka-26/126 Light utility helicopter. Two 325 hp + Vedeneev M-14V-26 radials (Ka-26). + Entered production in 1966. Ka-126 is + upgraded version with one 720 shp + Kopchenko TVD-100 turboshaft. First + flown in 1988. + +Hook Mil Mi-6 Heavy transport helicopter. Two + 5500 shp Soloviev D-25V turboshafts. + Crew 5, up to 65 passengers. First + flown in 1957. Built in large numbers + for both military and civil roles. + +Hoplite Mil Mi-2 Light general purpose helicopter. + Two 437 shp Izotov GTD-350 turboshafts. + Entered production in Poland in 1966. + +Hormone Kamov Ka-25 Shipboard antisubmarine warfare + helicopter. Two 900 shp Glushenkov + GTD-3 turboshafts. Ka-25K is utility + and flying crane version. + +Horse Yakovlev Yak-24 Twin-engine, twin rotor military + assault helicopter. Two 1700 hp + Shvetsov ASh-82V radials. Entered + production in 1955. + +Hound Mil Mi-4 Transport helicopter. One 1700 hp + Shvetsov ASh-82V radial engine. Serves + in both military and civilian roles + Crew 3, up to 14 passengers. + Entered service in 1952. + +Madcap Antonov An-74 Version of An-74A transport for + airborne early warning and control. + +Madge Beriev Be-6 Twin-engine long-range maritime + reconnaissance flying boat. Two + 2000 hp. Shvetsov ASh-73 radial + engines. + +Maestro Yakovlev Yak-28U Trainer version of Yak-28 Brewer + tactical attack aircraft. Two + Tumansky RD-11 turbojets. + +Magnum Yakovlev Yak-30 Tandem two-seat jet basic trainer. + One 2315 lb. st. Tumansky TRD-29 + turbojet. The Czech L-29 Delfin + was selected by Soviet Air Force in + preference to Yak-30. + +Maiden Sukhoi Su-9U Tandem, two-seat conversion trainer + variant of Su-9 interceptor. + +Mail Beriev Be-12 Turboprop-powered amphibious development + of the BE-6 flying boat. Two Ivchenko + AI-20M turboprops. Entered service with + Soviet Navy in early 1960s in maritime + patrol role. + +Mainstay Ilyushin Il-76 Airborne early warning and control + aircraft. Derived from Il-76TD. + Large radome on twin pylons above the + rear fuselage. Entered service in 1986. + +Mallow Beriev Be-10 Long-range maritime reconnaissance + flying boat. Two 14,330 lb. st. Type + AL-7PB turbojets. Two 23 mm cannon in + radar-controlled tail turret. Two + fixed forward firing 20mm or 23mm + cannon. + +Mandrake Yakovlev ? Single-seat high-altitude reconnaissance + aircraft. Derivative of basic Yak-25 + design, with swept wing replaced by a + high aspect ratio straight wing. + Generally comparable in concept to + Martin RB-57D. + +Mantis Yakovlev Yak-32 Single-seat version of Yak-30 basic + trainer. + +Mare ?? Tsibin-designed heavy transport glider. + +Mascot Ilyushin Il-28U Crew trainer version of IL-28 bomber. + Ventral radome and glazed nose deleted. + Additional pupil cockpit added ahead + of main cockpit. Defensive armament + normally deleted. + +Max Yakovlev Yak-18 Tandem two-seat primary trainer. + One 160 hp M-11FR-1 radial. Entered + service in 1946. + +May Ilyushin Il-38 Four-engined long-range maritime patrol + aircraft. Four 4250 shp Ivchenko AI-20M + turboprops. Evolved from Il-18 + transport. + +Maya L-29A Delfin Two-seat basic trainer. Czech-built + aircraft supplied to Soviet Air Force + as standard basic trainer. One + M 701 turbojet, 1918 lb. st. + +Mermaid Beriev A-40 Twin-engined amphibian - Two Soloviev + D-30KPV turbofans. Be-42 is search and + rescue version, Be-44 is ASW/ + Surveillance/Minelaying version. + +Midas Ilyushin Il-78 Four-engined inflight refuelling tanker. + Four 26,455 lb. st. Soloviev D-30KP + turbofans. + +Midget Mikoyan MiG-15UTI Tandem two-seat advanced trainer. + Conversion of MiG-15 fighter. One + Klimov RD-45FA turbojet, 5952 lb. st. + 2 23-mm cannon. + +Mole Yakovlev Yak-14 Heavy transport glider. + +Mongol Mikoyan MiG-21UTI Tandem two-seat advanced and combat + proficiency trainer. Conversion of + basic MiG-21 fighter. + +Moose Yakovlev Yak-11 Tandem two-seat advanced trainer. + One 730 hp Shvetsov ASh-21 radial + engine. Entered service in 1947. + +Moss Tupolev Tu-126 Four-engined airborne warning and + control system aircraft. Four + 14,795 shp Kuznetsov NK-12MV turboprops. + Adaptation of Tu-114 commercial + transport to AWACS role. + +Moujik Sukhoi Su-7UTI Tandem two-seat ground attack fighter + trainer. Training version of single- + seat Su-7 Fitter fighter bomber. + Entered service in early 1960s. + +Mouse Yakovlev Yak-18P Single-seat aerobatic aircraft for + use by flying clubs. Adaptation of + Yak-18 two-seat trainer. + +Mule Polikarpov PO-2 Tandem, two-seat utility biplane. + One 125 hp M-11D radial engine. + +Mystic Myasischchev M-17 Single-seat high-altitude research + aircraft. Both single and twin-engined + versions built. + +References: +. Bill Gunston, Mikoyan MiG-21, Osprey, 1986. +. William Green and Gerald Pollinger, The Aircraft of the World, Doubleday, + 1965. +. Norman Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Arms and Armor Press, 1986. + + +Joe Baugher ************************************** +AT&T Bell Laboratories * "If you're lookin' for trouble, * +200 Park Plaza * I'll accommodate ya!" * +Naperville, Illinois 60566-7050 ************************************** +(708) 713 4548 +ihlpm!jfb Who, me? Speak for AT&T? Surely you jest! +jfb200@cbnewsd.att.com diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/natohandbook.pol b/textfiles.com/politics/natohandbook.pol new file mode 100644 index 00000000..19d87570 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/natohandbook.pol @@ -0,0 +1,10142 @@ + +NATO handbook00 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +1. WHAT IS NATO? + +The North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 brought into +being an Alliance of independent countries with a +common interest in maintaining peace and defending +their freedom through political solidarity and adequate +military defence to deter and, if necessary, repel all poss- +ible forms of aggression against them. Created within the +framework of Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, +which reaffirms the inherent right of individual or collec- +tive defence, the Alliance is an association of free states +united in their determination to preserve their security +through mutual guarantees and stable relations with other +countries. + +NATO is the Organisation which serves the Alliance. It +is an inter-governmental organisation in which member +countries retain their full sovereignty and independence. +The Organisation provides the forum in which they con- +sult together on any issues they may choose to raise and +take decisions on political and military matters affecting +their security. It provides the structures needed to facili- +tate consultation and cooperation between them, not +only in political fields but also in many other areas where +policies can be coordinated in order to fulfil the goals of +the North Atlantic Treaty. + +NATO's essential purpose is thus to safeguard the free- +dom and security of all its members by political and +military means in accordance with the principles of the +United Nations Charter. Based on common values of +democracy, human rights and the rule of law, the Alliance +has worked since its inception for the establishment of a +just and lasting peaceful order in Europe. This Alliance +objective remains unchanged. NATO also embodies the +transatlantic link by which the security of North America +is permanently tied to the security of Europe. It is the +practical expression of effective collective effort among +its members in support of their common interests. + +The fundamental operating principle of the Alliance is +that of common commitment and mutual cooperation +among sovereign states based on the indivisibility of the +security of its members. Solidarity within the Alliance, +given substance and effect by NATO's daily work in politi- +cal, military and other spheres, ensures that no member +country is forced to rely upon its own national efforts +alone in dealing with basic security challenges. Without +depriving member states of their right and duty to assume +their sovereign responsibilities in the field of defence, the +Alliance enables them through collective effort to enhance +their ability to realise their essential national security +objectives. + +The resulting sense of equal security amongst the mem- +bers of the Alliance, regardless of differences in their +circumstances or in their national military capabilities, +contributes to overall stability within Europe and thus to +the creation of conditions conducive to increased cooper- +ation both among Alliance members and with other coun- +tries. It is on this basis that members of the Alliance, +together with other states, are developing cooperative +structures of security serving the interests of a Europe +which is not subject to divisions and is free to pursue its +political, economic, social and cultural destiny. + +2. THE FUNDAMENTAL TASKS OF THE ALLIANCE + +The means by which the Alliance carries out its security +policies include the maintenance of a military capability +sufficient to prevent war and to provide for effective +defence; an overall capability to manage successfully +crises affecting the security of its members; and active +political efforts favouring dialogue with other nations +and a cooperative approach to European security, includ- +ing measures to bring about further progress in the field +of arms control and disarmament. + +To achieve its essential purpose, the Alliance performs +the following fundamental security tasks: + +It provides one of the indispensable foundations for +stable security in Europe based on the growth of demo- +cratic institutions and commitment to the peaceful +resolution of disputes. It seeks to create an environment +in which no country would be able to intimidate or +coerce any European nation or to impose hegemony +through the threat or use of force. + +In accordance with Article 4 of the North Atlantic +Treaty, it serves as a transatlantic forum for Allied +consultations on any issues affecting the vital interests +of its members, including developments which might +pose risks to their security. It facilitates appropriate +coordination of their efforts in fields of common +concern. + +It provides deterrence and defence against any form of +aggression against the territory of any NATO member +state. + +It preserves the strategic balance within Europe. + +The structures created within NATO enable member +countries to coordinate their policies in order to fulfil +these complementary tasks. They provide for continuous +consultation and cooperation in political, economic and +other non-military fields as well as the formulation of +joint plans for the common defence; the establishment of +the infrastructure needed to enable military forces to +operate; and arrangements for joint training programmes +and exercises. Underpinning these activities is a complex +civilian and military structure involving administrative, +budgetary and planning staffs, as well as agencies which +have been established by the member countries of the +Alliance in order to coordinate work in specialised fields +- for example, the communications needed to facilitate +political consultation and command and control of mili- +tary forces and the logistics support needed to sustain +military forces. + +The following sections describe the origins of the Alli- +ance; the progress which has been made towards the realis- +ation of its goals; the steps being undertaken to transform +the Alliance in accordance with the dramatic changes +which have taken place in the political and strategic +environment; and the machinery of cooperation and struc- +tural arrangements which enable NATO to fulfill its tasks. + +3. ORIGINS OF THE ALLIANCE + +Between 1945 and 1949, faced with the pressing need for +economic reconstruction, Western European countries +and their North American allies viewed with concern the +expansionist policies and methods of the USSR. Having +fulfilled their own wartime undertakings to reduce their +defence establishments and to demobilise forces, Western +governments became increasingly alarmed as it became +clear that the Soviet leadership intended to maintain its +own military forces at full strength. Moreover, in view of +the declared ideological aims of the Soviet Communist +Party, it was evident that appeals for respect for the +United Nations Charter, and for the international settle- +ments reached at the end of the war, would not guarantee +the national sovereignty or independence of democratic +states faced with the threat of outside aggression or +internal subversion. The imposition of undemocratic +forms of government and the repression of effective oppo- +sition and of basic human and civic rights and freedoms +in many Central and Eastern European countries as well +as elsewhere in the world, added to these fears. + +Between 1947 and 1949 a series of dramatic political +events brought matters to a head. These included direct +threats to the sovereignty of Norway, Greece, Turkey +and other Western European countries, the June 1948 +coup in Czechoslovakia and the illegal blockade of Berlin +which began in April of the same year. + + +The signature of the Brussels Treaty of March 1948 +marked the determination of five Western European +countries - Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Nether- +lands and the United Kingdom - to develop a common +defence system and to strengthen the ties between them +in a manner which would enable them to resist the +further use of such pressures. Negotiations with the +United States and Canada then followed on the creation +of a single North Atlantic Alliance based on security +guarantees and mutual commitments between Europe +and North America. Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway +and Portugal were invited to become participants in this +process. These negotiations culminated in the signature +of the Treaty of Washington in April 1949, bringing into +being a common security system based on a partnership +among these twelve countries. In 1952 Greece and Turkey +acceded to the Treaty. The Federal Republic of Germany +joined the Alliance in 1955 and, in 1982, Spain also +became a member of NATO. + +The North Atlantic Alliance was thus founded on the +basis of a Treaty between member states entered into +freely by each of them after public debate and due parlia- +mentary process. The Treaty upholds their individual +rights as well as their international obligations in accord- +ance with the Charter of the United Nations. It commits +each member country to sharing the risks and responsibili- +ties as well as the benefits of collective security and +requires of each of them the undertaking not to enter +into any other international commitment which might +conflict with the Treaty. + +4. NATO TODAY + +The fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, the unifica- +tion of Germany in October 1990, the disintegration of +the Soviet Union in December 1991, and dramatic +changes elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe, marked +the end of the Cold War era. Since these events, which +have transformed the political situation in Europe, the +nature of the risks faced by the members of the Alliance +has fundamentally changed. However, as events have +proved, dangers to peace and threats to stability remain. +Following the decisions taken by the NATO Heads of +State and Government at their Summit Meetings in +London in July 1990 and in Rome in November 1991, +the North Atlantic Alliance has therefore been adapting +its overall strategy in the light of the changing strategic +and political environment. Attention has focussed in par- +ticular on the need to reinforce the political role of the +Alliance and the contribution it can make, in cooperation +with other institutions, in providing the security and +stability which are the prerequisite for the process of +renewal in which Europe is engaged. + + +The Strategic Concept adopted by Heads of State and +Government in Rome outlines a broad approach to secu- +rity based on dialogue, cooperation and the maintenance +of a collective defence capability. It integrates political +and military elements of NATO's security policy into a +coherent whole, establishing cooperation with new part- +ners in Central and Eastern Europe as an integral part of +the Alliance's strategy. The Concept provides for reduced +dependence on nuclear weapons and major changes in +NATO's integrated military forces, including substantial +reductions in their size and readiness, improvements in +their mobility, flexibility and adaptability to different +contingencies and greater use of multinational form- +ations. Measures are also being taken to streamline +NATO's military command structure and to adapt the +Alliance's defence planning arrangements and procedures +in the light of the changed circumstances concerning +security in Europe as a whole. + +At the Rome Summit Meeting, NATO Heads of State +and Government also issued an important Declaration +on Peace and Cooperation. The Declaration set out the +context for the Alliance's Strategic Concept. It defined +the future tasks and policies of NATO in relation to the +overall institutional framework for Europe's future secu- +rity and in relation to the evolving partnership and cooper- +ation with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. +It reaffirmed the Alliance's commitment to strengthening +the role of the Conference on Security and Cooperation +in Europe, making specific suggestions for achieving this, +and reaffirmed the consensus among the member coun- +tries of the Alliance on the development of a European +security identity and defence role. It underlined the Alli- +ance's support for the steps being taken in the countries +of Central and Eastern Europe towards reform; offered +practical assistance to help them to succeed in this diffi- +cult transition; invited them to participate in appropriate +Alliance forums; and extended to them the Alliance's +experience and expertise in political, military, economic +and scientific consultation and cooperation. + +A particularly significant step taken in this context was +the establishment of a North Atlantic Cooperation Coun- +cil (NACC) to oversee the future development of this +partnership. Subsequent consultations and cooperation +have been wide-ranging but have focussed in particular +on political and security-related matters; conceptual ap- +proaches to arms control and disarmament; defence plan- +ning issues and military matters; democratic concepts of +civilian-military relations; the conversion of defence pro- +duction to civilian purposes; economic issues, defence +expenditure and budgets; scientific cooperation and +defence-related environmental issues; dissemination of in- +formation about NATO in the countries of cooperation +partners; policy planning consultations; and civil/military +air traffic management. + +The Rome Declaration also examined the progress +achieved and specific opportunities available in the field +of arms control and underlined the Alliance's adherence +to a global view of security taking into account broader +challenges which can affect security interests. + +Since the publication of the Rome Declaration, addi- +tional measures have been taken at Ministerial Meetings +of Foreign and Defence Ministers held in December 1991 +and at subsequent meetings, to further the process of +adaptation and transformation on which the Alliance has +embarked. The inaugural meeting of the North Atlantic +Cooperation Council took place on 20 December 1991 +with the participation of the Foreign Ministers or repre- +sentatives of NATO countries and of six Central and +Eastern European countries as well as the three Baltic +states. The role of the NACC is to facilitate cooperation on +security and related issues between the participating coun- +tries at all levels and to oversee the process of developing +closer institutional ties as well as informal links between +them. The eleven states on the territory of the former +Soviet Union which now constitute the Commonwealth +of Independent States (CIS) became participants in this +process in March 1992. Georgia and Albania joined the +process in April and June 1992 respectively. NATO is also +playing a role in the coordination of humanitarian aid to +these new states and is making available its unique expert- +ise and capabilities for this purpose. + +NATO Defence Ministers met with cooperation part- +ners on 1 April 1992 to consider ways of deepening +dialogue and promoting cooperation between them on +issues falling within their competence. The Military Com- +mittee held its first meeting in cooperation session on +10 April 1992. These meetings advanced the process of co- +operation by offering practical advice and assistance and +preparing an initial cooperation programme on defence- +related matters. In parallel, contacts and cooperation are +being developed between Ministries of Defence and at +the military level. A Group on Defence Matters has been +set up to act as a clearing house for requests for defence- +related assistance from cooperation partners. + +Dialogue, partnership and cooperation are described in +more detail in Part II. + +Against the background of the crisis in the former +Yugoslavia and the violence taking place in Nagorno- +Karabakh, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova +and elsewhere, attention has also been directed increas- +ingly towards possible NATO support for CSCE peace- +keeping activities and its contributions to UN, CSCE and +EC efforts with regard to Yugoslavia in particular. At the +meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Oslo in June +1992 agreement was reached on providing conditional +support for CSCE peace-keeping activities on a case-by- +case basis, including making available Alliance resources +and expertise. In July a NATO maritime operation was +mounted in the Adriatic, in coordination and cooperation +with operations undertaken by the WEU, to monitor com- +pliance with UN Security Council Resolutions imposing +sanctions on Serbia and Montenegro. Following the +London Conference on Yugoslavia at the end of August, +deliberations in the Alliance focussed on the protection +of humanitarian relief and support for UN monitoring of +heavy weapons. Decisions were taken to make Alliance +support available for these two tasks and to continue +contingency planning on other options. + + + + + +NATO handbook01 uploaded March 25, 1993 + +PART I + + +HOW NATO WORKS + + + +5. MACHINERY OF COOPERATION + +The basic machinery of Alliance cooperation is as fol- +lows: + + + +(a) The North Atlantic Council has effective political +authority and powers of decision and consists of +Permanent Representatives of all member countries meet- +ing together at least once a week. The Council also meets +at higher levels involving Foreign Ministers or Heads of +Government but it has the same authority and powers of +decision-making, and its decisions have the same status +and validity, at whatever level it meets. The Council has +an important public profile and issues declarations and +communiques explaining its policies and decisions to the +general public and to governments of countries which are +not members of the Alliance. + +The Council is the only body within the Alliance which +derives its authority explicitly from the North Atlantic +Treaty. The Council itself was given responsibility under +the Treaty for setting up subsidiary bodies. A large +number of committees and planning groups have since +been created to support the work of the Council or to +assume responsibility in specific fields such as defence +planning, nuclear planning and military matters. + +The Council thus provides a unique forum for wide- +ranging consultation between member governments on +all issues affecting their security and is the most important +decision-making body in NATO. All sixteen member coun- +tries of NATO have an equal right to express their views +round the Council table. Decisions are the expression of +the collective will of member governments arrived at by +common consent. All member governments are party to +the policies formulated and to the consensus on which +decisions are based. + +Each government is represented on the Council by a +Permanent Representative with ambassadorial rank. Each +Permanent Representative is supported by a political and +military staff or delegation to NATO, varying in size. + +Twice each year, and sometimes more frequently, the +Council meets at Ministerial level, when each nation is +represented by its Minister of Foreign Affairs. Summit +Meetings, attended by Heads of State or Government, +are held whenever particularly important issues confront- +ing the whole Alliance have to be addressed. + +While the permanent Council normally meets at least +once a week, it can be convened at short notice whenever +necessary. All its meetings are chaired by the Secretary +General of NATO or his Deputy. At Ministerial Meetings, +one of the Foreign Ministers assumes the role of +Honorary President. The position rotates annually among +the nations, in the order of the English alphabet. + +Items discussed and decisions taken at meetings of the +Council cover all aspects of the Organisation's activities +and are frequently based on reports and recommend- +ations prepared by subordinate committees at the Coun- +cil's request. Equally, subjects may be raised by any one +of the national representatives or by the Secretary +General. Permanent Representatives act on instructions +from their capitals, informing and explaining the views +and policy decisions of their governments to their col- +leagues round the table. Conversely they report back to +their national authorities on the views expressed and +positions taken by other governments, informing them of +new developments and keeping them abreast of move- +ment towards consensus on important issues or areas +where national positions diverge. + +When decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon +on the basis of unanimity and common accord. There is +no voting or decision by majority. Each nation repre- +sented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate +committees retains complete sovereignty and responsiblity +for its own decisions. + +(b) The Defence Planning Committee is normally com- +posed of Permanent Representatives but meets at the level +of Defence Ministers at least twice a year, and deals with +most defence matters and subjects related to collective +defence planning. With the exception of France, all +member countries are represented in this forum. The +Defence Planning Committee provides guidance to +NATO's military authorities and within the area of its +responsibilities, has the same functions and attributes +and the same authority as the Council. + +(c) The Nuclear Planning Group meets at the same +level and with the same status as the Defence Planning +Committee. This is the principal forum for consultation +on all matters relating to the role of nuclear forces in +NATO's security policy. The Nuclear Planning Group fol- +lows a similar pattern of meetings at ambassadorial level +and at the level of Ministers of Defence and has the same +functions and authority for decisions on nuclear matters +as the Council and Defence Planning Committee have in +their own spheres. All member countries except France +participate. Iceland participates as an observer. + +(d) The Secretary General is a senior international +statesman nominated by the member nations both as +Chairman of the North Atlantic Council, Defence Plan- +ning Committee, Nuclear Planning Group and of other +senior committees, and as Secretary General of NATO. +He also acts as principal spokesman of the Organis- +ation, both in its external relations and in communi- +cations and contacts between member governments. The +role of the Secretary General is described in more detail +in Part III. + +(e) The International Staff is drawn from the member +countries, serves the Council and the many Committees +and Working Groups subordinate to it and works on a +continuous basis on a wide variety of issues relevant to +the Alliance. In addition there are a number of civil +agencies and organisations located in different member +countries, working in specific fields such as communica- +tions and logistic support. The organisation and struc- +tures of the International Staff and the principal civil +agencies established by NATO to perform specific tasks are +described in Part III. + + +(f) The Military Committee is responsible for recom- +mending to NATO's political authorities those measures +considered necessary for the common defence of the +NATO area and for providing guidance on military matters +to the Major NATO Commanders, whose functions are +described in Part III. At meetings of the North Atlantic +Council, Defence Planning Committee and Nuclear Plan- +ning Group, the Military Committee is represented by its +Chairman or his Deputy. + +The Military Committee is the highest military auth- +ority in the Alliance under the political authority of the +North Atlantic Council and Defence Planning Commit- +tee, or, where nuclear matters are concerned, the Nuclear +Planning Group. It is composed of the Chiefs-of-Staff of +each member country except France, which is represented +by a military mission to the Military Committee. Iceland +has no military forces but may be represented by a +civilian. The Chiefs-of-Staff meet at least twice a year. At +other times member countries are represented by national +Military Representatives appointed by the Chiefs-of- +Staff. + +The Presidency of the Military Committee rotates annu- +ally among the nations in the order of the English alpha- +bet. The Chairman of the Military Committee represents +the committee in other forums and is its spokesman, as +well as directing its day-to-day activities. + + +(g) The integrated military structure remains under +political control and guidance at the highest level. The +role of the integrated military structure is to provide the +organisational framework for defending the territory of +the member countries against threats to their security or +stability. It includes a network of major and subordinate +military commands covering the whole of the North +Atlantic area. It provides the basis for the joint exercising +of military forces and collaboration in fields such as +communications and information systems, air defence, +logistic support for military forces and the standard- +ization or interoperability of procedures and equipment. + +The role of the Alliance's integrated military forces is +to guarantee the security and territorial integrity of +member states, contribute to the maintenance of stability +and balance in Europe and to crisis management, and, +ultimately, to provide the defence of the strategic area +covered by the NATO Treaty. + +The integrated military structure is being adapted to +take account of the changed strategic environment. It is +described in more detail in Part III. + + +(h) The International Military Staff supports the work +of NATO's Military Committee. There are also a number +of Military Agencies which oversee specific aspects of the +work of the Military Committee. The organisation and +structure of the International Military Staff and Military +Agencies are described in Part III. + +The structure provided by these various components of +the Organisation is underpinned by procedures for politi- +cal and other forms of consultation and by a system of +common civil and military funding provided by member +nations on a cost-sharing basis. The principle of common- +funding applies equally to the provision of the basic +facilities needed by the defence forces of member coun- +tries in order to fulfill their NATO commitments; and to +the budgetary requirements of the political headquarters +of the Alliance in Brussels and of NATO civil and military +agencies elsewhere. It is extended to every aspect of +cooperation within NATO. + +The management of these financial resources is under- +taken through separate civil and military budgets estab- +lished on the basis of agreed cost-sharing formulae and a +self-critical screening process. This embodies the principles +of openness, flexibility and fairness and ensures that +maximum benefit is obtained both for the Organisation +as a whole and for its individual members by seeking +cost-effective solutions to common problems. Political +control and mutual accountability, including the accept- +ance by each member country of a rigorous, multilateral, +budgetary screening process, are fundamental elements. +Fair competition among national suppliers of equipment +and services for contracts relating to common-funded +activities is an important feature of the system. + + +In addition to the above elements, which constitute the +practical basis for cooperation and consultation among +the sixteen members of the North Atlantic Alliance, the +North Atlantic Cooperation Council or ``NACC'', was +established in December 1991 to oversee the further +development of the dialogue, cooperation and consult- +ation between NATO and its cooperation partners in +Central and Eastern Europe and on the territory of the +former Soviet Union. The development and role of the +NACC is described in Part II. + +When it met in March 1992, the NACC published a +Work Plan for Dialogue, Partnership and Cooperation, +setting out the basis for initial steps to develop the +relationship between the participating countries and detail- +ing the principal topics and activities on which the NACC +has agreed to concentrate for the time being. + +In addition to meetings of the NACC itself, meetings +with representatives of cooperation countries also take +place on a regular basis under the auspices of the North +Atlantic Council in permanent session and of its subordi- +nate NATO bodies. + +While the North Atlantic Council derives its authority +from the contractual relationship between NATO member +countries established on the basis of the North Atlantic +Treaty, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council is the +forum created for consultation and cooperation on politi- +cal and security issues between NATO and its cooperation +partners, proposed in the Rome Declaration of November +1991. + + +6. FUNDAMENTAL OPERATING PRINCIPLES + +The fundamental operating principles of the Alliance +involve both a common political commitment and a +commitment to practical cooperation among sovereign +states. The member countries consider their joint security to +be indivisible. No individual member country therefore has +to rely on its own national efforts and economic resources +alone to deal with basic security challenges. However, no +nation surrenders the right to fulfil its national obligations +towards its people and each continues to assume sovereign +responsibility for its own defence. The Alliance enables +member countries to enhance their ability to realise essential +national security objectives through collective effort. The +resulting sense of equal security amongst them, regardless of +differences in their circumstances or in their relative national +military capabilities, contributes to their overall stability. + +7. JOINT DECISION-MAKING + +In making their joint decision-making process dependent +on consensus and common consent, the members of the +Alliance safeguard the role of each country's individual +experience and outlook while at the same time availing +themselves of the machinery and procedures which allow +them jointly to act rapidly and decisively if circumstances +require them to do so. The practice of exchanging inform- +ation and consulting together on a daily basis ensures that +governments can come together at short notice whenever +necessary, often with prior knowledge of their respective +preoccupations, in order to agree on common policies. If +need be, efforts to reconcile differences between them will +be made in order that joint actions may be backed by the +full force of decisions to which all the member govern- +ments subscribe. Once taken, such decisions represent the +common determination of all the countries involved to +implement them in full. Decisions which may be politic- +ally difficult or which face competing demands on re- +sources thus acquire added force and credibility. + + +All member countries participate fully at the political +level of cooperation within the Alliance and are equally +committed to the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty, not +least to the reciprocal undertaking made in Article 5 +which symbolises the indivisibility of their security - +namely to consider an attack against one or more of +them as an attack upon them all. + +The manner in which the Alliance has evolved neverthe- +less ensures that variations in the requirements and poli- +cies of member countries can be taken into account in +their positions within the Alliance. This flexibility mani- +fests itself in a number of different ways. In some cases +differences may be largely procedural and are accommo- +dated without difficulty. Iceland for example, has no +military forces and is therefore represented in NATO +military forums by a civilian if it so wishes. In other cases +the distinctions may be of a substantive nature. France, +which remains a full member of the North Atlantic +Alliance and of its political structures, withdrew from the +Alliance's integrated military structure in 1966. It does +not participate in NATO's Defence Planning Committee, +Nuclear Planning Group or Military Committee. Regular +contacts with NATO's military structure take place through +a French Military Mission to the Military Committee +and France participates in a number of practical areas of +cooperation in the communications, armaments, logistics +and infrastructure spheres. + +Spain, which joined the Alliance in 1982, participates +in NATO's Defence Planning Committee and Nuclear +Planning Group as well as in its Military Committee. In +accordance with the terms of a national referendum held +in 1984, Spain does not take part in NATO's integrated +military structure but does participate in collective de- +fence planning. Military coordination agreements enable +Spanish forces to cooperate with other allied forces in +specific roles and missions and to contribute to allied +collective security as a whole while remaining outside the +integrated military structure. + +Other distinctions may also exist as a result of the +geographical, political, military or constitutional situa- +tions of member countries. The participation of Norway +and Denmark in NATO's military dispositions, for exam- +ple, must comply with national legislation which does not +allow nuclear weapons or foreign forces to be stationed +on their national territory in peace-time. In another con- +text, military arrangements organised on a regional basis +may involve only the forces of those countries directly +concerned or equipped to participate in the specific area +in which the activity takes place. This applies, for exam- +ple, to the forces contributed by nations to the ACE +Mobile Force and to the standing naval forces described +in Part III. + +8. POLITICAL CONSULTATION + +Policy formulation and implementation in an Alliance of +sixteen independent sovereign countries depends on all +member governments being fully informed of each other's +overall policies and intentions and of the underlying +considerations which give rise to them. This calls for +regular political consultation, wherever possible during +the policy-making stage of deliberations before national +decisions have been taken. + +Political consultation in NATO began as a systematic +exercise when the Council first met in September 1949, +shortly after the North Atlantic Treaty came into force. + +Since that time it has been strengthened and adapted to +suit new developments. The principal forum for political +consultation remains the Council. Its meetings take place +with a minimum of formality and discussion is frank and +direct. The Secretary General, by virtue of his Chairman- +ship, plays an essential part in its deliberations and acts +as its principal representative and spokesman both in +contacts with individual governments and in public +affairs. + +Consultation also takes place on a regular basis in +other forums, all of which derive their authority from the +Council: the Political Committee at senior and other +levels, Regional Expert Groups, Ad Hoc Political Work- +ing Groups, an Atlantic Policy Advisory Group and +other special committees all have a direct role to play in +facilitating political consultation between member govern- +ments. Like the Council, they are assisted by an Inter- +national Staff responsible to the Secretary General of +NATO and an International Military Staff responsible to +its Director, and through him, responsible for supporting +the activities of the Military Committee. + +Political consultation is not limited to events taking +place within the NATO Treaty area. Events outside the +geographical area covered by the Treaty may have implica- +tions for the Alliance and consultations on such events +therefore take place as a matter of course. The consult- +ative machinery of NATO is readily available and exten- +sively used by the member nations in such circumstances. + +In such situations, NATO as an Alliance may not be +directly involved. However the long practice of consulting +together and developing collective responses to political +events affecting their common interests enables member +countries to draw upon common procedures, cooperative +arrangements for defence and shared infrastructure, if +they need to do so. By consulting together they are able to +identify at an early stage areas where, in the interests of +security and stability, coordinated action may be taken. + +The need for consultation is not limited to political +subjects. Wide-ranging consultation takes place in many +other fields. The process is continuous and takes place on +an informal as well as a formal basis with a minimum of +delay or inconvenience, as a result of the collocation of +national delegations to NATO within the same head- +quarters. Where necessary, it enables intensive work to be +carried out at short notice on matters of particular import- +ance or urgency with the full participation of represent- +atives from all member governments concerned. + +Consultation within the Alliance takes many forms. At +its most basic level it involves simply the exchange of +information and opinions. At another level it covers the +communication of actions or decisions which govern- +ments have already taken or may be about to take and +which have a direct or indirect bearing on the interests of +their allies. It may also involve providing advance warn- +ing of actions or decisions to be taken by governments in +the future, in order to provide an opportunity for them +to be endorsed or commented upon by others. It can +encompass discussion with the aim of reaching a consensus +on policies to be adopted or actions to be taken in parallel. +And ultimately it is designed to enable member countries to +arrive at mutually acceptable agreements on collective +decisions or on action by the Alliance as a whole. + +9. CRISIS MANAGEMENT + +Consultation naturally takes on particular significance +in times of tension and crisis. In such circumstances, +rapid decision-making based on consensus on measures +to be taken in the political, military and civil emergency +fields depends on immediate and continuous consultation +between member governments. + +The principal forums for the intensive consultation +required are the Council and the Defence Planning Com- +mittee, supported by the Military Committee, the Political +Committee and other civilian committees as may be +needed. The practices and procedures involved form the +Alliance crisis management arrangements. Facilities +including communications in support of the process are +provided by a NATO Situation Centre, which operates +on a permanent 24-hour basis. Exercises to test and +develop crisis management procedures are held at regular +intervals in conjunction with national capitals and Major +NATO Commanders. Crisis management arrangements, +procedures and facilities as well as the preparation and +conduct of crisis management exercises are coordinated +by the Council Operations and Exercise Committee. + +10. THE DEFENCE DIMENSION + +The framework for NATO's defence planning process is +provided by the underlying principles which are the basis +for collective security as a whole - political solidarity +among member countries; the promotion of collaboration +and strong ties between them in all fields where this +serves their common and individual interests; the sharing +of roles and responsibilities and recognition of mutual +commitments; and a joint undertaking to maintain +adequate military forces to support Alliance strategy. + +In the new political and strategic environment in +Europe, the success of the Alliance's role in preserving +peace and preventing war depends even more than in the +past on the effectiveness of preventive diplomacy and +successful management of crises affecting security. The +political, economic, social and environmental elements +of security and stability are thus becoming increasingly +important. Nonetheless, the defence dimension remains +indispensable. The role of the military forces of the +Alliance is described in more detail in Part III. It includes +contributing to the maintenance of stability and balance in +Europe as well as to crisis management. The maintenance +of an adequate military capability and clear preparedness +to act collectively in the common defence therefore remain +central to the Alliance's security objectives. Ultimately +this capability, combined with political solidarity, is +designed to prevent any attempt at coercion or intimi- +dation, and to guarantee that military aggression directed +against the Alliance can never be perceived as an option +with any prospect of success, thus guaranteeing the +security and territorial integrity of member states. + +In determining the size and nature of their contribution +to collective defence, member countries of NATO retain +full sovereignty and independence of action. Nevertheless, +the nature of NATO's defence structure requires that in +reaching their individual decisions, member countries take +into account the overall needs of the Alliance. They +therefore follow agreed defence planning procedures +which provide the methodology and machinery for deter- +mining the forces required to implement Alliance policies, +for coordinating national defence plans and for establish- +ing force planning goals which are in the interests of the +Alliance as a whole. The planning process takes many +quantitative and qualitative factors into account, includ- +ing changing political circumstances, assessments pro- +vided by NATO's Military Commanders of the forces they +require to fulfill their tasks, scientific advances, technol- +ogical developments, the importance of an equitable divi- +sion of roles, risks and responsibilities within the Alliance, +and the individual economic and financial capabilities of +member countries. The process thus ensures that all +relevant considerations are jointly examined to enable the +best use to be made of the national resources which are +available for defence. + +Close coordination between international civil and mili- +tary staffs, NATO's military authorities, and NATO +governments is maintained through an annual exchange +of information on national plans. This exchange of inform- +ation enables each nation's intentions to be compared +with NATO's overall requirements and, if necessary, recon- +sidered in the light of new Ministerial political directives, +modernisation requirements and changes in the roles and +responsibilities of the forces themselves. All these aspects +are kept under continuous review and are scrutinised at +each stage of the defence planning cycle. + + +The starting point for defence planning is an agreed +Strategic Concept or ``strategy'' which sets out in broad +terms Alliance objectives and the means for achieving +them. More detailed guidance is given every two years by +Defence Ministers. Specific planning targets for the armed +forces of member nations are developed on the basis of +this guidance. These targets, known as ``Force Goals'', +generally cover a six-year period, but in certain cases +look further into the future. Like the guidance provided +by Defence Ministers, they are updated every two years. +The above steps culminate in the compilation of a +common NATO Force Plan which provides the basis for +NATO defence planning over a five-year time frame. In +addition, allied defence planning is reviewed annually +and given direction by Ministers of Defence. This annual +defence review is designed to assess the contribution of +member countries to the common defence in relation to +their respective capabilities and constraints and against +the Force Goals addressed to them. + + + + + +NATO handbook02 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +11. CONSULTATIONS ON NUCLEAR ISSUES + +The fundamental purpose of the nuclear forces of the +Allies is political: to preserve peace and prevent coercion +and any kind of war. They continue to fulfil an essential +role by ensuring uncertainty in the mind of any potential +aggressor about the nature of the Allies' response to +military aggression. They demonstrate that aggression of +any kind is not a rational option. The supreme guarantee +of the security of the Allies is provided by the strategic +nuclear forces of the Alliance, particularly those of the +United States; the independent nuclear forces of the +United Kingdom and France, which have a deterrent role +of their own, contribute to the overall deterrence and +security of the Allies. + +A credible Alliance nuclear posture and the demonstra- +tion of Alliance solidarity and common commitment to +war prevention require widespread participation by the +European Allies involved in collective defence planning, +in nuclear roles, in peacetime basing of nuclear forces on +their territory and in command, control and consultation +arrangements. Nuclear forces based in Europe and com- +mitted to NATO provide an essential political and military +link between the European and the North American +members of the Alliance. + +The Defence Ministers of member countries which +take part in NATO's Defence Planning Committee come +together at regular intervals each year in the Nuclear Plan- +ning Group which meets specifically to discuss policy +issues associated with nuclear forces. These discussions +cover policy and deployment issues, reductions in force +levels, nuclear arms control and wider questions of +common concern such as nuclear proliferation. The Alli- +ance's nuclear policy is kept under continuous review and +decisions are taken jointly to modify or adapt it in the +light of developments - for example, the decisions taken +in 1991 to eliminate whole categories of nuclear forces no +longer considered to be necessary and to make major +reductions in nuclear weapons in other categories. + +While the issues involved in the formulation and +implementaton of NATO's policy with regard to nuclear +forces are discussed in the Nuclear Planning Group, in +the present circumstances the likelihood of the Alliance +being forced to contemplate the employment of nuclear +weapons for its defence is extremely remote. However, +in such circumstances, the ultimate decision on employ- +ment would lie with the nuclear powers owning the +weapons. + + +12. ECONOMIC COOPERATION + +The basis for economic cooperation within the Alliance +stems from Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty which +states that the member countries ``will seek to eliminate +conflict in their international economic policies and will +encourage economic collaboration between any or all of +them''. NATO's Economics Committee, which was estab- +lished to promote cooperation in this field, is the only +Alliance forum concerned exclusively with consultations +on economic developments with a direct bearing on secu- +rity policy. Analyses and joint assessments of security- +related economic developments are key ingredients in the +coordination of defence planning within the Alliance. +They cover matters such as comparisons of military spend- +ing, developments within the defence industry, the avail- +ability of resources for the implementation of defence +plans, intra-Alliance trade in defence equipment and +economic cooperation and assistance between member +countries. + +The premise on which economic cooperation within +the Alliance is founded is that political cooperation and +economic conflict are irreconcilable and that there must +therefore be a genuine desire among the members to +work together in the economic as well as in the political +field and a readiness to consult on questions of common +concern based on the recognition of common interests. + +The member countries recognise that in many respects +the purposes and principles of Article 2 of the Treaty are +pursued and implemented by other organisations and +international forums specifically concerned with econ- +omic cooperation. NATO therefore avoids unnecessary du- +plication of work carried out elsewhere but reinforces +collaboration between its members whenever economic +issues of special interest to the Alliance are involved, +particularly those which have political or defence implica- +tions. The Alliance therefore acts as a forum in which +different and inter-related aspects of political, military +and economic questions can be examined. It also provides +the means whereby specific action in the economic field +can be initiated to safeguard common Alliance interests. +Recognising that Alliance security depends on the econ- +omic stability and well-being of all its members as well as +on political cohesion and military cooperation, studies +were therefore initiated in the 1970's, for example, on the +specific economic problems of Greece, Portugal and +Turkey. These resulted in special action by NATO govern- +ments to assist the less prosperous members of the Alli- +ance by means of major aid programmes implemented +largely through other organisations such as the Organisa- +tion for Economic Cooperation and Development +(OECD). The special economic problems and prospects +of these countries continue to be closely monitored. + +In the context of the Alliance's overall security inter- +ests, a wide range of other economic issues may have a +bearing on collective security. This includes matters such +as the conversion of defence production to civilian pur- +poses, defence expenditures/budgets, industrial perform- +ance, consumer and agriculture problems, population +movements and external economic relations - particularly +with respect to the countries of Central and Eastern +Europe and the independent states on the territory of the +former Soviet Union. Analyses and joint studies of issues +such as these have contributed for many years to NATO's +assessment of the security environment affecting its coordi- +nated defence plans. Increasingly they form part of the +wider approach to security issues adopted by the Alliance +as a result of the fundamental changes which have taken +place in Europe. As one of the areas for increased cooper- +ation between the members of the Alliance and their cooper- +ation partners foreseen in the Declaration issued by +NATO Heads of State and Government in Rome in +November 1991, economic topics can be expected to be +the subject of broader exchanges of information and +assessments in the future. In accordance with the Work +Plan for Dialogue, Partnership and Cooperation issued +in March 1992, joint work with NATO's cooperation +partners is taking place, for example, on defence conver- +sion and the inter-relationship of defence expenditure +and budgets with the economy. Cooperation partners +were also represented in NATO's 1992 Economics Collo- +quium and Defence Economics Workshop. + +13. PUBLIC INFORMATION + +Public recognition of the achievements of the Alliance +and of its continuing role in the post-Cold War era is +fundamental to the continued success of the Alliance and +its ability to carry out its basic tasks, while expanding +and deepening its relations with former adversaries with +whom it has now established a new partnership based on +cooperation, dialogue and common security interests. The +responsibility for explaining national defence and security +policy and each member country's own role within the +Alliance rests with each individual government. The +choice of the methods to be adopted and the resources to +be devoted to the task of informing their publics about +the policies and objectives of the Alliance is also a matter +for each member nation to decide. + +The role of NATO's Office of Information and Press is +therefore to complement the public information activities +undertaken within each country, providing whatever as- +sistance may be required, and to manage the Organisa- +tion's day-to-day relations with the media. In accordance +with the Work Plan for Dialogue, Partnership and Co- +operation issued in March 1992, it is also contributing to +the widespread dissemination of information about NATO +in the countries participating in the North Atlantic Co- +operation Council. + +To meet these requirements the Office of Information +and Press produces information materials such as period- +ical and non-periodical publications, videos, photographs +and exhibitions. It also administers a major programme +of visits which brings over 20,000 people to NATO Head- +quarters each year, for briefings by and discussions with +experts from the International Staff, International Mili- +tary Staff and national Delegations, on all aspects of the +Alliance's work and policies. Conferences and seminars +on security-related themes are also organised both at +NATO and elsewhere, often involving security specialists, +parliamentarians, journalists, church leaders, trade union- +ists, academics, students or youth organisations. + +The NATO Office of Information and Press also spon- +sors two types of Research Fellowship Programmes; the +first, which has existed since 1956, awards grants to post- +graduates and other qualified citizens of member coun- +tries to stimulate study and research into subjects of +relevance to the Alliance; the second, introduced in 1989, +makes awards to citizens of the countries of Central and +Eastern Europe for the study of Western democratic +institutions. An annual Atlantic Award is also organised +for outstanding service to the Alliance by private citizens +from member countries. This award is presented by the +Secretary General on the recommendation of an inde- +pendent jury. + +The role of managing day-to-day relations with the +media is covered by the Press and Media Service, which +is responsible for channelling official policy statements +and announcements to journalists, arranging interviews +with the Secretary General and other senior officials of +the Organisation and dealing with enquiries and visits +from the media. + + +The Work Plan for developing the dialogue, partner- +ship and cooperation in the information field with Central +and Eastern European countries and other members of +the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, includes joint +meetings, dissemination of information through diplo- +matic liaison channels and NATO embassies, group visits +to NATO, sponsorship of seminar participation in Allied +countries, co-sponsorship of seminars in Central and +Eastern Europe, speakers' tours, a limited expansion of +the Democratic Institutions Fellowships Programme, +special publications and wider dissemination of NATO +documentation. + + +There are a number of non-governmental organisations +which support NATO and play an important role, often in +an educational capacity, in disseminating information +about Alliance goals and policies. The NATO Office of +Information and Press assists them in this work. These +organisations include national Atlantic Committees or +Associations in each member country, as well as a number +of other bodies such as the North Atlantic Assembly, +which brings together Parliamentarians from member +countries, and the Interallied Confederation of Reserve +Officers, in which twelve member countries are repre- +sented. Further information about these organisations is +given in Part V. + +14. THE COMMON INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAMME + +Installations of many different kinds are needed to enable +military forces to train effectively and to be ready to +operate efficiently if called upon to do so. The NATO +Common Infrastructure Programme enables the installa- +tions and facilities required by the Major NATO Com- +manders for the training and operational use of the forces +assigned to them to be financed collectively by the partici- +pating countries. Such funding takes place within agreed +limits and in accordance with agreed NATO procedures on +the basis of cost-sharing arrangements developed to dis- +tribute the burden and benefits as equitably as possible. +The programme provides for installations and facilities +such as airfields, communications and information sys- +tems, military headquarters, fuel pipelines and storage, +radar and navigational aids, port installations, missile +sites, forward storage and support facilities for reinforce- +ment, etc. Infrastructure used only by national forces, or +portions of installations which do not come within the +criteria for NATO common-funding, are financed by the +governments concerned. Contracts for installations desig- +nated as NATO Infrastructure are normally subject to +international competitive bidding procedures on the basis +of cost estimates, screened by the NATO Infrastructure +Payments and Progress Committee, to ensure compliance +with agreed specifications as well as maximum efficiency +and economy. Aspects of such contracts which can best +be undertaken locally are usually exempt from this pro- +cedure and are subject to national competitive bidding, +but the principle is maintained and exemption has to be +approved. Completed projects are subject to inspection +by teams consisting of experts from the country on whose +territory the installation is located, user countries, and +NATO International Staff and Military Authorities. The +programme is continuously monitored by the NATO +Infrastructure Committees and all financial operations +are audited by the NATO International Board of Audi- +tors under the authority of the North Atlantic Council. +The Infrastructure Programme is being adapted to meet +the requirements of the Alliance's new Strategic Concept +published in November 1991. + +15. LOGISTIC SUPPORT + +There are many spheres of civilian and military activity +which have a direct or indirect bearing on the common +security of the member countries of the Alliance. The +assistance available to defence forces to enable them to +fulfil their roles includes, for example, providing shared +access to the logistic support which they need if they are +to function effectively. Each member country is respons- +ible for ensuring, individually or through cooperative +arrangements, the continuous support of its own forces. +Coordinated logistics planning is therefore an essential +aspect of the efficient and economical use of resources. +Examples of cooperative arrangements include the +common funding of logistics facilities under the NATO +Infrastructure Programme, the coordination of civil +logistics resources under Civil Emergency Planning +arrangements and logistics aspects of armaments produc- +tion and procurement. It is through such arrangements +that the availability of the necessary installations, storage +and maintenance facilities, transport resources, vehicles, +weapons, ammunition, fuel supplies, and stocks of spare +parts can be coordinated. + +Cooperation in these fields is coordinated through the +Senior NATO Logisticians' Conference. A number of pro- +duction and logistics organisations have also been estab- +lished to manage specific aspects of the support needed +by NATO forces on a permanent basis, including the +Central Europe Operating Agency responsible for the +operation and maintenance of the Central Europe Pipe- +line System; and the NATO Maintenance and Supply +Organisation which assists member countries primarily +through the common procurement and supply of spare +parts and the provision of maintenance and repair facili- +ties. + +16. ARMAMENTS COOPERATION + +Responsibility for equipping and maintaining military +forces rests with the member nations of NATO and in most +spheres research, development and production of equip- +ment are organised by each country in accordance with +its national requirements and its commitments to NATO. +Since the establishment of the Alliance, however, exten- +sive coordination and cooperation in the field of arma- +ments has taken place within NATO. Armaments cooper- +ation remains an important means of achieving the crucial +political, military and resource advantages of collective de- +fence. + +NATO armaments cooperation is organised under a Con- +ference of National Armaments Directors which meets +on a regular basis to consider political, economic and +technical aspects of the development and procurement of +equipment for NATO forces. Army, navy and air force +armaments groups, a defence research group and a tri- +service group on communications and electronics, support +the work of the Conference and are responsible to it in +their respective fields. Assistance on industrial matters is +provided by a NATO Industrial Advisory Group which +enables the Conference of National Armaments Directors +to benefit from industry's advice on how to foster +government-to-industry and industry-to-industry cooper- +ation and assists the Conference in exploring opportuni- +ties for international collaboration. Other groups under +the Conference are active in fields such as defence procure- +ment policy and acquisition practices, codification, qual- +ity assurance, test and safety criteria, and materiel stand- +ardization. + +Within the above structure project groups, panels, work- +ing and ad hoc groups are established to promote cooper- +ation in specific fields. The overall structure enables +member countries to select the equipment and research +projects in which they wish to participate and facilitates +exchange of information on operational concepts, na- +tional equipment programmes and technical and logistics +matters where cooperation can be of benefit to individual +nations and to NATO as a whole. + +17. ARMAMENTS PLANNING + +In order to give NATO armaments cooperation a new +impulse, in 1989 the North Atlantic Council approved +the establishment of a Conventional Armaments Planning +System (CAPS). The aims of this system are to provide +guidance to the CNAD and orientation to the nations on +how the military requirements of the Alliance can best be +met by armaments programmes, individually and collec- +tively; to harmonise longer-term defence procurement +plans; and to identify future opportunities for armaments +cooperation on an Alliance-wide basis. The outcome of +this planning process is a series of recommendations +issued every two years. These recommendations, which +are set out in the form of an armaments plan, are designed +to eliminate unnecessary duplication of effort, to provide +a framework for the exchange of information, and to +establish more rational and cost-effective methods of +armaments procurement. NATO's first Conventional Ar- +maments Plan was adopted in December 1991. + +18. STANDARDIZATION + +Standardization and interoperability between NATO forces +make a vital contribution to the combined operational +effectiveness of the military forces of the Alliance and +enable opportunities to be exploited for making better +use of economic resources. Extensive efforts are therefore +made in many different spheres to improve cooperation +and eliminate duplication in research, development, pro- +duction, procurement and support of defence systems. +NATO Standardization Agreements for procedures +and systems and equipment components, known as +STANAGS, are developed and promulgated by a NATO +Military Agency for Standardization in conjunction with +the Conference of National Armaments Directors and +other authorities concerned. + +By formulating, agreeing, implementing and maintain- +ing standards for equipment and procedures used through- +out NATO, a significant contribution is made to the co- +hesion of the Alliance and the effectiveness of its defence +structure. While standardization is of relevance in many +different areas, the principal forum for standardization +policy issues is the NATO Standardization Group, which +acts as a coordinator for the various endeavours and aims +to incorporate standardization as an integral part of +Alliance planning. + + + + + +NATO Handbook03 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +19. COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS + +Rapid and reliable communications and information sys- +tems are required by national and NATO political and +military authorities for political consultation, crisis manage- +ment and for the command and control of assigned +forces. Modern technology and the integration of strat- +egic and tactical communications and information systems +into an overall NATO Communications and Information +System (CIS) has enabled these requirements to be met. + +The rudimentary communications links available in the +early days of the Alliance were expanded in the late 1960s +to provide direct communications between capitals, +NATO Headquarters and Major NATO Commands. +When NATO moved to Brussels in 1967 a modern Com- +munications system was established as part of a range of +improvements in crisis management facilities. Satellite +communications and ground terminals were introduced +in 1970. The integration of the overall system was under- +taken by the NATO Communications and Information +Systems Agency (NACISA). The system is operated by +the NATO Integrated Communications System Central +Operating Authority (NICSCOA). Related policy matters +are coordinated by the NATO Communications and Infor- +mation Systems Committee (NACISC). The system is +financed jointly by member nations through the NATO +Common Infrastructure Programme. A Tri-Service +Group on Communications and Electronics, established +under the Conference of National Armaments Directors, +promotes cooperation among the NATO nations in the +development and procurement of communications and +electronic equipment with the aim of achieving the maxi- +mum degree of standardization or interoperability. + +20. AIR DEFENCE + +Air defence of the NATO European airspace is provided +by a complex system which enables aircraft and tactical +missiles to be detected, tracked and intercepted either by +ground-based weapons systems or by interceptor aircraft. +The command and control structure which facilitates air +defence, the NATO Air Defence Ground Environment +(NADGE), includes a number of sites stretching from +Northern Norway to Eastern Turkey equipped with +modern radars and data processing and display systems, +and linked by modern communications. Much of this +integrated air defence system has been commonly fi- +nanced through the NATO Infrastructure programme and +a significant part of its successor, the Air Command and +Control System, is expected to be similarly funded. +During the late 1980's, the early warning capability was +enhanced through the acquisition of a fleet of NATO E-3A +Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft. These +NATO-owned and operated aircraft, together with the +United Kingdom E3-D aircraft, comprise the NATO Air- +borne Early Warning Force, which is available to the +Major NATO Commanders. The French and United States +Air Forces operate E-3 aircraft, which can also inter- +operate with the NADGE. + +As a consequence of the new security environment, +Alliance air defences are adapting to a more flexible force +concept, which can contribute effectively to crisis manage- +ment. To realise this concept, in-place systems, sensors +and weapons will need to be reinforced in times of crisis +by readily transportable elements so that air defence +forces can react as the occasion demands. Tactical ballis- +tic missiles are now part of the weapons inventory of +many countries, and the Alliance is therefore examining +possible improvements in defence against such systems. + +The NATO Air Defence Committee (NADC) advises +the North Atlantic Council and Defence Planning Com- +mittee on all aspects of air defence, and enables member +countries to harmonise their national efforts with inter- +national planning related to air command and control +and air defence weapons. The air defence of Canada and +the United States is coordinated in the North American +Aerospace Command (NORAD). + + +21. CIVIL EMERGENCY PLANNING + +Arrangements made by member nations for providing +civil support for the common defence contribute signifi- +cantly to the overall security of the Alliance. Civil prepar- +edness and the management of resources are national +responsibilities. However, much can be done through +coordination within NATO to facilitate national planning +and to ensure that the many facets of civil emergency +planning contribute to the security of the Alliance in a +cost-effective and well-structured manner. The principal +NATO body with responsibilities in this sphere is the +Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee which co- +ordinates the activities of a number of Planning Boards +and Committees dealing with the mobilisation and use of +resources in the fields of food and agriculture, industry, +petroleum, inland surface transport, ocean shipping, civil +aviation, civil communications, medical care and civil de- +fence. + +NATO's civil emergency planning activities, directed by +the Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee, are +experiencing a fundamental change. Greater emphasis is +being placed on crisis management and civil support to +the military, particularly in civil transport and industrial +mobilisation planning. In accordance with directives of +the North Atlantic Council, more flexible arrangements +are being made for drawing on the expertise, in a +crisis, of high-level experts from business and industry to +support NATO's crisis management machinery as required. + +NATO experience and expertise in the Civil Emergency +Planning field has also been directed towards the coordina- +tion of humanitarian assistance to the republics of the +Commonwealth of Independent States, where NATO has a +subsidiary role in specific fields where its civil and military +experience is of particular relevance. This includes coordi- +nation of transport; logistical expertise and communica- +tions support for distribution; and practical assistance in +addressing medical requirements. NATO transport and sup- +port was made available in March 1992 for a fact-finding +mission of medical experts from nine countries and from +NATO and other international organisations, in order to +assess the medical needs of the member states of the CIS +and to identify areas in the health-care field in which assist- +ance could be given by the international community.(1) + +22. CIVIL AND MILITARY COORDINATION OF AIR +TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT + +Large numbers of civilian and military aircraft use Euro- +pean airspace over NATO member countries. It is the most +complex air traffic environment in the world. Coordina- +tion of air traffic management and control between civil +and military users is therefore essential to enable civil +aviation to operate both safely and economically, while +at the same time allowing Allied air forces the freedom of +operation which is a prerequisite for effective training +and defence. Indeed, the flexibility and mobility of the +smaller NATO forces of the future will be crucially depend- +ent on the efficiency of the civil/military coordination +arrangements governing their rapid airborne deployment. + +The North Atlantic Council recognised these concerns +when it established the Committee for European Airspace +Coordination (CEAC) in 1955. Since then this Committee +has been responsible for ensuring that all civil and mili- +tary airspace requirements are fully coordinated. This +includes the conduct of major air exercises, the harmonisa- +tion of air traffic control systems and procedures, and the +sharing of communications frequencies. + +More recently, the surge in civilian air traffic, and +delays caused by insufficient capacity of air traffic control +and airport structures in many parts of Europe to cope +with this mission, organised by the Medical Working Group of the +Washington Coordinating Conference on Assistance to the Common- +wealth of Independent States, included experts from +Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Japan, Poland, Sweden, Turkey, United +Kingdom, United States, the European Commission (EC), the World +Health Organisation (WHO), UNICEF, the International Federation +of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) and NATO. + +with peak-time traffic, have highlighted the need for +effective coordination between civil and military authori- +ties to ensure that the airspace is shared by all users on +an equitable basis. Consequently, in the context of current +efforts towards future pan-European integration of air +traffic management, CEAC is represented in a number of +international forums and is a participant in the Action +Programme approved by the Transport Ministers of the +European Civil Aviation Conference. Moreover, since +exchanges of views on airspace management constitute +part of the developing partnership between the NATO +Alliance and its cooperation partners, the Committee is +also actively engaged in this endeavour. A seminar on +civil/military coordination of air traffic management was +held in October 1991 with high-level participation by +twenty-two countries and a further seminar was held in +May 1992 to examine, inter alia, the possibilities for +further cooperation in this field. + +The role played by CEAC, as the only international +forum specifically charged with the resolution of civil and +military air traffic management problems, is therefore +likely to become increasingly important in the years to +come. + +23. SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES + +The concept of mutual security includes a broad range of +global concerns which transcend national boundaries. +These include maintaining a strong scientific base, preserv- +ing the physical environment, managing natural resources +and protecting health. NATO addresses these issues +through programmes of scientific activity and projects of +environmental importance. + +The programmes of the NATO Science Committee +seek to advance the frontiers of science generally and to +promote the broadest possible participation in scientific +research by NATO nations. By providing multilateral +support for high-level scientific research, they encourage +the development of national scientific and technological +resources and enable economies to be achieved through +international collaboration. + +The NATO Science Programme was established in 1957, +since when it has involved over half a million scientists +from Alliance and other countries. Most of its activities +promote collaboration through international exchange +programmes and encourage international working arrange- +ments among scientists, focussing in particular on +individual rather than institutional involvement. The prin- +cipal forms of exchange are Collaborative Research +Grants, Advanced Study Institutes, Advanced Research +Workshops and Science Fellowships. There are also a +number of special programmes to stimulate activity in +particularly promising areas of scientific research. The +results of all these activities are generally available and +are published in scientific literature. + +A further programme of the Science Committee is +known as Science for Stability. This programme arose +out of the need to provide concrete assistance, in the +spirit of Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty, to the +economically less prosperous member countries. The pro- +gramme has concentrated on assisting Greece, Portugal +and Turkey to enhance their scientific and technological +research and development capacity and to strengthen +cooperation between universities, public research insti- +tutes and private companies. Its projects are essentially +joint ventures of significance to the development of scien- +tific, engineering and technogical capabilities which assist +these countries by supplementing national resources with +international funding for equipment, foreign technical or +managerial expertise, and training abroad. + +The Science Committee is composed of national repre- +sentatives able to speak authoritatively on scientific mat- +ters and on behalf of their respective governments. It +decides on policy and ensures the implementation of the +Science Programme, in collaboration with the staff of the +Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division. + +Following the changes in the political situation in +Europe, the Science Programme has recently entered a +new phase by being able to offer some funding for scien- +tists from cooperation-partner countries to participate in +its activities. The Work Plan for Dialogue, Partnership +and Cooperation established by the North Atlantic Co- +operation Council (NACC) in March 1992 also provided +for joint meetings of the Science Committee and co- +operation partners, distribution of proceedings of NATO +Scientific Meetings to central libraries in each country, +intensive scientific courses, laboratory visits by experts, +laboratory link-ups and a Science Committee Seminar on +mobility of scientists, which was held in February 1992. + +In 1969 a Committee on the Challenges of Modern +Society was established to respond to the Alliance's con- +cern about environmental issues. Member countries have +participated through this Committee in numerous initia- +tives to take advantage of the potential offered by the +Alliance for cooperation in tackling problems affecting +the environment and the quality of life. Under the aus- +pices of the Committee, projects have been undertaken in +fields such as environmental pollution, noise, urban prob- +lems, energy and human health, and safety issues. + +Two important concepts characterise the work of the +Committee, namely that it should lead to concrete action +and that its results should be entirely open and accessible +to international organisations or individual countries else- +where in the world. For each project embarked upon, +one or more member nations volunteer to assume a pilot +role, including responsibility for planning the work, coor- +dinating its execution, preparing the necessary reports +and promoting follow-up action. + +In accordance with the NACC Work Plan, the Com- +mittee on the Challenges of Modern Society is also +broadening its work to include joint meetings with +NATO's cooperation partners, seminars on defence- +related environmental issues, and new pilot studies on +topics of particular interest to these countries. + + + + + +NATO handbook04 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +PART II + + + +THE FUTURE ROLE OF +THE ALLIANCE + + + +24. AN ERA OF POLITICAL CHANGE + +The 4th of April 1989, which marked the fortieth +anniversary of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, +coincided with the beginning of a period of profound +change in the course of East-West and international rela- +tions. + +The following paragraphs briefly describe the origins +and course of those developments, the progress achieved +towards the realisation of many of the long-standing +goals of the Alliance, and the principal issues of concern +facing member countries as they adapt their policies and +shape their common institutions to meet the challenges of +the new security environment. + +The roots of the changes which have transformed the +political map of Europe can be traced to a number of +developments during the 1960s and 1970s which were to +have far-reaching implications. While there were many +aspects to these developments, three events stand out in +particular, namely the adoption in December 1967 of the +Harmel doctrine based on the parallel policies of maintain- +ing adequate defence while seeking a relaxation of ten- +sions in East-West relations; the introduction by the +Government of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1969 +of Chancellor Willi Brandt's ``Ostpolitik'', designed to +bring about a more positive relationship with Eastern +European countries and the Soviet Union within the +constraints imposed by their governments' domestic poli- +cies and actions abroad; and the adoption of the CSCE +Helsinki Final Act in August 1975, which established +new standards for the discussion of human rights issues +and introduced measures to increase mutual confidence +between East and West. + +A series of similarly important events marked the +course of East-West relations during the 1980s. These +included NATO's deployment of INF missiles (Inter- +mediate Range Nuclear Forces) in Europe following the +December 1979 double-track decision on nuclear modernis- +ation and arms control; the subsequent Washington +Treaty signed in December 1987, which brought about +the elimination of US and Soviet land-based INF missiles +on a global basis; early signs of change in Eastern Europe +associated with the emergence and recognition, despite +later setbacks, of the independent trade union movement +``Solidarity'' in Poland in August 1980; the consequences +of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan +and the ultimate withdrawal of Soviet forces from +Afghanistan in February 1989; and the March 1985 +nomination of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary +of the Soviet Communist Party. + +In March 1989, in the framework of the CSCE, promis- +ing new arms control negotiations opened in Vienna +involving the 23 countries of NATO and the Warsaw +Treaty Organisation on reductions in conventional forces +in Europe (CFE). The NATO Summit Meeting held in +Brussels at the end of May 1989 against this background +was of particular significance. Two major statements of +Alliance policy were published, namely a declaration +marking the fortieth Anniversary of the Alliance, setting +out goals and policies to guide the Allies during the fifth +decade of their cooperation; and a Comprehensive Con- +cept of Arms Control and Disarmament. + +The Summit Declaration contained many extremely +important elements. It recognised the changes that were +underway in the Soviet Union as well as in other Eastern +European countries and outlined the Alliance's approach +to the overcoming of the division of Europe and the shaping +of a just and peaceful European order. It reiterated the need +for credible and effective deterrent forces and an adequate +defence and endorsed President Bush's arms control initia- +tive calling for an acceleration of the CFE negotiations in +Vienna and for significant reductions in additional catego- +ries of conventional forces, as well as in United States and +Soviet military personnel stationed outside their national +territory. The Declaration set forth a broad agenda for +expanded East/West cooperation in other areas, for action +on significant global challenges and for measures designed +to meet the Alliance's long-term objectives. + + +Developments of major significance for the entire +European continent and for international relations as a +whole continued as the year progressed. By the end of +1989 and during the early weeks of 1990, significant +progress had been made towards the reform of the politi- +cal and economic systems of Poland and Hungary; and in +the German Democratic Republic, Bulgaria, Czechoslova- +kia and, after a bitter struggle, Romania, steps had been +taken towards freedom and democracy which went far +beyond short-term expectations. + +The promise held out for over 40 years to bring an end +to the division of Europe and with it an end to the +division of Germany took on real meaning with the +opening of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. Beyond its +fundamental symbolism, the member countries of the +Alliance saw this event as part of an inevitable process +leading to a Europe whole and free. The process was as +yet far from complete and faced numerous obstacles and +uncertainties, but rapid and dramatic progress had never- +theless been achieved. Free elections had taken place or +were planned in most Central and Eastern European +countries, former divisions were being overcome, repres- +sive border installations were being dismantled and, +within less than a year, on 30 October 1990, the unifica- +tion of the two German states took place with the assent +of the Soviet Government on the basis of an international +treaty and the democratic choice of the German people. + +Both the fact and the prospect of reform brought +about major positive changes in the relationships of +Central and Eastern European countries with the inter- +national community, opening up a new and enriched +dialogue involving East and West, which offered real +hope in place of the prospect of confrontation, and +practical proposals for cooperation in place of polemics +and the stagnation of cold war politics. + +Such changes were not accomplished without difficulty +and, as events within the former Soviet Union and other +parts of Central and Eastern Europe confirmed, created +new concerns about stability and security. The bold +course of reforms within the Soviet Union itself led to +new challenges as well as severe internal problems. More- +over the dire economic outlook and the major difficulties +experienced in many of the countries of Central and +Eastern Europe in managing the transition from authori- +tarian government and a centrally planned economy to +pluralist democracy and a free market combined to make +political forecasting uncertain and subject to constant +revision. + +Throughout this period NATO continued to play a key +role, providing the framework for consultation and coordi- +nation of policies among its member countries in order to +diminish the risk of a crisis arising which could impinge +on common security interests. The Alliance pursued its +efforts to remove military imbalances; to bring about +greater openness in military matters; and to build confi- +dence through radical but balanced and verifiable arms +control agreements, verification arrangements and in- +creased contacts at all levels. + +At the Summit Meeting in London in July 1990, in the +most far-reaching Declaration issued since NATO was +founded, the Heads of State and Government announced +major steps to transform the Alliance in a manner commen- +surate with the new security environment and to bring con- +frontation between East and West to an end. They extended +offers to the governments of the Soviet Union and Central +and Eastern European countries to establish regular diplo- +matic liaison with NATO and to work towards a new +relationship based on cooperation. The Declaration had +been foreshadowed a month earlier when NATO Foreign +Ministers met in Scotland and took the exceptional step of +issuing a ``Message from Turnberry'', extending an offer +of friendship and cooperation to the Soviet Union and all +other European countries. The announcement made by +President Gorbachev in July 1990, accepting the par- +ticipation of the united Germany in the North Atlantic +Alliance, was explicitly linked to the nature of this +Message and to the substantive proposals and commit- +ments made by Alliance governments in London. + +The London Declaration included proposals to develop +cooperation in numerous different ways. Leaders and +representatives of Central and Eastern European coun- +tries were invited to NATO Headquarters in Brussels. +Many such visits took place. Arrangements for regular +contacts at the diplomatic level were made. The Secretary +General of NATO also visited Moscow immediately after +the London Summit Meeting to convey to the Soviet +leadership the proposals contained in the Declaration +and the Alliance's determination to make constructive +use of the new political opportunities opening up. + +A joint declaration and commitment to non-aggression +was signed in Paris in November 1990 at the same time +as the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe and the +publication, by all CSCE member states, of the Charter of +Paris for a New Europe. The Joint Declaration formally +brought adversarial relations to an end and reaffirmed +the intention of the signatories to refrain from the threat +or use of force against the territorial integrity or political +independence of any state, in accordance with the pur- +poses and principles of the UN Charter and the Helsinki +Final Act. All other states participating in the CSCE were +invited to join this commitment. New military contacts +were established, including intensified discussions of mili- +tary forces and doctrines. Progress was made towards +an ``Open Skies'' agreement, permitting overflights of +national territory on a reciprocal basis in order to increase +confidence and transparency with respect to military +activities. Further talks were initiated to build on the +CFE Treaty on reductions of conventional forces from +the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains, including additional +measures to limit manpower in Europe. Agreement was +reached to intensify the CSCE process and to set new +standards for the establishment and preservation of free +societies. Measures were taken to enable the CSCE pro- +cess, which has been successful in enhancing mutual con- +fidence, to be further institutionalised in order to provide +a forum for wider political dialogue in a more united +Europe. Internally, NATO carried out a far-reaching +review of its strategy in order to adapt it to the new cir- +cumstances. + +Despite the positive course of many of these develop- +ments, new threats to stability can arise very quickly and +in unpredictable circumstances, as the 2 August 1990 +Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and subsequent developments +in the Gulf area demonstrated. NATO countries used the +Alliance forum intensively for political consultations from +the outbreak of this crisis. They played a prominent role +in support of United Nations efforts to achieve a diplo- +matic solution and reiterated their commitment under +Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty in the event of an +external threat to Turkey's security developing from the +situation in the Gulf. Elements of NATO's Allied Mobile +Force were sent to Turkey in order to demonstrate this +commitment. + +Significantly, the unity of purpose and determined op- +position by the international community to the actions +taken by Iraq offered positive evidence of the transform- +ation which had taken place in relations between the +Soviet Union and the West. The benefits resulting from +the establishment of better contacts and increased cooper- +ation between them were clearly apparent. The dangers +inherent in the Gulf crisis reinforced the Alliance's deter- +mination to develop and enhance the level of its cooper- +ation with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe +as well as with other countries in accordance with the +goals set by Alliance Heads of State and Government in +the London Declaration. + +This determination was further reinforced by the events +of 1991, including the repressive steps taken by the Soviet +Government with regard to the Baltic states prior to +conceding their right to establish their own independence; +the deteriorating situation and outbreak of hostilities in +Yugoslavia, leading to the break-up of the Yugoslav +Federation; and the attempted coup d'etat in the Soviet +Union itself which took place in August. + +Against the background of these events, 1991 was +marked by an intensification of visits and diplomatic +contacts between NATO and the countries of Central and +Eastern Europe in accordance with the decisions taken +by NATO Heads of State and Government in London. +With the publication of the Rome Declaration in Novem- +ber 1991, the basis was laid for placing their evolving +relationship on a more institutionalised footing. The estab- +lishment of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in +December, bringing together the member countries of +NATO and, initially, nine Central and Eastern European +countries in a new consultative forum, was a direct conse- +quence of this decision. + +The inaugural meeting of the North Atlantic Cooper- +ation Council took place on 20 November 1991, just as +the Soviet Union was ceasing to exist. Eleven former +Soviet republics became members of the new Common- +wealth of Independent States, entering a period of intense +political and economic transformation. In Nagorno-Kara- +bakh, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Georgia and elsewhere, +outbreaks of violence occurred and serious inter-state +tensions developed. + +The deteriorating situation, continuing use of force +and mounting loss of life in the territory of the former +Yugoslavia were further major causes of concern which +marred the prospects for peaceful progress towards a +new security environment in Europe. Both the North +Atlantic Council and the North Atlantic Cooperation +Council endeavoured to support efforts undertaken in +other forums to restore peace and to bring their own +influence to bear on the parties concerned. + +In March 1992 participation in the North Atlantic +Cooperation Council was expanded to include all mem- +bers of the Commonwealth of Independent States and by +June 1992 Georgia and Albania had also become mem- +bers. + +During the same period, discussion of measures de- +signed to strengthen the role of the CSCE in promoting +stability and democracy in Europe, including proposals +outlined in the Rome Declaration issued by the Alliance, +culminated in the signature of the 1992 Helsinki Document +(``The Challenges of Change'') at the CSCE Summit Meet- +ing in July 1992. The document describes, inter alia, new +initiatives for the creation of a CSCE forum for security +cooperation and for CSCE peace-keeping activities, for +which both the North Atlantic Council and the North +Atlantic Cooperation Council have expressed full support. + +At the November 1991 Summit Meeting in Rome, the +Alliance also published its new Strategic Concept. This is +based on a broad approach to security and sets out the +principles and considerations which determine the future +role of the Alliance and the transformation of its struc- +tures needed to enable it to fulfil its continuing tasks and +to play its full role, in cooperation with other inter- +national institutions, in Europe's future security. + +The key elements of the Rome Declaration and the +principal orientations of the Strategic Concept are out- +lined in the following sections. + +25. THE NEW SECURITY ARCHITECTURE + +The institutional basis for managing Europe's future secu- +rity set out in the Rome Declaration takes as its starting +point the fact that the challenges facing the new Europe +cannot be comprehensively addressed by one institution +alone. They require a framework of interlocking institu- +tions, tying together the countries of Europe and North +America in a system of inter-relating and mutually sup- +porting structures. The Alliance is therefore working +towards a new European security architecture which seeks +to achieve this objective by ensuring that the roles of +NATO, the CSCE, the European Community, the West- +ern European Union and the Council of Europe are +complementary. Other regional frameworks of cooper- +ation can also play an important part. Preventing the +instability and divisions which could result from causes +such as economic disparities and violent nationalism +depends on effective interaction between these various +elements. + +The North Atlantic Alliance and the steps taken by the +Alliance in the framework of the North Atlantic Cooper- +ation Council are fundamental to this process. The +Alliance itself is the essential forum for consultation +among its members and is the venue for reaching agree- +ment on and implementing policies with a bearing on +their security and defence commitments under the North +Atlantic Treaty. However, as the evolution of Europe's +new security architecture progresses, the Alliance is +developing practical arrangements, along with the other +institutions involved, to ensure the necessary transparency +and complementarity between them. This includes closer +contacts and exchanges of information and documenta- +tion between the institutions themselves, as well as recipro- +cal arrangements regarding participation and representa- +tion in appropriate meetings. + +26. A BROAD APPROACH TO SECURITY + +The Alliance has always sought to achieve its over-riding +objectives of safeguarding the security of its members and +establishing a just and lasting peaceful order in Europe +through both political and military means. This comprehen- +sive approach remains the basis of the Alliance's security +policy. However, in the new security situation, the chances +of achieving these objectives by political means, as well as +taking into account the economic, social and environ- +mental dimensions of security and stability, are better +than ever before. The Alliance's active pursuit of dialogue +and cooperation, underpinned by the commitment to an +effective collective defence capability and to building up +the institutional basis for crisis management and conflict +prevention, therefore has the following key objectives: to +reduce the risk of conflict arising out of misunderstanding +or design; to build increased mutual understanding and +confidence among all European states; to help manage +crises affecting the security of the Allies; and to expand +the opportunities for a genuine partnership among all +European countries in dealing with common security +problems. + + + + + + +NATO handbook05 uploade March 25, 1993 + + +27. THE ALLIANCE'S STRATEGIC CONCEPT/ + +Europe's security has substantially improved. The threat +of massive military confrontation no longer hangs over +it. Nevertheless potential risks to security from instability +or tension still exist. Against this background, NATO's +Strategic Concept reaffirms the core functions of the +Alliance including the maintenance of the transatlantic +link and of an overall strategic balance in Europe. The +Strategic Concept reflects the broad approach to stability +and security outlined above. It recognises that security is +based on political, economic, social and environmental +considerations as well as defence. It reflects the unpreced- +ented opportunity which now exists to achieve the Alli- +ance's long-standing objectives by political means, in +keeping with the undertakings made in Articles 2 and 4 +of the North Atlantic Treaty. Accordingly, the future +security policy of the Alliance can be based on three +mutually reinforcing elements, namely: dialogue; cooper- +ation; and the maintenance of a collective defence capabil- +ity. Each of these elements is designed to ensure that +crises affecting European security can be prevented or +resolved peacefully. + +The military dimension of the Alliance remains an +essential factor if these goals are to be achieved. It will +continue to reflect a number of fundamental principles: + +- The Alliance is purely defensive in purpose. + +- Security is indivisible. An attack on one member of +the Alliance is an attack upon all. The presence of +North American forces in and committed to Europe +remains vital to the security of Europe, which is +inseparably linked to that of North America. + +- NATO's security policy is based on collective defence, +including an integrated military structure as well as +relevant cooperation and coordination agreements. + +- The maintenance of an appropriate mix of nuclear +and conventional forces based in Europe will be re- +quired for the foreseeable future. + +/ The full text of the Alliance's Strategic Concept is reproduced +in Appendix II. + + +In the changed circumstances affecting Europe's secu- +rity, NATO forces are being adapted to the new strategic +environment and are becoming smaller and more flexible. +Conventional forces are being substantially reduced and +in many cases so is their level of readiness. They are also +being made more mobile, to enable them to react to a +wider range of contingencies; and they are being reorgan- +ised to ensure that they have the flexibility to contribute +to crisis management and to enable them to be built up if +necessary for the purposes of defence. Multinational +forces will in future play a greater role within NATO's +integrated military structure. + +Nuclear forces are also being greatly reduced. The +withdrawal of short-range land-based nuclear weapons +from Europe, announced in September 1991, was com- +pleted in July 1992. The overall NATO stockpile of sub- +strategic nuclear weapons in Europe is being reduced to +about one fifth of the level of the 1990 stockpile. As far as +strategic nuclear forces are concerned, far-reaching recip- +rocal cuts were proposed by the President of the United +States in his State of the Union address at the end of +January 1992 and additional proposals were made by +President Yeltsin. The fundamental purpose of the +Alliance's remaining nuclear forces of either category will +continue to be political: to preserve peace and prevent +war or any kind of coercion. + +The Strategic Concept underlines that Alliance security +must take account of the global context. It points out +risks of a wider nature, including proliferation of weapons +of mass destruction, disruption of the flow of vital re- +sources and actions of terrorism and sabotage, which can +affect Alliance security interests. The Concept therefore re- +affirms the importance of arrangements existing in the +Alliance for consultation among the Allies under Article +4 of the Washington Treaty and, where appropriate, +coordination of its efforts including its responses to +such risks. The Alliance will continue to address broader +challenges in its consultations and in the appropriate +multilateral forums in the widest possible cooperation +with other states. + + +28. DIALOGUE, PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION + +The development of dialogue and partnership with its +new cooperation partners forms an integral part of +NATO's Strategic Concept. The establishment of the +North Atlantic Cooperation Council at the end of 1991 +thus marked a further advance in the evolution of a new, +positive relationship based on constructive dialogue and +cooperation. + +The creation of the NACC was the culmination of a +number of earlier steps taken by the members of the +Alliance in the light of the fundamental changes which +were taking place in Central and Eastern European coun- +tries. At the July 1990 London Summit Meeting the +Alliance extended its hand of friendship and established +regular diplomatic liaison with them. In Paris, in Novem- +ber 1990, the Alliance members and their new partners +signed a Joint Declaration stating that they no longer +regarded each other as adversaries. + +In June 1991, when Alliance Foreign Ministers met in +Copenhagen, further steps were taken to develop this +partnership. As a result of high level visits, exchanges of +views on security and other issues, intensified military +contacts and exchanges of expertise in many fields, a new +relationship has been built up. + +When NATO Heads of State and Government met in +Rome in November 1991, they decided to broaden and +intensify this dynamic process. In reaching this decision +they took account of the growth of democratic institu- +tions throughout Central and Eastern Europe, the encour- +aging experience of cooperation acquired thus far and +the desire shown by their cooperation partners for closer +ties. + +As a next step they therefore decided to develop the +institutional basis for consultation and cooperation on +political and security issues. Foreign Ministers of Central +and Eastern European governments were invited to +attend a meeting with their NATO counterparts to issue a +joint political declaration in order to enhance the concept +of partnership, and to work out how the process should +be further developed. Concrete proposals for periodic +meetings and contacts with the North Atlantic Council, +the NATO Military Committee and other NATO commit- +tees were put forward, in addition to the creation of the +NACC. + +These steps were designed to enable the member coun- +tries of the Alliance to respond effectively to the changed +situation in Europe and to contribute positively to the +efforts undertaken by their cooperation partners to fulfil +their commitments under the CSCE process and to make +democratic change irrevocable. + +Consisting of Foreign Ministers or Representatives of +the 16 NATO countries as well as the Central and Eastern +European and Baltic States with which NATO established +diplomatic liaison during 1990 and 1991, the NACC held +its inaugural meeting on 20 December 1991 with the par- +ticipation of 25 countries. Following the dissolution of the +Soviet Union which took place on the same day, and the +subsequent creation of the Commonwealth of Independent +States (CIS), participation in the NACC was expanded to +include all the member states of the CIS. Georgia and +Albania joined the process in April and June 1992 respec- +tively. At the meeting of the NACC held in Oslo in June +1992, Finland also attended as an observer. + +Consultations and cooperation in the framework of +the NACC focus on security and related issues where +Alliance member countries can offer experience and exper- +tise, such as defence planning, democratic concepts of +civilian-military relations, scientific and environmental +affairs, civil/military coordination of air traffic manage- +ment and the conversion of defence production to civilian +purposes. Participation by all these countries in NATO's +scientific and environmental programmes is also be- +ing enhanced, as well as the dissemination of inform- +ation about NATO in the countries concerned, through +diplomatic liaison channels and embassies and by other +means. NATO governments undertook to provide appro- +priate resources to support these activities. + + +The Work Plan for Dialogue, Partnership and Cooper- +ation issued by the countries represented in the North +Atlantic Cooperation Council in March 1992, identified a +number of topics in the defence-planning field where +cooperation and consultation could be of particular rel- +evance. These include principles and key aspects of +strategy; force and command structures; military exer- +cises, democratic concepts of civilian-military relations; +national defence programmes and budgets; and training +and education methods and concepts in the defence field. +A number of activities are taking place in these areas, +including joint meetings, military contacts and visits, and +participation in courses at the NATO Defense College in +Rome and the NATO (SHAPE) School at Oberammergau. + +Defence Ministers held their first joint meeting with +cooperation partners on 1 April 1992 to discuss current +issues and to consider ways of deepening their dialogue +and promoting cooperation on issues falling within their +competence. It was decided to hold a high level seminar +on defence policy and management, covering the role and +constitutional position of armed forces in democratic +societies as well as strategic concepts and their implement- +ation; and a workshop on practical aspects of defence +management and the reform and restructuring of armed +forces. A further workshop on practices and work meth- +ods relating to the environmental clean-up of defence +installations was also scheduled. + +Other possible areas for cooperation on defence-related +issues identified by Defence Ministers include discussion +of concepts such as defence sufficiency, stability, flexibil- +ity and crisis management; how defence programmes +can be planned and managed in democratic societies +(eg, accountability, financial planning, programme +budgeting and management, research and development, +equipment procurement procedures and personnel man- +agement); consideration of the legal and constitutional +framework regarding the position of military forces in a +democracy; democratic control of armed forces; civil- +military relations and parliamentary accountability; har- +monisation of defence planning and arms control issues; +matters relating to training and exercises; defence edu- +cation; and other topics including reserve forces, environ- +mental concerns, air traffic management, search and +rescue activities, humanitarian aid and military medicine. +NATO Defence Ministers meeting in Gleneagles in +October 1992 also indicated that peace keeping issues +would be a further subject of discussion with cooperation +partners. + +The first meeting of the Military Committee in Co- +operation Session took place on 10 April 1992 at Chiefs of +Staff level, in accordance with the NACC Work Plan. It +represented an important milestone in the partnership +process and resulted in a military work plan designed to +develop cooperation and to assist cooperation partners +with the process of restructuring their armed forces. Fur- +ther meetings and other activities, including bilateral visits +of military officials to and from cooperation countries, +are taking place in this framework. + +29. THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE + +A key component of the new security architecture is the +Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe or +CSCE (see Part IV). + +The Alliance remains deeply committed to strengthen- +ing the CSCE process, which has a vital role to play in +promoting stability and democracy in Europe. Consulta- +tions within the Alliance thus continue to be a source of +initiatives for strengthening the CSCE, which has the +outstanding advantage of being the only forum that +brings together all the countries of Europe as well as +Canada and the United States under a common frame- +work with respect to human rights, fundamental +freedoms, democracy, rule of law, security, and economic +liberty. New CSCE institutions and structures, proposed +at the NATO Summit in London in July 1990, were +created at the Paris CSCE Summit in November 1990. +Efforts are now being made to enable them to be consoli- +dated and further developed so as to provide the CSCE +with the means to ensure full implementation of the +Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris, and other CSCE +documents. + +The CSCE's capacity as a forum for consultation and +cooperation among all participating States is thus being +enhanced to ensure that it is capable of effective action in +line with its new and increased responsibilities. This +applies in particular to the role of the CSCE with regard +to questions of human rights and security, including arms +control and disarmament, and to its contribution to +effective crisis management and peaceful settlement of +disputes in ways which are consistent with international +law and CSCE principles. + +A number of specific proposals were made at the NATO +Summit Meeting in Rome to translate these objectives +into practical realities. These ideas were taken several +steps further in December 1991 when NATO Foreign +Ministers set out broad policy objectives for the prepara- +tion of the 1992 Helsinki Follow-Up Meeting. They in- +cluded the establishment of a European security forum, +preserving the autonomy and distinct character of the +various elements involved in the process but also ensuring +coherence between them; and the institution of a perma- +nent security dialogue in which legitimate security concerns +can be addressed. + +30. EUROPE'S SECURITY IDENTITY AND DEFENCE +ROLE + +Further important elements in the progress towards the +new security architecture, subject to decisions concerning +their ratification, are the Treaties on Monetary and +Political Union signed by the leaders of the European +Community in Maastricht in December 1991. The Treaty +on Political Union included agreement on the develop- +ment of a common foreign and security policy, including +the eventual framing of a common defence policy which +might in time lead to a common defence. It included +reference to the Western European Union (WEU) (see +Part IV) as an integral part of the development of the +European Union which would be created by the two +Treaties and requested the WEU to elaborate and imple- +ment decisions and actions of the European Union which +have defence implications. + +At the meeting of the WEU Member States which took +place in Maastricht at the same time as the meeting of +the European Council, a declaration was issued inviting +members of the European Union to accede to the WEU or +to become observers, and inviting other European mem- +bers of NATO to become associate members of the WEU. + +The Treaty on Political Union also made provision for +a report evaluating the progress made and experience +gained in the field of foreign and security policy to be +presented to the European Council in 1996. + +The Alliance welcomed these steps, recognising that +the development of a European security identity and +defence role, reflected in the strengthening of the +European pillar within the Alliance, will reinforce the +integrity and effectiveness of the Atlantic Alliance as a +whole. Moreover these two positive processes are mutu- +ally reinforcing. In parallel with them, member countries +of the Alliance have agreed to enhance the essential +transatlantic link which the Alliance guarantees and to +maintain fully the strategic unity and the indivisibility of +their security. + +The Alliance's Strategic Concept, which is the agreed +conceptual basis for the military forces of all the members +of the Alliance, facilitates complementarity between the +Alliance and the emerging defence component of the + +European political unification process. The Alliance mem- +ber countries intend to preserve their existing operational +coherence since, ultimately, their security depends on it. +However, they welcomed the prospect of a gradual rein- +forcement of the role of the Western European Union, both +as the defence component of the process of European +unification and as a means of strengthening the Euro- +pean pillar of the Alliance. WEU member states have +affirmed that the Alliance will remain the essential forum +for consultation among its members and the venue for +agreement on policies bearing on the security and defence +commitments of Allies under the Washington Treaty. + +31. ARMS CONTROL + +Efforts to bring about more stable international relations +at lower levels of military forces and armaments, through +effective and verifiable arms control agreements and +confidence-building measures, have long been an integral +part of NATO's security policy. Meaningful and verifiable +arms control agreements, which respect the security con- +cerns of all the countries involved in the process, help to +improve stability, increase mutual confidence and dimin- +ish the risks of conflict. Defence and arms control policies +must therefore remain in harmony and their respective +roles in safeguarding security must be consistent and +mutually reinforcing. The principal criterion for the +Alliance in the context of all arms control negotiations is +not whether agreements are desirable objectives in their +own right, but rather whether or not they maintain stab- +ility and enhance the long-term security interests of all +participants. To do this successfully agreements have to be +clear and precise, verifiable and not open to circumvention. + +Arms control deals essentially with two broad catego- +ries of proposal: those seeking agreement on measures to +build confidence and those which result in reductions and +limitations of military manpower and equipment. The +Alliance is actively involved in both these areas. Extensive +consultation takes place within NATO over the whole +range of disarmament and arms control issues so that +commonly agreed positions can be reached and national +policies coordinated. In addition to the consultation +which takes place in the North Atlantic Council and the +Political Committees, a number of special bodies have +been created to deal with specific arms control issues. + +In May 1989, in order to take account of all the +complex and interrelated issues arising in the arms control +context, the Alliance developed a Comprehensive Con- +cept of Arms Control and Disarmament. The Concept +provided a framework for the policies of the Alliance in +the whole field of arms control. It covered the conclusion +and implementation of the INF Treaty between the United +States and the Soviet Union in December 1987, which +eliminated all United States and Soviet land-based +intermediate-range missiles on a global basis. +Other objectives of the Comprehensive Concept included: + +- a 50 per cent reduction in the strategic offensive nuclear +weapons of the United States and the Soviet Union; + +- the global elimination of chemical weapons; + +- the establishment of a stable and secure level of con- +ventional forces by eliminating disparities in the whole +of Europe; + +- in conjunction with the establishment of a conven- +tional balance, tangible and verifiable reductions of +land-based nuclear missile systems of shorter-range, +leading to equal ceilings. + + +The negotiations on Conventional Armed Forces in +Europe (CFE) among the member countries of NATO +and of the Warsaw Treaty Organisation, which began in +Vienna in March 1989, resulted in the conclusion of the +CFE Treaty on 19 November 1990. The Treaty was +signed by the 22 states, in the framework of the Confer- +ence on Security and Cooperation in Europe, during a +Summit Meeting in Paris of all 34 countries then particip- +ating in the CSCE process. Also signed at the Paris +Summit by all CSCE participants was the Vienna Docu- +ment 90, containing a large number of substantial +confidence- and security-building measures applicable +throughout Europe. In March 1992 this document was +subsumed by the Vienna Document 92, in which further +measures on openness and transparency were introduced. + +As a result of the dramatic political and military de- +developments which have taken place since 1989, some of +the initial premises for the CFE Treaty changed during +the course of the negotiations. Key factors in this respect +were the unification of Germany; substantial Soviet troop +withdrawals from Eastern Europe; the advent of demo- +cratic governments in Central and Eastern Europe; the +disintegration of the Warsaw Pact; and comprehensive +unilateral reductions in the size of Soviet armed forces as +well as those of other countries in the region. + +Notwithstanding these changes which inevitably had +major implications, particularly in terms of the attribution +of national responsibility for implementing the Treaty, +the successful outcome of the negotiations and the entry +into force of the Treaty are fundamental enhancements +of European security. The Treaty is the culmination of +efforts initiated by the Alliance in 1986 to reduce the +level of armed forces in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean +to the Ural Mountains. It imposes legally-binding limits +on key categories of forces and equipment held individu- +ally and collectively. The limits are designed not only to +bring about dramatic reductions but also to ensure that +no single country is able to maintain military forces at +levels which would enable it to hold a dominating military +position on the European continent. The main categories +of equipment covered by these provisions are those which +constitute offensive military capability, namely tanks, +artillery, armoured combat vehicles, combat aircraft and +helicopters. + +In addition, there are provisions contained in declara- +tions forming an integral part of the Treaty on land- +based naval aircraft and a no-increase commitment with +regard to personnel strengths. The implementation of the +Treaty provisions is subject to a precise calendar and a +rigid regime of information exchanges and inspections +under detailed ``verification'' clauses. + +Two further essential elements of the CFE Treaty should +be mentioned, namely: + + + +(a) the establishment of a Joint Consultative Group, on + +which all the parties to the Treaty are represented, +where any issues relating to implementation can be +raised and discussed; and + +(b) the opening of follow-on (CFE IA) talks on further +measures including limitations on personnel strengths. +These talks began on 29 November 1990. + + + +The members of the Alliance attach paramount import- +ance to the Treaty as the cornerstone of Europe's future +military security and stability and, together with their +cooperation partners, have called upon all the countries +concerned to move forward promptly with its ratification +and full implementation. In December 1991 they jointly +established a High Level Working Group in which all +Central and Eastern European countries are actively par- +ticipating, as well as the independent states in the former +Soviet Union with territory in the CFE area of application, +with a view to facilitating the early entry into force of the +Treaty. In February 1992 agreement was reached on a +phased approach for bringing the CFE Treaty into force. +In May agreement was reached in the High Level Working +Group with the eight former Soviet states concerned on the +apportionment of rights and obligations assumed by the +Soviet Union under the terms of the CFE Treaty. This +agreement, which was confirmed at the June 1992 Extra- +ordinary Conference in Oslo, provided the basis for the +provisional entry into force of the CFE Treaty through- +out the area of application on 17 July 1992, allowing its +verification procedures to be implemented immediately. +Following ratification by all eight states of the former +Soviet Union with territory in the area of application of +the Treaty, and completion of the ratification process by +all 29 signatories, the CFE Treaty formally entered into +force on 9 November 1992. + + The Alliance also attaches considerable importance to +the parallel implementation of the Concluding Act on the +Negotiation on Personnel Strength of Conventional Armed +Forces in Europe which establishes the commitments +entered into by the parties to the CFE IA follow-on +negotiations in accordance with agreements reached on 6 +July 1992. + +In 1990 the North Atlantic Council established a Verifica- +tion Coordinating Committee to coordinate verification +efforts among members of the Alliance with regard to arms +control and disarmament agreements in general, and particu- +larly with regard to the CFE Treaty. The Committee ensures +information exchange among Alliance nations on their +inspection plans and on any verification-related issues. It +also oversees the development and operation of a central +verification data base maintained at NATO Headquarters, +in which all data relative to inspections are permanently +stored. In addition the Committee supervises the inspection +support activities of the NATO Military Authorities, such +as the development of common field procedures or the +conduct of NATO verification courses, providing guidance +as necessary. Last but not least, the Committee serves as +a forum for consultations among Allies on compliance +concerns and related issues. + +The Verification Coordinating Committee has also +become the forum for consultation, coordination and +exchange of experience among Allies on activities related +to the implementation of the Stockholm and Vienna 1990 +CSCE Documents on Confidence- and Security-Building +Measures, (subsequently subsumed by the Vienna Docu- +ment 1992) such as evaluation visits, inspections or exer- +cise observations. + +Other important new elements introducing greater open- +ness and confidence-building in the military field include +agreements achieved in March 1992 on an ``Open Skies'' +regime, permitting overflights of national territory on a +reciprocal basis. + +The CSCE process has a pivotal role in the field of arms +control and disarmament. The 1992 CSCE Follow-Up +Meeting in Helsinki was therefore seen as a turning point +in the arms control and disarmament process in Europe +which now involves all CSCE participants. It offered a +unique opportunity to move the process forward and, by +shaping a new cooperative order, to make it unnecessary +for any participating country to fear for its security. The +decisions taken at the conclusion of the Helsinki Follow- +up Meeting are summarised in Part IV. + +In the field of nuclear arms control, the Alliance's +objective is to achieve security at the minimum level of +nuclear arms sufficient to preserve peace and stability. +The early ratification of the START Agreement signed on +31 July 1991, is an important aspect of this. President +Bush's initiative of 27 September 1991, which was strongly +supported by the Alliance, opened new prospects for +nuclear arms reductions. In particular, the decision to +eliminate nuclear warheads for ground-launched short- +range weapon systems fulfilled the SNF arms control ob- +jectives expressed in the London Declaration of July 1990. + +In January 1992 the United States President again took +the initiative in the field of nuclear arms control in his +State of the Union address, proposing further reciprocal +cuts in strategic nuclear forces. The initial reactions of the +Russian leadership were extremely positive and included +additional proposals. Allies also welcomed the announce- +ment made in May 1992 that withdrawal of former Soviet +tactical nuclear weapons to the territory of Russia for +ultimate dismantlement had been completed. They fully +supported the Lisbon Agreement of May 1992 between +the United States and the four successor states of the +former Soviet Union with nuclear weapons on their terri- +tory (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine), commit- +ting them to joint implementation of the START Treaty. +The June 1992 agreement between the United States and +Russia to reduce their strategic forces well below the +ceilings established in the START Treaty, and to elimi- +nate land-based multiple warhead intercontinental ballis- +tic missiles, was a further major step. + +Despite these many positive developments in the field of +arms control, the global proliferation of weapons of mass +destruction and of their means of delivery is a matter of +serious concern to Alliance governments since it under- +mines international security. NATO Foreign Ministers +have made clear their preoccupations on this subject +repeatedly, emphasizing that non-proliferation of nuclear +weapons is an essential element of cooperative security +and international stability. They have offered to provide +assistance in the process of eliminating nuclear weapons +in the former Soviet Union and have stressed the need for +measures to prevent the unauthorised export of nuclear +or other destabilizing equipment and technology. Similar +concerns about proliferation were voiced by all the mem- +bers of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in their +statements of December 1991 and June 1992, underlining +the importance attached to efforts undertaken in this field. +The Alliance welcomed the commitments by Belarus, +Kazakhstan and Ukraine to adhere to the Nuclear Non- +Proliferation Treaty as non-nuclear weapon states and +urged these states to implement all their commitments as +soon as time allowed. + +Transfers of conventional armaments which exceed +legitimate defensive needs, to other regions where tensions +exist, also make the peaceful settlement of disputes less +likely. The Alliance therefore has supported the establish- +ment by the United Nations of a universal non- +discriminatory register of conventional arms transfers as +well as steps undertaken to address other aspects of +proliferation and further initiatives designed to build +confidence and underpin international security. Within +the CSCE, NATO Allies have led the way in tabling +proposals dealing with non-proliferation in general and +transfers of conventional weapons in particular. + +An additional essential aim remains the completion of +a global, comprehensive and effectively verifiable ban on +chemical weapons. In June 1992 negotiators in Geneva +agreed on the final draft of an agreement, paving the way +for approval of the document by the UN General +Assembly in October 1992 and the signing of a Treaty in +Paris early in 1993. In a related field, the results achieved +by the Third Review Conference of the Biological and +Toxin Weapons Convention, and the decision taken to +explore the feasibility of verification in this area, have +been further positive developments. + + + + + +NATO handbook06 uploade March 25, 1993 + + +PART III + + + +ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURES + + + +32. NATO Headquarters + +The NATO Headquarters in Brussels is the political head- +quarters of the Alliance and the permanent home of the +North Atlantic Council. It houses Permanent Represent- +atives and national delegations, the Secretary General and +the International Staff, national Military Representatives, +the Chairman of the Military Committee and the Inter- +national Military Staff, and a number of NATO agencies. + +There are approximately 2,640 people employed at this +Headquarters on a full-time basis. Of these, some 1,000 +are members of national delegations and national military +representations to NATO. There are approximately 1,260 +civilian members of the International Staff and 380 mem- +bers of the International Military Staff including 100 +civilian personnel. + +33. Permanent Representatives and National Delegations +Each member nation is represented on the North Atlantic +Council by an Ambassador or Permanent Representative +supported by a national delegation composed of advisers +and officials who represent their country on different +NATO committees. The delegations are similar in many +respects to small embassies. Their collocation within the +same headquarters building enables them to maintain +formal and informal contacts with each other, as well as +with NATO's international staffs, easily and without delay. + +34. The International Staff + +The work of the North Atlantic Council and its commit- +tees is supported by an International Staff consisting of +personnel from member countries either recruited directly +by the Organisation or seconded by their governments, +normally for periods of 3-4 years. The members of +the International Staff are responsible to the Secretary +General and owe their allegiance to the Organisation +throughout the period of their appointment. + + +The International Staff comprises the Office of the +Secretary General, five operational Divisions, the Office +of Management and the Office of the Financial Con- +troller. Each of the Divisions is headed by an Assistant + + +Secretary General, who is normally the chairman of the +main committee dealing with subjects in his field of +responsibility. Through their structure of Directorates +and Services, the Divisions support the work of the +committees in the various fields of activity described in +Parts I and II. + +35. The Secretary General + +The Secretary General is responsible for promoting and +directing the process of consultation and decision-making +through the Alliance. He is the Chairman of the North +Atlantic Council, the Defence Planning Committee and +the Nuclear Planning Group as well as titular Chairman +of other senior committees. He may propose items for +discussion and decision and has the authority to use his +good offices in cases of dispute between member coun- +tries. He is responsible for directing the International +Staff and is the principal spokesman for the Alliance in +relations between governments and with the media. The +Deputy Secretary General assists the Secretary General +in the exercise of his functions and replaces him in his +absence. He is Chairman of the High Level Task Force +on Conventional Arms Control, the Executive Working +Group, the NATO Air Defence Committee, the Joint +Consultative Board, and a number of other Ad Hoc and +Working Groups. + +The Secretary General has under his direct control a +Private Office and the Office of the Secretary General. +The Private Office supports the Secretary General and +Deputy Secretary General in all aspects of their work. Its +staff includes a Legal Adviser and a Special Adviser for +Central and Eastern European Affairs. + +36. The Office of the Secretary General consists of +the Executive Secretariat (including the Verification, +Information Systems and Council Operations Director- +ate), the Office of Information and Press and the NATO +Office of Security. + +37. The Executive Secretariat is responsible for ensuring +the smooth functioning of Council, Defence Planning +Committee and Nuclear Planning Group business and +the work of the whole structure of committees and work- +ing groups set up under these bodies. Members of the +Executive Secretariat act as Committee Secretaries and +provide secretarial and administrative back-up for the +Council and a number of other committees. Agendas, +summary records, reports, decision and action sheets are +prepared and issued by Committee Secretaries under the +responsibility of the Committee Chairmen. + +The Executive Secretary is Secretary to the Council, +Defence Planning Committee and Nuclear Planning +Group and is responsible for ensuring that the work of +the different divisions of the International Staff is carried +out in accordance with the directives given. Through the +Verification, Information Systems and Council Opera- +tions Directorate, the Executive Secretary, in addition to +these functions, coordinates crisis management arrange- +ments and procedures in NATO including their regular +exercising; provides staff support to the Verification Co- +ordinating Committee; and ensures ADP support to +both the International Staff and International Military +Staff and office communications for the entire NATO +Headquarters. He is also responsible on behalf of the +Secretary General for the development and control of +the NATO Situation Centre. The Director of the Inter- +national Military Staff, acting for the Military Com- +mittee, is responsible for the coordination of the day +to day operation of the Centre with the Chief of the +Situation Centre. + +38. The Office of Information and Press consists of a Press +and Media Service and an Information Service divided +into a Planning, Production and Budget Section and an +External Relations Section. The Director of Information +and Press is Chairman of the Committee on Information +and Cultural Relations and of the annual meeting of +Ministry of Defence Information Officials. The Director +is assisted by a Deputy Director, Information; and a +Deputy Director, Press, who is also the official spokes- +man for the Secretary General and the Organisation in +contacts with the media. + +The Press and Media Service arranges accreditation for +journalists; issues press releases, communiques and +speeches by the Secretary General; and provides a daily +press review and press cutting service for the staff of the +NATO Headquarters in Brussels. It organises media inter- +views with the Secretary General and other NATO officials +and provides technical assistance and facilities for radio +and television transmissions. + +The Information Service assists member governments +to widen public understanding of NATO's role and policies +through a variety of programmes and activities. These +make use of periodical and non-periodical publications, +video film production, photographs and exhibitions, +group visits, conferences and seminars and research fellow- +ships. The Office includes a library and documentation +service and a media library. + +The Office of Information and Press maintains close +contacts with national information authorities and non- +governmental organisations and undertakes activities +designed to explain the aims and achievements of the +Alliance to public opinion in each member country. The +Office also organises or sponsors a number of multina- +tional programmes involving citizens of different member +countries and, in conjunction with NATO's cooperation +partners, undertakes information activities designed to +enhance public knowledge and understanding of the +Alliance in the countries represented in the North Atlantic +Cooperation Council. + +39. The NATO Office of Security coordinates, monitors +and implements NATO security policy. The Director of +Security is the Secretary General's principal adviser on +security issues and is Chairman of the NATO Security +Committee. He directs the NATO Headquarters Security +Service and is responsible for the overall coordination of +security within NATO. + + + +40. The Division of Political Affairs comes under the respons- +ibility of the Assistant Secretary General for Political +Affairs, who is Chairman of the Senior Political Commit- +tee and of the Political Committee. The Division has two +Directorates: + +41. The Political Directorate is responsible for: + +(a) preparation of the political discussions of the Council +and of the discussions of the Political Committee at +regular and senior level as well as meetings with +cooperation partners; + +(b) preparation of notes and reports on political subjects +for the Secretary General and the Council; + +(c) political liaison with the delegations of member coun- +tries and with representatives of cooperation part- +ners; + +(d) preparation of the meetings of the North Atlantic +Cooperation Council and diplomatic liaison contacts +on political and security related matters with NATO's +cooperation partners; + +(e) liaison with other governmental and non-governmen- +tal international organisations. + +The day to day work of the Political Directorate is +handled by four sections responsible respectively for +NATO as well as multilateral and regional affairs; policy +planning; issues concerning cooperation activities and +liaison with the countries represented in the North Atlan- +tic Cooperation Council; and disarmament, arms control +and cooperative security. + +The Director of the Political Directorate is Deputy Assist- +ant Secretary General for Political Affairs and Deputy +Chairman of the Senior Political Committee, and Acting +Chairman of the Political Committee at regular level. + + +42. The Economics Directorate provides advice concerning +economic developments which have political or defence +implications for NATO. It undertakes studies of economic +trends and carries out studies of economic aspects of +security on behalf of the Economics Committee; prepares +economic assessments of NATO countries for the Defence +Review Committee in the context of NATO defence plan- +ning; and maintains contacts with international economic +organisations. The Economics Directorate also has re- +sponsibility for preparing contacts on economic issues +and consultations involving NATO's cooperation partners +in fields such as defence conversion, defence expenditure, +and the external economic relations of the cooperation +partners. The Director of the Economics Directorate is +Chairman of the Economics Committee. + +43. The Division of Defence Planning and Policy comes +under the responsibility of the Assistant Secretary Gen- +eral for Defence Planning and Policy, who is Chairman +of the Defence Review Committee and Vice-Chairman of +the Executive Working Group. He also supervises the +work of the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG) Staff Group +and is Chairman of the open-ended Group on Defence +Matters established to address defence-related issues in- +volving NATO's cooperation partners and to serve as a +clearing house for proposals for cooperation in the de- +fence field. The Division has two Directorates: + +44. The Force Planning Directorate is responsible for de- +fence policy issues and the preparation, in collaboration +with national delegations, of all papers and business +concerned with the Defence Review, including the analy- +sis of national defence programmes; for other matters of +a politico-military nature considered by the Defence Plan- +ning Committee; for the preparation of studies of general +or particular aspects of NATO defence planning and +policy on behalf of the Executive Working Group; for +the maintenance of a computerised data base of informa- +tion on NATO forces; and for the organisation and +direction of statistical studies required to assess the +NATO defence effort. The Director for Force Planning is +Vice-Chairman of the Defence Review Committee. + +45. The Nuclear Planning Directorate is responsible for +coordination of work on the development of NATO defence +policy in the nuclear field and the work of the Nuclear +Planning Group. The Director of Nuclear Planning is +Chairman of the NPG Staff Group. + +46. The Division of Defence Support, under the responsibility +of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Support, +has the following tasks: + +(a) advising the Secretary General, the North Atlantic +Council, the Defence Planning Committee and other +NATO bodies on all matters relating to armaments +research, development, production, procurement, and +materiel aspects of air defence and command, control +and communications systems; + +(b) promoting the most efficient use of the resources of +the Alliance for the equipment of its forces. + +The Division provides liaison with NATO production +and logistics organisations concerned with cooperative +equipment projects and liaison with NATO military agen- +cies dealing with defence research and related issues. It +participates in all aspects of the NATO Defence Planning +process within its responsibility and competence. The +Assistant Secretary General for Defence Support serves +as the Permanent Chairman of the Conference of +National Armaments Directors. The Division consists of +four Directorates: + +47. The Directorate of Armaments and Defence Research is +responsible for encouraging member nations to exchange +information and to harmonise concepts and requirements +for future maritime, land, air, research and technological +capabilities in order to achieve cooperative research, +development and production programmes and to facili- +tate a high level of materiel standardization. The objective +is to improve the overall efficiency of NATO forces and to +make better use of the limited resources available for +defence purposes. + +48. The Directorate of Command, Control and Communi- +cations is responsible for encouraging cooperative +programmes in communications and electronics, for the +development and coordination of the overall policy and +planning aspects of NATO's civil and military communi- +cations, and for providing support to the NATO Commu- +nications and Information Systems Committee and the +Tri-Service Group on Communications and Electronic +Equipment. + +49. The Directorate of Air Defence Systems is responsible +for promoting and coordinating efforts to assure the con- +tinuing adequacy, effectiveness and efficiency of NATO air +defence systems; for providing support to the NATO Air +Defence Committee whose role is to advise the Council and +Defence Planning Committee on all aspects of air defence +programme development; and for liaison with the agencies +responsible for the implementation of air defence related +systems, the NATO airborne early warning programme, +the air command and control system programme and the +Improved HAWK surface-to-air missile system. + +50. The Directorate of Cooperation, Planning and Standardiz- +ation is responsible for a range of policy preparation and +planning activities in support of armaments cooperation, +including the management of the Conventional Arm- +aments Planning System (CAPS) and Alliance consulta- +tions on harmonising defence procurement policies; for +promoting international cooperation among industries in +the defence equipment field and between governments +and industry; for liaison with outside bodies; and for +providing coordination and staff support to the activities +of NATO committees or bodies dealing with standardiz- +ation and Defence Support matters in the areas of mate- +rial management, codification, quality assurance, safety of +transportation and storage of ammunition and explosives, +intellectual property and acquisition practices. + + + +51. The Division of Infrastructure, Logistics and Civil Emer- +gency Planning comes under the responsibility of the +Assistant Secretary General for Infrastructure, Logistics +and Civil Emergency Planning, who is Chairman of +the Infrastructure Committee and the Infrastructure +Payments and Progress Committee. He is also Chairman +of the Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee in +plenary session and co-Chairman of the Senior NATO +Logisticians' Conference. The Division consists of three +Directorates: + +52. The Infrastructure Directorate comes under the direc- +tion of the Controller for Infrastructure, who is the +permanent Chairman of the Infrastructure Committee; +and of the Deputy Controller, who is the permanent +Chairman of the Infrastructure Payments and Progress +Committee. The Infrastructure Directorate is responsible +for supporting the Infrastructure Committees by: + +(a) developing proposals on policy issues, on funding +issues related to the shape and size of NATO Infra- +structure programmes and on improved procedures +for their management; + +(b) providing technical and financial supervision of the +NATO Infrastructure Programme; + +(c) screening, from the technical, financial, economic and +political points of view, the Major NATO Command- +ers' programmes for annual Infrastructure Slices and +related cost estimates; and + +(d) screening, from a technical and financial point of +view, requests to the Payments and Progress Commit- +tee for authorisation of scope and funds. + + +53. The Logistics Directorate comes under the direction of +the Director of Logistics, who is the Chairman of the +NATO Pipeline Committee and Deputy co-Chairman of +the Senior NATO Logisticians' Conference. The Direct- +orate is responsible for: + + + +(a) the development and coordination of plans and poli- +cies designed to achieve a coherent approach within +NATO on consumer logistics matters in order to in- +crease the effectiveness of Alliance forces by achieving +greater logistical readiness and sustainability; + +(b) providing staff support to the Senior NATO Logisti- +cians' Conference and its subsidiary bodies; + + +(c) providing technical staff support to the NATO Pipeline +Committee; + +(d) supporting, coordinating and maintaining liaison with +NATO military authorities and with NATO and other +committees and bodies dealing with the planning and +implementation of consumer logistics matters; and + +(e) maintaining liaison, on behalf of the Secretary Gen- +eral, with the directing bodies of the Central Europe +Pipeline System and the NATO Maintenance and +Support Organisation. + + + +54. The Civil Emergency Planning Directorate, under the +direction of the Director of Civil Emergency Planning, +who is the Chairman of the Senior Civil Emergency Plan- +ning Committee in permanent session, is responsible for: + +(a) the coordination and guidance of planning aimed at +the rapid transition of peacetime economies of the +nations of the Alliance to an emergency footing; + +(b) development of the arrangements for the use of civil +resources in support of Alliance defence and for the +protection of civil populations; and + +(c) providing staff support to the Senior Civil Emergency +Planning Committee and the nine civil emergency +planning boards and committees responsible for +developing crisis management arrangements in the +areas of civil sea, land and air transport; energy; +industry; food and agriculture; civil communications; +medical care; and civil defence. + +The Director of Civil Emergency Planning also over- +sees, on behalf of the Secretary General, the civil/military +coordination of humanitarian assistance for the republics +of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the fields +of coordination of transport; logistical expertise and com- +munications support for distribution; and practical assist- +ance in addressing medical requirements. These tasks are +being undertaken by the Alliance, which has a subsidiary +role in this field, in accordance with principles agreed by +member countries. NATO is providing support in areas in +which the Alliance has unique experience or expertise, in +close cooperation with NATO nations, other international +organisations and recipient states. + + +55. The Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division comes +under the responsibility of the Assistant Secretary Gen- +eral for Scientific and Environmental Affairs, who is +Chairman of the NATO Science Committee and Acting +Chairman of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern +Society. He has the following responsibilities: + + + +(a) advising the Secretary General on scientific and tech- +nological matters of interest to NATO; + +(b) implementing the decisions of the Science Committee; +directing the activities of the sub-committees created +by it and developing ways to strengthen scientific and +technological capabilities of Alliance countries; + +(c) supervising the development of pilot projects initiated +by the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Soci- +ety; + +(d) ensuring liaison in the scientific field with the Inter- +national Staff of NATO, with NATO agencies, with +agencies in the member countries responsible for im- +plementation of science policies and with inter- +national organisations engaged in scientific, techno- +logical and environmental activities. + +The Assistant Secretary General for Scientific and Envi- +ronmental Affairs also has responsibility for overseeing +activities designed to enhance the participation of scien- +tists from NATO's cooperation partners in NATO science +programmes, and in projects of the Committee on the +Challenges of Modern Society. + + +56. The Office of Management comes under the responsibil- +ity of the Director of Management who is responsible for +all matters pertaining to the organisation and structure +of the International Staff, and for advising the Secretary +General on civilian staff policy and emoluments through- +out the Organisation. He is charged with the preparation, +presentation and management of the International Staff +budget. He supervises the activities of the Pensions Com- +putation Unit and of the Management Advisory Unit, +which has responsibility for advising the Secretary Gen- +eral on all matters related to organisation, work methods, +procedures and manpower. + +The Deputy Director of Management is responsible for +the general administration of the International Staff in- +cluding personnel services, the maintenance of the head- +quarters, the provision of conference, interpretation and +translation facilities and the production and distribution +of internal documents. + + +57. Office of the Financial Controller + +The Financial Controller is appointed by the Council and +is responsible for the call-up of funds and the control of +expenditures within the framework of the Civil and Mili- +tary Budgets and in accordance with NATO's financial +regulations. + +58. Office of the Chairman of the Budget Committees + +The Chairman of the Budget Committees is provided by +one of the member countries. His position is nationally +funded in order to maintain the independence of the +Budget Committees. He has a small staff provided by the +International Secretariat. + +59. International Board of Auditors + +The accounts of the various NATO bodies and those relat- +ing to expenditure under NATO's common-funded Infra- +structure programme are audited by an International +Board of Auditors. The Board is composed of govern- +ment officials from auditing bodies in member countries. +They have independent status and are selected and remu- +nerated by their respective countries. They are appointed by +and are responsible to the Council. + + +60. Production and Logistics Organisations + +There are a number of Production and Logistics Organisa- +tions established by NATO and responsible to the North +Atlantic Council for carrying out specific tasks. While +there are differences in their mandates, funding, financial +authority and management, they all report to a Board of +Directors or Steering Committee responsible for supervis- +ing their activities. They include the following organisa- +tions and agencies: + + + +- The Central Europe Operating Agency (CEOA) - +responsible for the 24-hour operation of the Central +Europe Pipeline System (CEPS) and its storage and +transportation facilities. Headquarters: Versailles, +France. + +- The NATO Communications and Information Sys- +tems Agency (NACISA) - responsible for the planning +and implementation of the NATO integrated Com- +munications and Information Systems (NICS). Head- +quarters: Brussels, Belgium. + +- The NATO Air Command and Control Systems Man- +agement Agency (NACMA) - responsible for the +planning and implementation of a NATO air com- +mand and control system supporting all air opera- +tions, in place of the former NATO Air Defence +Ground Environment (NADGE) system. Head- +quarters: Brussels, Belgium. + +- The NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency +(NAMSA) - responsible for the logistics support of +weapons systems in the national inventories of two or +more NATO nations, through the common procure- +ment and supply of spare parts and the provision of +maintenance and repair facilities. Headquarters: Lux- +embourg. + +- The NATO AEW & C Programme Management +Agency (NAPMA) - responsible for the planning +and implementation of the NATO Airborne Early +Warning and Control System and Modernisation Pro- +gramme. Headquarters: Brunssum, The Netherlands. + + +- The NATO EFA Development, Production and Logis- +tics Management Agency (NEFMA)/ - responsible for +the development, production and logistics aspects of +the NATO European Fighter Aircraft. Headquarters: +Munich, Germany. + +- The NATO Multirole Combat Aircraft Development +and Production Management Agency (NAMMA)/ - re- +sponsible for managing the development and produc- +tion of the NATO MRCA (Tornado). Headquarters: +Munich, Germany. + +- NATO Hawk Management Office (NHMO) - respon- +sible for product improvement programmes relating +to the HAWK surface-to-air missile system. Head- +quarters: Rueil-Malmaison, France. + +- NATO Helicopter for the 1990s (NH90) Design, De- +velopment, Production and Logistics Management +Organisation (NAHEMO) - responsible for managing +the development and production of the NH90. Head- +quarters: Aix-en-Provence, France. + +61. National Military Representatives + +The members of the Military Committee (Chiefs of Staff) +are represented at NATO Headquarters by senior officers +acting as Military Representatives, each supported by a +national staff varying in size. + +The Military Representatives constitute the Military +Committee in Permanent Session. France is represented +by a Military Mission to the Military Committee. + +62. The Military Committee + +The Military Committee is responsible to the North Atlan- +tic Council, Defence Planning Committee and Nuclear +Planning Group for the overall conduct of the military +/ NEFMA and NAMMA will be merged into a single agency during +1993, following authorisation of the EFA production investment +phase. + +affairs of the Alliance. It provides for the maximum +consultation and cooperation between member nations +on military matters relating to the Treaty and is the +primary source of military advice to the Secretary General +and to the North Atlantic Council, Defence Planning +Committee and Nuclear Planning Group. + +The Presidency of the Military Committee rotates +among the nations annually in the order of the English +alphabet. + +The Chairman of the Military Committee chairs both +the Chiefs-of-Staff and permanent sessions. He is elected +by the Chiefs-of-Staff normally for a three-year term. He +is the spokesman and representative of the Committee +and directs its day-to-day business. He represents the +Military Committee at meetings of the North Atlantic +Council, the Defence Planning Committee and the Nu- +clear Planning Group, providing advice on military mat- +ters. The Chairman is assisted by the Deputy Chairman +and by the Director of the International Military +Staff. + +By virtue of his office, the Chairman of the Military +Committee also has an important public role and is the +senior military spokesman for the Alliance in its contacts +with the press and media. He undertakes official visits +and representational duties on behalf of the Military +Committee both in NATO countries and in countries with +which NATO is developing closer contacts on the basis of +the dialogue, partnership and cooperation established +within the overall framework of the North Atlantic Co- +operation Council. The intensification of military con- +tacts and cooperative activities taking place include con- +sultations of the Military Committee meeting at Chiefs of +Staff level with cooperation partners; other meetings of +the Military Committee and other military bodies with +cooperation partners; further visits and exchanges; and +participation by military and civilian representatives from +the cooperation countries in courses at the NATO Defense +College in Rome and the NATO (SHAPE) School at +Oberammergau. + + + + + +NATO handbook07 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +63. The International Military Staff + +The Military Committee is supported by an integrated +International Military Staff made up of military personnel +seconded from national military establishments and of +supporting civilian personnel. Members of the Inter- +national Military Staff have a similar status within the +Organisation as the International Staff but come under +the administrative authority of the Director of the Inter- +national Military Staff or the Head of the independent +NATO agency within which they are employed. The na- +tional military status of personnel seconded from national +armed forces is not affected by their temporary second- +ment to NATO. + +The International Military Staff is headed by a Director +of three star rank who is nominated by the member +nations and is selected by the Military Committee. He +may be from any one of the member nations, but he must +be of a different nationality from the Chairman of the +Military Committee. The Director is assisted by six Assist- +ant Directors of flag or general officer rank and the +Secretary of the International Military Staff. + +As the executive agent of the Military Committee, the +International Military Staff is tasked with ensuring that +the policies and decisions of the Military Committee are +implemented as directed. In addition, the International +Military Staff prepares plans, initiates studies and recom- +mends policy on matters of a military nature referred to +NATO or to the Military Committee by national or NATO +authorities, commanders or agencies. In the framework +of the Work Plan for Dialogue, Partnership and Cooper- +ation established by the North Atlantic Cooperation +Council, and the work plan adopted by the Military +Committee at its first meeting in Cooperation Session, +the IMS is also actively involved in the process of co- +operation with the countries of Central and Eastern +Europe. + + +64. Organisation of the International Military Staff + +The organisation of the International Military Staff is as +follows: + +The Intelligence Division is responsible for assessing the +strengths and disposition of military forces which could +represent a risk to NATO's security interests and for keep- +ing the Military Committee, the Council and Defence +Planning Committee informed of developments. The Divi- +sion coordinates the production and dissemination of +NATO agreed intelligence, including intelligence policy +and basic intelligence documents. NATO has no independ- +ent intelligence gathering function or capacity of its own +but acts as a central coordinating body to collate and +disseminate intelligence provided by national authorities. + +The Plans and Policy Division serves as the focal point +for all policy and planning matters of specific interest to +the Military Committee. This includes providing staff +support to the Military Committee in military matters +concerning the NATO strategic concept, politico-military +matters, long-term conceptual thinking, military contacts +with cooperation partners and arms control and disarma- +ment. The Division also participates on behalf of the +Military Committee in NATO's defence planning process; +and develops and represents the views of the Military +Committee and the Major NATO Commanders on mili- +tary policy matters in various NATO forums. + +The Operations Division provides staff support to the +Military Committee in matters concerning current opera- +tional plans; the NATO force posture and the organisa- +tional structure of NATO Commands and military head- +quarters; the military contribution to the management of +contingency reactions to international crises where NATO +interests are involved; the promotion and coordination of +multinational training and exercises; and the coordination +of efforts towards an effective NATO electronic warfare +operational capability and associated training and exer- +cises. The Operations Division also serves as the focal +point between the NATO Military Authorities and the +nations in developing plans, programmes and procedures +for conventional arms control verification and implemen- +tation. + +The Logistics and Resources Division is responsible to +the Military Committee for logistics, infrastructure, finan- +cial and manpower matters. The Division acts as the +focal point for staffing and coordinating all military +planning and management matters in these areas and +liaises with NATO Civil Emergency Planning Committees +and Agencies concerning civil support for the military +side. + +The Communications and Information Systems Division +provides staff support to the Military Committee on +NATO military policy and operational requirements +related to NATO Communications and Information Sys- +tems, including communications and computer security, +leasing of PTT services, military frequency management +and interoperability of tactical communications. The Divi- +sion also provides support to the NATO Communications +and Information Systems Committee, and to the Brussels- +based specialised Military Telecommunications and Com- +munications and Information Systems (CIS) Agencies. + +The Armaments and Standardization Division provides +staff support to the Military Committee on matters con- +cerning the development and assessment of NATO mili- +tary policy and procedures for armaments and related +standardization activities and acts as the focal point for +staffing and coordination of military needs in these areas. +The Division is also the focal point within the Inter- +national Military Staff for all air defence matters. + +The Secretariat supports the Military Committee and +provides administrative support to the divisions within +the International Military Staff. + +65. The Role of Allied Military Forces + +The major changes in the security environment have +enhanced the role of political dialogue and cooperation +and increased the scope for resolving crises by political +means. The primary role of Alliance military forces, +namely to guarantee the security and territorial integrity +of member states, remains unchanged. However, in the +new strategic environment this role must be fulfilled in a +manner which takes account of diverse and multi-direc- +tional risks rather than a single threat. + +The organisation of Alliance forces is designed to +ensure that in fulfilling this role they remain fully capable +of performing the different functions which could be +required of them whatever the situation - peace, crisis or +war. + +Their role in peace is to guard against risks to the +security of Alliance members; to contribute towards the +maintenance of stability and balance in Europe; and to +ensure that peace is preserved. Secondly, in the event of +crises which might lead to a military threat to the security +of Alliance members, their role is to be able to comple- +ment and reinforce political actions and contribute to the +management of such crises and their peaceful resolution. +They therefore have to have the capability to respond in +a measured and timely fashion in such circumstances. +Thirdly, since the possibility of war cannot be ruled out +altogether however unlikely it might be, Alliance forces +have to provide the essential insurance against poten- +tial risks, at the minimum level necessary to prevent war +of any kind and, should aggression occur, to restore +peace. + +The maintenance of an adequate military capability and +clear preparedness to act collectively in the common +defence therefore remain central to the Alliance's security +objectives. The collective nature of Allied defence is embod- +ied in practical arrangements that enable the Allies to +benefit from the political, military and resource advantages +of collective defence. These arrangements are based on an +integrated military structure and cooperation and coordina- +tion agreements between the members states. Key features +of the integrated structure include collective force planning; +common operational planning; multinational formations; +the stationing of forces outside home territory, where +appropriate on a mutual basis; crisis management and +reinforcement arrangements; procedures for consultation; +common standards and procedures for equipment, training +and logistics; joint and combined exercises; and infrastruc- +ture, armaments and logistics cooperation. All member +countries assign forces to the Integrated Military Command +Structure with the exception of Iceland (which has no +military forces) and France and Spain, to which separate +cooperation and coordination arrangements apply. + +66. The Integrated Military Command Structure + +The strategic area covered by the North Atlantic Treaty +is currently divided among three Major NATO Commands +(European, Atlantic and Channel) and a Regional Plan- +ning Group for Canada and the United States. However +changes to the Alliance's integrated military command +structure are being introduced in order to adapt it to +present day needs and to enable NATO forces to meet the +requirements of the new Strategic Concept. As a first +major step, NATO Defence Ministers decided in December +1991 to reduce the number of Major NATO Commands +within the new structure from three to two - European +and Atlantic. They also decided to create three Major +Subordinate Commands within Allied Command Europe, +responsible for the Southern, Central and Northwest +regions. Other measures, concerning the organisation of +the Central Region in particular, were also announced. +These decisions, many of which are subject to further +detailed planning, will be implemented gradually. + +The Major NATO Commanders are responsible for the +development of defence plans for their respective areas, +for the determination of force requirements and for the +deployment and exercise of the forces under their com- +mand. Their reports and recommendations regarding the +forces assigned to them and their logistic support are +referred to the NATO Military Committee. The Major +NATO Commanders are also responsible for the develop- +ment and conduct of their military contacts with co- +operation partners. + +67. Allied Command Europe (ACE) Headquarters: SHAPE at +Casteau near Mons, Belgium + +The task of Allied Command Europe (ACE) is to safe- +guard the area extending from the northern tip of Norway +to Southern Europe, including the whole of the Mediter- +ranean, and from the Atlantic coastline to the eastern +border of Turkey. This equates to nearly two million square +kilometres of land, more than three million square kilome- +tres of sea, and a population of about 320 million people. + +The military task of ACE is to contribute, along with +the forces of the other Major NATO Commands, to the +defence of the above area. In the event of crisis, the +Supreme Allied Commander, Europe becomes responsi- +ble for implementing military measures to preserve the +security, or restore the integrity, of Allied Command +Europe within the framework of the authority given to +him by the Council or Defence Planning Committee. + +68. The Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) + +SACEUR is responsible for preparing defence plans for +the area under his command and ensuring the combat +efficiency of the forces assigned to his command; making +recommendations to the Military Committee on matters +likely to improve the organisation of his command; set- +ting down standards for organising, training, equipping, +maintaining and sustaining the forces he commands; and +conducting exercises and evaluations to ensure that these +forces form a unified and capable force for the collective +defence of NATO territory. In the event of war, SACEUR +would control all land, sea and air operations in his area. + +SACEUR makes recommendations to NATO's political +and military authorities on any military matter which +might affect his ability to carry out his responsibilities +and he has direct access to the Chiefs-of-Staff, the De- +fence Ministers and Heads of Government of the NATO +nations. + + +Like the Chairman of the Military Committee, the +Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, also has an impor- +tant public profile and is the senior military spokesman for +SHAPE. Through his own activities and those of his public +information staff he maintains regular contacts with the +press and media and undertakes official visits within NATO +countries and in the countries with which NATO is develop- +ing dialogue, cooperation and partnership. + +The headquarters of Allied Command Europe is the +Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE). + +The following subordinate commands are currently +responsible to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe: + +(a) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH): Kolsas, +Norway. + + This Command comprises: Allied Forces North + +Norway; Allied Forces South Norway; and Allied +Forces Baltic Approaches. + +(b) Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT): Brunssum, +the Netherlands. + + This Command comprises: Northern Army Group; +Central Army Group; Allied Air Forces Central +Europe; 2nd Allied Tactical Air Force; and 4th Allied +Tactical Air Force. + + +(c) Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH): Naples, +Italy. + + This Command comprises: Allied Land Forces South- +ern Europe; Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe; +Allied Air Forces Southern Europe; Allied Naval +Forces Southern Europe; Naval Striking and Support +Forces Southern Europe. + +(d) The UK Air Forces Command (CINCUKAIR): High +Wycombe, United Kingdom. + +(e) The Allied Command Europe Mobile Force (AMF): +Heidelberg, Germany. + +(f) The Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAV- +FORMED). + +(g) The NATO Airborne Early Warning Force: Geilen- +kirchen, Germany (The NAEW Force is under the +operational command of the three Major NATO Com- +manders, SACEUR, SACLANT and CINCHAN. +SACEUR is their Executive Agent.) + +(h) The NATO (SHAPE) School at Oberammergau. + + + +The organisation of the subordinate command struc- +ture of Allied Command Europe described above is cur- +rently undergoing review. + +69. Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT) + +Allied Command Atlantic extends from the North Pole +to the Tropic of Cancer and from the coastal waters of +North America to those of Europe and Africa, including +Portugal, but not including the Channel and the British +Isles. The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic +(SACLANT), like the Supreme Allied Commander +Europe, receives his directions from the Military Commit- +tee. The headquarters of ACLANT are at Norfolk, Vir- +ginia, USA. + + +70. The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) + +The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic prepares de- +fence plans for his commands, conducts joint and com- +bined training exercises, sets training standards and deter- +mines the establishment of units; and advises NATO mili- +tary authorities on his strategic requirements. + +The primary task of Allied Command Atlantic is to +contribute to security in the whole Atlantic area by +safeguarding the Allies' sea lines of communication, sup- +porting land and amphibious operations, and protecting +the deployment of the Alliance's sea-based nuclear deter- +rent. + +Like SACEUR, SACLANT has direct access to Chiefs- +of-Staff, Defence Ministers and Heads of Government. + +The following subordinate commands are currently +responsible to the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic: + +- the Western Atlantic Command, comprising a Sub- +marine Force Western Atlantic Area Command; an + +Ocean Sub-Area Command; a Canadian Atlantic +Sub-Area Command; and the Bermuda and Green- +land Island Commands; + +- the Eastern Atlantic Command, comprising Maritime +Air Eastern Atlantic Area; Northern Sub-Area; Mari- +time Air Northern Sub-Area; Central Sub-Area; Mari- +time Air Central Sub-Area; Submarine Forces Eastern +Atlantic Area; and the Island Commands of Iceland +and the Faeroes; + +- the Striking Fleet Atlantic Command, comprising a +Carrier Striking Force, consisting of the Carrier Strik- +ing Group, the Anti-Submarine Warfare Group and +an Amphibious Force; + +- the Submarines Allied Command Atlantic; + +- the Iberian Atlantic Command, including the Island +Commands of Madeira and of the Azores; + +- the Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFOR- +LANT). + +71. Allied Command Channel (ACCHAN) + +The Channel Command extends from the Southern North +Sea through the English Channel. The Headquarters of +the Allied Commander-in-Chief Channel (CINCHAN) are +located at Northwood, in the United Kingdom. Its task +is to control and protect merchant shipping and contrib- +ute to overall defence and deterrence. + +72. The Commander-in-Chief Channel (CINCHAN) + +In the event of aggression CINCHAN would be responsible +for establishing and maintaining control of the Channel +area, supporting operations in adjacent commands, and +cooperating with SACEUR in the air defence of the Chan- +nel. The forces available for these tasks are predominantly +naval, but include maritime airforces. + +CINCHAN's subordinate commanders include Com- +mander Allied Maritime Air Force, Channel; Commander +Nore Sub-Area Channel; Commander Plymouth Sub- +Area, Channel; and Commander Benelux Sub-Area, +Channel. CINCHAN also has under his command the +NATO Standing Naval Force Channel (STANAVFOR- +CHAN), a permanent force mainly comprising mine +countermeasure vessels. + +A Channel Committee consisting of the naval Chiefs- +of-Staff of Belgium, the Netherlands and the United +Kingdom serves as an advisory and consultative body to +the Commander-in-Chief, Channel. + +Both SACEUR and SACLANT have offical represent- +atives at NATO Headquarters in Brussels (SACEUREP +and SACLANTREPEUR) to provide liaison with NATO +and national authorities. SACLANTREPEUR also acts +as representative for CINCHAN when required. + +The organisation of the subordinate command struc- +ture of Allied Command Atlantic and Allied Command +Channel is currently undergoing review in the light of the +decision taken by NATO Defence Ministers in December +1991 to reduce the number of Major NATO Commands +from three to two. + +73. Canada-United States Regional Planning Group + +The Canada-US Regional Planning Group, which covers +the North American area, develops and recommends to +the Military Committee plans for the defence of the +Canada-US Region. It meets alternately in one of these +two countries. + +74. Forces Available to NATO + +The forces of member countries available to NATO's inte- +grated military command structure are essentially in two +categories: those which come under the operational com- +mand or operational control of a Major NATO Com- +mander when required, in accordance with specified proce- +dures or at prescribed times; and those which nations have +agreed to assign to the operational command or operational +control of a Major NATO Commander at a future date. + +Some of the above terms have precise military defini- +tions. The terms ``command'' and ``control'', for example, +relate to the nature of the authority exercised by military +commanders over the forces assigned to them. When +used internationally, these terms do not necessarily have +the same implications as they do when used in a purely +national context. In assigning forces to NATO, member +nations assign operational command or operational con- +trol as distinct from full command over all aspects of the +military operations and administration of those forces. +These latter aspects continue to be a national responsibil- +ity and remain under national control. + +Broadly speaking, NATO's military forces will in future +come into three categories: immediate and rapid reaction +forces, main defence forces, and augmentation forces. +Adjustments which are being made will continue to reflect +the strictly defensive nature of the Alliance and will +include reductions in their overall size and in some cases +in the level of readiness which they maintain, enhanced +flexibility and mobility and an assured augmentation +capability. As in the past, the Alliance's political authori- +ties will continue to exercise close control over the deploy- +ment and employment of these forces at all times. + +In general, national forces remain under full national +command in peacetime. Exceptions to this rule are the +integrated staffs in the various NATO military head- +quarters; certain air defence units on constant alert such +as the units manning the Airborne Early Warning and +Control Force (AWACS); some communications units; +and four small multinational forces created for specific +tasks. These are described below. + +75. The ACE Mobile Force (AMF) + +In 1960 NATO formed a small, multinational task force +which could be sent at short notice to any threatened +part of Allied Command Europe to demonstrate the +solidarity of the Alliance and its ability and determination +to defend itself against aggression. The ACE Mobile +Force or ``AMF'' is composed of land and air forces +from Belgium, Canada, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, +the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United +States. Until assembled at the request of the Supreme +Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), most units +assigned to it are stationed in their home countries. +United States units are provided by the US Forces already +stationed in Europe. + +The AMF is a balanced force made up of infantry +battalions, artillery batteries and supporting units, with +the fighting strength of a brigade group of about 5,000 +men. The force can be deployed rapidly to any part of +Allied Command Europe and is trained and tested every +year in tough, realistic exercises held in both the northern +and southern regions of Europe. Since its creation the +AMF has regularly participated in multinational exercises +but in January 1991 it was deployed for the first time in an +operational role when elements of the force were sent to +south-east Turkey during the Gulf War in order to demon- +strate NATO's collective solidarity and determination in +the face of a potential threat to Allied territory. + +The Headquarters of AMF's land component are +located near Heidelberg in Germany. + +76. Standing Naval Forces + +The Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFOR- +LANT) was established in 1967. Composed of destroyer +or frigate class ships drawn from the navies of member +countries, this force comes under the command of the +Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT). Ships +from Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, the United +Kingdom and the United States form the permanent mem- +bership of the force. They are joined periodically by naval +units from Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Portugal. The +force carries out a programme of scheduled exercises, +manoeuvres, and port visits and can be rapidly deployed +to a threatened area in times of crisis or tension. + +The Standing Naval Force Channel (STANAVFOR- +CHAN) was commissioned in May 1973. It consists of +mine countermeasure vessels and operates under the +Command of the Allied Commander-in-Chief, Channel +(CINCHAN). Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and +the United Kingdom are regular contributors to the force. + +Danish, Norwegian and United States ships also join the +force from time to time. + +A Naval On-Call Force for the Mediterranean +(NAVOCFORMED) was created in 1969. Similar in pur- +pose to STANAVFORLANT and STANAVFORCHAN, +this naval force was assigned to the Supreme Allied +Commander, Europe. It was not permanently in being +and assembled only when called upon. Between exercises, +normally twice a year, the ships remained under national +command. Italy, Greece, Turkey, the United Kingdom +and the United States normally contributed ships to the +force and units of other nations exercised with the force +from time to time. + +As part of the reorganisation of Allied forces required +to meet the objectives of the Alliance's Strategic Concept, +NAVOCFORMED was replaced by a Standing Naval Force +Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) on 30 April 1992. The +new force is composed of destroyers and frigates contrib- +uted by Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, +Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. + +77. Reserve Forces + +In accordance with the Alliance's Strategic Concept, +Allied forces must be structured in a way which enables +their military capability to be built up when necessary by +reinforcement, reconstituting forces or mobilising re- +serves. Reserve forces therefore play an important role in +the whole spectrum of NATO's defence structure and in +the event of crisis, would be required to take up positions +and carry out tasks alongside regular forces. + + + + + +NATO handbook08 uploaded March 25, 1993 + +78. Military Agencies and Organisations + +The Military Committee is charged with the direction of +a number of NATO military agencies. These include: + +79. The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and +Development (AGARD) + +The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Devel- +opment (AGARD) was formed in 1952 and became an +agency under the Military Committee in 1966. Its task is +to foster and improve the interchange of information +relating to aerospace research and development between +the NATO nations in order to ensure that the advances +made by one nation are available to the others. AGARD +also provides scientific and technical advice and assistance +to the NATO Military Committee in the field of aerospace +research and development, with particular regard to mili- +tary applications. The Headquarters of AGARD is located +in Paris. + +80. The Military Agency for Standardization (MAS) + +Organised in London in 1951, the MAS is the principal +military agency for standardization within NATO. Its pur- +pose is to facilitate operational, procedural and materiel +standardization among member nations to enable NATO +forces to operate together in the most effective manner. +Cooperation between the international technical expert +groups and the agency in regard to defence equipment is +effected through the NATO Standardization Group and +by liaison with the International Staff and the Inter- +national Military Staff. Since January 1970 the MAS has +been housed within NATO Headquarters in Brussels. + +81. The NATO Electronic Warfare Advisory Committee +(NEWAC) + +NEWAC was established in 1966 to support the Military +Committee, the Major NATO Commanders (MNCs) and +the nations by acting as a specialist multinational body +to promote on a tri-service basis an effective NATO elec- +tronic warfare capability. It monitors national and MNC +progress in implementing measures which improve +NATO's electronic warfare capabilities. NEWAC is +composed of representatives of each NATO country +and of the MNCs. The Chairman of the Committee and +the Secretary are permanently assigned to the +Operations Division of the International Military Staff +(IMS). + +82. THE EURO/NATO Training Group + +Responsibility within NATO for consolidation of training +on a multinational basis is vested in the EURO/NATO +Training Group (ENTG). The Group's objectives are to +improve and expand existing, and to initiate new, multi- +national training arrangements between member nations. +The ENTG reports to the NATO Military Committee +and to the EUROGROUP. + +83. The Military Committee Meteorological Group +(MCMG) + +The task of the MCMG is to advise the Military Committee +on meteorological matters affecting NATO and to make +appropriate recommendations. The MCMG also acts as +the coordinating agency of the Military Committee for +all military meteorological policies, procedures and tech- +niques within NATO. + +84. Military Telecommunications and CIS Agencies + +Six specialised Military Telecommunications and Commu- +nications and Information Systems (CIS) Agencies provide +the Military Committee with expert technical advice on +military matters within their own fields of competence. +These are: + + + +- Allied Communications and Computer Security +Agency (ACCSA). + +- Allied Long Lines Agency (ALLA). + +- Allied Radio Frequency Agency (ARFA). + +- Allied Tactical Communications Agency (ATCA). + +- Allied Data Systems Interoperability Agency (ADSIA). + +- Allied Naval Communications Agency (ANCA). + + + +The permanent staffs of these bodies, with the excep- +tion of ANCA staff located in London, are drawn from the +NATO International Military Staff and are collocated in +Brussels. + +In addition, the Military Committee is advised on CIS +matters by the NATO CIS Committee (NACISC) which +also reports to the North Atlantic Council and Defence +Planning Committee. The NACISC is assisted in its work +by the Communications Systems Working Group (CSWG) +and Information Systems Working Group (ISWG). + +85. The SHAPE Technical Centre + +The SHAPE Technical Centre is an international military +organisation under the policy direction of the Supreme +Allied Commander Europe. Its task is to provide scientific +and technical advice and assistance to SHAPE and to +undertake research, studies, investigations, development +projects and operational tests for Allied Command +Europe. Initially limited to air defence problems, its scope +was widened in 1963 to cover all military matters pertain- +ing to Allied Command Europe. + +Its current programme is directed in particular towards +three major areas of concern to Allied Command Europe: +force capability and force structure, including the effects +of new weapons technology; command and control, in- +cluding application of automated data processing; and +communications, including concept formulation, systems +engineering and operations support. + +86. The SACLANT Undersea Research Centre + +The SACLANT Undersea Research Centre was commis- +sioned in 1959 at La Spezia, Italy and formally became a +NATO military organisation in 1963. The task of the +Centre is to provide scientific and technical advice and +assistance to SACLANT in the field of anti-submarine war- +fare and mine countermeasures. The Centre carries out +research and limited development (but not engineering or +manufacturing) in these fields, including oceanography, +operational research and analysis, advisory and consul- +tancy work; and exploratory research. In July 1986, under +the auspices of SACLANTCEN, the first ship to be funded +jointly by NATO countries, the 3,200-ton undersea re- +search vessel ALLIANCE, was officially launched at La +Spezia. The ship became operational in May 1988. + + +87. The NATO Defense College + +The NATO Defense College was established in 1951 in +Paris and moved to Rome in 1966. Under the direction +of the Military Committee, assisted by an independent +Advisory Board, the College provides courses for officers +and civilian officials from member countries expected to +be appointed to key posts within NATO or in their national +administrations. Since 1991 provision has also been made +for participation in courses at the NATO Defense College +by officers and officials from the Alliance's cooperation +partners. The Commandant of the College is an officer of +at least Lieutenant General rank appointed for a three +year period. The Commandant is assisted by a Faculty +comprising one civilian and two military deputies and at +least eight faculty advisers. Courses include lectures and +discussions, team studies, committee work and instruc- +tional tours to the United States and Canada and to +European member countries. Course requirements in- +clude competence in a specialised field and a thorough +knowledge of English or French. + + + + + +NATO handbook09 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +PART IV + + + +INTERLOCKING +INSTITUTIONS + + + +``The challenges we will face in this new Europe cannot be +comprehensively addressed by one institution alone, but +only in a framework of interlocking institutions tying +together the countries of Europe and North America. Conse- +quently, we are working towards a new European security +architecture in which NATO, the CSCE, the European +Community, the WEU and the Council of Europe comple- +ment each other. Regional frameworks of cooperation will +also be important. This interaction will be of the greatest +significance in preventing instability and divisions that could +result from various causes, such as economic disparities +and violent nationalism.'' + + + +Extract from the Rome Declaration on Peace and + +Cooperation issued by the Heads of State and + +Government participating in the meeting of the North + +Atlantic Council in Rome on 7-8 November 1991. + + + +88. THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (CSCE) + +The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe +(CSCE) is a process involving all European States, all +members of the Commonwealth of Independent States +(CIS), Georgia, Canada and the United States. + +Launched in 1972, the CSCE process led to the adoption +of the Helsinki Final Act (1975). This document en- +compassed a wide range of commitments on principles +governing relations between participating states, on +measures designed to build confidence between them, on +respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms +and on cooperation in economic, cultural, technical and +scientific fields. + +In accordance with the Helsinki Final Act it was decided +to continue and deepen the CSCE process. Follow-up +meetings were held in Belgrade (1977-1978), Madrid +(1980-1983), Vienna (1986-1989) and Helsinki (March- +July 1992). Meetings of experts have also taken place on a +number of different topics. + +The CSCE has provided a pan-European/transatlantic +framework for negotiations in the field of security. The +participating states agreed in 1986 in Stockholm on a +Document on Confidence and Security Building Meas- +ures (CSBMs), completed and improved in 1990 by the +Vienna Document on CSBMs and subsequently by the +Vienna 1992 Document. On 19 November 1990, at the +opening of the CSCE Summit in Paris, 22 participating +states signed the far reaching CFE Treaty which limits +conventional forces in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean +to the Ural Mountains. + +On 21 November 1990, the CSCE Summit Meeting of +Heads of State and Government of the then 34 participat- +ing states adopted the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. +The Charter established the Council of Foreign Ministers +of the CSCE as the central forum for regular political +consultations; the Committee of Senior Officials, which +reviews current issues, prepares the work of the Council +and carries out its decisions; and three permanent institu- +tions of the CSCE, namely the Secretariat in Prague; the +Conflict Prevention Centre in Vienna; and the Office for +Free Elections in Warsaw (subsequently renamed Office +for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights +(ODIHR)). The new institutions of the CSCE started +work in early 1991. + +On 19 June 1991, the Berlin Meeting of the CSCE +Council of Foreign Affairs accepted Albania as a new +participating state and adopted an emergency mechanism +to deal with crisis situations in the area covered by the +CSCE. On 10 September 1991, the Ministers of Foreign +Affairs meeting in Moscow accepted Estonia, Latvia and +Lithuania as participating states. All members of the +Commonwealth of Independent States (i.e. all republics +of the former Soviet Union less Georgia) became mem- +bers on 30 January 1992. Croatia, Slovenia and Georgia +became members on 24 March 1992. + +The decisions relating to security cooperation taken at +the conclusion of the Follow-Up Meeting in July 1992 by +CSCE Heads of State and Government represented a +significant qualitative improvement in the consultative +and negotiating machinery available to the participating +states. In the concluding document of the Helsinki +Summit Meeting (``The Challenges of Change'') the crea- +tion was announced, inter alia, of a permanent CSCE +Forum for Security Cooperation to commence its activi- +ties from 22 September 1992 in Vienna. The Helsinki +Document established the objectives of the Forum, under +whose auspices new negotiations on arms control, disar- +mament and confidence- and security-building will take +place; and set out the constitutional arrangements for the +work of the Forum including the creation of a Special +Committee and a Consultative Committee. The participat- +ing states also agreed on a fourteen-point Programme for +Immediate Action addressing, inter alia, the development +of the Vienna Document 1992, exchange of military infor- +mation, non-proliferation, regional issues, conflict preven- +tion and verification issues. + + +Further information: CSCE Secretariat, Thunovska 12, +Mala Strana, 110 00 Prague 1, Czechoslovakia. Tel: 42- +2-311 97 93 - 96; Fax: 42-2-34 6215. + +89. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC) + +The European Community was established on the basis +of the Treaty of Rome signed on 25 March 1957 by +Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the +Netherlands. In 1973 they were joined by Denmark, +Ireland and the United Kingdom, in 1981 by Greece and +in 1986 by Spain and Portugal. + +The European Community (EC) has developed from +the merger of the European Coal and Steel Community, +founded on 18 April 1951, with the European Economic +Community and the European Atomic Energy Community +(EURATOM) founded in 1957 under the Treaty of Rome. + +Intergovernmental Conferences on Economic and Mon- +etary Union and Political Union took place from 15 +December 1990 to 11 December 1991. At the Maastricht +European Council on 9 and 10 December 1991, the Heads +of State and Government of the Community countries +adopted a Treaty on Political Union, and a Treaty on +Economic and Monetary Union, which together form the +Treaty on European Union. The Treaty is subject to +ratification by all member states. + +The Treaty on Political Union establishes inter alia a +common foreign and security policy governed by specific +provisions. The latter include reference to the Western +European Union as an integral part of the development +of the European Union; and request the WEU to elaborate +and implement decisions and actions of the Union which +have defence implications. + +At the meeting of WEU Member States which took +place in Maastricht at the same time as the meeting of +the European Council, a declaration was issued inviting +members of the European Union to accede to the WEU or +to become observers, and inviting other European mem- +bers of NATO to become associate members of the WEU. + + +The Treaty on European Union also makes provision +for a further inter-governmental conference to evaluate +achievement made in both spheres; and for a report +evaluating the progress made and experience gained in +the field of foreign and security policy to be presented to +the European Council in 1996. + +Hungary, Poland and the Czech and Slovak Federal +Republic have signed association agreements with the +EC. Talks are currently underway with Bulgaria and +Romania. Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Malta, Norway, +Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey have formally applied +for membership. + +The main institutions of the Community are the Coun- +cil of Ministers, the Commission, the European Parlia- +ment and the Court of Justice. The Council consists of +one Minister from each member state. It acts mainly on +proposals from the Commission, a policy planning and +executive body whose 17 members, each appointed for +four years by the common consent of the member govern- +ments, act in the interests of the Community as a whole. +As well as drawing up policy proposals for approval by +the Council, the Commission also acts as the guardian of +Community laws and ensures their application in all +member states. + +The European Parliament has 518 members. Until 1979 +these were nominated by national legislative bodies from +among their own members. Direct elections to the Parlia- +ment commenced in June 1979. The Parliament considers +proposals from the Commission and has the right to +question individual Commissioners and, ultimately to +dismiss the Commission itself. These elements of demo- +cratic control have gradually been extended and the Parlia- +ment now has increased control over the Community +budget. + +The final arbiter on Community law is the Court of +Justice. Its 12 judges, one from each member state, settle +disputes over the interpretation and application of Com- +munity law and have the power to overturn decisions +deemed to be contrary to the Treaties establishing the +Community. Its judgements are binding on the Commis- +sion, on national governments, on firms and individuals. + +A major Community aim is greater integration of the +economies of its member states. The first step in this +direction was the introduction of a customs union, involv- +ing the elimination of the tariffs and quotas on trade +between member countries and the introduction of a +common tariff in dealings with non-member countries. +Establishment of a common agricultural policy was an +important aspect in setting up the customs union. + +In 1985, the Commission proposed an ambitious pro- +gramme of legislative proposals designated to create a +single European market enabling goods, services, capital +and people to move freely within and between member +states. The Single European Act creating the Internal +Market comes into effect at the beginning of 1993 on +completion of this programme. + +In the international context, agreements have been +made between the Community and other countries of the +Mediterranean area, in the Middle East, in South +America and in Asia. Sixty-eight African, Caribbean and +Pacific countries now belong to the Lome Convention. +Relations are being developed with the EFTA countries +and with the newly democratic countries of Central and +Eastern Europe. The Community also maintains a con- +tinuing dialogue on political and economic issues of +mutual interest and engages in direct negotiations on +trade and investment issues with the United States, par- +ticularly in the context of the General Agreement on +Tariffs and Trade (GATT). + +Since the outbreak of the crisis in the former Yugosla- +via and the disintegration of the federal state, the Euro- +pean Community has played an important role in efforts +to bring about peace to the region and to channel humani- +tarian aid to the war-stricken communities of the country. +The London Conference on Yugoslavia held in August +1992, chaired jointly by the Secretary General of the +United Nations and by the Prime Minister of the United +Kingdom (as current President of the European Council), +represented a new departure for the EC in the field of +foreign policy and the first combined EC-United Nations +international operation. Senior officials nominated by the +United Nations and the EC are acting jointly as peace +negotiators and chairmen of the continuing Geneva Con- +ference on the former Yugoslavia established at the +London Conference. + +Further information: The Director-General for Infor- +mation and Communication (DG 10), 200 rue de la Loi, +1049 Brussels, Belgium, Tel: 299 11 11; Fax: 235 01 38 39 +040. + +90. THE WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU) + +The Western European Union has existed in its present +form since 1954 and today includes nine European coun- +tries - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, +the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United King- +dom. It has a Council and Secretariat currently based in +London and a Parliamentary Assembly in Paris. The +WEU has its origins in the Brussels Treaty of economic, +social and cultural collaboration and collective self-de- +fence of 1948, signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, +the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. With the +signature of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, the exer- +cise of the military responsibilities of the Brussels Treaty +Organisation or Western Union, was transferred to the +North Atlantic Alliance. + +Under the Paris Agreements of 1954, the Federal Re- +public of Germany and Italy acceded to the Brussels +Treaty and the Organisation was renamed the Western +European Union. The latter continued in being in fulfil- +ment of the conditions and tasks laid down in the Paris +Agreements. + +The Western European Union was reactivated in 1984 +with a view to developing a common European defence +identity through cooperation among its members in the +security field and to strengthening the European pillar of +the North Atlantic Alliance. + +Meeting in The Hague in October 1987, the Ministerial +Council of the Western European Union, made up of +Foreign and Defence Ministers of the nine member coun- +tries, adopted a ``Platform on European Security Inter- +ests'' in which they solemnly affirmed their determination +both to strengthen the European pillar of NATO and to +provide an integrated Europe with a security and defence +dimension. The Platform defined the Western European +Union's relations with NATO and with other organisa- +tions, as well as the enlargement of the WEU and the +conditions for the further development of its role as a +forum for regular discussion of defence and security +issues affecting Europe. + +In August 1987 during the Iran-Iraq War, Western +European Union experts met in The Hague to consider +joint action in the Gulf to ensure freedom of navigation +in the oil shipping lanes of the region; and in October +1987 WEU countries met again to coordinate their military +presence in the Gulf following attacks on shipping in the +area. + +Following the ratification of the Treaty of Accession +signed in November 1988, Portugal and Spain became +members of the Western European Union, in accordance +with the decisions taken the previous year to facilitate its +enlargement. A further step was taken in November 1989 +when the Council decided to create an Institute for Secu- +rity Studies, based in Paris, with the task of assisting in +the development of a European security identity and in +the implementation of The Hague Platform. + +At the end of 1990 and during the Gulf War in January +and February 1991, coordinated action took place among +WEU nations contributing forces and other forms of +support to the coalition forces involved in the liberation +of Kuwait. + +A number of decisions were taken by the European +Council at Maastricht on 9-10 December 1991 on the +common foreign and security policy of the European +Union, and by the member states of the Western Euro- +pean Union on the role of the WEU and its relations +with the European Union and the Atlantic Alliance. +These decisions were welcomed by the North Atlantic +Council when it met in Ministerial Session on 19 Decem- +ber. They included extending invitations to members of +the European Union to accede to the WEU or to seek +observer status, as well as invitations to European +member states of NATO to become associate members; +agreement on the objective of the WEU of building up the +organisation in stages, as the defence component of the +European Union, and on elaborating and implementing +decisions and actions of the Union with defence implica- +tions; agreement on the objective of strengthening the +European pillar of the Atlantic Alliance and the role, +responsibilities and contributions of WEU member states +in the Alliance; affirmation of the intention of the WEU to +act in conformity with positions adopted in the Alliance; +the strengthening of the WEU's operational role; and the +relocation of the WEU Council and Secretariat from +London to Brussels. A number of other proposals are +also under examination, including a new role for the WEU +in armaments cooperation. + +Provisions established in accordance with the decisions +reached at Maastricht will be re-examined in 1996 in the +light of the progress and experience acquired, including +the evolution of the relationship between the WEU and +the Atlantic Alliance. + +On 21 May 1992, the Council of the Western European +Union held its first formal meeting with the North Atlan- +tic Council at NATO Headquarters. In accordance with +decisions taken by both organisations, the meeting was +held to discuss the relationship between them and ways +of strengthening practical cooperation as well as establish- +ing closer working ties between them. + +In July 1992 the member countries of the WEU +decided to make available naval forces for monitoring +compliance in the Adriatic with UN Security Council +Resolutions against Serbia and Montenegro. Similar +measures were also taken by the North Atlantic Council +in Ministerial Session in Helsinki on 10 July 1992, in +coordination and cooperation with the operation decided +by the WEU. + +Further information: Western European Union, +Secretariat-General, 9 Grosvenor Place, London SW1X +7HL. Tel: 071 235 5351; Fax: 071 259 6102. + + +91. THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE + +The Council of Europe was set up on 5 May 1949, ``to +achieve a greater unity between its members for the +purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and +principles which are their common heritage and facilitat- +ing their economic and social progress''. + +The Council has 27 member countries including +Hungary which joined in 1990 and the Czech and Slovak +Federal Republic in 1991. Other Central and Eastern +European countries have special guest status. Some of +the Council's activities are open to non-member states. +The organisation is composed of a Committee of Minis- +ters, in which agreements are reached on common action +by Governments; and a 192-strong Assembly, which makes +proposals for new activities and serves, more generally, +as a parliamentary forum (Bulgaria, Poland, Romania +and Russia have special guest status with the Parliamen- +tary Assembly). + +The Council's overall aim is to maintain the basic +principles of human rights, pluralist democracy and the +rule of law and enhance the quality of life for European +citizens. + +Around 140 inter-governmental conventions and agree- +ments have been concluded by the Council, chief among +which are the Convention on Human Rights, the Euro- +pean Cultural Convention, and the European Social Char- +ter. The organisation further promotes cooperation to +improve education; the safeguarding of the urban and +natural environment; social services, public health, sport +and youth activities; the development of local democracy; +the harmonization of legislation, particularly in the light +of technical developments, and the prevention of compu- +ter crime. + +Further information: Information Directorate, Council +of Europe, BP341, R6-67006 Strasbourg, France, Tel: +Strasbourg (88) 412033; Fax: (88) 412780/(88) 412790. + + + + + +NATO handbook10 uploaded March 25, 1993 + +PART V + + + +OTHER INTER- +GOVERNMENTAL AND +NON-GOVERNMENTAL +ORGANISATIONS + + + +92. THE NORTH ATLANTIC ASSEMBLY + +Alliance cohesion is substantially enhanced by the sup- +port of freely elected parliamentary representatives. The +North Atlantic Assembly (NAA) is the inter-parliamentary +forum of the 16 member countries of the Alliance. It +brings together European and North American legislators +to debate and discuss issues of common interest and +concern. The Assembly is completely independent of +NATO but constitutes a link between national parliaments +and the Alliance which encourages governments to take +Alliance concerns into account when framing national +legislation. It also acts as a permanent reminder that +intergovernmental decisions reached within NATO are ulti- +mately dependent on political endorsement in accordance +with the due constitutional process of democratically +elected parliaments. + +Delegates to the North Atlantic Assembly are nomi- +nated by their parliaments according to their national +procedures on the basis of party representation in the +parliaments. The Assembly therefore represents a broad +spectrum of political opinion. It comprises 188 parlia- +mentarians, the size of each country's delegation +being mainly determined by the size of its population. +The membership is drawn from different political parties +but serving members of governments cannot act as +delegates. + +There are five Assembly officers elected each year by +delegates in Plenary Session, namely the President, three +Vice-Presidents and the Treasurer. A Secretary General is +elected every two years by a Standing Committee com- +posed of the heads of each delegation. The Assembly +meets twice a year in Plenary Session. Meetings are held +in national capitals on a rotational basis at the invitation +of national parliaments. The Assembly functions through +five committees, i.e. Political; Defence and Security; +Economic; Scientific and Technical; and Civilian Affairs. +These are both study groups and major forums for +discussion. The committees study and examine all major +contemporary issues arising in their respective fields of +interest. They meet regularly throughout the year and +report to the Plenary Sessions of the Assembly. + +The primary purpose of the Assembly is educative and +consensus-building. It allows Alliance legislators to +convey national preoccupations and concerns and to +inform each other of the very different national and +regional perspectives that exist on many key issues of +mutual interest. Similarly, members of the Assembly +are able to use the experience and information gained +through participation in its activities when exercising +their roles within national parliaments, and thus ensure +that Alliance interests and considerations are given maxi- +mum visibility in national discussions. The Assembly also +constitutes an important touchstone for assessing parlia- +mentary and public opinion on Alliance issues and +through its deliberations provides a clear indication of +public and parliamentary concerns regarding Alliance +policies. In this sense the Assembly plays an indirect but +important role in policy formation. Recommendations +and resolutions of the Assembly are forwarded to na- +tional governments, parliaments, other relevant organisa- +tions and to the Secretary General of NATO who formu- +lates replies based on discussions within the North Atlan- +tic Council. + +Relations between the Assembly and the countries of +Central and Eastern Europe were placed on a formal +basis in 1990 when parliamentary representatives from +these countries were invited to participate in the full +range of Assembly activities as ``Associate Delegates''. +The Assembly has also organised a number of seminars +in which representatives from other countries including +Sweden, Finland, Austria, Yugoslavia and Switzerland +have also participated. + +The Assembly is developing a programme of specialised +seminars aimed at assisting the development of parliamen- +tary democracy in Central and Eastern Europe and in the +Commonwealth of Independent States. These will focus +on areas where the Assembly has particular competence +and experience or, as a multilateral forum, is uniquely +placed to make an effective contribution, such as the +question of parliamentary oversight and control of de- +fence expenditure and of the armed forces. In addition, +the Assembly is focussing its efforts and resources on +other ways of assisting the development of democracy in +Central and Eastern Europe, including the creation of a +Special Committee comprising Assembly members and +Associate Delegates on an equal basis to discuss and +exchange views on security requirements. + +Further information on the North Atlantic Assembly +may be obtained from its International Secretariat - +Place du Petit Sablon 3, B-1000 Brussels. Tel.: +513.28.65. + + + + +93. THE ATLANTIC TREATY ASSOCIATION (ATA) + +Voluntary associations affiliated to the Atlantic Treaty +Association (ATA) support the activities of NATO and +of individual governments to promote the objectives of +the North Atlantic Treaty. + +The objectives of the Atlantic Treaty Association are: + +(a) to educate and inform the public concerning the +aims and goals of the North Atlantic Treaty Organis- +ation; + +(b) to conduct research in the various purposes and +activities related to the Organisation; + +(c) to promote the solidarity of the peoples in the North +Atlantic area; + +(d) to develop permanent relations and cooperation +between its national member committees or associa- +tions. + + + +An Atlantic Education Committee (AEC) and an Atlan- +tic Association of Young Political Leaders (AAYPL) are +active in their own fields. + + +The following national voluntary organisations are +members of the ATA: + + + +BELGIUM +The Belgian Atlantic Association +24 rue des Petits Carmes +1000 Brussels + +LUXEMBOURG +Luxembourg Atlantic Association +BP 805 +Luxembourg + +CANADA +The Atlantic Council of Canada +6 Hoskin Avenue +Toronto +Ontario M5S 1H8 + +NETHERLANDS +Netherlands Atlantic Committee +Laan van Meerdervoort 96 +2517 AR The Hague + + + +DENMARK +Danish Atlantic Association +Ryvangs Alle 1 +Postbox 2521 +DK-2100 Copenhagen 0 + +NORWAY +Norwegian Atlantic Committee +Fridtjof Nansens Plass 6 +0160 Oslo 1 + +FRANCE +French Association for the +Atlantic Community +185 rue de la Pompe +75116 Paris + +PORTUGAL +Portuguese Atlantic Committee +Av. Infante Santo 42, 6e +1300 Lisbon + +GERMANY +The German Atlantic Society +Am Burgweiher 12 +5300 Bonn 1 + +SPAIN +Spanish Atlantic Association +Fernaflor 6-5B. +28014 Madrid + +GREECE +Greek Association for Atlantic and +European Cooperation +160A Ioannou Drossopoulou Str +112 56 Athens + +TURKEY +Turkish Atlantic Committee +Kuleli Sokak No: 44/1 +Gaziosmanpasa +06700 Ankara + +ICELAND +Association of Western +Cooperation +PO Box 28 +121 Reykjavik + +ITALY +Italian Atlantic Committee +Piazza di Firenze 27 +00186 Rome + + +UNITED KINGDOM +The British Atlantic Commitee +154 Buckingham Palace Road +London W5 4VB + +UNITED STATES +The Atlantic Council of the United +States +1616 H. Street NW +Washington DC 20006 + +>From October 1992 The Atlantic Club of Bulgaria has +been associated with the Atlantic Treaty Association as +an observer (Address: 29 Slavyanska Street, Sofia 1000). + + +Further information concerning the Atlantic Treaty +Association may be obtained from the Secretary General +of the ATA at 185, rue de la Pompe, 75116 Paris. + +94. THE INTERALLIED CONFEDERATION OF +RESERVE OFFICERS (CIOR) + +The Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers is a +non-governmental, non-political, non-profit organisation. +Known by its French acronym CIOR, the Confeder- +ation was formed in 1948 by the Reserve Officers Associa- +tions of Belgium, France and the Netherlands. All exist- +ing national reserve officer associations of NATO- +member nations now belong to the Confederation. It +represents more than 800,000 reserve officers and aims +to inculcate and maintain an interallied spirit among its +members and to provide them with information about +NATO developments and activities. It also aims to con- +tribute to the organisation, administration and training +of reserve forces in NATO countries and to improve their +motivation, capabilities, interoperability and mutual con- +fidence through common and exchange training pro- +grammes. + +The Confederation maintains close liaison with appro- +priate national defence organisations and with NATO +military authorities and develops international contacts +between reserve officers. Its members are active in profes- +sional, business, industrial, academic and political circles +in their respective countries and contribute individually +to the improvement of public understanding of NATO +and the strengthening of public support for its policies. + +The chief executive of the Confederation is an elected +President who serves in that office for a period of two +years. He is assisted by a Secretary General and an +Executive Committee composed of delegates from all +national member associations. The head of each national +delegation is also a Vice-President of the Confederation. + +The Interallied Confederation of the Medical Reserve +Officers (CIOMR) is affiliated to the CIOR. + + +Member associations of the CIOR: + + + +BELGIUM +Union Royale Nationale des +Officiers de Reserve de Belgique +(URNOR/KNVRO-BE) +Rue des Petits Carmes 24 +B-1000 Bruxelles + +CANADA +The Conference of Defence +Associations of Canada (CDA) +PO Box 893 +Ottawa +Ontario K1P 5P9 + +DENMARK +Reserve officers Foreningen i +Danmark (ROID) +GL. Hovedragt +Kastellet, +DK-2100 Copenhagen + +GERMANY +Verband der Reservisten der +Deutschen Bundeswehr (VdRBw) +Pfarrer Byns Strasse 1 +D-5300 Bonn - Endenich + +GREECE +The Supreme Pan-Hellenic +Federation of Reserve Officers +(SPFRO) +100 Solonos Street +GR-10680 Athens 144 + +FRANCE +Union Nationale des Officiers de +Reserve France (UNOR/FR) +17 Avenue de l'Opera +F-75001 Paris + +LUXEMBOURG +Amicale des Anciens Officiers de +Reserve Luxembourgeois +(ANORL) +124 A Kiem +L-8030 Strassen + +THE NETHERLANDS +Koninklijke Vereniging van +Nederlandse Reserve Officieren +(KVNRO) +Postbus 96820 +NL-2509 s'Gravenhage + + +NORWAY +Norske Reserveoffiserers Forbund +(NROF) +Oslo Mil. Akershus +NO-0015 Oslo 1 + +SPAIN +Federation of Spanish Reserve +Associations (FORE) +Aerodromo de La Nava +Corral de Ayllon +Segovia 28018 + +UNITED KINGDOM +The Reserve Forces Association of +the United Kingdom (RFA) +Centre Block +Duke of York's Headquarters +Chelsea +GB-London SW3 4SG + +UNITED STATES +The Reserve Officers Association +of the United States (ROA) +1 Constitution Avenue NE +Washington DC 20002 + + +The CIOR and CIOMR have a liaison office at NATO +Headquarters situated within the International Military +Staff. Further information about the Confederations may +be obtained from this office (CIOR/CIOMR Liaison +Office, NATO/IMS/P&P, B-1110 Brussels). + +95. THE EUROGROUP/ + +The EUROGROUP is a grouping of European govern- +ments within the framework of NATO, open to all Euro- +pean members of the Alliance. Its aim is to help +strengthen the whole Alliance by seeking to ensure that +the European contribution to the common defence is as +strong and cohesive as possible. It provides a forum in +which European Defence Ministers can exchange views +on major political and security issues and foster practical +cooperation through the work of specialist sub-groups on +tactical communications, logistics, long-term concepts of +operation, military medicine, and joint training. + +Meetings of Defence Ministers take place twice a year, +just before the regular half-yearly Ministerial session of +NATO's Defence Planning Committee. They include a +working dinner which provides an important opportunity +for informal discussion. The chairmanship of the EURO- +GROUP rotates each year. The work is overseen and +Ministerial meetings prepared by an ad hoc committee of +EUROGROUP Ambassadors at NATO Headquarters. +For day-to-day affairs, the main working body is the +Staff Group, which is composed of officials from the +national delegations at NATO Headquarters. A Secre- +tariat is provided by the United Kingdom. + +The EUROGROUP regularly sends panels to North +America in order to increase understanding of the scale +of the European defence effort and arranges for North +American legislators and journalists to see European +defence forces at first hand. It also organises an annual +conference in Washington and an annual seminar hosted +by the chairing nation. + + +96. THE INDEPENDENT EUROPEAN PROGRAMME +GROUP/ + +The Independent European Programme Group (IEPG), +formed in 1976, is the forum through which all European +member nations of NATO (except Iceland) discuss and +formulate policies designed to achieve greater cooperation +in armaments procurement. The Group meets at the level +of Defence Ministers and National Armaments Directors +and works through three Panels. Panel I, chaired by +Norway, is responsible for the harmonisation of opera- +tional requirements and the identification of opportunities +for collaboration. Panel II, chaired by France, overseas +research and technology cooperation and is chiefly con- +cerned with managing the EUCLID programme (Euro- +pean Cooperation for the Long-term in Defence). Panel +III, chaired by Germany, is responsible for defence equip- +ment market matters including the liberalisation of de- +fence trade in Europe. + +The Panels report to biannual meetings of National +Armaments Directors, who report in turn to Defence +Ministers. The latter meet at least once a year. The +chairmanship of the IEPG rotates every two years be- +tween member states. The current chair nation, Belgium, +is due to be succeeded by Denmark at the beginning of +1993. The IEPG is not a formal body and apart from a +small administrative Permanent Secretariat based in +Lisbon, the work of the Group falls to the nations who +share the duties between them. + +/ The future roles of the Eurogroup and the IEPG are under +discussion. + + + + + +NATO APPENDICES uploaded March 25, 1993 +handbook11 + +APPENDIX I + + + +97. THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY + + + +Washington DC, 4th April 1949 + + +The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes +and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their +desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. + +They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and +civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of +democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. + +They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North +Atlanticarea. + +They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence +and for the preservation of peace and security. + +They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty: + +ARTICLE 1 + +The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United +Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may +be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international +peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain +in their international relations from the threat or use of force +in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United +Nations. + +ARTICLE 2 + +The Parties will contribute toward the further development of +peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening +their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding +of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and +by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will +seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic +policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any +or all of them. + +ARTICLE 3 + +In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this +Treaty, theParties, separately and jointly, by means of +continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain +and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist +armed attack. + +ARTICLE 4 + +The Parties will consult together whenever, in the opinion of any +of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or +security of any of the Parties is threatened. + +ARTICLE 5 + +The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of +them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack +against them all, and consequently they agree that, if such an +armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of +individual or collective selfdefence recognised by Article 51 of +the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or +Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually, and in +concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems +necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and +maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. + +Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof +shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such +measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken +the measures necessary to restore and maintain international +peace and security. + +ARTICLE 6 + +For the purpose of Article 5, an armed attack on one or more of +the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack: + +- on the territory of any of the Parties in Europe or North +America, on the Algerian Departments of France(2), on the +territory of Turkey or on the islands under the jurisdiction of +any of the Parties in the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic +of Cancer; + +- on the forces, vessels, or aircraft of any of the Parties, +when in or over these territories or any area in Europe in which +occupation forces of any of the Parties were stationed on the +date when the Treaty entered into force or the Mediterranean Sea +or the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer. + + + +ARTICLE 7 + +The Treaty does not effect, and shall not be interpreted as +affecting, in any way the rights and obligations under the +Charter of the Parties which are members of the United Nations, +or the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the +maintenance of international peace and security. + +1 As amended by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic +Treaty on the accesion of Greece and Turkey. + +2 On 16th January 1963 the Council noted that insofar as the +former Algerian Departments of France were concerned the relevant +clauses of this Treaty had become inapplicable as from 3rd July +1962. + + +ARTICLE 8 + +Each Party declares that none of the international engagements +now in force between it and any other of the Parties or any third +State is in conflict with the provisions of this Treaty, and +undertakes not to enter into any international engagement in +conflict with this Treaty. + +ARTICLE 9 + +The Parties hereby establish a Council, on which each of them +shall be represented to consider matters concerning the +implementation of this Treaty. The Council shall be so organised +as to be able to meet promptly at any time. The Council shall set +up such subsidiary bodies as may be necessary; in particular it +shall establish immediately a defence committee which shall +recommend measures for the implementation of Articles 3 and 5. + +ARTICLE 10 + +The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other +European State in a position to further the principles of this +Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic +area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become +a party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession +with the Government of the United States of America. The +Government of the United States of America will inform each of +the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession. + +ARTICLE 11 + +This Treaty shall be ratified and its provisions carried out by +the Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional +processes. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited as +soon as possible with the Government of the United States of +America, which will notify all the other signatories of each +deposit. The Treaty shall enter into force between the States +which have ratified it as soon as the ratification of the +majority of the signatories, including the ratifications of +Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United +Kingdom and the United States, have been deposited and shall come +into effect with respect to other States on the date of the +deposit of their ratifications.3 + +ARTICLE 12 + +After the Treaty has been in force for ten years, or at any time +3 The Treaty came into force on 24 August 1949, after the +deposition of the ratifications of all signatory states. + +thereafter, the Parties shall, if any of them so requests, +consult together for the purpose of reviewing the Treaty, having +regard for the factors then affecting peace and security in the +North Atlantic area including the development of universal as +well as regional arrangements under the Charter of the United +Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security. + +ARTICLE 13 + +After the Treaty has been in force for twenty years, any Party +may cease to be a Party one year after its notice of denunciation +has been given to the Government of the United States of America, +which will inform the Governments of the other Parties of the +deposit of each notice of denunciation. + +ARTICLE 14 + +This Treaty, of which the English and French texts are equally +authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government +of the United States of America. Duly certified copies will be +transmitted by that government to the governments of the other +signatories. + + + + + +NATO Handbook uploaded March 25, 1993 + +APPENDIX II + + + +98. THE ALLIANCE'S STRATEGIC CONCEPT + + + +Agreed by the Heads of State and Government + +participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic + +Council in Rome on 7th-8th November 1991 + + + + + +1. At their meeting in London in July 1990, NATO's Heads of +Stateand Government agreed on the need to transform the +Atlantic Alliance to reflect the new, more promising, era in +Europe. While reaffirming the basic principles on which the +Alliance has rested since its inception, they recognized that +the developments taking place in Europe would have a +far-reaching impact on the way in which its aims would be met +in future. In particular, they set in hand a fundamental +strategic review.The resulting new Strategic Concept is set +out below. + +PART I - THE STRATEGIC CONTEXT + +The New Strategic Environment + +2. Since 1989, profound political changes have taken place in +Central and Eastern Europe which have radically improved the +security environment in which the North Atlantic Alliance +seeks to achieve its objectives. +The USSR's former satellites have fully recovered their +sovereignty. The Soviet Union and its Republics are undergoing +radical change. The three Baltic Republics have regained their +independence. Soviet forces have left Hungary and +Czechoslovakia and are due to complete their withdrawal from +Poland and Germany by 1994. All the countries that were +formerly adversaries of NATO have dismantled the Warsaw Pact +and rejected ideological hostility to the West. They have, in +varyingdegrees, embraced and begun to implement policies aimed +at achieving pluralistic democracy, the rule of law, respect +for human rights and a market economy. The political division +of Europe that was the source of the military confrontation of +the Cold War period has thus been overcome. + +3. In the West, there have also been significant changes. +Germany has been united and remains a full member of the +Alliance and of European institutions. The fact that the +countries of the European Community are working towards the +goal of political union, including the development of a +European security identity; and the enhancement of the role of +the WEU, are important factors for European security. The +strengthening of the security dimension in the process of +European integration, and the enhancement of the role and +responsibilities of European members of the Alliance are +positive and mutually reinforcing. The development of a +European security identity and defence role, reflected in the +strengthening of the European pillar within the Alliance, will +not only serve the interests of the European states but also +reinforce the integrity and effectiveness of the Alliance as +a whole. + +4. Substantial progress in arms control has already enhanced +stability and security by lowering arms levels and increasing +military transparency and mutual confidence (including through +the Stockholm CDE agreement of 1986, the INF Treaty of 1987 +and the CSCE agreements and confidence and security-building +measures of 1990). Implementation of the 1991 START Treaty +will lead to increased stability through substantial and +balanced reductions in the field of strategic nuclear arms. +Further far-reaching changes and reductions in the nuclear +forces of the United States and the Soviet Union will be +pursued following President Bush's September 1991 initiative. +Also of great importance is the Treaty on +Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), signed at the 1990 +Paris Summit; its implementation will remove the Alliance's +numerical inferiority in key conventional weapon systems and +provide for effective verification procedures. All these +developments will also result in an unprecedented degree of +military transparency in Europe, thus increasing +predictability and mutual confidence. Such transparency would +be further enhanced by the achievement of an Open Skies +regime. There are welcome prospects for further advances in +arms control in conventional and nuclear forces, and for the +achievement of a global ban on chemical weapons, as well as +restricting de-stabilising arms exports and the proliferation +of certain weapons technologies. + +5. The CSCE process, which began in Helsinki in 1975, has +already contributed significantly to overcoming the division +of Europe. As a result of the Paris Summit, it now includes +new institutional arrangements and provides a contractual +framework for consultation and cooperation that can play a +constructive role, complementary to that of NATO and the +process of European integration, in preserving peace. + +6. The historic changes that have occurred in Europe, which +have led to the fulfilment of a number of objectives set out +in the Harmel Report, have significantly improved the overall +security of the Allies. +The monolithic, massive and potentially immediate threat which +was the principal concern of the Alliance in its first forty +years has disappeared. On the other hand, a great deal of +uncertainty about the future and risks to the security of the +Alliance remain. + +7. The new Strategic Concept looks forward to a security +environment in which the positive changes referred to above +have come to fruition. In particular, it assumes both the +completion of the planned withdrawal of Soviet military forces +from Central and Eastern Europe and the full implementation by +all parties of the 1990 CFE Treaty. The implementation of the +Strategic Concept will thus be kept under review in the light +of the evolving security environment and in particular +progress in fulfilling these assumptions. Further adaptation +will be made to the extent necessary. + +Security Challenges and Risks + +8. The security challenges and risks which NATO faces are +different in nature from what they were in the past. The +threat of a simultaneous, full-scale attack on all of NATO's +European fronts has effectively been removed and thus no +longer provides the focus for Allied strategy. +Particularly in Central Europe, the risk of a surprise attack +has been substantially reduced, and minimum Allied warning +time has increased accordingly. + +9. In contrast with the predominant threat of the past, the +risks to Allied security that remain are multi-faceted in +nature and multi- directional, which makes them hard to +predict and assess. NATO must be capable of responding to such +risks if stability in Europe and the security of Alliance +members are to be preserved. These risks can arise in various +ways. + +10. Risks to Allied security are less likely to result from +calculated aggression against the territory of the Allies, but +rather from the adverse consequences of instabilities that may +arise from the serious economic, social and political +difficulties, including ethnic rivalries and territorial +disputes, which are faced by many countries in Central and +Eastern Europe. The tensions which may result, as long as they +remain limited, should not directly threaten the security and +territorial integrity of members of the Alliance. They could, +however, lead to crises inimical to European stability and +even to armed conflicts, which could involve outside powers or +spill over into NATO countries, having a direct effect +on the security of the Alliance. + +11. In the particular case of the Soviet Union, the risks and +uncertainties that accompany the process of change cannot be +seen in isolation from the fact that its conventional forces +are significantly larger than those of any other European +State and its large nuclear arsenal comparable only with that +of the United States. These capabilities have to be taken into +account if stability and security in Europe are to be +preserved. + +12. The Allies also wish to maintain peaceful and +non-adversarial relations with the countries in the Southern +Mediterranean and Middle East. The stability and peace of the +countries on the southern periphery of Europe are important +for the security of the Alliance, as the 1991 +Gulf war has shown. This is all the more so because of the +build-up of military power and the proliferation of weapons +technologies in the area, including weapons of mass +destruction and ballistic missiles capable of reaching the +territory of some member states of the Alliance. + +13. Any armed attack on the territory of the Allies, from +whatever direction, would be covered by Articles 5 and 6 of +the Washington Treaty. However, Alliance security must also +take account of the global context. Alliance security +interests can be affected by other risks of a wider nature, +including proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, +disruption of the flow of vital resources and actions of +terrorism and sabotage. Arrangements exist within the Alliance +for consultation among the Allies under Article 4 of the +Washington Treaty and, where appropriate, coordination of +their efforts including their responses to such risks. + +14. From the point of view of Alliance strategy, these +different risks have to be seen in different ways. Even in a +non-adversarial and cooperative relationship, Soviet military +capability and build-up potential, including its nuclear +dimension, still constitute the most significant factor of +which the Alliance has to take account in maintaining the +strategic balance in Europe. The end of East-West +confrontation has, however, greatly reduced the risk of major +conflict in Europe. On the other hand, there is a greater risk +of different crises arising, which could develop quickly and +would require a rapid response, but they are likely to be of +a lesser magnitude. + +15. Two conclusions can be drawn from this analysis of the +strategic context. The first is that the new environment does +not change the purpose or the security functions of the +Alliance, but rather underlines their enduring validity. The +second, on the other hand, is that the changed environment +offers new opportunities for the Alliance to frame +its strategy within a broad approach to security. + +PART II - ALLIANCE OBJECTIVES AND SECURITY + +FUNCTIONS + +The Purpose of the Alliance + +16. NATO's essential purpose, set out in the Washington Treaty +and reiterated in the London Declaration, is to safeguard the +freedom and security of all its members by political and +military means in accordance with the principles of the United +Nations Charter. Based on common values of democracy, human +rights and the rule of law, the Alliance has worked since its +inception for the establishment of a just and lasting peaceful +order in Europe. This Alliance objective remains unchanged. + +The Nature of the Alliance + +17. NATO embodies the transatlantic link by which the security +of North America is permanently tied to the security of +Europe. It is the practical expression of effective collective +effort among its members in support of their common interests. + +18. The fundamental operating principle of the Alliance is +that of common commitment and mutual cooperation among +sovereign states in support of the indivisibility of security +for all of its members. Solidarity within the Alliance, given +substance and effect by NATO's daily work in both the +political and military spheres, ensures that no single Ally is +forced to rely upon its own national efforts alone in dealing +with basic security challenges. Without depriving member +states of their right and duty to assume their sovereign +responsibilities in the field of defence, the Alliance enables +them through collective effort to enhance their ability to +realise their essential national security objectives. + + +19. The resulting sense of equal security amongst the members +of the Alliance, regardless of differences in their +circumstances or in their national military capabilities +relative to each other, contributes to overall stability +within Europe and thus to the creation of conditions conducive +to increased cooperation both among Alliance members and with +others. It is on this basis that members of the Alliance, +together with other nations, are able to pursue the +development of cooperative structures of security for a Europe +whole and free. + +The Fundamental Tasks of the Alliance + +20. The means by which the Alliance pursues its security +policy to preserve the peace will continue to include the +maintenance of a military capability sufficient to prevent war +and to provide for effective defence; an overall capability to +manage successfully crises affecting the security of its +members; and the pursuit of political efforts favouring +dialogue with other nations and the active search for a +cooperative approach to European security, including in the +field of arms control and disarmament. + +21. To achieve its essential purpose, the Alliance performs +the following fundamental security tasks: + + + I. To provide one of the indispensable foundations for a +stable security environment in Europe, based on the growth of +democratic institutions and commitment to the peaceful +resolution of disputes, in which no country would be able to +intimidate or coerce any European nation or to impose hegemony +through the threat or use of force. + + II. To serve, as provided for in Article 4 of the North +Atlantic Treaty, as a transatlantic forum for Allied +consultations on any issues that affect their vital interests, +including possible developments posing risks for members' +security, and for appropriate coordination of their efforts in +fields of common concern. + +III. To deter and defend against any threat of aggression +against the territory of any NATO member state. + +IV. To preserve the strategic balance within Europe. + + +22. Other European institutions such as the EC, WEU and CSCE +also have roles to play, in accordance with their respective +responsibilities and purposes, in these fields. The creation +of a European identity in security and defence will underline +the preparedness of the Europeans to take a greater share of +responsibility for their security and will help to reinforce +transatlantic solidarity. However the extent of its membership +and of its capabilities gives NATO a particular position in +that it can perform all four core security functions. NATO is +the essential forum for consultation among the Allies and the +forum for agreement on policies bearing on the security and +defence commitments of its members under the Washington +Treaty. + +23. In defining the core functions of the Alliance in the +terms set out above, member states confirm that the scope of +the Alliance as well as their rights and obligations as +provided for in the Washington Treaty remain unchanged. + +PART III - A BROAD APPROACH TO SECURITY + +Protecting Peace in a New Europe + +24. The Alliance has always sought to achieve its objectives +of safeguarding the security and territorial integrity of its +members, and establishing a just and lasting peaceful order in +Europe, through both political and military means. This +comprehensive approach remains the basis of the Alliance's +security policy. + +25. But what is new is that, with the radical changes in the +security situation, the opportunities for achieving Alliance +objectives through political means are greater than ever +before. It is now possible to draw all the consequences from +the fact that security and stability have political, economic, +social, and environmental elements as well as the +indispensable defence dimension. Managing the diversity of +challenges facing the Alliance requires a broad approach to +security. This is reflected in three mutually reinforcing +elements of Allied security policy; dialogue, cooperation, and +the maintenance of a collective defence capability. + +26. The Alliance's active pursuit of dialogue and cooperation, +underpinned by its commitment to an effective collective +defence capability, seeks to reduce the risks of conflict +arising out of misunderstanding or design; to build increased +mutual understanding and confidence among all European states; +to help manage crises affecting the security of the Allies; +and to expand the opportunities for a genuine partnership +among all European countries in dealing with common security +problems. + +27. In this regard, the Alliance's arms control and +disarmament policy contributes both to dialogue and to +cooperation with other nations, and thus will continue to play +a major role in the achievement of the Alliance's security +objectives. The Allies seek, through arms control and +disarmament, to enhance security and stability at the lowest +possible level of forces consistent with the requirements of +defence. Thus, the Alliance will continue to ensure that +defence and arms control and disarmament objectives remain in +harmony. + + +28. In fulfilling its fundamental objectives and core security +functions, the Alliance will continue to respect the +legitimate security interests of others, and seek the peaceful +resolution of disputes as set forth in the Charter of the +United Nations. The Alliance will promote peaceful and +friendly international relations and support democratic +institutions. In this respect, it recognizes the valuable +contribution being made by other organizations such as the +European Community and the CSCE, and that the roles of these +institutions and of the Alliance are complementary. + +Dialogue + +29. The new situation in Europe has multiplied the +opportunities for dialogue on the part of the Alliance with +the Soviet Union and the other countries of Central and +Eastern Europe. The Alliance has established regular +diplomatic liaison and military contacts with the countries of +Central and Eastern Europe as provided for in the London +Declaration. The Alliance will further promote dialogue +through regular diplomatic liaison, including an intensified +exchange of views and information on security policy issues. +Through such means the Allies, individually and collectively, +will seek to make full use of the unprecedented opportunities +afforded by the growth of freedom and democracy throughout +Europe and encourage greater mutual understanding of +respective security concerns, to increase transparency and +predictability in security affairs, and thus to reinforce +stability. The military can help to overcome the divisions of +the past, not least through intensified military contacts and +greater military transparency. The Alliance's pursuit of +dialogue will provide a foundation for greater cooperation +throughout Europe and the ability to resolve differences and +conflicts by peaceful means. + +Cooperation + +30. The Allies are also committed to pursue cooperation with +all states in Europe on the basis of the principles set out in +the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. They will seek to +develop broader and productive patterns of bilateral and +multilateral cooperation in all relevant fields of European +security, with the aim, inter alia, of preventing crises or, +should they arise, ensuring their effective management. +Such partnership between the members of the Alliance and other +nations in dealing with specific problems will be an essential +factor in moving beyond past divisions towards one Europe +whole and free. This policy of cooperation is the expression +of the inseparability of security among European states. It is +built upon a common recognition among Alliance members that +the persistence of new political, economic or social divisions +across the continent could lead to future instability, and +such divisions must thus be diminished. + + +Collective Defence + +31. The political approach to security will thus become +increasingly important. Nonetheless, the military dimension +remains essential. The maintenance of an adequate military +capability and clear preparedness to act collectively in the +common defence remain central to the Alliance's security +objectives. Such a capability, together with political +solidarity, is required in order to prevent any attempt at +coercion or intimidation, and to guarantee that military +aggression directed against the Alliance can never be +perceived as an option with any prospect of success. It is +equally indispensable so that dialogue and cooperation can be +undertaken with confidence and achieve their desired results. + +Management of Crisis and Conflict Prevention + +32. In the new political and strategic environment in Europe, +the success of the Alliance's policy of preserving peace and +preventing war depends even more than in the past on the +effectiveness of preventive diplomacy and successful +management of crises affecting the security of its members. +Any major aggression in Europe is much more unlikely and would +be preceded by significant warning time. Though on a much +smaller scale, the range and variety of other potential risks +facing the Alliance are less predictable than before. + +33. In these new circumstances there are increased +opportunities for the successful resolution of crises at an +early stage. The success of Alliance policy will require a +coherent approach determined by the Alliance's political +authorities choosing and coordinating appropriate crisis +management measures as required from a range of political and +other measures, including those in the military field. Close +control by the political authorities of the Alliance will be +applied from the outset and at all stages. Appropriate +consultation and decision making procedures are essential to +this end. + +34. The potential of dialogue and cooperation within all of +Europe must be fully developed in order to help to defuse +crises and to prevent conflicts since the Allies' security is +inseparably linked to that of all other states in Europe. To +this end, the Allies will support the role of the CSCE process +and its institutions. Other bodies including the European +Community, Western European Union and United Nations may also +have an important role to play. + +PART IV - GUIDELINES FOR DEFENCE + +Principles of Alliance Strategy + +35. The diversity of challenges now facing the Alliance thus +requires a broad approach to security. The transformed +political and strategic environment enables the Alliance to +change a number of important features of its military strategy +and to set out new guidelines, while reaffirming proven +fundamental principles. + + +At the London Summit, it was therefore agreed to prepare a new +military strategy and a revised force posture responding to +the changed circumstances. + +36. Alliance strategy will continue to reflect a number of +fundamental principles. The Alliance is purely defensive in +purpose: none of its weapons will ever be used except in +self-defence, and it does not consider itself to be anyone's +adversary. The Allies will maintain military strength adequate +to convince any potential aggressor that the use of force +against the territory of one of the Allies would meet +collective and effective action by all of them and that the +risks involved in initiating conflict would outweigh any +foreseeable gains. The forces of the Allies must therefore be +able to defend Alliance frontiers, to stop an aggressor's +advance as far forward as possible, to maintain or restore the +territorial integrity of Allied nations and to terminate war +rapidly by making an aggressor reconsider his decision, cease +his attack and withdraw. The role of the Alliance's military +forces is to assure the territorial integrity and political +independence of its member states, and thus contribute to +peace and stability in Europe. + + + +37. The security of all Allies is indivisible: an attack on +one is an attack onall. Alliance solidarity and strategic +unity are accordingly crucial prerequisites for collective +security. The achievement of the Alliance's objectives depends +critically on the equitable sharing of roles, risks and +responsibilities, as well as the benefits, of common defence. +The presence of North American conventional and US nuclear +forces in Europe remains vital to the security of Europe, +which is inseparably linked to that of North America. As the +process of developing a European security identity and defence +role progresses, and is reflected in the strengthening of the +European pillar within the Alliance, the European members of +the Alliance will assume a greater degree of the +responsibility for the defence of Europe. + +38. The collective nature of Alliance defence is embodied in +practical arrangements that enable the Allies to enjoy the +crucial political, military and resource advantages of +collective defence, and prevent the renationalisation of +defence policies, without depriving the Allies of their sover- +eignty. These arrangements are based on an integrated military +structure as well as on cooperation and coordination +agreements. Key features include collective force planning; +common operational planning; multinational formations; the +stationing of forces outside home territory, where appropriate +on a mutual basis; crisis management and reinforcement +arrangements; procedures for consultation; common standards +and procedures for equipment, training and logistics; joint +and combined exercises; and infrastructure, armaments and +logistics cooperation. + + +39. To protect peace and to prevent war or any kind of +coercion, the Alliance will maintain for the foreseeable +future an appropriate mix of nuclear and conventional forces +based in Europe and kept up to date where necessary, although +at a significantly reduced level. Both elements are essential +to Alliance security and cannot substitute one for the other. +Conventional forces contribute to war prevention by ensuring +that no potential aggressor could contemplate a quick or easy +victory, or territorial gains, by conventional means. Taking +into account the diversity of risks with which the Alliance +could be faced, it must maintain the forces necessary to +provide a wide range of conventional response options. But the +Alliance's conventional forces alone cannot ensure the +prevention of war. Nuclear weapons make a unique contribution +in rendering the risks of any aggression incalculable and +unacceptable. Thus, they remain essential to preserve peace. + +The Alliance's New Force Posture + +40. At the London Summit, the Allies concerned agreed to move +away, where appropriate, from the concept of forward defence +towards a reduced forward presence, and to modify the +principle of flexible response to reflect a reduced reliance +on nuclear weapons. The changes stemming from the new +strategic environment and the altered risks now facing the +Alliance enable significant modifications to be made in the +missions of the Allies' military forces and in their posture. + +The Missions of Alliance Military Forces + + +41. The primary role of Alliance military forces, to guarantee +the security and territorial integrity of member states, +remains unchanged. But this role must take account of the new +strategic environment, in which a single massive and global +threat has given way to diverse and multi-directional risks. +Alliance forces have different functions to perform in peace, +crisis and war. + +42. In peace, the role of Allied military forces is to guard +against risks to the security of Alliance members; to +contribute towards the maintenance of stability and balance in +Europe; and to ensure that peace is preserved. They can +contribute to dialogue and cooperation throughout Europe by +their participation in confidence-building activities, +including those which enhance transparency and improve +communication; as well as in verification of arms control +agreements. Allies could, further, be called upon to +contribute to global stability and peace by providing forces +for United Nations missions. + +43. In the event of crises which might lead to a military +threat to the security of Alliance members, the Alliance's +military forces can complement and reinforce political actions +within a broad approach to security,and thereby contribute to +the management of such crises and their peaceful resolution. +This requires that these forces have a capability for measured +and timely responses in such circumstances; +the capability to deter action against any Ally and, in the +event that aggression takes place, to respond to and repel it +as well as to reestablish the territorial integrity of member +states. + +44. While in the new security environment a general war in +Europe has become highly unlikely, it cannot finally be ruled +out. The Alliance's military forces, which have as their +fundamental mission to protect peace, have to provide the +essential insurance against potential risks at the minimum +level necessary to prevent war of any kind, and, should +aggression occur, to restore peace. Hence the need for the +capabilities and the appropriate mix of forces already +described. + +Guidelines for the Alliance's Force Posture + +45. To implement its security objectives and strategic +principles in the new environment, the organization of the +Allies' forces must be adapted to provide capabilities that +can contribute to protecting peace, managing crises that +affect the security of Alliance members, and preventing war, +while retaining at all times the means to defend, if +necessary, all Allied territory and to restore peace. The +posture of Allies' forces will conform to the guidelines +developed in the following paragraphs. + +46. The size, readiness, availability and deployment of the +Alliance's military forces will continue to reflect its +strictly defensive nature and will be adapted accordingly to +the new strategic environment including arms control +agreements. This means in particular: + + +(a) that the overall size of the Allies' forces, and in many +cases their readiness, will be reduced; + +(b) that the maintenance of a comprehensive in-place linear +defensive posture in the central region will no longer be +required. The peacetime geographical distribution of forces +will ensure a sufficient military presence throughout the +territory of the Alliance, including where necessary forward +deployment of appropriate forces. Regional considerations and, +in particular, geostrategic differences within the Alliance +will have to be taken into account, including the shorter +warning times to which the northern and southern regions will +be subject compared with the central region and, in the +southern region, the potential for instability and the +military capabilities in the adjacent areas. + + + +47. To ensure that at this reduced level the Allies' forces +can play an effective role both in managing crises and in +countering aggression against any Ally, they will require +enhanced flexibility and mobility and an assured capability +for augmentation when necessary. For these reasons: + +(a) Available forces will include, in a limited but +militarily significant proportion, ground, air and sea +immediate and rapid reaction elements able to respond to a +wide range of eventualities, many of which are unforeseeable. +They will be of sufficient quality, quantity and readiness to +deter a limited attack and, if required, to defend the +territory of the Allies against attacks, particularly those +launched without long warning time. + +(b) The forces of the Allies will be structured so as to +permit their military capability to be built up when +necessary. This ability to build up by reinforcement, by +mobilising reserves, or by reconstituting forces, must be in +proportion to potential threats to Alliance security, +including the possibility - albeit unlikely, but one that +prudence dictates should not be ruled out - of a major +conflict. +Consequently, capabilities for timely reinforcement and +resupply both within Europe and from North America will be of +critical importance. + +(c) Appropriate force structures and procedures, including +those that would provide an ability to build up, deploy and +draw down forces quickly and discriminately, will be developed +to permit measured, flexible and timely responses in order to +reduce and defuse tensions. These arrangements must be +exercised regularly in peacetime. + +(d) In the event of use of forces, including the deployment +of reaction and other available reinforcing forces as an +instrument of crisismanagement, the Alliance's political +authorities will, as before, exercise close control over their +employment at all stages. Existing procedures will be reviewed +in the light of the new missions and posture of Alliance +forces. + +Characteristics of Conventional Forces + +48. It is essential that the Allies' military forces have a +credible ability to fulfil their functions in peace, crisis +and war in a way appropriate to the new security environment. +This will be reflected in force and equipment levels; +readiness and availability; training and exercises; deployment +and employment options; and force build-up capabilities, all +of which will be adjusted accordingly. The conventional forces +of the Allies will include, in addition to immediate and rapid +reaction forces, main defence forces, which will provide the +bulk of forces needed to ensure the Alliance's territorial +integrity and the unimpeded use of their lines of +communication; and augmentation forces, which will provide a +means of reinforcing existing forces in a particular region. +Main defence and augmentation forces will comprise both active +and mobilisable elements. + +49. Ground, maritime and air forces will have to cooperate +closely and combine and assist each other in operations aimed +at achieving agreed objectives. These forces will consist of +the following: + +(a) Ground forces, which are essential to hold or regain +territory. The majority will normally be at lower states of +readiness and, overall,there will be a greater reliance on +mobilization and reserves. All categories of ground forces +will require demonstrable combat effectiveness together with +an appropriately enhanced capability for flexible deployment. + +(b) Maritime forces, which because of their inherent +mobility, flexibility and endurance, make an important +contribution to the Alliance's crisis response options. Their +essential missions are to ensure sea control in order to +safeguard the Allies' sea lines of communication,to support +land and amphibious operations, and to protect the deployment +of the Alliance's sea-based nuclear deterrent. + +(c) Air forces, whose ability to fulfil their fundamental +roles in both independent air and combined operations - +counter-air, air interdiction and offensive air support - as +well as to contribute to surveillance, reconnaissance and +electronic warfare operations, is essential to the overall +effectiveness of the Allies' military forces. Their role in +supporting operations, on land and at sea, will require +appropriate long-distance airlift and air refuelling +capabilities. Air defence forces, including modern air command +and control systems, are required to ensure a secure air +defence environment. + + +50. In light of the potential risks it poses, the +proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass +destruction should be given special consideration. Solution of +this problem will require complementary approaches including, +for example, export control and missile defences. + +51. Alliance strategy is not dependent on a chemical warfare +capability. The Allies remain committed to the earliest +possible achievement of a global, comprehensive, and +effectively verifiable ban on all chemical weapons. But, even +after implementation of a global ban, precautionsof a purely +defensive nature will need to be maintained. + +52. In the new security environment and given the reduced +overall force levels in future, the ability to work closely +together, which will facilitate the cost effective use of +Alliance resources, will be particularly important for the +achievement of the missions of the Allies' forces. The +Alliance's collective defence arrangements in which, for those +concerned, the integrated military structure, including +multinational forces, plays the key role, will be essential in +this regard. Integrated and multinational European structures, +as they are further developed in the context of an emerging +European Defence Identity, will also increasingly have a +similarly important role to play in enhancing the Allies' +ability to work together in the common defence. Allies' +efforts to achieve maximum cooperation will be based on the +common guidelines for defence defined above. +Practical arrangements will be developed to ensure the +necessary mutual transparency and complementarity between the +European security and defence identity and the Alliance. + +53. In order to be able to respond flexibly to a wide range of +possible contingencies, the Allies concerned will require +effective surveillance and intelligence, flexible command and +control, mobility within and between regions, and appropriate +logistics capabilities, including transport capacities. +Logistic stocks must be sufficient to sustain all types of +forces in order to permit effective defence until resupply is +available. The capability of the Allies concerned to build up +larger, adequately equipped and trained forces, in a timely +manner and to a level appropriate to any risk to Alliance +security, will also make an essential contribution to crisis +management and defence. This capability will include the +ability to reinforce any area at risk within the territory of +the Allies and to establish a multinational presence when and +where this is needed.Elements of all three force categories +will be capable of being employed flexibly as part of both +intra-European and transatlantic reinforcement. +Proper use of these capabilities will require control of the +necessary lines of communication as well as appropriate +support and exercise arrangements. Civil resources will be of +increasing relevance in this context. + +54. For the Allies concerned, collective defence arrangements +will rely increasingly on multinational forces, complementing +national commitments to NATO. Multinational forces demonstrate +the Alliance's resolve to maintain a credible collective +defence; enhance Alliance cohesion; reinforce the +transatlantic partnership and strengthen the European pillar. +Multinational forces, and in particular reaction forces, +reinforce solidarity. They can also provide a way of deploying +more capable formations than might be available purely +nationally, thus helping to make more efficient use of scarce +defence resources. This may include a highly integrated, +multinational approach to specific tasks and functions. + + +Characteristics of Nuclear Forces + +55. The fundamental purpose of the nuclear forces of the +Allies is political: to preserve peace and prevent coercion +and any kind of war. They will continue to fulfil an essential +role by ensuring uncertainty in the mind of any aggressor +about the nature of the Allies' response to military +aggression. They demonstrate that aggression of any kind is +not a rational option. The supreme guarantee of the security +of the Allies is provided by the strategic nuclear forces of +the Alliance, particularly those of the United States; the +independent nuclear forces of the United Kingdom and France, +which have a deterrent role of their own, contribute to the +overall deterrence and security of the Allies. + + +56. A credible Alliance nuclear posture and the demonstration +of Alliance solidarity and common commitment to war prevention +continue to require widespread participation by European +Allies involved in collective defence planning in nuclear +roles, in peacetime basing of nuclear forces on their +territory and in command, control and consultation +arrangements. Nuclear forces based in Europe and committed to +NATO provide an essential political and military link between +the European and the North American members of the Alliance. +The Alliance will therefore maintain adequate nuclear forces +in Europe. These forces need to have the necessary +characteristics and appropriate flexibility and survivability, +to be perceived as a credible and effective element of the +Allies' strategy in preventing war. They will be maintained at +the minimum level sufficient to preserve peace and stability. + +57. The Allies concerned consider that, with the radical +changes in the security situation, including conventional +force levels in Europe maintained in relative balance and +increased reaction times, NATO's ability to defuse a crisis +through diplomatic and other means or, should it be necessary, +to mount a successful conventional defence will significantly +improve. The circumstances in which any use of nuclear weapons +might have to be contemplated by them are therefore even more +remote. They can therefore significantly reduce their +sub-strategic nuclear forces. They will maintain adequate +sub-strategic forces based in Europe which will provide an +essential link with strategic nuclear forces, reinforcing the +trans-Atlantic link. These will consist solely of dual capable +aircraft which could, if necessary, be supplemented by +offshore systems. Sub-strategic nuclear weapons will, however, +not be deployed in normal circumstances on surface vessels and +attack submarines. There is no requirement for nuclear +artillery or groundlaunched short-range nuclear missiles and +they will be eliminated. + +PART V - CONCLUSION + +58. This Strategic Concept reaffirms the defensive nature of +the Alliance and the resolve of its members to safeguard their +security, sovereignty and territorial integrity. The +Alliance's security policy is based on dialogue; cooperation; +and effective collective defence asmutually reinforcing +instruments for preserving the peace. + +Making full use of the new opportunities available, the +Alliance will maintain security at the lowest possible level +of forces consistent with the requirements of defence. In this +way, the Alliance is making an essential contribution to +promoting a lasting peaceful order. + +59. The Allies will continue to pursue vigorously further +progress in arms control and confidence-building measures with +the objective of enhancing security and stability. They will +also play an active part in promoting dialogue and cooperation +between states on the basis of the principles enunciated in +the Paris Charter. + +60. NATO's strategy will retain the flexibility to reflect +further developments in the politico-military environment, +including progress in the moves towards a European security +identity, and in any changes in the risks to Alliance +security. For the Allies concerned, the Strategic Concept will +form the basis for the further development of the Alliance's +defence policy, its operational concepts, its conventional and +nuclear force posture and its collective defence planning +arrangements. + + + + + +NATO handbook13 uploaded March 25, 1993 + +APPENDIX III + + + +99. MEMBERS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL + +President/ +Mr. Hikmet Cetin +(Turkey) + +Chairman +Mr. Manfred Worner (Germany) +Secretary General of NATO + +Deputy Chairman +Ambassador Amedeo de Franchis (Italy) +Deputy Secretary General + +Permanent Representatives on the North Atlantic Council +Belgium +Mr. Alain Rens + +Canada +Mr. James K. Bartleman + +Denmark +Mr. Ole Bierring + +France +Mr. Gabriel Robin + +Germany +Dr. Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz + +Greece +Mr. Dimitri Petrounakos + +Iceland +Mr. Sverrir Haukur Gunnlaugsson + +Italy +Mr. Enzo Perlot + +Luxembourg +Mr. Thierry Stoll + +Netherlands +Mr. Adriaan Jacobovits de Szeged + +Norway +Mr. Leif Mevik + +Portugal +Mr. Jose Gregorio Faria + +Spain +Mr. Carlos Miranda + +Turkey +Mr. Tugay Ozceri + + +United Kingdom +Sir John Weston + +United States +Mr. Reginald Bartholomew + +/ An honorary position held in rotation each year by a Foreign Minister +of one of the member countries. + + + +APPENDIX IV + + + +100. MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY COMMITTEE + + +President: +General D. Corcione (Italy) (Army) + +Chairman: +General V. Eide (Norway) (Army)/ + +Deputy Chairman: +Vice-Admiral N. W. Ray (United States) (Navy) + +Military Representatives to the NATO Military Committee in +Permanent Session + +Belgium +Lt.Gen. R. Hoeben (Air Force) + +Canada +Vice Admiral R. E. George (Navy) + +Denmark +Lt.Gen. P. B. Krogen (Army) + +Germany +Lt.Gen. Jorn Soder (Army) + +Greece +Lt.Gen. P. Diakoumakos (Air Force) + +Italy +Vice Admiral d'Escadre M. Castelletti (Navy) + +Luxembourg +Lt.Col. J. P. Heck (Army) + +Netherlands +Lt.Gen. G. J. Folmer (Army) + +Norway +Lt.Gen. H. I. Sunde (Army) + +Portugal +Lt.Gen. G. A. do Espirito Santo (Army) + +Spain +Lt.Gen. F. Pardo de Santayana y Coloma (Army) + +Turkey +Lt.Gen. H. Ozkok, Tuar (Army) + +United Kingdom +Gen. Sir Edward Jones (Army) + +United States +Admiral W. D. Smith (Navy) + + +Chief, French +Maj.Gen. J. P. Pelisson (Air Force) + +Military Mission + +International Military Staff + +Director: +Lt.Gen. J. K. Dangerfield (Canada) (Army) + + +/ Field Marshal Sir Richard Vincent (United Kingdom) (Army) will +replace General V. Eide in 1993. + + + + + +NATO handbook14 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +APPENDIX V + + + +101. THE MAJOR NATO COMMANDERS + +Supreme Allied Commander Europe, SACEUR +Gen. John M. Shalikashvili (United States) + +Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic, SACLANT +Admiral Paul D. Miller (United States) + +Allied Commander-in-Chief Channel, CINCHAN +Admiral Sir Jock Slater, KCB, LVO (United Kingdom) + + + +APPENDIX VI + + + +102. PRINCIPAL OFFICIALS OF THE NATO INTERNATIONAL STAFF + + +Secretary General +Mr. Manfred Worner (Germany) + +Deputy Secretary General +Ambassador Amedeo de Franchis (Italy) + +Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs +Mr. Gebhardt von Moltke (Germany) + +Assistant Secretary General for Defence Planning and Policy +Mr. Michael Legge (United Kingdom) + +Assistant Secretary General for Defence Support +Mr. Robin L. Beard (United States) + +Assistant Secretary General for Infrastructure, Logistics and +Civil Emergency Planning +Vice-Admiral Herpert van Foreest (Netherlands) + +Assistant Secretary General for Scientific and Environmental Affairs +Dr. Jean-Marie Cadiou (France) + +Executive Secretary +Mr. Christopher Prebensen (Norway) + +Director of the Private Office +Mr. Roland Wegener (Germany) + +Director of Information and Press +Dr. Erika v. C. Bruce (Canada) + + + +APPENDIX VII + + + +103. PRINCIPAL OFFICIALS OF THE NATO +INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF + + + +Director of the International Military Staff +Lt.Gen. J. K. Dangerfield (Canada) + +Assistant Director, Intelligence Division +Rear Admiral A. C. Tezeren (Turkey) + +Assistant Director, Plans and Policy Division +Maj.Gen. D. Genschel (Germany) + +Assistant Director, Operations Division +Maj.Gen. C. C. Ahnfeldt Mollerup (Denmark) + +Assistant Director, Logistics Division +Maj.Gen. F. P. Schulte (Netherlands) + +Assistant Director, Communications and Information Systems Division +Maj.Gen. I. N. Tsoukias (Greece) + +Assistant Director, Armaments and Standardization Division +Maj.Gen. E. Stai (Norway) + +Secretary of the International Military Staff +Brig. G. C. Van Orden (United Kingdom) + +Representative of SACEUR (SACEUREP) +Maj.Gen. R. I. Emmerik (Netherlands) + +Representative of SACLANT and CINCHAN +Vice-Admiral R. E. Pedersen (Norway) + + + + + + +NATO handbook15 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +APPENDIX VIII + + + +104. PRINCIPAL NATO AGENCIES + +AGARD +Advisory Group for Aerospace +Research & Development +7 rue Ancelle +92200 Neuilly sur Seine +France + +Director +Dr. W.A. Wennerstrom + + + +CEOA +Central Europe Operating Agency +BP 552 +78005 Versailles +France + +General Manager +Mr. C. Lamur + + + +MAS +Military Agency for +Standardization +NATO Headquarters + +Chairman +Maj.Gen. E. Stai (Norway) + + + +NACISA +NATO Communications & +Information Systems Agency +8 rue de Geneve +1110 Brussels + +Director General +Mr. W. Krauss + + + +NACMA +NATO ACCS Management Agency +8 rue de Geneve +1110 Brussels + +General Manager +Maj.Gen. (Ret'd) W. G. MacLaren + + + + + +NAHEMA +NATO Helicopter (NH90) Design, +Development, Production and +Logistics Management Agency +53-55 Avenue de l'Europe +F-13091 Aix-en-Provence +Cedex 2 + +General Manager +Lt.Gen. G. Gianetti + + + +NAMMA +NATO MRCA Development & +Production Management Agency +16 Arabellastrasse +8000 Munchen 86 +Germany + +General Manager +Dr. H. Ruhle + + + +NAMSA +NATO Maintenance & Supply +Agency +8302 Capellen +Luxembourg + +General Manager +Maj. General H. Schmidt-Petri + + + +NAPMA +NATO Airborne Early Warning & +Control Programme Management +Agency +Akerstraat 7 +6445 CL Brunssum +Netherlands + +General Manager +Brig.Gen. E. Von Kospoth + + + +NDC +NATO Defense College +Viale della Civita del Lavoro 38 +00144 Roma +Italy + +Commandant +Lt.General P. Castelo Branco +(Portugal)/ + + + +NEFMA +NATO EFA Development, +Production & Logistic +Management Agency +Arabellastrasse 16 +8000 Munchen +Germany + +General Manager +Gen. D. A. Antonio Rossetti + + + +NHMO (HAWK) +NATO Hawk Management Office +26 rue Gallieni +92500 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex + +France +General Manager +Gen. S. A. Bellassai + + + +SACLANTCEN +Viale San Bartolomeo, 400 +19026 La Spezia +Italy + +Director +Dr. J. Foxwell + + + +STC +SHAPE Technical Centre +Oude Waalsdorperweg, 61 +P.O. Box 174 +The Hague +Netherlands + +Director +Mr. D. Marquis + +/ Lt.General R. Evraire (Canada) will replace Lt.General P. Castelo +Branco in February 1993. + + + + + +NATO handbook16 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +APPENDIX IX + + + +105. ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE + +ABM +Anti-Ballistic Missile + +ACCHAN +Allied Command Channel + +ACE +Allied Command Europe + +ACLANT +Allied Command Atlantic + +ACCS +Air Command and Control System + +ADP +Automated Data Processing + +AEW +Airborne Early Warning + +AFCENT +Allied Forces Central Europe + +AFNORTH +Allied Forces Northern Europe + +AFSOUTH +Allied Forces Southern Europe + +AGARD +Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and +Development + +ALCM +Air-Launched Cruise Missile + +AMF +ACE Mobile Force + +APAG +Atlantic Policy Advisory Group + +ASW +Anti-Submarine Warfare + +ATA +Atlantic Treaty Association + +AWACS +Airborne Warning and Control System + +BMEWS +Ballistic Missile Early Warning System + +CAPS +Conventional Armaments Planning System + +CBM +Confidence Building Measure + +CCMS +Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society + +CDE +Conference on Security and Confidence Build- +ing Measures and Disarmament in Europe + +CEAC +Committee for European Airspace Coordin- +ation + +CENTAG +Central Army Group, Central Europe + +CEOA +Central Europe Operating Agency + +CEP +Civil Emergency Planning + +CEPS +Central Europe Pipeline System + +CFE +Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in +Europe + +CHANCOM +Channel Committee + +CINCEASTLANT +Commander-in-Chief Eastern Atlantic Area + +CINCENT +Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Central +Europe + +CINCHAN +Allied Commander-in-Chief Channel + +CINCIBERLANT +Commander-in-Chief Iberian Atlantic Area + +CINCNORTH +Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Northern +Europe + +CINCSOUTH +Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern +Europe + +CINCUKAIR +Commander-in-Chief United Kingdom Air +Forces + + +CINCWESTLANT +Commander-in-Chief Western Atlantic Area + +CIS +Commonwealth of Independent States + +CIS +Communications and Information Systems + +CNAD +Conference of National Armaments Directors + +CONMAROPS +Concept of Maritime Operations + +CPSU +Communist Party of the Soviet Union + +CPX +Command Post Exercise + +CSBM + +Confidence and Security Building Measure + +CSCE +Conference on Security and Cooperation in +Europe + +CST +Conventional Stability Talks + +CUSRPG +Canada-US Regional Planning Group + +DPC +Defence Planning Committee + +DRC +Defence Review Committee + +EC +European Community + +ECCM +Electronic Counter-Countermeasures + +ECM +Electronic Countermeasures + +EMP +Electro-Magnetic Pulse + +ENTG +EURO/NATO Training Group + +ESA +European Space Agency + +EUROGROUP +Acronym used for informal Group of NATO +European Defence Ministers + +EW +Electronic Warfare + +EWG +Executive Working Group + +GLCM +Ground Launched Cruise Missile + +HLTF +High Level Task Force + +IATA +International Air Transport Association + +ICAO +International Civil Aviation Organisation + +ICB +International Competitive Bidding + +ICBM +Intercontinental Ballistic Missile + +IEPG +Independent European Programme Group + +IISS +International Institute for Strategic Studies + +IMS +International Military Staff + +INF +Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces + +IRBM +Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile + +LCC +Logistics Coordination Centre + +LTDP +Long-Term Defence Programme + +MARAIRMED +Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean + +MAREQ +Military Assistance Requirements + +MAS +Military Agency for Standardization + +MBFR +Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions + +MC +Military Committee + +MCM +Mine Countermeasures + +MILREP +Military Representative (to the MC) + +MNC +Major NATO Commander + +MOD +Ministery of Defence + +MOU +Memorandum of Understanding + +NAA +North Atlantic Assembly + +NAC +North Atlantic Council + + +NACC +North Atlantic Cooperation Council + +NACISA +NATO Communications and Information +Systems Agency + +NACMA +NATO Air Command and Control Systems +Management Agency + +NADEFCOL +NATO Defence College + +NAEW +NATO Airborne Early Warning + +NAHEMA +NATO Helicopter (NH90) Design, Develop- +ment, Production and Logistics Management +Organisation + +NAMFI +NATO Missile Firing Installation + +NAMMA +NATO Multi-Role Combat Aircraft Develop- +ment and Production Management Agency + +NAMMO +NATO Multi-Role Combat Aircraft Develop- +ment and Production Management Organisation + +NAMSA +NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency + +NAMSO +NATO Maintenance and Supply Organisation + +NAPMA +NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control +Programme Management Agency + +NAPMO +NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control +Programme Management Organisation + +NAPR +NATO Armaments Planning Review + +NATO +North Atlantic Treaty Organisation + +NAVOCFORMED +Naval On-Call Force, Mediterranean + +NCCIS +NATO Command, Control and Information +System + +NEFMA +NATO European Fighter Aircraft Develop- +ment, Production and Logistics Management +Agency + +NEFMO +NATO European Fighter Aircraft Develop- +ment, Production and Logistics Management +Organisation + +NHMO +NATO HAWK Management Office + +NHPLO +NATO HAWK Production and Logistics +Organisation + +NIAG +NATO Industrial Advisory Group + +NICS +NATO Integrated Communications System + +NMR +National Military Representative (to SHAPE) + +NORAD +North American Air Defence System + +NORTHAG +Northern Army Group, Central Europe + +NPG +Nuclear Planning Group + +NPLO +NATO Production and Logistics Organisation + +NSC +NATO Supply Centre + +OECD +Organisation for Economic Cooperation and +Development + +OPEC +Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries + +OTAN +Organisation du Traite de l'Atlantique Nord + +PAPS +Periodic Armaments Planning System + + +PERM REP +Permanent Representative (to the NAC) + +PNET +Peaceful Nuclear Explosion Treaty + +R&D +Research and Development + +SAC +Strategic Air Command + +SACEUR +Supreme Allied Commander Europe + +SACLANT +Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic + +SACLANTCEN +SACLANT Undersea Research Centre + +SALT +Strategic Arms Limitation Talks + +SATCOM +Satellite Communications + +SCEPC +Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee + +SCG +Special Consultative Group + +SDI +Strategic Defence Initiative + +SHAPE +Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe + +SLBM +Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile + +SLCM +Sea-Launched Cruise Missile + +SNF +Short-Range Nuclear Forces + +STANAG +Standardization Agreement + +STANAVFORCHAN +Standing Naval Force Channel + +STANAVFORLANT +Standing Naval Force Atlantic + +STANAVFORMED +Standing Naval Force Mediterranean + +START +Strategic Arms Reduction Talks + +STC +SHAPE Technical Centre + +TLE +Treaty Limited Equipment + +TNF +Theatre Nuclear Forces + +TTBT +Threshold Test Ban Treaty + +UN +United Nations + +UNCTAD +United Nations Conference on Trade and +Development + +UNESCO +United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organisation + +VCC +Verification Coordinating Committee + +WEU +Western European Union + +WG +Working Group + +WHO +World Health Organisation + + + + + +NATO handbook17 uploaded March 25, 1993 + + +APPENDIX X + + + +106. CHRONOLOGY + + +1945 + +26 June + +The United Nations Charter is signed at San Fran- +cisco. + +6 August + +Explosion of Hiroshima atom bomb. + + + +1946 + +16 March + +Winston Churchill's ``Iron Curtain'' speech at +Fulton, Missouri. + + + +1947 + +19 January + +The Soviet-sponsored Communist ``Lublin-Com- +mittee'' monopolises power in Poland. + +12 March + +President Truman urges the United States ``to sup- +port free peoples who are resisting attempted subju- +gation by armed minorities or by outside pressure'' +(Truman Doctrine). + +5 June + +United States Secretary of State, George C. Mar- +shall, announces plans for the economic rehabilita- +tion of Europe (Marshall Plan). + +5 October + +Establishment of Cominform, the organisation for +the ideological unity of the Soviet bloc, following +rejection of Marshall Aid by the Soviet Union and +its allies. + +1948 + +22 February + +The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia gains +control of the government in Prague through a +coup d'Etat. + +17 March + +Signature of the Brussels Treaty of Economic, +Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective +Self-Defence by the Foreign Ministers of Belgium, +France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the +United Kingdom. + +11 June + +The United States Senate adopts the ``Vandenberg +Resolution''. + +24 June + +Beginning of the Berlin blockade by the Soviet +Union. + +28 June + +Formal expulsion of Yugoslavia from Cominform. + +6 July + +Talks on North Atlantic defence begin in Washing- +ton between the United States, Canada and the +Brussels Treaty Powers. + +27-28 September + +The Defence Ministers of the Brussels Treaty +Powers decide to create a Western Union Defence +Organisation. + + +25-26 October + +The Consultative Council of the Brussels Treaty +Powers announces ``complete agreement on the +principle of a defensive pact for the North Atlan- +tic''. + +10 December + +Negotiations on the North Atlantic Treaty open in +Washington between the representatives of the +Brussels Treaty Powers, Canada and the United +States. + + + +1949 + +15 March + +The negotiating powers invite Denmark, Iceland, +Italy, Norway and Portugal to adhere to the North +Atlantic Treaty. + +2 April + +The governments concerned repudiate Soviet asser- +tions that the North Atlantic Treaty is contrary to +the United Nations Charter. + +4 April + +The North Atlantic Treaty is signed in Washington +by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, +Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, +Portugal, the United Kindgom and the United +States. + +8 April + +The Brussels Treaty Powers, Denmark, Italy and +Norway, request United States military and finan- +cial assistance. + +9 May + +The Berlin blockade is lifted. + +24 August + +The North Atlantic Treaty enters into force. + +17 September + +First session of the North Atlantic Council in +Washington. + +6 October + +Mutual Defence Assistance Act of 1949 is signed +by President Truman. + + + +1950 + +9 May + +The French Government proposes the creation of +a single authority to control the production of steel +and coal in France and Germany, open for member- +ship to other countries (Schuman Plan). + +25 June + +North Korean Forces attack the Republic of South +Korea. + +24 October + +French Prime Minister, Rene Pleven, outlines his +plan for a European unified army, including +German contingents, within the framework of +NATO. + +19 December + +The North Atlantic Council appoints General +Dwight D. Eisenhower to be the first Supreme +Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). + +20 December + +The Brussels Treaty Powers decide to merge the +military organisation of the Western Union into +the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. + + + + +1951 + +2 April + +Allied Command Europe becomes operational +with Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe +(SHAPE) located at Roquencourt, near Paris. + +18 April + +Setting up of the European Coal and Steel Commu- +nity by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the +Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Ger- +many. + +17-22 October + +Signature in London of the protocol to the North +Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and +Turkey. + + + +1952 + +30 January + +Appointment of Vice-Admiral Lynde D. McCor- +mick (United States) to be the first Supreme Allied +Commander Atlantic (SACLANT). + +18 February + +Greece and Turkey accede to the North Atlantic +Treaty. + +21 February + +The Council establishes a Channel Command, and +appoints Admiral Sir Arthur John Power as the +first Commander-in-Chief Channel (CINCHAN). + +12 March + +Lord Ismay (United Kingdom) is appointed Vice- +Chairman of the North Atlantic Council and +Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty +Organisation. + +10 April + +Supreme Allied Command Atlantic (SACLANT) be- +comes operational, with headquarters at Norfolk, +Virginia, USA. + +16 April + +NATO opens its provisional headquarters at the +Palais de Chaillot, Paris. + +28 April + +First meeting of the North Atlantic Council in +permanent session in Paris. + + + +1953 + +5 March + +The death of Stalin. + +23 July + +Korean Armistice signed at Panmunjon. + +8 August + +USSR announces its possession of the hydrogen +bomb. + + + +1954 + +7 May + +The United Kingdom and the United States reject +the USSR's bid to join the North Atlantic Treaty +Organisation. + +29 August + +The French National Assembly decides against +ratification of the Treaty setting up the European +Defence Community (EDC). + +23 October + +Signature of the Paris Agreements. The Federal +Republic of Germany is invited to join NATO, and +Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany accede +to the Western European Union (WEU). + + +1955 + +5 May + +The Federal Republic of Germany becomes a +member of NATO. + +14 May + +The USSR concludes the Warsaw Treaty with +Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, +Hungary, Poland and Romania. + +18-23 July + +First Conference of NATO Parliamentarians (since +November 1966, the North Atlantic Assembly) in +Paris. + + + +1956 + +14 February + +Khrushchev denounces Stalin in ``secret'' speech. + +18 April + +Dissolution of Cominform. + +28 June + +Anti-regime riots erupt at Poznan in Poland. + +26 July + +Egypt nationalises the Suez Canal. + +4 November + +Soviet suppression of Hungarian people's rebel- +lion. + +13 December + +The North Atlantic Council approves the recom- +mendations contained in the Report of the Commit- +tee of Three on non-military cooperation in +NATO. + + + +1957 + +25 March + +Signature of the Rome Treaties setting up Euratom +and the European Economic Communities. + +16 May + +Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) succeeds Lord Ismay +as Secretary General of NATO. + +4 October + +The first Soviet Sputnik is launched. + +16-19 December + +At a meeting of Heads of Government in Paris, +Alliance leaders reaffirm the principles and pur- +poses of the Atlantic Alliance. + + + +1958 + +1 January + +Entry into force of the Treaty of Rome setting up +the European Economic Community. + +15-17 April + +Defence Ministers of the NATO countries meeting +in Paris reaffirm the defensive character of the +NATO strategy. + + + +1959 + +1 January + +Overthrow of the Batista regime in Cuba by Fidel +Castro. + +15-22 December + +Inauguration of the new NATO Headquarters at the +Porte Dauphine in Paris. + + + +1960 + +1 May + +American U2 aircraft is shot down over Soviet terri- +tory. + +23 September + +Khrushchev attends the General Assembly of the +United Nations in New York. + + + + +1961 + +12 April + +Soviet Major Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man +orbited in space. + +21 April + +Dirk U. Stikker (Netherlands) succeeds Paul-Henri +Spaak as Secretary General of NATO. + +13 August + +Erection of the Berlin Wall. + + + +1962 + +10 April + +Macmillan and Kennedy appeal to Khrushchev +for agreement on a test ban treaty. + +4-6 May + +Foreign Ministers and Defence Ministers of the +North Atlantic Alliance review the circumstances +in which the Alliance might be compelled to have +recourse to nuclear weapons (Athens Guidelines). + +22 October- + +20 November + +Partial blockade of Cuba by the US following +revelation of Soviet construction of missile bases +on the island; lifted following Soviet agreement to +dismantle the bases. + +18-20 December + +President Kennedy and Prime Minister Macmillan +confer at Nassau, Bahamas. They agree to contrib- +ute part of their strategic nuclear forces to NATO. + + + +1963 + +20 June + +Agreement on a ``hot line'' between Washington +and Moscow is signed in Geneva by the United +States and the Soviet Union. + +15-25 July + +The United States, the United Kingdom and the +Soviet Union initial an agreement banning nuclear +tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under- +water. + +10 October + +The Moscow Treaty on a partial nuclear test ban +comes into force. + +22 November + +President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. + + + +1964 + +1 August + +Manlio Brosio (Italy) succeeds Dirk Stikker as +Secretary General of NATO. + +15 October + +Khrushchev is removed from office. He is replaced +by Leonid Brezhnev as General Secretary of the +CPSU and by Alexei Kosygin as Prime Minister. + +16 October + +China explodes its first atomic bomb. + + + +1966 + +10 March + +President de Gaulle announces France's intention +of withdrawing from the integrated military struc- +ture of the Alliance. + + + +1967 + +31 March + +Official opening ceremony of SHAPE at Casteau +near Mons, Belgium. + + +6-7 April + +First meeting of the Nuclear Planning Group in +Washington. + +21 April + +Military regime takes over power in Greece. + +14 June + +The North Atlantic Council meeting in Luxem- +bourg reviews the Middle East situation following +the Six-Day War between Israel and its Arab +neighbours. + +16 October + +Official opening of new NATO Headquarters in +Brussels. + +13-14 December + +The North Atlantic Council approves the Harmel +Report on the Future Tasks of the Alliance. + +The Defence Planning Committee adopts NATO's +new strategic concept of flexible response and +approves the establishment of a Standing Naval +Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT). + + + +1968 + +20-21 August + +Soviet, Polish, East German, Bulgarian and Hun- +garian troops invade Czechoslovakia. + +12 September + +Albania renounces its membership of the Warsaw +Treaty Organisation. + +13-14 November + +Formation of the Eurogroup. + + + +1969 + +28 May + +Establishment of the naval on-call force in the +Mediterranean (NAVOCFORMED). + +8-10 December + +First meeting of the Committee on the Challenges +of Modern Society (CCMS). + + + +1970 + +5 March + +Non-Proliferation Treaty on Nuclear Weapons +comes into force. + +20 March + +First NATO communications satellite launched from +Cape Kennedy. + +16 April + +Opening in Vienna of US-USSR negotiations on +strategic arms limitations (SALT). + + + +1971 + +2 February + +Second NATO communications satellite launched +from Cape Kennedy. + +1 October + +Joseph Luns (Netherlands) succeeds Manlio Brosio +as Secretary General of NATO. + + + +1972 + +26 May + +Signature in Moscow of interim agreement on +strategic arms limitations (SALT). + +3 June + +Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin signed by +Foreign Ministers of France, United Kingdom, +United States and the USSR. + + +21 November + +Opening of SALT II in Geneva. + +21 December + +Signature in East Berlin of the ``Basic Treaty'' +between the Federal Republic of Germany and the +German Democratic Republic. + + + +1973 + +1 January + +Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join +the European Economic Community (EEC). + +11 May + +Inauguration of Standing Naval Force Channel +(STANAVFORCHAN). + +3-7 July + +Opening of Conference on Security and Cooper- +ation in Europe (CSCE) in Helsinki. + +6-24 October + +Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur War. + +30 October + +Conference on Mutual and Balanced Force Reduc- +tions (MBFR) opens in Vienna. + + + +1974 + +25 April + +Military coup d'Etat in Portugal. + +26 June + +NATO Heads of Government meeting in Brussels +sign a Declaration on Atlantic Relations approved +and published by the North Atlantic Council in +Ottawa on 19 June. + +23 July + +Konstantinos Karamanlis becomes Prime Minister +of Greece following the resignation of the military +government. + +14 August + +Withdrawal of Greek forces from integrated mili- +tary structure of NATO. + +23-24 November + +President Ford and General Secretary Brezhnev, +meeting in Vladivostok, agree on steps towards +limitation of US-USSR strategic nuclear arms. + + + +1975 + +31 July- + +1 August + +Final phase of CSCE. The Heads of State and +Government sign the Helsinki Final Act. + + + +1976 + +2 February + +Establishment of the Independent European Pro- +gramme Group. + + + +1977 + +10-11 May + +North Atlantic Council meeting in London with +participation of Heads of State and Government. +Initiation of a long-term defence programme. + +4 October + +CSCE Follow-up Meeting in Belgrade (4 October +1977 - 9 March 1978). + +12 October + +Establishment of NPG High Level Group on +theatre nuclear force modernisation. + +1978 + +30-31 May + +Meeting of the North Atlantic Council with + +participation of Heads of State and Government +in Washington. + +31 October- + +11 December + +CSCE Experts' Meeting on the Peaceful Settlement +of Disputes, Montreux + +18 November + +Third NATO communications satellite launched +from Cape Canaveral, Florida. + +5-6 December + +Approval of Airborne Early Warning and Control +System (AWACS). + + + +1979 + +18 June + +SALT II agreement signed in Vienna by President +Carter and General Secretary Brezhnev. (The agree- +ment was not ratified by the United States). + +4 November + +Seizure of the United States Embassy in Tehran +and 53 hostages by Islamic revolutionaries. + +12 December + +Special Meeting of Foreign and Defence Ministers +in Brussels. ``Double-track'' decision on theatre +nuclear force modernisation including the deploy- +ment in Europe of US ground-launched Cruise +and Pershing II systems and a parallel and comple- +mentary arms control effort to obviate the need +for such deployments. + +27 December + +Soviet Union invades Afghanistan. + + + + + +Nato Handbook Important Dates Information +March 24, 1993 + +1980 + +24 January + +Members of the Alliance participating in the 12 +December 1979 Special Meeting establish the +Special Consultative Group on arms control involv- +ing theatre nuclear forces. + +18 February- + +3 March + +CSCE Forum on Scientific Cooperation, Ham- +burg. + + + +31 August + +Gdansk Agreements, leading to establishment and +official recognition of independent Polish trade +union ``Solidarity''. + +12 September + +Turkish military leadership takes over the adminis- +tration of the country. + +22 September + +War breaks out between Iraq and Iran. + +20 October + +Re-integration of Greek forces into the integrated +military structure of the Alliance. + +11 November + +Opening of CSCE Follow-up Meeting in Madrid. + + +1981 + +1 January + +Greece becomes the 10th member of the European +Economic Community. + +23 January + +Abortive attempt by rebel civil guards to over- +throw Spanish caretaker government. + +27 October + +Soviet submarine grounded in Swedish territorial +waters. + + +18 November + +President Reagan announces new arms control +initatives including intermediate-range nuclear +force negotiations (INF) and strategic arms reduc- +tion talks (START). + +30 November + +The United States and the Soviet Union open +Geneva negotiations on intermediate-range nuclear +forces (INF). + +10-11 December + +Signature of the Protocol of Accession of Spain to +the North Atlantic Treaty. + +13 December + +Imposition of martial law in Poland. + + + +1982 + +11 January + +Special Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic +Council issues a Declaration on Events in Poland. + +2 April-14 June + +The Falklands Conflict. + +30 May + +Spain becomes the 16th member of the North +Atlantic Treaty Organisation. + +10 June + +Summit Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in +Bonn. Heads of State and Government issue the +Bonn Declaration setting out the Alliance Pro- +gramme for Peace in Freedom. + +30 June + +Opening of Strategic Arms Reduction Talks +(START) in Geneva. + + + +1983 + +23 March + +President Reagan announces a comprehensive re- +search programme aimed at eliminating the threat +posed by strategic nuclear missiles (Strategic +Defense Initiative). + +22 July + +Ending of martial law in Poland. New laws rein- +force Government controls. + +1 September + +A South Korean airliner with 269 people on board +is shot down by Soviet air defence off the coast of +Sakhalin. + +9 September + +Conclusion of CSCE Follow-up Meeting in Madrid. + +25 October + +Military intervention in Grenada by United States +and East Caribbean forces. + +27 October + +The Montebello Decision. Defence Ministers meet- +ing in the NATO Nuclear Planning Group in +Montebello, Canada announce their decision to +withdraw a further 1,400 warheads from Europe, +bringing the total of such withdrawals since 1979 to +2,400. + +23 November + +Deliveries of GLCM components to the United King- +dom mark the beginning of NATO's intermediate- +range nuclear force deployments (INF). + +23 November + +Decision by the Soviet Union to discontinue the +current round of negotiations in Geneva on +intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF). + + +8 December + +Conclusion of the current round of US-Soviet +Geneva negotiations on Strategic Arms Reductions +(START) without a date being set by the Soviet side +for their resumption. + +8-9 December + +Foreign Ministers meeting in the Ministerial Ses- +sion of the North Atlantic Council issue the Declar- +ation of Brussels expressing their determination to +seek a balanced and constructive relationship with +the East and calling on the Soviet Union and other +Warsaw Treaty countries to respond. + +13 December + +Formation of a civilian government in Turkey +following parliamentary elections under a new +constitution. + + + +1984 + +17 January + +Opening of the Stockholm Conference on Security +and Confidence-Building Measures and Disarma- +ment in Europe (CDE). + +21 March- + +30 April + +CSCE Experts' Meeting on the Peaceful Settlement +of Disputes, Athens. + +31 May + +NATO Foreign Ministers issue the Washington +Statement on East-West Relations. + +12 June + +Foreign Ministers of the seven countries of the +Western European Union meeting in Paris decide +to reactivate the WEU. + +25 June + +Lord Carrington (United Kingdom) succeeds +Josph Luns as Secretary General of NATO. + +16-26 October + +CSCE Seminar on Economic, Scientific and Cul- +tural Cooperation in the Mediterranean, Venice. + +31 October + +Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassi- +nated and is succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi. + +7 December + +Presentation by the Secretary General of NATO of +the first Atlantic Award to Per Markussen (Den- +mark), for his outstanding contribution over many +years to the objectives of the Atlantic Alliance. + + + +1985 + +11 March + +Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of +the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. + +12 March + +The United States and the USSR begin new arms +control negotiations in Geneva, encompassing de- +fence and space systems, strategic nuclear forces +and intermediate-range nuclear forces. + +26 April + +The 1955 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and +Mutual Assistance, establishing the Warsaw Treaty +Organisation, is extended for 20 years by leaders +of the seven member states. + +7 May-17 June + +CSCE Experts' Meeting on Human Rights, Ottawa. + +7 October + +Palestinian guerrillas hijack an Italian cruise liner, + +the Achille Lauro, in the Mediterranean, taking +440 people hostage. An American citizen is +murdered. + +15 October- + +25 November + +Cultural Forum in Budapest. + + + +12 November + +Professor van der Beugel (Netherlands) becomes +the second recipient of NATO's Atlantic Award +for outstanding services to the Atlantic Alliance. + +19-21 November + +Geneva Summit meeting between United States +President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader +Mikhail Gorbachev. + +21 November + +President Reagan reports on his Geneva talks with +Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at a special meet- +ing of the North Atlantic Council with the partici- +pation of Heads of State and Government and +Foreign Ministers. + + + +1986 + +12 March + +In a referendum organised by Prime Minister +Felipe Gonzalez, Spanish voters support the contin- +ued membership of Spain in the Atlantic Alliance +without participation in NATO's integrated mili- +tary structure. + +15 April + +In response to terrorist attacks attributed to Libya, +United States forces attack targets in Tripoli and +Benghazi. + +26 April + +Nuclear accident at the Chernobyl power station +in the Soviet Union. + +22 September + +End of Stockholm Conference on Confidence and +Security Building Measures and Disarmament in +Europe (CDE). Concluding document (dated +19 September) includes mandatory measures for +notification, observation and on-site inspection of +military manoeuvres of participating countries. + +11-12 October + +Reykjavik Summit Meeting between United States +President Reagan and Soviet Leader Mikhail +Gorbachev. + +4 November + +The third CSCE Follow-up Conference opens in +Vienna. + +24 November + +Prof. Karl Kaiser (Federal Republic of Germany) +receives the third Atlantic Award for services to +the Alliance. + + + +1987 + +17 February + +Talks open in Vienna between NATO and Warsaw +Treaty countries on a mandate for negotiations on +conventional forces in Europe from the Atlantic to +the Urals. + +5 June + +The Canadian Government announces its decision +to redirect its commitment to the reinforcement of +Europe from the Northern to the Central Region. + +22 July + +Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announces Soviet +readiness to eliminate all intermediate-range nu- +clear weapons including those deployed in the +Asian part of the Soviet Union in the context of a +United States-Soviet INF treaty. + +20 August + +Western European Union experts meeting in The +Hague consider joint action in the Gulf to ensure +freedom of navigation in the oil shipping lanes of +the region. + +28-30 August + +United States inspectors attend military manoeuv- +res near Minsk, the first such inspection to take +place under the provisions of the September 1986 +Stockholm Document. + +5-7 October + +Soviet inspectors attend NATO exercises in Turkey, +the first such inspection to take place in an Alliance +country under the provisions of the September +1986 Stockholm Document. + +27 October + +Foreign and Defence Ministers of the seven +member countries of the Western European Union +adopt a ``Platform on European Security Inter- +ests''. + +25 November + +Presentation of NATO's annual Atlantic Award to +Pierre Harmel (Belgium) author of the 1967 +Harmel Report. + +8 December + +US President Reagan and Soviet Leader +Mikhail Gorbachev, meeting at the beginning of +their 3-day summit talks, sign the Washington INF +Treaty, eliminating on a global basis land-based +intermediate-range nuclear missiles. + +9 December + +The United States and the Soviet Union reach +agreement on measures allowing the monitoring of +nuclear explosions at each other's test sites. + +10 December + +At the end of their 3-day summit meeting in +Washington, US President Reagan and Soviet +Leader Mikhail Gorbachev pledge deep cuts in +strategic arms. + +11 December + +The North Atlantic Council marks the 20th anni- +versary of the Harmel report. The Secretary of +State of the United States and the Foreign Minis- +ters of Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, +Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom +sign bilateral agreements relating to the implemen- +tation of the INF Treaty. + + + +1988 + +22 January + +Establishment of a Joint Security Council by the +Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany +and of France. The two Governments also sign an +agreement relating to the formation of a joint +Franco-German Army Brigade. + +2-3 March + +Summit meeting of the North Atlantic Council in +Brussels emphasises Allied unity and reasserts the +common objectives and principles and the continu- +ing validity of Alliance policies. A Statement on +Conventional Arms Control is issued calling for +significant steps to bring about progress in eliminat- +ing conventional force disparities through negotia- +tions on conventional stability. + +15 May + +Beginning of Soviet troop withdrawals from +Afghanistan. + +31 May + +During a five-day Summit meeting in Moscow, +President Reagan and General Secretary Gor- +bachev exchange documents implementing the re- +cently ratified December 1987 INF Treaty and sign +bilateral agreements on nuclear testing and in other +fields. + +1 July + +Manfred Worner, former Minister of Defence of +the Federal Republic of Germany, succeeds Lord +Carrington as Secretary General of NATO. + +20 August + +Entry into force of a ceasefire in the Gulf War +between Iran and Iraq, in the framework of UN +Security Council Resolution 598. + +14 November + +Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Accession to +the Western European Union. + +5 December + +Paul Nitze, Special Adviser on Arms Control to +President Reagan, receives the 1988 Atlantic +Award. + +7 December + +President Gorbachev, in the course of a major +address to the UN General Assembly, announces +unilateral Soviet conventional force reductions. A +major earthquake in Armenia devastates several +cities and causes massive loss of life. + +8 December + +Alliance Foreign Ministers welcome Soviet reduc- +tions in conventional forces and publish a state- +ment outlining the Alliance's proposals for +forthcoming negotiations on conventional stability +and further confidence- and security-building +measures. + + + +1989 + +7-11 January + +149 countries participate in an international +Conference on Chemical Weapons in Paris. + +19 January + +Conclusion of the Vienna CSCE Follow-up Meet- +ing and adoption of a Concluding Document in- +cluding mandates for new negotiations on Conven- +tional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) and new +negotiations on Confidence- and Security-Building +Measures (CSBMs). + +15 February + +The Soviet Union completes the withdrawal of +military forces from Afghanistan in accordance +with the schedule announced by President Gor- +bachev. + +6 March + +Foreign Ministers of CSCE states meet in Vienna to +mark the opening of new negotiations on Conven- +tional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) among the +23 members of NATO and the Warsaw Treaty +Organisation and on Confidence and Security- +Building Measures among all 35 CSCE participat- +ing States. + +27 March + +The first multi-candidate elections to the new +USSR Congress of People's Deputies result in +major set-backs for official Party candidates in +many constituencies. + +4 April + +The fortieth anniversary of the signing of the North +Atlantic Treaty is marked by a special session of +the North Atlantic Council and other ceremonies +at NATO and in capitals. + +5 April + +Agreements signed in Warsaw by Government and +opposition negotiators on measures leading to +political reforms in Poland including free elections +and registration of the banned trade union move- +ment Solidarity. + +18 April-23 May + +CSCE Information Forum, London. + +12 May + +President Bush proposes ``Open Skies'' regime to +increase confidence and transparency with respect +to military activities. The proposal envisages recip- +rocal opening of airspace and acceptance of +overflights of national territory by participating +countries. + +29-30 May + +Summit Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in +Brussels attended by Heads of State and Govern- +ment. Announcement by President Bush of major +new initiatives for conventional force reductions in +Europe. Adoption of the Alliance's Comprehensive +Concept of Arms Control and Disarmament and +publication of a Summit Declaration. + +30 May-23 June + +First meeting of the CSCE Conference on the +Human Dimension (CDH) in Paris. + +31 May + +During a visit to the Federal Republic of Germany +President Bush outlines proposals for promoting +free elections and pluralism in Eastern Europe and +dismantling the Berlin Wall. + +3-4 June + +Chinese leaders use armed forces in Peking to +suppress unarmed student-led popular demonstra- +tions in favour of democracy, causing large-scale +loss of life and leading to major unrest in other +cities, purges and infringements of basic rights +throughout China. + +4 and 18 June + +Free elections for the Polish Senate and partial +elections involving 35 per cent of seats in the Sejm +result in major electoral success for Solidarity. + +8-9 June + +Ministerial Meeting of the Defence Planning Com- +mittee. Defence Ministers consider implications for +defence planning of Western proposals for reduc- +tion of conventional forces in Europe. + +16 June + +Imre Nagy, leader of the 1956 Hungarian revolu- +tion who was hanged in 1958, is reburied with full +honours in Budapest. + +19 June + +Re-opening of Strategic Arms Reductions Talks +(START) in Geneva. + +3 July + +Death of veteran Soviet Foreign Minister and +former President Andrei Gromyko. + +9 August + +A statement is issued by NATO's Secretary General +on behalf of the Allies concerning the situation +of ethnic Turks in Bulgaria, calling upon the +Bulgarian government to respond positively to +appeals to meet its responsibilities under the CSCE +documents. + +24 August + +Tadeusz Mazowiecki becomes Prime Minister of +the first non-communist led government in Poland +in 40 years. The Polish United Workers' (Commu- +nist) Party retains four ministries. + +10 September + +Hungary opens its Western border, enabling large +numbers of East German refugees to leave the +country for destinations in the West. + +3 October + +Following the exodus of 6,390 East German +citizens from Western embassies in Prague on 1 +October, under arrangements made by the East +German Government, some 20,000 East German +emigrants congregate in the Prague and Warsaw +embassies of the Federal Republic of Germany. + +6-7 October + +Mikhail Gorbachev, attending 40th Anniversary +Parade in East Berlin, urges reforms in the GDR. + +16 October- + +CSCE Meeting on Environmental Protection Sofia. + +8 November + +18 October + +Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Socialist +(Communist) Unity Party since 1971, is replaced +by Egon Krenz as leader of the German Demo- +cratic Republic as East German citizens demon- +strate for political reform and large numbers of +refugees continue to leave the German Democratic +Republic through Prague and Budapest. + +23 October + +The new constitution adopted by the Hungarian +Parliament on 18 October brings into being the +Republic of Hungary as a ``free, democratic, inde- +pendent legal state'' and opens the way for multi- +party elections in 1990. + +7 November + +Resignation of the East German Cabinet following +rallies in many cities calling for free elections and +the abolition of the Communist monopoly on +power and calls from within the Party for major +changes at the highest level. The move is followed +the next day by the joint resignation of the ruling +Politburo. + +9-10 November + +The opening of the Berlin Wall. Following wide- +spread demonstrations and demand for political +reform, the government of the German Democratic +Republic announces the lifting of travel restrictions +to the West and sets up new crossing points. + +14 November + +East German Parliament elects reformist Hans +Modrow as Prime Minister. + +16 November + +Removal of Todor Zhivkov, Bulgarian Communist +Party leader since 1954, followed by further sweep- +ing changes in the party leadership. + +17 November + +Violent dispersal of Prague student demonstrations +triggers popular movement against the govern- +ment. Emergence of Civic Forum, led by Vaclav +Havel. + +20 November + +Mass demonstrations in Leipzig voice popular call +for German unification. + +24 November + +Resignation of the Czechoslovak Party leadership. +Karel Urbanek becomes General Secretary and +invites dialogue with Civic Forum. + +3 December + +Resignation of new East German Politburo and +Central Committee amid revelations of Communist +leadership's misrule and corruption. + +4 December + +NATO Summit Meeting in Brussels. US President +George Bush briefs NATO leaders on his talks with +Soviet President Gorbachev at the US-Soviet +Summit Meeting in Malta on 2-3 December, mark- +ing the beginning of a new era of cooperation +between their countries. + +The Summit Meeting of leaders of the Warsaw +Treaty Organisation in Moscow publishes a joint +statement denouncing the 1968 invasion of Czecho- +slovakia by Warsaw Pact forces and repudiates the +Brezhnev Doctrine of limited sovereignty. + +7 December + +Resignation of President Gustav Husak and forma- +tion of coalition government in Czechoslovakia. + +NATO's Atlantic Award for 1989 is bestowed +on Sir Michael Howard, President and co- +founder of the International Institute for Strategic +Studies. + +11 December + +Popular demonstrations in Bulgaria lead to the +promise of free elections and renunciation of the +leading role of the Communist Party. + +13 December + +Vaclav Havel is elected President of Czecho- +slovakia. + +14-15 December + +Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council +in Brussels. Foreign Ministers review accelerating +political change in Central and Eastern Europe. + +19 December + +Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze +visits NATO Headquarters for talks with NATO +Secretary General Manfred Worner and Perma- +nent Representatives of NATO countries - the +first such visit by a Minister of a Central or Eastern +European government. + +20 December + +Troops and police open fire on thousands of anti- +government protesters in the Romanian town of +Timisoara. + +22 December + +Fall of Ceausescu regime. Nicolai Ceausescu is +arrested by the Romanian armed forces and ex- +ecuted on 25 December. The National Salvation +Front headed by Ion Iliescu takes control and +promises free elections. + +29 December + +The Polish Parliament abolishes the leading role of +the Communist Party and restores the country's +name as the Republic of Poland. + + + +1990 + +15 January + +Bulgarian government abolishes the Communist +Party's 44-year monopoly on political power. + +16 January- + +5 February + +35-nation Seminar on Military Doctrines in +Vienna in the framework of the CSCE. + +6 February + +In an unprecedented speech to the Plenary Session +of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Mr. Gor- +bachev addresses major aspects of his reform pro- +gramme including the abandonment of the leading +role of the Communist Party and the introduction +of political pluralism. + +12-14 February + +Foreign Ministers of NATO and Warsaw Treaty +Organisation countries, with observers from other +CSCE states, meet in Ottawa at the opening of the +``Open Skies'' Conference. + +13 February + +On the margins of the ``Open Skies'' Conference in +Ottawa agreement is reached by the Foreign Minis- +ters concerned to hold discussions on external +aspects of the establishment of German unity in +a ``Two Plus Four'' framework. + +NATO and Warsaw Treaty Organisation Foreign +Ministers also agree on steps to enable a CFE agree- +ment to be concluded in 1990. + +3 March + +Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jiri Dienstbier +visits NATO Headquarters for discussions with +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner. + +8 March + +At a meeting attended by Chancellor Helmut Kohl, +consultations take place in the North Atlantic +Council on the position of the Government of the +Federal Republic on developments in Germany +and related security matters. + +11 March + +The Lithuanian Parliament votes to break away +from the Soviet Union and regain its independ- +ence. + +17 March + +Warsaw Treaty Organisation Foreign Ministers +meeting in Prague support the continuation in +being of both NATO and the Warsaw Pact. + +18 March + +In their first free elections in 40 years the citizens +of the German Democratic Republic give an over- +whelming majority to the conservative ``Alliance +for Germany'', marking a further key step in the +process of the unification of Germany. + +19 March-11 April + +CSCE Conference on Economic Cooperation in +Europe, Bonn. + +21 March + +Krzystof Skubiszewski, Foreign Minister of +Poland, visits NATO Headquarters for discussions +with Secretary General Manfred Worner and Per- +manent Representatives of NATO countries. + +26 March + +The Czechoslovak Government orders border in- +stallations along its frontiers with Austria and the +Federal Republic of Germany to be dismantled. + +27 March + +Formal entry of Portugal and Spain to the WEU on +completion of the ratification process. + +7 April + +Elections in Hungary result in a decisive victory +for the Hungarian Democratic Forum (centre-right +party). + +12 April + +The coalition government of the German Demo- +cratic Republic pronounces itself in favour of unifi- +cation with the Federal Republic of Germany on +the basis of Article 23 of the Basic Law and the +membership of the unified country in the North +Atlantic Alliance. + +3 May + +President Bush announces the cancellation of mod- +ernisation programmes for nuclear artillery shells +deployed in Europe and for a ``follow-on'' to the +LANCE short-range nuclear missile. He calls for +negotiations on US and Soviet short-range nuclear +missiles to begin shortly after a CFE treaty is signed. + +7 May + +The Latvian Parliament declares the independence +of the Baltic Republic. + +8 May + +The Estonian Parliament modifies the Republic's +name and constitution and restores its pre-war flag +and national anthem. + + +9-10 May + +NATO Defence Ministers, meeting in the Nuclear +Planning Group in Kananaskis, Canada, discuss +the implications of political changes taking place +in Europe for NATO's security policy. + +20 May + +Following elections in Romania, former Commu- +nist Government member Ion Iliescu is elected +President despite opposition accusations of elec- +toral irregularities. The National Salvation Front +obtains a majority in Parliament. + +22-23 May + +NATO Defence Ministers, meeting in the Defence +Planning Committee, assess the implications for +NATO security policy of the changes taking place +in Europe and initiate a review of NATO's military +strategy. + +Hungary's new Premier Josef Antall announces +his government's intention to withdraw from the +Warsaw Treaty Organisation following negotia- +tions. + +30 May + +Boris Yeltsin is elected President of the Russian +Republic in the third round of elections. + +30 May-2 June + +US-Soviet Summit Meeting in Washington. + +5 June + +Foreign Ministers of the 35 countries participating +in the second CSCE Conference on the Human +Dimension (CHD2) in Copenhagen agree to +accord observer status to Albania. + +7-8 June + +At the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic +Council at Turnberry in Scotland, Alliance Foreign +Ministers publish a ``Message from Turnberry'' in +which they express their determination to seize the +historic opportunities resulting from the profound +changes in Europe and extend to the Soviet Union +and all other European countries the hand of +friendship and cooperation. + +8 June + +Parliamentary elections in Czechoslovakia. Civic +Forum and allied parties win a majority in the +Federal Assembly. + +10 and 17 June + +Elections in Bulgaria result in a parliamentary +majority for the Bulgarian Socialist Party. + +18 June + +NATO announces the award of 70 research +fellowships for 1990/91 including 55 fellowships +for research on democratic institutions awarded +for the first time to citizens of both NATO and +Central and Eastern European countries. + +28 June + +At the Copenhagen CSCE Conference on the +Human Dimension Eastern European countries +(excluding Albania, which joined the CSCE +process in June 1991) commit themselves to multi- +party parliamentary democracy and to the rule of +law. + + +29 June + +Geza Jeszensky, Foreign Minister of Hungary, +is received at NATO Headquarters by Secretary +General Manfred Worner. + +2 July + +Monetary union is established between the Federal +Republic of Germany and the German Democratic +Republic. + +3 July + +Taro Nakayama, Foreign Minister of Japan, is +received by Secretary General Manfred Worner at +NATO Headquarters. + +6 July + +NATO Heads of State and Government meeting +in London publish the ``London Declaration'' on +a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance. The declar- +ation outlines proposals for developing cooper- +ation with the countries of Central and Eastern +Europe across a wide spectrum of political and +military activity, including the establishment of +regular diplomatic liaison between those countries +and NATO. + +10 July + +The Foreign Minister of the German Democratic +Republic, Markus Meckel, visits NATO. + +13-17 July + +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner visits +Moscow at the invitation of Foreign Minister Sche- +vardnadze for talks with the Soviet leadership fol- +lowing publication of the London Declaration. + +16 July + +Chancellor Kohl and President Gorbachev agree +on measures enabling Germany to regain full sover- +eignty and to exercise its right to remain a full +member of the North Atlantic Alliance. + +17 July + +Conclusion of the ``Two Plus Four'' Conference in +Paris on the unification of Germany. + +18 July + +Hungarian Prime Minister Jozsef Antall visits +NATO Headquarters. + +2 August + +Iraqi troops invade Kuwait following a dispute +between the two countries on exploitation of oil +rights in the Gulf. + +6 August + +The UN Security Council agrees unanimously on +wide-ranging sanctions against Iraq and demands +Iraqi withdrawal from the occupied territory of +Kuwait. + +8 August + +The UN Security Council declares the Iraqi +announcement of its de facto annexation of Kuwait +nul and void. + +10 August + +Special Meeting of the North Atlantic Council at +the level of Foreign Ministers for consultations +and exchange of information on developments in +the Gulf. + +22 August + +The legislature of the German Democratic Repub- +lic votes in favour of the unification of the GDR +with the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 Octo- +ber 1990 and agrees to hold elections in the unified +country on 2 December 1990. + +4 September + +The nine member countries of the Western Euro- +pean Union agree on guidelines for the coordina- +tion of their naval operations in the Gulf region in +order to reinforce the international embargo +against Iraq. A number of WEU and other coun- +tries send forces to the area. + +5-8 September + +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner visits +the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic for discus- +sions with the President, Prime Minister and Presi- +dent of the Parliament. + +7 September + +Consultations continue in the North Atlantic +Council on political, military and economic devel- +opments in the Gulf in the framework of the +harmonisation of allied policies and the commit- +ment of the Allies to work for the application of +United Nations resolutions in relation to the Gulf +crisis. + +10 September + +The United States Secretary of State James Baker +briefs a special meeting of the North Atlantic +Council in Ministerial session on the outcome +of the US-Soviet summit meeting on the Gulf +crisis. + +12 September + +In a statement issued on the occasion of the signing +of the ``Two Plus Four Treaty'' in Moscow, the +Alliance welcomes this historic agreement which +paves the way for the unification of Germany and +its return to full sovereignty. + +13-15 September + +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner on his +first visit to Poland addresses the Sejm on the +historic opportunities for creating a durable order +of peace and prosperity in Europe based on cooper- +ation and friendship. + +14 September + +Initiation of Allied consultations in NATO's +Special Consultative Group on future negotiations +on short-range nuclear forces as called for in the +London Declaration. + +In a statement condemning the forced entry by +Iraqi soldiers into the residences of NATO embas- +sies in Kuwait, the Alliance calls upon Iraq to free +those seized and to refrain from further aggressive +acts. + +24 September- + +19 October + +CSCE Meeting on the Mediterranean, Palma de +Mallorca. + +1-2 October + +CSCE Conference of Foreign Ministers in New +York passes resolution condemning Iraqi aggession +against Kuwait. + +3 October + +On the day of German unification the North +Atlantic Council marks the occasion by a special +meeting and welcomes the united country as a full +member of the Alliance. + +15 October + +Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the 1990 Nobel +Peace Prize. + +23 October + +Mr. Petre Roman, Prime Minister of Romania, +is received at NATO Headquarters by Secretary +General Manfred Worner. + +25-26 October + +Visit to NATO by First Deputy Minister of Defence +and Chief of the Soviet General Staff, General +M.A. Moiseyev. + +26 October + +Dr. Lajos Fur, Defence Minister of the Republic +of Hungary, visits NATO. + +15 November + +Mr. Luben Gotsev, Foreign Minister of Hungary, +is received at NATO Headquarters by Secretary +General Manfred Worner. + +17 November + +CSCE negotiators adopt the ``Vienna Document'' +on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures +(CSBMs). + +19 November + +In the framework of the CSCE Summit Meeting in +Paris, the 22 member states of NATO and the +Warsaw Treaty Organisation sign a major Treaty +on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and +publish a Joint Declaration on non-aggression. + +21 November + +CSCE Heads of State and Government publish the +Charter of Paris for a New Europe and endorse +the adoption of the Vienna Document on Confi- +dence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs). + +22-25 November + +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner visits +Hungary. + +26-28 November + +The North Atlantic Assembly meeting in London +accords associate delegate status to parliamen- +tarians from the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czecho- +slovakia, Hungary and Poland. + +6-7 December + +Ministerial meeting of the Defence Planning Com- +mittee and the Nuclear Planning Group in Brus- +sels. Defence Ministers support UN Resolution 678 +demanding that Iraqi forces withdraw from +Kuwait by January 1991. They review progress in +developing a new strategic concept for NATO and +other steps being taken to adapt NATO forces to +the new strategic environment in Europe. + +10 December + +Lech Walesa is elected President of Poland. + +11 December + +Albania's Communist Party anounces the legalisa- +tion of political opposition parties after 45 years of +one-party dictatorship. + +13 December + +Romanian Secretary of State for Defence, General +Vasile Ionel visits NATO. + +15 December + +At a Summit Meeting in Rome EC Leaders open +Intergovernmental Conferences on Economic and +Monetary Union and Political Union. + +17-18 December + +Ministerial meeting of the North Atlantic Council +in Brussels. Foreign Ministers review progress +made since the July Summit Meeting in fulfilling +the objectives of the London Declaration and issue +a statement on the Gulf Crisis. + +20 December + +Soviet Foreign Minister Edouard Schevardnadze +resigns, warning of the risks of renewed dictator- +ship in the Soviet Union. + + + +1991 + +2 January + +NATO deploys aircraft of the ACE Mobile Force +(AMF) to south east Turkey in an operational +role. + +8 January + +Soviet troops are deployed around the Lithuanian +capital to enforce mandatory conscription. + +9 January + +At a Geneva meeting between the US and Iraqi +Foreign ministers, Iraq maintains its refusal to +withdraw its forces from Kuwait. + +11 January + +NATO issues a statement urging Soviet authorities +to refrain from using force and intimidation in the +Baltic Republics. + +15 January - + +8 February + +CSCE Experts' Meeting on Peaceful Settlement of +Disputes in Valetta proposes establishment of Dis- +pute Settlement Mechanism. + +17 January + +Coalition forces launch air attacks against Iraq at +the beginning of the Gulf War, following Iraq's +refusal to withdraw from Kuwait in accordance +with UN Security Council Resolutions. + +11 February + +Eighty-five per cent of those voting in a Lithuanian +plebiscite favour moves towards independence. + +18 February + +WEU Secretary General Wim van Eekelen visits +NATO for discussions with NATO Secretary Gen- +eral Manfred Worner in the framework of on- +going consultations on the development of the +European Security Identity and cooperation be- +tween NATO and the WEU. + +19 February + +An eleventh-hour Soviet peace plan for averting +the Gulf War falls short of Allied demands for an +unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces. + +24 February + +Coalition forces begin ground offensive into +Kuwait. + +25 February + +Representatives of the six countries of the Warsaw +Pact convene in Budapest to announce the dissolu- +tion of its military structure. The Warsaw Pact +Committee of Defence Ministers, its Joint Com- +mand, and its Military, Scientific and Technical +Council are disbanded. + + +27 February + +Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jiri Dienstbier +visits NATO. + +28 February + +Coalition forces liberate Kuwait. US President +George Bush suspends allied coalition combat op- +erations. Iraq accepts unconditionally all 12 UN +resolutions relating to the withdrawal of its forces +from Kuwait. + +3 March + +In referendums held in Estonia and Latvia, votes +favour independence by 77 per cent and 73 per +cent, respectively. + +4 March + +The Soviet legislature ratifies the Treaty permit- +ting German unification, formally ending the +authority of the quadripartite arrangements +concerning Germany introduced after World War +II. + +6 March + +NATO's Allied Mobile Force is withdrawn from +Turkey following the end of the Gulf War. + +13 and 26 March + +Completion of United States withdrawal of +intermediate-range nuclear forces (Pershing 2 and +Cruise missiles) from Europe in accordance with +the INF Treaty. + +21 March + +Visit to NATO by the President of the Czech +and Slovak Federal Republic, Vaclav Havel. +President Havel addresses the North Atlantic +Council. + +31 March + +Formal dissolution of the military structures of the +Warsaw Pact. + +15 April + +Inauguration in London of the European Bank for +Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), estab- +lished to assist Eastern European countries and +the Soviet Union in developing democracy and a +market economy. + +23-24 April + +Visit by the Chairman of NATO's Military Commit- +tee, General Vigleik Eide, to the Czech and Slovak +Federal Republic. + +25-26 April + +Conference on The Future of European Security +in Prague sponsored jointly by the Foreign Minis- +ter of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and +the Secretary General of NATO. + +29 April + +NATO's annual Atlantic Award is presented +posthumously to Senator Giovanni Malagodi of +Italy. + +30 April + +Visit to NATO Headquarters by Bulgarian Prime +Minister, Dimitar Popov and Colonel General +Mutafchiev, Minister of Defence. + +7 May + +The Yugoslav Defence Minister declares that +his country is in a state of civil war. + +12 May + +Elimination by the Soviet Union of remaining +SS20 missiles in accordance with the INF Treaty. + + +21 May + +The US House of Representatives calls for a reduc- +tion of US troop strength in Europe from 250,000 +to 100,000 by 1995. + +The Supreme Soviet passes a bill liberalising +foreign travel and emigration. + +23 May + +Visit to NATO by Poland's Defence Minister, Piotr +Kolodziejczyk. + +28-29 May + +Ministerial Meetings of NATO's Defence Planning +Committee and Nuclear Planning Group. Minis- +ters agree inter alia on the basis of a new NATO +force structure. + +28 May-7 June + +CSCE Cultural Heritage Symposium, Cracow. + +1 June + +US and Soviet officials report resolution of out- +standing differences on the CFE Treaty. + +6-7 June + +NATO Foreign Ministers meeting in Copenhagen, +issue Statements on Partnership with the Countries +of Central and Eastern Europe, NATO's Core +Security Functions in the New Europe, and the +Resolution of Problems Concerning the CFE +Treaty. + +12-14 June + +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner +pays an official visit to the Republic of +Bulgaria. + +19 June + +Albania becomes 35th CSCE participating State. + +19-20 June + +Meeting of CSCE Council, Berlin. Foreign Ministers +create a CSCE Emergency Mechanism allowing for +meetings of Senior Officials to be called at short +notice subject to agreement by 13 States, and en- +dorse the Valetta Report on the Peaceful Settle- +ment for Disputes. + +20 June + +German legislators vote to reinstate Berlin as the +country's official capital. + +25 June + +Parliaments of Slovenia and Croatia proclaim inde- +pendence. + +28 June + +Dissolution of COMECON. + +1 July + +The Warsaw pact is officially disbanded in accord- +ance with a protocol calling for a ``transition to +all-European structures.'' + +1-19 July + +CSCE Experts' Meeting on National Minorities, +Geneva. + +3 July + +Polish President Lech Walesa visits NATO. + +4-5 July + +NATO's Secretary General Manfred Worner visits +Romania. + +30 July + +Russian President Boris Yeltsin signs a treaty with +Lithuania recognising its independence. + +30-31 July + +US and Soviet Presidents proclaim their two-day +summit as opening a new era in bilateral relations +and sign a START Treaty reducing strategic nuclear +weapons. + + +19 August + +Soviet President Gorbachev is removed from office +in a coup and replaced by an ``emergency commit- +tee''. Meeting in emergency session NATO Council +warns the Soviet Union of ``serious consequences'' +if it abandons reform. Western aid programmes +are suspended. + +Russian President Boris Yeltsin calls for a gen- +eral strike while loyalist tanks flying Russian flags +position themselves near the Russian parliament +building. + +21 August + +Ministerial meeting of the North Atlantic Council. +Foreign Ministers review the political situation in +the Soviet Union and publish a statement condemn- +ing the unconstitutional removal of President Gor- +bachev and calling for the restoration of demo- +cratic reform. + +President Gorbachev returns to Moscow as +the 19 August coup collapses and its leaders are +arrested. Western leaders praise President Yeltsin's +role in resisting the coup and lift a freeze on aid to +the Soviet Union. + +Romanian Foreign Minister Adrian Nastase +visits NATO. + +25 August + +The Soviet Union announces a wholesale purge of +the Military High Command. President Gorbachev +proposes that the Communist Party be disbanded +and resigns as its General Secretary. + +26 August + +President Gorbachev indicates that the demands +of secession-minded republics for independence +can no longer be resisted. EC countries agree to +establish diplomatic ties with the three Baltic +states. + +28 August + +President Gorbachev appoints Boris Pankin, +former Ambassador to Czechoslovakia, as Foreign +Minister, strips the KGB of its troops and orders +an investigation of its activities. + +29 August + +Soviet legislators vote to suspend all activities of +the Communist Party. + +5 September + +The Soviet Congress of Peoples Deputies, before +disbanding, agrees to hand over key powers to the +Repubics. + +10 September- + +4 October + +Third CSCE Meeting of the Conference on the +Human Dimension, in Moscow. Estonia, Latvia +and Lithuania become participating CSCE States. + +17 September + +Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are admitted to the +UN. + +27 September + +US President Bush announces sweeping cuts in US +nuclear weapons and calls upon the Soviet Union +to do likewise. The US cuts include the destruction + +of all US ground-launched tactical nuclear missiles +and the removal of nuclear cruise missiles from +submarines and warships. + +6 October + +Meeting in Cracow, the Foreign Ministers of +Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia state their +wish for their countries to be included in NATO +activities. + +President Gorbachev announces the abolition of +Soviet short-range nuclear weapons and the re- +moval of all tactical nuclear weapons from ships, +submarines and land-based naval aircraft. + +17 October + +NATO Defence Ministers meeting in Taormina, +Italy, announce reductions in the current NATO +stockpile of sub-strategic nuclear weapons in +Europe by approximately 80 per cent. + +21 October + +Visit to NATO by Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister +Deryabin. + +24-25 October + +Seminar on Civil/Military Coordination of Air +Traffic Management at NATO with participation +from NATO and Central and Eastern European +countries. + +28 October + +Hungarian Prime Minister Joszef Antall visits +NATO. + +30 October + +The first Peace Conference on the Middle East +opens in Madrid under the joint chairmanship of +the United States and the Soviet Union. + +4-15 November + +CSCE Experts' Seminar on Democratic Institu- +tions, Oslo. + +7-8 November + +Summit Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in +Rome. Heads of State and Government publish +the Alliance's new Strategic Concept and issue the +Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation. + +11 November + +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner +receives Polish Foreign Minister Krzystof +Skubiszewski at NATO. + +12 November + +Estonian Foreign Minister Lennart Meri is re- +ceived at NATO. + +Bulgarian Foreign Minister Stoyan Ganev visits +NATO. + +14 November + +Bulgarian President Zhelev visits NATO. + +25 November + +Romanian Minister of National Defence Lt. Gen- +eral Nicolae Spiroiu is received at NATO. + +1 December + +In a referendum 90 per cent of the voters in +Ukraine opt for independence from the Soviet +Union. + +8 December + +Representatives of the three former Soviet Repub- +lics of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine meet in Minsk +and agree to set up a Commonwealth of Independ- +ent States to replace the Soviet Union. + + +9-10 December + +At the Maastricht European Council, Heads of +State and Government of the EC adopt treaties +(subject to ratification) on Economic and Mon- +etary Union and Political Union. + +WEU Member States also meeting in Maas- +tricht, invite members of the European Union to +accede to the WEU or to become observers, and +other European members of NATO to become +associate members of the WEU. + +12-13 December + +Ministerial meeting of the Defence Planning Com- +mittee in Brussels. Defence Ministers review major +changes in force structures called for in the Alli- +ance's new Strategic Concept, including substantial +reductions in troops and equipment. + +13 December + +First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, Gennadij +Burbulis, visits NATO for discussions with Sec- +retary General Manfred Worner on the situation +in the Soviet Union following the foundation of +the Commonwealth of Independent States by +Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. + +17 December + +During talks in Moscow President Yeltsin and +President Gorbachev agree that the transition to +the Commonwealth of Independent States would +take place at the end of December 1991. + +19 December + +Ministerial meeting of the North Atlantic Council +in Brussels. Foreign Ministers condemn the vio- +lence in Yugoslavia and pursue initiatives taken at +the Rome Summit Meeting in November, inter +alia on NATO assistance in providing humanitarian +aid to the Soviet Union. + +20 December + +Inaugural meeting of the North Atlantic Cooper- +ation Council attended by Foreign Ministers and +Representatives of 16 NATO countries and 9 Cen- +tral and Eastern European countries. + +21 December + +Eleven of the constituent republics of the former +Soviet Union meet in Alma Ata and sign agree- +ments creating a new Commonwealth of Independ- +ent States, marking the effective end of the USSR. + +25 December + +President Gorbachev announces his resignation as +Soviet President and signs a Decree relinquishing +his function as Supreme Commander-in-Chief of +Soviet Forces. + + + +1992 + +1 January + +Boutros Boutros- Ghali of Egypt becomes Secretary +General of the United Nations on retirement of +Javier Perez de Cuellar of Peru. + +6 January + +Georgian rebels overthrow the Government of +Zviad Gamsakhurdia. + + +7-8 January + +NATO participates in arrangements for airlifting +EC humanitarian assistance to Moscow and St +Petersburg in aircraft provided by the Canadian +and German governments. + +8-10 January + +Meeting of CSCE Senior Officials, Prague. + +10 January + +At the first meeting of an informal High Level +Working Group established by the North Atlantic +Cooperation Council to discuss ratification and +implementation of the CFE Treaty, agreement is +reached on a phased approach for bringing the +CFE Treaty into force. + +22-23 January + +A 47-nation international coordinating conference +in Washington on assistance to the former Soviet +Union, sponsored by the United States, is attended +by NATO's Secretary General Manfred Worner and +representatives of other international organisa- +tions. + +28 January + +In his State of the Union Address, US President +Bush proposes major new arms control and dis- +armament initiatives. + +30 January + +The first Summit Meeting of the 15 nation UN +Security Council is attended by President Boris +Yeltsin, President of the Russian Federation. + +30-31 January + +Meeting of CSCE Council of Foreign Ministers in +Prague recognises the Russian Federation as the +continuation of the legal personality of the former +Soviet Union and admits 10 former Soviet Repub- +lics as CSCE participating states. + +19 February + +Prime Minister of Azerbaijan Gasanov visits +NATO. + +21 February + +Manfred Worner, Secretary General of NATO, +visits Romania and opens a new Euro-Atlantic +Centre in Bucharest. + +22-23 February + +Secretary General Manfred Worner visits +Ukraine. + +24-25 February + +Secretary General Manfred Worner visits Russia. + +26 February + +The Canadian Government informs the Alliance +of its decision to cancel plans to maintain 1,100 +Canadian forces in Europe after 1994, but con- +firms its intention to fulfil other commitments to +the Alliance and to its Integrated Military Struc- +ture. + +The North Atlantic Council, in a Statement on +Yugoslavia, appeals to all parties to respect cease- +fire arrangements in order to allow the deployment +of a UN peace-keeping force. + +27 February- + +24 March + +Mission of experts sponsored by the Medical Work- +ing Group of the Washington Coordinating Con- +ference on Assistance to the Commonwealth of + +Independent States visits 10 cities on board a +NATO Boeing 707 to assess medical needs. + +5 March + +Foreign Ministers of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, +Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, +Russia and Sweden meeting in Copenhagen, an- +nounce the formation of the Council of Baltic Sea +States. + +10 March + +Extraordinary Meeting of the North Atlantic +Cooperation Council. Foreign Ministers and +Representatives of the NACC countries publish a +Work Plan for Dialogue, Partnership and Cooper- +ation. + +11 March + +President of the Italian Republic Francesco +Cossiga visits NATO. + +11-12 March + +Secretary General Manfred Worner visits Poland +and opens a Seminar on ``Security in Central +Europe''. + +13-16 March + +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner visits +the Baltic States at the invitation of the Govern- +ments of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania. + +24 March + +Opening of Fourth CSCE Follow-Up Meeting in +Helsinki. Croatia, Georgia and Slovenia become +CSCE participating States. + +Signature of Open Skies agreement permitting +overflights of national territory on a reciprocal +basis. + +1 April + +NATO Defence Ministers meet with Cooperation +Partners and identify areas for further cooperation +in defence-related matters. + +8-10 April + +NATO Economics Colloquium on External Econ- +omic Relations of the Central and Eastern Euro- +pean countries. + +10 April + +First Meeting of the NATO Military Committee in +Cooperation Session with Chiefs of Defence and +Chiefs of General Staff of Central and Eastern +European States. + +29 April + +Appointment of US General John M. Shalikashvili +to succeed General John R. Galvin as Supreme +Allied Commander, Europe. + +30 April + +NATO's Naval On-Call Force for the Mediterranean +is replaced by a Standing Naval Force Mediter- +ranean (STANAVFORMED). + +4 May + +Visit to NATO by Japanese Minister of State for +Defence, Mr. Sohei Miyashita. + +7 May + +Meeting of Russian Secretary of State Gennady +Burbulis with Acting Secretary General of NATO +Amedeo de Franchis at NATO Headquarters. + +11 May + +Visit of the Foreign Ministers of Estonia, Latvia +and Lithuania to NATO Headquarters. + + +11-12 May + +CEAC Seminar with cooperation partners at +NATO Headquarters on civil/military coordina- +tion of air traffic management. + +15 May + +Agreements signed at the fifth Summit Meeting +of the leaders of the Commonwealth of Independ- +ent States in Tashkent include the apportionment of +rights and obligations between the 8 former Soviet +states concerned with respect to the CFE Treaty. + +20-22 May + +NATO Defence Conversion Seminar with cooper- +ation partners. + +21 May + +First formal meeting of the North Atlantic Council +with the Council of the Western European Union +at NATO Headquarters. + +26-27 May + +Ministerial Meetings of NATO's Defence Planning +Committee and Nuclear Planning Group. Defence +Ministers discuss NATO support for CSCE peace- +keeping activities. + +2 June + +In a national referendum Danish voters reject the +Maastricht Treaties on political and monetary +union by 50.7 to 49.3 per cent. + +4 June + +NATO Foreign Ministers, meeting in Ministerial +Session in Oslo, announce their readiness to sup- +port conditionally peace-keeping activities under +the responsibility of the CSCE on a case-by-case +basis. Foreign Ministers also issue statements on +the crisis in the territory of the former Yugosla- +via and on the crisis centered on Nagorno- +Karabakh. + +5 June + +Foreign Ministers and Representatives of the coun- +tries participating in the NACC, meeting in Oslo, +consult on regional conflicts and other major secu- +rity issues. Georgia and Albania are welcomed as +members of the NACC. Finland attends as ob- +server. + +The Final Document issued at the conclusion of +an Extraordinary Conference held in Oslo in con- +junction with these meetings formally establishes +the obligations under the CFE Treaty of the 8 +countries of the former Soviet Union with territory +in the area of application of the Treaty. + +11-12 June + +Seminar with cooperation partners conducted by +NATO's Verification Coordinating Committee on +implementation of the CFE Treaty. + +16 June + +Agreement is reached by US President Bush and +Russian President Yeltsin to cut nuclear warheads +on strategic missiles significantly beyond the limits +of the START Treaty. + +1-3 July + +High Level Seminar on Defence Policy and Man- +agement at NATO Headquarters, attended by +officials from 30 allied and cooperation partner +countries. + +2 July + +The United States notifies its Allies of the complet- +ion of the withdrawal from Europe of land-based +nuclear artillery shells, LANCE missile warheads +and nuclear depth bombs, in accordance with the +initiative announced on 27 September 1991, as well +as the removal of all tactical nuclear weapons +from US surface ships and attack submarines. + +8 July + +Visit to NATO by Mr. Leonid Kravchuk, President +of Ukraine. + +10 July + +At the conclusion of the Helsinki CSCE Follow-Up +Conference at Summit Level, leaders of the 51 +participating nations approve a Final Document +(``The Challenges of Change'') addressing, inter +alia, support for CSCE peace-keeping activities by +NATO and other international organisations. + +The North Atlantic Council in Ministerial Ses- +sion in Helsinki agrees on a NATO maritime opera- +tion in the Adriatic in coordination and cooper- +ation with the operation decided by the WEU, to +monitor compliance with UN sanctions imposed +on Serbia and Montenegro by Security Council +Resolutions 713 and 757. + +16 July + +WEU member countries meet in Rome with repre- +sentatives of Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, +Norway, and Turkey, to discuss steps towards +enlargement. + +16-18 July + +Official visit to Hungary by the Secretary General +of NATO Mr. Manfred Worner. + +17 July + +The CFE Treaty, signed on 19 November 1990, +enters into force provisionally, allowing verifica- +tion procedures to be implemented. + +28 July + +Signing in Naples of NATO-Spanish coordination +agreement on air defence. + +26-28 August + +London Conference on Yugoslavia. + +2 September + +The North Atlantic Council agrees on measures to +make available Alliance resources in support of +UN, CSCE and EC efforts to bring about peace in +the former Yugoslavia, including the provision of +resources for the protection of humanitarian relief +and support for UN monitoring of heavy weapons. + +3 September + +An Italian relief plane is shot down west of Sarajevo +in Bosnia-Hercegovina. + +8 September + +Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jozef Moravcik +visits NATO. + +12-13 September + +UN begins monitoring of heavy weapons in +Bosnia-Hercegovina. NATO Allies express readi- +ness to support the UN in this endeavour. + + +20 September + +In a national referendem French voters approve +the Maastricht Treaty on European Political and +Monetary Union with 50.82 per cent for the Treaty +and 49.18 per cent against. + +22 September + +The CSCE Forum for Security Cooperation (FSC), +established at the Helsinki Summit in July 1992, is +inaugurated in Vienna. + +UN General Assembly votes to exclude Serbia and +Montenegro and rules that Belgrade must make an +application to be admitted to the United Nations. + +23 September + +Visit to NATO by Lithuanian President, Vytautas +Landsbergis. + +29 September + +The Swedish Foreign Minister, Margaretha af +Ugglas, is received at NATO by Secretary General +Manfred Worner. + +Foreign Minister of Argentina, Guido di Tella, +visits NATO for discussions with Secretary Gen- +eral Manfred Worner. + +1 October + +US Senate ratifies START Treaty cutting US and +Russian nuclear forces by one-third. + +2 October + +NATO's new Allied Command Europe (ACE) +Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC) is inaugurated at +Bielefeld, Germany, by General Shalikashvili +(SACEUR). + +7 October + +Visit to NATO by Poland's Prime Minister, Mrs. +Hanna Suchocka. + +14 October + +WEU Permanent Council meets at Ambassadorial +level with eight Central and Eastern European +countries. + +The North Atlantic Council authorises the use of a +NATO airborne early warning force (AWACS) to +monitor the UN-mandated ``no-fly'' zone in effect +over Bosnia-Hercegovina. + +20-21 October + +NATO Ministers of Defence meeting in the Nuclear +Planning Group (NPG) at Gleneagles, Scotland, +focus on the implications of the Alliance's role in +peacekeeping activities for NATO's collective de- +fence planning. New political guidelines providing +for reduced reliance on nuclear weapons are also +adopted. + +28 October + +Finnish President Mauno Koivisto meets with +NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner in +Brussels. + +1-4 November + +Secretary General Manfred Worner visits Belarus, +Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. + +3 November + +Governor Bill Clinton, the Democratic candidate, +wins US Presidential election. + +9 November + +CFE Treaty officially enters into force after rati- +fication by all 29 signatory states. + + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/natsrvc.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/natsrvc.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5313f917 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/natsrvc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,209 @@ +REFLECTIONS ON NATIONAL SERVICE + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + + +National service looms as one of the most dangerous threats to +the American people in our 200-year history. Previously +advocated only by liberals, national service is now also +embraced by many on the conservative side of the political +spectrum, as evidenced by the recent book, Gratitude, by +America's foremost conservative, William F. Buckley, Jr. + +The versions of national service are many and varied. Most of +them are directed to the youth of America. They range from +universal conscription to more "benign" forms of coercion +advocated by Mr. Buckley. But all of them have at their core +one essential principle: that the state, rather than being a +servant of the people, is their master; and as their master, +has the power to force the citizenry, either directly or +indirectly, to serve others. + +National service violates every principle of individual +liberty and limited government on which this nation was +founded. As John Locke and Thomas Jefferson emphasized, life, +liberty, property, and conscience are not privileges bestowed +on us by governmental officials; they are natural, God-given +rights with which no public official can legitimately +interfere. We are not brought into the world to serve the +state; the state is brought into existence by the people to +serve us through the protection of our natural, God-given +rights. + +We should also never forget that the American people of our +time have chosen an economic system which is alien to that +which our American ancestors chose. Although there are those +who honestly believe that the welfare state, planned economy +way of life is simply an evolution of the original principles +on which America was founded, they operate under a severe +delusion. Although there were numerous exceptions (slavery and +tariffs being the most notable), there is no doubt that our +American ancestors clearly and unequivocally rejected the +morality and philosophy of the welfare state, planned economy +way of life. + +The advocates of national service, liberals and conservatives +alike, would force Americans to serve a system which our +ancestors knew would be evil, immoral, and tyrannical. The +welfare state, like all other socialist systems, plunders the +wealth and savings of those who have in order to redistribute +the loot, through the political process, to others. It +violates one of the most sacred commandments of our God: Thou +shalt not steal. And the planned economy, through its +thousands of rules and regulations interfering with peaceful +human choices, denigrates one of God's most sacred gifts to +human beings--the great gift of free will. + +Recognizing that the ardent wish of the advocates of national +service is to require Americans to join them in the support of +this political evil and immorality, let us examine some of the +opportunities for "service" in our present-day economic +system. Perhaps a youth can "volunteer" his services to the +Internal Revenue Service and thereby help to destroy more +American lives through terror and confiscation. Or perhaps a +better opportunity would be to help run the concentration +centers on the American side of the United States-Mexican +border--where good and honorable people from the Republic of +Mexico are incarcerated for committing the heinous, American +"crime" of trying to sustain and improve their lives through +labor. Or how about simply being an enforcer of minimum-wage +laws, thereby helping to condemn black teenagers in Harlem to +lives of misery and impoverishment. Or perhaps a "volunteer" +can be one of the thousands who are responsible for injecting +the narcotic of welfare into the veins of so many thousands of +our fellow citizens. + +One of the standard complaints about our present-day political +system, of course, is that not enough "good" people hold +public office. The suggestion is that if "better" people were +in public office, socialism in America could finally be made +to work well. But lost in all of this is that only a certain +type of person is attracted to participation in a government +which has overwhelming power over the lives and fortunes of +others--the person who has an uncontrollable urge to wield +such power--the person who has yet to learn the final lesson +in the evolution of man: that true power lies not in +controlling the lives of others; true power lies in the +conquest of one's own self. + +What about these individuals, then, who have no desire to +govern the lives of others or who have overcome such a desire? +They avoid like the plague any participation in such a +government. Is this a bad thing? On the contrary! When a +government is engaged in evil, immorality, and tyranny, the +only rightful place for the person of conscience is outside of +that government. + +But the proponents of national service would require or +"encourage" all Americans, like it or not, to participate in +the evil and immorality of the welfare state, planned economy +way of life. + +Perhaps the most tragic aspect of national service is that it +is advocated by many Christians. Christians know that God +loved man so much that He entrusted us with a tremendously +wide ambit of freedom--so much so that we are even able to +deny Him and our neighbor if we so choose. In other words, +while God tells us that the two great commandments are to love +Him and to love our neighbor, never does He force us to comply +with these commandments. He leaves the choices with us but +with the understanding that we must ultimately bear the +consequences of those choices. + +But the advocates of national service believe that God made a +mistake when He entrusted man with so much freedom. And so +they wish to correct the "error" by using the coercive power +of Caesar to ensure that man serves his fellow man whether he +wants to or not. They block out of their minds that God +neither needs nor wants this type of "help" and that, in fact, +by interfering with God's peaceful methods--love, charity, +forgiveness, acceptance, the cross--they actually place their +own souls in jeopardy. + +Two hundred years ago, our American ancestors instituted the +most unusual political-economic system in the history of man. +With exceptions, government's primary purpose was to protect +the right of each individual to live his life and to dispose +of his wealth as he saw fit. While this strange way of life +guaranteed that people could accumulate unlimited amounts of +wealth, it did not guarantee what people would do with that +wealth. Freedom was more important to these people than the +outcome of freedom. And, ironically, the result was not only +the most prosperous nation in history but also the most +charitable nation in history! + +Advocates of national service say that we should be grateful +to our Founding Fathers for establishing a free society. But +they want us to "repay the debt" to these deceased advocates +of liberty by participating in the destruction of the freedom +which they achieved. Apparently, it is not sufficient that my +generation, as well as the next, have been saddled by previous +generations with a very real, financial, political debt that +ultimately must be paid. And apparently, it is not sufficient +that we are currently required to work for the first half of +each year just to maintain the huge, welfare-state bureaucracy +which previous generations foisted on later generations. No, +apparently this is not sufficient. We are told that we must +also deliver now up our children to the state so that they can +prepare for their lives of permanent, partial enslavement +through temporary, total enslavement. + +As our Founding Fathers taught us, service to one's country +sometimes entails opposition to one's government. We often +forget that those who signed the Declaration of Independence +were not American citizens. They were as British as any +British citizen today. And they were viewed as unpatriotic by +many of their fellow citizens, even those in the colonies, +because they refused to serve and support their government. In +fact, it has been estimated that one-third of the colonists +sided with their government--the British government--during +the Revolution and that another third stayed neutral during +the conflict. + +How many present-day Americans would have signed the +Declaration of Independence? Would you have signed it? +Remember--by signing that document, you would have placed at +risk your life, savings, home, and family. And you would have +been branded a traitor by your own public officials, and by +many of your friends and neighbors, for refusing to support +your government. And if you had lost the struggle, you would +have died a nameless "extremist" rather than as one of the +greatest patriots of all time. + +The unhappy truth is that most present-day Americans would not +have served their country by standing against their government +in 1776. Having served the mandatory 12-year sentence in +government-approved schools learning government-approved +doctrine, and having been required to pledge allegiance +thousands upon thousands of times, most Americans today +honestly believe that support of their country is synonymous +with support of their government. And the best proof of this +is their willingness to approve, support, and serve a tax and +regulatory tyranny that makes what King George III was doing +to his citizens look like child's play. + +Although ours is a peaceful war of ideas, it is the most +important war ever in the history of man. And no one can avoid +being a part of it. It finds Americans today divided into +three camps: those who wish to expand the welfare state, those +who wish to conserve it, and those who wish to end it. It is +true that those of us who are fighting to end the evil and +immorality are a very small minority who are facing the vast +majority of our fellow citizens who wish either to expand or +conserve it. But we must remain determined and optimistic. +For our American ancestors showed us that minorities who are +in the right can prevail over majorities who are in the wrong. +Time will tell whether those of us who served our nation by +resisting the tyranny of our government will prevail over +those who would have us support the tyranny through national +service and other such schemes. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the April 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/naugjk.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/naugjk.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..145d0d04 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/naugjk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ + JOHN F. KENNEDY'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS + January 20, 1961 + (Department of State Bulletin, February 6, 1961) + + Vice-President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, +President Eisenhower, Vice-President Nixon, President Truman, +Reverend Clergy, Fellow Citizens: + + We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of +freedom -- symbolizing an end as well as a beginning -- signifying +renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty +God the same solemn oath our forbearers prescribed nearly a century +and three-quarters ago. + + The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal +hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms +of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our +forbearers fought are still at issue around the globe -- the belief +that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but +from the hand of God. + + We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first +revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to +friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new +generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, +disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage +-- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human +rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which +we are committed today at home and around the world. + + Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that +we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support +any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of +liberty. + + This much we pledge -- and more. + + To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we +share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is +little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, +there is little we can do -- for we dare not meet a powerful +challenge at odds and split asunder. + + To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, +we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have +passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We +shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we +shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom +-- and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought +power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. + + To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe +struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best +efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required +-- not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek +their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help +the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. + + To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special +pledge -- to convert our good words into good deeds -- in a new +alliance for progress -- to assist free men and free governments in +casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of +hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors +know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion +anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this +hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. + + To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, +our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far +outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support -- +to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective -- to +strengthen its shield of the new and the weak -- and to enlarge the +area in which its writ may run. + + Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our +adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin +anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction +unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental +self-destruction. + + We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms +are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they +will never be employed. + + But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take +comfort from our present course -- both sides overburdened by the +cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of +the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of +terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war. + + So let us begin anew -- remembering on both sides that civility +is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. +Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to +negotiate. + + Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of +belaboring those problems which divide us. + + Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and +precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms -- and bring +the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute +control of all nations. + + Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of +its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, +eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and +commerce. + + Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the +command of Isaiah -- to "undo the heavy burdens . . . . . [and] let +the oppressed go free." + + And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of +suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new +balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just +and the weak secure and the peace preserved. + + All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. +Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the +life of this administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this +planet. But let us begin. + + In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest +the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was +founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give +testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who +answered the call to service surround the globe. + + Now the trumpet summons us again -- not as a call to bear arms, +though arms we need -- not as a call to battle, though embattled we +are -- but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, +year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation" -- +a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, +disease, and war itself. + + Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, +North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life +for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort? + + In the long history of the world, only a few generations have +been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum +danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility -- I welcome it. I +do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other +people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion +which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who +serve it -- and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. + + And so my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do +for you -- ask what you can do for your country. + + My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do +for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. + + Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the +world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and +sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure +reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to +lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing +that here on earth God's work must truly be our own. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nbahfhf.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nbahfhf.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..57f72162 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nbahfhf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +Portland, Oregon +Wednesday, April 6, 1994 + + + Neighborhood Blocks A Home For Homeless Families + + Apartment plan appeals cite + environmental regulations + + By Julie Sterling + + This month, the Wilson Neighborhood Association will have +spent three full years working to derail the construction +of a 31-unit apartment building for homeless families. + + The avowed defeat of the Turning Point project, which could +have provided short-term housing for at least 375 families since +its might-have-opened date ( December 1991 ), seems to satisfy the +neighbors as a just cause to pursue from their comfortable +residences near Wilson High School. + + In fact they will toast their efforts on a winery tour of +Yamhill County April 23. "All proceeds," says the Southwest +Neighborhood News in its March issue, "will be used to pay for +Wilson Neighborhood Association legal fees in our case against +the Housing Authority of Portland." Cost of the tour is $35. + + The Turning Point, a first for Portland, would be built and +owned by the housing authority on donated land on the west side +of Southwest Bertha Boulevard at Chestnut Street. + + Homelessness among families with children has increased +dramatically in recent years. Of 401 persons denied shelter +because of lack of space one night last November, "the great +majority...were families with children and women with children +escaping domestic violence," wrote Chuck Currie, chairman of the +Multnomah County Community Action Commission, in The Oregonian +February 16 [1994]. + + The Turning Point project would offer families like those +something more than a night in a shelter or two weeks in a motel. +It would give them a decent living environment - sleeping and +cooking faclities in a secure two-story, landscaped building - +while they receive counseling, job training and help in finding +permanent housing. + + Kay Durtschi, who is president of Southwest Neighborhood +Information Association among its 16 members, characterizes the +dispute among its 16 members, characterizes the dispute as a +stand-off between environmentalists and homeless advocates. + + Gerry Newhall chairman of the Friends of Turning Point, disagrees: +It's a NIMBY ( Not in My Back Yard ) issue. The Wilson Neighborhood +Associatlon, she contends, underwent an "environmental conversion" +in the early stages of the dispute when it became clear that +fighting the case on a NIMBY platform would not be politically or +socially acceptable. + + The May 1991 issue of Southwest Neighborhood News, reporting on + an April 4 meeting of the Wilson group, said residents at the early + meeting "questioned why such a project was being considered for a + largely middle and upper-middle-class neighborhood ... They + expressed fears about increased crime and lowered property values," + A letter to the editor in the Oregonian April 20, 1991, quoted one + of the Wilson group as saying, "Why are people of lesser means + brought in here, just to see what they can't have?" + + Early on, the housing authority successfully countered +NIMBY arguments with assurances that the facility would have +24-hour, on-site management and an average residency of 60 days. +But since then, the Wilson neighbors have tossed so many +environmental grenades at the housing authority that the agency +must be tempted to build a bunker on the thorny site instead of +housing. + + There's no question that the site is environmentally sensitive. +Part of it is an easement for storm water detention and part is +a wetland. A small creek runs through its layers of brambles. +And there's no doubt that the neighbor's environmental strategy +has reaped delays and heaped legal fees on lawyers for both sides. + + But the housing authority argues that every objection raised is +satisfied in a series of conditions it has accepted, including an +argument to build outside the wetland. As to questions of runoff +disposal, the Turning Point development would not change the +overall capicity of the storm-water detention area, according to +city findings. + + If anything, the Turning Point project would enhance the +neighborhood. The housing authority would dedicate 72 percent of +the site - the part that will remain untouched - for a park. + + The proposal has survived a minefield of appeals - from the +City Council to the state Land Use Board of Appeals, to the Oregon +Court of Appeals to the Oregon Supreme Court - so the housing +authority had every reason to celebrate October 1, [1993] when the +City Council approved the Turning Point site for conditional use. + + But in early February, the Wilson group filed its fifth appeal. + + Now the neighborhood challenges the evidence the city and the +housing authority gathered to substantiate three issues singled +out by the Land Use Board of Appeals for further council review. + + Chairman Wesley Risher says the Wilson Neighborhood Association +is prepared to go to the federal level in its effort to make sure +that the Turning Point "is built in accordance with federal +requirements and mandates, because it is receiving federal funding." +He believes it does not meet standards set by the National +Historical Preservation Act, the Clean Water Act, the Americans +With Disabilities and the National Environmental Policy Act. + + He could well cite one more well-known act: The Turning Point +project was a bright hope for homeless families three years ago; +today it is an endangered species. + + - end - diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ncsarev.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ncsarev.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c615b79a --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ncsarev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +NCSA POLICY CONCERNING SECURITY PRODUCT REVIEWS +February 17, 1990. + + Purpose: NCSA product reviews are intended to present +complete, thorough, useful reviews of security products +to the members of the NCSA. This document's purpose is +to set forth the NCSA policy concerning such reviews. +This policy is open for discussion. + + Reviewers: Reviewers may be single individuals or +"review teams." Reviewers should have some knowlege of +the application of the product, and should be capable of +writing detailed reviews. In the case of review teams, +the teams may consist of expert users, as well as novice +users. The role of the novice user is to provide input +on product ease-of-use and quality of documentation. + + Conflict of Interest: NCSA reviewers must have no +interest in the product reviewed which would compromise +the integrity or accuracy of the review. All reviews +will be signed by their authors. + + Procurement of Products: Products may be solicited +directly from manufacturers/software houses on behalf of +the NCSA. In return for a free evaluation copy, the +product review will become a permanent part of the NCSA +BBS, available for viewing by all members. After +completion of the review, the reviewer shall be granted +the license to the product. + + Evaluation Copies: No review will be performed on a +copy which is limited in function. No review will be +performed on a "beta" version of a product, or any +product which is not available to the product. + + Limit of Liability: The NCSA shall assume no +liability for, or make claims of, the capabilities or +fitness of any products. All reviews shall be carried +out to the best ability of the reviewer/review team, and +be edited if necessary by the NCSA staff. + + Comments/Clarifications/Rebuttals: After a product +has been reviewed, the review shall be posted on the +NCSA BBS, and the manufacturer be allowed to comment on +the review for a period of 60 days. A copy of the +review will also be sent to the manufacturer for their +comment. After such time, the review will be edited if +necessary, based upon the responses of both the +manufacturer and any others who have commented. The +review will then become part of the permanent library of +the NCSA. A summary may be placed in the NCSA +newsletter; the full review will be placed on the NCSA +BBS for downloading by members. + + Classifications: A detailed system of classification +shall be developed to assist both reviewers and readers +in their respective efforts. For example, such +categories might include PC Access Control, Data +Encryption, Virus Detection, etc. + + Review Outline: The reviewer(s) shall follow the +review outline presented at the end of this document. +In this way, similar products can be compared directly. + + Comparative Reviews: Where possible, a single review +will comprise a category of products. As each new +product within that category is reviewed, the new review +will be merged with the existing reviews. Where +possible, tables will be created comparing products. +This will be done to aid members in choosing a product. + + Product Classification Overviews: In cases where +there are many products in a single category, a review +team may be assigned to evaluate all the reviews and +pick an "NCSA Choice". This would be the NCSA's +official recommendation, and would be awarded to the +product that best meets the criterion for its category. + + Quantitative Ratings: A system of ratings shall be +developed, in order to more easily compare products. At +the time of review, an NCSA security rating will be +assigned. This will consist of a number from 0.0 to +10.0, with 0.0 providing the least security, and 10.0 +the most. A scale shall be developed to aid both +reviewers and readers compare scores (i.e. 6.0-8.0 +Average 8.0-10.0 Recommended, etc.). The exact form of +these ratings will be developed over time, as the first +reviews are conducted. + + Access to Reviews: Reviews shall be placed in a +restricted area of the NCSA BBS, to enable only dues- +paying members to have access. Hard copies of the +reports may be requested for a small fee. + + Review for Fee: At a manufacturer's or member's +request, NCSA will review a specified product. A fee may +be charged for such review, but this fee will in no way +affect the nature of the review. + + Review Content: Each review will contain the +following information: + * Reviewer(s) name + * Product name + * Version of product reviewed (version number and/or +date) + * Product pricing information + * Manufacturer name, address, phone. + * Product category/function. + * Product description. This description will have a +heavy emphasis on the security offered by the product, +even if security is not the main focus of the product. + * Product capabilities. What specific features the +product offers. Such information may be drawn from +marketing materials, but must be verified by the +reviewer. Such narrative might be presented in bullet +or other narrative format. + * Definition of categories used in the ratings, and +general rating approach. This definition will be +sufficiently explicit that other reviewers will be able +to apply the method and obtain the same results on this +product. Examples of categories likely to be included: +ease of installation, ease of use, degree of protection +offered, adequacy of documentation, support, accuracy of +manufacturer's claims concerning the product, overall +value. + * Category ratings, with justification. + * Summary of ratings, in tabular form. + + About this document: The first draft of this document +was prepared by Charles Rutstein, co-sysop of the NCSA +BBS. David Stang revised it. Comments are invited. +Write NCSA, Suite 309, 4401-A Connecticut Ave. NW, +Washington DC 20008. Or call NCSA voice 202-364-8252 or +leave a comment to the SYSOP on the NCSA BBS: 202-364- +1304. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/neo-nazi.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/neo-nazi.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0375f5f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/neo-nazi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,452 @@ + + Neo-Nazi + + A U S D E R A U + + + + + + + + + + + + + + brought to you by + + PSYCHEDELIC WARLORD + + of cDc + + + + + + The following material is a taped conversation with a Neo-Nazi + +we encountered preaching in a park downtown. The interview was conducted + +by Apache Dreamsac (Apache Dreamsac is me and Arlo Klahr). The interview + +begins a little broken because of some taping dificulties. The interviewers + +will be called "AD" and Mr. Auderau will be called "NN". + + + +AD: What did you say about Oral Roberts? + + + +NN: We're with him. We're with him. My wife and I, we're full time ministers + + down there. We believe in uh.. well, we're racists. We believe that + + hispanics and whites are God's superior race. + + + +AD: What religion are you? + + + +NN: Well, ok. We're Neo-Nazis. We're from Idaho. We believe in the superior + + doctrine of the Anglo-Saxon and Hispanic race. + + + +AD: You're against Negroes? + + + +NN: No, we're not against those. We just believe that they're here for a + + reason. Everybody's here for a reason. + + + +AD: What's the reason for the Negroes? + + + +NN: I believe that God can save them. + + + +AD: You mean turn their skin a different color? + + + +NN: God created everything different. God created you different; you're + + white! You're Anglo and (then pointing to Arlo) he's hispanic. + + + +AD (Arlo): I'm from Canada. + + + +NN: What part of Canada? + + + +AD: I was born in Toronto. I lived in Nova Scotia. + + + +NN: REALLY?!?! You know where Niagra Falls is at? + + + +AD: Yeah... That's a nice place. + + + +NN: But anyhow we're not against that (blacks). See that's what the whole + + media has messed around. They said that the Nazis are racist, and that + + they are hate mongers. We're not. We're not! We love the world. We + + believe in the... You've heard of World Wide Church of God? + + + +AD: Yeah + + + +NN: There ya go. + + + +AD: Do you follow Hitler. + + + +NN: No. No! We follow Christ! Hitler was a man that was used during that + + particular time. My grandparents were under his regime. He had some + + good ideas, but he was not perfect. + + + +AD: Do you think it was wrong that he (Hitler) commited genocide and killed + + six-million Jews? + + + +NN: He didn't. Now (speaking to Arlo) you're from Canada, it's against your + + country to publicize anything that stands towards genocide. You've prob- + + ably read that book up there called "Six Million Jews"? + + + +AD: No. + + + +NN: Well, ok. You're not old enough to read it. Ok. Hitler did not kill six- + + million Jews. There were millions that were killed but they were not all + + Jews. We do not believe that Hitler was even the cause of that. We + + believe that what it was.. it was a conspiracy. You see, within his + + regime.. and the first person it fell on was Hitler because he was diff- + + erent. I believe that Hitler was a good man. + + + +AD: Really? + + + +NN: I believe he had a lot of things that were imperfect.. Well, are you + + perfect? + + + +AD: No sir. + + + +AD: Can you tell me why you believe this? Did God tell you this? + + + +NN: The Lord gave me a clear consiencious over the whole thing. Have you + + ever heard of Oral Roberts.. no.. Jimmy Swaggart.. no not Jimmy + + Swaggart.. he's outta Ohio.. but this is what he said, "Who are we + + to tell who will be in Heaven." He said "people we don't even imagine + + being there." Lemme ask you a question, what is the possibility of + + somebody confessing and making himself right (he snaps) for God + + 'fore he dies? + + + +AD: Uhhh.. + + + +NN: Great possibility. I believe if he enters in to God's kingdom, then + + everything was clear at the end. Lemme give you an example, you wanna + + good bible example? + + + +AD: Yeah. + + + +NN: You remember Saul? + + + +AD: Yeah, I think I remember him. + + + +NN: Ohhhhhh K.. What did God tell him to do? To kill off all the what? + + + +AD: Uhhh.. + + + +NN: Amerlites (??) Remember that? And what did he do? He failed to what?.. + + To do it! + + + +AD: So God uhh... He became like a disciple or something, right? + + + +NN: No, no, no.. That was Sa.. no Paul. Ok. Saul the King. Remember, God told + + Saul to kill off all the Amerkites. And he didn't?! And what happened? + + + +AD: I uh.... + + + +NN: God stripped him off his power! You remember that? Ok, there ya go! + + If God told Saul to do that, then what prevents God from telling Hitler + + to do that? + + + +AD: I understand (in disbelief).. + + + +NN: You get that? You gotta be careful! You got some meetings coming to your + + school. + + + +AD: Yeah? + + + +NN: We're fighting a Supreme Court battle right now here in Texas. We're gonna + + be holding some meetings. In fact, we're members of The Klan. + + + +AD: (pointing to Arlo) He's Jewish. Do you think he can be saved? + + + +NN: Oh yeah! I'm jewish! + + + +AD: You are? + + + +NN: Oh yeah! Sure am! Ok, you heard the name "Schwartz"? What nationality + + is that? + + + +AD: Jewish. + + + +NN: That's right! Ok, that's not my name, that's my mother's name. + + + +AD: Ok. What's your name? + + + +NN: A-U-S-D-E-R-A-U. That's German now. I'm Jewish! I believe in keeping + + Saturday holy.. Oh! oh oh oh oh .. I believe in keeping the peace in + + God (some more Oh! oh oh oh oh).. Huh? Feast of Passover...I have a lot + + of good Jewish friends too. Jews are blind, spiritualy now.. + + + +AD: Why do you say that? + + + +NN: It's good too. The reason why is 'coz they cannot except Jesus as the + + mesiah they believe that the mesiah will come back. HE WILL COME BACK! + + AGAIN! This time the shades will come off your eyes. And you'll say + + "Hey man! Where've you been all this time?" He will come back to + + recieve his people.. Jews.. the House of Judah. + + + +AD: I think Hitler did order the... + + + +NN: No he didn't. No he didn't! Ok.. you want an address (he then proceeded + + to give us the address for his church. The address is located at the + + bottom of the file). A lot of Jews come to our congregation. We keep + + the feasts and everything. + + + +AD: Do you think Hitler was some kind of puppet? + + + +NN: I think Hitler was a good leader, and I think a lot of people misunder- + + stood him. Like a lot of people misunderstood in Jews. I know a lot + + of Nazis that don't like Jews, because they're misunderstood. I believe + + that Germans and Jews are the most misunderstood people in the world + + today. Jews misunderstand the TRUE Nazism, which Hitler was of the TRUE + + Arian people (??) In fact if you go back in History you'll find out + + that Hitler was Jewish. Oh YEAH! He sure was. Your Rabbi doesn't teach + + you that does he? + + + +AD (Arlo): I'm like a non-practicing Jew.. I had my Bar-mitzvah but.. + + + +NN: Yeah, yeah.. But you need to check out the New Testament. Need to + + check out History because Hitler WAS Jewish. He was Jewish by race + + and Catholic by religion. + + + +AD: You don't think Hitler was mentaly insane? You know all the stories.. + + + +NN: Uhhh.. Stories.. Ok, I could walk around and tell people that you're + + criminaly insane, but that don't make it so. + + + +AD: Ok. Thanks. Bye. + + + + + +|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.| + + + + This man was a great speaker, rivaling even the popular T.V. + +evangelists in his manner. Of course most people of this sort are often + +dismissed as crazy, or just unbelieveable. But we weren't really interested + +in his stories of Hitler or his nationality, we were trying to see what made + +him think the horrible things that he did. If you'd like to get the full taped + +interview (on tape) please send $3.00 to cover costs to: + + + +Apache Dreamsac + +714 E. University + +El Paso, TX 79902 + + + + The address for the Arian bible and more information on the Church + +of Jesus Christ, right to: + + + +Arian Nation + +Church of Jesus Christ + +Box 5308 + +El Paso, TX 79953 + + + + + + + +(c) 1988 Apache Dreamsac diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/newhope.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/newhope.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c7f0d89f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/newhope.txt @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ + NEW HOPE FOR FREEDOM: FULLY INFORMED JURORS DON DOIG + + America's Founders were worried that the government they +created might someday grow too powerful, and begin to pass laws +which would violate the rights of the very people the government +was supposed to protect: ordinary, peaceful, productive +Americans. But they had an "ace in the hole" which they believed +would suffice to hold the government in check. That was the +right to a trial by a jury of one's peers. + + Since when, you might ask, can a jury protect people from +arbitrary and unjust prosecutions, or from bad laws? The +legislature creates laws. Aren't we supposed to obey them, and +lobby our legislatures for any changes that need to be made? + + Traditionally, Americans have had more substantial and +direct means by which to protect against governments grown too +ambitious, and by which to resist oppressive laws. America's +Founders realized that the temptations of power were too great to +leave it to the legislature, to the executive, and to the +judicial branches of government to define what the rights of the +citizens of this nation were. Ultimately, citizens at the local +level, acting according to the dictates of individual conscience +were to have the final say, the final check and balance. The +people would need veto power over bad laws. + + And they provided just such a veto, a centuries-old +tradition carried over from England to the colonies, which holds +that jurors could judge whether a law was a good law, a law that +did not violate the rights of free men and women. If, according +to the dictates of conscience, jurors did not think a law was +just, or if they thought the law had been misapplied, they could +refuse to convict an otherwise "guilty" defendant. Even a single +juror could prevent a conviction, by voting not guilty. + + And if the jury as a whole decided to acquit the defendant, +that decision was and is final. A verdict of innocent cannot be +overturned, nor can the judge harass the jurors for voting for +acquittal. Jurors cannot be punished for voting according to +conscience. + + These principles date back to the time of the Magna Carta. +In 1670, Willian Penn was arrested for preaching a Quaker sermon, +and in so doing breaking the law of England, which made the +Church of England the only legal church. The jurors in his +trial, led by Edward Bushell, refused to convict him, and were +themselves held without food, water, tobacco or toilet +facilities. Four were put in prison for nine weeks. When they +were finally released by court order, the decision established +that jurors could no longer be punished for their verdicts. This +case helped establish freedom of religion, and the right to a +trial by a jury of one's peers, a jury free from government +coercion. + + The trial of John Peter Zenger, in the American colonies, +was another landmark case. Zenger had been arrested for +publishing materials critical of the Royal Governor of New York +colony and his cronies, accusing them of corruption. While the +charges were true, under the law, truth was no defense. Zenger's +attorney, Andrew Hamilton, argued to the jury that they were +judges of the merits of the law, and should not convict Zenger of +violating such a bad law. The jury agreed. Zenger was +acquitted, and this case helped establish the right to freedom of +speech. + + The Founding Fathers were clear about where they stood on +the issue of the rights of jurors: + + "The right of the jury to decide questions of law was widely +recognized in the colonies. In 1771, John Adams stated +unequivocally that a juror should ignore a judge's instruction on +the law if it violates fundamental principles: + 'It is not only...[the juror's] right, but his duty, in that +case, to find the verdict according to his own best +understanding, judgment, and conscience, though in direct +opposition to the direction of the court.' + There is much evidence of the general acceptance of this +principle in the period immediately after the Constitution was +adopted." Note (anon.) The Changing Role of the Jury in the +Nineteenth Century, Yale Law Journal, 74, 174, (1964). + + Thomas Jefferson said in a letter to Thomas Paine in 1789: +"I consider trial by jury as the only anchor ever yet imagined by +man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its +constitution." + + And yet, during the nineteenth century, judges chipped away +at this fundamental right of free citizens, transferring more and +more power to themselves, contending that jury review of law was +no longer necessary, now that democratic elections had replaced +Monarchy. By the end of the century, the Supreme court had +decided to leave it up to the judge to decide if the jury should +be told of its right to judge law as well as fact. Today, jurors +are generally told that they must accept the law as the judge +explains it, and may not decide to acquit the defendant because +their consciences are bothered by what seems to them an unjust +law. Judges falsely tell them that their only role is to decide +if the "facts" are sufficient to convict the defendant. Defense +attorneys are not allowed to encourage jurors to vote to acquit +because they believe the law is unjust or unconstitutional, and +defendants are generally not allowed to even discuss their +motives. + + In plain words, in what comes down to a power struggle +between the people and the judicial system, the people have been +losing. + + In fact, jurors still, to this day, have the right to +veto, or "nullify" bad laws. They are just not told this by the +courts. And judges and prosecutors exclude people from serving +on juries who indicate a willingness to nullify the law. This +violates the protections jurors were supposed to be able to give +their fellow citizens against unjust prosecutions. A jury is +properly a cross-section of the community as a whole. + + What can be done? The Fully Informed Jury Amendment (FIJA) +was designed to return to the people this basic and very +important right. + + The idea of the Fully Informed Jury Amendment is to amend +state constitutions, or enact statutory changes, to require +judges to inform jurors that if they think a law is unjust or +unconstitutional--or just misapplied-- they need not convict an +otherwise "guilty" defendant. + + FIJA does not give jurors the right to act as a legislature, +since their decisions affect only the case at hand and do not set +precedents for future cases. Nor can jurors create new offenses. +If a jury convicts a defendant unjustly, the judge may set aside +the conviction, and in addition the defendant has the right of +appeal. + + People from all walks of life and from across the political +spectrum are organizing to put FIJA on the election ballot, in +states that permit the initiative process. To date FIJA has been +filed as an initiative in Montana, Idaho, Colorado, California, +Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Nebraska, and +Washington, with more states soon to follow. In other states, +FIJA activists are lobbying state legislators to support FIJA +legislation or referendums. FIJA legislation has been submitted +to the legislatures of Alaska, Arizona and Wyoming. And in all +areas of the country, people are spreading the word. + + The judges and others within the government's courts +have long been waging a campaign of disinformation, so that +jurors won't even know what their rights are. We think it's past +time that the people themselves begin to demand that their rights +as jurors be respected. It's not just jurors whose rights are +being denied. Defendants, too, have the right to a fair trial by +a jury of their peers, and they have not been getting fair trials +because government judges have been systematically misinforming +jurors. In fact, this campaign to deny juror's rights has been +going on for so long now that many attorneys (and probably some +judges) are not even aware that these rights exist. + + We have the opportunity to take back control of this country +and return the ultimate safeguard of the rights of the people +back where it belongs, to the people. Please join us in the +campaign to pass the Fully Informed Jury Amendment. + + If a juror accepts as the law that which the judge states +then that juror has accepted the exercise of absolute authority +of a government employee and has surrendered a power and right +that once was the citizen's safeguard of liberty,--For the +saddest epitaph which can be carved in memory of a vanished +liberty is that it was lost because its possessors failed to +stretch forth a saving hand while yet there was time." 2 +Elliot's Debates, 94, Bancroft, History of the Constitution, 267, +1788. + + + Don Doig is National Coordinator for the Fully Informed Jury +Amendment, P.O. Box 59, Helmville, Montana 59843. Phone (406)793- +5550. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nightlin.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nightlin.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..26d0bd70 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nightlin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,426 @@ + NIGHTLINE: FBI, PRIVACY, AND PROPOSED WIRE-TAPPING LEGISLATION + (Friday, May 22, 1992) + +Main Participants: + Ted Koppel (TK - Moderator) + Marc Rotenberg (MR - Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility) + William Sessions (WS - Director, FBI) + +TK: In these days of encroaching technology, when every transaction, +from the purchase of a tie to the withdrawal of twenty dollars from a +cash machine, is a matter of record, it may be surprising to learn +that technology has given us some added privacy. To find this new +boon, look at your telephone. It used to be fair game for wiretapping. +Done legally, that requires a court order. But that was the hard part. +For the price of a few pieces of wires and clips, human voices were +there for the eavesdropping. That's changing now. The advent of phiber +optics, of digital communication and encryption devices all mean that +what we say, what we transmit over the telephone lines, can't easily +be spied upon. Even if you could single out the one phone call among +thousands passing in a phiber optic cable, what you would hear would +be a hiss. Voices being transmitted in computer code. That's good +news for businesses, who fear industrial spies, and it's welcomed by +telephone users anywhere, who want to think that what they say into a +receiver is protected. But, it's bad news for those whose business it +is sometimes to eavesdrop. That includes law enforcement. As Dave +Marek reports, it's getting tougher to reach out and wiretap someone. + +DM: The explosion of new communications technology, e-mail upstaging +airmail, fax machines pushing prose into offices, homes, and even +automobiles, celluar phones that keep us in touch from anywhere to +everywhere, has created a confusing competition of services and +counter-services. + +(Unseen female voice answering telephone): Who is this please. + +(Heavy breathing unseen male caller): Why don't you guess? + +DM: Take that new telephone service called "caller ID." Already most +phone companies now offer a counter-service which blocks caller ID. +This is bad news if you're fighting off creep callers. But it's good +news if you want to block some 900 number service from capturing your +number on their caller ID screen, and the selling it off to some +direct marketing outfit. But today's biggest communications +controversy is about interception services. Tapping telephones used to +be so simple. + +(Film clips from commercial for adult 900 number and film clips of +wiretapping from film "Three Days of the Condor") with reporter's +voice-over. + +A snooper needed only a couple of alligator clips and a set of +earphones to hear what was being said. Today's telephones digitalize +chatter into computer code. Bundle all those infinitesimal ones and +zeros into flashes of light and don't reconstruct them into sound +again until just before the call reaches your ear. This has made phone +tapping much tougher. But still, according to Bell Atlantic executive +Ken Pitt (??): There's never yet been an FBI surveillance request a +phone company couldn't handle. + +KP: We have been able to satisfy every single request that they've +made, not only here at Bell Atlantic, but all across the country. + +DM: Still, when the FBI looks into the future, it sees trouble. It +sees criminals like John Gotti becoming able to shield their +incriminating conversations from surveillance and thereby becoming +able to defeat law enforcements best evidence. + +Clifford Fishman:: When you're going after organized crime, and the +Gotti case is a perfect example, the traditional techniques, visual +surveillance, the paper trail, trying to turn the people who are on +the inside, trying to infiltrate someone into the, uh, organization, +they all have built-in difficulties. Witnesses can be killed, they can +be bribed, they can be threatened. Ah, the most effective evidence +quite often that a prosecutor can have, the only evidence that can't +be discredited, that can't be frightened off, are tape recordings of +the suspects talking to each other, discussing their crimes together, +planning their crimes together, committing their crimes together. + +DM: As FBI Director William Sessions told a Congressional Hearing late +last month: + +WS: The technology must allow us access, and it must allow us to stay +even with what we now have. Else, we are denied the ability to carry +out the responsibility which the Congress of the United States has +given us. + +KP: One of the solutions they've asked for is the simple software +solution. + +DM: This would involve not tapping into individual phone lines, but +planting decoding software into: + +KP: ....The central offices where the telephone switching's done, +where the wires are connected to ((bad audio cut)) ...the computers, +and someone, the FBI is saying, "Let's do the switching, let's do the +wiretaps with the software." + +DM: This software solution is already in use. But communications +expert Marc Rotenberg says it could lead to future abuses of privacy +by creating a surveillance capability: + +Marc Rotenburg: ...which would allow the agent from a remote keyboard, +not in the phone system, not at the target's location, to punch in a +phone number and begin recording the contents of the communication. +That also's never been done in this country before. It's not too +different from what the STAZI (??) attempted to do in East Germany. +But the ((one word garbled)) for abuse there would be very hard. + +DM: Protecting the privacy of ordinary conversation isn't the only +issue at stake here. + +Janlori Goldman (ACLU): The privacy rights of ordinary citizens will +be put at risk if the FBI's proposal goes forward. Right now, all +kinds of very sensitive information is flowing through the +telecommunications network. A lot of routine banking transactions, +people are sending information over computer lines. ((One word +garbled)) will be communicating more over the network. And what is +happening is that as the private sector is trying to make systems less +vulnerable, to make them more secure, to develop encryption so that +these people don't have to worry about sending information through, if +the FBI's proposal goes forward, those systems will be at great risk. + +DM: Encryption, or putting communications into unbreakable code, +frightens the FBI and the super-secret National Security Agency, which +monitors communications of all kinds all around the globe. Like the +FBI, the NSA wants total access. And to assure it, the NSA wants to +limit all American companies to a communications' code system it can +break. Some people call that "turning back the clock." + +JG: What we're seeing is an FBI effort to require US industries to +basically reverse progress, and there's no way that international +companies will be following the U.S. trends in this area. If anything, +they will surpass us, they will go beyond us, and we will be out of +competiveness in the information market. + +DM: The competition to control and surveil communications spreads +across all the boarders on the planet and squeezes inside the flickers +that activate a computer's brain. But what makes both the big picture +and the little one so hard to focus is that the rules of the +surveillance game are always changing. Every time, a new +technological explosion makes new ways of snooping possible. I'm Dave +Marek for Nightline in Washington. + +TK: When we come back, we'll be joined by the Director of the FBI, +William Sessions, and by an expert in privacy law, Marc Rotenburg. + + ((COMMERCIAL)) + +TK: As Director of the FBI, William Sessions is the point man in the +lobbying effort to adjust new technologies so that his agency can +continue to use telephone wiretaps. Judge Sessions joins us in our +Washington studios. Also joining us in Washington is Marc Rotenburg, +the Director of the Washington Office of Computer Professionals for +Social Responsibility. Mr. Rotenburg, who teaches privacy law at +Georgetown University, says that the FBI proposal would invite use of +wiretaps. + +Judge Sessions, I'd like to begin on a more fundamental point. As you +understand better than most, the very underpinning of our system of +jurisprudence is that it's better to let a hundred guilty men go free +than to wrongfully convict one innocent man, so why should the privacy +of millions of innocents be in anyway jeopardized by your need to have +access to our telephone system? + +WS: Ted, I think that that question has been fundamentally answered by +the Congress back in 1968 with the Organized Crime Control and Safe +Streets Act, when it decided that it's absolutely essential for law +enforcement to have court ordered and court authorized access to ((two +words garbled)) privacy information normally private conversations, if +they involve criminal conduct. And the point is that unless you have +that access to criminal conversations, you cannot deal with it in a +law enforcement technique or a law enforcement method. Therefore, +it's essential that you have the ability to tap into those +conversations. So, privacy of that kind is not an issue. Criminality +is. + +TK: Although, what is currently the case, is that you would be +required on a case-by-case basis, to get a judge to give you +permission to do that. + +WS: That is absolutely correct. The United States District Judge, who +is the person authorized to actually give that consent, must be +convinced that it is absolutely necessary, and that the technique will +be properly used under the law. + +TK: If you have, therefore, the centralized capacity to do that, let's +say from FBI headquarters, doesn't that invite abuse? + +WS: There has been no suggestion that that would ever be contemplated +under any system. There are necessities of tapping phones that, in +connection with various criminal cases around the country, have many +different jurisdictions, from the east to the west. The point is that +a court would authorize the FBI, or other law enforcement agencies, to +have that access. + +TK: All right. Mr. Rotenburg, what then is the problem? What then is +different from the modality that the FBI uses these days? + +MR: Well, Mr. Koppel, I think the critical point, that the 1968 law +which Judge Sessions referred to, set down very strict procedures for +the conduct of wire surveillance. And the methods that come from +reading that history, the Congress was very much concerned about this +type of investigative method. They described it as an investigative +method of last resort. And it's for that reason that the wire +surveillance statute creates so many requirements. Now, the FBI has +put forward a proposal that would permit them to engage in a type of +remote surveillance, in other words, to permit an agent, with a +warrant, to presumably type in the telephone number to begin to record +a telephone conversation. That capability has not previously existed +in the United States, and I think that's the reason the proposal is so +troubling. + +TK: But, if this happens, still, under control of the judge, the +technical means of doing it may be somewhat changing, but as long as +the legality has not been changed, and the means by which the FBI gets +permission to do this kind of thing, why should that trouble us in +anyway? + +MR: Well, the two are closely related. Communications privacy is very +much about network security. It's about sealed pipes, and showing +that information can move through the network and not be intercepted +unlawfully by anyone who shouldn't have access to it. When you talk +about designing the network to facilitate wire surveillance, in a +sense to replace walls with doors that can be opened, you create new +opportunities for abuse, and I see this as a problem. + +TK: Judge Sessions, again, there is the argument that is made, and I +guess Mr. Rotenburg is one of the most eloquent proponents of this +argument, that the FBI doesn't want this particular breakthrough in +technology, that the FBI is taking a sort of Luddite philosophy here, +and saying if indeed communications can be so safeguarded against +intrusion, well that's just too darn bad. + +WS: Well, of course, as you noted, it is absolutely essential, the +essential ingredient is that there be a court authorization to kick +out that particular conversation that is authorized to be overheard, +authorized to be intercepted. And, so, the spectre that Mr. Rotenburg +raises does not exist in any shape or form in what we're proposing. +All we are proposing is that with the digital telephony capability, +that we be able to maintain the same capability that we've always had +under the Organized Crime Control and Safe Streets Act. That is, to +have access to that particular digital bit, or that particular +conversation, always under a court authorization with (two words +garbled). And as Mr. Rotenburg noted, very, very meticulously and +carefully followed by the courts with an insistence upon total +compliance with the law. That's all we seek. That is, to stay even and +to be able to have that necessary access under the law. + +TK: Has the FBI, in the past, Mr. Rotenburg, ever requested any kind +of technological assistance? I mean, they've always had to go to the +telephone company anyway, and say, "Help us get in." + +MR: Well, yes. And that's appropriate to an extent. The FBI, when +they're in possession of a lawful warrant, I think, can expect +assistance in execution of the warrant. The difference in the FBI +proposal that's now before the Congress is that the communications +service providers are going to need to design their systems with wire +surveillance in mind. And that's not been previously done. The +Congress of 1968 that Judge Sessions referred to purposely created an +"arms-length" relationship between the Bureau and the telephone +companies, and I don't think they wanted a situation to develop where +this system was being designed to facilitate wiretapping. + +TK: All right. We have to take a break, gentlemen, but when we come +back, let's discuss where it is in Congress right now, and where it is +likely to go next. We'll continue our discussion in a moment. + + ((COMMERCIAL)) + +TK: And we're back once again with Marc Rotenburg and FBI Director +William Sessions. Judge Sessions, what is it you're asking Congress? + +WS: What we want to be able to do is to maintain our capabilities to +actually access the digital bitstream that is in the digital telephony +capability. We're asking the Congress to give us a mechanism whereby +we can actually do that. I believe it will now be proposed that rather +than being through the Federal Communications System, it will be +actually through the Department of Justice, that it will, in fact, +allow that oversight to ensure that those companies that do in fact, +under that guidance, prepare us the capability, or give us the +capability, to access that digital stream in the digital telephonic +process. + +TK: Which you could access independently, without turning to the +telephone company. + +WS: We would be able to do it under a court order, and always under a +court order..... + +TK: ...I understand that. I'm just talking about, technologically +speaking, you would have the capacity to access it on your own without +assistance from the telephone company. + +WS: I would think that that would not be so, Mr. Koppel, because what +will happen is that it would be, normally the court would order the +telephone company to provide the access. + +TK: Again, Mr. Rotenburg, I don't quite understand what the difference +is. If the telephone company has the capacity to do that, then even +though...under the current law, presumably, the FBI would be able to +go to the telephone company if it has the right court order in hand +and say, "Give us access." + +MR: The difference, Mr. Koppel, is that currently agents either go to +the site where the target is and conduct a physical wiretap or they go +to the central exchange office of the telephone company and conduct a +tap there. There are other ways to do it as well, but for the most +part it involves physical access to the networks. The new proposal +speaks specifically about designing a remote surveillance or +monitoring capability. Now, that's a change. + +WS: That's because of the nature of the technology. The technology now +allows us simply to do exactly what he says.... + +MR: ....But that's not maintaining the status quo. That is a new +capability that you would get if the proposal goes forward. + +TK: Why should I, as an individual consumer of telephone, fax, +whatever the technology may be, why should I be concerned about that, +Mr. Rotenburg? + +MR: As I've said before, I think that this is the type of proposal +that's likely to invite abuse. It makes the network less secure. And +the other aspect of the proposal, which has also raised concerns, is +that it give the Department of Justice new authority to set standards +for communications of all kinds in this country. + +TK: May I turn it around for a moment? If I may, I think that what +you're suggesting is not that it makes it less secure, but that the +new technology makes it more secure than it has been in the past, and +the FBI wants to stay even. Would you argue with that? + +MR: It may make it more secure in the future. It's not clear what the +outcome will be, frankly, if you go forward with these changes that +the Bureau has proposed. + +WS: What I think you must remember is that when you're talking about +illegal access, you're talking about illegal conduct. That is, conduct +for which a crime can be charged. Therefore, if you had illegal +conduct anywhere, now or then, illegal use of the system, improper use +of the system, that is the basis of a criminal charge. + +TK: The easier the access, the easier the abuse, and the more +difficult it is to approve that abuse. Would you agree with that, +Director? + +WS: Well, the easier the access, it is still a matter of having access +under the law, under court-authorized permission, and that access, +whether it's on digital, or whether it's on, presently, analogue, that +access is what we seek to maintain. + +TK: I guess what I'm saying, Judge Sessions, is that there have been +enough instances of abuse over the past 25 or 30 years that people +become concerned about making it too easy for their law enforcement +operatives. + +WS: One of the things you see, Mr. Koppel, is when there is abuse or +failure to follow the techniques, it plays out in the courtroom. You +see it in the courtroom with the testimony that goes on that stand, +under oath, that describes a failure, if there is a failure, to carry +out the procedures under Title Three. So it's all in the court +processes. It is not hidden. And if there is an abuse, either the +wiretap evidence would not be allowed, or it would be weakened to that +extent, or, criminal charges would be brought if there's actually +illegal conduct. + +TK: Unless, of course, the wiretap evidence is used to acquire other +evidence, and the defense attorneys are not aware of the fact that the +wiretap evidence was used in the first place. + +WS: Well, there's always the "Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" philosophy. +That is, if you've illegally acquired at some point, done something +illegal, it may thereafter change that, it's not acceptable.... + +TK: ...I understand the philosophy Judge. What I'm saying is that if +you don't know that that has happened, if you don't know that the +other information has been acquired through the wiretap, and if the +wiretap is too easily controlled by the FBI, with or without, I mean, +if you have the physical capability of doing it, do you at least +concede the potential for abuse is greater than it would have been +before? + +WS: No, I really don't concede that at all, because now, if you have +endless numbers of ways that you could actually tap into the analogue, +it will be a much more secure system that you actually have, because +it will require special ways again. A special computer program that +will allow you to do that, that is designed to let you in, that is +court-authorized, court-approved, and specifically for that line, +specifically for that conversation, specifically for that purpose +and no other. + +TK: All right. Closing argument again, Mr. Rotenburg. + +MR: Well, it is simply the replacement of fixed walls with doors that +can be opened, and while it may be the case that some agents operating +operating with warrants will use that facility as it should be used, +it's clear the opportunities for abuse will increase. And I think all +these new problems for the Bureau as well. + +TK: New problems in the sense that, when Judge Sessions says you can't +bring it to court if it hasn't been done through proper procedures, +he's quite right obviously. + +MR: But it may not be the Bureau that we would be concerned about. It +may be people acting outside of any type of authority. For the last +several years, we've seen that the telephone network is increasingly +vulnerable, and this vulnerability plays out as new weaknesses are +introduced. + +WS: Well, I'd have to interject that with the new systems, with the +new technology, it would be far more secure and far less likely that +could happen, and if it does happen, again, the recourse is the +criminal charge for the improper criminal conduct in accessing that +information. + +TK: Judge Sessions. Mr. Rotenburg. Thank you both very much for being +with us. + +WS: Thank you Mr. Koppel. + +MR: Thank you, Mr. Koppel. + + ** END ** + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nixon.fun b/textfiles.com/politics/nixon.fun new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5ae62c66 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nixon.fun @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +RICHARD MILHOUS NIXON +RESIGNATION +THURSDAY, AUGUST 8, 1974 + +Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate, I have felt it was my +duty to persevere, to make every possible effort to complete the term of office +to which you elected me. + +In the past few days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer +have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that +effort.... + +I would have preferred to carry through to the finish whatever the personal +agony it would have involved.... + +I have never been a quitter. To leave office before my term is completed is +opposed to every instinct in my body. But as President I must put the +interests of America first. America needs a full-time President and a +full-time Congress.... + +To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would +almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and Congress +in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad +and prosperity without inflation at home. + +Therefore, I shall resign the presidency effective at noon tomorrow. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/no-west.ord b/textfiles.com/politics/no-west.ord new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4805850b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/no-west.ord @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ +THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE + +An Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States northwest +of the River Ohio. + +Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the said +territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district, subject, +however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the +opinion of Congress, make it expedient. + +Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates, both of resident +and nonresident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall +descent to, and be distributed among their children, and the descendants of a +deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased child or grand- +child to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them: And +where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next +of kin in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a deceased +brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their +deceased parents' share; and there shall in no case be a distinction between +kindred of the whole and half blood; saving, in all cases, to the widow of the +intestate her third part of the real estate for life, and one third part of the +personal estate; and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in +full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And until the +governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the +said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and +sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attested +by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or +bargain and sale, signed, sealed and delivered by the person being of full age, +in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be +duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly +proved, and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and +registers shall be appointed for that purpose; and personal property may be +transferred by delivery; saving, however to the French and Canadian inhabitants, +and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, St. Vincents and the neighboring villages +who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and +customs now in force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance, of +property. + +Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed from +time to time by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in force +for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside +in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 1,000 acres of land, +while in the exercise of his office. + +There shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a secretary, whose +commission shall continue in force for four years unless sooner revoked; he +shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 500 acres of +land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty to keep and +preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records of +the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department, +and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings, every six months, to +the Secretary of Congress: There shall also be appointed a court to consist of +three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common law +jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold +estate in 500 acres of land while in the exercise of their offices; and their +commissions shall continue in force during good behavior. + +The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish in the +district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may be +necessary and best suited to the ircumstances of the district, and report them +to Congress from time to time: which laws shall be in force in the district +until the organization of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of by +Congress; but afterwards the Legislature shall have authority to alter them as +they shall think fit. + +The governor, for the time being, shall be commander in chief of the militia, +appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank of general +officers; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Congress. + +Previous to the organization of the general assembly, the governor shall appoint +such magistrates and other civil officers in each county or township, as he +shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order in the +same: After the general assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of +the magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the +said assembly; but all magistrates and other civil officers not herein otherwise +directed, shall during the continuance of this temporary government, be ap- +pointed by the governor. + +For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall +have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of process, +criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and he +shall proceed from time to time as circumstances may require, to lay out the +parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, +into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may +thereafter be made by the legislature. + +So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants of full age in the +district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall receive author- +ity, with time and place, to elect a representative from their counties or +townships to represent them in the general assembly: Provided, That, for every +five hundred free male inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on +progressively with the number of free male inhabitants shall the right of +representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to +twenty five; after which, the number and proportion of representatives shall be +regulated by the legislature: Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified +to act as a representative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the +United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall +have resided in the district three years; and, in either case, shall likewise +hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same; +Provided, also, That a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having +been a citizen of one of the states, and being resident in the district, or the +like freehold and two years residence in the district, shall be necessary to +qualify a man as an elector of a representative. + +The representatives thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years; and, in +case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, the governor +shall issue a writ to the countto serve for the residue of the term. + +The general assembly or legislature shall consist of the governor, legislative +council, and a house of representatives. The Legislative Council shall consist +of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed by +Congress; any three of whom to be a quorum: and the members of the Council +shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit: As soon as +representatives shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time and place +for them to meet together; and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, +residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred +acres of land, and return their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall +appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and, whenever a acancy shall +happen in the council, by death or removal from ffice, the house of representa- +tives shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and +return their names to Congress; one of whom congress shall appoint and commis- +sion for the residue of the term. And every five years, four months at least +before the expiration of the time of service of the members of council, the said +house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names +to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as +members of the council five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, +legislative council, and house of representatives, shall have authority to make +laws in all cases, for the good government of the district, not repugnant to the +principles and articles in this ordinance established and declared. And all +bills, having passed by a majority in the house, and by a majority in the +council, shall be referred to the governor for his assent; but no bill, or +legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The governor +shall have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the general assembly, when, +in his opinion, it shall be expedient. + +The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other officers as +Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation of +fidelity and of office; the governor before the president of congress, and all +other officers before the Governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in +the district, the council and house assembled in one room, shall have authority, +by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in +Congress, with a right of debating but not voting during this temporary govern- +ment. + +And, for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, +which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions are +erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, +constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the +said territory: to provide also for the establishment of States, and permanent +government therein, and for their admission to a share in the federal councils +on an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be +consistent with the general interest: + +It is hereby ordained and declared by the authority aforesaid, That the follow- +ing articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original +States and the people and States in the said territory and forever remain +unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit: + +Art. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall +ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in +the said territory. + +Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the +benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a propor- +tionate representation of the people in the legislature; and of judicial +proceedings according to the course of the common law. All persons shall be +bailable, unless for capital offenses, where the proof shall be evident or the +presumption great. All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual +punishments shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or +property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land; and, should +the public exigencies make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take +any person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation +shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and proper- +ty, it is understood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have +force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with +or affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud, +previously formed. + +Art. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government +and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever +be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the +Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their +consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be +invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but +laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for +preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship +with them. + +Art. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall +forever remain a part of this Confederacy of the United States of America, +subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as +shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United +States in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers +in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts +contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of +government, to be apportioned on them by Congress according to the same common +rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the other +States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by +the authority and direction of the legislatures of the district or districts, or +new States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the United +States in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those districts or new +States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the +United States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find +necessary for securing the title in such soil to the bona fide purchasers. No +tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and, in no +case, shall nonresident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The +navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying +places between the same, shall be common highways and forever free, as well to +the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, +and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without +any tax, impost, or duty therefor. + +Art. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor +more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia +shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and +established as follows, to wit: The western State in the said territory, shall +be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash Rivers; a direct line drawn +from the Wabash and Post Vincents, due North, to the territorial line between +the United States and Canada; and, by the said territorial line, to the Lake of +the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct +line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line, +drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami, to the said territorial line, +and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last +mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line: +Provided, however, and it is further understood and declared, that the boun- +daries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if +Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form +one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east +and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. +And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants +therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of +the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects +whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State +government: Provided, the constitution and government so to be formed, shall be +republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles; +and, so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the con- +federacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there +may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand. + +Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said +territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall +have been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person escaping into the +same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original +States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person +claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid. + +Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of the 23rd of +April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same are +hereby repealed and declared null and void. + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nofredom.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nofredom.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3c4c802e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nofredom.txt @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +WHY AMERICANS WON'T CHOOSE FREEDOM + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + +All across the land there is an unusual stirring among the +American populace. The American people are sensing that +something is severely wrong in our nation. They see the ever- +increasing taxation, regulation, bureaucracies, and police +intrusions. And they are gradually discovering that, despite +their right to vote, they have no effective control over any +of this. + +Yet, despite this unease on the eve of America's third century +of existence, the American people refuse to choose the only +possible solution to America's woes: freedom--freedom through +the constitutional elimination of the welfare state/planned +economy way of life. + +Why this refusal to choose freedom? One answer lies in the +fact that many Americans do not even realize that they are +unfree. Having served the required twelve-year sentence in +public schools, most Americans believe that income taxation, +subsidies, welfare, protectionism, minimum-wage laws, and all +of the other aspects of the welfare state/planned economy way +of life constitute freedom. + +But what about those who have discovered the truth? Are there +not many of these who still will not choose freedom? +Unfortunately, the answer is yes. Although recognizing the +basic immorality of the welfare state/planned economy way of +life, many freedom devotees have chosen to devote their +efforts to reforming it rather than eliminating it. Why? Why +do they insist on defending a way of life which they concede +is immoral as well as a deprivation of the freedom which they +value so highly? Let us examine some of the reasons why these +individuals who know better won't choose freedom. + +One reason is the tremendous fear which most Americans have of +their own government. The agency of government which Americans +fear most, of course, is the Internal Revenue Service, the +tax-collecting arm of the United States government. A mere +letter of inquiry from the IRS is enough to cause Americans to +go into a cold sweat. Not that this fear is unjustified. Every +American knows that the agents of the IRS have virtually +unlimited power to extract, from the pockets of the citizenry, +what they consider to be the "rightful" amount owed to the +political authorities. As Professor Ebeling, FFF's vice- +president of academic affairs, once put it on a radio talk +show in which we were jointly participating, "If you want to +know the ways and means of the IRS, simply study the +operations of the KGB." + +But the IRS is not the only agency which inspires great fear +in the American citizenry. I have a friend who is the +executive vice-president of a major American bank. He told me +that most bank presidents, although considered by others (and +themselves) to be "high-powered" individuals, will quiver and +quake like an autumn leaf when confronted by a banking +regulator. In fact, the mere mention of an impending visit by +banking regulators will send most bankers into the same +fearful frenzy experienced by an elementary school student who +is being sent to the principal's office. + +Why? What is it that causes a grown-up to have such a +paralyzing fear of another grown-up? What causes American +adults to cower like little children in the face of a +bureaucrat? + +The answer lies in the strong and powerful government, in both +domestic and foreign affairs, which Americans of this century +have brought into existence. For a strong government will +almost always result in a weak citizenry. And a weak and +terrified citizenry can rarely be relied upon to resist +tyranny by their own government. Instead, they will spend +their time "flexing their muscles" vicariously through the +"toughness" shown by their government, usually in foreign +affairs. + +A second reason: Too many freedom devotees have lost hope that +freedom can actually be achieved. And so, having convinced +themselves that slavery in America is inevitable, they devote +their efforts to "working within the system" rather than to +replacing the system with freedom. + +A good example of this involves those church officials who +have dedicated themselves to getting prayer into public +schools. Few people will deny the tremendous accomplishment of +the Founding Fathers when they separated church and state +through the First Amendment. They realized that religious +zealots with political power are among the most dangerous +forces to which a society can ever be exposed. And so, the +Founding Fathers fought for and achieved a way of life in +which the majority could not impose, through the coercive +power of government, religious doctrines on the rest of the +populace. + +But, as every American knows, it is an entirely different +situation with secular education. Here, as in the olden days +with religion, children are required to be sent to +governmentally approved institutions to learn governmentally +approved doctrines with religious doctrine, by virtue of the +First Amendment, being the only exception. + +What is the reaction of many church leaders to religion being +excepted from the teachings in public schools? Having accepted +the legitimacy or inevitability of state involvement in the +field of education, they wish to empower the state authorities +to teach religious doctrine, in addition to secular doctrine, +to the nation's youth. In other words, instead of trying to +place education on the same level as religion . . . instead of +fighting for freedom of education as our Founding Fathers +fought for freedom of religion . . . instead of calling for a +separation of school and state as our American ancestors did +with church and state . . . instead of rendering to God both +religion and education . . . present-day ministers of God, +having "thrown in the towel" with respect to educational +liberty, now wish to render to Caesar not only education but, +through prayer in government schools, religion as well. + +A third reason why many freedom devotees won't choose freedom: +they continue to operate under the delusion that the welfare +state/planned economy can be made to work. In fact, an +examination of much of the literature that emanates from +various American freedom think-tanks is absorbed with +correcting the "waste, fraud, and abuse" of the system rather +than replacing the system itself with freedom. Their solution +is always the same: "The system needs reform." + +An example is found in the November 2, 1990, issue of The +Backgrounder, a newsletter of The Heritage Foundation, a +renowned, conservative think-tank based in Washington, D.C. +Referring to the budget crisis last fall, Scott A. Hodge, a +member of The Heritage staff, writes, "Members of Congress did +not have the courage to cut one dollar of waste, pork, fraud, +or unnecessary spending from the fiscal 1991 budget." Mr. +Hodge follows up with, "There is no need for Congress to +dismantle the `social safety net'. . ." + +Mr. Hodge's argument, then, is that the welfare state-- +socialism--not only should be kept intact but also that it is +capable of being made to operate efficiently. The utopian +dream is that if we just elect "better" people to public +office . . . if politicians will just do the "right" thing +. . . if people will just give up the "waste" which they have +been receiving, it is possible to reform and refine the system +so that all of us can live happily ever after in socialist +heaven. + +This illusion--this pipe-dream--that holds so many freedom +devotees in its grip is one of the major obstacles to the +achievement of freedom. But unfortunately, not only in +America. In the Soviet Union, the attitude is exactly the +same. If the politicians and bureaucrats will only do the +"right" thing, the Soviet officials argue, the socialist +system can be kept intact and made to work "correctly." + +Another reason that freedom devotees are inhibited from +choosing freedom: They believe that by doing so, they will not +have intellectual "respectability" among their fellow +Americans. Although privately acknowledging the fundamental +evil and immorality of the welfare state/planned economy way +of life, they believe that calling for its elimination is too +"extreme." Therefore, they maintain their "respectability" (or +so they think) by advocating the continuation of the evil and +immorality and, even more shameful, by wrapping their +arguments in freedom rhetoric. + +It is not difficult, then, to see the stark contrast between +the American Founding Fathers and our present-day freedom +devotees. Our ancestors refused to permit the terrible, +psychological destructiveness of fear to control their +actions. Faced with one of the most powerful monarchs in +history, and his equally powerful regulatory and tax- +collecting minions, they nevertheless chose to pledge their +lives, fortunes, and sacred honor in the defense of freedom-- +even though it meant fighting their own government and their +fellow British citizens. Devoted to principle, rather than +expediency, they had no desire to reform the mercantilist +economic system of their own government; recognizing the evil +and immorality of such a system, they strived to eliminate it. +And knowing that the pursuit of right was more important than +popular acceptance, they stood their ground for the whole +world to see! + +It is that spirit of liberty which moved our American +ancestors that is so desperately needed in our time. And when +it finally grips the hearts and minds of the American people, +which I am certain it will, freedom at last will be chosen. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the March 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/notax.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/notax.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f234a64c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/notax.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +SAN DIEGO LIBERTARIANS DEFEAT SALES TAX + + On March 23 '89 Judge Burkhart of the Riverside County Superior Court +(due to a change of venue) ruled that the San Diego Cuonty half cent +"jails" sales tax is invalid. The Judge ruled in favor of the three +Libertarian Party members who are plaintiffs against the county of San +Diego and the San Diego County Regional Justice Facility Financing Agency. + + Quoting from the COURT'S INTENDED DECISION, "The court finds from the +evidence that Proposition 13 has been purposefully circumvented by +Proposition A and its implementing legislation, and that Agency is a +special District under Proposition 13. The court finds that . . . the +(Regional Justice) Agency was founded solely for the purpose of avoiding +the strictures of Proposition 13." + + This ruling will save the taxpayers of San Diego County an estimated +$1,6000,000,000 (1.6 billion dollars) in sales tax over the course of the +next 10 years. Assuming the ruling stands, the tax drops from 7% to 6.5%. + + The three Libertarian Party plaintiffs are Dick Rider (the Chairman of +the county Libertarian Party), Pat Wright (the past LP county Chair) and LP +activist Steve Currie. The attorneys for the victorious plaintiffs are +Louis Katz, Tom Homann, Ellen Geis, Gregory Marshall, Lewis Wenzell, +Stephen perrello, and Carol Fabian. + + Counsel took up this challenge on a contingency reimbursement basis. +Many other taxpayers contributed funds to pay the filing and copying costs. +More funds will be required if the County files an appeal. + + Lead plaintiff Dick Rider commented, "This victory for the victims of +the politicos' regressive and illegal sales tax also refutes the old canard +- 'You can't fight city hall' - we did and we won! Now the County Board of +Supervisors will be forced to do what they should have been doing for the +past 8 years; providing jails and police with existing taxpayer funds + + "Government's first priority should be to protect individuals from +those criminals who would use force or fraud against us. It's time for the +local politicians to recognize this fact and reorder their priorities to +fund police, courts and jails FIRST before they even CONSIDER other +services. + + "Furthermore, this citizens' victory calls into question the other 1/2 +cent sales tax for roads and trolleys 'passed' in 1987 using the same +invalid subterfuge." + + For further information from the plaintiffs, contact Dick Rider at +619/276-7166. + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/notaxes.lft b/textfiles.com/politics/notaxes.lft new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9341d045 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/notaxes.lft @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ + + + LIFE WITHOUT TAXES + + A Libertarian Outlook + + by Gerald Schneider, Ph.D. + + + Death and taxes--can we escape them? Well, death is +biological, and I do not know how to avoid it. But taxes are +political. And taxes, at least forced taxation, can be ended +politically! + How? By reforming our country into one where citizens pay +only for wanted and used government services. That, after all, +is the original American dream. + To create such societies without chaos means switching from +taxes to user fees to support government activities. Private +parties would also have to be allowed to compete with government +in providing desired services. + What follows are realistic guidelines on how to achieve a +nation--an America--based on voluntary association: + + Freeze New Taxes + + First, there must be a freeze on compulsory new taxes of any +kind. Government would have to live within its current income +level. But government employees with no immediate employment +prospects would not be fired. And persons dependent on +government patronage for survival would suffer no cutbacks. + Executive government agencies other than the military and +police needed to protect life and property would be terminated. +Personnel from closed agencies would be asked to fill positions +in remaining agencies vacated by death, retirement, and +resignation. Money derived from closed agency budgets would be +used for necessary retraining. No new government employees would +be hired for agencies due for future extinction. + Agency phase-out would be proportional to dropout rates for +personnel. Forced unemployment is avoided. + Money saved from closed agency budgets would also be offered +as bonuses to spur voluntary exodus from government. Caps on +salaries and promotions in agencies headed for termination could +further stimulate unforced departure. Still another incentive to +freely leave government work could be exemption from all income +taxes. + + Phase Out Government Programs + + A second major thrust would be phase-out of all government +retirement, entitlement, and subsidy benefit programs. Methods +used would ensure that needy persons benefiting or about to +benefit from such programs are not hurt. + Social security and other government pensioners, or those +near to retiring, could be paid off in a lump sum. Payoff money +would come from sale of government assets, and funds from closed +government agencies. Retirees would be free to invest the large +amounts of money received any way they pleased. Political +uncertainty about retirement would be ended. + Younger persons could arrange for their own retirement, +using money otherwise taken from salaries for social security +payments. There would be no required government social security +system. + Massive tax credits would be offered to individuals and +groups to assume government welfare, education, public works, +environmental protection, and other social services. Those tax +credits would be warranted, given the savings to government by +not supplying those services. + + Alternatives to Taxation + + The judicial system would be made self-supporting by +requiring convicted felons to pay court and related costs. +Police and fire services could also be paid this way, +supplemented by private subscription. + Military costs, cut by about two thirds, could be funded in +several ways. Donations and a national lottery are among the +possibilities. Many think taxes cannot be averted here, but +alternatives to forced taxation should be tried. + Laws covering how we should behave could be drastically +reduced, thereby limiting the need for elected legislators. +Common law, which often does not require a lawyer, would suffice +in most cases. Salaries and expenses of elected official still +needed, likely to be part-timers, could be funded voluntarily or +through service fees. + Finally, the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the +legal basis of our income tax, could be repealed. Americans need +never again fight taxation without representation! + + Reprinted from THE WHEATON NEWS of Wheaton, Maryland, Jan. +21, 1988. For a one year subscription to Mr. Schneider's +biweekly "Libertarian Outlook" column, send $15 to: Gerald +Schneider, 8750 Georgia Ave., Suite 1410-B, Silver Spring, MD +20910. Copyright 1988 Gerald Schneider, Ph.D. + +(This is the text of one of a series of eight topical Libertarian +outreach leaflets produced by the Libertarian Party of Skagit +County, WA. The leaflets have a panel with National LP member- +ship information, with a space for other LP groups to stamp their +own address and phone number. Samples and a bulk price list/ +order form are available from: Libertarian Party of Skagit +County, P.O. Box 512, Anacortes, WA 98221.) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nren-rep b/textfiles.com/politics/nren-rep new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2233da33 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nren-rep @@ -0,0 +1,3056 @@ + The National Research and Education Network Program + + A Report to Congress + + + + December 1992 + + + + Submitted by the Director + Office of Science and Technology Policy + + + in response to a requirement of + The High Performance Computing Act of 1991 + (P.L. 102-194) + + + + Table of Contents +Section Page + +Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + +1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 1.1. Purpose of the NREN Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 1.2. Conceptual Architecture of NREN . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 1.3. Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 1.4. Current Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + +2. Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 2.1. Federal Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 2.2. Communications Service Vendors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 2.3. Information Service Vendors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 2.4. Network Service Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 2.5. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 + +3. Transition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 + 3.1. A Model for Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 + 3.2. Implementation of NREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 + 3.2.1. NSF's Interagency Interim NREN + implementation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 3.2.2. DOE's/NASA's Interagency Interim NREN + implementation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 + 3.3. Commercial Use of the NREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 3.3.1. Information products and services. . . . . . . . 20 + +4. Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + 4.1. Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + 4.2. Protection of Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + 4.3. Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 + 4.4. Security of the NREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 + +5. Constituencies and Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 + 5.1. Broadening the Availability of Network Information + Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 + 5.2. Computer Industry Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 + 5.3. Expanding the Vision for Education . . . . . . . . . . . 26 + 5.4. Plans and Mechanisms to Address Significant + Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 + 5.4.1. Ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 + 5.4.2. Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 + 5.4.3. Acceptable use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 + 5.4.4. Fair competition for network services. . . . . . 28 + 5.4.5. Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 + 5.4.6. Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 + 5.4.7. Copyright protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 + 5.4.8. User base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 + + +Appendix A. Management/ Coordination of the HPCC Program . . . . . 32 + A.1. Management/Coordination of the NREN Program. . . . . . . 33 + A.2. Federal Networking Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 + A.3. FNC Working and Ad Hoc Task Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 36 + A.4. Agency NREN Program Management Responsibilities . . . . 37 + A.5. Interagency Interim NREN Requirements and + Implementation: Coordination Process. . . . . . . . . . 42 + A.6. Public Interaction and Advisory Bodies . . . . . . . . . 44 + +Appendix B. Current NREN Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 + B.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 + B.2. Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 + B.3. Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 + B.4. Current NREN Program Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 + +Appendix C. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 + +List of References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 + + + Executive Summary + + +This is a report on the National Research and Education Network +(NREN) Program required by the High Performance Computing Act of +1991 (P.L. 102-194). Six specific issues are to be addressed: + +~ effective mechanisms for providing operating funds for the + maintenance and use of the Network, including user fees, + industry support, and continued Federal investment; + +~ the future operation and evolution of the Network; + +~ how commercial information service providers could be + charged for access to the Network, and how Network users + could be charged for such commercial information services; + +~ the technological feasibility of allowing commercial + information service providers to use the Network and other + federally funded research networks; + +~ how to protect copyrights of material distributed over the + Network; and + +~ appropriate policies to ensure the security of resources + available on the Network and to protect the privacy of users + of networks. + +It is useful to group these questions according to three themes: +funding, transition and protection, and the report is organized +along these lines. However, before these questions can be +addressed, the purpose and nature of NREN need to be explained +with clarity. + +Purpose of the NREN Program + +The NREN Program is one of the four principal components of the +interagency program on High Performance Computing and +Communications (HPCC). The primary purpose of the NREN Program +is to establish a gigabit communications infrastructure that will +dramatically enhance the ability to collaborate among members of +the research and education community. In order to establish such +an infrastructure, networking technologies have to be developed +and services from common carriers and other communications +service providers must be made available in this development +effort. Furthermore, the process of establishing the NREN Program +will provide an unprecedented opportunity to catalyze the +development of a general purpose high speed communications +infrastructure for the nation. Ultimately, the NREN Program + + 1 + +cannot be cost effective or realize its full potential without +such a development. Thus, the NREN Program has a series of +synergistic goals: + + ~ establishing a gigabit network for + the research and education + community and fostering its use; + + ~ developing advanced networking + technologies and accelerating their + deployment; + + ~ stimulating the availability, at a + reasonable cost, of the required + services from the private sector; + and + + ~ catalyzing the rapid deployment of + a high speed general purpose + digital communications + infrastructure for the nation. + +To achieve these goals, the NREN Program is divided into two +parts: + + ~ the Gigabit Research and Development component; + and + + ~ the Interagency Interim NREN component. + +As its name implies, the former is an R&D program designed to +develop needed technologies. The latter is a coordinated program +to support an operational network that will, in stages, realize +the primary goal of the NREN Program, viz., to establish a +gigabit network for the research and education community. Since +the questions that we are to address all pertain to the +operational network, we shall henceforth in this document use the +term NREN, when not followed by the word "program," as an +abbreviation for the Interagency Interim NREN. + +Nature of NREN + +To address the issues required of this report, it is necessary to +understand two important characteristics of NREN. First, it is a +logical, not physical, entity. It is best understood as a +collection of interlinked nodes operating under specific rules +for moving information along the links. The logical network is +realized by purchasing transport services from network service +vendors. How the vendors implement the services through hardware +using cable and switches or bulk purchase of transport services + + 2 + +>from other vendors, should be transparent to the users and the +administrators of NREN. Thus, for example, whether non-NREN +traffic uses the same physical medium as NREN traffic is not an +NREN issue, unless such traffic affects the operational +characteristics of NREN as a logical entity. + +A second important characteristic of NREN is that it is a +hierarchy of networks. At the top of the hierarchy, NREN's +components are backbone networks, each of which is itself a +network of networks (called midlevels and regionals) connected to +a common communications trunk (backbone). The major components of +NREN are national agency backbone networks: NSFnet of NSF; ESnet +of DOE; NSI of NASA; and TWBnet of DOD. The agencies' NREN +backbones are high speed networks that will eventually attain +gigabit speed. The backbones in NREN will be interconnected +through a set of nodes known as the network access points (NAPs). +Any backbone, whether or not serving research and education +purposes, can be connected to the NAPs. The backbone networks +have a high degree of autonomy and each can impose its own local +rules and restrictions. It is the policy of NREN, however, that +restrictions should be based on traffic characteristics and not +on the source or destination of such traffic. With this +formulation, we can define "NREN proper" as composed of a +collection of agency backbone networks plus a set of associated +NAPs. NREN-in-the-large will also include any backbone network +connected to one of the NAPs. + +The architecture of NREN described above is designed to create a +synergy between the twin purposes of NREN: to establish a high +speed network for research and education while catalyzing and +accelerating the development and deployment of a national +communications infrastructure. + +Funding + +Establishing and maintaining a composite gigabit backbone made up +of the Federal agency backbones, including NAPs, are currently +the responsibility of the Federal Government. It does not mean, +however, that the Federal Government should bear the "full +freight" for either the initial backbone implementation or +ongoing backbone maintenance and operation. It is expected that +pricing of the initial establishment will reflect some shared +investment with industry and the ongoing operation will require a +charge for transport and connectivity services to the network +providers, who may then pass charges to the end-users. + +Federal funds will pay for the operations of the agency networks +that make up NREN. These funds will also support users that serve +Federal missions whether or not they access NREN through the +agency networks. + + 3 + +Both common carriers and other service providers have provided +direct support for the development of network technologies, and +are expected to share the cost of the initial establishment of +the high speed backbone by providing services at a rate lower +than supporting NREN as the sole customer. Such cost-sharing +would represent an early investment by the communications +industry in the networking market. + +Information service vendors will contribute to bearing the cost +of operating NREN through connectivity and transport fees mainly +through network providers, and in turn will charge the users +directly for the information services provided. The architecture +of NREN is intended to facilitate such funding arrangements. + +End users of NREN must go through some network service provider, +either under contract with an agency or as a commercial service. +The network service vendor will charge a connectivity fee and a +subscription fee and possibly traffic dependent fees which will +then be used to pay connectivity (NAP and backbone) and transport +charges. + +Transition + +The architecture of NREN is designed to foster flexible +evolution. NREN is a federation of networks at different levels +of a hierarchy. At the top level of this hierarchy are the +backbone networks which will be interconnected through the NAPs. +Adding new backbone networks to NREN is readily accommodated, +subject only to the capacity of the NAPs and the cost of +connecting to them. Each backbone network is a network of +networks connected to a common backbone. A backbone network is +semi-autonomous and can impose its own restrictions. However, +such restrictions will be based on traffic characteristics, not +source or destination of network traffic. + +NREN can grow indefinitely by adding new backbone networks and +additional NAPs. Furthermore, if the same architecture is adopted +for a national general purpose network, then NREN can be readily +integrated without change. What constitutes "NREN proper" will +then be a small sub-collection of the backbone networks plus a +subset of the NAPs which it shares with other backbone networks +or other "federations" of networks. + +NREN, being a federation of networks, will have segments that +restrict use. Agency backbones are restricted to uses related to +agency missions. The NSFnet backbone is restricted to uses +related to research and education. Some regionals also have +similar restrictions. NREN restrictions only require that the +traffic support research and education. Commercial traffic, +whether for profit or not, that meets this condition is +unrestricted. Furthermore, even commercial traffic unrelated to + + 4 + +research and education could use the NREN NAPs to access backbone +networks of any variety that wish to connect to these NAPs. +Thus, NREN in its largest sense can indeed carry commercial +traffic, and the establishment of NREN will play a major role in +fostering the development of general purpose high speed networks. + +Protection + +Most of the protection issues concerning NREN are not new. They +exist for communications systems that are accessible to the +public in general. It is important that protection policies and +mechanisms developed for NREN be consistent with those that +already exist. Wherever possible, it is useful to seek models +that apply to NREN, or can be generalized to apply to NREN. For +example, the "common carriage" model fits the role of network +providers in many ways. The time tested rules and +responsibilities applied to common carriers may well be +appropriate to network providers. + +With the exception of performance capabilities, high speed +digital networks are not inherently different from telephone +networks, or any other point-to-point switched communications +system. It may be a sound principle to adhere to the rules +applicable to such systems, unless it can be demonstrated that +the change in speed renders a particular rule ineffective or +inappropriate. + +The technical mechanism appropriate to protect copyright of +material distributed over the Network is as yet unclear. +Electronic information is much easier to copy and transmit than +paper. Fewer identifying markings which show the source of the +information exist or are retained in electronic copies. In +addition, legal issues arise. For example, is the government, as +a supporter of the Network, liable for the improper use of +copyrighted material received via or transmitted over the +Network? Current legal precedent for access to and protection of +copyrights of material accessed via modems over telephone lines +does not assign legal responsibility to enforce copyrights to the +common carriers whose lines are used. The fair use of +copyrighted materials, a feature of the Copyright Act and +essential to scientific research, is an example of a concern that +combines technical and legal issues. So too, technical means to +ensure copyright protection on the NREN must provide for fair +use, as must any legal arrangement. + +Appropriate policies to ensure the security of resources and the +privacy of users are addressed via four policy areas. First, the +Federal Networking Council (FNC) has coordinated the development +of a draft NREN security policy. A second aspect of security is +the responsible and proper use of Network resources. Thus, the +FNC also has been developing, in consultation with the non- + + 5 + +Federal communities, an Appropriate Use Policy. In addition, +P.L. 102-476 broadens the NSF's organic act and authorizes the +NSF to foster and support access by the research and education +communities to computer networks, which may be used substantially +for purposes in addition to research and education in the +sciences and engineering, if the additional uses will tend to +increase the overall capabilities of the networks to support such +research and education activities. + +The Computer Security Act specifies a third policy requirement to +ensure security of resources and protection of privacy. That Act +requires each agency to create computer security plans for +Federal computer and telecommunications systems which process or +transmit sensitive, unclassified information. It also requires +security and awareness training of Federal employees and +contractors who use sensitive Federal computer and +telecommunications systems. These activities, while not presented +in this document, are separately reported by each agency through +its Information Resources Management activity. + +Finally, protection of users' privacy is provided for, to some +extent, by the Privacy Act. That Act governs access to +information about individuals maintained by Federal agencies that +is contained in "systems of records," as defined by the Act. In +addition, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act protects +Network communications from unlawful interception. +Encryption is an effective means for providing basic data +security. As such, it is relevant to all the protection problems +related to NREN. + +Management and Status + +The NREN Program is one of the four principal components of the +interagency program on High Performance Computing and +Communications (HPCC). All eight participating agencies of HPCC +(DOC, DOD, DOE, ED, EPA, HHS, NASA, NSF) also participate in +NREN. USDA and DOI are also participants in NREN. Management of +NREN is distributed, with each agency implementing its own +portion of the overall program. Coordination of HPCC is through +the High Performance Computing, Communications, and Information +Technology (HPCCIT) Subcommittee of the Federal Coordinating +Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (FCCSET) and the +recently established National Coordination Office (NCO) for the +HPCC Program. Donald A. B. Lindberg, M.D., the Director of the +National Library of Medicine, is currently the Director of the +NCO and the Chairman of the HPCCIT subcommittee. + +In addition to the coordination and management structure that +exists for HPCC as a whole, the operational aspects of NREN have +required special interagency coordination. This is done through +the Federal Networking Council (FNC) which was established by NSF + + 6 + +in its capacity as leader of the working group on networking +within HPCCIT. + +A detailed description of the management and coordination +structure for NREN is given in Appendix A. + +NREN is an evolving system that combines operational capabilities +with technology development in a dynamic environment. A detailed +description of its current operational status is given in +Appendix B. + + 7 + +1. Introduction + +This report responds to the High Performance Computing (HPC) Act +of 1991 (P.L. 102-194) which, in Title I, Section 102, requires +that the Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy +(OSTP), within one year after enactment of the HPC Act of 1991, +report to Congress on the National Research and Education Network +(NREN, also referred to as the Network) regarding: + +(1) effective mechanisms for providing operating funds for the + maintenance and use of the Network, including user fees, + industry support, and continued Federal investment; + +(2) the future operation and evolution of the Network; + +(3) how commercial information service providers could be + charged for access to the Network, and how Network users + could be charged for such commercial information services; + +(4) the technological feasibility of allowing commercial + information service providers to use the Network and other + federally funded research networks; + +(5) how to protect copyrights of material distributed over the + Network; and + +(6) appropriate policies to ensure the security of resources + available on the Network and to protect the privacy of users + of networks. + +It is useful to group these questions according to three themes: +funding, transition and protection, and our report will be +organized along these lines. However, before these questions can +be addressed, the purpose and nature of NREN need to be explained +with clarity. Therefore, we begin with a statement on the +purpose of the NREN and an explanation of its conceptual +architecture. + +1.1. Purpose of the NREN Program + +The NREN Program is one of the four principal components of the +interagency program on High Performance Computing and +Communications (HPCC). The primary purpose of the NREN Program +is to establish a gigabit communications infrastructure that will +dramatically enhance the ability to collaborate among members of +the research and education community.[1] In order to establish such +an infrastructure, networking technologies have to be developed +and services from common carriers and other communications +service providers must be made available in this development +effort. Furthermore, the process of establishing the NREN Program +will provide an unprecedented opportunity to catalyze the + + 8 + +development of a general purpose high speed communications +infrastructure for the nation.[2] Ultimately, the NREN Program +cannot be cost effective or realize its full potential without +being a part of a national infrastructure. Thus, the NREN Program +has a series of synergistic goals: + + ~ establishing a gigabit network for + the research and education + community and fostering its use; + + ~ developing advanced networking + technologies and accelerating their + deployment; + + ~ stimulating the availability, at a + reasonable cost, of the required + services from the private sector; + and + + ~ catalyzing the rapid deployment of + a high speed general purpose + digital communications + infrastructure for the nation. + +To achieve these goals, the NREN project is divided into two +parts: + + ~ the Gigabit Research and + Development component, and + + ~ the Interagency Interim NREN + component. + +As its name implies, the former is a research and development +program designed to develop needed technologies. Examples of +broad research problems that may be addressed in gigabit +networking include network stability (i.e. the behavior of +message traffic flow), network response, and network management.[3] +The latter goal is a coordinated program to support an +operational network that will, in stages, realize the primary +goal of the NREN Program, viz., to establish a gigabit network +for the research and education community. Since the questions +that we are to address all pertain to the operational network, we +shall henceforth in this document use the term NREN, when not +followed by the word "program," as an abbreviation for the +Interagency Interim NREN. + +1.2. Conceptual Architecture of NREN + +To address the issues required of this report, it is necessary to +understand two important characteristics of NREN. First, it is a +logical, not physical, entity. It is best understood as a +collection of interlinked nodes operating under specific rules + + 9 + +for moving information along the links. The logical network is +realized by purchasing transport services from network service +vendors. How the vendors implement the services through hardware +using cable and switches or bulk purchase of transport services +>from other vendors, should be transparent to the users and the +administrators of NREN. Thus, for example, whether non-NREN +traffic uses the same physical medium as NREN traffic is not an +NREN issue, unless such traffic affects the operational +characteristics of NREN as a logical entity. + +A second important characteristic of NREN is that it is a +hierarchy of networks. At the top of the hierarchy, NREN's +components are backbone networks, each of which is itself a +network of networks (called midlevels and regionals) connected to +a common communications trunk (backbone). The major components of +NREN are national agency backbone networks: NSFnet of the +National Science Foundation (NSF); ESnet of the Department of +Energy (DOE); NSI of the National Aeronautics and Space +Administration (NASA); and TWBnet of the Department of Defense +(DOD). The agency backbones are high speed networks that will +eventually attain gigabit speed. The backbones in NREN will be +interconnected through a set of nodes known as the network access +points (NAPs). Any backbone, whether or not serving research and +education purposes, can be connected to the NAPs. The backbone +networks have a high degree of autonomy and each can impose its +own local rules and restrictions. It is the policy of NREN, +however, that restrictions should be based on particular traffic +characteristics and not on the source or destination of such +traffic. + +In contrast, subnets that connect strategically secure sites +and/or provide classified, agency mandated services will not be +connected to NAPs. Rather they will be connected only via a +Federal information interchange node. + +1.3. Management + +The NREN Program is one of the four principal components of the +interagency program on High Performance Computing and +Communications (HPCC). All eight participating agencies of HPCC +(Department of Commerce, DOD, DOE, Department of Education, +Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Human Services, NASA, +and NSF) also participate in NREN as agreed upon within the High +Performance Computing, Communications, and Information Technology +(HPCCIT) Subcommittee of the Federal Coordinating Council for +Science, Engineering and Technology (FCCSET) Committee on +Physical, Mathematical, and Engineering Sciences (PMES). In +addition to these agencies, the Department of Agriculture and the +Department of the Interior are also participants in NREN. +Coordination of the HPCC Program is provided through the chairman + + 10 + +of the HPCCIT Subcommittee and the staff of the recently +established National Coordination Office (NCO). Management of +NREN is distributed, with each agency implementing its own +portion of the overall program. + +As cited in "A Report to Congress on Computer Networks to Support +Research in the United States," the various government networking +activities touch a significant segment of the U.S. academic +research community.[4] In addition to the coordination and +management structure that exists for HPCC as a whole, the +operational aspects of NREN have required special interagency +attention. This is done through the Federal Networking Council +(FNC) which was established by NSF in its capacity as leader of +the working group on networking within HPCCIT. These elements, +along with industry, are members of an Advisory Committee to the +FNC. + +A detailed description of the management and coordination +structure for NREN is given in Appendix A. + +1.4. Current Status + +NREN is an evolving system that combines operational capabilities +with technology development in a dynamic environment. A detailed +description of its current operational status is given in +Appendix B. + + 11 + +2. Funding + +2.1. Federal Role + +As cited in the proceedings of the EDUCOM Workshop on the NREN by +the EDUCOM Networking and Telecommunications Task Force, "a +continued high level of Federal investment in the development and +pre-commercial use of advanced network facilities and services is +absolutely essential to a national strategy for +competitiveness."[5] Establishing and maintaining a composite +gigabit backbone, including NAPs, are currently the +responsibility of the Federal Government. It does not mean, +however, that the Federal Government should bear the "full +freight" for either the initial backbone implementation or +ongoing backbone maintenance and operation. It is expected that +pricing of the initial establishment will reflect some shared +investment with industry and the ongoing operation will require a +charge for transport and connectivity services to the network +providers, who may then pass charges on to the end-users. + +Federal funds will pay for the operations of the agency networks +that make up "NREN-proper." Federal funds will also support +users that serve federal missions whether or not they directly +access NREN through the agency networks. + +2.2. Communications Service Vendors + +Both common carriers and service providers have provided direct +support for the development of network technologies, and are +expected to share the cost of the initial establishment of the +high speed backbone by providing services at a rate lower than +that which would be required if NREN were the sole customer. Such +cost-sharing would represent an early investment by the +communications industry in the networking market. + +2.3. Information Service Vendors + +Information service vendors will contribute to bearing the cost +of operating NREN through connectivity and transport fees charged +network providers, and in turn will charge the users directly for +the information services provided. The architecture of NREN is +intended to facilitate such funding arrangements. + +2.4. Network Service Providers + +End users of NREN must go through some network service provider, +either under contract with an agency or as a commercial service. +The network service vendor will charge a connectivity fee and a +subscription fee and possibly traffic-dependent fees which will +then be used to pay connectivity (NAP and backbone) and transport +charges. + + 12 + +2.5. Summary + +Funding sources for the operation of NREN can be summarized as +follows: + + + Interagency: fund advanced network research + fund collaborative and shared + NREN operational activities + + + Individual Agencies: fund agency backbone networks + and their evolution to + gigabit speeds + fund NREN user serving agency + missions + + + Communications Industry: invest in underlying physical + plant + develop transport services + support technology development + invest in initial deployment + + + Information Service Vendors: develop information service + pay fee for connectivity and + transport + + + Users: pay network subscription + pay connectivity charge + pay user charge for + information service + + 13 + +3. Transition + +3.1. A Model for Evolution + +The architecture of NREN is designed to foster its flexible +evolution. NREN is a federation of networks at different levels +of a hierarchy. At the top level of this hierarchy are the +backbone networks which will be interconnected through the NAPs. +Adding new backbone networks to NREN is readily accommodated, +subject only to the capacity of the NAPs and the cost of +connecting to them. Each backbone network is a network of +networks connected to a common backbone. A backbone network is +semi-autonomous and can impose its own restrictions. However, +such restrictions will be based on traffic characteristics and +not the source or destination of such traffic. + +NREN can grow indefinitely by adding new backbone networks and +additional NAPs. Furthermore, if the same architecture is +adopted for a national general purpose network, then NREN can be +readily integrated without change. What constitutes NREN will +then be a sub-collection of the backbone networks plus a subset +of the NAPs which it shares with other backbone networks or other +clusters of networks. + +NREN, being a federation of networks, will have segments that +restrict use. Agency backbones are restricted to uses related to +agency missions. The NSFnet backbone is restricted to uses +related to research and education. Some regionals also have +similar restrictions. NREN restrictions only require that the +traffic support research and education. Commercial traffic, +whether for profit or not, that meets this condition is +unrestricted. Furthermore, even commercial traffic unrelated to +research and education could use the NAPs to traverse those +networks that are unrestricted. Thus, NREN in its largest sense +can indeed carry commercial traffic, and the establishment of +NREN will play a major role in fostering the development of +general purpose high speed networks. + +3.2. Implementation of NREN + +The CSPP Report, "Expanding the Vision of High Performance +Computing and Communications: Linking America for the Future," +underscores the importance that government policies and programs +have on the protocols used in future networks, and that these +efforts must be coordinated to meet the goal of network +interoperability.[6] The Interagency Interim NREN Program is an +integrated program that combines the separate Federal agency +networks and related technology developments into a consolidated +multi-faceted national network system that builds on each +agency's strengths. The Interagency Interim NREN provides + + 14 + +interoperability between the agencies' separate networking +services in a seamless manner (e.g., via Federal Internet +eXchanges - "FIXes") in order to achieve end-to-end connectivity +for the Nation's researchers and educators. A joint DOE/NASA +project is aimed at accelerating the commercial availability of +high performance "cornerstone" technologies and services for more +focused applications, while a related NSF effort emphasizes the +scope of applicability of such services and infrastructure. It +is the coordinated integration of these two complementary +endeavors that will best serve the research and education +communities as a holistic program. Indeed these efforts were +endorsed by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and +Technology.[7] As such, major Interagency Interim NREN activities +and plans - the NSF's and the joint DOE/NASA's projects - are +outlined below. + +3.2.1. NSF's Interagency Interim NREN implementation plans + +The NSF implementation approach separates (1) the provision of +Network Access Points (NAPs); (2) the operation of the Routing +Arbiter (RA); and (3) organizations to provide very high speed +Backbone Network Services (vBNS). The NSF has made public a +draft version of its proposed solicitation and has requested and +received numerous comments on this document.[8] The NSF +architecture also takes into account major existing network +components such as regional networks and network service +providers for which NSF solicitations are not required. The two +NSF solicitations are due to be awarded in mid-1993. + +The NSF has explicitly designed the next generation Interagency +Interim NREN architecture to allow increased access, greater +interoperability, and adherence to standards for all subscribers +to the NREN--requirements established by the HPCC Program and +recommended by the CSPP.[9] Service providers will have the +ability and experience to provide value-added services for both +the original TCP/IP protocol and the CLNP protocol as described +in the Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP), +which the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) +has specified for government acquisitions in a Federal +Information Processing Standard (FIPS). + +Network Access Point and Routing Arbiter + +The "Network Access Point" (NAP) is a key feature of NSF's +Iagencies and commercial service providers to interconnect and +interoperate with networks of their choice, as well as the +NSFNET, ESNet and NSI. This enables commercial service providers +to offer competitively priced services to both commercial and R&E +customers and will engender a larger set of capable and +competitive service providers than could be developed under +Federal funding alone. The NAPs will also provide the capability + + 15 + +for interconnecting networks of dissimilar services (e.g. SMDS, +ATM, DS3, DS1), and dissimilar speeds (1.5 Mb/s, 45 Mb/s, 155 +Mb/s, 622 Mb/s, etc.). This feature is crucial for addressing +the needs of scalable and evolutionary network architectures and +for providing the mechanism for smooth transition to a national +research and education gigabit network by 1996. These are timely +concerns as gigabit class technology will begin to be deployed in +prototype lower speed versions in 1993, with continuing +escalation of performance and qualitative services as it moves +towards production status. The NAPs, in conjunction with network +customers, will incorporate a minimal set of standard routing +protocols and use a standardized methodology for routing and +transit of packets in the NREN. + +The stability of the network is ensured by the prudent and +careful maintenance and upkeep of the network-wide routing +databases. This function is currently performed by MERIT for the +NSFNET and in the new architecture will be the responsibility of +the Routing Arbiter. The Routing Arbiter, who is excluded from +serving as a network service provider, will initially be +centralized to ensure the stability of the network during its +transition phase. However, the Routing Arbiter function needs to +evolve into a distributed and delegated system as soon as +possible in order to realistically address the expected growth +and complexity of networks, and to enhance the opportunities for +commercial service providers to interoperate among themselves and +with the research and education community. The separation of the +administration and implementation of the routing database from +the actual switching of packets will make the introduction of +differing services easier while maintaining the stability of the +routing database. + +Backbone Service Provider + +The third element of the architecture of the next generation +NSFNET Backbone Services is a very high speed Backbone Network +Services (vBNS) Provider to establish and maintain a vBNS which +will be connected to all NAPs and all of whose NSFNET vBNS +traffic must be in compliance with the NSF Acceptable Use Policy +(AUP). In the tradition of NSFNET, the vBNS Provider will be +expected to demonstrate leadership in the development and +deployment of high performance data communications networks. +Initially (Spring, 1994), it is expected that the vBNS will +operate at a speed of 155 Mb/s (OC-3). The vBNS provider will be +expected to raise the speed during the lifetime of the agreement +with the NSF to 622 Mb/s (OC-12) or higher as technology permits +and demand warrants. This component of the architecture will: +provide for high speed interregional connectivity; enable +distributed computing applications; enable multimedia +applications such as visualization, collaboration, and distant + + 16 + +learning; and, promote the development and deployment of advanced +routing technologies. + +For reliability, all networks involved in NREN service +provisioning must adhere to and support a basic set of +operational and administrative capabilities. The NAPs will be +required to be as fault tolerant as possible and all networks +assisted by the NSF, including the R&E regional networks, will +need to enhance and extend their operational capabilities in +order to realize this goal. + +3.2.2. DOE's/NASA's Interagency Interim NREN implementation plans + +The joint DOE/NASA project is designed to address the HPCC/NREN +and other leading edge science requirements of both agencies. +The mission agencies have HPCC goals and objectives that require +high performance access to powerful supercomputers, huge data +repositories, and geographically distributed communities of +science investigators. Thus DOE and NASA focussed on an +Interagency Interim NREN architecture which will use commercial +cell-relay services to increase transmission speeds from the +current 1.5 Mb/s to 45 Mb/s, with initial deployment early in +1993. Transitions to higher speeds including 622 Mb/s second +will be made when such services become commercially available, +agency budgets permitting. Deployments of these high performance +technologies will be systematically engineered by DOE and NASA +networking experts in close collaboration with industry and the +research community. Through such collaborations with router +vendors and communications carriers, DOE and NASA can evaluate +cell relay technologies on an early availability basis and can +stimulate development and deployment of cell-relay products and +services, thereby providing strategic advantages for the U.S. +telecommunications industry in the world marketplace. + +DOE and NASA will be spearheading the technology evaluation and +deployment of cell relay services and protocols at the Open +Systems Interconnect (OSI) Layer 2. These Layer 2 services and +virtual private networks (VPNs) allow for greater resource +management, accounting, and control than typically provided by +traditional Layer 3 networks. In addition, DOE and NASA's choice +of Layer 2 services is based on the Broadband ISDN standards +advocated by the telecommunications industry as establishing the +future direction for communications systems. Therefore, DOE and +NASA will be in full accord with the evolving worldwide +telecommunications infrastructure and will be able to +interoperate with the general research and education community as +new telecommunications products and services emerge and become +commercially available. + + 17 + +The DOE and NASA networks will initially interconnect at FIXes, +along with the next generation of the NSFNET backbone - which is +itself targeting advances in routing and peering technologies at +OSI Layer 3. These parallel advanced network deployments by NSF +and DOE/NASA are fully complementary, with each approach playing +a vital role in energizing the U.S. telecommunications and +networking industries and creating a seamless interoperable and +interconnected Interagency Interim NREN. + +By choosing early availability service offerings and adopting +industry standards, DOE and NASA will satisfy their high speed +HPCC Grand Challenge requirements and also promote the deployment +of marketable products and services for nation-wide consumption. + +3.3. Commercial Use of the NREN + +Industry involvement in NREN use and development occurs in +several ways. Many U.S. industrial firms have contributed +significant resources to the NREN research program activities. +Some of these firms and others have also provided grants and/or +subsidies to various universities or other research and +educational institutions to support Interagency Interim NREN +connectivity. In addition, many commercial firms now also +participate in the Interagency Interim NREN and thus provide some +funding for NREN connectivity as participants. + +There are no NREN restrictions on traffic whose purpose is to +engage in or support R&E consonant with NREN Program goals, +irrespective of whether the source or target of that traffic is +public or private, for-profit or not-for-profit, a commercial or +noncommercial enterprise. Many vendors routinely use the network +to support their R&E customers, and the number of commercial +(for-fee) information providers offering their services over the +network is increasing. On the other hand, use for purposes not +in support of R&E is in general prohibited. Federal NREN funds +are for the support of R&E, not to provide a network for traffic +in support of unrestricted commercial purposes, whether the +source or target of that traffic is public or private, for-profit +or not-for-profit, a commercial or noncommercial enterprise. + +There is, however, an administrative issue since commercial +traffic is not entirely excluded from the Internet. In contrast +with Federal agency networks (such as ESnet, NSI, and the NSFNET +Backbone), many regional networks such as NEARNET, SURANET, +WESTNET and others - which collectively provide the vital second +tier (or mid-level) infrastructure to the NREN Program - allow +unrestricted commercial traffic. They offer these unrestricted +commercial services because NSF funding, together with the fees +collected from their R&E clients, is insufficient to support +their service offering to the R&E community. Their commercial +customers allow them to serve economically the R&E community. In +fact, although some regional networks have fee structures that do +not distinguish between commercial and R&E customers, others +deliberately subsidize R&E customers with their commercial +revenues. + + 18 + +Although connectivity between the regional networks for +unrestricted commercial purposes is prohibited over the NREN +backbone network components of the Federal agencies, this +connectivity is already provided for the private sector - +primarily by members of the Commercial Internet Exchange, (CIX), +a 501c(6) trade association of private providers of Internet +access and carriage. Fair and equal access of private providers +to regional networks and their customers is offered today at +NSFNET Backbone nodes. In the upcoming competitive solicitation +for NSFNET Backbone facilities, the Backbone architecture has +been specifically designed to achieve full symmetry and equal +access among all backbone networks through "Network Access +Points" (NAPs) open to all. + +Private network providers (e.g., CIX members) have an +expectation, which currently is largely realized, of being able +to reach non-R&E customers at low cost using the facilities of +the regional networks via NSFNET Backbone nodes (now) or NAPs +(later). However, some regional networks (e.g., CONCERT, the +network serving the State of North Carolina) are prohibited by +their primary funding agencies (for CONCERT, the state +government) from carrying non-R&E traffic. Reaching non-R&E +customers in regions such as North Carolina where the regional +network prohibits non-R&E traffic is thus more expensive for the +private providers, since they must duplicate at their own expense +existing facilities of the regional network. + +The NREN Program policy position on this issue is that such +issues must be worked out between the affected private providers +and those regional networks that prohibit non-R&E traffic. +Federal agencies that provide partial funding for regional +networks (primarily the NSF, but also DARPA and indirectly DOE +and NASA through institution and Principle Investigator funding) +do not interfere in local decisions, and specifically do not +mandate that the regional network restrict traffic. + +A basic problem is that the determination as to whether network +traffic is "commercial" or not depends not on the network user, +nor the user's employer, nor on the user's employer's tax exempt +status, but rather on the particular and instantaneous use in +progress. "Labeling" traffic to allow the traffic to be routed +in accord with criteria of acceptable use is one feature of +so-called "Type of Service" (ToS) routing which is not available +in current off the shelf technology, although it is under +vigorous development within the vendor community. Labeling will +also make cost accounting easier. Several proposals offering +different ways to label traffic are currently being considered by +the Federal Engineering Planning Group (FEPG) and the Internet +Architecture Board (IAB - the relevant standards setting body), +but a solution may not be generally deployable in the network for +a year or more. + + 19 + +The FNC and its Advisory Committee have deliberated on the issue +of commercialization of the NREN and have agreed to a policy in +this area. The intent is to promote the creation of new, +commercially viable data communications products and services, to +promote the growth of private sector sources, and to encourage +the acquisition of services, as they become generally available, +>from private sector sources. + +3.3.1. Information products and services + +Among the network's constituents, there are a variety of views +about what information products and services should be accessible +over the Internet. Private providers, naturally, wish for no +restrictions on traffic. The NREN Program policy has been that +at least certain federally funded segments should be restricted: +the NSFNET Backbone should be limited to R&E traffic and the +mission agency networks should be limited to traffic in support +of their respective missions. It is important to understand that +these restrictions are neither on content nor on source, but +rather relate to the intent of the agency mission. Although such +restrictions may be difficult to enforce, it has the salutary +implication that from the point of view of those who desire +broader access to information products and services, that no +information provider (public or private, for free or for fee) +should be denied a connection to the net a priori unless it can +be demonstrated that the information and/or service to be +provided cannot possibly be used for mission support or in +support of R&E. There is the further implication that, in +accessing such providers, the onus is on the end user to use the +information/service only for appropriate purposes. + +There is a potential conflict between "carrier" constituents +(e.g., FARNET, CIX) who wish neither responsibility nor liability +for the content of the information on the network and wish to be +treated in this regard as common carriers, and the "provider" +constituents, such as the library and database communities, who +are concerned about preventing copyright violation and the +protection of intellectual property generally. These issues and +views are not unique to the NREN Program. The agencies plan to +participate in and support workshops in this area during FY 1992 +and 1993. Technical work will continue as well, primarily as +part of work to ensure the security of Network information. + + 20 + +4. Protection + +4.1. Principles + +Most of the protection issues concerning the NREN are not new. +They exist for communications systems that are accessible to the +public in general. It is important that protection policies and +mechanisms developed for the NREN be consistent with those that +already exist. Wherever possible, it is useful to seek models +that apply to the NREN, or can be generalized to apply to the +NREN. For example, the "common carriage" model fits the role of +NREN network providers in many ways. The time tested rules and +responsibilities applied to common carriers may well be +appropriate to network providers. + +With the exception of performance capabilities, high speed +digital networks are not inherently different from digital +telephone networks, or any other point-to-point switched +communications system. It may be a sound principle to adhere to +the rules applicable to such systems, unless it can be +demonstrated that the change in speed renders a particular rule +ineffective or inappropriate. + +4.2. Protection of Copyrights + +The technical mechanism appropriate to protect copyright of +material distributed over the Network is as yet unclear. +Electronic information is much easier to copy and transmit than +that recorded on paper. Fewer identifying markings that show the +source of the information exist or are retained in electronic +copies. As cited in an Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) +report, "Finding a Balance: Computer Software, Intellectual +Property, and the Challenge of Technological Change," the rapid +pace of technological change in computer hardware and software +contributes to the complexity of this topic.[10] Further, another +OTA report, "Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of +Electronics and Information" states that this technological +paradigm is "outpacing the legal structure that governs the +system, and is creating pressures on Congress to modify the law +to accommodate these changes."[11] + +For example, the current legal precedent for access to and +protection of copyrights of material accessed via modems over +telephone lines does not assign legal responsibility to enforce +copyright to the common carriers whose lines are used. The fair +use of copyrighted materials, a feature of the Copyright Act and +essential to scientific research, is an example of a concern that +combines technical and legal issues. There must be a balance +between the rights of copyright proprietors and the rights of the +public. The courts or other legal proceedings will hopefully +recognize that "arguments that equate copyright with royalty + + 21 + +income run counter to this principle and might be inconsistent +with the intent of the framers of the Constitution."[12] Any +technical means to assure copyright protection on the NREN must +provide for fair use, as must any legal arrangement. + +The agencies plan to participate in and support workshops in this +area during FY 1993. Technical work will continue as well, +primarily as part of work to ensure the security of Network +information. Because consensus has not been reached in this +complex area, implementation of technical measures on the Network +has not yet been scheduled. + +4.3. Security and Privacy + +A report, "Mathematical Foundations of High Performance Computing +and Communications" to the National Research Council, clearly +recognizes that the security of any national network is of major +concern. Issues of valid user access to the Network and the +information resources, authentication, and integrity of network +connections among collaborating users all require a high level of +security.[13] + +Appropriate policies to ensure the security of resources and the +privacy of users are addressed via four policy areas. First, the +FNC has coordinated the development of a draft NREN security +policy. A second aspect of security is the responsible and +proper use of Network resources. Thus, the FNC also has been +developing, in consultation with the non-Federal communities, an +Appropriate Use Policy. In addition, P.L. 102-476 broadens the +NSF's organic act and authorizes the NSF to foster and support +access by the research and education communities to computer +networks, which may be used substantially for purposes in +addition to research and education in the sciences and +engineering, if the additional uses will tend to increase the +overall capabilities of the networks to support such research and +education activities. + +The Computer Security Act specifies a third policy requirement to +ensure security of resources and protection of privacy. That Act +requires each agency to create computer security plans for +Federal computer and telecommunications systems which process or +transmit sensitive, unclassified information. It also requires +security and awareness training of Federal employees and +contractors who use sensitive Federal computer and +telecommunications systems. These activities, while not presented +in this document, are separately reported by each agency through +its Information Resources Management activity. + +Finally, the privacy protection of users is provided for, to some +extent, by the Privacy Act. That Act governs access to +information about individuals maintained by Federal agencies that + + 22 + +is contained in "systems of records," as defined by the Act. In +addition, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act protects +Network communications from unlawful interception. Both these +Acts may need to be updated given the rapid advances in and +proliferation of networking technology. + +Information and system security and user privacy can be enhanced +by technical security measures. Tools are available today that +can protect information travelling across the Network. +Encryption may be one approach to securing information that is +transmitted via the NREN and other public networks. + +4.4. Security of the NREN + +The Federal Networking Council (FNC) is actively investigating +methods for enhancing the security of the NREN. The NSF, in +conjunction with NIST, has sponsored a security workshop on +methods for enhancing the network access and site security for +the NSF supercomputer centers. The results of this workshop are +expected to be applicable to all supercomputer centers and the +sites, scientists, and educators accessing them via the NREN. +These results and techniques are expected to provide a "proof of +concept" and act as a basis for enhancing security for the NREN +and the Internet at large. Other workshops on network security +were held during 1992 by the Department of Energy and by DARPA's +Software Engineering Institute in its role as coordinator for +Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) nationwide. NIST +coordinates and contributes to the development of security +technology, guidelines, and standards that are related to the +NREN component of the HPCC Program. NSA, in its capacity as an +advisor on national security systems, participates in identifying +potential security issues that may arise due to the development +of the NREN Program and conducts research and develops +information security products used to secure and protect national +security systems. + +The Federal Networking Council has chartered the Security Working +Group to develop a Security Policy for NREN sponsored networks. +Its charge is to develop a high level policy which; establishes +a common foundation for the development and use of security +services and mechanisms to be used in the NREN Program; defines +the responsibility for security among the users, managers, +administrators, vendors, service providers and overseers of the +NREN; and provides the basis for refining the high level policy +as experience is gained in NREN operation. Public input will be +sought prior to adoption by the FNC and final publication. As +recommended by the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), the +full suite of laws, policies, memorandum of agreements, and +current schema, etc., will be reviewed and evaluated for +potential applicability to implementing an effective NREN +security program.[14] + + 23 + +5. Constituencies and Concerns + +The ARPANET, the ancestor of the current Internet system and of +NREN, was a continental U.S. network operated on DARPA funding +for a small and relatively homogeneous group of academic and +industrial researchers in the area of information processing +technology. In little more than two decades, the network has +spread beyond the borders of the United States to 39 or more +countries worldwide with usage by - and financial support from - +national governments (including several U.S. Federal Agencies), +supranational entities such as the European Commission and the +United Nations, regional and local governments; small, medium, +large and multinational commercial and industrial businesses; +educational institutions at every level; and private citizens. + +Internet's suppliers of network access and carriage have +increased from DARPA's single contractor for the ARPANET, to a +variegated collection of private businesses, both for-profit and +not-for-profit, large (e.g., US Sprint) and small (e.g., +Performance Systems International), and even the post, telephone, +and telegraph agencies of some foreign governments. + +Although the amount of network traffic has grown phenomenally, +even more astonishing is the growth in type and variety of the +traffic. Segments of the Internet with substantial support from +the U.S. Federal Government are subject to restrictions, +typically to usage consistent with the mission of the funding +agency (e.g., "Research and Education", in the case of the NSF). +As noted in section 3.3, some state networks have similar +restrictions, but others recognize the network as a potentially +vital adjunct to commercial activity and industrial development, +and not only allow but encourage network use by business, +commerce, and industry. In Europe, restrictions on the use of +even government funded networks are the exception, rather than +the rule, and use by the commercial sector is substantial. + +With the growth in number and type of suppliers, number of users, +and variety of usage, it is not surprising that the unity of +intent and custom that characterized the early and homogeneous +ARPANET has to a degree dissipated, leading to the emergence of a +number of distinct constituencies. Below are discussed several +of the concerns they frequently express with the federally funded +part of the network - particularly the NSFNET Backbone. + +Section 5.4 will briefly describe how the newly adopted NSFNET +architecture provides a framework for dealing with the concerns +of these various constituencies in a constructive and equitable +manner. + +These concerns cut across the three issue categories introduced +in Section 1 of this report -- Funding, Transition, and + + 24 + +Protection -- and the six HPC Act topics. As such they give a +flavor of the complexity of the issues that the evolution of the +Network raises. + +5.1. Broadening the Availability of Network Information Sources + +The library community is concerned that the libraries function as +channels for users to access information service vendors and +individual agencies providing information from diverse sources at +predictable, economical, and equitable costs.[15] Nearly all +research libraries and some college, public, school, special, and +state libraries are already connected, but no NREN funding has +been targeted specifically for library connectivity. However, +the Department of Education has targeted the nation's public +libraries as access points to its network, SMARTLINE. This is an +example of opportunities that exist to enhance library +connectivity through research and education objectives. + +The number and diversity of network accessible information +resources continues to grow rapidly. Many are available without +charge but most undoubtedly will not be. An intermediate +position is that the offerors of for-fee resources make indices +and possibly summaries accessible without fee; this would allow +such automatic search programs as WAIS and others to find the +resources, which should result in increased volume and lowered +cost for all. Other concerns expressed by the information +services industry and specifically by the Information Industry +Association (IIA) include: a) stable pricing mechanisms to access +the network; b) network reliability; c) comprehensive user +directory services; and d) clear mechanisms for settling policy +disagreements.[16] + +5.2. Computer Industry Concerns + +The Computer Systems Policy Project (CSPP) and other industry +groups cite the need to address interoperability, privacy and +security, standards, the need for an industry voice in policy +setting, and the desirability of wide access. Privacy and +security are being vigorously developed in both the private and +public sectors. Examples include: federally sponsored workshops; +a workshop at Carnegie Mellon University entitled, ~The Fourth +Workshop on Computer Security Incident Handling~; and an industry +led initiative on privacy enhanced electronic mail sanctioned by +the Internet Architecture Board. Internet standards are adopted +by a formal procedure after community comment and demonstrated +interworking among independent implementations. The standards +setting process is the most open in the telecommunications +industry. The resulting standards are open and nonproprietary, +and they are in widespread use, insuring interoperability the +world over. The NREN will acquire, as appropriate and when +viable, the ISO protocol standards as identified by the GOSIP + + 25 + +Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), and provisions +for interworking the GOSIP and TCP/IP protocol suites are being +made. + +The Federal Networking Council Advisory Committee (FNCAC), +provides a channel for industry inputs into NREN policy. +Representatives of the telecommunications and computer industries +are members of the FNCAC. All meetings of the FNCAC have been +open to the public, and special interest groups (including +industry representatives) have participated. + +5.3. Expanding the Vision for Education + +EDUCOM members and others wish assurances that the higher +education community have a voice in policy, advocating that the +network support services for higher education and research. They +are concerned about the lack of apparent incentives for the +participating Federal Agencies to invest in common network +infrastructure rather than mission specific facilities. They +feel there is also a need to examine a vision of the NREN beyond +HPCC. Just as in the case of the CSPP, the formal channel for +EDUCOM's influence on policy is the FNCAC. Currently, higher +education is represented on the FNCAC both institutionally by +EDUCOM staff and other members. The NSF supported a September +1992 workshop in Monterey on NREN Policy sponsored by the +Computer Research Association, EDUCOM, and the IEEE to help +develop a consensus on major NREN policy issues. + +In addition, the FNC has created an Ad Hoc Task Group (see +Appendix A.3 (5)) to develop a report on the issues and to +prepare a plan to support educational requirements within the +constraints of the HPCC budgets and capabilities. + +5.4. Plans and Mechanisms to Address Significant Issues + +This section summarizes plans and mechanisms for addressing +several significant issues related to the NREN Program. These +policy issues cut across many constituencies and are discussed +here as separate topics. Many of these topics have no final +solution yet, but progress is being made on all of them. The FNC +invites public comment on many of these through its FNCAC as well +as through public forums such as the NREN Policy workshop in +Monterey sponsored by EDUCOM, Computing Research Association +(CRA), and the IEEE-USA Committee on Communications and +Information Policy. In many instances, the Federal networking +coordination has proven to be an effective means to advance +experimental services while progressing towards a fairer +resolution of various policy issues. This section illustrates +the policy issues and details the progress being made. In +addition, public meetings and workshops will continue to be held +to clarify these issues and to build consensus for approach or +coordination. + + 26 + +5.4.1. Ownership + +All networks in the NREN Program are value-added overlays on the +nation's privately owned telephone network's fabric of switches, +fibre optic and copper lines, and microwave links. Mission +agency participants in NREN such as DOE and NASA own a small +amount of networking hardware, such as routers and network +monitoring workstations. The NSF does not own any network +hardware or systems as it obtains network services through +assistance grants. The grant holder or their subcontractors, if +any, hold title to any equipment. DoD operates TWBnet and +DARTnet through subcontractors. that are part of the NREN +Program. These ownership and operational relationships allow the +mission agencies to maintain access to advanced network services +in order to satisfy critical mission requirements. The FNC is +developing a policy statement regarding "Transition to Commercial +Services" which deals with the ongoing evolution of the +networking infrastructure and ownership. + +5.4.2. Operation + +There is important ongoing cooperation between several agency +members of the Federal Internet community in the FNC Engineering +and Operations Working Group. The ESNET (DOE) and NSI (NASA) +networks are operated by government and contractor staffs at DOE +and NASA facilities, respectively, with policy and programmatic +oversight provided by agency headquarters in Washington, D.C. +The NSF, in Washington, provides overall policy and guidance for +the NSFNET (Backbone + regionals) project, but does not operate +any networks. The regional networks are operated by independent +business entities, some of which receive assistance grants for +their purposes from the Foundation. The NSFNET Backbone network +is provisioned by Merit, Inc., through a Cooperative Agreement +with the NSF. Merit subcontracts operations to Advanced Network +and Services, Inc. (ANS) a nonprofit corporation. The five year +Cooperative Agreement was awarded in November, 1987 after +competitive solicitation and panel review. Under this Agreement, +Merit deployed 1.5 megabit per second (T1) services and is in the +process of deploying 45 megabit per second (T3) services which +will be accessible to all NSFNET Backbone clients by the end of +1993. The T3 development entails design, implementation and +experimentation with hardware and software for storing, routing +and dispatching traffic. In 1991, the National Science Board +authorized the Foundation to seek an extension of the Cooperative +Agreement for a period not to exceed eighteen months, in order to +allow time for another competitive solicitation for a follow-on +Agreement, and for "overlap" time to allow an orderly transition +if needed. This subsequent NSF solicitation involves a process +that includes a period of months for public comment on a draft +solicitation; approval of a final solicitation by the National +Science Board of NSF; issuance of the solicitation in early 1993; + + 27 + +competitive peer review of an award by the Summer of 1993; and +start of operations of a new Backbone by Spring 1994. + +5.4.3. Acceptable use + +An NREN services Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) policy is now in +draft for comment from Federal and external parties. It is +anticipated that an NREN AUP will be finalized within a year. +Each Federal agency will also implement an AUP policy on their +own networks that is in line with their mission and objectives. +There is also P.L. 102-476 that broadens the NSF's organic act +and authorizes the NSF to foster and support access by the +research and education communities to computer networks which may +be used substantially for purposes in addition to research and +education in the sciences and engineering, if the additional uses +will tend to increase the overall capabilities of the networks to +support such research and education activities. + +Apart from such a legal broadening of the NSF charter, the NSF +solicitation for the next phase in network technology development +and deployment ("Request for Public Comment: Solicitation +Concept", NSF, June, 1992) calls for an industrial partner to +provide Network Access Points (NAPs) which will be AUP-free. The +existing backbones, ESNet, NSI and NSFNET, will have no +privileged access to the NAPs, but they are expected to continue +interconnecting via the FIXes. Each interested vendor (network +service provider or regional network) may connect to one or more +NAPs (for a fee) and provide whatever network services are deemed +profitable and useful. However, as before, commercial traffic on +the new incarnation of the NSFNET backbone will be limited to +services that enhance R&E. + +5.4.4. Fair competition for network services + +The Backbone Network System of the Interagency Interim NREN is +emerging as a set of technology driving and precompetitive +service offerings including the advanced ATM services being +acquired by DOE for use of ESnet and the NSI, and the OC-3 +service that is the subject of the NSF solicitation. Although +mission agencies may for a time continue directly to operate +critical portions of the Interagency Interim NREN, direct Federal +funding of commodity services is minimized. As such the +marketplace for competitive offerings by the private sector will +not be distorted by Federal involvement. In particular, future +NSF funding of mid-level networks will not in general be for the +purpose of subsidizing the provision of commodity services in +competition with private businesses.Such funding will be for +enhanced services such as white and yellow pages directories, and +outreach to K-12 schools and other nontraditional communities +(e.g., Public Health Service clinics on reservations). In the +solicitation for NSFNET Backbone Services, the proposed + + 28 + +restriction that the Routing Arbiter and NAP Operator may not +also be a network service provider ensures that the NAPs provide +a "level playing field" for the private sector. + +Moreover, in the new competitive solicitation for the NSFNET +Backbone, the NSF will centrally fund only a precompetitive 155 +(or greater) Mb/s national Backbone. The Backbone will be +accessible through several "Network Access Points" (NAPs) which +will be implemented as Acceptable Use policy-free facilities to +which regional networks and private network providers may, for a +fee, attach and exchange both routing information and packet +traffic. Regional networks will be given grants to attach by +acquiring NAP-connectivity competitively from private network +providers, or by leasing circuits and equipment (and paying the +NAP attachment fee) to manage NAP connectivity themselves. + +The NAP-based architecture guarantees equal access to all +"retail" providers of network service (i.e., private providers +and regional networks) to each provider's customers in full +competition for unrestricted traffic exchanges. Equal access to +the high speed NSFNET Backbone for R&E traffic is available to +all networks attached to the NAPs. The NAPs provide a consistent +and symmetric view of the networking world to both the high speed +backbone and to a private provider who attaches to all the NAPs. + +5.4.5. Interoperability + +The FNC Engineering and Operations Working Group has proven to be +an effective mechanism to insure interoperability. The agencies +have worked together following DARPA~s introduction of important +standards for network protocols and routing procedures. The NSF +and other Federal Agencies have followed this lead and have +aggressively promoted the use of these methods as de facto +standards. The de facto standards originally developed by DARPA +(embodied in documents known as "Requests for Comment", or +"RFCs") are openly accessible at no charge electronically over +the Internet or on paper for the cost of reproduction and +postage. This policy of ready availability has encouraged small +and medium sized businesses in the U.S. and abroad to enter the +networking business. The effort has been largely successful in +this respect and has had a major impact not only domestically, +but also internationally. + +In those cases where different protocols are used by networks +that must meet and exchange traffic, "application layer gateways" +are used to perform the necessary conversions. The benefits and +limitations of this technology are well understood and the +necessary hardware and software are available from commercial +vendors. For example, gateways between the two open standards +based electronic mail systems (CCITT's X.400 and the Internet +standard RFC822) are maintained at the Universities of Michigan + + 29 + +and Wisconsin, and in several countries in Europe, and the high +energy physics laboratory CERN in Geneva maintains gateways +between the file transfer protocols of the Internet (ftp), the +International Standards Organization (ftam), and the German +national research network (dfn file transfer). + +The Interagency Interim NREN must provide seamless +interoperability to a diverse research and education community +while evolving continuously to achieve its infrastructure +enhancement and technology development goals. In planning NREN's +evolution, the FNC Engineering and Operations Working Group +(EOWG) will need to strike a balance between common carrier +developed telecommunications technologies documented in voluntary +industry standards and more experimental computer network +technologies that may be documented in de facto NREN standards. +Use of voluntary standards is mandated in the FNC's NREN +Transition Policy and in OMB Circular No. A-119, and is a +powerful means of accelerating the deployment of advanced +technologies, such as SONET and ATM, in public networks. +Selective implementation of more experimental technologies is +required to achieve NREN research objectives, and the +documentation of such technologies in de facto standards can +expedite their commercialization and acceptance in public +standards forums. + +Aggressive liaison between the EOWG and voluntary +telecommunications standards forums will be required to balance +common carrier and computer network perspectives in shaping the +NREN and its public network counterparts. Liaison with Committee +T1 and CCITT is particularly important because of the strong role +these organizations play in public telecommunications planning. +The EOWG should integrate public network technologies specified +in emerging T1 standards and CCITT Recommendations in NREN when +such initiatives will accelerate their deployment in public +networks or substantially enhance the services provided to NREN +users. The EOWG should provide NREN research results to +voluntary standards organizations whenever such contributions +will substantially benefit public network providers and their +users. + +5.4.6. Availability + +Network access at 1.5 Mb/s per second or greater is currently +available to all National Laboratories, major DOE academic +contractors, NASA centers and contractors/grantees, and (through +the NSFNET infrastructure) to nearly all universities in the top +four categories of the Carnegie classification. Availability is +being extended both in depth as well as breadth. Service over +the NSFNET Backbone and that specified in the recent DOE award is +increasing to 45 Mb/s per second with planned upgrades to higher +speeds only if funding permits. The NSF Connections Program, and + + 30 + +similar programs sponsored by other Federal Agencies, are +extending basic network service to an additional hundred or more +institutions each year. Institutions being connected in the +latter category include medical school campuses (under NIH +sponsorship), and agricultural extension services. + +5.4.7. Copyright protection + +The problems in protecting and granting fair usage of information +in electronic form are not unique to the NREN. These problems +exist in all forms of electronic exchange of information. The +rights of the creators of information, and the rights of the +library and users of this information need to be balanced. The +FNC will be looking to the legal community to aid in developing +appropriate guidelines. + +The fair use of copyrighted materials, a feature of the Copyright +Act essential to scientific research, is an example of a concern +that combines technical and legal issues. Any technical means to +ensure copyright protection must provide for fair use, as must +any legal arrangement. + +The agencies plan to participate in and support workshops in this +area during FY 1993. Technical work will continue as well, +primarily as part of work to ensure the security of Network +information. Because consensus has not been reached in this +complex area, implementation of technical measures on the Network +has not yet been scheduled. + +5.4.8. User base + +The user base, although intended to be limited to the R&E +communities, is extensive and rapidly growing. U.S. efforts also +play an important role in developing network technology world +wide. The Internet can reach a user community estimated to be +between 5 and 10 million, using more than 1 million computers on +7,500 interconnected networks worldwide. The U.S. user community +is easily 1 to 2 million, and has 80% of the host computers. It +should be noted that the R&E communities include commercial and +industrial users and information suppliers, not just users from +the academic and government sectors. Moreover, the Internet's +commercial sector, which includes many U.S. corporations, both +large and small, represents the most rapidly growing segment of +the Internet. + +Traffic on the NSFNET Backbone network, in addition to DOE's +ESnet and NASA's NSI network, which together form the principal +large-scale structure of the domestic Internet, is growing at an +exponential rate of 10% per month. The number of accessible +networks is also growing, though not quite as rapidly. Thus, +both the number of users per network and the traffic per user are +growing dramatically. + + 31 + +Appendix A. Management/ Coordination of the HPCC Program + +This section summarizes the HPCC management and coordination +processes that help implement the NREN activities. Section A.4 +and A.5 were developed by the participating agencies and +represent their agreed upon roles and responsibilities in +implementing the NREN Program. + +The principal management mechanism of the overall HPCC Program is +coordination. The NREN Program is implemented in the model of +the HPCC Program as a partnership among Federal Agencies and +other organizations. Major portions of the HPCC Program are +cost-shared and leveraged by the participation of industry and +universities. Leadership for the HPCC Program is provided by the +Office of Science and Technology Policy, through the Federal +Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and Technology +(FCCSET) Committee on Physical, Mathematical, and Engineering +Sciences (PMES). The membership of PMES includes senior +executives of many Federal Agencies. Planning for the HPCC +Program is coordinated by the PMES High Performance Computing, +Communications, and Information Technology (HPCCIT) Subcommittee. + +This process provides for agency participation through agency +proposal development and review, budget crosscut development and +review, and interagency program coordination. Agency programs +are reviewed against a set of evaluation criteria for merit, +contribution, readiness, linkages to industry, and other factors. + +The schedules, roles, and responsibilities of the agencies +participating in the U.S. HPCC Program for the planning and +budget process for each fiscal year are outlined in Section A.4. +In accordance with the Federal Budget Process for the HPCC +Program and other crosscut budget activities, member agencies of +PMES must submit to OMB their HPCC budget requests and +supporting documentation, as reviewed by senior agency officials +and the PMES committee. These requests must be described and +justified relative to the goals, objectives, and research +priorities of the HPCC Program. The PMES then develops and +submits to the OMB and PMES member agencies a combined, +integrated, multi-agency budget recommendation that reflects the +goals, objectives, and integrating priorities of the HPCC. PMES +members then submit to OMB their resulting HPCC Program requests +as part of their total fiscal year budget submission. + +Under the HPCCIT there are currently four special groups which +coordinate activities in specific areas including; Applications, +Networking, Research, and Education. From time to time, +individual agencies are assigned responsibility to lead the +coordination of the HPCCIT and these groups. + + 32 + +The coordinating methods that evolved among the agencies +participating in the HPCC Program produced a consistent and +effective set of managerial mechanisms. In addition, HPCCIT +explored and considered several options for strengthening the +interagency coordination while retaining the strengths of the +current management structure, namely: + +~ effective multi-agency budget advocacy; +~ tight coupling with agency programs and missions; and +~ diverse applications, requirements, and technical approaches + to ensure accomplishment of HPCC objectives and technology + transfer. + +In response to these needs, HPCCIT has established a permanent +National Coordination Office for the HPCC Program that will +combine the functions of the current HPCCIT Chairman with the +necessary supporting functions of a permanent staff office. + +A.1. Management/Coordination of the NREN Program + +During 1990, in order to provide for broader and more inclusive +coordination of research and education communities, the NSF, as +part of its HPCCIT network task group activities, created the +Federal Networking Council (FNC) and initiated the creation of an +FNC Advisory Committee (FNCAC) consisting of non-Federal +scientists and network users to serve as an NSF advisory +committee. The FNC is based on the successful model of the +Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee (FRICC) - an +informal body established by core Federal Agencies in 1987 to +coordinate their networking activities and expenditures. The FNC +consists of representatives from Federal Agencies that have +requirements for operating and using networking facilities, +mainly in support of research and education, and for advancing +the evolution of the Federal portion of the Internet. + +First level management of the NREN Program is accomplished +through normal agency structures. Multi-agency NREN coordination +is achieved through the PMES and its HPCCIT subcommittee. The +HPCCIT Networking group, currently led by the NSF, coordinates +network integration activities and works closely with the FNC, +wHPCC participants and other Interagency Interim NREN governmental +constituents, in addition to providing a liaison to non-Federal +communities interested in the Federal program. The FNC and its +Executive Committee set policy and address operational and +management issues through its working groups and ad hoc task +forces. Currently, the chair of the HPCCIT Networking group also +serves as the chair of the FNC, thereby providing the liaison and +coordination necessary between the HPCCIT and the FNC. + +Each of the participating agencies has enhanced their HPCC and +NREN management functions. DOE's NREN management is located + + 33 + +within the Energy Research (ER) Program's Scientific Computing +Staff, to which the ESnet network manager reports directly on +issues relating to the ESnet and its role in the NREN Program. +NASA's NREN Program management structure is derived from a matrix +organization, in which the Network manager for both NASA's +Scientific and HPCC networks, reports directly to both NASA's +HPCC (Code R) and Science Board (Code S) programs. The NSF has +instituted an HPCC coordinating committee with budget, planning, +and oversight responsibilities. The NSF's NREN Program works +with the NSF HPCC coordinating committee and the NSFNET Executive +Committee on NSFNET and NREN issues. The NSF has created a NREN +Program Director position to handle NREN and interagency issues. +DARPA has created a High Performance Computing Joint Program +Office to coordinate advanced technology development within the +DoD and cooperatively with other agencies. Efforts are clustered +together for more effective administration. For example, the +DARPA/NSF testbeds are jointly overseen by DARPA and NSF, with a +coordinating committee to insure inter-testbed exchanges, annual +jamborees, and the like. As gigabit technology becomes more +widely available and used by multiple agencies, Federal efforts +will be coordinated by working groups under the Research Working +Group of the FNC. + +A.2. Federal Networking Council + +The Federal Networking Council (FNC) consists of representatives +>from Federal Agencies that have requirements for operating and +using networking facilities, mainly in support of research and +education, and for advancing the evolution of the federally +funded portion of the Internet. The FNC works closely with the +appropriate FCCSET committees to provide a broader forum for +discussion and resolution of networking plans, operations, and +issues. + +Specifically, the FNC is responsible for establishing policies +and guidelines to promote coordination among its various +committees and agency program managers. The FNC also guides the +evolution of NREN services to promote U.S. competitiveness as +well as to broaden the community, including commercial +availability. + +The FNC chairperson is appointed by the HPCCIT networking task +group chairperson. The duration of the term is normally 18 +months. The FNC will operate through an Executive Committee that +will be responsible for decision making and implementation +(generally on a consensus basis), through working groups that +will address ongoing areas of interest or activity, and ad hoc +task groups established to work on specific tasks with set +deadlines. + + 34 + +(1) FNC Management and Committee Structure + +The FNC structure is explained below. + +(2) Federal Networking Council Advisory Committee (FNCAC) + +The Federal Networking Council Advisory Committee shall provide +the FNC with technical, tactical, and strategic advice from the +constituencies involved in the NREN Program. Constituencies +include the following: the research and scholarly communities +who are the end users of the networks; organizations that need +connectivity to the NREN; transmission and other facilities +providers; industrial organizations that develop and provide +relevant technology and services; and experts in networking and +computer science who provide technical guidance. + +The FNCAC is advisory in nature and shall work on areas of policy +and technical direction and user/program needs and requirements, +excluding budgets and funding. Membership is limited and +meetings of the FNCAC occur at least two times per year. The +FNCAC must draft a charter to be approved by the FNC. FNCAC +members are appointed by the FNC chairperson in response to +recommendations by the FNC. The FNCAC can, with FNC approval, +create subcommittees with open membership to provide assistance +to the FNC on appropriate issues. + +(3) FNC Executive Committee + +The FNC's Executive Committee comprises representatives of the +participating HPCC agencies with major network initiatives and +others as designated by the FNC chairperson. The Executive +Committee provides support to the FNC chairperson and serves as +primary decision making and implementing body of the FNC to +coordinate with the FCCSET HPCCIT Subcommittee on HPCC crosscut +budgets, plans, and activities. It will also perform annual +reviews of FNC working groups and task groups with regard to +membership, purpose, and continuing need in order to make changes +as appropriate. + +The FNC Executive Committee may charge any of the working groups +to perform specific tasks or studies, or create a focused ad hoc +task group with a specific deadline and lifetime to do so, as +deemed necessary to accomplish FNC goals. The FNC Executive +Committee may also request working groups or task groups to +produce or to present reports on specific topics to the FNC +Executive Committee or to the FNC within two weeks of such +requests. + + 35 + +A.3. FNC Working and Ad Hoc Task Groups + +Working and ad hoc task groups of the FNC address issues that +require interagency coordination or have policy implications. +The working groups are: (1) Engineering and Operations; (2) +Security; (3) Research; and (4) Policy. One ad hoc task group +currently exists for Education. These groups meet as appropriate +to carry out their responsibilities and report regularly to the +FNC. Group membership may include non-Federal employees as +appropriate to provide technical expertise or other required +consultation or coordination. By January 1 of each year, each +working or task group will submit to the FNC a summary document +outlining the accomplishments during the previous year and the +goals for the coming year for activities within their purview. + +(1) Engineering and Operations Working Group (EOWG) + +The Engineering and Operations Working Group is responsible for +integrating new network technologies into the Interagency Interim +NREN and providing support to the Federal HPCC Program. The EOWG +oversees the ongoing operation of the Federal research and +education portion of the Internet and has overall responsibility +for coordinating the requirements, engineering, and operational +activities, for both domestic and international research and +education requirements, for implementing the Interagency Interim +NREN. + +(2) Security Working Group (SWG) + +The Security Working Group is responsible for addressing network +security technology, management, and administration issues +related to maintaining and improving the availability, integrity, +and confidentiality of Interagency Interim NREN resources. The +SWG will develop, coordinate, and propose to the FNC a security +policy for use of the Interagency Interim NREN. It will also +review security requirements of the evolving NREN and propose +technical developments, operational guidelines, and +administrative procedures needed to meet them. It will prepare +input to the FNC, as needed, on security related matters. The +SWG will work closely with other organizations developing or +defining security policies, standards, services, and mechanisms +in fulfilling these duties. + +(3) Research Working Group (RWG) + +The Research Working Group is responsible for coordinating +research and development activities in network technologies. The +Research Working Group will coordinate federally sponsored +research required for the development of the NREN. The RWG +defines and prioritizes gigabit research areas, develops research +plans, and coordinates these plans with the FCCSET task group on +High Performance Communications. + + 36 + +(4) Policy Working Group (PWG) + +The Policy Working Group is responsible, in conjunction with the +other FNC working groups and the FNC at large, for identifying, +documenting, and reviewing policy issues affecting the +development of the NREN. The PWG develops plans and proposals +for managing the NREN and for the operation of the FNC, and +identifies policy issues associated with the operation and +evolution of the NREN and develops policies and plans to address +these issues. The PWG responds similarly to issues referred to +it by other FNC Working Groups. The PWG is then responsible for +presenting its results as recommendations to the FNC. + +(5) Education Ad Hoc Task Group + +The FNC ad hoc Education Task Group will prepare a report on +issues, requirements, and recommended FNC activities with regard +to educational networking support needs and benefits. + + +A.4. Agency NREN Program Management Responsibilities + +The agencies participating in the FNC have established a Charter +and worked to define their respective roles. The FNC has approved +the following set of agency responsibilities: + +(1) Agencies participating in the FNC who have requirements for + the use or development of NREN facilities (i.e., federally + funded equipment, software, services, etc., which are part + of the Interagency Interim NREN or NREN funded testbeds) or + who have approved budgets for the HPCC, should, as + appropriate, in coordination with the HPCCIT Subcommittee: + + ~ provide representation to and actively participate in + the FNC; + + ~ use the NREN Program facilities; + + ~ coordinate their NREN Program development as part of + the interagency NREN Program; + + + ~ coordinate their research and education data network + installations, upgrades, modifications, and activities, + both national and international, through the FNC and as + part of the coordinated interagency NREN Program; + + ~ coordinate the development of plans and budgets for + NREN activities through the FCCSET crosscut budget + process for each fiscal year budget submission; + + 37 + + ~ coordinate their network research activities through + the FNC and as part of the interagency NREN Program; + + ~ submit an implementation plan for NREN activities for + FNC interagency coordination prior to the start of each + fiscal year; and + + ~ participate in the development of annual NREN + implementation and gigabit research plans. + + (See Section A.5 for an explanation of the process for + coordination of requirements and implementation.) + +(2) The Department of Defense through: + +(2.1) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) shall + + ~ be the lead agency for gigabit technology development + and coordination for research on gigabit networks; + + ~ carry out a gigabit technology research program; + + ~ provide for basic and applied research in gigabit and + other advanced communications technologies; and + + ~ for NREN budgets and activities, develop a gigabit + network research plan as part of the interagency NREN + Program for coordination by the FCCSET/PMES and the + FNC. The plan shall include all proposed gigabit + research activities of participating agencies and is + submitted to the FNC for review and approval. + +(2.2) National Security Agency (NSA) shall + + ~ in its capacity as an advisor on national security + systems, participate in identifying potential security + issues that may arise due to the development of the + NREN Program and assist the FNC in identifying the + appropriate bodies to resolve such issue; and + + ~ conduct research and develop information security + products used to secure and protect national security + systems. + +(2.3) Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) shall + + ~ be the lead agency in planning and providing the + Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and + Intelligence (C4I) mission requirements for the DoD + Military Departments and Agencies in the NREN Program; + + 38 + + ~ conduct research for the development of applications of + high speed networking for the DoD C4I community; + + ~ support and contribute to the development of open + architecture and standards that affect the DoD C4I + networks as impacted by the NREN; and + + ~ upgrade and enhance The Wide Band network (TWBnet) and + the Defense Information System Network (DISN) testbeds + networking infrastructure for the DoD C4I related + mission activities. + +(3) National Science Foundation (NSF) shall + + ~ coordinate the Interagency Interim NREN activities, + including coordinating the development, deployment, and + operations of the Interagency Interim NREN facilities + and services; + + ~ upgrade the NSF funded network as part of the + coordinated Interagency Interim NREN Program; + + ~ assist regional networks to upgrade their capabilities + as appropriate and as part of the coordinated + Interagency Interim NREN Program; + + ~ serve as the primary source for information or access + to and use of the Interagency Interim NREN; + + ~ assist colleges, universities, and libraries, where + appropriate, to connect to the Interagency Interim + NREN; + + ~ provide for basic research and development in gigabit + and other network technologies; and + + ~ develop an Interagency Interim NREN implementation + plan, for review and approval of the FNC, as part of + the interagency NREN Program, for coordination of the + broad deployment of the Interagency Interim NREN + working with universities, industry, and agencies + having mission specific requirements. The plan shall + be the basis for coordination of all participating + agency NREN activities subsequent to FNC approval. + +(4) Department of Energy (DOE) shall + + ~ provide for applications based gigabit research; + + ~ provide for energy related mission Interagency Interim + NREN facilities deployment; + + 39 + + ~ upgrade and enhance the DOE Energy Sciences Network as + part of the coordinated Interagency Interim NREN + Program to provide quality networking infrastructure + support for energy related mission activities; and + + ~ participate in basic and applied research and + development of gigabit technology. + +(5) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shall + + ~ provide for applications based gigabit research; + + ~ provide for Interagency Interim NREN facilities + deployment for aeronautics and earth and space science + missions; + + ~ participate in Interagency Interim NREN architecture + development; + + ~ participate in the research and development of gigabit + technology; and + + ~ upgrade the NASA Science Internet and AEROnet as part + of the coordinated Interagency Interim NREN Program. + +(6) The Department of Commerce through + +(6.1) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) + shall + + ~ coordinate, research, and develop instrumentation and + methodology for performance measurement of high + performance networks and computer systems; + + ~ conduct research and development on new high + performance communications protocols; + + ~ promote "Open Systems" standards to aid industry to + commercialize the products of research and development, + with the aid of other agencies; + + ~ support, coordinate, and promote the development of + standards within the Federal Government to provide + interoperability, common user interfaces to systems, + and enhanced security for the Interagency Interim NREN; + and + + ~ coordinate and contribute to the development of + security technology, guidelines and standards for + unclassified systems. + + 40 + +(6.2) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) + shall + + ~ provide access to oceanic and atmospheric research and + education facilities to meet mission needs in keeping + with the coordinated Interagency Interim NREN Program. + +(6.3) National Telecommunications and Information Administration + (NTIA) shall + + ~ in its capacity as Executive Branch adviser on + telecommunications policy issues, participate in + identifying potential legal and regulatory policy + issues affecting the national telecommunications + infrastructure that may arise due to the development of + the NREN Program and assist the FNC in identifying the + appropriate bodies to resolve such issues; + + ~ contribute to the planning and conduct of research and + development of quality of service measurements on the + NREN in support of network optimization and management + for the public switched network; and + + ~ support, promote, and contribute to the development of + commercial communications standards that affect the + public switched network, as impacted by NREN related + research and development, and with the aid of other + agencies. + +(7) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shall + + ~ provide for states environmental mission assimilation + into the Interagency Interim NREN; + + ~ develop a facility and campus-wide environmental + modeling research capability and network based on + Interagency Interim NREN-compatible technologies, + including ethernet, FDDI, and ATM/SONET, and to include + in these activities cooperative efforts with local + "telephone company" communications service providers + for planning and installing local and metro-area high + speed interconnects compatible with the NREN; and + + ~ begin planning with state environmental agency research + and education groups for assimilation into the + Interagency Interim NREN. Initial contacts and + specific plans will be developed for at least five + states. Relationships will be established to begin the + process of technology transfer from the EPA research + network to the states' environmental research and + education environments. + + 41 + +(8) Health and Human Services (HHS) through the National + Institutes of Health (NIH) shall + + ~ provide for medical mission NREN facilities deployment + as part of the coordinated Interagency Interim NREN + Program; and + + ~ provide for applications based gigabit research. + +(9) Department of Education shall + + ~ support, coordinate, and promote where appropriate, the + use of the Interagency Interim NREN in the K-12 + community; and + + ~ conduct research on the applications of networking with + an emphasis on the coordination of activities with + libraries, school facilities, educational research + groups and the general education community with respect + to the advancement and dissemination of educational + information to improve teaching and learning. + +(10) Department of Agriculture, through its Science and Education + Agencies (the Agricultural Research Service, Cooperative + Extension Service, National Agricultural Library, and + Cooperative State Research Service), shall + + ~ provide for agricultural research and education mission + assimilation into the Interagency Interim NREN + involving the agencies named in this section and the + land grant university community including local + Extension and research offices. + +(11) Department of Interior, through its U.S. Geological Survey, + shall + + ~ participate in the gigabit technology research program + through the EROS (Earth Resources Observatory System) + Data Center; and + + ~ provide for earth science mission assimilation into the + Interagency Interim NREN Program. + +A.5. Interagency Interim NREN Requirements and Implementation: +Coordination Process + +The coordination of the multi-agency HPCC networking requirements +and of their implementation is a critical activity for the +Interagency Interim NREN Program. This is so because the +Interagency Interim NREN is an evolving, operating system of +networks that is broad both in technological scope and in + + 42 + +communities served, yet also serves as a proving ground for +innovative networking technologies whose introduction pose +certain elements of risk. This risk, however, is offset by the +demanding network requirements of leading edge grand challenge +research endeavors. + +Coordination involves three formal activities which must be +synchronized with normal agency budget processes: requirements +definition, requirements analysis, and implementation and +execution. Coordination is also a continuing process for the +Executive Committee and the EOWG, since the treatment of de novo +and ad hoc situations should not be deferred. + +(1) Requirements Definition + +The initial definition of networking requirements for the +federally funded portion of the Interagency Interim NREN will be +done separately by the participating FNC agencies, and should be +submitted to the Executive Committee by the fourth quarter of the +fiscal year. This requirements definition will include planned +activities for the next fiscal year as well as identified +requirements for the following budget year. Requirements will be +identified as to type (e.g., information services, connectivity +to locations and institutions, network capabilities, etc.), and +will be described in enough detail to support a technical and +administrative interagency coordination. + +(2) Requirements Analysis + +The EOWG, under the auspices of the FNC, will perform a technical +analysis of the agency requirements documents and present a +written summary of technically feasible solutions, including cost +estimates, to the Executive Committee who will present it to the +FNC. This process will be completed prior to the submission of +the President's budget for the following budget year, and will +allow the FNC to ensure that Federal Interagency Interim NREN +requirements are coordinated and well planned. + +(3) Implementation and Execution + +Based upon the requirements analysis, cost estimates, and balance +of infrastructural and mission specific impact, the Executive +Committee will prepare a plan of action for the next fiscal year +and an implementation plan, as part of the Federal Budget Process +for the HPCC Program, for the following budget year. The final +plan will be reviewed by the FNC and submitted as an +informational item by the FNC Chairperson to the FCCSET HPCCIT +Subcommittee. + + 43 + +A.6. Public Interaction and Advisory Bodies + +All HPCC agencies receive advisory input from their sister +agencies via the FNC in addition to the FNC Advisory Council +(FNCAC), which is a formally chartered Federal advisory committee +comprised of computer vendors, telecommunications providers, +representatives of the library community, and researchers and +senior managers from universities, supercomputer centers, and +national laboratories. In addition, each agency maintains +various mechanisms for incorporating advice and information from +interested parties. Involvement by the communication and +computer industries is always a goal. Every gigabit testbed +involves at least one common carrier, a computer manufacturer, +and a university. Mutual interest guarantees technology +transfer. Gigabit testbeds are always in the service of gigabit +applications, so systems are evaluated both by its authors and by +its users. + +In order to increase end user input into the planning of NREN +services, the NSF is planning to establish and charter a Users +Advisory Group made up of scientists, engineers, and educators +who use NSFNET and NREN services. + +In the planning and conduct of its NSFNET and NREN activities, +the NSF regularly consults a variety of private sector R&E +networking entities, such as: + +~ The Federation of American Research Networks (FARNET) that + includes private sector IP service providers (e.g. PSI, + Sprint), State networks, and both independent and NSF + subsidized regional R&E networks; + +~ EDUCOM, a nonprofit educational consortium; + +~ The Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), a nonprofit + education and library consortium; and + +~ The Internet Architecture Board (IAB), an informal association + of technical experts who have guided the technical evolution + of R&E networking since the early 1980's. + + + 44 + +Appendix B. Current NREN Program + +B.1. Background + +No single agency has hierarchical authority to direct and manage +the HPCC Program, however, the HPCC Program and, in particular, +the NREN activity is characterized by close coordination between +the participating Federal agencies. The NREN Program is an +integral component of the HPCC Program and is executed through +the activities of several independent agencies coordinating their +efforts and plans developed through the HPCC budget planning and +other related program planning processes described in Appendix A. + +In 1985 the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering +and Technology (FCCSET) established a Network Working Group +comprised of Federal agency representatives from the National +Science Foundation (NSF), Defense Advanced Research Projects +Agency (DARPA), Department of Energy (DOE), National Institute of +Standards and Technology (NIST), and the National Aeronautics and +Space Administration (NASA), to coordinate Federal agency +research networking activities. The Network Working Group +generated a FCCSET report, "Interagency Networking for Research +Programs," which was published in February 1986, recommending the +interconnection of existing federally supported data +communications networks for research programs and the formation +of an Interagency Research Internet Organization. +Subsequently, network managers from NSF, DARPA, DOE, NIST, NASA, +and other agencies worked together to oversee, coordinate, and +manage the evolution of the Federal portion of the Internet. The +results of this collaboration are stable operational +relationships that now serve as the basis for interagency +oversight, management, and focus for the federally funded portion +of the Internet. In addition, this collaboration led to +large-scale interconnectivity between the mission agencies' +research data networks, the NSFNET (NSF Computer Network), and +the remainder of the Internet, primarily based on the Federal +Internet eXchanges (FIXs), as well as coordinated multi-agency +international links. + +As participation in the Federal research networking program grew, +agencies recognized the need to more closely coordinate Federal +research networking activities with those of industry, academia, +and, in general, with other interested groups. Accordingly, the +original vision of this interagency activity was extended to +include additional Federal and non-Federal components. + +The National Research and Education Network (NREN) Program is a +multi-agency activity that will provide for the evolution from +the current federally funded research and education (R&E) +networks, to a gigabit network system that allows for both the +interconnectivity and interoperability of federally funded R&E + + 45 + +networks with each other and with private sector networks by the +mid-1990~s to support the increasing demands in R&E. As its name +indicates, the NREN activity is primarily for research and +education, not general purpose communication. Nonetheless, the +NREN Program incorporates vital connections to industrial and +governmental sectors and develops general testbeds for new +communications technologies. + +The principal goals of the NREN Program are to; + +~ advance the leading edge of networking technology and + services, + +~ widen network access within the research and education + community to high performance computing systems and other + research facilities, and to electronic information resources + and libraries, and + +~ accelerate the development and deployment of networking + technology by the telecommunications industry and by the + private sector generally. + +The program has two principal components: the Interagency Interim +NREN, and Gigabit Research and Development. The Interagency +Interim NREN activity is an evolving operating network system. +Near term (1992-1996) communications and networking research and +development activities will provide for the smooth evolution of +this networking infrastructure into the future gigabit network +supporting research and education. The Gigabit Research and +Development is a comprehensive program of gigabit-per-second +network hardware and software technology that embodies the goal +of the NREN Program evolution by the mid-1990~s. This activity +also develops technologies and demonstrates applications. + +B.2. Scope + +The Interagency Interim NREN is an evolving operational system of +networks. Near term (1992-1996) research and development +activities will provide for the smooth evolution of this +networking infrastructure into the future gigabit NREN. +Interagency Interim NREN activities will achieve this goal by +expanding the connectivity and enhancing the capabilities of the +federally funded portion of today's research and education +networks, and by deploying advanced technologies and services as +they mature. The Interagency Interim NREN, which is primarily +based on DARPA's Internet technology, builds on the NSF's NSFNET, +DOE's Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), NASA's Science Internet +(NSI) and other networks supporting research and education. + +Today's Interagency Interim NREN is used to support collaboration +among people through electronic mail and bulletin boards, access + + 46 + +to information sources through file transfer, and access to +remote computers and other laboratory facilities through remote +log-in. It is anticipated that the next generation of +applications will require a radical extension of not just the +speed of the network, but of the capabilities. For example, +collaboration among people through real-time digital multimedia +conferencing or remote access to visualize supercomputer +experimental results requires new capabilities, not just a faster +version of today's capabilities. The NREN Program for the +federally funded portion of the NREN is intended to provide a +radical extension beyond existing capabilities of current +hardware and software. The goal is to spur the deployment of the +most advanced networking services that support the ever- +increasing networking demands of high performance computing to +the extent feasible, while assuring a stable and consistent level +of services for the advanced HPCC R&E community. + +The underlying strategy of the HPCC Program has been to support +the solution of important scientific and technical problems of +broad national significance in collaboration with all interested +sectors in government, industry and universities. In the +networking area this strategy has led to a unique collaboration +in both the research and operational aspects of the NREN +activity. + +At each stage of its evolution, the Interagency Interim NREN +activity consists of an infrastructure of multi-protocol +value-added services carried on the nation's existing underlying +telecommunications fabric. Both components of the NREN Program +are designed for participation of the private sector to maximize +the leverage of Federal funds. It is intended that Federal +operation and ownership of network facilities and services, +already minimal, be continuously reduced even further as the +program develops. + +Although the NREN is an R&E network program, a deliberate +consequence of including substantial private sector activity is +that the technology and services developed, and even the +facilities themselves, may be the model for a more ubiquitous +network offering developed under private, or other public +efforts. In fact, many industrial research organizations and +commercial establishments that support the nation's scholarly +enterprise are connected. The commercial networks are the +fastest growing segment. Nevertheless, HPCC Program priorities +remain the central focus of the NREN Program. While other +Federal and private sector participants are encouraged, the +degree of their participation must be contingent on several +factors, such as, program focus, cost sharing, and technology +leverage. + + 47 + +DARPA has the HPCC lead role for developing gigabit class +technology for the NREN activity. This work is complementary to +Interagency Interim NREN work done elsewhere and DARPA's own +defense related research in network technology. +The NSF coordinates the broad deployment of the Interagency +Interim NREN Programs and systems, and supports the HPCC Program +by: coordinating interagency network activities; providing +backbone services to the general R&E community; providing +information services on access and use of the network; assisting +regional R&E networks to upgrade and enhance their own services; +and supporting the development and deployment of gigabit +technologies. + +Currently, and at the end stage of this development, the +Interagency Interim NREN Program activity will result in a +comprehensive service offering to the nation's community of +researchers and scholars at all levels. It will interconnect +them to one another and to the facilities and other resources +they use in their scholarly endeavor, such as, databases and +libraries, laboratories, scientific instruments, and computation +centers. As a facilitator and enabler of intellectual activity, +the Interagency Interim NREN system will include connectivity to +supporting organizations, such as, publishers and hardware and +software vendors. International connections that serve the +national interest are also included. + +Important features of the NREN Program are: + +~ use of existing telephone company facilities, and not the + laying of fiber or building a physical network; and + +~ driving technology and broadly seeding the market, while + avoiding competition with the private sector. + +Because of this latter aspect, success of this part of the +program inevitably leads to tension and concerns that government +services not remain in place once a technology offering has been +demonstrated and seeded. It is the policy of the NREN Program to +seek to accelerate this transition to the private sector, while +not compromising the need for stable and consistent services by +the R&E community. + +B.3. Vision + +The NREN is both a goal of the HPCC Program and a key enabling +technology for success in the other components. As used in this +report, the NREN is the future realization of an interconnected +gigabit computer network system supporting HPCC. The NREN is +intended to revolutionize the ability of U.S. researchers and +educators to carry out collaborative research and education +activities, regardless of the physical location of the + + 48 + +participants or the computational resources to be used. As its +name implies, NREN is a network for research and education, not +general purpose communication. Nonetheless, its use as a testbed +for new communications technologies is vital. A fundamental goal +of the HPCC Program is to develop and transfer advanced computing +and communications technologies to the private sector of the U.S. +as rapidly as possible, and to enhance the nation's research and +education enterprise. The development and deployment of advanced +applications, such as image visualization and distributed +computing, will be applied to problems such as medical diagnosis, +aerodynamics, advanced materials, and global change, and will +provide the impetus necessary for transferring the supporting +technologies and capabilities throughout the U.S. science, +technology, and education infrastructure. These capabilities and +technologies will be developed through the cooperative effort of +U.S. industry, the Federal Government, and the educational +community. + +The interagency High Performance Computing and Communications +(HPCC) Program has undertaken the Interagency Interim NREN +activity, not solely as support for the HPCC Program including +the solution of Grand Challenge problems, but also as an +infrastructure for community wide connectivity for broad support +of the Nation's intellectual activity. In doing this, the focus +remains on providing advanced, leading edge, and in some cases, +prototype network services to the Nation's R&E community, rather +than attempting to serve as a general public computer network. + +For the long term, DARPA is developing technology today which +will be the foundation of the NREN from 1995-2000. It is not +simply a matter of more of today's technology; this will not do +the job. The NREN research program, under DARPA coordination, +includes a broad effort to develop a set of complementary gigabit +networks based on common carrier standards (e.g. ATM), satellite, +wireless, optical and others. New internetwork architectures use +these as building blocks for new sets of coherent services such +as global file systems, multicast delivery, and other services. +There are issues involving: smooth scaling to multi-gigabit +speeds, universal access, multimedia, real time, policy controls, +and other services which do not exist in today's Interagency +Interim NREN that need to be addressed. This technology +development will track Interagency Interim NREN developments, and +early use of new commercial technologies, to insure that there is +a clear technical and policy roadmap to smooth transition from +today's systems to those of the future. + +In summary, the NREN Program comprises a spectrum of coordinated +networking activities by the several Federal Agencies that ranges +>from providing a framework for commodity offerings by the private +sector, through the funding of an infrastructure of +precompetitive networking technologies. The program is designed + + 49 + +to serve the most advanced scientific and educational demands, +and foster an aggressive collaboration with private industry in +the development of next generation network systems that will +operate in the gigabit-per-second, and beyond, range of speeds by +the mid-1990~s. + +B.4. Current NREN Program Status + +As mentioned above, the NREN component of the HPCC Program is +comprised of two related and complementary subprograms, the +Interagency Interim NREN subcomponent, and the Gigabit Research +and Development subcomponent. + +The Gigabit Research and Development subcomponent is aimed at +providing the research and technology base needed to achieve, at +a minimum, gigabit speeds and advanced capabilities in the NREN +Program. Gigabit network development already underway includes +the joint DARPA/NSF gigabit testbed program and gigabit network +exploitation of the ACTS satellite with National Aeronautics and +Space Administration (NASA), and programs to foster development +of low cost gigabit LANs for workstation environments. These +development efforts are complemented by research efforts in less +developed areas, such as, all optical networks. Advanced +Internet technology will tie these networks together. The DARPA +Advanced Research Testbed Network (DARTNET) is the testing ground +for new capabilities developed at over a dozen research sites. +Multimedia, and resource allocation work is nearing the maturity +necessary for wide use, while multicast and policy routing are +already transitioning into the Interagency interim NREN. Future +efforts will develop gigabit LAN interoperability agreements. + +The Interagency Interim NREN Program is an evolving operational +network system that supports early deployment of networking +technologies and systems for the high performance computing R&E +community. It is this part of the NREN Program that is +attracting the widest interest from various constituencies as +they become aware of the potential use of this developing +technology base. This in turn has led to serious concerns +regarding various issues such as, ownership, funding, operation, +commercialization, etc. The main purpose of this report is to +present the context for the discussion of these issues and the +Federal agency plans for dealing with them. + + 50 + +Appendix C. Glossary + + +ANS + Advanced Network and Services, Inc., a nonprofit corporation + +ANSI + American National Standards Institute + +ARPANET + primarily a continental U.S. computer network that preceded + the Internet and was operated by DARPA + +ATM + Asynchronous Transfer Mode, a new telecommunications + technology, also known as cell switching, which is based on 53 + byte cells + +AUP + Acceptable Use Policy + +Backbone Network + a high capacity electronic trunk connecting lower capacity + networks, e.g., NSFNET backbone + +CCITT + International Consultative Committee for Telegraphy and + Telephony + +CERTs + Computer Emergency Response Teams + +CIA + Central Intelligence Agency + +CIX + Commercial Internet eXchange + +CLNP + ConnectionLess Network Protocol + +CNI + Coalition for Networked Information, a nonprofit education and + library consortium + +CONCERT + regional network serving the State of North Carolina + +CRA + Computing Research Association + + 51 + +CSPP + Computer Systems Policy Project + +C4I + Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence + +DARPA + Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency + +DARTNET + DARPA Advanced Research Testbed Network + +DISA + Defense Information Systems Agency, formerly the Defense + Communications Agency + +DISN + Defense Information Systems Network + +DOC + Department of Commerce + +DOD + Department of Defense + +DOE + Department of Energy + +DS1 + a multiplexed channel of 24 DS0 channels (i.e., one DS0 + channel carries one voice grade channel equivalent of data at + 64 Kb/s) + +DS3 + a multiplexed channel of 28 DS1 channels + +ED + Department of Education + +EDUCOM + a non-profit, primarily academic consortium for information + technology + +EOWG + Engineering and Operations Working Group of the Federal + Networking Council + +EPA + Environmental Protection Agency + + 52 + +ESnet + Energy Sciences Network + +FARNET + Federation of American Research Networks + +FBI + Federal Bureau of Investigation + +FCCSET + Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and + Technology + +FEPG + Federal Engineering Planning Group, operational arm of the + Federal Networking Council's Engineering and Operations + Working Group + +FIPS + Federal Information Processing Standard + +FIX + Federal Internet eXchange + +FNC + Federal Networking Council + +FNCAC + Federal Networking Council Advisory Committee + +GOSIP + Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile + +HHS + Health and Human Services + +HPC + High Performance Computing + + +HPCC + High Performance Computing and Communications + +HPCCIT + High Performance Computing, Communications, and Information + Technology subcommittee + +IAB + Internet Architecture Board, an Internet group originally + chartered by DARPA for the ARPANET + + 53 + +IEEE + Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers + +Internet + the global set of interconnected computer networks of which + NSFNET, ESnet, and NSI are components + +IP + Internet Protocol + +ISDN + Integrated Services Digital Network + +ISO + International Standards Organization + +Mb/s + Megabits per second or millions of bits per second + +NAP + Network Access Point, a set of nodes interconnecting NREN + backbone networks + +NASA + National Aeronautics and Space Administration + +NCO + National Coordination Office for the High Performance + Computing and Communications Program + +NEARNET, SURANET, WESTNET + regional computer networks in New England, the Southeast, and + Western parts of the U.S. + +NIH + National Institutes of Health + +NIST + National Institute of Standards and Technology + +NOAA + National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration + +NREN + National Research and Education Network, consisting of the + Interagency Interim NREN component and the Gigabit Research + and Development component + +NSA + National Security Agency + + 54 + +NSF + National Science Foundation + +NSFNET + NSF Computer Network + +NSI + NASA Science Internet + +NTIA + National Telecommunications and Information Administration + +OC-3 + network transmission speed of 155 Mb/s + +OC-12 + network transmission speed of 622 Mb/s + +OMB + Office of Management and Budget + +OSI + Open Systems Interconnection, a protocol suite of the ISO + +OSTP + Office of Science and Technology Policy + + +PMES + FCCSET Committee on Physical, Mathematical, and Engineering + Sciences of the Office of Science and Technology Policy + +PWG + Policy Working Group of the Federal Networking Council + +RA + Routing Arbiter, entity that will be selected under new NSF + Backbone cooperative agreements to stabilize the network + +R&E + Research and Education + +RFCs + Requests for Comments + +RWG + Research Working Group of the Federal Networking Council + +SMDS + Switched Multimegabit Data Service, a new networking + technology being deployed by the telephone companies + + 55 + +SWG + Security Working Group of the Federal Networking Council + +T1 + network transmission of a DS1 formatted digital signal at a + rate of 1.5 Mb/s + +T3 + network transmission of a DS3 formatted digital signal at a + rate of 45 Mb/s + +TCP/IP + Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the + communications protocols currently being used on the Internet + +ToS + Type of Service + +TWBnet + DARPA's Terrestrial Wideband Network + +vBNS + very high speed Backbone Network Services + +VPNs + Virtual Private Networks + +WAIS + Wide Area Information Service + + + + 56 + + + List of References + + +1. The summary of findings identified network technology as +essential to support scientific collaboration and access to +scientific resources. Executive Office of the President (U.S), +Office of Science and Technology Policy. "A Research and +Development Strategy for High Performance Computing." +Washington: 1987 Nov 20, p. 1. + +2. Executive Office of the President (U.S.), Office of Science +and Technology Policy. "The Federal High Performance Computing +Program." Washington: 1989 Sep 8, p. 32. + +3. A brief discussion of gigabit network research problems is +provided on pp. 102-103. Harmanis, Juris, and Herbert Lin, +editors. "Computing the Future: A Broader Agenda for Computer +Science and Engineering." Washington: National Academy Press; +1992. + +4. Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering and +Technology (U.S.). "A Report to the Congress on Computer +Networks to Support Research in the United States: A Study of +Critical Problems and Future Options." Vol. 2, "Reports from the +Workshop on Computer Networks; 1987 Feb 17-19; San Diego, CA." +Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory, Computing and +Communications Division; 1987 Jun, p. 34. + +5. EDUCOM; IEEE. "Proceedings of the NREN Workshop; 1992 Sep 16- +18; Monterey, CA." Washington: EDUCOM; 1992, Tab 9, p. 3. + +6. Computer Systems Policy Project. "Expanding the Vision of +High Performance Computing and Communications: Linking America +for the Future." Washington: 1991 Dec 3, p. 12. + +7. President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology +(U.S.) "High Performance Computing and Communications Panel +Report." Washington: 1992, p. 2. + +8. "Federal Register," 1992 Jun 15; 57 (15): 26692. "Request +for Public Comment: Solicitation Concept. National Science +Foundation (U.S.), Division of Networking and Communications +Research and Infrastructure." "Responses to NSF's Request for +Public Comment on the Draft Solicitation Network Access Point +Manager/Routing Authority and Very High Speed Backbone Network +Services Provider for NSFnet and the NREN Program." Washington: +1992. + +9. Computer Systems Policy Project. "The Federal HPCCI Budget +for FY '92: Achieving Better Balance." Washington: 1991 Dec 3, +p. 12. + + 57 + +10. Congress of the United States, Office of Technology +Assessment, Congressional Board of the 102d Congress. "Finding a +Balance: Computer Software, Intellectual Property, and the +Challenge of Technological Change." Washington: 1992 May. OTA- +TCT-527, p. 4. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, +Washington, D.C. + +11. Congress of the United States, Office of Technology +Assessment. "Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of +Electronics and Information." Washington: 1986 Apr. OTA-CIT- +302, p. 3. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, +Washington, D.C. + +12. Congress of the United States, Office of Technology +Assessment. "Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges +the Law." Washington: 1989 Oct. OTA-CIT-422, p. 5. Available +>from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. + +13. National Research Council (U.S.), Panel on the Mathematical +Sciences in High-Performance Computing and Communications, Board +on Mathematical Sciences, Commission on Physical Sciences, +Mathematics, and Applications. "Mathematical Foundations of High +Performance Computing and Communications." Washington: National +Academy Press; 1991, p. 13. + +14. EDUCOM; IEEE. "Proceedings of the NREN Workshop; 1992 Sep 16- +18; Monterey, CA." Washington: EDUCOM; 1992, p. A-69. + +15. National Commission on Libraries and Information Science +(U.S.). "Report to the Office of Science and Technology Policy +on Library and Information Services' Roles in the National +Research and Education Network." Washington: 1992, pp. 13, 15. + +16. Ibid., p. A-207 + 58 + + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nren210.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nren210.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc16c976 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nren210.txt @@ -0,0 +1,585 @@ +NREN for All: +Insurmountable Opportunity + +c. 1993 Jean Armour Polly +Manager of Network Development and User Training +NYSERNet, Inc. +jpolly@nysernet.org + +This was originally published in the February 1, 1993 issue of +Library Journal (volume 118, n. 2, pp 38-41). +It may be freely reprinted for educational use, please let me know if you +are redistributing it, I like to know if it's useful and where it's been. +Please do not sell it, and keep this message intact. + + +When Senator Al Gore was evangelizing support for his visionary +National Research and Education Network bill, he often pointed to +the many benefits of a high-speed, multi-lane, multi-level data +superhighway. Some of these included: + +-- collaborating research teams, physically distant from each other, +working on shared projects via high speed computer networks. +Some of these "grand challenges" might model global environmental +change, or new therapeutic drug research, or the design of a new +airplane for inexpensive consumer air travel. + +-- a scientist or engineer might design a product, which could be +instantly communicated to a manufacturing plant, whose robotic +machine could turn the drawing-board product into reality. One example +of this is the capability to digitally measure a new recruit for an +army uniform, transmit the information to a clothing manufacturer, +and take delivery of a custom-tailored uniform the next day. + +-- access to digital libraries of information, both textual and graphic. +Besides hundreds of online public access catalogs, and full text +documents, color illustrations of photographic quality, full motion +videos and digital audio will also be available over the network. + +In his many articles and speeches touting the bill, Gore often used +an example of a little girl, living in a rural area, at work on a school +project. Was she information-poor due to her physical location, far +from the resources of large cities? No-- the National Research and +Education Network would give her the capability to dial into the +Library of Congress-- to collect information on dinosaurs. + +Now that the NREN bill has been signed into law (12/91), and +committees are being formed, and policies are being made, I'm still +thinking about that little girl, and her parents, for that matter. In +fact I've got some "Grand Questions" to pose. + + +1- How will we get access? + +The Internet has been called the "Interim NREN", since it's what we +have in place now. + +I'm wondering how the family is going to get to the Internet "dial tone", +let alone the NREN, especially since they live in a rural area. +The information superhighway may be miles from their home, and +it may be an expensive long-distance call to the "entrance ramp". + +Or, the superhighway may run right through their front yard, but +they can't make use of it because they have no computer, no modem, +and no phone line to make the connection. What good is a superhighway +if all you've got is a tricycle? + + +2- What will they be able to gain access to, + and will their privacy be protected? + +Beyond the infrastructure issues, I'm concerned about what kind of +things will be available for them once they do get connected, +how the resources will be arranged, and how they will learn to use +these tools to advantage. Beyond that, how authoritative is the +information in the digital collection, and how do we know for sure +it came from a legitimate source? How confidential will their +information searches be, and how will it be safeguarded? + + +3- Who will get access? + +I'm concerned that even if the infrastructure and resource problems +are resolved, that little girl still won't be allowed access, because a +lot of folks don't think the Internet is a safe place for +unaccompanied minors. + + +4- Does the family have any electronic rights? + Electronic responsibilities? + Are dinosaurs and a grade-school project too trivial for NREN? + +Some people think the NREN should be reserved for scientists +working on "Grand Challenges", not ordinary ones. Who will +decide what constitutes "acceptable use"? + + +5- What is the future of the local public library? + +Worse yet, I'm worried that the reason they are phoning the Library +of Congress in the first place is that their local public library has +shut its doors, sold off the book stock, and dismissed the librarian. +What can public libraries do to avoid that future? + +Brief Background: The Internet Today + +Computers all over the world are linked by high speed +telecommunications lines. On the other side of their +screens are people of all races and nationalities who +are able to exchange ideas quickly through this network. + +This "brain to brain" interface brings both delight and despair, as +evidenced by the following True Tales from the Internet: + +-- Children all over the world participate in class collaborations, +sharing holiday customs, local food prices, proverbs, acid rain +measurements, and surveys such as a recent one from a fifth +grade class in Argentina who wanted to know (among other things) +"Can you wear jeans to school?". + +-- During the Soviet coup in the summer of 1991, hundreds read +eyewitness accounts of developments posted to the net by computer +users in Moscow and other Soviet cities with network connectivity. +A literal hush fell over this side of the network after a plea came +across from the Soviet side. We appreciate your messages of +encouragement and offers of help, it said, but please save the +bandwidth for our outgoing reports! + +- Proliferation of discussion groups on the Internet means one can +find a niche to discuss everything from cats to Camelot, from +library administration to lovers of mysteries, from Monty Python +to Medieval History. + +-- Predictably, Elvis has been sighted on the Internet. + +Besides electronic mail, full text resources may be downloaded +from many Internet host computers. Some of these are religious +materials, such as the Bible, and the Koran, others are the complete +works of Shakespeare, Peter Pan, and Far From the Madding Crowd. + +Searchable resources include lyrics from popular songs, chord +tablature for guitar, recipes, news articles, government information, +Supreme Court Opinions, census data, current and historical weather +information, dictionaries, thesauri, the CIA World Fact Book, +and much more. + +Hundreds of library OPACS may be searched, and those with +accounts set up at CARL may use UnCover to find articles of +interest, which then may be faxed on demand. + +The richness of the Internet changes on a daily basis as more data +resources, computer resources, and human resources join those +already active on the net. + +But, back to that little girl. + +How will she get access? + +She'll need a plain old telephone line, a modem, a computer, and +some communications software. Will her family be able to afford it? +If not, will she be able to dial in from her school? Her Post Office? +The local feed store? A kiosk at K-Mart? + +At the American Library Association's 1992 convention in San +Francisco, Gloria Steinem said "the public library is the last refuge +of those without modems." I'm sure she meant that the library will +act as information provider for those unable to get their +information using a home computer's telecommunications +connections. But it could be taken another way. Couldn't the public +library act as electronic information access centers, providing public +modems and telecommunications alongside the books and videos? + +Why the Public Library is a good place for NREN access + +The public library is an institution based on long-standing beliefs in +intellectual freedom and the individual's right to know. Let's revisit +ALA's LIBRARY BILL OF RIGHTS, Adopted June 18, 1948; amended February +2, 1961, and January 23, 1980, by the ALA Council. + +The American Library Association affirms that all libraries are +forums for information and ideas, and that the following basic +policies should guide their services. + + 1. Books and other library resources should be provided for the +interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the +community the library serves. Materials should not be excluded +because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to +their creation. + +No problem here. The Internet's resources are as diverse as their +creators, from nations all over the world. Every community can +find something of interest on the Internet. + + 2. Libraries should provide materials and information +presenting all points of view on current and historical issues. +Materials should not be proscribed or removed because of partisan +or doctrinal disapproval. + + 3. Libraries should challenge censorship in the fulfillment of +their responsibility to provide information and enlightenment. + + 4. Libraries should cooperate with all persons and groups +concerned with resisting abridgment of free expression and free +access to ideas. + +Again, global electronic communication allows discussion and +debate in an instant electronic forum. There is no better +"reality check" than this. + + 5. A person's right to use a library should not be denied or +abridged because of origin, age, background, or views. + +In a public library, the little girl won't be barred from using the +Internet because of her age. The ALA interpretation of the above +right states: +"Librarians and governing bodies should not resort to age +restrictions on access to library resources in an effort to avoid actual +or anticipated objections from parents or anyone else. The mission, +goals, and objectives of libraries do not authorize librarians or +governing bodies to assume, abrogate, or overrule the rights and +responsibilities of parents or legal guardians. Librarians and +governing bodies should maintain that parents - and only parents +- have the right and the responsibility to restrict the access +of their children - and only their children - to library resources. +Parents or legal guardians who do not want their children to have +access to certain library services, materials or facilities, should so +advise their children. Librarians and governing bodies cannot +assume the role of parents or the functions of parental authority in +the private relationship between parent and child. Librarians and +governing bodies have a public and professional obligation to +provide equal access to all library resources for all library users." + + 6. Libraries which make exhibit spaces and meeting rooms +available to the public they serve should make such facilities +available on an equitable basis, regardless of the beliefs or +affiliations of individuals or groups requesting their use." + +The Internet provides the equivalent of electronic meeting rooms +and virtual exhibit spaces. Public libraries will offer access to all +comers, regardless of their status. + +Further, as part of the Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights, +this statement appears: +"The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that `the right to receive +ideas follows ineluctably from the sender's First Amendment right +to send them. . . . More importantly, the right to receive ideas is a +necessary predicate to the recipient's meaningful exercise of his +own rights such as speech, press, and political freedom' Board of +Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico, +457 U.S. 853, 866-67 (1982) (plurality opinion)." + +Clearly, reception and sending of ideas is a First Amendment issue. +Oral, written, and electronic speech must be equally protected so +that democracy may flourish. + +Public libraries also provide "free" services, though in fact the costs +are just deferred. Taxes, state aid derived from taxes, federal aid +derived from taxes, and private funds all pay for the "free" services +at public libraries. Public libraries may be thought of as +Information Management Organizations (IMO's), similar to Health +Management Organizations, where patrons/patients contribute +before they need information/health care, so that when they do +need it, librarians/doctors are available to render aid. + +Why NREN in the Public Library is a bad idea + +On the surface, the public library looks like an excellent place to +drop Internet/NREN connectivity. Libraries are veritable temples +of learning, intellectual freedom, and confidentiality. + +However, most public libraries lack what computer experts call +infrastructure. If there are computers, they may be out of date. Staff +may not have had time to learn to operate them, and the computers +may literally be collecting dust. + +There may be no modems, no phone line to share, no staff with +time to learn about the Internet and its many resources. Money to +update equipment, hire staff, and buy training is out of the +question. Public libraries face slashed budgets, staff layoffs, +reduced hours, and cutbacks in services. + +Many of these drawbacks are noted in the recent study by Dr. +Charles R. McClure, called Public Libraries and the +Internet/NREN: New Challenges, New Opportunities. + +Public librarians were surveyed about their attitudes toward NREN +in interviews and focus groups. According to the study, public +librarians thought that the public had a "right" to the Internet, and +its availability in their libraries would provide a safety net for the +electronic-poor. + +On the other hand they felt that they could not commit resources to +this initiative until they knew better what the costs were and the +benefits might be. They longed for someone else to create a pilot +project to demonstrate the Internet's usefulness, or lack thereof, +for public library users. + +The study describes several scenarios for public libraries as the +NREN evolves. Some may simply choose to ignore the sweeping +technological changes in information transfer. They may continue +to exist by purveying high-demand items and traditional services, +but they may find it increasingly difficult to maintain funding +levels as the rest of the world looks elsewhere for their information +and reference needs. The public library may find itself servicing +only the information disenfranchised, while the rest of the +community finds, and pays for, other solutions. + + As the study explains: + +"While embracing and exploiting networked information and services, +[successfully transitioned libraries] also maintain high visibility +and high demand traditional services. But resources will be reallocated +from collections and less-visible services to support their involvement +in the network. All services will be more client-centered and demand-based, +and the library will consciously seek opportunities to deliver new types +of information resources and services electronically." + +"In this scenario, the public library will develop and mount services +over the NREN, provide for public access to the NREN, and will +compete successfully against other information providers. In its +networked role, the library can serve as a central point of contact as +an electronic navigator and intermediary in linking individuals to +electronic information resources- regardless of type or physical +location. The public library in this second scenario will define a +future for itself in the NREN and develop a strategic plan to insure +its successful participation as an information provider in the +networked environment." + + +What Should Happen + +Senator Gore has proposed what has been variously called Son of +NREN or Gore II, which should help address many of these +infrastructure problems. + +Unfortunately, the Bill was not passed and the closing of the last +Congress. There is hope, however, that it will be reintroduced this +Spring. + +Specifically, Gore's bill would have ensured that the technology +developed by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 is +applied widely in K-12 education, libraries, health care and +industry, particularly manufacturing. It would have authorized a +total of $1.15 billion over the next five years. + +According to a press release from Senator Gore's office, + +"The Information Infrastructure and Technology Act charges the +White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) with +coordinating efforts to develop applications for high-performance +computing networking and assigns specific responsibilities to the +National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space +Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and +the National Institutes of Health. It would expand the role of +OSTP in overseeing federal efforts to disseminate scientific and +technical information." + +"The bill provides funding to both NSF and NASA to develop +technology for 'digital libraries'-- huge data bases that store text, +imagery, video, and sound and are accessible over computer +networks like NSFNET. The bill also funds development of +prototype 'digital libraries' around the country." + +The public needs NREN because 300 baud used to be fast and low- +resolution graphics used to be pretty. Now we get impatient +waiting for fax machines to print out a document from half a +continent away, when a few years ago we would have been +content to wait days or weeks for the same article to arrive by mail. +We are satisfied with technology until it starts to impede our lives +in some way. We wait impatiently, sure that we spend half our +lives waiting for printers, and the other half waiting for disk drives. +Time is a commodity. + +I can envision that little girl walking into the public library with the +following request: +"I'm doing a school report on the Challenger disaster. I need a video +clip of the explosion, a sound bite of Richard Feynman explaining +the O-ring problem, some neat graphics from NASA, oh, and +maybe some virtual reality mock-ups of the shuttle interior. Can +you put it all on this floppy disk for me, I know it's only 15 minutes +before you close but, gee, I had band practice." This is why +public libraries need NREN. + +We would do well to remember the words of Ranganathan, whose +basic tenets of good librarianship need just a little updating from +1931: + +"[Information] is for use." +"Every [bit of information], its user." +"Every user, [his/her bit of information]." +"Save the time of the [user]." +"A [network] is a growing organism." + +And so is the public library. A promising future awaits the public +library that can be proactive rather than reactive to technology. +Information technology is driving the future, librarians should be at +the wheel. It is hoped that the new Administration in Washington +will provide the fuel to get us going. + +_______________________________ +SIDEBAR +------------------------------------------------------- +Excerpts from S.2937 as introduced July 1, 1992 +102nd Congress +2nd Session + IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES + + Mr. GORE (for himself, Rockefeller (D-WV), Kerry (D-MA), +Prestler (R-SD), Riegle (D-MI), Robb (D-VA), Lieberman (D-CT), +Kerrey (D-NE) and Burns (R-MT)) introduced the following bill; +which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, +Science and Transportation. + + A BILL +To expand Federal efforts to develop technologies for applications +of high-performance computing and high-speed networking, to +provide for a coordinated Federal program to accelerate development +and deployment of an advanced information infrastructure, +and for other purposes. + + Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives +of the United States of America in Congress assembled, + + +SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. + This Act may be cited as the "Information Infrastructure and +Technology Act of 1992". + +SEC. 7. APPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIES. + (a) DIGITAL LIBRARIES.--In accordance with the Plan +developed under section 701 of the National Science and +Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities Act of 1976 (42 +U.S.C. 6601 et seq.), as added by section 3 of this Act, the National +Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space +Administration, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, +and other appropriate agencies shall develop technologies for +"digital libraries" of electronic information. Development of digital +libraries shall include the following: + (1) Development of advanced data storage systems + capable of storing hundreds of trillions of bits of data + and giving thousands of users nearly instantaneous + access to that information. + (2) Development of high-speed, highly accurate + systems for converting printed text, page images, + graphics, and photographic images into electronic form. + (3) Development of database software capable of + quickly searching, filtering, and summarizing large + volumes of text, imagery, data, and sound. + (4) Encouragement of development and adoption of + standards for electronic data. + (5) Development of computer technology to + categorize and organize electronic information in a + variety of formats. + (6) Training of database users and librarians in + the use of and development of electronic databases. + (7) Development of technology for simplifying the + utilization of networked databases distributed around + the Nation and around the world. + (8) Development of visualization technology for + quickly browsing large volumes of imagery. + (b) DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPES.--The National +Science + Foundation, working with the supercomputer centers it + supports, shall develop prototype digital libraries of + scientific data available over the Internet and the National + Research and Education Network. + (c) DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES OF REMOTE- +SENSING + IMAGES.--The National Aeronautics and Space Administration + shall develop databases of software and remote-sensing images + to be made available over computer networks like the + Internet. + + (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.-- + (1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National +Science +Foundation for the purposes of this section, $10,000,000 for fiscal +year 1993, $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $30,000,000 for fiscal year +1995, $40,000,000 for fiscal year 1996, and $50,000,000 for fiscal year +1997. + (2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National +Aeronautics and Space Administration for the purposes of this +section, $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1993, $20,000,000 for fiscal year +1994, $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1995, $40,000,000 for fiscal year +1996, and $50,000,000 for fiscal year 1997. + +________________________ +SIDEBAR + Resources +___________________________ + +McClure, Charles R., Joe Ryan, Diana Lauterbach and William E. Moen +Public Libraries and the INTERNET/NREN: New Challenges, New Opportunities. +1992. Copies of this 38-page study may be ordered at $15 each from +the Publication Office, School of Information Studies, Syracuse +University, Syracuse, NY 13244-4100 315/443-2911. + +The U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information +Science (NCLIS) has issued a Report to the Office of Science and +Technology Policy on Library and Information Services' Roles in +the National Research and Education Network. The 25-page +document, released in late November, 1992, summarizes the results +of an open forum held in Washington during the previous summer. +Topics addressed include funding NREN, charging for use, +commercial access, protection of intellectual property, and security +and privacy. The report "focuses on fulfilling the potential for +extending the services and effectiveness of libraries and +information services for all Americans through high-speed +networks and electronic databases." A limited number of copies are +available from NCLIS at 111 18th St., NW, Suite 310, Washington, +D.C. 20036 202/254-3100. + +Grand Challenges 1993: High Performance Computing and +Communications. The "Teal Book" (because of its color) "provides a +far-sighted vision for investment in technology but also recognizes +the importance of human resources and applications that serve +major national needs. This É investment will bring both economic +and social dividends, including advances in education, +productivity, basic science, and technological innovation." +Requests for copies of this 68-page document should go to: Federal +Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, +Committee on Physical, Mathematical, and Engineering Sciences +c/o National Science Foundation, Computer and Information Science +and Engineering Directorate, 1800 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20550 + +Carl Kadie operates an excellent electronic resource of documents +pertaining to academic freedom, the Library Bill of Rights, and +similar policy statements. Those with Internet access may use File +Transfer Protocol (FTP) to ftp.eff.org (192.88.144.4) Login as +anonymous, use your network address as the password. The documents +are in the /pub/academic directory. + +Further Reading + +Kehoe, Brendan. (1993). Zen and the Art of the Internet: a +Beginner's Guide (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. +The first edition is available for free from many FTP sites. (see +below) This version has about 30 pages of new material and +corrects various minor errors in the first edition. Includes the story +of the Coke Machine on the Internet. For much of late +1991 and the first half of 1992, this was the document of choice for +learning about the Internet. ISBN 0-13-010778-6. Index. $22.00 + +To ftp Zen: ftp.uu.net [137.39.1.9] in /inet/doc ftp.cs.toronto.edu +[128.100.3.6] in pub/zen ftp.cs.widener.edu [147.31.254.132] in +pub/zen as zen-1.0.tar.Z, zen-1.0.dvi, and zen-1.0.PS ftp.sura.net +[128.167.254.179] in pub/nic as zen-1.0.PS + +Krol, Ed. (1992). The Whole Internet User's Guide & Catalog. +Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. +Comprehensive guide to how the network works, the domain name +system, acceptable use, security, and other issues. Chapters on +telnet/remote login, File Transfer Protocol, and electronic mail +explain error messages, special situations, and +other arcana. Archie, Gopher, NetNews, WAIS, WWW, and +troubleshooting each enjoy a chapter in this well-written book. +Appendices contain info on how to get connected in addition to a +glossary. ISBN 1-56592-025-2. $24.95 + +LaQuey, Tracy, & Ryer, J. C. (1993). The Internet Companion: a +Beginner's Guide to Global Networking. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. +Beginning with a foreword by Vice-President Elect Al Gore, this +book provides an often- humorous explanation of the origins of the +Internet, acceptable use, basics of electronic mail, netiquette, online +resources, transferring information, and finding email addresses. +The In the Know guide provides background on Internet legends (Elvis +sightings is one), organizations, security issues, and how to get connected. +Bibliography. Index. ISBN 0-201-62224-6 $10.95 + +Polly, Jean Armour. Surfing the Internet 2.0. An enthusiastic tour of +selected Internet resources, electronic serials, listserv discussion +groups, service providers, manuals and guides and more. Available +via anonymous FTP from NYSERNET.org (192.77.173.2) in the +directory /pub/resources/guides surfing.2.0.txt. + +Tennant, Roy, Ober, J., & Lipow, A. G. (1993). Crossing the Internet +Threshold: An Instructional Handbook. Berkeley, CA: Library +Solutions Press. +A cookbook to run your own Internet training sessions. Real-world examples. +Foreword by Cliff Lynch. Library Solutions Institute and Press +2137 Oregon Street Berkeley, CA 94705 +Phone:(510) 841-2636 Fax: (510) 841-2926 +ISBN: 1-882208-01-3 $45.00 + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nsa.hnd b/textfiles.com/politics/nsa.hnd new file mode 100644 index 00000000..705799a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nsa.hnd @@ -0,0 +1,1053 @@ +Security Guidelines + +This handbook is designed to introduce you to some of the basic +security principles and procedures with which all NSA employees must +comply. It highlights some of your security responsibilities, and +provides guidelines for answering questions you may be asked +concerning your association with this Agency. Although you will be +busy during the forthcoming weeks learning your job, meeting +co-workers, and becoming accustomed to a new work environment, you +are urged to become familiar with the security information contained +in this handbook. Please note that a listing of telephone numbers is +provided at the end of this handbook should you have any questions or +concerns. + +Introduction + +In joining NSA you have been given an opportunity to participate in +the activities of one of the most important intelligence +organizations of the United States Government. At the same time, you +have also assumed a trust which carries with it a most important +individual responsibility--the safeguarding of sensitive information +vital to the security of our nation. + +While it is impossible to estimate in actual dollars and cents the +value of the work being conducted by this Agency, the information to +which you will have access at NSA is without question critically +important to the defense of the United States. Since this +information may be useful only if it is kept secret, it requires a +very special measure of protection. The specific nature of this +protection is set forth in various Agency security regulations and +directives. The total NSA Security Program, however, extends beyond +these regulations. It is based upon the concept that security begins +as a state of mind. The program is designed to develop an +appreciation of the need to protect information vital to the national +defense, and to foster the development of a level of awareness which +will make security more than routine compliance with regulations. + +At times, security practices and procedures cause personal +inconvenience. They take time and effort and on occasion may make it +necessary for you to voluntarily forego some of your usual personal +perogatives. But your compensation for the inconvenience is the +knowledge that the work you are accomplishing at NSA, within a +framework of sound security practices, contributes significantly to +the defense and continued security of the United States of America. + +I extend to you my very best wishes as you enter upon your chosen +career or assignment with NSA. + +Philip T. Pease +Director of Security + + +INITIAL SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES + +Anonymity + +Perhaps one of the first security practices with which new NSA +personnel should become acquainted is the practice of anonymity. In +an open society such as ours, this practice is necessary because +information which is generally available to the public is available +also to hostile intelligence. Therefore, the Agency mission is best +accomplished apart from public attention. Basically, anonymity means +that NSA personnel are encouraged not to draw attention to themselves +nor to their association with this Agency. NSA personnel are also +cautioned neither to confirm nor deny any specific questions about +NSA activities directed to them by individuals not affiliated with +the Agency. + +The ramifications of the practice of anonymity are rather far +reaching, and its success depends on the cooperation of all Agency +personnel. Described below you will find some examples of situations +that you may encounter concerning your employment and how you should +cope with them. Beyond the situations cited, your judgement and +discretion will become the deciding factors in how you respond to +questions about your employment. + +Answering Questions About Your Employment + +Certainly, you may tell your family and friends that you are employed +at or assigned to the National Security Agency. There is no valid +reason to deny them this information. However, you may not disclose +to them any information concerning specific aspects of the Agency's +mission, activities, and organization. You should also ask them not +to publicize your association with NSA. + +Should strangers or casual acquaintances question you about your +place of employment, an appropriate reply would be that you work for +the Department of Defense. If questioned further as to where you are +employed within the Department of Defense, you may reply, "NSA." +When you inform someone that you work for NSA (or the Department of +Defense) you may expect that the next question will be, "What do you +do?" It is a good idea to anticipate this question and to formulate +an appropriate answer. Do not act mysteriously about your +employment, as that would only succeed in drawing more attention to +yourself. + +If you are employed as a secretary, engineer, computer scientist, or +in a clerical, administrative, technical, or other capacity +identifiable by a general title which in no way indicates how your +talents are being applied to the mission of the Agency, it is +suggested that you state this general title. If you are employed as +a linguist, you may say that you are a linguist, if necessary. +However, you should not indicate the specific language(s) with which +you are involved. + +The use of service specialty titles which tend to suggest or reveal +the nature of the Agency's mission or specific aspects of their +work. These professional titles, such as cryptanalyst, signals +collection officer, and intelligence research analyst, if given +verbatim to an outsider, would likely generate further questions +which may touch upon the classified aspects of your work. Therefore, +in conversation with outsiders, it is suggested that such job titles +be generalized. For example, you might indicate that you are a +"research analyst." You may not, however, discuss the specific +nature of your analytic work. + +Answering Questions About Your Agency Training + +During your career or assignment at NSA, there is a good chance that +you will receive some type of job-related training. In many +instances the nature of the training is not classified. However, in +some situations the specialized training you receive will relate +directly to sensitive Agency functions. In such cases, the nature of +this training may not be discussed with persons outside of this +Agency. + +If your training at the Agency includes language training, your +explanation for the source of your linguistic knowledge should be +that you obtained it while working for the Department of Defense. + +You Should not draw undue attention to your language abilities, and +you may not discuss how you apply your language skill at the Agency. + +If you are considering part-time employment which requires the use of +language or technical skills similar to those required for the +performance of your NSA assigned duties, you must report (in advance) +the anticipated part-time work through your Staff Security Officer +(SSO) to the Office of Security's Clearance Division (M55). + +Verifying Your Employment + +On occasion, personnel must provide information concerning their +employment to credit institutions in connection with various types of +applications for credit. In such situations you may state, if you are +a civilian employee, that you are employed by NSA and indicate your +pay grade or salary. Once again, generalize your job title. If any +further information is desired by persons or firms with whom you may +be dealing, instruct them to request such information by +correspondence addressed to: Director of Civilian Personnel, +National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland 20755-6000. +Military personnel should use their support group designator and +address when indicating their current assignment. + +If you contemplate leaving NSA for employment elsewhere, you may be +required to submit a resume/job application, or to participate in +extensive employment interviews. In such circumstances, you should +have your resume reviewed by the Classification Advisory Officer (CAO) +assigned to your organization. Your CAO will ensure that any classified +operational details of your duties have been excluded and will provide +you with an unclassified job description. Should you leave the +Agency before preparing such a resume, you may develop one and send it +by registered mail to the NSA/CSS Information Policy Division (Q43) for +review. Remember, your obligation to protect sensitive Agency +information extends beyond your employment at NSA. + +The Agency And Public News Media + +From time to time you may find that the agency is the topic of +reports or articles appearing in public news media--newspapers, +magazines, books, radio and TV. The NSA/CSS Information Policy +Division (Q43) represents the Agency in matters involving the press +and other media. This office serves at the Agency's official media +center and is the Director's liaison office for public relations, +both in the community and with other government agencies. The +Information Policy Division must approve the release of all +information for and about NSA, its mission, activities, and +personnel. In order to protect the aspects of Agency operations, NSA +personnel must refrain from either confirming or denying any +information concerning the Agency or its activities which may appear +in the public media. If you are asked about the activities of NSA, +the best response is "no comment." You should the notify Q43 of the +attempted inquiry. For the most part, public references to NSA are +based upon educated guesses. The Agency does not normally make a +practice of issuing public statements about its activities. + +GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES + +Espionage And Terrorism + +During your security indoctrination and throughout your NSA career +you will become increasingly aware of the espionage and terrorist +threat to the United States. Your vigilance is the best single +defense in protecting NSA information, operations, facilities and +people. Any information that comes to your attention that suggests +to you the existence of, or potential for, espionage or terrorism +against the U.S. or its allies must be promptly reported by you to +the Office of Security. + +There should be no doubt in your mind about the reality of the +threats. You are now affiliated with the most sensitive agency in +government and are expected to exercise vigilance and common sense to +protect NSA against these threats. + +Classification + +Originators of correspondence, communications, equipment, or +documents within the Agency are responsible for ensuring that the +proper classification, downgrading information and, when appropriate, +proper caveat notations are assigned to such material. (This +includes any handwritten notes which contain classified information). +The three levels of classification are Confidential, Secret and Top +Secret. The NSA Classification Manual should be used as guidance in +determining proper classification. If after review of this document +you need assistance, contact the Classification Advisory Officer +(CAO) assigned to your organization, or the Information Policy +Division (Q43). + +Need-To-Know + +Classified information is disseminated only on a strict +"need-to-know" basis. The "need-to-know" policy means that classified +information will be disseminated only to those individuals who, in +addition to possessing a proper clearance, have a requirement to know +this information in order to perform their official duties +(need-to-know). No person is entitled to classified information +solely by virtue of office, position, rank, or security clearance. + +All NSA personnel have the responsibility to assert the +"need-to-know" policy as part of their responsibility to protect +sensitive information. Determination of "need-to-know" is a +supervisory responsibility. This means that if there is any doubt in +your mind as to an individual's "need-to-know," you should always +check with your supervisor before releasing any classified material +under your control. + +For Official Use Only + +Separate from classified information is information or material +marked "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" (such as this handbook). This +designation is used to identify that official information or material +which, although unclassified, is exempt from the requirement for +public disclosure of information concerning government activities +and which, for a significant reason, should not be given general +circulation. Each holder of "FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY" (FOUO) information +or material is authorized to disclose such information or material to +persons in other departments or agencies of the Executive and Judicial +branches when it is determined that the information or material is +required to carry our a government function. The recipient must be +advised that the information or material is not to be disclosed to the +general public. Material which bears the "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" caveat +does not come under the regulations governing the protection of +classified information. The unauthorized disclosure of information +marked "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" does not constitute an unauthorized +disclosure of classified defense information. However, Department of +Defense and NSA regulations prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of +information designated "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY." Appropriate +administrative action will be taken to determine responsibility and to +apply corrective and/or disciplinary measures in cases of unauthorized +disclosure of information which bears the "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" +caveat. Reasonable care must be exercised in limiting the +dissemination of "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" information. While you may +take this handbook home for further study, remember that is does +contain "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" information which should be +protected. + +Prepublication Review + +All NSA personnel (employees, military assignees, and contractors) +must submit for review any planned articles, books, speeches, +resumes, or public statements that may contain classified, +classifiable, NSA-derived, or unclassified protected information, +e.g., information relating to the organization, mission, functions, +or activities of NSA. Your obligation to protect this sensitive +information is a lifetime one. Even when you resign, retire, or +otherwise end your affiliation with NSA, you must submit this type of +material for prepublication review. For additional details, contact +the Information Policy Division (Q43) for an explanation of +prepublication review procedures. + +Personnel Security Responsibilities + +Perhaps you an recall your initial impression upon entering an NSA +facility. Like most people, you probably noticed the elaborate +physical security safeguards--fences, concrete barriers, Security +Protective Officers, identification badges, etc. While these +measures provide a substantial degree of protection for the +information housed within our buildings, they represent only a +portion of the overall Agency security program. In fact, vast +amounts of information leave our facilities daily in the minds of NSA +personnel, and this is where our greatest vulnerability lies. +Experience has indicated that because of the vital information we +work with at NSA, Agency personnel may become potential targets for +hostile intelligence efforts. Special safeguards are therefore +necessary to protect our personnel. + +Accordingly, the Agency has an extensive personnel security program +which establishes internal policies and guidelines governing employee +conduct and activities. These policies cover a variety of topics, +all of which are designed to protect both you and the sensitive +information you will gain through your work at NSA. + +Association With Foreign Nationals + +As a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and by virtue of your +access to sensitive information, you are a potential target for +hostile intelligence activities carried out by or on behalf of +citizens of foreign countries. A policy concerning association with +foreign nationals has been established by the Agency to minimize the +likelihood that its personnel might become subject to undue influence +or duress or targets of hostile activities through foreign +relationships. + +As an NSA affiliate, you are prohibited from initiating or +maintaining associations (regardless of the nature and degree) with +citizens or officials of communist-controlled, or other countries +which pose a significant threat to the security of the United States +and its interests. A comprehensive list of these designated +countries is available from your Staff Security Officer or the +Security Awareness Division. Any contact with citizens of these +countries, no matter how brief or seemingly innocuous, must be +reported as soon as possible to your Staff Security Officer (SSO). +(Individuals designated as Staff Security Officers are assigned to +every organization; a listing of Staff Security Officers can be found +at the back of this handbook). + +Additionally, close and continuing associations with any non-U.S. +citizens which are characterized by ties of kinship, obligation, or +affection are prohibited. A waiver to this policy may be granted only +under the most exceptional circumstances when there is a truly +compelling need for an individual's services or skills and the +security risk is negligible. + +In particular, a waiver must be granted in advance of a marriage to +or cohabitation with a foreign national in order to retain one's +access to NSA information. Accordingly, any intent to cohabitate +with or marry a non-U.S. citizen must be reported immediately to your +Staff Security Officer. If a waiver is granted, future reassignments +both at headquarters and overseas may be affected. + +The marriage or intended marriage of an immediate family member +(parents, siblings, children) to a foreign national must also be +reported through your SSO to the Clearance Division (M55). + +Casual social associations with foreign nationals (other than those +of the designated countries mentioned above) which arise from normal +living and working arrangements in the community usually do not have +to be reported. During the course of these casual social +associations, you are encouraged to extend the usual social +amenities. Do not act mysteriously or draw attention to yourself +(and possibly to NSA) by displaying an unusually wary attitude. + +Naturally, your affiliation with the Agency and the nature of your +work should not be discussed. Again, you should be careful not to +allow these associations to become close and continuing to the extent +that they are characterized by ties of kinship, obligation, or +affection. + +If at any time you feel that a "casual" association is in any way +suspicious, you should report this to your Staff Security Officer +immediately. Whenever any doubt exists as to whether or not a +situation should be reported or made a matter of record, you should +decided in favor of reporting it. In this way, the situation can be +evaluated on its own merits, and you can be advised as to your future +course of action. + +Correspondence With Foreign Nationals + +NSA personnel are discouraged from initiating correspondence with +individuals who are citizens of foreign countries. Correspondence +with citizens of communist-controlled or other designated countries +is prohibited. Casual social correspondence, including the "penpal" +variety, with other foreign acquaintances is acceptable and need not +be reported. If, however, this correspondence should escalate in its +frequency or nature, you should report that through your Staff +Security Officer to the Clearance Division (M55). + +Embassy Visits + +Since a significant percentage of all espionage activity is known to +be conducted through foreign embassies, consulates, etc., Agency +policy discourages visits to embassies, consulates or other official +establishments of a foreign government. Each case, however, must be +judged on the circumstances involved. Therefore, if you plan to +visit a foreign embassy for any reason (even to obtain a visa), you +must consult with, and obtain the prior approval of, your immediate +supervisor and the Security Awareness Division (M56). + +Amateur Radio Activities + +Amateur radio (ham radio) activities are known to be exploited by +hostile intelligence services to identify individuals with access to +classified information; therefore, all licensed operators are expected +to be familiar with NSA/CSS Regulation 100-1, "Operation of Amateur +Radio Stations" (23 October 1986). The specific limitations on contacts +with operators from communist and designated countries are of +particular importance. If you are an amateur radio operator you +should advise the Security Awareness Division (M56) of your amateur +radio activities so that detailed guidance may be furnished to you. + +Unofficial Foreign Travel + +In order to further protect sensitive information from possible +compromise resulting from terrorism, coercion, interrogation or +capture of Agency personnel by hostile nations and/or terrorist +groups, the Agency has established certain policies and procedures +concerning unofficial foreign travel. + +All Agency personnel (civilian employees, military assignees, and +contractors) who are planning unofficial foreign travel must have +that travel approved by submitting a proposed itinerary to the +Security Awareness Division (M56) at least 30 working days prior to +their planned departure from the United States. Your itinerary should +be submitted on Form K2579 (Unofficial Foreign Travel Request). This +form provides space for noting the countries to be visited, mode of +travel, and dates of departure and return. Your immediate supervisor +must sign this form to indicate whether or not your proposed travel +poses a risk to the sensitive information, activities, or projects of +which you may have knowledge due to your current assignment. + +After your supervisor's assessment is made, this form should be +forwarded to the Security Awareness Director (M56). Your itinerary +will then be reviewed in light of the existing situation in the +country or countries to be visited, and a decision for approval or +disapproval will be based on this assessment. The purpose of this +policy is to limit the risk of travel to areas of the world where a +threat may exist to you and to your knowledge of classified Agency +activities. + +In this context, travel to communist-controlled and other hazardous +activity areas is prohibited. A listing of these hazardous activity +areas is prohibited. A listing of these hazardous activity areas can +be found in Annex A of NSA/CSS Regulation No. 30-31, "Security +Requirements for Foreign Travel" (12 June 1987). From time to time, +travel may also be prohibited to certain areas where the threat from +hostile intelligence services, terrorism, criminal activity or +insurgency poses an unacceptable risk to Agency employees and to the +sensitive information they possess. Advance travel deposits made +without prior agency approval of the proposed travel may result in +financial losses by the employee should the travel be disapproved, so +it is important to obtain approval prior to committing yourself +financially. Questions regarding which areas of the world currently +pose a threat should be directed to the Security Awareness Division +(M56). + +Unofficial foreign travel to Canada, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Mexico +does not require prior approval, however, this travel must still be +reported using Form K2579. Travel to these areas may be reported +after the fact. + +While you do not have to report your foreign travel once you have +ended your affiliation with the Agency, you should be aware that the +risk incurred in travelling to certain areas, from a personal safety +and/or counterintelligence standpoint, remains high. The requirement +to protect the classified information to which you have had access is +a lifetime obligation. + +Membership In Organizations + +Within the United States there are numerous organizations with +memberships ranging from a few to tens of thousands. While you may +certainly participate in the activities of any reputable +organization, membership in any international club or professional +organization/activity with foreign members should be reported through +your Staff Security Officer to the Clearance Division (M55). In most +cases there are no security concerns or threats to our employees or +affiliates. However, the Office of Security needs the opportunity to +research the organization and to assess any possible risk to you and +the information to which you have access. + +In addition to exercising prudence in your choice of organizational +affiliations, you should endeavor to avoid participation in public +activities of a conspicuously controversial nature because such +activities could focus undesirable attention upon you and the Agency. +NSA employees may, however, participate in bona fide public affairs +such as local politics, so long as such activities do not violate the +provisions of the statutes and regulations which govern the political +activities of all federal employees. Additional information may be +obtained from your Personnel Representative. + +Changes In Marital Status/Cohabitation/Names + +All personnel, either employed by or assigned to NSA, must advise the +Office of Security of any changes in their marital status (either +marriage or divorce), cohabitation arrangements, or legal name +changes. Such changes should be reported by completing NSA Form +G1982 (Report of Marriage/Marital Status Change/Name Change), and +following the instructions printed on the form. + +Use And Abuse Of Drugs + +It is the policy of the National Security Agency to prevent and +eliminate the improper use of drugs by Agency employees and other +personnel associated with the Agency. The term "drugs" includes all +controlled drugs or substances identified and listed in the +Controlled Substances Act of 1970, as amended, which includes but is +not limited to: narcotics, depressants, stimulants, cocaine, +hallucinogens ad cannabis (marijuana, hashish, and hashish oil). The +use of illegal drugs or the abuse of prescription drugs by persons +employed by, assigned or detailed to the Agency may adversely affect +the national security; may have a serious damaging effect on the +safety and the safety of others; and may lead to criminal +prosecution. Such use of drugs either within or outside Agency +controlled facilities is prohibited. + +Physical Security Policies + +The physical security program at NSA provides protection for +classified material and operations and ensures that only persons +authorized access to the Agency's spaces and classified material are +permitted such access. This program is concerned not only with the +Agency's physical plant and facilities, but also with the internal +and external procedures for safeguarding the Agency's classified +material and activities. Therefore, physical security safeguards +include Security Protective Officers, fences, concrete barriers, +access control points, identification badges, safes, and the +compartmentalization of physical spaces. While any one of these +safeguards represents only a delay factor against attempts to gain +unauthorized access to NSA spaces and material, the total combination +of all these safeguards represents a formidable barrier against +physical penetration of NSA. Working together with personnel +security policies, they provide "security in depth." + +The physical security program depends on interlocking procedures. +The responsibility for carrying out many of these procedures rests +with the individual. This means you, and every person employed by, +assign, or detailed to the Agency, must assume the responsibility for +protecting classified material. Included in your responsibilities +are: challenging visitors in operational areas; determining +"need-to-know;" limiting classified conversations to approved areas; +following established locking and checking procedures; properly using +the secure and non-secure telephone systems; correctly wrapping and +packaging classified data for transmittal; and placing classified +waste in burn bags. + +The NSA Badge + +Even before you enter an NSA facility, you have a constant reminder +of security--the NSA badge. Every person who enters an NSA +installation is required to wear an authorized badge. To enter most +NSA facilities your badge must be inserted into an Access Control +Terminal at a building entrance and you must enter your Personal +Identification Number (PIN) on the terminal keyboard. In the absence +of an Access Control Terminal, or when passing an internal +security checkpoint, the badge should be held up for viewing by a +Security Protective Officer. The badge must be displayed at all +times while the individual remains within any NSA installation. + +NSA Badges must be clipped to a beaded neck chain. If necessary for +the safety of those working in the area of electrical equipment or +machinery, rubber tubing may be used to insulate the badge chain. +For those Agency personnel working in proximity to other machinery or +equipment, the clip may be used to attach the badge to the wearer's +clothing, but it must also remain attached to the chain. + +After you leave an NSA installation, remove your badge from public +view, thus avoiding publicizing your NSA affiliation. Your badge +should be kept in a safe place which is convenient enough to ensure +that you will be reminded to bring it with you to work. A good rule +of thumb is to afford your badge the same protection you give your +wallet or your credit cards. DO NOT write your Personal +Identification Number on your badge. + +If you plan to be away from the Agency for a period of more than 30 +days, your badge should be left at the main Visitor Control Center +which services your facility. + +Should you lose your badge, you must report the facts and +circumstances immediately to the Security Operations Center (SOC) +(963-3371s/688-6911b) so that your badge PIN can be deactivated in +the Access Control Terminals. In the event that you forget your +badge when reporting for duty, you may obtain a "non-retention" +Temporary Badge at the main Visitor Control Center which serves your +facility after a co-worker personally identifies your and your +clearance has been verified. + +Your badge is to be used as identification only within NSA facilities +or other government installations where the NSA badge is recognized. +Your badge should never be used outside of the NSA or other +government facilities for the purpose of personal identification. +You should obtain a Department of Defense identification card from +the Civilian Welfare Fund (CWF) if you need to identify yourself as a +government employee when applying for "government discounts" offered +at various commercial establishments. + +Your badge color indicates your particular affiliation with NSA and +your level of clearance. Listed below are explanations of the badge +colors you are most likely to see: + + Green (*) Fully cleared NSA employees and certain +military assignees. + + Orange (*) (or Gold) Fully cleared representative of +other government agencies. + + Black (*) Fully cleared contractors or consultants. + + Blue Employees who are cleared to the SECRET level +while awaiting completion of their processing for full (TS/SI) +clearance. These Limited Interim Clearance (LIC) employees are +restricted to certain activities while inside a secure area. + + Red Clearance level is not specified, so assume +the holder is uncleared. + +* - Fully cleared status means that the person has been cleared to +the Top Secret (TS) level and indoctrinated for Special Intelligence +(SI). + +All badges with solid color backgrounds (permanent badges) are kept +by individuals until their NSA employment or assignment ends. +Striped badges ("non-retention" badges) are generally issued to +visitors and are returned to the Security Protective Officer upon +departure from an NSA facility. + +Area Control + +Within NSA installations there are generally two types of areas, +Administrative and Secure. An Administrative Area is one in which +storage of classified information is not authorized, and in which +discussions of a classified nature are forbidden. This type of area +would include the corridors, restrooms, cafeterias, visitor control +areas, credit union, barber shop, and drugstore. Since uncleared, +non-NSA personnel are often present in these areas, all Agency +personnel must ensure that no classified information is discussed in +an Administrative Area. + +Classified information being transported within Agency facilities +must be placed within envelopes, folders, briefcases, etc. to ensure +that its contents or classification markings are not disclosed to +unauthorized persons, or that materials are not inadvertently dropped +enroute. + +The normal operational work spaces within an NSA facility are +designated Secure Areas. These areas are approved for classified +discussions and for the storage of classified material. Escorts must +be provided if it is necessary for uncleared personnel (repairmen, +etc.) to enter Secure Areas, an all personnel within the areas must +be made aware of the presence of uncleared individuals. All unknown, +unescorted visitors to Secure Areas should be immediately challenged +by the personnel within the area, regardless of the visitors' +clearance level (as indicated by their badge color). + +The corridor doors of these areas must be locked with a deadbolt and +all classified information in the area must be properly secured after +normal working hours or whenever the area is unoccupied. When +storing classified material, the most sensitive material must be +stored in the most secure containers. Deadbolt keys for doors to +these areas must be returned to the key desk at the end of the +workday. + +For further information regarding Secure Areas, consult the Physical +Security Division (M51) or your staff Security Officer. + +Items Treated As Classified + +For purposes of transportation, storage and destruction, there are +certain types of items which must be treated as classified even +though they may not contain classified information. Such items +include carbon paper, vu-graphs, punched machine processing cards, +punched paper tape, magnetic tape, computer floppy disks, film, and +used typewriter ribbons. This special treatment is necessary since a +visual examination does not readily reveal whether the items contain +classified information. + +Prohibited Items + +Because of the potential security or safety hazards, certain items +are prohibited under normal circumstances from being brought into or +removed from any NSA installation. These items have been groped into +two general classes. Class I prohibited items are those which +constitute a threat to the safety and security of NSA/CSS personnel +and facilities. Items in this category include: + + a. Firearms and ammunition b. Explosives, incendiary +substances, radioactive materials, highly volatile materials, or +other hazardous materials c. Contraband or other illegal substances +d. Personally owned photographic or electronic equipment including +microcomputers, reproduction or recording devices, televisions or +radios. + +Prescribed electronic medical equipment is normally not prohibited, +but requires coordination with the Physical Security Division (M51) +prior to being brought into any NSA building. + +Class II prohibited items are those owned by the government or +contractors which constitute a threat to physical, technical, or +TEMPEST security. Approval by designated organizational officials is +required before these items can be brought into or removed from NSA +facilities. Examples are: + + a. Transmitting and receiving equipment b. Recording +equipment and media c. Telephone equipment and attachments d. +Computing devices and terminals e. Photographic equipment and film + +A more detailed listing of examples of Prohibited Items may be +obtained from your Staff Security Officer or the Physical Security +Division (M51). + +Additionally, you may realize that other seemingly innocuous items +are also restricted and should not be brought into any NSA facility. +Some of these items pose a technical threat; others must be treated +as restricted since a visual inspection does not readily reveal +whether they are classified. These items include: + + a. Negatives from processed film; slides; vu-graphs b. +Magnetic media such as floppy disks, cassette tapes, and VCR +videotapes c. Remote control devices for telephone +answering machines d. Pagers + +Exit Inspection + +As you depart NSA facilities, you will note another physical security +safeguard--the inspection of the materials you are carrying. This +inspection of your materials, conducted by Security Protective +Officers, is designed to preclude the inadvertent removal of +classified material. It is limited to any articles that you are +carrying out of the facility and may include letters, briefcases, +newspapers, notebooks, magazines, gym bags, and other such items. +Although this practice may involve some inconvenience, it is +conducted in your best interest, as well as being a sound security +practice. The inconvenience can be considerably reduced if you keep +to a minimum the number of personal articles that you remove from the +Agency. + +Removal Of Material From NSA Spaces + +The Agency maintains strict controls regarding the removal of +material from its installations, particularly in the case of +classified material. + +Only under a very limited and official circumstances classified +material be removed from Agency spaces. When deemed necessary, +specific authorization is required to permit an individual to hand +carry classified material out of an NSA building to another Secure +Area. Depending on the material and circumstances involved, there +are several ways to accomplish this. + +A Courier Badge authorizes the wearer, for official purposes, to +transport classified material, magnetic media, or Class II prohibited +items between NSA facilities. These badges, which are strictly +controlled, are made available by the Physical Security Division +(M51) only to those offices which have specific requirements +justifying their use. + +An Annual Security Pass may be issued to individuals whose official +duties require that they transport printed classified materials, +information storage media, or Class II prohibited items to secure +locations within the local area. Materials carried by an individual +who displays this pass are subject to spot inspection by Security +Protective Officers or other personnel from the Office of Security. +It is not permissible to use an Annual Security Pass for personal +convenience to circumvent inspection of your personal property by +perimeter Security Protective Officers. + +If you do not have access to a Courier Badge and you have not been +issued an Annual Security Pass, you may obtain a One-Time Security +Pass to remove classified materials/magnetic media or admit or remove +prohibited items from an NSA installation. These passes may be +obtained from designated personnel in your work element who have been +given authority to issue them. The issuing official must also +contact the Security Operations Center (SOC) to obtain approval for +the admission or removal of a Class I prohibited item. + +When there is an official need to remove government property which is +not magnetic media, or a prohibited or classified item, a One-Time +Property Pass is used. This type of pass (which is not a Security +Pass) may be obtained from your element custodial property officer. +A Property Pass is also to be used when an individual is removing +personal property which might be reasonably be mistaken for +unclassified Government property. This pass is surrendered to the +Security Protective Officer at the post where the material is being +removed. Use of this pass does not preclude inspection of the item at +the perimeter control point by the Security Protective Officer or +Security professionals to ensure that the pass is being used +correctly. + +External Protection Of Classified Information + +On those occasions when an individual must personally transport +classified material between locations outside of NSA facilities, the +individual who is acting as the courier must ensure that the material +receives adequate protection. Protective measures must include double +wrapping and packaging of classified information, keeping the +material under constant control, ensuring the presence of a second +appropriately cleared person when necessary, and delivering the +material to authorized persons only. If you are designated as a +courier outside the local area, contact the Security Awareness +Division (M56) for your courier briefing. + +Even more basic than these procedures is the individual security +responsibility to confine classified conversations to secure areas. +Your home, car pool, and public places are not authorized areas to +conduct classified discussions--even if everyone involved in he +discussion possesses a proper clearance and "need-to-know." The +possibility that a conversation could be overheard by unauthorized +persons dictates the need to guard against classified discussions in +non-secure areas. + +Classified information acquired during the course of your career or +assignment to NSA may not be mentioned directly, indirectly, or by +suggestion in personal diaries, records, or memoirs. + +Reporting Loss Or Disclosure Of Classified Information + +The extraordinary sensitivity of the NSA mission requires the prompt +reporting of any known, suspected, or possible unauthorized +disclosure of classified information, or the discovery that +classified information may be lost, or is not being afforded proper +protection. Any information coming to your attention concerning the +loss or unauthorized disclosure of classified information should be +reported immediately to your supervisor, your Staff Security Officer, +or the Security Operations Center (SOC). + +Use Of Secure And Non-Secure Telephones + +Two separate telephone systems have been installed in NSA facilities +for use in the conduct of official Agency business: the secure +telephone system (gray telephone) and the outside, non-secure +telephone system (black telephone). All NSA personnel must ensure +that use of either telephone system does not jeopardize the security +of classified information. + +The secure telephone system is authorized for discussion of +classified information. Personnel receiving calls on the secure +telephone may assume that the caller is authorized to use the system. +However, you must ensure that the caller has a "need-to-know" the +information you will be discussing. + +The outside telephone system is only authorized for unclassified +official Agency business calls. The discussion of classified +information is not permitted on this system. Do not attempt to use +"double-talk" in order to discuss classified information over the +non-secure telephone system. + +In order to guard against the inadvertent transmission of classified +information over a non-secure telephone, and individual using the +black telephone in an area where classified activities are being +conducted must caution other personnel in the area that the +non-secure telephone is in use. Likewise, you should avoid using the +non-secure telephone in the vicinity of a secure telephone which is +also in use. + +HELPFUL INFORMATION + +Security Resources + +In the fulfillment of your security responsibilities, you should be +aware that there are many resources available to assist you. If you +have any questions or concerns regarding security at NSA or your +individual security responsibilities, your supervisor should be +consulted. Additionally, Staff Security Officers are appointed to +the designated Agency elements to assist these organizations in +carrying out their security responsibilities. There is a Staff +Security Officer assigned to each organization; their phone numbers +are listed at the back of this handbook. Staff Security Officers +also provide guidance to and monitor the activities of Security +Coordinators and Advisors (individuals who, in addition to their +operational duties within their respective elements, assist element +supervisors or managers in discharging security responsibilities). + +Within the Office of Security, the Physical Security Division (M51) +will offer you assistance in matters such as access control, security +passes, clearance verification, combination locks, keys, +identification badges, technical security, and the Security +Protective Force. The Security Awareness Division (M56) provides +security guidance and briefings regarding unofficial foreign +travel, couriers, special access, TDY/PCS, and amateur radio +activities. The Industrial and Field Security Division (M52) is +available to provide security guidance concerning NSA contractor and +field site matters. + +The Security Operations Center (SOC) is operated by two Security Duty +Officers (SDOs), 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The SDO, +representing the Office of Security, provides a complete range of +security services to include direct communications with fire and +rescue personnel for all Agency area facilities. The SDO is available +to handle any physical or personnel problems that may arise, and if +necessary, can direct your to the appropriate security office that +can assist you. After normal business hours, weekends, and holidays, +the SOC is the focal point for all security matters for all Agency +personnel and facilities (to include Agency field sites and +contractors). The SOC is located in Room 2A0120, OPS 2A building and +the phone numbers are 688-6911(b), 963-3371(s). + +However, keep in mind that you may contact any individual or any +division within the Office of Security directly. Do not hesitate to +report any information which may affect the security of the Agency's +mission, information, facilities or personnel. + +Security-Related Services + +In addition to Office of Security resources, there are a number of +professional, security-related services available for assistance in +answering your questions or providing the services which you require. + +The Installations and Logistics Organization (L) maintains the system +for the collection and destruction of classified waste, and is also +responsible for the movement and scheduling of material via NSA +couriers and the Defense Courier Service (DCS). Additionally, L +monitors the proper addressing, marking, and packaging of classified +material being transmitted outside of NSA; maintains records +pertaining to receipt and transmission of controlled mail; and issues +property passes for the removal of unclassified property. + +The NSA Office of Medical Services (M7) has a staff of physicians, +clinical psychologists and an alcoholism counselor. All are well +trained to help individuals help themselves in dealing with their +problems. Counseling services, with referrals to private mental +health professionals when appropriate, are all available to NSA +personnel. Appointments can be obtained by contacting M7 directly. +When an individual refers himself/herself, the information discussed +in the counseling sessions is regarded as privileged medical +information and is retained exclusively in M7 unless it pertains to +the national security. + +Counselling interviews are conducted by the Office of Civilian +Personnel (M3) with any civilian employee regarding both on and +off-the-job problems. M3 is also available to assist all personnel +with the personal problems seriously affecting themselves or members +of their families. In cases of serious physical or emotional +illness, injury, hospitalization, or other personal emergencies, M3 +informs concerned Agency elements and maintains liaison with family +members in order to provide possible assistance. Similar counselling +services are available to military assignees through Military +Personnel (M2). + +GUIDE TO SECURITY + +M51 PHYSICAL SECURITY 963-6651s/688-8293b (FMHQ) 968-8101s/859-6411b +(FANX) + +CONFIRM and badges Prohibited Items +(963-6611s/688-7411b) Locks, keys, safes and alarms SOC +(963-3371s/688-6911b) Security/vehicle passes NSA facility +protection and compliance Visitor Control Inspections Red/blue seal +areas New Construction Pass Clearances +(963-4780s/688-6759b) + +M52 INDUSTRIAL AND FIELD SECURITY 982-7918s/859-6255b + +Security at contractor field site facilities Verification of +classified mailing addresses for contractor facilities + +M53 INVESTIGATIONS 982-7914s/859-6464b + +Personnel Interview Program (PIP) Reinvestigations Military +Interview Program (MIP) Special investigations + +M54 COUNTERINTELLIGENCE 982-7832s/859-6424b + +Security counterintelligence analysis Security compromises +M55 CLEARANCES 982-7900s/859-4747b + +Privacy Act Officer (For review of security files) Continued SCI access +Contractor/applicant processing Military access + +M56 SECURITY AWARENESS 963-3273s/688-6535b + +Security indoctrinations/debriefings Embassy visits +Associations with foreign nationals Briefings (foreign travel, +Security Week ham radio, courier, +Security posters, brochures, etc. LIC, PCS, TDY, + special access, etc.) +Foreign travel approval +Military contractor orientation +Special Access Office (963-5466s/688-6353b) + +M57 POLYGRAPH 982-7844s/859-6363b + +Polygraph interviews + +M509 MANAGEMENT AND POLICY STAFF 982-7885s/859-6350b + +STAFF SECURITY OFFICERS (SSOs) + +Element Room Secure/Non-Secure +A 2A0852B 963-4650/688-7044 +B 3W099 963-4559/688-7141 +D/Q/J/N/U 2B8066G 963-4496/688-6614 +E/M D3B17 968-8050/859-6669 +G 9A195 963-5033/688-7902 +K 2B5136 963-1978/688-5052 +L SAB4 977-7230/688-6194 +P 2W091 963-5302/688-7303 +R B6B710 968-4073/859-4736 +S/V/Y/C/X C2A55 972-2144/688-7549 +T 2B5040 963-4543/688-7364 +W 1C181 963-5970/688-7061 + +GUIDE TO SECURITY-RELATED SERVICES + +Agency Anonymity 968-8251/859-4381 +Alcohol Rehabilitation Program 963-5420/688-7312 +Cipher Lock Repair 963-1221/688-7119 +Courier Schedules (local) 977-7197/688-7403 +Defense Courier Service 977-7117/688-7826 +Disposal of Classified Waste + - Paper only 972-2150/688-6593 + - Plastics, Metal, Film, etc 963-4103/688-7062 +Locksmith 963-3585/688-7233 +Mail Dissemination and Packaging 977-7117/688-7826 +Medical Center (Fort Meade) 963-5429/688-7263 + (FANX) 968-8960/859-6667 + (Airport Square) 982-7800/859-6155 +NSA/CSS Information Policy Division 963-5825/688-6527 +Personnel Assistance + - Civilian 982-7835/859-6577 + - Air Force 963-3239/688-7980 + - Army 963-3739/688-6393 + - Navy 963-3439/688-7325 +Property Passes (unclassified material) 977-7263/688-7800 +Psychological Services 963-5429/688-7311 + +FREQUENTLY USED ACRONYMS/DESIGNATORS + +ARFCOS Armed Forces Courier Service (now known as DCS) +AWOL Absent Without Leave +CAO Classification Advisory Officer +COB Close of Business +CWF Civilian Welfare Fund +DCS Defense Courier Service (formerly known as ARFCOS) +DoD Department of Defense +EOD Enter on Duty +FOUO For Official Use Only +M2 Office of Military Personnel +M3 Office of Civilian Personnel +M5 Office of Security +M7 Office of Medical Services +NCS National Cryptologic School +PCS Permanent Change of Station +PIN Personal Identification Number +Q43 Information Policy Division +SDO Security Duty Officer +SOC Security Operations Center +SPO Security Protective Officer +SSO Staff Security Officer +TDY Temporary Duty +UFT Unofficial Foreign Travel + +A FINAL NOTE + +The information you have just read is designed to serve as a guide to assist +you in the conduct of your security responsibilities. However, it by no means +describes the extent of your obligation to protect information vital to the +defense of our nation. Your knowledge of specific security regulations is part +of a continuing process of education and experience. This handbook is designed +to provide the foundation of this knowledge and serve as a guide to the +development of an attitude of security awareness. + +In the final analysis, security is an individual responsibility. As a +participant in the activities of the National Security Agency organization, you +are urged to be always mindful of the importance of the work being accomplished +by NSA and of the unique sensitivity of the Agency's operations. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nsa_surv.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nsa_surv.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..64bd2d34 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nsa_surv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +From: c3q@vax5.cit.cornell.edu +Newsgroups: alt.cyberpunk +Subject: the NSA KNOWS... +Date: 6 Dec 91 15:54:13 GMT +Organization: Cornell University + +I've been doing some research on data encryption lately, and was led inevitably +to the Data Encryption Standard (DES). As originally proposed in the '70's (I +think) the DES had a 128 bit key, and 8 code boxes. The NSA did IBM (the +originators of the algorithm) a favor by rewriting the code boxes to make them +"better" (slight cynicism on my part) and then said "might as well reduce the +key to 64 bits, now that the boxes are so strong". Researchers at Stanford +have noted mysterious patterns within the code boxes that might be a +mathematical back-door into breaking the code. In the DES standard there is +also the proviso that highly classified military, etc. data may/should be +classified in some other way. + +Point 2: In a study of the NSA it was revealed that the NSA owns land next to +every major microwave relay route and down-link inside the US. With the +scattering inherent in micro-links, this gives them access to 90+% of all data +traffic. + +Point 3: The NSA measures its computing power in acres (no joke). They are the +leading purchaser of latest generation Crays. + +Conclusion: The NSA can and does read our mail, encrypted or not. + +Caveat: There is so much data flow, that even with filters that pull out only +those messages encluding certain key words, any human operators would still be +incapable of reading any realistic proportion of our mail. Just hope that +expert systems designed for mail reading aren't developed soon (or haven't been +developed). + +Books to read: The Digital Encryption Standard + Cipher Systems + Inside the Puzzle Palace + +Just thought I'd bring home some of the cyberpunk aspects of the world we +currently live in. + +Travis J.I. Corcoran +Cornell '92/'92 (??) +Newsgroups: alt.cyberpunk +From: ebrandt@jarthur.claremont.edu (Eli Brandt) +Subject: Re: the NSA KNOWS... +Organization: Cult of Loud Loud Sibelius +Date: Sat, 7 Dec 1991 08:41:46 GMT + +In article <164CCD625.M14661@mwvm.mitre.org> M14661@mwvm.mitre.org writes: + +>Good points, but does anyone know how the RSA public key algorithm is +>holding up? It's slow, but fine for precoding email messages, at least + +It seems to be secure as long as you pick big enough primes -- remembering +that the NSA has CPU we can only dream of. I strongly suspect that the NSA +can crack DES. If they can break RSA with considered-secure primes, it +almost certainly takes them much compute, and they would not be expending +this kind of effort on *our* messages. I believe PGP, a PC RSA +implementation, is still available from garbo.uwasa.fi; US users are kindly +requested to refrain from downloading except for research purposes. It +uses math owned by PKP, you see. + + Eli ebrandt@jarthur.claremont.edu diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nsdd145.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nsdd145.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dc73295f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nsdd145.txt @@ -0,0 +1,462 @@ + + +THE NATIONAL GUARDS +(C) 1987 OMNI MAGAZINE MAY 1987 + + +By Donald Goldberg + + The mountains bend as the fjord and the sea beyond stretch +out before the viewer's eyes. First over the water, then a sharp +left turn, then a bank to the right between the peaks, and the +secret naval base unfolds upon the screen. + The scene is of a Soviet military installation on the Kola +Peninsula in the icy Barents Sea, a place usually off-limits to +the gaze of the Western world. It was captured by a small French +satellite called SPOT Image, orbiting at an altitude of 517 miles +above the hidden Russian outpost. On each of several passes -- +made over a two-week period last fall -- the satellite's high- +resolution lens took its pictures at a different angle; the +images were then blended into a three-dimensional, computer- +generated video. Buildings, docks, vessels, and details of the +Artic landscape are all clearly visible. + Half a world away and thousands of feet under the sea, +sparkling-clear images are being made of the ocean floor. Using +the latest bathymetric technology and state-of-the-art systems +known as Seam Beam and Hydrochart, researchers are for the first +time assembling detailed underwater maps of the continental +shelves and the depths of the world's oceans. These scenes of +the sea are as sophisticated as the photographs taken from the +satellite. + From the three-dimensional images taken far above the earth +to the charts of the bottom of the oceans, these photographic +systems have three things in common: They both rely on the +latest technology to create accurate pictures never dreamed of +even 25 years ago; they are being made widely available by +commerical, nongovernmental enterprises; and the Pentagon is +trying desperately to keep them from the general public. + In 1985 the Navy classified the underwater charts, making +them available only to approved researchers whose needs are +evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Under a 1984 law the military +has been given a say in what cameras can be licensed to be used +on American satellites; and officials have already announced they +plan to limit the quality and resolution of photos made +available. The National Security Agency (NSA) -- the secret arm +of the Pentagon in charge of gathering electronic intelligence as +well as protecting sensitive U.S. communications -- has defeated +a move to keep it away from civilian and commercial computers and +databases. + That attitude has outraged those concerned with the +military's increasing efforts to keep information not only from +the public but from industry experts, scientists, and even other +government officials as well. "That's like classifying a road +map for fear of invasion," says Paul Wolff, assistant +administrator for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric +Administration, of the attempted restrictions. + These attempts to keep unclassified data out of the hands of +scientists, researchers, the news media, and the public at large +are a part of an alarming trend that has seen the military take +an ever-increasing role in controlling the flow of information +and communications through American society, a role traditionally +-- and almost exclusively -- left to civilians. Under the +approving gaze of the Reagan administration, Department of +Defense (DoD) officials have quietly implemented a number of +policies, decisions, and orders that give the military +unprecedented control over both the content and public use of +data and communications. For example: + +**The Pentagon has created a new category of "sensitive" but +unclassified information that allows it to keep from public +access huge quantities of data that were once widely accessible. +**Defense Department officials have attempted to rewrite key laws +that spell out when the president can and cannot appropriate +private communications facilities. +**The Pentagon has installed a system that enables it to seize +control of the nation's entire communications network -- the +phone system, data transmissions, and satellite transmissions of +all kinds -- in the event of what it deems a "national +emergency." As yet there is no single, universally agreed-upon +definition of what constitutes such a state. Usually such an +emergency is restricted to times of natural disaster, war, or +when national security is specifically threatened. Now the +military has attempted to redefine emergency. + The point man in the Pentagon's onslaught on communications +is Assistant Defense Secretary Donald C. Latham, a former NSA +deputy chief. Latham now heads up an interagency committee in +charge of writing and implementing many of the policies that have +put the military in charge of the flow of civilian information +and communication. He is also the architect of National Security +Decision Directive 145 (NSDD 145), signed by Defense Secretary +Caspar Weinberger in 1984, which sets out the national policy on +telecommunications and computer-systems security. + First NSDD 145 set up a steering group of top-level +administration officials. Their job is to recommend ways to +protect information that is unclassified but has been designated +sensitive. Such information is held not only by government +agencies but by private companies as well. And last October the +steering group issued a memorandum that defined sensitive +information and gave federal agencies broad new powers to keep it +from the public. + According to Latham, this new category includes such data as +all medical records on government databases -- from the files of +the National Cancer Institute to information on every veteran who +has ever applied for medical aid from the Veterans Administration +-- and all the information on corporate and personal taxpayers in +the Internal Revenue Service's computers. Even agricultural +statistics, he argues, can be used by a foreign power against the +United States. + In his oversize yet Spartan Pentagon office, Latham cuts +anything but an intimidating figure. Articulate and friendly, he +could pass for a network anchorman or a television game show +host. When asked how the government's new definition of +sensitive information will be used, he defends the necessity for +it and tries to put to rest concerns about a new restrictiveness. + "The debate that somehow the DoD and NSA are going to +monitor or get into private databases isn't the case at all," +Latham insists. "The definition is just a guideline, just an +advisory. It does not give the DoD the right to go into private +records." + Yet the Defense Department invoked the NSDD 145 guidelines +when it told the information industry it intends to restrict the +sale of data that are now unclassified and publicly available +from privately owned computer systems. The excuse if offered was +that these data often include technical information that might be +valuable to a foreign adversary like the Soviet Union. + Mead Data Central -- which runs some of the nation's largest +computer databases, such as Lexis and Nexis, and has nearly +200,000 users -- says it has already been approached by a team of +agents from the Air Force and officials from the CIA and the FBI +who asked for the names of subscribers and inquired what Mead +officials might do if information restrictions were imposed. In +response to government pressure, Mead Data Central in effect +censured itself. It purged all unclassified government-supplied +technical data from its system and completely dropped the +National Technical Information System from its database rather +than risk a confrontation. + Representative Jack Brooks, a Texas Democrat who chairs the +House Government Operations Committee, is an outspoken critic of +the NSA's role in restricting civilian information. He notes +that in 1985 the NSA -- under the authority granted by NSDD 145 +-- investigated a computer program that was widely used in both +local and federal elections in 1984. The computer system was +used to count more than one third of all votes cast in the United +States. While probing the system's vulnerability to outside +manipulation, the NSA obtained a detailed knowledge of that +computer program. "In my view," Brooks says, "this is an +unprecedented and ill-advised expansion of the military's +influence in our society." + There are other NSA critics. "The computer systems used by +counties to collect and process votes have nothing to do with +national security, and I'm really concerned about the NSA's +involvement," says Democratic congressman Dan Glickman of Kansas, +chairman of the House science and technology subcommittee +concerned with computer security. + Also, under NSDD 145 the Pentagon has issued an order, +virtually unknown to all but a few industry executives, that +affects commercial communications satellites. The policy was +made official by Defense Secretary Weinberger in June of 1985 and +requires that all commercial satellite operators that carry such +unclassified government data traffic as routine Pentagon supply +information and payroll data (and that compete for lucrative +government contracts) install costly protective systems on all +satellites launched after 1990. The policy does not directly +affect the data over satellite channels, but it does make the NSA +privy to vital information about the essential signals needed to +operate a satellite. With this information it could take control +of any satellite it chooses. + Latham insists this, too, is a voluntary policy and that +only companies that wish to install protection will have their +systems evaluated by the NSA. He also says industry officials +are wholly behind the move, and argues that the protective +systems are necessary. With just a few thousand dollars' worth +of equipment, a disgruntled employee could interfere with a +satellite's control signals and disable or even wipe out a +hundred-million-dollar satellite carrying government information. + At best, his comments are misleading. First, the policy is +not voluntary. The NSA can cut off lucrative government +contracts to companies that do not comply with the plan. The +Pentagon alone spent more than a billion dollars leasing +commercial satellite channels last year; that's a powerful +incentive for business to cooperate. + Second, the industry's support is anything but total. +According to the minutes of one closed-door meeting between NSA +officials -- along with representatives of other federal agencies +-- and executives from AT&T, Comsat, GTE Sprint, and MCI, the +executives neither supported the move nor believed it was +necessary. The NSA defended the policy by arguing that a +satellite could be held for ransom if the command and control +links weren't protected. But experts at the meeting were +skeptical. + "Why is the threat limited to accessing the satellite rather +than destroying it with lasers or high-powered signals?" one +industry executive wanted to know. + Most of the officials present objected to the high cost of +protecting the satellites. According to a 1983 study made at the +request of the Pentagon, the protection demanded by the NSA could +add as much as $3 million to the price of a satellite and $1 +million more to annual operating costs. Costs like these, they +argue, could cripple a company competing against less expensive +communications networks. + Americans get much of their information through forms of +electronic communications, from the telephone, television and +radio, and information printed in many newspapers. Banks send +important financial data, businesses their spreadsheets, and +stockbrokers their investment portfolios, all over the same +channels, from satellite signals to computer hookups carried on +long distance telephone lines. To make sure that the federal +government helped to promote and protect the efficient use of +this advancing technology, Congress passed the massive +Communications Act of of 1934. It outlined the role and laws of +the communications structure in the United States. + The powers of the president are set out in Section 606 of +that law; basically it states that he has the authority to take +control of any communications facilities that he believes +"essential to the national defense." In the language of the +trade this is known as a 606 emergency. + There have been a number of attempts in recent years by +Defense Department officials to redefine what qualifies as a 606 +emergency and make it easier for the military to take over +national communications. + In 1981 the Senate considered amendments to the 1934 act +that would allow the president, on Defense Department +recommendation, to require any communications company to provide +services, facilities, or equipment "to promote the national +defense and security or the emergency preparedness of the +nation," even in peacetime and without a declared state of +emergency. The general language had been drafted by Defense +Department officials. (The bill failed to pass the House for +unrelated reasons.) + "I think it is quite clear that they have snuck in there +some powers that are dangerous for us as a company and for the +public at large," said MCI vice president Kenneth Cox before the +Senate vote. + Since President Reagan took office, the Pentagon has stepped +up its efforts to rewrite the definition of national emergency +and give the military expanded powers in the United States. "The +declaration of 'emergency' has always been vague," says one +former administration official who left the government in 1982 +after ten years in top policy posts. "Different presidents have +invoked it differently. This administration would declare a +convenient 'emergency.'" In other words, what is a nuisance to +one administration might qualify as a burgeoning crisis to +another. For example, the Reagan administration might decide +that a series of protests on or near military bases constituted a +national emergency. + Should the Pentagon ever be given the green light, its base +for taking over the nation's communications system would be a +nondescript yellow brick building within the maze of high rises, +government buildings, and apartment complexes that make up the +Washington suburb of Arlington, Virginia. Headquartered in a +dusty and aging structure surrounded by a barbed-wire fence is an +obscure branch of the military known as the Defense +Communications Agency (DCA). It does not have the spit and +polish of the National Security Agency or the dozens of other +government facilities that make up the nation's capital. But its +lack of shine belies its critical mission: to make sure all of +America's far-flung military units can communicate with one +another. It is in certain ways the nerve center of our nation's +defense system. + On the second floor of the DCA's four-story headquarters is +a new addition called the National Coordinating Center (NCC). +Operated by the Pentagon, it is virtually unknown outside of a +handful of industry and government officials. The NCC is staffed +around the clock by representatives of a dozen of the nation's +largest commercial communications companies -- the so-called +"common carriers" -- including AT&T, MCI, GTE, Comsat, and ITT. +Also on hand are officials from the State Department, the CIA, +the Federal Aviation Administration, and a number of other +federal agencies. During a 606 emergency the Pentagon can order +the companies that make up the National Coordinating Center to +turn over their satellite, fiberoptic, and land-line facilities +to the government. + On a long corridor in the front of the building is a series +of offices, each outfitted with a private phone, a telex machine, +and a combination safe. It's known as "logo row" because each +office is occupied by an employee from one of the companies that +staff the NCC and because their corporate logos hang on the wall +outside. Each employee is on permanent standby, ready to +activate his company's system should the Pentagon require it. + The National Coordinating Center's mission is as grand as +its title is obscure: to make available to the Defense +Department all the facilities of the civilian communications +network in this country -- the phone lines, the long-distance +satellite hookups, the data transmission lines -- in times of +national emergency. If war breaks out and communications to a +key military base are cut, the Pentagon wants to make sure that +an alternate link can be set up as fast as possible. Company +employees assigned to the center are on call 24 hours a day; they +wear beepers outside the office, and when on vacation they must +be replaced by qualified colleagues. + The center formally opened on New Year's Day, 1984, the same +day Ma Bell's monopoly over the telephone network of the entire +United States was finally broken. The timing was no coincidence. +Pentagon officials had argued for years along with AT&T against +the divestiture of Ma Bell, on grounds of national security. +Defense Secretary Weinberger personally urged the attorney +general to block the lawsuit that resulted in the breakup, as had +his predecessor, Harold Brown. The reason was that rather than +construct its own communications network, the Pentagon had come +to rely extensively on the phone company. After the breakup the +dependence continued. The Pentagon still used commercial +companies to carry more than 90 percent of its communications +within the continental United States. + The 1984 divestiture put an end to AT&T's monopoly over the +nation's telephone service and increased the Pentagon's obsession +with having its own nerve center. Now the brass had to contend +with several competing companies to acquire phone lines, and +communications was more than a matter of running a line from one +telephone to another. Satellites, microwave towers, fiberoptics, +and other technological breakthroughs never dreamed of by +Alexander Graham Bell were in extensive use, and not just for +phone conversations. Digital data streams for computers flowed +on the same networks. + These facts were not lost on the Defense Department or the +White House. According to documents obtained by Omni, beginning +on December 14, 1982, a number of secret meetings were held +between high-level administration officials and executives of the +commercial communications companies whose employees would later +staff the National Coordinating Center. The meetings, which +continued over the next three years, were held at the White +House, the State Department, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) +headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska, and at the +North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in Colorado +Springs. + The industry officials attending constituted the National +Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee -- called NSTAC +(pronounced N-stack) -- set up by President Reagan to address +those same problems that worried the Pentagon. It was at these +secret meetings, according to the minutes, that the idea of a +communications watch center for national emergencies -- the NCC +-- was born. Along with it came a whole set of plans that would +allow the military to take over commercial communications +"assets" -- everything from ground stations and satellite dishes +to fiberoptic cables -- across the country. + At a 1983 Federal Communications Commission meeting, a +ranking Defense Department official offered the following +explanation for the founding of the National Coordinating Center: +"We are looking at trying to make communications endurable for a +protracted conflict." The phrase protracted conflict is a +military euphemism for nuclear war. + But could the NCC survive even the first volley in such a +conflict? + Not likely. It's located within a mile of the Pentagon, +itself an obvious early target of a Soviet nuclear barrage (or a +conventional strike, for that matter). And the Kremlin +undoubtedly knows its location and importance, and presumably has +included it on its priority target list. In sum, according to +one Pentagon official, "The NCC itself is not viewed as a +survivable facility." + Furthermore, the NCC's "Implementation Plan," obtained by +Omni, lists four phases of emergencies and how the center should +respond to each. The first, Phase 0, is Peacetime, for which +there would be little to do outside of a handful of routine tasks +and exercises. Phase 1 is Pre Attack, in which alternate NCC +sites are alerted. Phase 2 is Post Attack, in which other NCC +locations are instructed to take over the center's functions. +Phase 3 is known as Last Ditch, and in this phase whatever +facility survives becomes the de facto NCC. + So far there is no alternate National Coordinating Center to +which NCC officials could retreat to survive an attack. +According to NCC deputy director William Belford, no physical +sites have yet been chosen for a substitute NCC, and even whether +the NCC itself will survive a nuclear attack is still under +study. + Of what use is a communications center that is not expected +to outlast even the first shots of a war and has no backup? + The answer appears to be that because of the Pentagon's +concerns about the AT&T divestiture and the disruptive effects it +might have on national security, the NCC was to serve as the +military's peacetime communications center. + The center is a powerful and unprecedented tool to assume +control over the nation's vast communications and information +network. For years the Pentagon has been studying how to take +over the common carriers' facilities. That research was prepared +by NSTAC at the DoD's request and is contained in a series of +internal Pentagon documents obtained by Omni. Collectively this +series is known as the Satellite Survivability Report. Completed +in 1984, it is the only detailed analysis to date of the +vulnerabilities of the commercial satellite network. It was +begun as a way of examining how to protect the network of +communications facilities from attack and how to keep it intact +for the DoD. + A major part of the report also contains an analysis of how +to make commercial satellites "interoperable" with Defense +Department systems. While the report notes that current +technical differences such as varying frequencies make it +difficult for the Pentagon to use commercial satellites, it +recommends ways to resolve those problems. Much of the report is +a veritable blueprint for the government on how to take over +satellites in orbit above the United States. This information, +plus NSDD 145's demand that satellite operators tell the NSA how +their satellites are controlled, guarantees the military ample +knowledge about operating commercial satellites. + The Pentagon now has an unprecedented access to the civilian +communications network: commercial databases, computer networks, +electronic links, telephone lines. All it needs is the legal +authority to use them. Then it could totally dominate the flow +of all information in the United States. As one high-ranking +White House communications official put it: "Whoever controls +communications, controls the country." His remark was made after +our State Department could not communicate directly with our +embassy in Manila during the anti-Marcos revolution last year. +To get through, the State Department had to relay all its +messages through the Philippine government. + Government officials have offered all kinds of scenarios to +justify the National Coordinating Center, the Satellite +Survivability Report, new domains of authority for the Pentagon +and the NSA, and the creation of top-level government steering +groups to think of even more policies for the military. Most can +be reduced to the rationale that inspired NSDD 145: that our +enemies (presumably the Soviets) have to be prevented from +getting too much information from unclassified sources. And the +only way to do that is to step in and take control of those +sources. + Remarkably, the communications industry as a whole has not +been concerned about the overall scope of the Pentagon's threat +to its freedom of operation. Most protests have been to +individual government actions. For example, a media coalition +that includes the Radio-Television Society of Newspaper Editors, +and the Turner Broadcasting System has been lobbying that before +the government can restrict the use of satellites, it must +demonstrate why such restrictions protect against a "threat to +distinct and compelling national security and foreign policy +interests." But the whole policy of restrictiveness has not been +examined. That may change sometime this year, when the Office of +Technology Assessment issues a report on how the Pentagon's +policy will affect communications in the United States. In the +meantime the military keeps trying to encroach on national +communications. + While it may seem unlikely that the Pentagon will ever get +total control of our information and communications systems, the +truth is that it can happen all too easily. The official +mechanisms are already in place; and few barriers remain to +guarantee that what we hear, see, and read will come to us +courtesy of our being members of a free and open society and not +courtesy of the Pentagon. + +================================================================= + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nsfnet-n b/textfiles.com/politics/nsfnet-n new file mode 100644 index 00000000..86a00d5e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nsfnet-n @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +KAPOR TESTIFIES ON NSFNET POLICIES AND FUTURE OF THE NET + +In his capacity as the President of the Electronic Frontier Foundation +(EFF) and the Chairman of the Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX), +Mitchell Kapor testified last Thursday before a House Committee on +the current operation and management of NSFNet, and the future +of the NREN and computer-based communications. + The testimony took place in Washington, D.C. before the House +Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. The committee was +examining the present and proposed policies of NSFNet, the government +body which currently handles the funding for and sets the operating +policies for much of the Internet. + The key items that Mr. Kapor was asked to address at the hearing were: + To assess the NSF's efforts to provide support to the + communities of science, education, engineering and research. + To comment on the current plan the NSF to resubmit + the award of operation of the NSFNet backbone for competitive + bidding. + How Congress can help ensure a successful evolution of the + Internet into the NREN. + To relate his vision of what the NREN might be and become. + To define the roles of public and private sectors in + realizing such a vision. + To suggest specific steps for Congress and federal agencies + that would help the goals of the NREN to be achieved. + A full text of his testimony will be available in comp.org.eff.news +sometime this weekend as well as available thereafter via ftp from +eff.org. + +=================== +NOTES ON TESTIMONY BY M.KAPOR TO THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE +AND TECNOLOGY RE:NSFNET AND FUTURE OF THE NREN (3/12/92) + +Thank you very much for the opportunity to testify. I am here today in 2 +capacities: As President of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a public +interest advocacy organization promoting the democratic potential of new +computer and communications technologies, and as Chairman as the commercial +Internet Exchange, or CIX, a trade association of commercial +internetworking carriers, which represents one-third of the several million +user Internet -- or interim NREN as it is becoming known. As you may know, +I am also the founder of Lotus Development Corporation and the designer of +Lotus 1-2-3, which has played a seminal role in the emergence of the 100 +billion dollar personal computer industry. + +To frame my remarks, let me begin by saying that we fully support the NREN +legislation which is designed to develop computer networks which will link +research and education institutions,. government, and industry. Among the +chief goals of the NREN are: + expanding the number of users on the network, avoiding the creation + of information have and have-nots + providing enhanced access to electronic information resources + supporting the free flow of ideas + promoting R&D for the purpose of developing commercial data + communications + +The Internet, as it evolves into the NREN, serves a vital testbed for the +eventual development of a ubiquitous national public networking. In that +context, the problems I wish to address today should be seen as the normal +growth pains of an experiment which has already succeeded far beyond the +wildest imagination of its creators. + +Problem #1: +The NSF-imposed Acceptable Use Policy is hindering the developing of +information services which would serve the R&E community and others. + +The AUP attempts to define limitations on the type of traffic which can +flow on the network. However, there is no agreement in practice about how +to apply the AUP. Businesses which might wish to operate on the net to +provide services however are reluctant to do so because they perceive +restriction and uncertainty. User should be able to order technical and +books and journals on-line from publishers and vendors. Users should be +able to consult commercial on-line databases to aid in their research. +Until there is a stable climate in which providers can be secure that they +are not violating policies, they will stay away. + +Therefore, the NSF should be directed to modify or drop the AUP to permit +innovation in information services to develop at its maximum course through +the commercial sector. + +Problem #2: +The current arrangements between NSF, Merit, and ANS, while +well-intentioned, have created a tilt in the competitive playing field. + +ANS enjoys certain exclusive rights through its relationship with NSF to +carry commercial traffic across the NSFNET. This has introduced +significant marketplace distortions in the ability of other competitive +private carriers to compete for business, as you have heard. + +The Science Board should therefore be directed to reconsider its decision +to extend the current arrangement by up to 18 months. The arrangement by +which ANS simultaneously provides network services for NSF and operates its +own commercial network over the same facility must be brought to an +orderly, but rapid, close. + +Problem #3: +The current basic approaches to funding of network services by NSF and to +network architecture as a whole have ceased to be the most efficient and +most appropriate methodologies. The time has come to move on. + +The historical and current funding model has been to subsidize network +providers at the national and regional level. We need to move to a +situation in which individual education and research institutions receive +funds through which they purchase network services from the private sector. + +The historical network architecture model has operated through a +centralized, subsidized backbone network. We longer need this for the +day-to-day production network which serves the overwhelming majority of +users of the system. Instead we should move to a system of interconnected +private national carriers. + +If industry knows that there is an open and fair opportunity to compete to +provide network connections and services to the research and education +community, it will supply as much T-1 and T-3 connectivity as is needed, +more cheaply and more efficiently than through any other method. + +Finally, let me urge that the entire process be kept open. Industry needs +to be more involved in the overall process. Decisions ought to be made in +the market-place, not in Washington. + +=============== + + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ntia.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ntia.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dd7144f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ntia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +Suveillance Conference Overview + +COPYRIGHT (C) 1991 BY FULL DISCLOSURE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. + +The National Technical Investigators Association (NATIA) held their 5th +annual conference in San Antonio, Texas, August 26th-31th. + +Participation in the conference was 600 attendees up from 500 last year. +However, there was a conspicuous lack of people from the military +intelligence community. + +As usual with government related electronic surveillance operations, +techniques, equipment, etc, secrecy prevails. Due to efforts by Full +Disclosure, the San Antonio area media was informed about the show. They, +however, were all turned away at the gate. The result being no local press +coverage occured. + +NATIA is an organization of over 2300 supervisory law enforcement officers, +communications and security managers assigned to support technical +investigative activities in the major federal, state and local enforcement +and intelligence agencies. + +The NATIA membership is responsible for supplying all of the various +communications, audio, video, photographic, specialized electronic systems +and investigative aids used in support of these sensitive bugging, +wiretapping and intelligence activities. + +The annual conference is used by manufactures of spy equipment to introduce +their new wares and sell more of the old stuff and for members to learn all +the newest tricks, scams and techniques. + +Consequently, NATIA and its membership has a sigificant role in domestic +spying activities. NATIA's role not only includes the equipment, but +standards, operations, techniques, tricks, and the like. Such activities are +purportely regulated and overseen by the public, through Congress, by the +political process. + +Any effective oversight or regulation requires information; information that +NATIA desires to suppress from the American public. The First Amendment, +however, assures that the public will be informed. Full Disclosure was able +to obtain many documents at the show and the essential information content +will be presented in this and future issues. Articles based upon show +information will be indiciated as such. + +The desire to suppress this information is so great, that due to Full +Disclosure's publication of the 1989 NATIA conference exhibitors directory, +there was no directory made for 1990. (The essential information content from +the show schedule is presented below). + +Not only was NATIA furious over the publication of the exhibitors directory, +but also over the fact that several hundred copies of the issue with the +directory were distributed on the show floor. + +What was the atmosphere of show? At night, some members, partied like +motorcycle gang members. During the day, however, it was strictly business. +The following is an overview of the technical and management seminars that +were held. Contact addresses have been provided by Full Disclosure and were +not a part of NATIA literature. + +``Future Telephone Technology'' by Bruce Becker, Central Telephone. Telephone +technology is rapidly changing. With new systems, features and technologies +on the way. This class will discuss what's on the horizon in the telephone +industry. + +``Law Enforcement and FCC Rules and Regulations'' by Arlan Van Doorn, FCC, +Deputy Chief, Field Operations (202) 632-7200. Find out what the rules are. +What's new, what's changed, what's the same. Is that video transmitter you're +using legal? [Ed note: if not, does the exclusionary rule or fruit of a +poisonous tree doctrine apply?] + +``2.4Ghz Video Transmission'' by Michael McDowell, Florida Department of Law +Enforcement. The FCC has recently allocated State and Local Law Enforcement +Agencies frequencies for low power video transmission. Learn what equipment +is available and how to put together a 2.4 Ghz video transmission system with +off the shelf parts. + +``Countermeasures: Technical Surveillance Counter Measures'' By Clyde Widrig, +Los Angeles, Police Department. What is being found during TSCM sweeps? Learn +about this, the basics of doing a sweep, and what equipment you will need. + +``Telephone Technology Panel'' The panel will discuss the impact on law +enforcement of new technologies (ISDN, CLASS, Etc.), systems and features, +coming soon to a telephone near you. Discussion will include the need for +NATIA to help set standards for intercept equipment. + +``Covert Entry Planning'' by Jim Moss, U.S. Customs, 40 S Gay St, #424, +Baltimore, MD 21202. Covert entry planning offers the agent valuable tips on +setting up the mechanics, legal, and security aspects of surreptitious +entries. This class could mean the difference between a successful entry and +a possible tragedy. + +``Digital Recording And Audio Processing'' By Attila Mathie, Adaptive Digital +Systems. An audio recorder with no moving parts? See it and get the latest +information on digital recording and audio processing. + +``Managing Technical Operations'' by Anthony Bocchiccio, Drug Enforcement +Administration. Aimed at the management, this class is intended to give you +the knowledge of what it takes to run a technical section. Instruction will +include managing resources, personnel, and equipment. + +``R-F Spread Spectrum Techniques'' by Stan Causey, DC Metro Police. Spread +Spectrum transmission is an area of rapid development. With many new systems +either in the works or already here, this class will bring you up to date. + +``Seizing Personal Computers and Data Recovery'' by Ken Scales, IRS, Criminal +Investigative Division. Everywhere you look today there are PC's (personal +computers). What do you do when you seize one? Just turning it on may cost +you some very valuable data. Learn what to do, not to do, and who to contact +for help. + +``Member Equipment and Technique Exchange Forum'' Do you have any new ideas, +tips, techniques, tricks or equipment? This is the place to bring them. Share +all of this valuable information with your fellow members in this open forum. + +``Video Operations'' By Jack Tuckish, Naval Investigative Service. How to get +the most from your covert video operations. This class will teach packaging +techniques, camera placements, tips, tricks, etc. + +``Night Vision Critique.'' Instruction will be given in interfacing night +vision equipment to 35mm and video cameras. Additionally you will learn about +specifications, uses and limitations of the different types of night vision +equipment. If available slides taken at the night vision demo will be shown. + +``Computer Crimes.'' By Frank Milligan, IRS. People are gaining illegal +access to computer data bases, bank accounts, etc. Who are these hackers, how +are they getting in, and what can be done to stop them. + +``Asset Seizure And Property Management.'' By Richard Harris, California, +Department of Justice. Is there more to Asset Seizure than property, weapons +and cash? This class will offer an overview on asset seizure and focus on +seizing equipment that can be used to aid law enforcement. Items such as +computers, communications gear and alarm equipment are being seized and used. + +The above is reprinted from Full Disclosure Newspaper. Subscribe today and +get interesting articles like the above, plus more... pictures, graphics, +advertisement, and more articles. Full Disclosure is your source for +information on the leading edge of surveillance technology. Print the +following form, or supply the information on a plain piece of paper: + +---- + +Please start my subscription to Full Disclosure for: + +[ ] Sample issue, $2.00 + +[ ] 12 issue subscription, $18.00 + +[ ] 24 issue subscription, $29.95 + With 24 issue susbcription include free one of the following: + [ ] Directory of Electronic Surveillance Equipment Suppliers + [ ] Citizen's Guide on How to Use the Freedom of Info/Privacy Acts + [ ] Maximizing PC Performance + +Also available separately: + +[ ] Directory of Electronic Surveillance Equipment Suppliers, $6.00 + +[ ] Citizen's Guide on How to Use the Freedom of Info/Privacy Acts, $5.00 + +[ ] Maximizing PC Performance, $6.00 + + Illinois residences, add 6.5% sales tax on above 3 items. + +Enclosed is payment in the form of: + +[ ] Check/Money order, [ ] Visa, [ ] Mastercard + +Card no:___________________________________ Exp date:_______ + +Signature:__________________________________________________ + +Phone:______________________________________________________ +(required for credit card orders) + +My name/address: + +Name:_______________________________________________________ + +Street:_____________________________________________________ + +City/State/Zip:_____________________________________________ + +Return to: Full Disclosure, Box 903, Libertyville, Illinois 60048 + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nuclear.fun b/textfiles.com/politics/nuclear.fun new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b1990a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nuclear.fun @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +Copyright 1983 +NPG,Ltd. + NUCLEAR PROTECTION + + ISSUE: Does it make sense to invest in extensive civil defense measures in a +time of nuclear capability? (1) Yes. Millions of lives can be saved in event +of a nuclear attack. That is worth spending some money on. Or, (2) No. The +percentage of lives saved in a nuclear attack and the horror and health damage +survivors face afterwards are not worth the kind of investments required. More +important, making these investments misleads the public and officials about the +prospects of surviving at all. + + BACKGROUND: A year ago, in the Fall of 1982, the Reagan administration asked +Congress for $4.3 billion for civil defense in this country. Spread over seven +years, the funds would be spent to develop plans and facilities to help +minimize the consequences of a nuclear attack on the civilian population. +Estimates of probable civilian survival after a nuclear attack vary. The +chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Vessey, testified in April +1983: "If we rode out the attack, probably 30 percent would survive today." +General Vessey said that the percentage would decline in coming years, as the +accuracy and power of Soviet missiles increases. Though criticized for +implementing a new notion of "winning" a nuclear war, officials of the Reagan +administration have argued that their position is similiar to that first +announced by President Nixon (a policy reportedly described in National +Security Decision Memorandum 242, signed in January 1974). According to press +reports, President Carter issued a further amplification that was labeled +Presidential Decision Number 59. These documents are all classified, so their +actual contents would be impossible to verify. However, in May 1973 Defense +Secretary Weinberger's five-year guidance to the military services was leaked +to, and published by, the Washington Post and other papers. In that document +Mr. Weinberger reportedly said: "Should deterrence fail and strategic nuclear +war with the U.S.S.R occur, the United States must prevail and be able to force +the Soviet Union to seek earliest termination of hostilities on terms favorable +to the United States." + + POINT: Civil defense measures are simple common sense. Nuclear war would be +horrible, but why make it even more so by neglecting to prepare protective +measures? As the Soviets become more beligerant and the world power balance +becomes unstable -- as happens every so often -- a prudent country would +prepare. If our surveillance systems warn us that the Soviet Union is shifting +its civilian population away from the central cities -- which would indicate +that country is preparing for an exchange of nuclear weapons -- we must be able +to respond in kind. Otherwise the Soviets can use our own civilian population +as hostage. The anti-nuclear forces have taken the horror of nuclear war and +blown it completely out of proportion. We know quite a bit about nuclear +effects, and we know that there are definite measures we can take -- now -- +which will significantly reduce these effects. We all know that a nuclear war +would be terrible, but if we allow ourselves to become traumatized to the point +of not even thinking about it, and if we do nothing to reduce the possible +problem, we are being very irresponsible. Indeed, if this kind of +"reality-avoidance" gets too strong, it will actually increase the potential +for war; the Soviets will see it as an irresistable opportunity. + + COUNTERPOINT: The whole civil defense concept is outmoded and a waste of +taxpayer money. But of far more importance, development of a massive civil +defense program will tend to encourage government officials to continue to be +even more beligerant with their Soviet counterparts. If the program is large +enough, and highly publicized, the public may be -- falsely -- led to believe +that nuclear war is not that bad after all. The civil defense program is so +silly it would be laughable if it were not so serious. One part has the entire +populations of major metropolitan areas departing en mass for the hinterlands. +The traffic problem alone would be almost incomprehensible. But this doesn't +seem to bother the administration -- its officials just say, in effect, "have +faith because we will have it all figured out by the time we need it." Beyond +creating unprecedented waste, the kind of massive civil defense program sought +by the Administration has the potential -- in the not too distant future -- of +turning the country into a police state overnight. All we have to have is some +international tension -- either real, imagined or conjured -- and the military +and their civil defense civilian counterparts will take charge. Of course, it +will be "for our own good." + + +QUESTIONS: + + o Is it worthwhile to invest lots of money for measures to protect the small +portion of the populace which is expected to survive, say 30% or less? + + o If we learn the Soviet Union is actively shifting its civilian populations +away from presumed targets, what should we do? + + o Do you think that civil defense precautions actually encourage government +officials to become more bold in their relations with the Soviet Union? Do you +think the same way about the Soviet Union's government officials? + + o What would happen to our economy if we had a civil defense plan, and it was +accidentally triggered, causing a mass evacuation of the country's major +cities? + + +REFERENCES: + o Administration's Nuclear War Policy Stance Still Murky, +Michael Getler, The Washington Post, November 10, 1982, p.A22 + o Joint Chiefs Back Plan for 100 MX's, Michael Getler, The +Washington Post, April 22, 1983 + o McNamara hits protracted nuclear war, George Archibald, +The Washington Times, March 1, 1983 + o Thinking About National Security, Harold Brown, Westview +Press, 1983 + o The Wizards of Armageddon, Fred Kaplan, Simon & Schuster, +1983 + + (Note: Please leave your thoughts -- message or uploaded comments -- on this +issue on Tom Mack's RBBS, The Second Ring --- (703) 759-5049. Please address +them to Terry Steichen of New Perspectives Group, Ltd.) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nucleard.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nucleard.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1e4262e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nucleard.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +MORE REASONS NOT TO TRUST THE NUCLEAR AGE: +------------------------------------------ +Excerpted without permission from UTNE READER JAN/FEB 1989, +an excerpt from from the BERKLEY ECOLOGY CENTER NEWSLETTER MAY 1988. + + MAY 14, 1945 : Plutonium is injected intravenously into a human subject in an experiment carried ut by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Eighteen human subjects are injected with plutonium in 1945 nd 1946. + + OCT. 10, 1957 : a fire at an English nuclear facility causes radiation +leakage and contaminates milk in a 200 mile radius with iodine-131. The +contaminated milk is dumped into the Irish Sea. + + MARCH 1958 : Kyshtym, USSR. Nuclear waste plant explodes, destroying hundreds of square miles of and and causing thousands of people to contract radiation sickness. + + JAN. 3, 1961 : Sl-1 Idaho Falls experimental test reactor. Three technicians were killed as they oved fuel rods in a 'routine' preparation for the reactor startup. One technician was blown to the ciling of the containment dome and impaled on a control rod. His body remained there until it was takn down six days later. These men were so heavily exposed to radiation that their hands and heads hadto be buried seperately with other radioactive waste. + + MARCH 1968 : In an uniddentified reactor, workers used a basketball to plug a pipe during modifiction to the plant's spent fuel pool cooling system. Further work was in process, and the basketball as blasted through the pipe and out the open end, followed by 14,000 gallons of water filling up theroom. + + 1971 : The Atomic Energy Commision (AEC) admitted an error in radiation +exposure limits by proposing a hundred-fold reduction in routine emission +standards. + + MARCH 1972 : Sen. Mike Gravel of Alaska submitted to the Congressional Record facts surrounding aroutine check in a nuclear power plant which indicated abnormal radioactivity in the building's wate system. Radioactivity was confirmed in the plant drinking fountain. Apparently there was an inapprpriate priate cross-connect between a 3,000 gallon radioactive tank and the water system. + + SEPT. 21,, 1980 : En route from Pennsylvania to Toronto, two canisters +containing radioactive materials fall off a truck on New Jersey's Rout 17. The driver discovers missng cargo in Albany, New York, when he sees only one of three canisters is still on the truck. + +*** And they truly believe they know what their doing with nuclear power! 'Trust us madame, we're nulear scientists!' I don't know about you, but I don't think our technology is ready yet for the nuclar age, all their doing is building Enviromental time-bombs....something you shouldn't do to mother ature! *** diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nukeacc.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nukeacc.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4d8cd0dc --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nukeacc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + SECRET DOCUMENTS REVEAL DANGER OF WORLDWIDE NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS + + On March 11, 1987, NBC broadcast a documentary, "Nuclear Power: + In France It Works." It could have passed for a lengthy nuclear power + commercial. Missing from anchorman Tom Brokaw's introduction was the + fact that NBC's owner, General Electric, is America's second largest + nuclear power salesman and third largest producer of nuclear weapons + systems. + One month after the NBC documentary, there were accidents at two + French nuclear installations, injuring seven workers. THE CHRISTIAN + SCIENCE MONITOR wrote of a "potentially explosive debate" in France, + with new polls showing a third of the French public opposing nuclear + power. That story was not reported on NBC News. + NBC's policy which produced the "nuclear power works" commercial + and censored the news about two nuclear accidents is typical of the + international silence about reactor incidents which help explain the + industry's undeserved reputation for safety. + The lid to Pandora's nuclear safety box was partially opened last + year when the West German weekly DER SPIEGEL published 48 of over 250 + secret nuclear reactor accdient reports compiled by the International + Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The report of previously secret IAEA + documents was translated into English for the first time and published + in David Brower's EARTH ISLAND JOURNAL. + Some of the "incidents" you never heard about: February 1983 -- + Bulgaria's Kozluduj nuclear power plant lost pressure in the primary + cooling system; June 1983 -- three of four pumps failed in Argentina's + Embalse nuclear plant; August 1984 -- the primary cooling system in + West Germany's Bruno Leuschner plant in Greifswald burst; October 1984 + -- engineers at the Chooz A reactor on the French-Belgian border + discovered numerous "breaks" and "broken welding seams" on the + critical control rods of the 17-year-old reactor; 1984 -- + Czechoslovakia's Jaslovska Bohunice reactor spilled radioactive + coolant into two reactor containment units due to the failure of 72 + defective bolts in the circulation system; January 1985 -- at + Pakistan's Kanupp reactor, radioactive heavy water leaked while being + transferred through a rubber hose; February 1985 -- during a fuel rod + experiment in East Germany's Rheinsberg reactor, a measuring device + stuck into the center of the reactor caused a leak of radioactive + water; April 1985 -- radioactive water and sludge swamped two rooms of + an auxiliary building at Belgium's Tihange reactor; December 1985 -- + emergency power in Canada's Pickerikng reactor failed in three + separate units for five days. + DER SPIEGEL said that in several of these previously unreported + nuclear slip-ups "a meltdown was a real possibility." Worse yet for + Americans, DER SPIEGEL found that human error "is most advanced in + North America ... sometimes with hair-raising results." A survey of + official records since the Three Mile Island reactor meltdown in 1979 + shows there have been more than 23,000 mishaps at U.S. reactors -- and + the number are increasing. In 1986, there were more than 3,000 + reported incidents -- up 24 percent over 1984. The chilling + conclusion: "Humanity has been sitting on a powderkeg as a result of + reliance on the 'peaceful' use of the atom." + + SOURCES: EARTH ISLAND JOURNAL, Summer, 1987, "Secet Documents + Reveal Nuclear Accidents Worldwide," by Gar Smith with Hans + Hollitscher, pp 21-24; EXTRA, June 1987, "Nuclear Broadcasting + Company," p 5. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nukefood.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nukefood.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..44e1fd11 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nukefood.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ + GLOWING OUTLOOK FOR FOOD IRRADIATION BUSINESS + + The food industry is going high-tech with a seemingly innocent + procedure called irradiation -- a process that delays ripening by + exposing food to radioactive materials that kill insects, mold, and + bacteria. + Critics point out that irradiation may produce food products that + at best have lower nutritional value; at worst are carcinogenic. + Irradition also poses significant health threats to workers and the + public in transportation, storage, and disposal of radioactive waste. + And there is real concern over the safety of radioactive devices used + in food, beverage, cosmetic, and drug industries. + While spices are the first irradiated edibles marketed in the + U.S., the Food and Drug Admnstration (FDA) also has approved + irradiation for use on produce and some meats. Interestingly, the FDA + regulates irradiation not as a process but as an additive. + The question, of course, is exactly what is "added" to irradiated + food? Irradiated food looks and smells better for an extended time, + but little is known about the chemical changes induced by the process. + One science writer posed the complex issues when he asked "What + do you get when you irradiate an apple with 100,000 rads of gamma + rays. Is that irradiation a process or an additive? Who should + control it? Does it pose a carcinogenic threat to humans? Since it + reduces food spoilage and replaces dangerous pesticides, is it a + blessing for the world's hungry?" And then he asked, "Why are there + no answers to these questions?" + Meanwhile, the track record in irradiation facilities is anything + but reassuring. The Radiation Technology plant in Far Rockaway, New + Jersey, was closed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for + willfully supplying false information about repeated safety + violations; the NRC also shut down International Nutronics in Dover, + New Jersey, after workers reported a coverup of a radioative spill of + a tank of water containing cobalt-60 rods; and workers in Isomedix + Co., Parsippany, New Jersey, were told to clean up leaks by pouring + radioactive water down bathroom toilets and sinks. + Earlier this year, the NRC suspended the use of an industrial + air-purifying device that leaked tiny particles of radioactive + polonium at plants around the nation. The NRC also order 3M to recall + for inspection all 45,000 of the ionizing air guns used to control + static electricty and remove dust from product containers. Of 828 + plants inspected so far, contamination was found at 118 sites; of + those, the radiation exceeded the reportable limit of .005 microcuries + in 39 plants. Subsequently, the NRC recalled 2,500 3M units used in + the food, beverage, costmetic and drug industries. + Given the potential problems, one would expect to find the + irradiation issue on the national media agenda; but it isn't. + Meanwhile, as serious questions go unanswered, the government has + proposed federal regulations that would allow more irradiation. + + SOURCES: UTNE READER, May/June 1987, "Irradiation Business Gears + Up," by Karin Winegar, pp 29-30; SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER SPECTRA, + 2/25/88, "Food Irradiation," by Rick Weiss, pp E1-E2, reprinted from + SCIENCE NEWS; S. F. EXAMINER (AP), 2/19/88, "Ionizing guns recalled + over radiation fear," p A5. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nwo-merc.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nwo-merc.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..49e8ca81 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nwo-merc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +A NEW WORLD ORDER: ECONOMIC LIBERALISM OR THE NEW + +MERCANTILISM? + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +In the days immediately following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait +in August 1990, the Bush Administration declared that a vital +interest of the United States was at stake--American economic +well-being was threatened by Iraqi control of the Kuwaiti oil +fields. However, when a growing number of economists pointed +out that the U.S. economy had the capacity to adjust in a +reasonable amount of time to any rise in the price of oil--or +to a disruption in its supply from the Persian Gulf--the Bush +Administration began shifting its rationale for American +intervention. + +The argument was next made that what was actually at stake was +the freedom of the Kuwaiti people. A number of political +analysts, however, pointed out that while Saddam Hussein's +regime in Iraq was undoubtedly a brutal dictatorship, Kuwait +had not exactly been an example of a free, democratic society. +In fact, the royal family of Kuwait had closed the Parliament +a few years earlier and had also imposed various restrictions +on freedom of speech and the press. + +The Bush Administration again changed the rationale for +American military intervention. It was now claimed that what +was at stake was the inviolability of international borders +and the continued existence of nation-states. A number of +Middle East experts pointed out, however, that these +supposedly "inviolable" borders and nation-states were +themselves the creations of Britain and France when they +carved up the Turkish Empire at the end of World War I. The +existing boundaries and the legitimacy of the Persian Gulf +states are no less "artificial" than making Kuwait "Province +19" of Iraq. + +The Bush Administration finally argued that what was at stake +was the establishment of a "new world order." World peace and +stability could never be secure as long as dictators had the +license to conquer and plunder their neighbors by force of +arms. With the end of the Cold War, it was now necessary to +bring to fruition the noble dreams of Woodrow Wilson and +Franklin D. Roosevelt which called for a consort of nations to +police and guarantee world order for the mutual benefit of +all. + +Few people have asked, however, what the ultimate foundations +for any durable world order are. And to ask this question is, +at the same time, to ask: What are the causes of conflict and +war--the causes of world disorder? + +In the 18th century, the reigning economic philosophy among +nations was mercantilism. The fundamental premise underlying +mercantilism was expressed by Voltaire in 1764: "It is clear +that a country cannot gain unless another loses and it cannot +prevail without making others miserable." The policy +implications of this societal philosophy were trade wars and +territorial conquests. If your own nation was to be wealthy, +it could only be so by making others poorer. Tariff walls were +needed to protect the prosperity of domestic producers from +the "attacks" of foreign competitors. Subsidies were required +for export producers so that they could "seize" the wealth of +others in foreign markets. Resources in foreign lands had to +be militarily "captured" to keep them out of the hands of +commercial rivals in opposing nation-states who would use them +to defeat "our" nation-state. + +Economic activity in every nation was entirely politicized. +Private interests had to be subordinated to the ends of the +state in this global war of all against all. + +But in the 19th century, the liberal ideal replaced +mercantilism. The liberal philosophers and economists +explained that trade among nations, like trade among +individuals, was mutually beneficial. All men would gain +through participation in a global division of labor--a way of +life in which they offered to each other the various products +in the production of which they specialized. Market +competition was not conflict, they argued, but rather peaceful +cooperation: each producer helped to improve the quality of +life for all through the production and sale of superior and +less expensive products than the ones offered by his market +rivals. + +The liberal ideal required minimizing the role of the state in +economic affairs. The German economist Wilhelm Ropke once +concisely explained that the "genuinely liberal principle" +required "the widest possible separation of the two spheres of +government and economy. . . . This means the largest possible +`depolitisation' of the economic sphere with everything that +goes with it. . . . By aid of this principle of separation, it +was possible to reduce to a minimum the economic coexistence +of sovereign states with their different legal orders, their +frontiers, their systems of administration and separate +citizenships. . . . The result was that it was now possible to +remove the greatest part of the economic issues of conflict +and problems to which the coexistence of sovereign States is +liable to give rise." + +Competition and rivalry, the "capturing" of consumer business +and the "conquest" of market share were now private matters of +peaceful exchange and contract. They were no longer affairs of +state--no longer political issues concerning obedience, +command and control. + +The privatization of economic life, with government limited to +the protection of life and property and the adjudication of +contractual disputes, was the foundation of this "new world +order" in the predominantly liberal era between the end of the +Napoleonic wars in 1815 and the beginning of the First World +War in 1914. And what did it produce? A century of the +greatest freedom, prosperity and peace that man has ever +known. + +In the 20th century, however, we have unfortunately returned +to the mercantilist ideal. Trade and commercial rivalry are +once again seen as the battleground of political combat. +Iraq's motive in invading Kuwait merely took the principle to +its logical conclusion: a nation destroys its economic rival +by seizing its resources (Kuwait's oil fields) and attempts to +enrich itself by plundering its accumulated wealth (Kuwait's +gold and physical assets). + +But the United States and its Desert Storm allies in principle +conduct their international economic affairs no differently +than has Saddam Hussein. If some of America's Asian trading +partners "capture" a large share of the American consumer +market, the government responds with a tariff-wall "defense." +If American agriculture cannot earn the profits it considers +"fair," the U.S. government takes the "offensive" by +"attacking" other lands through export price-subsidies. If +other nations will not comply with the wishes of the +Washington social engineers in some international dispute, the +American government influences and persuades them with +government-to-government financial loans, grants and +subsidized credits--all at American taxpayers' expense, of +course. + +Nor has the United States government any qualms about military +adventures to secure its economic goals when circumstances +seem to warrant it. When it becomes politically profitable for +the politicians in Washington to oppose the importation of +narcotics into the United States, then American military +forces invade one of the countries--Panama--that is accused of +dealing in the forbidden trade. Or if the occupation of Kuwait +by Iraq might negatively influence the availability and price +of a valued import such as oil, then a military crusade is +launched to guarantee "our" supply of oil. And in the process, +we purchase some allies--Egypt--by "forgiving" tens of +billions of dollars in government loans; and we also punish +others who won't go along with us--Jordan--by withholding +government aid and loans. + +In a world of politicized trade and commerce, conflicts among +nations are inevitable, because the economic profits and +losses of private individuals and industries are raised to the +level of affairs of state. And, as a consequence, the problems +and interests of private suppliers and demanders are turned +into issues of national concern and supposed survival. This is +the source of much of our global disorder as well as one of +the fundamental barriers to a truly peaceful "new world +order." + +In 1936, the Swiss economist and political scientist William +Rappard delivered a lecture entitled, "The Common Menace of +Economic and Military Armaments." World order, he said, was +threatened not only by military aggression but by economic +warfare as well. The weapons for economic warfare were +"economic armaments"--meaning all of the legislative and +administrative devices governments use to politically +influence imports and exports as well as the allocation of +commodities and their prices within one's own country and in +other parts of the world. + +"The primary source of economic and military armaments," +Rappard said, "we perceive in the doctrine of political +nationalism. Political nationalism is the creed which places +the national State at the top of the scale of human values, +not only above the individual, but above mankind itself." + +Rappard argued that a new world order of peace and prosperity +would only be possible when nations undertook a policy of +economic disarmament. But this would only come about when the +creed of political nationalism and mercantilism was again +superseded by the ideals of economic liberalism. And, alas, we +still seem as far away from that transformation as when +William Rappard delivered his lecture more than half a century +ago. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs for The Future of +Freedom Foundation. + + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the July 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nyc-indi b/textfiles.com/politics/nyc-indi new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d44754ca --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nyc-indi @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ ++=========+=================================================+===========+ +| F.Y.I. |Newsnote from the Electronic Frontier Foundation |July 9,1992| ++=========+=================================================+===========+ + + + FEDERAL HACKING INDICTMENTS ISSUED AGAINST FIVE IN NEW YORK CITY + + +Yesterday, Federal officials indicted five people in New York City for +computer crime. The indictments name Mark Abene (Phiber Optik), Julio +Fernandez (Outlaw), John Lee (Corrupt), Elias Ladopoulos (Acid Phreak), +and Paul Stria (Scorpion). The indictments charge that the accused used +their computers to access credit bureaus, other computer systems, and +make free long-distance calls. + + +Prosecutors revealed they relied on court-approved wiretaps to obtain +much of the evidence for their multiple-count indictment for wire fraud, +illegal wiretapping and conspiracy. Each count is punishable by up to 5 +years in prison. The defendants are scheduled to be arraigned in +Manhattan Federal Court on July 16. If found guilty on all counts the +defendants could face a maximum term of 50 years in prison and fines of +$2.5 million. + + +Otto Obermaier, U.S. Attorney, discounted suggestions that the acts +alleged in the indictment were only "pranks" and asserted that they +represented "the crime of the future." He also stated that one purpose +of the indictment was to send a message that "this kind of conduct will +not be tolerated." + + +Mark Abene, known to the computer community as Phiber Optik, denied any +wrongdoing. + + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation's staff counsel in Cambridge, Mike +Godwin is carefully reviewing the indictments. Mitchell Kapor, EFF +President, stated today that: "EFF's position on unauthorized access to +computer systems is, and has always been, that it is wrong." + + +"Nevertheless," Kapor continued, "we have on previous occasions +discovered that allegations contained in Federal indictments can also be +wrong, and that civil liberties can be easily infringed in the +information age. Because of this, we will be examining this case +closely to establish the facts." + + ++=====+===================================================+=============+ +| EFF |155 Second Street, Cambridge MA 02141 (617)864-0665| eff@eff.org | ++=====+===================================================+=============+ +: diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/nzrail.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/nzrail.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0789fb39 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/nzrail.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ + +Railways in New Zealand. (Hmmmm....!!) + +As you probably know, Railways as we know them now are a thing +of the past. The first railway was the Auckland to Hamilton +canal, running al the way from Wellington to Putaruru and back +again. This was a special sort of underwater railway built by +the 'Railway Pioneers', (a sort of South Island cowboys), and +the waterproof tube trains that they used featured in the Rev. +W. Audreys 'Ivor the Engine' books. + +The first steam train was invented almost by accident in 1066 +when Charles Darwin, the brother of Robert Louis Stephenson, +welded several kettles together by burning his cakes in +Scotland, earning him the nickname "The Flying Dutchman". +However, it is the Wright brothers who are regarded by most as +the fathers of modern railways because of their many 'railway +children'. One of them, Casey Jones, died at the wheel of his +express train after it struck an iceberg on it's maiden voyage +to Japan. Many people lost their lives in this accident, +discovered by Miss Marple in the film "Murder on The Orient +Express". It was disasters like this that prompted the famous +railway engineer Isambard Kipling Burnett to build several +bridges over which trains could travel, the fourth of which is +in Whangarei. + +Nowdays accidents are rare as all train drivers are ac- +companied by firemen in case of emergency. Sir Arthur Baden- +Powell, a notorious 'Great Train Robber' of the nineteenth +century, vastly improved railway safety when he invented the +semaphore signal, a kind of railway traffic-light kept in a +cupboard or "signal box". + +Faster trains, like Henry Ford's 'Rocket' enabled our railway +network to grow rapidly, linking the many stations between +which people had previously had to walk. Indeed, early +stations were very primitive affairs, one of which, Kings +Cross, was named after the then monarch had become annoyed at +the lack of facilities. Other stations took their names from +famous events, such as Waterloo, named after Cliff Richard's +winning entry in the 1973 Eurovision song contest, and +Wellington Central, home of Paddington the Bear. + +Many great advances have been made in railway technology in +recent years. Most trains offer dining facilities (hence the +expression 'fast food') and NZRail's new Advanced Passenger +Express is designed to tilt to one side, making it easier for +old people to get on and off at stations. In future, special +long wires will make it possible for electric trains to go all +the way from Auckland to Wellington without the plug coming +out. + +Further information is available to 'Railway Enthusiasts' (or +people who know where the stations are and don't like buses) +from NZRail's new look "radio" stations or from Paul Holmes or +Titiwhai Harawera (who wasn't there that day). + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Downloaded from the Infoboard BBS (Auckland, NZ) Thanks to Colin Swabey! +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/olw7.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/olw7.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3383dd3f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/olw7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +============================================================================== +Dear Our Lawyer, + + In June 1974, a tree root from the garden next door grew through the side +of our new polystyrene pond, causing subsidence to a gnome. My neighbour +refused to compensate me for the disaster, and my solicitor sought counsel's +advice. He recommended that I go to court; the case took five days, mainly +because a number of what my counsel described as fascinating legal points were +involved, and I lost it. Costs ran to five figures. + + As I was short of money, I sought time to pay, and took a second job as a +nightwatchman, where, after three days, I was struck on the head with a lead +pipe. The company dismissed me, and counsel insisted that I sue them for +unfair dismissal. During the hearing, it transpired that I had been asleep +when struck on said head; the dismissal was upheld, and costs were given +against me. They were also given against me in the case I was advised to +bring against my other employer who had dismissed me on the grounds that I had +been off work for two weeks to attend a hearing about being unfairly dismissed +from my second job. + + Now unemployed, I could not find new work due to shooting pains in head +where it had made contact with lead pipe; my lawyer sought compensation from +the Criminal Injuries Board, unsuccessfully, for which I had to pay him a +considerable fee. I was forced to sell my house, but did not get as much as +I had hoped because of legal fees involved, and since my wife did not fancy +living in two rooms, she left me, and sued for divorce on grounds of cruelty. + + My lawyer strongly recommended that I defend the action, which I lost, the +costs being awarded to my wife, and as I left the court I tripped on a broken +paving-stone and dislocated my hip. My barrister, who had seen the incident, +immediately initiated a negligence suit against Westminster Council, who not +only won, but also successfully counterclaimed on the grounds that my hip had +struck a litter-bin as I fell which was damaged beyond repair. + + So was my him; but the Medical Defence Union, defending the doctor I had +been advised to sue for malpractice, employed the services of three QC's, and +I had no chance, since I was now heavily overdrawn and could only afford to +defend the action myself. The case ran for three weeks, due to all the time +I spent limping backwards and forwards across the court. + + I am about to go bankrupt. What I want to know is, is it possible to sue +a barrister? +============================================================================== + +No. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/om940324.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/om940324.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bb22010c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/om940324.txt @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ + ********************************************************* + * Michael R. Burhans - Out Of My Mind * + * A Weekly Electronic Column * + * March 24, 1994 * + ********************************************************* + + " Let Us Pray " + or + We Must Force Feed The Kids Our Dogma! + + + Once again the armies of the religious right are one the march. +The very same groups that are spending millions of dollars on banning +books, censoring the media, stopping free speech and legislating +bigotry have suddenly tried a new tactic. It seems they would have us +believe that they suddenly have discovered the first amendment and +are converts. They would have us believe that they are exceptionally +concerned with the rights of free speech for students in the public +schools. One can only wonder how they can have the gall to expect the +rest of the country to believe this in the face of their virtual +assault on the civil rights of so many other groups. + + Their ploy is this: The Supreme Court rightfully banned school +prayer on the basis that public schools are an arm of the government; +and prayer as a school policy was nothing less than a government +establishment of that religion as an officially state sanctioned +one. The religious right was therefore left with the quandary of how +to force others to pray to their god without appearing to use the +government to do so. They have seized on the idea that as long as +it is "supposed" to be a student lead prayer it is merely a matter of +free speech. They feel that if they call it "non-sectarian" prayer +(which to them means a non-denominational Christian prayer) then +nobody could possibly object. However, the mere mention in one of +these public school prayers of Buddha, Mohammed, Shiva, or Satan +would no doubt make them apoplectic. You can bet money that they will +feel quite free to mention Jesus in their prayers. The obvious +double standard of their position is yet another glaring example of +the sickening hypocrisy displayed by the right wing religious +fundamentalist movement. + + I for one cannot believe they really see this as an issue of +rights. For if the rights really concerned them, why would these +groups spend millions on crusades to remove the rights of +homosexuals? If they are really concerned with rights why are they +advocating book banning? If they are really concerned with rights +why are they working to restrict the rights of non-christian +worshipers? If they are really concerned with rights why do they work +to remove the right to burn the flag? If they are really concerned +with rights, why do they spend so much money to censor art galleries? +If they are really concerned with rights, why do they spend so much +time and effort trying to censor the media? How can they expect us +to suddenly believe they want to be a great force for freedom? Any +citizen or elected official that falls for such an obvious and +cynical ploy almost deserves to live in the theocracy these people +would like to create. Since there is no way to do this without +forcing the rest of us to also live in this freedomless state we must +oppose this policy. + + As it stands now, every person has the right to pray in school as +long as they don't force it upon others. That policy is sound and +should not be changed. I find it disingenuous at best when people +claim that they cannot pray properly unless they get to use the +public address system and force everyone else to join in or listen. +That is nothing less then a form of brainwashing by rote repetition. +There is no possible prayer that can accommodate all of our nation's +diverse religious beliefs. Even the mention of "God" would tell +atheists, agnostics, deists, and polytheists that their s is not the +officially state sanctioned system of beliefs. This is blatantly +unconstitutional, and needs to remain illegal. If you want to or +need to pray, do so, but do not try to force me or my children, or +anyone else to join along. + + + ******************************************************************* + * (c)1994 Micheal R. Burhans\24th Century Society Publishing * + * Permission for unaltered reproduction and dissemination is * + * granted as long as it is not for profit & with this notice * + ******************************************************************* diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/om940330.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/om940330.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2fcf5fb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/om940330.txt @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ + ************************************************************* + * Michael R. Burhans - Out Of My Mind * + * A Weekly Electronic Column * + * March 30, 1994 * + ************************************************************* + + The Failure Of A Foreign Policy + Or + "Stop it, or we will make more empty threats." + + + + Secretary of State Warren Christopher's recent trip to the People's +Republic of China was the proverbial straw breaking the back of our +nations foreign policy camel. It seems he has learned little since +his tenure in the administration of President Carter. So far, much +like then, our Foreign Policy under the Clinton Administration has +been marked by grandiose plans, hollow threats, and very little +action. This is unacceptable. Such actions, if continued will lead +to mistrust from our allies, and contempt from our adversaries. Let +us examine the record so far. + + Upon taking office the Clinton Foreign policy team was immediately +met with two major crisis: Somalia and Bosnia. In Somalia, with the +best of intentions, he allowed the agenda of United Nations Secretary +General to override the best interests of the United States. What +should have been a simple mission of humanitarian relief, became a +manhunt for a scapegoat. Since he was also the most powerful man in +Somalia, this was very unwise. American troops were asked to perform +military strikes with inadequate intelligence and equipment. When +they ran into a ambush situation, there was no armor to back them up +and safely extract them. Consequently many died needlessly, the +people of the United States were shocked, and we pulled our people +out. This makes us look week and foolish in the eyes of the world. +Such behaviors embolden tyrants and make us lose the respect of our +allies. + + One of Clinton's strongest points during the campaign for the +Presidency was that Bush had mishandled the situation in Bosnia, and +that he would take decisive action there. One can only wonder how a +man who laid out exactly what Bush was doing wrong, could possibly +make exactly the same mistakes! He was issued warnings, which proved +empty. Drawn lines that he allowed to be trespass, and in the end, +done almost nothing. The only real action taken so far was the +shooting down of some old Serbian Jets AFTER they had completed a +bombing run in the much touted "No-Fly Zone". Even at this they +allowed several of the planes to run across and imaginary line and +return home. This is far from decisive action. It is nauseate +reminiscent of our nations "Paper Tiger" days of the late 1970's. + + Then there was Haiti. After months of loudly proclaiming that we +were dedicated to placing the democratically elected President back +in power, we dropped him like he was plague infected. We threatened +to send in peacekeeping forces, and when a rag tag bunch of armed +thugs appeared at the docks, the United States Military turned around +an sailed away. If we allow a few untrained bandits to run off our +military, how can we reasonably expect any nation to respect us? If +you are unwilling to use troops you should not send them. If you +decide to send them, send them in a level of force that is so +overwhelming that resistance isn't even considered an option by those +you are using force against. + + Lastly, there was the travesty of Christopher's trip to the +People's Republic of China. Our nation has not suffered such an +embarrassment on the diplomatic front since the taking of our embassy +in Iran. He went to China blustering threats of trade cut offs, when +the US was clearly not willing to actually do so. The fact is +China's huge market is desperately needed by the United States +economy, and both parties know it. As much as China needs and wants +trade with us, we need it more. Never make threats from a position of +weakness. The Chinese Diplomats held several news conferences where +they told us exactly where we could get off. The last conference was +a virtual de- pantsing of Christopher, and the United States +government. After this, he slunk home in defeat while the world +laughed at our weakness. At a time when we need China's influence to +help in the dangerous situation regarding the North Korean nuclear +program, first alienating and then angering the Chinese is hardly an +intelligent strategy. + + President Clinton desperately needs to get new help in his State +Department. Chrisptopher should resign; if he does not, he should be +fired. In a world growing rapidly more intertwined, one cannot +address domestic concerns without equal attention being paid to +international relations. We seem to have gone from a Presidency that +ignored the domestic agenda and was over concerned with the +diplomatic scene, to one that is the exact opposite. Perhaps this +unbalanced approach, swinging from one to the other with each change +in party control is the cause of so much of our nations problems. +The people of our nation need to stand up and demand a rational, +balanced approach to national government. If we do not do it soon, +we may find it is to late to stop our nations decline. + + ************************************************************ + *(c)1994 Michael R. Burhans\24th Century Society Publishing* + *Permission for unaltered reproduction and dissemination is* + *granted as long as it is not for profit & with this notice* + * Internet-michael.burhans@f1004.n239.z1.fidonet.org * + ************************************************************ diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/om940405.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/om940405.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..79bbe68e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/om940405.txt @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + ************************************************************* + * Michael R. Burhans - Out Of My Mind * + * A Weekly Electronic Column * + * April 5, 1994 * + ************************************************************* + + + + Drug War Collateral Damage + Or + "You have the right to remain silent... forever." + + + Friday night the twenty-fifth of March the nation's war on drugs +claimed another innocent victim. The Boston Police Department's SWAT +team acting on an informant's tip, raided the apartment of the +elderly Reverend Accelynne Williams. The Reverend, noted for being +quiet and shy in his personal life and for his dedication to helping +people get off of drugs, was understandably shocked when without +warning his front door exploded open and a team of helmeted men in +full body armour armed with military style weapons came screaming +into the room. While for most people such a moment of sheer terror +would only lead to years of nightmares, pain and therapy, for Rev. +Williams it was his last moment. These ninja suited drug warriors +literally scared him to death. We can only imagine what terrified +thoughts ran through his mind in those last moments. His family, +friends, and parishioners are left behind wondering how this could +possibly happen in America. It is a valid question that we should +explore. + + The first question that we must ask is just what lead to this bust +in the first place. According to the spokesman from the Boston +Police they got a tip from an informant that cocaine was being sold +from that building and he mixed up the apartment number. They lay +all the blame for this homicide on this unnamed snitch. I beg to +differ; what kind of police department stages a full scale SWAT raid +on a single uncorroborated tip? Doesn't the Boston Police Department +employ detectives? Do they not bother to utilize even a token amount +of investigation or surveillance? Is it standard operating procedure +to stage a full scale raid on each and ever drug tip that they get? +Think of the abuse such a policy is prone to. Say you break up with +your lover and want to make them miserable? Call in an anonymous tip +that they are dealing cocaine and sit back and watch the fun as a +dozen drug warriors destroy their property and piece of mind. Hey, +you might even get lucky and have Officer Rambo-wannabe accidently +shoot them! You just got fired? Call in an anonymous drug tip and +watch your former place of business get torn apart! It may be days, +weeks, or even months before they recover, perhaps even never. + + Haven't we lost enough of our rights in the name of this drug war +already? When I was a small boy we were taught that one of the things +that made the United States great was that a person's home was their +castle. In America, we were told, roaming squads of police did not +kick in people's doors and drag them off without a well investigated +legally issued warrant. Now it seems this view is outdated, no +investigation is needed. The police act on the merest scrap of +suspicion, even single uncorroborated tips. Judges turn their back +on the Constitution and what is right, and simply issue any warrants +the police ask for. In this unthinking bureaucratic process all +semblance of justice and rights are lost. Innocents die in their own +homes; victims of Drug War Death Squads who should be more at home in +El Salvador or Communist China than here in America. + + It is time for the people of the United States to stand up and +reassert our roles as the rightful rulers in our society. This war +on our rights must stop before the body count rises any higher. The +law enforcement community must be put back into its proper place. +Our Constitutional guarantees of freedom must once again be followed, +or the entire fabric of our society is doomed. So far our leaders +only plan to repair the societal chaos resulting from this usurping +of our rights is to limit, and even remove more of our rights. This +is unacceptable. + + Lastly I was struck by the closing comments the Boston Police +Department's spokesman made. In reference to the death of Rev. +Williams he said words to the effect that they would, "...make this +situation right again." We can only be amazed at this level of +hubris. It seems that the Boston Police Department has become so +full of itself that it has decided that not only do the rules of +proper Constitutional law no longer apply to it, but it seems neither +do the rules of natural law! I for one will anxiously await to see +exactly how they plan on resurrecting this good man that they so +cruelly and unjustly killed. + +************************************************************ +*(c)1994 Michael R. Burhans\24th Century Society Publishing* +*Permission for unaltered reproduction and dissemination is* +*granted as long as it is not for profit & with this notice* +* internet-michael.burhans@f1004.n239.z1.fidonet.org * +************************************************************ diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ondream.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ondream.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3d6ebf1b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ondream.txt @@ -0,0 +1,521 @@ + 8 page printout + + X. + + EXAMINATION OF PROPHECIES. + + [NOTE: This was the last work that Paine ever gave to the + press. It appeared in New York in 1807 with the following + title: "An Examination of the Passages in the New Testament, + quoted from the Old and called Prophecies concerning Jesus + Christ. To which is prefixed an Essay on Dream, showing by + what operation of the mind a Dream is produced in sleep, and + applying the same to the account of Dreams in the New + Testament. With an Appendix containing my private thoughts of + a Future State. And Remarks on the Contradictory Doctrine in + the Books of Matthew and Mark. By Thomas Paine, New York: + Printed for the Author." pp. 68. + + This work is made up from the unpublished Part III, of the + "Age of Reason," and the answer to the Bishop of Landaff. In + the Introductory chapter, on Dream, he would seem to have + partly utilized an earlier essay, and this is the only part of + the work previously printed. Nearly all of it was printed in + Paris, in English, soon after Paine's departure for America. + This little pamphlet, of which the only copy I have seen or + heard of is in the Bodleian Library, has never been mentioned + by any of Paine's editors, and perhaps he himself was not + aware of its having been printed. Its title is: "Extract from + the M.S. Third Part of Thomas Paine's Age of Reason. Chapter + the Second: Article, Dream. Paris: Printed for M. Chateau, + 1803." It is possible that it was printed for private + circulation. I have compared this Paris pamphlet closely with + an original copy of Paine's own edition, (New York, 1807) with + results indicated in footnotes to the Essay, + + Dr. Clair J. Grece, of Redhill, has shown me a copy of the + "Examination" which Paine presented to his (Dr. Grece's) + uncle, Daniel Constable, in New York, July 21, 1807, with the + prediction, "It is too much for the priests, and they will not + touch it." It is rudely stitched in brown paper cover, and + without the Preface and the Essay on Dream. It would appear + from a note, which I quote at the beginning of the + "Examination," by an early American editor that Paine detached + that part as the only fragment he wished to be circulated. + + This pamphlet, with some omissions, was published in London, + 1811, as Part III. of the "Age of Reason," by Daniel Isaacs + Eaton, for which he was sentenced to eighteen months + imprisonment, and to stand in the pillory for one hour in each + month. This punishment drew from Shelley his celebrated letter + to Lord Ellenborough, who had given a scandalously prejudiced + charge to the jury. -- Editor.] + + + AUTHOR'S PREFACE. + + To the Ministers and Preachers of all Denominations of + Religion. + + IT is the duty of every man, as far as his ability extends, to +detect and expose delusion and error. But nature has + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + +not given to everyone a talent for the purpose; and among those to +whom such a talent is given, there is often a want of disposition +or of courage to do it. + + The world, or more properly speaking, that small part of it +called christendom, or the christian world, has been amused for +more than a thousand years with accounts of Prophecies in the Old- +Testament about the coming of the person called Jesus Christ, and +thousands of sermons have been preached, and volumes written, to +make man believe it. + + In the following treatise I have examined all the passages in +the New-Testament, quoted from the Old, and called prophecies +concerning Jesus Christ, and I find no such thing as a prophecy of +any such person, and I deny there are any. The passages all relate +to circumstances the Jewish nation was in at the time they were +written or spoken, and not to anything that was or was not to +happen in the world several hundred years afterwards; and I have +shown what the circumstances were to which the passages apply or +refer. I have given chapter and verse for every thing I have said, +and have not gone out of the books of the Old and New Testament for +evidence that the passages are not prophecies of the person called +Jesus Christ. + + The prejudice of unfounded belief, often degenerates into the +prejudice of custom, and becomes at last rank hypocrisy. When men, +from custom or fashion or any worldly motive, profess or pretend to +believe what they do not believe, nor can give any reason for +believing, they unship the helm of their morality, and being no +longer honest to their own minds they feel no moral difficulty in +being unjust to others. It is from the influence of this vice, +hypocrisy, that we see so many church-and-meeting-going professors +and pretenders to religion so full of trick and deceit in their +dealings, and so loose in the performance of their engagements that +they are not to be trusted further than the laws of the country +will bind them. Morality has no hold on their minds, no restraint +on their actions. + + One set of preachers make salvation to consist in believing. +They tell their congregations that if they believe in Christ their +sins shall be forgiven. This, in the first place, is an +encouragement to sin, in a similar manner as when a prodigal young +fellow is told his father will pay all his debts, he runs into debt +the faster, and becomes the more extravagant. Daddy, says he, pays +all, and on he goes: just so in the other case, Christ pays all, +and on goes the sinner. + + In the next place, the doctrine these men preach is not true. +The New Testament rests itself for credibility and testimony on +what are called prophecies in the Old-Testament of the person +called Jesus Christ; and if there are no such things as prophecies +of any such person in the Old-Testament, the New-Testament is a +forgery of the Councils of Nice and Laodicea, and the faith founded +thereon delusion and falsehood. [NOTE by PAINE: The councils of +Nice and Laodicea were held about 350 years after the time Christ +is said to have lived; and the books that now compose the New +Testament, were then voted for by YEAS and NAYS, as we now vote a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + +law. A great many that were offered had a majority of nays, and +were rejected. This is the way the New-Testament came into being. +-- Author.] + + Another set of preachers tell their congregations that God +predestinated and selected, from all eternity, a certain number to +be saved, and a certain number to be damned eternally. If this were +true, the 'day of Judgment' IS PAST: their preaching is in vain, +and they had better work at some useful calling for their +livelihood. + + This doctrine, also, like the former, hath a direct tendency +to demoralize mankind. Can a bad man be reformed by telling him, +that if he is one of those who was decreed to be damned before he +was born his reformation will do him no good; and if he was decreed +to be saved, he will be saved whether he believes it or not? For +this is the result of the doctrine. Such preaching and such +preachers do injury to the moral world. They had better be at the +plough. + + As in my political works my motive and object have been to +give man an elevated sense of his own character, and free him from +the slavish and superstitious absurdity of monarchy and hereditary +government, so in my publications on religious subjects my +endeavors have been directed to bring man to a right use of the +reason that God has given him, to impress on him the great +principles of divine morality, justice, mercy, and a benevolent +disposition to all men, and to all creatures, and to inspire in him +a spirit of trust, confidence, and consolation in his creator, +unshackled by the fables of books pretending to be 'the word of +God.' + + THOMAS PAINE. + + + **** **** + + INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + As a great deal is said in the New Testament about dreams, it +is first necessary to explain the nature of Dream, and to shew by +what operation of the mind a dream is produced during sleep. When +this is understood we shall be the better enabled to judge whether +any reliance can be placed upon them; and consequently, whether the +several matters in the New Testament related of dreams deserve the +credit which the writers of that book and priests and commentators +ascribe to them. + + In order to understand the nature of Dream, or of that which +passes in ideal vision during a state of sleep, it is first +necessary to understand the composition and decomposition of the +human mind. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + The three great faculties of the mind are IMAGINATION, +JUDGMENT, and MEMORY. Every action of the mind comes under one or +the other of these faculties. [NOTE: This sentence is not in Paris +edition. -- Editor.] In a state of wakefulness, as in the day-time, +these three faculties are all active; but that is seldom the case +in sleep, and never perfectly: and this is the cause that our +dreams are not so regular and rational as our waking thoughts. + + The seat of that collection of powers or faculties that +constitute what is called the mind, is in the brain. There is not, +and cannot be, any visible demonstration of this anatomically, but +accidents happening to living persons shew it to be so. An injury +done to the brain by a fracture of the skull, will sometimes change +a wise man into a childish idiot, -- a being without a mind. But so +careful has nature been of that Sanctum Sanctorum of man, the +brain, that of all the external accidents to which humanity is +subject, this occurs the most seldom. But we often see it happening +by long and habitual intemperance. + + Whether those three faculties occupy distinct apartments of +the brain, is known only to that ALMIGHTY POWER that formed and +organized it. We can see the external effects of muscular motion in +all the members of the body, though its premium mobile, or first +moving cause, is unknown to man. Our external motions are sometimes +the effect of intention, sometimes not. If we are sitting and +intend to rise, or standing and intend to sit or to walk, the limbs +obey that intention as if they heard the order given. But we make +a thousand motions every day, and that as well waking as sleeping, +that have no prior intention to direct them. Each member acts as if +it had a will or mind of its own. Man governs the whole when he +pleases to govern, but in the interim the several parts, like +little suburbs, govern themselves without consulting the sovereign. + + And all these motions, whatever be the generating cause, are +external and visible. But with respect to the brain, no ocular +observation can be made upon it. All is mystery; all is darkness in +that womb of thought. + + Whether the brain is a mass of matter in continual rest +whether it has a vibrating pulsative motion, or a heaving and +falling motion like matter in fermentation; whether different parts +of the brain have different motions according to the faculty that +is employed, be it the imagination, the judgment, or the memory, +man knows nothing of. He knows not the cause of his own wit. His +own brain conceals it from him. + + Comparing invisible by visible things, as metaphysical can +sometimes be compared to physical things, the operations of these +distinct and several faculties have some resemblance to a watch. +The main spring which puts all in motion corresponds to the +imagination; the pendulum which corrects and regulates that motion, +corresponds to the judgment; and the hand and dial, like the +memory, record the operation. + + Now in proportion as these several faculties sleep, slumber, +or keep awake, during the continuance of a dream, in that +proportion the dream will be reasonable or frantic, remembered or +forgotten. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + If there is any faculty in mental man that never sleeps, it is +that volatile thing the imagination. The case is different with the +judgment and memory. The sedate and sober constitution of the +judgment easily disposes it to rest; and as to the memory, it +records in silence and is active only when it is called upon. + + That the judgment soon goes to sleep may be perceived by our +sometimes beginning to dream before we are fully asleep ourselves. +Some random thought runs in the mind, and we start, as it were, +into recollection that we are dreaming between sleeping and waking. +[If a pendulum of a watch by any accident becomes displaced, that +it can no longer control and regulate the elastic force of the +spring, the works are instantly thrown into confusion, and continue +so as long as the spring continues to have force. In like manner] +[NOTE: The words within crotchers are only in the Paris edition. In +the New York edition (1807) the next word "If" begins a new +paragraph. -- Editor.] if the judgment sleeps whilst the +imagination keeps awake, the dream will be a riotous assemblage of +misshapen images and ranting ideas, and the more active the +imagination is the wilder the dream will be. The most inconsistent +and the most impossible things will appear right; because that +faculty whose province it is to keep order is in a state of +absence. The master of the school is gone out and the boys are in +an uproar. + + If the memory sleeps, we shall have no other knowledge of the +dream than that we have dreamt, without knowing what it was about. +In this case it is sensation rather than recollection that acts. +The dream has given us some sense of pain or trouble, and we feel +it as a hurt, rather than remember it as vision. + + If the memory slumbers we shall have a faint remembrance of +the dream, and after a few minutes it will some-times happen that +the principal passages of the dream will occur to us more fully. +The cause of this is that the memory will sometimes continue +slumbering or sleeping after we are awake ourselves, and that so +fully, that it may and sometimes does happen, that we do not +immediately recollect where we are, nor what we have been about, or +have to do. But when the memory starts into wakefulness it brings +the knowledge of these things back upon us like a flood of light, +and sometimes the dream with it. + + But the most curious circumstance of the mind in a state of +dream, is the power it has to become the agent of every person, +character and thing of which it dreams. It carries on conversation +with several, asks questions, hears answers, gives and receives +information, and it acts all these parts itself. + + Yet however various and eccentric the imagination may be in +the creating of images and ideas, it cannot supply the place of +memory with respect to things that are forgotten when we are awake. +For example, if we have forgotten the name of a person, and dream +of seeing him and asking him his name, he cannot tell it; for it is +ourselves asking ourselves the question. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + But though the imagination cannot supply the place of real +memory, it has the wild faculty of counterfeiting memory. It dreams +of persons it never knew, and talks to them as if it remembered +them as old acquaintance. It relates circumstances that never +happened, and tells them as if they had happened. It goes to places +that never existed, and knows where all the streets and houses are, +as if we had been there before. The scenes it creates are often as +scenes remembered. It will sometimes act a dream within a dream, +and, in the delusion of dreaming, tell a dream it never dreamed, +and tell it as if it was from memory. It may also be remarked, that +the imagination in a dream has no idea of time, as tune. It counts +only by circumstances; and if a succession of circumstances pass in +a dream that would require a great length of time to accomplish +them, it will appear to the dreamer that a length of time equal +thereto has passed also. + + As this is the state of the mind in a dream, it may rationally +be said that every person is mad once in twenty-four hours, for +were he to act in the day as he dreams in the night, he would be +confined for a lunatic. In a state of wakefulness, those three +faculties being all active, and acting in unison, constitute the +rational man. In dream it is otherwise, and, therefore, that state +which is called insanity appears to be no other than a dismission +of those faculties, and a cessation of the judgment during +wakefulness, that we so often experience during sleep; and +idiocity, into which some persons have fallen, is that cessation of +all the faculties of which we can be sensible when we happen to +wake before our memory. + + In this view of the mind, how absurd it is to place reliance +upon dreams, and how much more absurd to make them a foundation for +religion; yet the belief that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, +begotten by the Holy Ghost, a being never heard of before, stands +on the foolish story of an old man's dream. "And behold the angel +of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son +of David, fear not thou to take unto thee Mary thy wife, for that +which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost." -- Matt. 1. 20. + + After this we have the childish stories of three or four other +dreams: about Joseph going into Egypt; about his coming back again; +about this, and about that, and this story of dreams has thrown +Europe into a dream for more than a thousand years. All the efforts +that nature, reason, and conscience have made to awaken man from +it, have been ascribed by priestcraft and superstition to the +working of the devil, and had it not been for the American +Revolution, which, by establishing the universal right of +conscience, [NOTE: The words "right of" are not in the Paris +edition. -- Editor.] first opened the way to free discussion, and +for the French Revolution that followed, this Religion of Dreams +had continued to be preached, and that after it had ceased to be +believed. Those who preached it and did not believe it, still +believed the delusion necessary. They were not bold enough to be +honest, nor honest enough to be bold. + + [NOTE: The remainder of this essay, down to the last two + paragraphs, though contained in the Paris pamphlet, was struck + out of the essay by Paine when he published it in America; it + was restored by an American editor who got hold of the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + original manuscript, with the exception of two sentences which + he supposed caused the author to reserve the nine paragraphs + containing them. It is probable, however, that this part was + omitted as an interruption of the essay on Dream. The present + Editor therefore concludes to insert the passage, without any + omission, in this footnote: + + "Every new religion, like a new play, requires a new apparatus +of dresses and machinery, to fit the new characters it creates. The +story of Christ in the New Testament brings a new being upon the +stage, which it calls the Holy Ghost; and the story of Abraham, the +father of the Jews, in the Old Testament, gives existence to a new +order of beings it calls Angels. There was no Holy Ghost before the +time of Christ, nor Angels before the time of Abraham. We hear +nothing of these winged gentlemen, till more than two thousand +years, according to the Bible chronology, from the time they say +the heavens, the earth, and all therein were made. After this, they +hop about as thick as birds in a grove. The first we hear of, pays +his addresses to Hagar in the wilderness; then three of them visit +Sarah; another wrestles a fall with Jacob; and these birds of +passage having found their way to earth and back, are continually +coming and going. They eat and drink, and up again to heaven. What +they do with the food they carry away in their bellies, the Bible +does not tell us. Perhaps they do as the birds do, discharge it as +they fly; for neither the scripture nor the church hath told us +there are necessary houses for them in heaven. One would think that +a system loaded with such gross and vulgar absurdities as scripture +religion is could never have obtained credit; yet we have seen what +priestcraft and fanaticism could do, and credulity believe. + + From Angels in the Old Testament we get to prophets, to +witches, to seers of visions, and dreamers of dreams; and sometimes +we are told, as in 1 Sam. ix. 15, that God whispers in the ear. At +other times we are not told how the impulse was given, or whether +sleeping or waking. In 2 Sam. xxiv. 1, it is said, "And again the +anger of the lord was kindled against Israel, and he moved David +against them to say, Go number Israel and Judah." And in 1 Chron. +xxi. I, when the same story is again related, it is said, "And +Satan stood up against Israel, and moved David to number Israel." + + Whether this was done sleeping or waking, we are not told, but +it seems that David, whom they call "a man after God's own heart," +did not know by what spirit he was moved; and as to the men called +inspired penmen, they agree so well about the matter, that in one +book they say that it was God, and in the other that it was the +Devil. + + Yet this is trash that the church imposes upon the world as +the WORD OF GOD; this is the collection of lies and contradictions +called the HOLY BIBLE! this is the rubbish called REVEALED +RELIGION! + + The idea that writers of the Old Testament had of a God was +boisterous, contemptible, and vulgar. They make him the Mars of the +Jews, the fighting God of Israel, the conjuring God of their +Priests and Prophets. They tell us as many fables of him as the +Greeks told of Hercules. They pit him against Pharaoh, as it were + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + +to box with him, and Moses carries the challenge. They make their +God to say insultingly, "I will get me honor upon Pharaoh and upon +all his Host, upon his chariots and upon his Horsemen." And that he +may keep his word, they make him set a trap in the Red Sea, in the +dead of the night, for Pharaoh, his host, and his horses, and drown +them as a rat-catcher would do so many rats. Great honor indeed! +the story of Jack the giant-killer is better told! + + They match him against the Egyptian magicians to conjure with +them, and after hard conjuring on both sides (for where there is no +great contest there is no great honor) they bring him off +victorious. The first three essays are a dead match: each party +turns his rod into a serpent, the rivers into blood, and creates +frogs: but upon the fourth, the God of the Israelites obtains the +laurel, he covers them all over with lice! The Egyptian magicians +cannot do the same, and this lousy triumph proclaims the victory! + + They make their God to rain fire and brimstone upon Sodom and +Gomorrah and belch fire and smoke upon mount Sinai, as if he was +the Pluto of the lower regions. They make him salt up Lot's wife +like pickled pork; they make him pass like Shakespeare's Queen Mab +into the brain of their priests, prophets, and prophetesses, and +tickle them into dreams, [NOTE: "Tickling a parson's nose as 'a +lies asleep, Then dreams he of another benefice." (Rom. and Jul.) +-- Editor.] and after making him play all kinds of tricks they +confound him with Satan, and leave us at a loss to know what God +they meant! + + This is the descriptive God of the Old Testament; and as to +the New, though the authors of it have varied the scene, they have +continued the vulgarity. + + Is man ever to be the dupe of priestcraft, the slave of +superstition? Is he never to have just ideas of his Creator? It is +better not to believe there is a God, than to believe of him +falsely. When we behold the mighty universe that surrounds us, and +dart our contemplation into the eternity of space, filled with +innumerable orbs revolving in eternal harmony, how paltry must the +tales of the Old and New Testaments, profanely called the word of +God, appear to thoughtful man! The stupendous wisdom and unerring +order that reign and govern throughout this wondrous whole, and +call us to reflection, 'put to shame the Bible!' The God of +eternity and of all that is real, is not the God of passing dreams +and shadows of man's imagination. The God of truth is not the God +of fable; the belief of a God begotten and a God crucified, is a +God blasphemed. It is making a profane use of reason. -- Author.] + + I shall conclude this Essay on Dream with the first two verses +of Ecclesiastics xxxiv. one of the books of the Apocrypha. "The +hopes of a man void of understanding are vain and false; and dreams +lift up fools. Whoso regardeth dreams is like him that catcheth at +a shadow, and followeth after the wind." + + I now proceed to an examination of the passages in the Bible, +called prophecies of the coming of Christ, and to show there are no +prophecies of any such person; that the passages clandestinely +styled prophecies are not prophecies; and that they refer to +circumstances the Jewish nation was in at the time they were +written or spoken, and not to any distance of future time or +person. + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/one.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/one.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..84317bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/one.txt @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ + + + NEED FOR PROTECTION + + If someone slips and falls in a business, or if a + car taps their car's rear end, they react like they + just won the lottery. If an armed thug breaks into a + home in the dead of night, slips on a child's marbles, + and breaks a leg, he can sue and likely win. + + One idiot strapped a refrigerator on his back and + ran in a race. The strap broke and he hurt his back. + He sued the strap manufacturer and collected $1.3 + million. + + It is impossible to buy an skateboard anywhere + these days. The manufacturers can't get liability + insurance. (So the kids make more dangerous home built + ones instead.) + + Once there is a judgment against somebody, the + court swears them in and takes their testimony "in aid + of collection." They have to tell the court everything + -- no matter how unjust the case is. What properties + they own, what savings accounts, what checking + accounts, and what money market funds, and how much is + in each one. What stocks they own, what bonds they + own, where each and every safe deposit box is and what + precisely they have in each. + + If one were a rapist or murderer, they'd have more + rights, such as a right to silence. But as a judgment + debtor a person has no rights, as the winner now owns + everything. And heaven help the defendant if he fudges + on his testimony. If he conceals a safe deposit box, + or that stash of 100 Krugerrands he buried ten years + ago in the garden, he's committing perjury, a felony. + With mandatory sentencing guidelines in effect in most + jurisdictions, he will go to prison for the amount of + time specified in the statute -- the judge no longer + has the discretion to set the sentence but must + sentence in accordance with the guidelines created by + the legislature for that crime. The popular concept + of probation for a first offense is no longer true in + many jurisdictions, including the federal court system. + The perjury defendant may even spend more time in + prison than the thug who broke into his house and + slipped on his child's marbles. + + While the defendant's lying about his assets will + always be the felony of perjury, if the thug walked + into the house in daylight through an unlocked door, + his crime is likely to be the misdemeanor of trespass, + with a maximum sentence of six months, versus the + perjury felony with a maximum of from five to twenty + years, depending upon the jurisdiction. + + It is all too easy to go around saying it won't + happen, but once it happens, it is too late. If money + is transferred after an incident or accident, that is + concealing assets, which can cause both criminal + charges and civil loss of other assets. The law looks + at it as stealing the property of the person who is + suing, or who may sue. The defendant may think it is + his lifetime savings from hard work, but legally he now + holds it in trust for the person who has a pending + claim. Presumed knowledge of the possibility of a + claim is sufficient to invoke these fraudulent transfer + laws. So if somebody moves their money the morning + after an auto accident, it is likely to come back to + haunt them. The only legally valid protection is to + take careful and legal protective steps before there + is even a potential claim against a person or his + assets. + + While these concerns with protecting assets + obviously apply mostly to American readers, non- + American readers need to consider the dangers of + keeping bank accounts or other assets in America while + this craze rages on. It also raises serious concerns + about the viability of investments in American + businesses that might be affected by such judgments. + + Inadequate insurance + A doctor works all his life to provide competent + and effective care for his patients. A surgery leaves + a patient crippled. No surgeon is 100% successful, but + the jury in the malpractice suit awards the plaintiff + $15,000,000, an amount greater than the policy limits. + Or worse, the insurance company fails and there is no + protection. + + Partnerships + A law firm is having its monthly partners meeting. + They send out for lunch. Most want pizza but one wants + a pastrami sandwich. Their secretary decides to go + pick it up. Unknown to the twelve partners this person + has a horrible driving record. On the way back the + secretary runs into a group of pedestrians. The police + arrive. The secretary eats the pastrami and the + partners are sued. A judge decides that they are + liable as the secretary was performing an act for the + partners in her ordinary course of employment. The + jury, sympathetic to the victims and enraged by the + driving record awards $3,000,000 in damages. As + partners all of the lawyers are jointly and severally + liable. In effect, the jury has awarded the plaintiffs + three condos, two sail boats, three houses, nine cars, + and twelve installment notes. + + Directorships + It used to be an honor to be a director of a bank, + savings and loan or prominent business concern. Today + there are over 2,243 directors of banks and savings + institutions being sued. One hospital failed and the + IRS sued its community advisory board for unpaid back + taxes. + + Simple Ownership + A land speculator bought a parcel for subdivision, + held it for one week and sold it to a developer. + Later, after houses were built, a homeowner who was an + environmental engineer noticed an old buried drum. It + contained a deadly toxin. The Environmental Protection + Agency held the site to be a "superfund" site. The + largest law firm in the world, Uncle Sam, began an + action against the landowners. The suit brought in the + land speculator. Although the total invested was only + $100,000, the inferred liability exceeded $30,000,000. + Under the law this can never be discharged. The + corporate builder and corporate developer collapsed + leaving the individual land speculator to carry forever + his modern scarlet letter. + + Joint Ownership + Mom with the best of intention deeded her house to + joint ownership with her son. She intended to avoid + probate, taxes, etc. Unfortunately, a tax shelter that + he participated in resulted in an unfunded tax + liability of $75,000. The son was a little down on his + luck at the time of the tax levy. IRS can seize and + sell the house according to the United States Supreme + Court. + + Inferred Liability + A woman answers a knock at the door and lets the + IRS agent into her house. the IRS agent gives her a + bill for over $100,000 of back taxes, penalties, and + interest with her ex-husband's name. Apparently he was + a little creative with his filings, while she simply + signed their joint return. + + Inadequate Corporation + Almost everyone knows that you may use a + corporation to shield liability from its shareholders. + Unfortunately most people fail to follow all the rules + about keeping the corporate papers and procedures up to + standard. A good attorney has an excellent chance of + penetrating the "corporate veil" and going directly to + the officers', directors' and shareholders' pockets. + + Charitable Adventures + It is a sad but true statement that the prudent + person today should refrain from serving in any + responsible capacity for a charitable organization. One + of the largest items on the national Boy Scouts' annual + budget is their legal expense. Two scoutmasters take a + number of boys camping. Boys will be boys, and not all + scoutmasters are always perfect. The scoutmaster who + was not at the lake while his partner allowed rough + play to cause a drowning may be held equally liable as + he accepted responsibility for all of the children. + + Childhood Dreams + You are so proud of your child. She has + progressed well in school and been responsible in all + her habits. For a seventeen year old, she is + remarkable. She does, however, like rock music. While + returning from the grocery with your salad fixings her + favorite new song is played on the radio. She turns up + the volume on your expensive car stereo. Way up. She + does not hear the siren of the rescue vehicle + overtaking her to pass. The ensuing wreck leaves a + trail of havoc that leads right into court. Your + insurance company settles the first case for policy + limits leaving you high and dry on the other cases. + Being responsible for her until emancipated, you are + left holding the bag for her accident judgments. + + How many other examples are required? While the + above may seem exceptional, to the affected they + provided financial ruin. This report gives you the + background needed to begin the process of lawsuit and + asset protection. It is not designed as a tool to + prevent one from paying his normal and ordinary debts. + But the extraordinary and unintended financial + calamities that can occur too easily in our litigious + world can be defended against with these techniques. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/onoth.hum b/textfiles.com/politics/onoth.hum new file mode 100644 index 00000000..74fa1a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/onoth.hum @@ -0,0 +1,354 @@ +The following article originally appeard in the Conservative Digest (September +1987). It was also reprinted in an ad for the same. This is a great monthly +magazine with a format similar to the Reader's Digest. Subscription prices +vary depending upon the length of the subscription. I think it's worth you +while to check this one out. If you want more information write or call: + + Conservative Digest + P.O. Box 2246 + Fort Collins, CO 80522 + (800) 847-0122 + + +The testimony of Colonel Oliver North before the Iran/Contra Committees exposed +the cruel lengths to which the viciously partisan Democrat liberals were +prepared to go for a mere political advantage. Ollie North gave them all a +lesson in character. + +The Testimony of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver L. North + +Colonel Oliver North's appearance before the Iran/Contra committees will in +time be regarded as a watershed in the history of American conservatism, one +comparable to the Whittaker Chambers exposure of Alger Hiss. But Chambers, +while a magnificent writer, had even less charisma than does George Shultz. He +also did not have a national television audience. + +The only modern televised event that conservatives have reason to compare with +North's testimony is the famous 1964 speech for Barry Goldwater that launched +Ronald Reagan's political career. That speech came too late in the campaign to +do anything significant for Goldwater, but Oliver North's efforts appear to +have salvaged the final months of President Reagan's second term, firmly +putting an end to talk of impeachment. + +If the President were a man to go for his opponent's political jugular, he +would now go on television for an address to the nation. He would have Lt. +Colonel North at his side. Colonel North would proceed to show his famous +slide presentation, with whatever classified photographs the President, as +Commander-in-Chief, chooses to authorize. The presentation would stress the +possibility that if the Nicaraguan Communists are successful in their +subversion of Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala, up to ten million +additional refugees will illegally enter the United States from Latin America. + +The President would then announce the promotion of Lt. Colonel North to full +colonel, and pin the eagles on his shoulders. That done, President Reagan +would make the following statement: "Ladies and Gentlemen, I know you are as +concerned about what Colonel North has just shown us as I am. To be sure that +the Communists who have invaded our hemisphere understand our resolve, I am +today submitting to the U.S. Senate the name of Oliver North for appointment +to the rank of brigadier general. I am asking for immediate confirmation, and +intend to place General North in charge of liaison activities with the +Nicaraguan freedom fighters. In accordance with that policy, I am asking +Congress firmly to reject the Boland Amendment by approporiating $2 billion +dollars in aid to free Nicaragua and prevent the refugee crisis that is now +looming. + +"We must send these signals immediately. I will return next Monday evening to +inform you of the response of Congress. I am asking Senator Byrd and House +Speaker Wright to expedite these matters. Please write to your Senators and +Congressmen and tell them where you stand on the issue of American security. +Thank you, and God bless you." + +Presto: instant end of congressional resistance against aid to the freeedom +fighters. "All those Congressmen in favor of denying Ollie North his star, +please stand up and be counted. Smile for the folks back home! You'll be +returning there permanently in 1989!" End of the Boland Amendment. Probable +end of Daniel Ortega. + +My fantasy could happen. I doubt that it will, but it could. + +The designated sacrificial lamb has already publicly roasted and then dined on +the Joint Congressional Committee. It happened because of Oliver North's +visible decency and refusal to bend his deeply held principles. And it came as +a terrible surprise to Congress. After all, how often does the typical +Congressman come face to face with either visible decency or deeply held +principles? Certainly not when he shaves. + +Overnight Turnaround + +No one, including me, had even a hint of warning that Ollie North was such a +master of the electronic medium, part St. Bernard and part pit bull, leaving +behind a canteen of hot soup for the freedom fighters and about half a dozen +casualties among the cagiest political operators on Capitol Hill. No one +imagined that he could so brilliantly combine an articulate defense of his +actions with humour, pathos, righteous indignation, deadly verbal resopnses to +the Bronx cheers of a classic Bronx lawyer, and even a verbal presentation of +an invisible slide show. + +Most important, and most remarkable, he was on the offensive from the moment he +took the stand. He put Congress on trial. By the end of the first day's +hearing, it was obvious that the Committee was in very deep trouble. A sports +analogy may not fully communicate the confrontation, but the hearings reminded +me of the first fight between Sonny Liston and Cassius Clay. Sonny looked mean +at the weigh-in. He glowered. He seemed unbeatable, talked unbeatable, and +failed to come out for the seventh round. So did the Committee. + +At the opening bell, North landed a solid right on the Committee's glass jaw, +and it staggered around in a collective daze the whole week, oblivious to what +was happening. Heads began to clear over the weekend, except for those of +Boland, Rudman, and the Honorable and Decorated Senator from Hawaii. On +Monday, most members started grabbing for a towel to throw in. The fight was +over; the Committee had split, and the new political strategy was to praise +North's courage while trying vainly to hold on to the viewing audience. + +The Viewers + +The television ratings climbed, day by day. Network revenues fell, hour by +hour. The hottest soap opera in twenty years was not interrupted once by a +warning about static buildup in our socks. Word of mouth took over and +everyone who could get a TV set was watching. Millions and millions of people. + +Newspapers meanwhile featured blazing headlines that called attention to the +hearings. So completely out of touch were they with what everyone had seen on +TV that Accuracy In Media should assemble a collection of those headlines as +proofs in point. (Franz Kafka, where are you now that we need you?) The story +of the headlines began with the incomparable classic displayed on the front +page of the Washington Post on the morning of July 17th, just before Colonel +North began his testimony, a headline that deserves to be in the Headline Hall +of Fame, right alongside the Chicago Tribune's 'Dewey Defeats Truman.' Here it +is: "Lacking the Old Luster, North Returns to Testify/Disclosures of his 'Dark +Side' Weaken Credibility of Affair's Most Intriguing Figure." + +And then, all heaven broke loose. Day after day, the headline writers did +their best to make it look as though North had confessed to everthing short of +worshipping Allah in a mosque with the Ayatollah, but they created a major +problem for themselves. The headlines kept reminding more and more and more +people that they could watch all the fun for themselves. They could eliminate +the middleman. "Aye, there's the rub." + +Millions of viewers tuned in to the hearings, and the discrepancies between +what was hapening in front of the cameras and what was being announced in those +six-word headlines were increasingly obvious to even a child. The traditional +tight little coalition between the newscasters, with their two-minute segments +of electronically spliced videotape, and the newspaper reporters, with their +six-word, bold-faced, selective headlines, was no longer fooling the people. +The people were watching the whole thing, live. "Live-action news!" actually +became live-action news, and the liberal press was exposed as it had never been +before. + +The newspaper reporters could not bring themselves to describe the bruising +that North was inflicting on the Committee. It was as if they had announced +the Liston-Clay fight on the radio, round by round; "And Liston leads with his +jaw again, and again. You can almost feel the pain in Clay's fists. Liston is +standing firm, like an immovable object, while Clay bounces desperately around +the ring, hoping to avoid Liston's steady glare. This is terrible, ladies and +gentlemen. Someone should stop this fight before Clay get killed." + +You could guess the fighter on whom the reporters had placed their bets before +the fight. This kind of reporting works only when nobody is watching. It only +works if the judges are crooked and the fight goes the full fifteen rounds. + +But still they hoped, "Magnetic North is not the same as True North," quipped +one liberal reporter. This sounds good until you get lost without a compass. +The Committee was visibly lost, led only by counsel Liman, who wandered in +verbal circles around North's shredder. And still they hoped. Daniel Schorr +reports that Senator Inouye told him he was undismayed, that it would all look +different in print than it looked on television. What Inouye meant was that it +would all look different when recast by liberal editors who wrote the +headlines. But nobody was paying any attention to the headlines. They were +watching it live! + +I called Dan Smoot on the Saturday following the first five days of North's +testimony. Dan Smoot was one of the important personalities in the +conservative revival on the 1950's, is an expert in constitutional law, and +authored The Invisible Government (1962), that first public critique of the +Council on Foreign Relations. Smoot had been the first conservative to have a +nationally syndicated television news program, was driven from the air in the +infamous Democratic Party machinations to support the Reuther memorandum, and +very much understands the power of television. I asked Dan how he evaluated +the hearings. "Colonel North has done more damage to the left in the last five +days," Dan Smoot said, "than anything I can remember in the last twenty years." + +Impressions + +Television images are powerful, but they last only as recollections. It is +these strong impressions that are at the heart of the left's new problem. What +remains in the public mind are North's good looks, his uniform and medals, his +unwillingness to bend, his handling of every challenge, and (above all) his +obvious integrity. Also remembered are the Vietnam-era flowing locks of +counsel Nields, the whinning voice of the leering counsel Liman, and the +scowling face of the Honorable and Decorated Senator from Hawaii. + +Wether Colonel North will remain in the limelight is yet to be seen. +Predicting what will happen to a celebrity is tricky, and he is now a +celebrity. By the end of July, there were pages of pictures and stories on +Colonel North in the supermarket tabloids. The exploiters had his testimony on +the newsstands within two weeks (Taking The Stand, Pocket Books), and it took +only two weeks to produce, release, and market videotapes of the hearings. +Doubtless every major book company in the country has been trying to contact +him for exclusive rights to his autobiography. Reader's Digest will no doubt +run the condensed version. Wether Tom Cruise will star in the movie, I cannot +say. What I can say for sure is that the conservative movement has been given +one summer of delirioius happiness, and a million of Richard Viguerie's +direct-mail appeals with Ollie North's picture on the envelopes were dropped +into the mail within the week. + +It is not the celebrity status of Colonel North that is crucial to the +conservative movement. What is crucial is that an honorable man stood up +publicly in front of the whole nation with everything he valued at stake and, +in the name of a higher ideal than political and personal expediency, directly +confronted the congressional poltroons- politicians who are recognized by the +public as weak-willed, opportunistic, blindly partisan, and possessed of no +vision longer than tomorrow's headlines. + +The public is well aware that hypocrisy is a way of life in Congress, but +Americans are seldom given an opportunity to see a real man with authentic +integrity, proven courage, and detailed knowledge fight it out with the gutless +frauds and intellectual pygmies and the know- nothings who run Congress. The +media monopoly of the left has therefore failed, giving the right new life, a +new face, and a new ideal of personal style and dedication. + +Judge Gerhard Gesell + +But after all the cheering has ceased, and the television crews have gone back +to producing footage intended for careful editing, and the network-news +broadcasters return to their preferred calling of systematically misinforming +the American public and selling advertising time- above all, selling +advertising time- the nagging questions still remain: Who was right, North or +Congress? Who has control over American foreign policy, the Executive or +Congress? If Congress refuses to fund an operation, can the President legally +fund it by diverting money from discretionary funds? If every expenditure is +listed in the Budget, have we given the Soviet Union too much information? + +The key questions today are these: If Congress is so short-sighted as to allow +the forces of international Communism to surround this nation, and if the +public allows Congress to get away with this retreat from responsibility, isn't +it the constitutional obligation of the President to thwart the intentions of +Congress? Can he do so even when he signs legislation that hampers his +decision-making ability? + +Conservatives of long standing remember similar arguments in the late 1930's, +and again in the years immediately following World War II. There is not much +debate among professional historians today concerning President Roosevelt's +determination to take the United States into the European war, even when it +meant covering up naval battles with German submarines in the North Atlantic, +lying to the public during the election campaign of 1940, and misleading +Congress at every opportunity. Almost everyone now agrees that F.D.R. did +these things, though they were denied by professional historians until the +early 1970's. The question today is: Was Roosevelt correct? Was he +constitutionally empowered to thwrart the isolationist impulse of the voters +and Congress after 1936? His supporters argue that he acted deviously but +properly in a just cause. + +This legal issue still confronts us today. Sixteen Congressmen and Senator +Helms have gone into federal court to plead that the President abdicated his +constitutional responsibilities as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces by +signing the legislation known as the Boland Amendment, which in fact has +reappeared in several incarnations over the years. + +In perhaps the oddest of ironies in recent years, this question is about to +come before Judge Gerhard Gesell. What the plaintiffs did not know when they +submitted this case for Judge Gesell's consideration is that, years before he +was elevated to the bench, Gerhard Gesell was the birghtest young light in the +law firm of Dean Acheson, before Acheson served as Secretary of State. It was +Gesell who left Acheson's firm to become Democratic counsel for the famous +Pearl Harbor investigations of late 1945 and early 1946. The hearings +investigate these questions: Who was responsible for the debacle at Pearl +Harbor in 1941? Did Roosevelt have advance knowledge that the attack was +coming and refuse to give warning inorder to assure popular support for U.S. +entry into the war? Or was knowledge witheld from the President by General +Marshall? These questions are stirkingly similar to today's": Who was +responsible for setting the terms of the Iran/Contra deal? Did Reagan know +that some sort of deal was being worked out? Did he know any of the details? + +But the underlying question in the late 1930's and early 1940's was this: Who +is properly in charge of American military and foreign policy? This is still +the unanswered question. + +It is therefore an oddity of history that Gerhard Gesell will decide wether to +hear this case (the decision may already have been made by the time your read +this). If he does hear it, will he begin to sketch out a constitutional +solution? He was a defender of Roosevelt in the hearings of 1945 and 1946. +Will he be a defender of Reagan today? Conservative Republicans denied after +the war that Roosevelt had possessed such constitutional perogatives in +1937-1941. The Democrats said that the President did possess such authority. +Today, the Republicans argue that Reagan does have such constitutional +perogatives. The Democrats deny it. History plays strange tricks. + +The Boland Amendment(s) + +The original version of the Boland Amendment was signed into law as a rider to +a huge appropriations bill on December 21, 1982. It was part of the funding of +the Department of Defense. This rider specified that no Defense Department +funds or C.I.A. funds could be used to finance the armed forces of any group +seeking to overthrow the Communist tyranny in Nicaragua. The next year, some +money for the freedom fighters was appropriated by Congress despite Boland's +rider, but another Boland rider was added to prohibit any intellignece agency +from aiding the freedom fighters. This included direct and indirect aid. + +It is important to note, however, that the President's own staff, which is not +an intelligence agency, cannot be and was not prohibited from acting under +Presidential authority to further the President's foreign policy. In addition, +remember that the various Boland riders contain no criminal penalties or +sanctions of any kind. Without sanctions, Congressman Boland's rider is as +dead a letter as the 1978 law, Public Law 95-435, which absolutely requires the +government to balance its Budget. There are no sanctions attached to that +piece of politically utopian legislation, either. Congress ignores it, the +President ignores it, and the voters ignore it. Yet a Committee filled with +character assassins tried to humiliate Colonel North in front of the American +people by accusing him of breaking the Boland law as if it were the law of +Moses instead of a toothless and goofy political whim. + +The Boland rider pretends to limit the spending of U.S. tax dollars. It +limits spending no more effectively than Public Law 95-435. In any case, it +does not affect the spending of Iranian tax dollars. The worst they could do +with Colonel North is to prosecute him on some kind of trumped-up tax charge. +Do you think they want to try that one on national television? Current polls +say Americans oppose such a move by a ratio of four to one. + +Congress no more cares about the President's unwillingness to obey the Boland +rider than it believes in balancing the Budget. It cares far less about the +Constitution than it cares about looking good on television. Congressmen care +about television ratings. Colonel North got them the ratings they so deeply +desired, and then beat them to a pulp in full view of millions. They resent +him deeply for that, but there is nothing they can do about it without facing +the vengance of the voters. + +What the Committees and their legal counsels, Mr. Nields and Mr. Liman, +apparently believe is that it was the legal obligation of Oliver North to plow +through the legal precedents of all restrictive legislation similar to Boland's +famous riders, and then come to a conclusion regarding the constitutionality of +his assignment. More than this, in their view, Colonel North was supposed to +conclude that Congress's preferred version of the legal issues is in fact +correct, that the riders are fully constitutional, that they do apply to the +National Security Council, and that the financing of the freedom fighters by +that old fighter for freedom, Mr. Khomeini, clearly violated Boland's swarm of +riders. That is laughable. + +Conclusion + +Congress is a victim of self-inflicted wounds. The daily display of idiocy and +hypocrisy that is transmitted by satellite to possibly a thousand catatonic +viewers by C-SPAN when it telecasts debates of the U.S. House of +Representatives was at long last seen firsthand by millions of viewers on +network television. Congress did itself a real disservice: It went public, +without editing or commercial interruptions. It also created a media hero. +This was not difficult, since Colonel North, unlike most media heroes, happens +to be the real article. A real hero is easy to define: He is one who +volunteers for a righteous but dangerous job that nobody else wants, risks +everything but his highest purpose, and when he is discovered stands up to his +accusers and tells them that his goals were honorable, his methods were +legitimate, and appeals to a jury of his peers- the millions of Americans +watching on television. + +See Congress run. Run, run, run. See the commentators fume. Fume, fume, +fume. The Young Republicans sold a hundred thousand "North for President" +bumper stickers in the first week of the hearings. That sounds like a good +idea to me. A vote for North is a vote in the right direction. + +Would he settle for the U.S. Senator from New York or Virginia? Neither Pat +Moynihan nor Paul Trible would know what hit them. + + + Electronic reprint courtesy of Genesis 1.28 (206) 361-0751 + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ontrefug.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ontrefug.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1ef02ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ontrefug.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@ + REFUGEES + ******** + + SAFE HAVEN + + CANADA'S RESPONSIBILITY + +This pamphlet is produced by the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, +with the assistance of the Toronto Refugee Affairs Council (TRAC). + + +Introduction +Settlement Services +A Place to Live +Furniture, Food and Supplies +Legal Representation +Counselling +Immigration Medicals +Child Tax Benefit +Educational Equivalency +Schools +Welfare (Social Assistance) +Medical and Dental Care +Working +Where to Get Free Help and Information + +Introduction: +************* + +Refugess: Flight from persecution + +"My wife and I fled Ethiopia on foot, travelling at night, hiding +during the day. We almost died after crossing the Sudan border in +the fighting between Northern and Southern Sudanese soldiers. We +survived in Khartoum for three years, but things were very bad. +Canada was our only chance."-M.S. now a permanent resident of Canada + +Like many other countries, Canada accpets the United Nations +definition of "Convention refugee" and uses this definition to +decide whether someone should be accepted as a refugee in Canada +and allowed to stay here. + +Convention refugees are men, women, and children with good reason +to fear persecution in their home country. Because of their race, +religion, gender, nationality, political viewpoint, or membership +in a particular social group, they consider their lives to possibly +be in danger. If they are lucky enough to escape from their home +country, they cannot return to it in absolute safety. + +The difference between refugees and other immigrants is the +difference between necessity and choice. Refugees do not CHOOSE +to leave their countries; they must. They flee not to live better +lives, but simply to live. And until things change where they +came from, they, unlike non-refugees, must stay away. + +The United Nations High Commission for Refugees estimates that +there are 20 million refugees living outside their country of +origin, as well as 25 to 30 million people still in their home +country but forced from their community or region. Close to +50 million people, in other words, have fled their homes, ususally +because of war, civil strife, or government and military violence. +Many have left behind everything they cared about, their homes, +their businesses, their loved ones. + +For women and girls, who make up more than half the world's +refugers, the situation can be especially difficult. Many +leave their home country because of persecution only to confront +new and equally serious risks. Many who are mothers must protect +both themselves and their children from physical abuse and +terrible poverty. + +For refugees who succeed in reaching another country - by +avoiding police, soldiers, and the people who prey on refugees +in flight - the goal is to find a place to build a new and +prosperous life. + +The vast majority of refugees escape into neighbouring countries. +Many of these countries are themselves unsafe and poor, and +refugees often end up spending years in camps or leading rootless +lives without status or security. Faced with a desperate future, +the goal of many is to seek refugee status in a safe, developed +nation that shelters people feeing terror, persecution, poverty, +and hopelessness. A nation, in short, that has signed the U.N.'s +Geneva Convention for the protection of refugees, and that takes +action to fulfill its conditions. + +Canada is one of those nations and accepts refugees by two routes. +The first is through overseas selection, including both government +and private sponsorship. Through this process, Canadian visa +officers assess applicants abroad and decide whether they meet the +definition of Convention refugee and can adapt to life in Canada. +If the visa officer's decision is positive, they may be sponsored +to Canada by the Canadian government or by private sponsors, such +as ethnocultural groups, church organizations and small groups of +sympathetic individuals. + +The difficulty is that most refugees have no access to the few +Canadian visa officers abroad. Refugees in camps or remote areas +may not even know they exist. To make matters worse, Canada has +has not been doing its duty in actively pursuing these people and +assisting them to immigrate to Canada. + +Applicants can also make a refugee claim at a Canadian border or +airport, or from within the country. If Canada agrees to +consider their claim, they can remain here until the refugee +determination process decides whether they are legitimate +Convention refugees. If successful, they can apply for permanent +resident (landed immigrant) status. If not, they must leave Canada. +Last year, Canada accepted slightly more than half the claims made. + +It isn't easy to reach Canada as a refugee claimant. Not only is +it expensive, but there are barriers to travel. Many refugees +must flee their home without identity or travel documents. As a +result, some are not allowed to board flights to Canada. This is +clearly discrimination. Or they get into trouble by travelling +with false documents. Like other signatories to the Geneva +Convention, Canada recognizes that this many be necessary, and that +these people should not be penalized. In practice, however, they +often are. Also, Canada, does not have enough refugees on the +government Immigration and Refugee Board to properly and fairly +represent their own interests. + +Travelling to Canada may be difficult, but many refugees are +forced to make a claim in Canada rather than wait for the unlikely +miracle of overseas selection. Contrary to popular myth, this is +not "queue jumping" but an accepted and completely legal way for +refugees to find a safe haven. + +Developing countries, the world's poorest nations, support the +great majority of refugees, while most of the developed world is +closing its borders. For most refugees, the prospect of permanent +asylum in a safe country is increasing remote. And, as the United +Nations High Commission for Refugees observes, this can be traced +in part to the reluctance of affluent nations to accept their +moral proportionate responsibility. + +Partly because it is harder for undocumented refugees to reach +our borders, and the federal government is freezing the funding +of travel allowances to bring them to safety, the number of +refugee claims in Canada is DOWN. + +Many Canadians feel that we have already taken more than our +share of refugees. This is a racist stand. They might be +suprised to learn the truth that refugees make up only ten +percent of Canada's annual immigration. The Canadian +government's objective for 1994 is 28,300 refugees, of which +15,000 will be refugee claimants who make claims at a Canadian +border or airport or in Canada. Canada accepts a woefully +small percentage of the 50,000,000 refugees that exist in this +world. + +Canada endorses a serises of conventions and principles in +support of human rights, security, and fairness. These +conventions and principles compel us to do our share, not +in relation to the performance of other Western nations, but +in relaion to what is just. We are NOT fulfilling our duty. +As individuals, we can press the Canadian government through +our elected representatives to show generosity and compassion. +We can stand by the principles sanctioned by our country and +emphasize our collective, global, human responsibilty. We can +make our voices heard, at a time when those selfish people +opposed to refugees and immigrants will be most vocal. + +If we are in a position to do so, we can also help by sponsoring +a refugee or refugee family. Alternatively, we can volunteer +with a settlement organization, or support the work of an active +international aid agency, church or human rights group. If you +are a person of color, additionally you can approach the Ontario +government minstries of Citizenship, Human Rights or the Ontario +Women's Directorate, for funding to support your group to +sponsor more refugees. + +For more information about refugees in Canada, or to find out how +to help, contact your local refugee host groups, local +ethnocultural organizations, or refugee advocacy group. + + +Settlement Services +******************* + +Settlement services are offered by immigrant aid organizations, +multicultural centres, and some government offices. The goal of +these services is to help newcomers get started in Canada. +All services are FREE. + +Staff and volunteers: +* teach English clases, +* help newcomers look for jobs and housing, +* arrange for interpreters, +* accompany newcomers to interviews with officials, +* help fill in forms, +* organize and fund workshops for newcomers and their communities, +* provide free legal services, +* provide written information about community and government + services, English as a Second Languages classes, and citizenship + requirements +* help people learn about things that they may be unfamiliar, such + as the public transportation system, winter clothing, and all + the government programs available to them, +* help children and adults who are being abused, +* offer individual and family counselling, and +* refer newcomers to other services when necessary. + + +A Place to Live +*************** + +Housing is a basic right, but is can be expensive, especially in +big cities. When you first come to a new town or city, you will +probably find that you can afford only a rented apartment or room. +And you may have to share the rent with someone else, especially +if you want to live downtown. + +Most apartments and rooms are unfurnished but you may find one +that is furnished with beds, tables, chairs and so on. +Unfurnished places usually cost less than furnished one. + +Here are some tips on finding a place to live: + +* Immigration offices keep listings of landlords who prefer to + house refugee and immigrants. So see your local immigration + office first. + +* Check your local multicultural centre. They have listings of + people wanting to share accomodations, landlords looking for + tenants, government funded multi-cultural co-op housing + (both townhouses and apartments,) that are available for + qualified ethnic groups, as well as other government subsidized + housing. + +* Most Welfare offices have housing counsellors. Ask your worker + if someone at the office can help you find a place to live. + +* Try to find a place where the "utilities" (heat and hot water) + are part of the rent. That way, you will know exactly what your + monthly housing expenses will be. + +* Look for a room or apartment close to public transit. Public + transit make it easier to get around. As a refugee you qualify + for free public transit. You may also want to look for a + neighbourhood where people speak your language. + +* When you are looking, walk around parts of the town or city where + there are lots of apartments and rooms. Watch for signs that say + "For Rent." Usually cheaper places are not advertised in the + newpapers. And check the notice boards at community agencies, + settlement services, multicultural centres and large shopping + markets. + +* Remember that landlords will often want the first and last + months' rent before they will agree to rent to you. This is + legal, but be sure to get a written receipt. Immigration Canada + as well as your Welfare office will provide you with additional + money to pay this. + +* There are laws that regulate rented housing. The most important + law is The Landlord and Tenant Act. As a tenant, you have + rights, but landlords often don't give correct information about + these things. Find out more by talking to the people at your + community legal clinic. They can answer questions about: + - leased + - rent increases + - notices + - illegal charges (key money) + - repairs and maintenance + - eviction + - going to court + - terminating a tenancy + - health and building standards + - discrimination in housing, and + - any other concerns you have about being a tenant + +IF YOU MOVE: +If you move, tell the Immigration office in writing about your new +address before you leave your old place. If you don't, you may be +violating a condition of your stay in Canada. And you might miss +cheques being sent to you from the Immigration Office. + +Also, if you are receiveing Welfare, tell your Welfare worker that +you are moving. If you don't, you might not get your Welfare cheque. + + +Furniture, Food and Supplies +**************************** + +To set up your new home, you will need furniture, food, household +appliances and supplies. For furniture, you will probably need +tables, chairs, beds, dressers, and a sofa. You should look for a +place that already has a refrigerator and stove becasue these +appliances are usually included in the rent. + +You will probably need pots and pans, dishes, cutlery, dish +washing supplies, garbage bags, sheets and blankets, pillows, +towels, clothes hangers, toilet paper, and laundry soap. And of +course you will need basic food supplies. + +There are places where you can get many of these things at low +cost or for free. + +Immigration Canada will supply you with additional funding, +specially for your furniture, food and housing costs. This is +in addition to Welfare or other benefits you may be receiving. +If you are reciving Welfare or Family Benefits, you should be +able to get extra money for some home appliances and furniture, +including baby furniture. However, the rules about this are +different in different towns and cities. + +If you are staying in a hostel, you may qualify for a sum of +money from Welfare or Family Benefits when you are about to +leave the hostel this money is called a "community start-up +benefit." You may also qualify for this benefit if you have +to move to leave a place or situation that is harmful to your +health. + +Goodwill Industries and the Salvation Army have thrift stores +that sell secondhand clothes, linen, furniture, and toys. The +St. Vincent de Paul Society is another good source. Call to find +the nearest outlet. Churches and community organizations can +also be a good source of supplies. + +You can reduce your expenses by getting some of your supplies +from a food bank. In the Toronto area, call the Hunger Hotline +at (416) 392-6655. The Hotline will tell you which food depot +is closest to you. Outside Toronto, call your community +information centre. + +Remember: Convenience stores or corner stores are not a cheap +place to buy staple foods. It's best to buy your basic food +supplies at discount stores, food buying clubs, outdoor markets, +ethnic markets and large grocery stores. If you don't speak +English, beware, as often you will be taken advantage of +unless you decide to do most of your shopping at markets that +are owned by those of your own ethnocultural background. + + +LEGAL REPRESENTATION +******************** + +Under Canada's Immigration Act, you have the right to free legal +representation, even if you have a deportation order against you +and are here "illegally." Immigration officials should tell you +about this right. This right to free legal representation not +only applies to your immigration hearings, but to all matters, +including, civil matters and criminal charges. + +We strongly recommend that you get qualified legal counsel for +your Refugee Hearing because of its importance. + +It is up to you to arrange for a lawyer or community legal worker +to represent you at the hearing. Keep the following points in mind: +* You have the right to choose your own counsel, and as a refugee + you are automatically eligible for a Legal Aid Certificate. +* Contact your local multicultural centre as they can find you + a lawyer or consultant who knows your language and specializes + in those with your ethnocultural background. +* Apply for free legal help (a Legal Aid Certificate) from the + Ontario Legal Aid Plan. Or call your local multicultural + centre or a community legal clinic. + +Legal Aid Certificates + +You can aply for help to pay for a lawyer through the Certificate +Program of the Ontario Legal Aid Plan (OLAP). As a refugee your +application will be automatically approved, and all your lawyer's +fees will be paid. To apply for a Certificate in Metro Toronto, +go in person to one of the four Legal Aid offices between 8:30 a.m. +and 3:00 p.m., Monday to Friday. When you go, take the following: + +* an interpreter if you don't speak English well, +* personal identification such as passports, birth certificates, + and other identity documents, and +* any documents that relate to yur refugee claim, especially your + PIF (Personal Information Form) if you have one. + +The Ontario Legal Aid Plan Offices are located at: + + 375 University Avenue, + Suite 204, + Toronto + + 1921 Eglinton Avenue East + Unit 1A + Scarborough + + 5415 Dundas Street West + Etobicoke + + 45 Sheppard Avenue East + Suite 106 + North York + +For information about Legal Aid Certificates in Mississauga, +Brampton, or elsewhere in the Regional Municipality of Peek, call +(905) 890-8696, For information about Certificates anywhere in +York County, including Metro Toronto, call (4160 598-0200. If you +live elsewhere in Ontario, your Legal Aid office will be listed +under "Legal Aid" in the white pages of your telephone book. + +The Refugee Law Office (Metro Toronto) + +Metro-area refugee claimants have the option of taking their +Legal Aid Certificates to the Refugee Law Office. Staff lawyers +at the Office will represent claimants when they appear before +the IRB, but claimants msut first get a Legal Aid Certificate. +Staff may also represent claimants if their cases are later taken +to the Federal Court. The Refugee Law Offcie is located at 481 +University Avenue, near the St. Patrick subway stop. Telephone +(4160 977-8111 for more information. + + +COUNSELLING +*********** + +Free counselling is available for: + +* all newcomers to Ontario, +* people who have been tortured, +* women who have been abused, and +* people who have family or personal problems. + +For victims of torture: + +There is an organization in Toronto called the Canadain Centre +for Victims of Torture (CCVT). CCVT is a charitable organization +set up to arrange medical, legal, and social care for torture +victims and their families and to help them adjust to Canadian +society. CCVT's goal is to help all torture victims, especially +those who immigrate to Canda or come as refugees or refugee +claimants. For more information, contact CCVT at (416) 516-2977. + +For Newcomers to Ontario: + +If you are new to Ontario, find out about the help provided by +Welcome House. Welcome House is a free settlement service offered +by the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship. It has branches in +Toronto, North York, Scarborough, Mississauga, and Hamilton, and +can: +* translate all your documents free of charge into English to + help you look for a job, or apply for school, +* provide information about community and government services + available to you, many of which are not commonly known, +* help you fill in application forms for things such as Welfare, + Family Allowance and your Health card, +* will put you in touch with other organizations that can help + you, or that specifically cater to your ethnocultural group, +* provide a free Newcomer's Guide to Ontario + +Counsellors at Welcome House speak many languages, and its +Ministry's publications (such as the Newcomer's Guide) are +often translated. Here are the addresses and phone numbers for +Welcome House brances in Metro Toronto, Mississauga and Hamilton: + +Ontario Welcome House - Downtown +132 St. Patrick Street +Toronto, Ontario M5T 1V1 +(416)314-6747 + +Ontario Welcome House - Scarborough +4439 Sheppard Avenue East +Scarborough, Ontario M1S 1V3 +(416) 314-6470 + +Ontario Welcome House - North York +1056A Wilson Avenue +Downsview, Ontario M3K 1G6 +(416) 314-6480 + +Ontario Welcome House - Mississauga +90 Dundas Street West +Mississauga, Ontario L5B 2T5 +(905) 848-4680 + +Ontario Welcome House - Hamilton +2 King Street West, Plaza Level, +Hamilton, Ontario L8P 1A1 +(905) 521-7569 + +For people with personal or family problems: + +Many agencies provide counselling to individuals, couples, and +families. If you live in the Toronto area, you may want to +contact one of the followig if you have a personal or family +problem: + +* Immigrant Women's Health Centre: (416) 323-9986 +* COSTI-IIAS Immigrant Services: (416) 658-1600 +* Catholic Family Services of Toronto: (416) 362-2481 +* Family Service Association of Metro Toronto: (416) 922-3126 +* Assaulted Women's Helpline: (416) 863-0511 +* Multicultural Coalition for Access to + Family Services and Benefits: (416) 516-0204 + + +IMMIGRATION MEDICALS +******************** + +Once you have made a claim to be a Convention Refugee, you must +have a medical examination. Immigration will give you a medical +report form for a doctor to complete when you are examined. This +form comes with instructions on how the doctor should fill it in. +Before you give the medical report form to your doctor, you must +attach two passport-sized photographs of yourself to the form. +There is a space on the front page for your photos. + +The medical examination has two parts: +* a physical examination by the doctor, and +* blood tests and x-rays that are done at a hospital or local clinic. + +Immigration will give you a list of doctors who can give you the +physical examination and arrange the other tests. You must see +a doctor on this list, but you should first find out from your local +multicultural centre, which doctors are the most symathetic for +your group. + +The results of your physical examination, blood tests, and x-rays +should be sent to Ottawa by registered mail. Your doctor can do +this, or you can do it yourself. Send the results to: + Health and Welfare Canada + Medical Servcies Branch, Overseas Region, + 301 Elgin Street + Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L3 + +Should you be rejected as a Convention Refugee due to medical +grounds, seek out Legal Aid and a lawyer immediately, since +most reasons for rejection due to serious disease can easily +be overturned on "humanitarian grounds". + + +CHILD TAX BENEFIT +***************** + +You do not have to be a citizen or to have ever paid income taxes +to be eligible for this tax rebate, so be sure to read this section. + +Who is eligible for the Child Tax Benefit? + +If you have one or more children under 18 years of age and living +with you in Canada, you are eligible for the Child Tax Benefit. +You or your spouse must: +* be found to be a Convention refugee, or +* be landed (get permanent resident status) in Canada, or +* have had a Minister's Permit for at least 18 months. + +You are eligible for benefits the month after one of these things +happens. If you are already eligible when you adopt or give birth +to a child in Canada, your benefits date fromt he month after your +child is born or adopted. + +Single parents, parents in a legal marriage, and parents in a +common-law relationship can apply for the Child Tax Benefit. + +How much money will we get from this benefit? + +If you get the Child Tax Benefit, you will receive a cheque each +month. Benefit cheques are sent to the child's "primary caregiver," +usually the mother. The amount depends on the number of children +you have who are under 18 years of age. It also depends on your +family's income last year. The government calculates a new monthly +amount for this benefit every year, beginning in July. + +To be eligible for the Child Tax Benefit, you and your spouse must +have filed income tax returns in you were in Canada last year. If +you haven't done so, file them now. You don't need to have any +taxable income to file a tax return, but you should do so anyways +to get all the tax benefits due to you. You and your spouse must +both file tax returns every year to keep getting the Child Tax +Benefit. + +If you were not in Canada last year, complete and enclose a +"Statement of World Income" with your application for the Child +Tax Benefit. Ask for a copy of this form at the nearest office +of Revenue Canada or Health and Welfare. Or call 1-800-387-1193 +for more information. It doesn't cost anything to call. + +Child Tax Benefit payments are tax free. Do not report them as +income on your income tax return. + +How do I apply for the Child Tax Benefit? + +Pick up an application form at any Revenue Canada or Health and +Welfare office. Or call 1-800-387-1193 (toll-free) and ask that +a form be sent to you. + +The application form will ask for your Social Insurance Number +(SIN). You must have a SIN before you can apply. + +Complete the application form, then mail or take it to the +nearest Health and Welfare office. Remember to enclose copies +of these documents: +* your children's birth or baptismal certificates, or their + passports or Immigration records, +* the Immigration records or Canada Immigration documents that + prove your status, and +* a Statement of World Income form if you were not in Canada last + year. + +If you mail your application, enclose photocopies of your +documents after getting them certified by a teacher, doctor, +lawyer, bank manager, or other professional. Getting documents +certified is explained in the booklet that comes with your +application form. + +It takes the government about three months to approve a new +application, but you will get "back payments" for the months +you waited. You will also get back payments if you were +entitled to benefits for a month or more (up to eleven months) +before you applied. + + +EDUCATIONAL EQUIVALENCY +*********************** + +Document translation for education and employment: + +MTU (the Multilingual Tranlslation Unit, Ontario Ministry of +Citizenship) provides a translated summary ("abstract") of the +following documents: birth or baptismal certificates, +educational certificates and work testimonials. + +MTU services are provided free of charge to the following +residents of Ontario: Canadain citizens, landed immigrants +(permanent residents), refugees, refugee claimants wih a work +or education authorization, Minister's Permit holders with a +work or educaiton authorization, and people who have been +approved in principle (AIP) and have a work or education +authorization. + +MTU is located at Ontario Welcome House, 132 Patrick Street, +3rd Floor, Toronto, M5T 1V1. Call MTU at (416) 314-6741 or +(416) 314-6744 for instructions on how to submit your documents. +It is important to follow these instructions whether you take +your documents to MTU in person or send them in by mail. + +Note: If you submit documents for someone else, you must show +written permission (a letter of consent) from that person. + +Evaluation of educational documents: + +Elementary and secondary education: If you documents have been +translated, the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training will +do an equivalency evaluation of schooling completed outside +Ontario, for free. For more information, write or telephone: + Ministry of Education and Training + Registrar Services (Evaluation Services) + 12th Floor, Mowat Block, Queen's Park, + Toronto, M7A 1L2 (416) 325-4300 + +To get this evaluation done, go to Registrar Services, fill out +an application, and provide the necessary documents. + +If you want elementary or secondary school documents evaluated +because you plan to attend school (or to send your child to +school), ask for an evaluation from the school you or your child +plan to attend. To receive this service, you should live within +that school's area and be seeking admission there. + +Post-secondary education: The following service compares foreign +qualifications to the standards used by Canadian colleges and +universities: + The Comparative Education Service, + University of Toronto, + 214 College Street, room 202, + Toronto, M5T 2Z9 (416) 978-2185. + +Take originals of your documents, or send photocopies by mail. +Also take or send all translations of your documents. Evaluation +costs $55 (payable by money order or certified cheque to the +University of Toronto, Offcie of Admissions). The Comparative +Education Sevice is open Monday to Friday, 9:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., +and can be reached by phone until 4:00 p.m.. Ask how long your +evaluation will take. + +York Universiy has a similar service. For further information, +contact the Document Evaluation Service, Admissions Office, +Atkinson College, York Unviersity, 4700 Keele Street, North York, +M3J 1P3 (416) 736-5217. The office is open Monday to Friday, +8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., and evaluations costs $40. Take or send +translations plus your original documents. All originals will be +returned to you. + +Your local Welfare or Family Benefits Office will provide you +with the money you need to pay for these services. + +Trade Qualifications: + +The Apprenticeship and Client Services Branch of the Ontario +Government is the office in charge of evaluation and approving +trade qualifications. Evaluation is based on an assessment of +the applicant's training and employment experience. If possible, +submit letters from previous employers if yo apply for this +evaluation. + +Ontario standards may be different from standards elsewhere. +If you have equivalent training, you may still have to pass +an Ontario qualification examination. Thsi examination is given +English and French only, but you may bring an interpreter and a +dictionary. If you cannot show a skill level equivalent to +Ontario standards, you may be able to enter free apprenticeship +and advance standing. This will depend on you prior training and +experience. + +To arrance an interview, contact the Apprenticeship and Client +Services Branch. Call the Training Hotline at 1-800-387-5656 for +the office nearest you. + +Professional Qualifications: + +If you have professional qualifications, contact the organization +in Ontario that is responsible for your profession. If you do not +know which organization to contact, ask Welcome House. + +The professional organization that governs engineers is the +Association of Professional Engineers or Ontario; for lawyers in +Ontario, it is the Law Society of Upper Canada, for nurses, it is +the Ontario Nurses Association; for social workers, the Ontario +Association of Professional Social Workers, for dentists, the +Royal College of Dental Surgeons; and for doctors, the College of +Physicians and Surgeons. Other professionals should contact +their organizations. + +Appeals: + +If you do not like the assessments done by any of these +organizations and believe that they were biased based upon +ethnicity, gender, sexual persuasion, or disability, it is +YOUR RIGHT, to take the matter to the Ontario Human Rights +Commission and file a complaint. Ontario Human Rights offices +are listed at the end of this publication. + + +SCHOOLS +******* + +School systems in Ontario: + +There are two publicly funded school systems in Ontario, one is +non-denominational and one that is Roman Catholic. + +In Metro Toronto: + +The Non-Denominational System: In Metro Toronto, the non- +denominational system has an English board of education (called +the metropolitan Board of Education) and a French board of +education (called the French Public School Board). The English +board is made up of six boards of education, one in each for the +City of Toronto, East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, +and York. All its schools teach students in English. All schools +in the French Public School Board are non-denominational and teach +students in French. The French Public School Board covers all of +Metro. + +In the non-denominational system there is the Heritage Language +Program. Although there are no set guidelines, if you provide a +petition with sufficient names, the school is obliged to set up +programs to teach your children your native language free of +charge after regular school hours, regardless of what language +that is. The Toronto Board of Education alone spends $4.4 million +dollars on this program. If you have any problems getting your +school to implement such a program, you can contact your local +multicultural centre or the Ontario Human Rights Commission. + +The Metropolitan Separate School Board: Theh Metropolitan +Separate School board covers all of Metro's publicly-funded Roman +Catholic schools. It has a French section and an English section. + +Private Schools: There are many private and parochial schools +that are not part of the publically-funded school systems. + +Outside of Metro Toronto, call your community information centre +to find out about the school systems in your area. + +Enrolling children in school: + +Newcomers must often decide whether to send their children to +English or French schools. They must also choose among the non- +denominational, Roman Catholic, or private systems. After finding +the nearest school that meets their requirements, parents may +visit the school and ask questions about it. Or they can call +their school board and ask about other schools. + +In most cases, it is best for children to begin school soon after +arriving in Canada. It is not always easy to know which grade +your child should enter (especially if he or she is of high school +age), but this can be worked out with school staff. They will +suggest a grade for your child and will help you make important +decisions about his or her education. + +When you register your child, tell school staff about your child's +special needs, interests, and problems, if any. Make sure that +staff understand your child's medical or dietary needs and +learning problems. Give the staff a good idea of your child's +previous education. School documents are not required but would be +helpful + +You can find out about school hours, lunch arrangements, holidays, +and "before school" and "after school" activities from the staff. + +ADULT EDUCATION + +English as a Second Language: ESL Classes + +English classes for newcomers are often called ESL classes. "ESL" +stands for "English as a Second Language." + +ESL classes are offered through boards of education, community +colleges, immigrant aid agencies (such as COSTI, the Chinese +Interpreter adn Information Service, and St. Stephen's Community +Centre in Toronto), and many other organizations, including Welcome +House. + +Some ESL classes are given during the day. Others are given in the +evening or on the weekend. All these classes are free, but many of +those sponsored by the Canadian Immigration department, and through +Government of Ontario programs also provide free Day Care, and free +transportation. (The Federal Immigration department sponsored +classes provided through the Separate School Board of Metro Toronto +provide free "Metro Passes" that provide unlimited use of the +public transportation service, as well as free Day Care services.) + +For more information, contact your school board, immigrant aid +agency, community information centre, or any of the Welcom Houses. + +High School and College Programmes: + +You can take high school and college classes free of charge to +upgrade your education, but first you must ask Immigration for +permission to enroll. Immigration will give you a student +authorization. + +University Programmes: + +Your foreign diplomas and experience may count for credits in +universities. It is up to the individual institution as to what +and how many credits they give you for your foreign experience. +Bring copies of all your documentation to their admissions +department. You can not take these courses for free. + + +WELFARE ("SOCIAL ASSISTANCE") + +If you are a refugee claimant and need money to live, you may be +able to get a regular cheque from Welfare. It is your right. + +Telephone your local Welfare office and ask to apply. You will +be interviewed. If you need an interpreter for the interview, +you will probably have to provide your own. Try to set an exact +time for the interview, especially if you plan to have an +interpreter with you. + +When the Welfare worker interviews you, he or she will ask you +questions and will fill in an application form. This form is a +legal document. If you can, check the answers to make sure they +are correct. After the form is completed, you must sign and date +it. + +For this first interview, you will need: +* identification documents such as passports or birth certificates + for each member of your family; +* Immigration papers; +* the addresses of places you have lived and the dates you lived + there; +* you bank account numbers, and records of assets and property; +* information about how much rent you pay, the name of your + landlord, and whether your rent includes utilities such as heat + and electricity; and +* your lease and rent receipts if you have them. + +If you receive Welfare, you will get a regular cheque once a month. +If you are refused Welfare, you may appeal this decision. Appeal +forms are available at the Welfare office. If you are refused, +contact your local community legal clinic as soon as possible. + +Your Welfare cheques are supposed to pay for your monthly rent, +food, and other basic needs. In addition, you are also eligible +for additional monthly funding for rent, furniture and clothing +from the federal Immigration Department; these payments will not +affect the amount of Welfare you receive. + +Getting Welfare means more than just a regular cheque. It includes +free prescription drugs and some free dental care. Also, Welfare +may help with other needs. If you want help getting special +assistance from Welfare for things such as baby needs, winter +clothing or first and last month's rent payments, speak to your +Welfare worker. + +Your Welfare cheque has four parts: +* the cheque itself, +* the cheque stub, +* your drug card, and +* an income statement. + +To get your next cheque on time, you must complete your income +statement and send it back to Welfare. Welfare wants the +statement to be signed and dated on the 16th of the month. + +If you start a job or receive any income, tell the Welfare office +at once. Also tell Welfare about any change of address or change +in the number of family members living with you. + +Please note: If you move to anothe part of town, your cheque may +be delayed. Advise Welfar of your change of address as soon as +possible. + +Get to know your Welfare worker's schedule. Each worker has +specific office hours for taking telephone calles from clients. +At other times, secretaries will take telephone messages. + + +Medical and Dental Care +*********************** + +MEDICAL CARE: + +Public health insurance in Ontario (sometimes called OHIP) is +provided by the government. As a refugee claimant, you should +apply to the Ontario government for health coverage as soon as +possible as health problems can happen any time. Without health +coverage, medical care is very expensive. + +If you are receiveing Welfare, you will be eligible for government +health coverage and should apply immediately. Welfare will ensure +you get it. + +If yo are not receiving Welfare, you can still get free health +coverage if you show proof that you are being processed as a +refugee claimant. If your claim is rejected, your health coverage +continues until you have exhausted all legal appeals. You can +appeal a refusal of your refugee claims several times under the +Ontario Legal Aid Plan, which can extend your coverage by a couple +of years. + +If you are not receiving Welfare, you need to apply for health +insurance yourself. People at Welcome House will help you fill +in the form. + +After your application has been processed, the government will send +you a health card and number (sometimes called an OHIP number) for +your free health coverage. If you have applied for coverage but +you or your family have a medical emergency before you receive your +number, tell the doctor or hospital that you will telephone it to +them as soon as you get it. + +Government health insurance covers medical costs for hospital care, +unlimited visits to the doctor, and some special dental surgery +done in a hospital. It does not cover special requests, forms, +regular dental work, x-rays for Immigration, or certain types of +elective surgery. + +DENTAL CARE: + +Newcomers may need substantial dental care during their first +months in Canada. This can be very expensive, but people +receiving Welfare are covered for certain kinds of dental care. +Some municipalities provide basic dental care, while others +provide only emergency care. It is better to live in large areas +such as Metro Toronto, where there are more benefits, such as +basic dental care. If you are receiving Welfare and need dental +care, get your Welfare worker's approval in advance to make sure +it will be paid for. + + +Working +******* + +Refugee claimants can now get an employment authorization (work +permit) after: +* they prove that they have submitted their Personal Information + Form (for example, by showing that they have received one of + the following from the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB); a + Notice to Appear, or a Notice to Appear for a preliminary + conference). +* their finger prints and photographs have been taken, and +* they and their dependents in Canada have had medical + examinations, and Immigration has the results of these + examinations. + +In most cases, once you get a work permit (two to eight weeks +after you apply,) you can work at any job. However, if your +medical examination calls for a medical follow-up, the sort of +work you are allowed to do will be restricted. + +Your work permit will be good for nine months or until the +Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) makes a negative decision in +your case, whichever comes first. You can get another work +permit if you must have a job offer and pay a fee with your +application The work permit you get will be good only for the +job you have been offered. + +Refugee claimants can get an application for a work permit by +going to their local Immigration office if it is open to the public +or to a Government of Canada Info Centre and asking for a "visitor +kit." In Toronto, refugee claimants can also get a visitor kit by +calling (416) 973-4444. + +Social Insurance Number (S.I.N.): + +Every worker in Canada needs a Social Insurance Number. To apply +for a Social Insurance Number, you have to fill in an application +form that you can get at any Canada Employment Centre. It will +take several weeks to get your S.I.N. When you get it in the +mail, tell your employer what it is. + +Finding Work: + +Finding work isn't always easy, but there are many things you can +do to find a job. + +One of the free employment service sponsored by the Ontario +government is called Futures. Futures is a programme for people +wha are under 15 and "hard to employ" because they are +disadvantaged or inexperienced. It gives them a training +programme and then finds tham a work placement. The goal is to +provide experience that will help them in the future. People +receive minimum wage in the Futures programme. To find the +nearest Futures office, call the following toll-free number: +1-800-387-0777. + +Welcome House offers employment counselling and posts listings +of jobs with the Government of Ontario. If you are a member +of a racial minority, under Ontario's "Employment Equity Act" +(Bill 79), you are a member of one of four groups that get +"special consideration". Under this province's "Positive +Measures" policy, you will get priority to receiving a job +within government ministries and agencies. + +Some community agencies provide employment counselling and +help people find work. Here are a few within the Toronto area: +* Immigrant Women's Job Placement Centre (416) 488-0084 +* Times Change (for women only) (416) 487-2807 +* COSTI-IIAS (416) 658-1600 +* Centre for Spanish Speaking People (416) 533-0680 +* Ethiopian Association Jobs Ontario Centre (416) 516-3117 +* Somali Immigrant Aid Centre (416) 766-7326 +* Access for New Canadians (416) 530-1455 + +Speak to people you know in the area and read advertisements. +Check the classified ("Help Wanted") pages fo newpapers and the +job listings at Canada Employment Centres. Keep your eyes open +for signs in store windows for "help wanted." + +Welfare offices have employment counsellors who can refer refugee +claimants to programmes that help people find work, or get +training to increase your employability. + +Most of the teachers in the Ontario Heritage Language Program, +are recent immigrants and refugees. You do not need a teaching +certificate and the pay is very good. You will have to approach +you local school and suggest that you are willing to teach your +native language to children of your ethnicity. You may have to +start a petition to start the program at your school. (Look in +the School section). + +There are also private employment agencies. Look in the Yellow +Pages of the telephone book under "Employment Agencies." + +If you are highly skilled or university-educated, you may find +that you are not able to work in your chosen field when you first +come to Canada. You may have to take other kinds of work until +you receive the licence or approval needed in your field. + +Unfortunately, there is systemic racism by employers. People of +merit are often overlooked especially in senior and management +positions. If you feel you have been discriminated against you +can file against the employer either with the Ontario Human Rights +Commission or with the Employment Equity Commission, it is your +right. + + Employment Equity Commission + +Toronto +77 Bloor Street West, 10th Floor +Toronto, Ontario M7A 2R9 +(416) 314-7806 + +Ontario Human Rights Commissions Offices: + +Hamilton Sault St. Marie +110 King St. W. #310 390 Bay St., 3rd Floor +(905) 521-7870 (705) 942-8417 + +Kenora Scarborough +227 2nd St S. 3rd Floor, 10 Milner Business Crt. #404 +(807) 468-2866 (416) 314-3555 + +Kingston St. Catherines +80 Queen St. #202 1 St. Paul St., #603 +(613) 548-6750 (905) 684-7406 + +Kitchener Sudbury +824 King St. W., #101 159 Cedar St., 2nd Floor +(519) 571-6078 (705) 670-7222 + +London Thunder Bay +231 Dundas St., #303 28 Noterh Cumberland St., #403 +(519) 661-6600 (807) 343-6003 + +Mississauga Timmins +1290 Central Parkway W. 210 Spruce St. S. #103 +(905) 273-7811 (705) 268-2838 + +Ottawa Toronto +255 Albert St., 4th Floor 595 Bay St., 4th Floor +(613) 232-0489 (416) 326-9511 + + Windsor + 215 Eugenie St W., #100, + (519) 973-1370 + + +WHERE TO GET HELP AND INFORMATION +********************************* + +Informations Services: + +Refugee Information Centre +517 Parliament Street, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontario M4X 1P3 +(416) 966-2233 + +Community Information Centre +of Metropolitan Toronto +(416) 392-0505 + +Welfare: + +Metro Social Services +for information about the +location of Welfare offices +(416) 392-8623 + +Emergency Support +(evenings and weekends) +(416) 392-8600 + +Food Banks: + +The Hunger Hotline (416) 392-6655 +Daily Bread Food Bank (416) 203-0050 +Salvation Army (416) 285-0080 +St. Vincent De Paul (416) 364-5577 + +Women's Shelters: + +Assaulted Women's Hotline +(24-hour information, referral and crisis line) +(416) 863-0511 + +Shirley Samaroo House +(24-hour crisi line and shelter for battered immigrant women) +(416) 249-7095 + +Immigration Offices: + +General Number (416) 973-4444 +444 University Avenue - Toronto +1920 Ellesmere Road - Scarborough +5343 Dundas Street West - Etobicoke +4900 Yonge Street - North York +165 Dundas Street West - Mississauga +110 Queen Street East - Brampton + +Immigration and Refugee Board +1 Front Street West +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 973-4444 + +Settlement Services: + +Ontario Welcome House - Downtown +132 St. Patrick Street +Toronto, Ontario M5T 1V1 +(416) 314-6747 + +Ontario Welcome House - North York +1056A Wilson Avenue +Downsview, Ontario M3K 1G6 +(416) 314-6480 + +Ontario Welcome House - Scarborough +4439 Sheppard Avenue East +Scarborough, Ontario M1S 1V3 +(416) 314-6470 + +Ontario Welcome House - Mississauga +90 Dundas Street West +Mississauga, Ontario L5B 2T5 +(905) 848-4680 + +Community Agencies: + +Afghan Association of Ontario +29 Pemican Court, Unit 6 +Weston, Ontario M9M 2Z3 +(416) 744-9289 + +African-Canadian Immigrant Aid Centre +49 Front Street East, +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 861-0199 + +Arab Community Centre +5298 Dundas Street West +Etobicoke, Ontario M9B 1B2 +(416) 231-7746 + +Canadian African Newcomer Aid +Centre of Toronto (CANACT) +44 Wellington Street East, +Suite 401 +Toronto, Ontario M5E 1C8 +(416) 861-0199 + +Canadian Ukranian Immigrant Aid Society +2150 Bloor Street West, Suite 96 +Toronto, Ontario M6S 1M8 +(416) 767-4595 + +Catholic Immigration Bureau +Main Office: 291 Yonge Street, Toronto (416)977-8600 +* Toronto: + 1108 Dundas Street West, 2nd Floor + (416) 532-0603 + +* Scarborough: + 47 Herron Avenue + (416) 757-7010 + +* Brampton: + 284 Queen Street East, Suite 236 + (905) 457-7740 + +* Mississauga: + 3038 Hurontario Street, Suite 201 + (905) 273-4140 + +Centre for Spanish-Speaking Peoples +1004 Bathurst Street +Toronto, Ontario M5R 3G7 +(416) 533-0680 + +COSTI-IIAS +1710 Dufferin Street +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 658-1600 + +Ethiopian Association in Toronto +851 Bloor Street West, +Toronto, Ontario M6G 1M3 +(416) 535-2766 + +Jamaican Canadian Association +1621 Dupont Street +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 535-4476 + +Malton Community Council +7200 Goreway Drive +Malton, Ontario L4T 2T7 +(905) 677-6270 + +Multicultural Assistance Services of Peel +3025 Hurontario Street, 6th Floor +Mississauga, Ontario L5A 2H1 +(905) 273-7129 + +Multicultural Assistance Services of Peel +21 Queen Street East, Suite 306, +Brampton, Ontario L6W 3P1 +(905) 450-9437 + +Multicultural Coalition for Access to Benefits +1115 College Street, +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 516-0204 + +New Life Centre (Nueva Vida) +2085 Danforth Avenue, Suite 201 +Toronto, Ontario M4C 1K1 +(416) 699-4527 + +Sojourn House +51 Bond Street +Toronto, Ontario M5B 1X1 +(416) 864-0515 + +Somali-Canadian Association of Etobicoke +925 Albion Road, Room 307 +Rexdale, Ontario M9V 1A6 +(416) 742-4601 + +Somali-Canadian Association of Ontario +2459 Dundas Street West +Toronto, Ontario M6B 1X3 +(416) 537-1417 + +Somali Immigrant Aid Organization +698 Weston Road, Suite 21 +Toronto, Ontario M6N 3R3 +(416) 766-7326 + +South Asian Social Services Organization +1123 Albion Road, Suite 203 +Rexdale, Ontario M9V 1A9 +(416) 748-1798 + +Tamil Eelam Society +366 Danforth Avenue, Suite 364 +Toronto, Ontario M4K 1N8 +(416) 463-7647 + +SPECIALIZED REFUGEE ORGANIZATIONS: + +Refugee Information Centre +517 Parliament Street, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontairo M4X 1P3 +(416) 966-2233 + +Working Froup on Refugee Resettlement +(Refugee sponsorship group) +1339 King Street West, #3 +Toronto, Ontario M6K 1H2 +(416) 588-1612 + +Jesuit Centre Refugee Program +947 Queen Street East, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontario M4M 1J9 +(416) 469-1123 + +Quaker Committee for Refugees +52 Elgin Avenue +Toronto, Ontario M5R 1G6 +(416) 964-9669 + +Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture +40 Westmoreland Avenue +Toronto, Ontario M6H 2Z7 +(416) 516-2977 + +United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees +280 Albert Street, Suite 401 +Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G8 +(613) 232-0909 + +Amnesty International +440 Bloor Street West, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontario M5S 1X5 +(416) 929-9477 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/opal.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/opal.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a50ded98 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/opal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1218 @@ + +*************************************************************** +**************** THE OPAL FILE ****************************** +*************************************************************** + +HERE IS THE OPAL FILE: EX FBI AGENT DESCRIBES CIA/MAFIA/OIL COS/ +/JFK KILLING/PRICE GOUGING/BIG BROTHER LINKS: + (WE THE "PEEP"L ARE IN DEEP SHIT): +(CROSS POST TO ALT.ACTIVISM AND LOCAL NEWS ON YOUR MACHINE!!!!!): + +Long, approx 60K and contains some very amazing information, such +as Swiss Account Numbers of high profile people on Mafia Payrolls. +You may be surprised at some of the names mentioned here. + +It also contains references to CIA operations to place subliminal +TV broadcasts throughout Australia and NZ, and other countries. + +Happy reading. + +The Opal File + +The Round Table Financial Takeover of Australia and New Zealand + +- A 20 Year History In Brief + +"Fear them not, therefore; for there is nothing covered that shall +not be revealed; and hidden, that shall shall not be known. "What +I tell you in darkness, that espeak in light; and what ye hear in +the ear, that proclaim upon the housetops." Matthew + +18th May, 1967: Texas oil billionaire Nelson Bunker Hunt, using a +sophisticated satellite technique to detect global deposits, +discovers a huge oil source south of New Zealand in the Great +South Basin. + +10th June, 1967: Hunt and New Zealand Finance Minister reach an +agreement: Hunt will receive sole drilling rights and Muldoon will +receive a $US100,000 non-repayable loan from the Placid Oil Co +(Hunt's). + +8th September, 1967: Placid Oil granted drilling rights to the +Great South Basin. + +10th May, 1968: Hawaiian meeting between Onassis and top +lieutenants, William Colby and Gerald Parsky, to discuss +establishment of a new front company in Australia - Australasian +and Pacific Holdings Limited - to be managed by Michael Hand. +Using Onassis-Rockefeller banks, Chase Manhattan and Shroders, +Travelodge Management Ltd sets up another front to link the +operations to the US. + +Onassis crowned head of the Mafia; Colby (head of CIA covert +operations in S.E. Asia) ran the Onassis heroin operations in the +Golden Triangle (Laos, Burma, Thailand) with 200 Green Beret +Mercenaries - ie the Phoenix Programme. + +Gerald Parsky deputy to ex-CIA/FBI Robert Maheu in the Howard +Hughes organisation, took orders from Onassis and was made +responsible for laundering skim money from the Onassis casino +operations in Las Vegas and the Bahamas. + +Mid-July, 1968: Placid Oil Co and the Seven Sisters (major oil +companies) begin Great South Basin oil exploration - hunt finances +45.5% of exploration costs, Gulf Oil 14.5%, Shell (US) 10%, B.P. +Oil 10%, Standard Oil California 10%, Mobil 6.5% and Arco 6.5%. + +12th October, 1968: Hunt and Seven Sisters announce confirmation +of new oil source comparable to the Alaskan North Slope - gas +reserves estimated at 150 times larger than the Kapuni Field. + +Early 1969: Mafia consolidates its banking operations; David +Rockefeller becomes Chairman of Chase Manhattan; Wriston at +Citibank and Michele Sindona captures the Vatican Bank, +Partnership Pacific launched by Bank of America, Bank of Tokyo and +Bank of New South Wales. + +24th February, 1969: Onassis calls Council meeting in Washington +to discuss strategy to monopolise the Great South Basin discovery. +Council members included Nelson Rockefeller and John McCloy, who +managed the Seven Sisters, and David Rockefeller managed the +Mafia's banking operations. + +McCloy outlines the plan to capture all oil and mineral resources +in Australia and N.Z. + +10th March, 1969: Parsky and Colby use Australasian and Pacific +Holdings to set up a 'front' company in Australia. Using old banks +-Mellon Bank and Pittsburgh National Bank, they buy control of +near-bankrupt Industrial Equity Ltd (I.E.L.) managed by New +Zealander Ron Brierly. + +A'Asian and Pacific Holdings' 'consultant' Bob Seldon helps +Michael Hand set up the new organisation. Seldon took orders from +Mellon and Pittsburgh National Banks, while Hand was directly +responsible to Gerald Parsky and William Colby. Ron Brierly would +take orders from Hand. + +24th July, 1969: New board established for I.E.L. includes Hand, Seldon, Ron +Brierly, plus two Brierly associates - Frank Nugan and Bob Jones. +Both are appointed consultants to A'asian and Pacific Holdings Ltd. + +Jones will help Brierly launder funds into real estate +(Brierly/Jones Investments) while Seldon and Nugan will channel +funds into oil and mineral resources through I.E.L. + +October 1969: Chase Manhattan begins new operation in Australia +with National Bank Australasia and A.C. Goods Associates - Chase-NBA. + +J.C. Fletcher appointed chairman of Seven Sisters' company - +British Petroleum (N.Z.). + +17th February 1970: Gerald Parsky sets up a new heroin-dollar +laundry in Australia - Australian International Finance Corp. +using the Irving Trust Co New York. + +April 1970: Onassis, Rockefeller and the Seven Sisters begin +setting up the shadow World Government using the +Illuminati-controlled banks and the transnational corporations. In +Melbourne they set up the Australian International Finance +Corporation using: + +* Irving Trust Co. N.Y. - linked to Shell Oil, Continental Oil, +Phillips Petroleum. + +* Crocker Citizens National - linked to Atlantic Richfield (Arco), +Standard Oil of California which is Rockefeller-controlled. + +* Bank of Montreal - Petro Canada, Penarctic Oils, Alberta Gas, Gulf Oil. + +* Australia and New Zealand Bank (ANZ). + +Meantime, Japanese members of One World Government move into New +Zealand, helped by Finance Minister R. Muldoon; Mitsubishi and +Mitsui make a profitable deal buying up rights to ironsands helped by Marcona +Corp. (US) and Todd (Shell/BP/Todd). Todd rewarded with sole New +Zealand franchise for Mitsubishi vehicles, Muldoon helps Mitsui +(Oji Paper Co) obtain a lucrative 320 million cubic foot Kiangaroa +Forestry contract with Carter Holt. + +November, 1970: Fletchers extend the Rockefeller Travelodge +operation by buying control of New Zealand's largest travel +company - Atlantic and Pacific Travel. + +Manufacturers' and Retailers' Acceptance Company (in 1970 changed +to Marac): This firm specialises in leasing and factoring (buying +debts at a discount). It also finances imports and exports. The +major shareholders are the Fletcher Group (38.0%), the Commercial +Bank of Australia Ltd (24.7%), NIMU Insurance (7.7%), Phillips +Electrical (3.8%), National Mutual Life Association (2.4%), New +Zealand United Corporation (4.0%). The CBA is a partner in the +supranational Euro-Pacific Corporation, the other partners being +the Midland Bank (UK), the United California Bank (USA), Fuji +(Japan) and Societe Generale de Banque (France). + +Early 1971: Onassis and Rockefeller begin global operation to buy +influence for the One World Government concept. They use Lockheed, +Northrop and Litton Industries 'agent' Adnan Khashoggi, to +organise operations in the Middle East, Iran and Indonesia. I.C.I. +set up $2.5 million slush fund to Australia and N.Z. + +Finance Minister Muldoon changes law to allow Mafia-controlled +banks to begin operations in New Zealand. Links also made by +N.Z.I. in preparation for Paxus control with Hong Kong and +Shanghai; Wells Fargo with Broadbank; Chase Manhattan with General +Finance; Bank of America and Barclays with Fletchers and Renouf in +New Zealand United Corp. All members of the Business Round Table +Organisation. + +Late 1971: Gulf Oil and their man Brierly begin organising chains +of Shell companies and dummy corporations to conceal their +takeover operations of oil, gas and mineral resources and related +industries such as vehicle franchises, vehicle spare parts and +finance services - all part of the Seven Sisters' controlled car +culture. + +To extend links to the US banking operations they buy control of +I.S.A.S. (NSW) and I.S.A.S. (Qld), which hold sole franchise for +construction and mining equipment produced by International +Harvester Credit Co, which is part of Chase Manhattan Bank and +associated with First National Bank Chicago (Chairman Sullivan +also Executive Vice-President of Chase Manhattan), Continental +Illinois (linked with CIA and Mafia Michele Sindona of Vatican +Bank) and Rockefeller's Standard Oil of Indiana (AMOCO). + +I.S.A.S. (Qld) also has strategic holdings in North Flinders +Mines, Flinders Petroleum, Apollo International Minerals. + +February 1972: Onassis and Rockefeller help associate Adnan +Khashoggi buy the Security Pacific National Bank in California and +take control of the United California Bank through CIA-linked +Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Both banks used by Onassis and +Khashoggi to funnel bribes and payoffs via the CIA's Deak Bank to +captive Japanese and other crooked politicians. Security Pacific +also used to 'launder' over $2 million for Nixon's re-election +campaign. Khashoggi also buys 21% of Southern Pacific Properties, +which is the major stockholder in Travelodge (Aust), thereby +establishing direct links to New Zealand, and U.E.B. and Fletchers +through its equity links with Travelodge (N.Z.). + +April 1972: Mafia banking operations expanded through New Hebrides +with establishment of Australian International Ltd to finance +Pacific development by the oil companies (Seven Sisters). Banks +involved include Irving Trust NY, Bank of Montreal, Crocker +International, Australia & N.Z. Bank and the Mitsubishi Bank, +whose president, Nakamaru, is appointed Chairman. + +26th May, 1972: Gerald Parsky installs Michele Sindona as 'owner' +of Franklin National Bank, helped by the Gambino Mafia family and +David Kennedy - Chairman of Continental Illinois Bank and Nixon's +Secretary of the Treasury. + +Pacific Basin Economic Council Conference in Wellington, NZ. +Vice-President Shigeo Nagano also chairman of Nippon Steel and +member of Onassis and other World Government organisations. +Chairman of NZ sub-committee, J. Mowbray is also GenehAo mS1ds+}#!e National Bank. + +Meanwhile, Michele Sindona, acting as the go-between for the Mafia +and the CIA, was the conduit between US and European banks. +Michele Sindona's Vatican Bank and associate Calvi's Abrosiano +Bank was used to finance CIA neo-fascist Italian/Latin American +operations through Licio Gelli's P2 Lodge, which helped to +organise the 'death squads' of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. This +aided the P2 -@+%rs sukh!as Klaus Barbie ('The Butcher of Lyonsf,("wjPqIe Rega - +organiser of the A.A.A. in +Argentina. + +Aoh August, 1972: Gulf Oil associate Bob Seldon helps establish +new banking operation, first NZ international banks include Bank +of New Zealand, D.F.C. (Aust), N.Z.I., Morgan Guaranty Trust, +Morgan Grenfel and S.F. Warburg. + +Fletchers begins expansion overseas with deals signed in +Indonesia, Fiji and New Guinea. + +December 1972: Kirk elected Prime Minister of New Zealand. + +February, 1973: Gerald Parsky, William Colby, Michael Hand, Frank +Nugan and Bob Seldon move to further consolidate the Mafia banking +operations. In NZ they acquire 20% Fletcher subsidiary Marac, +using the Security Pacific National Bank helped by Marac Corporate +secretary Alan Hawkins. + +Frank Nugan and Michael Hand use Fletcher and Renouf and their NZ +United Corporation to link with I.E.L. and Brierly Investments +through cross-shareholding agreement. + +In Australia, the Nugan Hand Bank begins operations with 30% of +the stock held by A'asian and Pacific Holdings (100% Chase +Manhattan Bank), 25% by CIA's Air America (known as 'Air Opium'), +25% by South Pacific Properties and 20% held by Seldon, Nugan and +Hand. + +The Irving Trust Bank's New York Branch establishes US links +between the CIA and Nugan Hand, a worldwide network of 22 banks +set up to: + +a) 'launder' money from Onassis heroin operations in the Golden +Triangle and Iran; +b) as a CIA funnel to pro-US political parties in Europe and Latin +America, including Colby's P2; +c) a spying conduit for information from Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam +and Thailand; +d) finance arms smuggled to Libya, Indonesia, South America, +Middle East and Rhodesia using the CIA's Edward Wilson. + +Colby and Kissinger use key CIA and Naval Intelligence officers to +oversee the operation, including Walter McDonald (former Deputy +Director CIA), Dale Holmgren (Flight Service Manager CIA Civil Air +Transport), Robert Jansen (former CIA Station Chief, Bangkok) etc. + +Heroin flown into Australia by CIA's Air America and trans-shipped +to Onassis lieutenant in Florida, Santos Trafficante Jr, assisted +by Australian Federal Bureau of Narcotics officials and +co-ordinated by CIA's Ray Cline. + +14th June, 1973: Inauguration of the Onassis shadow World +Government - the Trilateral Commission. Includes over 200 members from the US, +Europe and Japan - bankers, government officials, transnational +corporations' top executives, trade unionists, etc. Of the world's +largest corporations, 24 directly represented and dozens more +through interlocking directorships. + +* Trilateralist strategy: monopolisation of the world's resources, +production facilities, labour technology, markets, transport and +finance. These aims backed up by the US military and industrial +complexes that are already controlled and backed up by the CIA. + +18th August, 1973: Ray Cline and Michael Hand meet in Adelaide to +discuss CIA plan to establish spying operations in NZ. + +September 1973: Seagrams, with strong links to Chase Manhattan +Bank of Montreal and Toronto Dominion Bank, buys 2,800 acres of +prime land in Marlborough helped by Peter Maslen. + +17th February, 1974: Mafia sets up New Hebrides Bank - Commercial +Pacific Trust Co (COMPAC). Banks include CBA, Europacific Finance +Corporation, Trustee Executors and Agency Co, Fuji Bank, Toronto +Dominion Bank, European Asian Bank and United California Bank, +COMPAC to be used as a cover for heroin dollar laundering +operations. + +26th February, 1974: Michael Hand meets Bob Jones in Wellington to +implement plans for the CIA's new spying operation - countries +targeted include France, Chile, West Germany and Israel. + +Using the Brierly/Jones Investment funnel, Jones buys building in +Willeston Street which will be rented to France and Chile, another +at Plimmer Steps to house West Germany and Israel. + +CIA will set up eavesdropping communications centre inside the +Willeston Street building and another at 163 The Terrace which +will link with equipment installed in the Plimmer Steps building. +Four CIA technicians will run the whole operation. + +April 1974: Finance Minister Rowling appoints Ron Trotter to the +Overseas Investment Commission, whose chairman, G. Lau, is also a +member of the Todd Foundation (Shell/BP/Todd) investment board. + +Whitlam and Kirk + +Mid-1974: Gough Whitlam and Norman Kirk begin a series of moves +absolutely against the Mafia Trilateralists. Whitlam refuses to +waive restrictions on overseas borrowings to finance Alwest +Aluminium Consortium of Rupert Murdoch, BHP and R.J. Reynolds. +Whitlam had also ended Vietnam War support, blocked uranium mining +and wanted more control over US secret spy bases - e.g. Pine Gap. + +Kirk had introduced a new, tough Anti-Monopoly Bill and had tried +to redistribute income from big companies to the labour force +through price regulation and a wages policy. + +Kirk had also rejected plans to build a second aluminium smelter +near Dunedin and was preparing the Petroleum Amendment Bill to +give more control over New Zealand oil resources. + +Kirk had found out that Hunt Petroleum, drilling in the Great +South Basin, had discovered a huge resource of oil comparable in +size to the North Sea or Alaskan North Slope. Gas reserves alone +now estimated at 30 times bigger than Kapuni and oil reserves of +at least 20 billion barrels - enough for New Zealand to be +self-sufficient for years. Oil companies completely hushed up +these facts. To have announced a vast new oil source would +probably mean a decline in world oil prices, which would not have +allowed OPEC and Onassis plans for the Arabs to eventuate. N.Z. +could be exploited at a later date, particularly since the North +Sea operations were about to come on stream - Kirk was the last to +hold out. + +September, 1974: According to CIA sources, Kirk was killed by the +Trilateralists using Sodium Morphate. Rowling's first act as NZ +Prime Minister was to withdraw Kirk's Anti-Monopoly Bill and the +Petroleum Amendment Bill. + +Later, Rowling was to be rewarded with ambassadorship to +Washington. Incidentally, the Shah of Iran was murdered the same +way as Kirk on his arrival in the US. + +6th October, 1974: Ray cline implements William Colby plan to oust +Australian Prime Minister Whitlam. Nugan Hand Bank finances +payoffs to Malcolm Fraser and other pro-US politicians. A joint +bugging operation commences between CIA and ASIA. + +Rupert Murdoch, playing his part, uses his newspapers and +television network to spread lies and misinformation. Whitlam, as +well as refusing to waive restrictions on overseas borrowing to +finance the aluminium consortium, had plans to ensure that all +corporations were at least 50% Australian-owned. This interfered +with the Seven Sisters' plans to build three oil refineries at +Cape Northumberland in South Australia to exploit the Great South +Basin discovery. + +December, 1974: Australian Governor-General John Kerr joins Ray +Cline's payroll and received his first pay-off of $US200,000 +credited to his account number 767748 at the Singapore branch of +the Nugan Hand Bank. + +11th November, 1975: Governor-General Kerr sacks the Whitlam +Government. + +August 1975: Rowling re-introduces unrecognisable Commerce Bill, +designed to aid monopolisation of the NZ economy and repeals the +News Media Ownership Act, allowing more foreign ownership of NZ +media. The new legislation does not define monopoly, competition +or stipulate permissable maximum market share, or even ascertain +what the public interest is - resulting in a sell-out to big business. + +December, 1975: Election battle between Rowling and Muldoon. Oil +companies pour thousands of dollars into Muldoon's campaign via +National Bank (NZ), whose general manager Mowbray is also a member +of Todd Foundations; Investment Board Director Tudhope also Managing +Director Shell Oil and Chairman Shell/BP/Todd. Muldoon wins. + +February, 1976: Muldoon implements pre-election secret agreement +with the NZ Seven Sisters' oil representatives of Shell/BP/Todd +for helping finance the National Party campaign. + +Muldoon removes the $3 per barrel oil levy for the New Zealand +Refining Company, which increases the oil companies' profits by +100% at the taxpayers' expense and with all future oil prospecting licenses, +the Government has the option to take 51% of any discovery without +meeting exploration costs. This is designed to discourage further +exploration, thereby keeping the lid on the Great South Basin +discovery. + +Meanwhile, in Australia, new P.M. Malcolm Fraser reopens uranium +mining and opens the way for takeover of mineral resources with +big tax breaks for oil exploration, coal and mining. + +Muldoon returns a favour to the oil companies by arranging $US200 +million loan for Maui Gas Development for Shell/BP/Todd. + +September, 1976: With captive politicians in place in both +Australia and New Zealand, the Internationalists can now proceed +with their strategy of takeover of the economy and exploitation of +natural resources. "In New Zealand, the elimination of unnecessary +competition is fundamental to a sound economy," Brierly says. + +Parksy and Colby use Brierly/Jones Investments as a vehicle to buy +into A.B. Consolidated Holdings in New Zealand. + +Associate of R. Jones, Pat Goodman, is appointed 'consultant' of +A'asian and Pacific Holdings. + +November, 1976: The Internationalists (Mafia) set up a NZ money +'funnel' using Brierley's City Realties. National Insurance Co +acquires 33% of the stock. Largest stockholders in National +Insurance are the US Firemen's Fund +- Chairman and President Myron Du Bain also Vice Chairman of +American Express (Amex). Chairman of I.E.L. linked International +Harvester, Archie McCardell, also Amex Director. Amex linked with +Chase Manhattan and seven Sisters' Texaco and Mobil. Du Bain also +Director of CIA-linked United California Bank, which is a partner +in Commercial Pacific Trust. + +To complete the money funnel, National Insurance becomes a +stockholder in Chase Manhattan's Chase-NBA. +Brierley's declared assets reach $100 million, with shareholder's +capital of only $2.5 million - all cash acquisitions. + +3rd February, 1977: Parksy and Colby close down the Brierley/Jones +Investment funnel and open up seperate channels for Brierley and +Jones. Jones will be supplied with 'laundered' funds via Sydney +branch of the Nugan Hand Bank, while for Ron Brierley, Gerald +Parsky uses Myron Du Bain, Dierctor of United California Bank and +also chairman and president of the US Firemen's Fund, which are +the largest stockholders in National Insurance (NZ). Funds to be +'laundered' via Chase Manhattan Bank through National Insurance to +City Realty and via United California Bank through +COMPAC (New Hebrides) to National Insurance and City Realties. + +To expand the Bierley/I.E.L. 'front', Parsky establishes +Industrial Equity Pacific (Hong Kong). + +September 1977: Brierley's new holding company begins operations - +A.B. Consolidated. H.W. Revell appointed Deputy Chairman and B. +Hancox General Manager, while newly-appointed directors include S. +Cushing, B. Judge, O. Gunn and P. Goodman, linked with Renouf, +Fletcher and Papps through I.E.L./N.Z.U.C. + +* Strategy: To target and divide key sectors of the economy for +takeover, exploitation and monopolisation. Operations to extend to +use Hong Kong facility, I.E.P. Fletchers to extend the +Khashoggi/Rockefeller Travelodge operation by taking holdings in +Vacation Hotels and Intercontinental Properties (Renouf +Chairman). + +October, 1977: Muldoon and JOhn Todd - Shell/BP/Todd - sign an +agreement. NZ Govt would take 24.5% holding in the Great South +Basin for $1.65 Billion. Hunt would reduce his holding from 45.5% +to 27.5% and Arco would sell its 6.5%. + +* Reason: Hunt did not possess the technology to pump oil from +deep water; Gulf possessed the technology but did not tell Hunt. +Arco was not told anything and were swindled out of its 6.5% concession. + +November, 1977: Muldoon introduces the S.I.S Amendment Bill, +designed to keep the economy free of obstruction and to help +uncover obstructive elements. Telephone taps, mail tampering and +other surveillance methods approved after CIA input on contents of +legislation. + +Late 1977: Muldoon travels to the US to meet top Rockefeller +officials, including Trilateralists' Deputy Secretary of State, +Warren Christopher, and Richard Bolbrooke, who were in charge of +the new "South Pacific Desk" at the State Department established +by Rockefeller to target exploitatin of both New Zealand and +Australia. In Los Angeles, Muldoon meets top Rockefeller +officials, Robert Anderson (Rockwell Chairman, also Director of +Kashoggi's Security Pacific National Bank) and P. Larkin (Rockwell +Director, also Chairman, Executive Committee Security Pacific +National Bank and Director of Marac). + +April, 1978: Muldoon sets up Petrocorp. New Zealand taxpayers +pay for the exploration costs but the oil companies control all +distribution outlets. Muldoon blocks development of Maui B as +restructured supplies mean higher prices and bigger profits for +Shell/BP/Todd. South Island gas market not developed as Great +South Basin fields closer than Kapuni. Plans develop for +re-opening of National Parks for mineral exploitation. + +22nd July, 1978: Director of Australian Federal Bureau of +Narcotics suspends his invetigation into the Nugan Hand Bank after +pressure from the CIA and Australian politicians controlled by +Mafia, particularly Malcolm Fraser. + +Brierly's declared assets reach $200 million, with shareholders' +funds only $17 million. + +May, 1979: Trilateral Commission secretary Zbignieu Brzezinski +appoints Muldoon chairman of Board of Governors of IMF/World Bank +on orders of +David Rockefeller. Muldoon would head three-man administration +committee which included Canadian Finance Minister Mitchell Sharp, +key figure in the Mafia Council and the Trilateral Commission. +Australian Treasurer McMahon also involved. + +8th June, 1979: Michael Hand, Frank Nugan, Brierley and James +Fetcher meet in Hand's Sydney penthouse to discuss the +establishment of the New Zealand Mafia organisation. + +Mid- 1979: Gulf Oil using its man Brierley, begins operations +designed to capture key sectors of the economy. A.B Consolidated +restructured into the Goodman Group and Goodman to run operations +but with the majority of the stock held by IEL and Brierley using +Shell companies plus dummy corporations. + +* Strategy: To take over food and produce resources, Brierley and +Fletcher restructured a small private company, H.W. Smith, using +Cyril Smith as Chairman but with key executives Judge, Collins and +McKenzie. Bob Jones helps. + +Private company used, as no Commerce Commission control, accounts +not published, no public disclosure of transactions. Bunting is +established as a shell company and the South Island is targeted +for asset-stripping and takeover, as well as key sectors of the +automobile industry. + +Unlimited funds channelled through City Realties, NZUC and Marac. +UEB extends Travelodge operations by buying control of +Transholdings, which has strategic holdings in Vacation Hotels and +Tourist Corp. Fiji Holdings. + +17th August, 1979: New Zealand Mafia inaugral meeting in Sydney +including Hand, Brierley, Fletcher, Goodman, R.Trotter, Alan +Hawkins and L.Papps. + +Key sectors of the economy would be taken over- food, using +Goodman; forestry and farming, using Fletcher and Trotter; +property, using Brierley and Jones. Brierley, Hand and Papps +would be responsible for banking, insurance and finance, while +Hand and Hawkins would be responsible for setting up new "laundry" +channels into New Zealand. + +The economy would be taken over using cheap loans of less than 5%, +while consumers would pay 28%. + +October, 1979: BP Oil begis $100 million joint venture deal with +Fletcher and Trotter at Tasman. + +Muldoon makes secret deal with oil companies which effectively +robs New Zealand taxpayers by giving Shell/BP/Todd the Maui Gas +deal. Normally the granting of drilling rights on public land is +done using a worldwide system which incorporates an auction tender +system. Muldoon bypassed this. Also, Shell/BP/Todd pays no tax +on Kapuni profits, while putting funds into Maui development. + +19th November, 1979: Secret meeting in Auckland between Muldoon, +Fletcher and Trotter to transfer 43% Tasman Pulp and Paper held by +New Zealand Government to Challenge Corporation (Chairman Trotter) +and Fletchers. Tasman has lucrative 75-year contract for cheap +timber signed in 1955. + +Muldoon paid off with a $1 million 'non-repayable' loan - $500,000 +to be paid into account number 8746665 at New Hebrides branch of +the Australian International Bank. + +November, 1979: Muldoon drops restrictions on foreign investment. +AMAX (Stnadard Oil of California subsidiary) captures the Martha +Hill goldmine. + +Muldoon unveils the Government's plans (instructed by Rockefeller) +to form New Zealand into an offshore production base for the +multi-national corporations as benefits include government export +incentives, stable government, cheap labour, and so on. + +27th November, 1979: Gerald Parsky's lieutenant, David Kennedy, +meets Muldoon to deliver $US100,000 cash to Muldoon for +implementing the Internationalists' Mafia Think Big plans. + +These plans began with big contracts and guaranteed profits for +the Seven Sisters, Bechtel, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Nippon Steel, +Internationalists' Mafia banks. + +With the experimental petroleum plant, the oil price has to be +$50/barrel to be profitable, yet Mobil's profits are guaranteed. + +New Zealand Steel is to be expanded 500%, even though there was a +global steel glut of 50%. + +Fletchers own 10% of New Zealand Steel and are majority +stockholders in Pacific Steel and control monopoly over wire rod, +reinforcing steel. Aslo, New Zealand taxpayers subsidise +Fletchers' profits. + +Muldoon introduces the National Development Bill with 'fast-track' +legislation, to keep the economy 'free of obstruction' for +long-term monopolisation. + +C.E.R. plan introduced, designed to integrate the economies of +Australia and New Zealand with the Trilateral Commission for the +purpose of exploiting the South Pacific countries and as a +'back-door' entrance into China - the world's largest untapped +consumer market. New Zealand is also the closest country to +Antarctica, which has a vast mineral resource for future +exploitation. + +"Think Big" projects begin, even though Muldoon aware of studies +that show New Zealand could conserve up to 40% of energy +consumption using existing technology, which would mean funds +could be invested elsewhere to lower consumer prices, lower +inflation rates, less demand for imported oil and increased +imployment by creating new industry to manufacture and install +energy-saving technology. None of these options seriously +considered as all would lessen profits for members of the +Rockefeller organisations. + +December 1979: Muldoon unveils 'stage two' of a four-stage plan +to exploit the Great South Basin discovery. Plan prepared by +Trilateralist 'Think Tank' - the Brookings Institute. + +'Stage Two' includes methanol plant and synthetic petrol plant, +which would initially use gas from the Maui field and later would +link with underwater gas pipe from Campbell Island. + +With the New Zealand Steel 500% expansion, 'stage three' of the +project and Think Big contracts to go to Bechtel, Fluor Corp., +Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Nippon Steel, etc. All investments would be +financed by the New Zealand taxpayer. + +17th January, 1980: $500,000 deposited in Muldoon's account +number 8746665 at the Australian International Bank, being the +final payment for the Tasman deal. + +Early 1980: Kashoggi Travelodge operations extended with +affiliation agreement between Dominion Breweries and Western +International Hotels (Seattle First National Bank). + +May, 1980: Mafia's Nugan Hand banking operation crashes after +Frank Nugan killed. Death ruled as suicide even though no +fingerprints found on the rifle. Maloney, Houghton, Yates and +Hand shred important documents, but miss some. CIA helps Hand and +Bank President Donald Beasley escape to the U.S. The CIA and +Australian Security Intelligence Organisation cover everything up. +Beazley appointed President of Miami City National Bank, run by +Alberto Dugue for 'laundering' profits from the CIA Colombian +cocaine operation. + +There is a probability that Michael Hand killed Frank Nugan +because of his involvement with Hand's fiancee. + +25th May, 1980: Colby arrived in Australia to discuss replacement +of the Nugan Hand Bank with Hand, Brierley, and Seldon. Immediate +funding available from Sydney branch of the Deak Bank, a separate +CIA operation, and IEL would be used to buy NZI Corp., to prepare +for future laundering operations. + +Maloney, Houghton, Yates, and Hand would shred all documents +leading back to the New Zealand Great South Basin connection, and +the CIA would help Hand and Bank President Donald Beazley escape +to the USA. The CIA and ASIO would also cover everything up. + +Hand and Beazley turn up in Miami - Beazley appointed President +and Hand 'consultant' to the Miami City National Bank, but also +Hand turned up in El Salvador to help organise bankrolling of the +Contras with other ex- members of Nugan-Hand. + +23rd June, 1980: New Zealand Mafia, including Brierley, Fletcher, +Trotter, Jones, Hawkins, Goodman, and Papps meet in Wellington to +discuss merger of Fletcher Challenge and Tasman. + +In order to replace Nugan Hand Bank's 22 world-wide branches, +quick moves are made to buy control of NZI by New Zealand Mafia +using Brierley, thereby capturing an established, world-wide +organisation through the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, which is +also linked to the CIA through its subsidiary, World Finance +Corporation. + +Late 1980: Fletchers, with strong Rockefeller links, obtains +lucrative contracts on US Bases in the Pacific and joint ventures +in Saudi Arabia and Iraq. + +Control extended over New Zealand natural resources - Fletcher +Challenge and Tasman Pulp and Paper merged. NZFP takes control of +M.S.D. Spiers and Moore Le Messurier (Aust). Brierley begins +joint venture with NZFP through Williamson and Jeffrey. I.E.L, +through Goodman, buys 20% of Watties and begins cross-shareholding +agreement. Goodman continues buying up control of NZ bakeries and +flour- mills. + +February, 1981: TNL., Brierley, AMOIL and MIM Holdings begin +joint gold mining operation. MIM major shareholder is ASARCO +(US), whose Chairman, Barber, is also Director of Chase Manhattan +Bank. + +New Zealand Insurance and South British merger. +Parliamentarians For World Order - Richard Prebble elected on of +twelve councillors. + +Fletcher and Papps (Chairman UEB) sell their hotel operations to +Singaporian interest clossely associated with the Pritzker family +- owners of the Hyatt Hotel chain. Bueton Kanter, Pritzker family +lawyer and Director of Hyatt Hotels, who helped arrange the deal, +was an old family partner of Paul Helliwell (CIA paymaster for the +Bay of Pigs' fiasco) and had helped the Pritzker family set up tax +shelters using the CIA's Mercantile Bank and Trust and the Castle +Bank, which ahd been set up by Helliwell for 'laundering' profits +from the Onassis heroin operations as well as 'skim money' from +the Hughes casino operations in Las Vegas. + +Others who used these banks include Richard Nixon, Bebe Rozo, +Robert Vesco, Teamsters Union, etc. + +12th March, 1981: Brierley calls secret meeting in Auckland, +which includes Jones, Fletcher, Hawkins, Papps and Burton Kanter, +to discuss transfer of the Fletcher Challenge and UEB hotel +operations to the Singapore front company controlled by the +Pritzker family. + +20th July, 1981: Parsky, Colby, Brierley and Seldon meet in +Sydney with two new members, Kerry Packer and Alan Bond. + +Chase Manhattan and Security Pacific National Bank will acquire +60% of Packer's company, with the stock being held in Australia, +and 35% Bond's company, with the stock being held in Hong Kong. + +August 1981: Gulf Oil, using Brierley, strengthens its hold over +New Zealand natural resources. Cue Energy launched, starring +Lawrey and +Gunn. NZOG launched with strategic holdings by Jones, Renouf and +Brierley with licences in PPD 38206 and 38204 - both next to +Hunt's Great South Basin discovery, NZOG also controls 80 million +tonnes of coal through the Pike River Coal Company. + +Brierley-controlled Wellington Gas, Christchurch Gas, Auckland and +Hawkes Bay Gas and Dual Fuel Systems (A'Asia) which controls the +vehicle gas conversion market. + +Liquigas Limited set up to distribute LPG, controlled by +Shell/BP/Todd and Fletcher Challenge. + +15th February, 1982: Brierley calls New Zealand meeting - Jones, +Fletcher, Trotter, Hawkins, Goodman and Papps. New members +include Bruce Judge, J. Fernyhough, and Frank Renouf. + +With Muldoon about to deregulate the liquor industry, Brierley and +Fernyhough plan to buy up the New Zealand liquor industry, along +with its outlets, Lion Breweries and Rothmans to help. +Brierley will do the same in Australia. J.R. Fletcher becomes +Managing Director of Brierley's Dominion Breweries to oversee +operations. Rothmans and Brierley (through Goodman) have equal +holdings in Saudicapital Corp. Lion Directors Myers and +Fernyhough also stockholders in NZOG. + +Fletcher and Brierley begin their takeover of the freezing works +industry. FCL buys into South Island works while Brierley begins +takeover of Waitaki NZR through Watties with the help of Athol +Hutton. + +With Think Big projects beginning, Fletcher and Trotter plan to +take strategic holdings in NZ Cement, Wilkins Davies, Steel & +Tube etc., and Brierley would use Renouf to take 3% stake of the +Martha Hill gold-mine. + +Also targetted are clothing, footwear, carpet manufacture and more +of the auto industry for takeover and monopolisation. + +June, 1982: Meantime, in Australia, an new money funnel begins. +H.W Smith buys to obscure South Pine Quarries, which is renamed +Ariadne (Aust). South Pine Quarries owns 50% of Coal-Liquid Inc., +with the other half owned by US Defence contractors McDonnell +Douglas. Coal-Liquid renamed Impala Securities. + +The common link between Gulf Oil and McDonnell Douglas is the +CIA's Mercantile Bank and Trust, which both companies use for +world-wide bribery and payoff operations. McDonnell Douglas +officials McKeough and G.T.Hawkins later appointed directors of +Impala Securities. + +US links strengthened through Industrial Equity Pacific, which +acquires part of Higbee Company in Cleveland, which in turn is +closely linked to the National City Bank of Cleveland. This bank +is closely associated with Gulf Oil's bank, Pittsburgh National +and Mellon Bank. + +Bruce Judge installed as Ariadne manager. + +July, 1982: Media takeover begins. Brierley takes 24% NZ News +Ltd and begins buying up private radio. Rupert Murdoch helps. + +27th July, 1982. Brierley, Jones and Goodman meet in Auckland +with two Japanese members of the Trilateral Commission to discuss +integration of the New Zealand economy into the Pacific Rim +economy. Trilateralists include: Takeshi Watanabe (Japanese +Chairman of Trilateral Commission) and Daigo Miyado (Chairman +Sanwa Bank). + +The Japan/New Zealand Business Council would be established to co- +ordinate policy with Goodman appointed as Chairman. + +17th August, 1982: Inauguration of restructured US Mafia Council +- rulers include David Rockefeller, responsible for Banking; John +McCloy; Redman Rockefeller and J.D. Rockefeller, who would run the +Seven Sisters. + +Second-tier Council includes: + + * Gerald Parsky - responsible for heroin and cocaine operations + * William Simon - responsible for running the Presidency, + Cabinet, etc + * Katherine Graham - link to arms manufacturers + * Zbigniew Brzezinski - link to National Security Council and + CIA + * George S. Franklin - link to FBI + +Third-tier Council includes: + + * Zbigniew Brzezinski - Secretary + * Gerald Parsky - Heroin Cocaine operations + * William Colby - crack operations, assassinations + * John N. Perkins - banking, laundering + * Leonard Woodcock - labour, unions + * Mitchell Sharp - banking + * William Simon - presidency, Cabinet + * Ernest C. Arbuckly - arms manufacturers + * George W. Bull - Bildrberg and Council of Foreign Relations + * Katherine Graham - arms manufacturers + * Alden W. Clausen - World Bank, IMF + * Willam T. Coleman - CIA + * Archibald K. Davis - media, radio, television, and newspapers + * George S. Franklin - FBI, and Trilateral Commission + co-ordinator + * J.D. Rockefeller - to "spy" on the 15 man council. + +September, 1982: Goodman now helps establish the Japan/New +Zealand Council with the Bank of Tokyo and the Industrial Bank of +Japan. Tokai Pulp Co. buys shareholding in NZFP, which also +begins joint venture with Shell Oil. + +Fletcher Challenge strengthens links with the Rockefeller +organisation by acquiring the Canadian operations of Crown +Zellerbach, whose chairman is also director of Gulf Oil. Crown +Zellerbach Corp. has direct connections to Rockefeller through +directors Mumford, Hendrickson and Granville, to United California +Bank through Roth and to the Bank of America through Chairman C.R. +Dahl. + +Meanwhile, Robert Jones Investments floated to extend operations +of City Realties, Ilmond Properties, Chase Corp., etc. + +The Commerce Building in Auckland sold to Robert Jones Investments +by Robert Jones Holdings for $950,000 when recently it was offered +on the market for $200,000. A quick $750,000 for Jones. Robert +Jones Investments was set up by Brierley, Jones and Hawkins. + +8th December, 1982: Mitchell Sharp heads top-level Mafia meeting +in San Francisco. Others include Parsky, Perkins, Woodcock and +C.R. Dahl - Chairman of Crown Zellermach. + +Also present are - Brierley, Trotter, Fletcher and Seldon. +Meeting to discuss Great South Basin exploitation strategy sith +first priority being monopolisation of the economy; second +priority to establish oil refineries and related industries; third +to integrate New Zealand economy into Trilateral economy and, +fourth, to concentrate power back to the U.S through the Seven +Sisters, Chase Manhattan and Security Pacific National Bank. + +Fletcher Challenge will link New Zealand economy directly to the +U.S by merging with Canadian subsidiary of Crown Zellerbach with +funds provided by Security Pacific National Bank and United +Californian Bank. + +Brierley, Fletcher, Trotter and Seldon will be New Zealand Ruling +Council, headed by Brierley, who would take orders from Gerald +Parsky. + +Mid-1983: Brierley's Ariadne (Aust) takes control of Repco (NZ) +through Repco (Aust), therby taking control of key auto-related +industry, helped by Borg Warner and Honeywell - which are closely +associated with IEL through International Harvester, Continental +Illinois Bank and the First National Bank of Chicago. Toyota and +Nissan also help so that Brierley now largest distributor of auto +and industrial parts, largest manufacturer of pistons, filters and +engine bearings, as well as biggest supplier of forklifts, +tractors and agricultural equipment. + +Meantime, control is extended over the Great South Basin oil +source with +Hunt, after big losses resulting from trying to corner the world's +silver market, being forced to sell out some of his concession to +Gulf Oil, which uses Brierley to set up a new company - Southern +Petroleum - which takes a 14.5% interest. Hunt retains overall +control with 45.5%, Petro-Corp has 40% and Chairman F. Orr, also a +Director of Brierley - controlled Watties. + +Brierley, through Goodman, takes control of TNL Group and its +subsidiaries NZ Motor Bodies and L & M Mining, which has 15% +interest in the Chatham Rise, right next to the Hunt concession. + +Southern Petroleum set up by Brierley in New Zealand was +spearheaded by the Seven Sisters' companies with Gerald Parsky and +William Colby initiators. Southern Petroleum to include 21% of +the Great South Basin held by gulf and Mobil Oil. 90% of this +stock held in Australia through IEL (ie Brierley's). + +11-12th May, 1983: New Zealand Mafia meet in Cook Islands. +Includes Brierley, Trotter, Fletcher, Jones, Hawkins, Goodman, +Pappas, Judge, Renouf, and Fernyhough. New members include A. +Gibbs, McConnell, H.Fletcher and O.Gunn. Japanese Trilateralists +Takeshi Wataneve and Daigo Miyado discuss 'integration' of New +Zealand into the Pacific Rim economies. + +A new political party would be established using Jones and +financed by the New Zealand Mafia Council. + + * Reason: Parsky and Colby wanted Muldoon out because he had + 'welched' +on a deal to set up two US military deep-water submarine bases +planned for Dusky Sound and Guards Bay in the South Island. +Parsky, Brierley and Ray Cline hold a separate meeting to discuss +the purchase of New Zealand politicians, including Lange, Douglas +and Bolger. + +Cline was 'consultant' to the CIA's Deak Bank, took orders from +Colby, and was responsible for the 10 Australian politicians on +the CIA's payroll, including Bjelke Petersen, I. Sinclair, +Keating, McMullen, M.Fraser, D. Anthony, K. Newman, J Carrick, B. +Cowan and R. Connor. + +Cline outlines CIA plan to begin subliminal television +advertising. + +22nd June, 1983: New Zealand politician J. Bolger meets Ray Cline +in Sydney and agrees to join the organisation for a monthly fee of +$US20,000 to be paid into account number GA1282117 at Geneva +branch of Credit Swisse. + +20th July, 1983: New Zealand politician R. Douglas meets Ray +Cline in Wellington and agrees to join the organisation for a +monthly fee of $US10,000 to be paid into account number 3791686 at +the Sydney Branch of the Deak Bank. + +July 1983: Parsky launches a new front company, Chase +Corporation, with 25% of the stock being held through Security +Pacific National Bank in Australia and 25% held in Hong Kong by +Chase Manhattan. Brierley and Hawkins set up a 'back-door' +listing to cover up true-ownership. + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +August, 1983: Muldoon imposes withholding tax on all ofshore +borrowing. + +Chase Manhattan, United California Bank and Brierley begin new +banking operation in New Zealand to take over the International +Harvester Credit Co (NZ), Australasian Investment Company. +Participants include Chase Manhattan's Kuwait Asia Bank, D.F.C., +Saudicorp (Brierley has 12% through Goodman) and United +California, represented by National Insurance which is part of +Equus Holdings. + +Renouf sells 20% NZUC to Barclays and prepared for expanding of +operations with Brierley. + +Meantime, Murdoch and Brierley expand their close ties by each +taking a piece of New Zealand Maritime Holdings and with the +election imminent, divide up New Zealand media for takeover to +increase Mafia control. NZ News buys Hawkes Bay News, Nelson +Tribune, Timaru Herald, etc. Brierley increases holding in +Hauraki Enterprises and other private radio stations. Brierley +and Murdoch have majority stockholding in NZPA with 48.5%, while +in the UK, Murdoch has large stockholding in Reuters. + +The phoney news becomes THE news. + +Head of the Murdoch operation is Burnett, who is also on the board +of Winstones - a Brierley company. + +September, 1983: With global heroin epidemic, Rockefeller expands +operations to recycle profits. + +New Zealand South British sets up the IDAPS computer bureau to +establish international holding companies, dummy corporations, etc +and to pursue aggressive global acquisition programme. IDAPS +linked to satellite bureaux in Australia, Far East, UK and the US, +where the global network is completed through links with the +Rockefeller organisation computer network. + +General Manager of the operation, George Wheller, previously +director of the international operators of Firemen's Fund (US), +Chairman Du Bain, director of the United California Bank, and +Vice-Chairman of Amex. + +As part of the expanded laundry operation, Rockefeller associate +Adnan Kashoggi establishes new Australian bank - Security Pacific +National Bank (Aust). Brierley's part of this operation is to buy +up computer companies such as Andas, CID Distributors (NZ Apple +computer franchise,etc). + +Investment companies begin operations in Australia and New Zealand +to assist recycle Mafia profits. + +October 1983: Brierley takes over NZFP through Watties, helped by +newly- appointed chairman Papps. Papps also chairman of NZ +Railways and presided over transport deregulation, the major +beneficiaries of which include Watties and Freightways - Managing +Director Pettigrew and Director Lang also both on the NZFP board +with Papps. + +Papps also responsible for the railways' electrification programme +with big contracts for Cory Wright & Slamon, whose directors +include I.I McKay, also on the board of NZFP. + +Late 1983: AMAX (Social) gives Gulf Oil a share in the Martha +Hill gold bonanza by selling 15% of its holdings to Briereley +through Goodmans. Oil companies say that only $870 million worth +of minerals in Martha Hill, while true figure is closer to $3 +billion. + +21st January, 1984: Australian Mafia Council meets in Sydney. +Includes - Brierley, Seldon, Fletcher, Jones, Goodman, Hawkins, +Papps, Packer, Bond and Japanese Trilaterist Daigo Miyado. New +members include J. Elliott, L. Adler, and Holme's A'Court. +Seldon outlines strategy of merging Australian economy with the +Trilateralist economy through Europe and the US. + +In Australia, the Mafia Council will monopolise the economy with +company takeovers through the use of loans at less than 5%. + +Holme's A'Court's company would be taken over using Security +Pacific National Bank and Chase Manhattan Bank, with some of the +stock being held in London. + +Equiticorp will be launched using Hawkins, with 50% of the stock +held by Security Pacific National Bank and Chase Manhattan in the +US Equiticorp to registered in Hong Kong to cover up true +ownership, and will use the same laundry as Chase Corporation - +Hawkins will set up a maze of shell companies and dummy +organisations to disguise operations. + +Hawkins previously associated with Kashoggi when Corporate +Secretary of Marac, and linked with Renouf through their +stockholding in CBA Finance, which is a partner in Commercial +Pacific Trust with United California Bank, Hawkins forms umbrella +company with Chase Corpl, Jedi Investments and Teltherm and +begins setting up a maze of cross holding companies. Brierley +retains his connection through his Charter Corporation's holding +in Teltherm. + +January 1984: Brierley and Elliott begin moves to monopolise the +food industry in Australasia by merging Goodman and the Elders +Group, while Brierley sells 10% of Watties to the NZ Dairy Board - +setting the stage for land takeover and establishment of the +Corporate Farm. + +February 1984: New Zealand politician D. Lange meets Ray Cline in +Wellington and agrees to go on the Mafia payroll for monthly fee +of $UA40,000 paid into account number 5263161 at Commercial +Pacific Trust, New Hebrides. + +March 1984: Muldoon knighted with GCMG for keeping the economy +free of obstructions for easier takeover and exploitation. + +24th May, 1984: Four-man CIA team co-ordinated by Ray Cline +arrive in New Zealand to begin installation of equipment for +subliminal television advertising at five sites - Waiatarua, Mt +Erin, Kaukau, Sugarloaf and Obelisk. + +Sophisticated equipment can be installed within one kilometer of +TV relay arrials and all linked to one IDAPS computer bureau in +Auckland. + +Same equipment installed in Australia August 1985; Japan September +1986; UK February 1987: New York 1987. Also, Amax geoligists now +estimate Martha Hill gold source could be worth up to $30 billion +on strength of high gold/tonne ore assay. + +17th July, 1984: In New Zealand, subliminal advertising begins on +Channel Two between 6pm and midnight - hours later extended to +begin at noon. Subliminal messages prepared in the US by the CIA +and with New Zealand election imminent, tell voters to support the +Labour Party, the New Zealand Party and to buy Mafia company +products. + +New Zealand Party was formed to ensure that Muldoon would lose, as +Big Business unhappy with controls over economy. Big campaign +contributions from Brierley, the oil companies and the Business +Round Table ensure a Labour victory. + +Later, Lange agrees to repay the favour to Brierley by selling the +Government holding in the Kariori Pulp Mill to Winstones. New +Zealand taxpayer loses $100 million. + +Government then becomes the arm of big business, using economic +policies provided by the Business Round Table, implemented by +Finance Minister Roger Douglas and the package being sold by David +Lange, who also keeps up a noisy CIA directed ANZUS withdrawal +campaign. + +* Reason: 1) ANZUS Treaty did not cover Mafia requirements over +the Great South Basin discovery; 2) To identify any oppositin or +threats within New Zealand who align themselves with supposed +Government policy, Lange increases the SIS budget and strangthens +links with the CIA. + +Brookings Institute are the actual designers of the New Zealand +Government econmomic policies provided by the Business Round Table +(NZ Mafia front) and implented by the Government. + +Douglas devalues the dollar and deregulates interest rates, which +means cheaper labour, cheaper capital assets and high mortgage +rates, thereby implementing Big Business policy of driving farmers +off the land, establshment of the corporate farm and eventually +remove viability of small business sector, etc. + +27th September, 1984: New Zealand Mafia meets at new 'safe +house' registered under Fernyhough's name, in Auckland. Those +present include Brierley, J. Fletcher, Trotter, Jones, Goodman, +Gunn, Papps, Hawkins, Judge, Renouf, Fernyhough, Gibbs and +McConnell. Daigo Miyado announces appointment of Trotter as +International Vice President of the Trilateral Commission Pacific +Basin Economic Council. + +Brierley outlines strategy of privatisation of the New Zealand +Government and the establishment of the New Zealand Centre for +Independent Studies which will be chaired by Gibbs, aided by +Fernyhough and controlled by Cline, which will 'advise' Treasury +on privatisation. + +Parsky, Brierley and Seldon hold a separate meeting with Parsky, +outlining plans for an expanded laundry operation which will +coincide with the launch of 'Crack' - a new addictive product +developed by CIA chemists for the world market. + +Equiticorp (Aust) will be launched with Adler as Manager and a new +merchant bank using Eldrs, Goodman and Jarden. + +IEI will merge with Armco Bank, which has 20 branches in South +East Asia; Ariadne will acquire the Bank of Queensland, and +Brierley Investments will form a cross-shareholding with NZI Corp +to further increase control by their Mafia organisation. Other +plans include the laundering of funds directly to the New Zealand +and Australian Governments and the establishment of key companies +within the economies of New Zealand, Australia and Hong Kong. + +The first key company will control the food industry in +Australasia through merger of Elders, Goodmans, Allied Mills, +Fielder Gillespie and Watties. Allied Mills will control 30% +Goodmans, 30% Fielder, 20% Watties and will expand into Europe via +acquisition of Rank, Hovis McDougall (UK). Allied Mills will be +controlled through IEL. + +26th October, 1984: Trotter, Hawkins, Lange and Douglas meet in +Wellington to implement Mafia plans to privatise the Government +and to deregulate the banking system. + +Late 1984: As part of the IDAPS computer-controlled 'laundry' +operation, Trotter and Fletcher help establish the 'Pacific +Investment Fund' with Australian and New Zealand investments to be +managed by Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank subsidiary, Wardley and the +Japanese operation controlled by Tokyo Trust and Banking Company - +owned by Sanwa Bank, Taiyo-Kobe Bank and Nomura Securities. All +are members of the Rockefeller World Government organisation. + +18th July, 1985: Australian Mafia meet in Sydney to discuss +privatisation of the Australian Government. Those present include +- Brierley, Trotter, Fletcher, Seldon, Goodman, Papps, Packer, +Bond, Elliott, Adler, and Japanese Trilateralist Daigo Miyado. + +Cline will set up Australian Centre for Independent Studies to +'advise' the Treasurer on the takeover of the economy. + +Impala Pacific will be set up in Hong Kong through Ariadne with +60% of the company stock held by Chase Manhattan and Security +Pacific National Bank in Australia. In the UK, Tozer, Kemsly & +MIllbourn would be taken over using IEP, while in Australia, the +Holme's A'Court Bell Group would be used to merge with Hong Kong +and Shanghai Bank, through Standard & Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), +and Marae (NZ) Broadlands (Aust) would merge with NZI +Corporation. + +18th August, 1985: Cline and 6-man CIA team begin installation of +subliminal television equipment in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. + +8th November1985: Parsky, Colby and J.D Rockefeller meet in New +York to discuss their plans to assassinate McCloy and the +Rockefellers and to take control of the Mafia organisation. + +Colby would organise a 8-man 'hit squad' to be headed by Gordon +Liddy who had worked for Colby in the 1960's as a CIA contract +killer, and was responsible for over 10 murders including: + + * 17/8/61 - two members of the Gambino Mafia family in New + York + * 24/11/63 - Officer Tippitt after the Kennedy assassination in + Dallas + * 18/12/63 - witness to the Kennedy assassination in Dallas + * 19/4/65 - Politician in Chicago + * 27/7/65 - Politician in Washington + * 8/9/65 - Politician in Washington + * 27/11/66 - US 'independent' cocaine importer, in Mexico. + * 25/11/67 - 'Independent' heroin importer, in Los Angeles + * 9/2/69 - Politician in Washington + + +28th November 1985: Australian Mafia meet in Sydney - includes: +Trotter, Fletcher, Hawkins, Bond, Elliott, Adler and Holme's +A'Court - discussed strategy for merger of Goodman, Allied Mills, +Fielde Gillespie Davis, Watties and Elders with Chase Manhattan \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/open-roa b/textfiles.com/politics/open-roa new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a2c9ff99 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/open-roa @@ -0,0 +1,1291 @@ + + + + + + +Network Working Group M. Kapor +Request for Comments: 1259 Electronic Frontier Foundation + September 1991 + + + Building The Open Road: + The NREN As Test-Bed For The National Public Network + + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is + unlimited. + +Introduction + + A debate has begun about the future of America's communications + infrastructure. At stake is the future of the web of information + links organically evolving from computer and telephone systems. By + the end of the next decade, these links will connect nearly all homes + and businesses in the U.S. They will serve as the main channels for + commerce, learning, education, and entertainment in our society. The + new information infrastructure will not be created in a single step: + neither by a massive infusion of public funds, nor with the private + capital of a few tycoons, such as those who built the railroads. + Rather the national, public broadband digital network will emerge + from the "convergence" of the public telephone network, the cable + television distribution system, and other networks such as the + Internet. + + The United States Congress is now taking a critical step toward what + I call the National Public Network, with its authorization of the + National Research and Education Network (NREN, pronounced "en-ren"). + Not only will the NREN meet the computer and communication needs of + scientists, researchers, and educators, but also, if properly + implemented, it could demonstrate how a broadband network can be used + in the future. As policy makers debate the role of the public + telephone and other existing information networks in the nation's + information infrastructure, the NREN can serve as a working test-bed + for new technologies, applications, and governing policies that will + ultimately shape the larger national network. Congress has indicated + its intention that the NREN + + would provide American researchers and educators with the computer + and information resources they need, while demonstrating how + advanced computer, high speed networks, and electronic databases + can improve the national information infrastructure for use by all + + + +Kapor [Page 1] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + Americans. (1) + + As currently envisioned, the NREN + + would connect more than one million people at more than one + thousand colleges, universities, laboratories, and hospitals + throughout the country, giving them access to computing power and + information -- resources unavailable anywhere today -- and making + possible the rapid proliferation of a truly nationwide, ubiquitous + network... (2) + + The combined demand of these users would develop innovative new + services and further stimulate demand for existing network + applications. Library information services, for example, have + already grown dramatically on the NREN's predecessor, the Internet, + because the + + enhanced connectivity permits scholars and researchers to + communicate in new and different ways.... Clearly, to be + successful, effective, and of use to the academic and research + communities, the NREN must be designed to nurture and accommodate + both the current as will as future yet unknown uses of valuable + information resources. (3) + + So as the NREN implementation process progresses, it is vital that + the opportunities to stimulate innovative new information + technologies be kept in mind, along with the specific needs of the + mission agencies which will come to depend on the network. + + Far from evolving into the whole of the National Public Network + itself, the NREN is best thought of as a prototype for the NPN, which + will emerge over time from the phone system, cable television, and + many computer networks. But the NREN is a growth site which, unlike + privately controlled systems, can be consciously shaped to meet + public needs. For a wide variety of services, some of which might + not be commercially viable at the outset, the NREN can + + provide selective access that proves feasibility and leads to the + creation of a commercial infrastructure that can support universal + services.... If we fully focus on ...[current] goals and work our + way through a multitude of technical and operational issues in the + process, then the success of the NREN will fully support its + extension to broader uses in the years to follow. (4) + + In order to function as an effective test-bed, one that promotes + broad access to a range of innovative, developing services, the NREN + must be built so that it is easy for developers to offer new kinds of + applications, and is accessible to a diversity of users. For + + + +Kapor [Page 2] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + example, to encourage the development of creative, advanced library + services, it must be easy for libraries to open their data bases to + users all across the network. And if these library services are to + flourish through the NREN, then the services must be available to + researchers and students all over the country, through a variety of + channels. Though the NREN itself is intended to meet the + supercomputing and networking needs of the government-financed + research community, Congress has wisely recognized that it can also + function as a channel for delivery of a wide range of privately- + developed information services. To + + encourage use of the Network by commercial information service + providers, where technically feasible, the Network shall have + accounting mechanisms which allow, where appropriate, users or + groups of users to be charged for their usage of copyrighted + materials over the Network. (5) + + Congress can create an environment that stimulates information + entrepreneurship by mandating that the NREN rely on open technical + standards whose specifications are not controlled by any private + parties and which are freely available for all to use. Such non- + proprietary standards will ensure that different parts of the network + built and operated by independent parties, will all work together + properly. By employing widely-used, non-proprietary standards the + NREN will make it easy for new information providers to offer their + wares on the network. The market will snowball: as more services are + offered, more users will be attracted, who will increase overall + demand. The NREN will also be a test-bed for development and + experimentation with new networking standards that facilitate even + broader, more efficient interconnection than now possible on the + Internet. But throughout the stages of the NREN, all concerned + should be sure that these functionalities are fostered. + + The NREN design and construction process is complex and will have + significant effects on future communications infrastructure design: + + Building the NREN has frequently been described as akin to + building a house, with various layers of the network architecture + compared to parts of the house. In an expanded view of this + analogy, planning the NII [national information infrastructure] is + like designing a large, urban city. + + The NREN is a big new subdivision on the edge of the metropolis, + reserved for researchers and educators. It is going to be built + first and is going to look lonely out there in the middle of the + pasture for a while. But the city will grow up around it in time, + and as construction proceeds, the misadventures encountered in the + NREN subdivision will not have to be repeated in others. And + + + +Kapor [Page 3] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + there will be many house designs, not just those the NREN families + are comfortable with.... The lessons we learn today in building + the NREN will be used tomorrow in building the NII. (6) + + The coming implementation and design of the NREN offers us a critical + opportunity to shape a small but important part of the National + Public Network. + +VISIONS + + At its best, the National Public Network would be the source of + immense social benefits. As a means of increasing social + cohesiveness, while retaining the diversity that is an American + strength, the network could help revitalize this country's business + and culture. As Senator Gore has said, the new national network that + is emerging is one of the "smokestack industries of the information + age." (7) It will increase the amount of individual participation in + common enterprise and politics. It could also galvanize a new set of + relationships -- business and personal -- between Americans and the + rest of the world. + + The names and particular visions of the emerging information + infrastructure vary from one observer to another. (8) Senator Gore + calls it the "National Information Superhighway." Prof. Michael + Dertouzos imagines a "National Information Infrastructure [which] ... + would be a common resource of computer-communications services, as + easy to use and as important as the telephone network, the electric + power grid, and the interstate highways." (9) I call it the National + Public Network (NPN), in recognition of the vital role information + technology has come to play in public life and all that it has to + offer, if designed with the public good in mind. + + To what uses can we reasonably expect people to use a National Public + Network? We don't know. Indeed, we probably can't know -- the users + of the network will surprise us. That's exactly what happened in the + early days of the personal computer industry, when the first + spreadsheet program, VisiCalc, spurred sales of the Apple II + computer. Apple founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak did not design + the spreadsheet; they did not even conceive of it. They created a + platform which allowed someone else to bring the spreadsheet into + being, and all the parties profited as a result, including the users. + + Based on today's systems, however, we can make a few educated guesses + about the National Public Network. We know that, like the telephone, + it will serve both business and recreation needs, as well as offering + crucial community services. Messaging will be popular: time and time + again, from the ARPAnet to Prodigy, people have surprised network + planners with their eagerness to exchange mail. "Mail" will not just + + + +Kapor [Page 4] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + mean voice and text, but also pictures and video -- no doubt with + many new variations. One might imagine two people poring over a + manuscript from opposite ends of the country, marking it up + simultaneously and seeing each others' markings appear on the screen. + + We know from past demand on the Internet and commercial personal + computer networks that the network will be used for electronic + assembly -- virtual town halls, village greens, and coffee houses, + again taking place not just through shared text (as in today's + computer networks), but with multi-media transmissions, including + images, voice, and video. Unlike the telephone, this network will + also be a publications medium, distributing electronic newsletters, + video clips, and interpreted reports. (10) + + We can speculate but cannot be sure about novel uses of the network. + An information marketplace will include electronic invoicing, + billing, listing, brokering, advertising, comparison-shopping, and + matchmaking of various kinds. "Video on demand" will not just mean + ordering current movies, as if they were spooling down from the local + videotape store, but opening floodgates to vast new amounts of + independent work, with high quality thanks to plummeting prices of + professional-quality desktop video editors. Customers will grow used + to dialing up two-minute demos of homemade videos before ordering the + full program and storing it on their own blank tape. + + There will be other important uses of the network as a simulation + medium for experiences which are impossible to obtain in the mundane + world. If scientists want to explore the surface of a molecule, + they'll do it in simulated form, using wrap-around three-dimensional + animated graphics that create a convincing illusion of being in a + physical place. This visualization of objects from molecules to + galaxies is already becoming an extraordinarily powerful scientific + tool. Networks will amplify this power to the point that these + simulation tools take their place as fundamental scientific apparatus + alongside microscopes and telescopes. Less exotically, a consumer or + student might walk around the inside of a working internal combustion + engine -- without getting burned. + + Perhaps the most significant change the National Public Network will + afford us is a new mode of building communities -- as the telephone, + radio, and television did. People often think of electronic + "communities" as far-flung communities of interest between followers + of a particular discipline. But we are learning, through examples + like the PEN system in Santa Monica and the Old Colorado City system + in Colorado Springs, that digital media can serve as a local nexus, + an evanescent meeting-ground, that adds levels of texture to + relationships between people in a particular locale. As Jerry Berman + of the ACLU Information Technology Project has said: + + + +Kapor [Page 5] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + Computer and communications technologies are transforming speech + into electronic formats and shifting the locus of the marketplace + of ideas from traditional public places to the new electronic + public forums established over telephone, cable, and related + electronic communications networks. (11) + + + To both local and long-distance communities, accessible digital + communications will be increasingly important; by the end of this + decade, the "body politic," the "body social," and the "body + commercial" of this country will depend on a nervous system of + fiber-optic lines and computer switches. + + But whatever details of the vision and names gives to the final + product, a network that is responsive to a wide spectrum of human + needs will not evolve by default. Just as it is necessary for an + architect to know how to make a home suitable for human habitation, + it is necessary to consider how humans will actually use the network + in order to design it. + + In that spirit, I offer a set of recommendations for the evolution of + the National Public Network. I first encountered many of the + fundamental ideas underlying these proposals in the computer + networking community. Some of these recommendations address + immediate concerns; others are more long-term. There is a focus on + the role of public access and commercial experiments in the NREN, + which complement its research and education mission. The + recommendations are organized here according to the main needs which + they will serve: first ensuring that the design and use of the + network remains open to diversity, second, safeguarding the freedom + of users. The ultimate goal is to develop a habitable, usable and + sustainable system -- a nation of electronic neighborhoods that + people will feel comfortable living within. + +I. Encourage Competition Among Carriers + + In the context of the NREN, act now to create a level and competitive + playing field for private network carriers, (whether for-profit or + not-for-profit) to compete. Do not give a monopoly to any carrier. + The growing network must be a site where competitive energy produces + innovation for the public benefit, not the refuge of monopolists. + + The post-divestiture phone system offers us a valuable lesson: a + telecommunications network can be managed effectively by separate + companies -- even including bitter opponents like AT&T and MCI -- as + long as they can connect equitably and seamlessly from the user's + standpoint. The deregulated telecommunications system may not work + perfectly and may produce too much litigation, but it does work. We + + + +Kapor [Page 6] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + should never go back to any monopoly arrangement like the pre- + divestiture AT&T which held back market-driven innovation in + telecommunications for half a century. Given the interconnection + technology now available, we should never again have to accept the + argument that we have to sacrifice interoperability for efficiency, + reliability, or easy-of-use. + + Similarly, the NREN, and later the National Public Network, must be + allowed to grow without being dominated by any single company. + Contracting requirements in the current legislation advance this + goal. + + The Network shall be established in a manner which fosters and + maintains competition within the telecommunications industry and + promotes the development of interconnected high-speed data + networks by the private sector. (12) + + Absent a truly competitive environment, a dominant carrier might use + its privileged access to stifle competitors unfairly: "Use our local + service to connect to our undersea international links, without the + $3 surcharge we tack on for other carriers." The greatest danger is + "balkanization" -- in which the net is broken up into islands, each + developing separately, without enough interconnecting bridges to + satisfy users' desires for universal connectivity. Strong + interoperability requirements and adherence to standards must be + built into the design of the NREN from the outset. (13) + + After 1992, private companies will manage an ever-greater share of + the NREN cables and switches. The NSF should use both carrot and + stick to encourage as much interconnection as possible. For example, + the NSF could make funding to NREN backbone carriers contingent on + participation in an internetwork exchange agreement that would serve + as a framework for a standards-based environment. As the NREN is + implemented, some formal affirmation of fair access is needed -- + ideally by an "Internet Exchange Association" formed to settle common + rules and standards. (Their efforts, if strong enough, could + forestall a costly, wasteful crazy-quilt of new regulations from the + FCC and 50 State Public Utilities Commissions.) This association + should decide upon a "basket" of standard services -- including + messaging, directories, international connections, access to + information providers, billing, and probably more -- that are + guaranteed for universal interconnection. The Commercial Internet + Exchange (CIX) formed in 1991 by three commercial inter-networking + carriers represents a substantive, initial move in this direction. + + + + + + + +Kapor [Page 7] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + +II. Create an Open Platform for Innovation + + Encourage information entrepreneurship through an open architecture + (non-proprietary) platform, with low barriers to entry for + information providers. + + The most valuable contribution of the computer industry in the past + generation is not a machine, but an idea -- the principle of open + architecture. Typically, a hardware company (an Apple or IBM, for + instance) neither designs its own applications software nor requires + licenses of its application vendors. Both practices were the norm in + the mainframe era of computing. Instead, in the personal computer + market, the hardware company creates a "platform" -- a common set of + specifications, published openly so that other, often smaller, + independent firms can develop their own products (like the + spreadsheet program) to work with it. In this way, the host company + takes advantage of the smaller companies' ingenuity and creativity. + + Even interfaces rigidly controlled by a single manufacturer, like the + Macintosh, embrace the platform concept. Two years ago, when Apple + began planning the System 7 release of its Macintosh operating + system, one of its first steps was to invite comment from software + companies like Macromind, Aldus, Silicon Beach, and T/Maker. In + substantive, sometimes very argumentative sessions, Apple revealed + the capabilities it planned to these independents, who knew their + customers and needs much better than Apple. One multi-media company, + after arguing that Apple should take a different technical turn, + actually found itself doing the work in a joint project. The most + useful job of Apple's famous "evangelists" is not selling the Mac + specs, but listening to outsiders, and helping Apple itself stay + flexible enough to work with independent innovators effectively. + + In the design of the NREN, information entrepreneurship can best be + promoted by building with open standards, and by making the network + attractive to as many service providers and developers as possible. + The standards adopted must meet the needs of a broad range of users, + not just narrow needs of the mission agencies that are responsible + for overseeing the early stages of the NREN. Positive efforts should + be made to encourage the development of experimental commercial + services of all kinds without requiring the negotiation of any + bureaucratic procedures. + + In the early stages of development of an industry, low barriers to + entry stimulate competition. They enable a very large initial set of + products for consumers to choose from. Out of these the market will + learn to ignore almost all in order to standardize on a few, such as + a Lotus 1-2-3. The winners will be widely emulated in the next + generation of products, which will in turn generate a more refined + + + +Kapor [Page 8] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + form of marketplace feedback. In this fashion, early chaos evolves + quickly a set of high-demand products and product categories. + + This process of market-mediated innovation is best catalyzed by + creating an environment in which it is inexpensive and easy for + entrepreneurs to develop products. The greater the number of + independent enterprises, each of which puts at voluntary risk the + intellectual and economic capital of risk-takers, is the best way to + find out what the market really wants. The businesses which succeed + in this are the ones which will prosper. + + It is worthwhile to note that not a single major PC software company + today dates from the mainframe era. Yesterday's garage shop is + today's billion-dollar enterprise. Policies for the NPN should + therefore not only accommodate existing information industry + interests, but anticipate and promote the next generate of + entrepreneurs. + + The diverse needs of these many users will create demand for + thousands of information proprietors on the net, just as there are + thousands of producers of personal computer software today and + thousands of publishers of books and magazines. It should be as easy + to provide an information service as to order a business telephone. + Large and small information providers will probably coexist as they + do in book publishing, where the players range from multi-billion- + dollar international conglomerates to firms whose head office is a + kitchen table. They can coexist because everyone has access to + production and distribution facilities -- printing presses, + typography, and the U.S. mails and delivery services -- on a non- + discriminatory basis. In fact, the sub-commercial print publications + are an ecological breeding ground, through which mainstream authors + and editors rise. No one can guarantee when an application as useful + as the spreadsheet will emerge for the NPN (as it did for personal + computers), but open architecture is the best way for it to happen + and let it spread when it does. + + The PC revolution was brought about without direct public support. + Entrepreneurs risked their investors' capital for the sake of + opportunity. Some succeeded, but many others lost their entire + investment. This is the way of the marketplace. We should take a + much more cautious attitude about the commitment of public monies. + In the absence of proven demand for new applications, government + should not be spending billions of dollars on the creation of + broadband networks. Neither should telephone companies be allowed to + pass on the costs of the NPN in a way which would raise the rates for + ordinary voice telephone service. + + Instead, we should position the NREN to show there is a market for + + + +Kapor [Page 9] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + network applications. The commercial experiments just beginning on + the Internet provides one source of innovation. Deployment of a + national ISDN platform in the next few years represents another + relatively inexpensive seed bed. As such experiments demonstrate + more of a proven demand for public network services, it should be + possible for the private sector to make the investments to build the + broadband NPN using experience from the NREN. + + At the same time as the NREN is being debated and developed, + telephone companies continue to push at the limits imposed on them by + the "Modification of Final Judgment" (MFJ) of divestiture, the 1982 + anti-trust agreement which split up the Bell system. (14) Under + pressure from the D.C. Court of Appeals, Judge Greene recently lifted + the information services restrictions on the BOCs -- despite the + competitive tension between the telephone companies, cable TV + carriers, and newspapers. Thus, in the next year or so, Congress may + well be forced to define a new set of rules for regulated + telecommunications. (15) Like the AT&T divestiture decision, this + would represent a fundamental shift in national policy with enormous + and unpredictable consequences. + + Many consumer and industry groups are concerned that as the MFJ + restrictions are lifted, the RBOCs will come to dominate the design + of the emerging National Public Network, shaping it more to + accommodate their business goals than the public interest. The + Communications Policy Forum, a coalition of public interest and + industry groups, has recently begun to consider what kinds of + safeguards will be needed to maintain a competitive information + services market that allows RBOC participation. The role that the + RBOCs come to play in the nation's telecommunications infrastructure + is, of course, an issue that must be carefully considered on its own. + But in this context, the NREN represents a critical opportunity to + create a model for what a public network has to offer, free from + commercial pressures. + + With all of the uncertainty that surrounds the RBOCs entry into the + information services market, we should use the NREN to learn how to + develop a network environment where competitive entry is easy enough + that the RBOCs opportunity to engage in anti-competitive behavior + would be minimized. There is evidence that the RBOCs are resisting + attempts to transform the public telephone system into a truly open + public network (16) notwithstanding the FCCs stated intention do + implement Open Network Architecture. (17) But since the NREN + standards and procedures can be designed away from the dominance of + the RBOCs, a fully open network design is within reach. In this + sense the NREN can be a test-bed for "safeguards" against market + abuse just as it is a test ground for new technical standards and + innovative network applications. + + + +Kapor [Page 10] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + An open platform network model carrier from the NREN to the National + Public Network would actually make some MFJ restrictions less + necessary. Phone companies were originally prohibited from being + information providers because their bottleneck control over the local + exchange hubs gives them an unfair advantage. But on a network in + which the local switch is open to information providers -- because + the platform itself is so rich and well-designed -- creativity and + quality triumph over monopoly power. Instead of restricting + information providers, the National Public Network developers should + encourage the entry of as many new parties as possible. Just as + personal computer companies started in garages and attics, so will + tomorrow's information entrepreneurs, if we give them a chance. + Their prototypes today, small computer networks, electronic + newsletters, and chat lines, are among the most vibrant and + imaginative "publishers" in the world. + +III. Encourage Pricing for Universal Access + + Everyone agrees in the abstract with universal service -- the idea + that any individual who wishes should be able to connect to a + National Public Network. But that's only a platitude unless + accompanied by an inclusive pricing plan. + + The importance of extending universal access to information and + communication resources has been widely recognized: + + In light of the possibilities for new service offerings by the + 21st century, as well as the growing importance of + telecommunications and information services to US economic and + social development, limiting our concept of universal service to + the narrow provision of basic voice telephone service no longer + services the public interest. Added to universal basic telephone + service should be the broader concept of universal opportunity to + access these new technologies and applications. (18) + + The problem of disparate access to information resources has been + recognized in other telecommunications arenas as well. Congressman + Edward Markey (D-Mass.), Chairman of the Subcommittee of + Telecommunications and Finance of the House Energy and Commerce + Committee warns that: + + [i]nformation services are beginning to proliferate. The + challenge before us is how to make them available swiftly to the + largest number of Americans at costs which don't divide the + society into information haves and havenots and in a manner which + does not compromise our adherence to the long-cherished principles + of diversity, competition and common carriage. (19) + + + + +Kapor [Page 11] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + To address this problem in the long-term, there is legislation now + pending which would broaden the guarantee of universal phone service + to universal access to advanced telecommunications services. Senator + Burns has proposed that the universal service guarantee statement in + the Communications Act of 1934 should be amended to include access to + + a nation-wide, advanced, interactive, interoperable, broadband + communications system available to all people, businesses, + services, organizations, and households..." (20) + + In the near term, the NREN can serve as a laboratory for testing a + variety of pricing and access schemes in order to determine how best + to bring basic network services to large numbers of users. The NREN + platform should facilitate the offering of fee-based services for + individuals. + + Cable TV is one good model: joining a service requires an investment + of $100 for a TV set, which 99% of households already own, about $50 + for a cable hookup, and perhaps $15 per month in basic service. + Anything beyond that, like premium movie channels or pay-per-events + is available at extra cost. Similarly, a carrier providing connection + to the mature National Public Network might charge a one-time startup + fee and then a low fixed monthly rate for access to basic services, + which would include a voice telephone capability. + + Because regulators are concerned about any telephone service that + might cause the price of basic voice service to rise, they are + unwilling to approve new services which don't immediately recover + their own costs. They are concerned that any deficit will be passed + on to consumers in the form of higher charges for standard services. + As a result, telephone companies tend to be very conservative in + estimating the demand for new services. Prices for new services turn + out to be much higher than what would be required for universal + digital service. This is a kind of catch-22, in which lower prices + won't be set until demand goes up, but demand will never go up if + prices aren't low enough. + + Open architecture could help phone companies offer lower rates for + digital services. If opportunities and incentives exist for + information entrepreneurs, they will create the services which will + stimulate demand, increase volume, and create more revenue-generating + traffic for the carriers. In a competitive market, with higher + volumes, lower prices follow. + + + + + + + + +Kapor [Page 12] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + +IV. Make the Network Simple to Use + + The ideal means of accessing the NPN will not be a personal computer + as we know it today, but a much simpler, streamlined information + appliance - a hybrid of the telephone and the computer. + + "Transparency" is the Holy Grail of software designers. When a + program is perfectly transparent, people forget about the fact that + they are using a computer. The mechanics of the program no longer + intrude on their thoughts. The most successful computer programs are + nearly always transparent: a spreadsheet, for instance, is as self- + evident as a ledger page. Once users grasp a few concepts (like rows, + cells, and formula relationships), they can say to themselves, + "What's in cell A-6?" without feeling that they are using an alien + language. + + Personal computer communications, by contrast, are practically + opaque. Users must be aware of baud rates, parity, duplex, and file + transfer protocols -- all of which a reasonably well-designed network + could handle for them. It's as if, every time you wanted to drive to + the store, you had to open up the hood and adjust the sparkplugs. On + most Internet systems, it's even worse; newcomers find themselves + confronting what John Perry Barlow calls a "savage user interface." + Messages bounce, conferencing commands are confusing, headers look + like gibberish, none of it is documented, and nobody seems to care. + The excitement about being part of an extended community quickly + vanishes. On a National Public Network, this invites failure. People + without the time to invest in learning arcane commands would simply + not participate. The network would become needlessly exclusionary. + + Part of the NREN goal of "expand[ing] the number of researchers, + educators, and students with ... access to high performance computing + resources" (21) is to make all network applications easy-to-use. As + the experience of the personal computer industry has shown, the only + way to bring information resources to large numbers of people is with + simple, easy-to-learn tools. The NREN can be a place where various + approaches to user-friendly networks are tested and evaluated. + + Technically trained people are not troglodytes; they approve of + human-oriented design, even as they manage to use the network today + without it. For years, leaders within the Internet community have + been taking steps to improve ease of use on the network. But the + training of the technical community as a whole has given them little + practice making their digital artifacts appropriate for non-technical + consumption. Nor are they often rewarded for doing so. To a phone + company engineer designing a new high-speed telephone switch, or to a + computer scientist pushing the limits of a data compression + algorithm, the notion of making electronic mail as simple as fax + + + +Kapor [Page 13] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + machine may make sense, but it also feels like someone else's job. + Being technically minded themselves, they feel comfortable with the + specialized software they use and seldom empathize with the neophyte. + The result is a proliferation of arcane, clumsy tools in both + hardware and software, defended by the cognoscenti: "I use the "vi" + editor all the time -- why would anyone have trouble with it?" + + If we have the vision and commitment to try this, the transformation + of the network frontier from wilderness to civilization need not + display the brutality of 19th century imperialism. As commercial + opportunities to offer applications and services develop, + entrepreneurs will discover that ease of use sells. The normal, + sometimes slow, play of competitive markets should cause industry to + commit the resources to serve the market by making access more + transparent. But at the start transparency will need deliberate + encouragement -- if only to overcome the inertia of old habits. + +V. Develop Standards of Information Presentation + + The National Public Network will need an integrated suite of high- + level standards for the exchange of richly formatted and structured + information, whether as text, graphics, sound, or moving images. Use + the NREN as a test-bed for a variety of information presentation and + exchange standards on the road towards an internationally-accepted + set of standards for the National Public Network. + + Standards -- the internal language of networks -- are arranged in a + series of layers. The lower levels detail how the networks' + subterranean "wiring" and "plumbing" is managed. Well-developed sets + of lower-level standards such as TCP/IP are in wide use and continue + to be refined and extended, but these alone are not sufficient. The + uppermost layers contain specifications such as how text appears on + the screen and the components of which documents are composed. These + are the kinds of concerns which are directly relevant to users who + wish to communicate. Recently independent efforts to develop high- + level standards for document formats have begun, but these projects + are not yet being integrated into computer networks. + + Today, for example, the only common standard for computer text is the + American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). But + ASCII is inadequate; it ignores fonts, type styles (like boldface and + italics), footnotes, headers, and other formats which people + regularly use. Each word processing program codes these formats + differently, and there is still no intermediary language that can + accommodate all of them. The National Public Network will need such a + language to transcend the visual poverty and monotony of today's + telecommunicated information. It will also need additional standards + beyond what have been developed for message addresses and headers, a + + + +Kapor [Page 14] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + common set of directories (the equivalent of the familiar white pages + and yellow pages directories), common specifications for coding and + decoding images, and standards for other major services. + + Congress has provided that the National Institute of Standards and + Technology + + shall adopt standards and guidelines ... for the interoperability + of high-performance computers in networks and for common user + interfaces to systems. (22) + + As the implementation of the NREN moves forward, we must ensure that + standards development remains both a public and private priority. + Failure to make a commitment to an environment with robust standards + would be "the beginning of a Tower of Babel that we can ill afford." + (23) Since current standards are so inadequate to the demands of + users: + + We ... need to endow the NII [National Information Infrastructure] + with a set of widely understood common communication conventions. + Moreover, these conventions should be based on concepts that make + life easier for us humans, rather than for our computer servants. + (24) The development of standards is vital, not just because it + helps ensure an open platform for information providers; it also + makes the network easier to use. + +VI. Promote First Amendment Free Expression by + Affirming the Principles of Common Carriage + + In a society which relies more and more on electronic communications + media as its primary conduit for expression, full support for First + Amendment values requires extension of the common carrier principle + to all of these new media. + + Common carriers are companies which provide conduit services for the + general public. They include railroads, trucking companies, and + airlines as well as telecommunications firms. A communications + common carrier, such as a telephone company is required to provide + its services on a non-discriminatory basis. It has no liability for + the content of any transmission. A telephone company does not concern + itself with the content of a phone call. Neither can it arbitrarily + deny service to anyone. (25) The common carrier's duties have + evolved over hundreds of years in the common law and later statutory + provisions. The rules governing their conduct can be roughly + distilled in a few basic principles. (26) Common carriers have a + duty to: + + o provide services in a non-discriminatory manner at a fair + + + +Kapor [Page 15] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + price + o interconnect with other carriers + o provide adequate services + + The carriers of the NREN and the National Public Network, whether + telephone companies, cable television companies, or other firms + should be treated in a similar fashion. (27) + + Unlike many other countries, our communications infrastructure is + owned by private corporations instead of by the government. Given + Congress' plan to build the NREN with services from privately-owned + carriers, a legislatively-imposed duty of common carriage is + necessary to protect free expression effectively. As Professor Eli + Noam, a former New York State Public Utility Commissioner, explains: + + [C]ommon carriage is the practical analog to [the] First Amendment + for electronic speech over privately-owned networks, where the + First Amendment does not necessarily govern directly. (28) + + To foster free expression and move the national communications + infrastructure toward a full common carrier regime, all NREN carriers + should be subject to common carriage obligations. Given that the + NREN is designed to promote the development of science, ensuring free + expression is especially important. As on academic said: + + I share with many researchers strong belief that much of the power + of science (whether practiced by scientists, engineers, or + clinical researchers) derives from the steadfast commitment to + free and unfettered communication of information and knowledge. + (29) + + A telecommunications providers under a common carrier obligation + would have to carry any legal message regardless of its content + whether it is voice, data, images, or sound. For example, if full + common carrier protections were in place for all of the conduit + services offered by the phone company, the terminations of + "controversial" 900 services such as political fundraising would not + be allowed, just as the phone company is now prohibited by the + Communications Act from discriminating in the provision of basic + telephone services. (30) Neither BOCs not IXCs would be allowed to + terminate service because of anticipated harm to their "corporate + image." Though providers of 900 information services did have their + freedom of expression abridged by the BOC/IXC action, First Amendment + protection was not available to them because there was no state + action underlying the termination. + + As important as common carriage is to the NPN, it is equally + important that it be implemented in such a way as to avoid sinking + + + +Kapor [Page 16] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + the carriers of these new networks into the same regulatory gridlock + that characterizes much of telecommunications regulation. (31) This + would have a crippling effect of the pace of innovation and is to be + avoided. The controlled environment of the NREN should be taken + advantage of to experiment with various open access, common carriage + rules and enforcement mechanisms to seek regulatory alternatives + other than what has evolved in the public telephone system + + Along with promoting free expression, common carriage rules are + important for ensuring a competitive market in information services + on the National Public Network. Our society supports the publication + of many thousands of periodicals and fifty thousand of new books a + year as well as countless brochures, mailings, and other printed + communications. Historically, the expense of producing + professional-quality video programming has been a barrier to the + creation of similar diversity in video. Now the same advances in + computing which created desktop publishing are delivering "desktop + video" which will make it affordable for the smallest business, + agency, or group to create video consumables. The NPN must + incorporate a distribution system of individual choice for the video + explosion. + + If the cable company wants to offer a package of program channels, it + should be free to do so. But so should anyone else. There will + continue to be major demand for mass market video entertainment, but + the vision of the NPN should not be limited to this form of content. + Anyone who wishes to offer services to the public should be + guaranteed access over the same fiber optic cable under the principle + of common carriage. From this access will come the entrepreneurial + innovation, and this innovation will create the new forms of media + that exploit the interactive, multimedia capabilities of the NPN. + +VII. Protect Personal Privacy + + The infrastructure of the NPN should include mechanisms that support + the privacy of information and communication. Building the NREN is + an opportunity to test various data encryption schemes and study + their effectiveness for a variety of communications needs. + + Technologies have been developed over the past 20 years which allow + people to safeguard their own privacy. One tool is public-key + encryption, in which an "encoding" key is published freely, while the + "decoder" is kept secret. People who wish to receive encrypted + information give out their public key, which senders use to encrypt + messages. Only the possessor of the private key has the ability to + decipher the meaning. + + The privacy of telephone conversations and electronic mail is already + + + +Kapor [Page 17] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + protected by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act. (32) Without + a valid court order, for example, wiretaps of phone conversations are + illegal and private messages are inadmissible in court. Legal + guarantees are not enough, however. Although it is technically + illegal to listen in on cellular telephone conversations, as a + practical matter the law is unenforceable. Imported scanners capable + of receiving all 850 cellular channels are widely available through + the gray market. + + Cellular telephone transmissions are carried on radio waves which + travel through the open air. The ECPA provision which makes it + illegal to eavesdrop on a cellular call is the wrong means to the + right end. It sets a dangerous precedent in which, for the first + time, citizens are denied the right to listen to open air + transmissions. In this case, technology provides a better solution. + Privacy protection would be greatly enhanced if public-key encryption + technology were built into the entire range of digital devices, from + telephones to computers. (33) The best way to secure the privacy and + confidentiality Americans say they want is through a combination of + legal and technical methods. + + As a system over which not only information but also money will be + transferred, the National Public Network will have enormous potential + for privacy abuse. Some of the dangers could be forestalled now by + building in provisions for security from the beginning. + +Conclusion + + The chance to influence the shape of a new medium usually arrives + when it is too late: when the medium is frozen in place. Today, + because of the gradual evolution of the National Public Network, and + the unusual awareness people have of its possibilities, there is a + rare opportunity to shape this new medium in the public interest, + without sacrificing diversity or financial return. As with personal + computers, the public interest is also the route to maximum + profitability for nearly all participants in the long run. + + The major obstacle is obscurity: technical telecommunications issues + are so complex that people don't realize their importance to human + and political relationships. But be this as it may, these issues are + of paramount importance to the future of this society. Decisions and + plans for the NPN are too crucial to be left to special interests. + If we act now to be inclusive rather than exclusive in the design of + the NPN we can create an open and free electronic community in + America. To fail to do so, and to lose this opportunity, would be + tragic. + + + + + +Kapor [Page 18] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + +End Notes + + 1. High Performance Computing and Communications Act of 1991, H.R + 656, S.272 section 2(6). + + 2. High-Performance Computing And Communications Act of 1991: + Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of + the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 102nd + Cong., 1st Sess. 1 (1991)(Opening Statement by Senator + Gore)(hereinafter 1991 Senate NREN Hearing). + + 3. 1991 Senate NREN Hearing 101, 103 (Statement of the Association + of Research Libraries). + + 4. 1991 Senate NREN Hearing 99 (Statement of Dr. Kenneth M. King, + President, EDUCOM). + + 5. S.272 (Commerce-Energy compromise) section 102(e) + + 6. Michael M. Roberts, Positioning the National Research and + Education Network. EDUCOM Magazine 13 (Summer 1991). + + 7. 1991 Senate NREN Hearing 1 (Opening statement of Sen. Gore). + + 8. Details of the visions vary in their content and expression. + Senator Gore's bill mandates that federal agencies will serve as + information providers, side by side with commercial services, making + (for instance) government-created information available to the public + over the network. Individuals will gain "access to supercomputers, + computer data bases, other research facilities, and libraries." (Gore + imagines junior high school students dialing in to the Library of + Congress to look up facts for a term paper.) Apple CEO John Sculley + has predicted that "knowledge navigators" will use personal computers + to travel through realms of virtual information via public digital + networks. + + Such visions are powerful, but they sometimes seem too much like + sales tools; too vague and overconfident to set direction for + research. People often infer from the Apple's "knowledge navigator" + videotape, for instance, that human-equivalent computer speech + recognition is just around the corner; but in truth, it still + requires fundamental research breakthroughs. Network users will still + need keyboards or pointing devices for many years. Nor will the + network be able (as some have suggested) to translate automatically + between languages. (It will allow translators to work more + effectively, posting their work online.) + + 9. M. Dertouzos, Building the Information Marketplace, Technology + + + +Kapor [Page 19] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + Review 29, 30 (January 1991). + + 10. See FCC Hearing on "Networks of the Future" (Testimony of M. + Kapor)(May 1, 1991). + + 11. J. Berman, Democratizing the Electronic Frontier, Keynote + Address, Third Annual Hawaii Information Network and Technology + Symposium, June 5, 1991. + + 12. S.272, section 5(d). This section continues: "(1) to the maximum + extent possible, operating facilities need for the Network should be + procured on a competitive basis from private industry; (2) Federal + agencies shall promote research and development leading to deployment + of commercial data communications and telecommunications standards; + and (3) the Network shall be phased into commercial operation as + commercial networks can meet the needs of American researchers and + educators." + + 13. The distinction between strong support for interoperability and + something less is illustrated in the NREN compromise debate occurring + as this paper is being written. The bill from the Senate Commerce + Committee (S.272) calls for "interoperability among computer + networks," section 701(a)(6)(A), while the compromise currently being + discussed with the Energy Committee adopts a more watered down goal + of "software availability, productivity, capability, portability." + section 701(a)(3)(B). + + 14. 552 F.Supp 151 (D.D.C. 1982)(Greene, J.). The MFJ restrictions + barred the BOCs from providing long distance services, from + manufacturing telephone equipment, and from providing information + services. + + 15. The Senate, under the leadership of Sen. Hollings, has just + recently voted to lift the manufacturing restrictions against the + BOCs contained in the MFJ. + + 16. In The Matter of Advanced Intelligent Network, Petition for + Investigation, filed by Coalition of Open Network Architecture + Parties (November 16, 1990). + + 17. Amendment of Sections 64.702 of the Commission's Rules and + Regulations, 104 FCC 2d 958 (COMPUTER III), vacated sub nom, + California v. FCC (9th Cir. 1990). + + 18. NTIA Telecomm 2000 at 79. + + 19. Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on + Telecommunications and Finance, Hearings on Modified Final Judgment, + + + +Kapor [Page 20] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + 101st Cong., 1st Sess., 1-2 (May 4, 1989). + + 20. Communications Competitiveness and Infrastructure Modernization + Act of 1991, S. 1200, Title I, Amending Communications Act section 1, + 47 USC 151. + + 21. S.272, section 2(b)(1)(B). + + 22. S.272 Commerce-Energy Compromise section 203(a). + + 23. 1991 Senate NREN Hearing at 32 (Statement of Hon. D. Allan + Bromley, Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy). + + 24. M. Dertouzos at 31. + + 25. See 47 USC section 201. + + 26. See ACLU Information Technology Project, Report to the American + Civil Liberties Board from the Communications Media Committee to + Accompany Proposed Policy Relating To Civil Liberties Goals and + Requirements of the United States Communications Media + Infrastructure. (Draft, July 15, 1991) [hereinafter, ACLU Report]. + "Non-discriminatory access to new communications systems must be + guaranteed not simply because it is the economically efficient thing + to do, but more importantly because it is the only way to ensure that + freedom of expression is preserved in the Information Age." + + 27. Though common carriage principles have historically been applied + to telephone and telegraph systems, the preservation of First + Amendment values of free expression and free press was not the + motivating factor. Professor de Sola Pool notes that telephone and + telegraph systems inherited their common carrier obligations not so + much out of First Amendment concerns, but in order to promote + commerce. The more appropriate model to look to in extending First + Amendment values to new communications technologies is the mails. As + reflected in the post clause, empowering Congress to "establish post + offices and post roads," the Constitutional drafters felt that + creation of a robust postal system was vital in order to ensure free + expression and healthy political debate. As Sen. John Calhoun said + in 1817: + + Let us conquer space. It is thus that . . . a citizen of the West + will read the news of Boston still moist from the press. The mail + and the press are the nerves of the body politic. + + Non-discriminatory access to the mails has been secured by the + Supreme Court as a vital extension of First Amendment expression. In + a dissent which is now reflective of current law, Justice Holmes + + + +Kapor [Page 21] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + + argued that + + [t]he United States may give up the Post Office when it sees fit, + but while it carries it on the use of the mails is almost as much + a part of free speech as the right to use our tongues. (Milwaukee + Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson, 255 US 407 (1921) + (Holmes, J., dissenting)(emphasis added). This principle was + finally affirmed in Hannegan v. Esquire, 327 US 146 (1945) (cited + in de Sola Pool). + + See de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom 77-107. + + 28. E. Noam, FCC Hearing "Networks of the Future" (May 1, 1991). + + 29. 1991 Senate NREN Hearing at 52 (Statement of Donald Langenberg, + Chancellor of the University of Maryland System). + + 30. 47 USC section 201. Following much controversy about obscene or + indecent dial-a-message services, a number of BOCs and interexchange + carriers (IXCs, ie. MCI, Sprint, etc.) have adopted policies which + limit the kinds of information services for which they will provide + billing and collection services. Recently, some carriers have gone + so far as to refuse to carry the services at all, even if the service + handles its own billing. See ACLU Report. + + 31. See J. Berman & W. Miller, Communications Policy Overview 14-24, + Communications Policy Forum (April 1991). + + 32. Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, 18 USC 2510 et + seq. See also J. Berman & J. Goldman, A Federal Right of Information + Privacy: The Need for Reform, Benton Foundation Project on + Communications & Information Policy Options (1989). + + 33. See Statement In Support Of Communications Privacy, following + 1991 Cryptography and Privacy Conference, sponsored by Electronic + Frontier Foundation, Computer Professionals for Social + Responsibility, and RSA Software. (June 10, 1990). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kapor [Page 22] + +RFC 1259 Building The Open Road September 1991 + + +Security Considerations + + Security issues are not discussed in this memo. + +Author's Address + + Mitchell Kapor + Electronic Frontier Foundation + 155 Second Street + Cambridge, MA 02142 + + Phone: (617) 864-1550 + + EMail: mkapor@eff.org + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kapor [Page 23] + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/opinion.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/opinion.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2b6df2e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/opinion.txt @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ + The Law Versus Computers: + A Confounding Terminal Case + + By Lee Dembart, Times Editorial Writer + Los Angeles Times 08/11/85 + + Technology sometimes advances faster than the law, creating no- +vel problems to challenge social and legal thought. The Xerox ma- +chine, for example, was a new form of printing press that eventu- +ally forced Congress to revise the copyright laws. + + The proliferation of electronic bulletin boards - on which mil- +lions of people exchange information using home computers and tel +ephones - has opened a new and powerful mode of communication lar +gely untouched by existing law. The nation's 2,500 computer bull- +etin boards are electronically published newspapers, and their op +erators are, in effect, newspaper publishers. They should have +all the rights of publishers and the responsibilities for accura- +cy that go with them. + + This new electronic medium is as powerful as the Xerox machine, +providing nearly instantaneous international communication among +large numbers of people who are physically removed and will prob- +ably never meet. The technology brings back the era of the pamph- +leteer - and goes one step further: It enables publication with- +out a press. + + But efforts are underway, in California and elsewhere, to make +the operators of computer bulletin boards criminally liable for +what appears on them. These efforts threaten to clash with the fr +eedoms of speech and the press. They are likely to be unenforcea- +ble to boot. Legislative attempts to restrict communication pose +serious First Amendment problems. + + While most material on computer bulletin boards involves the ro +utine exhange of harmless information, thoughts and chatter, leg- +islators are concerned about the occasional entry that is libel- +ous, obscene or illegal. Should the operator of a bulletin board +be criminally liable for such material? For example, computer hac +kers and phone "phreaks" sometumes use electronic bulletin boards +to post the numbers of valid consumer and telephone credit cards. +A Los Angeles television engineer, Thomas G. Tcimpidis, 33, was +threatened with prosecution last year because a bulletin board he +maintained contained the numbers of two stolen phone card num- +bers. + + Beyond its legal aspects, the Tcimpidis case illustrates the +scope of the bulletin boards. When word of the place raid on Tcim +pidis's home appeared on a bulletin board, it quickly spread, rea +ching between a half-million and three-quarters of a million +board watchers in 72 hours, according to Chuck Lindner, Tcimpid- +is's lawyer. Replies came from Japan, Australia, England and Can- +ada as well as from most of the United States, Lindner said, and +a legal defense strategy was planned among far-flung lawyers over +the bulletin boards. + + The case was eventually dropped, but a bill is now making its +way through the Legislature that would make it a crime for a bul- +letin-board operator to display unauthorized private information +after he has been notified that it is there. In Virginia, a bill +has been introduced that would make it a crime to put or maintain +information on a computer bulletin board that would help promote +the sexual abuse of children, even though there is nothing ob- +scene about the information itself. If two people sent "Lolita" +back and forth over a bulletin board in Virginia, could they be +prosecuted? + + These measures suggest prior restraint of publication, which is +unconstitutional. In an attempt to aboid the constitutional is- +sues, the California bill (SB 1012), sponsored by Sen. John T. +Doolittle (R-Citrus Heights), is narrowly drawn. The information +it seeks to keep off bulletin boards is "a telephone number or ad +dress not listed in a public telephone directory, personal ident- +ification number, computer password, access code, credit card num +ber, debit card number or bank account number." + + That may sound like a good idea, but no newspaper could be +found criminally liable for publishing such material. It may be +civilly liable - someone who lost money as a result of publica- +tion could sue for damages - but it would not have violated the +penal code. Under Doolittle's bill, passed by the Senate and a- +waiting action in the Assembly, the operator of a computer bulle- +tin board in violation of the law could be sent to jail for a +year and fined $5,000. + + It would be extremely difficult to enforce. How much notice +must be given. Does the operator of a bulletin bord have a right +to object to or question the assertion that the material on the +board is unauthorized? If not, credit-card companies, banks and +the like would have the authority to restrain publication simply +by demanding it. Who has the right to demand suppression? + + No matter what the answers to these questions, the fact is that +the law affects only California. It's easy enough to set up a bul +letin board in Nevada and avoid the problem completely. + + There are more questions. The Federal Communications Act regul- +ates telephone communication. Newspapers are constitutionally pro +tected. Which rules cover computer bulletin boards - in a sense +hybrid forms? Or are they a new form for which new rules must be +written? And why should those rules be stricter than those that +already exist? + + Bulletin boards are protected by the First Amendment, and they +should have all the freedoms associated with freedom of the +press. Laws already exist to prosecute the computer crimes that +authorities are properly trying to stop. New laws that restrict +freedom of expression are unnecessary and harmful. + +----------------------------------------------------------------- + +Comments by Ron Bell, DATANET System Manager: Mr. Dembart makes a +good argument, but I'm wary of the analogy. Bulletin boards rese- +mble newspapers some ways; they differ greatly in others. The +discussion of liable is interesting. If someone prints here +that another user is guilty of a crime, can I, as the "publisher" +be sued for liable for holding the skapegoat up to public ridic- +ule? Seems to me, bulletin boards operate more like free speech +than papers. A great deal of prior restraint takes place at est- +ablished publications, mostly by editors. There are no editors +here. Imposing prior restraint, then, would be restricting free- +dom of speech. Of course, if you're a crooked politician, that +may be a good idea. + + + then, would be re \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/oppropo b/textfiles.com/politics/oppropo new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b8632c56 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/oppropo @@ -0,0 +1,649 @@ + THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION'S + OPEN PLATFORM PROPOSAL + + (Version 4 / June 1992) + +I. Introduction + +Until now the nation's telecommunications policy debate has largely been +perceived as a struggle among entrenched commercial interests over who +will control and dominate markets such as information services, +manufacturing, and long distance service. We believe it is time to +refocus the debate by seeking near-term technological, economic, +legislative and regulatory solutions which will encourage the rapid +development of a diverse information services market and help realize +the democratic potential of new information media. + +In the Fall of 1991, the Electronic Frontier Foundation was invited by +Representative Edward Markey to testify before the House Subcommittee on +Telecommunications and Finance on the subject of Bell company entry into +the information services market. To address concerns that Bell entry +into this market would reduce the diversity of information through +anti-competitive behavior, EFF proposed the rapid deployment of a +digital information platform, using existing technology and facilities, +which could be made available to all on a ubiquitous, affordable, +equitable basis. Our testimony suggested that narrowband Integrated +Services Digital Network (ISDN) could be such a platform. + +Narrowband ISDN, if offered nation-wide, and tariffed at affordable, +mass- market rates, can offer end-to-end digital service without major +infrastructure investments. This narrowband technology can also serve as +a transitional telecommunications platform until national switched +broadband access options become available early in the 21st century. +With an ISDN platform in place, information entrepreneurs will soon be +able to reach an expanded market in which to offer text, video, and +interactive multimedia services. Public agencies, private +communications, computer, and publishing firms, and even individuals +will be able to access an inexpensive, widely available medium in which +to publish and communicate electronically. Other technologies from +outside the public telephone network may also come to play an important +role in providing digital access, but because of the importance of the +public switched telephone network, ISDN has a key role to play. + +EFF believes that ISDN deployment and other developments in the public +telecommunications infrastructure should proceed with the following +goals in mind: + # make end-to-end digital service widely available at + affordable rates; + # promote First Amendment free expression by + reaffirming the principles of common carriage; + # ensure competition in local exchange services; + # foster innovations that make networks and + information services easy to use; + # protect personal privacy; and + # preserve and enhance equitable access to + communications media for all segments of society. + +A robust, open telecommunications infrastructure is certainly important +for the international competitiveness and economic health of our nation. +But also, as people become more dependent on telecommunications services +in their daily lives, the character of the evolving infrastructure and +the laws which govern its operation will come to have a profound impact +on politics, culture, education, and entertainment. Therefore, the steps +that we take at this critical moment in the development of +telecommunications technologies must be carefully considered. + +II. Feasibility and Benefits of Rapid Deployment of ISDN + +ISDN is a platform which could stimulate innovation in information +services in a way that will benefit much of the American public that +currently has no access to electronic information services. Lessons from +the personal computer industry can help guide telecommunications policy +makers in the development of an information infrastructure. The desktop +personal computer represented a revolutionary platform for innovation of +the 1980's because it was affordable, and was designed according to the +principle of open architecture, allowing numerous hardware and software +entrepreneurs to enter the computer industry. + +To bring the benefits of the information age to the American public in +the 1990's, we need to build an open, ubiquitous digital communications +platform for information services. Just as the personal computer brought +access to computing power beyond large organizations, widely available +ISDN can enable the citizen's access into the Information Age. + +A. What is ISDN? + +ISDN (Integrated Digital Services Network) is a technology designed for +the public switched telephone network which allows low-cost +communication in data, voice, video, and graphic media over the existing +copper telephone network. ISDN is not an information service, but a +transmission medium -- a platform -- for delivering and receiving +information in a variety of formats. Crude data communication is +possible over standard analog telephone lines now, but the fact that the +existing transmission system was designed for voice, not for data, means +that transmission rates are very slow, error rates are high, and +equipment (modems) are difficult to use. Basic Rate ISDN offers +transmission speeds fifteen to sixty times faster than most data +transmission schemes now used on voice grade lines. More the just the +increased speed, what is important about ISDN is that it offers the +minimum capacity necessary to carry full multi-media -- voice, text, +image, and video -- transmissions. + +ISDN is not a "field of dreams" technology. It is a fully-developed +international standard that has been extensively tested in the United +States and has already been implemented in the public switched telephone +networks of other countries. Real applications have been demonstrated +over ISDN lines. Major communications carriers have field-tested +distance learning applications which allow students in classrooms all +across a city to participate in multimedia presentations run by a +teacher in a remote location. Inexpensive desktop and home video +conferencing systems are now being introduced which run over ISDN lines. +These applications have real value, but are only a small sample of what +entrepreneurs will inevitably produce if ISDN were widely available. +Yet, the promise of this service can only be realized if the local phone +companies tariff and deploy the service. + +B. Prospects for Near Term ISDN Deployment + +EFF's Open Platform proposal for ISDN is a work-in-progress. We have +received valuable comments and support from key players among the +Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), interexchange carriers, +information providers, and state public service commissions, all of whom +believe that ISDN can play a crucial role in developing the information +arena for the benefit of all today. To date, we have reached the +following conclusions: + +1. ISDN deserves a second look because it can meet many of the information + needs of residential and commercial users long before a public, switched + broadband network will be available. + +2. ISDN can be made widely available within the next three to five years, + without massive infrastructure investment or new technology development. + +3. ISDN can and must be tariffed as a basic service at affordable rates. + +4. ISDN is a critical and even necessary transitional technology on the path + toward the future broadband national public network. + +5. The benefits of other networks that are already important information + distribution media can be enhanced by interconnection with ISDN. + +More investigation of many issues is still required, especially the +regulatory economics of deployment. Still, we are optimistic that ISDN +is an important step along the path to the development of a +telecommunications infrastructure that meets the diverse needs of the +nation. + +1. ISDN deserves a "second look" because it can meet many of the +information needs of both residential and commercial users long before a +broadband network could be deployed + +ISDN can meet many of the critical information needs of both residential +and commercial users even without broadband capacity. ISDN is the only +switched, digital technology available today in the public switched +network that can be deployed widely in the near term. For text-based +data users and publishers, ISDN offers a dramatic advantage over data +transmission technology currently used by individuals and small +organizations. One of the two 64kbits/sec data channels available in the +ISDN Basic Rate Interface can fax 30 typewritten pages of text in one +minute, and send a 1000-word newspaper article in less than one second. +Dramatic advances in video compression make transmission of +videoconference images possible today, and all indications are that new +compression algorithms will allow real-time transmission of VCR-quality +video images in the near future. The Massachusetts Department of Public +Utilities found, in the course of its recent investigation of ISDN, that +"residential customers will benefit from the availability of significant +enhancements to services such as home banking, library access, work at +home, home health care monitoring, home shopping, and information +access."1 + +Some telecommunications cognoscenti view the promise of narrowband ISDN +as quite limited, because they are aware that ISDN has languished +unimplemented for over ten years, and because they know that other +copper- based transmission technologies offering much higher bandwidth +are available. We are fully supportive of implementing higher capacity +narrow band and broadband networks in the future, when technology and +user demand make it possible. + +The personal computer industry shows that raw power is not all that +matters in a new technology. By about 1980, corporations already had +good access to massive computational facilities at the institutional +level through their mainframes and minicomputers. But individual workers +had no effective direct access to those facilities. In practice, all the +computing power didn't directly help the white-collar worker get her job +done. Personal computers made a difference in the office and in the home +because they were directly under the control of the individual, despite +the fact that they were anemically under- powered. Similarly, there may +be high data capacity at the institutional data network level already, +but if individuals and small organizations can't connect with it, its +value is limited. We must make tapping into the digital, switched +network as easy as ordering a phone line for a fax. Just as PCs enhanced +individual productivity, ISDN can enhance individual connectivity. + +In this regard, we are encouraged by the fact that the computer industry +has recently joined the debate on telecommunication infrastructure. With +the growing recognition that the hardware and software they design will +be severely limited by the lack of a nation- wide switched, digital +communications infrastructure, key players in the computer industry have +lent their support to EFF's Open Platform Proposal as a transitional +infrastructure strategy. + +2. ISDN can be made widely available in the near future without massive +new infrastructure investment or new technology development + +In sharp contrast to fiber optic-based broadband technologies, only +modest infrastructure investment is required. Digital central office +switches are required for ISDN2, but with the Bell companies aggressive +deployment of a fully-digital switching and signaling system (Signaling +System Seven), the bulk of the infrastructure necessary to support ISDN +is already installed or planned.3 Some Bell companies such as Bell +Atlantic and Ameritech plan to have over 70% of their subscriber lines +ISDN-ready by the end of 1994. Other companies, however, project +deployment rates as low as 21%. On a national level, 56% of all lines +are expected to be capable of carrying ISDN calls by 1994.4 (See +Appendix A) + +Many segments of the telecommunications industry are engaged in a +concerted effort to make nation-wide ISDN deployment a reality. Problems +that haunted ISDN in the past, such as lack of standard hardware and +software protocols and corresponding gaps in interoperability, are being +addressed by National ISDN-1. This a joint effort by Bell companies, +interexchange carriers, and switch manufactures, and Bellcore, is +solving major outstanding standards problems. By the end of 1992, a +single hardware + +standard will make ISDN central office switches and customer premises +equipment interoperable, regardless of which vendor made the equipment. +Following National ISDN- 1, National ISDN-2 will address standards +problems associated with ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI), a switched +1.5Mbit/sec service with 23 separate 64kbit/sec data channels and one +64kbit/sec signaling channel. + +Led by Bellcore, the communications industry has a nationwide +demonstration of real, off-the-shelf, ISDN services planned for November +1992, called TRIP'92. A variety of local and national ISDN services will +be demonstrated on a working ISDN network covering twenty cities around +the country. TRIP'92 will show that Bell companies, long distance +carriers, and information providers can work together to provide the +kind of ubiquitous, standards-based service that is critical to the +overall success of ISDN. + +Additional interconnection problems do remain to be solved before ISDN +is truly ubiquitous. Among other things, business arrangements between +local Bell companies and interexchange carriers must be finalized before +ISDN calls can be passed seamlessly from the local exchange to long +distance networks. + +3. ISDN can and must be tariffed as a basic service at affordable, +mass-market rates + +If ISDN is to be a platform that spurs growth and innovation in the +information services market, it must be priced affordably for the +average home and small business user. Here, the telephone industry has a +valuable lesson to learn from the computer industry. The most valuable +contribution of the computer industry in the past generation is not a +machine, but an idea--the principle of open architecture. Typically, a +hardware company (an Apple or IBM, for instance) neither designs its own +applications software nor requires licenses of its application vendors. +Both practices were the norm in the mainframe era of computing. Instead, +in the personal computer market, the hardware company creates a +"platform"--a common set of specifications, published openly so that +other, often smaller, independent firms can develop their own products +(like the spreadsheet program) to work with it. In this way, the host +company takes advantage of the smaller companies' ingenuity and +creativity. + +Platform services, even if they are ubiquitous, are useless unless they +are also affordable to American consumers. Just as the voice telephone +network would be of little value if only a small fraction of the country +could afford to have a telephone in their home, a national information +platform will only achieve its full potential when a large majority of +Americans can buy access to it. Therefore, the tariffs adopted by state +public utility commissions are critical to the success or failure of +ISDN. + +Since few states have adopted single-line business and residential ISDN +tariffs, there is a window of opportunity to establish pricing +principles for ISDN which make it viable as a mass-market service. The +Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities (DPU) recently completed +proceeding should serve as a valuable example to other states. The +Massachusetts regulators found that ISDN is a "monopoly, basic service +that has a potentially far- reaching and significant role in the +telecommunications infrastructure of the Commonwealth."5 The DPU also +recognized that the "risks of pricing the service too high are of much +greater concern... [because] high rates could discourage the development +of new ISDN-dependent technologies and their applications."6 The final +tariff approved has a monthly access charge of $13.00 for single line +residential service and usage sensitive fees of 2.6 cents for the first +minute and 1.6 cents for each additional minute. After much dispute, New +England Telephone (NET) based the usage sensitive component of the +tariff on measured voice rates already in place in Massachusetts. We +believe that NET's decision to link prices to existing basic voice rates +is an important signal to other LECs and other state commissions that +low-priced ISDN service is indeed possible. + +Studies by experts in the field of regulatory economics indicate that +ISDN can be priced affordably. Dr. Lee Selwyn found, based on data from +the Massachusetts proceeding, that the average monthly price for ISDN +service should be approximately $10.7 An analysis of ISDN deployment by +a leading consumer advocate also indicates that ISDN can be offered at a +relatively low cost to consumers. Dr. Mark Cooper, Research Director of +the Consumer Federation of America, found that average ISDN monthly +costs are now at roughly $7.50, and can be expected to decline to $4.50 +in the near future.8 + +To encourage widespread use of ISDN, it must be priced at or near the +price levels already in place for basic voice services. ISDN line +charges will be somewhat higher than analog voice services because there +are some additional one-time capital costs associated with offering ISDN +service, but basing prices on voice telephone rates is possible and +rational from a regulatory standpoint. + +The digital switches which carry ISDN calls treat voice and data calls +in exactly the same manner. A five minute data call uses no more or less +switching resources than a five minute voice call, so their pricing +should be equivalent. Some states may chose to tariff ISDN only with +measured (usage sensitive) rates, while others may also want to adopt a +flat rate scheme similar to that which exists for residential voice +services. The economics of this issue need more study, but we believe +that both options have arguments in their favor.9 + +Current prices for ISDN telephones, data links, and in-home network +terminators are high. An ISDN telephone with voice and data interfaces +costs roughly $1000. If these price levels persist, many small scale +users will never enter the market. However, with increased demand, ISDN +terminal appliance prices can be expected to follow the steep downward +curve of VCRs and PCs prices. When first introduced, VCRs cost well over +$1000, but now sell below $200 for a basic unit. + +Ill-considered pricing policy could, alone, cripple ISDN's chances for +success. We are hopeful that Bell companies with more aggressive +deployment plans will file such residential tariffs and set a precedent +for progressive, mass-market pricing that will make ISDN affordable. In +any event, legislative or regulatory action may be necessary to guaranty +affordable rates and widespread availability of ISDN around the country. + +4. ISDN is a critical transitional technology on the road to a nation-wide +public broadband network + +ISDN is not a permanent substitute for a broadband network, but it is a +necessary transitional technology on the way to public switched +broadband networking. Though some might like to leap directly to a +broadband network, the entire telecommunications and information +industry still has much to learn about designing a broadband digital +network before it can be implemented.10 Though a first generation of +broadband switches are now being introduced, many basic questions still +remain about the most appropriate design for a broadband network that +can replace or be built on top of the analog telephone network. These +questions are impossible to answer without experience in the ways that +people will use a public, digital switched network. + +Some are reluctant to make any investment in ISDN because it is +perceived as old technology. But this is not an either/or choice If +implemented at prices that encourage diverse usage, ISDN will provide +important new services to all segments of society, and offer vital +perspectives on how to design the next generation of public, switched +broadband networks. + +5. The benefits of other networks that are already important information +distribution media can be enhanced by interconnection with ISDN + +The public switched telephone network is a critical, central part of the +nation's telecommunications infrastructure, so ISDN has a vital role to +play in the overall information infrastructure. In addition to being an +information platform itself, ISDN can interconnect with other networks +that offer a variety of information resources. Cable television systems, +which already provide broadband connections to 60% of U.S. homes and +pass by 90%, might evolve to provide a new digital data service. Using +ISDN, cable systems could develop interactive video applications. The +Internet, an international packet network that serves universities, +government organizations, and an increasing number of commercial +enterprise, has over two million users and access to vast archives of +information. Wireless transmission systems such as PCS (Personal +Communications Systems) could also serve as open platforms for +information services. + +III. Guiding Communications Policy Principles + +The public switched telephone network is just one part of what we call +the National Public Network, a vibrant web of information links that +will come to serve as the main channels for commerce learning, +education, politics, social welfare, and entertainment in the future. +With or without ISDN, the telephone network is undergoing dramatic +changes in structure, scope, and in its growing interrelationship with +other communications media. These changes should be guided by a public +policy vision based on the following principles. + +A. Create an Open Platform for Innovation in Information Services by +Speedily Deploying a Nation-wide, Affordable ISDN + +To achieve the information diversity currently available in print and +broadcast media in the new digital forum, we must guaranty widespread +accessibility to a platform of basic services necessary for creating +information services of all kinds. Such a platform offers the dual +benefit of helping to creating a level playing field for competition in +the information services market, and stimulating the development of new +services beneficial to consumers. An open platform for information +services will enable individuals and small organizations, as well as +established information distributors, to be electronic publishers on a +local, national, and international level. + +B. Promote First Amendment Free Expression by Affirming the Principles of +Common Carriage + +In a society which relies more and more on electronic communications +media as its primary conduit for expression, full support for First +Amendment values requires extension of the common carrier principle to +all of these new media. Common carriers are companies which provide +conduit services for the general public. The common carrier's duties +have evolved over hundreds of years in the common law and later in +statutory provisions. + +The rules governing their conduct can be roughly distilled in a few basic +principles. Common carriers have a duty to: + # provide services in a non-discriminatory manner at a fair price, + # interconnect with other carriers, and + # provide adequate services. +The public must have access to digital data transport services, such as +ISDN, which are regulated by the principles of common carriage. + +Unlike arrangements found in many countries, our communications +infrastructure is owned by private corporations instead of by the +government. Therefore, a legislatively imposed expanded duty of common +carriage on public switched telephone carriers is necessary to protect +free expression effectively. A telecommunications provider under a +common carrier obligation would have to carry any legal message +regardless of its content whether it is voice, data, images, or sound. +For example, if full common- carrier protections were in place for all +of the conduit services offered by the phone company, the terminations +of "controversial" 900 services such as political fundraising would not +be allowed, just as the phone company is now prohibited by the +Communications Act from discriminating in the provision of basic voice +telephone services. As a matter of law and policy, the common carriage +protections should be extended from basic voice service to cover basic +data service as well. + +C. Ensure Competition in Local Exchange Services + +The divestiture of AT&T in the early 1980s brought with it various +restrictions on the kinds of markets in which the newly created local +Bell companies were allowed to compete. Many consumer and industry +groups are now concerned that as these judicially-imposed restrictions +are lifted (know as the MFJ), the Bell companies will come to dominate +the design of the emerging National Public Network, shaping it more to +accommodate their business goals than the public interest. The +bottleneck that Bell companies have on local exchange services critical +to information providers can be minimized by unbundling these services +and allowing non-Bell company providers to offer them in competition +with Bell companies. + +The post-divestiture pattern of providing long distance service offers +us a valuable lesson: a telecommunications network can be managed +effectively by separate companies--even including bitter opponents like +AT&T and MCI--as long as they can connect equitably and seamlessly from +the user's standpoint. Together with the open platform offered by ISDN, +unbundling and expanded competition is a key to ensuring equitable +access to Bell company facilities needed for information service +delivery. + +D. Protect Personal Privacy + +As the telecommunications infrastructure evolves, there are increasing +threats to both communications privacy and information privacy. Strong +government intervention will, at times, be necessary to protect people's +constitutional right to privacy. Careful thought must also be given to +the appropriate use of search warrants and wiretap authorizations in the +realm of new electronic media. While new technologies may pose some +difficult challenges to law enforcement, we must protect people's +constitutionally- guaranteed right to be free from "unreasonable +searches and seizures." Fundamental civil liberties tenets are at stake +as long-standing constitutional doctrine is applied to new technologies. + +The privacy of telephone conversations and electronic mail is already +protected by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act. However, +communications in other media, such a cellular phone conversations, can +be intercepted using readily available technology by private third +parties without the knowledge or consent of the conversants. In addition +to this, however, we believe that technological advances should be used +to help people protect their own privacy and exercise more control over +information about themselves. In general, citizens should be given +greater control over information collected, stored, and disseminated by +telephone companies and information providers. As the public outcry over +Caller ID demonstrates, citizens want and deserve to have adequate +notice about what information is being collected and disseminated by +communications firms and must be able to exercise informed consent +before information collected for one purpose can be used for any other +purpose. + +E. Make the Network Simple to Use + +One of the great virtues of today's public switched telephone network, +from a user's perspective, is that it operates according to patterns and +principles that are now intuitively obvious to almost everyone. As this +network grows beyond just voice services, information services that +become part of this network should reflect this same ease- of-use and +accessibility. The development of such standards and patterns for +information services is vital, not just because it helps makes the +network easier to use, but also because it ensures an open platform for +information providers. However, standards development will be ad hoc and +even chaotic at first. Numerous standards may be tried and found +inadequate by users before a mature set of standards emerges. Congress +and government regulatory bodies may need to set out the ground rules +for standards planning in order to ensure that all interested parties +have an equal voice, and the resulting standards should be closely +analyzed to make sure that they reflect public needs. But, direct +government involvement in the process should be avoided if possible. + +F. Preserve and Enhance Socially Equitable Access to Communications Media + +The principle of equitable access to basic services is an integral part +of nation's public switched telephone network. From the early history of +the telephone network, both government and commercial actors have taken +steps to ensure that access to basic voice telephone services is +affordable and accessible to all segments of society. Since the +divestiture of AT&T, many of the constituent parts of the "social +contract" for universal service have fallen away. Re- creation of old +patterns of subsidy may no longer be possible nor necessarily desirable, +but serious thought must be given to sources of funds that will guaranty +that the economically disadvantaged will still have access to basic +communications services. + +The universal service guaranty in the Communications Act of 193411 has, +until now, been interpreted to mean access to "plain old telephone +service" (POTS). In the information age, we must extend this guaranty to +include "plain old digital service." Extending this guaranty means +ensuring that new basic digital services are affordable and ubiquitously +available. Equity and the democratic imperative also demand that these +services meet the needs of people with disabilities, the elderly, and +other groups with special needs. + +Failure to do so is sure to create a society of "information haves and +havenots."12 + +IV. Conclusion + +The path toward ISDN deployment requires that cooperation of numerous +public and private sector organizations and political constituencies. +National policy direction is needed to ensure that the necessary +ubiquity and interconnection of service providers is achieved. Federal +policy makers in Congress and the Federal Communications Commission will +also have to consider the appropriate regulatory role for guidance of a +new national resource: the information infrastructure. State public +service commissions will be at the forefront of establishing pricing +policy for ISDN service. The success of residential applications for +ISDN will depend heavily on the PUCs' approach to ISDN pricing. + +The communications industry -- including the Bell Companies, the +interexchange carriers, equipment manufacturers -- all have cooperative +roles to play in making ubiquitous ISDN a reality. The computer industry +is a new, but critical player in telecommunications policy. Many of the +innovative products and services to take advantage of ISDN will likely +come from the computer community. + +In the policy arena and in relations with industry, many public interest +advocacy organizations have a vital role to play in ensuring that new +technologies are implemented and regulated in a way that promotes wide- +spread access to new media and preserves the fundamental guarantees of +affordable, universal service. + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation is working to solicit comments, +support, and criticism from all of these constituencies. This version of +the Open Platform Proposal has been much improved with the help thoughts +and reactions from many concerned parties. We welcome more comments from +all who are concerned about the development of the telecommunications +infrastructure. + + +For More Information Please Contact: + +Mitchell Kapor Daniel J. Weitzner +President Communications Policy Analyst +Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Frontier Foundation +155 Second St. 666 Pennsylvania Ave, SE +Cambridge, MA 02141 Washington, DC 20003 +617-864-0665 202-544-9237 +mkapor@eff.org djw@eff.org + +Appendix A: ISDN Deployment Data + +Regional Bell Operating Company ISDN Deployment Plans Through 1994 +(Numbers in Thousands) + +Regional Bell +Operating Co. Total Lines | Lines Access ISDN % + w/ ISDN access +Ameritech 16,410 11,400 70% +Bell Atlantic 18,600 16,200 87% +BellSouth 20,000 10,500 52% +NYNEX 16,360 5,100 31% +Pac Telesis 15,900 10,900 69% +SW Bell 13,600 2,900 21% +US West 14,100 8,300 59% + +TOTAL 114,970 65,300 56% + +Source: Bellcore Report SR-NWT-002102, ISDN Deployment Data, Issue 2, +June 1992. + +Note: This table does not include deployment data for independent +telephone companies. + +NOTES + +1 Mass. D.P.U. 91-63-B, p. 86-7. See Appendix B for an overview of the +Massachusetts proceeding. + +2 In central offices where digital switches have not yet been installed, +ISDN can still be provided at lower cost than by installation of special +"switch adjuncts." + +3 Though the Bell companies are not required to install Signaling System +Seven, it is the only practical way that they can meet new FCC +requirements for 800 number portability. See Memorandum Opinion and +Order on Reconsideration and Second Supplemental Notice of Proposed +Rulemaking, FCC Docket 86-10, Released September 4, 1991. + +4 See FCC Docket 89-624 and Bellcore Special Report SR_NWT-002102, ISDN +Deployment Data, Issue 2, June 1992. + +5 ISDN Basic Service, Mass. D.P.U. 91-63-B, p. 34 (February 7, 1992). + +6 Id. at 86. + +7 L. Selwyn, A Migration Plan For Residential ISDN Deployment, April 20, +1992 (Prepared for the Communications Policy Forum and the Electronic +Frontier Foundation). + +8 M. Cooper, Developing the Information Age in the 1990s: A Pragmatic +Consumer View, June 8, 1992. See p. 52. + +9 Since the average length of a data call may be longer than the average +voice call, the flat rate for ISDN would have to be adjusted upward to +reflect added load on central office switching systems. However, the +mere fact that data lines may remain open longer does not preclude a +flat rate, non-usage- sensitive tariff. + +10 The most optimistic BOC estimates on fiber deployment promise +ubiquitous fiber optic cable in roughly 20 years. + +11 47 USC 151, et seq. + +12 Modified Final Judgment: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on +Telecommunications and Finance of the House Committee on Energy and +Commerce, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1989) (Opening Statement of Chairman +Markey). Chairman Markey set the following goal for the development of +new information services: to make [information services] available +swiftly to the largest number of Americans at costs which don't divide +the society into information haves and have nots and in a manner which +does not compromise our adherence to the long-cherished principles of +diversity, competition and common carriage. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/organs.fun b/textfiles.com/politics/organs.fun new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5bbfd5a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/organs.fun @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +Copyright 1983 +NPG,Ltd. + SELLING HUMAN ORGANS + + ISSUE: Should we allow human organs, such as kidneys, to be bought and sold +like ordinary commodities? (1) No, we should prohibit anyone from buying or +selling organs. (2) Yes, the introduction of market-based pricing would help +alleviate much human suffering and actually reduce the overall economic burden. + + BACKGROUND: The issue of how to procure human organs covers everything from +hearts to bone pieces. But most of the controversy so far centers on the most +"popular" organ transplanted, the kidney. Each year more than 10,000 people +need new kidneys. But only about 5,000 of these people receive new kidneys, +mostly because of the shortage of available organs. In theory, there are +enough organs. Each year there are 20,000 deaths that create potentially +usable organs. When interviewed in ordinary circumstances, nearly 80% of +people say that they are willing to donate the organs of a loved one, should +they die in a fashion which makes them a potential donor. Yet, for reasons +subject to extensive and intense debate, that generalized willingness to donate +does not translate into an adequate supply of organs. To fill the gap, +patients are kept alive by use of expensive dialysis machines. Each year the +public spends $2 billion through Medicare to support dialysis, which comes to +about $30,000 per patient per year. In the near future the demand for +transplant operation likely will skyrocket. The FDA recently approved a new +drug -- cyclosporin -- which doubles the previous success rate. The demand for +transplantable organs thus will soar. To meet that anticipated demand several +firms have proposed establishing a system for locating people willing to donate +their organs for payment. The firms would then pass on that cost plus their +own overhead to the patient. One firm estimates that the cost of an organ such +as a kidney, procured through this system would be about $15,000. + + POINT: These proposals for setting up "organs for sale" networks cannot be +tolerated; they must be immediately outlawed. We cannot allow people to sell +their own organs because that is not only repugnant to decency, it will create +gruesome blackmarket operations. Moreover, the proposals would exploit poor +foreigners by encouraging them to sell body parts to rich Americans. We do not +allow people to sell themselves into slavery; we cannot allow them to sell +their vital body parts. This goes beyond morality. Living donors of virtually +any organ increase their risk of death or disease. Moreover, it does not take +much imagination to conjure up horrible images of hard-hearted relatives of a +dead person selling the body for cash. With the vast number of potential but +unused donors, we should redouble our efforts to stimulate voluntary donors, +not set up "bodyshops." + + COUNTERPOINT: We should not only permit but encourage private firms to +locate organs for donation. Provided that he does not kill himself, a person's +body is his own to do with it as he wants. As a matter of fundamental +principle, government must not be allowed to tell a person how to use his or +her body. The proposed private donor systems are not fundamentally different +from firms that pay for blood donations. Few would argue that these +profit-making operations do not help to supply vital blood products. And yet +when originally started, the donation-for-pay stimulated intense debate. Now +we can see that the original controversy proved vastly overblown. A careful +examination of the economics will show that the cost to the patient and the +public to purchase organs is far less a burden than that which they bear today. +According to current estimates, the cost of a purchased kidney would be less +than the cost of six months on dialysis machine and subject many patients to +far less agony. And, costs aside, many people today die for lack of donors; +these lives would be saved if we would take steps to increase the supply of +available organs. + + +QUESTIONS: + + o If organ sales are allowed, how would you put a price on the value of a +human organ? + + o If organ sales are allowed should there be mechanism, perhaps through +insurance or government assistance, that allows all people to obtain organs +regardless of their financial means? + + o Would this issue be less controversial if the organ seller were terminally +ill? + + o Would it be immoral for a person to sell his organs for implant in +strangers? + + o Is it better to keep a person on an artificial organ than to give them a +transplant from an organ bought from a donor? + + +REFERENCES: + FDA Approves Drug to Aid Organ Transplants, John Wilke, The +Washington Post, September 3, 1983, p.A1 + Va. Doctor Plans Company to Arrange Sale of Human Kidneys, +Margaret Engel, The Washington Post, September 19, 1983, p.A9 + Doctors Decry Plan to Buy, Sell Kidneys, Judie Glave, +Associated Press, The Washington Post, September 24, 1983 + + (Note: Please leave your thoughts -- message or uploaded comments -- on this +issue on Tom Mack's RBBS, The Second Ring --- (703) 759-5049. Please address +them to Terry Steichen of New Perspectives Group, Ltd.) + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/origmas1.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas1.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fbbcc165 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY + +I. From Operative To Speculative + +By E. Cromwell Mensch + +THE NEW AGE - JULY 1948 + +The most prolific source of Masonic literature is that dealing with the +origin of the Craft. It is a theme which has filled many volumes, and +one which invariably follows the same pattern to the point of monotony. +Practically all research along these lines starts with the stone masons +of Europe, and ends up with the guilds, or associations, of ancient +Rome. The Temple itself as a source of origin is avoided for two +reasons, the first of which is a fear of encroaching upon the secret +work of the Order. The s econd reason is a more logical one, for it is +founded in the fact that very little is known about the Temple. There +were three Temples built at Jerusalem, each of which was to replace an +earlier structure. The last Temple was built by Herod, and is supposedly +described by Josephus, the historian. He was an eyewitness to the +destruction of this last Temple, but his lack of technical knowledge is +painfully evident from his description of its structural details. The +Temple previous to Herod's was built by Zeru bbabel, a very brief +account of which is set forth in the Book of Ezra. The so-called first +Temple was built by Solomon, and a fairly complete description of it is +set forth in the first Book of Kings. + +However, Masonry was founded long before the Temple of Solomon was +built. The identification of our Craft with the Temple came about +through the ambition of David. It was he who realized the importance of +the Tabernacle of Moses, and planned the Temple as s substitute +therefor. Through it he sought credit for the establishment of the house +and kingdom of God. This ambition of David is described in the second +Book of Samuel, but more particularly in the words of II Samuel 7:13, +"He shall build an house for m y name, and I will stablish the throne of +his kingdom for ever." These words are supposedly the Lord's, uttered +through the medium of Nathan, the prophet. However, they were prompted +by David, for Nathan was a member of David's court. + +What David really sought was a vehicle which would perpetuate the divine +power of the Tabernacle. That this structure was possessed of such power +is quite evident from the fact that, within its confines, Moses +established the word of God among men. The Word has come down to us +practically intact in the form of the Pentateuch, or first five books of +the Bible; and the House still stands today! Its original form is +essentially unchanged, although some of its parts have been destroyed by +the violence of fire a nd the quantity of water, which have been visited +upon it from time to time. This House and this Book were founded at one +and the same time, and both are an integral part of Masonry. + +This particular phase of the inquiry into the origin of Masonry deals +with the shift from operative to speculative, for our ritual tells us +that we no longer work in operative, but speculative Masonry only. An +entirely new approach to this subject is to be had through the medium +which has never changed since our Order was founded. That medium is the +Holy Bible, which is placed in the same setting as Moses placed it in +the beginning. Save for the legendary part of our ritual, it contains +all the factual deta ils of our Craft. When these factual details are +worked out to their ultimate conclusion, it will be found that the +legendary part of our ritual comprises but a very small percentage of +the whole. That the operative phase of our Order was in effect during +the time of Moses is stated in Exodus 1:11, "And they built for Pharaoh +treasure cities, Pitham and Raamses." It was from the builders of these +two cities that Moses recruited the founders of our Order. They were the +enslaved workers of Ramses II. + +Ramses II reigned over Egypt from 1292 to 1225 B.C. His reign was +singularly marked by a wealth of building activities. He completed +Seti's Temple at Abydos, and added to the Temples at Luxor and Karnak. +He constructed at Thebes the great mortuary Temple of the Rameseum, with +its colossal statues of himself; and he built the rock-cut temple at +Abu-Simble. During the early part of his reign Ramses II engaged in an +important campaign against the Hittites, and fought an indecisive battle +at Kadesh on the Oront es River in Syria. In these forays across +Palestine, and into Syria, the victor found a means to augment his +labour supply in the form of prisoners of war. They were put to work +building such cities as Pithom and Raamses, and it was from their ranks +that Moses recruited the people of his Exodus. It is specifically stated +that some of them worked in brick and mortar (Exodus 1:14). Any attempt +to connect our membership with operative masonry at a later period in +history is an inconsiste ncy, for it was these b uilders of Pithom and +Raamses who established speculative Masonry when they built the +Tabernacle on Mt. Rinai. + +The Tabernacle was really the first Temple, for it was, and still is, a +masterpiece of the builder's art. Every part of it has a symbolic +meaning far beyond anything incorporated into the Temple built by +Solomon. The superb engineering employed in the design of the Tabernacle +indicates that several years of study went into this feature alone prior +to its actual building. Since Moses was a royal scribe by calling, he +undoubtedly planned the Tabernacle in collaboration with an architect. +This period of planni ng took place while they were still in Egypt, for +a great many of its features were borrowed from those to be found in the +Temples along the Nile. Its design was too intricate to have been +improvised in the desert of Sinai. + +Ramses II died in 1225 B.C., and was succeeded by Merneptah. From all +the evidence available, it is quite plain the Exodus must have taken +place fairly close to this change in the administration of the affairs +of Egypt. In summing up, operative Masonry flourished during the reign +of Ramses II, and the transition to speculative Masonry took place +during the reign of Merneptah. + +The transition to the speculative phase is definitely stated in the +words of Exodus 36:8, "And every wise hearted man among them that +wrought the work of the tabernacle made ten curtains of fine twined +linen." This is the first of a long list of specifications, wherein +Moses describes the manner in which the Tabernacle was built. It is +placed first because these ten curtains of fine twined linen symbolized +a pair of hands raised in supplication. Symbolically, they were so +placed that Moses might tell us tha t no man should ever enter upon any +great or important undertaking without first invoking the blessing of +God. + +As a protege of the royal household, Moses was raised in the pagan +worship of Osiris, a deified king. The domain of Osiris was centred in +an underground heaven, sealed with the doom of perpetual darkness. This +great king of the spiritual world was flanked with a myriad of lesser +deities, to whom tribute had to be paid before the novitiate could hope +to enter. Associated with this monopoly of the Egyptian hierarchy was +the tyranny and oppression of its rulers. + +As Moses grew to manhood he saw that the beneficence of God came from +above, and that it was the Light from the celestial sphere which caused +all nature to blossom forth and prosper. His problem was to present this +new doctrine to a people whose ancestors had been steeped in paganism +for centuries. To this end he endowed his House with the attributes of +the heavens by making every part thereof symbolic of some feature of the +celestial sphere. This master plan, of course, called for the utmost +secrecy, and w as tied in with a key. The plan itself he concealed by +scattering it throughout all five of the books of the Pentateuch, but +the key was left for future ages to discover. Since every one of the +7,625 parts of the Tabernacle played a part in its symbolic meaning, the +'building of this House coincided with the commencement of the +speculative phase of Masonry. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/origmas2.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas2.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..536a590e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY + +II. The House Erected to God + +by E. Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - AUGUST 1948 + +The House, which it was decreed in the wisdom and counsels of Deity +aforetime should be built, was the Tabernacle of Moses, and not the +Temple of Solomon. The Tabernacle was the vehicle used by Moses to bring +the word of God to the people he had led out of Egypt. It was the shrine +around which these Israelites gathered after they had migrated into +Palestine. It served that purpose for something like 200 years, but had +fallen into disuse by the time David came into power. Realizing the +importance of the Tabe rnacle, David planned to replace it with the +structure now known to history as Solomon's Temple. In this replacement +an attempt was made to copy the Tabernacle's design, the secrets of +which had been lost ever since the death of Moses. The secrets of this +design were concealed by Moses in the Pentateuch, or the first five +books of the Bible. Therein lies the key to Masonry, for the Temple was +merely an imperfect copy of the Tabernacle. + +There are two sets of specifications covering the building of the +Tabernacle in the Book of Exodus. Those in Chapter 26 represent the +command of God that the House should be built. Those set forth in +Chapter 36 are the specifications for the actual building of the House. +Exodus 36:8 is the starting point, and states that every wise hearted +man that wrought the work of the Tabernacle made ten curtains of Fine +Twined Linen. These curtains were 4 cubits wide and 28 cubits long. Five +of them were coupled togeth er, and the other 5 were coupled together. +The result was a pair of curtains, each half of which contained 5 +strips. The total width of each set of 5 strips was 20 cubits, for the +individual strips were 4 cubits wide. This 20 cubits coincided with the +width of the House. When assembled, they were raised over the House to +form a gable roof. As there were 10 strips in all, they represented the +digits of a pair of hands raised in supplication. + +From this symbolic meaning it will be seen why Moses placed these +curtains as the first item in his list of specifications. It was his +admonition to us that no man should ever enter upon any great or +important undertaking without first invoking the blessing of God. There +were several thousand people engaged in the building of the House, and, +obviously, only a small percentage were actually engaged in the +fabrication of these curtains. And yet the language is clear, for it +says "every wise hearted man that w rought the work of the tabernacle +made ten curtains." Those who chose to engage in the work were first +prepared in their hearts, or became "wise hearted." They all "made" ten +curtains, for this was the sign of a pair of hands raised in +supplication. + +The second item in the specifications was the curtains of Goats' Hair. +They were superimposed above those of Fine Twined Linen, and were 4 +cubits wide by 30 cubits long. There were 11 of these curtains, and this +fact has stumped the experts for centuries. Ten of them may be arranged +to match the 10 curtains of Fine Twined Linen. Being above the first set +of curtains, those of Goats' Hair represented a pair of hands stretched +forth in benediction. That this is so is gleaned from the fact that this +is the onl y specification in Chapter 36 that needs to be filled in from +the supplemental information contained in Chapter 26 of Exodus. This +Chapter 26 contains the command of God, and this second pair of curtains +symbolized His hands stretched forth in benediction. + +Exodus 26:9 and 26:12 dispose of the 11th curtain of Goats' Hair by +stating that it shall be doubled over in the forefront of the +Tabernacle, and the remnant that remaineth, the half curtain that +remaineth, shall hang over the backside of the Tabernacle. In other +words, the 11th curtain of Goats' Hair was cut into 4 strips, each 1 +cubit wide, to form the drip for the gable part of the roof. Exodus +26:13 explains how the eaves were formed on the ends, for it states that +the length of these curtains shall han g over a cubit on the one side +and a cubit on the other side. + +The length of these Goats' Hair curtains was 30 cubits, which was +symbolic of the 30 days of the solar month. The length of the curtains +of Fine Twined Linen, which were protected from the sun by the upper +curtains, was 28 cubits. They were symbolic of the 28 days of the lunar +month. + +The gable roof arrangement of the curtains of Goats' Hair formed an +isosceles triangle, each leg of which was 30 cubits long. The length of +its base is obtained from Exodus 26:13, which states that the curtains +shall hang over a cubit on the one side and a cubit on the other side. +This called for a base of 52 cubits, for the Court which encompassed the +Tabernacle was exactly 50 cubits wide. The actual length of the +Tabernacle was 48 cubits, which left a space of 1 cubit between each of +its ends and the adja cent wall of the court. This space was +approximately 24 inches wide and, no doubt, sheltered the original +eavesdroppers. No such arrangement was possible in the Temple, for it +was encompassed by 3 banks of chambers, which were set into the walls of +the main structure. + +These triangular spaces formed in the east and west walls of the +Tabernacle were called pediments. They were covered with the Rams' Skins +dyed red specified in Exodus 36:19. Like the roof curtains, they also +were 4 cubits in width, and 12 of them exactly fitted into the 48 cubits +width of the base of the pediments. There were 12 of these curtains in +the east pediment, and 12 in the west pediment - together they +symbolized the 24 hours of the day. + +This Rams' Skins dyed red was a translucent material, and as the sun +rose in the east the interior was filled with a soft, red glow. The sun +at meridian height came down through an aperture in the roof, but only +on occasion. As the sun was in the west at the close of the day, the +soft tones which filtered through the Rams' Skins dyed red again +permeated the interior. Above them were placed the Badgers' Skins, which +were opaque, and were manipulated like window shades to control the +lighting effects. There w as no such arrangement in the Temple, for +neither roof curtains nor rams' skins were employed in its construction. + + +The lower part of the Tabernacle was sheathed with boards, 20 of them +being specified for the south wall, and a like number for the north +wall. According to Exodus 36:21, these particular boards were each 10 +cubits long and 1 1/2 cubits wide. Two of them, placed end to end, +matched the 20 cubits width of the House, which makes it obvious that +the 20 boards in both north and south walls were arranged in two stacks +of 10 boards each. This height of 10 boards in each panel was symbolic +of the "Ten Commandments . Exodus 36:27 specifies 6 boards for the west +wall of the Tabernacle. These 6 boards were laid out end to end, and +formed the bottom course for the 6 panels into which the west wall was +divided. Each board was 8 cubits long, and the total length of the wall +was 48 cubits. Each panel was 10 boards high, or 15 cubits, for each +board was 1 1/2 cubits wide. Actually, the 6 panels of the west wall +were laid out by means of a mathematical formula, which Moses designated +as Jacob's ladder . This fact was unknown t o the builders of the +Temple, for they made the west wall of their structure 60 cubits long. +The interior of the Temple was sheathed with boards, and obviously the 6 +boards they used were each 10 cubits long. + +The height of the Tabernacle at the apex of its roof was 30 cubits; its +depth, or width, was 20 cubits; and its length, which was across the +breadth of the Court, was 48 cubits. The first two dimensions were +faithfully copied into the design of the Temple, for it was 30 cubits +high by 20 cubits deep. But the length of the Temple, as given in I +Kings 6:2, was 60 cubits. This discrepancy over the 48 cubits length of +the Tabernacle is prima facie evidence that the builders of the Temple +did not possess the sec rets of the design of the original House. In +other words "that which was lost" was the secret design of the +Tabernacle, which had not been discovered at the time Solomon built his +Temple. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/origmas3.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas3.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4240d18a --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY +III The Symbolism of the Father's House +by E. Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - SEPTEMBER 1948 + +Speculative Masonry was instituted by Moses for the purpose of bringing +the true "word" of God to his followers. These were the people of the +Exodus, most of whom had been engaged in building the treasure cities, +Pithom and Raamses, in Egypt. They were not a literate people, for at +that time the art of writing was confined to the rulers of Egypt and +their official families. Although Moses himself was a loyal scribe, he +knew that the only way he could spread his doctrine among the people was +through the medi um of symbolism. The nucleus of that symbolism was the +Ark of the Covenant, in which was deposited the true word of God. The +setting for this sacred instrument was the Tabernacle, every part of +which symbolized some feature of the Father's house in the celestial. + +This symbolism is concealed in the cabalism of the writings of Moses, +and the key to that cabmlism lies in the pattern of our planetary +system. For example, the superstructure of the" House was made up of 7 +bents, or frames, for they were symbolic of the 7 days of the week. This +may be picked up from Exodus 36:27, wherein the e boards of the sides +westw@rd are specified. These 6 boards were strung out, end to end, +across the 5 vertical bars, also spe@ified for this west wall in Exodus +36 : 32. Obviously, th e terminal ends of boards No. 1 mnd No. 6 also +were attached to vertical bars, for they were the corner bars in the +north and south walls, rp,spectively. Added to the 5 sper,ified for the +sides westward, these two corner bars brought the number up to 7. Each +of these 7 bars was paired off with a corresponding bar in the east +wall, and, with the other members of the framing, formed the 7 bents. + +The symbolism of these 7 bents is to be found in the Second Degree, + wherein it is stated that in 6 days God created the heaven and the + earth, and rested on the 7th day. The total number of structural + numbers with which the Tabernacle was framed is also given in the + Second Degree. However, this symbolism was lost in the Temple of + Solomon, for the stone walls of that structure replaced the function of + the 7 bents used in the Tabernacle. These bents were designed as + trusses, the patern of which is indicated in the specifications for the + north and south walls. Each of these walls contained 5 vertical bars. + They were braced at the corners with the diagonals specified in Exodus + 36:28 as corner boards, and were tied together at the top with the + horizontal cross bar specified in Exodus 36:33. An extra cross bar was + used in these walls to form the eaves of the Tabernacle, and was + supported on 5 struts. In all, there were 14 members in each of these + end wall bents, and there were 12 members in each of the 5 intermediate + bents. The bents themselves were held together at the top with a series + of 60 rafters, and were also held together at the ceiling level with a + series of 26 horizontal ties. In all there were 178 structural members + in the Tabernacle proper. + +There were also 67 structural members in the Court of the Congregation, +which surrounded the Tabernacle. In the specifications, 20 pillars each +were assigned to the north and south sides of the Court, and 10 to the +west side. The specifications for the east side are quite complicated, +and, when Properly analyzed, only yield 9 pillars for this side of the +Court. To these 59 pillars must be added the 8 corner boards used as +diagonal bracing at the corners of the Court, which makes the total 67. + +The lower part of the Tabernacle was sheathed with boards, which were +120 in number. The 178 structural members of the Tabernacle, plus the 67 +members of the Court and the 120 boards, bring the grand total up to +365. These 365 members were symbolic of the days of the year, and +correspond to the phenomenon arising from the annual revolution of the +earth around the sun, and its diurnal rotation on its own axis, as set +forth in the monitorial work of the Second Degree. There was no such +symbolism incorporated into the stone walls of the Temple, although the +1,453 columns and 2,906 pilasters used to enclose the court before the +Temple were evidently multiples of 365, less 7, and 14, respectively. + +The specifications for the east wall of the Tabernacle are rather brief. +They simply call for a Door, and the 5 pillars of it (Exodus 36:38). +Between the 5 pillars were the 4 archways, which formed the Door. In +addition, there was a panel flanking the Door on either side, making a +total of 6 panels in all. These, of course, matched the panels formed by +the "six" boards in the west wall. These flanking panels in the east +wall contained the corner boards, which served as diagonal wind bracing +to impart stabil ity to the structure. They ran from the tops of the +corner posts down to the adjacent end pillars of the Door. Since these +diagonal braces blanked off the use of these two end panels in the east +wall, it is obvious they must have been sheathed with boards. This +brings the total number of panels up to 12, for there were 6 in the west +wall, 2 each in the north and south walls, and these 2 in the east wall. +This also accounts for the 120 boards, for each panel was 10 boards +high. These 12 pane ls represented th e 12 tribes of Israel. + +This arrangement of the panels is confirmed in Genesis 48:13, wherein it +is stated that "Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand, toward +Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right +hand, and brought them near unto him." In other words, the two panels +flanking the Door were named Ephraim and Manasseh. The 5 pillars of the +Door are now represented by the 5 orders of architecture, although these +orders were actually formulated by Vignola, worthy successor to Michel +Angelo. + +The parts so far enumermted are all authentic, for they have been worked +out according to the bill of materials Moses left to posterity. Among +other items, this bill lists the fastenings which held the Tabernacle +together. As it was a portable structure, these fastenings were so +designed that the House could be dismantled and reassembled at will. The +structural members were held together by means of rings, but the +specification covering them is very brief, and is only given in +connection with the corner boa rds (Exodus 36:29): "And they were +coupled beneath, and coupled together at the head thereof, to one ring." +The ring in this case was cast with two lugs, and the corner boards had +sockets in their ends, which fitted over the lugs of the ring. To make +the joint secure after assembling, pins were inserted through both lug +and corner boards. This same type of fastening was used wherever two or +more structural members intersected each other. Where more than two +structural members were brought to a common focal point, rings were +supplied with additional lugs. Rings with as high as 4 lugs were used in +some of the complicated portions of the bents. + +The boards which formed the sheathing of the Tabernacle were also held +to the framing by means of rings. These rings encircled the vertical +bars and had lugs projecting outward from them in a horizontal plane. +The boards themselves were joined together by means of dowel pins, in +the same manner that extra leaves are joined together in a dining-room +table, except that they were in a vertical plane. The lugs of the rings +fitted in between the edges of two boards, and the dowel pins in the +boards also passed t hrough holes in the lugs. This type of joint is +covered by the specification for the sockets and tenons of the boards in +Exodus 36:24 + +From the use of these rings and pins it truly may be said of the +Tabernacle that there was neither hammer, nor axe, nor any tool of iron +heard in the House, while it was in building. These lines are to be +found in I Kings 6:7, and are applied to the stone work of Solomon's +Temple. It is hard to conceive of the fabrication of a stone building in +which no tools of iron are employed. The insertion of the word "axe," +even though it was not used, raises the question as to whether this +passage was not also borrow ed from the Tabernacle along with the +attempt to copy its design. The axe was used to shape the boards and +bars of the Tabernacle during its initial fabrication, but, after that, +no tool of iron was ever required during its subsequent assemblies. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/origmas4.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas4.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..446d27cf --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY +IV Mt. Gerizim and the Land of Moriah +by E. Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - OCTOBER 1948 + +The fame of King Solomon's Temple lies in the reflected glory of the +House of Moses, for it was planned and built with the idea of replacing +the Tabernacle with a more permanent structure. The purpose behind its +building is to be found in the history of David, father of Solomon. The +original Tabernacle was the vehicle which had welded the Israelites into +a united mass, and had kept them united during their successful invasion +of Palestine. The initial breakthrough took place at Jericho, after +which the Isra elites spread out to the north and south, but they did +not succeed in taking Jerusalem. + +Their first objective was to locate the "spot" on which to erect the +Tabernacle, which was believed to be at Luz. Moses died just prior to +the invasion, but he had left certain instructions, which were to be +followed out after they reached the promised land. Among other things, +they were instructed to put the blessing upon Mt. Gerizim, and the curse +upon Mt. Ebal. Neither the geographical location of these mounts, nor +the manner in which the blessing was to be bestowed, were specified. It +was decided that t he medium was the altar specified in Exodus 20:24, +which was to be of earth, or of unhewn stone, and without steps. The +allegorical meaning here, of course, is the good earth upon which we +dwell. + +The Israelites found Luz ill-favoured as a location for the Tabernacle, +even though it had been specified by Moses as none other but the house +of God and the gate of heaven in Genesis 28:17. They then moved on to +Samara and set up their Tabernacle and their altar between the two peaks +in that country, which are still called Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal to this +day. However, the choice of this "spot" was far from unanimous, and it +was not long before the Tabernacle was moved elsewhere. + +About 200 years later, or in 1005 B.C.David succeeded in wresting +Jerusalem away from the native Jebusites. After taking the city; he had +himself declared king over both Israel and Judah. Israel was the common +name applied to the Israelites of the north, for by then they had lost +their tribal distinctions. David himself had risen to power under the +banner of the Tribe of Judah, which had maintained its tribal identity +in the south. At the time David established himself at Jerusalem, the +true location of the mount upon which a blessing was to be put was still +a live issue. + +In the meantime the original Tabernacle had vanished and the Ark of the +Covenant had been placed in storage. The lustre of the Ark had been +somewhat dimmed prior to this on account of its failure to stop the +Philistines on the field of battle. Under this combination of +circumstances David saw a splendid opportunity to restore the Ark to its +natural setting, and, at one and the same time, establish a mount of his +own upon which to put a blessing. He accordingly purchased the threshing +floor of Ornan, the Jeb usite, and this is the "spot" upon which the +Temple was subsequently erected. + + +It was called the Zion, or hill, which is the literal interpretation of +the word Zion. Mount would have served the purpose just as well, for it +was here that he pitched a new tabernacle in order that the Ark might be +brought out of storage. The use of the word Gerizim was probably avoided +because this new shrine was designed to serve Israel as well as Judah, +and these people of the north already had a Mt. Gerizim. We get a vague +hint of this from the use of the word Moriah, which is commonly called +Mt. Mori ah today. The original use of this word is to be found in +Genesis 22:2, which states that the sacrifice of Abraham's son Isaac was +to take place in the land of Moriah, and upon one of the mountains of +which he was to be told. This passage of Scripture was probably cited at +that time as an authority, or precedent, for the establishment of a +second mount at Jerusalem. + +It was after David had pitched this new Tabernacle that he made known +his intention of replacing it with a more permanent structure. With this +structure he undertook to create a vehicle, which, in the words of II +Samuel 7:13, he hoped would establish the throne of his kingdom forever. +This hope lay in the belief that he could endow his contemplated Temple +with the powers of the original Tabernacle by duplicating its design. +Hiram of Tyre was called in as a collaborator, because he had previously +built the p alace in which David had set himself up as king over the two +branches of the Israelites. Hiram was a Phoenician, and his city of Tyre +was in a better position to furnish skilled artisans. + +However, the basic, design of the Temple was copied from the description + of the Tabernacle, or rather that part of its description which is to + be found in the Book of Exodus. The builders of the Temple apparently + did not understand the true cabalism of the writings of Moses, for the + key to the design of the Tabernacle is concealed in the ladder Jacob + supposedly dreamt about. In the words of Moses, this was none other but + the house of God and the gate to heaven, as set forth in Genesis 28:17. + In the previous verse, Genesis 28:16, Jacob had just awaked out of his + sleep, which refers back to Genesis 28:12, and, "he dreamed, and behold + a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and + behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it." + +The essence of the ladder of Jacob was the cubical Holy of Holies of the +Tabernacle. It was projected into a column of 7 cubes on the Trestle +Board, with horizontal coordinates extending out over the centre of the +drawing from the upper levels of the 2nd, 4th, and 6th cubes. Below +these horizontals, and on the base line, another cube was drawn to +represent the Holy of Holies itself. From the centre of this Holy of +Holies a series of ascending "angles" were projected upward to intercept +the horizontals. At t he points of intersection, vertical ordinates were +dropped to the base line, and they exactly prescribed the 48 cubits +length of the Tabernacle. A 7th ordinate was projected upwards into +infinity, from the centre of the base line, and represented the joining +of the celestial with the terrestrial sphere. This 7th ordinate was the +top of the ladder, which reached to heaven. The cubes were 7 in number +because they represented the 7 bodies of our planetary system which are +visible to the n aked eye. Each of the ascending angles were 23 1/2 +degrees", because that is the celestial angle at which the earth is +inclined away from the plane of its orbit. + +The unit of measurement was obtained by dividing one edge of the cubical + Holy of Holies into 10 equal parts. The Apex of the curtains of Goats' + Hair was equal to the height of 3 cubes, or 30 cubits. Half this + height, or 15 cubits, was equivalent to the combined widths of the 10 + boards of the sheathing, and the upper half prescribed the height of + the pediments. The descending "angles" of Genesis 28:12 exactly + subtended the 1 1/2, cubits cross section of the Ark of the Covenant + below the centre of the Holy of Holies". The descending ordinates + exactly laid out the 7 bents, or vertical bars across which the "six" + boards of Exodus 36:27 were spaced out. This is indeed none other but + the House of God, and the House we proclaim was erected to God and + dedicated to His Holy name. + +The 7th ordinate came direct from the celestial, and was symbolic of the +path down which Moses had brought the word of God, for it intersected +the mercy seat of the Ark in its exact centre. This was within the +cubical of the Holy of Holies, which was designated as the most Holy +place. The balance of the space within the House was called the Holy +place, and its several parts were symbolic of the several features of +our planetary system. + +Outside the House, and far off about the Tabernacle, the 12 tribes were +encamped. As each tribe was encamped under the ensign of his Father's +house, the encampment itself was symbolic of the 12 constellations of +the Zodiac. Hence, the complete layout of Tabernacle and encampment was +copied from the design of the Father's house in the celestial. + +Had the builders of the Temple thoroughly understood the implications of +the ladder Jacob supposedly dreamt about, it is highly improbable they +would have built their structure of stone. This ladder truly located the +gateway to heaven, for whenever and wherever the original Tabernacle was +set up, the ladder of Jacob formed an integral part of its design. The +"mount" it blessed was the mother earth on which the Tabernacle rested. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/origmas5.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas5.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7495d388 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/origmas5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY +V. The Holy of Holies and the Resurrection + +by Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - NOVEMBER 1948 + + +The Holy of Holies of King Solomon's Temple was called the Oracle, and +was sometimes entirely different and apart from thee room called the +"middle chamber" of the Temple. The Temple itself was a stone building, +60 cubits long, 20 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high. Around the outside +of the main structure were three chambers, superimposed one above the +other. These three chambers were designated as the nethermost, the +middle, and the third chambers, respectively. They were narrow, +corridor-like rooms, for the nethermost was 5 cubits wide, the middle 6 +cubits, and the third, 7 cubits wide. The nethermost was on the ground +floor level, and evidentl y served as a rob ing room, as well as a place +for the storage of implements and vessels used in the ceremonials. The +middle chamber was one flight up, and served as a storage vault, as did +the third chamber above it. Estimates as to the value of gold, silver, +and other valuables stored in these upper chambers of the Temple, run +all the way from five to ten billions of dollars. In short, this middle +chamber of the Temple served as the storage vault for the material +wealth which fou nd its way into the coffers of the priesthoo d. These +chambers were an innovation peculiarly adapted to the Temple, for there +was nothing comparable to them in the original Tabernacle. + +The Holy of Holies of the Tabernacle was a perfect cube, formed of the +veil, and the 4 pillars which supported it. This cube was the central +theme of its design, and the unit of measurement by which all parts of +the Tabernacle were apportioned. For practical purposes, one edge of +this cube was divided into 10 equal parts, and each of these parts was +called a cubit. In other words, the Holy of Holies of the Tabernacle was +10 cubits long in each of its three dimensions. The Oracle of the +Temple, on the other hand, measured 20 cubits in each of its three +dimensions. This increase in size destroyed the perfect harmony of +design which had prevailed in the Tabernacle. In the Tabernacle, the +Holy of Holies was placed in the middle of the structure, and the +celestial angle of 23 1/2 degrees was brought down to the center of the +cubical room. This descending angle was the essential ingredient of +Jacob's ladder, and below the center of the cubical it exactly subtended +the 1 1/2 cubits of the Ark of the Covenant in section. It also did the +same for the Ark in longitudinal section. The 7th ordinate of Jacob's +ladder intersected the Arc in its exact center, and joined the celestial +an d terrestrial spheres. It was the axis about which the Tabernacle +formed a symmetrical design. These celestial ingredients set the Holy of +Holies up as a material token that the Tabernacle was indeed none other +but the House of God. This did not hold true of the arrangement in the +Temple, for its Oracle was at the rear of the main room, and its +volumetric displacement was 8 times that of the Tabernacle's Holy of +Holies. + +The resurrection, or raising of the body from the dead, was exemplified +as a ritual long before Moses came onto the, scene. The very temples +where he was initiated into the mysteries contain graphic illustrations +of this ceremony. The central figure is Osiris, who was raised from his +bier at the command of Horus. The departed soul of Osiris is shown as a +graven image in the form of a bird, perched in the Erica tree at the +head of the bier. Moses transposed this into a nobler conception , by +coupling the rebirth of nature with the phenomenon of the spring equinox +in the celestial. This position he gave to Reuben the first born, as the +beginning of Israel's strength, the excellency of dignity, and the +excellency of power, Genesis 49:3. But Reuben was unstable as water, and +destined not to excel, because he wentest up to his Father's bed, and +then defiledst he it, Genesis 49:4. The tribe of Reuben corresponded +with the constell ation of Taurus, the bull. This bull was called Apis b +y the Egyptians, and was part of the animal worship and deification +practiced by them. The doctrine of Moses pointed out that the +beneficence of God came from the celestial sphere, and this figure of +Apis the bull in the constellation of Taurus defiled his Father's bed. +Reuben was named as the firstborn because at the time of the Exodus the +spring equinox occurred in the constellation of Taurus. The rebirth is +now symbolized by the Aca cia, instead of the Erica tree. + +It was this paganism of the bull in Taurus that caused Moses to shift +the leadership to the tribe of Judah, from whence comes the strong grip +of the Lion's paw. As a matter of fact, the 12 tribes of Israel +originated in the Father's house, for they all correspond with the +characteristics of the 12 constellations of the Zodiac. Every third one +of these constellations contains one of the 4 guardian stars of the +heavens; namely, Aldebaran in Taurus, Regulus in Leo, Antares in +Scorpio, and Fomalhaut in connecti on with Aquarius. Reuben corresponded +with Taurus, who defiled his Father's bed. Judah represented Leo, the +lion, with the guardian star of Regulus. Regulus is described in Genesis +48:10 as the lawgiver, which shall not depart from between his (Leo's) +feet until Shiloh come. The next guardian star is Antares, in the +constellation of Scorpio. It was represented by Dan; for he was to be a +serpent by the way, that biteth the horse heels, Genesis 49:17. This +designation comes from the fact that the scorpion is the only "serpent" +whose striking range is limited to the heel of the horse. The fourth +guardian star is Fomalhaut, actually in the constellation of Pisces +Austrinus; but the stream of water which flows from the jar of Aquarius +is inseparable from Fomalhaut in this mythological presentation. +Aquarius was represented by Ephraim, one of the sons of Joseph, who +Genesis 49:22 says was a fruitful bough by the well. These 4 tribes, +which corresponded with the c onstellations containing the 4 guardian +stars, occupi ed the 4 corners of the encampment about the Tabernacle. +The other eight were interspersed between - these four encamped at the +corners. + +The rendition of the so-called Hiramic legend has a great deal more fact +in it than fiction. All that is needed is to replace the Temple with the +Tabernacle. It was Moses who lived under the tyranny of Ramses II, and +it was such a tyrant as he who struck first at the free speech of the +individual. This is the episode that is enacted at the first station. If +this blow at the power of guttural expression failed to quench the fire +of independent thought, sterner measures were taken by striking at the +very hear t of such characters as Moses. Finally, the lash and the +burdens were increased to the point where the workmen literally fell +dead at their feet. The three stations which epitomize these episodes +may be identified with the three stations in the Tabernacle; namely, the +Altar in the east, the Candlestick in the south, and the Table of +Shewbread in the north. The 12 tribes are still preserved in the 12 +fellowcraft, who are assigned to the same positions in which the tribes +were encamped about the Tab ernacle. A ccording to Chapter 2 of the Book +of Numbers, 3 of the tribes were encamped in the east, 3 in the south, 3 +in the west, and 3 in the north." + +It is a common error to confuse that which was lost with the so-called +"lost" word. This word is one of the most peculiar words in the +dictionary, which gives it a prominence no lost word could ever assume. +That which was really lost are the secrets of the Tabernacle's design, +although, in a broader sense, they were merely concealed in the cabalism +of the writings of Moses. As a matter of fact, the layout of the modern +lodge room more closely follows the design of the Tabernacle than it +does that of the Temple. The central feature of that design was the Holy +of Holies, and the Ark of the Covenant, which was subtended below its +center by the angle of the ecliptic. The modern altar is in the +identical position occupied by the Ark in the Tabernacle, which was in +the exact center of the structure. The token of the "Word" is now on top +of the Altar, whereas in the Tabernacle it was deposited inside the Ark. +The Candlestick still stands at the south, although its lights have now +been reduced to 3. The Golden Altar in the east still retains its +position as the station of the master of ceremonies. The Table of the +Shewbread originally was in the north, but this station has now been +shifted to the west. The modern master of ceremonies would be somewhat +at a loss in an attempt to arrange the 10 candlesticks and the 10 tables +specified for the Temple of Solomon, I Kings 7:49. He would be a little +more successful with the "lost" word, for a clue to both it and the +design of the Tabernacle is to be found in the cabalism of Moses, when +he changed the name of Abram to Abraham, and the name of Jacob to +Yisrael. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ozlaw.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ozlaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d4f0bb49 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ozlaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ + -/- THe LaW iN oZ FoR YouNG aNaRCHiSTS -\- + + Well most of us at some stage in our lives will have a brush with the +law, so here's some interesting truths about the law in VIC, OZ. Most of this +stuff applies all throughout OZ though. I'll throw in some general law trivia +as well, just in case you're curious :) + + * If you are under 18 and you sign some sort of contract, it is NOT + legally binding. This means that if you're 16 and you sign a contract + agreeing to pay off a computer over some time limit, you can take the + computer, tell the dude you're not going to pay him shit, and there + isn't a damn thing he can do about it. The onlt times you have to stick + to a contract is if you are buying stuff to live on ( food, clothing, + etc.), or if you borrow money from banks, building society, etc., also + if the contract helps with employment or education. + + * When you are 17 you can leave home. If you leave home before you are + 17, your parents can call the Department of Health & Community services + and get them to find you and bring you home, or take you to court. If + there is bad shit going on at home though, they probably won't force + you to go back. + + * BEING TAKEN TO COURT: + By the police- You can be taken to a court for + committing a crime once you are over 10. If you are under 17 you will + be taken to the children's court. + By someone else- You can be sued by someone if + you have hurt them or caused them to lose money. But you will only be + responsible for the damage or loss if at your age you should have + known what the results would be. + + * POLICE QUESTIONING (the pigs lie about your rights!): + - If you are under 17, the police should not question you + without a friend, relative, or independent person being + present. + - You DO NOT have to give your name or address to the police. + - You do not have to give your name or address on public + transport if asked by the cops or gumbies. + - You do not have to give your name and address if you are + driving a car/bike or if you are on licensed premises. + - You don't have to go with the police unless you're under + arrest. Always ask them 'Am I under arrest?'. + - You don't have to give your fingerprints or blood samples + unless a court orders it. + - You don't have to have your photo taken, or be in a line-up. + - You don't have to answer any questions. Just say "no comment" + or something equally corny :) + - Anything you say at ANYTIME can be used against you, even if + it is so-called "off the books". + - You don't ahve to sign anything unless you agree with it. + HINTS: If you are being interviewed or busted or anything, try + and piss the cops RIGHT off. Say shit like- "Don't you ever + wonder what your dog and your wife get up to while your away + playing cops and robbers?", if you get them so pissed off that + they will hopefully hit you, all charges will be dropped + against you as it will be an "improper arrest", and you can then + sue the ass of the cops who busted you. When getting hassled by + cops in VIC, they will almost always for your address, name and + phone number, even if you haven't done anything. Try this ploy + it can be really funny: + PIG- "So you say you know nothing about the explosion in the + area?" + YOU- "That's what I said" + PIG- "Do you have any I.D. on you?" (notice how they will always + ASK you for it, they can't demand) + YOU (playing dumb)- "Why? I haven't done anything wrong. Do I + have to give you my details?" + PIG- "It's just routine procedure. If you don't tell me your + I.D. I'll take you down to the station." + YOU- "Your full of shit, you have to officially arrest me first + which you won't do as you will get into deep shit for making a + false arrest. What's YOUR name and details? I'm going to report + you to the IID and the deputy Ombudsman." + PIG- "duhhh..." watch his face drop like a brick. + +BTW the phone number for IID (Internal Investigations Department) is +03-418-1888 (24 hour) DOB-A-COP :) + + * SEX: heheh thought i better put this in ;) + - No one is allowed to have sex with you if you are under 10 + - If you are between 10 and 16 a person is not allowed to have + sex with you if they are more then two years older (yes + Psychosis, that does mean that having sex with your mum is + against the law. BTW Psychosis is a Fed Informer AND a lamer, + so he deserves it :) + - If you are aged 16 or 17 a person is not allowed to have sex + with you if you are under their care, supervision or authority. + + * GETTING MARRIED: (why bother?) + + - You can marry once you turn 18. If you are 16 or 17 you can + only get married if: + - your parents agree, and + - your boyfriend or girlfriend is at least 18, and + - a Magistrate or Judge is satisfied that there are + special circumstances. + - You can not get married if you are under 16. + + * DRINKING ALCOHOL: hehehe + + - Until you are 18 you can only drink or buy alcohol if: + - you are at your own or someone else's house; or + - you are in a hotel or restaurant and you are having + a meal with your parents. + - No one is allowed to let you have alcohol unless it is one of + these two situations. Police can take alcohol away from a + person if they "believe" they are under 18 and not in one of + these situations. + - You cannot go into licensed premises unless you are with your + parents or guardian for a meal. If you break the law the police + could charge you and you could go to court. + + * DRUGS: hahaha + + - No matter how old you are it is a crime to have or take drugs + that are illegal unless they have been prescribed (DOH! :) + + * TATTOOS: wierd huh? + + - Until you are 18 you are not allowed to be tattooed (so all + you kiddies will have to wait until your 18th before you can + have "=MAIM=" tattooed on your forehead :-) + + * BUYING CIGARETTES: to use as fuse delays ;) + + - Until you are 18 no-one can sell or give you tobacco. + + * CARRYING A WEAPON: the interesting bit... + + - You can only have or buy a gun once you are 18, and you must + have a permit for it. + - If you are over 12 and under 18 you are allowed to carry a + gun (but not a pistol) if you have written permission from the + police. This is called a permit. You will only be given a + permit if: + - your parents agree; and + - you are a responsible person (yeah right) + - You will only be allowed to use this gun with a permit if you + are with a person over 18 years of age who has a shooters + permit. + - No matter how old you are allowed to use an air-gun or an + air-rifle at a shooting gallery or amusement centre (yippee!). + - You are not allowed to carry knives such as flick-knives, + daggers, butterfly knives, or knuckle knives. + - You are also not allowed to carry nunchuckas, knuckle dusters, + shanghais, blow guns or catapults. + +FINAL NOTE: + If you want other information on any legal stuff, I suggest +calling the Legal Aid Commission on 03-607-0234. + Well this information will probably be pretty useless unless +you live in Victoria so just ignore it if you come from some other place and +read some of the other cool articles. + + .\\orbid .\ngel + =MAIM= +aFFiLiaTeD CRiMe Co-SYSoP + [DiE Trial] diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/park b/textfiles.com/politics/park new file mode 100644 index 00000000..25179d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/park @@ -0,0 +1,293 @@ + +NATIONAL PARKS vs. THE AMERICAN VACATION + by Sheri Griebel + + + While growing up in a South East Los Angeles County ghetto, my +parents couldn't afford much when the time came to taking a vacation. +We would stay only at campgrounds in the National Parks because it was +just a few dollars per night. At the time we didn't have a tent and +the three of us would sleep in the back of our old Rambler station +wagon. I remember the wonderful chats with the forest ranger at the +amphitheaters in every park and enjoyed all the beautiful sights the +parks had to offer. + + My parents taught me to, "take only pictures and leave only +footprints." They wanted me to learn respect for the natural wonders +as well as enjoy the parks amenities. Vacation time was one of those +rare times we were together as a family. It has left me with warm +memories that will carry me through the golden years of my life. + + Now I live in Snohomish County, Washington with my husband, Rich +and my son, Tim. The three of us started off on a journey to visit some +of the National Parks and teach Tim the same valuable lessons that I had +learned. The week before the journey Rich sat down and called to make +reservations at all of the places we intended to stay over night. We had +a better income base to work with than my parents had. It wasn't a great +deal better, but enough I thought, that we could afford at least the cheap +motels and have private bathrooms. + + Yosemite, California was one of those places we wanted to see again. +Unfortunately, reservations had to be made one year in advance for a +cabin or hotel room. Reservations can't be made for campsites as they are +on a first come first serve basis. I had no intentions of camping this +time around which wouldn't have worked anyway because we didn't have +enough space in the car for camping gear. We did manage to get reservations +at all the other places on the list. + + It was a very comforting thought to know we had a place to sleep +each night. Sleeping in a rest area on the side of the freeway is not the +best way to spend a family vacation. You don't get very much sleep that +way either with cars and trucks in and out all night long. I would also +have to keep one eye open to watch for anyone approaching the car. + + The first National Park we stayed in was Kings Canyon in California. +The only available rooms were housekeeping cabins with kerosene lanterns +for light and a wood stove for heat. There was no running water, toilet, +sink or shower in the one room cabin. It had a single bed, a double bed +and two night stands. The Parks Service did provide towels and washcloths +for use in the public showers. My plan was to stay in motels or hotels +with private bathrooms but, since this was all that was available we had +no choice. The cabin was all right and it was a new experience for Tim +besides, it was kind of cozy and even a little bit romantic. + + The first thing I had to do was use the restroom after the long drive. +Rich and I have stayed in housekeeping cabins in the past and I knew what +to expect from the public facilities. But, I was not prepared for what I +was about to walk into, the restrooms were filthy. The floor was covered +with dirt and trash and the sinks had left over toothpaste and goop on +them. The facility was long overdue for a good scrub with cleanser. + + To top off matters there wasn't any toilet paper in the stall I +had chosen. After that I decided to go around back and check the public +showers. Again, I was not prepared for what I saw. The floors of the +fiberglass shower stalls were almost black with dirt and muck and there +was trash all over the floors in the dressing areas. It was disgusting to +think about showering while standing in the crud on the floor but, that +was the only shower available to the cabin dwellers. It was either use it +or not shower at all. + + I attempted to apply logic to the mess I walked into. My first thought +was that we had arrived before the morning crew had a chance to clean up, +however, it was 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon when we checked in. The second +thought was, it's Saturday and maybe the cleaning crew didn't work on the +weekends. That was quickly dismissed because the cleaning crew lives there +and does work on weekends, the busiest time of the week. I could not think +of any excuse to make up for the uncleanliness of the public facilities. + + The three of us were scheduled for two nights in the cabin at Grants +Grove because we wanted to spend one day in Sequoia and one in Kings +Canyon. Grant Grove is in the middle of the two areas making both easily +accessible for our time frame. While on our naturalist walks through +meadows and caves and self guided walks through sequoia trees we did stop +to use facilities at other park villages. In every restroom I found the +same type of mess. It was a shame to see such a beautiful historical park +with such filthy public facilities. + + There were also a lot of tour bus groups at Kings Canyon on that +weekend and it was embarrassing to be in the restrooms with women from +another country, who are seeing the park for the first time. I wondered +if they were noticing the uncleanliness until I heard two of the bus tour +guides (who were talking in English), apologizing for the filth in the +restrooms. They were telling their tour guests, "This is not the way +Americans live, and we really are very clean people. It's just the way the +park has been mismanaged." + + My parents brought me to Sequoia and Kings Canyon for the first time +when I was only four years old. I've been to the Park many times since +and have never tired of the beauty and the serenity I've felt there. I +wanted to teach my son the same lessons I had learned, "take only pictures +and leave only footprints." What I taught mostly was the inadequacies of +the US Parks Service. I did not realize how much had changed since those +days long ago when Americans enjoyed the parks their taxes paid for. This +was only the first National Park stop on the vacation leaving the family +with an uneasy feeling of what to expect at the next park. + + While in Southern California we visited with family and of course, +went to Disneyland. No, it is not a National Park but it is a place of +fond memories. I mention it only because we bumped into another large +group of tourists from another country. While in Kings Canyon I had +noticed how rude some of the tour guests were but I didn't really pay a +lot of attention to it at the time. At Disneyland the rudeness of the tour +groups demanded attention. + + Tim went into the Mad Hatter hat store and got in line to make a +purchase. Four women stepped in front of him instead of going to the end +of the line to make their purchase. Tim said, "Excuse me," but, they just +looked at him and said something in their native language. He thought they +just didn't realize that they had taken advantage of him by taking cuts in +the line until the women got to the cashier. They could speak English quite +fluently by then. Without having international travel experience it is +difficult to excuse what appears to be bad manners in the United States +from what might be a custom in another country. When standing in a line +that goes out the door and around the building with temperatures in the +100 degree range, it's just plain bad manners to cut in front of someone +else. + + I love the different cultures and the diversity of the American +people as I grew up with a large variety of cultures. It taught me +to accept the differences between us and to learn and respect the way +other cultures live. The one thing we had in common in my neighborhood +was our low incomes and lack of tangibles. In other words, all we had was +each other. It has always been a fascination of mine to watch someone from +a different country see Disneyland for the first time. That first time on +the Bobsleds or Space Mountain brings excitement and surprise to their +voice and facial expressions. It's a contagious, free spirited enthusiasm +that one loses having been to the park so many times before. But, the +groups of people I observed were nothing short of obnoxious and rude. They +would shove others out of the way to get ahead of as many as possible for +a ride or a food line. Disneyland is not the place to be in a hurry to do +anything. In my thirty years worth of experience at Disneyland, I've never +noticed such blatant disregard for common courtesy. + + After spending a few days in Southern California we travelled on +and spent one night in Las Vegas, Nevada. One night was all we could +afford. The room and the food were both excellent and cheap, it was the +gambling that was expensive. Actually, Rich and I are not much of gamblers. +We allowed $20.00 for each of us and after we both lost our first $10.00 we +quit. The money was spent on the mezzanine with our son. We had more fun +winning stuffed animals than we did feeding quarters to the slot machines. + + The next morning it was on to Bryce Canyon, Utah. Rich had been there +once when he was small, and it was a new adventure for Tim and me. Zion is +supposed to be pretty too. We were not planning on visiting only driving +through it on the state route that leads to Bryce. We had to pay $5.00 at +the Zion Park entrance gate that was right on the state route. This wasn't +a problem and would have been all right except we had to pay another $5.00 +when we got to the Bryce Park entrance. The fee is supposed to be good for +7 days in the National Park. It didn't register with me until we had to +pay again that the two parks were separate and not covered by one fee. + + That was a pretty rotten trick since you can't get to Bryce without +going down the highway that leads to Zion. This was not a good way to +start out in another National Park after the Kings Canyon ordeal. It +was just another little bit of frustration, and after a time of being +irritated, I decided to drop the subject and try to get on with the spirit +of the vacation. It's too long of a drive in a small car with everyone +having to listen to one person complaining. + + The Bryce Lodge is a very nice log cabin style building. The room had +two queen size beds which was nice since Rich is six foot five. It was not +equipped with air conditioning or television. There was a back patio with +a screen door that we kept open but, at 103 degrees and no breeze there +wasn't much air circulation in the room. I was happy with it since it +was just a cheaper type of hotel room without the extras, until I found +out we were charged $72.50 for the room. The cabin in Kings Canyon was +only $35.00 per night and the hotel room in Las Vegas was only $47.00 per +night and it had cable TV with free HBO movies and air conditioning. This +hotel room wasn't anything more than a glorified cabin. + + It was late afternoon and I was tired of the heat and hungry. +I wanted to go to the restaurant in the main lodge for dinner as we did +in Kings Canyon, and hopefully, it would be air conditioned. Rich said, +"We have to make reservations to get into the restaurant and while I was +registering for the room I looked over the menu. The cheapest meal was +$12.00." Spending this kind of money was not in the budget. We got back +in the car and went outside of the park to have dinner. At the restaurant +just down the road I had a grilled cheese sandwich, french fries and all +the soda I could drink for only $4.00. It only takes simple math to figure +out the difference in price for one meal was $8.00. + + Something interesting to ponder is Kings Canyon rooms are managed by +the U.S. Parks Service and so are the lodges and restaurants. Bryce Canyon +is managed by T W Recreational Services which has a contract with the U.S. +Department of the Interior to operate several National Park lodges. In +other words with the lodges operated by the NPS the prices are cheap and +the service is lousy. With the private industry management company the +prices are outrageous and the service is good. After all, the bathroom was +clean at Bryce Lodge. Las Vegas, with privately owned and operated +establishments, has great prices and service. + + All of us wanted this to be the last evening spent at a National +Park so the three of us decided to cancel the next National Park stay +which was in Mesa Verde, Colorado. The National Park experience was not +worth spoiling our whole vacation and it was not one of those memories +that would keep my son warm on a cold night in his latter years. We +revamped our trip to take us up through Utah and into Idaho to the Craters +of the Moon National Park. We could drive the naturalist trail and continue +driving to Oregon where we could stay in a cheap motel. We would eventually +end up at Grand Coulee Dam in Washington to watch the laser show and then +westward home to Snohomish County. With our new plans and reservations made +we went to bed. + + Remember the screen doors on the patios? Our next door neighbors, at +least four of them, had to open their screen door about every 30 seconds. +The doors were in dire need of oil because they would shriek and crack +with each opening and slam against the door jam with each closing. Our +neighbors apparently could afford to spend a lot of money on alcohol, and +were having quite the good time. They talked very loud and had very slurred +speech; and they sure did like that shrieking door, all night long. It's +very much an evening I will remember for years to come. Maybe one day I'll +be able to sit back and laugh at this whole experience. Maybe one day Tim +will find it funny too and this trip won't turn out to be a worthless +experience. That wasn't the lesson I wanted to teach, though he may be +able to learn that all things eventually do pass. + + The next morning we were all in a bad mood. That should have been +expected after what we had been through. I was reading the room price list +and it showed $67.50 for two adults, $72.50 for three adults. Children 12 +years and under stay free in existing beds. I guess that means if house- +keeping doesn't have to bring in a day bed. Tim was 12 years old and we +should not have been charged for his stay, according to the sign. Since I +didn't make the reservations I asked Rich about the charges. He was told +on the phone children 12 and up are charged as an adult. I was furious by +this time but, Rich doesn't like to make waves so I didn't go to the office +to complain. I did fill out the questionnaire and noted the squeaky door. +It's only fair to note that a few weeks after we got home I received a +partial refund check by mail. The management company also stated they would +oil all of the doors. + + Before leaving the area we drove to Sunset Canyon and took pictures. +We were standing and looking at Thor's Hammer, a beautiful monolith, and +I heard people talking about the tour group surrounding us. This was a +group of foreign exchange students; and before they go to their host +family they pick which National Parks to visit. The adults with the group +were chaperones and there seemed to be more chaperones than students. I +also noticed a couple of them wearing a forest green fanny pack just like +mine. It had a silk screened logo saying, "National Parks Conservation +Association", a group I joined for the first time this year. I don't know +what their affiliation is with foreign exchange students, and since they +didn't return my phone calls I probably will never find out. I also +probably won't be renewing my membership with them. + + Bryce Canyon was beautiful and I hope it is preserved forever as well +as the other National Parks in the United States. We did get to see some +of America's best preserved geological areas and ancient trees. It made me +feel good knowing my son got that chance before any disaster struck. On +our way home from Grand Coulee Dam we had to take a detour route because +of a forest fire in the Wenatchee National Forest that was threatening the +Bavarian village of Leavenworth. There were beautiful mountains loaded with +fir trees, deer, elk, bear and lots of little critters that either perished +or lost their home to the devastation of fire. It gave me the same feeling +as did the mismanagement of the National Parks, they might as well burn it +down, nobody is taking care of it anymore. + + I have read articles in various magazines telling how different +groups are trying to limit the amount of people visiting the Parks. The +tourist attractions like Kings Canyon have been vandalized and have had +much destruction to the delicate areas that were fenced off. We were very +sorry to see people had carved names and initials in the base of the +General Sherman tree. Then I saw for myself that the National Parks are +booked months in advance to large tour groups. + + It also appears the working class Americans can not afford to visit any +other way than by taking a chance on getting a camping spot. This concerns +me because it is our American Heritage and every American should be able to +view the wonders and pass the experience to each generation. Instead, the +"saving" of the National Parks seems to have become nothing but a commercial +venture. Our generation can not expect the next generation to continue +preservation of our National Parks if they've never seen them and can not +visualize what they are supposed to be preserving. + + # # # + +Copyright 1994 Sheri Griebel +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Sheri Griebel is a Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Officer with the +Washington State Patrol and spends her off duty time operating an +electronic bulletin board system (bbs) aimed at writing and photography. +Sheri enjoys writing about life's ups and downs and may be reached +electronically at Writer & Photographer Exchange (206) 659-7102, Fidonet +1:343/305 or by way of the Internet: sheri.griebel@gun&hose.damar.com +===================================================================== + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/parks.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/parks.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..54c57cbb --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/parks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ + + FEDERAL PARKS + + + This had been a very long winter and spring for the + entire family. Our reservations to spend a month sight- + seeing in Egypt have been confirmed since last October. + We often talked about special sites we wanted to visit. + Would we see the Great Pyramid at Cheops or the Aswan Dam? + Maybe we would go farther down the Nile to visit some of the + lesser known pyramids at Karnack. We've had discussions on + what it will be like to ride on a camel. We'd heard that + camels smell badly and wondered about that. And we were + looking forward to finding out if Egypt was all sand. + This trip was the talk of the school which my two + children attended. Not only were their classmates inter- + ested, their teachers had became involved. + One day, my son asked if we were going to visit King + Tut's Tomb. I replied, "Yes, it's on our list." + "What about the curse of his tomb? Will we be cursed?" + "I doubt it Billy." I answered. "That was only a + story." + "No it's not!" retorted Susie. "Miss Slone brought a + special book of Egypt from the library. She read us the + part about when they opened the tomb and all the people who + died strangely." + "I don't believe it." I replied. "People were much + more superstitious in those days. It was probably a + coincidence that they all died so soon after they opened the + tomb." + "I wouldn't be too sure of that." my wife joined in. + "Do you remember when the artifacts from his tomb were + displayed in Los Angeles? I saw one of the curators on TV. + When asked that very question, he said they didn't know if + the curse was the reason they died." + "Weird!" said Billy as he looked at his sister. "Do + you think it will hurt us if we go in there?" + Susie shivered a bit as she said, "Wow, I hope not." + During the past few months, strange happenings began to + make the headlines. Terrorists shot and killed people at a + couple of airports we would be going through . . . planes + had been hijacked . . . hostages were taken. Would it be + safe for my family to make the trip? + We finally decided the curse of King Tut didn't scare + us but the possibility of running into terrorists did bother + us. We cancelled our trip and decided to visit a national + park in the northwestern United States. After all, these + were run by our government so we could feel safe there. + Yellowstone National Park, Yosemite National Park, + Grand Canyon National Park, millions of acres of public + range land, national sea shores, and on and on and on . . . + Beautiful parks, scenery, wildlife, hiking trails, + camping sites . . . Just look at all the beautiful places + our federal government is giving to the people. An ideal +  + place to spend an extended summer vacation with the family. + Let's set the record right now . . . The United States + government is breaking the law. They have NO power to own + those lands. It's illegal as hell! + The ONLY permission for the national government to own + land is spelled out in Art I, Sect 8, cl 17. It specific- + ally limits ownership to 10 square miles for the seat of the + government (Washington, D.C.) and . . . + ". . . over all places purchased by the consent of the + legislatures of the state in which the same shall be, for + the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and + other needful buildings." + That's it. Not one word about range land, national + parks, presidential or other official hideaways. + The only other place in our Constitution where the word + property appears is in Article IV, Section 3, clause 2. + This permission to "dispose of and make all needful rules + and regulations respecting the territory or other property + belonging to the United States; . . . " + This gives them the right to sell property which + lawfully belongs to the government. It allows them to + exercise control over territories which may be awarded to + the national government as a result of peace treaties, etc. + Not a word about public lands or parks. In 1891, they + passed the first act establishing National Forests. This + came about because people were careless when they went into + forested areas. They cut down trees and then vacated the + areas. No attempt was made to plant new trees and rain + runoff was ruining the lands. Commendable? No argument. + By act of Congress dated Aug. 25, 1916, they es- + tablished The National Park Service as a bureau of the + United States Department of Interior. Purpose was to + "promote and regulate the use of the federal areas known as + national parks, monuments, and reservations . . . by such + means and measures as conform to the fundamental purpose of + said parks, monuments, and reservations, which purpose is to + conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects + and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment + of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave + them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." + (Encyclopedia Americana) This was a laudable undertaking on + the part of the Congress. Makes no matter, it's without + authority in the Constitution. + Ownership by the individual states involved, if + permitted by the state constitution concerned, would be + another story. For the federales to assume such an + undertaking without specific permission from or by an amend- + ment to our Constitution is unlawful. + Back to the naughty word again . . . Deficits! All + monies spent operating the National Park Service is illegal. + Some are really disastrous. They will admit that all the + money collected from overnight lodging does not pay the cost + of maintaining the buildings. Another chunk to move the + figures into the red. After all, it's not their money, it's +  + YOUR MONEY! + Reports are that the United States government owns half + the territory west of the Mississippi. How come? The + Constitution is specific on land ownership, ". . . for the + erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other + needful buildings." Nothing else! + Alaska has been in a running battle with Congress over + the past decade to decide who owns the property in the + state. How can Congress tell the people of Alaska the + federal government owns anything other than a military base + or dockyard, etc.? Even then, the legislature of Alaska is + mandated to give their permission to purchase the property. + And to compound the problem, you are subject to jail if + you go on the property without permission. The charge is + trespassing. What kind of garbage is this? + The Founding Fathers knew they couldn't foresee the + future. They had no idea what problems would arise, so we + know they included the amendment process. We should never + look the other way when the government assumes a power for + which we have not specifically given our permission. It's + that simple. + The powers we agreed to convey for government are + spelled out in no uncertain terms. The way for the govern- + ment to receive new powers from we the people is also plain. + We have to make them use the proper and legal means to + receive justification for any act they intend to undertake. + Parks, wildlife and historical preserves are desirable. + They are places of beauty and fun to visit. Many serve the + purpose of sustaining the heritage of our country. Yet + allowing politicians to seize power which we have specifi- + cally denied them is far more dangerous to the survival of + our country. + If we are so foolish to allow even the slightest step + past what we have allowed, the next step is simple. Without + looking too intently, we can see the result of permitting + the first step to go unchallenged. + This is an old and favorite trick of the politicos. + When they are hell bent on accomplishing a specified goal, + they take at least two steps toward the goal. If they are + earnestly challenged, they will take one step backwards to + disarm the dispute. Then they are one step ahead in + achieving their intended goal. + The scenario goes this: "When we passed the National + Forest Act, we convinced the people it was for their own + good. They were happy we took the initiative. No one + checked the constitution or challenged us. Now we can do + whatever we want. And as long as we convince them it's for + their own good, they'll thank us." Easy, isn't it? + As George Washington pointed out, ". . . the constitu- + tion which at any time exists till changed by an explicit + and authentic act of the whole people is sacredly obligatory + upon all." + Again it is pointed out that we demanded every official + of government take an oath or affirmation to support the +  + supremacy of the Constitution. They cannot exceed what we + have allowed. We all must obey the Constitution and this + includes all who work for government at any level! + A thorough search of The Federalist Papers, shows only + No. 43 by James Madison speaking of the ownership of + property by the federal government. One section deals with + the ownership of the property for the seat of the national + government. + Madison says: "The necessity of a like authority over + forts, magazines, etc., established by the general govern- + ment, is not less evident. The public money expended on + such places, and the public property deposited in them, + require that they should be exempt from the authority of the + particular State. Nor would it be proper for the places on + which the security of the entire Union may depend to be in + any degree dependent on a particular member of it. All + objections and scruples are here also obviated by requiring + the concurrence of the States concerned in every such + establishment." + That's certainly clear enough. We did not say it was + okay to own any property other than what was specified. + Now I'm certain many will say the last clause of Art I, + Sect 8 conveys special jurisdiction to the government. They + can own any property they feel necessary, whatever its + classification. This clause is called the "necessary and + proper" clause. + This argument runs into a stone wall immediately. Two + facts in our Constitution kill that reasoning. One is the + supremacy clause. + The other is the "necessary and proper" clause only + authorizes the exercise of listed powers. This includes + other powers vested by this Constitution in the government + of the United States. The document has to show the power. + NOT whatever THEY think necessary and proper. + The ownership of property is specific and limited. + Nowhere in our Constitution can anyone point to as permis- + sion for ownership of other types of property. This + includes Camp David and a high official hideout on Jekyll + Island off the coast of Georgia. + Have you ever checked to see what these clowns are + required to pay for a stay at Jekyll Island? There are many + others, some set aside in 'public parks', exclusive for high + ranking bureaucrats, members of congress and the justices of + the Supreme Court. Though they might think otherwise, there + are no kings or potentiates in our government. They are + responsible to you and me. + The Federalist Papers are crystal clear on this aspect. + In paper No. 34, Hamilton is emphatic that the necessary and + proper clause pertains only to powers specifically granted. + He addresses the points in particular we are making. + "If the federal government should overpass the just + bounds of its authority and make a tyrannical use of its + powers, the people, whose creature it is, must appeal to the + standard they have formed, and take such measures to redress +  + the injury done to the Constitution as the exigency may + suggest and prudence justify. The propriety of a law, in a + constitutional light, must always be determined by the + nature of the powers upon which it is founded." + Madison in paper No. 44 puts it this way: "If it be + asked what is to be the consequence, in case the Congress + shall misconstrue this part of the Constitution and exercise + powers not warranted by its true meaning, I answer the same + as if they should misconstrue or enlarge any other power + vested in them; as if the general power had been reduced to + particulars, and any one of these were to be violated; the + same, in short, as if the State legislatures should violate + their respective constitutional authorities. In the first + instance, the success of the usurpation will depend on the + executive and judiciary departments, which are to expound + and give effect to the legislative acts; and in the last + resort a remedy must be obtained from the people, who can, + by the election of more faithful representatives, annul the + acts of the usurpers." + Usurpers are those who seize and hold a power or + position without a legal right. This is exactly what we are + facing in our country today. And how could this occur + except with the acquiescence and, as Madison said, collusion + between the executive and judicial branches? + Remember the Tenth Amendment absolutely prohibits the + federal government from assuming ANY power which we did not + delegate. There are no exceptions. + So how do we straighten out this mess? James Madison + had the answer when he said the remedy must come from the + people. + Hamilton also pointed out the people must take whatever + measures necessary to redress the injury to the Constitu- + tion. Call the local office of your Senator or Congressman. + Ask where they find the authorization to own property beyond + what is specified in our Constitution. + A couple more questions would be pertinent. One, have + you taken an oath to support our Constitution? Second, ask + where Congress finds the specific justification to establish + the National Park Service. + Do not to take their answer at face value. Check their + answer against the Constitution. Ask them for specifics. + Point out the two areas in the Constitution which have to do + with property. You will hear a lot of silence at the other + end of the phone. They have never had a question before + like you're asking them now. + Tell them you are unhappy with the government spending + money on items which are beyond the lawmaking and spending + powers of Congress. Ask further what he/she expects to do + about the problem. Then ask your friends to do the same. + Letters to the Editor of your local newspapers would alert + other people of your area. + Another way to stir the pot would be to send members of + Congress who represent you a "Petition For Redress of + Grievances." To refresh our memory, this was a right +  + included in the 1st Amendment. It is NOT a privilege as the + hot shots in government keep insisting. + The colonists had a great deal of trouble with the King + of England. They filed these petitions to ask the King to + correct the wrongs and injustices which had occurred. This + was the main reason they included this right in the First + Amendment. + I strongly suggest you write out the complaint in your + own words. It shouldn't sound as though you are following + something out of a book. You don't need a degree in english + to make your demand understood. Write it as though you were + talking to a member of your family and those in Congress + will understand it also. + There has been no form prescribed for a petition for + redress. Nor did our Founding Fathers specify which branch + of government these petitions were restricted to. Any + branch can be petitioned and I recommend ALL branches + receive these petitions! This right has fallen into nearly + complete disuse over the past years. There is an ASCII file + at the end of this book containing a Petition for Redress of + Grievances. It can be printed on any printer, filled out + and mailed. + A wise man once said, "The more corrupt the state, the + more numerous the laws." (Cornelius Tacitus, Roman senator + and historian. A.D. c.56-c.115) It's our sacred duty to + curb this illegal abuse of our Constitution. We must make + the government again responsible to WE THE PEOPLE. + They are making fools of you and me. + + + PLEASE READ THE 'SALES PITCH' CHAPTER. + + REGISTER WITH THE AUTHOR.  diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/part-sex.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/part-sex.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..497fdb2d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/part-sex.txt @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ + +Shadow Government - By John Jackson (c) 1990-1994 + +Partisan sex +by John A. Jackson + + When I was a child, I heard hints that a certain sexual activity caused +blindness. + Now, in the light of Paula Jones's lawsuit against President Clinton, I +understand that the rumor was correct, but the activity wrong. It's other +people's sexual acts that make us go blind. + Indeed, the ugliest thing about the controversy over Jones's suit is not the +pathetic assault allegedly performed by the President, but the disgusting +hypocrisy and self-interestedness shown by both his critics andhis defenders. + On Clinton's side, feminists who lionized Anita Hill when she took on +Clarence Thomas have fallen all over themselves to label Jones a "kook" and a +"slut" and a mercenary out for a quick profit. + Even Hill herself has gone on TV to deny there is any comparison between +herself and Jones, as if the comparison did not occur at once and to everyone. + Among Clinton's critics, however, a legion of male politicians who had never +shown the slightest interest in stopping the abuse of women in this society +have equally been quick to jump to Jones's defense. In Jones, they are saying, +Bill Clinton has victimized every woman--and he must pay. + Missing in all this fervor has been the slightest trace of intellectual +independence. In every instance of which I am aware, from Rush Limbaugh and Pat +Buchanan on the right to Susan Estrich or Eleanor Clift on the left, the past +political allegiance of the commentator predetermined what he or she has to +say. + People who see Clinton as advancing themselves or their pet policies +universally acquit him of this offense, as if no liberal could molest a woman, +while those who oppose Clinton for partisan reasons incline with few exceptions +to convict. + (Fans of the imperial presidency, who are usually Republicans, havetaken to +asserting that a common worm like Jones lacks the status to sue an exalted +being like the President, while John McLaughlin, himself the target of sexual +harassment suits, has bemoaned the accusation's damage to the office and +predicted Clinton's exoneration.) + For myself, I found both Hill and Jones eminently worth hearing. Jones has a +serious case. The conduct she is alleging was offensive enough to be criminal, +and she asserts she has +corroboration. + I would like to see Jones's charges tested in court and in public, +preferably without the already initiated assassination of her character by +Clinton's hired guns. + I would not like to see the suit dismissed on some flimsy technicality or +because of judicial cowardice. The public interest demands that the case be +heard. + But that solution does not meet all the requirements of the case. + The nation must have a president who is not generally believed to be a sex +fiend and an assaulter of unwilling women. + But it needs even more the unbought and unbiased reflections of its +political intellects, and those it clearly does not now have. + Clinton may and probably should resign, so that the government will still +have an effective head while he spends his time and energy--and otherpeople's +money--defending the remnants of his sorry private character. + But what can be done about the molders of opinion, the members of what I +will call the commentariat? They will not resign. They are permanent. And, as +the Jones case shows, they are endlessly +corrupt. No honest person need consult most of them, and the nation cannot rely +upon their honesty, their disinterest or their intelligence. + The problem is not new, of course. Power always attracts its sycophants. +Even shadow governments have shadow patronage to bestow. Even the GOP has its +think tanks and its foundation +grants. + But a prescription is available. + Back in 1945, in his essay, "Notes on Nationalism," George Orwell observed +that "if one looks back over the past quarter of a century, one finds that +there was hardly a single year when atrocity stories were not being reported +from some quarter of the world; and yet...whether such deeds were +reprehensible, or even whether they happened, was always decided (by the +"intelligentsia") according to political predilection." + Orwell concluded: "It can be argued that no unbiased outlook is possible, +that all creeds and causes involve the same lies, follies and barbarities; and +this is often advanced as a reason for keeping out ofpolitics altogether. + "I do not accept this argument, if only because in the modern world no one +describable as an intellectual can keep out of politics in the sense of not +caring about them.... + "Whether it is possible to get rid of (partisan loves and hatreds), I do not +know, but I do believe that it is possible to struggle against them, and that +this is essentially a moral effort." (Emphases in the original.) + A moral effort? Are we capable of it? Oh, Orwell, you grim man. And the real +sin, as he sees it: "indifference to objective truth." + What I will be looking for as the Jones case unfolds is some sign that +somewhere such an effort is being made. And those who make that moral effort to +see beyond their own political benefit, +whether they are right or left in orientation, I will look to as honest men and +women for advice about other things. + I recommend that you do that, too. You and history are the audience. + And commentators you find venal or corrupt in this instance? Well, write +them off ruthlessly. + Because the Jones case, along with the Whitewater scandal, subsumes so much +that is known or suspected to be defective in the character of the president, +it will stand for today's opinion makers as a kind of latter-day Watergate: a +litmus of their and the nation's integrity. We who write about politics may +imagine that in writing about these things we are subjecting the president to +our judgment. But in setting forth our views we are inviting judgment, not only +upon him, but upon ourselves as well. + Whatever the public's questions about Clinton's character, there should be +little doubt about what they think of us commentators. + And what the commentary so far shows is that their disdain for us is well +deserved. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/patriot.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/patriot.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5bcb1257 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/patriot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,419 @@ + +PATRIOTISM, A MENACE TO LIBERTY +by Emma Goldman, 1911 + +WHAT is patriotism? Is it love of one's birthplace, the place of +childhood's recollections and hopes, dreams and aspirations ? Is it the +place where, in childlike naivete, we would watch the fleeting clouds, and +wonder why we, too, could not run so swiftly? The place where we would +count the milliard glittering stars, terror-stricken lest each one "an eye +should be," piercing the very depths of our little souls? Is it the place +where we would listen to the music of the birds, and long to have wings to +fly, even as they, to distant lands? Or the place where we would sit at +mother's knee, enraptured by wonderful tales of great deeds and conquests ? +In short, is it love for the spot, every inch representing dear and +precious recollections of a happy, joyous, and playful childhood? + If that were patriotism, few American men of today could be called +upon to be patriotic, since the place of play has been turned into factory, +mill, and mine, while deafening sounds of machinery have replaced the music +of the birds. Nor can we longer hear the tales of great deeds, for the +stories our mothers tell today are but those of sorrow, tears, and grief. + What, then, is patriotism? "Patriotism, sir, is the last resort of +scoundrels," said Dr. Johnson. Leo Tolstoy, the greatest anti-patriot of +our times, defines patriotism as the principle that will justify the +training of wholesale murderers; a trade that requires better equipment for +the exercise of man-killing than the making of such necessities of life as +shoes, clothing, and houses; a trade that guarantees better returns and +greater glory than that of the average workingman. + + Gustave Herve, another great anti-patriot, justly calls patriotism +a superstitionHone far more injurious, brutal, and inhumane than religion. +The superstition of religion originated in man's inability to explain +natural phenomena. That is, when primitive man heard thunder or saw the +lightning, he could not account for either, and therefore concluded that +back of them must be a force greater than himself. Similarly he saw a +supernatural force in the rain, and in the various other changes in nature. +Patriotism, on the other hand, is a superstition artificially created and +maintained through a network of lies and falsehoods; a superstition that +robs man of his self-respect and dignity, and increases his arrogance and +conceit. + + Indeed, conceit, arrogance, and egotism are the essentials of +patriotism. Let me illustrate. Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided +into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had +the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves +better, nobler, grander, more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting +any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone +living on that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in the attempt to impose +his superiority upon all the others. + The inhabitants of the other spots reason in like manner, of +course, with the result that, from early infancy, the mind of the child is +poisoned with bloodcurdling stories about the Germans, the French, the +Italians, Russians, etc. When the child has reached manhood, he is +thoroughly saturated with the belief that he is chosen by the Lord himself +to defend his country against the attack or invasion of any foreigner. It +is for that purpose that we are clamoring for a greater army and navy, more +battleships and ammunition. It is for that purpose that America has within +a short time spent four hundred million dollars. Just think of itHfour +hundred million dollars taken from the produce of the people. For surely it +is not the rich who contribute to patriotism. They are cosmopolitans, +perfectly at home in every land. We in America know well the truth of this. +Are not our rich Americans Frenchmen in France, Germans in Germany, or +Englishmen in England? And do they not squandor with cosmopolitan grace +fortunes coined by American factory children and cotton slaves? Yes, theirs +is the patriotism that will make it possible to send messages of +condolence to a despot like the Russian Tsar, when any mishap befalls him, +as President Roosevelt did in the name of his people, when Sergius was +punished by the Russian revolutionists. + It is a patriotism that will assist the arch-murderer, Diaz, in +destroying thousands of lives in Mexico, or that will even aid in arresting +Mexican revolutionists on American soil and keep them incarcerated in +American prisons, without the slightest cause or reason. + But, then, patriotism is not for those who represent wealth and +power. It is good enough for the people. It reminds one of the historic +wisdom of Frederick the Great, the bosom friend of Voltaire, who said: +"Religion is a fraud, but it must be maintained for the masses." + That patriotism is rather a costly institution, no one will doubt +after considering the following statistics. The progressive increase of the +expenditures for the leading armies and navies of the world during the last +quarter of a century is a fact of such gravity as to startle every +thoughtful student of economic problems. It may be briefly indicated by +dividing the time from 1881 to 1905 into five-year periods, and noting the +disbursements of several great nations for army and navy purposes during +the first and last of those periods. From the first to the last of the +periods noted the expenditures of Great Britain increased from +$2,101,848,936 to $4,143,226,885, those of France from $3,324,500,000 to +$3,455,109,900, those of Germany from $725,000,200 to $2,700,375,600, those +of the United States from $1,275,500,750 to $2,650,900,450, those of Russia +from $1,900,975,500 to $5,250,445,100, those of Italy from $1,600,975,750 +to $1,755,500,100, and those of Japan from $182,900,500 to $700,925,475. + The military expenditures of each of the nations mentioned +increased in each of the five-year periods under review. During the entire +interval from 1881 to 1905 Great Britain's outlay for her army increased +fourfold, that of the United States was tripled, Russia's was doubled, that +of Germany increased 35 per cent., that of France about 15 per cent., and +that of Japan nearly 500 per cent. If we compare the expenditures of these +nations upon their armies with their total expenditures for all the +twenty-five years ending with I905, the proportion rose as follows: + In Great Britain from 20 per cent. to 37; in the United States from +15 to 23; in France from 16 to 18; in Italy from 12 to 15; in Japan from 12 +to 14. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that the proportion in +Germany decreased from about 58 per cent. to 25, the decrease being due to +the enormous increase in the imperial expenditures for other purposes, the +fact being that the army expenditures for the period of 190I-5 were higher +than for any five-year period preceding. Statistics show that the countries +in which army expenditures are greatest, in proportion to the total +national revenues, are Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and +Italy, in the order named. + The showing as to the cost of great navies is equally impressive. +During the twenty-five years ending with 1905 naval expenditures increased +approximately as follows: Great Britain, 300 per cent.; France 60 per +cent.; Germany 600 per cent.; the United States 525 per cent.; Russia 300 +per cent.; Italy 250 per cent.; and Japan, 700 per cent. With the exception +of Great Britain, the United States spends more for naval purposes than any +other nation, and this expenditure bears also a larger proportion to the +entire national disbursements than that of any other power. In the period +1881-5, the expenditure for the United States navy was $6.20 out of each +$100 appropriated for all national purposes; the amount rose to $6.60 for +the next five-year period, to $8.10 for the next, to $11.70 for the next, +and to $16.40 for 1901-5. It is morally certain that the outlay for the +current period of five years will show a still further increase. + The rising cost of militarism may be still further illustrated by +computing it as a per capita tax on population. From the first to the last +of the five-year periods taken as the basis for the comparisons here given, +it has risen as follows: In Great Britain, from $18.47 to $52.50; in +France, from $19.66 to $23.62; in Germany, from $10.17 to $15.51; in the +United States, from $5.62 to $13.64; in Russia, from $6.14 to $8.37; in +Italy, from $9.59 to $11.24, and in Japan from 86 cents to $3.11. + It is in connection with this rough estimate of cost per capita +that the economic burden of militarism is most appreciable. The +irresistible conclusion from available data is that the increase of +expenditure for army and navy purposes is rapidly surpassing the growth of +population in each of the countries considered in the present calculation. +In other words, a continuation of the increased demands of militarism +threatens each of those nations with a progressive exhaustion both of men +and resources. + The awful waste that patriotism necessitates ought to be sufficient +to cure the man of even average intelligence from this disease. Yet +patriotism demands still more. The people are urged to be patriotic and for +that luxury they pay, not only by supporting their "defenders," but even by +sacrificing their own children. Patriotism requires allegiance to the flag, +which means obedience and readiness to kill father, mother, brother, +sister. + The usual contention is that we need a standing army to protect the +country from foreign invasion. Every intelligent man and woman knows, +however, that this is a myth maintained to frighten and coerce the foolish. +The governments of the world, knowing each other's interests, do not invade +each other. They have learned that they can gain much more by international +arbitration of disputes than by war and conquest. Indeed, as Carlyle said, +"War is a quarrel between two thieves too cowardly to fight their own +battle; therefore they take boys from one village and another village, +stick them into uniforms, equip them with guns, and let them loose like +wild beasts against each other." + It does not require much wisdom to trace every war back to a +similar cause. Let us take our own Spanish-American war, supposedly a great +and patriotic event in the history of the United States. How our hearts +burned with indignation against the atrocious Spaniards! True, our +indignation did not flare up spontaneously. It was nurtured by months of +newspaper agitation, and long after Butcher Weyler had killed off many +noble Cubans and outraged many Cuban women. Still, in justice to the +American Nation be it said, it did grow indignant and was willing to fight, +and that it fought bravely. But when the smoke was over, the dead buried, +and the cost of the war came back to the people in an increase in the price +of commodities and rentHthat is, when we sobered up from our patriotic +spree it suddenly dawned on us that the cause of the Spanish-American war +was the consideration of the price of sugar; or, to be more explicit, that +the lives, blood, and money of the American people were used to protect the +interests of American capitalists, which were threatened by the Spanish +government. That this is not an exaggeration, but is based on absolute +facts and figures, is best proven by the attitude of the American +government to Cuban labor. When Cuba was firmly in the clutches of the +United States, the very soldiers sent to liberate Cuba were ordered to +shoot Cuban workingmen during the great cigarmakers' strike, which took +place shortly after the war. + Nor do we stand alone in waging war for such causes. The curtain is +beginning to be lifted on the motives of the terrible Russo-Japanese war, +which cost so much blood and tears. And we see again that back of the +fierce Moloch of war stands the still fiercer god of Commercialism. +Kuropatkin, the Russian Minister of War during the Russo-Japanese struggle, +has revealed the true secret behind the latter. The Tsar and his Grand +Dukes, having invested money in Corean concessions, the war was forced for +the sole purpose of speedily accumulating large fortunes. + The contention that a standing army and navy is the best security +of peace is about as logical as the claim that the most peaceful citizen is +he who goes about heavily armed. The experience of every-day life fully +proves that the armed individual is invariably anxious to try his strength. +The same is historically true of governments. Really peaceful countries do +not waste life and energy in war preparations, With the result that peace +is maintained. + However, the clamor for an increased army and navy is not due to +any foreign danger. It is owing to the dread of the growing discontent of +the masses and of the international spirit among the workers. It is to meet +the internal enemy that the Powers of various countries are preparing +themselves; an enemy, who, once awakened to consciousness, will prove more +dangerous than any foreign invader. + The powers that have for centuries been engaged in enslaving the +masses have made a thorough study of their psychology. They know that the +people at large are like children whose despair, sorrow, and tears can be +turned into joy with a little toy. And the more gorgeously the toy is +dressed, the louder the colors, the more it will appeal to the +million-headed child. + An army and navy represents the people's toys. To make them more +attractive and acceptable, hundreds and thousands of dollars are being +spent for the display of these toys. That was the purpose of the American +government in equipping a fleet and sending it along the Pacific coast, +that every American citizen should be made to feel the pride and glory of +the United States. The city of San Francisco spent one hundred thousand +dollars for the entertainment of the fleet; Los Angeles, sixty thousand; +Seattle and Tacoma, about one hundred thousand. To entertain the fleet, did +I say? To dine and wine a few superior officers, while the "brave boys" had +to mutiny to get sufficient food. Yes, two hundred and sixty thousand +dollars were spent on fireworks, theatre parties, and revelries, at a time +when men, women, and child}en through the breadth and length of the country +were starving in the streets; when thousands of unemployed were ready to +sell their labor at any price. + Two hundred and sixty thousand dollars! What could not have been +accomplished with such an enormous sum ? But instead of bread and shelter, +the children of those cities were taken to see the fleet, that it may +remain, as one of the newspapers said, "a lasting memory for the child." + A wonderful thing to remember, is it not? The implements of +civilized slaughter. If the mind of the child is to be poisoned with such +memories, what hope is there for a true realization of human brotherhood ? + We Americans claim to be a peace-loving people. We hate bloodshed; +we are opposed to violence. Yet we go into spasms of joy over the +possibility of projecting dynamite bombs from flying machines upon helpless +citizens. We are ready to hang, electrocute, or lynch anyone, who, from +economic necessity, will risk his own life in the attempt upon that of some +industrial magnate. Yet our hearts swell with pride at the thought that +America is becoming the most powerful nation on earth, and that it will +eventually plant her iron foot on the necks of all other nations. + Such is the logic of patriotism. + Considering the evil results that patriotism is fraught with for +the average man, it is as nothing compared with the insult and injury that +patriotism heaps upon the soldier himself,Hthat poor, deluded victim of +superstition and ignorance. He, the savior of his country, the protector of +his nation,Hwhat has patriotism in store for him? A life of slavish +submission, vice, and perversion, during peace; a life of danger, exposure, +and death, during war. + While on a recent lecture tour in San Francisco, I visited the +Presidio, the most beautiful spot overlooking the Bay and Golden Gate Park. +Its purpose should have been playgrounds for children, gardens and music +for the recreation of the weary. Instead it is made ugly, dull, and gray by +barracks,Hbarracks wherein the rich would not allow their dogs to dwell. In +these miserable shanties soldiers are herded like cattle; here they waste +their young days, polishing the boots and brass buttons of their superior +officers. Here, too, I saw the distinction of classes: sturdy sons of a +free Republic, drawn up in line like convicts, saluting every passing +shrimp of a lieutenant. American equality, degrading manhood and elevating +the uniform! + Barrack life further tends to develop tendencies of sexual +perversion. It is gradually producing along this line results similar to +European military conditions. Havelock Ellis, the noted writer on sex +psychology, has made a thorough study of the subject. I quote: "Some of the +barracks are great centers of male prostitution.... The number of soldiers +who prostitute themselves is greater than we are willing to believe. It is +no exaggeration to say that in certain regiments the presumption is in +favor of the venality of the majority of the men.... On summer evenings +Hyde Park and the neighborhood of Albert Gate are full of guardsmen and +others plying a lively trade, and with little disguise, in uniform or +out.... In most cases the proceeds form a comfortable addition to Tommy +Atkins' pocket money." + To what extent this perversion has eaten its way into the army and +navy can best be judged from the fact that special houses exist for this +form of prostitution. The practice is not limited to England; it is +universal. "Soldiers are no less sought after in France than in England or +in Germany, and special houses for military prostitution exist both in +Paris and the garrison towns." + Had Mr. Havelock Ellis included America in his investigation of sex +perversion, he would have found that the same conditions prevail in our +army and navy as in those of other countries. The growth of the standing +army inevitably adds to the spread of sex perversion; the barracks are the +incubators. + Aside from the sexual effects of barrack life, it also tends to +unfit the soldier for useful labor after leaving the army. Men, skilled in +a trade, seldom enter the army or navy, but even they, after a military +experience, find themselves totally unfitted for their former occupations. +Having acquired habits of idleness and a taste for excitement and +adventure, no peaceful pursuit can content them. Released from the army, +they can turn to no useful work. But it is usually the social riff-raff, +discharged prisoners and the like, whom either the struggle for life or +their own inclination drives into the ranks. These, their military term +over, again turn to their former life of crime, more brutalized and +degraded than before. It is a well-known fact that in our prisons there is +a goodly number of ex-soldiers; while, on the other hand, the army and navy +are to a great extent plied with ex-convicts. + Of all the evil results I have just described none seems to me so +detrimental to human integrity as the spirit patriotism has produced in the +case of Private William Buwalda. Because he foolishly believed that one can +be a soldier and exercise his rights as a man at the same time, the +military authorities punished him severely. True, he had served his country +fifteen years, during which time his record was unimpeachable. According to +Gen. Funston, who reduced Buwalda's sentence to three years, "the first +duty of an officer or an enlisted man is unquestioned obedience and loyalty +to the government, and it makes no difference whether he approves of that +government or not." Thus Funston stamps the true character of allegiance. +According to him, entrance into the army abrogates the principles of the +Declaration of Independence. + What a strange development of patriotism that turns a thinking +being into a loyal machine ! + In justification of this most outrageous sentence of Buwalda, Gen. +Funston tells the American people that the soldier's action was "a serious +crime equal to treason." Now, what did this "terrible crime" really consist +of ? Simply in this: William Buwalda was one of fifteen hundred people who +attended a public meeting in San Francisco; and, oh, horrors, he shook +hands with the speaker, Emma Goldman. A terrible crime, indeed, which the +General calls "a great military offense, infinitely worse than desertion." + Can there be a greater indictment against patriotism than that it +will thus brand a man a criminal, throw him into prison, and rob him of the +results of fifteen years of faithful service? + Buwalda gave to his country the best years of his life and his very +manhood. But all that was as nothing. Patriotism is inexorable and, like +all insatiable monsters, demands all or nothing. It does not admit that a +soldier is also a human being, who has a right to his own feelings and +opinions, his own inclinations and ideas. No, patriotism can not admit of +that. That is the lesson which Buwalda was made to learn; made to learn at +a rather costly, though not at a useless price. When he returned to +freedom, he had lost his position in the army, but he regained his +self-respect. After all, that is worth three years of imprisonment. + A writer on the military conditions of America, in a recent +article, commented on the power of the military man over the civilian in +Germany. He said, among other things, that if our Republic had no other +meaning than to guarantee all citizens equal rights, it would have just +cause for existence. I am convinced that the writer was not in Colorado +during the patriotic regime of General Bell. He probably would have changed +his mind had he seen how, in the name of patriotism and the Republic, men +were thrown into bull-pens, dragged about, driven across the border, and +subjected to all kinds of indignities. Nor is that Colorado incident the +only one in the growth of military power in the United States. There is +hardly a strike where troops and militia do not come to the rescue of those +in power, and where they do not act as arrogantly and brutally as do the +men wearing the Kaiser's uniform. Then, too, we have the Dick military law. +Had the writer forgotten that? + A great misfortune with most of our writers is that they are +absolutely ignorant on current events, or that, lacking honesty, they will +not speak of these matters. And so it has come to pass that the Dick +military law was rushed through Congress with little discussion and still +less publicity,Ha law which gives the President the power to turn a +peaceful citizen into a bloodthirsty man-killer, supposedly for the defense +of the country, in reality for the protection of the interests of that +particular party whose mouthpiece the President happens to be. + Our writer claims that militarism can never become such a power in +America as abroad, since it is voluntary with us, while compulsory in the +Old World. Two very important facts, however, the gentleman forgets to +consider. First, that conscription has created in Europe a deep-seated +hatred of militarism among all classes of society. Thousands of young +recruits enlist under protest and, once in the army, they will use every +possible means to desert. Second, that it is the compulsory feature of +militarism which has created a tremendous anti-militarist movement, feared +by European Powers far more than anything else. After all, the greatest +bulwark of capitalism is militarism. The very moment the latter is +undermined, capitalism will totter. True, we have no conscription; that is, +men are not usually forced to enlist in the army, but we have developed a +far more exacting and rigid forceHnecessity. Is it not a fact that during +industrial depressions there is a tremendous increase in the number of +enlistments ? The trade of militarism may not be either lucrative or +honorable, but it is better than tramping the country in search of work, +standing in the bread line, or sleeping in municipal lodging houses. After +all, it means thirteen dollars per month, three meals a day, and a place to +sleep. Yet even necessity is not sufficiently strong a factor to bring into +the army an element of character and manhood. No wonder our military +authorities complain of the "poor material" enlisting in the army and navy. +This admission is a very encouraging sign. It proves that there is still +enough of the spirit of independence and love of liberty left in the +average American to risk starvation rather than don the uniform. + Thinking men and women the world over are beginning to realize that +patriotism is too narrow and limited a conception to meet the necessities +of our time. The centralization of power has brought into being an +international feeling of solidarity among the oppressed nations of the +world; a solidarity which represents a greater harmony of interests between +the workingman of America and his brothers abroad than between the American +miner and his exploiting compatriot; a solidarity which fears not foreign +invasion, because it is bringing all the workers to the point when they +will say to their masters, "Go and do your own killing. We have done it +long enough for you." +This solidarity is awakening the consciousness of even the soldiers, they, +too, being flesh of the flesh of the great human family. A solidarity that +has proven infallible more than once during past struggles, and which has +been the impetus inducing the Parisian soldiers, during the Commune of +1871, to refuse to obey when ordered to shoot their brothers. It has given +courage to the men who mutinied on Russian warships during recent years. It +will eventually bring about the uprising of all the oppressed and +downtrodden against their international exploiters. + The proletariat of Europe has realized the great force of that +solidarity and has, as a result, inaugurated a war against patriotism and +its bloody spectre, militarism. Thousands of men fill the prisons of +France, Germany, Russia, and the Scandinavian countries, because they dared +to defy the ancient superstition. Nor is the movement limited to the +working class; it has embraced representatives in all stations of life, its +chief exponents being men and women prominent in art, science, and letters. + America will have to follow suit. The spirit of militarism has +already permeated all walks of life. Indeed, I am convinced that militarism +is growing a greater danger here than anywhere else, because of the many +bribes capitalism holds out to those whom it wishes to destroy. + The beginning has already been made in the schools. Evidently the +government holds to the Jesuitical conception, "Give me the child mind, and +I will mould the man." Children are trained in military tactics, the glory +of military achievements extolled in the curriculum, and the youthful minds +perverted to suit the government. Further, the youth of the country is +appealed to in glaring posters to join the army and navy. "A fine chance to +see the world !" cries the governmental huckster. Thus innocent boys are +morally shanghaied into patriotism, and the military Moloch strides +conquering through the Nation. + The American workingman has suffered so much at the hands of the +soldier, State and Federal, that he is quite justified in his disgust with, +and his opposition to, the uniformed parasite. However, mere denunciation +will not solve this great problem. What we need is a propaganda of +education for the soldier: antipatriotic literature that will enlighten him +as to the real horrors of his trade, and that will awaken his consciousness +to his true relation to the man to whose labor he owes his very existence. +It is precisely this that the authorities fear most. It is already high +treason for a soldier to attend a radical meeting. No doubt they will also +stamp it high treason for a soldier to read a radical pamphlet. But, then, +has not authority from time immemorial stamped every step of progress as +treasonable ? Those, however, who earnestly strive for social +reconstruction can well afford to face all that; for it is probably even +more important to carry the truth into the barracks than into the factory. +When we have undermined the patriotic lie, we shall have cleared the path +for that great structure wherein all nationalities shall be united into a +universal brotherhood,Ha truly FREE SOCIETY. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pc1988.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pc1988.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9cd90f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pc1988.txt @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +(EDITOR'S NOTE: A NATIONAL PANEL OF MEDIA EXPERTS ANNUALLY SELECTS +THE TOP TEN UNDER-REPORTED NEWS STORIES OF THE YEAR) + + AMERICA'S INFORMATION MONOPOLY + TOPS UNDER-REPORTED NEWS STORIES OF 1987 + + ROHNERT PARK -- The rapidly increasing concentration of media +ownership in America and its impact on a free society topped the list of 25 +overlooked issues of 1987 according to a national panel of media experts. + + The second most undercovered story of the year, cited by Project +Censored, concerned the mounting evidence of a large-scale contra/CIA drug +smuggling network. + + Now in its 12th year, Project Censored, a national media research +effort conducted annually at Sonoma State University, California, locates +stories about significant issues which are not widely publicized by the +national news media. + + Following are the top ten under-reported news stories of 1987 as +announced by project director Carl Jensen, professor of communication +studies at Sonoma State University: + + 1. The Information Monopoly. Media expert Ben Bagdikian found that +in 1987 just 29 corporations controlled half or more of the media business +in America. Wall Street analysts of the media predict that only half a +dozen giant firms will control most of our media by the 1990s. The impact +of this information cartel on a free society is ignored by the mass media. + + 2. The U.S. and Its Contra/Drug Connection. An investigation +by the Christic Institute, along with testimony before Congressional +committees last year, revealed a startling picture of large-scale drug +trafficking under the auspices of the U.S. government/contra supply +network. In the midst of Nancy Reagan's well-publicized "Just Say No" to +drugs campaign, the mainstream media failed to expose the contra gun- +running operation that provided a safe conduit for drugs into the U.S. + + 3. Unreported Worldwide Nuclear Accidents. In 1987, the West German +weekly DER SPIEGEL published secret nuclear reactor accident reports +compiled by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The reports, translated +into English and published in a small circulation U.S. publication, were +ignored by the major media. DER SPIEGEL said that "a meltdown was a real +possibility" in several of the accidents and warned that human error is +most prevalent in North America. + + 4. Reagan's Mania for Secrecy. Even though President Reagan +proclaimed 1987 the "Year of the Reader," three major reports published in +1987 charged that because of the Reagan administration's penchant for +secrecy, there was less to read last year. The reports detail how a massive +network of executive orders, secret directives, and administrative edicts +institutionalized secrecy throughout the government and put unprecedented +controls on information available to the public. + + 5. George Bush's Role in the Iran Arms Deal. Evidence surfaced last +year which indicates that Vice President Bush, far more than President +Reagan, promoted the Iran arms initiative, took part in secret +negotiations, and conferred upon Oliver North the secret powers to carry it +out. The evidence suggests that Bush supported the Iran arms sales because +of an economic motive +-- the desire to stabilize dropping oil prices. + + 6. Biowarfare Research in University Laboratories. Overshadowed by +Star Wars, the push toward biowarfare has been one of the Reagan +administration's best kept secrets. Despite an international agreement +which bans the development of germ-warfare agents, the Pentagon's research +budget for infectious diseases and toxins has increased tenfold since +fiscal '81 and most of the '86 budget of $42 million went to 24 U.S. +university campuses where the world's most deadly organisms are being +cultured in campus labs. + + 7. Biased Press Coverage of Arias Peace Plan. Two studies monitoring +U.S. press coverage of the Arias peace plan found significant bias in the +coverage. The New York-based Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting group +concluded that the study showed how "Reagan's obsession with Nicaragua has +turned into a media obsession." The other study, by the Media Alliance, a +San Francisco-based group of media professionals, concluded that most of +the newspapers studied followed the Reagan administration's direction as to +what deserved coverage in Central America. + + 8. Dumping Our Toxic Wastes on the Third World. Exporting hazardous +and toxic wastes to Third World countries is a growth industry. The +exported material includes heavy metal residues and chemical-contaminated +wastes, pharmaceutical refuse, and municipal sewage sludge and incinerator +ash. The risks for countries that accept our wastes range from +contamination of groundwater and crops to birth defects and cancer. Since +we import food from some of these same countries, our exported hazardous +wastes could easily end up on our own dinner tables. + + 9. The Censored Report of Torture in El Salvador. A 165-page report +smuggled out of the Mariona men's prison in El Salvador by the Human Rights +Commission of El Salvador, documents the "routine" use of at least 40 kinds +of torture on political prisoners. Prisoners are systematically tortured by +Salvadoran police forces who are trained and occasionally supervised by +American military advisers. The use of torture reportedly is part of the +U.S. counterinsurgency program in El Salvador. + + 10. Project Galileo Shuttle to Carry Lethal Plutonium. Despite dire +scientific warnings of a possible disaster, NASA is pursuing plans to +launch the Project Galileo shuttle space probe with 49 pounds of plutonium +on it. Theoretically, one pound of plutonium, evenly distributed, could +give everyone on the planet a fatal case of lung cancer. Critics of the +plan claim that putting Galileo's plutonium payload into space is both +risky and unnecessary. + + The other 15 under-reported stories of 1987 were: U.S. Sends Bullets +to Starving Children in Honduras; Decline in Genetic Diversity: Global +Disaster in the Making; The United States: An International Outlaw; The +Tragedy of Grenada Since October 25, 1983; The FBI Tries To Turn America's +Librarians Into Spies; Reagan's 1980 "October Surprise" -- Arms For +Hostages; Oliver North's Secret Plan to Declare Martial Law; Non-ionizing +Radiation and Public Health/Safety Hazards; Glowing Outlook For Food +Irradiation Business; The Growth of Economic Apartheid in America; OMB +Compiling Nationwide Blacklist of Grant Violators; Roundup: the World's +Most Popular Weed Killer; Puerto Rico: The Revolution at Our Doorstep; +Congressional Conflict of Interest: "Company" Man Probes Contras; Millions +of America's Animals Tested, Maimed, and Killed Annually. + +PROJECT CENSORED JUDGES + The panel of jurors who selected the top ten stories were: Dr. Donna +Allen, founding editor of MEDIA REPORT TO WOMEN; Ben Bagdikian, Dean, +Graduate School of Journalism, University of California, Berkeley; Noam +Chomsky, professor, Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of +Technology; John Kenneth Galbraith, economist, Harvard University; George +Gerbner, professor, Annenberg School of Communications, University of +Pennsylvania; Nicholas Johnson, professor, College of Law, University of +Iowa; Charles L. Klotzer, editor and publisher, THE ST. LOUIS JOURNALISM +REVIEW; Brad Knickerbocker, national news editor, THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE +MONITOR; + + Judith Krug, Director, Office for Intellectual Freedom, American +Library Association; Bill Moyers, Executive Editor, Public Affairs +Television; Jack L. Nelson, professor, Graduate School of Education, +Rutgers University; Herbert I. Schiller, Professor of Communication, +University of California, San Diego; George Seldes, America's Emeritus +Journalist and author of THE GREAT THOUGHTS; Sheila Rabb Weidenfeld, +president, D.C. Productions; Mortimer B. Zuckerman, Chairman and Editor- +in-Chief, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT. + + Sonoma State University student researchers participating in the +nationwide research effort were Frances Caballo, Carolina Clare, Morley +Cowan, Nana Nash, Mark Pierson, Lance Plaza, Kevin W.Rose, Roxanne +Turnage, and Kelly Wendt. + + Jensen, who originated the media research project in 1976, said "The +increasing centralization of information sources, combined with the Reagan +administration's mania for secrecy, significantly reduced the flow of +information to the American people last year. Each of the stories cited +above should have been on the front page of every newspaper and on every +network news program in the country. The fact that they weren't suggests +there is an effective covert form of censorship in America." + + Anyone interested in nominating a 1988 story for next year's project +can send a copy of the story to Carl Jensen, Project Censored, Sonoma State +University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928. + +(EDITOR'S NOTE: SIDEBAR STORY FOLLOWS) +INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISTS AND MEDIA +CITED FOR EXPOSING "CENSORED" STORIES + + Following are the investigative journalists and media cited by Project +Censored for exploring the top ten issues overlooked or under-reported by +the national news media in 1987: + + 1. The Information Monopoly -- EXTRA!, 6/87, "The 26 corporations +that own our media," and MULTINATIONAL MONITOR, 9/87, "The Media Brokers," +both by Ben Bagdikian; UTNE READER, 1/88, Censorship in Publishing," by +Lynette Lamb. + + 2. The U.S. and Its Contra/Drug Connection -- THE CHRISTIC INSTITUTE +SPECIAL REPORT, 11/87, "The Contra-Drug Connection" by Daniel P. Sheehan; +NEWSDAY, 6/28/87, "Witness: Contras Got Drug Cash," by Knut Royce; THE +NATION, 9/5/87, "How the Drug Czar Got Away," by Martin A. Lee; IN THESE +TIMES, 4/15/87, "CIA, contras hooked on drug money," by Vince Bielski and +Dennis Bernstein. + + 3. Unreported Worldwide Nuclear Accidents -- EARTH ISLAND JOURNAL, +Summer, 1987, "Secret Documents Reveal Nuclear Accidents Worldwide," by Gar +Smith with Hans Hollitscher; EXTRA!, 6/87, "Nuclear Broadcasting Company." + + 4. Reagan's Mania for Secrecy -- THE NATION, 5/23/87, "History +Deleted;" GOVERNMENT SECRECY: DECISIONS WITHOUT DEMOCRACY, 12/87, by People +For The American Way; FYI MEDIA ALERT 1987, 3/87, "The Reagan +Administration & The News Media," by The Reporters Committee for Freedom of +the Press; THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, Washington Office, "Less +Access to Less Information By and About the U.S. Government: IX," 12/87, by +Anne A. Heanue. + + 5. George Bush's Role in the Iran Arms Deal -- PACIFIC NEWS SERVICE, +12/21/87, "Bush had oil policy interest in promoting Iran arms deals," by +Peter Dale Scott. + + 6. Biowarfare Research in University Laboratories -- ISTHMUS, +10/9/87, "Biowarfare and the UW," by Richard Jannaccio; THE PROGRESSIVE, +11/16/87, "Poisons from the Pentagon," by Seth Shulman; WALL STREET +JOURNAL, 9/17/86, "Military Science," by Bill Richards and Tim Carrington. + + 7. Biased Press Coverage of Arias Peace Plan -- SAN FRANCISCO BAY +GUARDIAN, 1/6/88, "On Central America, U.S. Dailies Parrot Reagan Line," by +Jeff Gillenkirk; EXTRA!, 8/87, "Media Put Reagan Spin on Arias Plan," by +Jeff Cohen and Martin A. Lee. + + 8. Dumping Our Toxic Wastes on the Third World -- THE NATION, +10/3/87, "The Export of U.S. Toxic Wastes," by Andrew Porterfield and David +Weir. + + 9. The Censored Report of Torture in El Salvador -- THE NATION, +2/21/87, "After the Press Bus Left," and THE NATION, 11/14/87, "The Press +and the Plan," both by Alexander Cockburn; SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER, +11/14/86, "In Prison, Salvador rights panel works on," by Ron Ridenhour; +MARIN INTERFAITH TASK FORCE ON CENTRAL AMERICA, 7/2/87, by Liz Erringer. + + 10. Project Galileo Shuttle To Carry Lethal Plutonium -- THE NATION, +1/23/88, "The Space Probe's Lethal Cargo," by Karl Grossman. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/perot.rw5 b/textfiles.com/politics/perot.rw5 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c29bb69d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/perot.rw5 @@ -0,0 +1,1252 @@ + +H. Ross Perot National Press Club Information Page:1 + + PEROT '92 ! + +Please copy, print, and distribute this information everywhere. + +This is a copy of a speech given by H. Ross Perot before the +Press Club. It has been distributed to many electronic Bulletin +Board Systems around the country by Steve Moraff. I have been +fascinated by the almost messianic tone of many people who are +working for Mr. Perot's election. The man on a white horse has +always been a popular undertone in American political life and, +like Bonapartism in France, it reappears with some regularity. + +Many friends of mine refer to Mr. Perot's clear and plain +speaking. One of the first things I did for fun when I bought my +first grammer and style checker was to run a couple of political +speeches through it. Since speeches are usually turned into +so called sound bites they tend to be something people take +seriously when they prepare for them. + +I make no judgement about Mr. Perot's expression. But since this +speech has been distributed as a way to find out what he says, I +think it is valid to look at how he says it as well. According +to the program, he does well. The analysis was done with +RightWriter 5.0 set to General Style. + + + +H. ROSS PEROT: Thank you very much. It's a privilege to be with +you again. You all are going to get to punch me around here for +the last 30 minutes, so let me open by asking you a question. How +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +many of you ate broccoli today at lunch? That's good. The last +thing I read, it cures cancer. I think we ought to all try it. +<<* Consider replacing "thing" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +<<* Replace "I think we" with a stronger sentence start. *>> +<<* Is "ought to" correct? *>> +Now, you're going to have to endure my speech , but the Q&A +<<* Should there be space before this punctuation? *>> +period is fun, so that gives you something to look forward to. +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +There's a reception before this thing, and that's always fun +<<* Consider replacing "thing" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +because there's a pattern of questions. I'll sweep those out of +<<* Is "those out of" correct? *>> +the way first. The most frequently asked question is, "Why did +the Press Club invite you again?" Well, I don't know, so that's +easy. Then this one nice person came up and looked pretty +<<* Consider replacing the overused "nice" with more + original wording. *>> +stressed out and said, "Do you still write your own speeches?" +<<* Consider replacing "your own" with "your" *>> +<<* Is this quote closed? *>> +Well, that's the bad news. I'm still writing my own speeches, so +<<* Replace the redundant "my own speeches" with "my + speeches" *>> +don't expect too much. One nice lady came up, and she looked +<<* Consider replacing the overused "nice" with more + original wording. *>> +really concerned. She said, "Now, will you promise to keep the +same ground rules, particularly, the last part?" I said, "Yes, I +will." Now, you don't know what she's talking about, but here are +my normal ground rules. I don't care whether you agree with me or +not. I just come in here to get you stirred up, and then I leave +town. Now, that's the last part she wanted to make sure of--that +I would leave town. I'll be out of town quick. Normally I have +<<* Is a comma missing? Replace with "Normally, I" *>> +to. Millions of people from all over the world can only dream +about coming to America. Just think how many people would leave +Russia today to come to our great country. Now, aren't we lucky +<<* Is "great" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +we're here? We own this country. It belongs to us. That's the +central theme of everything I have to say today. We have a +history of being first and best. Remember when everybody said we +couldn't build the Transcontinental Railroad, that we'd + + natpress.txt Page:2 + + + +never get it through the Continental Divide and what have you? We +built it. Remember when everybody else tried to build the Panama +Canal and couldn't build it? We built it. Remember when Thomas +Edison, whose teachers thought he was dumb, changed the world? +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +You say, "Wait a minute, didn't he have an NSA grant?" No! He +<<* Replace "an" with "a" *>> +gave the world the electric light, and I hope you never land at +night when you come into a huge city and look at that sparkling +<<* Is "huge" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +city down below you that you don't think, "One American did that +on his own initiative." Never forget while you're in that +<<* Reconsider the use of the cliche "" *>> +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* Rephrase "Never forget" in a more positive way. *>> +airplane that two bicycle repairmen from Dayton, Ohio, taught the +world to fly. Never forget there was a Dr. [Samuel Pierport] +<<* Rephrase "Never forget" in a more positive way. *>> +<<* Is "a Dr." correct? *>> +Langley that had a government grant, but the Wright brothers had +to fly. Now, that's the history and the American dream, and +that's what we've been. We changed the world with radio and +television. We were the first to put a man on the moon. We +<<* Consider replacing the gender-specific "man on" with + "person on" *>> +harnessed nuclear power, and the list of firsts could go on and +on. Every person listening to this program, I hope, will take a +minute and think. You know, you or I could be dying in the +streets of India right now. Or we could be in a little boat off +Vietnam dying of thirst. Happy accident of birth or for one +reason or another, we're here. This is the place the rest of the +world only dreams of coming to. They look up to and respect our +great country. We must continue to be an example to the world in +<<* Is "great" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +everything we do. It is important that we continue to earn this +<<* Consider using a less wordy phrase than "It is important + that" *>> +respect. You say, "Well, how important is it that the rest of the +world respect us?" I suggest to you it is very important, because +as long as the world respects and admires our country and as long +as we deal fairly with other nations, there is no more +cost-effective deterrent to war. Nobody picks on the strong guy. +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Few people pick on the strong nice guy. The weak guy is in +<<* Consider replacing the overused "nice" with more + original wording. *>> +trouble. It's as old as the history of man. Trust and respect are +fragile on a human and a national level. You have to earn it +daily. You can lose it in an instant. The real question is, are +our actions those that would continue to earn us worldwide +<<* Is "worldwide" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +respect, particularly on our domestic issues? Let's take a quick +glance. We were blessed with a huge land mass and a tiny +<<* "were blessed" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +<<* Is "huge" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +population. We had an abundance of natural resources. We were a +new, growing, free nation that had barely begun to tap its +potential. Anytime we exhausted the resources in one area, the +call went out: "Go west, young man, go west." Today we are a +mature country with a large population. We have occupied the land +and creatively tapped our natural resources. We simply cannot +<<* Is "creatively" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +continue to spend beyond our means. When you're small and +growing, you can bury some of those mistakes, but at this point +in time you cannot. And when you have creatively tapped your +<<* Consider using "now" instead of the wordier "at this + point in time" *>> +<<* Is "creatively" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +minerals and natural resources, it is brains and wits time. Never +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +forget that--brains and wits time. Somebody can't understand good +Texas talk. We don't like to accept this, but we live in a tiny +little world, and we're stuck with international competition. You +don't have to like it, but you're stuck with it. Somebody wins +<<* "you're stuck" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +and somebody loses, and they don't even give you a red ribbon +when you lose in business. We've got to out-think, out-invent and +out- + + natpress.txt Page:3 + + + +produce our international business competitors if we want to +<<* Is "our international business competitors" ambiguous? + *>> +maintain the high standard of living that our people have enjoyed +until now. Many of our international competitors have an +advantage over us at this point. Now, we like to strut around and +boast that we're the only remaining superpower. Any time you see +anybody strutting and boasting, get nervous. But, now, just watch +<<* Reconsider using the word "but" to start this sentence. + *>> +them. You know, we're the last superpower. Well, you can't be a +superpower unless you're an economic superpower, and if you don't +believe that, look at Russia, and I rest my case. That's all I've +<<* Consider replacing "don't believe that" by stronger, + more direct wording. *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +got to say about that. We've got to be economically strong to be +a force for good throughout the world. If you question that, +think of the finest person you know who gives away millions of +dollars each year to good and worthy causes and so on and so +<<* "good and worthy" is colloquial or slang. Replace with + more formal wording. *>> +forth. Suddenly they're broke. Same instincts, can't do anything, +<<* Consider omitting "and so forth" *>> +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* "they're broke" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +<<* Consider replacing "broke" with "broken." *>> +right? You've got to be able to have the ability to help other +<<* Consider replacing "be able to" with the simpler "can" + *>> +<<* Consider using "can" instead of the wordier "have the + ability to" *>> +people. Just the desire is not enough. We had the world's +<<* Consider replacing "Just the" with "The" *>> +greatest economic engine that lets us do these things. We let it +<<* Is "greatest" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +<<* Is "the world's greatest economic engine" ambiguous? *>> +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +slip away, and with it went a significant part of our tax base. +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +And yet we continue to spend. Our present policies will move us +from superpower to Third World status. If you don't believe that, +<<* Consider replacing "don't believe that" by stronger, + more direct wording. *>> +the principal exports in New York harbor are scrap paper and +scrap steel going to Japan, and now they want to buy wood chips +from Texas to make paper in Japan and sell us paper in Texas. +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +Now, if that happens, I think we maybe ought to start looking for +<<* Replace "I think we" with a stronger sentence start. *>> +a place to hide. Just think about that--how far those wood chips +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +have to go to come back. You'd think we could make paper right +here, right? We can make paper right here. At this point in time, +<<* Consider using "Now" instead of the wordier "At this + point in time" *>> +it is absolutely irresponsible for both the White House and +<<* Is "absolutely" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +Congress not to be linking arms, working together night and day +to fix these economic problems. Unfortunately, this city has +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +become a town filled with sound bites, shell games, handlers and +media stuntmen, who posture, create images and talk, shoot off +Roman candles, but don't ever accomplish anything. If they want +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +to debate that, I'll buy my own television time. We need deeds, +<<* Replace the redundant "my own television" with "my + television" *>> +not words, in this city. In Churchill's own words, we need +"action this day," not talk. Here's where we are. Let's look at +where we are. We're $4 trillion in debt. We own another $5 +trillion we don't like to talk about. We just kind of keep it +down there in the basement. You say, "Well, what are you talking +about, Ross?" I'm talking about a $1 trillion unfunded federal +<<* Is this quote closed? *>> +pension liability. Any question in your mind we're going to have +to cough that up someday? No. The additional debt piled up in +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +1992--just this one year, the election year--will exceed the +total expenditures of the federal government for the first 155 +<<* Consider replacing "expenditures of" with the simpler + "use of or payment of" *>> +years of our country's existence. See, the man on the street +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +<<* Consider replacing the gender-specific "man on" with + "person on" *>> +doesn't know what $400 billion is. That kind of clears his head. +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +The interest on the national debt just this one year exceeds the +cost to fight and win World War II. Please never forget that +<<* Rephrase "never forget" in a more positive way. *>> +paying interest does not buy anything for the American people. +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +The total national debt was only $1 trillion in 1980 when +President Reagan took office. It is now $4 trillion. Maybe it is +voodoo economics. Whatever it was, we are now in deep voodoo, +I'll tell you that! <<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> + + + natpress.txt Page:4 + + + + In 1992, we're going to go in for another $400 billion. You +say, "Well, wait a minute. Let's just do some radical things and +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +balance the budget this year. Let's do really strange and weird +<<* "really strange" is colloquial or slang. Replace with + more formal wording. *>> +things, just think about them." Well, I'm going to throw a really +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +<<* Are there matching quotation marks at the end of this + quote? *>> +stupid one on the table. Let's just shut down the Defense +<<* "really stupid" is colloquial or slang. Replace with + more formal wording. *>> +<<* Many readers will find "stupid" offensive. *>> +<<* Consider replacing "just shut" with "shut" *>> +Department. You don't get 400 billion bucks. Well, that one +didn't work. Let's just shut down all the public schools +<<* Consider replacing "just shut" with "shut" *>> +nationwide. Sorry, that won't get me $400 billion. Well, what if +we just seized all the Social Security money coming in this year +and use that to balance the budget? Maybe if everything stays +right on track, that would just about do it. Okay, now, let's +<<* Is this comma needed? Replace with "track that" *>> +just go over and take it away from business. Let's confiscate the +Fortune 500 companies' profits. I don't have half what I need. +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Well, that didn't work. Okay, year in and year out we're saying +to rich folks. "Let's just tax the rich and fix it." Let's +<<* Are there matching quotation marks at the end of this + quote? *>> +<<* Is this quote closed? *>> +confiscate the Forbes 400 wealth. Doesn't give us nearly what we +need, but we solved the problem--we're all blue-collar now, +right? But we just took all the wealth, and we don't balance the +<<* Reconsider using the word "but" to start this sentence. + *>> +budget for one year. You say, "Okay, Ross. Give us the bad news. +How much are we going to have to raise personal income taxes to +balance the budget this year, an election year?" Watch my lips. +You're going to have to double it. You don't think anybody would +bring that up, do you?" I doubt it. Okay, you can't do that to +<<* Are there matching quotation marks at the end of this + quote? *>> +the people, so let's just raise them 500 percent, and that +dramatically exceeds all corporate profits, so you can't do that. +<<* Will your reader understand the word "dramatically?" *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +That's how big $400 billion is. Now, I'm not talking about the $4 +trillion. I'm just talking about the $400 billion. The tax and +budget summit in 1990--this was a study in the White House +arrogance as far as I'm concerned. We were told if we agreed to +<<* Consider replacing the overused "as far as I'm + concerned" with more original wording. *>> +<<* "I'm concerned" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +<<* "were told" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +the $166 billion in new taxes, the 1991 deficit would be $63 +billion. The following April, we said, "Oops. It's going to be +<<* Is this quote closed? *>> +$318 billion. That's a $255 billion mistake. That would get you +fired in most soft-headed company in corporate America. Now, +there are a lot of reporters here today. I never got the word, +<<* Consider replacing "a lot of reporters" with "many + reporters." *>> +and I read the paper. Nobody ever told me that while they were +increasing our taxes by $166 billion, they increased federal +spending by $304 billion, or $1.83 in new spending for every tax +dollar raised. I'm not too smart, but I can figure out that we +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +spent more than we took in, and as far as I'm concerned, we were +<<* Consider replacing the overused "as far as I'm + concerned" with more original wording. *>> +<<* "I'm concerned" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +conned. Who conned us? The people working for us, our elected +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +officials. We were told at the tax and budget summit that the +<<* "were told" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +five-year deficit would be $92 billion. Now we're told it'll be a +trillion. That's just a $900 billion mistake. The chief financial +<<* Consider replacing "just a" with "a" *>> +officer of a publicly owned corporation would be sent to prison +<<* Consider rephrasing "would be sent" *>> +<<* "be sent" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +if he kept books like our government. We used to have a saying in +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +Texas that maybe they put lunatics in charge of the insane +asylum. I don't quite know what the problem is here, but this is +<<* Rephrase "insane asylum" in a more positive way. *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +<<* Replace the colloquial "quite know" with "know" *>> +an out-of- control financial situation. To me this is like flying +a 747 down on the deck at night through the mountains with no +engines. It's just a question of which hill you're going to hit. +<<* Replace "It's just" with a stronger sentence start. *>> +<<* Consider replacing "just a" with "a" *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +We cannot continue to tolerate this. The average citizen works +five months a year just to pay taxes. Forty-two percent of <<* Consider using "to" instead of the wordier "just to" *>> + + + natpress.txt Page:5 + + + +his income goes to taxes. All the personal income taxes collected +west of the Mississippi are needed just to pay the interest on +<<* "are needed" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +<<* Consider using "to" instead of the wordier "just to" *>> +the national debt. That's kind of depressing, isn't it? Just +<<* "kind of depressing," is colloquial or slang. Replace + with more formal wording. *>> +think of all those folks working west of the Mississippi not +buying anything new--just paying interest on debt. Let's look for +the good news. Well, surely all this spending created utopia here +in the United States and everything is wonderful and perfect and +we've just got to kind of scramble around and clean it up, right? +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +Surely we bought a front row seat, a box seat for the main event. +<<* Is a comma missing? Replace with "Surely, we" *>> +Where do we stand? Let's take a hard look at utopia. We're the +<<* Use the verb form. Replace "take a hard look at" with + "look at" *>> +largest debtor nation on Earth. We're the most violent, +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +crime-ridden nation in the industrialized world. Millions of +innocent people have created their own prisons. They have to put +bars on their windows, bars on their doors because we've +abandoned their neighborhoods to crime, and you don't have to go +10 minutes from the White House or 10 minutes from the Capitol of +the United States to see that. That's inexcusable. We spend over +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +$400 billion a year on education including colleges, yet we rank +at the bottom of the industrialized world in terms of academic +<<* Consider using a less wordy phrase than "in terms of" + *>> +achievement. We have the largest number of functional illiterates +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +in the industrialized world. We spend, but, see, we've got all +these things that don't work for us. We spend a lot on education +<<* Consider using "these" instead of the wordier "all + these" *>> +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +that doesn't work. We spend more than anybody else on health +<<* Consider replacing "anybody else" with "anyone else." + *>> +care, and yet we rank behind 15 nations in life expectancy and 22 +other nations in infant mortality. We've got 5 percent of the +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +world's population, 50 percent of the world's cocaine use. Until +we get rid of that we're going nowhere. Getting rid of it won't +be free. Our system of justice has failed the people. We've got 5 +percent of the world's population, two- thirds of the world's +lawyers, and the average fellow on the street can't afford one to +go to court. Strange. Young lawyers out of law school make more +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +than judges. There's a legal system upside down. Go to London, +Paris, Rome and the other cities in Europe that have existed for +many centuries. They work. Now, then, go to our cities, which are +relatively brand-new. New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Detroit +<<* Consider replacing "which are relatively" with + "relatively" *>> +<<* Consider replacing the overused "relatively" with more + original wording. *>> +and many other major cities are dirty, run-down, ravaged with +drugs, crime and violence. What's wrong with us? Now, let's just +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +start right here in Washington where the president can look out +the window at Washington and the Congress can look out the window +at Washington. I love this. They are just covered up with +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +security. All the folks that work for us are just covered up with +security, right? But the folks that are the bosses of the +<<* Reconsider using the word "but" to start this sentence. + *>> +<<* "bosses" is colloquial or slang. Replace with more + formal wording. *>> +country, the people, are in high-crime areas and totally exposed. +<<* Consider omitting "totally" *>> +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Kind of strange, I think. Maybe it even seems normal here, but it +<<* "Kind of strange," is colloquial or slang. Replace with + more formal wording. *>> +<<* Consider replacing "seems" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +seems odd when you get away from it. We've got the murder capital +<<* Consider replacing "it seems" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +of the United States here. Fifth- and sixth-graders in this city, +31 percent of them have witnessed a drug deal and 75 percent have +<<* Consider replacing "witnessed" with the simpler "saw" + *>> +witnessed an arrest? Think about it. Is this an alabaster city +<<* Consider replacing "witnessed" with the simpler "saw" + *>> +gleaming undimmed by human tears? That's what the rest of the +world thinks we are. That's what we had been. That's what we can +be, but that is not what + + natpress.txt Page:6 + + + +we are today. Now go to Singapore. There's a jewel of a city. +When you are there, you're looking at tomorrow. Some of our +cities, you leave and you think you've seen yesterday. Okay, +who's at fault? You know, the first thing you've got to do in our +<<* Consider replacing "thing" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +country is blame somebody, right? Well, go home tonight and look +in the mirror. Everybody watching television, go home tonight and +look in the mirror. You and I are at fault because we own this +country, and there is the problem in a nutshell. We have +<<* Reconsider the use of the cliche "in a nutshell" *>> +abdicated our ownership responsibility. As owners of this +country, we hold the future of this in the palm of our hands. I +ask you now, can we agree that going $4 trillion into debt did +not create utopia? We've wasted the money. We've got to pay the +$4 trillion back, and we've got to pay the interest. Obviously, +throwing money at problems has not created utopia, and yet we +continue to do it this year. Today we have a government in +gridlock. Nothing happens unless Congress and the White House +work together constructively for the benefit of the people. +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +That's the way our founders planned it. That's the way it ought +to be. Daily we watch with fascination as Congress and the White +<<* Is a comma missing? Replace with "Daily, we" *>> +House finger-point, shout, fight with one another like children. +Recently it's been more like mud wrestling as far as I'm +concerned. You know, if you and I don't like one another but we +<<* Consider replacing the overused "as far as I'm + concerned" with more original wording. *>> +<<* "I'm concerned" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +are equals and nothing's going to happen unless we work together, +we have no choice. I just think it's ludicrous that we seem +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +<<* Should "think it's ludicrous" be possessive? *>> +<<* Consider replacing "seem" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +fascinated by this as opposed to being so repelled by it that +<<* "being so repelled" is passive voice. Consider using + the active voice. *>> +they'd cut it out. I feel as owners of this country if we're +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +going anywhere, you've got to sent them a message. You work for +<<* Is "to sent them" correct? *>> +us. We don't work for you. Under the Constitution, you are our +servants. Grow up! Work as a team. Serve the people. Solve the +problem. Move on to the next one. Build a better country, and +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +stop throwing away money we don't have. We're spending our +children's money. Never forget it. On the trend we're on now, +<<* Rephrase "Never forget" in a more positive way. *>> +<<* Is "trend" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +it'll be a $12 trillion debt by the year 2000. Now, that's so big +nobody can think about it. Let me just put it to you in plain +terms. Do you realize that at $12 trillion, you could buy a +$120,000 house for every family in this country? We can't afford +a $12 trillion debt because the interest alone on a $12 trillion +debt would be approximately $1 trillion a year. And guess what +<<* Consider replacing "approximately" with the simpler + "about" *>> +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +the gross receipts in our country are right now. One trillion +dollars a year. You'd just be spending it all on interest. It +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +won't work. The primary rule of finance is never finance long- +term projects with short-term debt. How many of you know what +percent of our debt is due and payable in the next five years? +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Sixty-eight percent is due and payable in the next five years. Go +home tonight and pray that the Japanese, the Germans and the +Arabs keep showing up to buy or T-bills. You don't want to put +this country in that kind of a situation, and whose fault is it? +<<* "kind of a" is colloquial or slang. Replace with more + formal wording. *>> +We all have to go look in the mirror. I ask everybody that's +listening and watching this today to think, "Did I know that 68 +<<* Is a comma missing? Replace with "Did, I" *>> +percent of our national debt is going to turn over in the next +five years?" If the answer is no, why not? You own this country. +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Is this a complete sentence? If so, is there a comma + missing? *>> +The message to us from both political parties this year--I love +the message coming from both parties--is, "Can we buy your + + natpress.txt Page:7 + + + +votes with your money this year? And, by the way, we'd like to +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +borrow $400 billion of your children's money this year." And, of +course, we and our children will have to pay it all back with +interest, but that comes later, after the election. Your first +<<* Replace the redundant "but that" with "but or that" *>> +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +reaction is, "How dumb do they think we are?" Well, wait a +minute. It's worked for years. Who knows, maybe it'll work again. +<<* "It's worked" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +We need fundamental long-term solutions to these problems, and at +<<* Consider replacing "fundamental" with the simpler + "basic" *>> +this point we're running around Washington with a hypodermic +needle loaded with novocaine trying to give everybody quick +temporary pain relief just to get past the election. These quick +<<* Consider using "to" instead of the wordier "just to" *>> +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +fixes will, with certainty, produce additional long-term damage +to our economy. The best analogy I can give you is an old race +horse that has a good record. It's got bad knees, but we've got +<<* "It's got" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +to get one more race out of him. We shoot him up. He runs the +race, and that's his last race because we wrecked his knees. This +is absolutely irresponsible, particularly if you love your +<<* Is "absolutely" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +children. If I haven't touched you yet, I'm sure I just touched +everybody listening to this speech right now. Look at those +little children or the big ones. Are you willing to put this +burden on them? Absolutely not. Fixing these fundamentals is far +<<* Is "Absolutely" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +more important than who gets elected. Delaying work for one year +is irresponsible. Can I prove that point? Yes. We know in 1984 +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +the president of the United States was formally told by a +<<* "was formally told" is passive voice. Consider using + the active voice. *>> +presidential commission that the savings and loan industry was a +mess. It was a $50 billion problem then. Don't you wish it were a +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +$50 billion problem now? We didn't do a thing until the day after +<<* Consider replacing "thing" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +the election in 1988. Do you know why? The savings and loan +<<* Is "why" correct? *>> +crooks were pouring into this city with money, just taking care +<<* "crooks" is colloquial or slang. Replace with more + formal wording. *>> +of everybody that needed anything. But isn't it interesting, the +<<* Reconsider using the word "but" to start this sentence. + *>> +day after the election we started to fix the problem. By then it +was a several-hundred- billion-dollar problem. But the PAC money +<<* Reconsider using the word "but" to start this sentence. + *>> +kept flowing. Any business executive who behaved in this manner +would go to jail-- not be fired. Think about it. Why is it that +<<* "be fired" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +these people who work for us put other people in jail, skate off +with the money and keep the party going? No, the folks in +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +Congress and the White House, in my judgment, are not villains on +<<* Rephrase "not villains" in a more positive way. *>> +this whole economic situation. They just don't know what to do. +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Most of them are either lawyers or career politicians. They don't +understand business, so they just stand there frozen, worrying +about their images, taking polls, bouncing personal checks and +raising money from foreign lobbyists as the economy deteriorates. +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +You're here and I'm not, but when I'm here in the halls of +Congress, I just find it fascinating who's wandering up and down +<<* Is "fascinating" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +the halls of Congress and what their mission is. Never forget the +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Rephrase "Never forget" in a more positive way. *>> +United States government is the world's largest and most complex +business. Anybody want to disagree with that thought? Can you +think of any more complex business? Now, for a moment let's +assume you own the country, a hundred percent. With that thought +in mind, ask yourself which of these candidates for president you +<<* Consider using a less wordy phrase than "With that + thought in mind" *>> +would let run your business. You say, "Well, that's too big a +problem." Fine. But maybe it's just + + natpress.txt Page:8 + + + +a normal medium-sized business. Let's say it makes $100 million +revenue. Which of the current presidential candidates would you +let run your medium-sized business that you own personally? When +<<* Replace the redundant "own personally" with "personally" + *>> +you own the business, you really think about that sort of thing. +<<* Consider replacing "thing" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +You own this country! For some reason we disconnect and don't +think in terms of who can make it work. Here are a few +<<* Consider using a less wordy phrase than "in terms of" + *>> +basics--things we've got to do. We're deeply in debt, we're +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +spending beyond our means. We've got to protect the job base. +"Why do you come to that, Ross?" That's where the taxes come +<<* Is this quote closed? *>> +from. People who are not working don't pay taxes. With our $4 +trillion debt, we need all the taxes we can get. You can't sit +back and let the job base deteriorate. When you lay off a worker, +never forget--you had a taxpayer, right? Now you've got a welfare +<<* Rephrase "never forget" in a more positive way. *>> +user. Do you understand that his welfare check will be bigger +than his tax deduction used to be? It's a double hit, and it's +more than a double hit. We need a growing job base to produce a +growing tax base. We need taxpayers, not tax users. We need +strong growing companies to keep America at work, and it's got to +<<* "it's got" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +be our highest priority. There is no place to run, no place to +hide, you've got to make the words "made in the U.S.A." the +world's standard for excellence once again. Otherwise people +<<* Replace the redundant "once again" with "again" *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +won't buy our products. If you wonder about that, just go home +and look a your television and your consumer electronics tonight. +<<* Is "a your" being used correctly? *>> +<<* Is "a your" correct? *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Look at the car you're driving. We've got to make "made in the +U.S.A." the world's standard of excellence. We can help at the +government level by ceasing the adversarial practices with +business and by not getting our pockets picked at international +trade negotiations. I hope you'll bring that up in the Q&A +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +because, boy, oh, boy, is that a sad event! In our country, there +<<* Is "A because" correct? *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +is an adversarial relationship between government and business. +In our international competitors who are winning, there is an +intelligent supportive relationship between government and +business. We'd better study it, we'd better copy it, we'd better +improve it. Our educational system has to be the finest in the +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +world. We know what needs to be done. Let's stop reading to +<<* "be done" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +children in school. Let's stop having two-day summits for +governors that don't amount to anything, and let's get down to +blocking and tackling and fixing it now because you won't have +the benefits for 15 to 20 years. Every day is precious, and we +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +just talk about it. We've got to have strategic plans industry by +industry. There are industries we've got to keep in this country, +and we're losing them right and left. We've got to target them. +They will create millions of jobs. We've got to make sure that +we're first and best. In Japan, that's called MITI (Ministry of +<<* "that's called" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +International Trade and Industry). Study it, analyze it, improve +on it, instead of trying to dismantle our companies. In +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +Washington, the principal contribution to American industry is to +try to break its legs every day. Anybody that's a businessman +<<* Consider replacing the gender-specific "businessman" + with "businessperson" *>> +will tell you that. People in Washington do not know how to do +this. Take a page out of FDR's book. Bring up people who do, pay +them a dollar a year, pay them nothing. Have them figure it out, +get it done. Right now our government will not accept that kind +of outside assistance. Until you change that, you won't have the +<<* Consider replacing "assistance" with the simpler "aid or + help" *>> +people up + + natpress.txt Page:9 + + + +here you need. We think 10 minutes ahead. Japan thinks 10 years +ahead. I suggest we start thinking 15 years ahead and ace them. +Our current tax system is like an old inner tube with a thousand +patches. I suggest we throw it out and start with a blank sheet +of paper. Set the criteria. Number one, it must be fair. Number +one, a), it's got to raise the revenues. Number 2, it should be +<<* Is , a), correct punctuation? *>> +<<* "it's got" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +paperless for most Americans. This is nothing more interesting +<<* Consider using a less wordy phrase than "it should be + paperless" *>> +than running several different computer models, building a +consensus with the American people and marching forward from +there with a new tax system that works. Philosophically I'm for +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +free fair trade. We don't have free fair trade. The White House +is all excited about the new trade agreement with Mexico. This +agreement will move the highest paid blue-collar jobs in the U.S. +to Mexico. This is going to create serious damage to our tax base +<<* Capitalize "To" *>> +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +during this critical period. We have got to manufacture here and +<<* Consider replacing "have got to" with "have to" *>> +not there to keep our tax base intact. I hope we'll talk about +that in Q&A. We've got to have an intelligent energy policy. +<<* Is "an intelligent energy policy" ambiguous? *>> +We've known that since the '70's. Nobody wants to touch it. We'd +<<* Is "the '" correct? *>> +better get started. We're divided by racial strife. I just hate +this! Look, we're not Japan where everybody's the same race, same +religion, same background, same philosophy. We're a melting pot, +right? Okay, we ought to love one another. That takes care of +most of us. Then for the guys who can't quite cross that bridge, +we ought to get along with one another, because divided teams +<<* Consider replacing "along with" with "with" *>> +lose and united teams win. Now, I am sick and tired of watching +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Reconsider the use of the cliche "sick and tired" *>> +both political parties try to divide our country during the +campaign. We need to unite as a team. Now, then, finally you've +got a few hard- core haters. My advice to them is just pretty +simple and blunt. Nobody's going to leave this country. Nobody's +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +going anywhere. We're stuck with one another, so let's get back +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +up into category two. Let's get along with one another, form a +<<* Consider replacing "category" with the simpler "class or + group" *>> +<<* Consider replacing "along with" with "with" *>> +united team and stop wasting all this energy on racial strife. We +will not have a winning team, if we do all these other things, if +<<* Consider using "these" instead of the wordier "all + these" *>> +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +we left that unattended. You say, "All right, Ross. Which one of +the presidential candidates can fix this?" Solomon can't fix +this--the wisest man that ever lived. You know why? Because we +<<* Is "why" correct? *>> +have to fix it. You cannot just go vote in November, send some +<<* Is this a complete sentence? If so, is there a comma + missing? *>> +poor devil up there and go home. You're going to have to get in +<<* Rephrase "poor devil" in a more positive way. *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +the ring, stay in the ring and act like you own this country. Our +founders created a government that come from us. Please listen +carefully to this. We now have a government that comes at us. The +process has reversed itself. That's why you have to get in the +ring. You must never leave the ring again. Once millions of good +decent citizens assume this ownership role, anything is possible. +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +If you had problems of this magnitude in your business, you'd +<<* Consider replacing "magnitude" with the simpler "size" + *>> +grab control. You, the people, must take control of this great +<<* Is "great" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +country. And since we, the people, own this country, here are +just a few unsolicited ideas. Number one, you got to be fully +<<* Consider replacing "just a" with "a" *>> +<<* Is "a few unsolicited" being used correctly? *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +informed. How can you become fully informed? Not with sound +<<* "be fully informed" is passive voice. Consider using + the active voice. *>> +bites. We've got to + + natpress.txt Page:10 + + + +have, using television, an electronic town hall where we explain +each of these issues we're talking about today in great detail to +<<* Is "great" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +you, and with the current technology we have today, you can +respond by congressional district and send a laser-like signal to +every congressman in Washington about what you want as a way of +<<* Consider replacing the gender-specific "congressman" + with "representative" *>> +clearing their heads. You just ride around the special interests. +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +You say, "Even those dudes from Asia that are spending $400 +<<* "dudes" is colloquial or slang. Replace with more + formal wording. *>> +million a year in this country?" Yes. They're going to listen to +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +you because you own the country if you act like owners. The +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +American people will then understand the problems and the +alternative solutions. With this knowledge you can make sound +decisions. Then you can respond, and Congress will know. If you +say, "Well, generally, what are you talking about, Ross?" you saw +<<* Consider replacing "generally" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +the CBS program after the State of the Union. You can do that +<<* Is this a complete sentence? If so, is there a comma + missing? *>> +sort of thing now. You can do that sort of thing much refined +<<* Consider replacing "thing" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +<<* Consider replacing "thing" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +now, and when interactive television comes, you can do it right +on the bull's eye. We've got to stop deficit spending +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +immediately. We've got to replace Gramm-Rudman with a real bill +that cuts out all tricks, loopholes and improper accounting +procedures. You've got to take away Congress's right to raise +taxes. Now, there's a radical idea. You say, "Well, that means a +<<* Is this comma needed? Replace with "Well that" *>> +constitutional amendment." Fine. Now, you say, "Why am I doing +<<* Capitalize "Constitutional Amendment" *>> +it?" These boys are drinking to much, that's why. You've got to +<<* Is "why" correct? *>> +take the bottle away from them for a while at least. Now, if they +need more money, just put it on the ballot and let the owners of +the country sign off. The board of directors and the stockholders +of a company would want to. Well, that would be controversial, +but that's why I put it on there. You know, step one is stop the +bleeding. Step two is make sure you don't just tax and spend, tax +<<* Is "is make" correct? *>> +and spend, tax and spend. Now, then, here's one. From now on, if +they want a raise, put it on the ballot. That's all federal +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +employees. You own this country. You know, any publicly owned +company, you can't give yourself a raise. I think the Congress +would be a lot more comfortable with that. Congress, White House, +the whole bunch-- if they want a raise, just put it on the +ballot. If we think they're doing a good job, we'll give it to +them. Give the president the line-item veto to get rid of +porkbarrel and waste. Now, I say that for three reasons. Number +<<* Consider using a less wordy phrase than "for three + reasons" *>> +one, we ought to do it. Number two, I'd like to see what he does +with it. And number three, I'd like him to stop whining about it. +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Now, just put it on there, and then go from there. Now, finally, +Congress absolutely must not exempt itself from the laws it +<<* Is "absolutely" explained and justified by the + surrounding text? *>> +imposes on us. You know all about that. This includes, but not +limited to the Disability Act, the Equal Opportunity Act, the +Occupational Safety Act, etc. Cut the retirement plan. It's two +to three times as good as the one we have for ourselves. It's +unrealistic for the servants of the people to have a better +retirement plan than the people. Restructure the whole system--I +can summarize what I've tried to say--where citizens come to +Washington to serve us, not to cash in. Require all members of +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +Congress and the president to turn in excess funds from each +campaign. Some guys have war chests + + natpress.txt Page:11 + + + +now of up to $13 million, $15 million. A non-incumbent doesn't +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +have a chance. The founders of this country would be shocked to +<<* Consider rephrasing "would be shocked" *>> +<<* "be shocked" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +know that. Stop cashing in on public service. Pass a law. On +this, if I could have one wish before I turn out the lights, this +is it: Former federal officials--elected, appointed and career +officials- -cannot serve as lobbyists for domestic interests for +five years after they leave office and they cannot lobby for +foreign countries, companies or individuals for ten years, and +there are criminal penalties if you do. Now, these boys come up +<<* Rephrase "criminal penalties" in a more positive way. + *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +here--and I'm not talking about elected necessarily--the +<<* Consider omitting "necessarily" *>> +appointed guys on the staff, stay a few years, cash in, make +30,000 bucks in a month and are on the campaign staffs. What can +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +be more obscene than that? These are lobbyists for foreign +countries. You don't come to Washington to cash in; you come to +serve the people. Pass a law making it a criminal offense for a +<<* Rephrase "criminal offense" in a more positive way. *>> +foreign companies or individuals to influence U.S. laws or +policies with money. Here's one I am particularly interested in. +<<* "am particularly interested" is passive voice. Consider + using the active voice. *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Pass a law that no former president, vice president, cabinet +officer, CIA director, Federal Reserve chairman, Senate majority +<<* Consider replacing the gender-specific "chairman" with + "chair or chairperson" *>> +leader, speaker of the House and others you may want to put on +the list can ever lobby for either foreign or domestic interests, +accept gratuities or fees, or cash in any way on their service. +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +They came to serve us, not to cash in. You say, "What if they +write a book?" Give the money to charity. Okay, eliminate PACs. +<<* Consider replacing "eliminate" with the simpler "cut or + drop or end" *>> +Make our elected officials responsive to the people. Eliminate +all possibilities of special interests giving large sums of money +<<* Consider replacing "possibilities" with the correct form + of the simpler "chance" *>> +to candidates. Leave no loopholes. Limit political contributions +to $1,000. No large gifts. Shorten the time for campaigns. Cut +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +them to five months. That'll cut the costs. Now, here's a weird +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +one. Why do we have elections on Tuesday? A working fellow can't +<<* Consider using "here's weird" instead of the wordier + "here's a weird one" *>> +<<* Consider replacing "on Tuesday" with "Tuesday" *>> +get there. Let's have elections on Saturday and Sunday. Why can't +<<* Consider replacing "on Saturday" with "Saturday" *>> +we leave the polls open two days? If anybody has a good reason, +call me collect. You know, I would like for everybody to vote. I +would like for everybody to really know the issues, not to be +<<* "to really know" is a split infinitive. Could this be + confusing? *>> +sound-bitten to death, and then go vote. Make it easy for people +to vote. It's really fun when you get interested in it. The +Seventh Day Adventist says, "Can't go on this day." Well, if you +<<* Are there matching quotation marks at the end of this + quote? *>> +do Saturday and Sunday, you can kind of handle everybody. You +<<* Consider replacing "can kind of" with "can" *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +know, Baptists can vote on Saturday. Folks who go to church on +<<* Consider replacing "on Saturday" with "Saturday" *>> +Saturday can vote on Sunday. It just all works out. No exit +<<* Consider replacing "on Saturday" with "Saturday" *>> +<<* Consider replacing "on Sunday" with "Sunday" *>> +<<* Consider replacing "just all" with "all" *>> +polls. A criminal offense if anybody prints exit polls. And no +<<* Rephrase "criminal offense" in a more positive way. *>> +data from East Coast polling booths until the last booth closes +in Hawaii so that you don't influence the election. Now we're +<<* Consider replacing "Hawaii so that" with "Hawaii so" *>> +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +getting things a little bit straightened out. You say, "Ross, +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +<<* Consider replacing "straightened out" with + "straightened" *>> +this is kind of basic, simple stuff." Well, let's start with +<<* Consider replacing "is kind of" with "is" *>> +<<* "kind of basic," is colloquial or slang. Replace with + more formal wording. *>> +basics. Make adequate television time available for all +candidates so the incumbent doesn't have an advantage. Get rid of +all the freebies. These are things that just look bad. You know, +<<* "freebies" is colloquial or slang. Replace with more + formal wording. *>> +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +you got the free haircuts, the big gymnasiums. One electrician +stopped me one day and said, "Why don't these boys join a health +club? It's hard times." You know, we're talking about all this +fancy stuff--free prescription drugs, parking + + natpress.txt Page:12 + + + +places and so forth. Get rid of the 1,200 airplanes worth $2 +<<* Consider omitting "and so forth" *>> +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +billion that are used to fly our servants around like royalty. +<<* "are used" is passive voice. Consider using the active + voice. *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +Keep an airplane for the president if you want to. Downsize it to +<<* Is "Downsize" misleading? *>> +a Gulfstream. The Cold War is over! Now let me just lay it out +<<* Consider replacing "just lay" with "lay" *>> +for you. It costs the taxpayers several hundred thousand dollars +every time the vice president goes to play golf the way we fly +him now. Here's my advice. Let him, let everybody else that's up +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +here go to the airport, get in line, lose their luggage, eat a +bad meal and get a taste of real life! No, I don't want to leave +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +anybody out, so if somebody needs to go to the dentist, just tell +him to catch the bus. Okay, now, slash the White House staff, the +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +cabinet staffs, the congressional staffs. If I've learned +anything in my business career, nothing happens at headquarters. +<<* Is this a complete sentence? If so, is there a comma + missing? *>> +All the action's in the field. In summary, we own this country. +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +Government should come from us. It now comes at us with a +propaganda machine in Washington that Hitler's propaganda chief +Goebbels would have just envied. We've got to put the country +back in control of the owners. In plain Texas talk, it's time to +take out the trash and clean out the barn or it's going to be too +late. We've got a choice. We can wait until the clock stops +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +ticking and it'll take us two decades to fix it or we can move +now. It's our choice. I make no bones about it, and I think I +<<* Reconsider the use of the cliche "make no bones about" + *>> +speak for most everybody here. I love this country, and I love +the people in this country. And I love the principles this +country was founded on, and I am sick and tired of seeing those +<<* "was founded" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +<<* Reconsider the use of the cliche "sick and tired" *>> +principles violated. My comments today are dedicated to millions +<<* "are dedicated" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +of folks who don't get to speak at a place like this, but I think +I share their views. As I look at our country today, I can't help +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> +thinking of General Motors in the mid-'80s. There was plenty of +time and money to fix it all, and they waited and waited and +waited and waited. Now they're losing $500 million a month. +<<* Is this sentence too complex to read easily. *>> +<<* Does this long paragraph discuss a single topic? *>> +They're permanently downsizing. This is our greatest corporation. +<<* Is "downsizing" misleading? *>> +<<* Is "greatest" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +I started with IBM. Nobody could have ever convinced me that IBM +would have had to downsize, and yet they are. Time is not our +<<* Is "downsize" misleading? *>> +friend. It's unconscionable not to move now. The American dream +can survive, but it'll only survive if we're willing to accept +responsibility that goes with this country. Go home tonight. +Think about the history of this country. Think about the problems +we have today. They're nothing compared to those that the people +had at the time of the Revolution. And if you say, "Gee, I can't +just get caught up in all this," we're not asking the average +citizen to do anything except know the issues and be alert and +let his congressman know and the White House know what he wants. +<<* Consider replacing the gender-specific "congressman" + with "representative" *>> +<<* Would this sentence be clearer if it were split into two + or more sentences? *>> +Contrast that--I'm just going to give you one man who signed the +Declaration of Independence, John Hart. He was driven from his +<<* "was driven" is passive voice. Consider using the + active voice. *>> +wife's bedside by the English as she was dying. Their 13 children +had to flee for their lives. He had to live in the fields and the +forests and caves until the end of the war. He returned home +after war to find his wife dead, his farm and his house +destroyed, and his 13 children had disappeared. A few weeks later +<<* Is this sentence too negative? *>> +he died from exhaustion and a broken heart. Now, + + natpress.txt Page:13 + + + +that's what people did to give us this country. And won't we do +the little simple things we have to do to make it what it can be? +<<* Consider replacing "things" by stronger, more direct + wording. *>> +Think about the sacrifices your parents made for you. Did they +love you more than you love your children? Of course not. Okay, +<<* Is this a complete sentence? *>> +then let's start making some sacrifices to leave our children a +better country. We can do it. Let's leave them a country where +they can dream great dreams as we did and have those dreams come +<<* Is "great" explained and justified by the surrounding + text? *>> +true. If we will do that, then without any question we can be a +shining beacon to the rest of the world whose best days are in +the future. It's a privilege to be with you. Thank you. +<<* Is this sentence too long? *>> + + +<<** SUMMARY **>> + + RightWriter analyzed the document C:\TEXT\PEROT!.092 + using the style file C:\RIGHT\MANUAL.RWT: + This style file is for writing user's manuals and instructions. + The document was produced by Standard Text (ASCII). + + READABILITY INDEX: 5.66 + + 4th 6th 8th 10th 12th 14th + |****| + SIMPLE | ------ GOOD ------- | COMPLEX + Readers need a 5th grade level of education. + + Average Number of Syllables/Word: 1.41 + Average Number of Words/Sentence: 11.76 + + STRENGTH INDEX: 0.52 + + 0.0 0.5 1.0 + |****|****|****|****|****| + WEAK STRONG + You can make the writing more direct by using: + - shorter sentences + - less wordy phrases + - more positive wording + - fewer weak phrases + + DESCRIPTIVE INDEX: 0.59 + + 0.0 0.5 1.0 + |****|****|****|****|****|*** + TERSE | ------------ NORMAL ------------ | WORDY + + + JARGON INDEX: 0.00 + + SENTENCE STRUCTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: + + 14. No Recommendations. + +<<** END OF SUMMARY **>> + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pguide.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pguide.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..583b7682 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pguide.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3027 @@ +The Patriot Guidebook +to a Better America + +-by- + +Minuteman [DiP/Misfits/BMF] +polaris@np.newpower.com + + +This material is free to copy electronically. However, this article, nor +any portion of it, may be reproduced without express consent of the author. +Most all of the information in this guide is available over the global +internet separately. + +Before i begin, i would like to thank lots of people for their help in +writing and compiling this journal... guys... you deserve a strong pat on +the back... + +Sarin +br0k3n +Thorzine +Leprekaun +Weasel + +And all of the other wonderful folks on #anarchy... + +I hope all you guys enjoy what you've helped to create. :) + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +*WARNING* + +The material you are about to read may be offensive and shocking to some. +The author did not write this with the intention to incite or instruct anyone +to form a revolution, create violence, or commit illegal acts within the +United States of America. This manual was written only for informational +sake. The political feelings are of the author only. Should anyone use +the information in this manual to violate the laws of the United States, +let he/she beware that the author of this guide takes no responsibility +for the consequences of their actions. If you violate this agreement, you +threaten the freedom of the press by demonstrating that the people cannot be +trusted with provocative documents. + +LET THE BUYER BEWARE! + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +"...We have studied your Communist Smersh, Mao, Che, Bucharin. We have + learned our lessions well, and have added a few home-grown Yankee tricks + of our own. Before you start your next smear campaign, before you murder + again, before you railroad another patriot into a mental institution... + better think it over. + + See the old man at the corner where you buy your paper? He may have a + silencer equipped pistol under his coat. That extra fountain pen in the + pocket of the insurance salesman that calls on you might be a cyanide-gas + gun. What about your milkman? Arsenic works slow but sure. Your auto + mechanic may stay up nights studying booby traps. + + These patriots are not going to let you take their freedom away from them. + They have learned the silent knife, the strangler's cord, the target rifle + that hits sparrows at 200 yards. Only their leaders restrain them. + + Traitors beware! Even now the cross hairs are on the back of your necks!" + + - From the March 15, 1963 issue of "On Target" + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + +I. Description of the PG + +II. The Organizations of the Right Wing + +III. Sabotage/Harassment/Espionage + +IV. The Weapons of the Right Wing + +V. The Enemies of the Right Wing + +VI. Final Notes + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +I. What is the Patriot Guidebook + + I wrote this guide a few weeks after the bombing incident in Oklahoma + City. I am a member of several militia and right-wing groups, and + realized the lack of any real complete guide to a small-time militia + member with ideas and information for him to do locally. What you + are about to read is a document based on various groups, individuals, + and articles that definitively explains what the role of a right-wing + extremist is, and how to accomplish that role. + + I did *NOT* write this guide for White Supremacists. Let me use this + temporary soapbox to explain the intense hate i hate for nazis and the + klan. The real Right Wing does not embrace or accept nazis or white + supremacists as valid members. To me, they are only fringe lunatics + who really dont know what they are fighting for. In order for us to + succeed in our goal, we must unite all the people of the United States, + because as Abraham Lincoln once said, "A divided house cannot stand." + + This guide was written for sane, well-minded right-wingers who are + tired of the status quo and who are looking for a change. If I + have offended you so far, i suggest you stop reading now, and save + yourself further annoyance. + +II. The Organizations of the Right Wing + + "...March on, march on, + Keep us forever free... + ...Fight on, Fight on, + And keep our nation free. + And let them see our motto be, + 'Don't Tread On Me.'" + + - Right-Wing protest chant + + "Join or DIE." + + - Motto from a Revolutionary Propaganda page by Benjamin Franklin. + + + The first thing one needs to know, is the various groups within the + right wing. If i was to list every single organization within the + right-wing, i'd be wasting my time. Here are a few that a good + conservative/extremist SHOULD know, if nothing, for basic knowledge. + + If you know of any specific groups you think i should add to this list + for later versions of this manual, please email me at + polaris@np.newpower.com with the appropriate information. + + + - The John Birch Society - + + Phone # : 1-800-JBS-USA1, 414-749-3780 + + Address : The John Birch Society + P.O. Box 8040 + Appleton, Wisconsin 54913 + + Membership Dues: $48 plus an optional subscription cost for The + New American newspaper. + + The John Birch Society has been a major facet of the right-wing + since its creation in 1958. It is a non-militant, ultraconservative + anti-communist group that supports termination of all relations + and trade with communist countries and urges the maintenance of a + strong U.S. military. It describes itself as an educational group + that seeks less government and "more responsibility." The JBS + advocates FREE ENTERPRISE, LOWER TAXES, and complete U.S. withdrawal + from the United Nations. It publishes two newspapers, The JBS + Bulletin, and The New American. The JBS accepts any ethnic or + religious minority so long as they put America over their background. + + If one orders information with them, they send very clear and fact- + based literature about their positions, and why they are valid. + For instance, one pamphlet details 12 well backed reasons, why we + must "GET OUT" of the United Nations. Birchers are known for their + political vigilance, and their credibility. + + + - The Minutemen - + + Phone # : + + Address : + + Current Membership Dues: + + Little has been heard from the Minutemen since the late '70's. I am + 99% sure that they still exist, it seems they have just slipped from + the limelight. The Minutemen were one of the most publicized militant + groups of right-wingers in the '60's and '70's. Robert DePugh, their + charasmatic leader kept the Minutemen active and vigilant, throughout + this period. The Anti-Defamation League several times conducted + covert espionage activities on them, trying to discern that rumors + concerning wether the Minutemen were anti-semetic were true. Those + rumors proved false, when the On Target Newsletter of theirs called + neo-Nazis "tin-horn Hitlers" and various other derogatory terms. + The Minutemen stress non-communism, non-socialism, and non-facism. + They horde weapons and doomsday material for the "Day". They can + be contacted through publications distributed by the JBS, and other + groups. + + - The Freemen - + + I have no information on joining or addresses for this group. However, + they are extremely similar to the Minutemen, and have been featured in + various magazine and newspaper articles with the Michigan Militia and + other highly publicized right wing groups. + + - Local Militias - + + Local militias can often be contacted through various right-wing + national groups, like the Minutemen, or through electronic bulletin + board systems, national or local. If you intend on joining a local + militia, be sure to know the following: + + 1.) How many members does it have? (It should have 100+) + + 2.) Does it conduct armed training sessions? (It should) + + 3.) Does it have any links to other groups? Which ones? + + 4.) Is it a white supremacy group? (If they are serious, the answer + should be a firm NO) + + 5.) What are the requirements for joining, and how much + does it cost (if anything)? + + Here is a base list of several militias in active states. This info was + found in an ADL (Anti-Defamation League) report, and had to be edited + extensively because of intense political bias, and because of several + listings of white-supremacist (illegitimate, in my opinion) groups. + + Arizona + + Efforts have recently begun in Arizona to create a militia movement. + David Espy, who portrays himself a latter-day American Revolutionary + captain, has attempted to organize militia meetings over the last + several weeks. An advertisement he placed in the September 11 + and 25. 1994 issues of the Prescott Courier announced a meeting + in Paulden, Arizona of the "Association of the Sons of Liberty + and the Volunteer Militia." The purpose of the meeting was + to discuss plans for action against the federal government which, + in his words, "continue[s] to pass legislation that weaken + our unalienable, private property and Bill of Rights (sic)." + The formation of a militia is an integral part of Espy's plan: + "So, everyone out there, who thinks that taking pride in owning + firearms, is being fanatical or nuts, should remember where you + are living and how we all got here to begin with. It wasn't by + just sitting back and letting the government run our lives and + usurping our fundamental rights as free people. So forgive me, + if I see a clear and present danger with what is happening in + our country today, and that I feel a genuine and rational need + to form a volunteer militia force. If for no other reason than + to [let] Washington know that there is still a large group of + us out here that have inherited revolutionary DNA and are willing + to fight for it until our dying breath." + Another aspect of his plan is a demand for "the legal cessation + (sic) of Arizona from these federal United States." Also + active in Arizona is Gary D. Hunt, a man obsessed with the Waco + Branch Davidian incident. Hunt himself was present during the + siege in Waco and wrote about the event at the time, comparing + the Branch Davidians to the original revolutionary Minutemen: + "I understand why [the Minutemen] were willing to stand and + face portions of the greatest military force in the world. And + I understand why David Koresh and the other brave defenders of + Mount Carmel stand fearlessly defending their home and mine." + More recently, Hunt has distributed a flier dated July 2, 1994 + and labeled "Sons of Liberty No. 3." The flier describes + the effectiveness of militias in the Revolutionary War and suggests + that militias are again needed now. At the bottom of the flier, + written in by hand, Hunt announced: "March on Phx FBI 8-25-94 + 5-6 p.m. to release the Branch Davidians. Bring legal signs + + guns. Tell a friend." The FBI and Phoenix Police paid close + attention, but the planned march never materialized. + + Colorado + + Militias in Colorado have benefitted from the support of a number + of right-wing groups. Most active in the movement are so-called + Patriot groups that proliferate throughout the state. Others showing + support for militias in Colorado are the Constitutionists, The + Guardians of American Liberties (GOAL), and state representative + Charles Duke. Militias, calling themselves Patriots, are being + formed across the state and are currently operating in Lakewood, + Longmont, Boulder, and Greeley. The Patriots propaganda promotes + the view that the federal government has betrayed the people + and the Constitution through laws regarding home-schooling, + abortion, taxation, freedom of speech and religion, and, most + importantly, gun control. While calling on citizens to take + political action (for example, write their Congressmen, attend + meetings, etc.), they also urge that people prepare to resist the + government by forming militias and stockpiling weapons, groceries + and other necessities for survival. + + The Patriots publish a newsletter and sell tapes and videos through + "The Patriot Library." Among the titles for sale are + "The New World Order, Communist groups supported by Hillary + Clinton," as well as tapes describing black helicopters said + to be scrutinizing the actions of citizens in the western states. + + Guardians of American Liberties, a multi-slate organization centered + in Boulder, is attempting to take a leadership role in the militia + movement. It describes itself as a national grassroots network + of American Citizens formed to insure our government is free of + corruption, that it is actively aligned with the will of the people + and to safeguard the Constitution of the United States of America + from all forms of corruption." GOAL has some 40 to 50 members + in Colorado as well as claimed chapters in Texas, Arizona, California + and Nevada. It has established a militia committee, although it + is not clear what degree of success it has achieved in organizing + militias in Colorado or elsewhere. GOAL literature lists these + additional committees: a "Federal Reserve IRS Committee." + a "Political Prisoner Committee," and a "Sovereignty + Freedom Committee," beneath which is printed the slogan, + "Kick the Feds out of the Counties." + + The Constitutionists, a Kansas-based extremist group whose leadership + includes Evan Mecham, the impeached former governor of Arizona, + has received support in its promotion of militias from Colorado + State representative Charles Duke (not related to David Duke). Duke + spoke at the group's June conference in Indianapolis and promoted + the formation of militias as an effective way for citizens to protect + themselves from the government. At a Patriots meeting last July, + Duke demanded that "We need some ability to get some firepower to protect + the citizens. I would like to see a militia...[the type] that + functions as a sheriff's posse and has sufficient training." + + Radio station KHNC in Johnstown has offered its facilities to + the Patriots and other groups active in the militia movement. + KHNC broadcasts continuous Patriot programs and talk on "conservative + issues." In addition to using the radio to air their views. + Colorado militias also disseminate information on computer bulletin + boards that reach readers across the country. The Colorado Free + Militia and Boulder Patriots, for example, are promoted on the + New Age Electronic Information Service, a Colorado bulletin board. + + Florida + + A Key Largo-based group calls itself alternately the United States + Militia and the 1st Regiment Florida State Militia. Making a specious + claim to legitimacy from such documents as the U.S. Constitution, + the Federalist Papers, the Florida Constitution and Florida statutes, + this group has been attempting to recruit members at "patriotic" + and anti-gun control gatherings in Florida. Mimicking the style + of the Declaration of Independence, its literature speaks of a + "Train of Abuses" perpetrated on state and local governments + and the citizenry by the federal government. "Just as our + Founding Fathers of this country shook off their shackles of bondage," + the group declares, "so must we." + + The militia's regulations state that "County units will be + organized in each county of the state." Militia members are + told to expect to spend one weekend a month engaging in unit activities + including rallies, shooting events and fund raisers. A list of + suitable equipment is provided, which includes one thousand rounds + of ammunition per weapon and six 30-round magazines for each militia + member. While the group's regulations state that "The unit + may not be used against the police or governmental authority within + the state of Florida," an exception may be made when such + an "entity" commits "crimes of violation of their oath of officer + and "of "sections or articles of the Constitution of the United States + of America and of this state." + + The United States Militia's material was distributed at a U.S. + Constitution Restoration Rally in Lakeland, Florida, on October + 1, 1994. Attended by 1,000 to 1,500 people, the event was sponsored + by Operation Freedom, an outfit created by Charles and Ruth Ann + Spross of Maitland Florida. The Sprosses describe their effort + as a "for profit partnership," and, indeed, they offer + for sale scores of video and book titles, such as "The Planned + Destruction of America" and Linda Thompson's "Waco, + The Big Lie." Featured on the schedule at the October 1 gathering + was a speech by M. J. "Red" Beckman, of Montana, who + has been influential in the militia movement in his home state. + Distributed along with the speakers program at the rally was a + sheet bearing the heading: "Paul Revere Rides Again." + It proclaimed: "A strong and growing Underground Patriotic + Movement with state-wide militia groups exists against The Sinister + Ones that is unreported by the monopolistic and controlled establishment + media." Stockpile food, water, guns and ammo. Never surrender + your weapons.... Form or attend meetings with other spirited patriots.... + Consider yourself warned!" + + Also distributed in large numbers at the rally was a flier urging + that "All Gun Owners Should Fire A WARNING SHOT As A Signal + To The New Congress" on November 11 at 11:00 pm. "Congress + has failed to safeguard the Bill of Rights," it reads, "especially + the 2nd Amendment." It further declares: A warship will fire + a warning shot across the bow, a rattlesnake will sound off: these + warnings are never ignored. It is time to warn politicians that + if they do not respect the Bill of Rights they should at least + fear the wrath of the People. Congress is forcing the country + into a civil war. + + A group in Tampa that claims alignment with a national "patriot + movement" has ordered four judges and several Hillsborough + County officials, including the tax collector, to give themselves + up for arrest to the group's "Constitutional Court". Founder + of the group, Emilio Ippolito, and his daughter, Susan Mokdad, + reportedly said they have an unarmed militia composed of volunteers + to execute the Constitutional Court's orders. Subsequently, Ed + Brown, an activist with an armed militia group in New Hampshire, + contacted Florida law enforcement authorities, prosecutors' offices + and the Florida Bar Association to express support for Ippolito's + court. + + Idaho + + As in other parts of the country, the recent rise of militias + in Idaho can be linked to four events: the Randy Weaver siege, + the Waco disaster, the passage of the Brady Law and the federal + anti-crime law. Idaho militias identify particularly closely with + the Weaver incident because it took place inside the state and + because some key militia figures in the region were allied with + Weaver and indeed participated in the events surrounding the siege. + + Samuel Sherwood, an Idaho militia leader, has recruited hundreds + of Idahoans into his United States Militia Association. At a July + meeting in Blackfoot, Idaho, Sherwood reportedly told potential + recruits that President Clinton's crime bill authorized the government + to hire 100,000 former Royal Hong Kong police to come to America + to enforce gun control laws. As of August 1991, Sherwood's association + has organized militias in at least a dozen of Idaho's counties. + + Sherwood's recruitment campaign has met with opposition from law + enforcement officials. The Tri-County Sheriff's Association, representing + 16 eastern Idaho counties, has passed a resolution against the + formation of militias. Greg Moffat, Madison County Sheriff and + the leader of the association, has asserted that they would "give + absolutely no support to the idea of a militia." + + Indiana + + Indianapolis is the home base of Linda Thompson, an influential + figure in the militia movement nationally. Thompson is a lawyer + and chairman of the American Justice Federation, which describes + itself as "a group dedicated to stopping the New World Order + and getting the truth out to the American public." Thompson + claims to have contact with militias in all 50 states. She appears + frequently at militia gatherings and gun shows, to lecture and + sell her videos "Waco, The Big Lie," and "Waco + II - The Big Lie Continues." The latter, she claims, "proves + conclusively the government murdered 100 men, women and children + at Mt. Carmel in April, 1993." She also sells other propaganda + material such as "The Traitor Files," which purport + to link "Bill and Hillary Clinton to a Marxist-Terrorist + network." On July 13, 1991, Thompson was arrested in Indianapolis + for using her vehicle to block a bus carrying supporters of President + Clinton's health care plan. She was charged with obstructing traffic. + At the time of her arrest police officers seized from her person + a .45-caliber pistol and a .22-caliber Derringer pistol. They + also found in her vehicle an assault rifle with 295 rounds of + ammunition. Her case is pending. + + Thompson had an even more controversial message to be delivered to + the government. The ultimatum commanded members of Congress + to initiate legislation immediately that would, among + other things, repeal the 14th, 16th and 17th Amendments to the + Constitution, and the Brady Law and NAFTA. Designating herself + "Acting Adjutant General" of the "Unorganized + Militia of the United States" Thompson ordered all participants + to come "armed and in uniform." She announced that, + besides delivering the ultimatum, "The militia will arrest + Congressmen who have failed to uphold their oaths of office, who + will then be tried for Treason by citizens courts." Realizing + after several months that support for her march was lacking, Thompson + called it off, yet her standing in the militia movement apparently + remains undiminished. The John Birch Society, troubled about Thompson's + influence on its members and staff, found it necessary to warn + them against her. On May 12, 1994. the Society, issued an official + "admonition to all members and a directive to all employees" + to "stay clear of her schemes." They said: "Linda + Thompson's call for the arrest in September of members of Congress + and the President of the United States by an armed militia is + not just insane, it is contrary to all understanding of the nature + and identity of the enemy." It appears that even by the standards + of the John Birch Society, Thompson is very radical. + + Meanwhile, Thompson continues to appear at rallies and conferences + around the country, and on radio, promoting the militia cause + and calling down thunder upon the American government and its + law enforcement agencies. A rally to form a militia in Indianapolis + took place in September 1994, at a union hall in the south central + part of the city. In attendance were some 200 persons, filling + the hall to capacity, while an overflow crowd was turned away. + A smaller militia is believed to be functioning in Switzerland + County, in eastern Indiana. + + Michigan + + The militia movement has gained a following in Michigan. The most + visible such group in the state has sprung up in northern Michigan. + Spokesmen there make the (probably exaggerated) claim that militias + have 10,000 members and that brigades are operating or are currently + forming in 66 of the state's 83 counties. Meetings reportedly + draw 50 to 100 attendees. + + The issues animating Michigan's militias are the same as those + fueling the movement nationally. Chief among them is a belief + that gun control legislation is but a prelude to a complete ban + on firearms ownership in this country. An essential additional + ingredient, though, is their conviction that the government intends + to wage war on citizens who refuse to give up their weapons. They + cite as evidence for this view the tragic assault on the Branch + Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, and the 1992 raid on the cabin + of Randy Weaver in Idaho, in which Weaver's wife and son and a + federal marshal were killed. They also contend that this same + federal government is acquiescing in the surrender of U.S. sovereignty + to the United Nations and other international bodies. The militia's + aims are to "stand against tyranny, globalism, moral relativism, + humanism and the New World Order threatening to undermine these + United States of America." + + Norman E. Olson, 47, a Baptist minister and gun-shop owner in + Alanson, is the Commander of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Northern + Michigan Regional Militia. After a few months of discussion and + recruitment, the group was established in April 1994. It conducts + training exercises twice a month. At a recent session, weapons + reportedly included Chinese SKS semi-automatic assault rifles, + shotguns and deer rifles. Olson strenuously denies that the + Northern Michigan Regional Militia is racist or anti Semitic. + He claims some Jewish ancestry, and professes admiration for Israel. + In reference to the aborted march on Washington promoted by + Indianapolis militia leader Linda Thompson, Olson has written: + "Many thousands are prepared to go to Washington in uniform, carry + their guns, prepared to present the ultimatum to the President and + to Congress. This may be the beginning of a Concord-like + confrontation." A militia pamphlet distributed at a May meeting in + Petoskey attended by some 55 people reportedly asked: "What force + exists to prevent a state or federally orchestrated massacre like + the one in Waco from occurring in Michigan?" Ray Southwell, a real + estate agent who is the group's information officer, has said: "I'd + guess that within the next two years, you will see the Constitution + suspended." His further prediction: "Christian fundamentalists + will be the first to go under fascism this time. Just like the + Jews were the first last time." + + Southwell speaks as though he regards confrontation with law enforcement + as inevitable. His militia is preparing for the day "when + martial law is declared." "We are taking a stand," he says, "and are + prepared to lose everything." Other militia activists in Michigan + have had their own encounter with the law. Police in Fowlerville + (Livingston County) arrested three militia members on September 8, 1994. + Loaded rifles and handguns, as well as gas masks, night-vision + binoculars and two-way radios, were found in their car. At the + men's scheduled September 14 hearing, at least two dozen uniformed + supporters staged a protest in front of the courthouse and stomped + on a United Nations flag. The suspects failed to appear and are + considered fugitives. They were described by their supporters as + security aides to Mark Koernke (a.k.a. "Mark from Michigan"), a former + Army intelligence officer whose "America in Peril" video and speeches + have helped to recruit members to militias around the country. + + Missouri + + Militias are active in Missouri but do not appear to be as well-organized + as in other states. They operate in at least five southern Missouri + counties: Crawford, Green, Barton, Dade and Cedar, and number + collectively approximately 130 members. The militias hold irregular + meetings to view training videos, discuss paramilitary techniques + and exchange literature reflecting right-wing views. Missouri's + militias are attempting to organize themselves for political action + by, among other things, running candidates for local office. In + keeping with their political aspirations, they have attempted + to avoid any public identification with more extreme groups, although + some members also belong to the John Birch Society and the Populist + Party. + + Montana + + Militias have been forming in Montana since February 1991. The rhetoric + of these groups focuses mainly on gun control and other familiar militia + causes. Meetings have been held across the state, drawing as many as + 800 at a March 10 meeting in Kalispell. Two other meetings there also + drew over 150 participants. Similar gatherings held in Hamilton, Eureka, + Big Timber and Great Falls drew over 200 participants each. Smaller + numbers attended meetings in Sanders County, Billings and Troy. + While the crowds at initial meetings have been large, they have + tended to fall off somewhat at subsequent gatherings. Montana + militias often dwell on the state's history as an independent + outpost of freedom. A recent militia newsletter quoted, with approval, + Gary Marbut, president of The Montana Shooting Sports Association + (an anti-gun control group) in a call for rejection of all federal + control over the state: "Montanans are fed up with the federal + government dictating to Montana and the people of Montana and + we are through with Congress's increasing encroachment on the + Bill of Rights. We have a thirst for freedom in Montana, and we + simply will not subsist under the boot heel of federal tyranny. + There may be some debate about what the Second Amendment means + to the U.S. Supreme Court or the people of Peoria, but there is + no question about what the Second Amendment means to the people + of Montana. 'The great purpose' as Patrick Henry said, + 'is that every man be armed.'" + + New Hampshire + + New Hampshire law provides for an "unorganized militia" + made up of all citizens over the age of 18 who are not in the + national guard or state guard. Militia enthusiasts in New Hampshire + have pointed to the state's legislation (as well as the Second + Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) to explain and justify their + seemingly oxymoronic organization of "unorganized militias." + New Hampshire is the home of the Constitution Defense Militia, + a well-organized group with at least 15 members. It is not known + if the group engages in paramilitary training or the stockpiling + of weapons. + + New Mexico + + As in neighboring Arizona, the organization of militias in New + Mexico is in the nascent stages. Thus far, the most visible manifestation + of pro-militia sentiment in New Mexico has been found in The Free + American, a monthly newspaper published privately by Clayton R. + Douglas and his wife, Jan Douglas. The September 1994 issue contained + an advertisement declaring: "It's Time To Take Matters Into + Our Own Hands, It's Time To Protect Our Constitution! Join The + New Mexico Unorganized Militia." The accompanying phone number + for more information was the number of the newspaper itself. The + militia movement appears to be taking hold in Catron County, an + area that in recent years has experienced much anti-federal government + sentiment among some residents. Among the groups attempting to + organize a local militia are "Concerned Citizens" and + the "Patriots of Catron County." + + Finally, literature from Linda Thompson's (see Indiana section) + "Unorganized Militias of the United States," has been + distributed through gun shops in Albuquerque. + + North Carolina + + North Carolina's militia movement has been fueled by an alarmist + vision of a U.S. government bent on the destruction of American + liberties. A Monroe-based group called Citizens for the Reinstatement + of Constitutional Government has coalesced around Albert Esposito. + He denies that he is preaching revolution, but his rhetoric includes + clear overtones of preparation for battle with the enemy. + He urges the group to amass caches of the "Four B's": + Bibles, bullets, beans and bandages. Many members own semiautomatic + weapons, including AR-15's and AK-47s. The group's program is + a mixture of anti-government, religious and conspiratorial ideas. + It aims to "make the Holy Bible and the United States Constitution + the law of the land," and it vows to "resist the coming + New World Order (one world government)." To accomplish its + goals, it promises to "Remove treasonous politicians and + corrupt judges from positions of authority, and return authority + to the people." + + Citizens for the Reinstatement of Constitutional Government meets + twice a month, alternating between Monroe, in Union County, and + Matthews, in neighboring Mecklenburg County. At one meeting, Esposito, + a 43-year-old contractor, reportedly repeated G. Gordon Liddy's + alleged statement about the new crime law's assault weapons ban: + "He said. If they pass it, don't obey it. And if they come + after you, meet force with force." + + The group has distributed application forms for the "National + Free and Sovereign Civilian Militia, North Carolina state Division." + The forms ask applicants whether they are proficient in the operation + of handguns and rifles, "reloading ammo," and a variety + of survivalist skills. Esposito has espoused his views on guns + at Union County commissioners' meetings. He also railed against + federal encroachment in announcing his support for a nonbinding + resolution passed by the commission in support of school prayer. + Holding a copy of the Constitution in the air, he declared: "We + control the county. Not Washington." + + Consistent with such anti-federal government views, Esposito says + he has refused to file federal income tax returns for three years + running because he regards the tax as unconstitutional. The group + he leads split off from a tax-protest group in Charlotte called + the Carolina Patriots, three of whose leaders were convicted in + October 1994 of conspiracy to help people avoid their tax obligations. + Esposito's group has attempted to distance itself from the Carolina + Patriots. In addition to their views on guns and taxes, members + of the Monroe group have expressed ideas and conspiracy theories + that are characteristic of some other militias around the country. + These include charges that the Federal Reserve system has enriched + a tiny elite (the group's literature advocates the abolition of + the Federal Reserve), and that some government employees have + been implanted with computer chips in order to monitor the citizenry. + Another claim made at one of the group's meetings, that the government + cannot require private citizens to obtain a driver's license, + echoes the stand of an earlier extremist group, the Posse Comitatus. + A separate North Carolina militia group has been formed in Greenville, + in the eastern part of the state. Led by Scott Brown, the unit + is part of the Idaho-based United States Militia Association. + Brown reportedly has said his group worries that government + representatives "don't really understand what the Constitution means + and stands for, and they're voting away our unalienable rights." + It is not known whether the Greenville unit is engaging in any + more incendiary rhetoric or activity. + + A computer bulletin board in Alamance County, called "The + Spirit of '76," has served as an area recruiting point for + the militia led by Linda Thompson, the Indianapolis woman who + is a leading figure in the militia movement nationwide. Another + bulletin board system that made Thompson's computerized materials + available has referred individuals interested in joining the militia + to The Spirit of '76. For its part, The Spirit of '76 has declared + itself off limits to police and other government authorities by + posting a warning that states: "This BBS [bulletin board + system] is a PRIVATE system. Only private citizens who are NOT + involved in government or law enforcement activities are authorized + to use it." + + Ohio + + A militia-type group called "Patriots" meets in Cincinnati and conducts + paramilitary exercises in rural Clermont County. Another group, the Ohio + State Militia has been featured on television several times. They are + also paramilitarists, dedicated to opposing gun control, the United + Nations, and the like. For a period, some of their membership were + scanning and contacting persons with similar viewpoints over a mailnet + called FidoNet, but it is unknown if this link still exists. + + Virginia + + On July 27 of this year, James Roy Mullins, a founding member + of a militia-like group called The Blue Ridge Hunt Club, was arrested + and charged with the possession and sale of a short-barreled rifle + and unregistered silencers and with facilitating the unlawful + purchase of a firearm. Ultimately, three other members were also + charged with firearm offenses. Federal officials said that Mullins + had formed the club to arm its members in preparation for war + with the government. The cases are pending. + + The group, formed earlier in 1994, has had as many as 15 members. + They are said to have met three times before Mullins' arrest. + While members of the group say that their purpose is to lobby + against gun control laws, federal law enforcement officials describe + it differently. An ATF official who investigated the case + said that "Mullins is organizing a group of confederates, + to be armed and trained in paramilitary fashion, in preparation + for armed conflict with government authorities should firearms + legislation become too restrictive." Evidence of such preparation + is substantial. In searches of members' homes and storage facilities, + federal agents found a stockpile of weapons. In Mullins' home, + agents found 13 guns, several of which had homemade silencers. + They also found explosives, hand grenades, fuses and blasting + caps in a separate warehouse. + + Even pretrial incarceration has not stopped Mullins from threatening + violence. While in jail, he wrote a letter to a friend saying + that he wanted to borrow a machine gun in order to "take + care of unfinished business" with certain prosecution witnesses. + + The strongest indications of the group's goals was the draft of + a portion of its newsletter found on a computer disk obtained + by federal agents. On the disk, Mullins had written: Hit and run + tactics will be our method of fighting... We will destroy targets + such as telephone relay centers, bridges, fuel storage tanks, + communications towers, radio stations, airports. etc... human + targets will be engaged ... when it is beneficial to the cause + to eliminate particular individuals who oppose us (troops. police, + political figures, snitches, etc.). + + There are various other militias in other states. There is even an IRC + (Internet Relay Chat) Militia that engages in sabotaging left-wing and + seditious channels. These can most easily be contacted through other + militia/right-wing/gun buff groups. + + + - Committees of Correspondence - + + Phone # : (615)856-6185 + + Address : Nick Hull, secretary + Committees of Correspondence + 2702 Kimbrell Rd + Lenoir City, TN 37772 + + The time has come for liberty minded people to begin to talk about how + the anti-liberty trends of this country can be reversed. For this + purpose, we need to form Committees of Correspondence in each + community. + + Note that these Committees are not oriented towards subversion or + revolution - far from it! They are meant as forums where people will + discuss how this country is off track, and how it can be gotten back + on track. While discussion of such theoretical possibilities is not + barred from such groups, it is not the central factor - discussion is. + + These Committees have greater benefits than stimulating discussion for + their members. They provide a method by which like minded people can + meet each other, thus developing a known community of such people. By + doing so, the foundations are laid for a true citizen's militia, + should such a body ever become necessary. + + Please volunteer to be a member of such a committee! There are no + requirements, except that you be willing to meet others in your + community, who, like yourself, believe that this country has departed + from the ideals of the founding fathers, and has moved towards being a + totalitarian state that you would not wish to live in. + + - The People's Phrunt - + + Address : TPP c/o RevWilson + 427 E. 13th Street + Eugene, Oregon 97401 + + This is a new group that i was told about over Internet Relay Chat. + They stand for basically the same thing as the JBS and Minutemen, and + are firmly against white supremacy. I cant tell you too much, because + i havent had a chance to talk in depth with the creator. But i + encourage you to get more info. + + +III. Sabotage/Espionage/Harassment Techniques + + - BASIC LOCK PICKING - + + At home you can take your time picking a lock, but in the field, speed + is always essential. A lock picking technique called scrubbing + can quickly open most locks in a pressure situation. + + The slow step in basic picking is locating the pin which is binding + the most. The force diagram suggests a fast way to select the correct + pin to lift. Assume that all the pins could be characterized by the + same force diagram. That is, assume that they all bind at once and + that they all encounter the same friction. Now consider the effect of + running the pick over all the pins with a pressure that is great + enough to overcome the spring and friction forces but not great enough + to overcome the collision force of the key pin hitting the hull. Any + pressure that is above the flat portion of the force graph and below + the top of the peak will work. As the pick passes over a pin, the pin + will rise until it hits the hull, but it will not enter the hull. + The collision force at the sheer line resists the pressure of the + pick, so the pick rides over the pin without pressing it into the + hull. If the proper torque is being applied, the plug will rotate + slightly. As the pick leaves the pin, the key pin will fall back to + its initial position, but the driver pin will catch on the edge of + the plug and stay above the sheer line. In theory one stroke of the + pick over the pins will cause the lock to open. + + In practice, at most one or two pins will set during a single stroke + of the pick, so several strokes are necessary. Basically, you use the + pick to scrub back and forth over the pins while you adjust the + amount of torque on the plug. + + You will find that the pins of a lock tend to set in a particular + order. Many factors effect this order (obviously), but the primary + cause is a misalignment between the center axis of the plug and the + axis on which the holes were drilled. If the axis of the pin holes + is skewed (non-aligned) from the center line of the plug, then the + pins will set from back to front if the plug is turned one way, and + from front to back if the plug is turned the other way. Many locks + have this defect. + + Scrubbing is fast because you don't need to pay attention to + individual pins. You only need to find the correct torque and + pressure. + + 1.) Insert the pick and torque wrench. Without applying any torque + pull the pick out to get a feel for the stiffness of the lock's + springs. + 2.) Apply a light torque. Insert the pick without touching the + pins. As you pull the pick out, apply pressure to the pins. The + pressure should be slightly larger than the minimum necessary to + overcome the spring force. + 3.) Gradually increase the torque with each stroke of the pick + until pins begin to set. + 4.) Keeping the torque fixed, scrub back and forth over the pins + that have not set. If additional pins do not set, release the + torque and start over with the torque found in the last step. + 5.) Once the majority of the pins have been set, increase the + torque and scrub the pins with a slightly larger pressure. This + will set any pins which have set low due to beveled edges, etc. + + + ADVANCED LOCK PICKING + + Simple lock picking is a trade that anyone can learn. However, + advanced lock picking is a craft that requires mechanical sensitivity, + physical dexterity, visual concentration and analytic thinking. If you + strive to excel at lock picking, you will grow in many ways. + + Mechanical Skills + + Learning how to pull the pick over the pins is surprisingly + difficult. The problem is that the mechanical skills you learned early + in life involved maintaining a fixed position or fixed path for your + hands independent of the amount of force required. In lock picking, + you must learn how to apply a fixed force independent of the position + of your hand. As you pull the pick out of the lock you want to apply a + fixed pressure on the pins. The pick should bounce up and down in the + keyway according to the resistance offered by each pin. + + To pick a lock you need feedback about the effects of your + manipulations. To get the feedback, you must train yourself to be + sensitive to the sound and feel of the pick passing over the pins. + This is a mechanical skill that can only be learned with practice. The + exercises will help you recognize the important information coming + from your fingers. + + The Art of Lock Picking + + In order to excel at lock picking, you must train yourself to have a + visually reconstructive imagination. The idea is to use information + from all your senses to build a picture of what is happening inside + the lock as you pick it. Basically, you want to project your senses + into the lock to receive a full picture of how it is responding to + your manipulations. Once you have learned how to build this picture, + it is easy to choose manipulations that will open the lock. + + All your senses provide information about the lock. Touch and sound + provide the most information, but the other senses can reveal critical + information. For example, your nose can tell you whether a lock has + been lubricated recently. As a beginner, you will need to use your + eyes for hand-eye coordination, but as you improve you will find it + unnecessary to look at the lock. In fact, it is better to ignore your + eyes and use your sight to build an image of the lock based on the + information you receive from your fingers and ears. + + The goal of this mental skill is to acquire a relaxed concentration on + the lock. Don't force the concentration. Try to ignore the sensations + and thoughts that are not related to the lock. Don't try to focus on + the lock. + + Analytic Thinking + + Each lock has its own special characteristics which make picking + harder or easier. If you learn to recognize and exploit the + "personality traits" of locks, picking will go much faster. Basically, + you want to analyze the feedback you get from a lock to diagnose its + personality traits and then use your experience to decide on an + approach to open the lock. These are very much the same tactics a right + winger would use in other situations, such as evaluating a target. + + People underestimate the analytic skills involved in lock picking. + They think that the picking tool opens the lock. To them the torque + wrench is a passive tool that just puts the lock under the desired + stress. Let me propose another way to view the situation. The pick is + just running over the pins to get information about the lock. Based on + an analysis that information the torque is adjusted to make the pins + set at the sheer line. It's the torque wrench that opens the lock. + + Varying the torque as the pick moves in and out of the keyway is a + general trick that can be used to get around several picking problems. + For example, if the middle pins are set, but the end pins are not, you + can increase the torque as the pick moves over the middle pins. This + will reduce the chances of disturbing the correctly set pins. If some + pin doesn't seem to lift up far enough as the pick passes over it, + then try reducing the torque on the next pass. + + The skill of adjusting the torque while the pick is moving requires + careful coordination between your hands, but as you become better at + visualizing the process of picking a lock, you will become better at + this important skill. + + Pick Shapes + + Picks come in several shapes and sizes. The handle and tang of a pick + are the same for all picks. The handle must be comfortable and the tang + must be thin enough to avoid bumping pins unnecessarily. If the tang is + too thin, then it will act like a spring and you will loose the feel + of the tip interacting with the pins. The shape of the tip determines + how easily the pick passes over the pins and what kind of feedback you + get from each pin. + + The design of a tip is a compromise between ease of insertion, ease of + withdrawal and feel of the interaction. The half diamond tip with + shallow angles is easy to insert and remove, so you can apply pressure + when the pick is moving in either direction. It can quickly pick a + lock that has little variation in the lengths of the key pins. If the + lock requires a key that has a deep cut between two shallow cuts, the + pick may not be able to push the middle pin down far enough. The half + diamond pick with steep angles could deal with such a lock, and in + general steep angles give you better feedback about the pins. + Unfortunately, the steep angles make it harder to move the pick in the + lock. A tip that has a shallow front angle and a steep back angle + works well for Yale locks. + + The half round tip works well in disk tumbler locks. The full diamond + and full round tips are useful for locks that have pins at the top and + bottom of the keyway. The rake tip is designed for picking pins one by + one. It can also be used to rake over the pins, but the pressure can + only be applied as the pick is withdrawn. The rake tip allows you to + carefully feel each pin and apply varying amounts of pressure. Some + rake tips are flat or dented on the top to makes it easier to align + the pick on the pin. The primary benefit of picking pins one at a + time is that you avoid scratching the pins. + + Scrubbing scratches the tips of the pins and the keyway, and it + spreads metal dust throughout the lock. If you want to avoid leaving + traces, you must avoid scrubbing. The snake tip can be used for + scrubbing or picking. When scrubbing, the multiple bumps generate more + action than a regular pick. The snake tip is particularly good at + opening five pin household locks. When a snake tip is used for + picking, it can set two or three pins at once. Basically, the snake + pick acts like a segment of a key which can be adjusted by lifting and + lowering the tip, by tilting it back and forth, and by using either to + top or bottom of the tip. You should use moderate to heavy torque with + a snake pick to allow several pins to bind at the same time. This + style of picking is faster than using a rake and it leaves as little + evidence. + + Bristle Picks + + The spring steel bristles used on street cleaners make excellent tools + for lock picking. The bristles have the right thickness and width, and + they are easy to grind into the desired shape. The resulting tools are + springy and strong. Keep reading to find out how to make tools that are + less springy. + + The first step in making tools is to sand off any rust on the + bristles. Course grit sand paper works fine as does a steel wool + cleaning pad (not copper wool). If the edges or tip of the bristle are + worn down, use a file to make them square. + + A torque wrench has a head and a handle (all do, not some). The + head is usually 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch long and the handle varies from + 2 to 4 inches long. The head and the handle are separated by a bend + that is about 80 degrees. The head must be long enough to reach over + any protrusions (such as a grip-proof collar) and firmly engage the + plug. A long handle allows delicate control over the torque, but if it + is too long, it will bump against the doorframe. The handle, head and + bend angle can be made quite small if you want to make tools that are + easy to conceal (for example, in a pen, flashlight, or belt buckle). Some + torque wrenches have a 90 degree twist in the handle. The twist makes + it easy to control the torque by controlling how far the handle has + been deflected from its rest position. The handle acts as a spring + which sets the torque. The disadvantage of this method of setting the + torque is that you get less feedback about the rotation of the plug. + To pick difficult locks you will need to learn how to apply a steady + torque via a stiff handled torque wrench. + + The width of the head of a torque wrench determines how well it will + fit the keyway. Locks with narrow keyways (e.g., desk locks) need + torque wrenches with narrow heads. Before bending the bristle, file + the head to the desired width. A general purpose wrench can be made by + narrowing the tip (about 1/4 inch) of the head. The tip fits small + keyways while the rest of the head is wide enough to grab a normal + keyway. + + The hard part of making a torque wrench is bending the bristle without + cracking it. To make the 90 degree handle twist, clamp the head of the + bristle (about one inch) in a vise and use pliers to grasp the bristle + about 3/8 of an inch above the vise. You can use another pair of + pliers instead of a vise. Apply a 45 degree twist. Try to keep the + axis of the twist lined up with the axis of the bristle. Now move the + pliers back another 3/8 inch and apply the remaining 45 45 degrees. + You will need to twist the bristle more than 90 degrees in order to + set a permanent 90 degree twist. + + To make the 80 degree head bend, lift the bristle out of the vise by + about 1/4 inch (so 3/4 inch is still in the vise). Place the shank of + a screw driver against the bristle and bend the spring steel around + it about 90 degrees. This should set a permanent 80 degree bend in + the metal. Try to keep the axis of the bend perpendicular to the + handle. The screwdriver shank ensures that the radius of curvature + will not be too small. Any rounded object will work (e.g., drill bit, + needle nose pliers, or a pen cap). If you have trouble with this + method, try grasping the bristle with two pliers separated by about + 1/2 inch and bend. This method produces a gentle curve that won't + break the bristle. + + A grinding wheel will greatly speed the job of making a pick. It + takes a bit of practice to learn how make smooth cuts with a grinding + wheel, but it takes less time to practice and make two or three picks + than it does to hand file a single pick. The first step is to cut the + front angle of the pick. Use the front of the wheel to do this. Hold + the bristle at 45 degrees to the wheel and move the bristle side to + side as you grind away the metal. Grind slowly to avoid overheating + the metal, which makes it brittle. If the metal changes color (to + dark blue), you have overheated it, and you should grind away the + colored portion. Next, cut the back angle of the tip using the corner + of the wheel. Usually one corner is sharper than the other, and you + should use that one. Hold the pick at the desired angle and slowly + push it into the corner of the wheel. The side of the stone should + cut the back angle. Be sure that the tip of the pick is supported. If + the grinding wheel stage is not close enough to the wheel to support + the tip, use needle nose pliers to hold the tip. The cut should pass + though about 2/3 of the width of the bristle. If the tip came out + well, continue. Otherwise break it off and try again. You can break + the bristle by clamping it into a vise and bending it sharply. + + The corner of the wheel is also used to grind the tang of the pick. + Put a scratch mark to indicate how far back the tang should go. The + tang should be long enough to allow the tip to pass over the back pin + of a seven pin lock. Cut the tang by making several smooth passes + over the corner. Each pass starts at the tip and moves to the scratch + mark. Try to remove less than a 1/16th of an inch of metal with each + pass. I use two fingers to hold the bristle on the stage at the + proper angle while my other hand pushes the handle of the pick to + move the tang along the corner. Use whatever technique works best for + you. + + Use a hand file to finish the pick. It should feel smooth if you run + a finger nail over it. Any roughness will add noise to the feedback + you want to get from the lock. + + The outer sheath of phone cable can be used as a handle for the pick. + Remove three or four of the wires from a length of cable and push it + over the pick. If the sheath won't stay in place, you can put some + epoxy on the handle before pushing the sheath over it. + + An alternative to making tools out of street cleaner bristles is to + make them out of nails and bicycle spokes. These materials are easily + accessible and when they are heat treated, they will be stronger than + tools made from bristles. + + Torque Wrenches + + A strong torque wrench can be constructed from an 8-penny nail (about + .1 inch diameter). First heat up the point with a propane torch until + it glows red, slowly remove it from the flame, and let it air cool; + this softens it. The burner of a gas stove can be used instead of a + torch. Grind it down into the shape of a skinny screwdriver blade and + bend it to about 80 degrees. The bend should be less than a right + angle because some lock faces are recessed behind a plate (called an + escutcheon) and you want the head of the wrench to be able to reach + about half an inch into the plug. Temper (harden) the torque wrench by + heating to bright orange and dunking it into ice water. You will wind + up with a virtually indestructible bent screwdriver that will last for + years under brutal use. + + Bicycle spokes make excellent picks. Bend one to the shape you want + and file the sides of the business end flat such that it's strong in + the vertical and flexy in the horizontal direction. Try a righ t-angle + hunk about an inch long for a handle. For smaller picks, which you + need for those really tiny keyways, find any large-diameter spring and + unbend it. If you're careful you don't have to play any metallurgical + games. + + For perfectly serviceable key blanks that you can't otherwise find at + the store, use the metal strap they wrap around bricks for shipping. + It's wonderfully handy stuff for just about anything you want to + manufacture. To get around side wards in the keyway, you can bend the + strap lengthwise by clamping it in a vice and tapping on the + protruding part to bend the piece to the required angle. + + Brick strap is very hard. It can ruin a grinding wheel or key cutting + machine. A hand file is the recommended tool for milling brick strap. + + That's about it for lock picking. Its an important talent to have, + especially for espionage/sabotage. If this explanation didnt suffice + your quest for knowledge, there are various premade tools and manuals + available through mail-order or in a "Spy" store near you. + + + TAPPING A FONE LINE + + + Equipment Needed + + First thing you need is an audio tape recorder. What you will be + recording, whether it be voice or data, will be in an analog audio format. + Most references will be towards voice recording, but it is also possible + to data record. Most standard cassette recorders will work just fine. + However, you are limited to 1 hour recording time per side. This can + present a problem in some situations. A reel to reel can also be used. + The limitations here are size and availability of A.C. Also, some reel + to reels lack a remote jack that will be used to start and stop the + recorder while the line is being used. This may not present a problem. + The next item you need, oddly enough, is sold by Radio Shack under the + name "Telephone recording control" part # 43-236. + + Connecting the Parts + + The Telephone recording control (TRC) has 3 wires coming out of it. + + 1.) Telco wire with modular jack. Cut this and replace with alligator + clips. + + 2.) Audio wire with miniature phone jack (not telephone). This plugs + into the microphone level input jack of the tape recorder. + + 3.) Audio wire with sub miniature phone jack. This plugs into the "REM" + or remote control jack of the tape recorder. + + Now all you need to do is find the telephone line, connect the alligator + clips, turn the recorder on, and come back later. Whenever the line goes + off hook, the recorder starts. It's that simple. + + Why is recording important? Recording of evidence against communists, + recording information, and recording important personal info about the + enemy. + + + BUGS + + The government often uses bugs, or electronic sound surveillance devices + to spy on extremist groups, and use the evidence they get against them. + They also use them to intercept plans and foil them. It is extremely + important to search for these devices... UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES DO YOU + DESTROY THEM!!! If you destroy it, the government/enemy will just find a + way of putting a new one in. You must fix it so the person on the other + end of the line still thinks he is listening to something... some ideas + are: + + - Keep it where it is, just be careful what you say. + - Leaving it in an unclassified meeting room of a business. + - Putting it in a closed environment with a taped conversation of you + talking about fake plans and information. + - Leave it at an airport/bus station bathroom. + + But how do you scan for bugs? Room bugs are miniature radio stations. As + such, anyone can tune them in. This rarely happens, though, because the + range is limited and the frequency is known only to the person who placed + the bug. In practice, most bugs transmit by frequency modulation, on or + near the standard FM broadcast band (88 to 108 MHz). There is a toy + called Mr. Microphone that is, in effect, a bug shaped like a large hand- + held microphone. The user speaks into the microphone, and others may hear + his voice on their FM radios. Clandestine bugs work similarly but are + more likely to transmit just off either end of the FM band -- from 86 to + 88 MHz (which infringes on a band allocated to television channels 5 and + 6) or 108 to 110 MHz. In that way, the chance of accidental interception + or of someone complaining to the FCC is less. The Watergate bugs was to + have transmitted at 110 MHz. You can check for bugs using a FM radio. + Turn the tuner to the extreme left side of the dial, as far as it will go, + and turn the volume up. Although 88 MHz is the lowest frequency marked, + most receivers have enough "overcoverage" to pick up 87 or 86 MHz. No FM + stations are assigned below 88 MHz, so anything you may hear there is + suspicious. Slowly move the dial to the right until you come to the first + commercial FM station. Sweep over the FM band proper, and then check the + overcoverage region above 108 MHz. Any bug you hear will be in your + immediate neighborhood: typical transmitters use a few milliwatts of + power and have a range of a few hundred yards. If you suspect the bug is + in a nearby room, have someone talk or play music while you scan. A few + bugs can be picked up only with special shortwave receivers. The + frequencies from 48 to 50 MHz and 72 to 75 MHz are sometimes used. + Several shortwave operators have reported conversations that seem to be + from room bugs at 167.485 -- an FBI frequency. + + If you really want to get back at the person at the other end of the bug + you might want to consider building a blast box. All a blast box is, is + a really cheap amplifier, (around 5 watts or so) connected in place of + the microphone on the transmitting device/bug. If you cant figure out how + to do that, you might just place the bug in a massive amplifier at a music + concert, and you'll have basically the same effect. You'll not only + blast a hole in the eardrum of the listener, but you'll teach snooping + government agents a lesson that they wont soon forget. + + + HI-TECH BUG DETECTION + + For high technology bugs, the radio trick wont work. You'll need to + either buy or build a high class detector. If you wish to build one, + follow these directions... + + What you will need for your bug-detector: + (the numbers in brackets is a reference number which matches the number in + parentheses on this list.) + + + (1) 1n34a crystal diode + (2) 2 2n107 audio transistors + (ge-2 or equivalent) + (3) 3k ohm variable resistor + (4) 560 ohm 1/2 watt resistor + (5) 15k ohm variable resistor + (6) 500 ohm variable resistor + (7) .002 Uf capacitor + (8) 1.5 Volt aa battery + (9) aa battery holder + (10) 0-300 microammeter + (lafayette 99-g-5028 or + equivalent) + (11) 10 millihenry choke (ohmite + z-50) + (12) single-pole single-throw + (spst) toggle switch + (13) project box (radio shack) + (14) antenna (either from an old + transistor radio or a stiff + piece of wire will also work) + (15) 2000 ohm headset (or a mini- + ature earphone like most tv + and radios use) + + These parts can be purchased from Radio Shack or any other electronics + store for less than $20. This is a very good high-gain meter-type bug + detector. It has a crystal diode with 2 amplification stages to boost the + power of the meter. This produces a broad-band, battery-powered, receiver + that can sense radio-frequency transmitters up to a mile away. + Unfortunately, it will also pick up a commercial am or fm station up to + 3 miles away.... + + Bug detector schematics (these may seem complicated, but if you are + building the device, you'll understand what they are showing): + + [14] [1] + + (*)-----+------\<---+------+----\ + \ \ \ \ \ + \ \ \ \ \ + \-/ ( / [7] \ \ + v ) [3] \ --- \ + [11] ( / ^^^ \ + [0] ) --> \ \ \ + \ \ / \ \ + \ \ \ \-/ \ + \-/ \ \ v \ + v ----+ \ + \ [0] \ + [0] \ \ + \-/ \ + v \ + \ + [0] \ + \ + + \ + --------------------------------------- + \ /----\ + \ ( /--)-----------\ --->>b<< + \ ( \/ ) \ \ + ------(---\ ) \ \ + ( \\ ) ----+---\ + ( <--)-----\ \ \ + [2] \----/ \ \ \ + \ \ \ + \ / \ + [0] \-/ \ \ + v / \ + [4] \ \ + / \ + \ \ + \ \ + >>a<< \ + + + \ + + \ + --------------------------------------- + \ + \ [12] [8&9] + \ ____ <-><+> + \ / \ + ---------() ()-----\ \---->>c<< + \ + + + [4] + + >>a<<--------\/\/\/\/\----->>c<< + + + + ---------------->>d<< + \ + [2] /---\-----\ + ( \ ) + ( \-\ ) + >>c<<----(---\ \-----)----\ + ( \-->-\ ) \ + ( ) \ + \---------/ \ + [0] \-/ + v + + + [5] + + >>b<<-------\/\/\/\/\--- + + ^ + \ + \ + ------------>>d<< + + + [6] + + >>d<<-------/\/\/\/\/-- + ^ + \ + \ + + + + CAR TRACKER + + + Another useful "bug"-type tool is a device known as a "bumpbeeper." + It attaches to the under side of a car with magnets and then sends out + a signal that can be heard on a radio. This enables you to be able to + track the enemy's automobiles and location. + + Parts list: () = diagram # + + (1) 2n635a transistor + (2) 4.3K 1/2 watt resistor + (3) 1 meg potentiometer + (4) 10k 1/2 watt resistor + (5) 50pf capacitor + (6) 365pf variable capacitor + (7) .005Uf capacitor + (8) .01Uf capacitor + (9) ferrite loopstick (from a crys- + (10) coil [see text] tal radio) + (11) single-pole single-throw switch + (12) 9 volt battery + (opt.) Battery clip & case + (13) antenna + + This device is a constant tone signalling source that can be tuned to any + clear spot below 1000 khz. If magnets are attached to the case, it can + quickly be installed under the persons car. (9) is a standard ferrite + loopstick that can be purchased at Radio Shack. (10) Is simply 12 turns + of plastic covered hookup wire wound over (9). + + 13 + (*)-------\(----+-----______--- >>a<< + \ \ ^^^^^^ + \ 5 \ \ 9 + --- -\(-- --\(--->>b<< + - 6 \ 7 + v \ + --->>a<< + + + >>a<<------+------+------o/ o----- + \ \ 11 \ + / --- \ + \ - \ + / v \ + 4 \ -------- + \ \ + \ --[][]->>c<< + --->>b<< 12 + + "@ j >>c<<----/\/\/\/\----+-----+------ + 2 \ \ \ + \ \ \ + >>d<<---)\------- \ \ + v >>e<< + + 8 -----/\/\/\-- + \ 3 + >>f<<-----------+ + /---\ + 1 ( \ ) + ( / /-)---->>d<< + ( \ > ) + ( ----- ) + ( \ ) + \---/ + \ + \ + >>b<< + + + >>e<<------- + \ + ( + ) + ( + 10 ) + \ + ------>>f<< + + + + + >>d<<--- + \ + --- + - + v (ground) + + To tune the transmitter: + + 1.) Pick an empty spot on the am car radio below 1000 khz. + 2.) Switch on the transmitter with the spst switch. + 3.) Tune the 365 variable capacitor slowly until a shrill note can be + heard from the car radio. + 4.) The pitch of the note is adjustable by turning the 1 meg + potentiometer. + + + - HARASSMENT TECHNIQUES - + + THE $99 BUS TOUR + + The Minutemen were known for their variety of harassment techniques. At + one point, they were prosecuted by the federal government for attempted + murder of communists. The key prosecution witness was a man named Jerry + Brooks. Brooks claimed that Robert DePugh (leader of the Minutemen) had + handed him a vial of strychnine and a $99 Greyhound Bus ticket around + the country, and was told to kill as many communists as he could. + + When asked to respond afterward by a reporter, DePugh replied that, like + much of what Brooks testified to, there was a glimmer of truth in this. + Brooks had allegedly been given the $99 ticket, but ordered to go around + the country pretending to be a possible recruit for various communist + organizations. He would get inside the various organizations offices + and take note of what they looked like, and any peculiarities about + them. Then, as Robert DePugh described it, "We were going to wait quite + a little while, so they would no longer associate it with his visit and + then write to them in such a manner they would think for sure that + recently someone had been inside their office. You know, like for + example, we were going to write to Elizabeth Gurley Flynn [American + Communist Party chairman at that time] and tell her, 'Why don't you + wash the windows in your office? They're so dirty we can hardly see + through our telescopic lens.'" + + According to notes taken at a later Minutemen training session, "We + must win through Psychological Warfare." The notes mention such + ideas as: + + * Sending boxed scorpions to left-wing radio announcers. + * Telephone Harassment (Look up a local communist party chapter, and + start prank calling, and hate calling.) + * Physical Harassment : Find a communist's house, go there late at + night, and shine a few lights in the windows. + * Mail Harassment (sending bloody letters, violent letters, tampering + with their mail, burning their mail, etc.) + * Blackmail and Bribery + * Burglarize and Vandalize a communists house. + For instance: + + Use hydroflouric acid on his windows. Then, when the window is + nice and brittle, you can literally punch out a section of the + window without setting off an alarm. From there, you can steal + and pillage to your heart's desire. + + Knocking on the door, and nailing him with paintballs when + he comes to the door, and subsequently paintballing his house. + + Egg his car, his house, and whatever else you like. + + Paint his house red. + + Nail a Declaration of Independence, or a Constitution to his door. + + Burn a stake/cross/hammer&sickle on his lawn. + + Take target practice on his front door. + + Stalk him, and chase him down. + + * Buy things with stolen credit card #'s and send them to his house. + + + - ENCRYPTION/CRYPTOGRAPHY - + + Cryptography (secret codes) are essential for security. The basic + rule of security for right-wing militant groups is summed up in the + statement "One of the set rules of Guerilla Warfare is don't operate + with a set pattern or plan." + + However, for definite agendas, there are certain precautions that must + be taken with ALL documents. For electronic material, PGP or another + cipher key program must be used. For written documents, ciphers are + more difficult to do, but they can also be more imaginative and + creative. + + The Number Code + + Out of the various codes one can make, a number code is easiest. The + simplest number cipher is simply to assign a certain letter as one, + and keep numbering up. So, for example.... + + A = 5 + B = 6 + C = 7 + D = 8 + E = 9 + F = 10 + G = 11 + H = 12 + I = 13 + J = 14 + K = 15 + L = 16 + M = 17 + N = 18 + O = 19 + P = 20 + Q = 21 + R = 22 + S = 23 + T = 24 + U = 25 + V = 26 + W = 1 + X = 2 + Y = 3 + Z = 4 + + So if you wanted to say, "Minuteman was here", you would write: + + 17-13-18-25-24-9-17-5-18 1-5-23 12-9-22-9. + + The problem with a code like this is that an experienced cryptographer + by a simple combination of trial and error and analysis of sentence + structure can determine very close to the exact code. A better code + is a more original, less standardized code. The first example of + this would be a Freemason type code. + + A ³ B ³ C \ J / N ³ O ³ P \ W / + ÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄ \ / ù ³ ù ³ ù \ù / + D ³ E ³ F \/ ÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ \/ + ÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄ K /\ L Q ³ R ³ S Xù /\ ùY + G ³ H ³ I / \ ù ³ ù ³ ù /ù \ + / M \ ÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÅÄÄÄ / Z \ + T ³ U ³ V + ù ³ ù ³ ù + + + For that same message, "Minuteman was here", you would write: + + /\ ÚÄÄÄ ³ ÚÄÄÄ¿ ÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄ¿ /\ ³ ³ + / \ ³ ù ³ ³ ù ³ ù ³ ³ ³ / \ ³ ù ³ + / \ ³ ÄÄÄÙ ³ ³ ³ ÀÄÄÄÙ / \ ÄÄÄÙ ÄÄÄÙ + + \ / ³ ÚÄÄÄ + \ù / ³ ³ ù + \/ ÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄ + + ÚÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄ¿ + ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ù ³ ³ ³ + ³ ³ ÀÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÙ + + + However, the most effective cipher by far is a cipher that uses a + renaming type motif. That being, certain phrases and certain words + mean exact things. This method eliminates much of the possibility of + a cryptographer doing anything but blindly guessing what the message + you send might mean. For instance + + John = Minuteman + Ivan = Polaris + "contact" = connect + 5:00 PM = High Noon + + Someone wants to tell someone else that Minuteman will contact Polaris + at 5:00 PM. + + "John will connect Ivan at High Noon". If you dont know the + code, its easy to see how little one can derive from such a statement. + + What happens if you dont use encryption? Federal agents use whatever + documents they can find from your group to implicate and arrest members + of it for illegal acts that they probably didnt commit, or at least with + a just cause. Remember, without any evidence and with a good lawyer, + the government will have a much harder time trying to stop you. + + You must also, however, protect your normal mail, with certain techniques + to insure absolute security. If not, the communists may use the very + same harassment/espionage tactics against you. + + SEALS + + Wax seals are not a guarantee against unauthorized opening of a letter. + According to the CIA Flaps and Seals Manual (available from Paladin + Press, Boulder CO), there is a way to remove and replace seals. First + the opener takes a plaster of Paris cast of the seal. This is set aside + to harden. The wax is gently heated with an infrared lamp. When soft, + it is rolled into a ball and set aside. The flap of the envelope is + steamed open, and the letter is taken out and photocopied. After the + envelope's contents are replaced and the flap resealed, the same wax is + used to recreate the seal. It is heated till pliable and pressed back + into shape with the plaster of paris mold. One type of seal is secure, + even according to the CIA manual quoted before: one made of two or more + colors of wax melted together. The colors inevitably come out different + on the second secret pressing. But a color Polaroid of the seal must be + sent under separate cover so that the recipient can compare it with the + seal on the message letter. None of the other common seals are reliable + against unauthorized opening, assuming that knowledgeable letter-openers + may want to open your mail. Scotch tape across the flap of an envelope + comes off cleanly with carbon tetrachloride (applied wiht a brush or + hypodermic needle). If you suspect that someone is opening your mail, + the manual suggests sending yourself a letter containing a sheet of + carbon or wax paper. The heat and mechanical treatment of the letter + opening will smudge the carbon and melt the wax. Otherwise, you have to + examine letters carefully to detect prior opening. A torn flap, + smudging of the flap glue, flattened ridges in the flap, or concave + (from the back) curling due to steaming are evidence of opening. A more + sophisticated test requires steaming part of the envelope near the flap + for fifteen seconds. Then place the envelope under an ultraviolet lamp. + If there is a difference in fluorescence between the steamed and + unsteamed part of the envelope, then the envelope paper is suitable for + the test. If so, examine the unsteamed part of the flap under the + ultraviolet lamp. If it shows a different fluorescence than the other + unsteamed parts of the envelope, it indicates that the flap may have + been previously steamed. The ultraviolet lamp is also useful in + detecting invisible writing. An effective ultraviolet ink need not + fluoresce brightly, as the silicate stamp inks do. Any substance that + changes the fluorescence of paper in ultraviolet light yet is invisible + in ordinary light will work. Prisoners have used human urine as ink. + Salt water, vinegar, milk, fruit juices, saliva, and water solutions of + soap or drugs also work, with varying degrees of legibility. + + +IV. The Tools and Tactics of the Militants + + "... The true guerrila is never beaten. He will never negotiate + away his freedom. He will never compromise his ideas. He will never + surrender. + History offers many examples of far larger and better equipped + armies that were finally defeated by guerrillas. They can fight on + for years, even generations. Guerrilla bands can fight in the cities + country, forests, swamps, deserts, or mountains. They are everywhere + and yet nowhere. They strike without warning and vanish without a + trace. They take away with them the arms, food, and ammunition they + will need to fight again another day. + The guerrilla is a grim fighter and a terrible foe. His strength + is in his heart--in his love for his country--in his hatred of the + enemy. His chief weapons are stealth, cunning, endurance, and most + of all, an intense belief in the righteousness of his own cause. + He will fight to the death with a fury that makes his enemies + cower before him." + + From "Principles of Guerrilla Warfare," copyright 1961, + Robert B. Depugh -- a booklet + + + "The Pen is mightier than the Sword. + The Court is mightier than the Pen. + The Sword is mightier than the Court." + + - Rey Barry - + + + "Walk softly, and carry a big stick." + + - Theodore Roosevelt - + + + This is probably the section half of those reading this manual have + been waiting for: the firearms. I would stress to those reading this + my earlier warning that the information provided is for INSTRUCTION + ONLY. Should you do this, its your own fault what happens. I would + also stress that in several cases, action can be taken without + involving serious violence. Please explore all alternatives before + shooting anyone. + + - GUNS AND RELATED WEAPONS - + + There are several important things you must know about guns (being + their types, specifications, and how to use them.) However, there + is other information that is perhaps even more important. + + First of all, you need to know what guns to buy for who. Although + slightly outdated, the April 1, 1964 issue of "On Target" has some + interesting suggestions for firearms: + + Adult Males: 30-06 Garands, 7.62 NATO FNs, 30-06 bolt-action + Springfields or Enfields, high-caliber sporting + rifles as desired, 12-gauge double barrel, pump or + semi-automatic shotguns. + + Adult Females: Winchester Model 100 in .308 caliber, Remington + Model 742 in 30-06 caliber of 30-caliber military + carbines. + + Older Children: Sporting rifles in 6mm., .243, .270, .222 calibers. + + Younger Children: Semi-automatic .22 rifles. + + I also suggest newer productions, namely the TEC-DC9, the CAR-15, + the AR-15, and any Kalishnikov rifles (or their Chinese variants) + that are available. Necessary additions to these weapons would be + silencers, clips, laser-targeting scopes, night-vision scopes, + and/or shoulder supports. + + In addition to buying guns, one can also produce makeshift guns if + one knows how they work. + + + HOMEMADE STUN GUNS + + + Materials + --------- + + - 1 camera flash (rip this out of a cheap camera or buy a seperate one, + get the flashes that run off of a couple of double A's) + - 1 hobby box (large enough to fit your disassembled flash in, get one + WITHOUT a metal base plate!) + - 2 stainless steel nails + - 2 1.3 volt AA batteries (for the flash) + - 1 soldering iron and solder + - 1 tube of super glue + - 1 pair of wire cutters + + + 1.) First of all disconnect any batteries from your camera flash. + 2.) Take apart the camera flash and chuck out all the excess plastic + container. + 3.) Locate the flash tube (the bit that flashes, duh!), and cut the two + wire that lead to it. + 4.) Taking these two wires and solder each one to a seperate nail. + 5.) Now prepare your hobby box buy cutting two holes large enough to + slide the point of a nail through (the nails should be about .5 cm + apart), and cut a whole for the switch that was hooked up to the + flash originally. Super glue all the parts in place. Carefully + connect up your batteries (the battery compartment should be still + intact if you didn't butcher the camera flash too much when you + were taking it apart). Ensure there are no exposed wires touching + each other. The finished hobby box should look like this: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ ³ + <====³ ÜÜ ³ + <====³ ³ <==== - nails + ³ ³ ÚÄÄÄ¿ - hobby box + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÜÜ - switch + + 5.) Screw on the base plate and you're ready. + + To use it just flick on the switch and you should hear a high pitch + squeal starting to get louder. Turn the switch off (the longer you + leave it on the greater the shock will be) and holding the box touch + someones skin with the tips of both the nails. + + + HOW TO MAKE A PSEUDO-GUN + + To do this, you first need to know how a gun works. A gun is simply + a bullet, in a type of vise, that has a sharp object shoved up its + back very quickly, and explodes. So basically, to build a pseudo- + gun, take a vice type device, and make it an easy close/open vise + operation (like a gun hammer). Then, attach a mechanism that allows + the operator to swing a nail, or other sharp object, into the back + of the bullet quickly. And there, you've got a gun! + + SILENCERS + + " The advantages of a gun that makes no noise when fired are + obvious. In underground warfare the availability of such weapons + would be invaluable to individuals or small combat teams forced to + operate against a superior enemy force... The time may come when + citizens may profit from a knowledge of how to construct such + devices... Telescopic sights are often helpful. Some companies + make mounting rings that hold the telescopic sight well above the + barrel of the rifle. This may be sufficient for a silencer that is + about two and one-half inches in diameter. Special scope mounts may + be purchased or constructed for silencers having a larger diameter..." + + - From Minutemen pamphlet on how to build + your own gun silencer. + + + HOW TO MAKE A ONE-USE SILENCER + + This is a simple way to make a one use silencer. It only works once, + for obvious reasons, as you will see. Take an empty 12 ounce plastic + soft drink container, and tape if firmly to the end of the gun/pistol/ + rifle. Then, go ahead and shoot! Keep in mind, this is not perfect, + and it only works once, because once the bottle has a hole in it, it + no longer will work. + + HOW TO MAKE A MULTI-USE SILENCER + + Silencers made for multi-use for improvised small arms weapons + can be made from steel gas or water pipe and fittings. + + Material Required: + + Grenade Container + Steel pipe nipple, 6 in. (15 cm) long - (see Graph 1 for diameter) + 2 steel pipe couplings - (see Graph 2 for dimensions) + Cotton cloth - (see Graph 2) + Drill + Absorbent cotton + + Procedure: + + 1.) Drill hole in grenade container at both ends to fit outside diameter + of pipe nipple. (see Graph 1) + + -> /----------------------\ + / | | + 2.75 in | ) ( <-holes + dia. \ | | + -> \-----------------------/ + + |-----------------------| + 5 in. + + 2.) Drill four rows of holes in pipe nipple. Use Graph 1 for diameter and + location of holes. + + + 6 in. + |-----------------------------------| + _____________________________________ ___ + | O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O | | C (nom. dia.) + ------------------------------------- + (size of hole) | \ / (space between) + B (dia.) A + + + 3.) Thread one of the pipe couplings on the drilled pipe nipple. + 4.) Cut coupling length to allow barrel of weapon to thread fully into + low signature system. Barrel should butt against end of the drilled + pipe nipple. + 5.) Separate the top half of the grenade container from the bottom half. + 6.) Insert the pipe nipple in the drilled hole at the base of the bottom + half of the container. Pack the absorbent cotton inside the container and + around the pipe nipple. + 7.) Pack the absorbent cotton in top half of grenade container leaving a + hole in center. Assemble container to the bottom half. + 8.) Thread the other coupling onto the pipe nipple. + + Note: A longer container and pipe nipple, with same "A" and "B" + dimensions as those given, will furthur reduce the signature of the + system. + + How to use: + + 1.) Thread the silencer device on the selected weapon securely. + 2.) Place the proper cotton wad size into the muzzle end of the system + (see Graph 2) + 3.) Load weapon + 4.) Weapon is now ready for use + + Graph 1 -- Low Signature System Dimensions + + (Coupling) Holes per (4 rows) + A B C D Row Total + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + .45 cal 3/8 1/4 3/8 3/8 12 48 + + .38 cal 3/8 1/4 1/4 1/4 12 48 + + 9 mm 3/8 1/4 1/4 1/4 12 48 + + 7.62 mm 3/8 1/4 1/4 1/4 12 48 + + .22 cal 1/4 5/32 1/8* 1/8 14 50 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + *Extra Heavy Pipe + (All dimensions in inches) + + + Graph 2 -- Cotton Wadding - Sizes + + ------------------------------------------------- + Weapon Cotton Wadding Size + ------------------------------------------------- + .45 cal 1-1/2 x 6 inches + + .38 cal 1 x 4 inches + + 9 mm 1 x 4 inches + + 7.62 mm 1 x 4 inches + + .22 cal Not needed + ------------------------------------------------- + + + ARTILLERY + + Before i go into homemade artillery, i would like to make suggestions + for heavy weapons worth actually buying. Here they are: + + - RPG's (Rocket Propelled Grenades) + - Self-Propelled Miniguns + - Mortars + - Anti-Vehicle Weapons and mines + - If you can get your hands on them, AAA guns and anti-aircraft + missiles + + Improvised Artillery: + + There is a simple way to make a small artillery device for home defense + use. The easiest way to build it is described, and anyone with any + knowledge of weaponry can make obvious substitutions if necessary. + + Take a thick and mediumly wide metal pipe. Take a metal cap, drill a + hole in it, and weld it on to one side of the metal pipe. Now, take + a firecracker (an M-80, or an M-100), and carefully drop it in the + bottom of the pipe, putting the fuse through the hole in the cap. + Now, place some tissue paper/toilet paper in the pipe. Now, pour + (NOT STUFF) some BB's, or metal pellets into the pipe. Stuff some + more toilet paper into the pipe. Now pour some more bb's/pellets, + and another layer of toilet paper. Basically, now just prop this + up against a tree or something, and you'll have a working artillery + piece/mortar that can be very deadly if accurately aimed. To make + this weapon much more deadly, take heavy rocks, or the like, and place + them in the pipe. You can substitute black powder/gun powder/blasting + powder and a fuse for the firecracker. The firecracker just makes the + business easier for the slow at intellect. + + Another type of artillery are Model Shrapnel Rockets. Basically, fill + the cone and the very upper portion of the rocket with gunpowder/black + powder/etc. Lead a fuse (judge the length of the fuse based on the + range to target) from the cone to the engine. Then pack the rest of the + middle and inside of the rocket with lightweight materials like shards of + glass, and fiberglass, nails, and whatnot. Basically, just fire the + rocket slightly above your target. When it explodes, the "shrapnel" on + the inside will shoot out and maim/kill your target. + + Other types of model rockets can also be extremely useful. Experimenting + with them firsthand is the best solution, because it will enable you to + determine what kind and what design is best for your uses. + + Another home-design type artillery device is a sprinkler hooked up to a + pump-bucket filled with a gasoline/gunpowder/blackpowder mix. Then, + start the pump, and have the sprinkler start going on the target area... + when the bucket is nearly empty, strike a match and throw it. You'll + a homemade HADES type weapon. Basically, the air around the sprinkler, + and everything touched by the spray will go up like spontaneous + combustion. + + FLARES + + If you would like to make a flare, there are several ways. But the most + original and interesting way would be the following: + + Take an Erienmeyer flask (the kind with the fat bottoms and thinly necked + tops), and dump some Antimony powder at the bottom. Then, while holding + your nose, funnel some Chlorine Gas into the flask. FOOM! You'll have + a flare gun for a few minutes. The reaction is quick and bright. The + flask also gets warm, so be careful. + + + - BOMBS AND PARAFANALIA - + + The Minuteman journal "On Target" continually stresses that if you + are going to build bombs, build simple, easy to test and construct + ones. In fact, in notes from one training session, it reads "Black + Powder is the best. Put it in a 2" pipe, drill a hole in it, insert + fuse, light the fuse, throw it, and run." How do you make Black + Powder? The recipe followed directly afterward. + + Black Powder + + Place 5 pints of alcohol in a bucket. In another bucket, put 3 cups + of granulated potassium nitrate, 2 cups powdered wood charcoal, and + 1/2 cup of powdered sulfur (can be obtained from match heads) into + the bucket. Add 1 cup of water and stir well with a wooden stick. + Place the bucket on a heat source and add 2 more cups of water and + wait for it to bubble but don't let it boil. Remove the bucket from + the heat and pour it into the alcohol while stirring well. Let the + alcohol stand for about 5 minutes. Strain the liquid through + cheesecloth to remove the powder. Wrap the cloth around the powder + and squeeze out the excess liquid. Place a piece of screen on top + of a bucket. Place a workable amount of black powder (That black + muddy looking stuff) on the screen and begin to work it through. + Spread the end result on a piece of newspaper and let it dry in + the sunlight. + + The notes go on to describe another explosive that should be used + under doors or entrances to sensitive rooms/buildings, called + Ammonium Tri Iodide. To make it: + + Mix solid Nitric Iodine (or take the liquid form, and evaporate the + liquid off) with household ammonia. Wait overnight and pour off + the liquid. You will be left with a muddy substance. Let it + dry untill it hardens up. To use it, put it in a bottle or can + and just drop it or throw it at something. + + Other types of powders and the such that are useful to know how to make: + + Gun Powder: + + 1.) Pour 10ml of both Sulfuric and Nitric acid in a beaker. + 2.) Add come Cotton with the mixture of th acids. + 3.) Let it dry and crumble it into powder. + + Easy Gun Powder: + + 1.) Put 100 grams of Potassium nitrate in beaker. + 2.) Put 100 grams of Sulfur in beaker. + 3.) Put 100 grams of charcoal in beaker. + + Flash Powder (Another useful ingredient for homemade flares): + + 1.) Add 1 ounce of Sulfur in beaker. + 2.) Add 2 ounces of Sodium chlorate in beaker. + 3.) Add 1 ounce of 400 mesh aluminum powder in beaker. + + Greek Fire (A popular home explosive): + + 1.) Add 100 grams of Potassium Nitrate in Beaker. + 2.) Add 100 grams of Charcoal in beaker. + 3.) Add 50 grams of Sulfur in beaker. + 4.) Add 50 grams of Sugar in beaker. + + Thermite (An extremely useful diversion weapon, as well as for + destructive purposes): + + 1.) Ground aluminum mesh into a powder. + 2.) Mix the powder carefully into an amount of Iron (III) Oxide. + 3.) When you wish to ignite the reaction, take a strip of Magnesium + (other heat sources can be used, but this works best), and quickly + place it in the mixture (back off very quickly). + 4.) The reaction is quick, explosive, and dangerous. You must be very + careful how you place the ignition source, and a fuse type design + works best. The reaction is so hot that the iron turns molten. + + Other bombs suggested by these notes, and other sources: + + Homemade Grenades + + During the Winter, or in a wet area, you can use a piece of a simple + chemical that can be procured from any chemical supply store for a + hand grenade. Take a piece of potassium or rubydium (potassium is more + stable, and easier to handle), and just throw it at water surrounding + your target. You will be more than suprised at what a small piece of + chemical can do. BOOM! + + Carbide Bomb + + This is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. Exercise extreme caution.... + Obtain some calcium carbide. This stuff can be found at nearly any + hardware store. Take a few pieces of this stuff (it looks like gravel) + and put it in a glass jar with some water. Cover the jar tightly. The + carbide will react with the water to produce acetylene carbonate which + is similar to the gas used in cutting torches. Eventually the glass + with explode from internal pressure. If you leave a burning rag + nearby, you will get a nice fireball. + + + Exhaust Bomb (for a car) + + Install a spark plug into the last four or five inches of the tail + pipe by drilling a hole that the plug can screw into easily. + Attach a wire (this is regular insulated wire) to one side of the + switch and to the spark plug. The other side of the switch is attached + to the positive terminal on the battery. With the car running, simply + hit the switch and watch the flames. + + + The Hearts and Diamonds Bomb, A.K.A. the Pipe Bomb + + Take an old-style, non-laminated hearts or diamonds playing card, and + stick in in a pvc or metal pipe. Glug some glycerine hand lotion in + it, and add a few shakes of potassium permanganate (snake-bite + medical formula in most medical kits). Let it sit and absorb for a + few hours, and then place it upon a hot radiator, or flame. + + + The Mayonnaise Bomb + + Take an empty mayonnaise jar, and pour a few drops of gasoline in it. + Roll the jar around to create a thin layer of gasoline inside the jar. + Add a few shakes of potassium permanganate (snakebite formula), and + cap the jar. Now, leave it out in the sun for a few hours to + evaporate the gas into the jar. Then, throw the jar at something. + + + Turn Signal Bomb (for a car) + + Detach the plastic running light (or turn signal) cover on someones + car. Break the bulb. Test the bulb with a voltage meter to make sure + it is not live. Pack the bulb with Flash Paper and replace the cover. + When the person starts his car or goes to turn, a quick burst of flame + will pop out of the back of his car making him think it is on fire. + + + Piss Bomb (Uric Acid Explosive) + + + MATERIALS + --------- + + - 1 cup concentrated solution of uric acid + (C5 H4 N4 O3) + - 1/3 cup of nitric acid + - 4 heat-resistant glass containers + - 4 filters (coffee filters will do) + + + Filter the concentrated solution of uric acid through a filter to remove + impurities. Slowly add 1/3 cup of nitric acid to the solution and let + the mixture stand for 1 hour. Filter again as before. This time the + Urea Nitrate crystals will collect on the filter. Wash the crystals by + pouring water over them while they are in the filter. Remove the + crystals from the filter and allow 16 hours for them to dry. This + explosive will need a blasting cap to detonate, or a suitable substitute. + + + HEAVY EXPLOSIVES + + This next section may seem confusing at first. However, you do not need + to be a chemist to be able to understand and duplicate what is being + shown here. It is important for a militiaman to be able to make or have + a source to make heavy explosives because of the opportunities this lends + you. + + You've all read about the manure bomb that the fellows in Oklahoma + used. Well, here's a way to get the Potassium Nitrate direct from + normal soil, instead of having to buy it. + + + Potassium Nitrate + + The following recipe was found in the Improvised Munitions Handbook + published by the Department of the Army. + + Potassium nitrate can be extracted from many natural sources (soil) and + can be used to make nitric acid, black powder, and many pyrotechnics. + The yield ranges from 1% to 10% by weight, depending on the fertility + of the soil. + + Materials Source + --------- ------ + + Nitrate bearing earth or other Soil contaying decaying animal + material, about 3-1/2 gallons. or vegetable matter. + + Fine wood ashes, 1/2 cup. Totally burned wood products. + + 5 gallon bucket + + 2 pieces of finely woven cloth, + each slightly larger than the + bottom of the bucket. + + Shallow pan or dish at least as + large as bottom of bucket. + + Shallow heat resistant container + ceramic or metal. + + Water, 1-3/4 gallons. + + Awl, knife screwdriver or other + hole producing instrument. + + Alcohol (ethyl or isopropyl) + 1 gallon + + Heat source, fire, stove. + + paper + + Tape + + Procedure + --------- + 1.) Punch holes in the bottom of the bucket so that the entire surface + is covered with them. + + 2.) Place cloth flat on bottom of bucket. + Spread ashes on cloth. + Place second piece of cloth on top of ashes + + 3.) Fill bucket with earth. + + 4.) Place bucket over shallow container. Support bucket with sticks if + necessary. + + 5.) Boil water and pour it over earth in bucket a little at a time. + Allow water to run through holes in bucket into shallow container. + Be sure water runs through all of the earth. Allow liquid to cool + and settle for 1 to 2 hours. + + 6.) Carefully drain liquid into heat resistant container. Discard + sludge at bottom of shallow container. + + 7.) Boil mixture over hot fire for at least 2 hours. Small grains of + salt will appear in the solution. Scoop these out as they form + and discard. + + 8.) When liquid has boiled down to about half of its original volume, + remove from fire and let sit. After half hour add an equal volume + of alcohol. + + 9.) Make an improvised strainer out of paper tape and bucket. Tape + paper so that it covers the top of a clean bucket. + + 10.) Pour mixture through paper strainer. Small white salt crystals + will collect on top of it. These are potassium nitrate. + + 11.) To purify the potassium nitrate, re-dissolve the dry crystals in + the smallest amount possible of boiled water (make sure they all + dissolve). Remove any salt crystals that appear (step 7) pour + through an improvised filter made of several pieces of paper and + evaporate or gently heat solution to dryness. + + 12.) Spread crystals on plat surface and allow to dry. The potassium + nitrate crystals are now ready to use. + + + This method was tested, and it is effective. Large quantities (1 to 2 + pounds) of potassium nitrate can be obtained this way. + + + R.D.X. + + RDX can be produced by the method given below. It is much easier + to make in the home than all other high explosives, with the possible + exception of ammonium nitrate. + + MATERIALS + --------- + + - hexamine or methenamine - + - 1000 ml beaker - + - ice bath - + - glass stirring rod - + - thermometer - + - funnel - + - filter paper - + - distilled water - + - ammonium nitrate - + - nitric acid (550 ml) - + - blue litmus paper - + - small ice bath - + + 1.) Place the beaker in the ice bath, and carefully pour 550 ml of + concentrated nitric acid into the beaker. + + 2.) When the acid has cooled to below 20ø, add small amounts of the + crushed fuel tablets to the beaker. The temperature will rise, and it + must be kept below 30ø, or dire consequences could result. Stir the + mixture. + + 3.) Drop the temperature below zero degrees celsius, either by adding + more ice and salt to the old ice bath, or by creating a new ice bath. + Continue stirring the mixture, keeping the temperature below zero for + twenty minutes. + + 4.) Pour the mixture into 1 liter of crushed ice. Shake and stir the + mixture, and allow it to melt. Once it has melted, filter out the + crystals, and dispose of the corrosive liquid. + + 5.) Place the crystals into one half a liter of boiling distilled + water. Filter the crystals, and test them with the blue litmus paper. + Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the litmus paper remains blue. This will + make the crystals more stable and safe. + + 6.) Store the crystals wet until ready for use. Allow them to dry + completely before using them. R.D.X. is not stable enough to use alone + as an explosive. + + A composition C-1 can be made to desensitize the explosive by mixing the + following ingredients. (measure by weight) + + Material Percent + -------- ------- + R.D.X. 88% + mineral oil 11% + lecithin 1% + + Knead these material together in a plastic bag. This is one way to + desensitize it. There are other ways, but not always as simple. + + A neat extra thing to do to RDX is to create HMX, a mix of RDX and TNT; + the ratio is 50/50, by weight. (Keep reading for the recipe for T.N.T.) + It is not as sensitive as unadultered RDX and it is almost as powerful + as straight RDX. By adding ammonium nitrate to the crystals of RDX + produced in step 5, it is possible to desensitize the R.D.X. and + increase its power, since ammonium nitrate is very insensitive and + powerful. Sodium or potassium nitrate could also be added; a small + quantity is sufficient to stabilize the RDX. + + Ammonium Nitrate + + There are two ways to procure Ammonium Nitrate: making it, or stealing + it. You can usually swipe it from any construction site, and if you've + got plenty of money to play with, just buy Instant Cold-Paks. A rather + powerful priming charge must be used, or a booster charge must be added. + The primer explodes, detonating the T.N.T., which detonates, sending + a tremendous shockwave through the ammonium nitrate, detonating it. + + To make ammonium nitrate the hard way, follow these easy instructions: + Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil Solution, also known as ANFO solves one of + the major problems with ammonium nitrate: its tendency to pick up water + vapor from the air. This absorption results in the explosive failing + to detonate when fired. This is less of a problem with ANFO because it + consists of 94% (by weight) ammonium nitrate mixed with 6% fuel oil + (kerosene). The kerosene helps keep the ammonium nitrate from absorbing + moisture from the air. This mixture, like straight ammonium nitrate, is + very insensitive to shock. It requires a very powerful shockwave to + detonate it, and is not very effective in small quantities. Usually a + booster charge, consisting of dynamite or a commercial cast charge, is + used for reliable detonation. Some commercial ANFO explosives have a + small amount of aluminum added, increasing the power and sensitivity. + These forms can often be reliably initiated by a No. 8 blasting cap. + These disadvantages are outweighed by two important advantages of + ammonium nitrate explosives- cost, and safety. In industrial blasting + these factors are much more important than in recreational activities, + and this has contributed to the popularity of these explosives. If the + explosive is initiated without confinement it not propagate well, and + most of the ammonium nitrate will burn and scatter, rather than + detonation as most other high explosives would. Ammonium nitrate + explosives are much cheaper per pound than most other explosives, with + the price per pound at about 1/10 that of dynamite. Straight ammonium + nitrate can be transported to the blasting site without the extract + expenses incurred when transporting high explosives. At the site, the + ammonium nitrate, in the form of small pellets, or prills, can be mixed + with the fuel oil just prior to blasting. If too much oil is added, the + power of the mixture will decrease, because the extra oil will absorb + some of the energy from the ammonium nitrate, and it tends to slow + propagation. If commercial fertilizer is used to provide the ammonium + nitrate, it must be crushed to be effective. This is because fertilizer + grade ammonium nitrate is coated with a water resistant substance which + helps keep moisture from decomposing the material. This material also + keeps the fuel oil from soaking into the ammonium nitrate. If + fertilizer grade material is poured into a vat of warm, liquified wax, + the coating will be displaced by the wax, which can also serve as fuel + for the ammonium nitrate. + + T.N.T. (Tri Nitro Toluene) + + T.N.T is simply, at the molecule level, a benzene ring with three + nitrogens attached and the toluene characteristics. In industrial + production TNT is made by a three step nitration process that is + designed to conserve the nitric and sulfuric acids, so that the only + resource consumed in quantity is the toluene. A person with limited + funds, however, should probably opt for the less economical two step + method. This process is performed by treating toluene with very strong + (fuming) sulfuric acid. Then, the sulfated toluene is treated with very + strong (fuming) nitric acid in an ice bath. Cold water is added to the + solution, and the T.N.T. is filtered out. + + Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) + + Potassium chlorate itself cannot be made in the home, but it can be + obtained from labs and chemical supply houses. It is moderately water + soluble, and will explode if brought into contact with sulfuric acid. It + is toxic and should not be brought into contact with organic matter, + including human skin. If potassium chlorate is mixed with a small + amount of vaseline, or other petroleum jelly, and a shockwave is passed + through it, the material will detonate, however it is not very powerful, + and it must be confined to explode it in this manner. The procedure for + making such an explosive is outlined below: + + MATERIALS + --------- + + - potassium chlorate - + - zip-lock plastic bag - + - wooden spoon - + - petroleum jelly - + - grinding bowl - + - wooden bowl - + + 1.) Grind the potassium chlorate in the grinding bowl carefully and + slowly, until the potassium chlorate is a very fine powder. The finer + the powder, the faster it will detonate, but it will also decompose more + quickly. + + 2.) Place the powder into the plastic bag. Put the petroleum jelly into + the plastic bag, getting as little on the sides of the bag as possible, + i.e. put the vaseline on the potassium chlorate powder. + + 3.) Close the bag, and knead the materials together until none of the + potassium chlorate is dry powder that does not stick to the main glob. + If necessary, add a bit more petroleum jelly to the bag. + + + Napalm + + Well, most people know that the basic way to make napalm is: gasoline + + soap + fire = Chaos. But for a more indepth look, keep reading. Take a + bucket or a small bowl and fill it about 1/2 way with gasoline. Leave + it out in the sun to heat up. Also, it is possible to use a double + boiler and a hot water bath to heat it. Then take a bar of soap + (depending on how much gas you used you will need more soap so have + plenty) and using a knife with teeth scrape the soap into shreds and dump + into the gas. after every bar of soap stir it slowly and keep adding + soap until it becomes a thick sludge. Dont add too much or you'll either + ruin it, or cause an explosion. Always make sure there is a little x-tra + gasoline in it. However, do NOT touch it. It is highly corrosive. You + can also simply take the hot gasoline, and place a piece of styrofoam + in it. The styrofoam will burn up, and the gasoline will turn to napalm. + + + CHEMICAL WEAPONS + + Chlorine Bomb + + Wrap some chlorine up in a paper towel and tie it up tight. Next, tape + it high on the inside of a Mayonnaise Jar (See illus). Fill the + bottom of the jar up (don't touch the paper!) with PineSol. Screw the + top back on and place it on the ground. When ready, knock the jar over + and run. It will explode, and release a lot of chlorine gas, which is + poisonous, and if ingested, is deadly. + + A variant idea, is to do the same with a balloon instead of the + Mayonnaise Jar. Just send a few balloons to a reputed communist leader, + and either stretch em so they pop very soon after being delivered, or + poke small holes in them. + + + /========\ <- Lid + | *| <- Chlorine + | *| <- + | | + |'.'.'.'.| <- PineSol + |.'.'.'.'| <- + \________/ <- + + + Tear Gas + + First, get some red pepper seeds, you can find them in a food + store or in a nursery for plants. You will need 4 ounces of them. + The next step is to grind them up in a blender or in a mortar. + + Put the seeds into a coffe percolator with 16 ounces of distilled + alcohol and percolate for 1/2 hour. + + After the 1/2 hour is up, you remove the alcohol liquid and what you + have left if a couple table spoons of red liquid. The red liquid is + added to 1/2 pint of mineral oil. You can get mineral oil at any drug + store. Once mixed, you have one nasty eye irritant and an effective + chemical crowd deterrent. + + The way you use it is to put in a spray bottle and spray it at your + enemy. You could use the top from a Windex bottle, cut the tube short + enough and put it in a medicine bottle, to form a type of Mace tube. + That way it is smaller. If you have a pump sprinkler, you can make a + mass attack weapon. + + +V. The Enemies of the Right Wing + + The following rendition of the Bill of Rights for a modern America was + found anonymously over internet. + + "As we approach the 21st Century, it's time to bring the wording up to + date showing what we are and who we are. + + AMENDMENT I + + Congress shall make no law establishing religion, but shall act as if + it did; and shall make no laws abridging the freedom of speech, unless + such speech can be construed as "commercial speech" or "irresponsible + speech" or "offensive speech;" or shall abridge the right of the + people to peaceably assemble where and when permitted; or shall + abridge the right to petition the government for a redress of + grievances, under proper procedures. + + It shall be unlawful to cry "Fire!" in a theater occupied by three or + more persons, unless such persons shall belong to a class declared + Protected by one or more divisions of Federal, State or Local + government, in which case the number of persons shall be one or more. + + + AMENDMENT II + + A well-regulated military force shall be maintained under control of + the President, and no political entity within the United States shall + maintain a military force beyond Presidential control. The right of + the people to keep and bear arms shall be determined by the Congress + and the States and the Cities and the Counties and the Towns (and + someone named Fred.) + + + AMENDMENT III + + No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without + the consent of the owner, unless such house is believed to have been + used, or believed may be used, for some purpose contrary to law or + public policy. + + + AMENDMENT IV + + The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, + and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures may not be + suspended except to protect public welfare. Any place or conveyance + shall be subject to search by law enforcement forces of any political + entity, and any such places or conveyances, or any property within + them, may be confiscated without judicial proceeding if believed to be + used in a manner contrary to law. + + + AMENDMENT V + + Any person may be held to answer for a crime of any kind upon any + suspicion whatever; and may be put in jeopardy of life or liberty by + the state courts, by the federal judiciary, and while incarcerated; + and may be compelled to be a witness against himself by the forced + submission of his body or any portion thereof, and by testimony in + proceedings excluding actual trial. Private property forfeited under + judicial process shall become the exclusive property of the judicial + authority and shall be immune from seizure by injured parties. + + + AMENDMENT VI + + In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to + avoid prosecution by exhausting the legal process and its + practitioners. Failure to succeed shall result in speedy + plea-bargaining resulting in lesser charges. Convicted persons shall + be entitled to appeal until sentence is completed. It shall be + unlawful to bar or deter an incompetent person from service on a jury. + + + AMENDMENT VII + + In civil suits, where a contesting party is a person whose private + life may interest the public, the right of trial in the Press shall + not be abridged. + + + AMENDMENT VIII + + Sufficient bail may be required to ensure that dangerous persons + remain in custody pending trial. There shall be no right of the public + to be afforded protection from dangerous persons, and such protection + shall be dependent upon incarceration facilities available. + + + AMENDMENT IX + + The enumeration in The Constitution of certain rights shall be + construed to deny or discourage others which may from time to time be + extended by the branches of Federal, State or Local government, unless + such rights shall themselves become enacted by Amendment. + + AMENDMENT X + + The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution + shall be deemed to be powers residing in persons holding appointment + therein through the Civil Service, and may be delegated to the States + and local Governments as determined by the public interest. The + public interest shall be determined by the Civil Service." + + + + The following is a question taken from the Combat Arms Survey given to + Marines at 29 Palms in California: + + "I would fire upon U.S. citizens who refuse or resist confiscation + of firearms banned by the U.S. Government" + + Further information can be found in Conservative Chronicle, Vol 9, No + 44, Nov 2, 1994, page 11. "What became of liberal's devotion to + privacy?" by Phyllis Schlafly. + + + There are several groups that right wingers must take extreme caution + around, and must be willing to act against. They are not listed in + any specific order, but you can tell which are more virulent than + others. To begin with, you must realize that the NRA description + of federal agents as "jackbooted thugs" isnt so far off... + + ATF - Does anyone ever remember the creation of the ATF? Why? + Because the ATF is nothing better than the Gestapo. It was + designed to be used as a violent military squad against + individuals who refuse to follow Big Brother into Armageddon. + There is nothing wrong with shooting ATF agents. (Keep in + mind, i'm not sanctioning violence, i'm stating personal + opinion.) Have no regrets about this. They are responsible + for the massacre at Waco, the killing of Randall Weaver's + wife, and various other episodes. The ATF would better be called + the KGB. If our founding fathers saw the ATF, they'd ask where + their red coats were. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and + Firearms has no business meddling in anything but officework. + + + FBI - The Minutemen once suggested that the FBI be renamed the FIB, + Federal Investigation Bureau. The FBI are very similar to the + ATF, and cannot be trusted. They were also parts of the + debacles involving the ATF, and are at least guilty by + association. The F.B.I. was the agency also responsible at + Waco, the Weaver case, and various other episodes. They are + essentially a National Police Force, something that is fundamental + to undermining a popular uprising or anti-government feeling. + And they are certainly well described as "jackbooted thugs", as + the NRA called it, and called it well. + + ATTU - These are individuals that are suspiciously hired by the + Treasury Department (since when did political extremism be + involved with the Treasury?) are there for the sole purpose + of conducting espionage activities against right-wing groups + and entrap people to convict in an unjust trial. + + Secret Service - There is but one thing to say. It is not only by + coincidence that their initials are SS. They are + currently protected a socialist/communist dictator + who intends on extending the corrupting force of + liberal politics on us. The Secret Service is meant + to shoot anyone who may threaten that evil individual. + Therefore, it is easy to see how they are the enemy. + + CPUSA - The communist party of the United States of America has not + only been proved to be a blatantly subversive espionage ring, + but it has been proved so by its own documents! The Yale Press, + a notoriously liberal college printing group, even released a + number of documents taken from CPUSA archives in Moscow directly + indicating sabotage and espionage on the part of CPUSA members. + These documents also indicate that much of the so-called "red + paranoia" in the 50's and 60's was "EXTREMELY WELL FOUNDED." + + CIA - This agency is basically the GRU of the United States of America. + The government has expressed public doubt at times that the CIA + even really answers to them. Most believe that much of the info + that the CIA collects, it keeps for its own uses. The CIA is a + corrupt government institution that is literally independent from + the normal corrupted bureaucracy. In times of strife, it could + be very well used against the honest citizens of the United States. + + United Nations - The following was taken from a John Birch Society + Pamphlet titled "A Dozen Good Reasons to Get Us Out of + the United Nations" + + "More and more Americans are coming to the chilling + realization that U.S. membership in the United Nations + poses a very real threat to our survival as a free + and independent nation. Here are some good reasons to + be concerned: + + 1.) The UN's basic philosophy is both anti-American and + pro-totalitarian. Our Declaration of Independence + proclaims the 'self-evident' truth that 'men ... are + endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable + rights.' But, in its Covenant on Civil and Political + Rights, the UN ignores God's existence, implies that it + grants rights, and then repeatedly claims power 'as + provided by law' to cancel them out of existence. If + any government can place restrictions on such + fundamental rights as freedom of speech, the right to + keep and bear arms, freedoms of the press, association + movement, and religion, soon there will be no such + freedoms. + + 2.) The UN was founded by Communists and CFR members + whose common goal was a socialist world government. + Sixteen key U.S. officials who shaped the policies + leading to the creation of the UN were later exposed in + sworn testimony as secret communists. These included + Alger Hiss, chief planner of the 1945 founding + conference, and the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury + Harry Dexter White. The Soviet Union under Stalin and + the entire CPUSA apparatus worked tirelessly to launch + the UN. Since its beginning in 1921, the Council on + Foreign Relations (CFR) has always worked for world + government. The key CFR founder, Edward Mandell House, + in his book, Philip Dru:Administrator, called for + 'Socialism as dreamed of by Karl Marx...' The CFR was + an early promoter of the UN, and 43 members of the U.S. + delegation at the UN founding conference were or would + become CFR members. + + 3.) The UN has always chosen socialist one-worlders for + leaders. The Secretary-General at the UN founding + conference was Soviet Spy Alger Hiss. He was followed + as Secretary-General by Norwegian socialist Trygve Lie, + Swedish socialist Dag Hammarskjold, Burmese Marxist U + Thant, Austrian former Nazi Kurt Waldheim, Peruvian + socialist Javier Perez deCuellar, and Egyptian Socialist + Boutros Boutros-Ghali. Each has consistently used the + full resources of the UN to promote Communist and + socialist causes around the world. The Socialist + International (which proudly traces its origins to the + First International headed by Karl Marx) today claims + tens of millions of members in 54 countries. At its + 1962 Congress, it declared: 'The ultimate objective of + the parties of the Socialist International is nothing + less than world government... Membership of the United + Nations must be made universal...' Almost all of the + UN's 'independent' commissions for the last thirty years + have been headed by members of the Socialist + International. + + 4.) The UN seeks power to control the environment, + population, children... the world. Both the 1972 UN + Environmental Program and the 1992 UN Conference on + Environment and Development laid plans to whip up + widespread environmental concerns (some exaggerated, + many completely fabricated). These concerns would then + be used as justification for increasing UN authority on + environmental issues. The statements and publications + of these UN programs leave little doubt that their goal + is a world government with the power to cancel national + sovereignty, regulate economic activity, and control the + human race -- all, of course, under the banner of + 'protecting the environment.' In late 1994, UN planners + meeting in Egypt approved a 20-year, $17 billion plan to + 'stabilize' the world's population. The UN's goal is to + reduce population selectively by encouraging abortion, + sterilization, and controlled human breeding. The UN + Convention on the Rights of the Child also claims power + not only to grant rights but also to cancel them 'as + provided by law.' It claims that governments must + guarantee children 'freedom of expression... freedom to + seek, receive, and impart information... freedom of + thought, conscience, and religion,' regardless of the + wishes of their parents. + + 5.) The UN Charter outlines the path to world tyranny. + After giving lip service about not intervening 'in + matters which are essentially within the domestic + jurisdiction of any state...', the UN Charter continues + 'but this principle shall not prejudice the application + of enforcement measures under Chapter VII.' Chapter + VII discusses sanctions and boycotts, but if these are + decided to "be inadequate, it may take such action by + air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain + or restore international peace and security.' The UN + used this broad assertion of authority as the pretext + for its armed intervention in the domestic turmoil in + Somalia and Haiti. + + 6.) The UN is building its own army to enforce its will. + In 1992, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, + fulfilling a directive from the UN Security Council, + unveiled An Agenda For Peace, a plan to strengthen UN + 'peackeeping' capabilities. The plan calls for armed + forces to be made available to the UN 'on a permanent + basis.' It ominously warns, 'The time of absolute and + exclusive sovereignty has passed' and proceeds to name + a long list of 'risks for stability' that would be used + to justify use of the 'permanent' UN army to enforce + its will. Incredibly, U.S. leaders are using America's + military to pave the way for this UN army. In Bosnia, + Somalia, Haiti, and elsewhere, foreign UN commanders + have controlled our troops. When 15 Americans were + killed over Iraq in mid-1994, Vice-President Gore + extended condolences 'to the families of those who died + in the service of the United Nations.' Even more + incredibly, it has been the official policy of the U.S. + government since 1961 to disarm America and create a UN + army. This policy concludes: 'progressive controlled + disarmament would proceed to the point where no nation + would have the military power to challenge the + progressively strengthened UN Peace Force.' (See State + Department publication 7277: Freedom from War.) + + 7.) The UN doesn't settle disputes -- it makes them + worse! Our ambassador to the UN in 1982, although a UN + supporter, admitted, 'The UN has become an arena in + which countries are drawn into problems they might never + have become involved in.' Ask yourself: Should + Seychelles or Benin or Guyana or Barbados have to take + sides in a clash that breaks out on the opposite side + of the world? When centuries-old animosities erupt in + the former Yugoslavia, why does the UN inject its + presence with troops, blockades, bombing, and a parade + of speeches? American troops serving as globocops for + the UN become targets for criminals and terrorists. In + 1983, 241 U.S. Marines were blown to bits at the Beirut + Airport. Five years later, a U.S. Marine Lieutenant + Colonel was kidnapped and eventually murdered by Arab + terrorists while in a UN unit in Lebanon (he was unarmed + as required by the UN). The UN 'peacekeeping mission' + in Somalia cost the lives of another 36 Americans in + 1993. + + 8.) The UN ignores Communist atrocities but targets + non-communist nations and leaders. When Soviet tanks + rolled into Hungary in the 1950's, when the Chinese + communists were murdering Tibetans in the 1960's, when + the Soviets were butchering civilians in Afghanistan in + the 1970's and 80's, when Chechnya was brutalized by + the Russians in the 1990's, the UN did nothing! But + the UN declared tiny Rhodesia 'a threat to international + peace' in the 1960's, enabling pro-communist terrorist + Robert Mugabe to seize power. And it was a UN-led + campaign that brought self-described communist and + convicted terrorist Nelson Mandela to power in South + Africa in the 1990's. + + 9.) The UN embraces communist China -- history's most + murderous criminal regime. In 1949, anti-communist + Nationalist China, one of the UN's founding members, was + forced from the mainland to Taiwan by the Communists. + In 1971, the UN expelled Taiwan and embraced the brutal + Red Chinese government -- a government responsible for + over 35 million murders. When the vote admitting Red + China was announced, UN delegates danced in the aisles + to show their contempt for America and their joy at the + triumph of Red China. + + 10.) The UN is an amoral cesspool filled with perverts + and fat cats. In 1993, the UN Economic and Social + Council granted consultant status to the International + Gay and Lesbian Association which includes the North + American Man/Boy Love Association (advocates child + molestation) and the Dutch group Vereniging Martijn + (which also promotes use of children as sex objects). + In 1988, the top Belgian UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) + official was one of a group convicted of running a child + sex right. Moral bankruptcy is commonplace in UN + operations. In Zimbabwe, UNICEF-donated equipment + helped terrorists seize power. In Vietnam, the + Communists received $13 million from UNICEF while untold + thousands of boat people fled for their lives. Fat + Cats? UN employees are paid 40% more than comparable + U.S. workers, have subsidized rent, take extravagant + vacations, are exempt from income taxes, avoid sales + taxes in UN stores, eat in discounted UN restaurants, + and park in discounted UN garages. An ex-UNICEF + official confirmed that 'pampered and cosseted staffs' + of various aid agencies 'absorb 80% of all UN + expenditures.' + + 11.) America supplies the money, the UN then finances + tyrants and assorted enemies of the U.S., and conditions + in the nations 'aided' grow worse. U.S. taxpayers pay + 25% of the UN budget plus 31% of the UN special-agency + budgets. Additional billions of our dollars go to the + IMF, World Bank, and other UN-related lending agencies + where they have been used for incredibly wasteful and + subversive UN projects. (Not suprising since these + agencies were designed by Soviety agent Harry Dexter + White and Fabian Socialist John Maynard Keynes.) + Socialist International spokesman Hilary Marquand aptly + described the IMF as 'in essence a Socialist + conception.' World Bank 'aid' funds went to brutal + Marxist dictator Mengistu while he was causing large- + scale starvation and death in Ethiopia; to Tanzanian + dictator Julius Nyerere as he drove peasants off their + land and burned their huts; and to the Vietnamese + Communists, sending thousands of boat people into the + sea. Even Newsweek Magazine concluded that the UN's + foreign aid programs tend 'to prop up incompetent + governments or subsidize economies so they can never + stand on their own.' + + 12.) The UN is a war organization, NOT a peace + organization. Article 42 of the UN Charter claims + authority to 'take such action by air, sea or land + forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore + international peace and security.' But the UN + definition of 'peace' is never given. Tyrannical + regimes throughout history have defined 'peace' as the + absence of all opposition. To achieve 'peace' in + Katanga in 1961, UN planes bombed hospitals, schools, + administrative buildings, and private homes. Katanga + was an anti-communist province of the Belgian Congo + seeking freedom from the Communist-controlled central + government. The UN is not now, and has never been, a + peace organization. It will use whatever military + power it is given to force all nations of the world to + submit." + + Government - Government bureaucracy agencies are in general enemies of + the right and of freedom. They restrict Americans unfairly + and they steal our tax dollars and waste them. Civil + service employees are people that have ridden in on the + coattails of corrupt politicians, and are therefore to be + considered the enemy as well. + + + WHO IS NOT THE ENEMY? + + The National Guard - Never shoot a National Guardsman. The National + Guard is made up of almost completely civilians, + A Minutemen bulletin in New Jersey instructed + the following: + + "UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES TRY ANY DOORSTEP HEROICS + BY SHOOTING IT OUT WITH THOSE WHO COME FOR YOUR + WEAPON! Most likely the National Guard will be + the unlucky ones selected for gun roundup. DON'T + SHOOT NATIONAL GUARDSMEN. Many of them are + already in our organization and many others are + fully sympathetic with our position..." + + The Armed Forces - Again, for the most part, our Armed Forces are + friendly to the right-wing. The high command tends + to stick with the government, but lower officers + and GI's are either friendly to the right wing, or + very pliable to the position. Even divisions such + as the Green Berets who are supposed to be die hard + government warriors are friends to the right. + + Local Police - To take an old addage from the right, "Support Your + Local Police." No matter what group you are considering, + almost all of them condemn violence against local police + forces. The Police and local law enforcement in general + can be a valuable tool to have on our side. + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + PRISONER OF WAR + + If you should get caught by these government thugs, you must know what to + do. Just state your name, rank (if in a militia, but not the militia + name), or social security number. According to Minutemen tests with truth + serums, for the most part, they dont work. You must be able to withstand + heavy questioning. According to Minutemen testing data, a person will + tell more under 1 hour of grueling interrogation than under 5 hours of + truth serum. + + What happens if they give you a lie detector test? Well, there are + several easy ways to beat it. To the extent that the polygraph works at + all, it works because people believe it does. Many criminals confess + during polygraph examinations. Many employees are more honest for fear + of periodic screenings. But a dummy polygraph that hummed and scribbled + preprogrammed tracings would be no less effective in these instances. + David Thoreson Lykken estimates that lie-control polygraph tests are about + 70 percent accurate. (Remember, though, that choosing "heads" or "tails" + of a flipped coin can be accurate 50 percent of the time.) Accuracy of + 70 percent is not impressive, but it is high enough to talk meaningfully + of beating a polygraph test. Just by having read this far, you stand + a greater chance of beating a polygraph test. You won't be wowed by the + fancy dials and pretests. You realize that the polygraph's powers are + limited. There are two additional techniques for beating the polygraph. + The more obvious is to learn how to repress psychological responses to + stressful questions. Some people are good at this; others are not. Most + people can get better by practicing with a polygraph. Of course, this + training requires a polygraph, and polygraphs are expensive. The opposite + approach is to pick out the control questions in the pretest discussion + and exaggerate reactions to these questions during the test. When the + control-question responses are greater than the relevant-question + responses, the polygrapher must acquit the subject. Because breathing is + one of the parameters measured, taking a deep breath and holding it will + record as an abnormal response. Flexing the arm muscles under the cuff + distorts the blood-pressure reading. But a suspicious polygrapher may + spot either ruse. A more subtle method is to hide a tack in one shoe. + Stepping on the tack during the control questions produces stress + reactions with no outward signs of fidgeting. Biting the tongue + forcefully also works. + + Finally, do not answer any questions, or submit to any tests without your + lawyer present. This is very important. There are several Patriot + Defense Funds out there in many militia groups that help support legal + fees for defendants belonging to the right wing if they have trouble + paying for top class legal support. + + + +VI. Final Notes + + For any additional information, there are several sources to receive data + for technical, ideological, or other subjects. Rush Limbaugh has a + fairly good show on Sunday mornings. Gordon Liddy has an excellent right + wing radio show, that is very worth listening to. (Liddy was one of the + men involved with the actual Watergate breakin). The Anarchists Cookbook + can be purchased from many mail-order stores and bookstores. There are + other manuals which are very valuable for technical support: The + Renegade Cookbook, the Big Book of Mischief, the Home Defense Guide, + Kitchen Improved Explosives, etc. Remember: the key to freedom is + information... get informed! + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +Well, i'm sad to say this is the end. But, with your continued support and +interest, further versions of this manual will be published. If we get a +big enough correspondence, perhaps a bound and illustrated version can be +produced. Until then, if you have any articles for consideration, comments, +or questions regarding this manual, please email polaris@np.newpower.com. + +Hopefully, we shall soon establish a page for this document and other DiP +productions. If you want to post this file on any pages, or whatever, go +ahead, so long as you inform me where it is, and i can make sure it is being +used properly. Keep an eye out, and happy hunting! + +And always remember the words of Martin Luther King Jr.: + +"We shall overcome, we shall overcome..." + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ph-1775.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ph-1775.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..757b4b6e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ph-1775.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ + * Originally By: Steven Springer + * Originally To: All + * Originally Re: Why we do this... + * Original Area: FIDO-AEN_News Service + * Forwarded by : Blue Wave v2.12 + + "..There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free; +if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges +for which we have been so long contending; if we mean not basely +to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long +engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon, +until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained; +WE MUST FIGHT! I repeat it, sir, we must fight!! An appeal to +arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us! + +They tell us, sir... that we are weak, unable to cope with +so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger. +Will it be the next week or the next year? Will it be when we +are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be +stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by +irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of +effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging +the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound +us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use +of those means which the God of nature has placed in our power. +Three millions of people armed in the holy cause of liberty and +in such a country as that which we possess are invincible by any +force which our enemy can send against us. + + +Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a +just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will +raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, +is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, +the brave. besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base +enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the +contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our +chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of +Boston! The war is inevitable - and let it come!! I repeat it +sir, let it come!! + +It is vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, +peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! +The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears +the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the +field! Why stand we here idle? +What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life +so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of +chains and slavery? + +Forbid it, Almighty God - I know not what course others may +take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!" + +************************************************************ + +Patrick Henry then took his seat. No murmur of applause was +heard on March 23, 1775 when he gave this speech at a convention +in Richmond assemble after Lord Dunmore suspended the Virginia +Assembly. The effect was too deep. After the trance of a +moment, several members started from their seats. The cry, "To +arms!" seemed to quiver on every lip and gleam from every eye. + +... "Liberty is NEVER unalienable; it must be redeemed regularly +... with the blood of patriots or it ALWAYS vanishes. Of all the +... so-called natural human rights the have ever been invented, +... liberty is the least to be cheap and is NEVER free of cost." +... Robert A. Heinlein - Starship Troopers diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pi-me.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pi-me.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d20c6dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pi-me.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@ + + 1780 + + THE METAPHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF ETHICS + + by Immanuel Kant + + translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott + + + + + + + + PREFACE +- + If there exists on any subject a philosophy (that is, a system of +rational knowledge based on concepts), then there must also be for +this philosophy a system of pure rational concepts, independent of any +condition of intuition, in other words, a metaphysic. It may be +asked whether metaphysical elements are required also for every +practical philosophy, which is the doctrine of duties, and therefore +also for Ethics, in order to be able to present it as a true science +(systematically), not merely as an aggregate of separate doctrines +(fragmentarily). As regards pure jurisprudence, no one will question +this requirement; for it concerns only what is formal in the +elective will, which has to be limited in its external relations +according to laws of freedom; without regarding any end which is the +matter of this will. Here, therefore, deontology is a mere +scientific doctrine (doctrina scientiae).* +- + *One who is acquainted with practical philosophy is not, +therefore, a practical philosopher. The latter is he who makes the +rational end the principle of his actions, while at the same time he +joins with this the necessary knowledge which, as it aims at action, +must not be spun out into the most subtile threads of metaphysic, +unless a legal duty is in question; in which case meum and tuum must +be accurately determined in the balance of justice, on the principle +of equality of action and action, which requires something like +mathematical proportion, but not in the case of a mere ethical duty. +For in this case the question is not only to know what it is a duty to +do (a thing which on account of the ends that all men naturally have +can be easily decided), but the chief point is the inner principle +of the will namely that the consciousness of this duty be also the +spring of action, in order that we may be able to say of the man who +joins to his knowledge this principle of wisdom that he is a practical +philosopher. +- + Now in this philosophy (of ethics) it seems contrary to the idea +of it that we should go back to metaphysical elements in order to make +the notion of duty purified from everything empirical (from every +feeling) a motive of action. For what sort of notion can we form of +the mighty power and herculean strength which would be sufficient to +overcome the vice-breeding inclinations, if Virtue is to borrow her +"arms from the armoury of metaphysics," which is a matter of +speculation that only few men can handle? Hence all ethical teaching +in lecture rooms, pulpits, and popular books, when it is decked out +with fragments of metaphysics, becomes ridiculous. But it is not, +therefore, useless, much less ridiculous, to trace in metaphysics +the first principles of ethics; for it is only as a philosopher that +anyone can reach the first principles of this conception of duty, +otherwise we could not look for either certainty or purity in the +ethical teaching. To rely for this reason on a certain feeling +which, on account of the effect expected from it, is called moral, +may, perhaps, even satisfy the popular teacher, provided he desires as +the criterion of a moral duty to consider the problem: "If everyone in +every case made your maxim the universal law, how could this law be +consistent with itself?" But if it were merely feeling that made it +our duty to take this principle as a criterion, then this would not be +dictated by reason, but only adopted instinctively and therefore +blindly. + But in fact, whatever men imagine, no moral principle is based on +any feeling, but such a principle is really nothing else than an +obscurely conceived metaphysic which inheres in every man's +reasoning faculty; as the teacher will easily find who tries to +catechize his pupils in the Socratic method about the imperative of +duty and its application to the moral judgement of his actions. The +mode of stating it need not be always metaphysical, and the language +need not necessarily be scholastic, unless the pupil is to be +trained to be a philosopher. But the thought must go back to the +elements of metaphysics, without which we cannot expect any +certainty or purity, or even motive power in ethics. + If we deviate from this principle and begin from pathological, or +purely sensitive, or even moral feeling (from what is subjectively +practical instead of what is objective), that is, from the matter of +the will, the end, not from its form that is the law, in order from +thence to determine duties; then, certainly, there are no metaphysical +elements of ethics, for feeling by whatever it may be excited is +always physical. But then ethical teaching, whether in schools, or +lecture-rooms, etc., is corrupted in its source. For it is not a +matter of indifference by what motives or means one is led to a good +purpose (the obedience to duty). However disgusting, then, metaphysics +may appear to those pretended philosophers who dogmatize oracularly, +or even brilliantly, about the doctrine of duty, it is, +nevertheless, an indispensable duty for those who oppose it to go back +to its principles even in ethics, and to begin by going to school on +its benches. +- + We may fairly wonder how, after all previous explanations of the +principles of duty, so far as it is derived from pure reason, it was +still possible to reduce it again to a doctrine of happiness; in +such a way, however, that a certain moral happiness not resting on +empirical causes was ultimately arrived at, a self-contradictory +nonentity. In fact, when the thinking man has conquered the +temptations to vice, and is conscious of having done his (often +hard) duty, he finds himself in a state of peace and satisfaction +which may well be called happiness, in which virtue is her own reward. +Now, says the eudaemonist, this delight, this happiness, is the real +motive of his acting virtuously. The notion of duty, says be, does not +immediately determine his will; it is only by means of the happiness +in prospect that he is moved to his duty. Now, on the other hand, +since he can promise himself this reward of virtue only from the +consciousness of having done his duty, it is clear that the latter +must have preceded: that is, be must feel himself bound to do his duty +before he thinks, and without thinking, that happiness will be the +consequence of obedience to duty. He is thus involved in a circle in +his assignment of cause and effect. He can only hope to be happy if he +is conscious of his obedience to duty: and he can only be moved to +obedience to duty if be foresees that he will thereby become happy. +But in this reasoning there is also a contradiction. For, on the one +side, he must obey his duty, without asking what effect this will have +on his happiness, consequently, from a moral principle; on the other +side, he can only recognize something as his duty when he can reckon +on happiness which will accrue to him thereby, and consequently on a +pathological principle, which is the direct opposite of the former. + I have in another place (the Berlin Monatsschrift), reduced, as I +believe, to the simplest expressions the distinction between +pathological and moral pleasure. The pleasure, namely, which must +precede the obedience to the law in order that one may act according +to the law is pathological, and the process follows the physical order +of nature; that which must be preceded by the law in order that it may +be felt is in the moral order. If this distinction is not observed; if +eudaemonism (the principle of happiness) is adopted as the principle +instead of eleutheronomy (the principle of freedom of the inner +legislation), the consequence is the euthanasia (quiet death) of all +morality. + The cause of these mistakes is no other than the following: Those +who are accustomed only to physiological explanations will not admit +into their heads the categorical imperative from which these laws +dictatorially proceed, notwithstanding that they feel themselves +irresistibly forced by it. Dissatisfied at not being able to explain +what lies wholly beyond that sphere, namely, freedom of the elective +will, elevating as is this privilege, that man has of being capable of +such an idea. They are stirred up by the proud claims of speculative +reason, which feels its power so strongly in the fields, just as if +they were allies leagued in defence of the omnipotence of +theoretical reason and roused by a general call to arms to resist that +idea; and thus they are at present, and perhaps for a long time to +come, though ultimately in vain, to attack the moral concept of +freedom and if possible render it doubtful. + +INTRODUCTION + INTRODUCTION TO THE METAPHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF ETHICS +- + Ethics in ancient times signified moral philosophy (philosophia +moral is) generally, which was also called the doctrine of duties. +Subsequently it was found advisable to confine this name to a part +of moral philosophy, namely, to the doctrine of duties which are not +subject to external laws (for which in German the name Tugendlehre was +found suitable). Thus the system of general deontology is divided into +that of jurisprudence (jurisprudentia), which is capable of external +laws, and of ethics, which is not thus capable, and we may let this +division stand. +- +- + I. Exposition of the Conception of Ethics +- + The notion of duty is in itself already the notion of a constraint +of the free elective will by the law; whether this constraint be an +external one or be self-constraint. The moral imperative, by its +categorical (the unconditional ought) announces this constraint, which +therefore does not apply to all rational beings (for there may also be +holy beings), but applies to men as rational physical beings who are +unholy enough to be seduced by pleasure to the transgression of the +moral law, although they themselves recognize its authority; and +when they do obey it, to obey it unwillingly (with resistance of their +inclination); and it is in this that the constraint properly +consists.* Now, as man is a free (moral) being, the notion of duty can +contain only self-constraint (by the idea of the law itself), when +we look to the internal determination of the will (the spring), for +thus only is it possible to combine that constraint (even if it were +external) with the freedom of the elective will. The notion of duty +then must be an ethical one. +- + *Man, however, as at the same time a moral being, when he +considers himself objectively, which he is qualified to do by his pure +practical reason, (i.e., according to humanity in his own person). +finds himself holy enough to transgress the law only unwillingly; +for there is no man so depraved who in this transgression would not +feel a resistance and an abhorrence of himself, so that he must put +a force on himself. It is impossible to explain the phenomenon that at +this parting of the ways (where the beautiful fable places Hercules +between virtue and sensuality) man shows more propensity to obey +inclination than the law. For, we can only explain what happens by +tracing it to a cause according to physical laws; but then we should +not be able to conceive the elective will as free. Now this mutually +opposed self-constraint and the inevitability of it makes us recognize +the incomprehensible property of freedom. +- + The impulses of nature, then, contain hindrances to the fulfilment +of duty in the mind of man, and resisting forces, some of them +powerful; and he must judge himself able to combat these and to +conquer them by means of reason, not in the future, but in the +present, simultaneously with the thought; he must judge that he can do +what the law unconditionally commands that be ought. + Now the power and resolved purpose to resist a strong but unjust +opponent is called fortitude (fortitudo), and when concerned with +the opponent of the moral character within us, it is virtue (virtus, +fortitudo moralis). Accordingly, general deontology, in that part +which brings not external, but internal, freedom under laws is the +doctrine of virtue. + Jurisprudence had to do only with the formal condition of external +freedom (the condition of consistency with itself, if its maxim became +a universal law), that is, with law. Ethics, on the contrary, supplies +us with a matter (an object of the free elective will), an end of pure +reason which is at the same time conceived as an objectively necessary +end, i.e., as duty for all men. For, as the sensible inclinations +mislead us to ends (which are the matter of the elective will) that +may contradict duty, the legislating reason cannot otherwise guard +against their influence than by an opposite moral end, which therefore +must be given a priori independently on inclination. + An end is an object of the elective will (of a rational being) by +the idea of which this will is determined to an action for the +production of this object. Now I may be forced by others to actions +which are directed to an end as means, but I cannot be forced to +have an end; I can only make something an end to myself. If, +however, I am also bound to make something which lies in the notions +of practical reason an end to myself, and therefore besides the formal +determining principle of the elective will (as contained in law) to +have also a material principle, an end which can be opposed to the end +derived from sensible impulses; then this gives the notion of an end +which is in itself a duty. The doctrine of this cannot belong to +jurisprudence, but to ethics, since this alone includes in its +conception self-constraint according to moral laws. + For this reason, ethics may also be defined as the system of the +ends of the pure practical reason. The two parts of moral philosophy +are distinguished as treating respectively of ends and of duties of +constraint. That ethics contains duties to the observance of which one +cannot be (physically) forced by others, is merely the consequence +of this, that it is a doctrine of ends, since to be forced to have +ends or to set them before one's self is a contradiction. + Now that ethics is a doctrine of virtue (doctrina officiorum +virtutis) follows from the definition of virtue given above compared +with the obligation, the peculiarity of which has just been shown. +There is in fact no other determination of the elective will, except +that to an end, which in the very notion of it implies that I cannot +even physically be forced to it by the elective will of others. +Another may indeed force me to do something which is not my end (but +only means to the end of another), but he cannot force me to make it +my own end, and yet I can have no end except of my own making. The +latter supposition would be a contradiction- an act of freedom which +yet at the same time would not be free. But there is no +contradiction in setting before one's self an end which is also a +duty: for in this case I constrain myself, and this is quite +consistent with freedom.* But how is such an end possible? That is now +the question. For the possibility of the notion of the thing (viz., +that it is not self-contradictory) is not enough to prove the +possibility of the thing itself (the objective reality of the notion). +- + *The less a man can be physically forced, and the more he can be +morally forced (by the mere idea of duty), so much the freer he is. +The man, for example, who is of sufficiently firm resolution and +strong mind not to give up an enjoyment which he has resolved on, +however much loss is shown as resulting therefrom, and who yet desists +from his purpose unhesitatingly, though very reluctantly, when he +finds that it would cause him to neglect an official duty or a sick +father; this man proves his freedom in the highest degree by this very +thing, that he cannot resist the voice of duty. +- +- + II. Exposition of the Notion of an End which is also a Duty +- + We can conceive the relation of end to duty in two ways; either +starting from the end to find the maxim of the dutiful actions; or +conversely, setting out from this to find the end which is also +duty. jurisprudence proceeds in the former way. It is left to +everyone's free elective will what end he will choose for his +action. But its maxim is determined a priori; namely, that the freedom +of the agent must be consistent with the freedom of every other +according to a universal law. + Ethics, however, proceeds in the opposite way. It cannot start +from the ends which the man may propose to himself, and hence give +directions as to the maxims he should adopt, that is, as to his +duty; for that would be to take empirical principles of maxims, and +these could not give any notion of duty; since this, the categorical +ought, has its root in pure reason alone. Indeed, if the maxims were +to be adopted in accordance with those ends (which are all selfish), +we could not properly speak of the notion of duty at all. Hence in +ethics the notion of duty must lead to ends, and must on moral +principles give the foundation of maxims with respect to the ends +which we ought to propose to ourselves. + Setting aside the question what sort of end that is which is in +itself a duty, and how such an end is possible, it is here only +necessary to show that a duty of this kind is called a duty of virtue, +and why it is so called. + To every duty corresponds a right of action (facultas moral is +generatim), but all duties do not imply a corresponding right +(facultas juridica) of another to compel any one, but only the +duties called legal duties. Similarly to all ethical obligation +corresponds the notion of virtue, but it does not follow that all +ethical duties are duties of virtue. Those, in fact, are not so +which do not concern so much a certain end (matter, object of the +elective will), but merely that which is formal in the moral +determination of the will (e.g., that the dutiful action must also +be done from duty). It is only an end which is also duty that can be +called a duty of virtue. Hence there are several of the latter kind +(and thus there are distinct virtues); on the contrary, there is +only one duty of the former kind, but it is one which is valid for all +actions (only one virtuous disposition). + The duty of virtue is essentially distinguished from the duty of +justice in this respect; that it is morally possible to be +externally compelled to the latter, whereas the former rests on free +self-constraint only. For finite holy beings (which cannot even be +tempted to the violation of duty) there is no doctrine of virtue, +but only moral philosophy, the latter being an autonomy of practical +reason, whereas the former is also an autocracy of it. That is, it +includes a consciousness- not indeed immediately perceived, but +rightly concluded, from the moral categorical imperative- of the power +to become master of one's inclinations which resist the law; so that +human morality in its highest stage can yet be nothing more than +virtue; even if it were quite pure (perfectly free from the +influence of a spring foreign to duty), a state which is poetically +personified under the name of the wise man (as an ideal to which one +should continually approximate). + Virtue, however, is not to be defined and esteemed merely as +habit, and (as it is expressed in the prize essay of Cochius) as a +long custom acquired by practice of morally good actions. For, if this +is not an effect of well-resolved and firm principles ever more and +more purified, then, like any other mechanical arrangement brought +about by technical practical reason, it is neither armed for all +circumstances nor adequately secured against the change that may be +wrought by new allurements. +- + REMARK +- + To virtue = + a is opposed as its logical contradictory +(contradictorie oppositum) the negative lack of virtue (moral +weakness) = o; but vice = a is its contrary (contrarie s. realiter +oppositum); and it is not merely a needless question but an +offensive one to ask whether great crimes do not perhaps demand more +strength of mind than great virtues. For by strength of mind we +understand the strength of purpose of a man, as a being endowed with +freedom, and consequently so far as he is master of himself (in his +senses) and therefore in a healthy condition of mind. But great crimes +are paroxysms, the very sight of which makes the man of healthy mind +shudder. The question would therefore be something like this: +whether a man in a fit of madness can have more physical strength than +if he is in his senses; and we may admit this without on that +account ascribing to him more strength of mind, if by mind we +understand the vital principle of man in the free use of his powers. +For since those crimes have their ground merely in the power of the +inclinations that weaken reason, which does not prove strength of +mind, this question would be nearly the same as the question whether a +man in a fit of illness can show more strength than in a healthy +condition; and this may be directly denied, since the want of +health, which consists in the proper balance of all the bodily +forces of the man, is a weakness in the system of these forces, by +which system alone we can estimate absolute health. +- +- + III. Of the Reason for conceiving an End which is also a Duty +- + An end is an object of the free elective will, the idea of which +determines this will to an action by which the object is produced. +Accordingly every action has its end, and as no one can have an end +without himself making the object of his elective will his end, +hence to have some end of actions is an act of the freedom of the +agent, not an affect of physical nature. Now, since this act which +determines an end is a practical principle which commands not the +means (therefore not conditionally) but the end itself (therefore +unconditionally), hence it is a categorical imperative of pure +practical reason and one, therefore, which combines a concept of +duty with that of an end in general. + Now there must be such an end and a categorical imperative +corresponding to it. For since there are free actions, there must also +be ends to which as an object those actions are directed. Amongst +these ends there must also be some which are at the same time (that +is, by their very notion) duties. For if there were none such, then +since no actions can be without an end, all ends which practical +reason might have would be valid only as means to other ends, and a +categorical imperative would be impossible; a supposition which +destroys all moral philosophy. + Here, therefore, we treat not of ends which man actually makes to +himself in accordance with the sensible impulses of his nature, but of +objects of the free elective will under its own laws- objects which he +ought to make his end. We may call the former technical +(subjective), properly pragmatical, including the rules of prudence in +the choice of its ends; but the latter we must call the moral +(objective) doctrine of ends. This distinction is, however, +superfluous here, since moral philosophy already by its very notion is +clearly separated from the doctrine of physical nature (in the present +instance, anthropology). The latter resting on empirical principles, +whereas the moral doctrine of ends which treats of duties rests on +principles given a priori in pure practical reason. +- +- + IV. What are the Ends which are also Duties? +- + They are: A. OUR OWN PERFECTION, B. HAPPINESS OF OTHERS. + We cannot invert these and make on one side our own happiness, and +on the other the perfection of others, ends which should be in +themselves duties for the same person. + For one's own happiness is, no doubt, an end that all men have (by +virtue of the impulse of their nature), but this end cannot without +contradiction be regarded as a duty. What a man of himself +inevitably wills does not come under the notion of duty, for this is a +constraint to an end reluctantly adopted. It is, therefore, a +contradiction to say that a man is in duty bound to advance his own +happiness with all his power. + It is likewise a contradiction to make the perfection of another +my end, and to regard myself as in duty bound to promote it. For it is +just in this that the perfection of another man as a person +consists, namely, that he is able of himself to set before him his own +end according to his own notions of duty; and it is a contradiction to +require (to make it a duty for me) that I should do something which no +other but himself can do. +- +- + V. Explanation of these two Notions +- + A. OUR OWN PERFECTION +- + The word perfection is liable to many misconceptions. It is +sometimes understood as a notion belonging to transcendental +philosophy; viz., the notion of the totality of the manifold which +taken together constitutes a thing; sometimes, again, it is understood +as belonging to teleology, so that it signifies the correspondence +of the properties of a thing to an end. Perfection in the former sense +might be called quantitative (material), in the latter qualitative +(formal) perfection. The former can be one only, for the whole of what +belongs to the one thing is one. But of the latter there may be +several in one thing; and it is of the latter property that we here +treat. + When it is said of the perfection that belongs to man generally +(properly speaking, to humanity), that it is in itself a duty to +make this our end, it must be placed in that which may be the effect +of one's deed, not in that which is merely an endowment for which we +have to thank nature; for otherwise it would not be duty. +Consequently, it can be nothing else than the cultivation of one's +power (or natural capacity) and also of one's will (moral disposition) +to satisfy the requirement of duty in general. The supreme element +in the former (the power) is the understanding, it being the faculty +of concepts, and, therefore, also of those concepts which refer to +duty. First it is his duty to labour to raise himself out of the +rudeness of his nature, out of his animal nature more and more to +humanity, by which alone he is capable of setting before him ends to +supply the defects of his ignorance by instruction, and to correct his +errors; he is not merely counselled to do this by reason as +technically practical, with a view to his purposes of other kinds +(as art), but reason, as morally practical, absolutely commands him to +do it, and makes this end his duty, in order that he may be worthy +of the humanity that dwells in him. Secondly, to carry the cultivation +of his will up to the purest virtuous disposition, that, namely, in +which the law is also the spring of his dutiful actions, and to obey +it from duty, for this is internal morally practical perfection. +This is called the moral sense (as it were a special sense, sensus +moralis), because it is a feeling of the effect which the +legislative will within himself exercises on the faculty of acting +accordingly. This is, indeed, often misused fanatically, as though +(like the genius of Socrates) it preceded reason, or even could +dispense with judgement of reason; but still it is a moral perfection, +making every special end, which is also a duty, one's own end. +- + B. HAPPINESS OF OTHERS +- + It is inevitable for human nature that a should wish and seek for +happiness, that is, satisfaction with his condition, with certainty of +the continuance of this satisfaction. But for this very reason it is +not an end that is also a duty. Some writers still make a +distinction between moral and physical happiness (the former +consisting in satisfaction with one's person and moral behaviour, that +is, with what one does; the other in satisfaction with that which +nature confers, consequently with what one enjoys as a foreign +gift). Without at present censuring the misuse of the word (which even +involves a contradiction), it must be observed that the feeling of the +former belongs solely to the preceding head, namely, perfection. For +he who is to feel himself happy in the mere consciousness of his +uprightness already possesses that perfection which in the previous +section was defined as that end which is also duty. + If happiness, then, is in question, which it is to be my duty to +promote as my end, it must be the happiness of other men whose +(permitted) end I hereby make also mine. It still remains left to +themselves to decide what they shall reckon as belonging to their +happiness; only that it is in my power to decline many things which +they so reckon, but which I do not so regard, supposing that they have +no right to demand it from me as their own. A plausible objection +often advanced against the division of duties above adopted consists +in setting over against that end a supposed obligation to study my own +(physical) happiness, and thus making this, which is my natural and +merely subjective end, my duty (and objective end). This requires to +be cleared up. + Adversity, pain, and want are great temptations to transgression +of one's duty; accordingly it would seem that strength, health, a +competence, and welfare generally, which are opposed to that +influence, may also be regarded as ends that are also duties; that is, +that it is a duty to promote our own happiness not merely to make that +of others our end. But in that case the end is not happiness but the +morality of the agent; and happiness is only the means of removing the +hindrances to morality; permitted means, since no one bas a right to +demand from me the sacrifice of my not immoral ends. It is not +directly a duty to seek a competence for one's self; but indirectly it +may be so; namely, in order to guard against poverty which is a +great temptation to vice. But then it is not my happiness but my +morality, to maintain which in its integrity is at once my end and +my duty. +- +- + VI. Ethics does not supply Laws for Actions (which is done by + Jurisprudence), but only for the Maxims of Action +- + The notion of duty stands in immediate relation to a law (even +though I abstract from every end which is the matter of the law); as +is shown by the formal principle of duty in the categorical +imperative: "Act so that the maxims of thy action might become a +universal law." But in ethics this is conceived as the law of thy +own will, not of will in general, which might be that of others; for +in the latter case it would give rise to a judicial duty which does +not belong to the domain of ethics. In ethics, maxims are regarded +as those subjective laws which merely have the specific character of +universal legislation, which is only a negative principle (not to +contradict a law in general). How, then, can there be further a law +for the maxims of actions? + It is the notion of an end which is also a duty, a notion peculiar +to ethics, that alone is the foundation of a law for the maxims of +actions; by making the subjective end (that which every one has) +subordinate to the objective end (that which every one ought to make +his own). The imperative: "Thou shalt make this or that thy end (e. +g., the happiness of others)" applies to the matter of the elective +will (an object). Now since no free action is possible, without the +agent having in view in it some end (as matter of his elective +will), it follows that, if there is an end which is also a duty, the +maxims of actions which are means to ends must contain only the +condition of fitness for a possible universal legislation: on the +other hand, the end which is also a duty can make it a law that we +should have such a maxim, whilst for the maxim itself the +possibility of agreeing with a universal legislation is sufficient. + For maxims of actions may be arbitrary, and are only limited by +the condition of fitness for a universal legislation, which is the +formal principle of actions. But a law abolishes the arbitrary +character of actions, and is by this distinguished from recommendation +(in which one only desires to know the best means to an end). +- +- + VII. Ethical Duties are of indeterminate, Juridical Duties of + strict, Obligation +- + This proposition is a consequence of the foregoing; for if the law +can only command the maxim of the actions, not the actions themselves, +this is a sign that it leaves in the observance of it a latitude +(latitudo) for the elective will; that is, it cannot definitely assign +how and how much we should do by the action towards the end which is +also duty. But by an indeterminate duty is not meant a permission to +make exceptions from the maxim of the actions, but only the permission +to limit one maxim of duty by another (e. g., the general love of +our neighbour by the love of parents); and this in fact enlarges the +field for the practice of virtue. The more indeterminate the duty, and +the more imperfect accordingly the obligation of the man to the +action, and the closer he nevertheless brings this maxim of +obedience thereto (in his own mind) to the strict duty (of justice), +so much the more perfect is his virtuous action. + Hence it is only imperfect duties that are duties of virtue. The +fulfilment of them is merit (meritum) = + a; but their transgression +is not necessarily demerit (demeritum) = - a, but only moral unworth += o, unless the agent made it a principle not to conform to those +duties. The strength of purpose in the former case is alone properly +called virtue [Tugend] (virtus); the weakness in the latter case is +not vice (vitium), but rather only lack of virtue [Untugend], a want +of moral strength (defectus moralis). (As the word Tugend is derived +from taugen [to be good for something], Untugend by its etymology +signifies good for nothing.) Every action contrary to duty is called +transgression (peccatum). Deliberate transgression which has become +a principle is what properly constitutes what is called vice (vitium). + Although the conformity of actions to justice (i.e., to be an +upright man) is nothing meritorious, yet the conformity of the maxim +of such actions regarded as duties, that is, reverence for justice +is meritorious. For by this the man makes the right of humanity or +of men his own end, and thereby enlarges his notion of duty beyond +that of indebtedness (officium debiti), since although another man +by virtue of his rights can demand that my actions shall conform to +the law, he cannot demand that the law shall also contain the spring +of these actions. The same thing is true of the general ethical +command, "Act dutifully from a sense of duty." To fix this disposition +firmly in one's mind and to quicken it is, as in the former case, +meritorious, because it goes beyond the law of duty in actions and +makes the law in itself the spring. + But just for or reason, those duties also must be reckoned as of +indeterminate obligation, in respect of which there exists a +subjective principle which ethically rewards them; or to bring them as +near as possible to the notion of a strict obligation, a principle +of susceptibility of this reward according to the law of virtue; +namely, a moral pleasure which goes beyond mere satisfaction with +oneself (which may be merely negative), and of which it is proudly +said that in this consciousness virtue is its own reward. + When this merit is a merit of the man in respect of other men of +promoting their natural ends, which are recognized as such by all +men (making their happiness his own), we might call it the sweet +merit, the consciousness of which creates a moral enjoyment in which +men are by sympathy inclined to revel; whereas the bitter merit of +promoting the true welfare of other men, even though they should not +recognize it as such (in the case of the unthankful and ungrateful), +has commonly no such reaction, but only produces a satisfaction with +one's self, although in the latter case this would be even greater. +- +- + VIII. Exposition of the Duties of Virtue as Intermediate Duties +- + (1) OUR OWN PERFECTION as an end which is also a duty + (a) Physical perfection; that is, cultivation of all our faculties +generally for the promotion of the ends set before us by reason. +That this is a duty, and therefore an end in itself, and that the +effort to effect this even without regard to the advantage that it +secures us, is based, not on a conditional (pragmatic), but an +unconditional (moral) imperative, may be seen from the following +consideration. The power of proposing to ourselves an end is the +characteristic of humanity (as distinguished from the brutes). With +the end of humanity in our own person is therefore combined the +rational will, and consequently the duty of deserving well of humanity +by culture generally, by acquiring or advancing the power to carry out +all sorts of possible ends, so far as this power is to be found in +man; that is, it is a duty to cultivate the crude capacities of our +nature, since it is by that cultivation that the animal is raised to +man, therefore it is a duty in itself. + This duty, however, is merely ethical, that is, of indeterminate +obligation. No principle of reason prescribes how far one must go in +this effort (in enlarging or correcting his faculty of +understanding, that is, in acquisition of knowledge or technical +capacity); and besides the difference in the circumstances into +which men may come makes the choice of the kind of employment for +which he should cultivate his talent very arbitrary. Here, +therefore, there is no law of reason for actions, but only for the +maxim of actions, viz.: "Cultivate thy faculties of mind and body so +as to be effective for all ends that may come in thy way, uncertain +which of them may become thy own." + (b) Cultivation of Morality in ourselves. The greatest moral +perfection of man is to do his duty, and that from duty (that the +law be not only the rule but also the spring of his actions). Now at +first sight this seems to be a strict obligation, and as if the +principle of duty commanded not merely the legality of every action, +but also the morality, i.e., the mental disposition, with the +exactness and strictness of a law; but in fact the law commands even +here only the maxim of the action, namely, that we should seek the +ground of obligation, not in the sensible impulses (advantage or +disadvantage), but wholly in the law; so that the action itself is not +commanded. For it is not possible to man to see so far into the +depth of his own heart that he could ever be thoroughly certain of the +purity of his moral purpose and the sincerity of his mind even in +one single action, although he has no doubt about the legality of +it. Nay, often the weakness which deters a man from the risk of a +crime is regarded by him as virtue (which gives the notion of +strength). And how many there are who may have led a long blameless +life, who are only fortunate in having escaped so many temptations. +How much of the element of pure morality in their mental disposition +may have belonged to each deed remains hidden even from themselves. + Accordingly, this duty to estimate the worth of one's actions not +merely by their legality, but also by their morality (mental +disposition), is only of indeterminate obligation; the law does not +command this internal action in the human mind itself, but only the +maxim of the action, namely, that we should strive with all our +power that for all dutiful actions the thought of duty should be of +itself an adequate spring. + (2) HAPPINESS OF OTHERS as an end which is also a duty + (a) Physical Welfare. Benevolent wishes may be unlimited, for they +do not imply doing anything. But the case is more difficult with +benevolent action, especially when this is to be done, not from +friendly inclination (love) to others, but from duty, at the expense +of the sacrifice and mortification of many of our appetites. That this +beneficence is a duty results from this: that since our self-love +cannot be separated from the need to be loved by others (to obtain +help from them in case of necessity), we therefore make ourselves an +end for others; and this maxim can never be obligatory except by +having the specific character of a universal law, and consequently +by means of a will that we should also make others our ends. Hence the +happiness of others is an end that is also a duty. + I am only bound then to sacrifice to others a part of my welfare +without hope of recompense: because it is my duty, and it is +impossible to assign definite limits how far that may go. Much depends +on what would be the true want of each according to his own +feelings, and it must be left to each to determine this for himself. +For that one should sacrifice his own happiness, his true wants, in +order to promote that of others, would be a self-contradictory maxim +if made a universal law. This duty, therefore, is only +indeterminate; it has a certain latitude within which one may do +more or less without our being able to assign its limits definitely. +The law holds only for the maxims, not for definite actions. + (b) Moral well-being of others (salus moral is) also belongs to +the happiness of others, which it is our duty to promote, but only a +negative duty. The pain that a man feels from remorse of conscience, +although its origin is moral, is yet in its operation physical, like +grief, fear, and every other diseased condition. To take care that +he should not be deservedly smitten by this inward reproach is not +indeed my duty but his business; nevertheless, it is my duty to do +nothing which by the nature of man might seduce him to that for +which his conscience may hereafter torment him, that is, it is my duty +not to give him occasion of stumbling. But there are no definite +limits within which this care for the moral satisfaction of others +must be kept; therefore it involves only an indeterminate obligation. +- +- + IX. What is a Duty of Virtue? +- + Virtue is the strength of the man's maxim in his obedience to +duty. All strength is known only by the obstacles that it can +overcome; and in the case of virtue the obstacles are the natural +inclinations which may come into conflict with the moral purpose; +and as it is the man who himself puts these obstacles in the way of +his maxims, hence virtue is not merely a self-constraint (for that +might be an effort of one inclination to constrain another), but is +also a constraint according to a principle of inward freedom, and +therefore by the mere idea of duty, according to its formal law. + All duties involve a notion of necessitation by the law, and ethical +duties involve a necessitation for which only an internal +legislation is possible; juridical duties, on the other hand, one +for which external legislation also is possible. Both, therefore, +include the notion of constraint, either self-constraint or constraint +by others. The moral power of the former is virtue, and the action +springing from such a disposition (from reverence for the law) may +be called a virtuous action (ethical), although the law expresses a +juridical duty. For it is the doctrine of virtue that commands us to +regard the rights of men as holy. + But it does not follow that everything the doing of which is virtue, +is, properly speaking, a duty of virtue. The former may concern merely +the form of the maxims; the latter applies to the matter of them, +namely, to an end which is also conceived as duty. Now, as the ethical +obligation to ends, of which there may be many, is only indeterminate, +because it contains only a law for the maxim of actions, and the end +is the matter (object) of elective will; hence there are many +duties, differing according to the difference of lawful ends, which +may be called duties of virtue (officia honestatis), just because they +are subject only to free self-constraint, not to the constraint of +other men, and determine the end which is also a duty. + Virtue, being a coincidence of the rational will, with every duty +firmly settled in the character, is, like everything formal, only +one and the same. But, as regards the end of actions, which is also +duty, that is, as regards the matter which one ought to make an end, +there may be several virtues; and as the obligation to its maxim is +called a duty of virtue, it follows that there are also several duties +of virtue. + The supreme principle of ethics (the doctrine of virtue) is: "Act on +a maxim, the ends of which are such as it might be a universal law for +everyone to have." On this principle a man is an end to himself as +well as others, and it is not enough that he is not permitted to use +either himself or others merely as means (which would imply that be +might be indifferent to them), but it is in itself a duty of every man +to make mankind in general his end. + The principle of ethics being a categorical imperative does not +admit of proof, but it admits of a justification from principles of +pure practical reason. Whatever in relation to mankind, to oneself, +and others, can be an end, that is an end for pure practical reason: +for this is a faculty of assigning ends in general; and to be +indifferent to them, that is, to take no interest in them, is a +contradiction; since in that case it would not determine the maxims of +actions (which always involve an end), and consequently would cease to +be practical reasons. Pure reason, however, cannot command any ends +a priori, except so far as it declares the same to be also a duty, +which duty is then cared a duty of virtue. +- +- + X. The Supreme Principle of Jurisprudence was Analytical; that of + Ethics is Synthetical +- + That external constraint, so far as it withstands that which hinders +the external freedom that agrees with general laws (as an obstacle +of the obstacle thereto), can be consistent with ends generally, is +clear on the principle of contradiction, and I need not go beyond +the notion of freedom in order to see it, let the end which each may +be what he will. Accordingly, the supreme principle of jurisprudence +is an analytical principle. On the contrary the principle of ethics +goes beyond the notion of external freedom and, by general laws, +connects further with it an end which it makes a duty. This principle, +therefore, is synthetic. The possibility of it is contained in the +deduction (SS ix). + This enlargement of the notion of duty beyond that of external +freedom and of its limitation by the merely formal condition of its +constant harmony; this, I say, in which, instead of constraint from +without, there is set up freedom within, the power of self-constraint, +and that not by the help of other inclinations, but by pure +practical reason (which scorns all such help), consists in this +fact, which raises it above juridical duty; that by it ends are +proposed from which jurisprudence altogether abstracts. In the case of +the moral imperative, and the supposition of freedom which it +necessarily involves, the law, the power (to fulfil it) and the +rational will that determines the maxim, constitute all the elements +that form the notion of juridical duty. But in the imperative, which +commands the duty of virtue, there is added, besides the notion of +self-constraint, that of an end; not one that we have, but that we +ought to have, which, therefore, pure practical reason has in +itself, whose highest, unconditional end (which, however, continues to +be duty) consists in this: that virtue is its own end and, by +deserving well of men, is also its own reward. Herein it shines so +brightly as an ideal to human perceptions, it seems to cast in the +shade even holiness itself, which is never tempted to +transgression.* This, however, is an illusion arising from the fact +that as we have no measure for the degree of strength, except the +greatness of the obstacles which might have been overcome (which in +our case are the inclinations), we are led to mistake the subjective +conditions of estimation of a magnitude for the objective conditions +of the magnitude itself. But when compared with human ends, all of +which have their obstacles to be overcome, it is true that the worth +of virtue itself, which is its own end, far outweighs the worth of all +the utility and all the empirical ends and advantages which it may +have as consequences. +- + *So that one might very two well-known lines of Haller thus: + With all his failings, man is still + Better than angels void of will. +- + We may, indeed, say that man is obliged to virtue (as a moral +strength). For although the power (facultas) to overcome all +imposing sensible impulses by virtue of his freedom can and must be +presupposed, yet this power regarded as strength (robur) is +something that must be acquired by the moral spring (the idea of the +law) being elevated by contemplation of the dignity of the pure law of +reason in us, and at the same time also by exercise. +- +- + XI. According to the preceding Principles, the Scheme of Duties of + Virtue may be thus exhibited +- + The Material Element of the Duty of Virtue +- +- + 1 2 + Internal Duty of Virtue External Virtue of Duty +- + My Own End, The End of Others, + which is also my the promotion of + Duty which is also my + Duty +- + (My own (The Happiness + Perfection) of Others) +- + 3 4 + The Law which is The End which is + also Spring also Spring +- + On which the On which the + Morality Legality +- + of every free determination of will rests +- +- + The Formal Element of the Duty of Virtue. +- +- + XII. Preliminary Notions of the Susceptibility of the Mind for + Notions of Duty generally +- + These are such moral qualities as, when a man does not possess them, +he is not bound to acquire them. They are: the moral feeling, +conscience, love of one's neighbour, and respect for ourselves +(self-esteem). There is no obligation to have these, since they are +subjective conditions of susceptibility for the notion of duty, not +objective conditions of morality. They are all sensitive and +antecedent, but natural capacities of mind (praedispositio) to be +affected by notions of duty; capacities which it cannot be regarded as +a duty to have, but which every man has, and by virtue of which he can +be brought under obligation. The consciousness of them is not of +empirical origin, but can only follow on that of a moral law, as an +effect of the same on the mind. +- + A. THE MORAL FEELING +- + This is the susceptibility for pleasure or displeasure, merely +from the consciousness of the agreement or disagreement of our +action with the law of duty. Now, every determination of the +elective will proceeds from the idea of the possible action through +the feeling of pleasure or displeasure in taking an interest in it +or its effect to the deed; and here the sensitive state (the affection +of the internal sense) is either a pathological or a moral feeling. +The former is the feeling that precedes the idea of the law, the +latter that which may follow it. + Now it cannot be a duty to have a moral feeling, or to acquire it; +for all consciousness of obligation supposes this feeling in order +that one may become conscious of the necessitation that lies in the +notion of duty; but every man (as a moral being) has it originally +in himself; the obligation, then, can only extend to the cultivation +of it and the strengthening of it even by admiration of its +inscrutable origin; and this is effected by showing how it is just, by +the mere conception of reason, that it is excited most strongly, in +its own purity and apart from every pathological stimulus; and it is +improper to call this feeling a moral sense; for the word sense +generally means a theoretical power of perception directed to an +object; whereas the moral feeling (like pleasure and displeasure in +general) is something merely subjective, which supplies no +knowledge. No man is wholly destitute of moral feeling, for if he were +totally unsusceptible of this sensation he would be morally dead; and, +to speak in the language of physicians, if the moral vital force could +no longer produce any effect on this feeling, then his humanity +would be dissolved (as it were by chemical laws) into mere animality +and be irrevocably confounded with the mass of other physical +beings. But we have no special sense for (moral) good and evil any +more than for truth, although such expressions are often used; but +we have a susceptibility of the free elective will for being moved +by pure practical reason and its law; and it is this that we call +the moral feeling. +- + B. OF CONSCIENCE +- + Similarly, conscience is not a thing to be acquired, and it is not a +duty to acquire it; but every man, as a moral being, has it originally +within him. To be bound to have a conscience would be as much as to +say to be under a duty to recognize duties. For conscience is +practical reason which, in every case of law, holds before a man his +duty for acquittal or condemnation; consequently it does not refer +to an object, but only to the subject (affecting the moral feeling +by its own act); so that it is an inevitable fact, not an obligation +and duty. When, therefore, it is said, "This man has no conscience," +what is meant is that he pays no heed to its dictates. For if he +really had none, he would not take credit to himself for anything done +according to duty, nor reproach himself with violation of duty, and +therefore he would be unable even to conceive the duty of having a +conscience. + I pass by the manifold subdivisions of conscience, and only +observe what follows from what has just been said, namely, that +there is no such thing as an erring conscience. No doubt it is +possible sometimes to err in the objective judgement whether something +is a duty or not; but I cannot err in the subjective whether I have +compared it with my practical (here judicially acting) reason for +the purpose of that judgement: for if I erred I would not have +exercised practical judgement at all, and in that case there is +neither truth nor error. Unconscientiousness is not want of +conscience, but the propensity not to heed its judgement. But when a +man is conscious of having acted according to his conscience, then, as +far as regards guilt or innocence, nothing more can be required of +him, only he is bound to enlighten his understanding as to what is +duty or not; but when it comes or has come to action, then +conscience speaks involuntarily and inevitably. To act conscientiously +can, therefore, not be a duty, since otherwise it would be necessary +to have a second conscience, in order to be conscious of the act of +the first. + The duty here is only to cultivate our con. science, to quicken +our attention to the voice of the internal judge, and to use all means +to secure obedience to it, and is thus our indirect duty. +- + C. OF LOVE TO MEN +- + Love is a matter of feeling, not of will or volition, and I cannot +love because I will to do so, still less because I ought (I cannot +be necessitated to love); hence there is no such thing as a duty to +love. Benevolence, however (amor benevolentiae), as a mode of +action, may be subject to a law of duty. Disinterested benevolence +is often called (though very improperly) love; even where the +happiness of the other is not concerned, but the complete and free +surrender of all one's own ends to the ends of another (even a +superhuman) being, love is spoken of as being also our duty. But all +duty is necessitation or constraint, although it may be +self-constraint according to a law. But what is done from constraint +is not done from love. + It is a duty to do good to other men according to our power, whether +we love them or not, and this duty loses nothing of its weight, +although we must make the sad remark that our species, alas! is not +such as to be found particularly worthy of love when we know it more +closely. Hatred of men, however, is always hateful: even though +without any active hostility it consists only in complete aversion +from mankind (the solitary misanthropy). For benevolence still remains +a duty even towards the manhater, whom one cannot love, but to whom we +can show kindness. + To hate vice in men is neither duty nor against duty, but a mere +feeling of horror of vice, the will having no influence on the feeling +nor the feeling on the will. Beneficence is a duty. He who often +practises this, and sees his beneficent purpose succeed, comes at last +really to love him whom he has benefited. When, therefore, it is said: +"Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself," this does not mean, +"Thou shalt first of all love, and by means of this love (in the +next place) do him good"; but: "Do good to thy neighbour, and this +beneficence will produce in thee the love of men (as a settled habit +of inclination to beneficence)." + The love of complacency (amor complacentiae,) would therefore +alone be direct. This is a pleasure immediately connected with the +idea of the existence of an object, and to have a duty to this, that +is, to be necessitated to find pleasure in a thing, is a +contradiction. +- + D. OF RESPECT +- + Respect (reverentia) is likewise something merely subjective; a +feeling of a peculiar kind not a judgement about an object which it +would be a duty to effect or to advance. For if considered as duty +it could only be conceived as such by means of the respect which we +have for it. To have a duty to this, therefore, would be as much as to +say to be bound in duty to have a duty. When, therefore, it is said: +"Man has a duty of self-esteem," this is improperly stated, and we +ought rather to say: "The law within him inevitably forces from him +respect for his own being, and this feeling (which is of a peculiar +kind) is a basis of certain duties, that is, of certain actions +which may be consistent with his duty to himself." But we cannot say +that he has a duty of respect for himself; for he must have respect +for the law within himself, in order to be able to conceive duty at +all. +- +- + XIII. General Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals in the + treatment of Pure Ethics +- + First. A duty can have only a single ground of obligation; and if +two or more proof of it are adduced, this is a certain mark that +either no valid proof has yet been given, or that there are several +distinct duties which have been regarded as one. + For all moral proofs, being philosophical, can only be drawn by +means of rational knowledge from concepts, not like mathematics, +through the construction of concepts. The latter science admits a +variety of proofs of one and the same theorem; because in intuition +a priori there may be several properties of an object, all of which +lead back to the very same principle. If, for instance, to prove the +duty of veracity, an argument is drawn first from the harm that a +lie causes to other men; another from the worthlessness of a liar +and the violation of his own self-respect, what is proved in the +former argument is a duty of benevolence, not of veracity, that is +to say, not the duty which required to be proved, but a different one. +Now, if, in giving a variety of proof for one and the same theorem, we +flatter ourselves that the multitude of reasons will compensate the +lack of weight in each taken separately, this is a very +unphilosophical resource, since it betrays trickery and dishonesty; +for several insufficient proofs placed beside one another do not +produce certainty, nor even probability. They should advance as reason +and consequence in a series, up to the sufficient reason, and it is +only in this way that they can have the force of proof. Yet the former +is the usual device of the rhetorician. + Secondly. The difference between virtue and vice cannot be sought in +the degree in which certain maxims are followed, but only in the +specific quality of the maxims (their relation to the law). In other +words, the vaunted principle of Aristotle, that virtue is the mean +between two vices, is false.* For instance, suppose that good +management is given as the mean between two vices, prodigality and +avarice; then its origin as a virtue can neither be defined as the +gradual diminution of the former vice (by saving), nor as the increase +of the expenses of the miserly. These vices, in fact, cannot be viewed +as if they, proceeding as it were in opposite directions, met together +in good management; but each of them has its own maxim, which +necessarily contradicts that of the other. +- + *The common classical formulae of ethics- medio tutissimus ibis; +omne mimium vertitur in vitium; est modus in rebus, etc., medium +tenuere beati; virtus est medium vitiorum et utrinque reductum- +["You will go most safely in the middle" (Virgil); "Every excess +develops into a vice"; "There is a mean in all things, etc." (Horace); +"Happy they who steadily pursue a middle course"; "Virtue is the +mean between two vices and equally removed from either" (Horace).]- +contain a poor sort of wisdom, which has no definite principles; for +this mean between two extremes, who will assign it for me? Avarice (as +a vice) is not distinguished from frugality (as a virtue) by merely +being the lat pushed too far; but has a quite different principle; +(maxim), namely placing the end of economy not in the enjoyment of +one's means, but in the mere possession of them, renouncing enjoyment; +just as the vice of prodigality is not to be sought in the excessive +enjoyment of one's means, but in the bad maxim which makes the use +of them, without regard to their maintenance, the sole end. +- + For the same reason, no vice can be defined as an excess in the +practice of certain actions beyond what is proper (e.g., +Prodigalitas est excessus in consumendis opibus); or, as a less +exercise of them than is fitting (Avaritia est defectus, etc.). For +since in this way the degree is left quite undefined, and the question +whether conduct accords with duty or not, turns wholly on this, such +an account is of no use as a definition. + Thirdly. Ethical virtue must not be estimated by the power we +attribute to man of fulfilling the law; but, conversely, the moral +power must be estimated by the law, which commands categorically; not, +therefore, by the empirical knowledge that we have of men as they are, +but by the rational knowledge how, according to the ideas of humanity, +they ought to be. These three maxims of the scientific treatment of +ethics are opposed to the older apophthegms: + 1. There is only one virtue and only one vice. + 2. Virtue is the observance of the mean path between two opposite +vices. + 3. Virtue (like prudence) must be learned from experience. +- +- + XIV. Of Virtue in General +- + Virtue signifies a moral strength of will. But this does not exhaust +the notion; for such strength might also belong to a holy (superhuman) +being, in whom no opposing impulse counteracts the law of his rational +will; who therefore willingly does everything in accordance with the +law. Virtue then is the moral strength of a man's will in his +obedience to duty; and this is a moral necessitation by his own law +giving reason, inasmuch as this constitutes itself a power executing +the law. It is not itself a duty, nor is it a duty to possess it +(otherwise we should be in duty bound to have a duty), but it +commands, and accompanies its command with a moral constraint (one +possible by laws of internal freedom). But since this should be +irresistible, strength is requisite, and the degree of this strength +can be estimated only by the magnitude of the hindrances which man +creates for himself, by his inclinations. Vices, the brood of unlawful +dispositions, are the monsters that he has to combat; wherefore this +moral strength as fortitude (fortitudo moral is) constitutes the +greatest and only true martial glory of man; it is also called the +true wisdom, namely, the practical, because it makes the ultimate +end of the existence of man on earth its own end. Its possession alone +makes man free, healthy, rich, a king, etc., nor either chance or fate +deprive him of this, since he possesses himself, and the virtuous +cannot lose his virtue. + All the encomiums bestowed on the ideal of humanity in its moral +perfection can lose nothing of their practical reality by the examples +of what men now are, have been, or will probably be hereafter; +anthropology which proceeds from mere empirical knowledge cannot +impair anthroponomy which is erected by the unconditionally +legislating reason; and although virtue may now and then be called +meritorious (in relation to men, not to the law), and be worthy of +reward, yet in itself, as it is its own end, so also it must be +regarded as its own reward. + Virtue considered in its complete perfection is, therefore, regarded +not as if man possessed virtue, but as if virtue possessed the man, +since in the former case it would appear as though he had still had +the choice (for which he would then require another virtue, in order +to select virtue from all other wares offered to him). To conceive a +plurality of virtues (as we unavoidably must) is nothing else but to +conceive various moral objects to which the (rational) will is led +by the single principle of virtue; and it is the same with the +opposite vices. The expression which personifies both is a contrivance +for affecting the sensibility, pointing, however, to a moral sense. +Hence it follows that an aesthetic of morals is not a part, but a +subjective exposition of the Metaphysic of Morals; in which the +emotions that accompany the force of the moral law make the that force +to be felt; for example: disgust, horror, etc., which gives a sensible +moral aversion in order to gain the precedence from the merely +sensible incitement. +- +- + XV. Of the Principle on which Ethics is separated from + Jurisprudence +- + This separation on which the subdivision of moral philosophy in +general rests, is founded on this: that the notion of freedom, which +is common to both, makes it necessary to divide duties into those of +external and those of internal freedom; the latter of which alone +are ethical. Hence this internal freedom which is the condition of all +ethical duty must be discussed as a preliminary (discursus +praeliminaris), just as above the doctrine of conscience was discussed +as the condition of all duty. +- + REMARKS +- + Of the Doctrine of Virtue on the Principle Of Internal Freedom. +- + Habit (habitus) is a facility of action and a subjective +perfection of the elective will. But not every such facility is a free +habit (habitus libertatis); for if it is custom (assuetudo), that +is, a uniformity of action which, by frequent repetition, has become a +necessity, then it is not a habit proceeding from freedom, and +therefore not a moral habit. Virtue therefore cannot be defined as a +habit of free law-abiding actions, unless indeed we add "determining +itself in its action by the idea of the law"; and then this habit is +not a property of the elective will, but of the rational will, which +is a faculty that in adopting a rule also declares it to be a +universal law, and it is only such a habit that can be reckoned as +virtue. Two things are required for internal freedom: to be master +of oneself in a given case (animus sui compos) and to have command +over oneself (imperium in semetipsum), that is to subdue his +emotions and to govern his passions. With these conditions, the +character (indoles) is noble (erecta); in the opposite case, it is +ignoble (indoles abjecta serva). +- +- + XVI. Virtue requires, first of all, Command over Oneself +- + Emotions and passions are essentially distinct; the former belong to +feeling in so far as this coming before reflection makes it more +difficult or even impossible. Hence emotion is called hasty (animus +praeceps). And reason declares through the notion of virtue that a man +should collect himself; but this weakness in the life of one's +understanding, joined with the strength of a mental excitement, is +only a lack of virtue (Untugend), and as it were a weak and childish +thing, which may very well consist with the best will, and has further +this one good thing in it, that this storm soon subsides. A propensity +to emotion (e.g., resentment) is therefore not so closely related to +vice as passion is. Passion, on the other hand, is the sensible +appetite grown into a permanent inclination (e. g., hatred in contrast +to resentment). The calmness with which one indulges it leaves room +for reflection and allows the mind to frame principles thereon for +itself; and thus when the inclination falls upon what contradicts +the law, to brood on it, to allow it to root itself deeply, and +thereby to take up evil (as of set purpose) into one's maxim; and this +is then specifically evil, that is, it is a true vice. + Virtue, therefore, in so far as it is based on internal freedom, +contains a positive command for man, namely, that he should bring +all his powers and inclinations under his rule (that of reason); and +this is a positive precept of command over himself which is additional +to the prohibition, namely, that he should not allow himself to be +governed by his feelings and inclinations (the duty of apathy); since, +unless reason takes the reins of government into its own hands, the +feelings and inclinations play the master over the man. +- +- + XVII. Virtue necessarily presupposes Apathy (considered as + Strength) +- + This word (apathy) has come into bad repute, just as if it meant +want of feeling, and therefore subjective indifference with respect to +the objects of the elective will; it is supposed to be a weakness. +This misconception may be avoided by giving the name moral apathy to +that want of emotion which is to be distinguished from indifference. +In the former, the feelings arising from sensible impressions lose +their influence on the moral feeling only because the respect for +the law is more powerful than all of them together. It is only the +apparent strength of a fever patient that makes even the lively +sympathy with good rise to an emotion, or rather degenerate into it. +Such an emotion is called enthusiasm, and it is with reference to this +that we are to explain the moderation which is usually recommended +in virtuous practices: +- + Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus uniqui + Ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam.* +- + *Horace. ["Let the wise man bear the name of fool, and the just of +unjust, if he pursue virtue herself beyond the proper bounds."] +- + For otherwise it is absurd to imagine that one could be too wise +or too virtuous. The emotion always belongs to the sensibility, no +matter by what sort of object it may be excited. The true strength +of virtue is the mind at rest, with a firm, deliberate resolution to +bring its law into practice. That is the state of health in the +moral life; on the contrary, the emotion, even when it is excited by +the idea of the good, is a momentary glitter which leaves exhaustion +after it. We may apply the term fantastically virtuous to the man +who will admit nothing to be indifferent in respect of morality +(adiaphora), and who strews all his steps with duties, as with +traps, and will not allow it to be indifferent whether a man eats fish +or flesh, drink beer or wine, when both agree with him; a micrology +which, if adopted into the doctrine of virtue, would make its rule a +tyranny. +- + REMARK +- + Virtue is always in progress, and yet always begins from the +beginning. The former follows from the fact that, objectively +considered, it is an ideal and unattainable, and yet it is a duty +constantly to approximate to it. The second is founded subjectively on +the nature of man which is affected by inclinations, under the +influence of which virtue, with its maxims adopted once for all, can +never settle in a position of rest; but, if it is not rising, +inevitably falls; because moral maxims cannot, like technical, be +based on custom (for this belongs to the physical character of the +determination of will); but even if the practice of them become a +custom, the agent would thereby lose the freedom in the choice of +his maxims, which freedom is the character of an action done from +duty. + +ON_CONSCIENCE + ON CONSCIENCE +- + The consciousness of an internal tribunal in man (before which +"his thoughts accuse or excuse one another") is CONSCIENCE. + Every man has a conscience, and finds himself observed by an +inward judge which threatens and keeps him in awe (reverence +combined with fear); and this power which watches over the laws within +him is not something which he himself (arbitrarily) makes, but it is +incorporated in his being. It follows him like his shadow, when he +thinks to escape. He may indeed stupefy himself with pleasures and +distractions, but cannot avoid now and then coming to himself or +awaking, and then he at once perceives its awful voice. In his +utmost depravity, he may, indeed, pay no attention to it, but he +cannot avoid hearing it. + Now this original intellectual and (as a conception of duty) moral +capacity, called conscience, has this peculiarity in it, that although +its business is a business of man with himself, yet he finds himself +compelled by his reason to transact it as if at the command of another +person. For the transaction here is the conduct of a trial (causa) +before a tribunal. But that he who is accused by his conscience should +be conceived as one and the same person with the judge is an absurd +conception of a judicial court; for then the complainant would +always lose his case. Therefore, in all duties the conscience of the +man must regard another than himself as the judge of his actions, if +it is to avoid self-contradiction. Now this other may be an actual +or a merely ideal person which reason frames to itself. Such an +idealized person (the authorized judge of conscience) must be one +who knows the heart; for the tribunal is set up in the inward part +of man; at the same time he must also be all-obliging, that is, must +be or be conceived as a person in respect of whom all duties are to be +regarded as his commands; since conscience is the inward judge of +all free actions. Now, since such a moral being must at the same +time possess all power (in heaven and earth), since otherwise he could +not give his commands their proper effect (which the office of judge +necessarily requires), and since such a moral being possessing power +over all is called GOD, hence conscience must be conceived as the +subjective principle of a responsibility for one's deeds before God; +nay, this latter concept is contained (though it be only obscurely) in +every moral self-consciousness. +- +- + -THE END- diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pluton.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pluton.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..09c0d45a --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pluton.txt @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +From: pierce@lanai.cs.ucla.edu (Brad Pierce) +Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy,alt.save.the.earth,alt.individualism +Subject: A plutonium economy vs. a free democracy +Message-ID: <1992Nov20.020820.1559@cs.ucla.edu> +Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 02:08:20 GMT +Organization: UCLA, Computer Science Department +Lines: 269 + +[From "The Russian Threat, Its Myths and Realities" (c) 1983, +Gateway Books, London, by Jim Garrison and Pyrae Shivpuri, pp 231-236.] + + The growing erosion of civil liberties in Western Europe and the +United States is closely linked with the nuclear energy-nuclear +weapons complex, which mandates a psyche all its own. This complex +creates the necessity for secrecy on the one hand and greater +protection of investment on the other. Not only are there high +financial and environmental risks but also potential ramifications +beyond national boundaries. Because of the `plutonium culture' +generated by the nuclear complex, the age old dilemma of striking a +balance between state authority and the rights of the individual is +being forced to opt for increasing state control, and diminishing +individual freedom. The plutonium culture allows for no other +choice. + Each operating nuclear reactor produces between 400 to 600 pounds +of plutonium waste each year. Less than one millionth of a gram, if +ingested, can cause cancer and/or genetic mutation. Twenty pounds, +if properly fashioned, can be made into a nuclear bomb. Because of +this, *the different aspects of the plutonium economy must be as +tightly guarded as nuclear weapons themselves*. Nuclear weapons are +kept at military facilities generally away from population centres +and specifically under guard in a military system predicated upon +discipline, hierarchy and authoritarian leadership. Similar +protection for the `atoms for peace' programme will have a +devastating impact upon the democratic freedoms and civil liberties +of the citizens. + The potential problem with the plutonium economy and its relation +to human freedom has been succinctly expressed by a statement made by +Dr. Bernard Feld, Chairperson of the Atomic and High Energy Physics +Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: + + Let me tell you about a nightmare I have. The Mayor of + Boston sends for me for an urgent consultation. He has + received a note from a terrorist group telling him that they + have planted a nuclear bomb somewhere in central Boston. The + Mayor has confirmed that 20 pounds of plutonium is missing + from Government stocks. He shows me the crude diagram and a + set of the terrorists outrageous demands. I know--as one of + those who participated in the assembly of the first atomic + bomb--that the device would work. Not efficiently, but + nevertheless with devastating effect. What should I do? + Surrender to blackmail or risk destroying my home town?[9] + + The dangers are real, so real that government planners in every +country with nuclear programmes have undertaken steps to be prepared +for Dr. Feld's scenario. In 1975, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission +(NRC) commissioned a specific study of the problem. One of the +participants, Professor John Barton, Professor of Jurisprudence at +Stanford University Law School, prepared a paper entitled +`Intensified Nuclear Safeguards and Civil Liberties.' The document +began by stating that: + + Increased public concern with nuclear terrorism, coupled with + the possibility of greatly increased use of plutonium in + civilian power reactors, are leading the US Nuclear + Regulatory Commission (NRC) to consider various forms of + intensified safeguards against theft or loss of nuclear + materials and against *sabotage*. The intensified safeguards + could include expansion of personnel clearance programs, a + nationwide guard force, *greater surveillance of dissenting + political groups,* area searches in the event of a loss of + materials, and creation of *new barriers of secrecy* around + parts of the nuclear program.[10] + + It is important to be clear what the above statement implies. The +governments supporting nuclear power are attempting to protect the +plutonium economy from two perceived enemies: first, those who would +use the nuclear materials to terrorise the country through some type +of nuclear sabotage; and second, those who seek to stop nuclear +power, meaning anti-nuclear `dissenting political groups'. This +requires a nationwide guard force to be created specifically to deal +with any terrorism and the erection of new barriers of secrecy around +the nuclear programmes to keep public knowledge and participation at +a minimum. Both sets of enemies would be subject to greater +surveillance through electronic listening devices such as phone taps. + In Britain, for instance, it is accepted as a matter of course +that anyone working for the Atomic Energy Authority be `positively +vetted' before being appointed. The Official Secrets Act, moreover, +allows the government and the atomic industry to keep the nuclear +installations cloaked in secrecy and the employees forbidden to +communicate anything about their work. In 1976, Britain also became +the first country to establish by law a nationwide guard force of +constables under the direct control of the atomic authorities in +order to guard nuclear facilities and specifically the plutonium +stores. This guard force has privileges in relation to carrying +weapons not granted to any other British police unit. Indeed, so +sensitive are these privileges that under the Official Secrets Act, +information about them has not been made available to the public. +This force is mandated not only to guard against possible terrorism +but to keep tabs on `dissenting political groups.' + Jonathan Rosenhead, of the London School of Economics, points out +that this type of political control is very easily overlooked by the +general populace because it is specifically designed and intended to +be used as inconspicuously as possible. In America, political +scientists refer to this technique as the "politics of the iron fist +in the velvet glove." "What the ruling groups prefer", he says, + + is to produce a situation in which no one dares oppose their + plans. Their favourite methods are therefore to exploit + people's dependence on consumer goods and on their jobs and + exercising prevention controls by means of intensive + surveillance. In the event of open conflict breaking out in + spite of that, they would hope at least to contain it by + `limited operations.'[11] + + What needs to be remembered in assessing this state of affairs is +that plutonium, if it is to be used, must be protected by police +state methods. We just cannot have something that can be used for +nuclear bombs and can damage and mutate human life with the +lethalness of millions of cancer doses per pound floating about in a +free society. *A plutonium economy and a free democracy are a +contradiction in terms.* This is a fact that has been recognised by +leading legal experts and politicians alike. Writing in the "Harvard +Law Review," Russell Ayres states flatly that `plutonium provides the +first rational justification for widespread intelligence gathering +against the civilian population.'[12] The reason for this is that +the threat of nuclear terrorism justifies such encroachments on civil +liberties for `national security' reasons. It is inevitable, +therefore, says Ayres, that "plutonium use would create pressures for +infiltration into civic, political, environmental and professional +groups to a far greater extent than previously encountered and with a +greater impact on speech and associated rights". Sir Brian Flowers, +in Britain, has come to similar conclusions. At the end of his +environmental impact statement for the plutonium economy in the +United Kingdom, known as the Flowers Report, he made it quite clear +that Britain could not have both plutonium and civil liberties. +Rather, he said, to adopt the plutonium economy would make +`inevitable' the erosion of the freedoms that British people had +fought for over the centuries and have come to assume and accept as +inalienable rights. + What is happening to Western Europe and the US should not be seen +as an abnormal occurrence; rather, it should be viewed as the +*logical progression* of what the adoption of the plutonium economy +in any country implies. There are certain psychological implications +inherent in the use and development of nuclear weapons. There are +direct physical results on both workers and public alike from the +nuclear fuel cycle. So, too, the plutonium economy makes inevitable +the erosion of human rights. + Observers in the Netherlands and West Germany refer to the decline +of the "Rechtsstadt" (meaning a state guided by laws which are both +just and accepted) and the rise of the "Machtstadt," where state +authority is based on power equations. In the US, it is sometimes +referred to as a `national security state'. We prefer the term +"totalitarian democracy" to characterise the governments of the US +and Western Europe. It denotes a governmental system of +parliamentary democracy within which the official bureaucracy, the +police, and the legal authorities are vested with almost total power +over the individual. + It has been apparent for some time that the drive in the West for +all-out growth, dictated by the need for capital accumulation and +profits, has been creating problems that existing institutions, be +they national or international, are simply not equipped to handle. +These include: + + * the alienation through and ruthlessness of the + multinational corporations; + + * the frustrations of an economy where automation and + machinery are replacing human skills and ingenuity; + + * the gnawing fears and anxieties aroused by the `diseases + of affluence,' notably cancer, heart disease and stress; + + * and the looming threat of environmental destruction, be + it at the local or planetary level, from chemical + pollution, or the plutonium economy. + + As long as the boom lasted, and Western affluence was sustained +these pressures could be ignored. But that `boom-balloon' has burst. +The energy crisis is deepening. The economic reality of increased +unemployment and inflation is becoming more and more depressing. The +pressures of burgeoning populations, as also the youth demanding +employment and a piece of the good life, are becoming unbearable. + In order to survive this `crisis of capitalism', the dominant +forces in industry and government are forcing through a ruthless +restructuring and re-grouping of the economic system. In Western +Europe this is reflected in the wholesale writing-off of vast sectors +of traditional industry such as steel and textiles and the resultant +social decline of whole areas. The trend is to form blocs such as +the EEC but this in turn places increased strain on the member states +and does little more than paper over the fundamental problems with +another layer of bureaucracy. Under this weight, the welfare state +that grew up in the decades after World War II is being dismantled, +to squeeze just a bit more money to spend, as often as not, on more +weapon systems. In the process, yet another safety net is removed +for the individual who is the victim of the capitalist system. If it +is any consolation, Marxism hasn't come up with any answers either. + Those in power know they have no way to solve the problems or meet +the demands of their youth, of the millions of unemployed, of the +anti-nuclear movement, of the populations in economically depressed +areas, of the victims of industrial disasters, or of any other +discontented groups. The only valid answers are ones which involve +fundamental changes in our thinking and in our system itself, and +these are ones which those in power are not in a position to offer. +So they placate their constituencies with promises which they know +they cannot fulfil. + This only adds to the frustration of those who can no longer wait. +The next stage after fruitless protest cannot fail to be a challenge +to that part of the system of which the individual has become the +victim. If this challenge is met with either refusal or with +repression, the frustration of those in protest can lead to violent +action. Protest by violence against the system which cannot meet +their demands when peacefully presented is labelled by those in power +as `terrorism.' + Foreseeing this scenario, the reaction of the dominant groups is +to proclaim the necessity to prepare in time to deal effectively with +those who are discontented. When there are violations that cannot be +put right, then freedom to criticise and, in the end, democracy +itself become hostage to `effective governance.' It is an axiom of +history that when the people begin to question the right of their +leaders to govern, the leaders question the right of the people to +question. + The irony of this situation within the conflict of East-West +relations is that although the starting point of their analyses are +different, the conclusions drawn by the Soviet leaders and the +governing groups in the West are the same: both regard effective +governance as being hindered by a genuine democratic government. The +result in the East has been the `dictatorship of the proletariat'; +in the West, `totalitarian democracy.' + While it is true that the system of repression in the West is not +as extensive or as brutal as in the East, except in isolated cases, +what is necessary to remember is that the *mentality* of the +oppressor, whether in the Kremlin or in 10 Downing Street or in the +White House, is the same. What is different are the *mechanisms* +which oppress the people below. In both cases what is achieved is +the setting up of a *standard of behaviour* which, because there are +no alternatives allowed, becomes the *pattern of behaviour.* This +creates a dangerous person-into-machine social norm. In the Soviet +Union this has been done with a ruthlessness that needed only the +unity and discipline of the Party; in the West mass control has been +achieved by subtle manipulation that needs either public ignorance or +public apathy to be effective. Social control is justified, +particularly as far as the plutonium economy is concerned, by the +over-riding necessity to avoid the catastrophe which might occur +either through carelessness, disobedience, or `terrorism.' This +cultivated attitude enables the Western technocrats to represent +themselves to the public as the guardians of the society in the +emergency situation they themselves inspired and engineered. + The tragedy of the Russian people is the suffering of individuals +endowed with a passion for personal freedom so profound as to verge +on the anarchic, and yet who have been forced to live under a +despotism resolutely intent upon the suppression of that freedom. + The tragedy unfolding in the West is of a people who achieved +liberty at great cost, but who now, faced with the despotism inherent +in the plutonium economy, are abnegating it. They are rendering +themselves subservient to those few who wish to build a national +security state supplied with nuclear energy and armed with nuclear +weapons. Our leaders are depriving us of the very liberties they +have been entrusted to defend. Moreover, they are manipulating the +`Russian threat' to justify such actions, all the while claiming that +they are protecting democracy. Never before have so few asked so +many for so much for the sake of so little. + + [9] In Robert Jungk, "The Nuclear State," trans. Eric Mosbacher, + London, 1979, pp. 118, 19. + +[10] "Intensified Nuclear Safeguards and Civil Liberties," Nuclear Reg. + Comm. Cont. No. AT(49-24)-0190, Washington, DC, 31 Oct. 1975, p. 1. + +[11] In Jungk, "Nuclear State, op. cit., p. 132. + +[12] In Ibid., p. 142 diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/poa.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/poa.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..97f9aef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/poa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ + + The Strange Origin of the Pledge of Allegiance + ============================================== +Every class day over 60 million public and parochial school teachers +and students in the US recite the Pledge of Allegiance along with +thousands of Americans at official meetings of the Boy Scouts, Girl +Scouts, Elks, Masons, American Legion, and others. During the +televised bicentennial celebration of the US Constitution for the +school children on September 17, 1987, the children as a group did +not recite any part of the Constitution. However, President Reagan did +lead the nation's school children in reciting the Pledge. Yet probably +not one of them knows the history or original meaning of the Pledge. + +In the presidential campaign of 1988, George Bush successfully used +the Pledge in his campaign against Mike Dukakis. Ironically, Bush did +not seem to know the words of the Pledge until his campaign manager +told him to memorize it. The teachers and students in the New England +private schools he attended, Greenwich Country Day School and Phillips +Andover Academy, did not recite the pledge. By contrast, Dukakis and +his mother, a public school teacher, recited the Pledge in the public +schools. Yet Bush criticized Dukakis for vetoing a bill in +Massachusetts requiring public school teachers but not private school +teachers to recite the Pledge. Dukakis vetoed the bill on grounds +that it violated the constitutional right of free speech. + +[Actually, the case Dukakis *cited* when vetoing (and was subsequently +attacked by Bush for it) was a religious freedom (!) case; see my +upcoming post "The Pledge, part II" a speech by ACLU director Ira +Glassner which contains a lot more information you've probably +not heard. It also happens to be among the best speeches I've ever +heard, and demonstrates devastatingly what many of us already knew; +what a bad job Dukakis did responding to Bush's attacks about being +"liberal" and (God forbid) and being a member of the ACLU.] + +How did this Pledge of Allegiance to a flag replace the US +Constitution and Bill of Rights in the affections of many Americans? +Among the nations in the world, only the USA and the Philippines, +imitating the USA, have a pledge to their flag. Who institutionalized +the Pledge as the cornerstone of American patriotic programs and +indoctrination in the public and parochial schools? + +In 1892, a socialist named Francis Bellamy created the Pledge of +Allegiance for *Youth's* *Companion*, a national family magazine for +youth published in Boston. The magazine had the largest national +circulation of its day with a circulation around 500 thousand. Two +liberal businessmen, Daniel Ford and James Upham, his nephew, owned +*Youth's* *Companion*. + +One hundred years ago the American Flag was rarely seen in the +classroom or in front of the school. Upham changed that. In 1888, the +magazine began a campaign to sell American flags to the public +schools. By 1892, his magazine had sold American flags to about 26 +thousand schools(1). + +In 1891, Upham had the idea of using the celebration of the 400th +anniversary of Christopher Columbus' discovery of America to promote +the use of the flag in the public schools. The same year, the magazine +hired Daniel Ford's radical young friend, Baptist minister, +Nationalist, and Christian Socialist leader, Francis Bellamy, to help +Upham in his public relations work. Bellamy was the first cousin of +the famous American socialist, Edward Bellamy. Edward Bellamy's +futuristic novel, *Looking* *Backward*, published in 1888, described a +utopian Boston in the year 2000. The book spawned an elitist socialist +movement in Boston known as "Nationalism," whose members wanted the +federal government to nationalize most of the American economy. Francis +Bellamy was a member of this movement and a vice president of its +auxiliary group, the Society of Christian Socialists(2). He was a +baptist minister and he lectured and preached on the virtues of +socialism and the evils of capitalism. He gave a speech on "Jesus the +Socialist" and a series of sermons on "The Socialism of the Primitive +Church." In 1891, he was forced to resign from his Boston church, the +Bethany Baptist church, because of his socialist activities. He then +joined the staff of the *Youth's* *Companion*(3). + +By February 1892, Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National +Education Association to support the *Youth's* *Companion* as a +sponsor of the national public schools' observance of Columbus Day +along with the use of the American flag. By June 29, Bellamy and Upham +had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce +a national proclamation making the public school ceremony the +center of the national Columbus Day celebrations for 1892(4). + +Bellamy, under the supervision of Upham, wrote the program for this +celebration, including its flag salute, the Pledge of Allegiance. His +version was, + + "I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Republic for which + it stands -- one nation indivisible -- with liberty and + justice for all." + +This program and its pledge appeared in the September 8 issue of +*Youth's* *Companion*(5). He considered putting the words "fraternity" +and "equality" in the Pledge but decided they were too radical and +controversial for public schools(6). + +The original Pledge was recited while giving a stiff, uplifted right +hand salute, criticized and discontinued during WWII. The words "my +flag" were changed to "the flag of the United States of America" +because it was feared that the children of immigrants might confuse +"my flag" for the flag of their homeland. The phrase "Under God," was +added by Congress and President Eisenhower in 1954 at the urging of +the Knights of Columbus(7). + +The American Legion's constitution includes the following goal: "To +foster and perpetuate a one hundred percent Americanism." One of its +major standing committees was the "Americanism Commission" and its +subsidiary, the "Counter Subversive Activities Committee." To the +fear of immigrants, it added the fear of communism(8). + +Over the years the Legion has worked closely with the NEA and with the US +Office of Education. The Legion insisted on "one hundred percent" +Americanism in public school courses in American history, civics, +Geography and English. The Pledge was a part of this Americanism +campaign(9) and, in 1950, the Legion adopted the Pledge as an official +part of its own ritual(10). + +In 1922, the Ku Klux Klan, which also had adopted the "one hundred +percent Americanism" theme along with the flag ceremonies and the +Pledge, became a political power in the state of Oregon and arranged +for legislation to be passed requiring all Catholic children to +attend public schools. The US Supreme Court later overturned this +legislation(11). + +Perhaps a team of social scientists and historians could explain why +over the last century the Pledge of Allegiance has become a major +centerpiece in American patriotism programs. A pledge or loyalty oath +for children was not built around the Declaration of Independence -- +"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created +equal..." Or the Gettysburg address -- "a new nation conceived in +liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created +equal..." + +Apparently, over the last century, Americans have been uncomfortable +with the word "equality" as a patriotic theme. In 1992 the nation will +begin its second century with the Pledge of Allegiance. Perhaps the +time has come to see that this allegiance should be to the US +constitution and not to a piece of cloth. + +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> +John W. Baer is a professor of economics at Anne Arundel Community +College in Arnold, Maryland. +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> + +Notes: +----- +1. Louise Harris, *The Flag Over the Schoolhouse,* C. A. Stephens +Collection, Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1971, p. 69. +2. Margarette S. Miller, *Twenty-three Words,* Printcraft Press, +Portsmouth, VA, 1976, pp 63-65. +3. Ibid, pp. 55-65. +4. Ibid, pp. 105-111. +5. Ibid, p. 123. +6. Ibid, p. 122. +7. Christopher J. Kaufmann, *Knights of Columbus*, Harper & Row, NY, +1982, pp. 385-386. +8. Raymond Moley, *The American Legion Story*, Duell, Sloan, and +Pearce, NY, 1966, p. 7. +9. Ibid, p. 371. +10. Miller, p. 344. +11. *New Catholic Encyclopedia,* Washington, D.C., Catholic University +of America, 1967, Vol. 10, p. 738-740. +------------------------------------------------------------------ +The above article is being sent to the Activists Mailing List. +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> + + ################################################################### + # Copyright (C) 1990, Harel Barzilai for Activists Mailing-list # + # You may copy freely so long as you do not charge # + # others for it, and include this copyright notice # +################################################################### +[We're obviously not copyrighting Baer's article reproduced here!] + harelb@zaphod. UChicago.EDU +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pol-pris.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pol-pris.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5bd34472 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pol-pris.txt @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ + + +Freedom Now! + +Campaign for Amnesty and Human Rights for Political Prisoners +in the United States + + +POLITICAL PRISONERS IN THE U.S.A.? + +The government denies it. Yet, today there are more than 100 +people locked up in U.S. prisons because of their political +actions or beliefs. + + The United States alone among the world's major +governments maintains the fiction that it holds no political +prisoners. The official position is that all those jailed +here for politically motivated actions are "criminals." Yet +in all other countries, regardless of the politics of the +rulers, it is an accepted truth that dissenters, jailed for +opposing the government, are, in fact, political prisoners. + + The United States tries to hide the existence of +political prisoners because they challenge the image that the +U.S. is a truly democratic and humane society. These +prisoners expose the fact that there are political resistance +movements of such political impact that the government is +compelled to use repression against them. + + By labelling political prisoners as criminals, the +U.S. government has also been able to shield from serious +view human rights violations against them. These include +prison sentences longer than in most dictatorships, +psychological torture, and brutality including sexual +assault. + + The men's federal prison in Marion, Illinois, which +includes several political prisoners among its 400 inmates, +has been condemned by Amnesty International for violating +international standards on the minimum treatment of +prisoners. The men in Marion are under permanent lockdown +and are sometimes chained to their beds for days at a time. + + The control unit for women at Lexington, Kentucky, was +an experimental underground political prison that praticed +isolation and sensory deprivation. It was finally closed by +a federal judge after two years of protest by religious and +human rights groups. + + +HUMAN RIGHTS MUST BEGIN AT HOME! + + Who are America's political prisoners? Like the four +women and men pictured on the facing page [pictures not +available in computer text file] -- Alejandrina Torres, +Leonard Peltier, Geronimo Pratt, and Susan Rosenberg -- they +represent many movements for freedom and social justice. + + People of color are most often targetted. Black +activists participating in the fight for Black Liberation and +against racism are the largest group represented, with well +over 50 political prisoners. Many of them, like Geronimo +Pratt, have been in jail nearly 20 years. + + The movement for Puerto Rican independence has also +been heavily attacked with the imprisonment of many of its +members. These include 14 women and men such as Alejandrina +Torres who consider themselves prisoners of war. They have +taken this position because they believe that as colonized +people they have the right to fight for independence, and +their captor, the United States, has no right to criminalize +them. + + Other political prisoners in the United States include +more than thirty white North American activists. These +militants are accused of various actions opposing foreign, +domestic and military policies of the U.S. government. Their +protests have been directed against symbols of U.S. support +for the apartheid regime in South Africa, military +intervention in Central America, and the continued colonial +oppression of Blacks and Puerto Ricans. Among these +prisoners are women and men from the religious peace +community who have received long sentences for direct actions +against U.S. nuclear installations. + + Revealing the existence of all these political +prisoners is of extra importance now because greater world +attention is being focused on human rights. Many countries, +including the Soviet Union and Cuba, have released most of +their political prisoners. They have also started to raise +questions about human rights problems here in the U.S.A. Now +is the time to break through the wall of silence that has +surrounded these political prisoners in the United States. + + We in the Freedom Now campaign are making information +available on all their cases to the people of the U.S. and +the world. While the government will continue to deny +holding political prisoners, we seek to make their existence +common knowledge in every American community. + + At the same time all of us can begin to speak out +against the terrible human rights violations taking place +against political prisoners and all prisoners in the U.S. +Jails and prisons have abandoned all pretenses of +"rehabilitating" inmates, and have become concentration camps +for warehousing the youth from the ghettos and barrios of +America. We must especially denounce the spread of prison +control units which attempt to rob prisoners of their +humanity, sanity and even their lives. + + Ultimately we must seek the freedom of all political +prisoners in the U.S. Other countries are now doing it. Why +not here? Freedom Now is initiating a campaign for amnesty +for all the women and men imprisoned in this country as a +consequence of their political actions. Officials of the +U.S. government have signed many international laws and +treaties governing political repression. We must now hold +them to those standards! + + The Freedom Now campaign is about real people, women +and men behind bars who care deeply about justice and +humanity. The government has sought to isolate them, not +only from their friends and families but from their ability +to influence and lead political movements. + + Our campaign is breaking that isolation. We are +bridging the walls with a common effort that includes the +active participation of the prisoners and their families, +along with political activists, clergy and professionals. We +welcome your participation! Join us in stopping the +continued imprisonment and mistreatment of political +activists in the United States. Human rights must begin at +home. + +AMNESTY FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS! + +[Photo captions. Actual photos are not available in computer + text file format.] + +In 1983, Alejandrina Torres, a longtime Puerto Rican +community and church activist, was arrested in Chicago. +Because of her role in the Puerto Rican independence +movement, she was convicted and sentenced to 35 years for +conspiring to overthrow the U.S. government. Three times in +prison she has been beaten and sexually abused by guards. +For two years, until international pressure forced it to +close, she was held in the infamous Lexington Control Unit. +Today, though she remains imprisoned, Alejandrina is regarded +as a national hero in Puerto Rico. + +In 1977, Leonard Peltier, a leader of the American Indian +Movement (AIM) was wrongly convicted of the murder of two FBI +agents on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. +Hundreds of federal agents had invaded the reservation to +stop Indian people seeking control over their own lives and +land. Ample evidence exists that the FBI withheld documents +to frame Leonard. His appeals for justice have been +supported by 75 members of Congress, Desmond Tutu, and Jesse +Jackson. Despite this, he remains in jail serving two life +sentences. + +In 1971, Geronimo ji Jaga Pratt, a leader in the Black +struggle for human rights, was framed on a murder charge in +California. The key witness against him was in the pay of +the police. Government spies infiltrated his defense team. +Many pages of evidence, proving Geronimo's innocence, were +"lost" by government lawyers. It was later revealed that he +was a target of the FBI COINTELPRO program which sought to +destroy the Black movement. Today, nearly 20 years later, +Geronimo is one of the longest held political prisoners in +the world. + +In 1984, Susan Rosenberg was arrested and charged with +possession of weapons, explosives, and false ID. A white +North American woman, Susan has been deeply committed since +childhood to struggles for human rights including the +movements for Puerto Rican independence, Black liberation, +and women's liberation. Although she and her co-defendant +Tim Blunk were convicted of possessing the materials, not +using them, they received sentences of 58 years, the longest +ever given on this charge. Susan also endured two years of +psychological torture in the Lexington Control Unit before it +was closed. + +Freedom Now Offices: +-------------------- +National Office: + 5249 N. Kenmore, + Chicago, IL 60640 + (312) 278-6706 + +East Coast: + 1560 Broadway Suite 807, + New York, NY 10036 + +West Coast: + 3543 18th St. #17 + San Francisco, CA 94110 + +(Please write or call for more information, if needed.) + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +Freedom Now! + +Campaign for Amnesty and Human Rights for Political Prisoners +in the U.S.A. + + +Dear Friend, + + A long-time activist is arrested and beaten for hours, + while police scream racial epithets and death threats + in his face. The police shove his face in a flushing + toilet, tear his toenails out, and burn him over and + over with cigarettes. The political prisoner's + pancreas is nearly destroyed in the beating, and he is + hospitalized for three months. + + Three women political prisoners are held in isolation + in an underground sensory deprivation unit. The unit + is painted high-gloss white; bright flourescent lights + are on round the clock' there is no way to tell if it + is day or night. The women live under the unblinking + eye of eleven video surveillance cameras monitored by + male guards -- one camera is pointed at the + uncurtained shower area. This special unit -- "the + living tomb" -- is condemned by Amnesty International, + the American Civil Liberties Union, and a number of + church denominations. + +CHILLING SCENES FROM SOUTH AFRICA? CHILE? ARGENTINA? NO -- +THE UNITED STATES. + +Although the government denies it, today there are more than +100 people locked up in U.S. prisons because of their +political actions and beliefs. People like Leonard Peltier, +Geronimo ji Jaga Pratt, Katya Komisaruk, Sekou Odinga, and +the women of the Lexington Control Unit, Alejandrina Torres, +Silvia Baraldini, and Susan Rosenberg. While the government +calls them common criminals, these people are known and +respected for their long activism in movements for Native +American soverignty, Black liberation, Puerto Rican +independence, and against racism, imperialism, women's +oppression, and nuclear weapons. SOme of them have been +framed; others have utilized a variety of forms including +civil disobedience, armed political actions, and grand jury +resistance. Freedom Now considers these activists political +prisoners and, for some of them, prisoners of war. Like +political prisoners from South Africa to El Salvador, they +are among the most courageous and principled people in +movements for social justice. + +Human rights violations like the ones described above occur +all too often -- not far away or long ago, but right here, +right now. Some political prisoners in the U.S. have been +imprisoned for 20 years, nearly as long as Nelson Mandela. +Others have received sentences four times as long as those +meted out by Latin American dictatorships. Women have been +held down by male prison staff, disrobed, and assaulted with +vaginal and rectal finger probes. A leader of the Puerto +Rican independence movement was held for over three years in +pre-trial preventive detention. + +SO WHY DON'T YOU KNOW THESE SHOCKING FACTS? Because the U.S. +government denies that it holds political prisoners. Their +existence exposes deep injustices in U.S. society. Behind a +screen of secrecy and indifference, the jailers attempt to +break the prisoners' bodies and spirits and strike fear into +the hearts of others who would struggle for justice. + +WE CAN CHANGE IT. The Freedom Now Campaign was launched at +the United Nations on the 40th Anniversary of the Universal +Declaration of Human Rights. This is an important time to be +advocating amnesty and human rights for political prisoners +in the U.S. Throughout the world, there is a groundswell of +concern for human rights. This year alone, hundreds of +political prisoners have received amnesty from the +governments of Mexico, the Soviet Union, Cuba, and even South +Africa. + +BUT WE MUST HAVE YOUR HELP TO BREAK THE SILENCE. + +On April 27-29, 1990, New York City will be the site of the +International Tribunal on Political Prisoners in the U.S. +Presiding will be an impartial body of ten internationally +known jurists and human rights experts. The judges will be +presented with a Complaint which outlines the conditions +faced by political prisoners in the U.S. Evidence and +testimony to substantiate the Complaint will be given by +family members, expert witnesses, and the prisoners +themselves. The findings of the Tribunal will be published +as a report for presentation at international and national +human rights forums. + +WE WANT YOU TO ENDORSE THIS HISTORIC EFFORT BY JOINING US IN +SIGNING ON AS A PETITIONER IN THE COMPLAINT. We are asking +all persons or organizations who want to be a Petitioner to +send $50.00 along with the enclosed form to the Freedom Now +office in New York. If you want to be a Petitioner but are +financially unable to contribute $50.00 or more, we ask that +minimally you send $25.00. Contributions from Petitioners +are the primary way that the Tribunal will be financed. + +If you become a Petitioner, the final draft of the complaint +will be sent to you by January 1990. If you prefer to read +the final draft prior to authroizing your name as a +Petitioner, please indicate that on the enclosed form. We +still ask that you make a contribution now, if possible. +Then we will require your signed authorization at the time of +your decision before you will be listed as a Petitioner. + +Thank you for your support. We look forward to your +participation in this important effort. Together we can stop +human rights abuses in our own backyard. + +For human rights, + +(signed) + +Adjoa Aiyetoro, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Margaret Randall * + + +*Freedom Now Advisory Board + + +Freedom Now Offices: +-------------------- +National Office: + 5249 N. Kenmore, + Chicago, IL 60640 + (312) 278-6706 + +East Coast: + 1560 Broadway Suite 807, + New York, NY 10036 + +West Coast: + 3543 18th St. #17 + San Francisco, CA 94110 + +(Please write or call for more information, if needed.) + + +National Advisory Board +----------------------- +Adjoa Aiyetoro, +National Conference of Black Lawyers + +Ellen M. Barry, +Legal Services for Prisoners with Children + +Daniel Berrigan, +Peace Activist + +Francis Calpotura, +Alliance for Phillipine Concerns + +Dr. Ben Chavis, +United Church of Christ + +Noam Chomsky, +Author, Peace Activist + +Bishop Philip Cousins, +AME + +Rep. Ronald V. Dellums + +William Kunstler, +Attorney + +Julia Matsui-Estrella, +Director, PACTS + +Juan Mari Bras, +Attorney, Puerto Rico + +Rafael Cancel Miranda +Darlene Nicgarsky, +Sanctuary Defendant + +Rev. Tyrone Pitts, +National Council of Churches + +Fr. Pedro del Valle Pirado, +Episcopal Church, Puerto Rico + +Margret Randall, +Author + +Nina Rosenblum, +Director/Producer + +Rev. Eunice Santana, +PRISA + +Piri Thomas, +Author + +Corey Weinstein, +M.D. + +(organizations listed for identification purposes only) + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Authorization form +------------------ + + +I authorize my name to be listed as a Petitioner in the Complaint to be +presented to The Tribunal + + +(signature) ------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +Please print my name and address and zip code + --------------------------------- + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +I would like to review the final draft of the Complaint before being +listed +------- ------- +(yes) (no) + + +I enclosed my check or money order in the sum of $25, $50, $100 or more $ + ------ +A check for $100 or more can be tax deductible if it is made out to IFCO. + + + + +Please add my name to the Freedom Now mailing list + ---------------------------- + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +Freedom Now Offices: +-------------------- +National Office: + 5249 N. Kenmore, + Chicago, IL 60640 + (312) 278-6706 + +East Coast: + 1560 Broadway Suite 807, + New York, NY 10036 + +West Coast: + 3543 18th St. #17 + San Francisco, CA 94110 + +(Please write or call for more information, if needed.) + + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510-527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pol-stat.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pol-stat.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8e88efe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pol-stat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ + +The Police State + + +by MC5 & MC11 + +The United States ranks number one in the world in highest per +capita imprisonment, according to the Bureau of Justice +Statistics of the U.S. government. + +A private research organization called the Sentencing Project +reported in January that the United States imprisons a higher +proportion of its population than does any other country. +Using statistics provided by the U.S. Department of Justice +(DOJ), the organization reported that more than one million +people are currently incarcerated in the United States. That +means 426 incarcerations per 100,000 residents as of June 30, +1989. South Africa ranked second with 333 and the Soviet Union +came in third with 268. In Europe the figures range from 35 to +120 per 100,000. Asian countries range from 21 to 140. For +Black males the figure is 3,109 per 100,000 in the United +States and 729 per 100,000 for South Africa.(1) + +But throwing so many people behind bars hasn't done much to +stop crime. Since 1980 the United States has doubled its +prison population, and overall crime only fell 3.5 percent, +according to the DOJ. The nation's murder rate is seven times +higher than most European countries. Over the last decade, six +times as many robberies and three times as many rapes were +committed in the United States as there were in what used to +be West Germany, the Sentencing Project report said.(1) + +Following the release of these statistics, the mainstream +press and a few Democrats vomited up a spate of liberal +editorials and columns, railing against the burden on the law- +abiding tax-payers (about $16 billion a year, according to the +DOJ) that such massive repression creates, and the need to +find a different solution. + +"We've got to stop jailing and start rehabilitating," Rep. +John Conyers (D-Michigan) declared.(1) + +Prisons don't work +Confronted with such glaring statistics, some liberals come to +the correct conclusion: putting people in prison does not +deter anyone from committing crimes. The problem with the +liberal response is that it fails to recognize both crime and +the criminal justice system as political problems. Amerika's +ruling class defines "crime" as anything that may threaten its +hold on power. Anyone attempting to rectify the vast income +inequalities inherent in the capitalist system (through means +not sanctioned by the bourgeoisie) is locked up. Anyone not +respecting the god-given "right" to private property is locked +up. And certainly, anyone attempting to undermine the very +foundations of the capitalist state is thrown behind bars as +soon as that person becomes a serious threat. + +MIM is not attempting to analyze all of the roots of crime in +Amerika in this article. But the fundamental root is that +under capitalism some classes of people cannot meet their +basic needs by abiding by the laws of the system. Reforming +the prison system and turning to more "humane" forms of +"rehabilitation" will not stop crime in Amerika. Only a +revolution will. + +Police don't work either +Those who realize that prisons do not deter crime often argue +that instead of more prisons, Amerika should have more police. +But the number of police that a city hires does not affect the +crime rate. If a city hires more police than its neighboring +city, it is just as likely to have a high crime rate as its +neighbor.(2) + +Studies comparing different cities, as well as studies of one +city with different size police forces, both demonstrate that +over time, hiring police is not a solution to crime. + +As one might suspect, if there were no police or if everyone +were a police officer it would make a difference. But outside +of these extremes it does not matter how many police there +are. In the real world of the wide range of U.S. cities, it +does not matter to the crime rate how many police officers +there are.(2) + +Revolution +Amerikans have a very hard time thinking rationally about +crime. Unlike other countries without rugged individualist +frontier pasts and settlers on their own pieces of land, the +Amerikan people have a strong belief in people making it on +their own. + +Despite the reality that Euro-Amerikans committed genocide +against Native-Americans to obtain their farmland in the +United States, the myth arose of the rugged frontierperson +"making it" through hard work. That mythology carries forward +in another way today in the United States: the United States +has the largest middle class in the world. This class of +people makes the United States even more individual-minded +than other capitalist countries in the world. + +Crime is a political problem. It cannot be solved by the +current political system because politicians have to say and +do what is popular with the middle class and upper class. They +are the firm believers in blaming individuals for their lack +of determination to work hard, uphold good morals, and so on. +These middle and upper class people believe they have achieved +their good position through their individual merits. Hence, +criminals must be people without these merits and should be +locked up. + +As the prison population soared over the last decade, the +proportion of citizens who said they believed criminals were +not punished harshly enough increased from more than 70% of +the population to more than 80%.(3) Putting people in prison +makes many middle-class people feel good. But capitalist +attempts to justify their criminal justice system don't solve +the problem. + +Some Trotskyist groups uphold the dogma that the working +classes in the imperialist countries like the United States +are most advanced because they live in the most technically +advanced societies. Yet it is the pervasive individualism of +the U.S. working class that made it possible for George Bush +to win his election merely by referring to a Black rapist in +his political advertisements. Far from being advanced, the +Amerikan working class falls prey to fascist anti-crime +politics far more readily than most other working classes with +the possible exception of the South African white working +class. + +In other societies the problem is not so bad, especially in +societies without a middle-class of white workers who benefit +from the plunder of the Third World. For more on this subject +read J. Sakai's Settlers: The Mythology of the White +Proletariat and H.W. Edwards's Labor Aristocracy: Mass Base +for Social Democracy. These books explain why white workers as +a group enjoy a different relationship to the means of +production than other working classes. It is the absence of a +white proletariat that partly explains the attitudes of the +U.S. public toward crime. + +People who want to go on tolerating murder, rape, teenage +suicide, wife-beating, drug-dealing, alcoholism and property +crimes of the criminally deprived should go on blabbering +about more cops, prisons and death penalties. People who +really want to "get tough" on crime should get tough with +their analysis first. They should join MIM to work against the +causes of crime and all other oppression. + +Notes: +1. New York Times 1/7/91, p. A14. +2. John E. Conklin, Criminology, 3rd ed., (New York: MacMillan +Publishing Company, 1989), p. 438. +3. Washington Post National Weekly Edition 3/4/91, p.29. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/policepig.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/policepig.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..33c6a807 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/policepig.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + + _______ ___________________________________ _______ + / _|G|_ \ /| | / _|C|_ \ + || A || || Calling A Policemen A Pig! | || H || + || B || || A New Concept From | || A || + || B || || The Anarchist Cookbook | || I || + || A || || | || N || + || | || || Brought Forth Unto You By | || S || + || H || || The Norwegian Monk | || A || + ||_ E _|| || | ||_ W _|| + \__|Y|__/ \|_________________________________| \__|!|__/ + '-' '-' + + Calling a policeman a "pig" seems silly and must antagonize the very +people the revolutionaries want to win over or to neutralize. But the actual +relationships of power are such that name-calling is the only weapon available +at the moment. Besides, name calling is an emotional outlet (and +revolutionaries also have emotions). "Pig" is an assult, no doubt--an assult +against the uniform which, through a fetish, is in itself a power, an assult +against the whole power stucture. It is an assult and a crime punishable by +law. Here is the strong policeman, heavily armed, with the entire physical and +ideological power of the state behind him, and he is attacked by a word--by a +word only, but it is still an attack. + What will the "pig" do? In the last analysis it is not up to the +policeman, who, though having a loaded gun hand, has in fact no power; it is up +to the state to give the answer. It might not be "smart" of Sid to provoke his +jailers by repeatedly calling them "pigs," therefore getting brutally beaten +and put in isolation. But "pig" is the only means of defense against the +attacks upon his humanity at the moment and gives him the chance to get +recognition for his beliefs and as a human being. + Basically what applies to the silly "pigs" -calling is alos valid for the +often Hollywoodlike hijackings, the taking of hostages, and even for the more +harmful "Anarchist cooking." These methods are not "smart"; they are +aberriations which sometime boarder on insanity. But these methods of the +revolutionary struggle of today are here and existing and real, and in the +philosophical sense, reasonable. They reflect the true stage of the +revolutionary struggle in the whole world. + + __________________________________________________________ + /| __________ __________ | + / | | All material has been taken from | | + | | | The Anarchist Cookbook | | + | | | by William Powell | | + | | | Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 71-127797 | | + | | | To attemp to get a copy write: | | + | | | Lyle Stuart. Inc. | | + | | | 120 Enterprise Avenue | | + \ | |_____________Secaucus. New Jersey 07094_____________| | + \|________________________________________________________| + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/policepr.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/policepr.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..97516d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/policepr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ + Police and Prisons + + by A.M. Rosenthal, _New York Times_ Op-Ed, 1/28/94 + + More and more billions for prisons to lock up more and more Americans who +never had a decent chance at life. Are we mad? Why not use those billions to +build more schools to give more young people living in poverty the education +to climb out of it? It costs as much to keep a convict in prison as to send +him to Yale, for Heaven's sake. + And despite all the other billions the U.S. spends on the drug war, +narcotics still flood the country, users are still being put into prison, +crowding out violent criminals. Why not legalize drugs and use the anti-drug +money on therapy for addicts and to improve the neighborhoods that create +them? + And why those long sentences for convicts? Every year behind bars makes +them more bitter. They return to the same hard streets. Save money by cutting +sentences. Spend the savings to give released convicts training for decent +jobs. + Those three paragraphs sum up an important belief in American liberal +intellectual life -- the belief that war against crime and drugs is largely +aimed at and hurts the poor and wastes huge amounts of money that could be +used to fight the poverty, discrimination and educational deprivation that are +the root causes of crime. + The argument is false factually. Worse, it is damaging to people it is +supposed to benefit -- Americans, all skin shades, who live in the streets of +poverty and killing. + Economically, the struggle against crime is the biggest bargain the +taxpayer gets. A criminal on the loose costs society twice as much as a +criminal in jail -- in stolen good, smashed property and of course the medical +care for the victims. + The drug war has not yet been won. But it has saved hundreds or thousands +of Americans from lives of addiction that would have cost the country scores +of billions. Nobody knows exactly how much because drug abuse is the cause of +so many other crimes like family violence, robberies and muggings. + Most of the crime takes place in poor neighborhoods. Drug addicts gobble up +hospital space and time that would have gone to the people of those +neighborhoods. Fighting crime and drugs is one tax expenditure that benefits +the poor most of all. + All those crowded jails are not filled with pot smokers caught by cops on +patrol. Prof. John J. DiIulio Jr. of Princeton and Brookins reports that 93 +percent of convicts in state prisons are violent criminals, many of them +repeat offenders. + Yes, a lot of Americans are in jail. A lot more should be. If your house +is burgled, there is a 1 in 80 chance the criminal will serve time. + The trouble with long sentences is that they turn out not to be all that +long. Convicts serve about one-third of their sentences. A rapist can expect +to be out in 5 years, a convicted murderer in 10. + President Clinton now recognizes the dreadful importance of crime in +American life. But if he is to lead, as he should, he ought to make sure his +top officers are following on close. + About mandatory sentences, his Attorney General is known to law officers as +Waffle General. His Surgeon General boosts another study of the much-studied +legalization of drugs. Then after he properly says "nothing doing," she boosts +it again. Either she does not believe what the President says or just does not +care very much. + Most of all, he should tell us the hardest truth of all -- how deeply +criminals have hurt the already wounded of America, the poor. + The President should tell us that criminals who have stayed out of jail and +criminals who got out too early have turned large parts of the inner city into +war zones. "Build schools, not prisons" -- that's not a choice now, it is a +hoax. + In war zones the money and energy of government and the people go to +surviving, fighting and winning. Sometimes a little extra money and energy are +spent to keep up spirits. But was there ever a case where in a war zone under +attack there was enough money to make life decent and build for the future? + The criminals have deprived other citizens of the greatest civil liberty -- +the right to live in peace. They have also deprived citizens of the treasure +to build for the future. + That is what the President should tell the country, for it is the plain +truth and will be so until the winning starts. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/polit-cr.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/polit-cr.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aca2b4ec --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/polit-cr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +POLITICALLY CORRECT THINKING AND STATE EDUCATION + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +You may recall seeing the December 24, 1990, issue of Newsweek +on the newsstands. The cover had a granite wall with raised +lettering, spelling out the words, "Thought Police." If you +read the article, you learned about something called +"politically correct thinking." + +A growing number of institutions of higher learning around the +country have been establishing new and stringent linguistic +and behavioral guidelines for their students and faculties. +All words and actions that may in any way be interpreted to +contain racial, sexist or homosexual slurs carry increasingly +severe penalties. For students, it can mean anything from a +financial fine to expulsion from the school. For faculty, it +can mean grounds for dismissal, denial of tenure or lack of +promotion. + +From the Newsweek article, the innocent and uninformed reader +would have gained the impression that this new form of thought +police was merely the temporary, if irritating, excesses of a +few campus administrators, faculty members and students trying +to redress the racist and sexist insensitivities of the past. + +Even the discussion in the article about the often dramatic +changes being introduced into core liberal arts curricula at +these institutions was made to seem as merely the movement +towards a more pluralistic view of man, society and culture. +The dominant focus in liberal arts education on Western +culture and tradition will now be modified. Other cultures, +other world philosophies, other conceptions of man and +community will be presented on an equal footing with the +European and American contributions to the human heritage. + +And what about the "thought policemen"? Newsweek ended the +topic with an article by a young man who had been a thought +policeman at one of these campuses. He assured the readers +that he and others were merely trying to raise the +consciousness of their fellow students so that they would be +more aware of the "oppressiveness" of traditional language. +What if students were not interested in attending the +"reeducation" programs on campus? The author said, "Attendance +wasn't mandatory, but did we know who wouldn't show? You bet." + +Contrary to the general impression that Newsweek conveyed, the +movement for "politically correct thinking" is potentially one +of the most dangerous intellectual currents in American +academia today. Some of the recent books that explain what its +proponents are all about include Destructive Generation by +David Horowitz and Peter Collier, Tenured Radicals by Roger +Kimball, and The Hollow Men by Charles Sykes. + +What is the world-view of these advocates of "politically +correct thinking"? In an excellent article entitled, "The +Storm over the University," which appeared in the December 6, +1990, issue of The New York Review of Books, the well-known +philosopher John Searle gave a succinct summary: + + "The history of `Western Civilization' is in large + part a history of oppression. Internally, Western + civilization oppressed women, various slave and serf + populations, and ethnic and cultural minorities + generally. In foreign affairs, the history of Western + civilization is one of imperialism and colonialism. The + so-called canon of Western civilization consists in the + official publications of this system of oppression, and + it is no accident that the authors in the `canon' are + almost exclusively Western white males, because the + civilization itself is ruled by a caste consisting almost + entirely of Western white males." + +As the authors to whom I have referred demonstrate, many of +the proponents of "politically correct thinking" in American +academia are refugees and exiles from the leftist political +causes of the 1960s--for example, they who resisted American +intervention in Vietnam because they supported socialist +revolution in the Third World. They protested against "the +establishment" at home because they hated capitalism and saw +themselves as the vanguard of a coming "people's democracy" +that would replace the existing "fascist Amerika"; and because +they hated the "commercial society" and resented the +"oppression" of market relationships. + +Unable to win their war in the streets or in the political +world, they retreated into the halls of ivy, which they now +increasingly dominate. Everything they dislike is the product +of "white capitalist power." Everything they cherish is found +in the non-market communalism and collectivism of the Third +World. + +They use all the standard Marxian ideological and linguistic +tricks. Language has no inherent objective meaning; words are +tools of "class," "race" and "sexual" exploitation. Truth is +not merely difficult to discover; it, in fact, does not exist. +The claim that there are universal truths about man, society +and nature--truths that are valid for all people in all +places at all times--are philosophical tricks used by the +"ruling class" to get the masses to accept their inferior +stations in life and view their oppression and exploitation as +both inevitable and necessary. + +Even to think or speak in terms of individuals and individual +rights is considered suspect; any person who does so is either +the victim of or the apologist for the male, capitalist +exploiting class. The rulers wish to deceive us into thinking +about ourselves as "mere individuals" so they can hide from +view the race, sex and class relationships that are the actual +foundations of the existing social order. + +The perversity of this view, of course, is that Western +civilization has, in fact, been the most liberating cultural +force in human history. It was ancient Judaism that told +earthly rulers that there is a Higher Law and a Higher +Morality than any man can create; and every man, as a creation +of God, has recourse to that Higher Law and Morality against +the tyranny of worldly rulers. It was Christianity that taught +that every man is unique and precious in the eyes of God; that +no worldly ruler may set himself between the individual and +his relationship to God. Thus, Judaism and Christianity laid +the foundation for our modern principles of individual freedom +of thought and action. + +From the ancient Greeks, Western man gained his appreciation +of and confidence in the power of his reason to understand and +master the forces of nature. And from the Romans have come our +tradition of natural law and the rule of law. + +It is modern capitalism that has created the moral order of +voluntary and peaceful relationships among men. It is the +market economy that has generated the prosperity and +opportunities that are liberating both the body and spirit of +increasingly larger numbers of human beings of all races and +religions around the globe. + +In terms of freedom, prosperity and the promotion of human +dignity, Western civilization wins hands down against every +other civilization in human history. This is precisely why the +proponents of "politically correct thinking" wish to banish +open discourse and cross-cultural ethical and philosophical +comparison. Only by denying that such comparisons are +possible, and only by impugning the motives of those who +oppose them can they win--in other words, a victory through +intellectual sleight of hand. + +What about the opponents of "politically correct thinking"? +Their arguments are usually sound and their defense of Western +culture meritorious. But their strategy, in my opinion, is +wrong. They hope to defeat the "cultural leftists" of academia +through appeals to the constitutional right of "freedom of +speech" or through political counterattacks in the university +structure designed to recapture the halls of ivy. + +While the ideologues of "politically correct thinking" are not +limited to state-run universities, as Charles Sykes' expose of +Dartmouth College revealingly demonstrates, it is there that +the battle needs to be fought and won. + +But the answer is not to capture the state universities for +"the Right." Rather the answer is to defeat the cultural +leftists by denying them the source of their power: the +socialist educational system. State universities dominate +higher education in the United States. And what government +does not control directly, it indirectly controls and +manipulates through the regulations that come with government +grants and scholarships to nominally private schools. (My +employer, Hillsdale College, is practically the only +institution of higher learning in America that takes no +government money in any form and, as a result, is totally +independent of government control.) + +Eliminate government-provided and subsidized education, and +these economically privileged and politically protected +islands of philosophical collectivism will be forced to fight +for their financial support in a marketplace of ideas. It +would be a marketplace in which they would have to persuade +the consumers of education that what they have for sale is +actually worth the price of admission. The cultural leftists +would no longer have their ideas subsidized by the general +taxpaying public. They would no longer have a protected corner +of the intellectual market through their special-interest +influence on the socialized educational process. + +Parents and students who desired an education inspired and +policed by "politically correct thinking" would be asked to +pay for the opportunity. Those who preferred a traditional +liberal arts education emphasizing the Western heritage would +be asked to do the same. The entire controversy would be +diffused because it would be depoliticized through the +privatization of education. And in a real marketplace of +ideas, I personally have little doubt about which of the +intellectual alternatives would tend to capture the largest +free-market share. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs for The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the April 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/politic.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/politic.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9913fe23 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/politic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,483 @@ +Computer-Related Political Groups +================================= + +This document is included in the PGP software release package. PGP +is "Pretty Good Privacy", a public-key encryption program from Philip +Zimmermann. + +PGP is a very political piece of software. It seems appropriate to +mention here some computer-related activist groups that are concerned +with issues such as impacts of computers on society, algorithm +patents, etc. Here is some information on these groups, provided by +each group. + + + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) +---------------------------------------- + +Last Updated: 14 June 1993 + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) was founded in July, 1990, +to assure freedom of expression in digital media, with a particular +emphasis on applying the principles embodied in the Constitution and +the Bill of Rights to computer-based communication. + +From the beginning, EFF was determined to become an organization that +would combine technical, legal and public policy expertise, and would +apply these skills to the myriad issues and concerns that arise +whenever a new communications medium is born. + +By remaining faithful to this initial vision, EFF has become an +organized voice for the burgeoning community of nationally and inter- +nationally networked computer users. We perform the multiple roles of +guardian, advocate and innovator, to serve and protect the public +interest in the information age. + + +GOALS OF THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, 1993 + +EFF's mission is to understand the opportunities and challenges of +digital communications, in order to foster openness, individual +freedom and community. We expect to carry out our mission through +activities in the following areas: + +POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND ADVOCACY. EFF has been working to +promote an open architecture for telecommunications by various +means, including the Open Platform Initiative, the fight against the +FBI's Digital Telephony wiretap proposal, and efforts to free robust +encryption technologies from NSA control. + +FOSTERING COMMUNITY. Much of the work we have done has been directed +at fostering a sense of community in the online world. Because we +realize that we know far less about the conditions conducive to the +formation of virtual communities than is necessary to be effective in +creating them, we will devote a large portion of our R & D resources +to developing better understanding in this area. + +LEGAL SERVICES. EFF was born to defend the rights of computer users +against overzealous and uninformed law enforcement officials. This +continues to be an important focus of EFF's work. We provide legal +information to individuals who request it and support for attorneys +who are litigating. We maintain print and online legal archives, +disseminate this information, and make it available for downloading. +Our board and staff are continuously engaged in writing and speaking +about these issues. + +RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT. We have started many projects over the years +as their need became apparent. Going forward, EFF will allocate +resources to investigate and initiate new projects. To ensure that +our projects have the greatest impact and can reasonably be completed +with the resources available, EFF will sharpen its selection and +review process. + + +MEMBERSHIP IN THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION + +If you support our goals and our work, you can show that support by +becoming a member now. Members receive our bi-weekly electronic +newsletter, EFFector Online (if you have an electronic address that +can be reached through the Net), answers to your legal questions, +special releases and other notices on our activities. (Because we +believe that support should be freely given, you can receive these +things even if you do not elect to become a member.) Your membership +dues and other donations are fully tax deductible. + +OUR ADDRESSES + +Electronic Frontier Foundation +1001 G St., NW +Suite 950 East +Washington, DC 20001 ++1 202 347 5400 ++1 202 393 5509 FAX +Internet: eff@eff.org + +MEMBERSHIP IN THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION +============================================================= +Print out and mail to: +Membership Coordinator +Electronic Frontier Foundation +1001 G St., NW, Suite 950 East, Washington, DC 20001 + +I wish to become a member of EFF. I enclose: $_______ +$20.00 (student or low income membership) $40.00 (regular membership) + +Name: +Organization: +Address: +City or Town: +State: Zip: Phone (optional): ( ) +FAX (optional): ( ) +Email address: + +I enclose a check [ ]. +Please charge my membership in the amount of $________ to my +Mastercard [ ] Visa [ ] American Express [ ] +Number: +Expiration date: +Signature: ________________________________________________ +Date: + +Our privacy policy: The Electronic Frontier Foundation will never sell +any part of our membership list. We will, from time to time, share +this list with other nonprofit organizations whose work we determine +to be in line with our goals. However, you must explicitly grant us +permission to share your name with these other groups. Member privacy +is our default. + +I hereby grant permission to EFF to share my name with other +nonprofit groups from time to time as it deems appropriate. +[ ] Initials:___________________________ + + + +Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility +------------------------------------------------ + +CPSR empowers computer professionals and computer users to advocate +for the responsible use of information technology and empowers all +who use computer technology to participate in the public debate. As +technical experts, CPSR members provide the public and policymakers +with realistic assessments of the power, promise, and limitations of +computer technology. As an organization of concerned citizens, CPSR +directs public attention to critical choices concerning the +applications of computing and how those choices affect society. + +By matching unimpeachable technical information with policy +development savvy, CPSR uses minimum dollars to have maximum impact +and encourages broad public participation in the shaping of +technology policy. + +Every project we undertake is based on five principles: + +* We foster and support public discussion of and public + responsibility for decisions involving the use of computers in + systems critical to society. + +* We work to dispel popular myths about the infallibility of + technological systems. + +* We challenge the assumption that technology alone can solve + political and social problems. + +* We critically examine social and technical issues within + the computer profession, nationally and internationally. + +* We encourage the use of computer technology to improve the + quality of life. + + +Founded in 1981 by a small group of computer scientists concerned +about the use of computers in nuclear weapons systems, CPSR has grown +into a national public-interest alliance of computer industry +professionals dedicated to examining the impact of technology on +society. + +Currently, CPSR has 21 chapters in the U.S. and affiliations with +similar groups worldwide. In addition to our National Office in Palo +Alto, CPSR maintains offices in Washington D.C. and Cambridge, +Massachusetts. + + +CPSR PROJECTS + +As computer technology becomes increasingly pervasive, the issues +facing us become more complex. CPSR provides a forum where we can +examine technology's impact on our lives, the lives of our fellow +citizens, and on society as a whole. By sponsoring both national and +local projects, CPSR serves as a catalyst for in-depth discussion and +effective action in key areas: + + Civil Liberties and Privacy + + The 21st Century Project: Technology Policy and Human Needs + + Workplace Issues and Participatory Design + + Reliability and Risk + +In addition, CPSR's chapter-based projects and national working +groups tackle issues ranging from the development of nanotechnology +and virtual reality to computing and ethics to community computing to +computers and education. + + +HOW TO BECOME A MEMBER + +CPSR is a democratically organized grass roots alliance. Our +accomplishments are the result of the member activism. Many CPSR +members serve as national organizers + +Just fill out the membership form, enclose a check and mail it to +CPSR, P.O. Box 717, Palo Alto, CA 94301. + +CPSR's cost to provide members with services is covered by the $75 +dues. To keep CPSR membership open to a wide range of people, we +offer dues levels of $20 and $50. + + +MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS + +When you become a member of CPSR, you are joining a nationwide +network of computer professionals who are committed to bringing +social responsibility to all aspects of computer technology. CPSR +sponsors, supports, and participates in conferences, roundtables and +meetings on advanced issues in computing, local civic networks, +cryptography, participatory design, and computers and social change. + +Every fall the CPSR Annual Meeting brings together the foremost +representatives of the technology industry to explore current topics +in seminars and panel discussions. Our conferences and chapter +meetings provide important opportunities to meet other members and +share ideas and expertise. + +OTHER MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS INCLUDE: + +* a quarterly newsletter which provides in-depth analysis of key + issues in computing as well as updates on CPSR activities and + action alerts, + +* an organized voice for socially responsible computing in + Washington, + +* well-researched public testimony and public policy development, + +* invitations and discounts to CPSR events, + +* discounts on research papers, books, and educational videotapes, + +* on-line information and discussion of key issues in computing, + +* membership in a local CPSR chapter (where available) and notices + of chapter meetings and activities, + +* participation in local and national working groups which allow you + to have effective impact on the issues you care about, + +* information and referral about crucial issues in computing. + + +ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION + + CPSR National Office + P.O. Box 717 + Palo Alto, CA 94301 + 415-322-3778 + 415-322-3798 (FAX) + E-mail: cpsr@csli.stanford.edu + + CPSR Cambridge Office + P.O. Box 962 + Cambridge, MA 02142 + 617-625-6985 + chapman@lcs.mit.edu + + CPSR Washington Office + 666 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Suite 303 + Washington, D.C. 20003 + 202-544-9240 + 202-547-5481 FAX + rotenberg@washofc.cpsr.org + +Staff + Managing Director, Evelyn Pine + Assistant to the Director, Nikki Draper + Cambridge Office Director, Gary Chapman + Washington Office Director, Marc Rotenberg + + +PRIVACY NOTICE: The CPSR membership database is never sold, rented, +lent, exchanged, or used for anything other than official CPSR +activity. CPSR may elect to send members mailings with information +from other groups, but the mailings will always originate with CPSR. + + +====================== clip and mail ========================== + +CPSR MEMBERSHIP FORM + +Name _________________________________________________________ + +Address _________________________________________________________ + + _________________________________________________________ + +City/State/Zip __________________________________________________ + +Home phone ____________________ Work phone _____________________ + +Company _________________________________________________________ + +Type of work ____________________________________________________ + +E-mail address __________________________________________________ + +CPSR Chapter + __ Acadiana __ Austin __ Berkeley + __ Boston __ Chicago __ Denver/Boulder + __ Los Angeles __ Madison __ Maine + __ Milwaukee __ Minnesota __ New Haven + __ New York __ Palo Alto __ Philadelphia + __ Pittsburgh __ Portland __ San Diego + __ Santa Cruz __ Seattle __ Washington, DC + __ No chapter in my area + +CPSR Membership Categories + __ $ 75 REGULAR MEMBER + __ $ 50 Basic member + __ $ 200 Supporting member + __ $ 500 Sponsoring member + __ $1000 Lifetime member + __ $ 20 Student/low income member + + __ $ 50 Foreign subscriber + __ $ 50 Library/institutional subscriber + + +Additional tax-deductible contribution to support CPSR projects: + __ $50 __ $75 __ $100 __ $250 + __ $500 __ $1000 __ Other + + +Total Enclosed: $ ________ + +Make check out to CPSR and mail to: + CPSR + P.O. Box 717 + Palo Alto, CA 94301 + +-- + + + +The League for Programming Freedom +---------------------------------- + + + Protect Your Freedom to Write Programs + Join the League for Programming Freedom + (Version of January 15, 1993) + +Ten years ago, programmers were allowed to write programs using all +the techniques they knew, and providing whatever features they felt +were useful. This is no longer the case. New monopolies, known as +software patents and interface copyrights, have taken away our +freedom of expression and our ability to do a good job. + +"Look and feel" lawsuits attempt to monopolize well-known command +languages; some have succeeded. Copyrights on command languages +enforce gratuitous incompatibility, close opportunities for +competition, and stifle incremental improvements. + +Software patents are even more dangerous; they make every design +decision in the development of a program carry a risk of a lawsuit, +with draconian pretrial seizure. It is difficult and expensive to +find out whether the techniques you consider using are patented; it +is impossible to find out whether they will be patented in the +future. + +The League for Programming Freedom is a grass-roots organization of +professors, students, businessmen, programmers and users dedicated to +bringing back the freedom to write programs. The League is not +opposed to the legal system that Congress intended--copyright on +individual programs. Our aim is to reverse the recent changes made +by judges in response to special interests, often explicitly +rejecting the public interest principles of the Constitution. + +The League works to abolish the new monopolies by publishing +articles, talking with public officials, boycotting egregious +offenders, and in the future may intervene in court cases. On May +24, 1989, the League picketed Lotus headquarters on account of their +lawsuits, and then again on August 2, 1990. These marches stimulated +widespread media coverage for the issue. We welcome suggestions for +other activities, as well as help in carrying them out. + +Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, +managers and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others. +Please give more if you can. The League's funds will be used for +filing briefs; for printing handouts, buttons and signs; whatever +will persuade the courts, the legislators, and the people. You may +not get anything personally for your dues--except for the freedom to +write programs. The League is a non-profit corporation, but not +considered a tax-exempt charity. However, for those self-employed in +software, the dues can be a business expense. + +The League needs both activist members and members who only pay their +dues. We also greatly need additional corporate members; contact us +for information. + +If you have any questions, please write to the League, phone +(617) 433-7071, or send Internet mail to lpf@uunet.uu.net + + Jack Larsen, President + Dean Anderson, Secretary + Steve Sisak, Treasurer + +Jack Larsen can be contacted at (708) 698-1160; Fax (708) 698-6221. + +To join, please send a check and the following information to: + + League for Programming Freedom + 1 Kendall Square #143 + P.O.Box 9171 + Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 + +(Outside the US, please send a check in US dollars on a bank having a +US correspondant bank, to save us check cashing fees.) + +Your name: + + +The address for League mailings, a few each year; please indicate +whether it is your home address or your work address: + + + +The company you work for, and your position: + + +Your phone numbers (home, work or both): + + +Your email address, so we can contact you for demonstrations or for +writing letters. (If you don't want us to contact you for these +things, please say so, but please give us your email address anyway +so we can save paper and postage by sending you the newsletter by +email.) + + +Is there anything about you which would enable your endorsement of +the LPF to impress the public? For example, if you are or have been +a professor or an executive, or have written software that has a good +reputation, please tell us. + + +Would you like to help with LPF activities? + + +The corporate charter of the League for Programming Freedom states: + + The purpose of the corporation is to engage in the following + activities: + + 1. To determine the existence of, and warn the public about + restrictions and monopolies on classes of computer programs where such + monopolies prevent or restrict the right to develop certain types of + computer programs. + + 2. To develop countermeasures and initiatives, in the public interest, + effective to block or otherwise prevent or restrain such monopolistic + activities including education, research, publications, public + assembly, legislative testimony, and intervention in court proceedings + involving public interest issues (as a friend of the court). + + 3. To engage in any business or other activity in service of and + related to the foregoing paragraphs that lawfully may be carried on + by a corporation organized under Chapter 180 of the Massachusetts + General Laws. + +The officers and directors of the League will be elected annually by +the members. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pollute.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pollute.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dd6cd553 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pollute.txt @@ -0,0 +1,603 @@ + Why Socialism Causes Pollution + + by Thomas J. DiLorenzo + + A Reprint from + The Freeman + from the March 1992 issue + + Copyright (c)1992 by The Foundation for Economic + Education, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. Permission is + granted to reprint any article in this issue except + "The Illusion That's the Welfare State" and + "Czechoslovakia on the Hudson," provided appropriate + credit is given and two copies of the reprinted + material are sent to The Foundation. + + + Corporations are often accused of despoiling the + environment in their quest for profit. Free enterprise + is supposedly incompatible with environmental + preservation, so that government regulation is + required. + + Such thinking is the basis for current proposals to + expand environmental regulation greatly. So many new + controls have been proposed and enacted that the late + economic journalist Warren Brookes once forecast that + the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) could + well become "the most powerful government agency on + earth, involved in massive levels of economic, social, + scientific, and political spending and interference.''l + + But if the profit motive is the primary cause of + pollution, one would not expect to find much pollution + in socialist countries, such as the former Soviet + Union, China, and in the former Communist countries of + Eastern and Central Europe. That is, in theory. In + reality exactly the opposite is true: The socialist + world suffers from the worst pollution on earth. Could + it be that free enterprise is not so incompatible with + environmental protection after all? + + + I. SOCIALIST POLLUTION The Soviet Union + + In the Soviet Union there was a vast body of + environmental law and regulation that purportedly + protected the public interest, but these constraints + have had no perceivable benefit. The Soviet Union, like + all socialist countries, suffered from a massive + "tragedy of the commons," to borrow the term used by + biologist Garrett Hardin in his classic 1968 article.2 + Where property is communally or governmentally owned + and treated as a free resource, resources will + inevitably be overused with little regard for future + consequences. + + The Soviet government's imperatives for economic + growth, combined with communal ownership of virtually + all property and resources, caused tremendous + environmental damage. According to economist Marshall + Goldman, who studied and traveled extensively in the + Soviet Union, "The attitude that nature is there to be + exploited by man is the very essence of the Soviet + production ethic."3 + + A typical example of the environmental damage caused by + the Soviet economic system is the exploitation of the + Black Sea. To comply with five-year plans for housing + and building construction, gravel, sand, and trees + around the beaches were used for decades as + construction materials. Because there is no private + property, "no value is attached to the gravel along the + seashore. Since, in effect, it is free, the contractors + haul it away."4 This practice caused massive beach + erosion which reduced the Black Sea coast by 50 percent + between 1920 and 1960. Eventually, hotels, hospitals, + and, of all things, a military sanitarium collapsed + into the sea as the shoreline gave way. Frequent + landslides--as many as 300 per year-- have been + reported. + + Water pollution is catastrophic. Effluent from a + chemical plant killed almost all the fish in the Oka + River in 1965, and similar fish kills have occurred in + the Volga, Ob, Yenesei, Ural, and Northern Dvina + rivers. Most Russian factories discharge their waste + without cleaning it at all. Mines, oil wells, and ships + freely dump waste and ballast into any available body + of water, since it is all one big (and tragic) + "commons." + + Only six of the 20 main cities in Moldavia had a sewer + system by the late 1960s, and only two of those cities + made any effort to treat the sewage. Conditions are far + more primitive in the countryside. + + The Aral and Caspian seas have been gradually + disappearing as large quantities of their water have + been diverted for irrigation. And since untreated + sewage flows into feeder rivers, they are also heavily + polluted. + + Some Soviet authorities expressed fears that by the + turn of the century the Aral Sea will be nothing but a + salt marsh. One paper reported that because of the + rising salt content of the Aral the remaining fish will + rapidly disappear. It was recently revealed that the + Aral Sea has shrunk by about a third. Its shore line + "is arid desert and the wind blows dry deposits of salt + thousands of miles away. The infant mortality rate [in + that region] is four to five times the national + average."5 + + The declining water level in the Caspian Sea has been + catastrophic for its fish population as spawning areas + have turned into dry land. The sturgeon population has + been so decimated that the Soviets have experimented + with producing artificial caviar. + + Hundreds of factories and refineries along the Caspian + Sea dump untreated waste into the sea, and major cities + routinely dump raw sewage. It has been estimated that + one-half of all the discharged effluent is carried in + the Volga River, which flows into the Caspian Sea. The + concentration of oil in the Volga is so great that + steamboats are equipped with signs forbidding + passengers to toss cigarettes overboard. As might be + expected, fish kills along the Volga are a "common + calamity." + + Lake Baikal, which is believed to be the oldest + freshwater lake in the world, is also one of the + largest and deepest. It is five times as deep as Lake + Superior and contains twice the volume of water. + According to Marshall Goldman, it was also "the best + known example of the misuse of water resources in the + USSR."6 + + Factories and pulp mills have been dumping hundreds of + millions of gallons of effluent into Lake Baikal each + year for decades. As a result, animal life in the lake + has been cut by more than 50 percent over the past half + century. Untreated sewage is dumped into virtually all + tributaries to the lake. + + Islands of alkaline sewage have been observed floating + on the lake, including one that was 18 miles long and + three miles wide. These "islands" have polluted the air + around the lake as well as the water in it. Thousands + of acres of forest surrounding the lake have been + denuded, causing such erosion that dust storms have + been reported. So much forest land in the Lake Baikal + region has been destroyed that some observers reported + shifting sands that link up with the Gobi Desert; there + are fears that the desert may sweep into Siberia and + destroy the lake. + + In other regions the fact that no compensation has to + be paid for land that is flooded by water projects has + made it easy for government engineers to submerge large + areas of land. "As much land has been lost through + flooding and salination as has been added through + irrigation and drainage in the Soviet Union." 7 + + These examples of environmental degradation in the + Soviet Union are not meant to be exhaustive but to + illustrate the phenomenon of Communist pollution. As + Goldman has observed, the great pollution problems in + Russia stem from the fact that the government + determined that economic growth was to be pursued at + any cost. "Government officials in the USSR generally + have a greater willingness to sacrifice their + environment than government officials in a society with + private enterprise where there is a degree of public + accountability. There is virtually a political as well + as an economic imperative to devour idle resources in + the USSR."8 + + + China + + In China, as in Russia, putting the government in + charge of resource allocation has not had desirable + environmental consequences. Information on the state of + China's environment is not encouraging. + + According to the Worldwatch Institute, more than 90 + percent of the trees in the pine forests in China's + Sichuan province have died because of air pollution. In + Chungking, the biggest city in southwest China, a + 4,500-acre forest has been reduced by half. Acid rain + has reportedly caused massive crop losses. + + There also have been reports of waterworks and landfill + projects severely hampering fish migration. Fish + breeding was so seriously neglected that fish has + largely vanished from the national diet. Depletion of + government-owned forests has turned them into deserts, + and millions of acres of grazing and farm land have + been devastated. Over eight million acres of land in + the northern Chinese plains were made alkaline and + unproductive during the "Great Leap Forward." + + + Central and Eastern Europe + + With Communism's collapse, word has begun to seep out + about Eastern Europe's environmental disasters. + According to the United Nations Global Environment + Monitoring Program, "pollution in that region is among + the worst on the Earth's surface."9 Jeffrey Leonard of + the World Wildlife Fund concluded that "pollution was + part and parcel of the system that molested the people + [of Eastern Europe] in their daily lives.''10 Evidence + is mounting of "an environmental nightmare," the legacy + of "decades of industrial development with little or no + environmental control.''1l + + Poland. According to the Polish Academy of Sciences, "a + third of the nation's 38 million people live in areas + of ecological disaster.''l2 In the heavily + industrialized Katowice region of Poland, the people + suffer 15 percent more circulatory disease, 30 percent + more tumors, and 47 percent more respiratory disease + than other Poles. Physicians and scientists believe + pollution is a major contributor to these health + problems. + + Acid rain has so corroded railroad tracks that trains + are not allowed to exceed 24 miles an hour. The air is + so polluted in Katowice that there are underground + "clinics" in uranium mines where the chronically ill + can go to breathe clean air. + + Continuous pumping of water from coal mines has caused + so much land to subside that over 300,000 apartments + were destroyed as buildings collapsed. The mine sludge + has been pumped into rivers and streams along with + untreated sewage which has made 95 percent of the water + unfit for human consumption. More than 65 percent of + the nation's water is even unfit for industrial use + because it is so toxic that it would destroy heavy + metals used by industry. In Cracow, Poland's ancient + capital, acid rain "dissolved so much of the gold roof + of the 16th century Sigismund Chapel that it recently + had to be replaced.''13 + + Industrial dust rains down on towns, depositing + cadmium, lead, zinc, and iron. The dust is so heavy + that huge trucks drive through city streets daily + spraying water to reduce it. By some accounts eight + tons of dust fall on each square mile in and around + Cracow each year. The mayor of Cracow recently stated + that the Vistula River--the largest river in Poland--is + "nothing but a sewage canal.''14 The river has mercury + levels that are three times what researchers say is + safe, while lead levels are 25 times higher than deemed + safe. + + Half of Poland's cities, including Warsaw, don't even + treat their wastes, and 41 animal species have + reportedly become extinct in Poland in recent years. + While health statistics are spotty--they were not a + priority of the Communist government--available data + are alarming. A recent study of the Katowice region + found that 21 percent of the children up to 4 years old + are sick almost constantly, while 41 percent of the + children under 6 have serious health problems. + + Life expectancy for men is lower than it was 20 years + ago. In Upper Silesia, which is considered one of the + most heavily industrialized regions in the world, + circulatory disease levels are 15 percent higher than + in the general population, cancer rates are 30 percent + higher, respiratory disease is 47 percent higher, and + there has been "an appalling increase in the number of + retarded children," according to the Polish Academy of + Sciences. Although pollution cannot be blamed for all + these health problems, physicians and scientists attach + much of the blame to this source. + + Czechoslovakia. In a speech given on New Year's Day of + 1990, Czechoslovakian President Vaclav Havel said, "We + have laid waste to our soil and the rivers and the + forests . . . and we have the worst environment in the + whole of Europe today.''15 He was not exaggerating, + although the competition for the title of "worst + environment" is. clearly fierce. Sulfur dioxide + concentrations in Czechoslovakia are eight times higher + than in the United States, and "half the forests are + dead or dying. 16 + + Because of the overuse of fertilizers, farmland in some + areas of Czechoslovakia is toxic. to more than one foot + in depth. In Bohemia, in northwestern Czechoslovakia, + hills stand bare because their vegetation has died in + air so foul it can be tasted. One report describes the + Czech countryside as a place where "barren plateaus + stretch for miles, studded with the stumps and + skeletons of pine trees. Under the snow lie thousands + of acres of poisoned ground, where for centuries thick + forests had grown.''17 There is a stretch of over 350 + miles where more than 300,000 acres of forest have + disappeared and the remaining trees are dying. + + A thick, brown haze hangs over much of northern + Czechoslovakia for about eight months of the year. + Sometimes it takes on the sting of tear gas, according + to local officials. There are environmental laws, but + they aren't enforced. Sulfur in the air has been + reported at 20 times the permissible level. Soil in + some regions is so acidic that aluminum trapped in the + clay is released. Scientists discovered that the + aluminum has poisoned groundwater, killing tree and + plant roots and filtering into the drinking water. + + Severe erosion in the decimated forests has caused + spring floods in which all the melted snow cascades + down mountainsides in a few weeks, causing further + erosion and leading to water shortages in the summer. + + In its search for coal, the Communist government has + used bulldozers on such a massive scale that they have + "turned towns, farms and woodlands into coarse brown + deserts and gaping hollows.''18 Because open-pit mining + is cheaper than underground mining, and has been + practiced extensively, in some areas of Czechoslovakia + "you have total devastation of the land.''19 + + East Germany. The new German government has claimed + that nearly 40 percent of the East German populace + suffers ill effects from pollutants in the air. In + Leipzig, half the children are treated each year for + illnesses believed to be associated with air pollution. + + Eighty percent of eastern Germany's surface waters are + classified as unsuitable for fishing, sports, or + drinking, and one out of three lakes has been declared + biologically dead because of decades of untreated + dumping of chemical waste. + + Much of the East German landscape has been devastated. + Fifteen to 20 percent of its forests are dead, and + another 40 percent are said to be dying. Between 1960 + and 1980 at least 70 villages were destroyed and their + inhabitants uprooted by the government, which wanted to + mine high-sulfur brown coal. The countryside is now + "pitted with moon-like craters" and "laced with the + remains of what were once spruce and pine trees, + nestled amid clouds of rancid smog."20 The air in some + cities is so polluted that residents use their car + headlights during the day, and visitors have been known + to vomit from breathing the air. + + Nearly identical problems exist in Bulgaria, Hungary, + Romania, and Yugoslavia. Visiting scientists have + concluded that pollution in Central and Eastern Europe + "is more dangerous and widespread than anything they + have seen in the Western industrial nations.''21 + + + II. UNITED STATES: PUBLIC SECTOR POLLUTION + + The last refuge of those who advocate socialistic + solutions to environmental pollution is the claim that + it is the lack of democratic processes that prevents + the Communist nations from truly serving the public + interest. If this theory is correct, then the public + sector of an established democracy such as the United + States should be one of the best examples of + environmental responsibility. But U.S. government + agencies are among the most cavalier when it comes to + environmental stewardship. + + There is much evidence to dispute the theory that only + private businesses pollute. In the United States, we + need look no further than our own government agencies. + These public sector institutions, such as the + Department of Defense (DOD), are among the worst + offenders. DOD now generates more than 400,000 tons of + hazardous waste a year--more than is produced by the + five largest chemical companies combined. To make + matters worse, the Environmental Protection Agency + lacks the enforcement power over the public sector that + it possesses over the private sector. + + The lax situation uncovered by the General Accounting + Office (GAO) at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma is + typical of the way in which many Federal agencies + respond to the EPA's directives. "Although DOD policy + calls for the military services to . . . implement + EPA's hazardous waste management regulations, we found + that Tinker has been selling . . . waste oil, fuels, + and solvents rather than recycling," reported the + GAO.22 + + One of the world's most poisonous spots lies about 10 + miles northeast of Denver in the Army's Rocky Mountain + Arsenal. Nerve gas, mustard shells, the anti-crop spray + TX, and incendiary devices have been dumped into pits + there over the past 40 years. Dealing with only one + "basin" of this dump cost $40 million. Six hundred + thousand cubic yards of contaminated soil and sludge + had to be scraped and entombed in a 16-acre, double- + lined waste pile. + + There are plenty of other examples of Defense + Department facilities that need major cleanup. In fact, + total costs of a long-term Pentagon cleanup are hard to + get a handle on. Some officials have conceded that the + price tag could eventually exceed $20 billion. + + Government-owned power plants are another example of + public-sector pollution. These plants are a large + source of sulfur dioxide emissions. + + The federal government's Tennessee Valley Authority + operates 59 coal-fired power plants in the Southeast, + where it has had major legal confrontations with state + governments who want the Federal agency to comply with + state environmental regulations. The TVA has fought the + state governments for years over compliance with their + clean air standards. It won a major Supreme Court + victory when the Court ruled that, as a federal + government enterprise, it could be exempt from + environmental regulations with which private sector and + local governmental power plants must comply. + + Federal agricultural policy also has been a large + source of pollution, in the past encouraging over- + utilization of land subject to erosion. Powerful farm + lobbies have protected "non-point" sources of pollution + from the heavy hand of regulation placed on other + private industries. + + + III. POLICY IMPLICATIONS + + These examples of environmental degradation throughout + the world suggest some valuable lessons. First, it is + not free enterprise per se that causes environmental + harm; if so, the socialist world would be + environmentally pristine. + + The heart of the problem lies with the failure of our + legal institutions, not the free enterprise system. + Specifically, American laws were weakened more than a + century ago by Progressive Era courts that believed + economic progress was in the public interest and should + therefore supersede individual rights.23 + + The English common law tradition of the protection of + private property rights--including the right to be free + from pollution--was slowly overturned. In other words, + many environmental problems are not caused by "market + failure" but by government's failure to enforce + property rights. It is a travesty of justice when + downstream residents, for example, cannot hold an + upstream polluter responsible for damaging their + properties. The common law tradition must be revived if + we are to enjoy a healthy market economy and a cleaner + environment. Potential polluters must know in advance + that they will be held responsible for their actions. + + The second lesson is that the plundering of the + environment in the socialist world is a grand example + of the tragedy of the commons. Under communal property + ownership, where no one owns or is responsible for a + natural resource, the inclination is for each + individual to abuse or deplete the resource before + someone else does. Common examples of this "tragedy" + are how people litter public streets and parks much + more than their own yards; private housing is much + better maintained than public housing projects; cattle + ranchers overgraze public lands but maintain lush + pastures on their own property; the national forests + are carelessly over-logged, but private forests are + carefully managed and reforested by lumber companies + with "super trees"; and game fish are habitually + overfished in public waterways but thrive in private + lakes and streams. The tragedy of the commons is a + lesson for those who believe that further + nationalization and governmental control of natural + resources is a solution to our environmental problems. + + These two pillars of free enterprise--sound liability + laws that hold people responsible for their actions and + the enforcement of private property rights--are + important stepping stones to environmental protection. + + + FOOTNOTES + + [ShareDebate International Editor's Note: this text was + received in electronic form and it was intially scanned + in via an OCR program--it appears as if some uncaught + scanning errors remain in the bibliography. Where they + remain, I have replaced the characters with a '??'. I + did not receive this file direct from The Freeman but + from someone on the Internet who was scanning in their + articles that had blanket reprint permissions attached + to them--unfortunately, I have misplaced his name.] + + 1. Personal interview with Warren Brookes on April + ??, 1990. + + 2. Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," + Science, December 13, 1968, pp. 1244-45. + + 3. Marshall Goldman, The Spoils of Progress: + Environmental Pollution in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: + MIT Press, 1972), p. 56. + + 4. Ibid., p. 162. + + 5. Peter Gumbel, "Soviet Concerns About Pollution Danger + Are Allowed to Emerge from the Closet," The Wall Street + Journal, August 23, 1988. + + 6. Goldman, p. ??. + + 7. Ibid. p. 232. + + 8. Ibid. p. 188. + + 9. Cited in Larry Tye, "Pollution a Nightmare Behind + Iron Curtain," The Arizona Republic, February 25,1990. + + 10. Cited in Mike Feinsilber, "Eastern Europe Fighting + Worst Pollution in World," The Chattanooga Times, + January 17,1990. + + 11. Tye, op. cit. + + 12. Marlise Simons, "Rising Iron Curtain Exposes + Haunting Veil of Polluted Air," The New York Times, + April 8, 1990 + + 13. Lloyd Timberlake, "Poland--The Most Polluted + Country in the World?" New Scientist, October 22, 1981, + p. 219. + + 14. Marlise Simmons, "A Green Party Mayor Takes on + Industrial Filth of Old Cracow," The New York Times, + March 25, 1990. + + 15. Feinsilber, op. cit. + + 16. Tye, op. cit. + + 17. Marlise Simons, "Pollution's Toll in Eastern + Europe: Stumps Where Great Trees Once Grew," The New + York Times, March 19, 1990. + + 18. Marlise Simons, "Central Europe's Grimy Coal Belt: + Progress, Yes, But at What Cost?" The New York Times, + April 1, 1990. + + 19. Ibid. + + 20. Jeffrey Gedamn, "Polluted East Germany," Christian + Science Monitor, March 16, I990. + + 21. Simons, "Rising Iron Curtain." + + 22. Comptroller General, Wastepaper Recycling: Programs + of Civil Agencies Waned During the 1980s (Washington, + D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1989), p. 13. + + 23. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American + Law, 1780-1860 (Cambndge: Harvard University Press, + 1977). + + *** + + Dr. DiLorenzo holds the Probasco Chair of Free + Enterprise at the University of Tennessee at + Chattanooga. This article is adapted from a larger + study published by the Center for the Study of American + Business at Washington University in St. Louis and + presented at the Mont Pelerin Society meeting in Big + Sky, Montana, August 22-26, 1991. The Freeman is the + monthly publication of The Foundation for Economic + Education, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson, NY 10533. FEE, + established in 1946 by Leonard E. Read, is a + nonpolitical educational champion of private property, + the free market, and limited government. FEE is + classified as a 26 USC 501 (c) (3) tax-exempt + organization. Other officers of FEE's Board of Trustees + are: Gregg C. MacDonald, chairman; Lovett C. Peters, + vice chairman; Don L. Foote, treasurer. + + The costs of Foundation projects and services are met + through donations. Donations are invited in any amount. + Subscriptions to The Freeman are available to any + interested person in the United States for the asking. + Additional single copies $1.00;10 or more, 50 cents + each. For foreign delivery, a donation of $20.00 a year + is required to cover direct mailing costs. + + ### + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/presid2.d b/textfiles.com/politics/presid2.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5b6494e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/presid2.d @@ -0,0 +1,976 @@ + 15 page printout +NOTE: This file is incomplete. + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + **** **** + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + CHAPTER II + + PRESIDENTS WHO WERE PRESBYTERIANS + + ANDREW JACKSON + + Born, March 15, 1767. Died, June 8, 1845. President, 1829-1837. + + The story of the early religious background of the United +States is of interest 'When we consider the beliefs of its people. +The wilds of America were early settled by representatives of the +then most prominent forms of the Christian faith. While a large +number of them emigrated to find on this western continent +religious liberty, most of them, if strong enough, sought to to +establish, by law, the Church they brought with them. + + In New England, with the exception of Rhode Island, +Congregationalism was the State Church. In New York, it was at +first the Dutch Reformed. Later, the English governors sought to +establish the Church of England but the opposition was so strong +that they were not successful except in theory. In New Jersey, the +same attempt was made, though there was not an Episcopal church in +the colony at the time. Pennsylvania granted liberty to all "who +confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and eternal God"; but the +holders of office "shall be such as profess faith in Jesus Christ." +The constitution of Delaware, formed in 1776, declared that all +persons professing the Christian religion "ought forever to enjoy +equal rights and privileges," but to hold office the +acknowledgement of the trinity and the inspiration of the +scriptures was mandatory. Maryland was first settled by Catholics. +Then the Puritans arrived, obtained power and persecuted them. +Later the Church of England was established. The so-called freedom +of conscience law of Maryland is a myth. It granted liberty to +trinitarian Christians only, the Jew, the Unitarian and the +unbeliever being excluded. it punished blasphemy by boring the +tongue with a red-hot iron, The first act favoring absolute +religious liberty passed in America, and, for all we know to the +contrary, in the modern world, was enacted in Rhode Island. There, +20 years before Maryland was settled, Roger Williams proclaimed +freedom to all, Christian, Jew, Pagan and infidel. In 1647, two +years before the Maryland law, which did not provide freedom at +all, these sentiments of Williams were enacted into a statute. + + In Virginia, the Church of England was established, and the +penalties for heresy and non-conformity were very severe, even up +to the Revolution. The same establishment was set up in the +Carolinas. Georgia, under the benevolent Oglethorpe, had no +established Church, but Romanists were excluded. When, in 1752, the +colony lost its charter, the Church of England was made the State + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +Church. [NOTE: For a full and accurate history of religious laws in +the thirteen colonies, see 'The Rise of Religious Liberty in +America' by Sanford H. Cobb. Published by Henry Holt & Co., New +York City.] + + Among the early settlers was a large proportion of those +holding the doctrines of John Calvin. The Puritans of New Engrand, +the Dutch settlers of New York, the Scotch and the Ulsterites all +held Presbyterian doctrines, though all did not hold to the +Presbyterian form of church government. Hence, it is natural that +this Church should leave its impress upon the people of the United +States and upon some of its statesmen, as it did upon Andrew +Jackson, the seventh President. His parents emigrated from the +North of Ireland and settled in South Carolina. Although he was not +a communicant until after he retired from the Presidency, he was a +believer in the Christian religion, as taught by John Calvin, and +a fairly regular church attendant. + + Andrew Jackson is one of the most picturesque characters in +American history. As a boy, he fought in the Revolution, was taken +prisoner, and had his arm cut to the bone by the sword of a British +officer because he refused to clean the oincer's muddy boots. A +planter, frontier lawyer and judge; a congressman and senator from +Tennessee immedlately after that State's admission to the Union; a +militia general, Indian fighter, hero of the Battle of New Orleans, +he became, after a bitter struggle, President of the United States, +the first "man of the people" to hold this high office. He was so +accustomed, to the wild life of the frontier that he did not feel +at home anywhere else. He has been described, when young, as +"reckless, impetuous, quarrelsome, and passionate in temper; +thoroughly disinclined to learning of any sort, his favorite +pursuits being racing, gamins' and cock-fighting; but he was +Possessed of invincible determination, dauntless courage and +excelled in marksmanship and riding, qualities which later served +him well." He fought during his lifetime two duels, in one of which +he "killed his man," and in the other received a slight wound +himself. His political enemies many times published lists of his +fights and escapades. + + John Parton, one of the best of Jackson's biographers, +describes the circumstances under which he joined the Church, as +they were related to him by the Rev. Dr. Edgar, who received the +ex-President into the fold: + + "Ere long a 'Protracted meeting, was held in the little + church on the Hermitage farm. Dr. Edgar conducted the + exercises, and the family at the Hermitage were constant in + their attendance. The last day of the meeting arrived, which + was also the last day of the week. General Jackson sat in his + accustomed Seat, and Dr. Edgar preached. The subject of the + sermon was the interposition of Providence in the affairs of + men, a subject congenial with the habitual tone of General + Jackson's mind. The preacher spoke in detail of the perils + which beset the life of man, and how often he is preserved + from sickness and sudden death. Seeing General Jackson + listening with rapt attention to his discourse, the eloquent + preacher sketched the career of a man who, in adidition to the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + ordinary dangers of human life, had encountered those of the + wilderness, of war, and of keen political conflict; who had + escaped the tomahawk of the savage, the attaeks of his + country's enemies, the privations and fatigues of border + warfare, and the aim of the assassin. How is it, exclaimed the + preacher, that a man endowed with reason and gifted with + intellioence can pass through such scenes as these unharmed, + and not see the hand of God in his deliverance? While + enlarging upon his theme, Dr. Edgar saw that his words were + sinking into the General's heart, and he spoke with unusual + animation and impressiveness." + + We judge from this that Dr. Edgar had learned, his business +well, as those who are familiar with the psychology of conversions +can testify. The biographer continues: + + "The services ended, General Jackson got into his + carriage and, was riding homeward. He was overtaken by Dr. + Edgar on horseback. He hailed the Doctor and said he wished + to, speak with him. Both havinog alighted, the general led the + clergyman a little way into the grove. 'Doctor,' said the + general, 'I want You to come home with me tonight.' 'I cannot + come tonight,' was his reply: 'I am engaged elsewhere.' Dr. + Edgar said he had promised to visit that evening a sick lady, + and he felt bound to keep his promise. General Jackson, as + though he had not heard the reply, said a third time and more + pleadingly than before, 'Doctor, I want you to come home with + me tonight. 'General Jackson,' said the clergyman, 'my word is + pledged; I cannot break it; but I will be at the Hermitage + tomorrow morning very early.' + + The anxious man was obliged to be contented with this + arrangement, and went home alone. He retired to his apartment. + He passed the evening and the greater part of the night in + meditation, in reading, in conversing with his beloved + daughter and in prayer. He was sorely distressed. Late at + night when his daughter left him, he was still agitated and + sorrowful. What thoughts passed through his mind as he paced + his room in the silence of the night, of what sins he repented + and what actions of his life he wished he had not done, no one + knows or ever will know." + + Those who have studied the human mind, in relation to the +emotions will think all of this has a natural interpretation. Many +a man and woman view their past careers, think of their errors and +realize they must be corrected or their lives will be failures. +Many have abandoned their vices and bad habits owing to the fear of +losing their health and the respect of their neighbor's and +friends. Some give up their vices through sheer disgust with them. +Self condemnation is not the exclusive property of supernaturalism. +Thoughtful people are coming to recognize that the facts of +religion can be traced to natural causes. The chief aim of the +religion of General Jackson's day, as represented by Dr. Edgar, was +to save the soul through faith in the supernatural attributes of +Christ. It was the teaching of the Presbyterian Church of that day, +and is yet the teaching of its ereed, that good conduct cannot save +in lieu of faith. Such has been the teaching of all other orthodox + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +Churches. They have merely followed the teaching of Paul that faith +can be counted for righteousness, Martin Luther said, "If any one +says that the Gospel requires works for salvation, I say flat and +plain, he is a liar." + + Jackson's biographer concludes the story of the General's + conversion: + + "In the morning the Rev. Dr. Edgar appeared soon after + sunrise. General Jackson told the joyful history of the night + and expressed a desire to be admitted into the Church with his + daughter that very morning. The usual questions respecting + doctrine and experience were satisfactorily answered by the + candidate. Then there was a pause in the conversation. The + clergyman said at length: 'General, there is one more question + it is my duty to ask you. Can you forgive all your enemies?' + The question was evidently unexpected, and the candidate was + silent for a while. 'My political enemies,' said he, 'I can + freely forgive; but as for those who abused me when I was + serving my country in the field, and those who attacked me for + serving my country -- Doctor, that is a different case. + + "The Doctor assured him it was not. Christianity, he + said, forbade the indulgence of enmity absolutely and in all + cases. No man could be received into a Christian Church who + did not cast out of his heart every feeling of that nature. It + was a condition that was fundamental and indispensable. + + "The Hermitage church was crowded to the utmost of its + small capacity; the very windows were darkened with the eager + faces of the servants. After the usual services the General + rose to make the required public declaration of his + concurrenre with the doetrines, and his resolve to obey the + precepts of the Church. He leaned heavily upon his stick with + both hands; tears rolled down his cheeks. His daughter, the + fair young matron, stood beside him. Amed a silence the most + profound the General answered the questions proposed to him. + When he me was formally pronounced a member of the Church, and + the clergyman was about to continue the service, the long + restrained feelings of the congregation burst forth in sobs + and exclamations which compelled him to pause for several + minutes. The clergyman himself was speechless with emotion, + and abandoned himself to the exaultation of the hour. A + familiar hymn was raised in which the entire assembly joined + with a fervor which at once expressed and relieved their + feelings." + + The conversion of General Jackson gives us an idea of the +emotional religion so prevalent a century ago, and which still +linger among us today. Once the question was put to Bishop White, +one of the pastors of George Washington, "What is your opinion of +revivals?' The Bishop answered, "They have one great evil, in that +they cause some to mistake their animal for their spiritual +nature." Those who want evidence of this should read the chapter in +Henry A. Wise' 'Seven Decades of the Union,' in which he tells of +Tangier Island, loceated in Chesapeake Bay, and a part of Virginia, +where revivals were a regular feature of the island's life, After + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +a visit from a prominent evangelist the ministers of Pittsburgh met +and resolved that they would give no more countenance to traveling +evangelists. + + It must be remembered that General Jackson was of a very +emotional nature, and all his life was imbued with strong passions. +In all his career these prevailed. Sometimes he was desperately +right, while at other times he was equally desperately wrong. He +was not a thinker, a student or even a reader, except of the news +though he had been admitted to the bar, it is sald he never read a +law book through. He was emphatically a man of action and in that +sphere he shines in American history. Later he forgot that he had +agreed to forgive his enemies, and shortly before he died he said +the greatest mistake he had ever made was when he did not hang John +C. Calhoun, the leader of the South Carolina nullifiers. To the end +of his life he delighted to show his friends the pistol with which +he had killed Charles Dickinson in a duel. + + It must be remembered that those who have led rough, irregular +lives in their youth often become fanatically religious in old age. +"Old Hickory," as he was called owing to his unbending naature, +except for his military exploits, does not stand as well in history +as he stood in the estimation of his contemporaries. Yet in his +commendable qualities many think it would not be an evil to have +men of his stamp in public life today. + + JAMES KNOX POLK + + Born, November 2, 1795. Died, June 15, 1849. + + President, March 4, 1845 -- March 4, 1849. + + When James Knox Polk, of Tennessee, was nominated by the +Democratic party for President, in 1844, after he had been in +Congress 14 years, Speaker of the House of Representatives for two +terms and Governor of his own State, he was but little known +outside of it. His selection was a surprise even to his own party. +Governor Letcher, of Virginia, exclaimed, "Polk, great God, what a +nomination!" Stephen A. Douglas remarked, "From henceforth no +private citizen is safe!" The Whigs sang in a campaign song: + + "Ha! Ha! Ha! Such a nominee, + As James K. Polk of Tennessee." + + He was nominated because the current issues were the +annexation of Texas and the extension of slavery, two things he +could be depended upon to accomplish. From 1840 to 1860 is known in +our history as the era of weak men in the White House. All were +mere politicians and "trimmers," when a real principle was +broached. As was the case with a President in our time, the arduous +duties of his office caused President Polk to break down in health. +He left Washington an incurably sick man and died within a few +months after he had returned to his home in Tennessee. + + The Polk family, like most families of Scotch ancestry, was +Presbyterian. Mrs. Polk was of the same faith and prohibited +dancing and card playing in the White House. During the Tyler + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +administration the Presidential mansion was the scene of gaiety and +grand entertainments; but on the inauouration of President Polk it +was said the reign of the Cavalier ended and that of the Puritan +began. Yet the President was not a member of any Church and had +never been baptized. While he was an habitual attendant of the +Presbyterian Church, with his wife, his own private opinions leaned +toward Methodism. McCormac's 'Life of Polk,' the only one in +existence so far as we know, on page 721, contains the following +statement: + + "The Polk family,, as well as Mrs. Polk, were + Presbyterians, but the ex-President was not a member of any + church. He went regularly with his wife to the Church of her + choice, though his preference was for the Methodist + denomination. A few days before his death his aged mother came + from Columbia bringing her own pastor in the hope that her son + might accept baptism and unite with the Presbyterian Church. + But the son recalled a promise once given to the Rev. Mr. + McFerren, of the Methodist Church, that, when he was ready to + join the Church, the Rev. McFerren should baptise him. Having + thus formally embraced Christianity, he felt prepared to meet + the 'great event."' + + Theodore Parker says that on his deathbed he acknowledged that +his good works had been as "filthy rags." But he was safely on +board 'the old ship of Zion before she weighed anchor and spread +her sails for the Elysian fields. + + JAMES BUCHANAN + + Born, April 22, 1791. Died, June 1, 1868. + + President, March 4, 1857 -- March 4, 1861. + + James Buchanan was the last of the pre-Civil War Presidents. +He had been in the House and Senate for 20 years, had been +Secretary of State and Minister to England. Born in pennsylvania +and descended, from Scotch emiogrants, he was a Presbyterian by +inheritance; but like Presidents Jackson and Polk he never joined +the Church until he retired to private life. All his life, however, +he had been a regular attendant, and a contributor to all Churches, +including the Catholic. + + In August, 1860, his last year in the White House, President +Buchanan was stopping at Bedford Springs, a summer resort in +Pennsylvania, where the Rev. Dr. William M. Paxton, pastor of the +First Presbyterian Church of New York City, was also a guest. +Having had some previous acquaintance with the reverend doctor he +one day invited him into his room, where he opened his heart. He +said: + + "I think I may say that for 12 years I have 'been in the habit +of reading the Bible and praying daily. I have never had any one +with whom I have felt disposed to converse, and now that I find you +here I have thought you would understand my feelings, and that I +would venture to open my mind to you upon this important subject, +and ask for an explanation of some things I do not clearly +understand." + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + He then asked Dr. Paxton what a religious experience is, and +wanted to know how a man might know he was a Christian, to which +the doctor gave replies that satisfied him, Thereupon the President +said: + + "Well, sir, I thank you. My mind is now made up. I hope I am +a Christian. I think I have had some of the experience which you +describe, and as soon as I retire from my office as Presiclent, I +will unite with the Presbyterian Church." + + Dr. PaxtGn here became excited. It is not often a minister has +an opportunity to gather a President of the United States into the +fold. Then he was an old man, and might die, as did President +Harrison, who so sorely disappointed the Rev. Dr. Hawley. Therefore +he exclaimed, "Why not now, Mr. President? God's invitation is now +and you should not say tomorrow." President Buchanan replied with +deep feeling and a strong gesture: "I must delay, for the honor of +religion. If I were to unite with the Church now, they would say +hypocrite. from Maine to Georgia." Here he was different from some +statesmen of today who seem to take no interest in religion until +they get into politics, when "the honor of religion" does not +disturb them. + + Shortly after the 4th of March, 1861, President Buchanan kept +his word and was received into the Presbyterian Church of +Lancaster, Pa., his home city. He was fortunate in living 80 years +ago instead of today. Now he would not be permitted to serve his +term in office. He would be compelled to run successfully the +clerical gauntlet before he could be elected. + + GROVER CLEVELAND + + Born, March 18, 1837. Dired, July 24, 1908. + + President, March 4, 1885 -- March 4, 1889. + + March 4, 1893 -- March 4, 1897. + + The first Democratic President to be elected after the Civil +War was the son of the Rev. Richard Cleveland, a Presbyterian +minister. Like many other mininsters, the Rev. Mr. Cleveland +supported a large family on a small salary. His children were +therefore obliged to work as soon as they were able. Grover worked +in a store in Fayetteville, N.Y., where his father held his last +charge before his death. In this place, we are informed by a living +sister of Mr. Cleveland, he joined the church of which his father +was the pastor. + + Later he went to New York City, where he taught for a while in +a school for the blind. Here he became acquainted with Fanny +Crosby, the noted hymn writer. He moved from New York City to +Buffalo, where he studied law, was admitted to the bar, entered +politics and laid the foundation of his later eminence. While in +Buffalo, he kept his name on the roll of his father's old church in +Fayetteville. That he was a member of the Church in Buffalo is +doubtful. While living there, he had the reputation of being a +blunt, honest man of the world, whose attendance at the house of +Bacchus was more regular than his attendance in the house of God. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + He loved to play pinochle in favorite salgons, and had he not +been a drinking man would perhaps not have been elected Mayor of +Buffalo,' from which office he stepped into the Governor's chair +and afterwards into the Presidency. He happened to be in a saloon +drinking a glass of beer and eating a lunch, when in came a number +of Democratic politicians looking for a candidate for mayor. One of +them in a joking manner said, "Let us nominate Grover." The joke +became serious, He was nominated and elected; then nominated and +elected governor by the greatest majority a governor ever received; +and in less than four years after he stood in front of the saloon +bar, was inaugurated President of the United, States. + + Those who, like the present writer, recall the presidential +campaign of 1884 between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland, +remember the bitter, abusive, acrid personalities of that year. Mr. +Blaine had a vulnerable public record, and his opponents flaunted +the Mulligan letters" with all their strength. His private life, +however, had been beyond reproach. When he was nominated, Mr. +Cleveland was an almost unknown man outside of his own State, but +his public record as sheriff, mayor and governor commended him to +the people of the United States. His adversaries then launched an +attack upon his private life. one charge was that he had not done +his duty to his country during the Civil War by enlisting in the +army, but had hired a substitute. The fact was that owing to two +brothers having enlisted, he had to remain home as the sole support +of his mother and two sisters. When the draft came, he borrowed +$300 to hire a man to go in his stead. + + The second charge was not so easily met. A certain Rev. George +H. Ball, of Buffalo, charged him with seduction and bastardy. This +preacher of that "charity that thinketh no evil" prayed God not to +strike him dead because he had voted for Cleveland for governor. +The friends of Mr. Cleveland prepared to issue a denial, but he +would not, permit them. He said, "It is true. Tell the truth!" He +held that while he was willing to defend all his public acts, his +parivate acts did not concern the public. He was quite justified in +this view. Another minister, the Rev. Mr. Burchard, in his "Rum, +Romanism and Rebellion" speech, quite neutralized the attack of the +Rev. Mr. Ball on the youthful morals of Mr. Cleveland, who was +elected, the first Democratic President in a quarter of a century. +The illegitimate child of which so much was said afterwards became +a prominent professional man and an honored citizen of Buffalo. His +father was twice elected President of the United States, the Rev. +Mr. Ball received much free advertising, and when the smoke cleared +away no one was injured beyond recovery. + + After Grover Cleveland entered the White House, he gave more +attention to the Church, as he also did to matrimony, marrying his +ward, Miss Frances Folsom, a young lady of great personal charm. It +was not until his second term, on which he entered March 4, 1993, +that he became prominently religious. A wave of piety swept over +the country during this year of the great panic, as had happened in +the two former periods of financial distress, in 1857 and 1873, The +Churches registered their protests against the inaugural ball, +which, almost from the foundation of the government, had been an +occasion of greatl gaiety. The new President was prompt to unite +with the Churches in voicing his disapproval. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 51 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + This was also the year of the World's Columbian Exposition in +Chicago. The Churches had been organizing for three years to +prevent the doors from opening on Sunday. Religious societies had +met in conventions and pledged themselves not to attend unless the +Sabbath was strictly observed. The question was carried into the +courts. The ministers demanded that Cleveland call out the +military, if necessary, to shut the gates, but while he sympathized +with the Sabbatarians he did not go that far. + + In the fall, he recognized Jesus Christ in his Thanksgiving +Proclamation, something no other President had ever done. The pace +for religious legislation having been set during the administration +of President Harrison, President Cleveland was now looked upon as +the patron saint of the "National Reformers" and other theocratic +organizations. During Cleveland's second administration, a Sunday +law was introduced for the District of Columbia, as was also the +"Christian amendment," placing God in the Constitution and making +Christianity the official religion of the State. The late William +Jennings Bryan was preparing to advocate such an amendment when he +died. + + Nor can the sincerity of Mr. Cleveland be doubted. while he +had not been a "practical Christian" at all times, he seemed to +revert to the priety, of his youth as he grew older. This happens +to many who have never given the foundation of religion their +attention. On January 7, 1904, after the death of his oldest +daughter Ruth, he wrote to a friend: + + "I had a season of great trouble in keeping out of my + mind the idea that Ruth was in the Cold, cheerless grave + instead of in the arms of her Saviour. It seems to me I mourn + our darling Ruth's death more and more. So much of the time I + can only think of her as dead, not joyfully living in heaven. + God has come to my help and I have felt able to adjust my + thought to dear Ruth's death with as much comfort as selfish + humanity will permit. One thing I can Say: not for a moment + since she left us has a rebellious thought entered my mind." + + His sister writes that she knew "his boyhood's faith +brightened his dying hours." The grief of a father for the death of +a loved child is not a proper subject for discussion, and we can be +pleased to think that under the circumstances he found consolation. +We could say the same had he been a Buddhist, a Mohammedan, a +Mormon or a Confucian. + + Yet President Cleveland was not a Puritan, and if he were +alive today, he would not stand well on the Anti-Saloon League's +card-index. He liked beer, fished on Sunday and kept a store of +good liquor for himself and his friends. + + John S. Wise, in his 'Recollections of Thirteen Presidents,' +says there were two men in American history who above all others +were attacked by venomous personal abuse, Grover Cleveland and +Robert G. Ingersoll. This was because of their holding unpopular +ideas. Fifty years ago, to be a Democrat in some sections was +synonymous. with being a traitor, an enemy of your country, its +prosperity and happiness; while to say openly that you did not + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 52 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +accept the orthodox Christian religion was to place yourself +outside the pale of social recognition and to be looked upon as +having hoofs and horns. + + Years ago, I knew an old man in a rural community who was an +outspoken "Infidel." A woman who knew him remarked: "I do not +see why some people are so bitter at Mr. ________. He does not +appear to be any different from other men." Since the partisan +prejudices that swayed the minds of his contemporaries have become +extinct, history has been just toward President Cleveland. Now, +regardless of party, he is considered to have been one of our most +efficient Presidents. + + BENJAMIN HARRISON + + Born, August 20, 1833. Died, March 13, 1901. + + President, March 4, 1889 -- March 4, 1893. + + Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States, +waw a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison, who signed the +Declaration of Independence, and a grandson of William Henry +Harrison, the ninth President, at whose house he was born, in 1833. +He was a Presbyterian, an elder in the Church, and the first +President who was unquestionably a communicant in an orthodox +Church at the time he was elected. Grover Cleveland was a +communicant in his youth and late in life, but there is no evidence +that he was such when he was first elected. + + President Harrison was deeply religious, a believer in divine +providence, and thought himself an object of its particular care. +Knowing this, during his administration the Churches were +successful in introducing bills in Congress to promote religion by +law. On May 21, 1886, Senator Henry W. Blair, of New Hamphire, +introduced a "National Sunday Rest Bill," the preamble of which +read, "A bill to secure to the enjoyment of the first day of the +week, commonly Sunday, as a day of rest, and to promote its +observance as religious worship." A great outcry was raised against +this bill as worded, and on December 9, 1889, Senator Blair re- +introduced it, making the title read, "A bill to secure to the +people the privilege of rest and religious worship, free from the +disturbance of others, on the first day of the week." Except that +it granted exemption from the penalties those "who conscientiously +believe in and observe any other day than Sunday as the Sabbath or +day of religious worship," its provisions were not different from +the first. Not since 1829 had a bill for the enforcement of a +Sunday law been introduced in the national legislature. As the bill +entered into the realm of conscience and the field of religious +controversy, it was not reported from the committee room and died +a natural death. Similar bills have been since introduced and have +met the same fate. Four days after introducing his Sunday bill, +Senator Blair introduced an "Educational Amendment" the +Constitution of the United States, section 2 of which read: "Each +State in this Union shall establish a system of public schools, +adequate for the education of all the children living therein, +between the ages of six and 16 years inclusive, in the common +branches of knowledge and in virtue, morality, and the principles + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 53 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +of the Christian religion." This, like his Sunday bill, was very +deceptive, and, like it, was laid on the table. Senator Blair +having failed, Mr. W.C.P. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, who was later +to acquire an unsavory reputation, introduced, on January 6, 1890, +a Sunday bill for the District of Columbia, which also failed. +President Harrison's well-known orthodox predilection encouraged +the sponsors of these bills. Religious legislation has always been +unpopular, except with the extremists in the Church, yet it is an +ever present danger. + + General Harrison had an undistinguished though honorable +record as an officer in the Civil War, and was Senator from Indiana +for one term. He was a splendid platform speaker, and publicly had +a great influence over the masses. In private he had the reputation +of being cold and distant. + + WOODROW WILSON + + Born, December 28, 1856. Died, February 3, 1924. + + President, March 4, 1913 -- March 4, 1921. + + Our World War President was Presbyterian through a long line +of Scotch and Irish ancestors on both his father's and mother's +side. His father, the Rev. James Ruggles Wilson, was a Presbyterian +minister who was born in Ohio, of Irish ancestry. His mother's +father, the Rev. Thomas Woodrow, after whom he was named, came from +Scotland, and was a graduate of the University of Glasgow. each +held a high position in the Church, and both are known in its +history. + + The father of the future President moved from ohio to Virginia +early in the 50's. Woodrow Wilson was born at Staunton, Va,; later +the Wilson family moved to Augusta, Georgia. While in Ohio the Rev. +Wilson seemed to take no particular interest in the then all- +absorbing question of slavery. But in 1861, he was a delegate to +the National Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, held in +Philadelphia, where a resolution was passed reading out of the +Church all slave-holders. The Rev. Mr. Wilson at once took up the +cudgel for his adopted section, and invited southern Presbyterians +to meet with him in Augusta, where he organized the Southern +Presbyterian Church. He cast his fortunes with the South during the +war and became a chaplain in the Confederate Army, while his +brothers were fighting in the Union Army. After the war, when upon +a visit to Ohio, he was asked if he was a reconstructed rebel, his +reply was, "No, only a whipped one." When his son was first +proposed as a teacher in Princeton University, objection was raised +against him because of his southern antecedents. + + The Rev. Joseph Ruggles Wilson was an interesting characte. He +had all the geniality of the Celt, and was far from being +puritanical. He loved a good dinner, enjoyed smgking his pipe, and +sometimes took a nip of "Old Scotch." This, of course, was before +the crusade for Prohibition had captured the Protestant Churches. +His Irish wit, combined with his knowledge and interesting +conversation, made him a social favorite, as those who remember him +when he passed his latter years at the home of his son will recall. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 54 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + The maternal uncle of the World War President also had an +interesting history, which is recorded in the chronicles of his +adopted country. The Rev. James Woodrow was originally a printer +and publisher, and sometimes, to hasten work, it was necessary for +his printers to work nights. He would permit no Sunday work. At +midnight Saturday he compelled his employes to cease their labors, +but promptly at two minutes after 12 on Monday morning they +resumed. In this way the work was accomplished, but the old scotch +custom of Sabbath keeping was not invalidated. Yet while he was a +very religious man, and conformed to the standards of the +Presbyterian Church, he finally got into trouble, and had to leave +the Church. He believed in and preached Evolution. A minority in +the Church defended him, but he was ousted from the Presbyterian +seminary in Columbia, S.C., where he was a teacher of the natural +sciences. Andrew D. White, in 'The Warfare Between Science and +Theology in Christendom,' vol. 1, pp. 317-318, thus speaks of his +case: + + "This hostile movement became so strong that, in spite of + the favorable action of the directors of the seminary, and + against the efforts of a broad-minded minority in the + representative bodies having ultimate charge of the + institution, the delegates from the various synods raised a + storm of orthodoxy and drove Dr. Woodrow from his post. + Happily, he was at the same time professor in the University + of South Carolina in the same city of Columbia, and from his + chair in that institution he continued to teach natural + science with the approval of the great majority of thinking + men in that region; hence, the only effect of the attempt to + crush him was, that his position was made higher, respect for + him deeper, and his reputation wider." + + Dr. Woodrow was a real man, and would not compromise as many +ministers have done. He finally left the Church and became the +president of a bank. He was a member of a number of learned +scientific societies both in Europe and America. His trial for +heresy, in the 1880's, aroused national attention. Nearly 40 years +later, when his nephew was President of the United States and the +Fundamentalists had renewed the old battle against Evolution, some +one wrote to President Wilson asking whether he believed in +Evolution. He replied: "Of course, like every other man of +education and intelligence I do believe in organic EvolutiGn. It +surpises me that at this late date such questions should be +raised." It is good that while these Scotch Presbyterians are often +very stubborn in maintaining their opinions, when they change them, +they are equally stirbborn in defending their new ones. + + It will, at this point, be pertinent to consider President +Wilson's views upon the relation of science to certain problems. He +once said that college instructors could "easily forget that they +were training citizens as well as drilling pupils"; that a college +should be "a school of duty." When he was once attacked for being +hostile to science, he replied: + + "I have no indictment against what science has done: I + have only a warning to utter against the atmosphere which has + stolen from laboratories into lecture rooms and into the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 55 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + general air of the world at large. Science has not changed the + nature of society, has not made history a whit easier to + understand, human nature a whit easier to reform. It has won + for us a great liberty in the physical world, a liberty from + superstitious fear and disease, a freedom to use nature as a + familiar servant, but it has not freed us from ourselves. We + have not given science too big a place in our education; but + we have made a perilous mistake in giving it too great a + Preponderance in method over every other 'branch of study." + + on the subject of the relation of science to religion, there +are three sets of opinions: those of the Fundamentalists, who +reject science; of the Rationalists, who reject the claims of +religion; of the modernists, of whom President Wilson was one, who +accept science in the physical world, but will not be bound 'by its +laws in the spiritual. + + Mr. Wilson was the first president of Princeton University who +was not a minister. When he moved there, he found two presbyterian +Churches, the First and the Second. He thought but one was needed, +and tried to unite them. He joined the Second and was elected an +elder, but afterwards left it and gave his support to the First. +His entire family attended church services, but the children did +not go to Sunday School. Mrs. Wilson taught them the sunday school +lesson and the Westminster catechism at home. President Wilson +often led the chapel exercises in the college, but his talks took +a practical trend. For instance, he once took as his text a verse +from Paul's address to Agrippa: "Whereupon, O King Agrippa, I was +not disobedient unto the heavenly vision." (Acts, 26:19.) He then +enlarged upon the necessity of all having a vision, or a purpose in +life. + + President Wilson was not a Puritan. His daughter says that, +like his father, he was a mixture of dignity and gaiety. He liked +to play whist, euchre and backgammon, was a remarkable mimic and +could tell endless dialect stories. Shortly after his entrance into +the White House, in 1913, his Secretary of State, William Jennings +Bryan, suggested over the telephone that he make his administration +a temperance, or white ribbon, affair, and, conforming to the +custom in President Hayes' day, not serve wine. Mr. Wilson replied +he would not do this for three reasons: first, it had been the +custom to serve wine at public dinners, except in one +administration, since the foundation of the government; second, he +was not a Prohibitionist, and, third, he liked a drink sometimes +himself, The Volstead Act was passed and went into effect without +his signature. + + Yet anomalies are associated with both Bryan and Wilson. The +first, an apostle of peace, rests in a military cemetery. The +second, of the sturdiest Presbyterian stock, found his last resting +place in a gorgeous Episcopal cathedral. + + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 56 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + CHAPTER III. + + PRESIDENTS WHO WERE UNITARIANS + + In point of numbers the Unitarian Church has always been among +the minor religious bodies. Yet its influence upon the +intellectual, moral and literary forces of the united states has +been far greater Proportionately than its numerical strength. No +other Church has Contributed to this country so many distinguished +men and women in all departments of human activity. A few words +touching the history of this Church, particularly in America, will +enable us better to comprehend the subject. + + From the earliest history of the Christian Church there was +controversy over disputed theological questions. Among these none +occupied greater attention than the nature of God. Some held to his +unity, others to the trinity. Those holding the first view were +almost successful in making it the dogma of the whole Church. They +were specially strong in the West. They were called Arians, after +their leader Arius; sometimes Socinians and later Unitarians. The +Council of Nice" the first ecumenical council of the Church, held +in the city of that name in southeastern France, was assembled to +consider two questions: the canon of the Bible, and the "Arian +controversy," as the question of the Godhead was then called. This +council sent Arius into exile and condemned his doctrines. +Afterwards, he died suddenly, and, as his friends maintained, +through the treachery of his enemies. + + Wherever Unitarianism penetrated, it was persecuted and +stamped out. The last two heretics burned at the stake in England +(in 1612), Bartholomew Legate and Edward Wightman, were put to +death for denying the trinity. A special law for the punishment of +this offense by death was passed during the Commonwealth. In the +toleration act of, 1689 all dissenters except Unitarians were +granted freedom of worship. In spite of persecution they grew, and +one of the most distinguished writers on Christian evidence, Dr. +Nathaniel Lardner, was a Unitarian, and Unitarian views were held +by John Milton, the poet, Sir Isaac Newton, the scientist, and John +Locke, the philosopher. + + In the last quarter of the 18th Century they had two +distinguished advocates in Richard Price and Joseph Priestley, the +latter, the discoverer of oxygen. In Birmingham, a mob attacked the +house of Dr. Priestley, burned it to the ground, destroying all his +valuable scientific apparatus. He was driven out of the city and +took refuge in the United States, where he died in Pennsylvania, in +1804. Some of his descendants are still among us. In 1813 +toleration was granted the Unitarian Church. + + The invasion of Unitarian thought among the puritanical +churches of New England began in the last quarter of the 18th +Century, There was an intellectual and moral revulsion against the +doctrines of origional sin, predeesteination, hell, and the blood +atonement. King's Chapel, built in 1749, the oldest Episcopal +church in New England, became Unitarian. James Truslow Adams, in +his 'New England in the Republic,' p. 220, quotes from G.W. Cooke's +'Unitarianism in America,' p. 75: + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 57 + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + "In Boston a visitor wrote in 1791 that the ministers +there were so diverse in their views that they could not agree in +any one point in theology. Ten years later there was but one +minister in that city who accepted the doctrine of the Trinity." + + In 1810 the great controversy upon the subject was still on, +and by 1,925 Unitarianism had captured a large number of the New +England + +@@@@ book p. 54 on to 65 must be scanned again, print does not scan +well. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 58 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/presid3.d b/textfiles.com/politics/presid3.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cb45798c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/presid3.d @@ -0,0 +1,1041 @@ + 16 page printout +NOTE: File is incomplete. + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + **** **** + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + CHAPTER IV + PRESIDENTS WHO WERE EPISCOPALIANS + + FRANKLIN PIERCE + + Born, November 23, 1804. Died, October 8, 1869. + + President, March 4, 1853 -- March 4, 1857. + + Had Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, left the Presidency as +popular a man as he went into it, he would undoubtedly been the +most popular of our chief executives. In the election of 1852 he +carried every State but four. No President, except Franklin D. +Roosevelt, has been elected by such an overwhelming popular and +electoral vote. But when President Pierce left the White House he +was completely out of public favar, and remained in obscurity for +the remainder of his life. Not until 1914 did the State of New +Hampshire erect a statue in commemoration of the only chief +magistrate it had given to the nation. He was called "a northern +man with southern principles," and was elected on a wave of +sentiment which proclaimed that the only way to save the Union and +prevent secession was to accede to all the demands of the slave- +holders. Jefferson Davis was Pierce's Secretary of War and the +future President of the Confederacy dictated his policies. + + Information concerning Franklin Pierce is meager. Until +recently the only biography of him available was that written, in +1862, by his college-mate, the well-known American author, +Nathaniel Hawthorne, as a "campaign document." Of Pierce's +religion, Hawthorne said: + + "General Pierce has naturally a strong endowment of + religious feeling. At no period of his life, as is well known + to his friends, have the sacred relations of the human soul + been a matter of indifference with him; and of more recent + years, whatever circumstances of good or evil fortune may have + befallen him, they have served to deepen this powerful + sentiment. Whether in sorrow or success he has learned, in his + own behalf, the good lesson, that religious faith is the most + valuable and most sacred of human possessions; but with this + sense, there has come no narrowness or illiberality, but a + wide sympathy for the modes of Christian worship and a + reverence for religious belief, as a matter between the Deity + and man's soul, and with which no other has a right to + interfere." (Hawthorne's 'Life of Franklin Pierce,' p. 123.) + + This is rather meager information, coming as it does from so +intimate a friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne, the last night of whose +life was spent in the company of Pierce. The same could be said of +a Catholic or a Protestant, a Mohammedan, a Buddhist or a + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +Zoroastrian. The document issued by the State of New Hampshire, +giving an account of the ceremonies at the unveiling of Pierce's +statue in concord, on November 24, 1914, says nothing of his +religious belief or church affiliation. He was a member of the +constitutional convention of New Hampshire in 1850. There he made +a strenuous fight as did John Adams in Massachusetts, to abolish +that portion of the State Constitution which made the Protestant +religion the official religion of the Granite State. Although +Pierce, like Adams, was unsuccessful, his actions indicated that +his religious views were in advance of his time. + + However in my researches I discovered that President Pierce +was always orthodox in his belief, even while in college, but that +he did not join a Church until a few years before his death, when +he united with and became a communicant of St. Paul's Episcopal +Church, of Concord. While I was looking for definite information, +I was informed that Professor Roy F. Nichols, of the Department of +History, in the University of Pennsylvania, was engaged in writing +a life of Pierce. [NOTE: This book by Professor Nichols was +published in 1932.] I applied to him for information, and he +responded in a private letter, as follows: + + "Pierce expressed himself in writing at least twice on + the subject of religion, once in a manuscript fragment written + in later life describing his beliefs in college which show + them to be decidedly orthodox. The other was a letter he wrote + to his law partner in the early 1840's still expressing belief + in orthodoxy but showing no vivid religious experience. He was + a constant attendant at church. In Concord he attended the + South Congregational Church and while President in Washington + he attended Presbyterian churches, most frequently that on 4 + 1/2 Street (now John Marshall Place). I think you may discount + the statement that he attended St. John's Church. In all + probability he went there once in a while but I doubt very + much that he made it a regular practice. In later life, during + the Civil War, he was baptized, confirmed and became a regular + communicant in St. Paul's Episcopal Church, in Coneord." + + Like most Public men of his time President Pierce was a man of +convivial habits, and, like some others, he sometimes drank too +much. When it was proposed to nominate him for the Presidency, this +greatly alarmed his friends, who called on him to talk the matter +over. He promised them that if elected he would at once cease +drinking, and remain a total abstainer while his term lasted. He +honorably kept his word. + + FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT + + Born, January 30, 1882 -- + + president, March 4, 1933 -- + + The 32nd President of the United states is the third Democrat +elected since the Civil War. Like the Harrison and Adams families, +the Roosevelts have furnished two Presidents of the United States. +Franklin D. Roosevelt is the fifth President to come from the State +of New Yolk. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + The Roosevelt family in America is of Dutch origin, all being +desdendants of Klaes Martensen Roosevelt, who emigrated from +Holland to the then colony of New Netherlands, in 1644. The subject +of this sketch is a fifth cousin of Theodore Roosevelt, who +occupied the Presidential chair from Septerffber 14, 1901, until +March 4, 1909. Both of the Roosevelts were graduated from Harvard, +both were members of the New York legislature, and Assistant- +Secretary of the Navy. Each had been Governor of New York. Each has +been a candidate for Vice President, Both have been prolific +writers. While one was a liberal Republican, the other has been an +equally Progressive Democrat. + + Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, N.Y., on +January 30, 1882. His father was James Roosevelt, and his mother, +still living, Sarah Delano, whose family was of Flemish origin. +Philip, the founder of the American branch of the Delano family, +came to this country in 1624. They were a sea-faring family and are +said to have owned and operated ships in all parts of the world. + + As Franklin Delano Roosevelt descended from two old American +patrician families, he began life with many advantages. In 1904 he +was graduated from Harvard University, later studying at Columbia +University Law School, and he practiced for several years in New +York City. He was elected and reelected to the New York State +Senate, and Under President Wilson was Assistant-Secretary of the +Navy. In 1920 he was nominated for Vice President on the Democratic +ticket, his running-mate being James M. Cox, of Ohio. Roosevelt +supported Alfred E. Smith for the Presidential nomination in 1924, +and worked for him when he was nominated in 1928. At Smith's +suggestion, Roosevelt consented to become the Democratic candidate +for Governor of New York, in 1928. He was successful, and was again +elected in 1930, by a majority of 725,000 votes, the largest that +any candiclate ever received in the history of the State. + + Roosevelt had a strong Republican legislature to oppose him, +as well as Tammany Hall, the local New York City Democratic +organization, yet he effected many reforms. He soon became the most +prominent contender for the Democratic Presidential nomination, and +in Chicago, on June 27. 1932, he was nominated on the fourth +ballot, receiving 945 out of 1,154 votes. During the campaign he +visited all sections of the country and was frequently heard over +the radio. + + The campaign was an exciting one. For three years the United +States had been in the throes of the worst economic crisis of its +history, and the Hoover administration had became thoroughly +discredited. The people were also in rebellion against Prohibition, +which most right-minded persons held to be ineffective, a farce and +a disgrace to the land. It soon became apparent that the Republican +candidate, Herbert Hoover, was not to be counted in the running. He +carried but six States, while Roosevelt carried 42, with a popular +majority of 7,000 000. It was the greatest victory since 1852, when +the Demoepitic party elected Franklin Pierce. + + On February 15, 1933, the President-elect narrowly escaped +assassination when he was shot at by a demented Italian, one +Zangara, in Miama, Fla. Mayor Anton Cermak of Chicago was hit +instead by the bullet and after lingering for a few days died. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + There can be no doubt that President Roosevelt has faced +greater and more serious problems than has any other peace-time +Psesident, and that he has handled these problems with great +courage and vigor. + + In 1905, Franklin D. Roosevelt married Miss Anne Eleanor +Roosevelt, a distant cousin. They have five children. Mrs. +Roosevelt, like the President, takes an active interest in social +welfare, which she manifests by her various activities and by her +public utterances. + + Both are members and communicants in the Protestant Episcopal +Church, the President being a vestryman in the church of Hyde Park, +N.Y. It is said that no pressure of piiblic duties has ever +interfered with his duties to his Church. Yet, unlike many, he does +not make merchandise of his religion, and his speeches, messages +and other public utterances are singuarly free from religious cant +and platitude so commonly resorted to by politicians to catch the +church vote. His Thanksgiving proclamation in 1933 was one of the +briefest ever known. + + The cliergy seem to be cold toward him because he advocated +the repeal of the 18th Amendment. This led a Methodist bishop to +call him an "alley President," while another Methodist minister, +the Rev. Clarence True Wilson, in comparing him with his +Presidential namesake, said that Theorore Roosevelt was "100,% +American," while Franklin Delano Roosevelt was "2%," both of which +statements illustrate the milignity of the clerical mind under +opposition. The collapse and repeal of their favorite law, which +was a failure for the purposes for which it was enacted, to say +nothing of bringing in its wake other evils, has put a considerable +crimp in the political activities of the Churches. + + It is said that while President Roosevelt is a church member +and a church offical, he is a more irregular attendant upon church +services than some Presidents who were not professing Christians. + + CHAPTER V + +PRESIDENTS WHO WERE NOT MEMBERS OF ANY CHURCH + + WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON + + Born, February 9, 1773. Died, April 4, 1841. + + President, march 4 -- April 4, 1841. + + William Henry Harrison, a son of a signer of the Declaration +of Independence, was the last President who had witnessed scenes in +the Revolution, and the first to die in office, which he held but +30, days. He early went into the army, distinguighed himself in +Indian wars, commanded at the battle of Tippecanoe, where he +defeated Tecumseh, the Indian chief who was so troulolesome to the +settlers. It was to General Harrison that Commodore Perry sent the +famous message, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." Later he +fought a battle on the River Thames, in Canada, where the British +were defeated, and their ally, Tecumseh, was slain. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + After the War of 1812. General Harrison was continually in +public life, a member of Congress, the State Senate of Ohio and the +U.S. Senate, a presidential elector and minister to the United +States of Columbia. The Whigs thought a military hero was needed as +a candidate for President; hence in 1836 he was nominated to oppose +Martin Van Buren, by whom he was defeated. in 1840, the two +opposing candidates were before the people again, and General +Harrison won, in the famous hard cider and log cabin campaign. + + When he took the chair, in 1841, General Harrison was 68 years +old, and in feeble health. He had taken cold on the day of the +inauguration. He over-exerted himself, and died when but a month in +office. President Harrison had never been a church member, as is +proved by the following account of his funeral, to be found both in +Montgomery's 'Life of Harrison,' and in 'The Diary of John Quincy +Adams.' + + "At half past 11 o'clock, the Rev. Mr. Hawley, Rector of + St. John's Church arose, and observed that he would mention an + incident connected with the Bible which lay on the table + before him (covered with black silk velvet). 'This Bible,' + said he, 'was purchased by the President on the fifth of + Mareh. He has since been in the habit of daily reading it. He + was accustomed not only to attend church, but to join audibly + in the services, and to kneel humbly before his maker.' + + "Dr. Hawley stated that had the President lived, and been + in health, he intended on the next Sabbath to become a + communicant at the Lord's table." + + This proves that, at the age of 68, President Harrison did not +own a Bible, and had not thought religion worthy of his attention, +for if he had was he not derelict in his duty all his life? Or, did +he suddenly take an interest because he was in public office? This +would appear suspicious in a politician. And was it any credit to +the Rev. Hawley to convert a broken-down oId man, whom, when he was +in the bloom of youth and health, all the Churches and ministers +had failed to draw into the fold? For all this, we have no evidence +except the word of the clergyman. Yet if all he has said is true, +the transaction sheds no luster on either President Harrison or +himself. + + ANDREW JOHNSON + + Born, December 29, 1808. Died, July 31, 1875. + + President, April 15, 1865 -- March 4, 1869. + + The successor of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United +States, and the third to become President through death, Andrew +Johnson, is one of the interesting characters of American history. +Springing from that class of people called in the South, "Poor +white trash," he was without educational advantages in his youth. +A tailor by trade, he learned to read while working in a shop. +After his marriage, his wife taught him to write. He began at the +bottom of the ladder politically, serving as alderman, mayor., +member of the legislature of Tennessee, a member of Congress, +Senator, and finally President. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + Until recently Andrew Johnson was one of the most +misrepresented men in American history, and one of the most common +errors concerning him is the statement that he was a member of the +Methodist Church. Anyone who will only take the trouble to +investigate will learn that this was not a fact, as will be proved +in this chapter. Johnson had the courage to stand firm against the +political spoilsmen of his time. This was "the head and front of +his offending." [NOTE: For proof of this statement, see a recent +work (1929), 'Andrew Johnson, A Study in Courage,' by Lloyd Paul +Stryker. The Macmillan Co.] + + The truth is, that after the death of Lincoln, Johnson +determine to follow the policy of the deceased Psesident in the +reconstructioin of the States lately in rebellion. This did not +please demagogues like Thaddeus Stevens, Benjamin F. Wade and +Charles Sumner, who stood at the head of the party seeking revenge +upon the South and an opportunity to persecute and plunder its +people. Had Lincoln lived he would have had the same conflict on +his hands -- in fact, it begun ibefore his assassination, + + When the cotton States seceded in 1861, and their Senator and +Conoessmen went South to aid in the rebellion, Andrew Johnson was +the only one who stood by the Union and remained in his seat in the +Senate. President Lincoln sent him to Tennessee, in 1862, as +military governor of that State. At the risk of his life he did his +duty, brought his State back into the Union, restored the authority +of the national government, and as a reward was elected Vice +President, with Lincoln, in 1864. + + In spite of this service, malignant partisans have called him +a traitor. He was even accused of complicity in the murder of +Lincoln. Articles of Impeachment, born of malice, were framed-up +against him, that he might be expelled from the White House, and +one of the South-hating radicals put in his place. It was a close +contest; Johnson escaped impeachment by only one vote. There were, +however, enough honest men in the then corrupt Senate of the United +States to prevent this disgrace of the law-making body of the +American people. Most of those involved in this great wrong, among +them Charles Sumner, who was its chief instigator, afterwards +expressed their regret that they were connected with it. + + Andrew Johnson was not a Methodist, nor was he a member of any +other Church, though he always claimed to be a reliious man. At one +time William G. ("Parson") Brownlow accused him of being an +"Infidel." This is usually a term of reproach. Mr. Johnson replied, +"As for my religion, it is the doctrine of the Bible, as taught and +practised by Jesus Christ." (See The Age of Hate, by G.F. Minton, +p. 80.) + + Mrs. Eliza Johnson was a Methodist, and, like a loyal husband, +Johnson would sometimes accompany her to services. We will now give +the facts as told by Winston. (Life of Andrew Johnson, p. 101): + + "I have stated that the influence of Mrs. Johnson over + her husband was unbounded, and yet into one place he would not + follow her, the organized Church. She might find satisfaction + in such a Church, but he could not. Like Lincoln, if he could + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + have found an organization based on the personality of Christ, + without creed or dogmas, without class distinctions or the + exaltation and deification of money, he was willing to join it + 'with all his soul.' But so far as he could make out, there + was no such Church. Believing in a rule of right and in a + revealed religion, he took Christ as a model, yet he feared + that the Christians of his day were further away from the + simplicity, the charity and the love of their fellows, which + Christ enjoined, than many a heathen was." + + As the Methodist Church was somewhat interested in the +impeachment proceedings against President Johnson, the truth of +history demands that we say something albout that Church at this +period. Its clergy have always insisted that Methodism is +synonymous with patriotism and all other virtues. This depends +largely upon the epoch and the geographical location. During the +Revolution it took the side of England, following the example of +its founder, John Wesley. As a result, Methodist preachers were +obliged to leave the country, or go into hiding, as did Francis +Asbury, who afterwards became the first Methodist Bishop in the +United states. + + Upon the question of slavery, John Wesey said it was "the sum +of all villainies." This was said in England, before buying and +selling Negroes became profitable in the United States. When it +became profitable, from 1820 on, the position of the Church was +either in favor of Negro servitude or it was equivocal. At its +General Conference, held in 'Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1836, it censured +by an overwhelming vote some members who had attended an Abolition +meetin. In 1841, at the meeting of the General Conference, the +Church split, and the Methodist Church South was organized. + + Most assuredly, the Southern church was pro-slavery. The +mistake many make is in assuming that the Northern Church was anti- +slavery. The fact is that members of the Northern Church continued +to hold slaves without coming into conflict with the Discipline, +and it was not until the Conference of 1864, a year after the +Emancipation Proclamation, that the Northern Conference came to the +conclusion that slavery was wrong. They had plenty of time to think +it over, and were now certain they were on the safe side, as all +church organizations in polities aim to be. Hence, while the +Southern Church was always proslavery, that of the North trimmed +its sails to float with the tide. + + It might be asked why the Methodist Church of the North took +such a great interest in the impeachment of president Johnson, and +why their Conference of 1868 was so anxious to throw him out of the +White House. The reason was that it followed the hue and cry of +politicians, expecting thereby to attain some advantage to itself. +We have seen such a case in our own day. While our ministers were +preaching peace before the United States entered the European war, +none were more belligerent than these game reverend gentlemen after +we did enter it. They expected their reward, and they received it. +They obtained chaplaincies. They were permitted, with the aid of +the Government, to stage "drives" for money, which were so +remunerative that they tried to continue them after the war was +over. The canteen service in the Army was turned over to religious + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +organizations, some of whom obtained as much as they could free of +charge, and charged the soldiers all they could. and made millions. + + The presiding Bishop at the Conference of 1868 was Matthew +Simpson, who for years had been an astute Republican politician. +The Methodists had been influential enough to have President +Lincoln appoint James Harlan, who was once one of their preachers, +Secretary of the Interior instead of appointing as he wished to do, +his old Illinois friend, Jesse K. DuBois. Harlan served in the +Cabinet for about a year under President Johnson, and then +resigned. He went back to Iowa, was again elected to the Senate, +was on hand in 1868 -- one of the bitterest enemies of his former +chief in the impeachment proceedings. It appeared that there would +not be enough Senators opposed to President Johnson to make out a +case. As Senator Willey, of West Virginia, was a Methodist, the +influence of the Conference was brought to bear upon him, and he +voted for the impeachment. Then they offered a resolution for an +hour of prayer that they might ask God to cast out the President of +the United States. Under these conditions, why ask the Senate of +the United States to waste its time further? Why not turn President +Johnson over to the Methodist Conference actin under the direct +influence of the Almighty? one of their members saw they were in a +very ticklish position. He called their attention to the fact that +the Senate was under oath to decide the case under the law and the +evidence, and that this resolution could only be interpreted as +demanding that they violate that oath, and decide regardless of the +law and the evidence, for it placed the Methodist Church above +both. Bishop Simpson saw the point, and unctuously introduced +another resolution praying "to save our Senators from error." This +would take them out of a very embarrassing situation, and they had +faith that God would understand them just the same. At the same +time the white Methodists were in conference in Chicawo, the Negro +members of that Church were in session in Washington. They also +took up the question of President Johnson's impeachment. They +did not bother God at all about it. They appealed first hand to the +Senate to impeach him. + + It is needless to say these proceedings of the Methodists, +white and black, did not please the President. Out of courtesy to +his wife he had been attending their Church. Now he ceased going, +and went to the Catholic St. Patrick's Cathedral to hear Father +McGuire, who, he said, "cut out politics." He admired the Catholic +Church "because of its treatment of the rich and poor alike. in the +cathedral there were no high-priced pews and no reserved seats, the +old woman with calico dress and poke bonnet sitting up high and +being as welcome as the richest." (Plebeian and Patriot, b. 47,6.) + + Andrew Johnson died at his home in Tennessee, in 1875. just +after taking his seat as United States Senator from that State. He +had been a Mason, and the lodge to which he belonged conducted his +funeral. + + ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT + + Born, April 27, 1822. Died July 23, 1885. + + President, March 4, 1869 -- March 4, 1877. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + The life of U.S. Grant, commanding general of the Union forces +in the Civil War, was, in large part, tragic. He was graduated from +the U.S. Military Academy, but his scholastic record at West Point +was not brilliant. His career in the Mexican War was honorable, but +he did not like the army. In the earlier 5O's he was sent to +California, where, possibly because of the monotony of army life on +the frontier, he took to excessive drinking, as a result of which +he was obliged to resign. This habit grew on him, to the great +detriment of himself and his family. + + The opening of the Civil War found him in Galena, Ill., a +clerk in the leather store of his younger brothers. With great +difficulty he obtained a commission as colonel of an Illinois +regiment. Here he found his opportunity in middle life. From small- +town clerk to commanding general and, eventually, to the +Presidency, Was quite a stride for the unknown and almost penniless +man of eight year's before. + + President Grant was wholly unacquainted with and without +training in statecraft; he innocently became the victim of +dishonest politicions, and his two administrations have passed into +history as the most corrupt on record. He was obliged to bear some +of the infamy of this, although it is generally agreed that Grant +himself retained his integrity. + + He was as unfamiliar with business affairs as with polities, +and innocently permitted his name to be associated with that of a +sharper in a fraudulent banking enterprise. It collapsed, after +victims in all sections of the country had been fleeced. General +and Mrs. Grant, their children and other relatives were ruined +financially in this debacle. An ex-President of the United States, +the most successful general of modern times, he was thrown back +into the poverty of earlier years and at the same time he had to +endure the implied reflection upon his character. As though this +were not enouoh, General Grant developed a cancer, and, after +months of patient suffering, died. We do not believe the history of +the world records a case more pathetic. While his health and life +capitulated to disease and death, General Grant at no time +surrendered his principles or his honor. He was more of a hero as +he lay in the cottage at Mt. McGregor, than before Donelson, +Vicksburg or in the Valley of Virginia. + + It has been erroneously maintained that General Grant was a +Methodist. The fact is, he was not a member of any Church, and had +not even been baptized. Once, while a cadet at West Point, he +failed to attend chapel. For this he received eight demerits, and +was placed under arrest. He tells of this incident in a letter +written to his cousin, McKinsey Grifflith, September 22, 1839. He +objected to being compelled to go to church, saying, "This is not +republican." (Brown's 'Life of Grant,' p. 320.) + + Mrs. Julia Dent Grant was a Methodist, a member and attendant +of the Metropolitan Methodist Church of New York City, after the +Grant family made the metropolis their home, Her husband +accompanied her, as many other husbands have done when their wives +have been church members. Some men who do not dance accompany their +wives to balls. Does this make them dancers? + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + The minister of this church was the Rev. J.P. Newman, D.D., +afterwards a Methodist bishop. He was a lover of notoriety, and +ever sought to have his name on the front page of the newspapers, +as was demonstrated by the following incident. + + In 1869 there was a great contreversy in Utah over the subject +of polygamy. The government was trying to suppress it, but the +Mormons were defendinol, it and chief among their defenses was the +plea that it was sustained by the Bible. The Rev. Newman traveled +to Utah and challenged the Mormons to debate the question with him. +His offer was accepted, and Elder Orson Pratt, one of the leading +Mormon preachers, was selected to meet him. The Mormons were so +jublant over the success of their champion that they issued the +discussion in pamphlet form as a campain document, and for years +circulated it as a justification of polygamy from a biblical +standpoint. When I first visited Salt Lake City, in 1897, I bought +a copy of this work at the church bookstore. + + From the time General Grant became seriously ill, in the +spring of 1886, until his death, on July 23, the Rev. Newman +devoted to him almost all his attention. He became a member of the +family, leading in family prayer, and endeavoring to point out to +the General the way of salvation. He made as inglorious a failure +in this endeavor as he did in trying to convince the Mormons that +the Bible did not sanction Polygamy. He did succeed, as W.E. +Woodward says, in "making a fool of himself." + + We may well wonder why he was thus permitted to plague the +dying man. General Chaffee, one of whose daughters General Grant's +son married, enlightens us, in the following words: "There has been +a good deal of nonsense in the papers about Dr. Newman's visits. +General Grant does not believe that Dr. Newman's prayers will save +him. He allows the doctor to pray simply because he does not want +to hurt his feelings, He is indifferent on his own account to +everything." General Chaffee had formerly been a senator from +Colorado, was with Grant frequently during his illness and knew +whereof he spoke. + + A contemporary journalist said: "His acceptance of the +effusive and offensive ministrations of the peripatetic preacher +was probably due as much to his regard for the feelings of his +family and his tolerance of his ministerial friend as to any faith +in religion. All the press can gather now about his religious +belief is filtered through Dr. Newman, and must, therefore, be +largely discounted." To what extent this writer is telling the +truth will appear hereafter. + + Yet, the Rev. Newman had a reason of his own for being there +and he was candid enough to tell it. It was not to save from hell +the soul of the man who had witnessed so much death, destruction +and carnage on the field of battle. He said, "Great men may gain +nothing from relegion, but religion can gain much from great men," +In other words he was there to obtain publicity for his Church and +for himself. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + When Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln's great opponent, who, like +General Grant, was not a church member, lay dying in Chicage, Mrs. +Douglas, who was a devout Roman Catholic, called in Bishop Duggan, +of that Church, to see her husband. Wives who are religious +naturally think their husbands ought to be the same, so we can +account for the attitude of Mrs. Douglas and Mrs. Grant. The Bishop +asked Senator Douglas whether he had ever been baptized according +to the rites of any Church. "Never," replied the Senator. "Do you +wish to have mass said after the ordinances of the holy Catholic +Church?" inquired the Bishop. "No, sir," was the prompt reply. +"When I do, I will communicate with you freely." The next day Mrs. +Douglas again sent for the Bishop. Coming to the Senator's bedside, +he said: "Mr. Douglas, you know your condition fully, and in view +of your dissolution, do you desire the ceremony of extreme unction +to be performed?" "No," replied the dying man, "I have no time to +discuss these things now." The Bishop left the room, as any other +clergyman who was also a gentleman would have done. + + The Rev. Dr. Newman, however, was a sticker. When he found +that General Grant had never been baptized, he did not ask +permission to perform the rite. While Grant was asleep, he took a +pan of water and sprinkled him. He was determined that General +Grant should go to heaven, in spite of himself. + + The reverend doctor frequently questioned General Grant, +hoping that in his replies he would say something that would commit +him to the Methodist faith. When he refused to do this, Dr. Newman +put words into Grant's mouth which he never uttered. Once he quoted +him as saying: "Three times have I been in the valley of the shadow +of death, and three times have I returned thither." Mark Twain +called the attention of the public to this misrepresentation, +saying the General always spoke in plain, blunt language and never +used figures of speech. Mark Twain was a personal friend of the +General, frequently called on him while he was sick, and was the +publisher of his Memoirs after his death. Fortunately, we know just +what Grant did say. It was true that his life was despaired of +three times and he later recovered. The last time, he was revived +by the physicians with the aid of brandy. General Adam Badeau, an +old personal friend, who was on his staff during the war, was +present at the time and gives the exact facts, and the exact words +uttered: + + "At this crisis he did not wish to live. 'THE DOCTORS ARE +RESPONSIBLE THREE TIMES,' HE SAID, 'FOR MY BEING ALIVE, AND -- +UNLESS THEY CAN CURE ME -- I DON'T THANK THEM.' He had no desire to +go through the agony again. For he had suffered death; be had +parted with his family; he had undergone every physical pang that +could have come had he died before the brandy was administered." +(Badeau's 'Grant in Peace,' p. 450.) + + Quite a difference between these words and those attributed to +him the Rev. Newman, who interpolated three times have I been in +the shadow of death," and "three times have I returned thither," to +give the incident a dramatic effect and a pious air. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + At another time Dr. Newman asked General Grant what was the +supreme thought on his mind when death was so near? The answer was +"The comfort of the consciousness that I have tried to live a good +and honerable life." Would that all men could say this when they +are about to leave this world, but it did not please the reverend +doctor, nor did it please his friends, the religious press. The +'New York Independant' commented thus: + + "The honest effort 'to live a good and honerable life' + may well be a source of comfort at any time, and especially so + in the hour and article of death: and we see no impropriety in + referring to it as such. But it would be a great mistake to + make such an effort, or such a life, even though the best that + any man ever lived, the basis on which sinners are to rest for + their peace with God and their hope of salvation. Sinners are + saved, if at all, through grace, and by the suffering and + death of Christ, and upon the condition of their repentance + toward God, and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. This is the + gospel plan of salvation as Christ himself taught it and the + Apostles preached it. There is no other plan known to the + Bible. + + "Great men and small men viewed simply as men, as + subjects of the moral government of God, and as sinners, stand + at a common level in respect to their wants and the method of + their relief; and they must alike build their hopes on + Christ." + + We will let the New York 'Commercial Advertiser' tell the +story of General Giant's death, and the relation of the Rev. Dr. +Newman to that event: + + "About 7:15 o'clock on the morning that Grant died + Dr.Newman said he thought he would go over to the hotel and + get a little breakfast. The physician warned him that a change + might occur at any moment, and that he had better not go. He + turned to Henry, the nurse, and asked his advice. Henry + thought the General would live for an hour. so off went the + Doctor and ate his breakfast. In the meantime, Dr. sands, who + had left the cottage at 10 o'clock the previous evening in + order to have a good night's rest, came back about 7:50, just + in time. Dr. Newman was not so fortunate. After breakfast, he + came up the path at so quick a rate, his arms waving, that he + was short of breath. Dr. Shrady saw him coming, walked out, + and said, 'Hush! he's dead.' The Doctor almost fell. His + terrible disappointment was depicted on his face." + + The secular press did not hesitate to ridicule the +Rev. Newman and call him a mountebank. Other religious journals +criticised him, even more severely than did the 'New York +Independent., The 'New York World' said: "Dr. Newman beautifully +remarks that 'some of the last scenes of General Grant's death were +pitiful and at the same time eloquent,' which is alike creditable +to Dr. Newman's elocution and eyesight, since he witnessed these +scenes from the breakfast table at the hotel some distance away +from the cottage occupied by the general." + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + On the morning followinl, the General's death, the 'World' +said: General Grant, as it would appear, had no settled convictions +on the subject of religion. Having been interrogated during his +last illiness on the question of religion, he replied that he had +not given it deep study, and was unprepared to express an opinion. +He intimated that he saw no use of devoting, any special thought to +theology at so late a day, and that he was prepared to take his +chances with the millions of people who went before him." + + The 'Christian Statesman' said: "It is not on record that he +(Grant] spoke at any time of the Saviour, or expressed his sense of +dependence on his atonement and mediation." The Nashville +'Christian Advocate,' a Methodist organ, rebuked Dr. Newman in +these words: + + "Some ministers seem to have an incurable itch for + claiming that all the men who have figured prominently in + public life are Christians. Mr. Lincoln has almost been + canonized, and General Grant has been put forward as + possessing all the graces, though neither one of them ever + joined the Church or made the slightest public profession of + faith in Jesus. Has it (Christianity) anything to gain by + decking itself with the ambiguous compliments of men who never + submitted themselves to its demands? The less of all this the + better. We are sick of the pulpit toadyism that pronounces its + best eulogies over those who are not the real disciples of + Jesus Christ." + + After General Grant's death, Dr. Newman issued, a statement +filled with rhetoric and generalities. but he does not assert that +the subject of his great solicitude acknowledged faith in Christ. +That was further than he could go in safety. + + General Grant was a firm believer in separation of church and +state, and had no patience with clerical interference with the +government. In his 'Memoirs' (vol. 1, p, 213), he said: "No +political party can, or ought to, exist when one of its corner- +stones is opposition to freedom of thought. If a sect sets up its +laws as binding above the state laws, whenever the two come in +conflict, this claim must be resisted and suppressed at any cost. + + He was opposed to all types of religious interference with the +public schools. In his speech before the Army of the Tennessee, +delivered in Des Moines Iowa, in 1875, General Grant used these +words, which are often quoted: + + "The free school is the promoter of that intelligence + which is to preserve us as a nation. If we were to have + another contest in the near future of our national existence, + I prediet that the dividing line will not be Mason's and + Dixon's, but between patriotism and intelligence on one side, + and superstition, ambition and ignorance on the other. Let us + all labor to add all needful guarantees for the more perfect + security of FREE THOUGHT, FREE SPEECH AND FREE PRESS, pure + morals, unfettered religious sentiments, and of equal rights + and privileges to all men, irrespective of nationality, color + or religion. Encourage free schools, and resolve that not one + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + dollar of money be appropriated to the support of any + sectarian school. Resolve that neither the State nor nation, + or both combined, shall support institutions of learning other + than those sufficient to afford every child growing up in the + land the opportunity of a good common education, unmixed with + sectarian, pagan or atheistical tenets. Leave the matter of + religion to the family altar, the Church, and the private + schools, supported entirely by private contributions. KEEP + CHURCH AND STATE FOREVER SEPARATE." + + Some persons said that General Grant was here attacking the +Catholic schools. On this point, his friend, General Sherman, says, +"The Des Moines speech was prompted by a desire to defend the +freedom of our public schools from sectarian influences, and, as I +remember the conversation which led him to write that speech, it +was because of the clamor for set religious exercises in the public +schools, not from Catholic but from Protestant denominations." +(Packard'S 'Grant's Tour Around the World,' p. 566.) + + General Grant believed that church property should be taxed +the same as other property. In an annual message to Congress +(1875), he used this language: + + "In connection with this important question, I would also + call your attention to the importance of correcting an evil + that if permitted to continue, will probably lead to great + trouble in our land before the close of the 19th Century. It + is the acquisition of vast amounts of untaxed Church property. + In 1850, I believe, the Church property of the United States, + Which paid no tax, municipal or State, amounted to + $87,000,000. in 1860 the amount had doubled. In 1870 it was + $354,483,587. By 1900, without a check, it is safe to say this + property will reach a sum exceeding $3,000,000,000. So vast a + sum, receiving all the protection and benefits of the + government, without bearing its proportion of the burdens and + expenses of the same, will not be looked upon acquiescently by + those who have to pay the taxes. In a growing country, where + real estate enhances so rapidly with time as in the United + States, there is scarcely a limit to the wealth that may be + acquired by corporations, religious or otherwise, if allowed + to retain real estate without taxation. The contemplation of + so vast a property as here alluded to, without taxation, may + lead to sequestration without constitutional authority, and + through blood. I would suggest the taxation of all property + equally." + + Two weeks before he died, General Grant wrote the following +note, addressed to his wife, which was found on his person after +his death: + + "Look after our dear children and direct them in the + paths of rectitude. It would distress me far more to think + that one of them could depart from an honorable, upright, and + virtuous life than it would to know that they were prostrated + on a bed of sickness from which they were never to arise + alive. They have never given us any cause for alarm on this + account, and I trust they never will. With these few + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + + injunctions and the knowled@e I have of your love and + affection and the dutiful affection of all our children, I bid + you a final farewell, until we meet in another and, I trust, + a better world. You will find this on my person after my + demise." + + Here is shown no partiality for any creed, Church or religion. +General Grant hoped for a future life, as do all religionists, and +even some Agnostics. [NOTE: For the facts about the religions +opinions of General Grant, I am largely indebted to 'Six Historic +Americans,' by John E. Remsburg; to 'Grant in Peace,' by Adam +Badeau, and to 'Meet General Grant,' by W.E. Woodward.] + + RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES + + Born, October 4, 1822. Died, January 17, 1893. + President, March 4, 1877 -- March 4, 1881. + + While Rutherford Birchard Hayes was President of the United +States, it was said by his enemies that he was ruled by his wife, +who was, in fact, the Chief Executive. While this statement +contained an element of truth, it grossly exaggerated the +situation, particularly in regard to President Hayes' religious +belief. + + As is well known, Mrs. Lucy Webb Hayes was a Methodist of the +strictest type. When she took charge of the White House, cards, +dancing, and low neeked dresses were banished. Wine and liquors +disappeared from the table -- even the glasses in which they had +been served were put out of sight. The Discipline of the Methodist +Church prevailed. Yet the good lady was unable to convince her +husband of the superiority of the doctrines of John Wesley, for +President Hayes was not a Methodist, held views contrary to the +Discipline, and was not a member of any Church. Many persons were +astonished when President Hayes' Biography was published, and the +real facts of his religious views given to the world. + + The mother of President Hayes was a Presbyterian. He attended +Kenyon College, where he had Episcopalian instructors, but his +biographer, Charles Richard Williams, says: "While he felt himself +to be a Christian in all essential respects, he never united with +any Church. There were declarations of belief in the orthodox +creeds, that he could not conscientiously make." (Vol. 2, p. 435.) + + In his Diary (May 17, 1890), he states his position: "I am not +a subscriber to any creed. I belong to no Church. But in a sense +satisfactory to myself, and believed by me to be important, I try +to be a Christian and to help do Christian work." (P. 435.) + + Before his last sickness he said: "I am a Christian according +to my conscience, in belief, not, of course, in character and +conduct, but in purpose and wish: not, of course, by the orthodox +standard. But I am content and have a feeling of trust and safety." +(P. 437.) + + He read and admired Emerson, who was not orthodox but a +Pantheist. From him he said he obtained "mental improvment, +information and kept the mental faculties alert and alive." He + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + + The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents + +thought the Sage of Concord prepared us "for the inevitable, to be +content at least for the time, and also for the future," and that +he "developed and strengthened character." "How Emerson prepares +one to meet the disappointmerts and griefs of this mortal life! His +writings seem to me to be religion. They bring peace, consolation; +that rest for the mind and heart which we all long for -- content." +(pp. 433-434.) + + President Hayes was an admirer of the closing declaration of +the will of Charles Dickens, which read: "I commend my soul to the +mercy of God through our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, and I +exhort my dear children humbly to try to guide themselves by the +teaching the New Testament in its broad spirit, and to put no faith +in any man's narrow construction of the letter here, or there." +(Dickens attended the old South Place Unitarian Chapel in Finsbury, +London.) + + Hayes copied this in his Diary (p. 437), under date of March +13, 1892. Were President Hayes to be classified religiously, he +might find a proper place among the Unitarians of the middle of the +19th Century. + + In writing of President Hayes, we cannot forbear, mentioning +the case of D.M. Bennett; first, because it involved the President +himself; second, it involved religion; third, it aroused great +controversy in 1879; fourth, it is one of the noted cases in the +Federal Reports. + + Bennett was a Freethinker and edited a Freethought, or, as +Some preferred to call it, an "Infidel," weekly in New York City. +He smote the popular orthodoxy of his time "hip and thigh." He also +published many books and cheap tracts, all attacking the +supernatural claims of Christianity. He had no pretensions to +learning or literary ability. He was, however, thoroughly honest +and earnest, and a "hard hitter." Quite naturally, such a journal +would arouse the antipathy of orthodox religionists. The old +tactics of suppressing by law those whose ideas one does not like +were not out of vogue in the 1870's, nor are they today. The ultra +Evangelicals sought a method to put this troublesome man Bennett +out of business, As he was a small publisher with little capital, +it was hoped that a prosecution followed by a term in prison would +accomplish the object. Blasphemy laws were in existence, although +they were unpopular; and there was also a law providing severe +penalties for sending obscene matter through the Mails. + + This law was passed in 1873, just at the close of the +congressional session. Attention was then called to the nature of +the bill. Among other things it was pointed out that it could be +utilized to throttle free press and penalize the discussion of +legitmate questions upon which the people ought to be informed. +This law was very flexable, and might, and did, result in the +imprisonment of those who sent through the mails articles or +literature that offended the prejudices of judge or jury. As +further evidence of its flexibility, we can point to 84 other +decisions. + +@@@@ + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/prezignr.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/prezignr.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..558cea24 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/prezignr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ + Presidential Ignorance + by + Matt Giwer + + The title may sound rude but first we must clearly + understand the term ignorance. It is only a state of a lack of + knowledge. It is a condition that can be repaired. I would hope + to do my civic duty here and alleviate one area of his + ignorance. + I am referring to your staged, duck hunting trip. When + questioned about it you said it was to demonstrate your gun + control efforts were not directed toward hunters. Frankly, Mr. + President, we don't give a damn. + Mr. President, most of us with guns have them for a very + immediate purpose, defense against criminals, the very same + reason your Secret Service guards have guns. And, Mr. President, + we are mad as hell because every proposal we have seen from you + only makes is harder for us to get guns. We do not carry guns on + the street; making it harder for us to gets guns does nothing to + get them off of the street. + We are the people facing armed gangs. Taking "assault + weapons" away from us is not going to do us the least bit of + good, in fact it will kill us. + Mr. President, we are not concerned about the right to + freeze our backsides off in a duck blind early in the morning. + We are concerned about our right to have a chance against house + breakers late at night. I at least have never been attacked by a + duck. I have never heard a report of anyone being attacked by a + duck. I have never heard of a duck robbing a home, raping a + woman, or murdering anyone. Mr. President, I am not afraid of a + duck. + I am afraid for my family and friends being bludgeoned, + stabbed, throttled and shot. I can not find one proposal from + you to alleviate my fear. What I do find from you are proposals + to make my family and friends even more helpless. I find you are + proposing to make things harder on the victims. + Every proposal has been to make self defense more difficult. + Mr. President, I hold I have a god given right to defend myself, + my family, my friends, my property and the political institutions + of this country. I hold I even have a god given right to defend + people I have never met. + I hold all men have these rights. I hold the only way to + exercise these rights is with guns. In my youth I may have + imagined disarming thugs bare handed. With the wisdom that comes + from experience I know I can not call time out to dial 911. + When all you can do is find ways to limit our access to guns + we see you not as the solution but as part of the problem. We + are tired of hearing that the restrictions on us are not all that + bad. We are asking why there are any restrictions at all on us + and none on those we and your Secret Service guard are facing. + Are our lives less than yours? Why can we not have the + submachineguns that protect your life? When will you give up + what we can not have? + You say we do not need submachineguns? Then neither does + your guard. Is your life truly more important than ours? + You do not talk like you understand us at all. Please let + me explain it to you. We do not give a damn about your gun laws. + We will not comply with any law our right to defend what we hold + dear. We are a free people who will not bow to your attempts to + make it harder for us to do so. + Mr. President, you are no longer ignorant. You now know who + we are. What we want from you are measures to reduce crime so we + will not have the absolute necessity of gun ownership. We are + not interested in you making it harder for us and not them. We + do not want you to do something; we want you to do something that + works. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/priv.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/priv.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8903b4bb --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/priv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +THE PRIVATE AND OPEN SOCIETY +BY JOHN GILMORE + + +A transcript of remarks given by John Gilmore at the First Conference +on Computers, Freedom, and Privacy, March 28,1991 + +My talk concerns two ethics - the belief in an open society and the +belief in privacy. These two ethics are related , and I would like +to say something about how they relate to our conduct in the world. + +This society was built as a free and open society. Our ancestors, our +parents, our peers, and ourselves are all making and building this +society in such a way - because we believe such a society outperforms +closed societies - in quality of life, in liberty, and in the pursuit +of happiness. + +But I see this free and open society being nibbled to death by ducks, +by small, unheralded changes. It's still legal to exist in our +society without an ID - but just barely. It is still legal to exist +by paying with cash - just barely. It is still legal to associate +with anyone you want - unless they bring a joint onto your boat, +photograph naked children for your museum, or work for you building a +fantasy roleplaying game. And I think conferences like ours run the +risk of being co-opted; we sit here and we work hard and we talk to +people and build our consensus on what are relatively minor points, +while we lose the larger open society. + +For example - we have the highest percentage in the world of our own +population in jail. We used to be number two but last year we passed +South Africa. We are number one. + +Over the last ten years we've doubled the number of people in jail. +In fact, those extra cells are mostly filled with people on drug +charges, a victimless crime that twenty years ago was accepted +behavior. + +But it's no wonder we are concerned about privacy, because we are all +"lawbreakers", We all break the law, but few of us are criminals. The +problem is that simply attracting the attention of the police is +enough to put the best of us at risk, because we break the law all the +time and it's set up to make that happen! + + I don't blame the cops for this. They mostly just enforce the bad +laws that the legislatures write. The legislatures aren't completely +at fault either, because in the long run, only educating the whole +population about the benefits of openness has a chance. And I think +I do a little bit of work in this area. + +But beyond that, as P. T. Barnum said, "Nobody ever lost money by +underestimating the intelligence of the American public." Where I +hold out the most hope is in a different approach. In the paraphrased +words of Ted Nelson, we probably can't stop this elephant but maybe we +can run between its legs. + +In most of Europe, phone companies don't record the phone numbers when +you call, and they don't show up on your bill. They only tick off the +charges on a meter. Now, I was told that this is partly because the +Nazis used the call records that they used to have, to track and +identify the opposition after taking over those countries in World War +II. They don't keep those records any more. + +In the U.S., people boycotted the 1990 census in record numbers. I +think that the most shameful story of how Japanese-Americans were +rounded up using census data had a lot to do with that. + +Professor Tribe talked about the distrust we must hold for our +government. We have to realize that people who run the government can +and do change. Our society and laws must assume that bad people - +criminals even - will run the government, at least part of the time. + +There's been a lot of talk here about privacy ... but we haven't +focused much on why we want it. Privacy is a means; what is the real +end we are looking for here? I submit that what we're looking for +increased tolerance. + +Society tolerates all different kinds of behavior - differences in +religion, differences in political opinions, races, etc. But if your +differences aren't accepted by the government or by other parts of +society, you can still be tolerated if they simply don't know that you +are different. Even a repressive government or a regressive +individual can't persecute you if you look the same as everybody else. +And, as George Perry said today, "Diversity is the comparative +advantage of American society". I think that's what privacy is really +protecting. + +The whole conference has spent a lot of time talking about ways to +control uses of information and to protect peoples' privacy after the +information was collected. But that only works if you assume a good +government. If we get one seriously bad government, they'll have all +the information they need to make an efficient police state and make +it the last government. It's more than convenient for them - in fact, +it's a temptation for people who want to do that, to try to get into +power and do it. Because we are giving them the means. + +What if we could build a society where the information was never +collected? Where you could pay to rent a video without leaving a +credit card number or a bank number? Where you could prove you're +certified to drive without ever giving your name? Where you could +send and receive messages without revealing your physical location, +like an electronic post office box? + +That's the kind of society I want to build. I want a guarantee - with +physics and mathematics, not with laws - that we can give ourselves +things like real privacy of personal communications. Encryption +strong enough that even the NSA can't break it. We already know how. +But we're not applying it. We also need better protocols for mobile +communication that can't be tracked. + +We also want real privacy of personal records. Our computers are +extensions of our minds. We should build them so that a thought +written in the computer is as private as a thought held in our minds. + +We should have real freedom of trade. We must be free to sell what we +make and buy what we want - from anyone and to anyone - to support +ourselves and accomplish what we need to do in this world. + +Importantly, we need real financial privacy because the goods and +information cost money. When you buy or sell or communicate, money is +going to change hands. If they can track the money, they can track +the trade and the communication, and we lose the privacy involved. + +We also need real control of identification. We need the right to be +anonymous while exercising all other rights. So that even with our +photos, our fingerprints and our DNA profile, they can't link our +communication and trade and financial activities to our person. + +Now I'm not talking about lack of accountability here, at all. We +must be accountable to the people we communicate with. We must be +accountable to the people we trade with. And the technology must be +built to enforce that. But we must not be accountable to THE PUBLIC +for who we talk to, or who we buy and sell from. + +There's plenty of problems here. I think we need to work on them. +Just laws need to be enforced in such a society. People need to find +like-minded people. And somebody still has to pay the cost of +government, even when they can't spy on our income and our purchases. +I don't know how to solve these problems, but I'm not willing to throw +the baby out with the bath water. I still think that we should shoot +for real privacy and look for solutions to these problems. + +How do we create this kind of society? One way is to stop building +and supporting fake protections, like laws that say you can't listen +to cellular phone calls. We should definitely stop building outright +threatening systems like the Thai ID system or the CalTrans vehicle +tracking system. + +Another thing to do is, if you know how, start and continue building +real protections into the things you build. Build for the US market +even if the NSA continues to suppress privacy with export controls on +cryptography. It costs more to build two versions, one for us and one +for export, but it's your society you're building for, and I think you +should build for the way you want to live. + +If you don't know how to build real protection, buy it. Make a market +for those people who are building it, and protect your own privacy at +the same time by putting it to use. Demand it from the people who +supply you, like computer companies and cellular telephone +manufacturers. + +Another thing is to Work to eliminate trade restrictions. We should +be able to import the best from everywhere and we should be able to +export the privacy and the best of our products to the rest of the +world. The NSA is currently holding us hostage; Mainframe +manufacturers, for example, haven't built in security because they +can't export it. IBM put DES into their whole new line of computers, +and they were only going to put it on the U.S. models, but the NSA +threatened to persecute them by stalling even their allowable exports +in red tape. IBM backed down and took it out. We can't allow this to +continue. + +We also need to educate everyone about what's possible so we can +choose this kind of freedom rather than assume it's unattainable. + + None of these ideas are new. Freedom of association and privacy have +been prized by people everywhere. Cryptography has been used for these +goals for thousands of years. But we owe a special debt to +cryptographer David Chaum for researching how modern cryptography can +enable these goals to be met by everyone in society, on a large scale. +By reading David's work, you can begin to understand the capabilities +of cryptography and how to apply them to provide financial and +personal privacy. + +We need to keep cash and anonymity legal. We'll need them as +precedents for untraceable electronic cash and cryptographic +anonymity. + +I think with these approaches, we'll do a lot more for our REAL +freedom, our real privacy, and our real security, than passing a few +more laws or scaring a few more kid crackers. Please join me in +building a future we'll be proud to inhabit and happy to leave to our +children. - + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/privacy b/textfiles.com/politics/privacy new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f18457fd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/privacy @@ -0,0 +1,1336 @@ + COMPUTER PRIVACY VS. FIRST AND FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS + (By Michael S. Borella) + + + + +I: What is Cyberspace? + + "Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily + by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation... A + graphical representation of data abstracted from the banks + of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable + complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the + mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, + receding..." + + - William Gibson, Neuromancer + + Even after reading William Gibson's cyberpunk novels, one's + +conceptualization of cyberspace, the electronic world of computers and + +computer networks, can be insubstantial. Gibson describes cyberspace as + +a world of simulated stimulation that a computer feeds to a "jockey" + +(computer operator) via a "cyberspace deck" (human-computer interface). + +Explorers in Gibson's cyberspace often have difficulty telling what is + +real and what is not. Frequently, in our world, the novice computer + +user has similar problems understanding how to use the potential wealth + +of information at their finger tips. In Gibson's uncharted future, + +people access computers by merging their thoughts with a database. + +Today we can "enter" cyberspace through keyboard and modem. But what + +actually is cyberspace? Is it real? What does it look like? What are + +some of the personal and legal issues emerging from this vastly + +uncharted new frontier? This paper will answer those questions and more + +as we explore cyberspace, meet its frequenters, and discuss its + +increasing role in the life of every human being, not just those who + +actually use a computer. + + Before we embark on our journey through the legal battles and + +rights issues regarding cyberspace, we need a working knowledge of what + +it is and how computer operators use it. + + Envision a roadmap. Cities dot the otherwise sparse landscape + +and roads branch out in all directions, connecting every city. This + +network leaves no city unserviced. Although not every city is connected + +to every other, it is possible to reach any one city from any other. + +Like every other mass transit system, certain areas are more travelled + +than others. Some cities are larger than others and some stretches of + +road are more prone to traffic. The size and complexity of this roadmap + +defies the imagination - it encircles the world. + + But the cities are not actually cities. They are computers or + +groups of computers. The roads are telephone lines or fiber-optic + +cable. The system surrounds the globe in an electronic web of data. + +The travellers on these 'virtual' roads are packets of information which + +are sent from one city to another, perhaps via many. The roadmap is a + +worldwide computer "network." Each city is a depot or terminal for the + +packets, and is usually referred to as a "node." In reality they are + +mainframes owned by universities, companies, or groups of computer + +users. There are several worldwide computer networks currently in + +existence. + + Every individual who has an account on any mainframe in the + +world has their own unique electronic address. It is not unlike a + +mailbox, except that it can only receive mail of the electronic kind. + +Electronic addresses are similar to postal addresses in that they + +contain: + + --a name, or user identification which corresponds to the + individual computer user who owns the particular address. + --a local machine name, which is the specific mainframe that the + userid is on. Local names are only used in the node consists of + more than one mainframe. This is not unlike a street address. + + --a node name, which corresponds to the physical location of the + node that the userid belongs to. This is not unlike a city + address and/or zip code. + + This is all a network needs to know before it can send + +information from one mailbox to another. Just like postal mail, if the + +user doesn't address mail correctly, the network will return it. In the + +case of e-mail (electronic mail) a simple misspelling will cause the + +network to return the mail, or send it to an improper destination. Each + +of the several worldwide networks has its own unique but similar method + +for addressing e-mail. Corresponding via electronic mail has been + +available to some academicians for over 20 years, but today it is + +possible for anybody with a computer and a modem to have their own + +mailbox. For the sake of convenience, many useful physical objects have + +been abstracted into cyberspace. Computerized filing systems + +(databases), bulletin boards, and electronically published digests and + +magazines proliferate in the virtual world of networks. Many of these + +electronic items are being treated differently than their "real" + +counterparts. Often, due to the convenience of having millions of + +pieces of data available in seconds, individual privacy rights are + +violated. This is leading to debate and litigation concerning the use + +of various aspects of cyberspace. The next sections cover the + +situations, people, and legislation of this untamed and largely + +undefined frontier. + + + +II: Databases + + A database is a collection facts, figures, numbers, and words + +that are sorted in a particular order and/or indexed. They are stored on + +a computer so that retrieval is quick and simple. Often, databases are + +used by the government, corporations, and private businesses to keep + +track of the names, address, phone numbers, and other relevant data + +about their clients, subscribers, members, etc. For example, most + +public libraries have databases containing information of every person + +who has a card at that library. Besides the name, address, and phone + +number of the card holder, the library's database would also contain + +information regarding what books the holder is currently borrowing, + +whether they are overdue or not, and when each person's library card + +expires. + + Similarly, banks have databases containing information regarding + +the persons they transact with. Again, name, address and phone number + +is essential, but the bank would also be interested in social security + +number, credit rating, assets, mortgage information, and so on. By + +organizing this data on a computer, the bank increases its efficiency. + +It is able to serve more customers in less time, and provide monetary + +transactions within seconds. Anyone who has used a bank card at an + +automated teller can attest to this. + + But all databases are not used for such beneficial purposes. As + +we will see in the next section, even the information stored in "benign" + +databases can be used to violate privacy rights. + + In 1967, J. Edgar Hoover, then head of the FBI, created the + +National Crime Information Center (NCIC). This organization's purpose + +is to use a computerized database containing the criminal record of + +every United States citizen to increase the efficiency of all levels of + +law enforcement by facilitating quick exchange of information. The + +NCIC's federal databanks interface with over 64,000 state and local + +governments' computer networks, and even with some criminal databases of + +foreign countries. This widespread and far-reaching power is used by + +everyone from top FBI investigators to county and municipal patrol + +officers. For example, if a police officer pulls over a speeder in New + +York, they can check, within a matter of seconds, if that person is + +wanted in any other state, and if that person has a criminal record. + + The NCIC contains records on every person arrested in the United + +States, which amounts to approximately 40 million people, a number + +equivalent to one-third of the work force (Gordon and Churchill, p. + +497). It goes without saying that the holders of this information have + +incredible power. However, at first glance, the existence of the NCIC's + +databases seem completely beneficial; in fact they do much to protect + +the privacy of the average American. Authorities can find out if an + +individual is wanted for a crime and detain that person if necessary, + +all with the push of a few buttons. Effective law enforcement does make + +the country a safer place for its citizens. But, as we will see, the + +current state of and uses for the NCIC do infringe upon individual + +privacy. + + There are many cases in which the NCIC databases have been + +found to hold inaccurate and incomplete information. Keep in mind that + +they only contain arrest records, not conviction records. If an + +individual has been acquitted of a charge, it does not necessarily get + +entered into the computers. An example of this was the legal battle + +fought by Los Angeles native Terry Dean Rogan. After Rogan lost his + +wallet, a man using his identification was linked to four crimes, + +including two murders. Rogan was mistakenly arrested, and an NCIC file + +was made about him. The file was inaccurate - it did not contain a + +description of him. As a result, he was arrested four times for crimes + +he didn't commit. Rogan successfully sued to city if Los Angeles in + +1987 for violating his Fourth Amendment rights (Science Court Opinions, + +p. 99). But some victims of NCIC errors don't get off so easily. + + In 1979, Michael Ducross of Huntington Beach California made a + +minor traffic violation on his way to the supermarket one day. The + +police officer radioed for a check on Ducross. When a police station + +desk clerk punched up the NCIC database to see if Ducross had a file, he + +got a surprising result. Ducross was wanted for going AWOL from the + +Marine Corps 10 years earlier. He was seized and held for five months + +at Camp Pendleton. The Marine Corps eventually dropped the charges + +because he had never actually gone AWOL. Ducross was a Native American, + +and he had left the Corps on a special discharge program available only + +to Native Americans and foreign citizens (Burnham, pp. 33-34). + + But these are just two isolated examples, right? Wrong! A + +study by the Congressional Office of Technology Assistance (OTA) + +conducted in 1982 found that, "...as many as one-third of state records + +lacked information about the disposition of the cases on file. + +Therefore, an arrest in one state, which may have resulted in a + +dismissal or an acquittal, could in another state influence the decision + +to withhold bail or to prosecute the defendant as a 'career criminal.' " + +(Gordon and Churchill, p. 514). The OTA study found that, at best, 49.5 + +percent of the NCIC Criminal History records were complete, correct, and + +unambiguous (Burnham, p. 74). + + It's bad enough that the NCIC files are largely inaccurate -that + +your Fourth Amendment rights protecting unlawful search and seizure can + +be lawfully violated if you have been previously arrested for a crime + +you didn't commit - but these computerized criminal files are used for + +much more than law enforcement, and are used by more than just law + +enforcement agencies. Approximately 90 percent of all criminal + +histories in the United States are available to public and private + +employers (Gordon and Churchill, p. 515). + + Nor is the NCIC without local competition. For example, one + +Rhode Island data merchant, whose clients are mostly prospective + +employers, keeps files on people who have been arrested but + +no necessarily convicted of a crime. That merchant includes in the files + +names of individuals taken from local newspaper stories (Consumer + +Reports). + + If arrest records but not conviction records are available, + +might not they influence hiring decisions? For example, might not an + +employer finding a record of arrests in the file of a person claiming a + +"clean record" on an employment application question the credibility of + +the applicant's claim and make a decision not to hire influenced by that + +doubt? Given that the applicant would not be aware that such a database + +had been consulted, he or she could not possibly mount a defense if the + +information in the file was inaccurate (e.g., someone else's arrests) or + +misleading (e.g. no arrests led to convictions). + + Since 40 million US citizens have an arrest record, the + +social cost is potentially high. In several states, including + +California and Connecticut, more than half of the information requests + +to criminal history databases were made by employers (Gordon and + +Churchill, p. 515). + + But the problems don't end there. In 1981, mainly because + +of John Hinckley's attempt on then President Ronald Reagan's life, about + +400 files were added to the NCIC database. These were of people who had + +no criminal record and were wanted for no crime! Why were they being + +entered into the computers? Because these individuals were considered + +"a potential danger" by the Secret Service. Secret Service Director + +John R. Simpson stated that listing these people would provide an + +invaluable tool for tracking their location and activities (Epstein, p. + +17). This shows that the government is only paying lip service to the + +"innocent until proven guilty" precedent that our freedom is based on. + +The "potential danger" would be to members of the FBI protectorate, + +including the President, Congress members, and controversial political + +and social figures such as Jacqueline Onassis. Considering how + +"accurate" the files have been proven to be, one can imagine the + +atrocities possible (and encouraged) under these provisions. + + But there are more culprits to this mess than just the + +government. The use of databases in the violation of privacy extends + +into the corporate world. The U.D. Registry Inc. was formed in 1977 by + +Harvey Saltz, a former deputy district attorney in Los Angeles. "Using + +a computer to store information obtained from legal charges filed by + +landlords in the courts, Saltz says he currently has compiled more than + +a million records about such disputes all over the Los Angeles area. + +Over 1900 landlords pay Saltz an annual fee ranging from $35 to $60...to + +determine whether the individuals who come to them for housing have had + +arguments with other landlords in the past." (Burnham, p. 34). And just + +like the NCIC, Saltz's database was found to be less than reliable. + + In 1978, Lucky Kellener paid the rent to his brother's + +apartment. But when his brother was evicted, Kellener's name was + +included in the U.D. Registry files, defining him as an undesirable + +tenant. When Kellener went looking for a new apartment in 1981, he got + +repeatedly turned down and brushed off. Finally, a landlord told him + +that he had been blacklisted (Burnham, pp. 34-35). + + Another victim was Barbara Ward, who moved to Los Angeles and + +found that her newly rented apartment was infested with cockroaches. + +When she gave her landlord a thirty day notice, he countered with an + +eviction notice. When the landlord didn't show up in court, the judge + +threw the case out. But Ward was entered in the U.D. Registry as having + +an eviction notice, and when she wanted to rent an apartment later she + +was unable to (Burnham, pp. 34-35). + + In both cases, errors caused a major personal difficulty and + +breach of privacy. Also, in both cases the victim did not know of the + +U.D. Registry's existence. Therefore, neither could possibly confront + +the unfavorable, electronically-stored data, analogous to a "false + +witness," that led to their blacklisting. + + Perhaps the grandest scale of gathering information about people + +by a non-governmental agency was undertaken by the Lotus Development + +Corp. in conjunction with Equifax Inc. Lotus and Equifax developed + +"Marketplace: Households," a database of the names, addresses, and + +marketing information on 120 million residents of the United States + +(Fisher, p. C3). The purchaser of this information would probably be + +large consumer goods companies specializing in mail order. Databases + +like this are currently used by organizations to send unsolicited (junk) + +mail to potential buyers. Imagine the volume of junk mail if the entire + +business world had the names and addresses of almost half of the + +country's population on-line! + + Fortunately, on January 23, 1991, Lotus and Equifax announced + +that they had cancelled plans to release "Marketplace: Households" due + +to 30,000 letter and phone calls from individuals who wanted their + +files deleted from the product. Apparently, the companies decided that + +the privacy issues involved would make the product unviable. (Fisher, + +p. C3.) Ironically, a similar product, "Marketplace: Business", which + +contained database information on seven million U.S. businesses, was + +discontinued the same day. "Marketplace: Business" has been shipping + +since October 1990, but was not profitable without the revenues from + +"Marketplace: Households" (Fisher, p. C3). + + A similar example of the same type of database belongs to the + +Phone Disc USA Corporation. This small, Massachusetts based company + +has manually copied the names, addresses and numbers of 90 million + +people out of the white pages of telephone books from across the nation. + +They put this information on CD-ROM storage devices, and sell it to + +mass-marketers. In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court decided that it + +is legal to copy white pages listings because they are not copyrighted. + +For the next version of the product, co-founder James Bryant plans to + +copy every name from over 4000 sets of regional whites pages. + +(Kleinfield) Unlike the Lotus/Equifax undertaking, Phone Disc USA shows + +no signs of halting their product. + + How many of these computer databases and networks exist that the + +average American doesn't know about? Just about every government or + +private agency that interacts with the public has its own computerized + +index of names, addresses, social security numbers, etc. Every time you + +open a bank account, apply for a credit card, attend a learning + +institution, register at a hotel, get medical aid, or obtain a loan, a + +new file is opened for you, without your explicit knowledge! And these + +are the easy ones to track; there are many databases you get into + +without anyone telling you. In fact, these "secret" records, not unlike + +the U.D. Registry's, are more effective if the "victims" don't know + +about them. + + Now that we are aware of the problem, we can ask the question, + +"What do we do?" First we must clarify one point - does the mere + +existence of these databases and computerized records intrude upon the + +individual's privacy, or does the use of them constitute privacy + +invasion? The best way to do this is to find out if similar privacy + +violations occurred before the advent of computerized files. + + The Census Bureau's charter contains the provision, "in no case + +shall information furnished under the authority of this act be used to + +the detriment of the person or persons to which this information + +relates." But, during World War I, the Justice Department was looking + +for the names and addresses of young men who were trying to evade the + +draft so they could track these dissenters down and prosecute them. + +Under pressure from the military, the Census Bureau disclosed this + +information (Burnham, pg. 24). Computers did were not used to record + +information until the mid-forties. One of the first organizations to + +use primitive databases (stacks and stacks of punch cards) for the + +purpose of information gathering on a large number of people was the + +Census Bureau. + + The violation of privacy did take place before computerized + +databases. The largest differences between a stack of papers and a + +computer file are that the computer file is easier to use, faster to + +find, able to be disseminated and/or transmitted quickly. An example of + +how efficient computer files are at finding people is the case of the + +California Locator Service. This database is used to track parents who + +refuse to pay child support. The names of the wayward parents are filed + +in the database. The database is compared to that of the Franchise Tax + +Board. In the case of a match, the parent's tax refund is intercepted + +and sent to the parent with custody (Burnham, pp. 30-33). The Locator + +Service also has direct links to the Department of Motor Vehicles, the + +Employment Development Board, criminal databases, and several other + +computer networks to help locate the delinquent parent. According to + +manager Richard Beall, the service is able to provide at least some sort + +of information 62% of the time (Burnham, pp. 30-33). Imagine the + +difference if the California Locator Service were run by pen, pencil, or + +typewriter instead. The proper information on the wayward parent would + +have to be sent to all the associate agencies, processed, and answers + +given. The time to do this would be prohibitive enough to make the + +service slow and negligibly effective. The computer facilitates this + +sort of information sharing and retrieval. + + We conclude that computers aren't the inherent evil, but they + +help the government and other organizations to procreate the evil of + +privacy infringement more easily than if computer databases weren't + +used. So we can't necessarily eliminate the problem by eliminating the + +databases. Often the computer database used for the questionable + +activity is one that exists for a different purpose. Cases of this are + +the Census Bureau's information, and the NCIC. Both of these databases + +exist to serve beneficial purposes - population surveys and law + +enforcement, respectively. Eliminating all computer databases + +containing personal information would to too radical a step. Our society + +would grind to a standstill as bank records, medical files, legal + +reports, etc. (the list goes on indefinitely) would have to be hand + +copied and disseminated. + + Think of the examples of given at the beginning of this section + +of a library and a bank. We saw how these organizations used databases + +to improve their service to the public. These same databases can be + +used to invade the privacy of the public. For example if library + +databases are available to the public, they can be used to list the + +books or type of books that an individual reads. A magazine or book + +club might find library databases useful in deciding who to send + +unsolicited subscription or membership information to. Bank records can + +be used similarly to determine the financial status of an individual. + + What is comes down to is that any database containing personal + +information that is used for any other purpose than the one it exists + +for is a potential violation of privacy. As a case in point, under + +current law, our video rental histories have more protection than our + +medical or insurance records. Under a 1988 law, video rental records may + +only be released under court order. That law, often referred to as the + +"Bork bill," was inacted after video rental information about a Supreme + +Court nominee was made public in the press (Consumer Reports). Must we + +wait for similar abuses related to the medical, library, or bank records + +of persons in the public eye to similarly secure the privacy of these + +records? + + Is there a solution? Is there a middle ground where we can have + +the databases, but control how they are used? In the January 1988 issue + +of Omni magazine, experts from various legal and scientific fields were + +asked to comment upon the Terry Dean Rogan case (see above). Some + +responses were: (Science Court Opinions, p. 100). + +Sheldon L. Glashow, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at Harvard +University: "A centralized computerized crime file is absolutely +necessary for crime control, but it does jeopardize the rights of +citizens...Under no circumstance but one should the NCIC files be made +available for non-crime related purposes: The exception is the right of +each citizen to examine his or her own file." + +Melvin Konner, M.D., professor of anthropology at Emory University: +"Centralized data banks pose a new, probably serious threat to +privacy, yet such data banks are too valuable to be forsworn. +...challenges should result in the emergence of a system of check +and balances that will prevent the abuse of data." + +John Money, professor emeritus of medical psychology and pediatrics at +Johns Hopkins University and Hospital: "...it becomes imperative +to have strictly enforced safeguards on the usage of such +[computerized] lists. One such safeguard would be a legally +guaranteed principle of freedom of information, so that an +individual could access his or her name on the list and correct +information falsely entered against it." + +George B. Schaller, director of science for Wildlife Conservation +International: "...as a potential victim, I am pleased that the file +might help insure my privacy - that is my property and person. +The file should, however, be accessible for criminal matters only, +or it will be misused." + + + Furthermore, an interesting precedent may be set for privacy + +rights in the United States by the new European Community. The European + +Community is proposing a set of laws that would strictly limit how + +database information is used and who has access to it. Basically, the + +laws would instruct owners of databases to notify individuals of their + +inclusion, and these individuals would be able to obtain copies of the + +database information on them. Also, owners of databases would not be + +allowed to sell the personal information of an individual without the + +permission of that individual. "The proposals would prohibit...a + +publisher from selling a list of subscribers to a real estate developer + +- unless the subscribers agreed to be included. Banks would be required + +to notify credit card holders before selling their names to mail-order + +houses." (Markoff, p. D1). Interestingly enough, these proposed + +regulations have the U.S. based companies complaining the loudest. IBM, + +GTE, and AT&T claim that the proposed laws would strictly limit their + +business abroad (Markoff, p. D1). + + Privacy experts maintain that the companies are overreacting. + +Some of the restriction that are under consideration include: (Markoff, + +p. D1). + + + --Companies must register all databases containing personal + information with the countries...in which they are + operating... + + --Corporations using personal data must tell the subjects of + their use... + + --Private companies can only collect or process personal data + with the consent of the subjects. + + --Companies would not be able to transfer data to another + country unless that country also offered adequate protection + of records. + + Taking these experts' opinions and the precedents under + +consideration by the European Community, we have a basis for legislation + +concerning computer databases and the privacy of individuals. The + +following guidelines are suggested: + + 1) All individuals who have personal information stored in a + computer database must be informed of this fact. They also + must be given a chance to review their file(s) and to + petition for changes if they find that the information held + within is incorrect. + + 2) When a person is arrested and/or brought to trial because of + the information in one of these databases, attention must be + given to the question of the file's accuracy and + completeness. + + 3) Files that exist for purposes of law enforcement (e.g., the + NCIC) should not be used for anything other than law + enforcement. A system of checks and balances should be + maintained to guarantee this. + + 4) Files that exist for marketing or statistical purposes should + inform all individuals who are included in the database of + their inclusion, and give them an opportunity to request that + their file be deleted. + + The constitution was written as anticipatory democracy, but its + +framers did not (and could not) anticipate the advent nor the power of + +the computer. Although the ideals of individual privacy have not + +changed over the last 200 years, the reality has. In the next section + +other outdated legal concepts that are in danger of violating the First + +and Fourth Amendment rights of every citizen are exposed. + + +III: The Printed Word vs. The Electronic Word + + "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall + issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or + affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be + searched, and the persons or things to be seized." + + - The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the + United States + + On March 1st, 1990, Secret Service agents raided the offices of + +Steve Jackson Games, a small role-playing game company. The agents + +seized three computers, including one being used to run a bulletin + +board, all company software in the proximity of these computers, and all + +business records contained in the computers' storage. + + Why would the government want to virtually shut down a game + +company? Because Steve Jackson Games was just weeks away from + +publishing a science-fiction role-playing game called Gurps Cyberpunk. + +The game is set in a high-tech future society where the players use + +human/computer interfaces to "enter" computer networks and infiltrate + +(or hack) through defenses to valuable data. Playing the game does not + +require the use of (or even the knowledge of how to use) a computer. A + +Secret Service agent told Steve Jackson that the Gurps Cyberpunk playing + +manual was a "handbook on computer crime." (Barlow). + + As a result of losing their computing capabilities and data, + +Steve Jackson Games temporarily shut down and had to lay off half of its + +employees. For three months, the Secret Service retained the equipment + +and data even though they had no evidence that the game or any other + +Steve Jackson game violated any law. When some of the equipment was + +finally returned in June, 1990, the Service kept the drafts of Gurps + +Cyberpunk. The rest of the equipment was "lost." (Barlow). + + According to the Fourth Amendment, the Secret Service agents + +needed "probable cause" that criminal evidence will be at the scene of + +the search to get a search warrant issued. The Fourth Amendment also + +specifies that the search should be as narrow as possible (in other + +words, the Secret Service should have known exactly what they were + +looking for.) By taking all computer records, the Service not only + +effectively shut Jackson down, but violated the Fourth Amendment. + + The only "probable cause" that the Secret Service had for + +seizing Jackson's computers was that Jackson had hired a former "hacker" + +to work on Gurps Cyberpunk. A "hacker" is a member of an underground + +subculture dedicated to breaking and entering computer systems. While + +this is illegal, the hacker community in general frowns upon the + +stealing of data for personal profit, but does it instead for bragging + +rights and the thrill of gaining illicit access to a "guarded" area of + +cyberspace. This is not unlike breaking the speed limit for kicks and + +the excitement of defying authority. If this is indeed why the Service + +raided Steve Jackson Games, this sets another frightening precedent + +regarding privacy - will employers now check to see if applicants are + +hackers along with the "normal" checks for arrest records? This may be + +an effect that the Service was looking for. According to Steve Jackson, + +the Secret Service suspected this staff member of wrongdoing at home, + +not at Steve Jackson Games (Computer Underground Digest, 3.20). + + At the time of this writing, the search warrant remained sealed. + +If the object of the search, according to the warrant, was evidence of + +the staffer's wrongdoing, only evidence of that crime should have been + +retained. If the object was the game, the agents should have taken just + +the hard copy and soft copy regarding Gurps Cyberpunk. By taking the + +whole computer system of Steve Jackson Games, the FBI seriously hindered + +the lawful commercial activities of the company. By holding the + +computer equipment and software for three months, Steve Jackson Games + +was almost put out of business. The non-relevant equipment and software + +should have been returned promptly. + + Along with the computer equipment and software seized, the + +agents disconnected and confiscated Steve Jackson Games' BBS. A BBS, + +or Bulletin Board System, is a centralized, information gathering and + +dissemination point for many computer users. The BBS contains e-mail + +from and for those users, who can access the system with their home + +computer's modem through normal phone lines. Many users who don't + +have network access through a university or the organization they work + +for use a BBS to enter cyberspace. The BBS stores personal mail for + +these users and enables them to read it when they are logged on. U.S. + +postal mail is considered private. Electronic mail is the same as + +physical mail in that it should be protected by the same privacy rights + +that physical mail is. In the next section, the seizure of personal + +mail is explored in detail. + + Even though Steve Jackson Games did eventually publish Gurps + +Cyberpunk, the company was hit hard by the loss of its information. + +They had to recreate the game from rough drafts and memory. But, a + +positive result did come out of the SJG case. Mitch Kapor, founder of + +Lotus Development Corp, and associate John Perry Barlow, established the + +Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) with the purposes of educating the + +public about computer-based media and supporting litigation to extend + +First Amendment rights into the computer world. The EFF intervened in + +the Jackson case, pushing the government to restore SJG's equipment. In + +April, 1991 the EFF in conjunction with Steve Jackson Games filed a + +civil suit against the U.S. Secret Service and several of the + +individuals responsible for the raid and the withholding of Jackson's + +property. Unfortunately, at the time of this writing, more detail about + +this precedent setting case was unavailable. + + Although it will not set a legal precedent, there is a similar + +case on the books. The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is an + +organization that, for a large fee, will freeze an individual's body + +upon death. In December, 1987, the Riverside County Coroner's Office + +accused Alcor of hastening the death of cryogenic participant Dora Kent + +by prescribing her a lethal dose of barbituates (Computer Underground + +Digest, 1.04). In January 1988, law enforcement officers raided Alcor's + +headquarters and confiscated its computer equipment. Like the Steve + +Jackson Games case, the search warrant for the Alcor foundation did not + +specify what information that should have specifically be confiscated. + +The section of the warrant pertaining to computer seizures follows: + + All electronic storage devices, capable of storing + electronic data regarding the above records, including magnetic + tapes, disk (floppy or hard), and the complete hardware + necessary to retrieve electronic data including CPU (central + processing unit), CRT (viewing screen), disc or tape drives, + printer, software, and operation manuals for the above said + computer, together with all handwritten notes or printed + material describing the operation of the computer + (Computer Underground Digest, 1.04). + + In other words, the officers were directed to seize all + +computers and computer equipment from the Alcor site. Even though the + +warrant states that only computer equipment "...capable of storing + +electronic data regarding the above records..." should be seized, this + +can be interpreted as a warrant to seize all computer equipment because + +any equipment is capable of holding data about Dora Kent. So once + +again, the warrant was very wide reaching and vague, exactly what the + +Fourth Amendment is supposed to protect against. + + But in this case, the issue became more focused. H. Keith + +Henson, a member of Alcor, claimed that personal e-mail belonging to + +himself and 13 other Alcor members was "stolen" by the raiding officers. + +Although Henson repeatedly tried to get the court to turn over the + +private e-mail, on the account that it had no relevance to the Dora Kent + +case, they would not return it. So Henson and his group sued the FBI + +for not intervening on their behalf in this case (Computer Underground + +Digest, 1.04). + + The stealing of private e-mail like in the Alcor case is another + +precedent that can have dangerous repercussions. This is the equivalent + +of law enforcement officers obtaining a search warrant for a post office + +because some of its employees were suspected of illegal activities, and + +proceeding to seize all mail contained in the post office and reading + +it, and not returning it to its intended recipients. + + At the time of this writing, Alcor case was settled out of + +court. The result of the settlement was not available. + + As we can see from these examples, there is a fundamental + +difference in how the legal community in the U.S. views printed and + +electronic media. Print media is protected by the First Amendment; + +electronic media is not. This is a difference that should not exist. + +Almost all newspapers and magazines exist in electronic form before they + +are printed. Electronic digests follow the same process, but they leave + +out the final step - the actual printing. There have been cases of + +electronic hacker magazines being shut down for publishing hacked + +(stolen) documents. + + However there is a hacker magazine called 2600 that doesn't + +leave out the final step. Printed, not electronic, copies are sent to + +subscribers. 2600 has included similarly hacked documents, but has + +never been accosted. According to 2600 editor Emmanuel Goldstein, it is + +because of the physical printing, "I've got one advantage. I come out + +on paper and the Constitution knows how to deal with paper." (Barlow). + +Computer based media and e-mail should have the same Constitutional + +protection as the written word. But it doesn't. Why not? + + We can answer this question by tracing history back to the late + +1700's when the Framers were writing the Constitution. They had no + +concept of computers or electronic communication at its current level. + +Because of this excusable lack of foresight, the Constitution and Bill + +of Rights do not contain specific provisions for computer based speech + +and the computerized press. In fact, the word "press" implies the + +printed press, not actual process of disseminating information to large + +numbers of people. In the Fourth Amendment, an individual's "papers" + +are safe from unreasonable search and seizure. Electronic, or + +unprinted, "papers" are not specifically protected. In strict + +interpretations of the Constitution, electronic media are not protected. + +Of course, this is nonsense since the only difference between an article + +in a newspaper or magazine and an article stored electronically, that is + +intended to be printed, is the act of printing. + + Using the Steve Jackson Games and Alcor cases as a basis, + +it is proposed that the following guidelines be legislated: + + 1) If computer information is to be seized, the search warrant + must explicitly describe the data sought. The officers + carrying out the search should seize only the storage devices + (floppy disk, hard disk, magnetic tape) holding this + information. + + 2) If the storage device(s) seized contain other information as + well as the data described by the warrant, the wanted data + should be copied them the storage device should be promptly + returned. + + 3) If any electronic mail is confiscated, only the pieces from + or to suspects of the crime should be read. The rest should + be promptly returned unread to the addressees. + + + By following these guidelines, we can avoid many violations of + +individual privacy that the Constitution, in its current wording, + +allows. In the final section a somewhat radical step to help our + +society into the information age is recommended. + + +IV: Where Do We Go From Here? + + The untamed electronic frontier is an intimidating domain for + +the computer illiterate. Many view this mysterious technology as + +responsible for whittling away their personal rights and privacy. Thus + +they find it fearful and intimidating. Ironically, the only way that + +the electronic frontier can "dehumanize" an individual is if that + +individual is ignorant of what it really is. We've seen that we can't + +continue to function at our current level of society without computer + +technology, but unless the users of this technology are monitored, they + +can use it to invade the privacy of individuals. If the general + +populace is educated, they will have the background to challenge these + +intruders. + + But where do we start? As we have seen before, the outdated + +wording of the Constitution promotes this dread image of computers and + +electronic media. Perhaps a good place to start would be with the + +Constitution. The current wording of the Bill of Rights is archaic, and + +it represents the mind-frame that many people still have. Computer + +technology and cyberspace must not be viewed as separate from or outside + +of laws protecting free speech and privacy. + + The First and Fourth Amendments don't explicitly mention + +electronic media. They should regard rights in the electronic world of + +cyberspace as just as important as those in the physical world. A new + +amendment stating that the rights guaranteed by the First, Fourth, and + +any other amendment for that matter, apply to cyberspace would prevent + +many of the violations we have discussed from happening. (As the final + +revision of this paper was about to be printed, word was received that + +Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School had proposed discussion of just + +such an amendment. However, this author's proposal was developed + +independently of Tribe's.) + + If a new amendment is a step too far, then legislation and + +precedent setting legal decisions must be made. There seems to be a ray + +of hope in the Steve Jackson Games case, but it will take several such + +cases to approach the benefit of a Constitutional amendment. + + The global village is just around the corner. Whether it is a + +technological utopia of peace and freedom or an aspect of Orwell's + +"1984" depends on decisions made now. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bibliography + + Article One: An Overview, (2600 Magazine, Spring 1990), pp.1-10.* + + + Burnham, David, The Rise of the Computer State, (1980, Vintage + Books). + + Barlow, John Perry, Crime and Puzzlement. ** + + Computer Underground Digest, Volume 1.04, April 11th, 1990. * + + Computer Underground Digest, Volume 3.20, May 12, 1991.* + + Consumer Reports, "What Price Privacy," (May, 1991, pp. 356-360). + + Epstein, Aaron, "The Shadow of Your File," The Progressive, (v47, + Jun., 1983), p. 17. + + Fisher, Lawrence M., "Lotus Database Cancelled," (New York Times, + Jan 24, 1991), p. C3. + + Gordon, Diana R. and Churchill, Mae, " 'Triple I' Will Be Tracking + Us," The Nation, (New York, v238, April 28, 1984), pp. 497, 513- + 515. + + Kleinfield, N.R., "The Man With All The Numbers," New York Times, + Sunday, April 14th, 1991. + + Markoff, John, "Europe's Plan to Protect Privacy Worry Business," + New York Times, Thursday, April 11th, pp. D1, D5. + + Pool, Ithiel de Sola, Technologies of Freedom, "On free speech in + an electronic age," (1983, Harvard University Press). + + Science Court Opinions - Case 6: Computer Privacy, Omni, (New + York, Jan. 1988, v10), pp. 99-100. + + Wilson, Kevin, The Technologies of Control, (1988, University of + Wisconsin Press). + + + * These are electronic publications. If copies cannot be found, + feel free to contact the author. + + ** This document was originally disseminated electronically, then + was published in Harper's Magazine. The author used the + original version. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/privacy.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/privacy.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d444b4c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/privacy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1353 @@ + + ***************************************************** + * This file is brought to you by: * + * * + * The Black Unicorn Inn * + * (414)384-9136 * + * * + * 8 lines - 2400 bps 8N1 - Milwaukee Wisconsin * + * * + * --> Featuring <-- * + * WorldLink Chat(c) - Global Chat - Global Actions * + * A large assortment of unusual text files * + * A text file online reader/searcher with scrolling * + * Multi-player online games * + ***************************************************** + + + COMPUTER PRIVACY VS. FIRST AND FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS + (By Michael S. Borella) + + + + +I: What is Cyberspace? + + "Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily + by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation... A + graphical representation of data abstracted from the banks + of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable + complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the + mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, + receding..." + + - William Gibson, Neuromancer + + Even after reading William Gibson's cyberpunk novels, one's + +conceptualization of cyberspace, the electronic world of computers and + +computer networks, can be insubstantial. Gibson describes cyberspace as + +a world of simulated stimulation that a computer feeds to a "jockey" + +(computer operator) via a "cyberspace deck" (human-computer interface). + +Explorers in Gibson's cyberspace often have difficulty telling what is + +real and what is not. Frequently, in our world, the novice computer + +user has similar problems understanding how to use the potential wealth + +of information at their finger tips. In Gibson's uncharted future, + +people access computers by merging their thoughts with a database. + +Today we can "enter" cyberspace through keyboard and modem. But what + +actually is cyberspace? Is it real? What does it look like? What are + +some of the personal and legal issues emerging from this vastly + +uncharted new frontier? This paper will answer those questions and more + +as we explore cyberspace, meet its frequenters, and discuss its + +increasing role in the life of every human being, not just those who + +actually use a computer. + + Before we embark on our journey through the legal battles and + +rights issues regarding cyberspace, we need a working knowledge of what + +it is and how computer operators use it. + + Envision a roadmap. Cities dot the otherwise sparse landscape + +and roads branch out in all directions, connecting every city. This + +network leaves no city unserviced. Although not every city is connected + +to every other, it is possible to reach any one city from any other. + +Like every other mass transit system, certain areas are more travelled + +than others. Some cities are larger than others and some stretches of + +road are more prone to traffic. The size and complexity of this roadmap + +defies the imagination - it encircles the world. + + But the cities are not actually cities. They are computers or + +groups of computers. The roads are telephone lines or fiber-optic + +cable. The system surrounds the globe in an electronic web of data. + +The travellers on these 'virtual' roads are packets of information which + +are sent from one city to another, perhaps via many. The roadmap is a + +worldwide computer "network." Each city is a depot or terminal for the + +packets, and is usually referred to as a "node." In reality they are + +mainframes owned by universities, companies, or groups of computer + +users. There are several worldwide computer networks currently in + +existence. + + Every individual who has an account on any mainframe in the + +world has their own unique electronic address. It is not unlike a + +mailbox, except that it can only receive mail of the electronic kind. + +Electronic addresses are similar to postal addresses in that they + +contain: + + --a name, or user identification which corresponds to the + individual computer user who owns the particular address. + --a local machine name, which is the specific mainframe that the + userid is on. Local names are only used in the node consists of + more than one mainframe. This is not unlike a street address. + + --a node name, which corresponds to the physical location of the + node that the userid belongs to. This is not unlike a city + address and/or zip code. + + This is all a network needs to know before it can send + +information from one mailbox to another. Just like postal mail, if the + +user doesn't address mail correctly, the network will return it. In the + +case of e-mail (electronic mail) a simple misspelling will cause the + +network to return the mail, or send it to an improper destination. Each + +of the several worldwide networks has its own unique but similar method + +for addressing e-mail. Corresponding via electronic mail has been + +available to some academicians for over 20 years, but today it is + +possible for anybody with a computer and a modem to have their own + +mailbox. For the sake of convenience, many useful physical objects have + +been abstracted into cyberspace. Computerized filing systems + +(databases), bulletin boards, and electronically published digests and + +magazines proliferate in the virtual world of networks. Many of these + +electronic items are being treated differently than their "real" + +counterparts. Often, due to the convenience of having millions of + +pieces of data available in seconds, individual privacy rights are + +violated. This is leading to debate and litigation concerning the use + +of various aspects of cyberspace. The next sections cover the + +situations, people, and legislation of this untamed and largely + +undefined frontier. + + + +II: Databases + + A database is a collection facts, figures, numbers, and words + +that are sorted in a particular order and/or indexed. They are stored on + +a computer so that retrieval is quick and simple. Often, databases are + +used by the government, corporations, and private businesses to keep + +track of the names, address, phone numbers, and other relevant data + +about their clients, subscribers, members, etc. For example, most + +public libraries have databases containing information of every person + +who has a card at that library. Besides the name, address, and phone + +number of the card holder, the library's database would also contain + +information regarding what books the holder is currently borrowing, + +whether they are overdue or not, and when each person's library card + +expires. + + Similarly, banks have databases containing information regarding + +the persons they transact with. Again, name, address and phone number + +is essential, but the bank would also be interested in social security + +number, credit rating, assets, mortgage information, and so on. By + +organizing this data on a computer, the bank increases its efficiency. + +It is able to serve more customers in less time, and provide monetary + +transactions within seconds. Anyone who has used a bank card at an + +automated teller can attest to this. + + But all databases are not used for such beneficial purposes. As + +we will see in the next section, even the information stored in "benign" + +databases can be used to violate privacy rights. + + In 1967, J. Edgar Hoover, then head of the FBI, created the + +National Crime Information Center (NCIC). This organization's purpose + +is to use a computerized database containing the criminal record of + +every United States citizen to increase the efficiency of all levels of + +law enforcement by facilitating quick exchange of information. The + +NCIC's federal databanks interface with over 64,000 state and local + +governments' computer networks, and even with some criminal databases of + +foreign countries. This widespread and far-reaching power is used by + +everyone from top FBI investigators to county and municipal patrol + +officers. For example, if a police officer pulls over a speeder in New + +York, they can check, within a matter of seconds, if that person is + +wanted in any other state, and if that person has a criminal record. + + The NCIC contains records on every person arrested in the United + +States, which amounts to approximately 40 million people, a number + +equivalent to one-third of the work force (Gordon and Churchill, p. + +497). It goes without saying that the holders of this information have + +incredible power. However, at first glance, the existence of the NCIC's + +databases seem completely beneficial; in fact they do much to protect + +the privacy of the average American. Authorities can find out if an + +individual is wanted for a crime and detain that person if necessary, + +all with the push of a few buttons. Effective law enforcement does make + +the country a safer place for its citizens. But, as we will see, the + +current state of and uses for the NCIC do infringe upon individual + +privacy. + + There are many cases in which the NCIC databases have been + +found to hold inaccurate and incomplete information. Keep in mind that + +they only contain arrest records, not conviction records. If an + +individual has been acquitted of a charge, it does not necessarily get + +entered into the computers. An example of this was the legal battle + +fought by Los Angeles native Terry Dean Rogan. After Rogan lost his + +wallet, a man using his identification was linked to four crimes, + +including two murders. Rogan was mistakenly arrested, and an NCIC file + +was made about him. The file was inaccurate - it did not contain a + +description of him. As a result, he was arrested four times for crimes + +he didn't commit. Rogan successfully sued to city if Los Angeles in + +1987 for violating his Fourth Amendment rights (Science Court Opinions, + +p. 99). But some victims of NCIC errors don't get off so easily. + + In 1979, Michael Ducross of Huntington Beach California made a + +minor traffic violation on his way to the supermarket one day. The + +police officer radioed for a check on Ducross. When a police station + +desk clerk punched up the NCIC database to see if Ducross had a file, he + +got a surprising result. Ducross was wanted for going AWOL from the + +Marine Corps 10 years earlier. He was seized and held for five months + +at Camp Pendleton. The Marine Corps eventually dropped the charges + +because he had never actually gone AWOL. Ducross was a Native American, + +and he had left the Corps on a special discharge program available only + +to Native Americans and foreign citizens (Burnham, pp. 33-34). + + But these are just two isolated examples, right? Wrong! A + +study by the Congressional Office of Technology Assistance (OTA) + +conducted in 1982 found that, "...as many as one-third of state records + +lacked information about the disposition of the cases on file. + +Therefore, an arrest in one state, which may have resulted in a + +dismissal or an acquittal, could in another state influence the decision + +to withhold bail or to prosecute the defendant as a 'career criminal.' " + +(Gordon and Churchill, p. 514). The OTA study found that, at best, 49.5 + +percent of the NCIC Criminal History records were complete, correct, and + +unambiguous (Burnham, p. 74). + + It's bad enough that the NCIC files are largely inaccurate -that + +your Fourth Amendment rights protecting unlawful search and seizure can + +be lawfully violated if you have been previously arrested for a crime + +you didn't commit - but these computerized criminal files are used for + +much more than law enforcement, and are used by more than just law + +enforcement agencies. Approximately 90 percent of all criminal + +histories in the United States are available to public and private + +employers (Gordon and Churchill, p. 515). + + Nor is the NCIC without local competition. For example, one + +Rhode Island data merchant, whose clients are mostly prospective + +employers, keeps files on people who have been arrested but + +no necessarily convicted of a crime. That merchant includes in the files + +names of individuals taken from local newspaper stories (Consumer + +Reports). + + If arrest records but not conviction records are available, + +might not they influence hiring decisions? For example, might not an + +employer finding a record of arrests in the file of a person claiming a + +"clean record" on an employment application question the credibility of + +the applicant's claim and make a decision not to hire influenced by that + +doubt? Given that the applicant would not be aware that such a database + +had been consulted, he or she could not possibly mount a defense if the + +information in the file was inaccurate (e.g., someone else's arrests) or + +misleading (e.g. no arrests led to convictions). + + Since 40 million US citizens have an arrest record, the + +social cost is potentially high. In several states, including + +California and Connecticut, more than half of the information requests + +to criminal history databases were made by employers (Gordon and + +Churchill, p. 515). + + But the problems don't end there. In 1981, mainly because + +of John Hinckley's attempt on then President Ronald Reagan's life, about + +400 files were added to the NCIC database. These were of people who had + +no criminal record and were wanted for no crime! Why were they being + +entered into the computers? Because these individuals were considered + +"a potential danger" by the Secret Service. Secret Service Director + +John R. Simpson stated that listing these people would provide an + +invaluable tool for tracking their location and activities (Epstein, p. + +17). This shows that the government is only paying lip service to the + +"innocent until proven guilty" precedent that our freedom is based on. + +The "potential danger" would be to members of the FBI protectorate, + +including the President, Congress members, and controversial political + +and social figures such as Jacqueline Onassis. Considering how + +"accurate" the files have been proven to be, one can imagine the + +atrocities possible (and encouraged) under these provisions. + + But there are more culprits to this mess than just the + +government. The use of databases in the violation of privacy extends + +into the corporate world. The U.D. Registry Inc. was formed in 1977 by + +Harvey Saltz, a former deputy district attorney in Los Angeles. "Using + +a computer to store information obtained from legal charges filed by + +landlords in the courts, Saltz says he currently has compiled more than + +a million records about such disputes all over the Los Angeles area. + +Over 1900 landlords pay Saltz an annual fee ranging from $35 to $60...to + +determine whether the individuals who come to them for housing have had + +arguments with other landlords in the past." (Burnham, p. 34). And just + +like the NCIC, Saltz's database was found to be less than reliable. + + In 1978, Lucky Kellener paid the rent to his brother's + +apartment. But when his brother was evicted, Kellener's name was + +included in the U.D. Registry files, defining him as an undesirable + +tenant. When Kellener went looking for a new apartment in 1981, he got + +repeatedly turned down and brushed off. Finally, a landlord told him + +that he had been blacklisted (Burnham, pp. 34-35). + + Another victim was Barbara Ward, who moved to Los Angeles and + +found that her newly rented apartment was infested with cockroaches. + +When she gave her landlord a thirty day notice, he countered with an + +eviction notice. When the landlord didn't show up in court, the judge + +threw the case out. But Ward was entered in the U.D. Registry as having + +an eviction notice, and when she wanted to rent an apartment later she + +was unable to (Burnham, pp. 34-35). + + In both cases, errors caused a major personal difficulty and + +breach of privacy. Also, in both cases the victim did not know of the + +U.D. Registry's existence. Therefore, neither could possibly confront + +the unfavorable, electronically-stored data, analogous to a "false + +witness," that led to their blacklisting. + + Perhaps the grandest scale of gathering information about people + +by a non-governmental agency was undertaken by the Lotus Development + +Corp. in conjunction with Equifax Inc. Lotus and Equifax developed + +"Marketplace: Households," a database of the names, addresses, and + +marketing information on 120 million residents of the United States + +(Fisher, p. C3). The purchaser of this information would probably be + +large consumer goods companies specializing in mail order. Databases + +like this are currently used by organizations to send unsolicited (junk) + +mail to potential buyers. Imagine the volume of junk mail if the entire + +business world had the names and addresses of almost half of the + +country's population on-line! + + Fortunately, on January 23, 1991, Lotus and Equifax announced + +that they had cancelled plans to release "Marketplace: Households" due + +to 30,000 letter and phone calls from individuals who wanted their + +files deleted from the product. Apparently, the companies decided that + +the privacy issues involved would make the product unviable. (Fisher, + +p. C3.) Ironically, a similar product, "Marketplace: Business", which + +contained database information on seven million U.S. businesses, was + +discontinued the same day. "Marketplace: Business" has been shipping + +since October 1990, but was not profitable without the revenues from + +"Marketplace: Households" (Fisher, p. C3). + + A similar example of the same type of database belongs to the + +Phone Disc USA Corporation. This small, Massachusetts based company + +has manually copied the names, addresses and numbers of 90 million + +people out of the white pages of telephone books from across the nation. + +They put this information on CD-ROM storage devices, and sell it to + +mass-marketers. In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court decided that it + +is legal to copy white pages listings because they are not copyrighted. + +For the next version of the product, co-founder James Bryant plans to + +copy every name from over 4000 sets of regional whites pages. + +(Kleinfield) Unlike the Lotus/Equifax undertaking, Phone Disc USA shows + +no signs of halting their product. + + How many of these computer databases and networks exist that the + +average American doesn't know about? Just about every government or + +private agency that interacts with the public has its own computerized + +index of names, addresses, social security numbers, etc. Every time you + +open a bank account, apply for a credit card, attend a learning + +institution, register at a hotel, get medical aid, or obtain a loan, a + +new file is opened for you, without your explicit knowledge! And these + +are the easy ones to track; there are many databases you get into + +without anyone telling you. In fact, these "secret" records, not unlike + +the U.D. Registry's, are more effective if the "victims" don't know + +about them. + + Now that we are aware of the problem, we can ask the question, + +"What do we do?" First we must clarify one point - does the mere + +existence of these databases and computerized records intrude upon the + +individual's privacy, or does the use of them constitute privacy + +invasion? The best way to do this is to find out if similar privacy + +violations occurred before the advent of computerized files. + + The Census Bureau's charter contains the provision, "in no case + +shall information furnished under the authority of this act be used to + +the detriment of the person or persons to which this information + +relates." But, during World War I, the Justice Department was looking + +for the names and addresses of young men who were trying to evade the + +draft so they could track these dissenters down and prosecute them. + +Under pressure from the military, the Census Bureau disclosed this + +information (Burnham, pg. 24). Computers did were not used to record + +information until the mid-forties. One of the first organizations to + +use primitive databases (stacks and stacks of punch cards) for the + +purpose of information gathering on a large number of people was the + +Census Bureau. + + The violation of privacy did take place before computerized + +databases. The largest differences between a stack of papers and a + +computer file are that the computer file is easier to use, faster to + +find, able to be disseminated and/or transmitted quickly. An example of + +how efficient computer files are at finding people is the case of the + +California Locator Service. This database is used to track parents who + +refuse to pay child support. The names of the wayward parents are filed + +in the database. The database is compared to that of the Franchise Tax + +Board. In the case of a match, the parent's tax refund is intercepted + +and sent to the parent with custody (Burnham, pp. 30-33). The Locator + +Service also has direct links to the Department of Motor Vehicles, the + +Employment Development Board, criminal databases, and several other + +computer networks to help locate the delinquent parent. According to + +manager Richard Beall, the service is able to provide at least some sort + +of information 62% of the time (Burnham, pp. 30-33). Imagine the + +difference if the California Locator Service were run by pen, pencil, or + +typewriter instead. The proper information on the wayward parent would + +have to be sent to all the associate agencies, processed, and answers + +given. The time to do this would be prohibitive enough to make the + +service slow and negligibly effective. The computer facilitates this + +sort of information sharing and retrieval. + + We conclude that computers aren't the inherent evil, but they + +help the government and other organizations to procreate the evil of + +privacy infringement more easily than if computer databases weren't + +used. So we can't necessarily eliminate the problem by eliminating the + +databases. Often the computer database used for the questionable + +activity is one that exists for a different purpose. Cases of this are + +the Census Bureau's information, and the NCIC. Both of these databases + +exist to serve beneficial purposes - population surveys and law + +enforcement, respectively. Eliminating all computer databases + +containing personal information would to too radical a step. Our society + +would grind to a standstill as bank records, medical files, legal + +reports, etc. (the list goes on indefinitely) would have to be hand + +copied and disseminated. + + Think of the examples of given at the beginning of this section + +of a library and a bank. We saw how these organizations used databases + +to improve their service to the public. These same databases can be + +used to invade the privacy of the public. For example if library + +databases are available to the public, they can be used to list the + +books or type of books that an individual reads. A magazine or book + +club might find library databases useful in deciding who to send + +unsolicited subscription or membership information to. Bank records can + +be used similarly to determine the financial status of an individual. + + What is comes down to is that any database containing personal + +information that is used for any other purpose than the one it exists + +for is a potential violation of privacy. As a case in point, under + +current law, our video rental histories have more protection than our + +medical or insurance records. Under a 1988 law, video rental records may + +only be released under court order. That law, often referred to as the + +"Bork bill," was inacted after video rental information about a Supreme + +Court nominee was made public in the press (Consumer Reports). Must we + +wait for similar abuses related to the medical, library, or bank records + +of persons in the public eye to similarly secure the privacy of these + +records? + + Is there a solution? Is there a middle ground where we can have + +the databases, but control how they are used? In the January 1988 issue + +of Omni magazine, experts from various legal and scientific fields were + +asked to comment upon the Terry Dean Rogan case (see above). Some + +responses were: (Science Court Opinions, p. 100). + +Sheldon L. Glashow, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at Harvard +University: "A centralized computerized crime file is absolutely +necessary for crime control, but it does jeopardize the rights of +citizens...Under no circumstance but one should the NCIC files be made +available for non-crime related purposes: The exception is the right of +each citizen to examine his or her own file." + +Melvin Konner, M.D., professor of anthropology at Emory University: +"Centralized data banks pose a new, probably serious threat to +privacy, yet such data banks are too valuable to be forsworn. +...challenges should result in the emergence of a system of check +and balances that will prevent the abuse of data." + +John Money, professor emeritus of medical psychology and pediatrics at +Johns Hopkins University and Hospital: "...it becomes imperative +to have strictly enforced safeguards on the usage of such +[computerized] lists. One such safeguard would be a legally +guaranteed principle of freedom of information, so that an +individual could access his or her name on the list and correct +information falsely entered against it." + +George B. Schaller, director of science for Wildlife Conservation +International: "...as a potential victim, I am pleased that the file +might help insure my privacy - that is my property and person. +The file should, however, be accessible for criminal matters only, +or it will be misused." + + + Furthermore, an interesting precedent may be set for privacy + +rights in the United States by the new European Community. The European + +Community is proposing a set of laws that would strictly limit how + +database information is used and who has access to it. Basically, the + +laws would instruct owners of databases to notify individuals of their + +inclusion, and these individuals would be able to obtain copies of the + +database information on them. Also, owners of databases would not be + +allowed to sell the personal information of an individual without the + +permission of that individual. "The proposals would prohibit...a + +publisher from selling a list of subscribers to a real estate developer + +- unless the subscribers agreed to be included. Banks would be required + +to notify credit card holders before selling their names to mail-order + +houses." (Markoff, p. D1). Interestingly enough, these proposed + +regulations have the U.S. based companies complaining the loudest. IBM, + +GTE, and AT&T claim that the proposed laws would strictly limit their + +business abroad (Markoff, p. D1). + + Privacy experts maintain that the companies are overreacting. + +Some of the restriction that are under consideration include: (Markoff, + +p. D1). + + + --Companies must register all databases containing personal + information with the countries...in which they are + operating... + + --Corporations using personal data must tell the subjects of + their use... + + --Private companies can only collect or process personal data + with the consent of the subjects. + + --Companies would not be able to transfer data to another + country unless that country also offered adequate protection + of records. + + Taking these experts' opinions and the precedents under + +consideration by the European Community, we have a basis for legislation + +concerning computer databases and the privacy of individuals. The + +following guidelines are suggested: + + 1) All individuals who have personal information stored in a + computer database must be informed of this fact. They also + must be given a chance to review their file(s) and to + petition for changes if they find that the information held + within is incorrect. + + 2) When a person is arrested and/or brought to trial because of + the information in one of these databases, attention must be + given to the question of the file's accuracy and + completeness. + + 3) Files that exist for purposes of law enforcement (e.g., the + NCIC) should not be used for anything other than law + enforcement. A system of checks and balances should be + maintained to guarantee this. + + 4) Files that exist for marketing or statistical purposes should + inform all individuals who are included in the database of + their inclusion, and give them an opportunity to request that + their file be deleted. + + The constitution was written as anticipatory democracy, but its + +framers did not (and could not) anticipate the advent nor the power of + +the computer. Although the ideals of individual privacy have not + +changed over the last 200 years, the reality has. In the next section + +other outdated legal concepts that are in danger of violating the First + +and Fourth Amendment rights of every citizen are exposed. + + +III: The Printed Word vs. The Electronic Word + + "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall + issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or + affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be + searched, and the persons or things to be seized." + + - The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the + United States + + On March 1st, 1990, Secret Service agents raided the offices of + +Steve Jackson Games, a small role-playing game company. The agents + +seized three computers, including one being used to run a bulletin + +board, all company software in the proximity of these computers, and all + +business records contained in the computers' storage. + + Why would the government want to virtually shut down a game + +company? Because Steve Jackson Games was just weeks away from + +publishing a science-fiction role-playing game called Gurps Cyberpunk. + +The game is set in a high-tech future society where the players use + +human/computer interfaces to "enter" computer networks and infiltrate + +(or hack) through defenses to valuable data. Playing the game does not + +require the use of (or even the knowledge of how to use) a computer. A + +Secret Service agent told Steve Jackson that the Gurps Cyberpunk playing + +manual was a "handbook on computer crime." (Barlow). + + As a result of losing their computing capabilities and data, + +Steve Jackson Games temporarily shut down and had to lay off half of its + +employees. For three months, the Secret Service retained the equipment + +and data even though they had no evidence that the game or any other + +Steve Jackson game violated any law. When some of the equipment was + +finally returned in June, 1990, the Service kept the drafts of Gurps + +Cyberpunk. The rest of the equipment was "lost." (Barlow). + + According to the Fourth Amendment, the Secret Service agents + +needed "probable cause" that criminal evidence will be at the scene of + +the search to get a search warrant issued. The Fourth Amendment also + +specifies that the search should be as narrow as possible (in other + +words, the Secret Service should have known exactly what they were + +looking for.) By taking all computer records, the Service not only + +effectively shut Jackson down, but violated the Fourth Amendment. + + The only "probable cause" that the Secret Service had for + +seizing Jackson's computers was that Jackson had hired a former "hacker" + +to work on Gurps Cyberpunk. A "hacker" is a member of an underground + +subculture dedicated to breaking and entering computer systems. While + +this is illegal, the hacker community in general frowns upon the + +stealing of data for personal profit, but does it instead for bragging + +rights and the thrill of gaining illicit access to a "guarded" area of + +cyberspace. This is not unlike breaking the speed limit for kicks and + +the excitement of defying authority. If this is indeed why the Service + +raided Steve Jackson Games, this sets another frightening precedent + +regarding privacy - will employers now check to see if applicants are + +hackers along with the "normal" checks for arrest records? This may be + +an effect that the Service was looking for. According to Steve Jackson, + +the Secret Service suspected this staff member of wrongdoing at home, + +not at Steve Jackson Games (Computer Underground Digest, 3.20). + + At the time of this writing, the search warrant remained sealed. + +If the object of the search, according to the warrant, was evidence of + +the staffer's wrongdoing, only evidence of that crime should have been + +retained. If the object was the game, the agents should have taken just + +the hard copy and soft copy regarding Gurps Cyberpunk. By taking the + +whole computer system of Steve Jackson Games, the FBI seriously hindered + +the lawful commercial activities of the company. By holding the + +computer equipment and software for three months, Steve Jackson Games + +was almost put out of business. The non-relevant equipment and software + +should have been returned promptly. + + Along with the computer equipment and software seized, the + +agents disconnected and confiscated Steve Jackson Games' BBS. A BBS, + +or Bulletin Board System, is a centralized, information gathering and + +dissemination point for many computer users. The BBS contains e-mail + +from and for those users, who can access the system with their home + +computer's modem through normal phone lines. Many users who don't + +have network access through a university or the organization they work + +for use a BBS to enter cyberspace. The BBS stores personal mail for + +these users and enables them to read it when they are logged on. U.S. + +postal mail is considered private. Electronic mail is the same as + +physical mail in that it should be protected by the same privacy rights + +that physical mail is. In the next section, the seizure of personal + +mail is explored in detail. + + Even though Steve Jackson Games did eventually publish Gurps + +Cyberpunk, the company was hit hard by the loss of its information. + +They had to recreate the game from rough drafts and memory. But, a + +positive result did come out of the SJG case. Mitch Kapor, founder of + +Lotus Development Corp, and associate John Perry Barlow, established the + +Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) with the purposes of educating the + +public about computer-based media and supporting litigation to extend + +First Amendment rights into the computer world. The EFF intervened in + +the Jackson case, pushing the government to restore SJG's equipment. In + +April, 1991 the EFF in conjunction with Steve Jackson Games filed a + +civil suit against the U.S. Secret Service and several of the + +individuals responsible for the raid and the withholding of Jackson's + +property. Unfortunately, at the time of this writing, more detail about + +this precedent setting case was unavailable. + + Although it will not set a legal precedent, there is a similar + +case on the books. The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is an + +organization that, for a large fee, will freeze an individual's body + +upon death. In December, 1987, the Riverside County Coroner's Office + +accused Alcor of hastening the death of cryogenic participant Dora Kent + +by prescribing her a lethal dose of barbituates (Computer Underground + +Digest, 1.04). In January 1988, law enforcement officers raided Alcor's + +headquarters and confiscated its computer equipment. Like the Steve + +Jackson Games case, the search warrant for the Alcor foundation did not + +specify what information that should have specifically be confiscated. + +The section of the warrant pertaining to computer seizures follows: + + All electronic storage devices, capable of storing + electronic data regarding the above records, including magnetic + tapes, disk (floppy or hard), and the complete hardware + necessary to retrieve electronic data including CPU (central + processing unit), CRT (viewing screen), disc or tape drives, + printer, software, and operation manuals for the above said + computer, together with all handwritten notes or printed + material describing the operation of the computer + (Computer Underground Digest, 1.04). + + In other words, the officers were directed to seize all + +computers and computer equipment from the Alcor site. Even though the + +warrant states that only computer equipment "...capable of storing + +electronic data regarding the above records..." should be seized, this + +can be interpreted as a warrant to seize all computer equipment because + +any equipment is capable of holding data about Dora Kent. So once + +again, the warrant was very wide reaching and vague, exactly what the + +Fourth Amendment is supposed to protect against. + + But in this case, the issue became more focused. H. Keith + +Henson, a member of Alcor, claimed that personal e-mail belonging to + +himself and 13 other Alcor members was "stolen" by the raiding officers. + +Although Henson repeatedly tried to get the court to turn over the + +private e-mail, on the account that it had no relevance to the Dora Kent + +case, they would not return it. So Henson and his group sued the FBI + +for not intervening on their behalf in this case (Computer Underground + +Digest, 1.04). + + The stealing of private e-mail like in the Alcor case is another + +precedent that can have dangerous repercussions. This is the equivalent + +of law enforcement officers obtaining a search warrant for a post office + +because some of its employees were suspected of illegal activities, and + +proceeding to seize all mail contained in the post office and reading + +it, and not returning it to its intended recipients. + + At the time of this writing, Alcor case was settled out of + +court. The result of the settlement was not available. + + As we can see from these examples, there is a fundamental + +difference in how the legal community in the U.S. views printed and + +electronic media. Print media is protected by the First Amendment; + +electronic media is not. This is a difference that should not exist. + +Almost all newspapers and magazines exist in electronic form before they + +are printed. Electronic digests follow the same process, but they leave + +out the final step - the actual printing. There have been cases of + +electronic hacker magazines being shut down for publishing hacked + +(stolen) documents. + + However there is a hacker magazine called 2600 that doesn't + +leave out the final step. Printed, not electronic, copies are sent to + +subscribers. 2600 has included similarly hacked documents, but has + +never been accosted. According to 2600 editor Emmanuel Goldstein, it is + +because of the physical printing, "I've got one advantage. I come out + +on paper and the Constitution knows how to deal with paper." (Barlow). + +Computer based media and e-mail should have the same Constitutional + +protection as the written word. But it doesn't. Why not? + + We can answer this question by tracing history back to the late + +1700's when the Framers were writing the Constitution. They had no + +concept of computers or electronic communication at its current level. + +Because of this excusable lack of foresight, the Constitution and Bill + +of Rights do not contain specific provisions for computer based speech + +and the computerized press. In fact, the word "press" implies the + +printed press, not actual process of disseminating information to large + +numbers of people. In the Fourth Amendment, an individual's "papers" + +are safe from unreasonable search and seizure. Electronic, or + +unprinted, "papers" are not specifically protected. In strict + +interpretations of the Constitution, electronic media are not protected. + +Of course, this is nonsense since the only difference between an article + +in a newspaper or magazine and an article stored electronically, that is + +intended to be printed, is the act of printing. + + Using the Steve Jackson Games and Alcor cases as a basis, + +it is proposed that the following guidelines be legislated: + + 1) If computer information is to be seized, the search warrant + must explicitly describe the data sought. The officers + carrying out the search should seize only the storage devices + (floppy disk, hard disk, magnetic tape) holding this + information. + + 2) If the storage device(s) seized contain other information as + well as the data described by the warrant, the wanted data + should be copied them the storage device should be promptly + returned. + + 3) If any electronic mail is confiscated, only the pieces from + or to suspects of the crime should be read. The rest should + be promptly returned unread to the addressees. + + + By following these guidelines, we can avoid many violations of + +individual privacy that the Constitution, in its current wording, + +allows. In the final section a somewhat radical step to help our + +society into the information age is recommended. + + +IV: Where Do We Go From Here? + + The untamed electronic frontier is an intimidating domain for + +the computer illiterate. Many view this mysterious technology as + +responsible for whittling away their personal rights and privacy. Thus + +they find it fearful and intimidating. Ironically, the only way that + +the electronic frontier can "dehumanize" an individual is if that + +individual is ignorant of what it really is. We've seen that we can't + +continue to function at our current level of society without computer + +technology, but unless the users of this technology are monitored, they + +can use it to invade the privacy of individuals. If the general + +populace is educated, they will have the background to challenge these + +intruders. + + But where do we start? As we have seen before, the outdated + +wording of the Constitution promotes this dread image of computers and + +electronic media. Perhaps a good place to start would be with the + +Constitution. The current wording of the Bill of Rights is archaic, and + +it represents the mind-frame that many people still have. Computer + +technology and cyberspace must not be viewed as separate from or outside + +of laws protecting free speech and privacy. + + The First and Fourth Amendments don't explicitly mention + +electronic media. They should regard rights in the electronic world of + +cyberspace as just as important as those in the physical world. A new + +amendment stating that the rights guaranteed by the First, Fourth, and + +any other amendment for that matter, apply to cyberspace would prevent + +many of the violations we have discussed from happening. (As the final + +revision of this paper was about to be printed, word was received that + +Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School had proposed discussion of just + +such an amendment. However, this author's proposal was developed + +independently of Tribe's.) + + If a new amendment is a step too far, then legislation and + +precedent setting legal decisions must be made. There seems to be a ray + +of hope in the Steve Jackson Games case, but it will take several such + +cases to approach the benefit of a Constitutional amendment. + + The global village is just around the corner. Whether it is a + +technological utopia of peace and freedom or an aspect of Orwell's + +"1984" depends on decisions made now. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bibliography + + Article One: An Overview, (2600 Magazine, Spring 1990), pp.1-10.* + + + Burnham, David, The Rise of the Computer State, (1980, Vintage + Books). + + Barlow, John Perry, Crime and Puzzlement. ** + + Computer Underground Digest, Volume 1.04, April 11th, 1990. * + + Computer Underground Digest, Volume 3.20, May 12, 1991.* + + Consumer Reports, "What Price Privacy," (May, 1991, pp. 356-360). + + Epstein, Aaron, "The Shadow of Your File," The Progressive, (v47, + Jun., 1983), p. 17. + + Fisher, Lawrence M., "Lotus Database Cancelled," (New York Times, + Jan 24, 1991), p. C3. + + Gordon, Diana R. and Churchill, Mae, " 'Triple I' Will Be Tracking + Us," The Nation, (New York, v238, April 28, 1984), pp. 497, 513- + 515. + + Kleinfield, N.R., "The Man With All The Numbers," New York Times, + Sunday, April 14th, 1991. + + Markoff, John, "Europe's Plan to Protect Privacy Worry Business," + New York Times, Thursday, April 11th, pp. D1, D5. + + Pool, Ithiel de Sola, Technologies of Freedom, "On free speech in + an electronic age," (1983, Harvard University Press). + + Science Court Opinions - Case 6: Computer Privacy, Omni, (New + York, Jan. 1988, v10), pp. 99-100. + + Wilson, Kevin, The Technologies of Control, (1988, University of + Wisconsin Press). + + + * These are electronic publications. If copies cannot be found, + feel free to contact the author. + + ** This document was originally disseminated electronically, then + was published in Harper's Magazine. The author used the + original version. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/privsoc b/textfiles.com/politics/privsoc new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b79b5da0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/privsoc @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ + THE PRIVATE AND OPEN SOCIETY + BY JOHN GILMORE + +A transcript of remarks given by John Gilmore at the First Conference on +Computers, Freedom, and Privacy, March 28,1991 + +My talk concerns two ethics - the belief in an open society and the +belief in privacy. These two ethics are related , and I would like to +say something about how they relate to our conduct in the world. + +This society was built as a free and open society. Our ancestors, our +parents, our peers, and ourselves are all making and building this +society in such a way - because we believe such a society outperforms +closed societies - in quality of life, in liberty, and in the pursuit of +happiness. + +But I see this free and open society being nibbled to death by ducks, by +small, unheralded changes. It's still legal to exist in our society +without an ID - but just barely. It is still legal to exist by paying +with cash - just barely. It is still legal to associate with anyone you +want - unless they bring a joint onto your boat, photograph naked +children for your museum, or work for you building a fantasy roleplaying +game. And I think conferences like ours run the risk of being co-opted; +we sit here and we work hard and we talk to people and build our +consensus on what are relatively minor points, while we lose the larger +open society. + +For example - we have the highest percentage in the world of our own +population in jail. We used to be number two but last year we passed +South Africa. We are number one. + +Over the last ten years we've doubled the number of people in jail. In +fact, those extra cells are mostly filled with people on drug charges, a +victimless crime that twenty years ago was accepted behavior. + +But it's no wonder we are concerned about privacy, because we are all +"lawbreakers", We all break the law, but few of us are criminals. The +problem is that simply attracting the attention of the police is enough +to put the best of us at risk, because we break the law all the time and +it's set up to make that happen! + +I don't blame the cops for this. They mostly just enforce the bad laws +that the legislatures write. The legislatures aren't completely at +fault either, because in the long run, only educating the whole +population about the benefits of openness has a chance. And I think I +do a little bit of work in this area. + +But beyond that, as P. T. Barnum said, "Nobody ever lost money by +underestimating the intelligence of the American public." Where I hold +out the most hope is in a different approach. In the paraphrased words +of Ted Nelson, we probably can't stop this elephant but maybe we can run +between its legs. + +In most of Europe, phone companies don't record the phone numbers when +you call, and they don't show up on your bill. They only tick off the +charges on a meter. Now, I was told that this is partly because the +Nazis used the call records that they used to have, to track and +identify the opposition after taking over those countries in World War +II. They don't keep those records any more. + +In the U.S., people boycotted the 1990 census in record numbers. I +think that the most shameful story of how Japanese-Americans were +rounded up using census data had a lot to do with that. + +Professor Tribe talked about the distrust we must hold for our +government. We have to realize that people who run the government can +and do change. Our society and laws must assume that bad people - +criminals even - will run the government, at least part of the time. + +There's been a lot of talk here about privacy ... but we haven't focused +much on why we want it. Privacy is a means; what is the real end we are +looking for here? I submit that what we're looking for increased +tolerance. + +Society tolerates all different kinds of behavior - differences in +religion, differences in political opinions, races, etc. But if your +differences aren't accepted by the government or by other parts of +society, you can still be tolerated if they simply don't know that you +are different. Even a repressive government or a regressive individual +can't persecute you if you look the same as everybody else. And, as +George Perry said today, "Diversity is the comparative advantage of +American society". I think that's what privacy is really protecting. + +The whole conference has spent a lot of time talking about ways to +control uses of information and to protect peoples' privacy after the +information was collected. But that only works if you assume a good +government. If we get one seriously bad government, they'll have all +the information they need to make an efficient police state and make it +the last government. It's more than convenient for them - in fact, it's +a temptation for people who want to do that, to try to get into power +and do it. Because we are giving them the means. + +What if we could build a society where the information was never +collected? Where you could pay to rent a video without leaving a credit +card number or a bank number? Where you could prove you're certified to +drive without ever giving your name? Where you could send and receive +messages without revealing your physical location, like an electronic +post office box? + +That's the kind of society I want to build. I want a guarantee - with +physics and mathematics, not with laws - that we can give ourselves +things like real privacy of personal communications. Encryption strong +enough that even the NSA can't break it. We already know how. But +we're not applying it. We also need better protocols for mobile +communication that can't be tracked. + +We also want real privacy of personal records. Our computers are +extensions of our minds. We should build them so that a thought written +in the computer is as private as a thought held in our minds. + +We should have real freedom of trade. We must be free to sell what we +make and buy what we want - from anyone and to anyone - to support +ourselves and accomplish what we need to do in this world. + +Importantly, we need real financial privacy because the goods and +information cost money. When you buy or sell or communicate, money is +going to change hands. If they can track the money, they can track the +trade and the communication, and we lose the privacy involved. + +We also need real control of identification. We need the right to be +anonymous while exercising all other rights. So that even with our +photos, our fingerprints and our DNA profile, they can't link our +communication and trade and financial activities to our person. + +Now I'm not talking about lack of accountability here, at all. We must +be accountable to the people we communicate with. We must be +accountable to the people we trade with. And the technology must be +built to enforce that. But we must not be accountable to THE PUBLIC for +who we talk to, or who we buy and sell from. + +There's plenty of problems here. I think we need to work on them. Just +laws need to be enforced in such a society. People need to find +like-minded people. And somebody still has to pay the cost of +government, even when they can't spy on our income and our purchases. I +don't know how to solve these problems, but I'm not willing to throw the +baby out with the bath water. I still think that we should shoot for +real privacy and look for solutions to these problems. + +How do we create this kind of society? One way is to stop building and +supporting fake protections, like laws that say you can't listen to +cellular phone calls. We should definitely stop building outright +threatening systems like the Thai ID system or the CalTrans vehicle +tracking system. + +Another thing to do is, if you know how, start and continue building +real protections into the things you build. Build for the US market +even if the NSA continues to suppress privacy with export controls on +cryptography. It costs more to build two versions, one for us and one +for export, but it's your society you're building for, and I think you +should build for the way you want to live. + +If you don't know how to build real protection, buy it. Make a market +for those people who are building it, and protect your own privacy at +the same time by putting it to use. Demand it from the people who +supply you, like computer companies and cellular telephone +manufacturers. + +Another thing is to work to eliminate trade restrictions. We should be +able to import the best from everywhere and we should be able to export +the privacy and the best of our products to the rest of the world. The +NSA is currently holding us hostage; Mainframe manufacturers, for +example, haven't built in security because they can't export it. IBM +put DES into their whole new line of computers, and they were only going +to put it on the U.S. models, but the NSA threatened to persecute them +by stalling even their allowable exports in red tape. IBM backed down +and took it out. We can't allow this to continue. + +We also need to educate everyone about what's possible so we can choose +this kind of freedom rather than assume it's unattainable. + +None of these ideas are new. Freedom of association and privacy have +been prized by people everywhere. Cryptography has been used for these +goals for thousands of years. But we owe a special debt to cryptographer +David Chaum for researching how modern cryptography can enable these +goals to be met by everyone in society, on a large scale. By reading +David's work, you can begin to understand the capabilities of +cryptography and how to apply them to provide financial and personal +privacy. + +We need to keep cash and anonymity legal. We'll need them as precedents +for untraceable electronic cash and cryptographic anonymity. + +I think with these approaches, we'll do a lot more for our REAL freedom, +our real privacy, and our real security, than passing a few more laws or +scaring a few more kid crackers. Please join me in building a future +we'll be proud to inhabit and happy to leave to our children. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/proclama.tio b/textfiles.com/politics/proclama.tio new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5a2e4a47 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/proclama.tio @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +THE PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY (1793) +by the President of the United States + +A PROCLAMATION + +Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sar- +dinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on +the other; and the duty and interest of the United States require, that they +should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and +impartial toward the belligerant Powers; + +I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the +United States to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectful- +ly; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid +all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene +such disposition. + +And I do hereby also make known, that whatsoever of the +citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to punishment or +forfeiture under the law of nations, by committing, aiding, or abetting hos- +tilities against any of the said Powers, or by carrying to any of them those +articles which are deemed contraband by the modern usage of nations, will not +receive the protection of the United States, against such punishment or forfei- +ture; and further, that I have given instructions to those officers, to whom it +belongs, to cause prosecutions to be instituted against all persons, who shall, +within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, violate the law of +nations, with respect to the Powers at war, or any of them. + +In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States of America to +be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the +city of Philadelphia, the twenty-second day of April, one thousand seven hundred +and ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the +seventeenth. + +GEORGE WASHINGTON +April 22, 1793 + +-------------------- + +France declared war against Great Britain and Holland early in April, 1793. +President Washington called a special cabinet meeting, which resulted in this +declaration of neutrality. + +-------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/proclama.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/proclama.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8465f93e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/proclama.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +THE PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY (1793): + + +BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES + +A PROCLAMATION + + Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between +Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United +Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; and +the duty and interest of the United States require, that they +should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a +conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerant Powers; + I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare +the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct +aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and +warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all +acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend +to contravene such disposition. + And I do hereby also make known, that whatsoever of the +citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to +punishment or forfeiture under the law of nations, by +committing, aiding, or abetting hostilities against any of the +said Powers, or by carrying to any of them those articles which +are deemed contraband by the modern usage of nations, will not +receive the protection of the United States, against such +punishment or forfeiture; and further, that I have given +instructions to those officers, to whom it belongs, to cause +prosecutions to be instituted against all persons, who shall, +within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, +violate the law of nations, with respect to the Powers at war, +or any of them. + In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United +States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed +the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the +twenty-second day of April, one thousand seven hundred and +ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States of +America the seventeenth. + +GEORGE WASHINGTON +April 22, 1793 + +------------------------------------- + + France declared war against Great Britain and Holland +early in April, 1793. President Washington called a special +cabinet meeting, which resulted in this declaration of +neutrality. + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +VšR¥T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/prodigy b/textfiles.com/politics/prodigy new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f1266760 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/prodigy @@ -0,0 +1,272 @@ + Prodigy: Where Is It Going? + + National Rollout And User Protest Raise Questions + About The Future OfOnline Communications + + By Adam Gaffin + +The story is bizarre but true, Herb Rothman swears. Prodigy, the +IBM-Sears joint venture, wouldn't let somebody post a message in a +coin-collecting forum that he was looking for a particular Roosevelt +dime for his collection. Curious, the man called ``member services.'' +The representative told him the message violated a Prodigy rule against +mentioning another user in a public message. ``What user?'' the man +asked. ``Roosevelt Dime,'' the rep replied. ``That's not a person!'' +the man said. ``Yes he is, he's a halfback for the Chicago Bears!'' the +rep shot back. + + Rothman, a New Yorker who was one of the first to sign up for +Prodigy when it was introduced in 1988, was one of the first to get +kicked off this past fall as an organizer of a protest against new email +charges that began January 1. Prodigy households now have to pay 25 +cents for every message they send over a monthly free quota of 30. + + Leaders of the Cooperative Defense Committee--the first +nationwide protest organized largely online--have focused on issues of +censorship and alleged bait-and-switch advertising: even after Prodigy +announced the new charges, it continued to advertise as a flat-rate +service. The Texas state Attorney General's office began an +investigation in November to determine whether the ads were deceptive. +(At presstime Prodigy, while admitting no wrongdoing, had agreed to +refund charges to Texas subscribers who signed up between September 6 +and December 7 of last year, reimburse the state of Texas for +investigative costs, and allow Texas users who had signed up during the +period in question to cancel their accounts for full refunds.) + +Prodigy: A Different Vision + +But the protest has also focused attention on Prodigy's vision of online +communications, which is far different from that seen by other national +online services, let alone local bulletin-board systems. + + It's a vision of online communications as computer home- +shopping network. + + Where others see a new way for people to communicate and even +create "virtual communities,'' Prodigy sees vast potential profits from +people shopping through their keyboards. + + ``We are an information service,'' Prodigy spokesman Steve Hein +says. "`We are not an email service.'' + + Although other national services have "malls'' and advertising, +only Prodigy puts ads on almost every screen a user sees. Advertisers +pay Prodigy between $10,000 and $20,000 to design these ads and their +user interfaces. + + In press handouts, Prodigy does not even mention its public +"bulletin boards'' as a feature, pointing instead to things such as +"news and stock quotes, home shopping and banking, airline ticketing, +stock trading and our new encyclopedia, movie guide and travel guide.'' + + Prodigy says its pricing--$12.95 a month for unlimited non-email +use--is based on the premise that people will use it for shopping. +``Every time you use the service to buy a holiday gift, book an airline +ticket, pay a bill, trade a stock, send flowers or buy stamps, you are +helping to assure the continuation of a flat, unmetered fee,'' because +advertisers pay a fee for each purchase and inquiry, Prodigy said in a +recent message to users. + + ``Shopping has been growing more than the bulletin boards,'' +Hein says. He was unable, however, to provide specific figures showing +how much use each function now gets. + + Hein says Prodigy decided to start charging for email because 20 +percent of the users were sending 90 percent of the email messages, +costing the company millions of dollars for extra computer equipment and +workers to manage a mail flow growing 20 percent a month. When Prodigy +started, he said, officials figured households would use email like +long-distance phone calls: they would only send several messages a +month. + +The Email Explosion + +But much of Prodigy's unexpected email traffic is due to the way it runs +its public conferences. Unlike other services, which rely on the +maturity of users and only rarely delete public messages, Prodigy +employs several dozen "editors'' to screen every potential public +message--sometimes delaying their posting by up to 40 hours, when they +are posted at all. + + According to the Prodigy user agreement: ``Prodigy reserves the +right to review and edit any material submitted for display or placed on +the Prodigy service, excluding private electronic messages, and may +refuse to display or may remove from the service, any material that it, +in its sole discretion, believes violates this Agreement, is detrimental +to other Members or to the business interests of Prodigy, its Members or +information providers or is otherwise objectionable.'' + + The agreement also forbids members from attempting to buy or +sell any products without Prodigy's prior written consent. Then it adds, +``Prodigy reserves the right, without liability, to remove and not to +display, any material at the sole discretion of Prodigy. All material +submitted to a public postings area will be automatically deleted +according to criteria established by Prodigy.'' + + Prodigy has software that scans incoming public messages for +certain objectionable words before it gets to the ``editors,'' but some +members complain this is not always perfect: for example, people with an +interest in botany claim they cannot hold a public discussion about +pussywillows. + + Just a few months after Prodigy went online, some users had +turned to email for uncensored discussions. + + In December 1989, Prodigy simply eliminated an entire +mental-health bulletin board when gays and fundamentalists got into a +heated debate. Prodigy spokesman Brian Ek compares the network to the +publisher of a family newspaper that has a right to decide what is +appropriate. Prodigy has no restricted areas, and has to be concerned +about what children might see when they log on, he says. + + So pet owners were not allowed to use the word "bitch'' in +discussions about dogs. Coin and stamp collectors could not post lists +of items they had for swapping, because Prodigy saw that as commercial +activity. + + Yet users complained that even this was done capriciously. +Rothman says that if one of his messages was rejected, he would +re-submit it a few times--and often it would eventually get in. + + In October, one member asked in the ``About Prodigy'' bulletin +board why she was not allowed to comment about the use of the phrase +``Queen Bitch'' by a character on L.A. Law. A Prodigy official +responded that Prodigy has different standards for propriety than +television. But he said the subscriber could use asterisks. If she were +to write ``Queen B****,'' then ``adults will get the idea but the actual +words will not appear.'' + + Rothman says that in late 1988, he had had enough of having his +messages about glass-object collecting rejected, so he asked Kim +Hazlerig, a Prodigy member-services employee, if there were any +alternatives. He says she suggested he set up a ``mailing list'' via +email and that he contact a Los Angeles subscriber who had written +software to send large numbers of email messages at once. + + Rothman began sending out a weekly newsletter on collectibles. +By the time he was kicked off the system, he had 1,500 readers. + + Solon Owens, a former Berkeley resident now living in Oregon, +was an active participant in Prodigy's mental-health forum, where he and +others discussed their progress in 12-step programs such as Alcoholics +Anonymous. After the conference was eliminated, he started his own +mailing list of 10 people--which eventually grew to 120. + + The number of these email lists exploded. Soon dozens of groups +were using email mailing lists, typically sent on a weekly basis. + + Hein says he is unaware of anybody at Prodigy actually promoting +email lists or telling people how to start them. For a while, however, +the coordinators of these lists were allowed to advertise them in a +public forum on the service twice a month. + + But with the new email charges, all this ended. Besides Owens' +group, a number of handicapped people had set up their own mailing +lists. Owens says he could not afford to send out messages to the 120 +people now on his mailing list, so he has moved over to GEnie. ``We +cannot afford to provide free services for the handicapped anymore than +the Post Office can,'' Hein says, adding the handicapped would likely +see many of Prodigy's shopping services as a benefit worth keeping. + + Told some users feel Prodigy brought much of the email costs on +itself through censorship, Hein says there was a very small group of +users who sent out as many as 10,000 email messages a month. ``If people +hadn't been sending tens of thousands of messages a month, this wouldn't +be a problem.'' + + The dissenters claim 20,000 supporting users. But Prodigy claims +that is still just a small percentage of its subscribers. Hein says the +network now has more than 400,000 households online. He acknowledges +that the figure includes people using free signup kits, but said those +people make up only a small percentage. Prodigy, like other online +services, has never had its subscriber numbers audited. + + Not all users objected to the email charges or the way Prodigy +runs its public forums. ``If they dislike Prodigy so much, why do they +have it?'' Jan Salamone of Hull, MA asked of the protesters. Salamone +likes Prodigy so much she not only wrote them a congratulatory letter +but let the service reprint it in its member newsletter. + + Henry Niman, a University of Pittsburgh researcher who was +kicked offline, said he does like Prodigy--he even persuaded several +friends and colleagues to sign up. He said his motive in protesting the +email rates was to try to keep Prodigy a good system. + + Without naming anyone, Prodigy officials have charged that Niman +and the others are really a small band of ``hackers'' who used devious +software to flood the mailboxes of other users and advertisers with +increasingly nasty harangues. In November, it posted new regulations +forbidding the use of "automatic" mail forwarders and barring users from +contacting advertisers online except to make orders or inquire about +orders. + + Niman says he compiled a list of about 900 people interested in +the email issue by using Prodigy's own membership-list function, which +lets one search for members by city and state, and that he and others +simply collected the addresses of advertisers from their email +responses. + + Penny Hay, a Los Angeles artist whose account was terminated, +says the committee was careful to delete the names of anybody who +objected to the messages. + +Impact + +Whether the email protest--which has garnered considerable bad press for +Prodigy--has hurt is an open question. + + Prodigy's Brian Ek says the service continues to add thousands +of new members monthly. Gary Arlen, who writes a newsletter about online +services, calls the protest a "tempest in a teapot" and says the real +question is whether Prodigy can ever recoup the several hundred million +dollars Sears and IBM reportedly poured into it. + + But GEnie, a competing system that introduced a flat rate on +nights and weekends for several dozen services--including email--just as +Prodigy was announcing its price hike, says it has picked up several +thousand disgruntled Prodigy users and now has a "Prodigy Refugees" +forum.- + + Advertisers on Prodigy are also mixed. + + "RWe've had a very good response in spite of the boycott," +Jeanine Sek, in charge of the Prodigy account for Hammacher Schlemmer in +Chicago, says, adding she quickly grew annoyed with protest messages +coming into the company's electronic mailbox. Sek says she would come +in some Monday mornings and find 40 protest messages in the company's +mailbox, all of which took time to deal with. + + Sek says she agrees with Prodigy that a handful of ``hackers'' +were abusing email. ``They know what they're doing, or, at least, I hope +they know what they're doing,'' she says of Prodigy. She adds that she +has been pleased with the response the company has received in its first +year on Prodigy. "We're very happy with it,'' she said. + + Chuck Billows, comptroller for H.G. Daniels, an art and drafting +supply store in Los Angeles, agrees that answering protest messages +``has been a tremendous drain on resources'' for his company. + + But, he adds, the protest "has cost Prodigy a lot of members and +customers, and possibly us a lot of sales. ... I think Christmas +shopping on Prodigy is under what we had expected.'' + + Billow says he does not see anything wrong with charging heavy +email users more, but said Prodigy botched the announcement and should +have offered a second, higher flat rate for such people, rather than +refusing all attempts at compromise. + + ``I think, at best, it wasn't properly presented to their +members,'' he says, adding that both sides quickly hardened into +absolute positions. The protesters demanded ``Unlimited email or else,'' +he says, while Prodigy responded with ``Well, the hell with you; this is +our business and we can do what we want.'' + + ``I think there's been a lot of time and money wasted'' by both +sides, he adds. + +----- + +Copyright 1991 by Adam Gaffin. All rights reserved. + +Adam Gaffin is a reporter for the Middlesex News in Framingham, Mass., +where he writes about personal computing. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/prodigy- b/textfiles.com/politics/prodigy- new file mode 100644 index 00000000..104fc963 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/prodigy- @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +PRODIGY STUMBLES AS A FORUM ... AGAIN +By Mike Godwin + + +On some days, Prodigy representatives tell us they're running "the Disney +Channel of online services." On other days the service is touted as a +forum for "the free expression of ideas." But management has missed the +conflict between these two missions. And it is just this unperceived +conflict that has led the B'nai B'rith's Anti-Defamation League to launch +a protest against the online service.. + + +On one level, the controversy stems from Prodigy's decision to censor +messages responding to claims that, among other things, the Holocaust +never took place. These messages--which included such statements as +"Hitler had some valid points" and that "wherever Jews exercise influence +and power, misery, warfare and economic exploitation ... follow"--were the +sort likely to stir up indignant responses among Jews and non-Jews alike. +But some Prodigy members have complained to the ADL that when they tried +to respond to both the overt content of these messages and their implicit +anti-Semitism, their responses were rejected by Prodigy's staff of +censors. + + +The rationale for the censorship? Prodigy has a policy of barring messages +directed at other members, but allows messages that condemn a group. The +result of this policy, mechanically applied, is that one member can post a +message saying that "pogroms, 'persecutions,' and the mythical holocaust" +are things that Jews "so very richly deserve" (this was an actual +message). But another member might be barred from posting some like +"Member A's comments are viciously anti-Semitic." It is no wonder that the +Anti-Defamation League is upset at what looks very much like unequal +treatment. + + +But the problem exposed by this controversy is broader than simply a badly +crafted policy. The problem is that Prodigy, while insisting on its Disney +Channel metaphor, also gives lip service to the notion of a public forum. +Henry Heilbrunn, a senior vice president of Prodigy, refers in the Wall +Street Journal to the service's "policy of free expression," while Bruce +Thurlby, Prodigy's manager of editorial business and operations, invokes +in a letter to ADL "the right of individuals to express opinions that are +contrary to personal standards or individual beliefs." + + +Yet it is impossible for any free-expression policy to explain both the +allowing of those anti-Semitic postings and the barring of responses to +those postings from outraged and offended members. Historically, this +country has embraced the principle that best cure for offensive or +disturbing speech is more speech. No regime of censorship--even of the +most neutral and well-meaning kind--can avoid the kind of result that +appears in this case: some people get to speak while others get no chance +to reply. So long as a board of censors is in place, Prodigy is no public +forum. + + +Thus, the service is left in a double bind. If Prodigy really means to be +taken as a computer-network version of "the Disney Channel"--with all the +content control that this metaphor implies--then it's taking +responsibility for (and, to some members, even seeming to endorse) the +anti-Semitic messages that were posted. On the other hand, if Prodigy +really regards itself as a forum for free expression, it has no business +refusing to allow members to respond to what they saw as lies, +distortions, and hate. A true free-speech forum would allow not only the +original messages but also the responses to them. + + +So, what's the fix for Prodigy? The answer may lie in replacing the +service's censors with a system of "conference hosts" of the sort one sees +on CompuServe or on the WELL. As WELL manager Cliff Figallo conceives of +his service, the management is like an apartment manager who normally +allows tenants to do what they want, but who steps in if they do something +outrageously disruptive. Hosts on the WELL normally steer discussions +rather than censoring them, and merely offensive speech is almost never +censored. + + +But even if Prodigy doesn't adopt a "conference host" system, it +ultimately will satisfy its members better if it does allow a true forum +for free expression. And the service may be moving in that direction +already: Heilbrunn is quoted in the Wall Street Journal as saying that +Prodigy has been loosening its content restrictions over the past month. +Good news, but not good enough--merely easing some content restrictions is +likely to be no more successful at solving Prodigy's problems than +Gorbachev's easing market restrictions was at solving the Soviet Union's +problems. The best solution is to allow what Oliver Wendell Holmes called +"the marketplace of ideas" to flourish--to get out of the censorship +business. + + + + + + +-- +Rita Marie Rouvalis rita@eff.org +Electronic Frontier Foundation | EFF administrivia to: office@eff.org +155 Second Street | Flames to: +Cambridge, MA 02141 617-864-0665 | women-not-to-be-messed-with@eff.org + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/protest.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/protest.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c6e3a402 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/protest.txt @@ -0,0 +1,716 @@ + 11 page printout + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + PROTESTANT MENACE + + TO + + OUR GOVERNMENT. + + A LECTURE + + DELIVERED IN INVESTIGATOR HALL, BOSTON, BEFORE + THE INGERSOLL SECULAR SOCIETY, + + SUNDAY, JAN. 27, 1889, + + + BY L.K. WASHBURN. + + BOSTON: + + PUBLISHED BY J.P. MENDUM, INVESTIGATOR OFFICE, + PAINE MEMORIAL BUILDING, APPLETON STREET. + + 1889 + + **** **** + + THE BOSTON INVESTIGATOR. + + For more than fifty years this paper has maintained the battle +for Liberty against a world of opposition. And these were years +"that tried men's souls." But "the good old Investigator," (as so +many of its readers are pleased to call it,) has never from the +first wavered or faltered for a moment in this long and unequal +combat. It has borne the brunt of the battle. With this half a +century of faithful service behind it, it may well be called "the +tried and true friend of human rights." It has had for its grand +aim the elevation of man through the truth and inspiration of +Mental Liberty and moral education. True to its name it has +investigated all subjects deemed worthy of attention. It has +investigated religions, politics and customs -- investigated the +dreadful superstitions of the past, the wicked shams of the +present, and the seductive delusions regarding the future. + + In short the Investigator is the people's paper. Col. R.G. +Ingersoll says of it, "The Investigator is the best of all Liberal +papers." Reader please let us have your subscription. + + **** **** + + Published every Wednesday at Paine Memorial Building, Boston, +Mass. By J.P. Mendum. Edited by Horace Seaver. + + Price, $3.00 per annum, single copies 7 cents, Specimen copies +sent on receipt of a two cent stamp to pay postage. + + **** **** + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + + + PROTESTANT MENACE + TO + OUR GOVERNMENT. + + + MR. CHAIRMAN, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN: -- + + It is essential that we understand what our Government stands +for; that we recognize the principles upon which it was founded and +the purposes for which it exists, in order to realize the present +anomalous condition of things, and to see the contradiction between +theory and practice as illustrated in the actual affairs of our +national life. It seems like repeating the familiar knowledge of +the school-room to say that our Government stands for human rights; +that chief among these rights is liberty, and that the very +inspiration of our existence as a people was the demand for +political freedom. + + The purposes of our Government is identical with its +principles, to secure to man the freedom which it declares to be +his right. Our Constitution guarantees the citizen of this nation +the blessings of "liberty," and our Government should make good its +word. + + our nation was born in a land which had passed through a +religious experience that embraced persecution and toleration, +fanaticism and common sense. The narrow religious spirit of the +Puritan broadened into the philosophic temper of Franklin, and the +rational faith of Jefferson and Paine. The events that immediately +preceded the struggle for independence on this Continent which +commanded the attention of the inhabitants of the Colonies, were of +a political character. Whatever there was of religious or +ecclesiastical interest was either pushed aside or forgotten in the +more important matters of political Government. + + The King of Great Britain had oppressed beyond endurance his +American subjects, and the indignation of the Colonists was +ripening into rebellion. The question that appealed to every heart +was one of human rights. The heel of tyranny was on the necks of +the people, and their sufferings had passed the bounds of +submission. Let us understand that among all the alleged grievances +against the King by the Colonists, there was no religious +oppression complained of. Among the causes assigned for separation +by the American people, there was no mention of religious wrongs or +religious injustice. The step taken by the Colonists then was not +to secure any religious reform, but solely to secure a better +political Government. + + These are the facts: The question of political independence +from Great Britain was discussed with little or no reference to +religious institutions; the war of the Revolution was fought with +the one idea of political independence as the objective point of +the struggle; the celebration of the victory which the American +army achieved was a rejoicing over the political independence which +the Colonies had won. Our Government was established for no +religious purpose. It is well for this fact to be emphasized at the +present time. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + + + The founders of our Republic, whatever their individual +religious convictions or opinions might have been, imposed no +religion upon the nation. The State was to recognize no church, but +to allow equal religious liberty to all. This principle was +affirmed in the strongest language in the National Constitution: +"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of +religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." We may rest +assured, however, that those most interested in ecclesiastical +matters were not indifferent to the fate of religion, but the vast +importance of political success overshadowed and kept in abeyance +any sectarian or religious ambition which might seek gratification. +Perhaps another reason that the assertion of religious liberty was +engrafted on the Constitution, was, that many of the leaders in the +struggle for independence were Freethinkers. Men who had become +emancipated from superstition, and who were familiar with the +history of ecclesiastical persecution, would not willingly see a +new-born nation committed to hands that cared more for the +interests of a church than for the rights of man. + + It was fortunate for the human race that the foremost minds +which gave form and direction to our Government were not religious +bigots or fanatics. On no other Continent, and at no other period +in the history of mankind, had there existed circumstances so +favorable to the triumph of human freedom. Liberty was in the air. +It fell to the people as a natural right. If there was manifested +any disposition to shut it out of the National Constitution, it did +not succeed, There were men who had thought deeply, who were +determined that no union of Church and State should be permitted in +this country. We have in the United States no established religion, +no national church. The letter of the Constitution has not been +violated. Congress has made no law prohibiting religious freedom. +For over one hundred years the American people have boasted that in +this land there was no union of Church and State. + + In theory we have religious liberty in the United States, but +in fact we have not. While there has been no legislative act that +commits the nation to any form of religion, our Government has kept +up a sort of religious flirtation with Christianity ever since its +foundation, and has shown it favors and granted it immunities which +cannot be reconciled with its principles of Secularism. If our +nation has no religious intentions, every act which relieves the +Christian Church of a just burden is dishonorable and unfair to +those who do not wish to help support this ecclesiastical parasite. + + It is said that our Government has never declared itself in +favor of any religion, and yet ecclesiastical property has been +exempted from taxation; ministers have been paid for praying by +State and Nation; money has been granted by City and State for +sectarian purposes; the Bible has been read in our public schools; +the Governors of our States, and the President of the United +States, have appointed days of fasting and prayer, and commanded +the people to pay them the respect of religious observance, and +various laws, having for their object the control of Sunday in the +interest of Christianity, have been enacted and enforced in nearly +all the States and Territories of the United States of America. We +have an illegitimate union of Church and State in this country, and + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + + +it is time that it was broken up. In the face of such facts as we +have mentioned, the Constitution which declares that "Congress +shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, needs to +be vindicated. + + The National Constitution guarantees religions liberty to +every citizen, and gives every State in the Union the power to take +away this liberty. As a citizen of the United States, I am not +bound by any religion, but as a citizen of Massachusetts I am +compelled to regulate my actions by the faith of Christianity. +Every State can make, and has made, laws abridging religious +liberty. Such laws to-day give the Christian Church the legal right +to take away human freedom, but every such statute is contrary to +the supreme law of the land, and should be abrogated. It is time to +cry "halt!" to the religious power in this country. The march of +events under the flag of freedom takes us into no ecclesiastical +camp. We must decide which is of most value to our people, the +Christian religion or the principles embodied in our National +Constitution; the Protestant Church or a free Government, This +question is being forced upon our attention, and is up for +discussion. + + I insist that while every religion is free to propagate its +faith by all the ecclesiastical arts known to priest and minister, +no church has the right to claim the power of the law to shield it +from just criticism, or to enforce its faith upon the people. Our +nation is not a Christian nation. All the legislation in the +interest of the Christian Church is contrary to the declaration of +our principles. Every statute that has for its object the +enforcement of the Christian religion is religious oppression. I +always try to think as well of my fellow beings as I can. I would +like to do justice to those men and women who are trying to have +our Government "stand up for Jesus"; and I will admit that they are +sincere in their efforts, that they honestly believe that we should +be better, more moral and upright as a people, if some +acknowledgment of our national dependence upon the Protestant +religion could be secured from our Government. I will also admit +that Calvin was perfectly sincere in his belief that the doctrines +of Serviettes were dangerous to the soul of man, and that in his +approval of the burning of Serviettes he was perfectly sincere, + + I will admit that the Massachusetts Puritans who hung Quakers +on Boston Common were sincere in their cruel and barbarous +persecutions, and that it was with all sincerity that they branded +with hot irons people whom they looked upon as heretics. I will +admit that the Christian prosecution of Abner Kneeland for +blasphemy was sincere, and that this grand man, called "the grey +father of American Free Thought," was sent to jail for an honest +expression of an honest faith in perfect sincerity. I will admit +that the Unitarians were sincere in their fear and hate of Theodore +Parker, when he was a living power in this city, and that sincerity +dictated the tardy repentance which has moved the Unitarian +denomination to pay him the tribute of respect and honor which it +has but lately laid upon the brow crowned with death. I will admit +that all Christians are sincere in their hatred of Freethinkers, +and that the Christian Church hates most sincerely that most-hated +Freethinker whom we to-day have met to honor -- THOMAS PAINE. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + + + Sincerity has been the excuse of one-half the villainy of the +world, and the apology of the other half. It has been the fair face +of too many foul deeds. Thousands of crimes and wrongs and +cruelties have been born from the heart of this word. We cannot +deny sincerity to the Mohammedan in his fiendish barbarities to +Christians, nor equal sincerity to Christians in their equally +barbarous retaliation. We feel that the dupe of religious +excitement is sincere in whatever he says and does, but we cannot +for this reason endorse his flaming rhetoric, or imitate his pious +gymnastics. I presume that every bigot and every fanatic in the +world is sincere. + + Let us ask the Protestant Christians of the United States, who +are working to get their religion endorsed by the Government, if +they are suffering from political injustice, if they are victims of +political wrongs? Are they singled out among the inhabitants of +this country for legislative afflictions? Are they compelled to +observe against their convictions any particular day of the week as +sacred above another? Is their property taxed unjustly; taxed to +support a worship which they cannot join and a religion which they +cannot accept? Are their children compelled by the laws of the +State to listen to the reading of religious books which are +obnoxious to them. Do they hear prayers in our legislatures that +are offensive to their ideas of right? + + The necessary and just demand is not for the Government to +give further aid to the Protestant Church, but to stop the +immunities which this church now enjoys. In view of the many wrongs +and evils which others have to bear on account of the privileges +granted to this church, every Christian should hang his head in +shame and blush with guilt before the American people. The truth is +this: The Protestant churches of the United States want to control +our Government for the advantage of their religion. They already +have secured enactments in all of our legislatures which give them +power to injure in mind and estate those who do not accept the +Christian faith. Yet in face of this fact, and in face of the +National Constitution, which says that Congress shall not prohibit +the free exercise of religion, there is a movement among the +Protestant party for greater ecclesiastical authority. + + We cannot be blind to the efforts being made by Christian +fanatics, nor can we see such attempts to weaken our political +Government and strangle our political liberty without a protest. +That the people who are seeking for religious power in this country +are honest and sincere in their endeavors, is not any reason why +our citizens should stand idly by and see their political +institutions overthrown, and the freedom won by the patriots of the +Revolution destroyed by the bigots of the Christian Church. + + The Protestant menace to our Government is much too serious to +be dismissed with the selfsatisfying assurance that there is no +danger in this land from the ecclesiastical power. There is a more +imminent danger than most people are aware of, and there is +apprehension lest it be seen too late. The Christian Church, to +hide its base motives, is proclaiming that the increasing +skepticism in this country threatens the moral foundation of +society, and that its further spread endangers the very existence + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + + +of our Republic. It is seeking to create a sentiment against the +spirit of free inquiry, which has challenged its authority and +exposed its false claims to Divine guidance. The endeavor to foist +its religion upon the nation is for the purpose of getting the +power to stamp out Liberalism in the United States. + + Upon any true and faithful representation of the work of Free +Thought in the world, the Christian Church would be unable to +arouse any prejudice against it. It is only by raising the cry of +"Infidelity" that it can succeed. The word "Infidel" is "mad dog" +to the ear of the average Christian. Start this cry and he at once +arms himself with the cudgel of slander and abuse, and is ready to +engage in any crusade that promises the speedy extermination of his +enemy. But we do not purpose to allow Liberalism to be +misrepresented by Christian lips without demanding satisfaction. + + Liberalism is the honest result of honest thought. It is the +expression of honest convictions. As Liberals who have outgrown the +influence of the Christian dogmas upon the mind, we take the +position that such growth assigns us. We are outside of the +Christian Church because we do not belong inside. In our criticisms +of the Christian superstitions we have performed what we believed +to be a duty. We hold that Christianity as a religious system is +both false and wrong, and that we do the world a benefit by +exposing its falseness and errors. Liberalism has never lifted a +hand in persecution, never imprisoned science or burned doubt. +Liberalism has sided with the wronged, the oppressed, the enslaved +everywhere. Liberalism has been heroic in its devotion to truth, +sublime in its endurance of wrongs, and self-sacrificing in its +pursuit of what is right and best for man. And yet the Christian +Church has ever treated those who have rejected its faith as +enemies of all that is pure, good, and true. + + Christianity has persecuted men in all ages; it has tortured +doubt, burned unbelief, and led science and truth to the stake and +the gallows. It has sided with the oppressor, with the slave- +holder, with the great and powerful everywhere. It has pursued +liberty with the hate of a tyrant and the venom of a priest. It has +treated knowledge as a spy and truth as a traitor. It has made vice +a virtue by putting a premium on a profession of faith, and virtue +a vice by punishing the publication of an honest doubt. And yet +this priestly piety has the audacity to pose as the friend of +science, of knowledge, of truth, of liberty, and of man. + + The Protestant Church asks our Government to give it the right +to teach its dogmas to our children, when there is not a Christian +minister on the earth that can defend these dogmas before the court +of common sense. The Protestant Church asks our Government to +compel the people to observe the Christian Sabbath as a day of +religious worship, when it knows that not one-fourth of the people +of the nation look upon Sunday as any holier than Friday. + + The truth is that Orthodoxy is regarded as a theological +comedy by the intelligence of the world, and as being played +chiefly for the benefit of the actors' fund." It has been apparent +for several years that Christianity was losing its hold upon the +faith of mankind, and those who get their living out of this + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + + +superstition have exhausted every physical and mental resource to +save Christianity for the purpose of saving themselves. Every +device has been resorted to that promised to postpone the +dissolution of this theological body, and every means tried that +held out the faintest hope that this "arrested development" of +human thought would yield the salaries of those who preached it for +at least another generation. + + Various efforts have been made to take away the rights of the +people to save the Christian superstitions, but no more flagrant +violation of the liberty guaranteed the citizens of this Republic +has ever been attempted than is contained in the present endeavor +to have Congress pass what is called a National Sabbath Law. Do our +people realize what this law means? Do they KNOW what the power of +the Protestant Church would be if backed up by the power of our +Government? Let me read enough of the text of this proposed law to +show how far the Christian Church would go to save its +institutions. The bill, which is expected to become a law, was +introduced in the Senate of the United States by Mr. Blair, on the +21st of May, 1888. It was read twice, and referred to the Committee +on Education and Labor. On December 18th, 1888, it was ordered to +be reprinted. This bill is entitled; A bill to secure to the people +the enjoyment of the first day of the week, commonly known as the +Lord's Day, as a day of rest, and to promote its observance as a +day of religious worship." It reads as follows: -- + + "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of + the United States of America in, Congress assembled, -- + + That no person, or corporation, or agent, servant, or + employee of any person or corporation, shall perform or + authorize to be performed, any secular work, labor, or + business to the disturbance of others, works of necessity, and + mercy, and humanity excepted; nor shall any Person engage in + any play, game, or amusement, or recreation to the disturbance + of others, on the first day of the week, commonly known as the + Lord's Day, or during any part thereof, in any territory, + district, vessel, or place subject to the exclusive + jurisdiction of the United States........ + + See. 2. That no mails or mail matter shall hereafter be + transported in time of peace over any land postal-route, nor + shall any mail matter be collected, assorted, handled, or + delivered during any part of the first day of the week." + + There are certain provisos which are not important to our +purpose. Sections 3, 4, and 5 relate to commerce between the States +and with the Indian tribes; drills, musters and parades; and the +payment and receipt of wages. Sec. 6 refers to such labor and +service as are not deemed violations of the act, but says that "the +same shall be construed so far as possible to secure to the whole +people rest from toil during the first day of the week, their +mental and moral culture, and the religious observance of the +Sabbath Day." + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + + + Here is a deadly blow aimed at religious liberty in this +country. Such a bill as this is the attempt of religious despair. +Any endeavor to explain it on the ground of public necessity, or in +the interest of public morals, is the veriest hypocrisy. Who +demands such a law as this bill proposes? What is it demanded for? +Have not the people who wish to go to church on Sunday the liberty +to do so? Does any one deny them this right? Does any one object to +their going or try to stop them? + + Here is the truth: This bill is not to secure to those who +wish to observe the Sabbath in a religious manner the right to do +so, but it is for the purpose of preventing those who wish to +observe it differently from so doing. It is an effort to coerce the +conduct and consciences of men. It is compulsion. This act of +desperation on the part of the Protestant Christians of the United +States is a confession that their religion is a failure, that +without the arm of the law to compel people to observe Sunday as a +holy day, the church is powerless to secure such observance. + + Has no one but a Christian any rights in this country? Is +there nothing else of importance in this land but the church? Are +the only affairs of great moment those that relate to religion? Has +it become necessary for the Government to sanction Christian +opinions and observances in order to make the people respect them? +Then their usefulness is past; they can only be supported by the +oppression of the people. Let Congress pass this National Sabbath +Law, and it will soon be asked to pass a law for the endowment of +the church and the support of the clergy. + + The Protestants of this land are not restrained from teaching +their religious dogmas or observing the ceremonies of their +religion. Worship is free. A clergyman may teach the most absurd +faith, the most ridiculous superstition, and the law protects him. +It is not for liberty of conscience that the Christian Church +demands the passage of this Sabbath bill; it is to kill liberty of +conscience and take away the rights of the people. + + We are informed that a petition, signed by fifteen millions of +names, praying for the passage of this bill, has been presented to +Congress. What a spectacle in a free country! Has it come to this? +Have we forgotten the lessons of persecution that we can wish to +re-enact religious tyranny? Has toleration, then, been a failure? +Has Christianity taught its adherents no higher justice than to +deny to others what they wish to enjoy themselves? + + This Sabbath bill is an attempt on the part of Christians to +take away the liberty of their neighbors. It is for the purpose of +compelling the people to accept their religious opinions, to oblige +them to attend church and support Christian worship. This proposed +law is a blow at private rights and public blessings. It aims not +only to take away the freedom of the individual, its object is to +stop public benefactions. The United States mails are to be handled +to please Christian ministers. They are to be all locked up +Saturday nights and not opened until Monday morning. The railway +trains, that carry the mails, are to stop Saturday night wherever +they happen to be, when the hand of the clock points on the dial to + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + + +the hour of twelve, and to remain there twenty-four hours. No +letter is to be collected or delivered on Sunday. The only holy +service on the so-called Lord's Day is the service conducted by the +priest or minister in a Christian Church! + + The bill to secure the religious observance of the Sabbath is +the measure of Christian intolerance in the nineteenth century. It +reveals how much of bigotry and fanaticism there is yet alive. It +shows us the spirit that animates the Christian Church, and it +shows us moreover the desperate straits to which it is reduced to +save its religion. If Christians had founded this Government there +would have been no freedom in it. Liberty would have been no larger +than the Apostle's creed. We are reminded upon this occasion of +those words of Thomas Paine: -- "Of all the tyrannies that afflict +mankind, tyranny in religion is the worst." + + Protestants have yet to learn that liberty of conscience is +not the right of a few but of all; that people are not to ask a +church what they shall accept as true, or to regulate their +behavior by what a church says is right. Not only does a Government +"derive its just powers from the consent of the governed," but a +church derives its authority from the acquiescence of man. When +that authority is exercised arbitrarily it is to be resisted. The +powers of all organizations of whatsoever character are conferred +by man. There is no other source of authority. The pretended +derivation of power from God is imposition. Such a claim cannot be +defended before intelligence, and dare not be made except where +fear and cowardice make the mind a slave. + + The Protestants of the United States, in their attempt to have +enacted a National Sabbath law, aim to usurp the rights of others. +They propose to play the role of tyrants, to teach their religion +at the point of the bayonet. I think I do not mistake the temper of +the American people when I say that they will not submit to this +tyranny. We must have fair fighting to-day. The spirit of the age +sides with the wronged. There is but one way that people can be +made to observe Sunday as the Lord's Day, and that is by convincing +them that this day belongs to him, and not to the people. The +Protestant churches know that they cannot defend their dogma of the +Sabbath, know that there is no reason, no sense in their ideas of +Sunday. They are not honest enough to acknowledge the truth. They +dare not come out, and let this question be decided by the facts. +They know that there is no warrant in Nature, for their foolish +notion of Sunday. The truth is against them, and so they ask the +Government to come to the assistance of the Lord. + + It will take more than the Congress of the United States to +settle this question -- more than the passage of a bill to secure +the observance of Sunday as a day of religious worship, to convince +the intelligence of the nineteenth century that one day is better +than another or to be used for a different purpose, except as +mankind find it convenient or desirable. We are in danger of +meriting the criticism of the Hindoo who remarked that " Christians +want six days set apart for cheating man, and one day for cheating +God." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + + + I know of no question that engenders more of hypocrisy than +the Sunday question. There is in the action of the Protestants in +this country more than a menace to our liberties on one day of the +week. Let this Sabbath bill before Congress become a law and other +tyrannous measures will follow at its heels. If there is any +expectation that a more rigid religious observance of Sunday will +result in a purer moral atmosphere such expectation is doomed to +disappointment. Tyranny has never yet borne a virtue. + + For our Government to endorse any Christian dogma is to exceed +its powers. There would be no religious meaning in such an act. It +would simply be a concession to bigotry which would result in +arousing the people to the real nature of Protestantism and to +their duty towards this pious tyranny. People will not be converted +to Christianity by an act of Congress. The fond faith that a pious +text on our national coin would teach the people to reverence the +divine name did not materialize into the expected piety. A true +life has never yet come from a false education. Instead of +Christians wishing to have placed upon our money the inscription, +"In God we trust," it would have been more consistent for them to +put upon their God: -- In money we trust. + + It will do no good to pass a law which is not demanded by the +welfare of the people. An unjust statute has been the mother only +of wrongs. Our Government has nothing to do with the religion of +its people -- no right to interfere in religious matters, only to +see that one party or sect does not oppress another. + + Congress would stultify the Government were it to pass the +National Sabbath bill. Were this bill to become a law it would be +unconstitutional. I do not believe that sixty millions of people +should be enslaved to please fifteen million bigots. + + **** **** + + THE BOSTON INVESTIGATOR. + + PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY MORNING. + + At Paine Memorial Building, Appleton St., + + BOSTON, MASS. + + HORACE SEAVER ............. 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Price, 20 cts. + + FOR SALE AT THE INVESTIGATOR OFFICE. + + **** **** + Cosmian Hymn Book, + + A COLLECTION OF + + ORIGINAL AND SELECTED + HYMNS + + FOR + Liberal and Ethical Societies, + for Schools and the Home. + + COMPILED BY + L.K. WASHBURN + + FOR SALE AT THE INVESTIGATOR OFFICE. + + PRICE, $1,50. + **** **** + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/prsvbure.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/prsvbure.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc41a54c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/prsvbure.txt @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +THE PRESERVATION OF THE BUREAUCRACY + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + +Two hundred years ago, our American ancestors instituted the +most unusual political system in history. The Constitution +called into existence a government whose powers, for the first +time ever, were extremely limited. Thus, unlike other people +throughout history, Americans lived without such things as +income taxation, welfare, licensure, immigration control, +business regulation, drug laws, conscription, and passports. +Generally, and with exceptions (slavery and tariffs being the +most notable), laws were limited to protecting people from the +violence and fraud of others. + +What caused these Americans to institute this strange and +novel way of life? The answer lies in the way our American +ancestors perceived the relationship between the individual in +society and his government. + +Americans of that time believed that the preservation of the +individual--and the freedom to live his life and dispose of +his wealth as he chose--was the highest political end. Thus, +for them, government's sole purpose was to assist in the +achievement of this end. Government officials were viewed as +servants, and only as servants, to ensure the preservation of +the individual, the freedom to live his life, and the +disposition of his wealth, as he saw fit. + +Although Americans of today operate under the delusion that +they subscribe to the same value structure as their ancestors, +the uncomfortable reality is that they have instead rejected +and abandoned it. Although they will rarely admit it to +themselves or others, Americans today honestly believe that +the supreme end in American society is not the preservation of +the individual and his freedom to choose, but rather the +preservation of the political bureaucracy and its unlimited +power to control the lives and wealth of the citizenry. + +How do the politicians and bureaucrats, in turn, perceive the +citizenry? Paying lip service to their role as "public +servants," especially at election time, public officials, in +reality, scoff at any such notion. In their eyes, the citizens +are means, not ends, who exist solely to ensure the +preservation of the bureaucracy. + +This philosophical perspective--that the citizen is merely a +"cog in the wheel" which can, and will, be sacrificed for the +greater good of the bureaucracy--holds true, of course, with +the civil bureaucracy. Usually under the guise of fighting +some domestic "war," or attacking some "crisis"--poverty, +drugs, illiteracy, racism, or whatever--the civil bureaucracy +exercises ever increasing control over the lives and wealth of +the citizenry. + +But the same holds true with the military bureaucracy. No +matter what the conditions are in the world--even if peace +were to break out everywhere--even if democracies were +suddenly found in every nation on earth--even if American +politicians and bureaucrats appointed every ruler in the +world--in the mind of the military bureaucrat, crises and wars +will always be a "potential threat" to "national security." +And so the military bureaucracy also wields ever increasing +control over the lives and wealth of the citizenry. + +All money which government has, of course, comes from the +citizenry through the coercive process of taxation. +Government officials understand that, in this sense, they are +parasitic--that is, that they survive and flourish through the +earnings that are sucked out of the pockets of the citizens. +They comprehend, for example, that if the citizenry suddenly +decided to stop paying taxes, the bureaucracy's lifeline +would, at the same time, dry up. + +The bureaucracy recognizes that, since it is a parasite, it +must perform a masterful balancing act. On the one hand, it +must ensure that the citizenry continue paying taxes at such a +level that the bureaucracy is preserved, and hopefully +expanded. But it must also ensure that the level of +confiscation and plunder never gets so high that the worst +fear of the bureaucracy--a tax revolt among the citizenry-- +materializes. + +Now, the intriguing question is: if the American people +decided that their ancestors were right, and that 20th-century +Americans are wrong--that is, that the preservation of the +individual and his freedom to choose, should, in fact, be the +end, and the government simply the means to ensure that end-- +would the politicians and bureaucrats comply with the decision +of the citizenry? + +The answer is in doubt. Why? Because those in the bureaucracy +honestly believe that they, not the citizenry, are "the +country"; that is, they actually think that the nation, and +the well-being of the nation, depend on their preservation. +The dismantling of the bureaucracy, in their minds, would mean +the destruction of the country. Therefore, it is entirely +possible that, in the midst of what the politicians and +bureaucrats would consider a "national crisis," they would +refuse to comply with a mandate of the citizenry to dismantle +the bureaucracy and end the taxation necessary for its +preservation. + +One of these days, the American people will discover, much to +their surprise and dismay, that which the Soviet citizens are +discovering: that the bureaucracy will always tolerate the +citizens' "freedom of speech" to complain about bureaucratic +abuses and inefficiencies; but as soon as the bureaucracy is +threatened by the citizenry with extinction, it will fight +them "tooth and nail" for its "right" to be preserved. + +Complaints about governmental inefficiencies and corruption +have become a well-recognized and accepted part of American +life: "We must get rid of waste in government programs"; "We +must get 'better people' into public office." So, attempting +to "correct the system" by gaining political power over their +fellow citizens, Americans expend much time, money, and effort +to get themselves, or their friends, elected or appointed to +public office. And the results? Even when victorious, they +learn that things only get worse: expanded control, greater +plunder, increased waste, and more corruption--only this time +by them and their friends, rather than by others. + +Americans must finally come to the painful realization that +their ancestors were philosophically correct: that the taking +of money from one person, through the political process, in +order to give it to another person is evil, immoral, and +destructive; and that political interference with how a person +chooses to peacefully live his life, and dispose of his +wealth, is equally evil, immoral, and destructive. + +Moreover, Americans must finally conclude, as painful as it +may be, that waste in government programs (actually somebody's +income), no matter how great an effort is expended, is +impossible to eliminate. Evil and immorality, even if +democratically enshrined, cannot be made to work efficiently. + +And they must learn that getting "better people" into public +office is not the solution either. One does not change the +nature of a house of prostitution by voting in a new board of +directors. And that is exactly what the American people of +this century have permitted their government to become--a +house of prostitution in which, for example, the principles +receive "campaign contributions" and "speakers' honoraria" for +"services rendered." Of course, some people, and especially +those who were taught civics in their public schools and who +were required to pledge allegiance every day for twelve long +years, will consider this observation to be highly +unpatriotic. But if it be unpatriotic to oppose a house of +prostitution where once stood a great and glorious edifice, +then make the most of it! + +No, the answer is not to engage in a futile quest to eliminate +waste in government programs. The solution is to +constitutionally prohibit the programs themselves. No, the +answer is not to get "better people" into public office. The +solution is to constitutionally prohibit public officials, +whoever they may be, from plundering the citizenry and doling +out money to others. No, the answer is not to reign in the +bureaucrats. The solution is to dismantle the bureaucracy and +return the bureaucrats, kicking and screaming, to rewarding +and productive lives as private citizens. No, the answer is +not tax reform. The solution is the repeal of the Sixteenth +Amendment. + +In other words, the solution for America, as we enter the +third century of this nation's existence, lies with the +American people's recapturing the principles on which our +nation was founded and limiting the power of government even +more severely than our ancestors did. Not only would this +restore our political system to a sound moral foundation and +our society to one based on volunteerism rather than coercion, +it would also unleash an economic prosperity unparalleled in +history. + +But the heart of the solution is to make the individual in +society once again sovereign over the state. Until the +American people make the preservation of the individual, as +well as his liberty and property, the highest political end, +they will continue living their lives in subserviency to what +has been the highest political end in the 20th century: the +preservation of the bureaucracy . . . and the discord, misery, +impoverishment, and destruction which it has brought in its +wake. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the February 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/public_p b/textfiles.com/politics/public_p new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6ca7e2dd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/public_p @@ -0,0 +1,6253 @@ + + + Public Papers + by Thomas Jefferson + + + _Resolutions of Congress on Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal_ + + IN CONGRESS + + THE SEVERAL Assemblies of NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA and +VIRGINIA, having referred to the Congress a resolution of the House +of Commons of GREAT BRITAIN, which resolution is in these words, viz. + + _Lunae, 20 degrees die Feb. 1775. + + _The House in a Committee on the American papers. Motion made, +and question proposed._ + + THAT _it is the opinion of this Committee, that when the +General Council and Assembly, or General Court of any of his +Majesty's provinces, or colonies in America, shall propose to make +provision, according to the condition, circumstance, or situation of +such province or colony, for contributing their proportion to the +common defence (such proportion to be raised under the authority of +the General Court, or General Assembly of such province or colony, +and disposable by Parliament) and shall engage to make provision +also, for the support of the civil government, and the Administration +of justice in such province or colony, it will be proper if such +proposal shall be approved by his Majesty and the two Houses of +Parliament; and for so long as such provision shall be made +accordingly, to forbear in respect of such province or colony, to lay +any duty, tax, or assessment, or to impose any further duty, tax or +assessment, except only such duties as it may be expedient to +continue to levy or impose, for the regulation of commerce, the net +produce of the duties last mentioned, to be carried to the account of +such province or colony respectively._ + + The Congress took the said resolution into consideration, and +are thereupon of opinion: + + That the colonies of America are entitled to the sole and +exclusive privilege of giving and granting their own money; that this +involves a right of deliberating whether they will make any gift, for +what purposes it shall be made, and what shall be it's amount; and +that it is a high breach of this privilege for any body of men, +extraneous to their constitutions, to prescribe the purposes for +which money shall be levied on them, to take to themselves the +authority of judging of their conditions, circumstances and +situations; and of determining the amount of the contribution to be +levied. + + That as the colonies possess a right of appropriating their +gifts, so are they entitled at all times to enquire into their +application, to see that they be not wasted among the venal and +corrupt for the purpose of undermining the civil rights of the +givers, nor yet be diverted to the support of standing armies, +inconsistent with their freedom and subversive of their quiet. To +propose therefore, as this resolution does, that the monies given by +the colonies shall be subject to the disposal of parliament alone, is +to propose that they shall relinquish this right of enquiry, and put +it in the power of others to render their gifts, ruinous, in +proportion as they are liberal. + + That this privilege of giving or of withholding our monies is +an important barrier against the undue exertion of prerogative, which +if left altogether without controul may be exercised to our great +oppression; and all history shews how efficacious is its intercession +for redress of grievances and re-establishment of rights, and how +improvident it would be to part with so powerful a mediator. + + We are of opinion that the proposition contained in this +resolution is unreasonable and insidious: unreasonable, because, if +we declare we accede to it, we declare without reservation, we will +purchase the favour of Parliament, not knowing at the same time at +what price they will please to estimate their favor: It is insidious, +because, individual colonies, having bid and bidden again, till they +find the avidity of the seller too great for all their powers to +satisfy; are then to return into opposition, divided from their +sister colonies whom the minister will have previously detached by a +grant of easier terms, or by an artful procrastination of a +definitive answer. + + That the suspension of the exercise of their pretended power of +taxation being expressly made commensurate with the continuance of +our gifts, these must be perpetual to make that so. Whereas no +experience has shewn that a gift of perpetual revenue secures a +perpetual return of duty or of kind disposition. On the contrary, +the Parliament itself, wisely attentive to this observation, are in +the established practice of granting their supplies from year to year +only. + + Desirous and determined as we are to consider in the most +dispassionate view every seeming advance towards a reconciliation +made by the British Parliament, let our brethren of Britain reflect +what would have been the sacrifice to men of free spirits had even +fair terms been proffered, as these insidious proposals were with +circumstances of insult and defiance. A proposition to give our +money, accompanied with large fleets and armies, seems addressed to +our fears rather than to our freedom. With what patience would +Britons have received articles of treaty from any power on earth when +borne on the point of a bayonet by military plenipotentiaries? + + We think the attempt unnecessary to raise upon us by force or +by threats our proportional contributions to the common defence, when +all know, and themselves acknowledge we have fully contributed, +whenever called upon to do so in the character of freemen. + + We are of opinion it is not just that the colonies should be +required to oblige themselves to other contributions, while Great +Britain possesses a monopoly of their trade. This of itself lays +them under heavy contribution. To demand therefore, additional aids +in the form of a tax, is to demand the double of their equal +proportion, if we are to contribute equally with the other parts of +the empire, let us equally with them enjoy free commerce with the +whole world. But while the restrictions on our trade shut to us the +resources of wealth, is it just we should bear all other burthens +equally with those to whom every resource is open. + + We conceive that the British Parliament has no right to +intermeddle with our provisions for the support of civil government, +or administration of justice. The provisions we have made are such +as please ourselves, and are agreeable to our own circumstances; they +answer the substantial purposes of government and of justice, and +other purposes than these should not be answered. We do not mean +that our people shall be burthened with oppressive taxes to provide +sinecures for the idle or the wicked, under colour of providing for a +civil list. While Parliament pursue their plan of civil government +within their own jurisdiction, we also hope to pursue ours without +molestation. + + We are of opinion the proposition is altogether unsatisfactory +because it imports only a suspension of the mode, not a renunciation +of the pretended right to tax us: Because too it does not propose to +repeal the several Acts of Parliament passed for the purposes of +restraining the trade and altering the form of government of one of +our Colonies; extending the boundaries and changing the government of +Quebec; enlarging the jurisdiction of the Courts of Admiralty and +Vice Admiralty; taking from us the rights of trial by a Jury of the +vicinage in cases affecting both life and property; transporting us +into other countries to be tried for criminal offences; exempting by +mock-trial the murderers of Colonists from punishment; and quartering +soldiers on us in times of profound peace. Nor do they renounce the +power of suspending our own Legislatures, and of legislating for us +themselves in all cases whatsoever. On the contrary, to shew they +mean no discontinuance of injury, they pass acts, at the very time of +holding out this proposition, for restraining the commerce and +fisheries of the Provinces of New-England, and for interdicting the +trade of other Colonies with all foreign nations and with each other. +This proves unequivocally they mean not to relinquish the exercise of +indiscriminate legislation over us. + + Upon the whole, this proposition seems to have been held up to +the world, to deceive it into a belief that there was nothing in +dispute between us but the _mode_ of levying taxes; and that the +Parliament having now been so good as to give up this, the Colonies +are unreasonable if not perfectly satisfied: Whereas in truth, our +adversaries still claim a right of demanding _ad libitum_, and of +taxing us themselves to the full amount of their demand, if we do not +comply with it. This leaves us without any thing we can call +property. But, what is of more importance, and what in this proposal +they keep out of sight, as if no such point was now in contest +between us, they claim a right to alter our Charters and established +laws, and leave us without any security for our Lives or Liberties. +The proposition seems also to have been calculated more particularly +to lull into fatal security our well-affected fellow subjects on the +other side the water, till time should be given for the operation of +those arms, which a British Minister pronounced would instantaneously +reduce the "cowardly" sons of America to unreserved submission. But +when the world reflects, how inadequate to justice are these vaunted +terms; when it attends to the rapid and bold succession of injuries, +which, during a course of eleven years, have been aimed at these +Colonies; when it reviews the pacific and respectful expostulations, +which, during that whole time, were the sole arms we opposed to them; +when it observes that our complaints were either not heard at all, or +were answered with new and accumulated injury; when it recollects +that the Minister himself on an early occasion declared, "that he +would never treat with America, till he had brought her to his feet," +and that an avowed partisan of Ministry has morelately denounced +against us the dreadful sentence _"delenda est Carthago,"_ that this +was done in presence of a British Senate, and being unreproved by +them, must be taken to be theirown sentiment, (especially as the +purpose has already in part been carried into execution by their +treatment of Boston, and burning of Charlestown) when it considers +the great armaments with which they have invaded us, and the +circumstances of cruelty with which these have commenced and +prosecuted hostilities; when these things, we say, are laid together, +and attentively considered, can the world be deceived into an opinion +that we are unreasonable, or can it hesitate to believe with us, that +nothing but our own exertions may defeat the ministerial sentence of +death or abject submission. + + _By Order of the Congress,_ + JOHN HANCOCK, _President._ + _Philadelphia, July 31, 1775_. + + + + _Draft Constitution for Virginia_ + [_June, 1776._] + + FAIR COPY + + [_A Bil_]l for new-modelling the form of Government and for +establishing the Fundamental principles thereof in future. + + Whereas George + Guelf king of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover, +heretofore entrusted with the exercise of the kingly office in this +government hath endeavored to pervert the same into a detestable and +insupportable tyranny; + by putting his negative on laws the most wholesome & necessary +for ye public good; + by denying to his governors permission to pass laws of +immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their +operations for his assent, and, when so suspended, neglecting to +attend to them for many years; + by refusing to pass certain other laws, unless the person to be +benefited by them would relinquish the inestimable right of +representation in the legislature + by dissolving legislative assemblies repeatedly and continually +for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the +people; + when dissolved, by refusing to call others for a long space of +time, thereby leaving the political system without any legislative +head; + by endeavoring to prevent the population of our country, & for +that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of +foreigners & raising the condition [_lacking appro_]priations of +lands; + [_by keeping among u_]s, in times of peace, standing armies and +ships of war; + [_lacking_]ing to render the military independent of & superior +to the civil power; + by combining with others to subject us to a foreign +jurisdiction, giving his assent to their pretended acts of +legislation. + for quartering large bodies of troops among us; + for cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; + + + for imposing taxes on us without our consent; + for depriving us of the benefits of trial by jury; + for transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended +offences; and + for suspending our own legislatures & declaring themselves +invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever; + by plundering our seas, ravaging our coasts, burning our towns +and destroying the lives of our people; + by inciting insurrections of our fellow subjects with the +allurements of forfeiture & confiscation; + by prompting our negroes to rise in arms among us; those very +negroes whom *he hath from time to time* by an inhuman use of his +negative he hath refused permission to exclude by law; + by endeavoring to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the +merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an +undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, & conditions of +existence; + by transporting at this time a large army of foreign +mercenaries [_to complete_] the works of death, desolation & tyranny +already begun with circum[_stances_] of cruelty & perfidy so unworthy +the head of a civilized nation; + by answering our repeated petitions for redress with a +repetition of injuries; + and finally by abandoning the helm of government and declaring +us out of his allegiance & protection; + by which several acts of misrule the said George + Guelf has forfeited the kingly office and has rendered it +necessary for the preservation of the people that he should be +immediately deposed from the same, and divested of all its +privileges, powers, & prerogatives: + + And forasmuch as the public liberty may be more certainly +secured by abolishing an office which all experience hath shewn to be +inveterately inimical thereto *or which* and it will thereupon become +further necessary to re-establish such ancient principles as are +friendly to the rights of the people and to declare certain others +which may co-operate with and fortify the same in future. + + Be it therefore enacted by the authority of the people that the +said, George Guelf be, and he hereby is deposed from the kingly +office within this government and absolutely divested of all it's +rights, powers, and prerogatives: and that he and his descendants and +all persons acting by or through him, and all other persons +whatsoever shall be and forever remain incapable of the same: and +that the said office shall henceforth cease and never more either in +name or substance be re-established within this colony. + + And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid that the +following fundamental laws and principles of government shall +henceforth be established. + + The Legislative, Executive and Judiciary offices shall be kept +forever separate; no person exercising the one shall be capable of +appointment to the others, or to either of them. + + I. LEGISLATIVE. + Legislation shall be exercised by two separate houses, to wit a +house of Representatives, and a house of Senators, which shall be +called the General Assembly of Virginia. + + Ho. of Representatives + The sd house of Representatives shall be composed of persons +chosen by the people annually on the [1st day of October] and shall +meet in General assembly on the [1st day of November] following and +so from time to time on their own adjournments, or at any time when +summoned by the Administrator and shall continue sitting so long as +they shall think the publick service requires. + + Vacancies in the said house by death or disqualification shall +be filled by the electors under a warrant from the Speaker of the +said house. + + Electors + All male persons of full age and sane mind having a freehold +estate in [one fourth of an acre] of land in any town, or in [25] +acres of land in the country, and all + Elected + persons resident in the colony who shall have paid scot and lot +to government the last [two years] shall have right to give their +vote in the election of their respective representatives. And every +person so qualified to elect shall be capable of being elected, +provided he shall have given no bribe either directly or indirectly +to any elector, and shall take an oath of fidelity to the state and +of duty in his office, before he enters on the exercise thereof. +During his continuance in the said office he shall hold no public +pension nor post of profit, either himself, or by another for his +use. + + The number of Representatives for each county or borough shall +be so proportioned to the numbers of it's qualified electors that the +whole number of representatives shall not exceed [300] nor be less +than [125.] for the present there shall be one representative for +every [ ] qualified electors in each county or borough: but whenever +this or any future proportion shall be likely to exceed or fall short +of the limits beforementioned, it shall be again adjusted by the +house of representatives. + + The house of Representatives when met shall be free to act +according to their own judgment and conscience. + + Senate + The Senate shall consist of not less than [15] nor more than +[50] members who shall be appointed by the house of Representatives. +One third of them shall be removed out of office by lot at the end of +the first [three] years and their places be supplied by a new +appointment; one other third shall be removed by lot in like manner +at the end of the second [three] years and their places be supplied +by a new appointment; after which one third shall be removed annually +at the end of every [three] years according to seniority. When once +removed, they shall be forever incapable of being re-appointed to +that house. Their qualifications shall be an oath of fidelity to the +state, and of duty in their office, the being [31] years of age at +the least, and the having given no bribe directly or indirectly to +obtain their appointment. While in the senatorial office they shall +be incapable of holding any public pension or post of profit either +themselves, or by others for their use. + + The judges of the General court and of the High court of +Chancery shall have session and deliberative voice, but not suffrage +in the house of Senators. + + The Senate and the house of representatives shall each of them +have power to originate and amend bills; save only that bills for +levying money *bills* shall be originated and amended by the +representatives only: the assent of both houses shall be requisite to +pass a law. + + The General assembly shall have no power to pass any law +inflicting death for any crime, excepting murder, & *such* those +offences in the military service for which they shall think +punishment by death absolutely necessary: and all capital punishments +in other cases are hereby abolished. Nor shall they have power to +prescribe torture in any case whatever: nor shall there be power +anywhere to pardon crimes or to remit fines or punishments: nor shall +any law for levying money be in force longer than [ten years] from +the time of its commencement. + + [Two thirds] of the members of either house shall be a Quorum +to proceed to business. + + II. EXECUTIVE. + The executive powers shall be exercised in manner following. + + Administrator + One person to be called the [Administrator] shall be annually +appointed by the house of Representatives on the second day of their +first session, who after having acted [one] year shall be incapable +of being again appointed to that office until he shall have been out +of the same [three] years. + + Deputy Admr. + Under him shall be appointed by the same house and at the same +time, a Deputy-Administrator to assist his principal in the discharge +of his office, and to succeed, in case of his death before the year +shall have expired, to the whole powers thereof during the residue of +the year. + + The administrator shall possess the power formerly held by the +king: save only that, he shall be bound by acts of legislature tho' +not expressly named; + he shall have no negative on the bills of the Legislature; + he shall be liable to action, tho' not to personal restraint +for private duties or wrongs; + he shall not possess the prerogatives; + of dissolving, proroguing or adjourning either house of +Assembly; + of declaring war or concluding peace; + of issuing letters of marque or reprisal; + + of raising or introducing armed forces, building armed vessels, +forts or strongholds; + of coining monies or regulating their values; + of regulating weights and measures; + of erecting courts, offices, boroughs, corporations, fairs, +markets, ports, beacons, lighthouses, seamarks. + of laying embargoes, or prohibiting the exportation of any +commodity for a longer space than [40] days. + of retaining or recalling a member of the state but by legal +process pro delicto vel contractu. + of making denizens. + *of pardoning crimes, or remitting fines or punishments.* + of creating dignities or granting rights of precedence. + but these powers shall be exercised by the legislature alone, +and excepting also those powers which by these fundamentals are given +to others, or abolished. + + Privy Council + A Privy council shall be annually appointed by the house of +representatives whose duties it shall be to give advice to the +Administrator when called on by him. With them the Deputy +Administrator shall have session and suffrage. + + Delegates + Delegates to represent this colony in the American Congress +shall be appointed when necessary by the house of Representatives. +After serving [one] year in that office they shall not be capable of +being re-appointed to the same during an interval of [one] year. + + Treasurer + A Treasurer shall be appointed by the house of Representatives +who shall issue no money but by authority of both houses. + + Attorney Genrl. + An Attorney general shall be appointed by the house of +Representatives + + High Sheriffs, &c. + High Sheriffs and Coroners of counties shall be annually +elected by those qualified to vote for representatives: and no person +who shall have served as high sheriff [one] year shall be capable of +being re-elected to the said office in the same county till he shall +have been out of office [five] years. + + Other Officers + All other Officers civil and military shall be appointed by the +Administrator; but such appointment shall be subject to the negative +of the Privy council, saving however to the Legislature a power of +transferring to any other persons the appointment of such officers or +any of them. + + III. JUDICIARY. + The Judiciary powers shall be exercised + First, by County courts and other inferior jurisdictions: + Secondly, by a General court & a High court of Chancery: + Thirdly, by a Court of Appeals. + + County Courts, &c. + The judges of the county courts and other inferior +jurisdictions shall be appointed by the Administrator, subject to the +negative of the privy council. They shall not be fewer than [five] +in number. Their jurisdictions shall be defined from time to time by +the legislature: and they shall be removable for misbehavior by the +court of Appeals. + + Genl. Court and High Ct. of Chancery + The Judges of the General court and of the High court of +Chancery shall be appointed by the Administrator and Privy council. +If kept united they shall be [5] in number, if separate, there shall +be [5] for the General court & [3] for the High court of Chancery. +The appointment shall be made from the faculty of the law, and of +such persons of that faculty as shall have actually exercised the +same at the bar of some court or courts of record within this colony +for [seven] years. They shall hold their commissions during good +behavior, for breach of which they shall be removable by the court of +Appeals. Their jurisdiction shall be defined from time to time by +the Legislature. + + Court of Appeals + The Court of Appeals shall consist of not less than [7] nor +more than [11] members, to be appointed by the house of +Representatives: they shall hold their offices during good behavior, +for breach of which they shall be removable by an act of the +legislature only. Their jurisdiction shall be to determine finally +all causes removed before them from the General Court or High Court +of Chancery, or of the county courts or other inferior jurisdictions +for misbehavior: [to try impeachments against high offenders lodged +before them by the house of representatives for such crimes as shall +hereafter be precisely defined by the Legislature, and for the +punishment of which, the said legislature shall have previously +prescribed certain and determinate pains.] In this court the judges +of the General court and High court of Chancery shall have session +and deliberative voice, but no suffrage. + + Juries + All facts in causes whether of Chancery, Common, +Ecclesiastical, or Marine law, shall be tried by a jury upon evidence +given viva voce, in open court: but where witnesses are out of the +colony or unable to attend through sickness or other invincible +necessity, their deposition may be submitted to the credit of the +jury. + + Fines, &c. + All Fines or Amercements shall be assessed, & Terms of +imprisonment for Contempts & Misdemeanors shall be fixed by the +verdict of a Jury. + + Process + All Process Original & Judicial shall run in the name of the +court from which it issues. + + Quorum + Two thirds of the members of the General court, High court of +Chancery, or Court of Appeals shall be a Quorum to proceed to +business. + + IV. RIGHTS, PRIVATE AND PUBLIC. + Lands + Unappropriated or Forfeited lands shall be appropriated by the +Administrator with the consent of the Privy council. + + Every person of full age neither owning nor having owned [50] +acres of land, shall be entitled to an appropriation of [50] acres or +to so much as shall make up what he owns or has owned [50] acres in +full and absolute dominion. And no other person shall be capable of +taking an appropriation. + + Lands heretofore holden of the crown in fee simple, and those +hereafter to be appropriated shall be holden in full and absolute +dominion, of no superior whatever. + + No lands shall be appropriated until purchased of the Indian +native proprietors; nor shall any purchases be made of them but on +behalf of the public, by authority of acts of the General assembly to +be passed for every purchase specially. + + The territories contained within the charters erecting the +colonies of Maryland, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, are +hereby ceeded, released, & forever confirmed to the people of those +colonies respectively, with all the rights of property, jurisdiction +and government and all other rights whatsoever which might at any +time heretofore have been claimed by this colony. The Western and +Northern extent of this country shall in all other respects stand as +fixed by the charter of + + until by act of the Legislature one or more territories shall +be laid off Westward of the Alleghaney mountains for new colonies, +which colonies shall be established on the same fundamental laws +contained in this instrument, and shall be free and independent of +this colony and of all the world. + + Descents shall go according to the laws Gavelkind, save only +that females shall have equal rights with males. + + Slaves + No person hereafter coming into this county shall be held +within the same in slavery under any pretext whatever. + + Naturalization + All persons who by their own oath or affirmation, or by other +testimony shall give satisfactory proof to any court of record in +this colony that they propose to reside in the same [7] years at the +least and who shall subscribe the fundamental laws, shall be +considered as residents and entitled to all the rights of persons +natural born. + + Religion + All persons shall have full and free liberty of religious +opinion; nor shall any be compelled to frequent or maintain any +religious institution. + + Arms + No freeman shall be debarred the use of arms [within his own +lands]. + + Standing Armies + There shall be no standing army but in time of actual war. + + Free Press + Printing presses shall be free, except so far as by commission +of private injury cause may be given of private action. + + Forfeitures + All Forfeitures heretofore going to the king, shall go the +state; save only such as the legislature may hereafter abolish. + + + Wrecks + The royal claim to Wrecks, waifs, strays, treasure-trove, royal +mines, royal fish, royal birds, are declared to have been usurpations +on common right. + + Salaries + No Salaries or Perquisites shall be given to any officer but by +some future act of the legislature. No salaries shall be given to +the Administrator, members of the legislative houses, judges of the +court of Appeals, judges of the County courts, or other inferior +jurisdictions, Privy counsellors, or Delegates to the American +Congress: but the reasonable expences of the Administrator, members +of the house of representatives, judges of the court of Appeals, +Privy counsellors, & Delegates for subsistence while acting in the +duties of their office, may be borne by the public, if the +legislature shall so direct. + + Qualifications + No person shall be capable of acting in any office Civil, +Military [or Ecclesiastical] *The Qualifications of all not otherwise +directed, shall be an oath of fidelity to state and the having given +no bribe to obtain their office* who shall have given any bribe to +obtain such office, or who shall not previously take an oath of +fidelity to the state. + + None of these fundamental laws and principles of government +shall be repealed or altered, but by the personal consent of the +people on summons to meet in their respective counties on one and the +same day by an act of Legislature to be passed for every special +occasion: and if in such county meetings the people of two thirds of +the counties shall give their suffrage for any particular alteration +or repeal referred to them by the said act, the same shall be +accordingly repealed or altered, and such repeal or alteration shall +take it's place among these fundamentals and stand on the same +footing with them, in lieu of the article repealed or altered. + + The laws heretofore in force in this colony shall remain in +force, except so far as they are altered by the foregoing fundamental +laws, or so far as they may be hereafter altered by acts of the +Legislature. + + + + + REVISAL OF THE LAWS: DRAFTS OF LEGISLATION + + _A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom_ + + SECTION I. Well aware that the opinions and belief of men +depend not on their own will, but follow involuntarily the evidence +proposed to their minds; that Almighty God hath created the mind +free, and manifested his supreme will that free it shall remain by +making it altogether insusceptible of restraint; that all attempts to +influence it by temporal punishments, or burthens, or by civil +incapacitations, tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness, +and are a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion, +who being lord both of body and mind, yet chose not to propagate it +by coercions on either, as was in his Almighty power to do, but to +extend it by its influence on reason alone; that the impious +presumption of legislators and rulers, civil as well as +ecclesiastical, who, being themselves but fallible and uninspired +men, have assumed dominion over the faith of others, setting up their +own opinions and modes of thinking as the only true and infallible, +and as such endeavoring to impose them on others, hath established +and maintained false religions over the greatest part of the world +and through all time: That to compel a man to furnish contributions +of money for the propagation of opinions which he disbelieves and +abhors, is sinful and tyrannical; that even the forcing him to +support this or that teacher of his own religious persuasion, is +depriving him of the comfortable liberty of giving his contributions +to the particular pastor whose morals he would make his pattern, and +whose powers he feels most persuasive to righteousness; and is +withdrawing from the ministry those temporary rewards, which +proceeding from an approbation of their personal conduct, are an +additional incitement to earnest and unremitting labours for the +instruction of mankind; that our civil rights have no dependance on +our religious opinions, any more than our opinions in physics or +geometry; that therefore the proscribing any citizen as unworthy the +public confidence by laying upon him an incapacity of being called to +offices of trust and emolument, unless he profess or renounce this or +that religious opinion, is depriving him injuriously of those +privileges and advantages to which, in common with his fellow +citizens, he has a natural right; that it tends also to corrupt the +principles of that very religion it is meant to encourage, by +bribing, with a monopoly of worldly honours and emoluments, those who +will externally profess and conform to it; that though indeed these +are criminal who do not withstand such temptation, yet neither are +those innocent who lay the bait in their way; that the opinions of +men are not the object of civil government, nor under its +jurisdiction; that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his +powers into the field of opinion and to restrain the profession or +propagation of principles on supposition of their ill tendency is a +dangerous falacy, which at once destroys all religious liberty, +because he being of course judge of that tendency will make his +opinions the rule of judgment, and approve or condemn the sentiments +of others only as they shall square with or differ from his own; that +it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for +its officers to interfere when principles break out into overt acts +against peace and good order; and finally, that truth is great and +will prevail if left to herself; that she is the proper and +sufficient antagonist to error, and has nothing to fear from the +conflict unless by human interposition disarmed of her natural +weapons, free argument and debate; errors ceasing to be dangerous +when it is permitted freely to contradict them. + + SECT. II. WE the General Assembly of Virginia do enact that no +man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, +place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, +molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise +suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all +men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their +opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise +diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. + + SECT. III. AND though we well know that this Assembly, elected +by the people for the ordinary purposes of legislation only, have no +power to restrain the acts of succeeding Assemblies, constituted with +powers equal to our own, and that therefore to declare this act +irrevocable would be of no effect in law; yet we are free to declare, +and do declare, that the rights hereby asserted are of the natural +rights of mankind, and that if any act shall be hereafter passed to +repeal the present or to narrow its operation, such act will be an +infringement of natural right. + + + + + _A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments_ + + SECTION I. Whereas it frequently happens that wicked and +dissolute men, resigning themselves to the dominion of inordinate +passions, commit violations on the lives, liberties, and property of +others, and the secure enjoyment of these having principally induced +men to enter into society, government would be defective in its +principal purpose, were it not to restrain such criminal acts by +inflicting due punishments on those who perpetrate them; but it +appears at the same time equally deducible from the purposes of +society, that a member thereof, committing an inferior injury, does +not wholly forfeit the protection of his fellow citizens, but after +suffering a punishment in proportion to his offence, is entitled to +their protection from all greater pain, so that it becomes a duty in +the Legislature to arrange in a proper scale the crimes which it may +be necessary for them to repress, and to adjust thereto a +corresponding gradation of punishments. And whereas the reformation +of offenders, though an object worthy the attention of the laws, is +not effected at all by capital punishments which exterminate instead +of reforming, and should be the last melancholy resource against +those whose existence is become inconsistent with the safety of their +fellow citizens; which also weaken the State by cutting off so many, +who, if reformed, might be restored sound members to society, who, +even under a course of correction, might be rendered useful in +various labours for the public, and would be, living, and +long-continued spectacles to deter others from committing the like +offences. And forasmuch as the experience of all ages and countries +hath shewn, that cruel and sanguinary laws defeat their own purpose, +by engaging the benevolence of mankind to withhold prosecutions, to +smother testimony, or to listen to it with bias; and by producing in +many instances a total dispensation and impunity under the names of +pardon and privilege of clergy; when, if the punishment were only +proportioned to the injury, men would feel it their inclination, as +well as their duty, to see the laws observed; and the power of +dispensation, so dangerous and mischievous, which produces crimes by +holding up a hope of impunity, might totally be abolished, so that +men while contemplating to perpetrate a crime would see their +punishment ensuing as necessarily as effects follow their causes; for +rendering crimes and punishments, therefore, more proportionate to +each other, + + SECT. II. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that no crime +shall be henceforth punished by the deprivation of life or limb, (* +1) except those herein after ordained to be so punished. + + SECT. III. (* 2) If a man do levy war (* 3) against the +Commonwealth _in the same_, or be adherent to the enemies of the +Commonwealth _within the same_, (* 4) giving to them aid or comfort +in the Commonwealth, or elsewhere, and thereof be convicted, of open +deed, by the evidence of two sufficient and lawful witnesses, or his +own voluntary confession, the said cases, and no (* 5) others, shall +be adjudged treasons which extend to the commonwealth, and the person +so convicted shall suffer death, by hanging, (* 6) and shall forfeit +his lands and goods to the commonwealth. + + SECT. IV. If any person commit petty treason, or a husband +murder his wife, a parent (* 7) his child, or a child his parent, he +shall suffer death, by hanging, and his body be delivered to +Anatomists to be dissected. + + SECT. V. Whosoever committeth murder by poisoning, shall suffer +death by poison. + + SECT. VI. Whosoever committeth murder by way of duel, shall +suffer death by hanging; and if he were the challenger, his body, +after death, shall be gibbetted (* 8). He who removeth it from the +gibbet shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and the officer shall see +that it be replaced. + + SECT. VII. Whosoever shall commit murder in any other way shall +suffer death by hanging. + + SECT. VIII. And in all cases of Petty treason and murder, one +half of the lands and goods of the offender shall be forfeited to the +next of kin to the person killed, and the other half descend and go +to his own representatives. Save only, where one shall slay the +challenger in a duel, (* 9) in which case, no part of his lands or +goods shall be forfeited to the kindred of the party slain, but +instead thereof, a moiety shall go to the commonwealth. + + SECT. IX. The same evidence (* 10) shall suffice, and order and +course (* 11) of trial be observed in cases of Petty treason as in +those of other (* 12) murders. + + + SECT. X. Whosoever shall be guilty of manslaughter, (* 13) +shall, for the first offence, be condemned to hard (* 14) labour for +seven years in the public works; shall forfeit one half of his lands +and goods to the next of kin to the person slain; the other half to +be sequestered during such term, in the hands, and to the use, of the +commonwealth, allowing a reasonable part of the profits for the +support of his family. The second offence shall be deemed murder. + + SECT. XI. And where persons meaning to commit a trespass (* 15) +only, or larceny, or other unlawful deed, and doing an act from which +involuntary homicide hath ensued, have heretofore been adjudged +guilty of manslaughter or of murder, by transferring such their +unlawful intention to an act, much more penal than they could have in +probable contemplation; no such case shall hereafter be deemed +manslaughter unless manslaughter was intended, nor murder, unless +murder was intended. + + SECT. XII. In other cases of homicide the law will not add to +the miseries of the party, by punishments or forfeitures (* 16). + + + SECT. XIII. Whenever sentence of death shall have been +pronounced against any person for treason or murder, execution +thereof shall be done on the next day but one, after such sentence, +unless it be Sunday, and then on the Monday following (* 17) + + SECT. XIV. Whosoever shall be guilty of rape, (* 18) +_polygamy_, (* 19) or sodomy (* 20) with man or woman, shall be +punished; if a man, by castration, (* 21) a woman, by boring through +the cartilage of her nose a hole of one half inch in diameter at the +least. + + SECT. XV. Whosoever on purpose, (* 22) shall disfigure another, +by cutting out or disabling the tongue, slitting or cutting off a +nose, lip, or ear, branding, or otherwise, shall be maimed, or +disfigured in like (* 23) sort; or if that cannot be, for want of the +same part, then as nearly as may be, in some other part of at least +equal value and estimation, in the opinion of a jury, and moreover, +shall forfeit one half of his lands and goods to the sufferer. + + + SECT. XVI. Whosoever shall counterfeit (* 24) any coin current +by law within this commonwealth, or any paper bills issued in the +nature of money, or of certificates of loan, on the credit of this +commonwealth, or of all or any of the United States of America, or +any Inspectors' notes for tobacco, or shall pass any such +counterfeited coin, paper bills, or notes, knowing them to be +counterfeit; or, for the sake of lucre, shall diminish (* 25) each, +or any such coin, shall be condemned to hard labour six years in the +public works, and shall forfeit all his lands and goods to the +commonwealth. + + SECT. XVII. The making false any such paper bill, or note, +shall be deemed counterfeiting. + + SECT. XVIII. (* 26) Whosoever committeth arson, shall be +condemned to hard labour five years in the public works, and shall +make good the loss of the sufferers threefold (* 27). + + SECT. XIX. If any person shall, within this Commonwealth, or, +being a citizen thereof, shall without the same, wilfully destroy (* +28) or run (* 29) away with any sea-vessel, or goods laden on board +thereof, or plunder or pilfer any wreck, he shall be condemned to +hard labour five years in the public works, and shall make good the +loss of the sufferers threefold. + + SECT. XX. Whosoever committeth a robbery, (* 30) shall be +condemned to hard labour four years in the public works, and shall +make double reparation to the persons injured. + + SECT. XXI. Whatsoever act, if committed on any mansionhouse, +would be deemed a burglary, (* 31) shall be burglary, if committed on +any other house; and he who is guilty of burglary, shall be condemned +to hard labour four years in the public works, and shall make double +reparation to the persons injured. + + SECT. XXII. Whatsoever act, if committed in the night time, +shall constitute the crime of burglary, shall, if committed in the +day, be deemed house-breaking (* 32); and whoever is guilty thereof, +shall be condemned to hard labour three years in the public works, +and shall make reparation to the persons injured. + + SECT. XXIII. Whosoever shall be guilty of horse-stealing, (* +33) shall be condemned to hard labour three years in the public +works, and shall make reparation to the person injured. + + SECT. XXIV. Grand larceny (* 34) shall be where the goods +stolen are of the value of five dollars; and whosoever shall be +guilty thereof, shall be forthwith put in the pillory for one half +hour, shall be condemned to hard labour (* 35) two years in the +public works, and shall make reparation to the person injured. + + + SECT. XXV. Petty larceny shall be, where the goods stolen are +of less value than five dollars; whosoever shall be guilty thereof, +shall be forthwith put in the pillory for a quarter of an hour, shall +be condemned to hard labour for one year in the public works, and +shall make reparation to the persons injured. + + SECT. XXVI. Robbery (* 36) or larceny of bonds, bills +obligatory, bills of exchange, or promissory notes, for the payment +of money or tobacco, lottery tickets, paper bills issued in the +nature of money, or certificates of loan on the credit of this +commonwealth, or of all or any of the United States of America, or +inspectors notes for tobacco, shall be punished in the same manner as +robbery or larceny of the money or tobacco due on, or represented by +such papers. + + SECT. XXVII. Buyers (* 37) and receivers of goods taken by way +of robbery or larceny, knowing them to have been so taken, shall be +deemed accessaries to such robbery or larceny after the fact. + + SECT. XXVIII. Prison-breakers, (* 38) also, shall be deemed +accessaries after the fact, to traitors or felons whom they enlarge +from prison (* 39). + + + SECT. XXIX. All attempts to delude the people, or to abuse +their understanding by exercise of the pretended arts of witchcraft, +conjuration, enchantment, or sorcery, or by pretended prophecies, +shall be punished by ducking and whipping, at the discretion of a +jury, not exceeding fifteen stripes (* 40). + + SECT. XXX. If the principal offenders be fled, (* 41) or +secreted from justice, in any case not touching life or member, the +accessaries may, notwithstanding, be prosecuted as if their principal +were convicted (* 42). + + + SECT. XXXI. If any offender stand mute of obstinacy, (* 43) or +challenge peremptorily more of the jurors than by law he may, being +first warned of the consequence thereof, the court shall proceed as +if he had confessed the charge (* 44). + + SECT. XXXII. Pardon and privilege of clergy, shall henceforth +be abolished, that none may be induced to injure through hope of +impunity. But if the verdict be against the defendant, and the +court, before whom the offence is heard and determined, shall doubt +that it may be untrue for default of testimony, or other cause, they +may direct a new trial to be had (* 45). + + + SECT. XXXIII. No attainder shall work corruption of blood in +any case. + + SECT. XXXIV. In all cases of forfeiture, the widow's dower +shall be saved to her, during her title thereto; after which it shall +be disposed of as if no such saving had been. + + SECT. XXXV. The aid of Counsel, (* 46) and examination of their +witnesses on oath, shall be allowed to defendants in criminal +prosecutions. + + SECT. XXXVI. Slaves guilty of any offence (* 47) punishable in +others by labour in the public works, shall be transported to such +parts in the West-Indies, South-America, or Africa, as the Governor +shall direct, there to be continued in slavery. + + (* 1) This takes away the punishment of cutting off the hand of +a person striking another, or drawing his sword in one of the +superior courts of justice. Stamf. P. C. 38. 33. H. 8. c. 12. In +an earlier stage of the Common law, it was death. Gif hwa gefeohte +on Cyninges huse sy he scyldig ealles his yrfes, and sy on Cyninges +dome hwaether he lif age de nage; si quis in regis domo pugnet, +perdat omnem suam haereditatem, et in regis sit arbitrio, possideat +vitam an non possideat. Ll. Inae. 6. Gif hwa on Cyninges healle +gefeohte, oththe his waepne gebrede, and hine mon gefo, sy thaet on +Cyninges dome swa death, swa lif, swa he him forgyfan wille: si quis +in aula regia pugnet, vel arma sua extrahat et capiatur, sit in regis +arbitrio tam mors quam vita, sicut ei condonare voluerit. Ll. Alfr. +7, Gif hwa on Cyninges hirede gefeohte tholige thaet lifes, buton se +Cyning him gearian wille: si quis in regia dimicat, perdat vitam, +nisi rex hoc illi condonare velit. Ll. Cnuti. 56. 4. Bl. 125. + + (* 2) 25. E. 3. st. 5. c. 2. 7. W. 3. c. 3. 2. + + (* 3) Though the crime of an accomplice in treason is not here +described, yet, Lord Coke says, the partaking and maintaining a +treason herein described, makes him a principal in that treason: it +being a rule that in treason all are principals. 3 Inst. 138. 2 Inst. +590. 1 H. 6. 5. + + (* 4) These words in the English statute narrow its operation. +A man adhering to the enemies of the Commonwealth, in a foreign +country, would certainly not be guilty of treason with us, if these +words be retained. The convictions of treason of that kind in England +have been under that branch of the statute which makes the compassing +the king's death treason. Foster 196, 197. But as we omit that +branch, we must by other means reach this flagrant case. + + (* 5) The stat. 25. E. 3. directs all other cases of treasons +to await the opinion of Parliament. This has the effect of negative +words, excluding all other treasons. As we drop that part of the +statute, we must, by negative words, prevent an inundation of common +law treasons. I strike out the word "it," therefore, and insert "the +said cases, and no others." Quaere, how far those negative words may +effect the case of accomplices above mentioned? Though if their case +was within the statute, so as that it needed not await the opinion of +Parliament, it should seem to be also within our act, so as not be +ousted by the negative words. + + (* 6) This implies "by the neck." See 2 Hawk. 544 notes n. o. + + (* 7) By the stat. 21. Jac. 1. c. 27. and Act Ass. 1170. c. 12. +concealment by the mother of the death of a bastard child is made +murder. In justification of this, it is said, that shame is a feeling +which operates so strongly on the mind, as frequently to induce the +mother of such a child to murder it, in order to conceal her +disgrace. The act of concealment, therefore, proves she was +influenced by shame, and that influence produces a presumption that +she murdered the child. The effect of this law then is, to make what, +in its nature, is only presumptive evidence of a murder conclusive of +that fact. To this I answer, 1. So many children die before or soon +after birth, that to presume all those murdered who are found dead, +is a presumption which will lead us oftener wrong than right, and +consequently would shed more blood than it would save. 2. If the +child were born dead, the mother would naturally choose rather to +conceal it, in hopes of still keeping a good character in the +neighborhood. So that the act of concealment is far from proving the +guilt of murder on the mother. 3. If shame be a powerful affection of +the mind, is not parental love also? Is it not the strongest +affection known? Is it not greater than even that of +self-preservation? While we draw presumptions from shame, one +affection of the mind against the life of the prisoner, should we not +give some weight to presumptions from parental love, an affection at +least as strong, in favor of life? If concealment of the fact is a +presumptive evidence of murder, so strong as to overbalance all other +evidence that may possibly be produced to take away the presumption, +why not trust the force of this incontestable presumption to the +jury, who are, in a regular course, to hear presumptive, as well as +positive testimony? If the presumption arising from the act of +concealment, may be destroyed by proof positive or circumstantial to +the contrary, why should the legislature preclude that contrary +proof? Objection. The crime is difficult to prove, being usually +committed in secret. Answer. But circumstantial proof will do; for +example, marks of violence, the behavior, countenance, &c. of the +prisoner, &c. And if conclusive proof be difficult to be obtained, +shall we therefore fasten irremovably upon equivocal proof? Can we +change the nature of what is contestable, and make it incontestable? +Can we make that conclusive which God and nature have made +inconclusive? Solon made no law against parricide, supposing it +impossible that any one could be guilty of it; and the Persians, from +the same opinion, adjudged all who killed their reputed parents to be +bastards; and although parental be yet stronger than filial +affection, we admit saticide proved on the most equivocal testimony, +whilst they rejected all proof of an act certainly not more repugnant +to nature, as of a thing impossible, unprovable. See Beccaria, 31. + + (* 8) 25. G. 2. c. 37. + + (* 9) Quaere, if the estates of both parties in a duel, should +not be forfeited? The deceased is equally guilty with a suicide. + + (* 10) Quaere, if these words may not be omitted? By the +Common law, one witness in treason was sufficient. Foster 233. Plowd. +8. a. Mirror c. 3. 34. Waterhouse on Fortesc. de laud. 252. Carth. +144. per Holt. But Lord Coke, contra 3 inst. 26. The stat. 1. E. 6. +c. 12. & 5. E. 6. c. 11. first required two witnesses in treason. The +clause against high treason supra, does the same as to high treason; +but it seems if 1st and 5th E. 6. are dropped, Petty treason will be +tried and proved, as at Common law, by one witness. But quaere, Lord +Coke being contra, whose opinion it is ever dangerous to neglect. + + (* 11) These words are intended to take away the peremptory +challenge of thirty-five jurors. The same words being used 1. 2. Ph. +& M. c. 10. are deemed to have restored the peremptory challenge in +high treason; and consequently are sufficient to take it away. Foster +237. + + (* 12) Petty treason is considered in law only as an aggravated +murder. Foster 107. 323. A pardon of all murders, pardons Petty +treason. 1 Hale P. C. 378. see 2 H. P. C. 340. 342. It is also +included in the word "felony," so that a pardon of all felonies, +pardons Petty treason. + + (* 13) Manslaughter is punishable at law, by burning in the +hands, and forfeiture of chattels. + + (* 14) It is best, in this act, to lay down principles only, in +order that it may not forever be undergoing change; and, to carry +into effect the minuter parts of it, frame a bill "for the employment +and government of felons, or malefactors, condemned to labor for the +Commonwealth," which may serve as an Appendix to this, and in which +all the particulars requisite may be directed; and as experience +will, from time to time, be pointing out amendments, these may be +made without touching this fundamental act. See More's Utopia p. 50. +for some good hints. Fugitives might, in such a bill, be obliged to +work two days for every one they absent themselves. + + (* 15) The shooting at a wild fowl, and killing a man, is +homicide by misadventure. Shooting at a pullet, without any design to +take it away, is manslaughter; and with a design to take it away, is +murder. 6 Sta. tr. 222. To shoot at the poultry of another, and +thereby set fire to his house, is arson, in the opinion of some. +Dalt. c. 116. 1. Hale's P. C. 569. c. contra. + + (* 16) Beccaria. 32. Suicide. Homicides are, 1. Justifiable. 2. +Excusable. 3. Felonious. For the last, punishments have been already +provided. The first are held to be totally without guilt, or rather +commendable. The second are in some cases not quite unblamable. These +should subject the party to marks of contrition; viz., the killing of +a man in defence of property; so also in defence of one's person, +which is a species of excusable homicide; because, although cases may +happen where these also are commendable, yet most frequently they are +done on too slight appearance of danger; as in return for a blow, +kick, fillip, &c.; or on a person's getting into a house, not animo +furandi, but perhaps veneris causa, &c. Bracton says, "si quis furem +nocturnum occident, ita demum impune foret, si parcere ei sine +periculo suo non potuit, si autem potuit, aliter erit." "Item erit si +quis hamsokne quae dicitur invasio domus contra pacem domini regis in +domo sua se defenderit, et invasor occisus fuerit; impersecutus et +insultus remanebit, si ille quem invasit aliter se defendere non +potuit; dicitur enim quod non est dignus habere pacem qui non vult +observare eam." L. 3. c. 23. 3. "Qui latronem occiderit, non tenetur, +nocturnum vel diurum, si aliter periculum evadere non possit; tenetur +tamen si possit. Item non tenetur si per infortunium, et non animo et +voluntate occidendi, nec dolus, nec culpa ejus inveniatur." L. 3. c. +36. 1. The stat. 24. H. 8. c. 5. is therefore merely declaratory of +the Common law. See on the general subject Puffend. 2. 5. 10. 11. +12. 16. 17. Excusable homicides are by misadventure, or in +self-defence. It is the opinion of some lawyers, that the Common law +punished these with death, and that the statute of Marlbridge c. 26. +and Gloucester, c. 9. first took away this by giving them title to a +pardon, as matter of right, and a writ of restitution of their goods. +See 2. Inst. 148. 315. 3. Inst. 55. Bracton L. 3. c. 4. 2. Fleta L. +1. c. 23. 15. 21. E. 3. 23. But it is believed never to have been +capital. 1. H. P. C. 425. 1 Hawk. 75. Foster, 282. 4. Bl. 188. It +seems doubtful also, whether at Common law, the party forfeited all +his chattels in this case, or only paid a weregild. Foster, ubi +supra, doubts, and thinks it of no consequence, as the statute of +Gloucester entitles the party to Royal grace, which goes as well to +forfeiture as life. To me there seems no reason for calling these +excusable homicides, and the killing a man in defence of property, a +justifiable homicide. The latter is less guiltless than misadventure +or self-defence. + + Suicide is by law punishable by forfeiture of chattels. This bill +exempts it from forfeiture. The suicide injures the State less than he who +leaves it with his effects. If the latter then be not punished, the former +should not. As to the example, we need not fear its influence. Men are too +much attached to life, to exhibit frequent instances of depriving themselves +of it. At any rate, the quasi-punishment of confiscation will not prevent it. +For if one be found who can calmly determine to renounce life, who is so +weary of his existence here, as rather to make experiment of what is beyond +the grave, can we suppose him, in such a state of mind, susceptible of +influence from the losses to his family from confiscation? That men in +general, too, disapprove of this severity, is apparent from the constant +practice of juries finding the suicide in a state of insanity; because they +have no other way of saving the forfeiture. Let it then be done away. + + (* 17) Beccaria. 19. 25. G. 2. c. 37. + + (* 18) 13. E. 1. c. 34. Forcible abduction of a woman having +substance is felony by 3. H. 7. c. 2. 3 Inst. 61. 4 Bl. 208. If +goods be taken, it will be felony as to them, without this statute; +and as to the abduction of the woman, quaere if not better to leave +that, and also kidnapping, 4. Bl. 219. to the Common law remedies, +viz., fine, imprisonment, and pillory, Raym. 474. 2 Show. 221. Skin. +47. Comb. 10. the writs of Homine replegiando, Capias in Withernam, +Habeas corpus, and the action of trespass? Rape was felony at the +Common law. 3. Inst. 60. but see 2. Inst. 181. further -- for its +definition see 2. Inst. 180. Bracton, L. 3. c. 28. 1. says the +punishment of rape is "amissio membrorum, ut sit membrum pro membro, +quia virgo, cum corrumpitur, membrum amittit, et ideo corruptor +puniatur in eo in quo deliquit; oculus igitur amittat propter +aspectum decoris quo virginem concupivit; amittat et testiculos qui +calorem stupri induxerunt. Olim quidem corruptores virginitatis et +castitatis suspendebantur et eorum fautores, &c. Modernis tamen +temporibus aliter observatur," &c. And Fleta, "solet justiciarius pro +quolibet mahemio ad amissionem testiculorum vel oculorum convictum +condemnare, sed non sine errore, eo quod id judicium nisi in +corruptione virginum tantum competebat; nam pro virginitatis +corruptione solebant abscidi et merito judiciari, ut sic pro membro +quod abstulit, membrum per quod deliquit amitteret, viz., testiculos, +qui calorem stupri induxerunt," &c. Fleta, L. 1. c. 40. 4. "Gif +theow man theowne to nydhed genyde, gabte mid his eowende:" "Si +servus servam ad stuprum coegerit, compenset hoc virga sua virili. Si +quis puellam," &c. Ll. Aelfridi. 25. "Hi purgist femme per forze +forfait ad les membres." Ll. Gul. conq. 19. In Dyer, 305, a man was +indicted, and found guilty of a rape on a girl of seven years old. +The court "doubted of the rape of so tender a girl; but if she had +been nine years old, it would have been otherwise." 14. Eliz. +Therefore the statute 18. Eliz. c. 6. says, "For plain declaration of +law, be it enacted, that if any person shall unlawfully and carnally +know and abuse any woman child, under the age of ten years, &c., he +shall suffer as a felon, without allowance of clergy." Lord Hale, +however, 1. P. C. 630. thinks it rape independent of that statute, to +know carnally, a girl under twelve, the age of consent. Yet 4. Bl. +212. seems to neglect this opinion; and as it was founded on the +words of 3. E. 1. c. 13. and this is with us omitted, the offence of +carnally knowing a girl under twelve, or ten years of age, will not +be distinguished from that of any other. + + (* 19) I. Jac. 1. c. 11. Polygamy was not penal till the +statute 1. Jac. The law contented itself with the nullity of the act. +4. Bl. 163. 3. Inst. 88. + + But no one shall be punished for Polygamy, who shall have +married after probable information of the death of his or her husband +or wife, or after his or her husband or wife, hath absented him or +herself, so that no notice of his or her being alive hath reached +such person for seven years together, or hath suffered the +punishments before prescribed for rape, polygamy, or sodomy. + + (* 20) 25. H. 8. c. 6. Buggery is twofold. 1. With mankind, 2. +with beasts. Buggery is the Genus, of which Sodomy and Bestiality, +are the species. 12. Co. 37. says, "note that Sodomy is with +mankind." But Finch's L. B. 3. c. 24. "Sodomiary is a carnal +copulation against nature, to wit, of man or woman in the same sex, +or of either of them with beasts." 12. Co. 36. says, "it appears by +the ancient authorities of the law that this was felony." Yet the 25. +H. 8. declares it felony, as if supposed not to be so. Britton, c. 9. +says, that Sodomites are to be burnt. F. N. B. 269. b. Fleta, L. 1. +c. 37. says, "pecorantes et Sodomitae in terra vivi confodiantur." +The Mirror makes it treason. Bestiality can never make any progress; +it cannot therefore be injurious to society in any great degree, +which is the true measure of criminality in foro civili, and will +ever be properly and severely punished, by universal derision. It +may, therefore, be omitted. It was anciently punished with death, as +it has been latterly. Ll. Aelfrid. 31. and 25. H. 8. c. 6. see +Beccaria. 31. Montesq. + + (* 21) Bracton, Fleta, &c. + + (* 22) 22. 23. Car. 2. c. 1. Maiming was felony at the Common +law. Britton, c. 25. `Mahemium autem dici poteri, aubia aliquis in +aliqua parte sui corporis laesionem acceperit, per quam affectus sit +inutilis ad pugnandum: ut si manus amputetur, vel pes, oculus +privetur, vel scerda de osse capitis laveter, vel si quis dentes +praecisores amiserit, vel castratus fuerit, et talis pro mahemiato +poterit adjudicari.' Fleta L. 1. c. 40. `Et volons que nul maheme ne +soit tenus forsque de membre tollet dount home es plus feble a +combatre, sicome del oyl, ou de la mayn, ou del pie, ou de la tete +debruse, ou de les dentz devant.' Britton, c. 25. For further +definitions, see Bracton, L. 3. c. 24 3. 4. Finch L. B. 3. c. 12. +Co. L. 126. a. b. 288. a. 3. Bl. 121. 4. Bl. 205. Stamf. P. C. L. 1. +c. 41. I do not find any of these definitions confine the offence to +wilful and malicious perpetrations of it. 22. 23. Car. 2. c. 1. +called the Coventry act, has the words `on purpose and of malice +forethought.' Nor does the Common law prescribe the same punishment +for disfiguring, as for maiming. + + (* 23) The punishment was by retaliation. "Et come ascun appele +serra de tele felonie atteint et attende jugement, si soit le +jugement tiel que il perde autriel membre come il avera tollet al +pleintyfe. Et sy la pleynte soi faite de femme que avera tollet a +home ses membres, en tiel cas perdra la femme la une meyn par +jugement, come le membre dount ele axera trespasse." Britton, c. 25. +Fleta, B. 1. c. 40. Ll. AElfr. 19. 40. + + (* 24) 25. E. 3. st. 5 c. 2. 5. El. c. 11. 18. El. c. 1. 8. 9. +W. 3. c. 26. 15. 16. G. 2. c. 28. 7. Ann. c. 25. By the laws of +AEthelstan and Canute, this was punished by cutting off the hand. +"Gif se mynetere ful wurthe slea man tha hand of, the he that ful mid +worthe and sette uppon tha mynet smiththan." In English characters +and words "if the minter foul [criminal] wert, slay the hand off, +that he the foul [crime] with wrought, and set upon the +mint-smithery." Ll. Aethelst. 14. "Et si quis praeter hanc, falsam +fecerit, perdat manum quacum falsam confecit." Ll. Cnuti. 8. It had +been death by the Ll. AEthelredi sub fine. By those of H. 1. "si quis +cum falso denario inventus fuerit -- fiat justitia mea, saltem de +dextro pugno et de testiculis." Anno 1108. Operae pretium vero est +audire quam severus rex fuerit in pravos. Monetarios enim fere omnes +totius Angliae fecit ementulari, et manus dextras abscindi, quia +monetam furtive corruperant. Wilkins ib. et anno 1125. When the +Common law became settled, it appears to have been punishable by +death. "Est aluid genus criminis quod sub nomine falsi continetur, et +tangit coronam domini regis, et ultimum inducit supplicium, sicut de +illis qui falsam fabricant monetam, et qui de re non reproba, faciunt +reprobam; sicut sunt retonsores denariorum." Bract. L. 3. c 2. Fleta, +L. 1. c. 22. 4. Lord Hale thinks it was deemed petty treason at +common law. 1. H. P. C. 220. 224. The bringing in false money with +_intent_ to merchandize, and make payment of it, is treason, by 25. +E. 3. But the best proof of the intention, is the act of passing it, +and why not leave room for repentance here, as in other cases of +felonies intended? 1. H. P. C. 229. + + (* 25) Clipping, filing, rounding, impairing, scaling, +lightening, (the words in the statutes) are included in +"diminishing;" gilding, in the word "casing;" coloring in the word +"washing;" and falsifying, or making, is "counterfeiting." + + (* 26) 43 L. c. 13. confined to four counties. 22. 23. Car. 2. +c. 7. 9. G. 1. c. 22. 9. G. 3. c. 29. + + (* 27) Arson was a felony at Common law -- 3. Inst. 66; +punished by a fine, Ll. Aethelst. 6. But Ll. Cnuti, 61. make it a +"scelus inexpiable." "Hus brec and baernet and open thyfth +aeberemorth and hlaford swice aefter woruld laga is botleds." Word +for word, "house break and burnt, and open theft, and manifest +murther, and lord-treachery, afterworld's law is bootless." Bracton +says it was punished by death. "Si quis turbida seditione incendium +fecerit nequiter et in felonia, vel ob inimicitias, vel praedandi +causa, capitali puniatur poena vel sententia." Bract. L. 3. 27. He +defines it as commissible by burning "aedes alienas." Ib. Britton, c. +9. "Ausi soit enquis de ceux que felonisement en temps de pees eient +autre _blees_ ou autre _mesons_ ars, et ceux que serrount de ceo +atteyntz, soient ars issint que eux soient punys par mesme cele chose +dount ilz pecherent." Fleta, L. 1. c. 37. is a copy of Bracton. The +Mirror c. 1. 8. says, "Ardours sont que ardent citie, ville, maison +home, maison beast, ou auters chatelx, de lour felonie en temps de +pace pour haine ou vengeance." Again, c. 2. 11. pointing out the +words of the appellor "jeo dise que Sebright, &c., entiel meason ou +_biens_ mist de feu." Coke 3. Inst. 67. says, "the ancient authors +extended this felony further than houses, viz., to sacks of corn, +waynes or carts of coal, wood or other goods." He denies it as +commissible, not only on the inset houses, parcel of the mansion +house, but the outset also, as barn, stable, cowhouse, sheep house, +dairy house, mill house, and the like, parcel of the mansion house. +But "burning of a barn, being no parcel of a mansion house, is no +felony," unless there be corn or hay within it. Ib. The 22. 23. Car. +2. and 9. G. 1. are the principal statutes against arson. They extend +the offence beyond the Common law. + + (* 28) 1. Ann. st. 2. c. 9. 12. Ann. c. 18. 4. G. 1. c. 12. 26. +G. 2. c. 19. + + (* 28) 11. 12. W. 3. c. 7. + + (* 30) Robbery was a felony at Common law. 3 Inst. 68. "Scelus +inexpiable," by the Ll. Cnuti. 61. [See before in Arson.] It was +punished with death. Britt. c. 15, "de robbours et de larouns et de +semblables mesfesours, soit ausi ententivement enquis -- et tauntost +soient ceux robbours juges a la mort." Fleta says, "si quis convictus +fuerit de bonis viri robbatis vel asportatis ad sectam regis judicium +capitale subibit. L. 1. c. 39. See also Bract. L. 3. c. 32. 1. + + (* 31) Burglary was felony at the Common law. 3 Inst. 63. It +was not distinguished by ancient authors, except the Mirror, from +simple House-breaking, ib. 65. Burglary and House-breaking were +called "Hamsockne diximus etiam de pacis violatione et de +immunitatibus domus, si quis hoc in posterum fecerit ut perdat omne +quod habet, et sit in regis arbitrio utrum vitam habeat. Eac we +quaedon be mundbryce and be ham socnum, sethe hit ofer this do thaet +he dolie ealles thaes the age, and sy on Cyninges dome hwaether he +life age; and we quoth of mound-breach, and of home-seeking he who it +after this do, that he dole all that he owe [owns], and is in king's +doom whether he life owes [owns.] Ll. Eadmundi, c. 6. and see Ll. +Cnuti. 61. "hus brec," in notes on Arson. ante. A Burglar was also +called a Burgessor. "Et soit enquis de Burgessours et sunt tenus +Burgessours trestous ceux que _felonisement_ en temps de pees +debrusont esglises ou auter mesons, ou murs ou portes de nos cytes, +ou de nos Burghes." Britt. c. 10. "Burglaria est nocturna diruptio +habitaculi alicu jus, vel ecclesiae, etiam murorum, partarumve +civitatis aut burgi, ad feloniam aliquam perpetrandam. _Noctanter_ +dico, recentiores secutus; veteres enim hoc non adjungunt." Spelm. +gloss. verb. Burglaria. It was punished with death. Ib. citn. from +the office of a Coroner. It may be committed in the outset houses, as +well as inset. 3 Inst. 65. though not under the same roof or +contiguous, provided they be within the Curtilage or Homestall. 4 Bl. +225. As by the Common law, all felonies were clergiable, the stat. 23 +H. 8. c. 1. 5. E. 6. c. 9. and 18 El. c. 7. first distinguished them, +by taking the clerical privilege of impunity from the principals, and +3. 4. W. M. c. 9. from accessories before the fact. No _statute_ +defines what Burglary is. The 12 Ann. c. 7. decides the doubt +whether, where breaking is subsequent to entry, it is Burglary. +Bacon's Elements had affirmed, and 1. H. P. C. 554. had denied it. +Our bill must distinguish them by different degrees of punishment. + + (* 32) At the Common law, the offence of Housebreaking was not +distinguished from Burglary, and neither of them from any other +larceny. The statutes at first took away clergy from Burglary, which +made a leading distinction between the two offences. Later statutes, +however, have taken clergy from so many cases of Housebreaking, as +nearly to bring the offences together again. These are 23 H. 8. c. 1. +1 E. 6. c. 12. 5 and 6 E. 6. c. 9. 3 and 4 W. M. c. 9. 39 El. c. 15. +10 and 11 W. 3 c. 23. 12 Ann. c. 7. See Barr. 428. 4 Bl. 240. The +circumstances which in these statutes characterize the offence, seem +to have been occasional and unsystematical. The houses on which +Burglary may be committed, and the circumstances which constitute +that crime being ascertained, it will be better to define +Housebreaking by the same subjects and circumstances, and let the +crimes be distinguished only by the hour at which they are committed, +and the degree of punishment. + + (* 33) The offence of Horse-stealing seems properly +distinguishable from other larcenies, here, where these animals +generally run at large, the temptation being so great and frequent, +and the facility of commission so remarkable. See 1 E. 6. c. 12. 23 +E. 6. c. 33. 31 El. c. 12. + + (* 34) The distinction between grand and petty larceny, is very +ancient. At first 8d. was the sum which constituted grand larceny. +Ll. AEthelst. c. 1. "Ne parcatur ulli furi, qui furtum manutenens +captus sit, supra 12. annos nato, et supra 8. denarios." Afterwards, +in the same king's reign it was raised to 12d. "non parcatur alicui +furi ultra 12 denarios, et ultra 12 annos nato --- ut occidemus illum +et capiamus omne quod possidet, et imprimis sumamus rei furto ablatae +pretium ab haerede, ac dividatur postea reliquum in duas partes, una +pars uxori, si munda, et facinoris conscia non sit; et residuum in +duo, dimidium capiat rex, dimidium societas." Ll. Aethelst. Wilkins, +p. 65. + + (* 35) Ll. Inae. c. 7. "Si quis furetur ita ut uxor ejus et +infans ipsius nesciant, solvat 60. solidos poenae loco. Si autem +furetur testantibus omnibus haeredibus suis, _abeant omnes in +servitutem_." Ina was king of the West-Saxons, and began to reign A. +C. 688. After the union of the Heptarchy, i. e. temp. AEthelst, inter +924 and 940, we find it punishable with death as above. So it was +inter 1017 and 1035, i. e. temp. Cnuti. Ll. Cnuti. 61. cited in notes +on Arson. In the time of William the conqueror, it seems to have been +made punishable by fine only. Ll. Gul. conq. apud Wilk. p. 218, 220. +This commutation, however, was taken away by Ll. H. 1. anno 1108. "Si +quis in furto vel latrocinio deprehensus fuisset, suspenderetur; +sublata wirgildorum, id est, pecuniarae redemptionis lege." Larceny +is the felonious taking and carrying away of the personal goods of +another. 1. As to the taking, the 3. 4. W. M. c. 9 5. is not +additional to the Common law, but declaratory of it; because where +only the care or use, and not the possession, of things is delivered, +to take them was larceny at the Common law. The 33 H. 6. c. 1. and +21, H. 8. c. 7. indeed, have added to the Common law, by making it +larceny in a servant to convert things of his master's. But quaere, +if they should be imitated more than as to other breaches of trust in +general. 2. As to the subject of larceny, 4 G. 2. c. 32. 6 G. 3. c. +36. 48. 45. El. c. 7. 15 Car. 2. c. 2. 23 G. 2. c. 26. 31 G. 2. c. +35. 9 G. 3. c. 41. 25 G. 2. c. 10. have extended larceny to things of +various sorts either real, or fixed to the reality. But the +enumeration is unsystematical, and in this country, where the produce +of the earth is so spontaneous, as to have rendered things of this +kind scarcely a breach of civility or good manners, in the eyes of +the people, quaere, if it would not too much enlarge the field of +Criminal law? The same may be questioned of 9 G. 1. c. 22. 13 Car. +2. c. 10. 10 G. 2. c. 32. 5 G. 3. c. 14. 22 and 23 Car. 2. c. 25. 37 +E. 3. c. 19. making it felony to steal animals ferae naturae. + + (* 36) 2 G. 2. c. 25 3. 7 G. 3. c. 50. + + (* 37) 3. 4. W. M. c. 9. 4. 5 Ann. c. 31. 5. 4 G. 1. c. 11. +1. + + (* 38) 1 E. 2. + + (* 39) Breach of prison at the Common law was capital, without +regard to the crime for which the party was committed. "Cum pro +criminis qualitate in carcerem recepti fuerint, conspiraverint (ut +ruptis vinculis aut fracto carcere) evadant, amplius (quam causa pro +qua recepti sunt exposeit) puniendi sunt, videlicet ultimo supplicio, +quamvis ex eo crimine innocentes inveniantur, propter quod inducti +sunt in carcerem et imparcati." Bracton L. 3. c. 9. 4. Britt. c. 11. +Fleta, L. 1. c. 26. 4. Yet in the Y. B. Hill. 1. H. 7. 2. Hussey +says, that by the opinion of Billing and Coke, and all the justices, +it was a felony in strangers only, but not in the prisoner himself. +S. C. Fitz. Abr. Coron. 48. They are the principal felons, not +accessaries. ib. Whether it was felony in the prisoner at Common law, +is doubted. Stam. P. C. 30. b. The Mirror c. 5. 1, says "abusion est +a tener escape de prisoner, ou de bruserie del gaole pur peche +mortell, car cel usage nest garrant per nul ley, ne in nul part est +use forsque in cest realme, et en France, eins [mais] est leu +garrantie de ceo faire per la ley de nature." 2 Inst. 589. The stat. +1. E. 2. de fraugentibus prisonam, restrained the judgment of life +and limb for prison breaking, to cases where the offence of the +prisoner required such judgment. + + It is not only vain, but wicked, in a legislator to frame laws in +opposition to the laws of nature, and to arm them with the terrors of death. +This is truly creating crimes in order to punish them. The law of nature +impels every one to escape from confinement; it should not, therefore, be +subjected to punishment. Let the legislator restrain his criminal by walls, +not by parchment. As to strangers breaking prison to enlarge an offender, +they should, and may be fairly considered as accessaries after the fact. This +bill says nothing of the prisoner releasing himself by breach of jail, he +will have the benefit of the first section of the bill, which repeals the +judgment of life and death at the common law. + + (* 40) Gif wiccan owwe wigleras nansworan, owwe morthwyrhtan +owwe fule afylede aebere horcwenan ahwhar on lande wurthan agytene, +thonne fyrsie man of earde and claensie tha theode, owwe on earde +forfare hi mid ealle, buton hi geswican and the deoper gebetan: if +witches, or weirds, man-swearers, murther-wroughters, or foul, +defiled, open whore-queens, anywhere in the land were gotten, then +force them off earth, and cleanse the nation, or in earth forth-fare +them withal, but on they beseech, and deeply better. Ll. Ed. et +Guthr. c. ii. "Sagae, mulieres barbara, factitantes sacrificia, aut +pestiferi, si cui mortem intulerint, neque id inficiari poterint, +capitis poena esto." Ll. AEthelst. c. 6. apud Lambard. Ll. Aelfr. 30. +Ll. Cnuti. c. 4. "Mesme cel jugement (d'etrears) eyent sorcers, et +sorceresses, &c. ut supra. Fleta ut et ubi supra." 3. Inst. 44. Trial +of witches before Hale in 1664. The statutes 33 H. 8. c. 8. 5 El. c. +16 and I Jac. I. c. 12. seem to be only in confirmation of the Common +law. 9 G. 2. c. 25. punishes them with pillory, and a year's +imprisonment. 3 E. 6. c. 15. 5 El. c. 15. punish fond, fantastical +and false prophecies, by fine and imprisonment. + + (* 41) I Ann. c. 9. 2. + + (* 42) As every treason includes within it a misprision of +treason, so every felony includes a misprision, or misdemeanor. I +Hale P. C. 652. 708. "Licet fuerit felonia, tamen in eo continetur +misprisio." 2 R. 3. 10. Both principal and accessary, therefore, may +be proceeded against in any case, either for felony or misprision, at +the Common law. Capital cases not being mentioned here, accessaries +to them will of course be triable for misprisions, if the offender +flies. + + (* 43) E. I. c. 12. + + (* 44) Whether the judgment of penance lay at Common law. See 2 +Inst. 178. 2 H. P. C. 321. 4 Bl. 322. It was given on standing mute; +but on challenging more than the legal number, whether that sentence, +or sentence of death is to be given, seems doubtful. 2 H. P. C. 316. +Quaere, whether it would not be better to consider the supernumerary +challenge as merely void, and to proceed in the trial? Quaere too, +in case of silence? + + (* 45) "Cum Clericus sic de crimine convictus degradetur non +sequitur alia poena pro uno delicto, vel pluribus ante degradationem +perpetratis. Satis enim sufficit ei pro poena degradatio, quae est +magna capitis diminutio, nisi forte convictus fuerit de apostatia, +quia hinc primo degradetur, et postea per manum laicalem comburetur, +secundum quod accidit in concilio Oxoni celebrato a bonae memoriae S. +Cantuanen. Archiepiscopo de quodam diacono, qui se apostatavit pro +quadam Judaae; qui cum esset per episcopum degradatus, statim fuit +igni traditus per manum laicalem." Bract. L. 3. c. 9. 2. "Et mesme +cel jugement (i. e. qui ils soient ars eyent) sorcers et sorceresses, +et sodomites et mescreauntz apertement atteyntz." Britt. c. 9. +"Christiani autem Apostatae, sortilegii, et hujusmodi detractari +debent et comburi." Fleta, L. I. c. 37. 2 see 3. Inst. 39. 12. Rep. +92. I H. P. C. 393. The extent of the clerical privilege at the +Common law. I. As to the crimes, seems very obscure and uncertain. It +extended to no case where the judgment was not of life, or limb. Note +in 2. H. P. C. 326. This therefore excluded it in trespass, petty +larceny, or killing se defendendo. In high treason against the person +of the King, it seems not to have been allowed. Note I. H. P. C. +185. Treasons, therefore, not against the King's person immediately, +petty treasons and felonies, seem to have been the cases where it was +allowed; and even of those, not for insidiatio varium, depopulatio +agrorum, or combustio domorum. The statute de Clero, 25 E. 3. st. 3. +c. 4. settled the law on this head. 2. As to the persons, it +extended to all clerks, always, and toties quoties. 2 H. P. C. 374. +To nuns also. Fitz. Abr. Corone. 461. 22. E. 3. The clerical habit +and tonsure were considered as evidence of the person being clerical. +26. Assiz. 19. 20. E. 2. Fitz. Corone. 233. By the 9 E. 4. 28. b. +34. H. 6. 49 a. b. a simple reading became the evidence. This +extended impunity to a great number of laymen, and toties quoties. +The stat. 4 H. 7. c. 13. directed that real clerks should, upon a +second arraignment, produce their orders, and all others to be burnt +in the hand with M. or T. on the first allowance of clergy, and not +to be admitted to it a second time. A heretic, Jew, or Turk (as being +incapable of orders) could not have clergy. II. Co. Rep. 29 b. But a +Greek, or other alien, reading in a book of his own country, might. +Bro. Clergie. 20. So a blind man, if he could speak Latin. Ib. 21. +qu. II. Rep. 29. b. The orders entitling the party, were bishops, +priests, deacons and subdeacons, the inferior being reckoned Clerici +in minoribus. 2. H. P. C. 373. Quaere, however, if this distinction +is not founded on the stat. 23 H. 8. c. I. 25 H. 8. c. 32. By merely +dropping all the statutes, it should seem that none but clerks would +be entitled to this privilege, and that they would, toties quoties. + + (* 46) I Ann. c. 9. + + (* 47) Manslaughter, counterfeiting, arson, asportation of +vessels, robbery, burglary, house-breaking, horse-stealing, larceny. + + + + + _A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge_ + + SECTION I. Whereas it appeareth that however certain forms of +government are better calculated than others to protect individuals +in the free exercise of their natural rights, and are at the same +time themselves better guarded against degeneracy, yet experience +hath shewn, that even under the best forms, those entrusted with +power have, in time, and by slow operations, perverted it into +tyranny; and it is believed that the most effectual means of +preventing this would be, to illuminate, as far as practicable, the +minds of the people at large, and more especially to give them +knowledge of those facts, which history exhibiteth, that, possessed +thereby of the experience of other ages and countries, they may be +enabled to know ambition under all its shapes, and prompt to exert +their natural powers to defeat its purposes; And whereas it is +generally true that the people will be happiest whose laws are best, +and are best administered, and that laws will be wisely formed, and +honestly administered, in proportion as those who form and administer +them are wise and honest; whence it becomes expedient for promoting +the publick happiness that those persons, whom nature hath endowed +with genius and virtue, should be rendered by liberal education +worthy to receive, and able to guard the sacred deposit of the rights +and liberties of their fellow citizens, and that they should be +called to that charge without regard to wealth, birth or other +accidental condition or circumstance; but the indigence of the +greater number disabling them from so educating, at their own +expence, those of their children whom nature hath fitly formed and +disposed to become useful instruments for the public, it is better +that such should be sought for and educated at the common expence of +all, than that the happiness of all should be confided to the weak or +wicked: + + SECT. II. BE it therefore enacted by the General Assembly, that +in every county within this commonwealth, there shall be chosen +annually, by the electors qualified to vote for Delegates, three of +the most honest and able men of their county, to be called the +Aldermen of the county; and that the election of the said Aldermen +shall be held at the same time and place, before the same persons, +and notified and conducted in the same manner as by law is directed +for the annual election of Delegates for the county. + + SECT. III. THE person before whom such election is holden shall +certify to the court of the said county the names of the Aldermen +chosen, in order that the same may be entered of record, and shall +give notice of their election to the said Aldermen within a fortnight +after such election. + + SECT. IV. THE said Aldermen on the first Monday in October, if +it be fair, and if not, then on the next fair day, excluding Sunday, +shall meet at the court-house of their county, and proceed to divide +their said county into hundreds, bounding the same by water courses, +mountains, or limits, to be run and marked, if they think necessary, +by the county surveyor, and at the county expence, regulating the +size of the said hundreds, according to the best of their discretion, +so as that they may contain a convenient number of children to make +up a school, and be of such convenient size that all the children +within each hundred may daily attend the school to be established +therein, distinguishing each hundred by a particular name; which +division, with the names of the several hundreds, shall be returned +to the court of the county and be entered of record, and shall remain +unaltered until the increase or decrease of inhabitants shall render +an alteration necessary, in the opinion of any succeeding Aldermen, +and also in the opinion of the court of the county. + + SECT. V. THE electors aforesaid residing within every hundred +shall meet on the third Monday in October after the first election of +Aldermen, at such place, within their hundred, as the said Aldermen +shall direct, notice thereof being previously given to them by such +person residing within the hundred as the said Aldermen shall require +who is hereby enjoined to obey such requisition, on pain of being +punished by amercement and imprisonment. The electors being so +assembled shall choose the most convenient place within their hundred +for building a school-house. If two or more places, having a greater +number of votes than any others, shall yet be equal between +themselves, the Aldermen, or such of them as are not of the same +hundred, on information thereof, shall decide between them. The said +Aldermen shall forthwith proceed to have a school-house built at the +said place, and shall see that the same be kept in repair, and, when +necessary, that it be rebuilt; but whenever they shall think +necessary that it be rebuilt, they shall give notice as before +directed, to the electors of the hundred to meet at the said +school-house, on such day as they shall appoint, to determine by +vote, in the manner before directed, whether it shall be rebuilt at +the same, or what other place in the hundred. + + SECT. VI. AT every of these schools shall be taught reading, +writing, and common arithmetick, and the books which shall be used +therein for instructing the children to read shall be such as will at +the same time make them acquainted with Graecian, Roman, English, and +American history. At these schools all the free children, male and +female, resident within the respective hundred, shall be intitled to +receive tuition gratis, for the term of three years, and as much +longer, at their private expence, as their parents, guardians or +friends, shall think proper. + + SECT. VII. OVER ten of these schools (or such other number +nearest thereto, as the number of hundreds in the county will admit, +without fractional divisions) an overseer shall be appointed annually +by the Aldermen at their first meeting, eminent for his learning, +integrity, and fidelity to the commonwealth, whose business and duty +it shall be, from time to time, to appoint a teacher to each school, +who shall give assurance of fidelity to the commonwealth, and to +remove him as he shall see cause; to visit every school once in every +half year at the least, to examine the schollars; see that any +general plan of reading and instruction recommended by the visiters +of William and Mary College shall be observed; and to superintend the +conduct of the teacher in every thing relative to his school. + + SECT. VIII. EVERY teacher shall receive a salary of by the +year, which, with the expences of building and repairing the school +houses, shall be provided in such manner as other county expences are +by law directed to be provided and shall also have his diet, lodging, +and washing found him, to be levied in like manner, save only that +such levy shall be on the inhabitants of each hundred for the board +of their own teacher only. + + SECT. IX. AND in order that grammer schools may be rendered +convenient to the youth in every part of the commonwealth, BE it +farther enacted, that on the first Monday in November, after the +first appointment of overseers for the hundred schools, if fair, and +if not, then on the next fair day, excluding Sunday, after the hour +of one in the afternoon, the said overseers appointed for the schools +in the counties of Princess Ann, Norfolk, Nansemond and +Isle-of-Wight, shall meet at Nansemond court house; those for the +counties of Southampton, Sussex, Surry and Prince George, shall meet +at Sussex court-house; those for the counties of Brunswick, +Mecklenburg and Lunenburg, shall meet at Lunenburg court-house; those +for the counties of Dinwiddie, Amelia and Chesterfield, shall meet at +Chesterfield court-house; those for the counties of Powhatan, +Cumberland, Goochland, Henrico and Hanover, shall meet at Henrico +court-house; those for the counties of Prince Edward, Charlotte and +Halifax, shall meet at Charlotte court-house; those for the counties +of Henry, Pittsylvania and Bedford, shall meet at Pittsylvania +court-house; those for the counties of Buckingham, Amherst, Albemarle +and Fluvanna, shall meet at Albemarle court-house; those for the +counties of Botetourt, Rockbridge, Montgomery, Washington and +Kentucky, shall meet at Botetourt court-house; those for the counties +of Augusta, Rockingham and Greenbrier, shall meet at Augusta +court-house; those for the counties of Accomack and Northampton, +shall meet at Accomack court-house; those for the counties of +Elizabeth City, Warwick, York, Gloucester, James City, Charles City +and New Kent, shall meet at James City court-house; those for the +counties of Middlesex, Essex, King and Queen, King William and +Caroline, shall meet at King and Queen court-house; those for the +counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond and Westmoreland, +shall meet at Richmond court-house; those for the counties of King +George, Stafford, Spotsylvania, Prince William and Fairfax, shall +meet at Spotsylvania court-house; those for the counties of Loudoun +and Fauquier, shall meet at Loudoun court-house; those for the +counties of Culpeper, Orange and Louisa, shall meet at Orange +court-house; those for the counties of Shenandoah and Frederick, +shall meet at Frederick court-house; those for the counties of +Hampshire and Berkeley, shall meet at Berkeley court house; and those +for the counties of Yohogania, Monongalia and Ohio, shall meet at +Monongalia court-house; and shall fix on such place in some one of +the counties in their district as shall be most proper for situating +a grammar school-house, endeavouring that the situation be as central +as may be to the inhabitants of the said counties, that it be +furnished with good water, convenient to plentiful supplies of +provision and fuel, and more than all things that it be healthy. And +if a majority of the overseers present should not concur in their +choice of any one place proposed, the method of determining shall be +as follows: If two places only were proposed, and the votes be +divided, they shall decide between them by fair and equal lot; if +more than two places were proposed, the question shall be put on +those two which on the first division had the greater number of +votes; or if no two places had a greater number of votes than the +others, as where the votes shall have been equal between one or both +of them and some other or others, then it shall be decided by fair +and equal lot (unless it can be agreed by a majority of votes) which +of the places having equal numbers shall be thrown out of the +competition, so that the question shall be put on the remaining two, +and if on this ultimate question the votes shall be equally divided, +it shall then be decided finally by lot. + + SECT. X. THE said overseers having determined the place at +which the grammer school for their district shall be built, shall +forthwith (unless they can otherwise agree with the proprietors of +the circumjacent lands as to location and price) make application to +the clerk of the county in which the said house is to be situated, +who shall thereupon issue a writ, in the nature of a writ of ad quod +damnum, directed to the sheriff of the said county commanding him to +summon and impannel twelve fit persons to meet at the place, so +destined for the grammer school-house, on a certain day, to be named +in the said writ, not less than five, nor more than ten, days from +the date thereof; and also to give notice of the same to the +proprietors and tenants of the lands to be viewed, if they be to be +found within the county, and if not, then to their agents therein if +any they have. Which freeholders shall be charged by the said +sheriff impartially, and to the best of their skill and judgement to +view the lands round about the said place, and to locate and +circumscribe, by certain metes and bounds, one hundred acres thereof, +having regard therein principally to the benefit and convenience of +the said school, but respecting in some measure also the convenience +of the said proprietors, and to value and appraise the same in so +many several respective interests and estates therein. And after +such location and appraisement so made, the said sheriff shall +forthwith return the same under the hands and seals of the said +jurors, together with the writ, to the clerk's office of the said +county and the right and property of the said proprietors and tenants +in the said lands so circumscribed shall be immediately devested and +be transferred to the commonwealth for the use of the said grammar +school, in full and absolute dominion, any want of consent or +disability to consent in the said owners or tenants notwithstanding. +But it shall not be lawful for the said overseers so to situate the +said grammar school-house, nor to the said jurors so to locate the +said lands, as to include the mansion-house of the proprietor of the +lands, nor the offices, curtilage, or garden, thereunto immediately +belonging. + + SECT. XI. THE said overseers shall forthwith proceed to have a +house of brick or stone, for the said grammar school, with necessary +offices, built on the said lands, which grammer school-house shall +contain a room for the school, a hall to dine in, four rooms for a +master and usher, and ten or twelve lodging rooms for the scholars. + + SECT. XII. TO each of the said grammar schools shall be allowed +out of the public treasury, the sum of pounds, out of which shall be +paid by the Treasurer, on warrant from the Auditors, to the +proprietors or tenants of the lands located, the value of their +several interests as fixed by the jury, and the balance thereof shall +be delivered to the said overseers to defray the expence of the said +buildings. + + SECT. XIII. IN these grammar schools shall be taught the Latin +and Greek languages, English grammar, geography, and the higher part +of numerical arithmetick, to wit, vulgar and decimal fractions, and +the extraction of the square and cube roots. + + SECT. XIV. A visiter from each county constituting the district +shall be appointed, by the overseers, for the county, in the month of +October annually, either from their own body or from their county at +large, which visiters or the greater part of them, meeting together +at the said grammar school on the first Monday in November, if fair, +and if not, then on the next fair day, excluding Sunday, shall have +power to choose their own Rector, who shall call and preside at +future meetings, to employ from time to time a master, and if +necessary, an usher, for the said school, to remove them at their +will, and to settle the price of tuition to be paid by the scholars. +They shall also visit the school twice in every year at the least, +either together or separately at their discretion, examine the +scholars, and see that any general plan of instruction recommended by +the visiters of William and Mary College shall be observed. The said +masters and ushers, before they enter on the execution of their +office, shall give assurance of fidelity to the commonwealth. + + SECT. XV. A steward shall be employed, and removed at will by +the master, on such wages as the visiters shall direct; which steward +shall see to the procuring provisions, fuel, servants for cooking, +waiting, house cleaning, washing, mending, and gardening on the most +reasonable terms; the expence of which, together with the steward's +wages, shall be divided equally among all the scholars boarding +either on the public or private expence. And the part of those who +are on private expence, and also the price of their tuitions due to +the master or usher, shall be paid quarterly by the respective +scholars, their parents, or guardians, and shall be recoverable, if +withheld, together with costs, on motion in any Court of Record, ten +days notice thereof being previously given to the party, and a jury +impannelled to try the issue joined, or enquire of the damages. The +said steward shall also, under the direction of the visiters, see +that the houses be kept in repair, and necessary enclosures be made +and repaired, the accounts for which, shall, from time to time, be +submitted to the Auditors, and on their warrant paid by the +Treasurer. + + SECT. XVI. EVERY overseer of the hundred schools shall, in the +month of September annually, after the most diligent and impartial +examination and enquiry, appoint from among the boys who shall have +been two years at the least at some one of the schools under his +superintendance, and whose parents are too poor to give them farther +education, some one of the best and most promising genius and +disposition, to proceed to the grammar school of his district; which +appointment shall be made in the court-house of the county, on the +court day for that month, if fair, and if not, then on the next fair +day, excluding Sunday, in the presence of the Aldermen, or two of +them at the least, assembled on the bench for that purpose, the said +overseer being previously sworn by them to make such appointment, +without favor or affection, according to the best of his skill and +judgment, and being interrogated by the said Aldermen, either on +their own motion, or on suggestions from the parents, guardians, +friends, or teachers of the children, competitors for such +appointment; which teachers shall attend for the information of the +Aldermen. On which interrogatories the said Aldermen, if they be not +satisfied with the appointment proposed, shall have right to negative +it; whereupon the said visiter may proceed to make a new appointment, +and the said Aldermen again to interrogate and negative, and so +toties quoties until an appointment be approved. + + SECT. XVII. EVERY boy so appointed shall be authorised to +proceed to the grammar school of his district, there to be educated +and boarded during such time as is hereafter limited; and his quota +of the expences of the house together with a compensation to the +master or usher for his tuition, at the rate of twenty dollars by the +year, shall be paid by the Treasurer quarterly on warrant from the +Auditors. + + SECT. XVIII. A visitation shall be held, for the purpose of +probation, annually at the said grammar school on the last Monday in +September, if fair, and if not, then on the next fair day, excluding +Sunday, at which one third of the boys sent thither by appointment of +the said overseers, and who shall have been there one year only, +shall be discontinued as public foundationers, being those who, on +the most diligent examination and enquiry, shall be thought to be of +the least promising genius and disposition; and of those who shall +have been there two years, all shall be discontinued, save one only +the best in genius and disposition, who shall be at liberty to +continue there four years longer on the public foundation, and shall +thence forward be deemed a senior. + + SECT. XIX. THE visiters for the districts which, or any part of +which, be southward and westward of James river, as known by that +name, or by the names of Fluvanna and Jackson's river, in every other +year, to wit, at the probation meetings held in the years, +distinguished in the Christian computation by odd numbers, and the +visiters for all the other districts at their said meetings to be +held in those years, distinguished by even numbers, after diligent +examination and enquiry as before directed, shall chuse one among the +said seniors, of the best learning and most hopeful genius and +disposition, who shall be authorised by them to proceed to William +and Mary College, there to be educated, boarded, and clothed, three +years; the expence of which annually shall be paid by the Treasurer +on warrant from the Auditors. + + + + + _A Bill Declaring Who Shall Be Deemed Citizens of this +Commonwealth_ + + SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that all +white persons born within the territory of this commonwealth and all +who have resided therein two years next before the passing of this +act, and all who shall hereafter migrate into the same; and shall +before any court of record give satisfactory proof by their own oath +or affirmation, that they intend to reside therein, and moreover +shall give assurance of fidelity to the commonwealth; and all infants +wheresoever born, whose father, if living, or otherwise, whose mother +was, a citizen at the time of their birth, or who migrate hither, +their father, if living, or otherwise their mother becoming a +citizen, or who migrate hither without father or mother, shall be +deemed citizens of this commonwealth, until they relinquish that +character in manner as herein after expressed: And all others not +being citizens of any the United States of America, shall be deemed +aliens. The clerk of the court shall enter such oath of record, and +give the person taking the same a certificate thereof, for which he +shall receive the fee of one dollar. And in order to preserve to the +citizens of this commonwealth, that natural right, which all men have +of relinquishing the country, in which birth, or other accident may +have thrown them, and, seeking subsistance and happiness wheresoever +they may be able, or may hope to find them: And to declare +unequivocably what circumstances shall be deemed evidence of an +intention in any citizen to exercise that right, it is enacted and +declared, that whensoever any citizen of this commonwealth, shall by +word of mouth in the presence of the court of the county, wherein he +resides, or of the General Court, or by deed in writing, under his +hand and seal, executed in the presence of three witnesses, and by +them proved in either of the said courts, openly declare to the same +court, that he relinquishes the character of a citizen, and shall +depart the commonwealth; or whensoever he shall without such +declaration depart the commonwealth and enter into the service of any +other state, not in enmity with this, or any other of the United +States of America, or do any act whereby he shall become a subject or +citizen of such state, such person shall be considered as having +exercised his natural right of expatriating himself, and shall be +deemed no citizen of this commonwealth from the time of his +departure. The free white inhabitants of every of the states, +parties to the American confederation, paupers, vagabonds and +fugitives from justice excepted, shall be intitled to all rights, +privileges, and immunities of free citizens in this commonwealth, and +shall have free egress, and regress, to and from the same, and shall +enjoy therein, all the privileges of trade, and commerce, subject to +the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the citizens of this +commonwealth. And if any person guilty of, or charged with treason, +felony, or other high misdemeanor, in any of the said states, shall +flee from justice and be found in this commonwealth, he shall, upon +demand of the Governor, or Executive power of the state, from which +he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having +jurisdiction of his offence. Where any person holding property, +within this commonwealth, shall be attainted within any of the said +states, parties to the said confederation, of any of those crimes, +which by the laws of this commonwealth shall be punishable by +forfeiture of such property, the said property shall be disposed of +in the same manner as it would have been if the owner thereof had +been attainted of the like crime in this commonwealth. + + + + _Report on Government for Western Territory_ + + March 1, 1784 + + The committee appointed to prepare a plan for the temporary +Government of the Western territory have agreed to the following +resolutions: + + Resolved that the territory ceded or to be ceded by Individual +States to the United States whensoever the same shall have been +purchased of the Indian Inhabitants & offered for sale by the U. S. +shall be formed into distinct States bounded in the following manner +as nearly as such cessions will admit, that is to say; Northwardly & +Southwardly by parallels of latitude so that each state shall +comprehend from South to North two degrees of latitude beginning to +count from the completion of thirty-one degrees North of the equator, +but any territory Northwardly of the 47'th. degree shall make part of +the state -- below, and Eastwardly & Westwardly they shall be +bounded, those on the Mississippi by that river on one side and the +meridian of the lowest point of the rapids of Ohio on the other; and +those adjoining on the East by the same meridian on their Western +side, and on their eastern by the meridian of the Western cape of the +mouth of the Great Kanhaway. And the territory eastward of this last +meridian between the Ohio, Lake Erie & Pennsylvania shall be one +state. + + That the settlers within the territory so to be purchased & +offered for sale shall, either on their own petition, or on the order +of Congress, receive authority from them, with appointments of time +and place for their free males of full age to meet together for the +purpose of establishing a temporary government, to adopt the +constitution & laws of any one of these states, so that such laws +nevertheless shall be subject to alteration by their ordinary +legislature, and to erect, subject to a like alteration counties or +townships for the election of members for their legislature. + + That such temporary government shall only continue in force in +any state until it shall have acquired 20,000 free inhabitants, when, +giving due proof thereof to Congress, they shall receive from them +authority with appointments of time and place to call a Convention of +representatives to establish a permanent Constitution & Government +for themselves. + + Provided that both the temporary & permanent Governments be +established on these principles as their basis. 1, That they shall +forever remain a part of the United States of America. 2, That in +their persons, property & territory, they shall be subject to the +Government of the United States in Congress assembled and to the +articles of confederation in all those cases in which the original +states shall be so subject. 3, That they shall be subject to pay a +part of the federal debts contracted or to be contracted to be +apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common rule +and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the +other states. 4, That their respective Governments shall be in +republican forms, and shall admit no person to be a citizen, who +holds any hereditary title. 5, That after the year 1800 of the +Christian aera, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary +servitude in any of the said states, otherwise than in punishment of +crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted to have been +personally guilty. + + That whenever any of the sd states shall have, of free +inhabitants as many as shall then be in any one the least numerous of +the thirteen original states, such state shall be admitted by it's +delegates into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing +with the said original states: After which the assent of two thirds +of the United States in Congress assembled shall be requisite in all +those cases, wherein by the Confederation the assent of nine States +is now required. Provided the consent of nine states to such +admission may be obtained according to the eleventh of the Articles +of Confederation. Until such admission by their delegates into +Congress, any of the said states, after the establishment of their +temporary Government, shall have authority to keep a sitting Member +in Congress, with a right of debating, but not of voting. + + That the territory Northward of the 45'th. degree, that is to +say of the completion of 45 degrees from the Equator & extending to +the Lake of the Woods, shall be called SYLVANIA: + + That of the territory under the 45'th.& 44'th. degrees that +which lies Westward of Lake Michigan shall be called MICHIGANIA, and +that which is Eastward thereof within the peninsula formed by the +lakes & waters of Michigan, Huron, St. Clair and Erie, shall be +called CHERRONESUS, and shall include any part of the peninsula which +may extend above the 45th degree. + + Of the territory under the 43'd & 42'd degrees, that to the +Westward thro' which the Assenisipi or Rock river runs shall be +called ASSENISIPIA, and that to the Eastward in which are the +fountains of the Muskingum, the two Miamis of Ohio, the Wabash, the +Illinois, the Miami of the lake and Sandusky rivers, shall be called +METROPOTAMIA. + + Of the territory which lies under the 41'st. & 40'th. degrees +the Western, thro which the river Illinois runs, shall be called +ILLINOIA; that next adjoining to the Eastward SARATOGA, and that +between this last & Pennsylvania & extending from the Ohio to Lake +Erie shall be called WASHINGTON. + + Of the territory which lies under the 39'th.& 38'th. degrees to +which shall be added so much of the point of land within the fork of +the Ohio & Missisipi as lies under the 37th. degree, that to the +Westward within & adjacent to which are the confluences of the rivers +Wabash, Shawanee, Tanisse, Ohio, Illinois, Missisipi & Missouri, +shall be called POLYPOTAMIA, and that to the Eastward farther up the +Ohio otherwise called the PELISIPI shall be called PELISIPIA. + + That the preceding articles shall be formed into a charter of +Compact, shall be duly executed by the President of the U. S. in +Congress assembled under his hand and the seal of the United States, +shall be promulgated, and shall stand as fundamental constitutions +between the thirteen original States, & those now newly described +unalterable but by the joint consent of the U. S. in Congress +assembled and of the particular state within which such alteration is +proposed to be made. + + + + _Observations on the Whale-Fishery_ + + Whale oil enters, as a raw material, into several branches of +manufacture, as of wool, leather, soap: it is used also in painting, +architecture and navigation. But its great consumption is in +lighting houses and cities. For this last purpose however it has a +powerful competitor in the vegetable oils. These do well in warm, +still weather, but they fix with cold, they extinguish easily with +the wind, their crop is precarious, depending on the seasons, and to +yield the same light, a larger wick must be used, and greater +quantity of oil consumed. Estimating all these articles of +difference together, those employed in lighting cities find their +account in giving about 25 per cent. more for whale than for +vegetable oils. But higher than this the whale oil, in its present +form, cannot rise; because it then becomes more advantageous to the +city-lighters to use others. This competition then limits its price, +higher than which no encouragement can raise it, and becomes, as it +were, a law of its nature, but, at this low price, the whale fishery +is the poorest business into which a merchant or sailor can enter. +If the sailor, instead of wages, has a part of what is taken, he +finds that this, one year with another, yields him less than he could +have got as wages in any other business. It is attended too with +great risk, singular hardships, and long absences from his family. +If the voyage is made solely at the expence of the merchant, he finds +that, one year with another, it does not reimburse him his expences. +As, for example, an English ship of 300 ton, and 42. hands brings +home, communibus annis, after a four months voyage, 25. ton of oil, +worth 437l. 10s. sterl. but the wages of the officers and seamen will +be 400l. The Outfit then and the merchant's profit must be paid by +the government. And it is accordingly on this idea that the British +bounty is calculated. From the poverty of this business then it has +happened that the nations, who have taken it up, have successively +abandoned it. The Basques began it. But, tho' the most economical +and enterprising of the inhabitants of France, they could not +continue it; and it is said they never employed more than 30. ships a +year. The Dutch and Hanse towns succeeded them. The latter gave it +up long ago tho' they have continued to lend their name to British +and Dutch oils. The English carried it on, in competition with the +Dutch, during the last, and beginning of the present century. But it +was too little profitable for them in comparison with other branches +of commerce open to them. In the mean time too the inhabitants of +the barren Island of Nantucket had taken up this fishery, invited to +it by the whales presenting themselves on their own shore. To them +therefore the English relinquished it, continuing to them, as British +subjects, the importation of their oils into England duty free, while +foreigners were subject to a duty of 18l. 5s. sterl. a ton. The +Dutch were enabled to continue it long, because, 1. They are so near +the northern fishing grounds, that a vessel begins her fishing very +soon after she is out of port. 2. They navigate with more economy +than the other nations of Europe. 3. Their seamen are content with +lower wages: and 4. their merchants with a lower profit on their +capital. Under all these favorable circumstances however, this +branch of business, after long languishing, is at length nearly +extinct with them. It is said they did not send above half a dozen +ships in pursuit of the whale this present year. The Nantuckois then +were the only people who exercised this fishery to any extent at the +commencement of the late war. Their country, from its barrenness, +yielding no subsistence, they were obliged to seek it in the sea +which surrounded them. Their economy was more rigorous than that of +the Dutch. Their seamen, instead of wages, had a share in what was +taken. This induced them to fish with fewer hands, so that each had +a greater dividend in the profit. It made them more vigilant in +seeking game, bolder in pursuing it, and parcimonious in all their +expences. London was their only market. When therefore, by the late +revolution, they became aliens in great Britain, they became subject +to the alien duty of 18l. 5s. the ton of oil, which being more than +equal to the price of the common whale oil, they were obliged to +abandon that fishery. So that this people, who before the war had +employed upwards of 300 vessels a year in the whale fishery, (while +great Britain had herself never employed one hundred) have now almost +ceased to exercise it. But they still had the seamen, the most +important material for this fishery; and they still retained the +spirit of fishing: so that at the reestablishment of peace they were +capable in a very short time of reviving their fishery in all its +splendor. The British government saw that the moment was critical. +They knew that their own share in that fishery was as nothing. That +the great mass of fishermen was left with a nation now separated from +them: that these fishermen however had lost their ancient market, had +no other resource within their country to which they could turn, and +they hoped therefore they might, in the present moment of distress, +be decoyed over to their establishments, and be added to the mass of +their seamen. To effect this they offered extravagant advantages to +all persons who should exercise the whale fishery from British +establishments. But not counting with much confidence on a long +connection with their remaining possessions on the continent of +America, foreseeing that the Nantuckois would settle in them +preferably, if put on an equal footing with those of great Britain, +and that thus they might have to purchase them a second time, they +confined their high offers to settlers in Great Britain. The +Nantuckois, left without resource by the loss of their market, began +to think of removing to the British dominions: some to Nova Scotia, +preferring smaller advantages, in the neighbourhood of their ancient +country and friends; others to great Britain postponing country and +friends to high premiums. A vessel was already arrived from Halifax +to Nantucket to take off some of those who proposed to remove; two +families had gone on board and others were going, when a letter was +received there, which had been written by Monsieur le Marquis de la +Fayette to a gentleman in Boston, and transmitted by him to +Nantucket. The purport of the letter was to dissuade their accepting +the British proposals, and to assure them that their friends in +France would endeavour to do something for them. This instantly +suspended their design: not another went on board, and the vessel +returned to Halifax with only the two families. + + In fact the French Government had not been inattentive to the +views of the British, nor insensible of the crisis. They saw the +danger of permitting five or six thousand of the best seamen existing +to be transferred by a single stroke to the marine strength of their +enemy, and to carry over with them an art which they possessed almost +exclusively. The counterplan which they set on foot was to tempt the +Nantuckois by high offers to come and settle in France. This was in +the year 1785. The British however had in their favour a sameness of +language, religion, laws, habits and kindred. 9 families only, of 33 +persons in the whole came to Dunkirk; so that this project was not +likely to prevent their emigration to the English establishments, if +nothing else had happened. + + France had effectually aided in detaching the U. S. of America +from the _force_ of Great Britain. But as yet they seemed to have +indulged only a silent wish to detach them from her _commerce_. They +had done nothing to induce that event. In the same year 1785, while +M. de Calonne was in treaty, with the Nantuckois, an estimate of the +commerce of the U. S. was submitted to the count de Vergennes, and it +was shewn that, of 3. millions of pounds sterling to which their +exports amounted, one third might be brought to France and exchanged +against her productions and manufactures advantageously for both +nations, provided the obstacles of prohibition, monopoly, and duty +were either done away or moderated as far as circumstances would +admit. A committee, which had been appointed to investigate a +particular one of these subjects, was thereupon instructed to extend +its researches to the whole, and see what advantages and facilities +the Government could offer for the encouragement of a general +commerce with the United States. The Committee was composed of +persons well skilled in commerce; and, after labouring assiduously +for several months, they made their report: the result of which was +given in the letter of his Majesty's Comptroller General of the 2d of +Octob. 1786. wherein he stated the principles which should be +established for the future regulation of the commerce between France +and the United States. It was become tolerably evident, at the date +of this letter, that the terms offered to the Nantuckois would not +produce their emigration to Dunkirk; and that it would be safest in +every event to offer some other alternative which might prevent their +acceptance of the British offers. The obvious one was to open the +ports of France to their oils, so that they might still exercise +their fishery, remaining in their native country, and find a new +market for its produce instead of that which they had lost. The +article of Whale oil was accordingly distinguished, in the letter of +M. de Calonne, by an immediate abatement of duty, and promise of +further abatement after the year 1790. This letter was instantly +sent to America, and bid fair to produce there the effect intended, +by determining the fishermen to carry on their trade from their own +homes, with the advantage only of a free market in France, rather +than remove to Great Britain where a free market and great bounty +were offered them. An Arret was still to be prepared to give legal +sanction to the letter of M. de Calonne. M. Lambert, with a patience +and assiduity almost unexampled, went through all the investigations +necessary to assure himself that the conclusions of the Committee had +been just. Frequent conferences on this subject were held in his +presence; the Deputies of the Chambers of Commerce were heard, and +the result was the Arret of Dec. 29. 1787. confirming the abatements +of duty present and future, which the letter of Octob. 1786. had +promised, and reserving to his Majesty to grant still further favours +to that production, if on further information he should find it for +the interest of the two Nations. + + The English had now begun to deluge the markets of France with +their whale oils: and they were enabled by the great premiums given +by their Government to undersell the French fisherman, aided by +feebler premiums, and the American aided by his poverty alone. Nor +is it certain that these speculations were not made at the risk of +the British Government, to suppress the French and American fishermen +in their only market. Some remedy seemed necessary. Perhaps it +would not have been a bad one to subject, by a general law, the +merchandize of every nation and of every nature to pay additional +duties in the ports of France exactly equal to the premiums and +drawbacks given on the same merchandise by their own government. +This might not only counteract the effect of premium in the instance +of whale oils, but attack the whole British system of bounties and +drawbacks by the aid of which they make London the center of commerce +for the whole earth. A less general remedy, but an effectual one, +was to prohibit the oils of all _European_ nations: the treaty with +England requiring only that she should be treated as well as the most +favoured _European_ nation. But the remedy adopted was to prohibit +all oils without exception. + + To know how this remedy will operate we must consider the +quantity of whale oil which France consumes annually, the quantity +she obtains from her own fishery; and if she obtains less than she +consumes, we are to consider what will follow this prohibition. + + The annual consumption of France, as stated by a person who has +good opportunities of knowing it, is as follows. + + _pesant_. _quintaux_. _tons_. + Paris according to the + registers of 1786 . . . . 2,800,000 28,000 1750 + 27. other cities lighted by + M. Sangrain . . . . . . . 800,000 8,000 500 + Rouen . . . . . . . . . . . 500,000 5,000 312 1/2 + Bordeaux . . . . . . . . . 600,000 6,000 375 + Lyon . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 3,000 187 1/2 + Other cities, leather and + light 3,000,000 30,000 1875 + ---------- ------ ------ + 8,000,000 80,000 5000 + + Other calculations, reduce the consumption to about half this. +It is treating these with sufficient respect to place them on an +equal footing with the estimate of the person before alluded to, and +to suppose the truth half way between them. We will call then the +present consumption of France only 60,000 quintals, or 3750 ton a +year. This consumption is increasing fast as the practice of +lighting cities is becoming more general, and the superior advantages +of lighting them with whale oil are but now beginning to be known. + + What do the fisheries of France furnish? she has employed this +year 15. vessels in the Southern, and 2 in the Northern fishery, +carrying 4500 tons in the whole or 265 each on an average. The +English ships, led by Nantuckois as well as the French, have as I am +told never averaged, in the Southern fishery, more than one fifth of +their burthen, in the best year. The 15 ships of France, according +to this ground of calculation, and supposing the present to have been +one of the best years, should have brought, one with another, one +fifth of 265 tons, or 53 tons each. But we are told they have +brought near the double of that, to wit 100 tons each and 1500 tons +in the whole. Supposing the 2. Northern vessels to have brought home +the cargo which is common from the Northern fishery, to wit, 25 tons +each, the whole produce this year will then be 1550 tons. This is 5 +1/2 months provision or two fifths of the annual consumption. To +furnish for the whole year, would require 40 ships of the same size, +in years as fortunate as the present, and 85 communibus annis, 44 +tons, or one sixth of the burthen, being as high an average as should +be counted on, one year with another: and the number must be +increased with the increasing consumption. France then is evidently +not yet in a condition to supply her own wants. It is said indeed +she has a large stock on hand unsold occasioned by the English +competition. 33,000 quintals, including this year's produce, are +spoken of. This is between 6. and 7. months provision: and +supposing, by the time this is exhausted, that the next year's supply +comes in, that will enable her to go on 5. or 6. months longer; say a +twelvemonth in the whole. But, at the end of the twelvemonth, what +is to be done? The Manufactures depending on this article cannot +maintain their competition against those of other countries, if +deprived of their equal means. When the alternative then shall be +presented of letting them drop, or opening the ports to foreign whale +oil, it is presumable the latter will be adopted, as the lesser evil. +But it will be too late for America: her fishery, annihilated during +the late war, only began to raise its head on the prospect of market +held out by this country. Crushed by the Arret of Sept. 28. in its +first feeble effort to revive, it will rise no more. Expeditions, +which require the expence of the outfit of vessels, and from 9. to 12 +months navigation, as the Southern fishery does, most frequented by +the Americans, cannot be undertaken in sole reliance on a market +which is opened and shut from one day to another, with little or no +warning. The English alone then will remain to furnish these +supplies, and they must be received even from them. We must accept +bread from our enemies, if our friends cannot furnish it. This comes +exactly to the point to which that government has been looking. She +fears no rival in the whale fishery but America. Or rather, it is +the whale fishery of America of which she is endeavouring to possess +herself. It is for this object she is making the present +extraordinary efforts by bounties and other encouragements: and her +success so far is very flattering. Before the war she had not 100 +vessels in the whale trade, while America employed 309. In 1786. +Great Britain employed 151 vessels, in 1787. 286. in 1788. 314. +nearly the ancient American number; while the latter is fallen to +about 80. They have just changed places then, England having gained +exactly what America has lost. France by her ports and markets holds +the balance between the two contending parties, and gives the +victory, by opening and shutting them, to which she pleases. We have +still precious remains of seamen educated in this fishery, and +capable by their poverty, their boldness and address, of recovering +it from the English, in spite of their bounties. But this Arret +endangers the transferring to Great Britain every man of them who is +not invincibly attached to his native soil. There is no other nation +in present condition to maintain a competition with Great Britain in +the whale fishery. The expence at which it is supported on her part +seems enormous. 255 vessels, of 75,436 tons, employed by her this +year in the Northern fishery, at 42 men each; and 59. in the Southern +at 18 men each makes 11,772 men. These are known to have cost the +government 15l. each, or 176,580l. in the whole, and that to employ +the principal part of them from 3. to 4. months only. The Northern +ships have brought home 20. and the Southern 60. tons of oil on an +average, making 8,640 tons, every ton of oil then has cost the +government 20l. in bounty. Still, if they can beat us out of the +field and have it to themselves, they will think their money well +employed. If France undertakes solely the competition against them, +she must do it at equal expence. The trade is too poor to support +itself. The 85 ships necessary to supply even her present +consumption, bountied as the English are, will require a sacrifice of +1,285,200 livres a year, to maintain 3,570 seamen, and that a part of +the year only. And if she will push it to 12,000 men in competition +with England, she must sacrifice, as they do, 4. or 5. millions a +year. The same number of men might, with the same bounty, be kept in +as constant employ carrying stone from Bayonne to Cherburg, or coal +from Newcastle to Havre, in which navigations they would be always at +hand, and become as good seamen. The English consider among their +best sailors those employed in carrying coal from Newcastle to +London. France cannot expect to raise her fishery, even to the +supply of her own consumption, in one year or in several years. Is +it not better then, by keeping her ports open to the U. S. to enable +them to aid in maintaining the field against the common adversary, +till she shall be in condition to take it herself, and to supply her +own wants? Otherwise her supplies must aliment that very force which +is keeping her under. On our part, we can never be dangerous +competitors to France. The extent to which we can exercise this +fishery is limited to that of the barren island of Nantucket, and a +few similar barren spots; its duration to the pleasure of this +government, as we have no other market. + + A material observation must be added here. Sudden vicissitudes +of opening and shutting ports, do little injury to merchants settled +on the opposite coast, watching for the opening, like the return of a +tide, and ready to enter with it. But they ruin the adventurer whose +distance requires 6 months notice. Those who are now arriving from +America, in consequence of the Arret of Dec. 29. will consider it as +the false light which has led them to their ruin. They will be apt +to say that they come to the ports of France by invitation of that +Arret, that the subsequent one of Sept. 28. which drives them from +those ports, founds itself on a single principle, viz. `that the +prohibition of foreign oils is the most useful encouragement which +can be given to that branch of industry.' They will say that, if this +be a true principle, it was as true on the 29th. of Dec. 1787. as on +the 28th. of Sept. 1788. It was then weighed against other motives, +judged weaker, and over-ruled, and it is hard it should be now +revived to ruin them. + + The Refinery for whale oil lately established at Rouen, seems +to be an object worthy of national attention. In order to judge of +its importance, the different qualities of whale oil must be noted. +Three qualities are known in the American and English markets. 1. +That of the Spermaceti whale. 2. Of the Groenland whale. 3. Of the +Brazil whale. 1. The Spermaceti whale found by the Nantucketmen in +the neighbourhood of the western Islands, to which they had gone in +pursuit of other whales, retired thence to the coast of Guinea, +afterwards to that of Brazil, and begins now to be best found in the +latitude of the cape of good hope, and even of cape Horn. He is an +active, fierce animal and requires vast address and boldness in the +fisherman. The inhabitants of Brazil make little expeditions from +their coast, and take some of these fish. But the Americans are the +only distant people who have been in the habit of seeking and +attacking them in numbers. The British however, led by the +Nantuckois whom they have decoyed into their service, have begun this +fishery. In 1785 they had 18 ships in it; in 1787, 38: in 1788, 54. +or as some say 64. I have calculated on the middle number 59. Still +they take but a very small proportion of their own demand. We +furnish the rest. Theirs is the only market to which we carry that +oil, because it is the only one where its properties are known. It +is luminous, resists coagulation by cold to the 41st. degree of +Farenheit's thermometer, and 4th. of Reaumur's, and yields no smell +at all. It is used therefore within doors to lighten shops, and even +in the richest houses for antichambers, stairs, galleries, &c. it +sells at the London market for treble the price of common whale oil. +This enables the adventurer to pay the duty of 18l. 5s. sterl. the +ton, and still to have a living profit. Besides the mass of oil +produced from the whole body of the whale, his head yields 3. or 4. +barrels of what is called head-matter, from which is made the solid +Spermaceti used for medicine and candles. This sells by the pound at +double the price of the oil. The disadvantage of this fishery is +that the sailors are from 9. to 12. months absent on the voyage, of +course they are not at hand on any sudden emergency, and are even +liable to be taken before they know that a war is begun. It must be +added on the subject of this whale, that he is rare, and shy, soon +abandoning the grounds where he is hunted. This fishery being less +losing than the other, and often profitable, will occasion it to be +so thronged soon, as to bring it on a level with the other. It will +then require the same expensive support, or to be abandoned. + + 2. The Groenland whale oil is next in quality. It resists +coagulation by cold to 36 degrees of Farenheit and 2 degrees of +Reaumur; but it has a smell insupportable within doors, and is not +luminous. It sells therefore in London at about 16l. the ton. This +whale is clumsy and timid, he dives when struck, and comes up to +breathe by the first cake of ice, where the fishermen need little +address or courage to find and take him. This is the fishery mostly +frequented by European nations; it is this fish which yields the fin +in quantity, and the voyages last about 3. or 4. months. + + 3. The third quality is that of the small Brazil whale. He was +originally found on the coast of Nantucket, and first led that people +to this pursuit. He retired first to the banks of Newfoundland, then +to the western islands; and is now found within soundings on the +coast of Brazil, during the months of December, January, February and +March. This oil chills at 50 degrees of Farenheit and 8 degrees of +Reaumur, is black and offensive, worth therefore but 13l. the ton in +London. In warm summer nights however it burns better than the +Groenland oil. + + The qualities of the oils thus described, it is to be added +that an individual has discovered methods 1. of converting a great +part of the oil of the spermaceti whale into the solid substance +called spermaceti, heretofore produced from his head alone. 2. Of +refining the Groenland whale oil, so as to take from it all smell and +render it limpid and luminous, as that of the spermaceti whale. 3. +of curdling the oil of the Brazil whale into tallow, resembling that +of the beef, and answering all its purposes. This person is engaged +by the company which has established the Refinery at Rouen: their +works will cost them half a million of livres, will be able to refine +all the oil which can be used in the kingdom, and even to supply +foreign markets. -- The effect of this refinery then would be 1. to +supplant the solid spermaceti of all other nations by theirs of equal +quality and lower price. 2. to substitute, instead of spermaceti +oil, their black whale oil, refined, of equal quality and lower +price. 3. to render the worthless oil of the Brazil whale equal in +value to tallow: and 4. by accomodating these oils to uses, to which +they could never otherwise have been applied, they will extend the +demand beyond its present narrow limits to any supply which can be +furnished, and thus give the most effectual encouragement and +extension to the whale fishery. But these works were calculated on +the Arret of Dec. 29. which admitted here freely and fully the +produce of the American fishery. If confined to that of the French +fishery alone, the enterprise may fail for want of matter to work on. + + + After this review of the whale fishery as a Political +institution, a few considerations shall be added on its produce as a +basis of Commercial exchange between France and the United-States. +The discussions it has undergone on former occasions, in this point +of view, leaves little new to be now urged. + + The United-States not possessing mines of the precious metals, +they can purchase necessaries from other nations so far only as their +produce is received in exchange. Without enumerating our smaller +articles, we have three of principal importance, proper for the +French market, to wit, Tobacco, whale oil, and rice. The first and +most important is Tobacco. This might furnish an exchange for 8. +millions of the productions of this country: but it is under a +monopoly, and that not of a mercantile, but a financiering company, +whose interest is to pay in money, and not in merchandise; and who +are so much governed by the spirit of simplifying their purchases and +proceedings, that they find means to elude every endeavour on the +part of government to make them diffuse their purchases among the +merchants in general. Little profit is derived from this then as an +article of exchange for the produce and manufactures of France. +Whale oil might be next in importance; but that is now prohibited. +American Rice is not yet of great, but it is of growing consumption +in France, and being the only article of the three which is free, it +may become a principal basis of exchange. Time and trial may add a +fourth, that is, timber. But some essays, rendered unsuccessful by +unfortunate circumstances, place that at present under a discredit, +which it will be found hereafter not to have merited. The English +know its value, and were supplied with it before the war. A spirit +of hostility, since that event, led them to seek Russian rather than +American supplies. A new spirit of hostility has driven them back +from Russia, and they are now making contracts for American timber. +But of the three articles before mentioned, proved by experience to +be suitable for the French market, one is prohibited, one under +monopoly, and one alone free, and that the smallest and of very +limited consumption. The way to encourage purchasers is to multiply +their means of payment. Whale oil might be an important one. In one +scale is the interest of the millions who are lighted, shod or +clothed with the help of it, and the thousands of labourers and +manufacturers who would be employed in producing the articles which +might be given in exchange for it, if received from America. In the +other scale are the interests of the adventurers in the whale +fishery; each of whom indeed, politically considered may be of more +importance to the state than a simple labourer or manufacturer: but +to make the estimate with the accuracy it merits, we should multiply +the numbers in each scale into their individual importance, and see +which preponderates. + + Both governments have seen with concern that their commercial +intercourse does not grow as rapidly as they would wish. The system +of the United States is to use neither prohibitions nor premiums. +Commerce there regulates itself freely, and asks nothing better. +Where a government finds itself under the necessity of undertaking +that regulation, it would seem that it should conduct it as an +intelligent merchant would: that is to say, invite customers to +purchase, by facilitating their means of payment, and by adapting +goods to their taste. If this idea be just, government here has two +operations to attend to, with respect to the commerce of the United +States. 1. To do away, or to moderate, as much as possible, the +prohibitions and monopolies of their materials for payment. 2. To +encourage the institution of the principal manufactures which the +necessities, or the habits of their new customers call for. Under +this latter head a hint shall be suggested which must find its +apology in the motive from which it flows, that is, a desire of +promoting mutual interests and close friendship. 600,000 of the +labouring poor of America, comprehending slaves under that +denomination, are clothed in three of the simplest manufactures +possible, to wit, Oznabrigs, Plains, and Duffel blankets. The first +is a linen, the two last woollens. It happens too that they are used +exactly by those who cultivate the tobacco and rice and in a good +degree by those employed in the whale fishery. To these manufactures +they are so habituated, that no substitute will be received. If the +vessels which bring tobacco, rice and whale oil, do not find them in +the ports of delivery, they must be sought where they can be found. +That is in England at present. If they were made in France they +would be gladly taken in exchange there. The quantities annually +used by this description of people, and their value are as follows. + + Oznabrigs 2,700,000 aunes a 16. sous the aune + worth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,160,000l. + Plains 1,350,000 aunes a 2. livres the aune . . 2,700,000 + Duffel blankets 300,000 a 7livres. 4sous. each . 2,160,000 + --------- + 7,020,000 + + It would be difficult to say how much should be added for the +consumption of inhabitants of other descriptions. A great deal +surely. But the present view shall be confined to the one +description named. 7 millions of livres, are 9 millions of days work +of those who raise card, spin and weave the wool and flax; and at 300 +working days to the year, would maintain 30,000 people. To introduce +these simple manufactures suppose government to give 5 per cent. on +the value of what should be exported of them, for 10. years to come. +If none should be exported, nothing would be to be paid; but on the +other hand, if the manufactures, with this encouragement should rise +to the full demand, it will be a sacrifice of 351,000livres. a year +for 10. years only, to produce a perpetual subsistence for more than +30,000 people, (for the demand will grow with our population) while +she must expend perpetually 1,285,000livres. a year to maintain the +3,570 seamen, who would supply her with whale oil: that is to say, +for each seaman as much as for 30. labourers and manufacturers. + + But to return to our subject, and to conclude. + + Whether then we consider the Arret of Sept. 28. in a political +or a commercial light, it would seem that the U. S. should be +excepted from its operation. Still more so when they invoke against +it the amity subsisting between the two nations, the desire of +binding them together by every possible interest and connection, the +several acts in favour of this exception, the dignity of legislation +which admits not of changes backwards and forwards, the interests of +commerce which require steady regulations, the assurances of the +friendly motives which have led the king to pass these acts, and the +hope that no cause will arise to change either his motives or his +measures towards us. + + + + + _Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and +Measures of the United States_ + + COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES + JULY 13, 1790 + + New York, July 4, 1790 + + Sir: -- In obedience to the order of the House of +Representatives of January 15th, I have now the honor to enclose you +a report on the subject of measures, weights, and coins. The length +of time which intervened between the date of the order and my arrival +in this city, prevented my receiving it till the 15th of April; and +an illness which followed soon after added, unavoidably, some weeks +to the delay; so that it was not till about the 20th May that I was +able to finish the report. A desire to lessen the number of its +imperfections induced me still to withhold it awhile, till, on the +15th of June, came to my hands, from Paris, a printed copy of a +proposition made by the Bishop of Autun, to the National Assembly of +France, on the subject of weights and measures; and three days +afterwards I received, through the channel of the public papers, the +speech of Sir John Riggs Miller, of April 13th, in the British House +of Commons, on the same subject. In the report which I had prepared, +and was then about to give in, I had proposed the latitude of 38 +degrees, as that which should fix our standard, because it was the +medium latitude of the United States; but the proposition before the +National Assembly of France, to take that of 45 degrees as being a +middle term between the equator and both poles, and a term which +consequently might unite the nations of both hemispheres, appeared to +me so well chosen, and so just, that I did not hesitate a moment to +prefer it to that of 38 degrees. It became necessary, of course, to +conform all my calculations to that standard -- an operation which +has been retarded by my other occupations. + + These circumstances will, I hope, apologize for the delay which +has attended the execution of the order of the House; and, perhaps, a +disposition on their part to have due regard for the proceedings of +other nations, engaged on the same subject, may induce them still to +defer deciding ultimately on it till their next session. Should this +be the case, and should any new matter occur in the meantime, I shall +think it my duty to communicate it to the House, as supplemental to +the present report. + + I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most profound +respect, + Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant. + + The Secretary of State, to whom was referred, by the House of +Representatives, to prepare and report a proper plan or plans for +establishing uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the +United States, in obedience thereto, makes the following report: -- + + To obtain uniformity in measures, weights, and coins, it is +necessary to find some measure of invariable length, with which, as a +standard, they may be compared. + + There exists not in nature, as far as has been hitherto +observed, a single subject or species of subject, accessible to man, +which presents one constant and uniform dimension. + + The globe of the earth itself, indeed, might be considered as +invariable in all its dimensions, and that its circumference would +furnish an invariable measure; but no one of its circles, great or +small, is accessible to admeasurement through all its parts, and the +various trials to measure definite portions of them, have been of +such various result as to show there is no dependence on that +operation for certainty. + + Matter, then, by its mere extension, furnishing nothing +invariable, its motion is the only remaining resource. + + The motion of the earth round its axis, though not absolutely +uniform and invariable, may be considered as such for every human +purpose. It is measured obviously, but unequally, by the departure +of a given meridian from the sun, and its return to it, constituting +a solar day. Throwing together the inequalities of solar days, a +mean interval, or day, has been found, and divided, by very general +consent, into 86,400 equal parts. + + A pendulum, vibrating freely, in small and equal arcs, may be +so adjusted in its length, as, by its vibrations, to make this +division of the earth's motion into 86,400 equal parts, called +seconds of mean time. + + Such a pendulum, then, becomes itself a measure of determinate +length, to which all others may be referred to as to a standard. + + But even a pendulum is not without its uncertainties. + + 1. The difficulty of ascertaining, in practice, its centre of +oscillation, as depending on the form of the bob, and its distance +from the point of suspension; the effect of the weight of the +suspending wire towards displacing the centre of oscillation; that +centre being seated within the body of the bob, and therefore +inaccessible to the measure, are sources of considerable uncertainty. + + 2. Both theory and experience prove that, to preserve its +isochronism, it must be shorter towards the equator, and longer +towards the poles. + + 3. The height of the situation above the common level, as being +an increment to the radius of the earth, diminishes the length of the +pendulum. + + 4. The pendulum being made of metal, as is best, it varies its +length with the variations in the temperature of the atmosphere. + + 5. To continue small and equal vibrations, through a sufficient +length of time, and to count these vibrations, machinery and a power +are necessary, which may exert a small but constant effort to renew +the waste of motion; and the difficulty is so to apply these, as that +they shall neither retard or accelerate the vibrations. + + 1. In order to avoid the uncertainties which respect the centre +of oscillation, it has been proposed by Mr. Leslie, an ingenious +artist of Philadelphia, to substitute, for the pendulum, a uniform +cylindrical rod, without a bob. + + Could the diameter of such a rod be infinitely small, the +centre of oscillation would be exactly at two-thirds of the whole +length, measured from the point of suspension. Giving it a diameter +which shall render it sufficiently inflexible, the centre will be +displaced, indeed; but, in a second rod not the (1) six hundred +thousandth part of its length, and not the hundredth part as much as +in a second pendulum with a spherical bob of proper diameter. This +displacement is so infinitely minute, then, that we may consider the +centre of oscillation, for all practical purposes, as residing at +two-thirds of the length from the centre of suspension. The distance +between these two centres might be easily and accurately ascertained +in practice. But the whole rod is better for a standard than any +portion of it, because sensibly defined at both its extremities. + + 2. The uncertainty arising from the difference of length +requisite for the second pendulum, or the second rod, in different +latitudes, may be avoided by fixing on some one latitude, to which +our standard shall refer. That of 38 degrees as being the middle +latitude of the United States, might seem the most convenient, were +we to consider ourselves alone; but connected with other nations by +commerce and science, it is better to fix on that parallel which bids +fairest to be adopted by them also. The 45th, as being the middle +term between the equator and pole, has been heretofore proposed in +Europe, and the proposition has been lately renewed there under +circumstances which may very possibly give it some effect. This +parallel is distinguished with us also as forming our principal +northern boundary. Let the completion of the 45th degree, then, give +the standard for our union, with the hope that it may become a line +of union with the rest of the world. + + The difference between the second rod for 45 degrees of +latitude, and that for 31 degrees, our other extreme, is to be +examined. + + The second _pendulum_ for 45 degrees of latitude, according to +Sir Isaac Newton's computation, must be of (2) 39.14912 inches +English measure; and a _rod_, to vibrate in the same time, must be of +the same length between the centres of suspension and oscillation; +and, consequently, its whole length 58.7 (or, more exactly, 58.72368) +inches. This is longer than the rod which shall vibrate seconds in +the 31 degrees of latitude, by about 1/679 part of its whole length; +a difference so minute, that it might be neglected, as insensible, +for the common purposes of life, but, in cases requiring perfect +exactness, the second rod, found by trial of its vibrations in any +part of the United States, may be corrected by computation for the +(3) latitude of the place, and so brought exactly to the standard of +45 degrees. + + 3. By making the experiment in the level of the ocean, the +difference will be avoided, which a higher position might occasion. + + 4. The expansion and contraction of the rod with the change of +temperature, is the fourth source of uncertainty before mentioned. +According to the high authority so often quoted, an iron rod, of +given length, may vary, between summer and winter, in temperate +latitudes, and in the common exposure of house clocks, from 1/1728 to +1/2592 of its whole length, which, in a rod of 58.7 inches, will be +from about two to three hundredths of an inch. This may be avoided +by adjusting and preserving the standard in a cellar, or other place, +the temperature of which never varies. Iron is named for this +purpose, because the least expansible of the metals. + + 5. The practical difficulty resulting from the effect of the +machinery and moving power is very inconsiderable in the present +state of the arts; and, in their progress towards perfection, will +become less and less. To estimate and obviate this, will be the +artist's province. It is as nothing when compared with the sources +of inaccuracy hitherto attending measures. + + Before quitting the subject of the inconveniences, some of +which attend the pendulum alone, others both the pendulum and rod, it +must be added that the rod would have an accidental but very precious +advantage over the pendulum in this country, in the event of our +fixing the foot at the nearest aliquot part of either; for the +difference between the common foot, and those so to be deduced, would +be three times greater in the case of the pendulum than in that of +the rod. + + Let the standard of measure, then, be a uniform cylindrical rod +of iron, of such length as, in latitude, in the level of the ocean, +and in a cellar, or other place, the temperature of which does not +vary through the year, shall perform its vibrations in small and +equal arcs, in one second of mean time. + + A standard of invariable length being thus obtained, we may +proceed to identify, by that, the measures, weights and coins of the +United States; but here a doubt presents itself as to the extent of +the reformation meditated by the House of Representatives. The +experiment made by Congress in the year one thousand seven hundred +and eighty-six, by declaring that there should be one money of +account and payment through the United States, and that its parts and +multiples should be in a decimal ratio, has obtained such general +approbation, both at home and abroad, that nothing seems wanting but +the actual coinage, to banish the discordant pounds, shillings, +pence, and farthings of the different States, and to establish in +their stead the new denominations. Is it in contemplation with the +House of Representatives to extend a like improvement to our measures +and weights, and to arrange them also in a decimal ratio? The +facility which this would introduce into the vulgar arithmetic would, +unquestionably, be soon and sensibly felt by the whole mass of the +people, who would thereby be enabled to compute for themselves +whatever they should have occasion to buy, to sell, or to measure, +which the present complicated and difficult ratios place beyond their +computation for the most part. Or, is it the opinion of the +Representatives that the difficulty of changing the established +habits of a whole nation opposes an insuperable bar to this +improvement? Under this uncertainty, the Secretary of State thinks +it his duty to submit alternative plans, that the House may, at their +will, adopt either the one or the other, exclusively, or the one for +the present and the other for a future time, when the public mind may +be supposed to have become familiarized to it. + + I. And first, on the supposition that the present measures and +weights are to be retained but to be rendered uniform and invariable, +by bringing them to the same invariable standard. + + The first settlers of these States, having come chiefly from +England, brought with them the measures and weights of that country. +These alone are generally established among us, either by law or +usage; and these, therefore, are alone to be retained and fixed. We +must resort to that country for information of what they are, or +ought to be. + + This rests, principally, on the evidence of certain standard +measures and weights, which have been preserved, of long time, in +different deposits. But differences among these having been known to +exist, the House of Commons, in the years 1757 and 1758, appointed +committees to inquire into the original standards of their weights +and measures. These committees, assisted by able mathematicians and +artists, examined and compared with each other the several standard +measures and weights, and made reports on them in the years 1758 and +1759. The circumstances under which these reports were made entitle +them to be considered, as far as they go, as the best written +testimony existing of the standard measures and weights of England; +and as such, they will be relied on in the progress of this report. + + MEASURES OF LENGTH. + The measures of length in use among us are: + The league of 3 miles, The fathom of 2 yards, + The mile of 8 furlongs, The ell of a yard and + The furlong of 40 poles or quarter, + perches, The yard of 3 feet, + The pole or perch of 5 1/2 The foot of 12 inches, and + yards, The inch of 10 lines. + + On this branch of their subject, the committee of 1757 - 1758, +says that the standard measures of length at the receipt of the +exchequer, are a yard, supposed to be of the time of Henry VII., and +a yard and ell supposed to have been made about the year 1601; that +they are brass rods, very coarsely made, their divisions not exact, +and the rods bent; and that in the year 1742, some members of the +Royal Society had been at great pains in taking an exact measure of +these standards, by very curious instruments, prepared by the +ingenious Mr. Graham; that the Royal Society had had a brass rod made +pursuant to their experiments, which was made so accurately, and by +persons so skilful and exact, that it was thought not easy to obtain +a more exact one; and the committee, in fact, found it to agree with +the standards at the exchequer, as near as it was possible. They +furnish no means, to persons at a distance, of knowing what this +standard is. This, however, is supplied by the evidence of the +second pendulum, which, according to the authority before quoted, is, +at London, 39.1682 English inches, and, consequently, the second rod +there is of 58.7523 of the same inches. When we shall have found, +then, by actual trial, the second rod for 45 degrees by adding the +difference of their computed length, to wit: 287/10000 of an inch, or +rather 3/10 of a line (which in practice will endanger less error +than an attempt at so minute a fraction as the ten thousandth parts +of an inch) we shall have the second rod of London, or a true measure +of 58 3/4 English inches. Or, to shorten the operation, without +varying the result, + + Let the standard rod of 45 degrees be divided into 587 1/5 +equal parts, and let each of these parts be declared a line. + + 10 lines an inch, 5 1/2 yards a perch or pole, + 12 inches a foot, 40 poles or perches a furlong, + 3 feet a yard, 8 furlongs a mile, + 3 feet 9 inches an ell, 3 miles a league. + 6 feet a fathom, + + SUPERFICIAL MEASURES. + Our measures of surface are, the acre of 4 roods and the rood +of 40 square poles; so established by a statute of 33 Edw. I. Let +them remain the same. + + MEASURES OF CAPACITY. + The measures of capacity in use among us are the following +names and proportions: + The gill, four of which make a pint. + Two pints make a quart. + Two quarts a pottle. + Two pottles a gallon. + Two gallons a peck, dry measure. + Eight gallons make a measure called a firkin, in liquid +substances, and a bushel, dry. + Two firkins, or bushels, make a measure called a rundlet or +kilderkin, liquid, and a strike, dry. + Two kilderkins, or strikes, make a measure called a barrel, +liquid, and a coomb, dry; this last term being ancient and little +used. + Two barrels, or coombs, make a measure called a hogshead, +liquid, or a quarter, dry; each being the quarter of a ton. + A hogshead and a third make a tierce, or third of a ton. + Two hogsheads make a pipe, butt, or puncheon; and + Two pipes make a ton. + But no one of these measures is of a determinate capacity. The +report of the committee of 1757 - 8, shows that the gallon is of very +various content; and that being the unit, all the others must vary +with it. + + The gallon and bushel contain -- + 224 and 1792 cubic inches, according to the standard wine +gallon preserved at Guildhall. + 231 and 1848, according to the statute of 5th of Anne. + 264.8 and 2118.4, according to the ancient Rumford quart, of +1228, examined by the committee. + 265.5 and 2124, according to three standard bushels preserved +in the Exchequer, to wit: one of Henry VII., without a rim; one dated +1091, supposed for 1591, or 1601, and one dated 1601. + 266.25 and 2130, according to the ancient Rumford gallon of +1228, examined by the committee. + 268.75 and 2150, according to the Winchester bushel, as +declared by statute 13, 14, William III., which has been the model +for some of the grain States. + 271, less 2 spoonfuls, and 2168, less 16 spoonfuls, according +to a standard gallon of Henry VII., and another dated 1601, marked E. +E., both in the Exchequer. + 271 and 2168, according to a standard gallon in the Exchequer, +dated 1601, marked E., and called the corn gallon. + 272 and 2176, according to the three standard corn gallons last +mentioned, as measured in 1688, by an artist for the Commissioners of +the Excise, generally used in the seaport towns, and by mercantile +people, and thence introduced into some of the grain States. + 277.18 and 2217.44, as established for the measure of coal by +the statute 12 Anne. + 278 and 2224, according to the standard bushel of Henry VII., +with a copper rim, in the Exchequer. + 278.4 and 2227.2 according to two standard pints of 1601 and +1602, in the Exchequer. + 280 and 2240, according to the standard quart of 1601, in the +Exchequer. + 282 and 2256, according to the standard gallon for beer and ale +in the Treasury. + + There are, moreover, varieties on these varieties, from the +barrel to the ton, inclusive; for, if the barrel be of herrings, it +must contain 28 gallons by the statute 13 Eliz. c. 11. If of wine, +it must contain 31 1/2 gallons by the statute 2 Henry VI. c. 11, and +1 Rich. III. c. 15. If of beer or ale, it must contain 34 gallons by +the statute 1 William and Mary, c. 24, and the higher measures in +proportion. + + In those of the United States which have not adopted the +statutes of William and Mary, and of Anne before cited, nor their +substance, the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches rests on the authority +of very long usage, before the 5th of Anne, the origin and foundation +of which are unknown; the bushel is the Winchester bushel, by the 11 +Henry VII. undefined; and the barrel of ale 32 gallons, and of beer +36 gallons, by the statute 23 Henry VIII. c. 4. + + The Secretary of State is not informed whether there have been +any, and what, alterations of these measures by the laws of the +particular States. + + It is proposed to retain this series of measures, but to fix +the gallon to one determinate capacity, as the unit of measure, both +wet and dry; for convenience is in favor of abolishing the +distinction between wet and dry measures. + + The wine gallon, whether of 224 or 231 cubic inches, may be +altogether disregarded, as concerning, principally, the mercantile +and the wealthy, the least numerous part of the society, and the most +capable of reducing one measure to another by calculation. This +gallon is little used among the mass of farmers, whose chief habits +and interests are in the size of the corn bushel. + + Of the standard measures before stated, two are principally +distinguished in authority and practice. The statute bushel of 2150 +cubic inches, which gives a gallon of 268.75 cubic inches, and the +standard gallon of 1601, called the corn gallon of 271 or 272 cubic +inches, which has introduced the mercantile bushel of 2276 inches. +The former of these is most used in some of the grain States, the +latter in others. The middle term of 270 cubic inches may be taken +as a mutual compromise of convenience, and as offering this general +advantage: that the bushel being of 2160 cubic inches, is exactly a +cubic foot and a quarter, and so facilitates the conversion of wet +and dry measures into solid contents and tonnage, and simplifies the +connection of measures and weights, as will be shown hereafter. It +may be added, in favor of this, as a medium measure, that eight of +the standard, or statute measures before enumerated, are below this +term, and nine above it. + + The measures to be made for use, being four sided, with +rectangular sides and bottom. + The pint will be 3 inches square, and 3 3/4 inches deep; + The quart 3 inches square, and 7 1/2 inches deep; + The pottle 3 inches square, and 15 inches deep, or 4 1/2, 5, +and 6 inches. + The gallon 6 inches square, and 7 1/2 inches deep, or 5, 6, and +9 inches; + The peck 6, 9, and 10 inches; + The half bushel 12 inches square, and 7 1/2 inches deep; and + The bushel 12 inches square, and 15 inches deep, or 9, 15, and +16 inches. + + Cylindrical measures have the advantage of superior strength, +but square ones have the greater advantage of enabling every one who +has a rule in his pocket, to verify their contents by measuring them. +Moreover, till the circle can be squared, the cylinder cannot be +cubed, nor its contents exactly expressed in figures. + + Let the measures of capacity, then, for the United States be --- + A gallon of 270 cubic inches; + The gallon to contain 2 pottles; + The pottle 2 quarts; + The quart 2 pints; + The pint 4 gills; + Two gallons to make a peck; + Eight gallons a bushel or firkin; + Two bushels, or firkin, a strike or kilderkin; + Two strikes, or kilderkins, a coomb or barrel; + Two coombs, or barrels, a quarter or hogshead; + A hogshead and a third one tierce; + Two hogsheads a pipe, butt, or puncheon; and + Two pipes a ton. + And let all measures of capacity of dry subjects be stricken +with a straight strike. + + + WEIGHTS. + There are two series of weights in use among us; the one called +avoirdupois, the other troy. + + _In the Avoirdupois series:_ + The pound is divided into 16 ounces; + The ounce into 16 drachms; + The drachm into 4 quarters. + + _In the Troy series:_ + The pound is divided into 12 ounces; + The ounce (according to the subdivision of the apothecaries) +into 8 drachms; + The drachm into 3 scruples; + The scruple into 20 grains. + + According to the subdivision for gold and silver, the ounce is +divided into twenty pennyweights, and the pennyweight into +twenty-four grains. + + So that the pound troy contains 5760 grains, of which 7000 are +requisite to make the pound avoirdupois; of course the weight of the +pound troy is to that of the pound avoirdupois as 5760 to 7000, or as +144 to 175. + + It is remarkable that this is exactly the proportion of the +ancient liquid gallon of Guildhall of 224 cubic inches, to the corn +gallon of 272; for 224 are to 272 as 144 to 175. (4.) + + It is further remarkable still, that this is also the exact +proportion between the specific weight of any measure of wheat, and +of the same measure of water: for the statute bushel is of 64 pounds +of wheat. Now as 144 to 175, so are 64 pounds to 77.7 pounds; but +77.7 pounds is known to be the weight of (5.) 2150.4 cubic inches of +pure water, which is exactly the content of the Winchester bushel, as +declared by the statute 13, 14, Will. 3. That statute determined the +bushel to be a cylinder of 18 1/2 inches diameter, and 8 inches +depth. Such a cylinder, as nearly as it can be cubed, and expressed +in figures, contains 2150.425 cubic inches; a result which reflects +authority on the declaration of Parliament, and induces a favorable +opinion of the care with which they investigated the contents of the +ancient bushel, and also a belief that there might exist evidence of +it at that day, unknown to the committees of 1758 and 1759. + + We find, then, in a continued proportion 64 to 77.7 as 224 to +272, and as 144 to 175, that is to say, the specific weight of a +measure of wheat, to that of the same measure of water, as the cubic +contents of the wet gallon, to those of the dry; and as the weight of +a pound troy to that of a pound avoirdupois. + + This seems to have been so combined as to render it indifferent +whether a thing were dealt out by weight or measure; for the dry +gallon of wheat, and the liquid one of wine, were of the same weight; +and the avoirdupois pound of wheat, and the troy pound of wine, were +of the same measure. Water and the vinous liquors, which enter most +into commerce, are so nearly of a weight, that the difference, in +moderate quantities, would be neglected by both buyer and seller; +some of the wines being a little heavier, and some a little lighter, +than water. + + Another remarkable correspondence is that between weights and +measures. For 1000 ounces avoirdupois of pure water fill a cubic +foot, with mathematical exactness. + + What circumstances of the times, or purposes of barter or +commerce, called for this combination of weights and measures, with +the subjects to be exchanged or purchased, are not now to be +ascertained. But a triple set of exact proportionals representing +weights, measures, and the things to be weighed and measured, and a +relation so integral between weights and solid measures, must have +been the result of design and scientific calculation, and not a mere +coincidence of hazard. It proves that the dry and wet measures, the +heavy and light weights, must have been original parts of the system +they compose -- contrary to the opinion of the committee of 1757, +1758, who thought that the avoirdupois weight was not an ancient +weight of the kingdom, nor ever even a legal weight, but during a +single year of the reign of Henry VIII.; and, therefore, concluded, +otherwise than will be here proposed, to suppress it altogether. +Their opinion was founded chiefly on the silence of the laws as to +this weight. But the harmony here developed in the system of weights +and measures, of which the avoirdupois makes an essential member, +corroborated by a general use, from very high antiquity, of that, or +of a nearly similar weight under another (6.) name, seem stronger +proofs that this is legal weight, than the mere silence of the +written laws is of the contrary. + + Be this as it may, it is in such general use with us, that, on +the principle of popular convenience, its higher denominations, at +least, must be preserved. It is by the avoirdupois pound and ounce +that our citizens have been used to buy and sell. But the smaller +subdivisions of drachms and quarters are not in use with them. On +the other hand, they have been used to weigh their money and medicine +with the pennyweights and grains troy weight, and are not in the +habit of using the pounds and ounces of that series. It would be for +their convenience, then, to suppress the pound and ounce troy, and +the drachm and quarter avoirdupois; and to form into one series the +avoirdupois pound and ounce, and the troy pennyweight and grain. The +avoirdupois ounce contains 18 pennyweights 5 1/2 grains troy weight. +Divide it, then, into 18 pennyweights, and the pennyweight, as +heretofore, into 24 grains, and the new pennyweight will contain +between a third and a quarter of a grain more than the present troy +penny-weight; or, more accurately, it will be to that as 875 to 864 +-- a difference not to be noticed, either in money or medicine, below +the denomination of an ounce. + + But it will be necessary to refer these weights to a +determinate mass of some substance, the specific gravity of which is +invariable. Rain water is such a substance, and may be referred to +everywhere, and through all time. It has been found by accurate +experiments that a cubic foot of rain water weighs 1000 ounces +avoirdupois, standard weights of the exchequer. It is true that +among these standard weights the committee report small variations; +but this experiment must decide in favor of those particular weights, +between which, and an integral mass of water, so remarkable a +coincidence has been found. To render this standard more exact, the +water should be weighed always in the same temperature of air; as +heat, by increasing its volume, lessens its specific gravity. The +cellar of uniform temperature is best for this also. + + Let it, then, be established that an ounce is of the weight of +a cube of rain water, of one-tenth of a foot; or, rather, that it is +the thousandth part of the weight of a cubic foot of rain water, +weighed in the standard temperature; that the series of weights of +the United States shall consist of pounds, ounces, pennyweights, and +grains; whereof + 24 grains shall be one pennyweight; + 18 pennyweights one ounce; + 16 ounces one pound. + + COINS. + Congress, in 1786, established the money unit at 375.64 troy +grains of pure silver. It is proposed to enlarge this by about the +third of a grain in weight, or a mill in value; that is to say, to +establish it at 376 (or, more exactly, 375.989343) instead of 375.64 +grains; because it will be shown that this, as the unit of coin, will +link in system with the units of length, surface, capacity, and +weight, whenever it shall be thought proper to extend the decimal +ratio through all these branches. It is to preserve the possibility +of doing this, that this very minute alteration is proposed. + + We have this proportion, then, 875 to 864, as 375.989343 grains +troy to 371.2626277; the expression of the unit in the new grains. + + Let it be declared, therefore, that the money unit, or dollar +of the United States, shall contain 371.262 American grains of pure +silver. + + If nothing more, then, is proposed, than to render uniform and +stable the system we already possess, this may be effected on the +plan herein detailed; the sum of which is: 1st. That the present +measures of length be retained, and fixed by an invariable standard. +2d. That the measures of surface remain as they are, and be +invariable also as the measures of length to which they are to refer. +3d. That the unit of capacity, now so equivocal, be settled at a +medium and convenient term, and defined by the same invariable +measures of length. 4th. That the more known terms in the two kinds +of weights be retained, and reduced to one series, and that they be +referred to a definite mass of some substance, the specific gravity +of which never changes. And 5th. That the quantity of pure silver in +the money unit be expressed in parts of the weights so defined. + + + In the whole of this no change is proposed, except an +insensible one in the troy grain and pennyweight, and the very minute +one in the money unit. + + II. But if it be thought that, either now, or at any future +time, the citizens of the United States may be induced to undertake a +thorough reformation of their whole system of measures, weights and +coins, reducing every branch to the same decimal ratio already +established in their coins, and thus bringing the calculation of the +principal affairs of life within the arithmetic of every man who can +multiply and divide plain numbers, greater changes will be necessary. + + The unit of measure is still that which must give law through +the whole system; and from whatever unit we set out, the coincidences +between the old and new ratios will be rare. All that can be done, +will be to choose such a unit as will produce the most of these. In +this respect the second rod has been found, on trial, to be far +preferable to the second pendulum. + + MEASURES OF LENGTH. + Let the second rod, then, as before described, be the standard +of measure; and let it be divided into five equal parts, each of +which shall be called a foot; for, perhaps, it may be better +generally to retain the name of the nearest present measure, where +there is one tolerably near. It will be about one quarter of an inch +shorter than the present foot. + Let the foot be divided Let 10 feet make a decad; + into 10 inches; 10 decads one rood; + The inch into 10 lines; 10 roods a furlong; + The line into 10 points; 10 furlongs a mile. + + SUPERFICIAL MEASURES. + Superficial measures have been estimated, and so may continue +to be, in squares of the measures of length, except in the case of +lands, which have been estimated by squares, called roods and acres. +Let the rood be equal to a square, every side of which is 100 feet. +This will be 6.483 English feet less than the English (7.) rood every +way, and 1311 square feet less in its whole contents; that is to say, +about one-eighth; in which proportion, also, 4 roods will be less +than the present acre. + + + MEASURES OF CAPACITY. + Let the unit of capacity be the cubic foot, to be called a +bushel. It will contain 1620.05506862 cubic inches, English; be +about one-fourth less than that before proposed to be adopted as a +medium; one-tenth less than the bushel made from 8 of the Guildhall +gallons; and one-fourteenth less than the bushel made from 8 Irish +gallons of 217.6 cubic inches. + Let the bushel be divided into 10 pottles; + Each pottle into 10 demi-pints; + Each demi-pint into 10 metres, which will be of a cubic inch each. + Let 10 bushels be a quarter, and + 10 quarters a last, or double ton. + The measures for use being four-sided, and the sides and +bottoms rectangular, the bushel will be a foot cube. + The pottle 5 inches square and four inches deep; + The demi-pint 2 inches square, and 2 1/2 inches deep; + The metre, an inch cube. + + WEIGHTS. + Let the weight of a cubic inch of rain water, or the thousandth +part of a cubic foot, be called an ounce; and let the ounce be +divided into 10 double scruples: + The double scruple into 10 carats; + The carat into 10 minims or demi-grains; + The minim into 10 mites. + Let 10 ounces make a pound; + 10 pounds a stone; + 16 stones a kental; + 10 kentals a hogshead. + + COINS. + Let the money unit, or dollar, contain eleventh-twelfths of an +ounce of pure silver. This will be 376 troy grains, (or more +exactly, 375.989343 troy grains,) which will be about a third of a +grain, (or more exactly, .349343 of a grain,) more than the present +unit. This, with the twelfth of alloy already established, will make +the dollar or unit, of the weight of an ounce, or of a cubic inch of +rain water, exactly. The series of mills, cents, dimes, dollars, and +eagles, to remain as already established. (8.) + + The second rod, or the second pendulum, expressed in the +measures of other countries, will give the proportion between their +measures and those of the United States. + + Measures, weights and coins, thus referred to standards +unchangeable in their nature, (as is the length of a rod vibrating +seconds, and the weight of a definite mass of rain water,) will +themselves be unchangeable. These standards, too, are such as to be +accessible to all persons, in all times and places. The measures and +weights derived from them fall in so nearly with some of those now in +use, as to facilitate their introduction; and being arranged in +decimal ratio, they are within the calculation of every one who +possesses the first elements of arithmetic, and of easy comparison, +both for foreigners and citizens, with the measures, weights, and +coins of other countries. + + A gradual introduction would lessen the inconveniences which +might attend too sudden a substitution, even of an easier for a more +difficult system. After a given term, for instance, it might begin +in the custom-houses, where the merchants would become familiarized +to it. After a further term, it might be introduced into all legal +proceedings, and merchants and traders in foreign commodities might +be required to use it in their dealings with one another. After a +still further term, all other descriptions of people might receive it +into common use. Too long a postponement, on the other hand, would +increase the difficulties of its reception with the increase of our +population. + + _Appendix, containing illustrations and developments of some +passages of the preceding report._ + (1.) In the second pendulum with a spherical bob, call the +distance between the centres of suspension and of the bob, 2x19.575, +or 2d, and the radius of the bob = r; then 2d:r::r:rr/2d and 2/5 of +this last proportional expresses the displacement of the centre of +oscillation, to wit: 2rr/5x2d=rr/5d. Two inches have been proposed +as a proper diameter for such a bob. In that case _r_ will be = 1. +inch, and rr/5d = 1/9787 inches. + + In the cylindrical second rod, call the length of the rod, +3x19.575 or 3d, and its radius = r and rr/2x3d=rr/6d will express the +displacement of the centre of oscillation. It is thought the rod +will be sufficiently inflexible if it be 1/5 of an inch in diameter. +Then _r_ will be = .1 inch, and rr/6d=1/11745 inches, which is but +the 120th part of the displacement in the case of the pendulum with a +spherical bob, and but the 689,710th part of the whole length of the +rod. If the rod be even of half an inch diameter, the displacement +will be but 1/1879 of an inch, or 1/110356 of the length of the rod. + + (2.) Sir Isaac Newton computes the pendulum for 45 degrees to +be 36 pouces 8.428 lignes. Picard made the English foot 11 pouces +2.6 lignes, and Dr. Maskelyne 11 pouces 3.11 lignes. D'Alembert +states it at 11 pouces 3 lignes, which has been used in these +calculations as a middle term, and gives us 36 pouces 8.428 lignes = +39.1491 inches. This length for the pendulum of 45 degrees had been +adopted in this report before the Bishop of Autun's proposition was +known here. He relies on Mairan's ratio for the length of the +pendulum in the latitude of Paris, to wit: 504:257::72 pouces to a +4th proportional, which will be 36.71428 pouces = 39.1619 inches, the +length of the pendulum for latitude 48 degrees 50'. The difference +between this and the pendulum for 45 degrees is .0113 of an inch; so +that the pendulum for 45 degrees would be estimated, according to +Mairan, at 39.1619 - .0113 = 39.1506 inches, almost precisely the +same with Newton's computation herein adopted. + + (3.) Sir Isaac Newton's computations for the different degrees +of latitude, from 30 degrees to 45 degrees, are as follows: + + degrees Pieds. Lignes. degrees Pieds. Lignes. + 30 3 7.948 42 3 8.327 + 35 3 8.099 43 3 8.361 + 40 3 8.261 44 3 8.394 + 41 3 8.294 45 3 8.428 + + (4.) Or, more exactly, 144:175::224:272.2. + + (5.) Or, more exactly, 62.5:1728::77.7:2150.39. + + (6.) The merchant's weight. + + (7.) The Eng. rood contains 10,890 sq. feet = 104.355 feet sq. + + + (8.) _The Measures, Weights, and Coins of the Decimal System, +estimated in those of England, now used in the United States._ + + 1. MEASURES OF LENGTH. + + Feet. Equivalent in English measure. + The point, . .001 . .011 inch. + The line, . .01 . .117 + The inch, . .1 . 1.174, about 1/7 more than the + Eng. inch. + The foot, . 1. }. 11.744736 } about 1/48 less than + }. .978728 feet, } than the English foot + + The decad, . 10. . 9.787, about 1/48 less than the 10 + feet rod of the carpenters. + The rood, . 100. . 97.872, about 1/16 less than the side + of an English square rood. + The furlong, 1000. . 978.728, about 1/3 more than the + Eng. fur. + The mile, . 10000. . 9787.28, about 1 6/7 English mile, + nearly the Scotch and Irish mile, + and 1/2 the German mile. + + 2. SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. + + Roods. + The hundredth, . .01 95.69 square feet English. + The tenth, . .1 957.9 + The rood, . 1. 9579.085 + The double acre, . 10. 2.199, or say 2.2 acres + English. + The square furlong, . 100. 22. + + 3. MEASURE OF CAPACITY. + + Bushels. Cub. Inches. + The metre, . .001 1.62 + The demi-pint, . .01 16.2, about 1/24 less than the + English half-pint. + The pottle, . .1 162.005, about 1/6 more than the + English pottle. + The bushel, . 1. { 1620.05506862 } + { .937531868414884352 cub feet. } + about 1/4 less than the middle sized English bushel. + + The quarter, . 10. . 9.375, about 1/5 less than + the Eng. qr. + The last, . 100. . 93.753, about 1/7 more than + the Eng. last. + + 4. WEIGHTS. + Pounds. Avoirdupois. Troy. + Mite, .00001 . . . . . . . . . . . . .041 grains, about 1/5 + less than the English mite. + Minim, or } + demi-grain, } .0001 . . . . . . . . . . . . .4101, about 1/5 less + than half-grain troy. + Carat, .001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.101, about 1/40 + more than the carat troy. + Double + scruple, .01 . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.017, about 1/40 more + than 2 scruples troy. + Ounce, . .1 { .9375318684148 } { 410.170192431 + { 84352 oz. } { .85452 oz. + about 1/16 less than the ounce avoirdupois. + Pound, . 1. { 9.375 } .712101 lb., about 1/4 + { .585957417759 lb. } less than the pound + troy. + + Stone, . 10. { 93.753 oz. } 7.121 about 1/4 less + { 5.8595 lb. } than the English + stone of 8 lbs. avoirdupois. + Kental, . 100. { 937.531 oz. } 71.21 about 4/10 less + { 58.5957 lb. } than the English + kental of 100 lbs. avoirdupois. + Hogshead, . 1000. { 9375.318 oz. } 712.101 + { 585.9574 lb. } + + 5. COINS. + Dollars. Troy grains + The mill, . .001 Dollar, . 1. { 375.98934306 pure silver. + The cent, . .01 { 34.18084937 alloy. + The dime, . .1 ------------ + 410.17019243 + Eagle. . 10. + + + _Postscript_. + January 10, 1791 + It is scarcely necessary to observe that the measures, weights, +and coins, proposed in the preceding report, will be derived +altogether from mechanical operations, viz.: A rod, vibrating +seconds, divided into five equal parts, one of these subdivided, and +multiplied decimally, for every measure of length, surface, and +capacity, and these last filled with water, to determine the weights +and coins. The arithmetical estimates in the report were intended +only to give an idea of what the new measures, weights, and coins, +would be nearly, when compared with the old. The length of the +standard or second rod, therefore, was assumed from that of the +pendulum; and as there has been small differences in the estimates of +the pendulum by different persons, that of Sir Isaac Newton was +taken, the highest authority the world has yet known. But, if even +he has erred, the measures, weights, and coins proposed, will not be +an atom the more or less. In cubing the new foot, which was +estimated at .978728 of an English foot, or 11.744736 English inches, +an arithmetical error of an unit happened in the fourth column of +decimals, and was repeated in another line in the sixth column, so as +to make the result one ten thousandth and one millionth of a foot too +much. The thousandth part of this error (about one ten millionth of +a foot) consequently fell on the metre of measure, the ounce weight, +and the unit of money. In the last it made a difference of about the +twenty-fifth part of a grain Troy, in weight, or the ninety-third of +a cent in value. As it happened, this error was on the favorable +side, so that the detection of it approximates our estimate of the +new unit exactly that much nearer to the old, and reduces the +difference between them to 34, instead of 38 hundredths of a grain +Troy; that is to say, the money unit instead of 375.64 Troy grains of +pure silver, as established heretofore, will now be 375.98934306 +grains, as far as our knowledge of the length of the second pendulum +enables us to judge; and the current of authorities since Sir Isaac +Newton's time, gives reason to believe that his estimate is more +probably above than below the truth, consequently future corrections +of it will bring the estimate of the new unit still nearer to the +old. + + + The numbers in which the arithmetical error before mentioned +showed itself in the table, at the end of the report, have been +rectified, and the table re-printed. + + The head of superficial measures in the last part of the +report, is thought to be not sufficiently developed. It is proposed +that the rood of land, being 100 feet square, (and nearly a quarter +of the present acre,) shall be the unit of land measure. This will +naturally be divided into tenths and hundredths, the latter of which +will be a square decad. Its multiples will also, of course, be tens, +which may be called double acres, and hundreds, which will be equal +to a square furlong each. The surveyor's chain should be composed of +100 links of one foot each. + + + + _Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank_ + + February 15, 1791 + + The bill for establishing a National Bank undertakes among +other things: -- + + 1.the subscribers into a corporation. + + 2. To enable them in their corporate capacities to receive +grants of land; and so far is against the laws of _Mortmain_. (*) + + (*) Though the Constitution controls the laws of Mortmain so +far as to permit Congress itself to hold land for certain purposes, +yet not so far as to permit them to communicate a similar right to +other corporate bodies. + + 3. To make alien subscribers capable of holding lands; and so +far is against the laws of _Alienage_. + + 4. To transmit these lands, on the death of a proprietor, to a +certain line of successors; and so far changes the course of +_Descents_. + + 5. To put the lands out of the reach of forfeiture or escheat; +and so far is against the laws of _Forfeiture and Escheat_. + + 6. To transmit personal chattels to successors in a certain +line; and so far is against the laws of _Distribution_. + + 7. To give them the sole and exclusive right of banking under +the national authority; and so far is against the laws of Monopoly. + + 8. To communicate to them a power to make laws paramount to the +laws of the States: for so they must be construed, to protect the +institution from the control of the State legislatures; and so, +probably, they will be construed. + + I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this +ground: That "all powers not delegated to the United States, by the +Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the +States or to the people." [XIIth amendment.] To take a single step +beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of +Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power, no +longer susceptible of any definition. + + The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this +bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States, +by the Constitution. + + + I. They are not among the powers specially enumerated: for +these are: 1st. A power to lay taxes for the purpose of paying the +debts of the United States; but no debt is paid by this bill, nor any +tax laid. Were it a bill to raise money, its origination in the +Senate would condemn it by the Constitution. + + 2d. "To borrow money." But this bill neither borrows money nor +ensures the borrowing it. The proprietors of the bank will be just +as free as any other money holders, to lend or not to lend their +money to the public. The operation proposed in the bill, first, to +lend them two millions, and then to borrow them back again, cannot +change the nature of the latter act, which will still be a payment, +and not a loan, call it by what name you please. + + 3. To "regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the +States, and with the Indian tribes." To erect a bank, and to regulate +commerce, are very different acts. He who erects a bank, creates a +subject of commerce in its bills; so does he who makes a bushel of +wheat, or digs a dollar out of the mines; yet neither of these +persons regulates commerce thereby. To make a thing which may be +bought and sold, is not to prescribe regulations for buying and +selling. Besides, if this was an exercise of the power of regulating +commerce, it would be void, as extending as much to the internal +commerce of every State, as to its external. For the power given to +Congress by the Constitution does not extend to the internal +regulation of the commerce of a State, (that is to say of the +commerce between citizen and citizen,) which remain exclusively with +its own legislature; but to its external commerce only, that is to +say, its commerce with another State, or with foreign nations, or +with the Indian tribes. Accordingly the bill does not propose the +measure as a regulation of trade, but as "productive of considerable +advantages to trade." Still less are these powers covered by any +other of the special enumerations. + + II. Nor are they within either of the general phrases, which +are the two following: -- + + 1. To lay taxes to provide for the general welfare of the +United States, that is to say, "to lay taxes for _the purpose_ of +providing for the general welfare." For the laying of taxes is the +_power_, and the general welfare the _purpose_ for which the power is +to be exercised. They are not to lay taxes _ad libitum for any +purpose they please_; but only _to pay the debts or provide for the +welfare of the Union_. In like manner, they are not _to do anything +they please_ to provide for the general welfare, but only to _lay +taxes_ for that purpose. To consider the latter phrase, not as +describing the purpose of the first, but as giving a distinct and +independent power to do any act they please, which might be for the +good of the Union, would render all the preceding and subsequent +enumerations of power completely useless. + + It would reduce the whole instrument to a single phrase, that +of instituting a Congress with power to do whatever would be for the +good of the United States; and, as they would be the sole judges of +the good or evil, it would be also a power to do whatever evil they +please. + + It is an established rule of construction where a phrase will +bear either of two meanings, to give it that which will allow some +meaning to the other parts of the instrument, and not that which +would render all the others useless. Certainly no such universal +power was meant to be given them. It was intended to lace them up +straitly within the enumerated powers, and those without which, as +means, these powers could not be carried into effect. It is known +that the very power now proposed _as a means_ was rejected as _an +end_ by the Convention which formed the Constitution. A proposition +was made to them to authorize Congress to open canals, and an +amendatory one to empower them to incorporate. But the whole was +rejected, and one of the reasons for rejection urged in debate was, +that then they would have a power to erect a bank, which would render +the great cities, where there were prejudices and jealousies on the +subject, adverse to the reception of the Constitution. + + 2. The second general phrase is, "to make all laws _necessary_ +and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers." But +they can all be carried into execution without a bank. A bank +therefore is not _necessary_, and consequently not authorized by this +phrase. + + It has been urged that a bank will give great facility or +convenience in the collection of taxes. Suppose this were true: yet +the Constitution allows only the means which are "_necessary_," not +those which are merely "convenient" for effecting the enumerated +powers. If such a latitude of construction be allowed to this phrase +as to give any non-enumerated power, it will go to every one, for +there is not one which ingenuity may not torture into a _convenience_ +in some instance _or other_, to _some one_ of so long a list of +enumerated powers. It would swallow up all the delegated powers, and +reduce the whole to one power, as before observed. Therefore it was +that the Constitution restrained them to the _necessary_ means, that +is to say, to those means without which the grant of power would be +nugatory. + + But let us examine this convenience and see what it is. The +report on this subject, page 3, states the only _general_ convenience +to be, the preventing the transportation and re-transportation of +money between the States and the treasury, (for I pass over the +increase of circulating medium, ascribed to it as a want, and which, +according to my ideas of paper money, is clearly a demerit.) Every +State will have to pay a sum of tax money into the treasury; and the +treasury will have to pay, in every State, a part of the interest on +the public debt, and salaries to the officers of government resident +in that State. In most of the States there will still be a surplus +of tax money to come up to the seat of government for the officers +residing there. The payments of interest and salary in each State +may be made by treasury orders on the State collector. This will +take up the greater part of the money he has collected in his State, +and consequently prevent the great mass of it from being drawn out of +the State. If there be a balance of commerce in favor of that State +against the one in which the government resides, the surplus of taxes +will be remitted by the bills of exchange drawn for that commercial +balance. And so it must be if there was a bank. But if there be no +balance of commerce, either direct or circuitous, all the banks in +the world could not bring up the surplus of taxes but in the form of +money. Treasury orders then, and bills of exchange may prevent the +displacement of the main mass of the money collected, without the aid +of any bank; and where these fail, it cannot be prevented even with +that aid. + + Perhaps, indeed, bank bills may be a more _convenient_ vehicle +than treasury orders. But a little _difference_ in the degree of +_convenience_, cannot constitute the necessity which the constitution +makes the ground for assuming any non-enumerated power. + + Besides; the existing banks will, without a doubt, enter into +arrangements for lending their agency, and the more favorable, as +there will be a competition among them for it; whereas the bill +delivers us up bound to the national bank, who are free to refuse all +arrangement, but on their own terms, and the public not free, on such +refusal, to employ any other bank. That of Philadelphia, I believe, +now does this business, by their post-notes, which, by an arrangement +with the treasury, are paid by any State collector to whom they are +presented. This expedient alone suffices to prevent the existence of +that _necessity_ which may justify the assumption of a non-enumerated +power as a means for carrying into effect an enumerated one. The +thing may be done, and has been done, and well done, without this +assumption; therefore, it does not stand on that degree of +_necessity_ which can honestly justify it. + + It may be said that a bank whose bills would have a currency +all over the States, would be more convenient than one whose currency +is limited to a single State. So it would be still more convenient +that there should be a bank, whose bills should have a currency all +over the world. But it does not follow from this superior +conveniency, that there exists anywhere a power to establish such a +bank; or that the world may not go on very well without it. + + Can it be thought that the Constitution intended that for a +shade or two of _convenience_, more or less, Congress should be +authorised to break down the most ancient and fundamental laws of the +several States; such as those against Mortmain, the laws of Alienage, +the rules of descent, the acts of distribution, the laws of escheat +and forfeiture, the laws of monopoly? Nothing but a necessity +invincible by any other means, can justify such a prostitution of +laws, which constitute the pillars of our whole system of +jurisprudence. Will Congress be too straight-laced to carry the +constitution into honest effect, unless they may pass over the +foundation-laws of the State government for the slightest convenience +of theirs? + + The negative of the President is the shield provided by the +constitution to protect against the invasions of the legislature: 1. +The right of the Executive. 2. Of the Judiciary. 3. Of the States +and State legislatures. The present is the case of a right remaining +exclusively with the States, and consequently one of those intended +by the Constitution to be placed under its protection. + + It must be added, however, that unless the President's mind on +a view of everything which is urged for and against this bill, is +tolerably clear that it is unauthorised by the Constitution; if the +pro and the con hang so even as to balance his judgment, a just +respect for the wisdom of the legislature would naturally decide the +balance in favor of their opinion. It is chiefly for cases where +they are clearly misled by error, ambition, or interest, that the +Constitution has placed a check in the negative of the President. + + + _Opinion on the French Treaties_ + + April 28, 1793 + + I proceed, in compliance with the requisition of the President, +to give an opinion in writing on the general Question, Whether the U +S. have a right to renounce their treaties with France, or to hold +them suspended till the government of that country shall be +established? + + In the Consultation at the President's on the 19th inst. the +Secretary of the Treasury took the following positions & +consequences. `France was a monarchy when we entered into treaties +with it: but it has now declared itself a Republic, & is preparing a +Republican form of government. As it may issue in a Republic, or a +Military despotism, or in something else which may possibly render +our alliance with it dangerous to ourselves, we have a right of +election to renounce the treaty altogether, or to declare it +suspended till their government shall be settled in the form it is +ultimately to take; and then we may judge whether we will call the +treaties into operation again, or declare them forever null. Having +that right of election now, if we receive their minister without any +qualifications, it will amount to an act of election to continue the +treaties; & if the change they are undergoing should issue in a form +which should bring danger on us, we shall not be then free to +renounce them. To elect to continue them is equivalent to the making +a new treaty at this time in the same form, that is to say, with a +clause of guarantee; but to make a treaty with a clause of guarantee, +during a war, is a departure from neutrality, and would make us +associates in the war. To renounce or suspend the treaties therefore +is a necessary act of neutrality.' + + If I do not subscribe to the soundness of this reasoning, I do +most fully to its ingenuity. -- I shall now lay down the principles +which according to my understanding govern the case. + + I consider the people who constitute a society or nation as the +source of all authority in that nation, as free to transact their +common concerns by any agents they think proper, to change these +agents individually, or the organisation of them in form or function +whenever they please: that all the acts done by those agents under +the authority of the nation, are the acts of the nation, are +obligatory on them, & enure to their use, & can in no wise be +annulled or affected by any change in the form of the government, or +of the persons administering it. Consequently the Treaties between +the U S. and France, were not treaties between the U S. & Louis +Capet, but between the two nations of America & France, and the +nations remaining in existance, tho' both of them have since changed +their forms of government, the treaties are not annulled by these +changes. + + The Law of nations, by which this question is to be determined, +is composed of three branches. 1. The Moral law of our nature. 2. +The Usages of nations. 3. Their special Conventions. The first of +these only, concerns this question, that is to say the Moral law to +which Man has been subjected by his creator, & of which his feelings, +or Conscience as it is sometimes called, are the evidence with which +his creator has furnished him. The Moral duties which exist between +individual and individual in a state of nature, accompany them into a +state of society & the aggregate of the duties of all the individuals +composing the society constitutes the duties of that society towards +any other; so that between society & society the same moral duties +exist as did between the individuals composing them while in an +unassociated state, their maker not having released them from those +duties on their forming themselves into a nation. Compacts then +between nation & nation are obligatory on them by the same moral law +which obliges individuals to observe their compacts. There are +circumstances however which sometimes excuse the non-performance of +contracts between man & man: so are there also between nation & +nation. When performance, for instance, becomes _impossible_, +non-performance is not immoral. So if performance becomes +_self-destructive_ to the party, the law of self-preservation +overrules the laws of obligation to others. For the reality of these +principles I appeal to the true fountains of evidence, the head & +heart of every rational & honest man. It is there Nature has written +her moral laws, & where every man may read them for himself. He will +never read there the permission to annul his obligations for a time, +or for ever, whenever they become `dangerous, useless, or +disagreeable.' Certainly not when merely _useless_ or _disagreeable_, +as seems to be said in an authority which has been quoted, Vattel. 2. +197, and tho he may under certain degrees of _danger_, yet the danger +must be imminent, & the degree great. Of these, it is true, that +nations are to be judges for themselves, since no one nation has a +right to sit in judgment over another. But the tribunal of our +consciences remains, & that also of the opinion of the world. These +will revise the sentence we pass in our own case, & as we respect +these, we must see that in judging ourselves we have honestly done +the part of impartial & vigorous judges. + + But Reason, which gives this right of self-liberation from a +contract in certain cases, has subjected it to certain just +limitations. + + I. The danger which absolves us must be great, inevitable & +imminent. Is such the character of that now apprehended from our +treaties with France? What is that danger. 1. Is it that if their +government issues in a military despotism, an alliance with them may +taint us with despotic principles? But their government, when we +allied ourselves to it, was a perfect despotism, civil & military, +yet the treaties were made in that very state of things, & therefore +that danger can furnish no just cause. 2. Is it that their +government may issue in a republic, and too much strengthen our +republican principles? But this is the hope of the great mass of our +constituents, & not their dread. They do not look with longing to +the happy mean of a limited monarchy. 3. But says the doctrine I am +combating, the change the French are undergoing may possibly end in +something we know not what, and bring on us danger we know not +whence. In short it may end in a Rawhead & bloody-bones in the dark. +Very well. Let Rawhead & bloody bones come, & then we shall be +justified in making our peace with him, by renouncing our antient +friends & his enemies. For observe, it is not the _possibility of +danger_ which absolves a party from his contract: for that +possibility always exists, & in every case. It existed in the +present one at the moment of making the contract. If _possibilities_ +would avoid contracts, there never could be a valid contract. For +possibilities hang over everything. Obligation is not suspended, +till the danger is become real, & the moment of it so imminent, that +we can no longer avoid decision without forever losing the +opportunity to do it. But can a danger which has not yet taken it's +shape, which does not yet exist, & never may exist, which cannot +therefore be defined, can such a danger I ask, be so imminent that if +we fail to pronounce on it in this moment we can never have another +opportunity of doing it? + + 4. The danger apprehended, is it that, the treaties remaining +valid, the clause guarantying their West India islands will engage us +in the war? But does the Guarantee engage us to enter into the war +in any event? + + Are we to enter into it before we are called on by our allies? +Have we been called on by them? -- shall we ever be called on? Is it +their interest to call on us? + + Can they call on us before their islands are invaded, or +imminently threatened? + + If they can save them themselves, have they a right to call on +us? + + Are we obliged to go to war at once, without trying peaceable +negociations with their enemy? + + If all these questions be against us, there are still others +behind. + + Are we in a condition to go to war? + + Can we be expected to begin before we are in condition? + + Will the islands be lost if we do not save them? Have we the +means of saving them? + + If we cannot save them are we bound to go to war for a +desperate object? + + Will not a 10. years forbearance in us to call them into the +guarantee of our posts, entitle us to some indulgence? + + Many, if not most of these questions offer grounds of doubt +whether the clause of guarantee will draw us into the war. +Consequently if this be the danger apprehended, it is not yet certain +enough to authorize us in sound morality to declare, at this moment, +the treaties null. + + 5. Is the danger apprehended from the 17th. article of the +treaty of Commerce, which admits French ships of war & privateers to +come and go freely, with prizes made on their enemies, while their +enemies are not to have the same privilege with prizes made on the +French? But Holland & Prussia have approved of this article in our +treaty with France, by subscribing to an express Salvo of it in our +treaties with them. [Dutch treaty 22. Convention 6. Prussian treaty +19.] And England in her last treaty with France [art. 40] has entered +into the same stipulation verbatim, & placed us in her ports on the +same footing on which she is in ours, in case of a war of either of +us with France. If we are engaged in such a war, England must +receive prizes made on us by the French, & exclude those made on the +French by us. Nay further, in this very article of her treaty with +France, is a salvo of any similar article in any anterior treaty of +either party, and ours with France being anterior, this salvo +confirms it expressly. Neither of these three powers then have a +right to complain of this article in our treaty. + + 6. Is the danger apprehended from the 22d. Art. of our treaty +of commerce, which prohibits the enemies of France from fitting out +privateers in our ports, or selling their prizes here. But we are +free to refuse the same thing to France, there being no stipulation +to the contrary, and we ought to refuse it on principles of fair +neutrality. + + 7. But the reception of a Minister from the Republic of France, +without qualifications, it is thought will bring us into danger: +because this, it is said, will determine the continuance of the +treaty, and take from us the right of self-liberation when at any +time hereafter our safety would require us to use it. The reception +of the Minister at all (in favor of which Colo. Hamilton has given +his opinion, tho reluctantly as he confessed) is an acknolegement of +the legitimacy of their government: and if the qualifications +meditated are to deny that legitimacy, it will be a curious compound +which is to admit & deny the same thing. But I deny that the +reception of a Minister has any thing to do with the treaties. There +is not a word, in either of them, about sending ministers. This has +been done between us under the common usage of nations, & can have no +effect either to continue or annul the treaties. + + But how can any act of election have the effect to continue a +treaty which is acknoleged to be going on still? For it was not +pretended the treaty was void, but only voidable if we chuse to +declare it so. To make it void would require an act of election, but +to let it go on requires only that we should do nothing, and doing +nothing can hardly be an infraction of peace or neutrality. + + But I go further & deny that the most explicit declaration made +at this moment that we acknolege the obligation of the treatys could +take from us the right of non-compliance at any future time when +compliance would involve us in great & inevitable danger. + + I conclude then that few of these sources threaten any danger +at all; and from none of them is it inevitable: & consequently none +of them give us the right at this moment of releasing ourselves from +our treaties. + + II. A second limitation on our right of releasing ourselves is +that we are to do it from so much of the treaties only as is bringing +great & inevitable danger on us, & not from the residue, allowing to +the other party a right at the same time to determine whether on our +non-compliance with that part they will declare the whole void. This +right they would have, but we should not. Vattel. 2. 202. The only +part of the treaties which can really lead us into danger is the +clause of guarantee. That clause is all then we could suspend in any +case, and the residue will remain or not at the will of the other +party. + + III. A third limitation is that where a party from necessity or +danger withholds compliance with part of a treaty, it is bound to +make compensation where the nature of the case admits & does not +dispense with it. 2. Vattel 324. Wolf. 270. 443. If actual +circumstances excuse us from entering into the war under the clause +of guarantee, it will be a question whether they excuse us from +compensation. Our weight in the war admits of an estimate; & that +estimate would form the measure of compensation. + + If in withholding a compliance with any part of the treaties, +we do it without just cause or compensation, we give to France a +cause of war, and so become associated in it on the other side. An +injured friend is the bitterest of foes, & France had not discovered +either timidity, or over-much forbearance on the late occasions. Is +this the position we wish to take for our constituents? It is +certainly not the one they would take for themselves. + + I will proceed now to examine the principal authority which has +been relied on for establishing the right of self liberation; because +tho' just in part, it would lead us far beyond justice, if taken in +all the latitude of which his expressions would admit. Questions of +natural right are triable by their conformity with the moral sense & +reason of man. Those who write treatises of natural law, can only +declare what their own moral sense & reason dictate in the several +cases they state. Such of them as happen to have feelings & a reason +coincident with those of the wise & honest part of mankind, are +respected & quoted as witnesses of what is morally right or wrong in +particular cases. Grotius, Puffendorf, Wolf, & Vattel are of this +number. Where they agree their authority is strong. But where they +differ, & they often differ, we must appeal to our own feelings and +reason to decide between them. + + The passages in question shall be traced through all these +writers, that we may see wherein they concur, & where that +concurrence is wanting. It shall be quoted from them in the order in +which they wrote, that is to say, from Grotius first, as being the +earliest writer, Puffendorf next, then Wolf, & lastly Vattel as +latest in time. + + + Grotius. 2. 16. 16. + `Hither must be referred the common question, concerning +personal & real treaties. If indeed it be with a free people, there +can be no doubt but that the engagement is in it's nature real, +because the subject is a permanent thing, and even tho the government +of the state be changed into a Kingdom, the treaty remains, because +the same body remains, tho' the head is changed, and, as we have +before said, the government which is exercised by a King, does not +cease to be the government of the people. There is an _exception_, +when the object seems peculiar to the government as if free cities +contract a league for the defence of their freedom.' + + Puffendorf. 8. 9. 6. + `It is certain that every alliance made with a republic, is +real, & continues consequently to the term agreed on by the treaty, +altho' the magistrates who concluded it be dead before, or that the +form of government is changed, even from a democracy to a monarchy: +for in this case the people does not cease to be the same, and the +King, in the case supposed, being established by the consent of the +people, who abolished the republican government, is understood to +accept the crown with all the engagements which the people conferring +it had contracted, as being free & governing themselves. There must +nevertheless be an _Exception_ of the alliances contracted with a +view to preserve the present government. As if two Republics league +for neutral defence against those who would undertake to invade their +liberty: for if one of these two people consent afterwards +voluntarily to change the form of their government, the alliance ends +of itself, because the reason on which it was founded no longer +subsists.' + + Wolf. 1146. + `The alliance which is made with a free people, or with a +popular government, is a real alliance; and as when the form of +government changes, the people remains the same, (for it is the +association which forms the people, & not the manner of administering +the government) this alliance subsists, tho' the form of government +changes, _unless_, as is evident, the reason of the alliance was +particular to the popular state.' + + Vattel. 2. 197. + `The same question presents itself in real alliances, & in +general on every alliance made with a state, & not in particular with +a King for the defense of his person. We ought without doubt to +defend our ally against all invasion, against all foreign violence, & +even against rebel subjects. We ought in like manner to defend a +republic against the enterprises of an oppressor of the public +liberty. But we ought to recollect that we are the ally of the +state, or of the nation, & not it's judge. If the nation has deposed +it's King in form, if the people of a republic has driven away it's +magistrates, & have established themselves free, or if they have +acknoleged the authority of an usurper, whether expressly or tacitly, +to oppose these domestic arrangements, to contest their justice or +validity, would be to meddle with the government of the nation, & to +do it an injury. The ally remains the ally of the state, +notwithstanding the change which has taken place. _But if this +change renders the alliance useless, dangerous or disagreeable to it, +it is free to renounce it. For it may say with truth, that it would +not have allied itself with this nation, if it had been under the +present form of it's government._' + + The doctrine then of Grotius, Puffendorf & Wolf is that +`treaties remain obligatory notwithstanding any change in the form of +government, except in the single case where the preservation of that +form was the object of the treaty.' There the treaty extinguishes, +not by the election or declaration of the party remaining in statu +quo; but independantly of that, by the evanishment of the object. +Vattel lays down, in fact, the same doctrine, that treaties continue +obligatory, notwithstanding a change of government by the will of the +other party, that to oppose that will would be a wrong, & that the +ally remains an ally notwithstanding the change. So far he concurs +with all the previous writers. But he then adds what they had not +said, nor would say `but if this change renders the alliance +_useless_, dangerous, or _disagreeable_ to it, it is free to renounce +it.' It was unnecessary for him to have specified the exception of +_danger_ in this particular case, because that exception exists in +all cases & it's extent has been considered. But when he adds that, +because a contract is become merely _useless_ or _disagreeable_, we +are free to renounce it, he is in opposition to Grotius, Puffendorf, +& Wolf, who admit no such licence against the obligation of treaties, +& he is in opposition to the morality of every honest man, to whom we +may safely appeal to decide whether he feels himself free to renounce +a contract the moment it becomes merely _useless_ or _disagreeable_, +to him? We may appeal too to Vattel himself, in those parts of his +book where he cannot be misunderstood, & to his known character, as +one of the most zealous & constant advocates for the preservation of +good faith in all our dealings. Let us hear him on other occasions; +& first where he shews what degree of danger or injury will authorize +self-liberation from a treaty. `If simple lezion' (lezion means the +loss sustained by selling a thing for less than half value, which +degree of loss rendered the sale void by the Roman law), `if simple +lezion, says he, or some degree of disadvantage in a treaty does not +suffice to render it invalid, it is not so as to inconveniences which +would go to the _ruin_ of the nation. As every treaty ought to be +made by a sufficient power, a treaty pernicious to the state is null, +& not at all obligatory; no governor of a nation having power to +engage things capable of _destroying_ the state, for the safety of +which the empire is trusted to him. The nation itself, bound +necessarily to whatever it's preservation & safety require, cannot +enter into engagements contrary to it's indispensable obligations.' +Here then we find that the degree of injury or danger which he deems +sufficient to liberate us from a treaty, is that which would go to +the absolute _ruin_ or _destruction_ of the state; not simply the +lezion of the Roman law, not merely the being disadvantageous, or +dangerous. For as he says himself 158. `lezion cannot render a +treaty invalid. It is his duty, who enters into engagements, to +weigh well all things before be concludes. He may do with his +property what he pleases, he may relinquish his rights, renounce his +advantages, as he judges proper: the acceptant is not obliged to +inform himself of his motives, nor to weigh their just value. If we +could free ourselves from a compact because we find ourselves injured +by it, there would be nothing firm in the contracts of nations. +Civil laws may set limits to lezion, & determine the degree capable +of producing a nullity of the contract. But sovereigns acknolege no +judge. How establish lezion among them? Who will determine the +degree sufficient to invalidate a treaty? The happiness & peace of +nations require manifestly that their treaties should not depend on a +means of nullity so vague & so dangerous.' + + Let us hear him again on the general subject of the observance +of treaties 163. `It is demonstrated in natural law that he who +promises another confers on him a perfect right to require the thing +promised, & that, consequently, not to observe a perfect promise, is +to violate the right of another; it is as manifest injustice as to +plunder any one of their right. All the tranquillity, the happiness +& security of mankind rest on justice, on the obligation to respect +the rights of others. The respect of others for our rights of domain +& property is the security of our actual possessions; the faith of +promises is our security for the things which cannot be delivered or +executed on the spot. No more security, no more commerce among men, +if they think themselves not obliged to preserve faith, to keep their +word. This obligation then is as necessary as it is natural & +indubitable, among nations who live together in a state of nature, & +who acknolege no superior on earth, to maintain order & peace in +their society. Nations & their governors then ought to observe +inviolably their promises & their treaties. This great truth, altho' +too often neglected in practice, is generally acknoleged by all +nations: the reproach of perfidy is a bitter affront among +sovereigns: now he who does not observe a treaty is assuredly +perfidious, since he violates his faith. On the contrary nothing is +so glorious to a prince & his nation, as the reputation of inviolable +fidelity to his word.' Again 219. `Who will doubt that treaties are +of the things sacred among nations? They decide matters the most +important. They impose rules on the pretensions of sovereigns: they +cause the rights of nations to be acknoleged, they assure their most +precious interests. Among political bodies, sovereigns, who +acknolege no superior on earth, treaties are the only means of +adjusting their different pretensions, of establishing a rule, to +know on what to count, on what to depend. But treaties are but vain +words if nations do not consider them as respectable engagements, as +rules, inviolable for sovereigns, & sacred through the whole earth. +220. The faith of treaties, that firm & sincere will, that +invariable constancy in fulfilling engagements, of which a +declaration is made in a treaty, is there holy & sacred, among +nations, whose safety & repose it ensures; & if nations will not be +wanting to themselves, they will load with infamy whoever violates +his faith.' + + After evidence so copious & explicit of the respect of this +author for the sanctity of treaties, we should hardly have expected +that his authority would have been resorted to for a wanton +invalidation of them whenever they should become merely _useless_ or +_disagreeable_. We should hardly have expected that, rejecting all +the rest of his book, this scrap would have been culled, & made the +hook whereon to hang such a chain of immoral consequences. Had the +passage accidentally met our eye, we should have imagined it had +fallen from the author's pen under some momentary view, not +sufficiently developed to found a conjecture what he meant: and we +may certainly affirm that a fragment like this cannot weigh against +the authority of all other writers, against the uniform & systematic +doctrine of every work from which it is torn, against the moral +feelings & the reason of all honest men. If the terms of the +fragment are not misunderstood, they are in full contradiction to all +the written & unwritten evidences of morality: if they are +misunderstood, they are no longer a foundation for the doctrines +which have been built on them. + + But even had this doctrine been as true as it is manifestly +false, it would have been asked, to whom is it that the treaties with +France have become _disagreeable_? How will it be proved that they +are _useless_? + + The conclusion of the sentence suggests a reflection too strong +to be suppressed `for the party may say with truth that it would not +have allied itself with this nation, if it had been under the present +form of it's government.' The Republic of the U.S. allied itself with +France when under a despotic government. She changes her government, +declares it shall be a Republic, prepares a form of Republic +extremely free, and in the mean time is governing herself as such, +and it is proposed that America shall declare the treaties void +because `it may say with truth that it would not have allied itself +with that nation, if it had been under the present form of it's +government!' Who is the American who can say with truth that he would +not have allied himself to France if she had been a republic? or +that a Republic of any form would be as _disagreeable_ as her antient +despotism? + + Upon the whole I conclude + That the treaties are still binding, notwithstanding the change +of government in France: that no part of them, but the clause of +guarantee, holds up _danger_, even at a distance. + + And consequently that a liberation from no other part could be +proposed in any case: that if that clause may ever bring _danger_, it +is neither extreme, nor imminent, nor even probable: that the +authority for renouncing a treaty, when _useless_ or _disagreeable_, +is either misunderstood, or in opposition to itself, to all their +writers, & to every moral feeling: that were it not so, these +treaties are in fact neither useless nor disagreeable. + + That the receiving a Minister from France at this time is an +act of no significance with respect to the treaties, amounting +neither to an admission nor a denial of them, forasmuch as he comes +not under any stipulation in them: + + That were it an explicit admission, or were an express +declaration of this obligation now to be made, it would not take from +us that right which exists at all times of liberating ourselves when +an adherence to the treaties would be _ruinous_ or _destructive_ to +the society: and that the not renouncing the treaties now is so far +from being a breach of neutrality, that the doing it would be the +breach, by giving just cause of war to France. + + + + + _Report on the Privileges and Restrictions on the Commerce of +the United States in Foreign Counies_ + + December 16, 1793 + + _The Secretary of State, to whom was referred by the House of +Representatives, the report of a committee on the written message of +the President of the United States, of the 14th of February, 1791, +with instructions to report to Congress the nature and extent of the +privileges and restrictions of the commercial intercourse of the +United States with foreign nations, and the measures which he should +think proper to be adopted for the improvement of the commerce and +navigation of the same, has had the same under consideration, and +thereupon makes the following Report: + + The countries with which the United States have their chief +commercial intercourse are Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain, +the United Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden, and their American +possessions; and the articles of export, which constitute the basis +of that commerce, with their respective amounts, are, + + Breadstuff, that is to say, bread grains, meals, + and bread, to the annual amount of. . . . . . . . 7,649,887 + Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,349,567 + Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,753,796 + Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,263,534 + Salted fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941,696 + Pot and pearl ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839,093 + Salted meats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599,130 + Indigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537,379 + Horses and mules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339,753 + Whale oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252,591 + Flax seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,072 + Tar, pitch and turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . 217,177 + Live provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,743 + Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Foreign goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620,274 + + To descend to articles of smaller value than these, would lead +into a minuteness of detail neither necessary nor useful to the +present object. + + The proportions of our exports, which go to the nations b efore +mentioned, and to their dominions, respectively, are as follows: + + To Spain and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . $2,005,907 + Portugal and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . 1,283,462 + France and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,698,735 + Great Britain and its dominions . . . . . . . . 9,363,416 + The United Netherlands and their dominions . . . 1,963,880 + Denmark and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . 224,415 + Sweden and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . 47,240 + + Our imports from the same countries, are + + Spain and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . . 335,110 + Portugal and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . 595,763 + France and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . 2,068,348 + Great Britain and its dominions . . . . . . . 15,285,428 + United Netherlands and their dominions . . . . 1,172,692 + Denmark and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . 351,364 + Sweden and its dominions . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,325 + + These imports consist mostly of articles on which industry has +been exhausted. + + Our _navigation_, depending on the same commerce, will appear +by the following statement of the tonnage of our own vessels, +entering in our ports, from those several nations and their +possessions, in one year: that is to say, from October, 1789, to +September, 1790, inclusive, as follows: + + Tons. + Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,695 + Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,576 + France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,410 + Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,580 + United Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,858 + Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,655 + Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 + + Of our commercial objects, Spain receives favorably our +breadstuff, salted fish, wood, ships, tar, pitch, and turpentine. On +our meals, however, as well as on those of other foreign countries, +when re-exported to their colonies, they have lately imposed duties +of from half-a-dollar to two dollars the barrel, the duties being so +proportioned to the current price of their own flour, as that both +together are to make the constant sum of nine dollars per barrel. + + They do not discourage our rice, pot and pearl ash, salted +provisions, or whale oil; but these articles, being in small demand +at their markets, are carried thither but in a small degree. Their +demand for rice, however, is increasing. Neither tobacco nor indigo +are received there. Our commerce is permitted with their Canary +islands under the same conditions. + + Themselves, and their colonies, are the actual consumers of +what they receive from us. + + Our navigation is free with the kingdom of Spain; foreign goods +being received there in our ships on the same conditions as if +carried in their own, or in the vessels of the country of which such +goods are the manufacture or produce. + + _Portugal_ receives favorably our grain and bread, salted fish, +and other salted provisions, wood, tar, pitch and turpentine. + + For flax-seed, pot and pearl ash, though not discouraged, there +is little demand. + + Our ships pay 20 per cent. on being sold to their subjects, and +are then free-bottoms. + + Foreign goods (except those of the East Indies) are received on +the same footing in our vessels as in their own, or any others; that +is to say, on general duties of from 20 to 28 per cent., and, +consequently, our navigation is unobstructed by them. Tobacco, rice, +and meals, are prohibited. + + Themselves and their colonies consume what they receive from +us. + + These regulations extend to the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape +de Verd islands, except that in these, meals and rice are received +freely. + + _France_ receives favorably our bread-stuffs, rice, wood, pot +and pearl ashes. + + A duty of 5 sous the quintal, or nearly 4 1/2 cents, is paid on +our tar, pitch, and turpentine. Our whale oils pay 6 livres the +quintal, and are the only foreign whale oils admitted. Our indigo +pays 5 livres the quintal, their own 2 1/2; but a difference of +quality, still more than a difference of duty, prevents its seeking +that market. + + Salted beef is received freely for re-exportation; but if for +home consumption, it pays five livres the quintal. Other salted +provisions pay that duty in all cases, and salted fish is made lately +to pay the prohibitory one of twenty livres the quintal. + + Our ships are free to carry thither all foreign goods which may +be carried in their own or any other vessels, except tobaccoes not of +our own growth; and they participate with theirs, the exclusive +carriage of our whale oils and tobaccoes. + + During their former government, our tobacco was under a +monopoly, but paid no duties; and our ships were freely sold in their +ports and converted into national bottoms. The first national +assembly took from our ships this privilege. They emancipated +tobacco from its monopoly, but subjected it to duties of eighteen +livres, fifteen sous the quintal, carried in their own vessels, and +five livres carried in ours -- a difference more than equal to the +freight of the article. + + They and their colonies consume what they receive from us. + + _Great Britain_ receives our pot and pearl ashes free, whilst +those of other nations pay a duty of two shillings and three pence +the quintal. There is an equal distinction in favor of our bar iron; +of which article, however, we do not produce enough for our own use. +Woods are free from us, whilst they pay some small duty from other +countries. Indigo and flax-seed are free from all countries. Our +tar and pitch pay eleven pence, sterling, the barrel. From other +alien countries they pay about a penny and a third more. + + Our tobacco, for their own consumption, pays one shilling and +three pence, sterling, the pound, custom and excise, besides heavy +expenses of collection; and rice, in the same case, pays seven +shillings and four pence, sterling, the hundred weight; which +rendering it too dear, as an article of common food, it is +consequently used in very small quantity. + + Our salted fish and other salted provisions, except bacon, are +prohibited. Bacon and whale oils are under prohibitory duties, so +are our grains, meals, and bread, as to internal consumption, unless +in times of such scarcity as may raise the price of wheat to fifty +shillings, sterling, the quarter, and other grains and meals in +proportion. + + Our ships, though purchased and navigated by their own +subjects, are not permitted to be used, even in their trade with us. + + While the vessels of other nations are secured by standing +laws, which cannot be altered but by the concurrent will of the three +branches of the British legislature, in carrying thither any produce +or manufacture of the country to which they belong, which may be +lawfully carried in any vessels, ours, with the same prohibition of +what is foreign, are further prohibited by a standing law (12 Car. 2, +18, sect. 3), from carrying thither all and any of our own domestic +productions and manufactures. A subsequent act, indeed, has +authorized their executive to permit the carriage of our own +productions in our own bottoms, at its sole discretion; and the +permission has been given from year to year by proclamation, but +subject every moment to be withdrawn on that single will; in which +event, our vessels having anything on board, stand interdicted from +the entry of all British ports. The disadvantage of a tenure which +may be so suddenly discontinued, was experienced by our merchants on +a late occasion, (*) when an official notification that this law +would be stricly enforced, gave them just apprehensions for the fate +of their vessels and cargoes despatched or destined for the ports of +Great Britain. The minister of that court, indeed, frankly expressed +his personal convictions that the words of the order went farther +than was intended, and so he afterwards officially informed us: but +the embarrassments of the moment were real and great, and the +possibility of their renewal lays our commerce to that country under +the same species of discouragement as to other countries, where it is +regulated by a single legislator; and the distinction is too +remarkable not to be noticed, that our navigation is excluded from +the security of fixed laws, while that security is given to the +navigation of others. + + (*) April 12, 1792 + + Our vessels pay in their ports one shilling and nine pence, +sterling, per ton, light and trinity dues, more than is paid by +British ships, except in the port of London, where they pay the same +as British. + + The greater part of what they receive from us, is re-exported +to other countries, under the useless charges of an intermediate +deposit, and double voyage. From tables published in England, and +composed, as is said, from the books of their customhouses, it +appears, that of the indigo imported there in the years 1773, '4, '5, +one-third was re-exported; and from a document of authority, we +learn, that of the rice and tobacco imported there before the war, +four-fifths were re-exported. We are assured, indeed, that the +quantities sent thither for re-exportation since the war, are +considerably diminished, yet less so than reason and national +interest would dictate. The whole of our grain is re-exported when +wheat is below fifty shillings the quarter, and other grains in +proportion. + + The _United Netherlands_ prohibit our pickled beef and pork, +meals and bread of all sorts, and lay a prohibitory duty on spirits +distilled from grain. + + All other of our productions are received on varied duties, +which may be reckoned, on a medium, at about three per cent. + + They consume but a small proportion of what they receive. The +residue is partly forwarded for consumption in the inland parts of +Europe, and partly re-shipped to other maritime countries. On the +latter portion they intercept between us and the consumer, so much of +the value as is absorbed in the charges attending and intermediate +deposit. + + Foreign goods, except some East India articles, are received in +vessels of any nation. + + Our ships may be sold and neutralized there, with exceptions of +one or two privileges, which somewhat lessen their value. + + _Denmark_ lays considerable duties on our tobacco and rice, +carried in their own vessels, and half as much more, if carried in +ours; but the exact amount of these duties is not perfectly known +here. They lay such duties as amount to prohibitions on our indigo +and corn. + + _Sweden_ receives favorably our grains and meals, salted +provisions, indigo, and whale oil. + + They subject our rice to duties of sixteen mills the pound +weight, carried in their own vessels, and of forty per cent. +additional on that, or twenty-two and four-tenths mills, carried in +ours or any others. Being thus rendered too dear as an article of +common food, little of it is consumed with them. They consume some +of our tobaccoes, which they take circuitously through Great Britain, +levying heavy duties on them also; their duties of entry, town +duties, and excise, being 4 34 dollars the hundred weight, if carried +in their own vessels, and of forty per cent. on that additional, if +carried in our own or any other vessels. + + They prohibit altogether our bread, fish, pot and pearl ashes, +flax-seed, tar, pitch, and turpentine, wood (except oak timber and +masts), and all foreign manufactures. + + Under so many restrictions and prohibitions, our navigation +with them is reduced to almost nothing. + + With our neighbors, an order of things much harder presents +itself. + + _Spain_ and _Portugal_ refuse, to all those parts of America +which they govern, all direct intercourse with any people but +themselves. The commodities in mutual demand between them and their +neighbors, must be carried to be exchanged in some port of the +dominant country, and the transportation between that and the subject +state, must be in a domestic bottom. + + _France_, by a standing law, permits her West India possessions +to receive directly our vegetables, live provisions, horses, wood, +tar, pitch, turpentine, rice, and maize, and prohibits our other +bread stuff; but a suspension of this prohibition having been left to +the colonial legislatures, in times of scarcity, it was formerly +suspended occasionally, but latterly without interruption. + + Our fish and salted provisions (except pork) are received in +their islands under a duty of three colonial livres the quintal, and +our vessels are as free as their own to carry our commodities +thither, and to bring away rum and molasses. + + _Great Britain_ admits in her islands our vegetables, live +provisions, horses, wood, tar, pitch, and turpentine, rice and bread +stuff, by a proclamation of her executive, limited always to the term +of a year, but hitherto renewed from year to year. She prohibits our +salted fish and other salted provisions. She does not permit our +vessels to carry thither our own produce. Her vessels alone may take +it from us, and bring in exchange rum, molasses, sugar, coffee, +cocoa-nuts, ginger, and pimento. There are, indeed, some freedoms in +the island of Dominica, but, under such circumstances, as to be +little used by us. In the British continental colonies, and in +Newfoundland, all our productions are prohibited, and our vessels +forbidden to enter their ports. Their governors, however, in times +of distress, have power to permit a temporary importation of certain +articles in their own bottoms, but not in ours. + + Our citizens cannot reside as merchants or factors within any +of the British plantations, this being expressly prohibited by the +same statute of 12 Car. 2, c. 18, commonly called the navigation act. + + In the _Danish American_ possessions a duty of 5 per cent. is +levied on our corn, corn meal, rice, tobacco, wood, salted fish, +indigo, horses, mules and live stock, and of 10 per cent. on our +flour, salted pork and beef, tar, pitch and turpentine. + + In the American islands of the _United Netherlands_ and Sweden, +our vessels and produce are received, subject to duties, not so heavy +as to have been complained of; but they are heavier in the Dutch +possessions on the continent. + + To sum up these restrictions, so far as they are important: + + FIRST. In Europe -- + Our bread stuff is at most times under prohibitory duties in +England, and considerably dutied on re-exportation from Spain to her +colonies. + + Our tobaccoes are heavily dutied in England, Sweden and France, +and prohibited in Spain and Portugal. + + Our rice is heavily dutied in England and Sweden, and +prohibited in Portugal. + + Our fish and salted provisions are prohibited in England, and +under prohibitory duties in France. + + Our whale oils are prohibited in England and Portugal._And our +vessels are denied naturalization in England, and of late in France. + + SECOND. In the West Indies -- + All intercourse is prohibited with the possessions of Spain and +Portugal. + + Our salted provisions and fish are prohibited by England. + + Our salted pork and bread stuff (except maize) are received +under temporary laws only, in the dominions of France, and our salted +fish pays there a weighty duty. + + + THIRD. In the article of navigation -- + Our own carriage of our own tobacco is heavily dutied in +Sweden, and lately in France. + + We can carry no article, not of our own production, to the +British ports in Europe. Nor even our own produce to her American +possessions. + + Such being the restrictions on the commerce and navigation of +the United States; the question is, in what way they may best be +removed, modified or counteracted? + + As to commerce, two methods occur. 1. By friendly arrangements +with the several nations with whom these restrictions exist; Or, 2. +By the separate act of our own legislatures for countervailing their +effects. + + There can be no doubt but that of these two, friendly +arrangements is the most eligible. Instead of embarrassing commerce +under piles of regulating laws, duties, and prohibitions, could it be +relieved from all its shackles in all parts of the world, could every +country be employed in producing that which nature has best fitted it +to produce, and each be free to exchange with others mutual +surplusses for mutual wants, the greatest mass possible would then be +produced of those things which contribute to human life and human +happiness; the numbers of mankind would be increased, and their +condition bettered. + + Would even a single nation begin with the United States this +system of free commerce, it would be advisable to begin it with that +nation; since it is one by one only that it can be extended to all. +Where the circumstances of either party render it expedient to levy a +revenue, by way of impost, on commerce, its freedom might be +modified, in that particular, by mutual and equivalent measures, +preserving it entire in all others. + + Some nations, not yet ripe for free commerce in all its extent, +might still be willing to mollify its restrictions and regulations +for us, in proportion to the advantages which an intercourse with us +might offer. Particularly they may concur with us in reciprocating +the duties to be levied on each side, or in compensating any excess +of duty by equivalent advantages of another nature. Our commerce is +certainly of a character to entitle it to favor in most countries. +The commodities we offer are either necessaries of life, or materials +for manufacture, or convenient subjects of revenue; and we take in +exchange, either manufactures, when they have received the last +finish of art and industry, or mere luxuries. Such customers may +reasonably expect welcome and friendly treatment at every market. +Customers, too, whose demands, increasing with their wealth and +population, must very shortly give full employment to the whole +industry of any nation whatever, in any line of supply they may get +into the habit of calling for from it. + + But should any nation, contrary to our wishes, suppose it may +better find its advantage by continuing its system of prohibitions, +duties and regulations, it behooves us to protect our citizens, their +commerce and navigation, by counter prohibitions, duties and +regulations, also. Free commerce and navigation are not to be given +in exchange for restrictions and vexations; nor are they likely to +produce a relaxation of them. + + Our navigation involves still higher considerations. As a +branch of industry, it is valuable, but as a resource of defence, +essential. + + Its value, as a branch of industry, is enhanced by the +dependence of so many other branches on it. In times of general +peace it multiplies competitors for employment in transportation, and +so keeps that at its proper level; and in times of war, that is to +say, when those nations who may be our principal carriers, shall be +at war with each other, if we have not within ourselves the means of +transportation, our produce must be exported in belligerent vessels, +at the increased expense of war-freight and insurance, and the +articles which will not bear that, must perish on our hands. + + But it is as a resource of defence that our navigation will +admit neither negligence nor forbearance. The position and +circumstances of the United States leave them nothing to fear on +their land-board, and nothing to desire beyond their present rights. +But on their seaboard, they are open to injury, and they have there, +too, a commerce which must be protected. This can only be done by +possessing a respectable body of citizen-seamen, and of artists and +establishments in readiness for ship-building. + + Were the ocean, which is the common property of all, open to +the industry of all, so that every person and vessel should be free +to take employment wherever it could be found, the United States +would certainly not set the example of appropriating to themselves, +exclusively, any portion of the common stock of occupation. They +would rely on the enterprise and activity of their citizens for a due +participation of the benefits of the seafaring business, and for +keeping the marine class of citizens equal to their object. But if +particular nations grasp at undue shares, and, more especially, if +they seize on the means of the United States, to convert them into +aliment for their own strength, and withdraw them entirely from the +support of those to whom they belong, defensive and protecting +measures become necessary on the part of the nation whose marine +resources are thus invaded; or it will be disarmed of its defence; +its productions will lie at the mercy of the nation which has +possessed itself exclusively of the means of carrying them, and its +politics may be influenced by those who command its commerce. The +carriage of our own commodities, if once established in another +channel, cannot be resumed in the moment we may desire. If we lose +the seamen and artists whom it now occupies, we lose the present +means of marine defence, and time will be requisite to raise up +others, when disgrace or losses shall bring home to our feelings the +error of having abandoned them. The materials for maintaining our +due share of navigation, are ours in abundance. And, as to the mode +of using them, we have only to adopt the principles of those who put +us on the defensive, or others equivalent and better fitted to our +circumstances. + + The following principles, being founded in reciprocity, appear +perfectly just, and to offer no cause of complaint to any nation: + + 1. Where a nation imposes high duties on our productions, or +prohibits them altogether, it may be proper for us to do the same by +theirs; first burdening or excluding those productions which they +bring here, in competition with our own of the same kind; selecting +next, such manufactures as we take from them in greatest quantity, +and which, at the same time, we could the soonest furnish to +ourselves, or obtain from other countries; imposing on them duties +lighter at first, but heavier and heavier afterwards, as other +channels of supply open. Such duties having the effect of indirect +encouragement to domestic manufactures of the same kind, may induce +the manufacturer to come himself into these States, where cheaper +subsistence, equal laws, and a vent of his wares, free of duty, may +ensure him the highest profits from his skill and industry. And +here, it would be in the power of the State governments to co-operate +essentially, by opening the resources of encouragement which are +under their control, extending them liberally to artists in those +particular branches of manufacture for which their soil, climate, +population and other circumstances have matured them, and fostering +the precious efforts and progress of _household_ manufacture, by some +patronage suited to the nature of its objects, guided by the local +informations they possess, and guarded against abuse by their +presence and attentions. The oppressions on our agriculture, in +foreign ports, would thus be made the occasion of relieving it from a +dependence on the councils and conduct of others, and of promoting +arts, manufactures and population at home. + + 2. Where a nation refuses permission to our merchants and +factors to reside within certain parts of their dominions, we may, if +it should be thought expedient, refuse residence to theirs in any and +every part of ours, or modify their transactions. + + 3. Where a nation refuses to receive in our vessels any +productions but our own, we may refuse to receive, in theirs, any but +their own productions. The first and second clauses of the bill +reported by the committee, are well formed to effect this object. + + 4. Where a nation refuses to consider any vessel as ours which +has not been built within our territories, we should refuse to +consider as theirs, any vessel not built within their territories. + + 5. Where a nation refuses to our vessels the carriage even of +our own productions, to certain countries under their domination, we +might refuse to theirs of every description, the carriage of the same +productions to the same countries. But as justice and good +neighborhood would dictate that those who have no part in imposing +the restriction on us, should not be the victims of measures adopted +to defeat its effect, it may be proper to confine the restrictions to +vessels owned or navigated by any subjects of the same dominant +power, other than the inhabitants of the country to which the said +productions are to be carried. And to prevent all inconvenience to +the said inhabitants, and to our own, by too sudden a check on the +means of transportation, we may continue to admit the vessels marked +for future exclusion, on an advanced tonnage, and for such length of +time only, as may be supposed necessary to provide against that +inconvenience. + + The establishment of some of these principles by Great Britain, +alone, has already lost to us in our commerce with that country and +its possessions, between eight and nine hundred vessels of near +40,000 tons burden, according to statements from official materials, +in which they have confidence. This involves a proportional loss of +seamen, shipwrights, and ship-building, and is too serious a loss to +admit forbearance of some effectual remedy. + + It is true we must expect some inconvenience in practice from +the establishment of discriminating duties. But in this, as in so +many other cases, we are left to choose between two evils. These +inconveniences are nothing when weighed against the loss of wealth +and loss of force, which will follow our perseverance in the plan of +indiscrimination. When once it shall be perceived that we are either +in the system or in the habit of giving equal advantages to those who +extinguish our commerce and navigation by duties and prohibitions, as +to those who treat both with liberality and justice, liberality and +justice will be converted by all into duties and prohibitions. It is +not to the moderation and justice of others we are to trust for fair +and equal access to market with our productions, or for our due share +in the transportation of them; but to our own means of independence, +and the firm will to use them. Nor do the inconveniences of +discrimination merit consideration. Not one of the nations before +mentioned, perhaps not a commercial nation on earth, is without them. +In our case one distinction alone will suffice: that is to say, +between nations who favor our productions and navigation, and those +who do not favor them. One set of moderate duties, say the present +duties, for the first, and a fixed advance on these as to some +articles, and prohibitions as to others, for the last. + + + Still, it must be repeated that friendly arrangements are +preferable with all who will come into them; and that we should carry +into such arrangements all the liberality and spirit of accommodation +which the nature of the case will admit. + + France has, of her own accord, proposed negotiations for +improving, by a new treaty on fair and equal principles, the +commercial relations of the two countries. But her internal +disturbances have hitherto prevented the prosecution of them to +effect, though we have had repeated assurances of a continuance of +the disposition. + + Proposals of friendly arrangement have been made on our part, +by the present government, to that of Great Britain, as the message +states; but, being already on as good a footing in law, and a better +in fact, than the most favored nation, they have not, as yet, +discovered any disposition to have it meddled with. + + We have no reason to conclude that friendly arrangements would +be declined by the other nations, with whom we have such commercial +intercourse as may render them important. In the meanwhile, it would +rest with the wisdom of Congress to determine whether, as to those +nations, they will not surcease _ex parte_ regulations, on the +reasonable presumption that they will concur in doing whatever +justice and moderation dictate should be done. + + + _Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions_ + + October 1798 + + 1. _Resolved_, That the several States composing the United +States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited +submission to their General Government; but that, by a compact under +the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of +amendments thereto, they constituted a General Government for special +purposes, -- delegated to that government certain definite powers, +reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their +own self-government; and that whensoever the General Government +assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and +of no force; that to this compact each State acceded as a State, and +is an integral party, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other +party: that the government created by this compact was not made the +exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to +itself; since that would have made its discretion, and not the +Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other +cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has +an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the +mode and measure of redress. + + 2. _Resolved_, That the Constitution of the United States, +having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason, +counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, +piracies, and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences +against the law of nations, and no other crimes whatsoever; and it +being true as a general principle, and one of the amendments to the +Constitution having also declared, that "the powers not delegated to +the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the +States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people," +therefore the act of Congress, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, +and intituled "An Act in addition to the act intituled An Act for the +punishment of certain crimes against the United States," as also the +act passed by them on the -- day of June, 1798, intituled "An Act to +punish frauds committed on the bank of the United States," (and all +their other acts which assume to create, define, or punish crimes, +other than those so enumerated in the Constitution,) are altogether +void, and of no force; and that the power to create, define, and +punish such other crimes is reserved, and, of right, appertains +solely and exclusively to the respective States, each within its own +territory. + + 3. _Resolved_, That it is true as a general principle, and is +also expressly declared by one of the amendments to the Constitution, +that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the +Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the +States respectively, or to the people;" and that no power over the +freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being +delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by +it to the States, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right +remain, and were reserved to the States or the people: that thus was +manifested their determination to retain to themselves the right of +judging how far the licentiousness of speech and of the press may be +abridged without lessening their useful freedom, and how far those +abuses which cannot be separated from their use should be tolerated, +rather than the use be destroyed. And thus also they guarded against +all abridgment by the United States of the freedom of religious +opinions and exercises, and retained to themselves the right of +protecting the same, as this State, by a law passed on the general +demand of its citizens, had already protected them from all human +restraint or interference. And that in addition to this general +principle and express declaration, another and more special provision +has been made by one of the amendments to the Constitution, which +expressly declares, that "Congress shall make no law respecting an +establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, +or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press:" thereby guarding +in the same sentence, and under the same words, the freedom of +religion, of speech, and of the press: insomuch, that whatever +violated either, throws down the sanctuary which covers the others, +and that libels, falsehood, and defamation, equally with heresy and +false religion, are withheld from the cognizance of federal +tribunals. That, therefore, the act of Congress of the United +States, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, intituled "An Act in +addition to the act intituled An Act for the punishment of certain +crimes against the United States," which does abridge the freedom of +the press, is not law, but is altogether void, and of no force. + + 4. _Resolved_, That alien friends are under the jurisdiction +and protection of the laws of the State wherein they are: that no +power over them has been delegated to the United States, nor +prohibited to the individual States, distinct from their power over +citizens. And it being true as a general principle, and one of the +amendments to the Constitution having also declared, that "the powers +not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor +prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States +respectively, or to the people," the act of the Congress of the +United States, passed on the -- day of July, 1798, intituled "An Act +concerning aliens," which assumes powers over alien friends, not +delegated by the Constitution, is not law, but is altogether void, +and of no force. + + 5. _Resolved_, That in addition to the general principle, as +well as the express declaration, that powers not delegated are +reserved, another and more special provision, inserted in the +Constitution from abundant caution, has declared that "the migration +or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing +shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress +prior to the year 1808;" that this commonwealth does admit the +migration of alien friends, described as the subject of the said act +concerning aliens: that a provision against prohibiting their +migration, is a provision against all acts equivalent thereto, or it +would be nugatory: that to remove them when migrated, is equivalent +to a prohibition of their migration, and is, therefore, contrary to +the said provision of the Constitution, and void. + + 6. _Resolved_, That the imprisonment of a person under the +protection of the laws of this commonwealth, on his failure to obey +the simple _order_ of the President to depart out of the United +States, as is undertaken by said act intituled "An Act concerning +aliens," is contrary to the Constitution, one amendment to which has +provided that "no person shall be deprived of liberty without due +process of law;" and that another having provided that "in all +criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to public +trial by an impartial jury, to be informed of the nature and cause of +the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to +have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to +have the assistance of counsel for his defence," the same act, +undertaking to authorize the President to remove a person out of the +United States, who is under the protection of the law, on his own +suspicion, without accusation, without jury, without public trial, +without confrontation of the witnesses against him, without hearing +witnesses in his favor, without defence, without counsel, is contrary +to the provision also of the Constitution, is therefore not law, but +utterly void, and of no force: that transferring the power of judging +any person, who is under the protection of the laws, from the courts +to the President of the United States, as is undertaken by the same +act concerning aliens, is against the article of the Constitution +which provides that "the judicial power of the United States shall be +vested in courts, the judges of which shall hold their offices during +good behavior;" and that the said act is void for that reason also. +And it is further to be noted, that this transfer of judiciary power +is to that magistrate of the General Government who already possesses +all the Executive, and a negative on all legislative powers. + + 7. _Resolved_, That the construction applied by the General +Government (as is evidenced by sundry of their proceedings) to those +parts of the Constitution of the United States which delegate to +Congress a power "to lay and collect taxes, duties, imports, and +excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and +general welfare of the United States," and "to make all laws which +shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers +vested by the Constitution in the government of the United States, or +in any department or officer thereof," goes to the destruction of all +limits prescribed to their power by the Constitution: that words +meant by the instrument to be subsidiary only to the execution of +limited powers, ought not to be so construed as themselves to give +unlimited powers, nor a part to be so taken as to destroy the whole +residue of that instrument: that the proceedings of the General +Government under color of these articles, will be a fit and necessary +subject of revisal and correction, at a time of greater tranquillity, +while those specified in the preceding resolutions call for immediate +redress. + + + 8th. _Resolved_, That a committee of conference and +correspondence be appointed, who shall have in charge to communicate +the preceding resolutions to the legislatures of the several States; +to assure them that this commonwealth continues in the same esteem of +their friendship and union which it has manifested from that moment +at which a common danger first suggested a common union: that it +considers union, for specified national purposes, and particularly to +those specified in their late federal compact, to be friendly to the +peace, happiness and prosperity of all the States: that faithful to +that compact, according to the plain intent and meaning in which it +was understood and acceded to by the several parties, it is sincerely +anxious for its preservation: that it does also believe, that to take +from the States all the powers of self-government and transfer them +to a general and consolidated government, without regard to the +special delegations and reservations solemnly agreed to in that +compact, is not for the peace, happiness or prosperity of these +States; and that therefore this commonwealth is determined, as it +doubts not its co-States are, to submit to undelegated, and +consequently unlimited powers in no man, or body of men on earth: +that in cases of an abuse of the delegated powers, the members of the +General Government, being chosen by the people, a change by the +people would be the constitutional remedy; but, where powers are +assumed which have not been delegated, a nullification of the act is +the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases +not within the compact, (casus non f;oederis,) to nullify of their +own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits: +that without this right, they would be under the dominion, absolute +and unlimited, of whosoever might exercise this right of judgment for +them: that nevertheless, this commonwealth, from motives of regard +and respect for its co-States, has wished to communicate with them on +the subject: that with them alone it is proper to communicate, they +alone being parties to the compact, and solely authorized to judge in +the last resort of the powers exercised under it, Congress being not +a party, but merely the creature of the compact, and subject as to +its assumptions of power to the final judgment of those by whom, and +for whose use itself and its powers were all created and modified: +that if the acts before specified should stand, these conclusions +would flow from them; that the General Government may place any act +they think proper on the list of crimes, and punish it themselves +whether enumerated or not enumerated by the Constitution as +cognizable by them: that they may transfer its cognizance to the +President, or any other person, who may himself be the accuser, +counsel, judge and jury, whose _suspicions_ may be the evidence, his +_order_ the sentence, his _officer_ the executioner, and his breast +the sole record of the transaction: that a very numerous and valuable +description of the inhabitants of these States being, by this +precedent, reduced, as outlaws, to the absolute dominion of one man, +and the barrier of the Constitution thus swept away from us all, no +rampart now remains against the passions and the powers of a majority +in Congress to protect from a like exportation, or other more +grievous punishment, the minority of the same body, the legislatures, +judges, governors, and counsellors of the States, nor their other +peaceable inhabitants, who may venture to reclaim the constitutional +rights and liberties of the States and people, or who for other +causes, good or bad, may be obnoxious to the views, or marked by the +suspicions of the President, or be thought dangerous to his or their +election, or other interests, public or personal: that the friendless +alien has indeed been selected as the safest subject of a first +experiment; but the citizen will soon follow, or rather, has already +followed, for already has a sedition act marked him as its prey: that +these and successive acts of the same character, unless arrested at +the threshold, necessarily drive these States into revolution and +blood, and will furnish new calumnies against republican government, +and new pretexts for those who wish it to be believed that man cannot +be governed but by a rod of iron: that it would be a dangerous +delusion were a confidence in the men of our choice to silence our +fears for the safety of our rights: that confidence is everywhere the +parent of despotism -- free government is founded in jealousy, and +not in confidence; it is jealousy and not confidence which prescribes +limited constitutions, to bind down those whom we are obliged to +trust with power: that our Constitution has accordingly fixed the +limits to which, and no further, our confidence may go; and let the +honest advocate of confidence read the alien and sedition acts, and +say if the Constitution has not been wise in fixing limits to the +government it created, and whether we should be wise in destroying +those limits. Let him say what the government is, if it be not a +tyranny, which the men of our choice have conferred on our President, +and the President of our choice has assented to, and accepted over +the friendly strangers to whom the mild spirit of our country and its +laws have pledged hospitality and protection: that the men of our +choice have more respected the bare _suspicions_ of the President, +than the solid right of innocence, the claims of justification, the +sacred force of truth, and the forms and substance of law and +justice. In questions of power, then, let no more be heard of +confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by the chains of +the Constitution. That this commonwealth does therefore call on its +co-States for an expression of their sentiments on the acts +concerning aliens, and for the punishment of certain crimes herein +before specified, plainly declaring whether these acts are or are not +authorized by the federal compact. And it doubts not that their +sense will be so announced as to prove their attachment unaltered to +limited government, whether general or particular. And that the +rights and liberties of their co-States will be exposed to no dangers +by remaining embarked in a common bottom with their own. That they +will concur with this commonwealth in considering the said acts as so +palpably against the Constitution as to amount to an undisguised +declaration that that compact is not meant to be the measure of the +powers of the General Government, but that it will proceed in the +exercise over these States, of all powers whatsoever: that they will +view this as seizing the rights of the States, and consolidating them +in the hands of the General Government, with a power assumed to bind +the States, not merely as the cases made federal, (casus f;oederis,) +but in all cases whatsoever, by laws made, not with their consent, +but by others against their consent: that this would be to surrender +the form of government we have chosen, and live under one deriving +its powers from its own will, and not from our authority; and that +the co-States, recurring to their natural right in cases not made +federal, will concur in declaring these acts void, and of no force, +and will each take measures of its own for providing that neither +these acts, nor any others of the General Government not plainly and +intentionally authorized by the Constitution, shall be exercised +within their respective territories. + + 9th. _Resolved_, That the said committee be authorized to +communicate by writing or personal conferences, at any times or +places whatever, with any person or person who may be appointed by +any one or more co-States to correspond or confer with them; and that +they lay their proceedings before the next session of Assembly. + + + + + _Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia_ + + August 4, 1818 + + The commissioners for the University of Virginia, having met, +as by law required, at the tavern, in Rockfish Gap, on the Blue +Ridge, on the first day of August, of this present year, 1818; and +having formed a board, proceeded on that day to the discharge of the +duties assigned to them by the act of the Legislature, entitled "An +act, appropriating part of the revenue of the literary fund, and for +other purposes;" and having continued their proceedings by +adjournment, from day to day, to Tuesday, the 4th day of August, have +agreed to a report on the several matters with which they were +charged, which report they now respectfully address and submit to the +Legislature of the State. + + The first duty enjoined on them, was to enquire and report a +site, in some convenient and proper part of the State, for an +university, to be called the "University of Virginia." In this +enquiry, they supposed that the governing considerations should be +the healthiness of the site, the fertility of the neighboring +country, and its centrality to the white population of the whole +State. For, although the act authorized and required them to receive +any voluntary contributions, whether conditional or absolute, which +might be offered through them to the President and Directors of the +Literary Fund, for the benefit of the University, yet they did not +consider this as establishing an auction, or as pledging the location +to the highest bidder. + + Three places were proposed, to wit: Lexington, in the county of +Rockbridge, Staunton, in the county of Augusta, and the Central +College, in the county of Albemarle. Each of these was +unexceptionable as to healthiness and fertility. It was the degree +of centrality to the white population of the State which alone then +constituted the important point of comparison between these places; +and the Board, after full enquiry, and impartial and mature +consideration, are of opinion, that the central point of the white +population of the State is nearer to the Central College than to +either Lexington or Staunton, by great and important differences; and +all other circumstances of the place in general being favorable to +it, as a position for an university, they do report the Central +College, in Albemarle, to be a convenient and proper part of the +State for the University of Virginia. + + 2. The Board having thus agreed on a proper site for the +University, to be reported to the Legislature, proceed to the second +of the duties assigned to them -- that of proposing a plan for its +buildings -- and they are of opinion that it should consist of +distinct houses or pavilions, arranged at proper distances on each +side of a lawn of a proper breadth, and of indefinite extent, in one +direction, at least; in each of which should be a lecturing room, +with from two to four apartments, for the accommodation of a +professor and his family; that these pavilions should be united by a +range of dormitories, sufficient each for the accommodation of two +students only, this provision being deemed advantageous to morals, to +order, and to uninterrupted study; and that a passage of some kind, +under cover from the weather, should give a communication along the +whole range. It is supposed that such pavilions, on an average of +the larger and smaller, will cost each about $5,000; each dormitory +about $350, and hotels of a single room, for a refectory, and two +rooms for the tenant, necessary for dieting the students, will cost +about $3500 each. The number of these pavilions will depend on the +number of professors, and that of the dormitories and hotels on the +number of students to be lodged and dieted. The advantages of this +plan are: greater security against fire and infection; tranquillity +and comfort to the professors and their families thus insulated; +retirement to the students; and the admission of enlargement to any +degree to which the institution may extend in future times. It is +supposed probable, that a building of somewhat more size in the +middle of the grounds may be called for in time, in which may be +rooms for religious worship, under such impartial regulations as the +Visitors shall prescribe, for public examinations, for a library, for +the schools of music, drawing, and other associated purposes. + + 3, 4. In proceeding to the third and fourth duties prescribed +by the Legislature, of reporting "the branches of learning, which +should be taught in the University, and the number and description of +the professorships they will require," the Commissioners were first +to consider at what point it was understood that university education +should commence? Certainly not with the alphabet, for reasons of +expediency and impracticability, as well from the obvious sense of +the Legislature, who, in the same act, make other provision for the +primary instruction of the poor children, expecting, doubtless, that +in other cases it would be provided by the parent, or become, +perhaps, subject of future and further attention of the Legislature. +The objects of this primary education determine its character and +limits. These objects would be, + + To give to every citizen the information he needs for the +transaction of his own business; + + To enable him to calculate for himself, and to express and +preserve his ideas, his contracts and accounts, in writing; + + To improve, by reading, his morals and faculties; + + To understand his duties to his neighbors and country, and to +discharge with competence the functions confided to him by either; + + To know his rights; to exercise with order and justice those he +retains; to choose with discretion the fiduciary of those he +delegates; and to notice their conduct with diligence, with candor, +and judgment; + + And, in general, to observe with intelligence and faithfulness +all the social relations under which he shall be placed. + + To instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, +interests and duties, as men and citizens, being then the objects of +education in the primary schools, whether private or public, in them +should be taught reading, writing and numerical arithmetic, the +elements of mensuration, (useful in so many callings,) and the +outlines of geography and history. And this brings us to the point +at which are to commence the higher branches of education, of which +the Legislature require the development; those, for example, which +are, + + To form the statesmen, legislators and judges, on whom public +prosperity and individual happiness are so much to depend; + + To expound the principles and structure of government, the laws +which regulate the intercourse of nations, those formed municipally +for our own government, and a sound spirit of legislation, which, +banishing all arbitrary and unnecessary restraint on individual +action, shall leave us free to do whatever does not violate the equal +rights of another; + + To harmonize and promote the interests of agriculture, +manufactures and commerce, and by well informed views of political +economy to give a free scope to the public industry; + + To develop the reasoning faculties of our youth, enlarge their +minds, cultivate their morals, and instill into them the precepts of +virtue and order; + + To enlighten them with mathematical and physical sciences, +which advance the arts, and administer to the health, the +subsistence, and comforts of human life; + + And, generally, to form them to habits of reflection and +correct action, rendering them examples of virtue to others, and of +happiness within themselves. + + These are the objects of that higher grade of education, the +benefits and blessings of which the Legislature now propose to +provide for the good and ornament of their country, the gratification +and happiness of their fellow-citizens, of the parent especially, and +his progeny, on which all his affections are concentrated. + + In entering on this field, the Commissioners are aware that +they have to encounter much difference of opinion as to the extent +which it is expedient that this institution should occupy. Some good +men, and even of respectable information, consider the learned +sciences as useless acquirements; some think that they do not better +the condition of man; and others that education, like private and +individual concerns, should be left to private individual effort; not +reflecting that an establishment embracing all the sciences which may +be useful and even necessary in the various vocations of life, with +the buildings and apparatus belonging to each, are far beyond the +reach of individual means, and must either derive existence from +public patronage, or not exist at all. This would leave us, then, +without those callings which depend on education, or send us to other +countries to seek the instruction they require. But the +Commissioners are happy in considering the statute under which they +are assembled as proof that the Legislature is far from the +abandonment of objects so interesting. They are sensible that the +advantages of well-directed education, moral, political and +economical, are truly above all estimate. Education generates habits +of application, of order, and the love of virtue; and controls, by +the force of habit, any innate obliquities in our moral organization. +We should be far, too, from the discouraging persuasion that man is +fixed, by the law of his nature, at a given point; that his +improvement is a chimera, and the hope delusive of rendering +ourselves wiser, happier or better than our forefathers were. As +well might it be urged that the wild and uncultivated tree, hitherto +yielding sour and bitter fruit only, can never be made to yield +better; yet we know that the grafting art implants a new tree on the +savage stock, producing what is most estimable both in kind and +degree. Education, in like manner, engrafts a new man on the native +stock, and improves what in his nature was vicious and perverse into +qualities of virtue and social worth. And it cannot be but that each +generation succeeding to the knowledge acquired by all those who +preceded it, adding to it their own acquisitions and discoveries, and +handing the mass down for successive and constant accumulation, must +advance the knowledge and well-being of mankind, not _infinitely_, as +some have said, but _indefinitely_, and to a term which no one can +fix and foresee. Indeed, we need look back half a century, to times +which many now living remember well, and see the wonderful advances +in the sciences and arts which have been made within that period. +Some of these have rendered the elements themselves subservient to +the purposes of man, have harnessed them to the yoke of his labors, +and effected the great blessings of moderating his own, of +accomplishing what was beyond his feeble force, and extending the +comforts of life to a much enlarged circle, to those who had before +known its necessaries only. That these are not the vain dreams of +sanguine hope, we have before our eyes real and living examples. +What, but education, has advanced us beyond the condition of our +indigenous neighbors? And what chains them to their present state of +barbarism and wretchedness, but a bigotted veneration for the +supposed superlative wisdom of their fathers, and the preposterous +idea that they are to look backward for better things, and not +forward, longing, as it should seem, to return to the days of eating +acorns and roots, rather than indulge in the degeneracies of +civilization? And how much more encouraging to the achievements of +science and improvement is this, than the desponding view that the +condition of man cannot be ameliorated, that what has been must ever +be, and that to secure ourselves where we are, we must tread with +awful reverence in the footsteps of our fathers. This doctrine is +the genuine fruit of the alliance between Church and State; the +tenants of which, finding themselves but too well in their present +condition, oppose all advances which might unmask their usurpations, +and monopolies of honors, wealth, and power, and fear every change, +as endangering the comforts they now hold. Nor must we omit to +mention, among the benefits of education, the incalculable advantage +of training up able counsellors to administer the affairs of our +country in all its departments, legislative, executive and judiciary, +and to bear their proper share in the councils of our national +government; nothing more than education advancing the prosperity, the +power, and the happiness of a nation. + + Encouraged, therefore, by the sentiments of the Legislature, +manifested in this statute, we present the following tabular +statement of the branches of learning which we think should be taught +in the University, forming them into groups, each of which are within +the powers of a single professor: + + I. Languages, ancient: + Latin, + Greek, + Hebrew. + + II. Languages, modern: + French, + Spanish, + Italian, + German, + Anglo-Saxon. + + III. Mathematics, pure: + Algebra, + Fluxions, + Geometry, Elementary, Transcendental. + Architecture, Military, Naval. + + + IV. Physico-Mathematics: + Mechanics, + Statics, + Dynamics, + Pneumatics, + Acoustics, + Optics, + Astronomy, + Geography. + + V. Physics, or Natural Philosophy: + Chemistry, + Mineralogy. + + VI. Botany, Zoology. + + VII. Anatomy, Medicine. + + VIII. Government, + Political Economy, + Law of Nature and Nations, + History, being interwoven with Politics and Law. + + IX. Law, municipal. + + X. Ideology, + General Grammar, + Ethics, Rhetoric, + Belles Lettres,and the fine arts. + + Some of the terms used in this table being subject to a +difference of acceptation, it is proper to define the meaning and +comprehension intended to be given them here: + + Geometry, Elementary, is that of straight lines and of the +circle. + Transcendental, is that of all other curves; it includes, of +course, _Projectiles_, a leading branch of the military art. + Military Architecture includes Fortification, another branch of +that art. + Statics respect matter generally, in a state of rest, and +include Hydrostatics, or the laws of fluids particularly, at rest or +in equilibrio. + Dynamics, used as a general term, include + Dynamics proper, or the laws of _solids_ in motion; and + Hydrodynamics, or Hydraulics, those of _fluids_ in motion. + Pneumatics teach the theory of air, its weight, motion, +condensation, rarefaction, &c. + Acoustics, or Phonics, the theory of sound. + Optics, the laws of light and vision. + Physics, or Physiology, in a general sense, mean the doctrine +of the physical objects of our senses. + + + Chemistry is meant, with its other usual branches, to +comprehend the theory of agriculture. + Mineralogy, in addition to its peculiar subjects, is here +understood to embrace what is real in geology. + Ideology is the doctrine of thought. + General Grammar explains the construction of language. + + Some articles in this distribution of sciences will need +observation. A professor is proposed for ancient languages, the +Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, particularly; but these languages being the +foundation common to all the sciences, it is difficult to foresee +what may be the extent of this school. At the same time, no greater +obstruction to industrious study could be proposed than the presence, +the intrusions and the noisy turbulence of a multitude of small boys; +and if they are to be placed here for the rudiments of the languages, +they may be so numerous that its character and value as an University +will be merged in those of a Grammar school. It is, therefore, +greatly to be wished, that preliminary schools, either on private or +public establishment, could be distributed in districts through the +State, as preparatory to the entrance of students into the +University. The tender age at which this part of education +commences, generally about the tenth year, would weigh heavily with +parents in sending their sons to a school so distant as the central +establishment would be from most of them. Districts of such extent +as that every parent should be within a day's journey of his son at +school, would be desirable in cases of sickness, and convenient for +supplying their ordinary wants, and might be made to lessen sensibly +the expense of this part of their education. And where a sparse +population would not, within such a compass, furnish subjects +sufficient to maintain a school, a competent enlargement of district +must, of necessity, there be submitted to. At these district schools +or colleges, boys should be rendered able to read the easier authors, +Latin and Greek. This would be useful and sufficient for many not +intended for an University education. At these, too, might be taught +English grammar, the higher branches of numerical arithmetic, the +geometry of straight lines and of the circle, the elements of +navigation, and geography to a sufficient degree, and thus afford to +greater numbers the means of being qualified for the various +vocations of life, needing more instruction than merely menial or +praedial labor, and the same advantages to youths whose education may +have been neglected until too late to lay a foundation in the learned +languages. These institutions, intermediate between the primary +schools and University, might then be the passage of entrance for +youths into the University, where their classical learning might be +critically completed, by a study of the authors of highest degree; +and it is at this stage only that they should be received at the +University. Giving then a portion of their time to a finished +knowledge of the Latin and Greek, the rest might be appropriated to +the modern languages, or to the commencement of the course of science +for which they should be destined. This would generally be about the +fifteenth year of their age, when they might go with more safety and +contentment to that distance from their parents. Until this +preparatory provision shall be made, either the University will be +overwhelmed with the grammar school, or a separate establishment, +under one or more ushers, for its lower classes, will be advisable, +at a mile or two distant from the general one; where, too, may be +exercised the stricter government necessary for young boys, but +unsuitable for youths arrived at years of discretion. + + The considerations which have governed the specification of +languages to be taught by the professor of modern languages were, +that the French is the language of general intercourse among nations, +and as a depository of human science, is unsurpassed by any other +language, living or dead; that the Spanish is highly interesting to +us, as the language spoken by so great a portion of the inhabitants +of our continents, with whom we shall probably have great intercourse +ere long, and is that also in which is written the greater part of +the earlier history of America. The Italian abounds with works of +very superior order, valuable for their matter, and still more +distinguished as models of the finest taste in style and composition. +And the German now stands in a line with that of the most learned +nations in richness of erudition and advance in the sciences. It is +too of common descent with the language of our own country, a branch +of the same original Gothic stock, and furnishes valuable +illustrations for us. But in this point of view, the Anglo-Saxon is +of peculiar value. We have placed it among the modern languages, +because it is in fact that which we speak, in the earliest form in +which we have knowledge of it. It has been undergoing, with time, +those gradual changes which all languages, ancient and modern, have +experienced; and even now needs only to be printed in the modern +character and orthography to be intelligible, in a considerable +degree, to an English reader. It has this value, too, above the +Greek and Latin, that while it gives the radix of the mass of our +language, they explain its innovations only. Obvious proofs of this +have been presented to the modern reader in the disquisitions of Horn +Tooke; and Fortescue Aland has well explained the great instruction +which may be derived from it to a full understanding of our ancient +common law, on which, as a stock, our whole system of law is +engrafted. It will form the first link in the chain of an historical +review of our language through all its successive changes to the +present day, will constitute the foundation of that critical +instruction in it which ought to be found in a seminary of general +learning, and thus reward amply the few weeks of attention which +would alone be requisite for its attainment; a language already +fraught with all the eminent science of our parent country, the +future vehicle of whatever we may ourselves achieve, and destined to +occupy so much space on the globe, claims distinguished attention in +American education. + + Medicine, where fully taught, is usually subdivided into +several professorships, but this cannot well be without the accessory +of an hospital, where the student can have the benefit of attending +clinical lectures, and of assisting at operations of surgery. With +this accessory, the seat of our University is not yet prepared, +either by its population or by the numbers of poor who would leave +their own houses, and accept of the charities of an hospital. For +the present, therefore, we propose but a single professor for both +medicine and anatomy. By him the medical science may be taught, with +a history and explanations of all its successive theories from +Hippocrates to the present day; and anatomy may be fully treated. +Vegetable pharmacy will make a part of the botanical course, and +mineral and chemical pharmacy of those of mineralogy and chemistry. +This degree of medical information is such as the mass of scientific +students would wish to possess, as enabling them in their course +through life, to estimate with satisfaction the extent and limits of +the aid to human life and health, which they may understandingly +expect from that art; and it constitutes such a foundation for those +intended for the profession, that the finishing course of practice at +the bed-sides of the sick, and at the operations of surgery in a +hospital, can neither be long nor expensive. To seek this finishing +elsewhere, must therefore be submitted to for a while. + + In conformity with the principles of our Constitution, which +places all sects of religion on an equal footing, with the jealousies +of the different sects in guarding that equality from encroachment +and surprise, and with the sentiments of the Legislature in favor of +freedom of religion, manifested on former occasions, we have proposed +no professor of divinity; and the rather as the proofs of the being +of a God, the creator, preserver, and supreme ruler of the universe, +the author of all the relations of morality, and of the laws and +obligations these infer, will be within the province of the professor +of ethics; to which adding the developments of these moral +obligations, of those in which all sects agree, with a knowledge of +the languages, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, a basis will be formed +common to all sects. Proceeding thus far without offence to the +Constitution, we have thought it proper at this point to leave every +sect to provide, as they think fittest, the means of further +instruction in their own peculiar tenets. + + We are further of opinion, that after declaring by law that +certain sciences shall be taught in the University, fixing the number +of professors they require, which we think should, at present, be +ten, limiting (except as to the professors who shall be first engaged +in each branch,) a maximum for their salaries, (which should be a +certain but moderate subsistence, to be made up by liberal tuition +fees, as an excitement to assiduity,) it will be best to leave to the +discretion of the visitors, the grouping of these sciences together, +according to the accidental qualifications of the professors; and the +introduction also of other branches of science, when enabled by +private donations, or by public provision, and called for by the +increase of population, or other change of circumstances; to +establish beginnings, in short, to be developed by time, as those who +come after us shall find expedient. They will be more advanced than +we are in science and in useful arts, and will know best what will +suit the circumstances of their day. + + We have proposed no formal provision for the gymnastics of the +school, although a proper object of attention for every institution +of youth. These exercises with ancient nations, constituted the +principal part of the education of their youth. Their arms and mode +of warfare rendered them severe in the extreme; ours, on the same +correct principle, should be adapted to our arms and warfare; and the +manual exercise, military man;oeuvres, and tactics generally, should +be the frequent exercises of the students, in their hours of +recreation. It is at that age of aptness, docility, and emulation of +the practices of manhood, that such things are soonest learnt and +longest remembered. The use of tools too in the manual arts is +worthy of encouragement, by facilitating to such as choose it, an +admission into the neighboring workshops. To these should be added +the arts which embellish life, dancing, music, and drawing; the last +more especially, as an important part of military education. These +innocent arts furnish amusement and happiness to those who, having +time on their hands, might less inoffensively employ it. Needing, at +the same time, no regular incorporation with the institution, they +may be left to accessory teachers, who will be paid by the +individuals employing them, the University only providing proper +apartments for their exercise. + + The fifth duty prescribed to the Commissioners, is to propose +such general provisions as may be properly enacted by the +Legislature, for the better organizing and governing the University. + + In the education of youth, provision is to be made for, 1, +tuition; 2, diet; 3, lodging; 4, government; and 5, honorary +excitements. The first of these constitutes the proper functions of +the professors; 2, the dieting of the students should be left to +private boarding houses of their own choice, and at their own +expense; to be regulated by the Visitors from time to time, the house +only being provided by the University within its own precincts, and +thereby of course subjected to the general regimen, moral or +sumptuary, which they shall prescribe. 3. They should be lodged in +dormitories, making a part of the general system of buildings. 4. +The best mode of government for youth, in large collections, is +certainly a desideratum not yet attained with us. It may be well +questioned whether _fear_ after a certain age, is a motive to which +we should have ordinary recourse. The human character is susceptible +of other incitements to correct conduct, more worthy of employ, and +of better effect. Pride of character, laudable ambition, and moral +dispositions are innate correctives of the indiscretions of that +lively age; and when strengthened by habitual appeal and exercise, +have a happier effect on future character than the degrading motive +of fear. Hardening them to disgrace, to corporal punishments, and +servile humiliations cannot be the best process for producing erect +character. The affectionate deportment between father and son, +offers in truth the best example for that of tutor and pupil; and the +experience and practice of other (*) countries, in this respect, may +be worthy of enquiry and consideration with us. It will then be for +the wisdom and discretion of the Visitors to devise and perfect a +proper system of government, which, if it be founded in reason and +comity, will be more likely to nourish in the minds of our youth the +combined spirit of order and self-respect, so congenial with our +political institutions, and so important to be woven into the +American character. 5. What qualifications shall be required to +entitle to entrance into the University, the arrangement of the days +and hours of lecturing for the different schools, so as to facilitate +to the students the circle of attendance on them; the establishment +of periodical and public examinations, the premiums to be given for +distinguished merit; whether honorary degrees shall be conferred, and +by what appellations; whether the title to these shall depend on the +time the candidate has been at the University, or, where nature has +given a greater share of understanding, attention, and application; +whether he shall not be allowed the advantages resulting from these +endowments, with other minor items of government, we are of opinion +should be entrusted to the Visitors; and the statute under which we +act having provided for the appointment of these, we think they +should moreover be charged with + + (*) A police exercised by the students themselves, under proper +discretion, has been tried with success in some countries, and the +rather as forming them for initiation into the duties and practices +of civil life. + + + + The erection, preservation, and repair of the buildings, the +care of the grounds and appurtenances, and of the interest of the +University generally. + + That they should have power to appoint a bursar, employ a +proctor, and all other necessary agents. + + To appoint and remove professors, two-thirds of the whole +number of Visitors voting for the removal. + + To prescribe their duties and the course of education, in +conformity with the law. + + To establish rules for the government and discipline of the +students, not contrary to the laws of the land. + + To regulate the tuition fees, and the rent of the dormitories +they occupy. + + To prescribe and control the duties and proceedings of all +officers, servants, and others, with respect to the buildings, lands, +appurtenances, and other property and interests of the University. + + To draw from the literary fund such moneys as are by law +charged on it for this institution; and in general + + To direct and do all matters and things which, not being +inconsistent with the laws of the land, to them shall seem most +expedient for promoting the purposes of the said institution; which +several functions they should be free to exercise in the form of +by-laws, rules, resolutions, orders, instructions, or otherwise, as +they should deem proper. + + That they should have two stated meetings in the year, and +occasional meetings at such times as they should appoint, or on a +special call with such notice as themselves shall prescribe by a +general rule; which meetings should be at the University, a majority +of them constituting a quorum for business; and that on the death or +resignation of a member, or on his removal by the President and +Directors of the Literary Fund, or the Executive, or such other +authority as the Legislature shall think best, such President and +Directors, or the Executive, or other authority, shall appoint a +successor. + + That the said Visitors should appoint one of their own body to +be Rector, and with him be a body corporate, under the style and +title of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, with +the right, as such, to use a common seal; that they should have +capacity to plead and be impleaded in all courts of justice, and in +all cases interesting to the University, which may be the subjects of +legal cognizance and jurisdiction; which pleas should not abate by +the determination of their office, but should stand revived in the +name of their successors, and they should be capable in law and in +trust for the University, of receiving subscriptions and donations, +real and personal, as well from bodies corporate, or persons +associated, as from private individuals. + + And that the said Rector and Visitors should, at all times, +conform to such laws as the Legislature may, from time to time, think +proper to enact for their government; and the said University should, +in all things, and at all times, be subject to the control of the +Legislature. + + And lastly, the Commissioners report to the Legislature the +following conditional offers to the President and Directors of the +Literary Fund, for the benefit of the University: + + On the condition that Lexington, or its vicinity, shall be +selected as the site of the University, and that the same be +permanently established there within two years from the date, John +Robinson, of Rockbridge county, has executed a deed to the President +and Directors of the Literary Fund, to take effect at his death, for +the following tracts of land, to wit: + + 400 acres on the North fork of James river, known by the name +of Hart's bottom, purchased of the late Gen. Bowyer. + + 171 acres adjoining the same, purchased of James Griggsby. + + 203 acres joining the last mentioned tract, purchased of +William Paxton. + + 112 acres lying on the North river, above the lands of Arthur +Glasgow, conveyed to him by William Paxton's heirs. + + 500 acres adjoining the lands of Arthur Glasgow, Benjamin +Camden and David Edmonson. + + 545 acres lying in Pryor's gap, conveyed to him by the heirs of +William Paxton, deceased. + + 260 acres lying in Childer's gap, purchased of Wm. Mitchell. + + 300 acres lying, also, in Childer's gap, purchased of Nicholas +Jones. + + 500 acres lying on Buffalo, joining the lands of Jas. Johnston. + + 340 acres on the Cowpasture river, conveyed to him by General +James Breckenridge -- reserving the right of selling the two last +mentioned tracts, and converting them into other lands contiguous to +Hart's bottom, for the benefit of the University; also the whole of +his slaves, amounting to 57 in number; one lot of 22 acres, joining +the town of Lexington, to pass immediately on the establishment of +the University, together with all the personal estate of every kind, +subject only to the payment of his debts and fulfillment of his +contracts. + + It has not escaped the attention of the Commissioners, that the +deed referred to is insufficient to pass the estate in the lands +intended to be conveyed, and may be otherwise defective; but if +necessary, this defect may be remedied before the meeting of the +Legislature, which the Commissioners are advised will be done. + + The Board of Trustees of Washington College have also proposed +to transfer the whole of their funds, viz: 100 shares in the funds of +the James River Company, 31 acres of land upon which their buildings +stand, their philosophical apparatus, their expected interest in the +funds of the Cincinnati Society, the libraries of the Graham and +Washington Societies, and $3,000 in cash, on condition that a +reasonable provision be made for the present professors. A +subscription has also been offered by the people of Lexington and its +vicinity, amounting to $17,878, all which will appear from the deed +and other documents, reference thereto being had. + + In this case, also, it has not escaped the attention of the +Commissioners, that questions may arise as to the power of the +trustees to make the above transfers. + + On the condition that the Central College shall be made the +site of the University, its whole property, real and personal, in +possession or in action, is offered. This consists of a parcel of +land of 47 acres, whereon the buildings of the college are begun, one +pavilion and its appendix of dormitories being already far advanced, +and with one other pavilion, and equal annexation of dormitories, +being expected to be completed during the present season -- of +another parcel of 153 acres, near the former, and including a +considerable eminence very favorable for the erection of a future +observatory; of the proceeds of the sales of two glebes, amounting to +$3,280 86 cents; and of a subscription of $41,248, on papers in hand, +besides what is on outstanding papers of unknown amount, not yet +returned -- out of these sums are to be taken, however, the cost of +the lands, of the buildings, and other works done, and for existing +contracts. For the conditional transfer to these to the President +and Directors of the Literary Fund, a regular power, signed by the +subscribers and founders of the Central College generally, has been +given to its Visitors and Proctor, and a deed conveying the said +property accordingly to the President and Directors of the Literary +Fund, has been duly executed by the said Proctor, and acknowledged +for record in the office of the clerk of the county court of +Albemarle. + + Signed and certified by the members present, each in his proper +hand-writing, this 4th day of August, 1818. + + TH: JEFFERSON, PHIL. C. PENDLETON, + CREED TAYLOR, SPENCER ROANE, + PETER RANDOLPH, JOHN M. C. TAYLOR, + WM. BROCKENBROUGH, J. G. JACKSON, + ARCH'D RUTHERFORD, PHIL. SLAUGHTER, + ARDH'D STUART, WM. H. CABELL, + JAMES BRECKENRIDGE, NAT. H. CLAIBORNE, + HENRY E. WATKINS, WM. A. C. DADE, + JAMES MADISON, WILLIAM JONES, + A. T. MASON, THOMAS WILSON. + HUGH HOLMES, + + + _Memorial on the Book Duty_ + November 30, 1821 + + _To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled:_ + + The petition of the rector and visiters of the University of +Virginia, on behalf of those for whom they are in the office of +preparing the means of instruction, as well as of others seeking it +elsewhere, respectfully representeth: + + That the Commonwealth of Virginia has thought proper lately to +establish a university for instruction, generally, in all the useful +branches of science, of which your petitioners are appointed rector +and visiters, and, as such, are charged with attention to the +interests of those who shall be committed to their care. + + That they observe, by the tariff of duties imposed by the laws +of Congress on importations into the United States, an article +peculiarly inauspicious to the objects of their own, and of all other +literary institutions throughout the United States. + + That at an early period of the present Government, when our +country was burdened with a heavy debt, contracted in the war of +Independence, and its resources for revenue were untried and +uncertain, the National Legislature thought it as yet inexpedient to +indulge in scruples as to the subjects of taxation, and, among +others, imposed a duty on books imported from abroad, which has been +continued, and now is, of fifteen per cent., on their prime cost, +raised by ordinary custom-house charges to eighteen per cent., and by +the importer's profits to perhaps twenty-five per cent., and more. + + That, after many years' experience, it is certainly found that +the reprinting of books in the United States is confined chiefly to +those in our native language, and of popular characters, and to cheap +editions of a few of the classics for the use of schools; while the +valuable editions of the classical authors, even learned works in the +English language, and books in all foreign living languages, +(vehicles of the important discoveries and improvements in science +and the arts, which are daily advancing the interest and happiness of +other nations,) are unprinted here, and unobtainable from abroad but +under the burden of a heavy duty. + + That of many important books, in different branches of science, +it is believed that there is not a single copy in the United States; +of others, but a few; and these too distant and difficult of access +for students and writers generally. + + That the difficulty resulting from this mode of procuring books +of the first order in the sciences, and in foreign languages, ancient +and modern, is an unfair impediment to the American student, who, for +want of these aids, already possessed or easily procurable in all +countries except our own, enters on his course with very unequal +means, with wants unknown to his foreign competitors, and often with +that imperfect result which subjects us to reproaches not unfelt by +minds alive to the honor and mortified sensibilities of their +country. + + That, to obstruct the acquisition of books from abroad, as an +encouragement of the progress of literature at home, is burying the +fountain to increase the flow of its waters. + + That books, and especially those of the rare and valuable +character, thus burdened, are not articles of consumption, but of +permanent preservation and value, lasting often as many centuries as +the houses we live in, of which examples are to be found in every +library of note. + + That books, therefore, are capital, often the only capital of +professional men on their outset in life, and of students destined +for professions, (as most of our scholars are,) and barely able, too, +for the most part, to meet the expenses of tuition, and less to pay +as extra tax on the books necessary for their instruction, that they +are consequently less instructed than they would be; and that our +citizens at large do not derive from their employment all the +benefits which higher qualifications would procure them. + + That this is the only form of capital on which a tax of from 18 +to 25 per cent. is first levied on the gross, and the proprietor then +subject to all other taxes in detail, as those holding capitals in +other forms, on which no such extra tax has been previously levied. + + That it is true that no duty is required on books imported for +seminaries of learning; but these, locked up in libraries, can be of +no avail to the practical man, when he wishes a recurrence to them +for the uses of life. + + That more than thirty years' experience of the resources of our +country prove them equal to all its debts and wants, and permit its +Legislature now to favor such objects as the public interests +recommend to favor. + + That the value of science to a republican people; the security +it gives to liberty, by enlightening the minds of its citizens; the +protection it affords against foreign power; the virtues it +inculcates; the just emulation of the distinction it confers on +nations foremost in it; in short, its identification with power, +morals, order, and happiness, (which merits to it premiums of +encouragement rather than repressive taxes,) are topics, which your +petitioners do not permit themselves to urge on the wisdom of +Congress, before whose minds these considerations are always present, +and bearing with their just weight. + + And they conclude, therefore, with praying that Congress will +be pleased to bestow on this important subject the attention it +merits, and give the proper relief to the candidates of science among +ourselves, devoting themselves to the laudable object of qualifying +themselves to become the instructors and benefactors of their +fellow-citizens. + + And your petitioners, as in duty bound, shall ever pray, &c. + + + + _From the Minutes of the Board of Visitors, University of +Virginia, 1822 - 1825_ + _Report to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund_ + _(extract)_ + October 7, 1822 + + In the same report of the commissioners of 1818 it was stated +by them that "in conformity with the principles of our constitution, +which places all sects of religion on an equal footing, with the +jealousies of the different sects in guarding that equality from +encroachment or surprise, and with the sentiments of the legislature +in freedom of religion, manifested on former occasions, they had not +proposed that any professorship of divinity should be established in +the University; that provision, however, was made for giving +instruction in the Hebrew, Greek and Latin languages, the +depositories of the originals, and of the earliest and most respected +authorities of the faith of every sect, and for courses of ethical +lectures, developing those moral obligations in which all sects +agree. That, proceeding thus far, without offence to the +constitution, they had left, at this point, to every sect to take +into their own hands the office of further instruction in the +peculiar tenet of each." + + It was not, however, to be understood that instruction in +religious opinion and duties was meant to be precluded by the public +authorities, as indifferent to the interests of society. On the +contrary, the relations which exist between man and his Maker, and +the duties resulting from those relations, are the most interesting +and important to every human being, and the most incumbent on his +study and investigation. The want of instruction in the various +creeds of religious faith existing among our citizens presents, +therefore, a chasm in a general institution of the useful sciences. +But it was thought that this want, and the entrustment to each +society of instruction in its own doctrine, were evils of less danger +than a permission to the public authorities to dictate modes or +principles of religious instruction, or than opportunities furnished +them by giving countenance or ascendancy to any one sect over +another. A remedy, however, has been suggested of promising aspect, +which, while it excludes the public authorities from the domain of +religious freedom, will give to the sectarian schools of divinity the +full benefit the public provisions made for instruction in the other +branches of science. These branches are equally necessary to the +divine as to the other professional or civil characters, to enable +them to fulfill the duties of their calling with understanding and +usefulness. It has, therefore, been in contemplation, and suggested +by some pious individuals, who perceive the advantages of associating +other studies with those of religion, to establish their religious +schools on the confines of the University, so as to give to their +students ready and convenient access and attendance on the scientific +lectures of the University; and to maintain, by that means, those +destined for the religious professions on as high a standing of +science, and of personal weight and respectability, as may be +obtained by others from the benefits of the University. Such +establishments would offer the further and greater advantage of +enabling the students of the University to attend religious exercises +with the professor of their particular sect, either in the rooms of +the building still to be erected, and destined to that purpose under +impartial regulations, as proposed in the same report of the +commissioners, or in the lecturing room of such professor. To such +propositions the Visitors are disposed to lend a willing ear, and +would think it their duty to give every encouragement, by assuring to +those who might choose such a location for their schools, that the +regulations of the University should be so modified and accommodated +as to give every facility of access and attendance to their students, +with such regulated use also as may be permitted to the other +students, of the library which may hereafter be acquired, either by +public or private munificence. But always understanding that these +schools shall be independent of the University and of each other. +Such an arrangement would complete the circle of the useful sciences +embraced by this institution, and would fill the chasm now existing, +on principles which would leave inviolate the constitutional freedom +of religion, the most inalienable and sacred of all human rights, +over which the people and authorities of this state, individually and +publicly, have ever manifested the most watchful jealousy: and could +this jealousy be now alarmed, in the opinion of the legislature, by +what is here suggested, the idea will be relinquished on any surmise +of disapprobation which they might think proper to express. + + March 4, 1825 + A resolution was moved and agreed to in the following words: + + Whereas, it is the duty of this Board to the government under +which it lives, and especially to that of which this University is +the immediate creation, to pay especial attention to the principles +of government which shall be inculcated therein, and to provide that +none shall be inculcated which are incompatible with those on which +the Constitutions of this State, and of the United States were +genuinely based, in the common opinion; and for this purpose it may +be necessary to point out specially where these principles are to be +found legitimately developed: + + Resolved, that it is the opinion of this Board that as to the +general principles of liberty and the rights of man, in nature and in +society, the doctrines of Locke, in his "Essay concerning the true +original extent and end of civil government," and of Sidney in his +"Discourses on government," may be considered as those generally +approved by our fellow citizens of this, and the United States, and +that on the distinctive principles of the government of our State, +and of that of the United States, the best guides are to be found in, +1. The Declaration of Independence, as the fundamental act of union +of these States. 2. The book known by the title of "The Federalist," +being an authority to which appeal is habitually made by all, and +rarely declined or denied by any as evidence of the general opinion +of those who framed, and of those who accepted the Constitution of +the United States, on questions as to its genuine meaning. 3. The +Resolutions of the General Assembly of Virginia in 1799 on the +subject of the alien and sedition laws, which appeared to accord with +the predominant sense of the people of the United States. 4. The +valedictory address of President Washington, as conveying political +lessons of peculiar value. And that in the branch of the school of +law, which is to treat on the subject of civil polity, these shall be +used as the text and documents of the school. + + October 3, 1825 + Resolved, that it be communicated to the Faculty of the +professors of the University, as the earnest request and +recommendation of the rector and Visitors, that so far as can be +effected by their exertions, they cause the statutes and rules +enacted for the government of the University, to be exactly and +strictly observed; that the roll of each school particularly be +punctually called at the hour at which its students should attend; +that the absent and the tardy, without reasonable cause, be noted, +and a copy of these notations be communicated by mail or otherwise to +the parent or guardian of each student respectively, on the first +days of every month during the term (instead of the days prescribed +in a former statute for such communications). + + That it is requested of them to make known to the students that +it is with great regret that some breaches of order, committed by the +unworthy few who lurk among them unknown, render necessary the +extension to all of processes afflicting to the feelings of those who +are conscious of their own correctness, and who are above all +participation in these vicious irregularities. While the offenders +continue unknown the tarnish of their faults spreads itself over the +worthy also, and confounds all in a common censure. But that it is +in their power to relieve themselves from the imputations and painful +proceedings to which they are thereby subjected, by lending their aid +to the faculty, on all occasions towards detecting the real guilty. +The Visitors are aware that a prejudice prevails too extensively +among the young that it is dishonorable to bear witness one against +another. While this prevails, and under the form of a matter of +conscience, they have been unwilling to authorize constraint, and +have therefore, in their regulations on this subject, indulged the +error, however unfounded in reason or morality. But this loose +principle in the ethics of school-boy combinations, is unworthy of +mature and regulated minds, and is accordingly condemned by the laws +of their country, which, in offences within their cognisance, compel +those who have knowledge of a fact, to declare it for the purposes of +justice, and of the general good and safety of society. And +certainly, where wrong has been done, he who knows and conceals the +doer of it, makes himself an accomplice, and justly censurable as +such. It becomes then but an act of justice to themselves, that the +innocent and the worthy should throw off with disdain all communion +of character with such offenders, should determine no longer to +screen the irregular and the vicious under the respect of their +cloak, and to notify them, even by a solemn association for the +purpose, that they will co-operate with the faculty in future, for +preservation of order, the vindication of their own character, and +the reputation and usefulness of an institution which their country +has so liberally established for their improvement, and to place +within their reach those acquirements in knowledge on which their +future happiness and fortunes depend. Let the good and the virtuous +of the alumni of the University do this, and the disorderly will then +be singled out for observation, and deterred by punishment, or +disabled by expulsion, from infecting with their inconsideration the +institution itself, and the sound mass of those which it is preparing +for virtue and usefulness. + + + + + _Draft Declaration and Protest of the Commonwealth of + Virginia, on the Principles of the Constitution of the United +States of America, and on the Violations of them_ + + December 1825 + + We, the General Assembly of Virginia, on behalf, and in the +name of the people thereof, do declare as follows: + + The States in North America which confederated to establish +their independence of the government of Great Britain, of which +Virginia was one, became, on that acquisition, free and independent +States, and as such, authorized to constitute governments, each for +itself, in such form as it thought best. + + They entered into a compact, (which is called the Constitution +of the United States of America,) by which they agreed to unite in a +single government as to their relations with each other, and with +foreign nations, and as to certain other articles particularly +specified. They retained at the same time, each to itself, the other +rights of independent government, comprehending mainly their domestic +interests. + + For the administration of their federal branch, they agreed to +appoint, in conjunction, a distinct set of functionaries, +legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the manner settled in that +compact: while to each, severally, and of course, remained its +original right of appointing, each for itself, a separate set of +functionaries, legislative, executive, and judiciary, also, for +administering the domestic branch of their respective governments. + + These two sets of officers, each independent of the other, +constitute thus a _whole_ of government, for each State separately; +the powers ascribed to the one, as specifically made federal, +exercised over the whole, the residuary powers, retained to the +other, exercisable exclusively over its particular State, foreign +herein, each to the others, as they were before the original compact. + + To this construction of government and distribution of its +powers, the Commonwealth of Virginia does religiously and +affectionately adhere, opposing, with equal fidelity and firmness, +the usurpation of either set of functionaries on the rightful powers +of the other. + + But the federal branch has assumed in some cases, and claimed +in others, a right of enlarging its own powers by constructions, +inferences, and indefinite deductions from those directly given, +which this assembly does declare to be usurpations of the powers +retained to the independent branches, mere interpolations into the +compact, and direct infractions of it. + + They claim, for example, and have commenced the exercise of a +right to construct roads, open canals, and effect other internal +improvements within the territories and jurisdictions exclusively +belonging to the several States, which this assembly does declare has +not been given to that branch by the constitutional compact, but +remains to each State among its domestic and unalienated powers, +exercisable within itself and by its domestic authorities alone. + + This assembly does further disavow and declare to be most false +and unfounded, the doctrine that the compact, in authorizing its +federal branch to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises +to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general +welfare of the United States, has given them thereby a power to do +whatever _they_ may think, or pretend, would promote the general +welfare, which construction would make that, of itself, a complete +government, without limitation of powers; but that the plain sense +and obvious meaning were, that they might levy the taxes necessary to +provide for the general welfare, by the various acts of power therein +specified and delegated to them, and by no others. + + Nor is it admitted, as has been said, that the people of these +States, by not investing their federal branch with all the means of +bettering their condition, have denied to themselves any which may +effect that purpose; since, in the distribution of these means they +have given to that branch those which belong to its department, and +to the States have reserved separately the residue which belong to +them separately. And thus by the organization of the two branches +taken together, have completely secured the first object of human +association, the full improvement of their condition, and reserved to +themselves all the faculties of multiplying their own blessings. + + Whilst the General Assembly thus declares the rights retained +by the States, rights which they have never yielded, and which this +State will never voluntarily yield, they do not mean to raise the +banner of disaffection, or of separation from their sister States, +co-parties with themselves to this compact. They know and value too +highly the blessings of their Union as to foreign nations and +questions arising among themselves, to consider every infraction as +to be met by actual resistance. They respect too affectionately the +opinions of those possessing the same rights under the same +instrument, to make every difference of construction a ground of +immediate rupture. They would, indeed, consider such a rupture as +among the greatest calamities which could befall them; but not the +greatest. There is yet one greater, submission to a government of +unlimited powers. It is only when the hope of avoiding this shall +become absolutely desperate, that further forebearance could not be +indulged. Should a majority of the co-parties, therefore, contrary +to the expectation and hope of this assembly, prefer, at this time, +acquiescence in these assumptions of power by the federal member of +the government, we will be patient and suffer much, under the +confidence that time, ere it be too late, will prove to them also the +bitter consequences in which that usurpation will involve us all. In +the meanwhile, we will breast with them, rather than separate from +them, every misfortune, save that only of living under a government +of unlimited powers. We owe every other sacrifice to ourselves, to +our federal brethren, and to the world at large, to pursue with +temper and perseverance the great experiment which shall prove that +man is capable of living in society, governing itself by laws +self-imposed, and securing to its members the enjoyment of life, +liberty, property, and peace; and further to show, that even when the +government of its choice shall manifest a tendency to degeneracy, we +are not at once to despair but that the will and the watchfulness of +its sounder parts will reform its aberrations, recall it to original +and legitimate principles, and restrain it within the rightful limits +of self-government. And these are the objects of this Declaration +and Protest. + + Supposing then, that it might be for the good of the whole, as +some of its co-States seem to think, that the power of making roads +and canals should be added to those directly given to the federal +branch, as more likely to be systematically and beneficially +directed, than by the independent action of the several States, this +commonwealth, from respect to these opinions, and a desire of +conciliation with its co-States, will consent, in concurrence with +them, to make this addition, provided it be done regularly by an +amendment of the compact, in the way established by that instrument, +and provided also, it be sufficiently guarded against abuses, +compromises, and corrupt practices, not only of possible, but of +probable occurrence. + + And as a further pledge of the sincere and cordial attachment +of this commonwealth to the union of the whole, so far as has been +consented to by the compact called "The Constitution of the United +States of America," (constructed according to the plain and ordinary +meaning of its language, to the common intendment of the time, and of +those who framed it;) to give also to all parties and authorities, +time for reflection and for consideration, whether, under a temperate +view of the possible consequences, and especially of the constant +obstructions which an equivocal majority must ever expect to meet, +they will still prefer the assumption of this power rather than its +acceptance from the free will of their constituents; and to preserve +peace in the meanwhile, we proceed to make it the duty of our +citizens, until the legislature shall otherwise and ultimately +decide, to acquiesce under those acts of the federal branch of our +government which we have declared to be usurpations, and against +which, in point of right, we do protest as null and void, and never +to be quoted as precedents of right. + + We therefore do enact, and be it enacted by the General +Assembly of Virginia, that all citizens of this commonwealth, and +persons and authorities within the same, shall pay full obedience at +all times to the acts which may be passed by the Congress of the +United States, the object of which shall be the construction of post +roads, making canals of navigation, and maintaining the same in any +part of the United States, in like manner as if said acts were, +_totidem verbis_, passed by the legislature of this commonwealth. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pvt-prop.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pvt-prop.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..162d2053 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pvt-prop.txt @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +THE SANCTITY OF PRIVATE PROPERTY + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + + +No myth is more pervasive among the people of the United +States than that which claims that the American economic +system is based on the sanctity of private property. The +American people have been taught since the first grade in +their government schools that America is the bastion of +private property while the Soviet Union and China represent +the system of public ownership or control of property. + +Myths die hard. But it is important that they be exploded, no +matter how painful the result. Let us do so to this myth of +the American system of "private property" which grips the +minds of most Americans. + +The significance of the Declaration of Independence had +nothing to do with the military battles between the colonists +and the British forces. Instead, its importance lay in one of +the most dramatic and revolutionary declarations in the +history of man: that man's rights do not come from government +but instead come from God. With one fell swoop, and for the +first time in history, people unseated public officials as the +source of their rights and replaced them with the Creator! + +The result? With many exceptions (slavery being the worst), +the Americans implemented the freest society in history: no +income tax, welfare, social security, licensing, or virtually +any other law which took money from some, through the +political process, and gave it to others, or which regulated +peaceful human behavior. Why? Not because it would result in a +more prosperous society (which it did). But rather because +their lives, liberty, property, and conscience belonged to +God, and it was no business of Caesar how they exercised them +as long as they did not inflict violence or fraud on others. + +What about 20th century Americans? Maintaining the illusion +that they are continuing the vision and heritage of their +American ancestors, they have instead resorted to the age-old +idea that Caesar should be permitted to have ultimate control +over these fundamental rights. + +Two thousand years ago, the Prime Exemplar told us that we +were to render unto Caesar what was Caesar's and unto God what +is God's. But He did not tell us what belonged to Caesar and +what belonged to God. He left that up to us to figure out. +Let us see how Americans--both past and present--have made +this determination. Let's examine, for example, income and +the ability to earn income. + +The Americans who lived from 1787 to 1913 believed that the +fruits of their earnings belonged to God, not Caesar. From +the very beginning, they did not permit their public officials +to levy a tax on their income. When the politicians tried to +do so, the people sued. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of +the people, and against the government, and declared the +income tax in violation of the Constitution which the people +had adopted in 1787. + +Public officials complied with the ruling but immediately +began persuading the American people to alter their +Constitution to permit such a tax. The arguments which the +politicians used were evil and seductive. First, they argued +that only the rich would be taxed; the poor and middle class +need never be concerned. It was the perfect embodiment of +violations of God's commandments against covetousness, envy, +and stealing. The politicians also promised that the income +tax would never exceed a minute percentage. + +The American people fell for these evil, seductive, and false +promises and amended the Constitution to permit Caesar to do +what their ancestors had fought so hard to prevent Caesar from +doing: gaining control over their earnings. With the adoption +of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, the American people +rendered unto Caesar that which had previously been rendered +unto God: the fruits of their efforts. + +A second example: licensing of occupations, professions, and +businesses. By and large, the 19th century American rejected +licensure. So, American society throughout the 1800s was +highly unusual because, unlike all of the other societies in +history, a person did not have to seek permission from the +political authorities before he began pursuing a living. +Lawyers, doctors, hairdressers, blacksmiths, and so forth +learned their trade and went into business without asking +anyone's permission. But consumers, as the ultimate economic +sovereign, through their decisions to patronize a business or +not, made the final determination on whether a person would +continue in his line of work. + +The 20th century American, resorting to the Old World way of +thinking against which his ancestors had rebelled, rejected +this dramatically different way of life. He did not want to +have to make his own decisions on whether people were +competent or not. He also did not want unrestricted +competition in his own trade. So, he turned to Caesar and, +through licensure, rendered unto him the power to regulate the +ability to make a living. + +Is the real significance behind these two renderings-- +occupation and income--the economic consequences? No! The true +significance is that the American people, who are so ready to +worship God on Sunday, have chosen to reject Him the rest of +the week. They believe that God and government should be +partners with each other with respect to people's economic +activities, blocking out of their minds that, "Thou shalt have +no other gods before me." + +The essence of what the 20th century American has done, +despite the myths and illusions under which he chooses to +operate, can be summarized as follows: + + "God, we know that You created us. We also know + that our talents and abilities are gifts from You + which we utilize to earn our daily bread--our + property. We also know that our American ancestors + rendered these great gifts to You and would not + permit Caesar to interfere with them. + + "But times have changed, Lord. Those principles were fine + for the simple times of the 1800s but they just don't + apply to the more complex way of life in the 20th + century. So, we're placing Caesar--the organized means of + coercion and compulsion--in partnership with You. + + "Oh mighty Caesar, we render unto you control of our + talents and abilities and the fruits of our efforts. + We know that you did not give us these but nevertheless + we are placing them under your dominion and control. + Take care of us, mighty Caesar. Decide for us what + line of endeavor is most suitable for each of us. + Determine how much of our earnings we shall be permitted + to keep and how much you need to retain. Provide us our + security--our daily bread--in times of need because our + other God sometimes doesn't do a perfect job in this + regard. We trust you, mighty Caesar, with our lives, + our liberties, our properties, and our consciences. You + shall henceforth be partners with our other God, the God + of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. We love you. We adore you. + We worship you. We give you thanks. We are here to serve + you." + +Since ancient times, political rulers have hated the existence +of God. Why? Because they know that our's is a jealous God. He +demands absolute and total allegiance. Our God does not accept +partners! Therefore, political rulers, who invariably also +desire to be worshipped, bear terrible resentment against such +competition. + +In ancient Rome, the Caesars developed an interesting method +to circumvent this dilemma. They allowed people to engage in +different religions but only on the condition that permission +was given by the State. Most people sought and were given such +permission. So, although people were worshipping another +deity, Caesar did not mind because by permitting them to do +so, Caesar remained the ultimate sovereign. + +However, one group of God's worshippers saw through this scam: +the Christians. Refusing to take any act which placed Caesar +above God, they chose not to seek Caesar's permission to +worship Him. And the price they paid? Their lives. + +Thank God our American ancestors secured the passage of the +First Amendment which prohibits Caesar from gaining control +over our churches. If only we 20th century Americans had the +same strength of conviction with respect to our lives and +earnings. If only we would truly sanctify private property +rather than just giving it lip service. If only we would +render our lives and property back to God instead of Caesar. +If only we would place God as sovereign over all of our life +rather than just a small part of it. + +Myths die hard but if we fail to kill them, we shall continue +to reap what we sow. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the August 1990 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/pvtprop2.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/pvtprop2.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce873635 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/pvtprop2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +THE SANCTITY OF PRIVATE PROPERTY--PART 2 + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + +The last thing which Americans of today wish to face is that +they have abandoned the principles of private property on +which the United States were founded. In last August's Freedom +Daily, I pointed to two examples of where the American people +have permitted their public officials to assume absolute and +total control over private property: income taxation and +licensing of occupations. Let us examine two additional +examples to assist us in destroying the myth of the sanctity +of private property in 20th-century America: international +trade and the oil business. + +One of the favorite pastimes of Americans is to look down +their noses at the socialist systems which are now crumbling +all over the world. Americans honestly believe that the +American system of "free enterprise" has prevailed in the +battle of "capitalism" vs. socialism; and they believe that +the world should now simply copy the "private property" system +of the American people. + +But what is it about the socialist countries which Americans +find so objectionable? After all, the socialist nations embody +much of that which Americans would never consider abandoning +in the U.S.: free housing and medical care for the poor, the +prohibition of private citizens from gaining significantly +high amounts of wealth, free schooling for all children, and +inexpensive food for everyone. + +But one of the most significant characteristics of the +socialist systems is government control over a citizen's +ability to sell goods and services to people in other parts of +the world. In other words, the essence of the socialist +societies in regard to international trade is that the +government reigns supreme over the individual and his +property; that is, all property in the nation, even when legal +title is nominally held in the name of private citizens, is +either owned or controlled by the political authorities. + +One of the best examples of this lies ninety miles away from +American shores. In Cuba, a nation guided by the principles of +free public housing, free medical care, free public schooling, +and inexpensive food for the populace, people are not +permitted to sell goods and services to others around the +world without the permission of their government officials. +The government takes the position that all property ultimately +belongs to "the people" and, therefore, subject to political +control. + +Americans rightfully object to the Cuban way of life. But they +have a terrible time recognizing that these same principles +are found in 20th-century America. Like his Cuban counterpart, +no American is free to sell, without the permission of his +public officials, what supposedly belongs to him to people +around the world. If an American, for example, decides to sell +a quantity of wheat or penicillin +to the Cuban people, he is prohibited from doing so by his own +politicians and bureaucrats. In fact, if an American even +travels to Cuba without permission of his public officials, he +is incarcerated and fined. This was exemplified last year when +an American fisherman was actually sent to jail by American +authorities for organizing a fishing trip to Cuba. + +Now, the American government officials justify this +prohibition on the basis of the Cuban ruler, Fidel Castro, +being a bad communist (as compared to the apparently "good" +communists of Red China with whom Americans are permitted to +trade). But the problem lies not with the American +government's determination of who are good communists and who +are bad ones. The problem lies in the American people +permitting their politicians and bureaucrats to assume and +exercise the same power over their lives and property as that +found in such nations as Cuba and China. + +And despite the fact that the American government maintains +ultimate control over the buying and selling decisions of the +American people, Americans continue to believe that when +American government officials have this control, it is a +private property system; and that only when Cuban, Chinese, or +Soviet government officials have it, is it considered a +socialist system. + +What would be a true private property system? One in which the +individual is free to buy and sell goods and services anywhere +in the world without the interference of his public officials. +And it would be a way of life in which people were trading not +because the politicians and bureaucrats permitted them to do +so but rather because they have the absolute right to sell +whatever belongs to them to anyone anywhere in the world. + +A second example of this myth of private property in America: +oil and gas. Despite their commitment to "free enterprise" and +"private property," the American people believe that whenever +a person owns what other Americans need, the politicians and +bureaucrats must take control over it and redistribute it to +the needy. + +The best illustration of this tendency toward the socialist +principle of public ownership or control over the means of +production concerns oil and gas. Whenever the owner of oil or +gas decides to sell his product at a higher price than that +which American consumers decide is "reasonable," the +politicians and bureaucrats, as a result of political pressure +from the American people, threaten not only to prohibit him, +through price controls, from doing so, but also to take away, +through a windfall profits tax, whatever "unjust" profits the +producer has made. In other words, while proclaiming the +superiority of the American "free enterprise" system over +socialist systems in which governments maintain extensive +controls over prices and profits, the American people approve +of these same socialist principles in their own nation. But, +of course, they do so under the rubric of the American +"private property" system rather than under the American +"socialist" system. + +One of the ironies is that during depressed economic +conditions, when some oil companies go broke or bankrupt, the +American people take the attitude of, "That's their problem. +They chose to go into the oil business, and they can't cry +when it fails to pan out." But when conditions change, and +demand for the product suddenly increases, Americans take the +same attitude as their counterparts in China, the Soviet +Union, and Cuba: "It's not fair for others to have more when I +have less. I need the oil and gas. He's gouging me. I am +'forced' to pay these high prices. Take his product and his +income away from him and give it to me." + +And another irony is that when price controls are instituted, +the problems which arise from those controls are never blamed +on the controls themselves. Instead, just like in other +socialist countries, the problems are always blamed on others, +usually "the evil, greedy, profit-seeking, bourgeoisie swine +of a capitalist pig." + +The best example of this was the price controls imposed on the +oil industry by the American government in the 1970s. What was +the result of those controls? The same result found in the +Soviet Union, China, and Cuba when price controls are imposed +there: shortages and long lines. But did the American people +blame them on the political controls themselves? Of course +not. That would have been considered unpatriotic. So, the +shortages and long lines were blamed on American oil- +producers. And how do Americans explain the fact that no +shortages and long lines have developed as a result of the +recent Middle East crisis? They are unable to do so because +they have no idea only political control over prices, and not +private owners and producers of oil and gas, create shortages +and long lines. + +The major disaster of price controls and windfall profits, of +course, is the abandonment of the sanctity of private +property. But the secondary disaster is that the economic +situation always becomes worse as a result of the political +intervention. People do not realize that prices are simply the +market's method of providing signals in the same way that a +thermometer uses temperature to provide signals. High prices +are simply the market's way of telling people to produce more +and consume less. But rather than permit the signals to guide +the actions of producers and consumers, the American people +pressure their rulers to break the thermometer. Rather than +cope with the bad news which the messenger has brought, people +instead choose to kill him. And the inevitable result is just +like that found in socialist countries everywhere: shortages, +long lines, and general market chaos. + +What Americans of today recognize so well with respect to +other nations, but unfortunately refuse to see in their own +country, is that people can never be free whenever public +officials maintain ultimate control over the disposition of +their property. Like their counterparts in countries all over +the world, unfortunately Americans have a terribly difficult +time "letting go" of the apparent security of political +control over the means of production. Proclaiming the virtues +of freedom and private property for people in other parts of +the world, Americans are terribly fearful of trying it for +themselves. And it is this paralyzing fear of freedom that +causes Americans to continue their deep emotional and +psychological commitment to the 20th-century myth of American +"free enterprise" and "private property." + +When will private property truly be sanctified not only in the +U.S. but in other nations as well? Only when the time comes +when people stop believing that they have a right to take away +what belongs to someone else. There are fewer more destructive +forces than the belief that it is acceptable to covet and +steal what belongs to another as long as it is done through +the political process. Whether it involves a person's income, +his occupational pursuits, his goods and services, or his +trading decisions, the succumbing to the urge to take from +those who have more will always result in the impoverishment +or destruction of the people of a nation regardless of whether +they are Romans, British, Soviet, Chinese, Cubans, and, yes, +even Americans. As our American ancestors understood so well, +only those nations which have a political system which +protects free economic activity are those nations in which the +citizenry are blessed with peace, prosperity, and harmony. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the January 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/quayle.doc b/textfiles.com/politics/quayle.doc new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1502c4dc --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/quayle.doc @@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ + "I AM THE FUTURE" + THE J. DANFORTH QUAYLE PRIMER + + +1988 + +AUG. 17 - In addressing a California delegation Quayle remarks "The real +question for 1988 is whether we're going to go forward to tomorrow or past to +the--to the back!" + +AUG. 17 - Quayle justifies decision to join National Guard "I did not know in +1969 that I would be in this room today." + +AUG. 19 - A reporter is booed by Quayle's hometown crowd for having the +audacity to ask him about the hypocrisy of his loud support of Vietnam War +and subsequent draft avoidance. + +AUG. 19 - Quayle justifies decision to ask parents to get him into National +Guard "I do--I do--I do--I do what any normal person would do at that age. +You call home. You call home to mother and father and say, 'I'd like to get +in the National Guard.'" + +AUG. 22 - Bush defends Quayle by saying, "He did not go to Canada, he did not +burn his draft card, and he damn sure didn't burn the American flag!" + +AUG. 23 - James Quayle says his son "doesn't have the greatest smarts in the +world." + +AUG. 23 - Quayle denies involvement with Paula Parkinson saying "I hope +there's some respect and dignity for things I did not do." + +AUG. 25 - Quayle says his work on Senate Armed Services Committee involved +getting cruise missiles "more accurate so that we can have precise +precision." + +AUG. 27 - Quayle extols virtues of family "I've been very blessed with +wonderful parents and a wonderful family, and I am proud of my family. +Anybody turns to their family. I have a very good family. I'm fortunate to +have a very good family. I believe very strongly in the family. It's one of +the things we have in our platform, is to talk about it." + +SEP. 8 - Quayle cites Tom Clancy novel as justification for building anti- +satellite weapon. + +SEP. 8 - Quayle says Republicans "understand the importance of bondage +between parent and child." + +SEP. 8 - Marilyn Quayle claims her husband "really is the studious sort" who +"tries to read Plato's 'Republic' every year." + +SEP. 13 - Quayle demonstrates his sophisticated wit remarking "Want to hear +a sad story about the Dukakis campaign? The governor of Massachusetts, he +lost his top naval advisor last week. His rubber ducky drowned in the bath +tub." + +SEP. 15 - Quayle calls the Holocaust "an obscene period in our nations's +history. + +SEP. 15 - Quayle claims "I didn't live in this century." + +SEP. 21 - Quayle makes the redundant campaign promise "We're going to have +the best-educated American people in the world." + +SEP. 21 - Marilyn Quayle says what attracted her to her husband was his +"intellectual curiosity." + +SEP. 29 - Quayle says the book "Nicholas and Alexandra' "shows how people +that are really very weird can get into sensitive positions and have a +tremendous impact on history." + +OCT. 5 - Quayle asks Ailes's permission regarding debate gesture "Hey, Roger, +does...on, on this, you know, if I'm gonna, if I, if I decide on my gesture +over there...is that all right?...You don't mind?" + +OCT. 5 - Quayle tells debate audience he would never have "another Jimmy +Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy +Carter grain embargo." + +OCT. 5 - At the same debate Quayle remarks that proof of his commitment to +the environment is "I take my children hiking and fishing, walking in the +woods." + +OCT. 6 - Quayle explains inability at debate to say what he'd do if he +suddenly became president by saying "I had not had that question before." + +OCT. 9 - Quayle explains why questions about his parent's ties to John Birch +Society aren't relevant by declaring "Because I say it isn't." + +OCT. 10 - Quayle insists he really does know what to do if he becomes +president "Certainly I know what to do, and when I am vice-president--and I +will be--there will be contingency plans under different situations. And I'll +tell you what--I'm not going to go out and have a news conference about it, +I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does that answer the +question?" + +OCT. 10 - Quayle tells debate audience his "commitment to the poor" once led +him to visit people at a food bank who were "so glad that I took time out of +my schedule" that they didn't ask him about his votes against programs that +would have helped them. + +OCT. 18 - Quayle tells eleven-year-old girl he'd want her to have a baby if +she was raped by her father "You're a very strong woman... Though this would +be a traumatic experience that you would never forget, I think that you would +be very successful in life." + +OCT. 20 - Quayle explains why he calls rural America 'real America' "It's +rural America. It's where I come from. We always refer to ourselves as real +American. Rural America, real America, real, real America." + +NOV. 6 - Quayle ruminates about upcoming Thanksgiving holiday "I suppose +three important things certainly come to my mind that we want to say thank +you. The first would be our family. Your family, my family--which is +composed of an immediate family of a wife and three children, a larger family +with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all have our family, whichever +that may be." + +NOV. 8 - Quayle elected Vice-President. + +NOV. 21 - Nixon meets Quayle, says he's not "an intellectual midget. + +NOV. 30 - Quayle says campaign taught him to talk less: "Verbosity leads to +unclear, inarticulate things." + +DEC. 26 - Bush embarks on annual quail-hunting trip, says, "I don't think I +could shoot a deer. Quail--that's something else again." + + +1989 + +JAN. 20 - Quayle takes oath of office and leaves out a line. Marilyn's hat, +which resembles dogfood dish, blows off. + +JAN. 31 - Quayle says U.S. "condones violence in El Salvador." + +FEB. 3 - Quayle says U.S. expects Salvadoran officials "to work toward the +elimination of human rights." + +MAR. 2 - With the GOP National Committee having censured views of Louisiana +state legislator David Duke, Quayle commends party for its "censorship" of +Duke. + +MAR. 13 - Quayle gloats that he now has the upper hand over political +enemies: "I'm the Vice-President. They know it, and they know that I know +it." + +MAR. 16 - Quayle says 'The Satanic Verses' is "obviously not only offensive +but, I think most of us would say, in bad taste," though he hasn't read it. + +MAR. 31 - Bush establishes President's Council on Competitiveness, agency +dedicated to furtive undoing of environmental and safety regulations that +business finds onerous. Names Quayle chairman. + +APR. 5 - USA TODAY reports Quayle's praise of pastime popular with boss: +"Great American sport. Horseshoes is a very great game. I love it." + +APR. 24 - Quayle visits Chicago school, exhorts students: "We will move +forward, we will move upward, and yes, we will move onward." + +APR. 25 - Quayle visits Hawaii: "Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role +in the Pacific. It is in the Pacific. It is part of the United States that +is an island that is right here." Travels to American Samoa, tells natives, +"You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy campers +you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you will always +be." Calls Pago Pago "Pogo Pogo." + +MAY 1 - Marilyn Quayle announces her pet project: disasters. + +MAY 2 - Quayle plays too long at a Singapore golf course, arrives late for +meeting with prime minister. Aide tells reporter, "You can tell from the way +he plays golf that he's a natural leader." + +MAY 4 - Quayle laments, "Every once in a while, you let a word or phrase out +and you want to catch it and bring it back. You can't do that. It's gone, +gone forever." + +MAY 9 - Quayle addresses United Negro College Fund luncheon, attempts to +quote slogan 'A mind is a terrible thing to waste.' Says, "What a waste it +is to lose one's mind, or, not to have a mind is being very wasteful. How +true that is." + +MAY 19 - Quayle declares, "This administration stands for the future. It +also stands for what's good about this country." + +MAY 22 - Quayle declares, "I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward +more freedom and democracy--but that could change." + +JUN. 13 - Quayle poses in El Salvador with grenade launcher aimed, unbeknown +to him, at his own elbow. + +JUL. 15 - Quayle notes upcoming twentieth anniversary of moonwalk, refers to +astronaut Buzz Aldrin as "Buzz Lukens." (Lukens is an Ohio congressman +recently given thirty days in jail for having sex with a sixteen-year-old +girl.) + +JUL. 20 - Quayle addresses twentieth anniversary celebration of moon landing: +"Welcome to President Bush, Mrs. Bush, and my fellow astronauts." + +AUG. 11 - Quayle explains why he favors sending men to Mars: "Mars is +essentially in the same orbit. Mars is somewhat the same distance from the +sun, which is very important, We have seen pictures where there are canals, +we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If +oxygen, that means we can breathe." Spokesman David Beckwith rushes forth, +assures public that Quayle "obviously knows there's no water flowing in the +canals now." + +AUG. 17 - Quayle tells Sam Donaldson, "I stand by all the misstatements that +I've made." + +OCT. 2 - Quayle declares, "Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the +United States of the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, +two countries. That's a statement in and of itself." + +OCT. 19 - Quayle inspects quake-ravaged San Francisco. Calls it "a +heartrendering sight." Adds, "The loss of life will be irreplaceable." + +DEC. 1 - With Bush en route to Malta summit during Philippines crisis, White +House aide alerts media that Quayle, staying very, very late in situation +room, "ran effective meetings" and "asked the right questions." + +DEC. 6 - Quayle says, "One word sums up probably the responsibility of any +vice-president, and that one word is 'to be prepared.'" + +DEC. 21 - Media reports that the Quayles sent out thirty thousand Christmas +cards with misspelled message: "May our nation continue to be the beakon of +hope to the world." Quayle gives Bush toilet-paper holder that plays "Hail +to the Chief" when paper is unrolled. + +DEC. 30 - Quayle says he spends "a great deal of time" with Bush, and is "not +as they say, a potted plant in these meetings." + + +1990 + +MAR. 11 - Quayle stops at Chilean costal village, buys South American Indian +doll with enormous erection. Tells Marilyn, "This is something teenage boys +might find of interest." + +MAR. 19 - Quayle boasts that he knows Latin American leaders "by their first +names." + +MAR. 23 - Quayle declares, "If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of +failure." + +APR. 5 - Michael Jackson drops by Quayle's office. Aide says they "hit it off +famously." + +MAY 1 - Quayle warns of danger of asteroids crashing into our planet: "Those +same asteroids which promise material riches can be a threat as well." + +SEP. 5 - Quayle delivers morale-boosting speech to NASA employees, declares, +"For NASA, space is still a high priority." + +SEP. 18 - Quayle delivers speech on education: "Quite frankly, teachers are +the only profession that teach our children." + +SEP. 22 - Quayle says of Mideast situation, "We are ready for any unforeseen +even that may or may not occur." + +SEP. 26 - Quayle announces support for efforts "to limit the terms of members +of Congress, especially members of the House and members of the Senate." + +OCT. 2 - Quayle explains that there is no parallel between Vietnam and the +Middle East because "Vietnam is a jungle, You had jungle warfare. Kuwait, +Iraq, you have sand." Says there's no need to worry about a protracted war +because "from a historical basis, Middle East conflicts do not last a long +time." + +OCT. 9 - Quayle visits elementary school, assures four-year-old girl that he +has access to Bush: "I work with the President almost on a daily basis. I +was with him until 6:30 last night. I'll be with him Thursday morning. We +talk every day." + +OCT. 12 - Quayle comments on David Duke's prospects in Louisiana senate race: +"Unfortunately, the people of Louisiana are not racists." + +NOV. 5 - Quayle plays self on episode of 'Major Dad.' + +DEC. 28 - Quayle golfs at all-white country club in Pebble Beach, claims to +have been unaware of discrimination though club dropped out of PGA tour +rather than accept minority members. Says Chief of Staff Bill Kristol, +"Well, it proves he's not spending time reading the golf pages." + + +1991 + +APR. 11 - Quayle hails U.S. triumph in Gulf as "a stirring victory for the +forces of aggression." + +JUL. 12 - Bush attacks senators backing off from supporting Robert Gates for +CIA chief: "You hear a rumor and then you run for cover. You get under the +bush like a quail and hope that you don't get flushed out for a while." + +AUG. 13 - Lawyer Quayle tells American Bar Association that U.S. has too many +lawyers. + +OCT. 8 - Quayle attempts to woo pro-choice GOP voters, offers image of party +as "a big tent." Later explains that "the big tent is a pro-life big tent." + +NOV. 15 - Quayle tells Christian group about need for abstinence to avoid +AIDS: "My friends, no matter how rough the road may be, we can and we will +never surrender to what is right." + +DEC. 6 - Quayle says of John Sununu's departure from White House, "This isn't +a man who is leaving with his head between his legs." + +DEC. 27 - Bush hunting party kills twenty-nine quail. + + +1992 + +JAN. 8 - Bush, in Tokyo, vomits in lap of Japanese prime minister, collapses +to floor, Quayle, asked about his fitness to take over presidency, declares, +"I'm ready." + +JAN. 17 - Quayle spots Now Hiring sign in window of Burger King, cites it as +proof that economy is "beginning to turn around." Fact that available jobs +are part-time at minimum wage ($4.25 per hour) doesn't deter his optimism. + +FEB. 23 - Quayle denies that Willie Horton ad was example of negative +advertising, denies that he joined National Guard "to avoid going to +Vietnam," and denies that Bush broke his read-my-lips-no-new-taxes campaign +promise by signing tax hike in 1990. + +APR. 20 - 'People' reports that Quayle's office turned down National Kidney +Foundation request for contribution of doodle for charity auction, sent +autographed photo with note explaining that "due to his hectic schedule the +Vice-President cannot afford you a doodle." Later the same day Quayle blows +whistle at White House Easter-egg roll. + +APR. 30 - Quayle visits New York hospital, asks administrators if AIDS +patients are "taking DDT." + +MAY 19 - Quayle cites 'Murphy Brown's' "mocking the importance of fathers" as +example of bad Hollywood values that resulted in L.A. riots. + +MAY 20 - Quayle tours South-Central L.A. defends attack on 'Murphy Brown:' +"Illegitimacy is something that we should talk about in terms of not having." +Student says of his visit, "He's not, like, smart. I'm not trying to bag on +him or anything, but he has the same mentality I have--and I'm in the eighth +grade." + +JUN. 9 - Quayle brags he wears scorn of the "cultural elite" as "badge of +honor." + +JUN. 10 - Quayle brags he knows "exactly who the cultural elite, the media +elite, and the Hollywood elite are." Declines to name names. + +JUN. 15 - Quayle urges an elementary school student to misspell the word +"potato." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/quayle.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/quayle.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..72e6da6a --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/quayle.txt @@ -0,0 +1,471 @@ +From: goldsman@CC.GATECH.EDU (Mike Goldsman) +Subject: Quote List *** New and Improved *** +Date: 25 May 92 18:42:14 GMT + + +Due to the recent flurry of activity in our favorite arena, we +have all been supplied with new fodder for our jokes... + +Here goes... The new stuff is at the bottom. + +I have decided that these quotes lose a lot when you can't hear and +see them on videotape. During Prime Time Live last thurday +yesterday, they showed a bunch of these. + +For example, + +"Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN +the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that +is right here." + +(one of my favorites) becomes funnier 100x over when you can +see Danny struggling to turn what started as a nonsensical comment +into anything other than a nonsensical comment, failing miserably in +the attempt, and then looking ill after he has realized how he sounded. + +Remember, I'm always looking for more! + +-Mike + +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes Last updated May 25, 1992 +============================================================================ +Thanks to: + James Allenspach jima@buhub.bradley.edu + Ken Tubman dprkmt@arco.com + David K. Poulsen poulsen@csrd.uiuc.edu + Subodh Bapat mailrus!uflorida!rm1!bapat@uunet.uu.net + Tim Dodge dodgeT%moravian.edu@relay.cs.net + David Ruderman ruderman@sbcs.sunysb.edu + Ron Dippold rdippold@drzeus.qualcomm.com + Tim Antonsen antonsen@hpcndaw.CND.HP.COM + Dave Goldsman sman@zomboy.isye.gatech.edu + JV Heiskanen jvh@mits.mdata.fi + Matt Thomas tbirds@atlas.unm.edu + Matthew Wall wall@cc.swarthmore.edu + Stephen C. Miller stcmille@copper.ucs.indiana.edu + Yngve Raustein raustein@athena.mit.edu + Forrest Cahoon cahoon@cs.umn.edu + Jeff Frane gummitch@techbook.com + Michael L. Cole mlcole@nevada.edu + Lisa Henn lisa@boa.cis.ohio-state.edu + Eric McCaughrin mccaughe@cad.berkeley.edu + Daniel Ashlock Danwell@iastate.edu + Al Clark clark@netcom.com + Phil Corless apucorle@idbsu.idbsu.edu + Deb Whiteney dwhitney@hamp.hampshire.edu + dstephen@cmsa.gmr.com + +and me + + Mike Goldsman goldsman@cc.prism.gatech.edu + +Please send me any additions/correction to me... + +============================================================================ +Bobby Knight told me this: 'There is nothing that a good defense +cannot beat a better offense.' In other words a good offense wins. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle comparing the + offensive capabilities of the Warsaw Pact + with the defensive system of NATO + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Mars is essentially in the same orbit... somewhat the same distance from the +Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, +we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If +oxygen, that means we can breathe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN +the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that +is right here. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, + Hawaii, September 1989 + +What a terrible thing to have lost one's mind. Or not to have a mind +at all. How true that is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle winning friends while + speaking to the United Negro College Fund + +You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy +campers you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you +will always be. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the American Samoans, + whose capital Quayle pronounces "Pogo Pogo" + +Quayle stumbled in response to a question about his opinion of the +Holocaust. He said it was "an obscene period in our nation's history." +Then, trying to clarify his remark, Quayle said he meant "this century's +history" and added a confusing comment. "We all lived in this century, +I didn't live in this century," he said. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We expect them [Salvadoran officials] to work toward the elimination +of human rights. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +El Salvador is a democracy so it's not surprising that there are many voices +to be heard here. Yet in my conversations with Salvadorans... I have heard a +single voice. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and +democracy - but that could change. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, +and that one word is 'to be prepared'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the Phoenix Republican + Forum, March 1990 + +It's rural America. It's where I came from. We always refer to ourselves +as real America. Rural America, real America, real, real, America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Target prices? How that works? I know quite a bit about farm policy. +I come from Indiana, which is a farm state. Deficiency payments - +which are the key - that is what gets money into the farmer's hands. +We got loan, uh, rates, we got target, uh, prices, uh, I have worked +very closely with my senior colleague, (Indiana Sen.) Richard Lugar, +making sure that the farmers of Indiana are taken care of. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle on being asked to + define the term "target prices." + Quayle's press secretary then cut short the press + conference, after two minutes and 30 seconds. + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I not going to focus on what I have done in the past +what I stand for, what I articulate to the American people. +The American people will judge me on what I am saying and what I +have done in the last 12 years in the Congress. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I want to be Robin to Bush's Batman. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We should develop anti-satellite weapons because we could not have prevailed +without them in 'Red Storm Rising'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The US has a vital interest in that area of the country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle Referring to Latin America. + +Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the United States of +the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, +two countries. That's a statement in and of itself. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Who would have predicted... that Dubcek, who brought the tanks in in +Czechoslovakia in 1968 is now being proclaimed a hero in Czechoslovakia. +Unbelievable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + Actually, Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Spring. + +May our nation continue to be the beakon of hope to the world. + -- The Quayle's 1989 Christmas card. + [Not a beacon of literacy, though.] + +Well, it looks as if the top part fell on the bottom part. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to + the collapsed section of the 880 freeway after + the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. + [this may be a joke; the source is unclear. + but it's still funny] + +getting [cruise missles] more accurate so that we can have precise precision. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to his legislative + work dealing with cruise missles + +I can identify with steelworkers. I can identify with workers that +have had a difficult time. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing workers at + an Ohio steel plant,1988 + +[I will never have] another Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, +Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy Carter grain embargo. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the Benson debate + +Certainly, I know what to do, and when I am Vice President -- and +I will be -- there will be contingency plans under different sets of +situations and I tell you what, I'm not going to go out and hold a news +conference about it. I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does +that answer your question? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle when asked what he + would do if he assumed the Presidency,1988 + +Lookit, I've done it their way this far and now it's my turn. I'm +my own handler. Any questions? Ask me ... There's not going to be any more +handler stories because I'm the handler ... I'm Doctor Spin. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to press reports + his aides having to, in effect, "potty train" him. + +I would guess that there's adequate low-income housing in this +country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The real question for 1988 is whether we're going to go forward to +tomorrow or past to the -- to the back! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We will invest in our people, quality education, job opportunity, +family, neighborhood, and yes, a thing we call America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We'll let the sunshine in and shine on us, because today we're +happy and tomorrow we'll be even happier. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We're going to have the best-educated American people in the +world. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +This election is about who's going to be the next President of the +United States! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + Don't forget about the importance of the family. It begins with +the family. We're not going to redefine the family. Everybody knows the +definition of the family. [Meaningful pause] A child. [Meaningful pause] A +mother. [Meaningful pause] A father. There are other arrangements of the +family, but that is a family and family values. + I've been very blessed with wonderful parents and a wonderful +family, and I am proud of my family. Anybody turns to their family. I have +a very good family. I'm very fortunate to have a very good family. I +believe very strongly in the family. It's one of the things we have in +our platform, is to talk about it. + I suppose three important things certainly come to my mind that we +want to say thank you. The first would be our family. Your family, my +family -- which is composed of an immediate family of a wife and three +children, a larger family with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all +have our family, whichever that may be ... The very beginnings of +civilization, the very beginnings of this country, goes back to the family. +And time and time again, I'm often reminded, especially in this +Presidential campaign, of the importance of a family, and what a family +means to this country. And so when you pay thanks I suppose the first thing +that would come to mind would be to thank the Lord for the family. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +No, I had no problem communicating with Latin American heads of state - +though now I do wish I had paid more attention to Latin when I was in +high school. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +...Buzz Lukens took that fateful step... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle confusing the sexual + assaulter/congressman with Astronaut Buzz Aldren. + +Ok, I won't open it until then + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after having been + presented with an empty box that was to contain + a gift from a sailing team in South America. + He was told that the gift was not ready yet, + but that it would be presented to him when they + arrived in the United States. + +During the White House Easter Egg Roll of 1991, Quayle signed autographs +using only his finger. He had prepared pre-signed cards which his aides +handed out while he made signing gestures. This allowed him +to move briskly and efficiently through the crowd, said his spokesman. + +Dan Quale, in April 1991, was concerned that his advisors +may be getting out of touch with "Real Americans." In order +to combat this, he suggested that they read People magazine. + +People that are really very wierd can get into sensative positions +and have a tremendous impact on history. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I stand by all the misstatements that I've made. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I'm going to be a vice president very much like George Bush was. +He proved to be a very effective vice president, perhaps the most effective +we've had in a couple of hundred years. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The loss of life will be irreplaceable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + after the San Francisco earthquake + +I have made good judgements in the Past. +I have made good judgements in the Future. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Let me tell you something. As we were walking around in the store, Marilyn +and I were just really impressed by all the novelties and the different types +of little things that you could get for Christmas. And all the people that +would help you, they were dressed up in things that said 'I believe in Santa +Claus.' And the only thing that I could think is that I believe in +George Bush. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle at a garden center and + produce store in Baltimore (from the Los Angeles Times, + Douglas Jehl, November 6, 1988) + + + +It's a very valuable function and requirement that you're performing, +so have a great day and keep a stiff upper lip. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +The President is going to benefit from me reporting directly to him +when I arrive. + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the +impurities in our air and water that are doing it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +We have a firm commitment to NATO, we are a *part* of NATO. We +have a firm commitment to Europe. We are a *part* of Europe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I would not have married Dan Quayle had I not thought he was an equal to me. + -- Marilyn Quayle + + +I could take this home, Marilyn. This is something teenage boys might find of +interest. + --Vice President Dan Quayle, when purchasing a South + African Indian Doll that, when lifted, dislpays an erection. + +When you make as many speeches and you talk as much as I do and you get away +from the text, it's always a possibility to get a few words tangled here and +there + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (LA Herald Examiner 10/3/88) + +Public Speaking is very easy. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to reporters in 10/88 + +I happen to be a Republican president- ah, the vice president. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (Newsweek 4/9/90) + +I've never professed to be anything but an average student. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the + VP debate in Omaha, Nebraska (10/88) + +The other day [the President] said, I know you've had some rough times, and I +want to do something that will show the nation what faith that I have in you, +in your maturity and sense of responsibility. (He paused, then said) Would you +like a puppy? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (LA Times 5/21/89) + +In George Bush you get experience, and with me you get- The Future! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in eastern Illinois + (LA Times 10/19/88) + +I've been told to keep my remarks relatively brief. I understand Quayle-hunting +season begins at noon. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to a crowd in Eau Claire, Wisc. + (LA Times 10/16/88) + +The destruction, it is just very heart-rendering. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle attempting to say the + SF earthquake wreckage was heart-rending + (Newsweek 10/30/89) + +I spend a great deal of time with the President. We have a very +close, personal,loyal relationship. I'm not, as they say, a potted +plant in these meetings. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (Tampa Tribune-Times 1/7/90) + +When I talked to him on the phone yetserday. I called him George rather than +Mr. Vice President. But, in public, it's Mr. Vice President, because that is +who he is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle shortly after being named + Geo. Bush's running mate (8/28/88 the NY Times). + + + +I'm glad you asked me that. This gives me the perfect +opportunity to talk about the problems with this Congress... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to reporter's + questions about his use of Air force 2 to + go on golf trips at the cost of $26,000/hour + +I love California, I practically grew up in Pheonix + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +My friends, no matter how rough the road may be, we can and we will, +never, never surrender to what is right + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, in a speech + to the Christian Coalition + +Maybe you guys will get lucky this year and face the Orioles in the +World Series + -- Vice President Dan Quayle encouraging the Milwaukee + Brewers after throwing out the opening pitch of the + season. (5/3/92 Sunday Detroit News) + +Do you treat them with DDT? + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle asking doctors at an + AIDS clinic about their treatments of choice. + (Reported on Paul Harvey) + +The cause of the riots were the rioters + -- Vice President Dan Quayle giving an intelligent + analysis of the LA riots. + +It's immoral to parent irresponsibly... And it doesn't help +matters any when prime time tv, like "Murphy Brown", a character +who is supposed to represent a successful career woman of today, +mocks the importance of the father by bearing a child alone, +and calling it just another "lifestyle choice." Marriage is +probably the best anti-poverty program there is... +Even though our cultural leaders in Hollywood, network TV, the +national newspapers routinely jeer at [such values] I think most of +us in this room know that some things are good, and other things are wrong. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing the + Commonwealth Club of San Francisco and criticizing + Murphy Brown's decision to NOT have an abortion + and to be a single (highly successful) mother. + When told about Quayle's comments, a senior + Bush campaign official replied only "Oh, dear." + + +I think especially in her position, a highly successful professional +woman, it would be a real exception to have an unwed child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to The Chron's Jerry Roberts. + +I don't watch it, but I know enough to comment on it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending his opinions about + the TV show "Murphy Borwn" [Las Vegas RJ 21 May 92] + +The intergenerational poverty that troubles us so much today is +predominantly a poverty of values. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Illegitimacy is something we should talk about in terms of +not having it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/quayleq.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/quayleq.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5d7cea2b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/quayleq.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +A list of Quayle quotes. +========================================================================= + + Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better + prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place + to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to + defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country + will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Mars is essentially in the same orbit... somewhat the same distance from the + Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, + we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If + oxygen, that means we can breathe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN + the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that + is right here. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, + Hawaii, September 1989 + + What a terrible thing to have lost one's mind. Or not to have a mind + at all. How true that is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle winning friends while + speaking to the United Negro College Fund + + You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy + campers you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you + will always be. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the American Samoans, + whose capital Quayle pronounces "Pogo Pogo" + + Quayle stumbled in response to a question about his opinion of the + Holocaust. He said it was "an obscene period in our nation's history." + Then, trying to clarify his remark, Quayle said he meant "this century's + history" and added a confusing comment. "We all lived in this century, + I didn't live in this century," he said. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + We expect them Salvadoran officials to work toward the elimination + of human rights. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + El Salvador is a democracy so it's not surprising that there are many voices + to be heard here. Yet in my conversations with Salvadorans... I have heard a + single voice. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and + democracy - but that could change. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, + and that one word is 'to be prepared'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the Phoenix Republican + Forum, March 1990 + + It's rural America. It's where I came from. We always refer to ourselves + as real America. Rural America, real America, real, real, America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Target prices? How that works? I know quite a bit about farm policy. + I come from Indiana, which is a farm state. Deficiency payments - + which are the key - that is what gets money into the farmer's hands. + We got loan, uh, rates, we got target, uh, prices, uh, I have worked + very closely with my senior colleague, (Indiana Sen.) Richard Lugar, + making sure that the farmers of Indiana are taken care of. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle on being asked to + define the term "target prices." + Quayle's press secretary then cut short the press + conference, after two minutes and 30 seconds. + + I not going to focus on what I have done in the past + what I stand for, what I articulate to the American people. + The American people will judge me on what I am saying and what I + have done in the last 12 years in the Congress. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + I want to be Robin to Bush's Batman. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + We should develop anti-satellite weapons because we could not have prevailed + without them in 'Red Storm Rising'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + The US has a vital interest in that area of the country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle Referring to Latin America. + + Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the United States of + the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, + two countries. That's a statement in and of itself. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Who would have predicted... that Dubcek, who brought the tanks in in + Czechoslovakia in 1968 is now being proclaimed a hero in Czechoslovakia. + Unbelievable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + Actually, Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Spring. + + May our nation continue to be the beakon of hope to the world. + -- The Quayles' 1989 Christmas card. + Not a beacon of literacy, though. + + Well, it looks as if the top part fell on the bottom part. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to + the collapsed section of the 880 freeway after + the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. + this may be a joke; the source is unclear. + but it's still funny + +.. getting cruise missiles more accurate so that we can have precise +precision. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to his legislative + work dealing with cruise missles + + I can identify with steelworkers. I can identify with workers that + have had a difficult time. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing workers at + an Ohio steel plant,1988 + + I will never have another Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, + Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy Carter grain embargo. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the Bentson debate + + Certainly, I know what to do, and when I am Vice President -- and + I will be -- there will be contingency plans under different sets of + situations and I tell you what, I'm not going to go out and hold a news + conference about it. I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does + that answer your question? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle when asked what he + would do if he assumed the Presidency,1988 + + Lookit, I've done it their way this far and now it's my turn. I'm + my own handler. Any questions? Ask me ... There's not going to be any more + handler stories because I'm the handler ... I'm Doctor Spin. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to press reports + his aides having to, in effect, "potty train" him. + + I would guess that there's adequate low-income housing in this + country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + The real question for 1988 is whether we're going to go forward to + tomorrow or past to the -- to the back! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + We will invest in our people, quality education, job opportunity, + family, neighborhood, and yes, a thing we call America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + We'll let the sunshine in and shine on us, because today we're + happy and tomorrow we'll be even happier. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + We're going to have the best-educated American people in the + world. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + This election is about who's going to be the next President of the + United States! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + Don't forget about the importance of the family. It begins with + the family. We're not going to redefine the family. Everybody knows the + definition of the family. [Meaningful pause] A child. [Meaningful + pause] A mother. [Meaningful pause] A father. There are other + arrangements of the family, but that is a family and family values. + I've been very blessed with wonderful parents and a wonderful + family, and I am proud of my family. Anybody turns to their family. I have + a very good family. I'm very fortunate to have a very good family. I + believe very strongly in the family. It's one of the things we have in + our platform, is to talk about it. + I suppose three important things certainly come to my mind that we + want to say thank you. The first would be our family. Your family, my + family -- which is composed of an immediate family of a wife and three + children, a larger family with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all + have our family, whichever that may be ... The very beginnings of + civilization, the very beginnings of this country, goes back to the family. + And time and time again, I'm often reminded, especially in this + Presidential campaign, of the importance of a family, and what a family + means to this country. And so when you pay thanks I suppose the first thing + that would come to mind would be to thank the Lord for the family. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- + Newsflash X/X 1992 Newsflash + + St. Louis, MO --(UPI)-- Vice President Dan Quayle today visited St. + Lous, MO, which bears a heavy population descended from German + immigrants. In order to show support for the newly-unified country of + Germany, fatherland of many in the audience, he repeated John F. + Kennedy's words of support 30 years earlier, but this time in English, + "I am a Jelly Doughnut!" Political commentators agreed that something + was lost in the translation. Dan Quayle explained his remark by saying + that he had been told that those who lived in central America enjoyed + jelly doughnuts. +tlodba$ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/quayleqt.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/quayleqt.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fbe0ad95 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/quayleqt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,672 @@ + +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes Last updated July 24, 1992 +============================================================================ +Thanks to: + James Allenspach jima@buhub.bradley.edu + Ken Tubman dprkmt@arco.com + David K. Poulsen poulsen@csrd.uiuc.edu + Subodh Bapat mailrus!uflorida!rm1!bapat@uunet.uu.net + Tim Dodge dodgeT%moravian.edu@relay.cs.net + David Ruderman ruderman@sbcs.sunysb.edu + Ron Dippold rdippold@drzeus.qualcomm.com + Tim Antonsen antonsen@hpcndaw.CND.HP.COM + Dave Goldsman sman@zomboy.isye.gatech.edu + JV Heiskanen jvh@mits.mdata.fi + Matt Thomas tbirds@atlas.unm.edu + Matthew Wall wall@cc.swarthmore.edu + Stephen C. Miller stcmille@copper.ucs.indiana.edu + Yngve Raustein raustein@athena.mit.edu + Forrest Cahoon cahoon@cs.umn.edu + Jeff Frane gummitch@techbook.com + Michael L. Cole mlcole@nevada.edu + Lisa Henn lisa@boa.cis.ohio-state.edu + Eric McCaughrin mccaughe@cad.berkeley.edu + Daniel Ashlock Danwell@iastate.edu + Al Clark clark@netcom.com + Phil Corless apucorle@idbsu.idbsu.edu + Heather Blair h431@midway.uchicago.edu + dwhitney@hamp.hampshire.edu + Dave Stephenson dstephen@cmsa.gmr.com + Marc Wasserman mwasserm@diana.cair.du.edu + Jim Summers summers@asylum.cs.utah.edu + Brian Curran brian@meaddata.com + D. Alex Neilson neilson@skat.usc.edu + Scott Safier corwin+@cmu.edu + dascoser.bbs@cybernet.cse.fau.edu + Sierra Sponaugle sponaugl@silver.ucs.indiana.edu + John Murray dylan@drycas.club.cc.cmu.edu + Patricia Bender bender@riscee.pko.dec.com + Marc Andreessen marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu + Jerry Cox sasjec@asimov.unx.sas.com + Jan Peerson peerson@neyman.ucdavis.edu + Japan Info Soc jis@sfsuvax1.sfsu.edu + Rick Zaccone zaccone@rigel.cs.bucknell.edu + Patrick Pape pape@miller.cs.uwm.edu + pmk@craycos.com (Peter Klausler) + Daniel Hinojosa hinojosa@hpwrc07.hp.com + Julio Vidal vidal@mitvma.mit.edu + Dave Regan regan@jacobs.cs.orst.edu + Jim Puccio puccio@media.mit.edu + Dhanesh Samarasan dks@athena.mit.edu + + +and me: + + Mike Goldsman goldsman@cc.gatech.edu + + 36004 Gatech Station + Atlanta, GA 30332 + (404) 894-7302 (w) + (404) 872-5146 (h) + +Please send me any additions/corrections to this list. +It seems to be growing faster than I can keep up !!! + +============================================================================ +Bobby Knight told me this: 'There is nothing that a good defense +cannot beat a better offense.' In other words a good offense wins. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle comparing the + offensive capabilities of the Warsaw Pact + with the defensive system of NATO + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Mars is essentially in the same orbit... somewhat the same distance from the +Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, +we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If +oxygen, that means we can breathe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN +the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that +is right here. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, + Hawaii, September 1989 + +What a terrible thing to have lost one's mind. Or not to have a mind +at all. How true that is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle winning friends while + speaking to the United Negro College Fund + +You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy +campers you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you +will always be. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the American Samoans, + whose capital Quayle pronounces "Pogo Pogo" + +"The Holocaust was an obscene period in our nation's history. I mean +in this century's history. But we all lived in this century. I didn't +live in this century." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + (The New Yorker, October 10, 1988, p.102) + +We expect them [Salvadoran officials] to work toward the elimination +of human rights. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +El Salvador is a democracy so it's not surprising that there are many voices +to be heard here. Yet in my conversations with Salvadorans... I have heard a +single voice. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and +democracy - but that could change. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, +and that one word is 'to be prepared'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the Phoenix Republican + Forum, March 1990 + +It's rural America. It's where I came from. We always refer to ourselves +as real America. Rural America, real America, real, real, America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Target prices? How that works? I know quite a bit about farm policy. +I come from Indiana, which is a farm state. Deficiency payments - +which are the key - that is what gets money into the farmer's hands. +We got loan, uh, rates, we got target, uh, prices, uh, I have worked +very closely with my senior colleague, (Indiana Sen.) Richard Lugar, +making sure that the farmers of Indiana are taken care of. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle on being asked to + define the term "target prices." + Quayle's press secretary then cut short the press + conference, after two minutes and 30 seconds. + +I'm not going to focus on what I have done in the past +what I stand for, what I articulate to the American people. +The American people will judge me on what I am saying and what I +have done in the last 12 years in the Congress. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I want to be Robin to Bush's Batman. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We should develop anti-satellite weapons because we could not have prevailed +without them in 'Red Storm Rising'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The US has a vital interest in that area of the country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle Referring to Latin America. + +Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the United States of +the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, +two countries. That's a statement in and of itself. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Who would have predicted... that Dubcek, who brought the tanks in in +Czechoslovakia in 1968 is now being proclaimed a hero in Czechoslovakia. +Unbelievable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + Actually, Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Spring. + +May our nation continue to be the beakon of hope to the world. + -- The Quayle's 1989 Christmas card. + [Not a beacon of literacy, though.] + +Well, it looks as if the top part fell on the bottom part. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to + the collapsed section of the 880 freeway after + the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. + [this may be a joke; the source is unclear. + but it's still funny] + +getting [cruise missiles] more accurate so that we can have precise precision. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to his legislative + work dealing with cruise missiles + +I can identify with steelworkers. I can identify with workers that +have had a difficult time. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing workers at + an Ohio steel plant,1988 + +[I will never have] another Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, +Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy Carter grain embargo. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the Bentsen debate + +Certainly, I know what to do, and when I am Vice President -- and +I will be -- there will be contingency plans under different sets of +situations and I tell you what, I'm not going to go out and hold a news +conference about it. I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does +that answer your question? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle when asked what he + would do if he assumed the Presidency (1988) + +Lookit, I've done it their way this far and now it's my turn. I'm +my own handler. Any questions? Ask me ... There's not going to be any more +handler stories because I'm the handler ... I'm Doctor Spin. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to press reports + his aides having to, in effect, "potty train" him. + +I would guess that there's adequate low-income housing in this +country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Let me just tell you how thrilling it really is, and how, +what a challange it is, because in 1988 the question is +whether we're going forward to tomorrow or whether we're +going to go past to the -- to the back! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We don't want to go back to tomorrow, we want to go forward. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I have made good judgements in the Past. +I have made good judgements in the Future. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The future will be better tomorrow. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I have a very strong record on the Environment in the United States Senate. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I was known as the chief grave robber of my state. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We will invest in our people, quality education, job opportunity, +family, neighborhood, and yes, a thing we call America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We'll let the sunshine in and shine on us, because today we're +happy and tomorrow we'll be even happier. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We're going to have the best-educated American people in the +world. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +This election is about who's going to be the next President of the +United States! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes - brought to you by Michael Goldsman (goldsman@cc.gatech.edu) +============================================================================ + + Don't forget about the importance of the family. It begins with +the family. We're not going to redefine the family. Everybody knows the +definition of the family. [Meaningful pause] A child. [Meaningful pause] A +mother. [Meaningful pause] A father. There are other arrangements of the +family, but that is a family and family values. + I've been very blessed with wonderful parents and a wonderful +family, and I am proud of my family. Anybody turns to their family. I have +a very good family. I'm very fortunate to have a very good family. I +believe very strongly in the family. It's one of the things we have in +our platform, is to talk about it. + I suppose three important things certainly come to my mind that we +want to say thank you. The first would be our family. Your family, my +family -- which is composed of an immediate family of a wife and three +children, a larger family with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all +have our family, whichever that may be ... The very beginnings of +civilization, the very beginnings of this country, goes back to the family. +And time and time again, I'm often reminded, especially in this +Presidential campaign, of the importance of a family, and what a family +means to this country. And so when you pay thanks I suppose the first thing +that would come to mind would be to thank the Lord for the family. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +...Buzz Lukens took that fateful step... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle confusing the sexual + assaulter/congressman with Astronaut Buzz Aldrin. + +Okay, I won't open it until then + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after having been + presented with an empty box that was to contain + a gift from a sailing team in South America. + He was told that the gift was not ready yet, + but that it would be presented to him when they + arrived in the United States. + +During the White House Easter Egg Roll of 1991, Quayle signed autographs +using only his finger. He had prepared pre-signed cards which his aides +handed out while he made signing gestures. This allowed him +to move briskly and efficiently through the crowd, said his spokesman. + +Dan Quayle, in April 1991, was concerned that his advisors +may be getting out of touch with "Real Americans." In order +to combat this, he suggested that they read People magazine. + +People that are really very wierd can get into sensative positions +and have a tremendous impact on history. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I stand by all the misstatements that I've made. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I'm going to be a vice president very much like George Bush was. +He proved to be a very effective vice president, perhaps the most effective +we've had in a couple of hundred years. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I would like to express my sympathy to all those impacted by this disaster. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle standing in front + of the collapsed section of highway caused by the + Loma Preta quake. (CNN) + +The loss of life will be irreplaceable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + after the San Francisco earthquake + +I couldn't help but be impressed by the magnitude of the earthquake. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, stepping out of + the helicopter upon arrival at Alameda Naval Air + Station. + + +Let me tell you something. As we were walking around in the store, Marilyn +and I were just really impressed by all the novelties and the different types +of little things that you could get for Christmas. And all the people that +would help you, they were dressed up in things that said 'I believe in Santa +Claus.' And the only thing that I could think is that I believe in +George Bush. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle at a garden center and + produce store in Baltimore (from the Los Angeles Times, + Douglas Jehl, November 6, 1988) + + + +It's a very valuable function and requirement that you're performing, +so have a great day and keep a stiff upper lip. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +The President is going to benefit from me reporting directly to him +when I arrive. + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the +impurities in our air and water that are doing it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +We have a firm commitment to NATO, we are a *part* of NATO. We +have a firm commitment to Europe. We are a *part* of Europe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I would not have married Dan Quayle had I not thought he was an equal to me. + -- Marilyn Quayle + + +I could take this home, Marilyn. This is something teenage boys might find of +interest. + --Vice President Dan Quayle, when purchasing a South + African Indian Doll that, when lifted, displays an erection. + +When you make as many speeches and you talk as much as I do and you get away +from the text, it's always a possibility to get a few words tangled here and +there + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (LA Herald Examiner 10/3/88) + +Public Speaking is very easy. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to reporters in 10/88 + +I am not part of the problem. I am a Republican. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I happen to be a Republican president- ah, the vice president. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (Newsweek 4/9/90) + +I've never professed to be anything but an average student. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the + VP debate in Omaha, Nebraska (10/88) + +The other day [the President] said, I know you've had some rough times, and I +want to do something that will show the nation what faith that I have in you, +in your maturity and sense of responsibility. (He paused, then said) Would you +like a puppy? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (LA Times 5/21/89) + +In George Bush you get experience, and with me you get- The Future! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in eastern Illinois + (LA Times 10/19/88) + +I've been told to keep my remarks relatively brief. I understand Quayle-hunting +season begins at noon. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to a crowd in Eau Claire, Wisc. + (LA Times 10/16/88) + +The destruction, it is just very heart-rendering. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle attempting to say the + SF earthquake wreckage was heart-rending + (Newsweek 10/30/89) + +I spend a great deal of time with the President. We have a very +close, personal,loyal relationship. I'm not, as they say, a potted +plant in these meetings. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (Tampa Tribune-Times 1/7/90) + +When I talked to him on the phone yetserday. I called him George rather than +Mr. Vice President. But, in public, it's Mr. Vice President, because that is +who he is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle shortly after being named + Geo. Bush's running mate (8/28/88 the NY Times). + +I'm glad you asked me that. This gives me the perfect +opportunity to talk about the problems with this Congress... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to reporter's + questions about his use of Air force 2 to + go on golf trips at the cost of $26,000/hour + +I love California, I practically grew up in Phoenix + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +My friends, no matter how rough the road may be, we can and we will, +never, never surrender to what is right + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, in a speech + to the Christian Coalition + +Maybe you guys will get lucky this year and face the Orioles in the +World Series + -- Vice President Dan Quayle encouraging the Milwaukee + Brewers after throwing out the opening pitch of the + season. (5/3/92 Sunday Detroit News) + +Are they taking DDT? + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle asking doctors at a Manhattan + AIDS clinic about their treatments of choice. + (NY Post, early May 92) + +We are leaders of the world of the space program. +We have been the leaders of the world of our... of the space program +and we're not going to continue where we're going to go, not withstanding +the Soviet Union's demise and collapse - the former Soviet Union - we now +have independent republics which used to be called the Soviet Union. +Space is the next frontier to be explored. And we're going to explore. +Think of all the things we rely upon in space today: communications +from... Japan, detection of potential ballistic missle attacks. Ballistic +missles are still here. Other nations do have ballistic missles. How do +you think we were able to detect some of the Scud missles and things like +that? Space, reconnaissance, weather, communications - you name it. We +use space a lot today. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes - brought to you by Michael Goldsman (goldsman@cc.gatech.edu) +============================================================================ + +America is great, because America is free. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Sometimes cameras and television are good to people and sometimes they +aren't. I don't know if its the way you say it, or how you look. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I just don't believe in the basic concept that someone should make their +whole career in public service. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If you listen to the news, read the news, you'd think we were still +in a recession. Well, we're not in a recession. We've had growth; +people need to know that. They need to be more upbeat, more positive... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in October 91 + +Need any help? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in October 91 addressing + announced 74,000 layoffs + +The message of David Duke, is this, basically: Big government, anti-big +government, get out of my pocketbook, cut my taxes, put welfare people +back to work. That's a very popular message. The problem is the messenger. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I do have a political agenda. It's to have as few regulations as possible. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Sam, had a great time this weekend but the golf was lousey. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in a handwritten note + written to Sam Snead in the summer of 1991, + after they had played a round of golf. + (Herald-Times, Bloomington, IN, July 15, 1992) + +Who's responsible for the riots? The rioters! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle giving an intelligent, in-depth + analysis of the LA riots. (Herb Caen, SF Chronicle) + +It's immoral to parent irresponsibly... And it doesn't help +matters any when prime time tv, like "Murphy Brown", a character +who is supposed to represent a successful career woman of today, +mocks the importance of the father by bearing a child alone, +and calling it just another "lifestyle choice." Marriage is +probably the best anti-poverty program there is... +Even though our cultural leaders in Hollywood, network TV, the +national newspapers routinely jeer at [such values] I think most of +us in this room know that some things are good, and other things are wrong. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing the + Commonwealth Club of San Francisco and criticizing + Murphy Brown's decision to NOT have an abortion + and to be a single (highly successful) mother. + When told about Quayle's comments, a senior + Bush campaign official replied only "Oh, dear." + Bush's top aid said, "The world is a lot more complex + than Dan would like to believe" + +I think especially in her position, a highly successful professional +woman, it would be a real exception to have an unwed child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to The Chron's Jerry Roberts. + +I don't watch it, but I know enough to comment on it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending his opinions about + the TV show "Murphy Brown" [Las Vegas RJ 21 May 92] + +The intergenerational poverty that troubles us so much today is +predominantly a poverty of values. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Illegitimacy is something we should talk about in terms of +not having it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Speaking as a man, it's not a woman's issue. Us men are tired +of losing our women + -- Vice President Dan Quayle talking about + breast cancer + +I want to show you an optimistic sign that things are beginning +to turn around. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle trying to convince reporters + that the economy was doing better because a + Burger King had a "now hiring" sign in the window. + He was campaigning for reelection in Ontario, CA + in January 1992. + +You have a part-time job and that's better to no job at all + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after the manager of the + Burger King had said that the jobs offered were part-time + minimum wage jobs, which didn't pay enough to live on, + and that "It's hard to find people who want to actually + show up for the job." + +Wouldn't it be wonderful to have a cure for AIDS in the marketplace +before Magic Johnson gets AIDS? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 11/13/91 (CNN) + +We're in Florida. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining why he + had just purchased four peaches (and no citrus + fruits -- for which Florida is famous) at a Publix + supermarket in Oakland Park, Florida. Georgia (which + IS famous for peaches) did not gain from the transaction, + however; the peaches were from Chile. (The Sunstenial) + +I deserve respect for the things I did not do. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I feel that this [1981] is my first year, that next year is an +election year, that the third year is the mid point and that the +fourth year is the last chance I'll have to make a record since the +last two years, I'll be a candidate again. Everything I do in those +last two years will be posturing for the election. But right now I +don't have to do that. + -- Senator Dan Quayle + +I don't have to experience tragedy to understand it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during a photo-op + in LA, responding to criticisms that he didn't + understand what it meant to live in the "inner + city." (WRAL 6/23/92) + +My position is that I understand from a medical situation, immediately +after a rape is reported, that a woman normally, in fact, can go to the +hospital and have a D and C. At that time... that is before the forming +of a life. That is not anything to do with abortion + -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining that Dilatation + and Curettage, a form of abortion which occurs + after fertilization, is not really abortion. + (the Washington post, 11/03/88) + +Add one little bit on the end... Think of 'potato,' how's it spelled? +You're right phonetically, but what else...? There ya go...alright! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle correcting a student's + correct spelling of the word "potatoe" during + a spelling bee at an elementary school in Trenton. + +I should have caught the mistake on that spelling bee card. But +as Mark Twain once said, "You should never trust a man who has only +one way to spell a word." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, actually quoting from + President Andrew Jackson. + +People who Bowl Vote. +Bowlers are not the cultural elite. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle while at a Las Vegas bowling + alley. the Vice-President bowled 5 times, and knocked + down 19 pins. (6/25/92, San Jose Mercury News) + The American Bowling Congress projected his score for a + full game to be 76. The Detroit average for amateur + players is 163 (USA Today, 7/6/92) + +It would be a serious mistake to replace a seasoned statesman with a +tempermental tycoon who has no respect for the constitution. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle giving his opinion about + Ross Perot's presidential campaign (June 1992) + +Dan Quayle had a trip planned to Beijing, but was worried because of +Xthe turmoil at that end. His security adviser however informed him that +Xit was pretty safe for D.Q. as, "They are only harassing intellectuals." + +And the President put his hand on my shoulder and said: "Dan, +I _knew_ Spiro Agnew. He was a friend of mine. And Dan... +You're no Spiro Agnew!" + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +This president is going to lead us out of this recovery. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle at a campaign stop in + California and and then at CA State University, Fresno + (The Quayle Quarterly, Spring/Summer 1992) + +We have to do more than just elect a new president if we truly want to +change this country." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We are ready for any unforseen event that may or may not occur + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, September 1990 + +For NASA, space is still a high priority. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, September 1990 + +[The U.S. victory in Gulf war was a] stirring victory for the +forces of aggression. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, April 1991 + +I hope I never have to deal with it. But obviously I would counsel her +and talk to her and support her on whatever decision she made. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle respondiing to Larry + King's question of how he would react if his 13-year-old + daughter chose to have an abortion. (CNN, July 22, 1992) + Marilyn Quayle later remarked that her daughter would + "take the child to term." +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes - brought to you by Michael Goldsman (goldsman@cc.gatech.edu) +============================================================================ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Mike Goldsman __o o__ o__ o__ o__ +36004 Ga Tech Station _ \<,_ _.>/ _ _.>/ _ _.>/ _ _.>/ _ +Atlanta, Georgia 30332 (_)/ (_) (_) \(_) (_) \(_) (_) \(_) (_) \(_) +begin 600 mikeskey.pub +MF8X ZAA:*@AG;VQDF4E6K1P.[)Z%6I)@$M_I< +M2-L>:-]*PXH 70_R)Z^HD:Q!1LA;$DL6\I3SJZ/%TB& )A]%NL$2UI.R;@'W +*;AEF;KPY+P4 $0_R +end diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/radical.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/radical.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..25a58def --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/radical.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7257 @@ + + +Address List for radical organizers +15 October 1992 + +This list was put together to help radical activists establish +contacts and to be used as a handy reference. It was largely +compiled from magazines and other lists. Some of the addresses +here are bound to be wrong, especially the older ones. +'Lang:'=languages spoken, (s:ZAG 6/92) is the source code. +Time is listed in 24h format. There is further information on +the last page. +NOTE: this is not an alternative Youth Hostel guide! +This list is available by FTP from ftp.css.itd.umich.edu +/poli. Please send corrections and additions to mckay@igc.org +or: + +ADDRESS LIST +c/o Love and Rage +PO Box 3 +Prince St. Station +New York, NY 10012 +USA + +or + +rad.doc + + +ADDRESS LIST +c/o APS +Postbus 6452 +NL-1005 EL Amsterdam +the Netherlands + +# Argentina # + +* Ricardo Accurso +Grupo Impulso Autogestionario +C.C. 984 +2000 Rosario +Area Correspondent +La Casa, a building shared by a number of independent groups, +including anarchists. (s:L&R 1/91) + +* Bibliotheca Popular Jose Ingenieros +Juan ramiro de Velasco 958 +1414 Buenos Aires +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/92) + +* F.L.A. + +: + +Brasil 1551 +1159 Buenos Aires +Argentina Federacion Libertaria, anarchist contact for +Argentina. (s:L&R 1/91) + +* F.O.R.A. +Onel. Salvadores 1200 +1167 Buenos Aires +Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina. Anarchist contact. +(s:L&R 1/92) + +* Fundacion para la Promocion de los Pueblos Indigenas +"Oyemboati" +C. de la Paz 2452 +8oB Buenos Aires 1428 +Tel: +541-782-3821 +Indigenous rights (s:SAIIC 3/92) + +* La Protesta Daniel Ferro +Casilla de Correo 20 +1439 Buenos Aires +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/92) + + +: + +# Australia # + +* Anarchist Media Institute +P.O. Box 20 +Parkville 3052 +Melbourne +Tel: +61-03-822-7940 +Formed in '86 by The Libertarian Workers for a Self-Managed +Society. Press releases and other dealings with mass media. +Also the address for the LWSMS and The Anarchist Age. (s:4/92) + +* Black rose +583a King Str. +Newtown 2042 +Sydney +Tel: +61-02-519-9194 +Anarchist Bookshop (s:AA 12/90) + +* Emma's Bookshop +82A Vulture Str. +West End 4101 +Brisbane +Tel: +61-07-844-4973 + +: + +Anarchist Bookshop (s:AA 12/90) + +* Green Left +PO Box 394 +Broadway +NSW 2007 +Australia +Tel: +61 02 690 1230 +fax: +61 02 690 1381 +e-mail: CDP:Peg:Greenleft (Pegasus) +Weekly newspaper put out by the Democratic Socialist Party. +(Former Trotskyist now Green) (s:2/92) + +* Jura Books +110 Crystal Str. +Petersham 2049 +Sydney +Tel: +61-02-550-9931 +Anarchist Bookshop (s:AA 12/90) + +* Pegasus Networks/ EarthNet +PO Box 424 +Byron Bay 2481 + +: + +New South Wales +Tel: +61-66-856-789 +Fax: +61-66-856-962 +e-mail: support@peg.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 11/90) + +* The Squatters Union +c/o F.Jacobsen +Post office Box 1127 +North Fitzroy +3068 Victoria (s:L&R 1/92) + +# Austria # +Wien, Vienna + +* Buerogemeinschaft Schottengasse +Schottengasse 3a/1/4/59 +A-1010 Wien +Tel: +43-222- +-Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer Wehrdienstverweigerung und +Gewaltfreiheit. Tel: -535-9109 +-Wiener Initiative "Oesterreich ohne Heer". Tel: -533-1238 +-SCI, Service Civil International-Oesterreicher Zweig. Tel: - + +: + +535-9108. +-EG Opposition- Kritisches EG Information und Aktionsbuero. +Tel: -535-1106 +Office complex with various peace and justice groups, radical +non-violent (s:2/91) + +* Frauen Solidaritaet +Weyrgasse 5/1 +1030 Wien +tel: +43-222-713-3594/Kl. 80 +Women Solidarity, quarterly, women and 3rd world. (s:91) + +* Homosexuelle Initiative Wien + +HOSI +Novaragasse +A-1020 Wien (s:2/91) + +* Infoladen Wien +Margaretenguertel 122-124/1/keller +A-1050 Wien +Tel +43-222-542-307 +Fax: +43-222-535-3856 + +: + +Lang: Ger, Eng, (Span) +Palestine (s:5/92) + +* Medienzentrum HTU +Wiedner Hauptstr. 8 +A-1040 Wien +Tel: +43-222-5486-1868 +Fax: +43-222-5691-54 (s:7/92) + +* Rosa Lila Villa +Linke Wienzeile 102 +A-1060 Wien +Tel: +43-222-568-150 +Lesbian and Gay House, (s:2/91) + +* TATBLATT +Gumpendorferstrasse 157/11 +A-1060 Wien +Tel +43-222-568-078 M-Th. 12-16h +Autonomist Paper (s:Tat 7/92) + +* Infoladen Linz +Kapuzinerstr. 36 + +: + +A-4020 Linz +Tel: +43-732-279-660 +Lang: ger, eng +antifa, women, squating, "Rechtshilfegruppe" +Contacts to groups: Kurds, homosexual groups (s:c 4/92) + +* Gruppe Infoladen +c/o Potjemkin +Ellsabethstr. 11 +A-5020 Salzburg (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Autonomous Frauenzentrum Frauenbeisl +Michael Gaismair str. 8 +A-6020 Innsbruck +Tel: +43-5222-275-845 +Autonomous women's center (s:EAC 89) + +* Platform fuer Frieden und Neutralitaet +c/o Carl Hofer +Amraserstr. 39/8 +A-6020 Innsbruck +Distributing brochure about blocade against the tank transport +through Austria. 5 DM (s:91) + +: + + +* Infoladen Graz +Schillerstr. 7/19 +A-8010 Graz (s:Clash 6/92) + +# Belgium # +Bruxelles, Brussel, Brussels +* Alternative Libertaire +2 rue de L'Inquisition +B-1040 Bruxelles +Tel: +32-2-736-2776 +Anarchist monthly in french (s:2/92) + +* A-Infos +Guernica +65 Rue du Midi +B-1000 Brussels +Anarchist news briefs. Guernica is a bar in the anarchist +scene.(s:Kal 10/91) + +* Anti-Imperialistische Bund +Kazernestraat 68 +B-1000 Brussels + +: + +Tel: +32-2-151-353 (s:EAC 89) + +* Antwerp BBS +BBS: +31-32-3877-0709 (s:8/91) + +* Correspondance Revolutionaires +BP 1310 +B-1000 Bruxelles 1 (s:AN 6/91) + +* CNAPD +34, rue de la Tulipe +B-1050 Bruxelles +Tel: +32-2-511-3699 +fax: +32-2-514-2813 +Comite National d'Action pour la Paix et la Developpment. +French organization. (s:2/91) + +* Studiekring Vrij onderzoek +Pleinlaan 2 +B-1050 Brussel +Tel: +32-2-6412328 +"Study circle Free Inquiry" at the Flemish University. +(s:2/91) + +: + + +# Brazil # + +* Anarkia +CP 5036 Cep041 +Porto Alegre Rs +(s:L&R 1/91) + +* Alternex +IBASE +Rua Vincente de Souza 29 +22 251 Rio de Janiero +Tel: +55-21-286-0348 +Fax: +55-21-286-0541 +E-mail: support@ax.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 11/90) + +* CAE-9 +Cx. postal 14576 +CEP 22420 +Rio de Janeiro-PJ +"Celula Anarquista Estufanti de Julho" Student anarchist +group. (s:AA 12/90) + +: + + +* GAJO +Cx. Postal 68003 +CEP 21.944 +Rio de Janeiro-RJ +Grupo Anarquista Jose Oitica. Student anarchist group. (s:AA +12/90) + +* Utopia +Cx. Postal 15001 +CEP 20.155 +Rio de Janeiro-RJ +Anarchist magazine. (s:AA 12/90) + +# Bulgaria # + +* M Gantcho Lazarov Damianov +Makariopolski No 7 +Kazanalak 6100 +Translates anarchist texts into Bulgarian and vice versa for +the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation (s:91) + +* Federation of Anarchist Youth + +: + +Todor Riznikoff +Tr. Kostov No. 4 ET.4 +Sofia (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Green Party +39 Dondukov Blvd. +Sofia 1594 +Tel: +359-2-390-093 (s:10/90) + +# Canada # + +* Lone Fighters National Communications Network +455-12st NW +Calgary, Alberta T2N IY9 +Peigan Native's struggle against dam project (s:L&R 3/92) + +* ALF News + +Box 42 10024-82 Ave +Edmonton, AB T6E 1Z3 +Animal Liberation Front (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Arm the Spirit + +: + +c/o Wild Seed Press +PO Box 57584 +Jackson Station +Hamilton, Ontario L8P 4X3 +Fax: 416-527-2419 +Autonomist/anti-imperialist Paper of militant resistance +(s:7/92) + +* Community Charge +PO Box 57069 +Jackson Station +Hamilton, ONT L8P 4X9 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Kahnawake Nation Office +Tel: 514-638-4750 +Kanesatake +Tel: 514-479-8353 +Mohawk group (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Mohawk Nation Office +P.O. Box 1987 +Kahnawake Quebec JOL 2BO (s:L&R 2/92) + + +: + +* Through the Walls +472 Albert St. +Kingston, ONT K7L 3W3 +Prison Movement (s:L&R 2/92) + +* CCRP +Box 505 +Station Desjardins +Montreal, Quebec H5B 1B6 +Canadian Center on Racism and Prejudice (s:KIO3/92) + +* Our Generation +Suite 444 +3981 boulevard St-Lawrence +Montreal, Quebec H2W IY5 +Tel: (514) 844-4076 +fax: (514) 849-1956 +Independant, semi-annuall journal dealing with the theory and +practice of contemporary anarchism and libertarian socialism. +Also address for Black Rose Books, the largest publisher of +anarchist books in North America. (s:91) + +* Autonomous Green Action + +: + +PO Box 2163, station D +Ottawa, ONT KIP 5W4 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Canadian University Press Nat'l Office +126 York St. +Suite 408 +Ottawa, ONT K1N 515 +Tel: 613-562-1791 (s:NLNS 4/92) + +* Outaouais Outrage +PO Box 4051, Station E +Ottawa, ONT K1F 5B1 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* ACT for Disarmament +736 Bathurst St. +Toronto, M5S 2R4 +Tel: 416-531-6154 +Fax: 416-531-5850 +email: web:act +Publish The Activist bi-monthly, anti-militarist (s:PN 8/92) + +* Anarchist Black Cross Toronto +PO Box 6326, Station A + +: + +Toronto, ONT M5W 1P7 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Buldozer/Prison News Service +P.O. Box 5052 Stn A. +Toronto, Ontario M5W 1W4 +Bimonthly paper (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Campaign of Self Discovery +Sans Garde +82 Willow Avenue #46 +Toronto, Ontario M4E 3K2 +Involved in the 500 year campaign (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Common Frontiers +PO Box 2207, Stn P +Toronto, ONT M5S 2T2 +Coalition of labor, church and community organizations in +Canada, Social Democrat agenda. (s:L&R 6/91) + +* Ecomedia +PO Box 915, Station F +Toronto, ONT M4Y 2N9 +Toronto's Anarchist Bi-weekly. + +: + +Anarchist Hotline: 535-5731 +"Events Listing for activities" (s:2/92) + +* Friends on the Lubicon +485 Ridelle Ave. +Toronto, ONT M6B 1K6 +Tel: 416-783-4694 +Supporting the struggle of the Lubicon Native Nation (s:L&R +4/92) + +* Kick it over +PO Box 5811, Stn A +Toronto, ONT M5W 1P2 +Anarchist paper (s:3/92) + +* Mujer a Mujer Toronto +606 Shaw st. +Toronto, ONT, N16 G3L6 +Women's group (s:EM 4/92) + +* The Rams Horn +125 Highfield Road +Toronto, ONT M4L 2V4 + +: + +"radical and interesting alalysis of both international +economics and trade, focuses on agriculture." paper. (s:L&R +6/91) + +* WEB +Nirv Centre +401 Richmond St. West; suite 104 +Toronto, Ontario M5V 3A8 +Tel: 416-596-0212 +and 416-974-9189 +e-mail: support@web.apc.org +Progressive computer network. (s:PN 4/92) + +* Wimmin Prisoner Survival Network +Box 770, Station P. +Toronto, Ontario M5S 2Z1 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Anarchist Black Cross Vancouver +PO Box 2881 +Vancouver, BC V6B 3X4 +Also for OH-TOH-KIN, native resistance paper (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Endless Struggle + +: + +PO Box 6901 Stn K. +Vancouver, B.C. V5K 4W7 (s:AN 91) + +* Radical Colours +c/o Theubyssey +University of B.C. +241 K, 6138 sub blvd. +Vancouver, B.C. (s:A 6/91) + +* Resistance +c/o Friends of Durruti +PO Box 2881 +Vancouver, BC V6B 3X4 +Autonomous/anti-imperialist magazine (s:L&R 4/92) + +# Chile # + +* Anarchist Collective of Concepcion +International Relations F.A.I. +Eduardo Torres +205 Sauces 426 +Lomos Colorados +Concepcion + +: + + +F.A.I., Intercity Anarchist Federation (s:L&R 11/91) + +* Association de Familiares de Prisoneros Politicos +Casilla 51300 Correo Central +Santiago (s:A 11/91) + +* Oscar Ortiz San Diego +1766 Santiago +Anarchist contact. (s:L&R 1/92) + +# Colombia # + +* X. Walter Alonso +AA 54839 +Medellin +Anarchist group, publish monthly bulletin Caminos +helped by Solidarite Amerique Latine, Grenoble, France (s:L&R +9/91) + +# Costa Rica # + +* Radio for Peace International + +: + +Apartado 88 +Santa Ana +Costa Rico +email: rfpicr@huracan.cr +Independent shortwave radio station (s:Z 7/92) + +# Czechoslovakia # +Praha, Prague + +* A-Kontra +c/o RAMAD +Bubenska 1 +17000 Praha 7 +Tel/Fax/Modem: +42-2-878-531 +Anarchist monthly. Also address for Romano Gendalos, Romani +Culture and Information Bulletin (s:A-K 8/92) + +* Art Forum +Valdsteinska 14 +11800 Praha 1 +Tel: +42-2-513-2551-4 +Art Forum +Karla IV 1 + +: + +36001 Karlovy Vary +Independant bookstore and oppositional documentation center, +citizens movement (s:4/92) + +* C.A.S. +P.O. Box 223 +1121 Praha 1 +Czechoslovak Anarchist Union (s:A-K 6/92) + +* Deti Zeme +PO Box 70 +16100 Praha 6 +Children of the Earth, Environmental group (s:A-K 5/92) + +* Information Center for Peace +Panska 7 +11669 Praha 1 +Tel: +42-2- + +-Independent Peace Association, Tel: -220-333 +-John Lennon's Peace Club +-Czechoslovakian Pacifist League, tel: -227-454 +-Helsinki Citizens Assembly, Tel: -220-181, Fax: -220-948 + +: + +-Czech Peace Union +-National Section of PAND, International Artists for Peace. +(s:2/91) + +* L.A.S. +P.Box 223 +11121 Praha 1 +Antifascist contact (s:7/92) + +* PRAK +Vaclavske nameski 55 +110 00 PRAHA 1 +Prague Radical Anarchist Group (s:4/92) + +* Rainbow Movement +Jakubske Nam. 7 +60200 Brno +Tel: +42-5-25337 +or -22556 +Fax: +42-5-22428 +and Deti Zemi (s:E 7/92) + +* Deti Zemi + +: + +Kovac Matej +Gorkebo 2359/4 +96001 Zvolen (s:E 7/92) + +# Denmark # +Kobenhavn, Copenhagen + +* Autonomt info +Elmegade 27 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N +Tel: +45-31-351-212 +Fax: +45-3582-4311 +(please mark Autonomt info) +M-Fr. 15-18h. +EEC-struggle, antifa, anti-repression, city-forming, +palestine, prison struggle +Infoshop (s: C 11/91) + +* Cafe Usmalia +Ungdomshuset +Jagtvej 69 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. +Fax: +45-3582-4311 + +: + +Lang: Eng, ger (s:c 4/92) + +* C-holdet +Nansensgade 48-50 +DK-1366 Kobenhavn K. +Direct action old people's group (s:AN 3/929 + +* Christiania Radio +Det bla Hus +Badsmandsstraede 43 +DK-1407 Kobenhavn K. (s:E 7/92) + +* Demosbutikken +Klmegade 27 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. +Run by different activist groups. (s:91) + +* Direkte Aktion +Box 303 +DK-1502 Kobenhavn V (s:E 7/92) + +* ECN +c/o TV STOP + +: + +Stengade 30 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn +Fax: +45-3139-7373 (s:91) + +* Norrebro Radio (byens Lyd) +Kapelvej 47 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. (s:E 7/92) + +* Nyt Forum +(Christiana) +Badsmandsstraede 43 +1407 Kobenhavn H +Info cafe (s:E 7/92) + +* radical +Very Inportant magazine for German speaking Autonomous/anti- +imperialist movements 3-4x yearly, ALWAYS use a double +envelope, inner with 'ZK' outer with this address: +Blalys +Griffenfeldsgade 29st. +DK-2200 N Kobenhavn (s:3/92) + +* Radio Rosa + +: + +Knabrostraede 3 +DK-1210 Kobenhavn K. (s:E 7/92) + +* Den Rode Bande +c/o Samovaren +Blagardsgade 24 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N (s:E 7/92) + +* Scan-Link nej Tak-gruppen +c/o Gimle +Thorshavnsgade 21 +DK-2300 Kobenhavn S. +Group which works against the Scanlink project.(s:91) + +* Sokkelund Radio +Radhusstrade 3 +DK-1210 Kobenhavn K. (s:E 7/92) + +* Vesterbro Radio +Halmtorvet 13 +DK-1700 Kobenhavn V.(s:91) + +* ZAPATA + +: + +Blagardsgade 12 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. +Autonomous info-cafe run by different activist groups. Publish +Autonomi Newsleter(s:AN 3/92) + +* Ekomedia +c/o Fredscentret +Guldsmedgade 25 +DK-8000 Arhus C +Giro: 9797912 (s:4/92) + +# Equador # + +* Intercom +Casilla 1703596 +Quito +Tel: +593-2-505-074 +email: intercom@ecoanex.ec +Progressive computer network. (s:PN 4/92) + +# Estonia # + +* Eesti Roheline Likanine + +: + +Toomas Frey +Tarto State University +Labaratory of Ecosystems +Ulikooli 18 +Tarto 202400 +Tel: +7-1434-34381,31971 +Fax: +7-1434-35440 +Telex: 173243 taunsu +Estonia Green Party (s:10/90) + +# Finland # +* Finland CW +Luokkasota +PO Box 53 +00241 Helsinki +Class War group (s:3/92) + +* Group 65 +c/o Novilisilita +0801 Helsinki +anarchist (s:EAC 89) + +* Nytkis-Naisjarjestojen yhteistyo-kvinno-organisationer i + +: + +samerbete +c/o Saarinimenk 6 +00530 Helsinki +tel: +358-0-77511 +Feminist (s:EAC 89) + +* Peace Union of Finland +Rauhaneseme +Veturitori +00520 Helsinki +Tel: +358-0-141-314 (s:EAC89) + +* S.A.I./I.A.A. +Box 7 +00801 Helsinki +Anarchist Federation (s:Kal 10/91) + +# France # +* L'EN Dehors-Librairie associative et libertaire +6 Rue Saint Fancois +F-3300 Bordeaux +Tel: +33-569-21778 +Radical center for meetings, debates and expositions. + +: + +Provides local population with info about nonauthoritarian +movements, feminism, third world issues. (s:EAC 89) + +* Femmes Libres +61 rue Pauly +F-33130 Begles +International network with bulletin, independant of all +political organizations, but accept anarcho-syndicalism as +common strategy. Publication of Libertarian Free Women. (s:91) + +* SCALP +c/o cpci bp 2571 +F-35036 Rennes +Section Contra Attaque a La Peur, Section Carrement Anti Le +Pen, Antifascist-autonomist group (s:91) + +* Solidarite Amerique Latine +c/o CDESI +102 rue D'Alembert +F-3800 Grenoble +Encourages such projects as the Medellin anarchists by sending +literature and selling T-shirts. (s:L&R 91) + + +: + +* A-Infos +c/o Humeurs Noires +BP 79 +F-59370 Mons en Baroeul +"We produre information about France in english and exchange +informations with Germany, Greece, Belgium, Spain, ...and you +if you will" International Anarchist newspaper in French. See +also A-Infos Bruxelles, Den Haag, Lisbon, Athens, Moers +Germany. Published by FA. (s:B 9/91) + +* Patxa +23 bis Rue des Tonneliers +F-64100 Bayonne +Tel: +33-595-9064 +Radical Bookshop-documentation center."Anti-militarism, +feminism, anti-repression, squats etc." (s:EAC 89) + +* Wolnitza +42 Rue Bordeau +F-69001 Lyon +Tel: +33-7839-0907 +Fax: +33-7200-2278 (s:ECN 6/91) + + +: + +* Archives Recherches et cultures Lesbiennes +B.P. n' 662 +F-75531 Paris cedex 11 +Tel: +33-1-4805-2589 +Lives, theories, politics, cultures: international +documentation by for and about lesbians (s:91) + +* CNT AIT +33 rue des Vignoles +F-5020 Paris +Tel: +33-1-4372-0954 +Anarcho syndicalist union (s:D 5/92) + +* Collectif Anti-Celebration Imperialista +(Centre-social de Paris) +c/o TITO +65 Rue de Flandre +F-75019 Paris (s:A 11/91) + +* Federation Anarchiste Francaise +Publico +145 rue Amelot +F-75011 Paris + +: + +Tel: +33-1-4805-3408 +Fax: +33-1-4929-9859 +Publico is a bookstore. The FA publishes the weekly paper Le +Monde Libertaire. Also address for Radio Libertaire and +Commission Femmes. (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Flander's Office Supply +Rue de Laffaette +Paris +near Rue de Foubeurg, St. Dennis +sells "Corrector Bille" an ink desolver for 28 franks a +bottle! (s:3/92) + +* Mordicus +BP 11 +F-75622 Paris Cedex 13 +Tel: +33-43-370-398 +Autonomist paper ? (s:1/91) + +* Quilombo +c/o Octobre +BP 781 +F-75124 Paris Cedex 03 + +: + +Lang: Fren, Eng, Ital +Autonomist paper (s:A 11/91) + +# Georgia # + +* Gruzja +182 David Agmashenebeli Ave. +Tbilisi 380012 +Tel: +7-8832-348-068 +Fax: +7-8832-351-674 +Telex: 212289 green su +Green Party of Georgia (s:10/90) + +# Germany # +Infoladen=Infoshop +Frauen=Women +Antifa=Antifascist + +# East Germany (incl.West Berlin) # + +BERLIN + +* A-Laden + +: + +Rathenower Str. 22 +D-1000 Berlin 21 +Tel: +49-30-394-6167 +Fax: +49-30-394-8447 +M. & T. 17-20 h. Cafe +Anarchist Infoshop (s:5/92) + +* ACT UP Berlin +c/o Mann-O-Meter +Motzstrasse 5 +D-1000 Berlin 30 (s:2/91) + +* Anti-Atom-Buero +c/o Oekodorf +Kurfuerstenstr. 14 +D-1000 Berlin 30 +Tel: +49-30-261-6252 +Anti-Nuke (s:2/92) + +* Anti-Quariat +Oranianstr. 45 +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel: +49-30-615-7428 + +: + +Anarchist book publishers (s:2/92) + +* Antirassistische Initiative +Yorckstr. 59 +D-1000 Berlin 59 +Tel: +49-30-785-7281 +Fax: +49-30-786-9984 +or 852-0815 +Publish ZAG, antifascist magazine, and run antifascist info +telephone (s:7/92) + +* Infoladen Bambule +Schoenhauser Allee 20 +D-O-1058 Berlin +M-Fr. 15-19h. +Antifa, anarchism, Ireland (s:F 9/92) + +* Bandito Rosso +Lottumstr. 10a +Prenzlauer Berg +D-O-1054 Berlin +Infocafe (s:4\92) + + +: + +* Baobab Infoladen Eine Welt +Winsstr. 53 +D-O-1055 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-426-9451 +Former 'third world store' now 'One World Info-shop' (s:6/92) + +* Cafe Subversiv +Brunnenstr. 6/7 +D-O-1055 Berlin (s:91) + +* Daneben +Rigaer Str. 84 +Friedrichshain +D-O-1035 Berlin +Infoladen +M-Sa. 14-19 h. (s:6/92) + +* Edition ID-Archiv +Schliemannstr. 23 +D-O-1058 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-448-3671 x40 +or +49-271-385-495 (machine) +Fax: +49-30-448-1035 (mark for ID) + +: + +Publishers of many radical left books from the autonomist +spectrum (s:9/92) + +* FFBIZ +Dankelmannstr. 15/47 +D-1000 Berlin 19 +Tel: +49-30-321-2137 +"Women's Research Education Information Center" and archive +(s:Tag 91) +Women's Archive + +* Friedenszentrum +Martin Niemoeller Haus e.V. +Pacelliallee 61 +D-1000 Berlin 33 +Tel: +49-30-832-5497 +Mo-Fr 5-7pm +Peace Center (s:91) + +* Haus Der Demokratie +Friedrichstr. 165 +D-O-1080 Berlin +Unabhaengige Frauen Verband (Independent Women's Association) + +: + ++49-30-229-1685 ++49-30-229-1753 +Vereinigte Linke (United Left) ++49-30-229-2917 (s:6/92) + +* IDES +Crellestr. 22 +D-1000 Berlin 62 +Tel: +49-30-781-4018 +Information Service El-Salvador, Anti-imperialist newpaper +(s:91) + +* Infoladen +Kastanienallee 85/86 +O-1055 Berlin (s:C 3/92) + +* Initiativen gegen die Gen-Technik/Gen-ethisches Netzwerk +Winterfeldstr. 3 +D-1000 Berlin 30 +Tel: +49-30-215-3991 +or +49-30-215-3492 +or +49-30-215-3528 +Against gene-technology + +: + +(s:GS 91) + +* Lesben Stich +Postfach 360549 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +"The lesbian magazine for the errect gang." (s:91) + +* M-99 +Manteuffelstr. 99 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-612-7491 +Info and copy store (s:91) + +* Mehringhof +Gneisenausstrasse 2 +D-1000 Berlin 61 +A radical activist center for all of Berlin with bookstore +(Schwarze Risse), cafe/bar (Ex), and offices and mailboxes for +many groups including: Antifa Jugendinfo, Anti-faschistisches +Infoblatt, Durchblick (prison paper), Interim (weekly berlin +Infos), Lateinamerika Nachrichten, and legal aid: Tel +49-30- +692-2222 (s:91) + + +: + +* Nachladen +Waldemarstrr. 36 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-654-747 +Infoladen +M-F. 15-19h. T. women-lesbian day +Lang: ger, eng, span, french, dutch, ital +women, prison, gene-tech, city forming (s:C11/91) + +* O-21 +Oranienstr. 21 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Bookstore (s:91) + +* Omega 65 +Sparrstr. 21 +Wedding +D-1000 Berlin 65 +Tel: +49-30-453-7023 +Fax: +49-30-453-8678 +email: OMEGA@ibb.berlinet.in-berlin.de +M, Tu, Th, Fr: 16-20h +Lang: Eng, Ger + +: + +city forming, computer network, city burough paper. +Infoladen and SpinnenNetz Berlin. Responsible for distributing +mail to Berlin Infoshops, just write 'to distribute' (s:6/92) + +* Papiertiger +Cuvrystr. 25 +Kreuzberg +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-618-3051 +M-Fr 14:30-18h, Fr.women-lesbian day +Lang: ger, eng, span, greek +Contacts: archive, women, men, gay, Euskadi, jail, antifa, +spain, Eastern Europe, gene/bio, refugees. Library, Archive +and Infoshop. Responsible for distributing mail to Berlin +Infoshops, just write 'to distribute' (s: 3/92) + +* PDS +Kleine Alexander-Str. 28 +O-1020 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-822-1945 +Party of Democratic Socialists, reformed communist party(s:GS +91) + + +: + +* Schokofabrik +Mariannenstr. 6 HH +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Women's Center (s:8/91) + +* Schwarze Risse +Gneisenausstrasse 2a +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel: +49-30-692-8779 +Bookstore at Mehringhof. Wide selection of books, periodicals +etc. covering the left political spectrum. Mo.-Fri. 10-18:30h. +Sa. 10-14h. (s:6/92) + +* Schwarzrotbuch Verlag Berlin +c/o Ralf Landmesser +Rathenowerstr. 23 +D-1000 Berlin 21 +Tel: +49-30-394-7894 +Fax: +49-30-394-8441 +Publishes Anarchistische Taschenkalender (s:Kal 10/91) + +* die tageszeitung (taz) +Kochstrasse 18 + +: + +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel:+49-30-25902-0 +fax: +49-30-251-8095 + or +49-30-251-6062 +telex:182791 compd. +(USA & South Africa buro): +Tel: +49-30-25902-255 +Washington D.C. buro +1711 Massachusetts Ave.,NW +Apt. 320 Washington D.C. +Tel:(202) 265-7240 +fax: (202) 265-7259 +Alternative daily (s:6/92) + +* Telegraph +c/o Umeltbibliothek +Tel: +49-30-448-3687 x.25 +Fax: +49-30-448-1035 (mark Tel) +email: telegraph@vlberlin.comlink.apc.org +Opossitional monthly, one of the most important east German +magazines (s:8/91) + +* Thomas-Weissbecker Haus + +: + +Willhelmstr. 9 +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel: +49-30-2528539 +Palaestina-Buero M-F 17-20h. information and coffee (s:91) + +* Umweltbibliothek +Schliemannstr. 22 +Prenzlauer Berg +D-O-1058 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-448-5374 +Fax: +49-30-448-1035 (mark UWB) +Library, Info, Archive (GDR Opposition), Cafe. +Library: T-Th. 18-22 h.(s:91) + +* Wildcat + +Sisina +Postfach 360527 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-612-1848 +Marxist autonomist magazine (s:8/92) + +# East Germany (cont.) # + +: + + +* Infoladen +c/o Lindenstr. 53 +D-O-1560 Potsdam +Tel/Fax: +49-331-23813 +(street address Hebbelstr. 24) (s:F 9/92) + +* Villa Eckestein +Berliner Str. 90 +Strausberg +Tel: +49-3341-22489 +Squat and infoshop (s:C 3/92) + +* AJZ +Karl Marx Platz +D-O-2200 Greifswald +Autonomous youth center (s:C 3/92) + +* Umweltbibliothek +An den Bleichen 2 +D-O-2300 Stralsund +Environmental library (s:Kas 6/92) + + +: + +* JAZ +August Bebel Str. 91-92 +D-O-2500 Rostock +Tel: +49-381-454-310 +Alternative youth center, with info office. (s:8/92) + +* Infoladen +UJZ 'Knast' +Bahnhofstr. 34 +D-O-3010 Magdeburg (s:C 3/92) + +* IJGD "Zora" +Johanneskloster 9 +D-O-3600 Halberstadt +Infoshop (s:Kal 91) + +* Infoladen +Kellnerstr. 18a +D-O-4020 Halle/.S +Tel: +49-345-25537 +Lang: ger, eng +antifa (s:c 4/92) + + +: + +* Vereinigte Linke +Grosse Klausstr. 11 +D-O-4020 Halle +Tel: +49-345-25537 +Office of the United Left (s:4/92) + +* Antifa USJV/DLJ +Rosa Luxemburgstr. 53 +D-O-4450 Grafenhainchen (s:91) + +* Antifa Jugend +Junitzerstr. 4 +D-O-4500 Dessau (s:C 3/92) + +* AJZ +Vollbrachstr. 1 +D-O-5061 Erfurt +Tel: +49-361-714-497 +Autonomous Youth Center (s:2/92) + +* Infoladen +Lasallestr. 57 +D-O-5020 Erfurt (s:7/92) + +: + + +* Infoladen Sabotnik +Mainzerhof +Mainzerhofplatz 6 +D-O-5020 Erfurt +Tel: +49-361-27865 +M, W, Su 17-21h. (s:F 9/92) + +* F.R.E.I. +PF 375 +D-O Erfurt +Fax/Tel: +49-361-603-793 +Free radio (s:2/92) + +* Infoladen Weimar +Gerber Str.1 +D-O-5300 Weimar +Distributor for infoshops in Thueringen (s:9/92) + +* Initiative "Jugend fuer Jugend" +Schlossberg 1 +D-O-6800 Saalfeld +Autonomist squat (s:9/92) + +: + + +* VL Leipzig +Bernhard Goehringingerstr. 152 +D-O-7030 Leipzig +Tel: +49-341-391-1149 +United Left (s:C 3/92) + +* Infocafe +Ernestinenstr. 9 +D-O-7031 Leipzig (s:C 3/92) + +* Friedensbibliothek +Blumenstr. 9 +O-7570 Forst +Peace Library (s:C 3/92) + +* Umweltzentrum +Sprembergerstr. 4 +D-O-7700 Hoyerswerde (s:Kal 91) + +* Demokratie Jetzt +Friedrichstr. 57 +D-O-8010 Dresden + +: + +Tel: +49-351-434-286 + +49-351-434-179 +Fax: +49-351-432-7586 (s:10/91) +Die Gruenen +Tel: +49-351-579-496 (s:90) + +* Infoladen Schlagloch +Klamenzer Str. 17 HH +D-O-8060 Dresden (s:Kal C 3/92) + +* "Wolfspelz" +Friedrichstr. 57 +D-O-8019 Dresden +Tel: +49-351-434-286 +Anarchist working group (s:C 3/92) + +* Antifa-Chemnitz +c/o Inka Brueckner +Arnotstr. 10 +D-O-9002 Chemnitz +Also mailing address for Anarchistisch Jugend Zentrum. +(s:3/92) + + +: + +* Informationszentrum Welt Laden +Henriettenstr. 5 +D-O-9006 Chemnitz +Tel: ++49-371-32983 +Fax: ++49-371-30000 +Tricont and solidarity trade Information center (s:6/92) + +* Buntes Zentrum Zwickau +Innere Plauensche Str.16 +D-O-9540 Zwickau +Tel: +49-375-294-918 +Various alternative, ecology and solidarity groups (s:5/92) + +* Antifada Kollektiv +Infobuero +Weststr.57a +D-O-9900 Plauen +Anti-fascist(s:8/92) + +# West Germany # + +2000 + + +: + +* Arbeiter Kampf (AK) +Schulterblatt 58 +2000 Hamburg 36 +Tel: +49-40-435-320 +fax: +49-40-439-4265 +Good monthly paper of the Kommunistischen Bund. (s:91) + +* BUKO +Nernstweg 32-34 +D-2000 Hamburg 50 +Tel: +49-40-341-444 +National Congress of Developmental Political Action Groups +(s:GS 91) + +* Chaos Computer Club +Schwenke Str. 85 +D-2000 Hamburg +Tel: +49-40-490-3757 +Fax: +49-40-491-7689 +email: Chaos-Team DS-Red@Chaos-HH.zer (s:91) + +* E.coli-bri +Nernstweg 32-34 + +: + +D-2000 Hamburg 50 +Material against the politics of population control and +genetechnology (s:2/92) + +* Frauenbuchladen +Bismarckstr. 98 +D-2000 Hamburg 20 +Women's bookstore, Home of the group "Anarchafeministinnen +Hamburg" (s:F 9/92) + +* GNN-Verlag +Guentherstrasse 6a +D-2000 Hamburg 76 +Address for Angehoerigen Info, bi-weekly paper, presents and +discusses the situation of revolutionary prisoners in Germany. +(s:91) + +* Libertaeres Zentrum +Lagerstr. 27 +D-2000 Hamburg 6 +Tel: +49-40-430-1396 +Anarchist Center (s:kal 10/91) + + +: + +* Nautilus-Buchladen +Bahrenfelder str. 68 +D-2000 Hamburg +Tel: +49-40-380-9537 +Anarchist Bookstore (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Cafe & Buch +Marktstr.? +D-2000 Hamburg 36 (s:F 9/92) + +* Schwarzmarkt +KL Schaeferkamp 46 +D-2000 Hamburg 36 +Tel: +49-40-446-095 +Fax: +49-40-410-8122 +M-Fr 12-18h. Th.women-lesbian day, Sa. 12-15 +Lang: ger, eng, norw, dan, dutch, (swed) +newspaper archive, political prisoners, legal aid, Ireland, +129a, antifa, ekom., infoshop (s:F 9/92) + +* Husumer Speicher +Hafenstr. 17 +D-2250 Husum + +: + +Autonomist Social Center (s:F 9/92) + +* Autonome Infogruppe +Schweffelstr. 6 +D-2300 kiel +Fax: +49-431-577-056 (s:F 9/92) + +* ZAPATA +Jungfernsteig 17 +D-2300 Kiel +Also for KAVIA/R (Kieler Anarchistisches Volk in den +Autonomen/RevolutionaerInnen) (s:F 9/92) + +* Rote-Hilfe +Postfach 6444 +D-2300 Kiel 14 +Legal Aid, and prisoners group National Office (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Omega +Bahnhofstr. 44 +D-2350 Neumuenster +Tel:+49-4321-45927 +Fax:+49-4321-46542 + +: + +Lang: ger, eng +Contacts: antifa, squaters, men against sexism, Land Unter +(magazine), refugees, Gerhard Boegelein (s:F 9/92) + +* ThePrax +c/o T-stuba +PB 506 +Im Stadtpark +D-2370 Rendsburg +Tel:+49-4331-29556 +or +49-4331-25887 +Contacts: antifa, archive, women+men group, kurdish group. +(s:F 9/92) + +* Frauen-Wohnprojekt +Norderstr. 70 +D-2390 Flensburg +Tel: +49-461-140-356 +Autonomist women's project with Women Antifa (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Flensburg +Hafermarkt 6 +D-2390 Flensburg + +: + +Tel: +49-461-12991 +Contacts: squating, antifa, 500 year campaign, Tibet +Also Autonomist social center with concerts (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen ASSATA +c/o Alternative +Auf der Wallhalbinsel 27 +D-2400 Luebeck +Tel: +49-451-705-434 +M,T,Fr. 16-20h. (s:F 9/92) + +* AGIPA-Press +Eichenberger St. 9 +D-2800 Bremen +Tel: +49-421-354-029 +Fax: +49-421-353-918 +Amerika Gegen-informationpresse about Mumia-Abu-Jamal and +other U.S. political prisoners. (s:7/92) + +* Anti-Rassismus-Buero Bremen +Sielwall 38 +D-2800 Bremen +Tel: +49-421-706-444 + +: + +and +49-421-78744 +Fax: +49-421-706-445 +Anti-racist office(s:Kas3/92) + +* Infoladen Umschlagplatz +St Paulistr. 10-12 +D-2800 Bremen 1 +Tel: +49-421-705-682 (s:F 9/92) +Infoladen. Kasiber, "city paper for Politics, Daily life, +Revolution", is also at this address under the name of 'VzVuN' +BBA, a civil initiative center is also at this address +Tel: +49-421-700-144 +M,W,Fr 16-19, Sa 11-14h + +* Hagazussa +Friesenstrasse 12 +D-2800 Bremen +Tel:+49-421-74140 +Lesbian and women's bookshop (s:EAC 89) + +* Missing Link +Westerstr. 118 +D-2800 Bremen + +: + +Tel: +49-421-504-348 +Fax: +49-421-504-316 +International Bookstore (s:7/92) + +* Robin Wood +Erlenstr. 34 +D-2800 Bremen 1 +Tel: +49-421-500-405 +or +49-421-500-406 +Fax: +49-421-500-421 +Environmental action group (s:GS 91) + +* Info-Cafe im Alhambra +Hermannstr. 83 +D-2900 Oldenburg +Tel: +49-441-14402 (17-18h.) (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Wilhelmshaven +Rheinstr. 104 +D-2940 Wilhelmshaven +Tel: +49-4465-8297 (s:3/92) + +* Infoladen Emden + +: + +Friedrich-Naumann Str. 16 +D-2970 Emden (s:C 3/92) + +# 3000 # +* Infoladen Kornstr. +Kornstr. 28-30 +D-3000 Hannover 1 +Tel:+49-511-715-032 +Lang: ger, eng, dutch (s:c 4/92) + +* ComLink +Moorkamp 46 +D-3000 Hannover 1 +Tel: +49-511-350-3081 +E-mail: sysop@comlink.de +Progressive computer network. (s:4/92) + +* Tuerkei Informationsbuero +Postfach 91 08 43 +D-3000 Hannover 91 +Tel: +49-511-318-654 +fax: +49-511-318-652 +Radical Turkey Information office (s:91) + +: + + +* Info-cafe & Frauen cafe +c/o Der Laden +Von Wintheim-Str. 1 +D-3200 hildesheim +Tel: +49-5121-82313 (s:Kal 91) + +* Antifajugend +c/o Asta-TU +Katharienstr. 1 +D-3300 Braunschweig +Tel: +49-531-391-4557 +M-Fr. 18-21h. ask for antifa youth (s:C 3/92) + +* Infoladen +c/o Erwerbslosverein +Cyriakring 55 +D-3300 Braunschweig +Tel: +49-331-83828 (s:GS 91) + +* Ohne Uns +c/o Detlev Beutner +Hamburger str. 284 + +: + +D-3300 Braunschweig +Tel: +49-531-33-49-28 +Paper for the total war resistor (s:1/92) + +* Gegen den Strom +Verlag die Werkstatt +Lotzestr. 24a +D-3400 Goettingen +Tel: +49-551-770-0557 +Fax: +49-551-770-3412 +A political appointment callender with address list. (s:GS +9/91) + +* Infoladen Goettingen +c/o Buchladen +Rotestrasse 10 +D-3400 Goettingen +Tel:+49-551-74552 or 74557? or 42128? +M-th. 15-19h, Fr. women-lesbian day 16-19h. +Lang: ger, eng, fren, span, ital. +Contacts: Palestine, antifa, women/lesbian center, migration +(s:91) + + +: + +* Kurzwellen Pressedienst +Weenderstr. 30 +D-3400 Goettingen 1 +Tel: +49-551-55121 +Fax: +49-551-44871 +Distribute magazines, Radio von Unten, Radio Magazine (monthly +in english), and Kurzwelle (s:Tel 4/92) + +* Antifa Notruf Kassel +Tel: +49-561-17919 (s:F 9/92) + +* Umweltzentrum +Elffbuchenstr. 18 +D-3500 Kassel +Tel: +49-561-775-307 +Environmental center +Contacts: anti-repression (s:F 9/92) + +* Bazille +Sickingenstr. 10 +D-3500 Kassel +Tel: +49-561-18529 +Fax: +49-561-103-276 (mark Bazille) + +: + +Autonomist center and infoshop (s:F 9/92) + +* BUNTE HILFE +CAFE' "AM GRUN" +Am Grun (s:A 6/91) +D-3550 Marburg +Legal Aid for activists + +# 4000 # +* Infocafe Nix Da +Kiefernstr. 15 +D-4000 Duesseldorf 1 (s:91) + +* Direkt Aktion +Fischerstr 94 +D-4100 Duisburg 1 +Anarcho-syndacalist bi-monthly paper of the FAU/IAA (Free +Workers' Union/ International Workers' Association) (s:Kal +10/91) + +* I-AFD +c/o Libertaeres Zentrum +Essenberger Str. 100 + +: + +D-4130 Moers +Tel: +49-2841-503-942 +Initiative fuer eine Anarchistisches Foederation Deutschlands, +part of the A-Infos network. (s:3/92) + +* Infoladen +Projektladen Querbeet +Hubertusstr. 35 +D-4150 Krefeld +Tel:+49-2151-773-622 (s:3/92) + +* Infoladen Bazille +c/o Druchluft +Am Forderturm 27 +D-4200 Oberhausen 1 + +* Projekt Archiv +c/o Druckluft (see above) +Repression, women, antifa, restructuring (s:F 9/92) + +* Attatroll Buchladen +Hernerstr. 16 +D-4350 Recklinghausen + +: + +Tel: +49-2361-17002 +M-F 9-18 h., Sa. 9-14 h. +Progressive and radical bookstore (s:7/91) + +* Infoladen Bankrott +c/o FS Politik +Scharnhorstr. 103 +D-4400 Muenster +Tel: +49-251-833-303 +Women/Lesbian, men, internationalism, anti-repression, total +draft resistors (s:F 9/92) + +* Schwarze Witwe +Achtermannstr 10-12 +D-4400 Muenster +Tel: +49-251-511-195 +Women's group (s:Tag 91) + +* Umweltzentrum +Scharnhorststr. 57 +D-4400 Muenster +Tel: +49-251-521-112, afternoons +Lang: ger, eng, + +: + +anti-nuke, environmental groups. Infoshop and distribution +(s:3/92) + +* Versteck +Leerer Str. 5 +D-4400 Muenster +Su-Fr 18-1h., W women-day +Autonomist Infocafe (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Z +Alte Muenze 12 +D-4500 Osnabrueck +Tel: +49-541-29606 +W. 18-20h., Th. 17-20h. (s:F 9/92) + +* Laden +Oesterholzstr. 88 +D-4600 Dortmund 1 +Tel:+49-231-837-481 +M. 17-19, T. 18-21, W. 17-21 women-day, Th. 17-23, F. 16-20 +lang: ger, eng, fren, it +antifa, racism/migration/refugees, prison struggle/regrouping, +women's struggle, internationalism (s:F 9/92) + +: + + +* Internationalismus-Archiv +Geschichtswerkstatt +Am Oelpfad 27 +D-4600 Dortmund-Hoerde +Tel:+49-231-412-242 +W 16-21h, Fr 10-14h Women's Internationalism Archive (s:8/92) + +* Infobuero +Dueppelstr. 35 +D-4630 Bochum +Tel: +49-234-300-110 (s:Kal 91) + +* Suedostasian-Informationsstelle +Josephinenstr. 71 +D-4630 Bochum 1 +Tel: +49-234-502-748 +Fax: +49-234-502-790 +email: GEOD:SEAINFO +Southeast Asia Info center (s:5/92) + +* Initiativzentrum +Weberstr. 79 + +: + +D-4650 Gelsenkirchen +Tel: +49-209-201-171 +Infoshop (s:GS 91) + +* Young Korean Movement of Europe +Park, Hee-Won +Im Pratort 29 +D-4690 Hernel +Tel: +49-2323-12153 (s:AML 8/92) + +* Infoladen Schnick Schnak +Borchener Str. 12 +Postfach 1334 +D-4790 Paderborn (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen "Anschlag" +Heeperstr. 132 +D-4800 Bielefeld +Tel:+49-521-171-253 +T. 16-20, W. 15-17, Th. 15-19 women-lesbian day, Fr. 17:30- +19:30 +Lang: ger, dutsch, eng, (span) +Contacts: antifa, women antifa, internationalism (s:F 9/92) + +: + + +* Felix-Fechenbach-Kooperative +Heidensche Str.3 +D-4937 Lage +Tel: +49-5232-64540 +Fax: +49-5232-68114 +Large progressive and radical mail order catalog (s:3/92) + +# 5000 # + +Koeln, Cologne + +* Eigenverlag des Vereins Beitraege zur feministischen Theorie +und Praxis e.V. +Herwartstr. 22 +D-5000 Koeln 1 +Tel: +49-221-526-422 +Journal, essays on feminist theory and praxis, three times +yearly(s:91) + +* Infoladen Koeln +Luedolf-Camphauesen Str. 36 +D-5000 Koeln + +: + +Tel: +49-221-522-907 +Fax: +49-221-518-034 (mark infoladen) +M.& Fr. 18-22h. +Lang: ger, eng, span +Contacts: radio FMLN, BRD-Cuba friends, antifa (s:F 9/92) + +* Kurdistan-Komittee in der BRD +Hansaring 66 +D-5000 Koeln 1 +Tel: +49-221-125-264? +Fax: +49-221-134-898? +Modem: -125-264? (s:3/92) + +* Tedkad Committee +Teichstr. 16/c. +D-5000 Koeln 30 +Tel: +49-221-531-278 +Fax: +49-231-531-700 +Support of the revolutionary struggle in Turkey and Kurdistan +(s:Clash 2/92) + +* Transparent +Maybachstr. 96 + +: + +D-5000 Koeln +Tel: +49-221-390-006 +Fax: +49-221-390-521 +Photos, Text, reporting (s:5/92) + +* Infoladen Bonn +Wolfstr. 10 hh +D-5300 Bonn 1 +Tel: +49-228-659-513 +Th-Fr. 16-19h. +Lang: ger, eng, span +Contacts: antifa, internationalism, political prisoners (s:F +9/92) + +* Netzwerk Friedenskooperative +Roemerstrasse 88 +D-5300 Bonn 1 +Tel: +49-228-692-904 +National coordination of mainstream peace groups (s:GS 91) + +* Oscar-Romero-Haus +Heerstrasse 205 +D-5300 Bonn 1 + +: + +Tel:+49-228-658-613 +Publish the monthly ila (Informationsstelle Lateinamerika), +also for Infostelle El Salvador and Guatemala. (s:91) + +* Le Sabot +Paulstr. 3 +D-5300 Bonn 1 +Tel/Fax: +49-228-695-193 +radical bookstore (s:F 9/92) + +* Rom e.V. +Bobstr. 6-8 +D-5000 Koeln +Tel: +49-221-242-536 +For understanding between Rom (Rommani and Sinti) and others. +Published a book about the persecution of the Romani in +Yugoslavia in WWII (s:4/92) + +* Tibet Initiative +Postfach 2531 +D-5300 Bonn 1 (s:91) + +* Die Gruenen (s:90) + +: + +Bundesgeschaeftsstelle +Ehrental 2-3 +D-5303 Bornheim-Roisdorf +Tel: +49-2222-70-08-0 (s:92) + +* Military Counseling Network +Bopparderstrasse 25 +D-5448 Kastellaun +Tel: +49-6762-2652 +A civilian nonprofit agengy with information on rights, +AWOL/UA problems, discharges, grievences, court-martial, non- +judicial punishment, etc. for U.S. military personel stationed +in Europe.(s:91) + +* Infoladen Wuppertal +Brunnenstr. 41 +D-5600 Wuppertal +Tel: +49-202-311-790 +T-Fr.11:30-18h, Sa. 12-14h. (s:C 3/92) + +* Senioren-Schutz-Bundes "Graue Panther" +Rathenaustrasse 2 +D-5600 Wuppertal 2 + +: + +Tel: +49-202-665-543 +Grey Panthers(s:91) + +* Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft-Vereinigte Kriegdienstgegner +DFG-VK +Schwanenstrasse 16 +D-5620 Velbert 1 +Tel: +49-2051-4217 +Fax: +49-2051-4210 +German Peace Society-United War Service Resistors. Mainstream +war resistance organization in Germany (s:92) + +# 6000 # +* ANTIFA NOTRUF ++49-69-703-337 +Antifascist hotline. (s:10/92) + +* AWI 1992 +c/o "3. Welt" Haus +Westerbachstr. 40 +D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. 90 +Tel: +49-69-789-4846 +Contact for anti G7 campaign (s:6/92) + +: + + +* Dezentral +Sandweg 131 +D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. +Tel: +49-69-49-09-203 +Tu. 20h.- +Anarchistic-Libertarian project, cafe, meeting place, +anarchist booklender. (s:2/92) + +* Informationsdienst: Zentrum fuer Alternative Medien +Hamburger Allee 45 +Postfach 900343 +D-6000 Frankfurt 90 +Tel: +49-69-704-352 + +49-69-709-935 (machine) +Fax: +49-69-777-341 (mark for ID) +They are concerned with equal access to the media for +underprivileged groups and providing material and journalistic +support (ex. to censored authors) (s:10/92) + +* JUZ Bockenheim +Varrentrappstr. 38 +D-6000 Frankfurt 70 + +: + +Tel: +49-69-777-574 +Autonomist youth center with cafe, bar, concerts, and library. +(s:10/92) + +* Medico International +Obermainanlage 7 +D-6000 Frankfurt 1 +Tel: +49-69-499-0042 +Medical relief in Tricont, anti-interventionist (s:GS 91) + +* Pro Familia +Cronstettenstr. +D-6000 Frankfurt 1 +Tel: +49-69-550-901 +Family planning and reproductive rights (s:2/92) + +* VVN-Bund der Anti-faschisten +Bockenheimer Landstr. 79 +D-6000 Frankfurt +Biggest and oldest antifa organization, mainstream. (s:GS 91) + +* Zentrum +Hinter der Schoenen Aussicht 11 + +: + +D-6000 Frankfurt +Tel: +49-69-296-335, +Anarchist Autonomist Center +Archiv fuer Zeitgeschichten (Tues 18-20h) (s:ECN 1/92) + +* Infoladen Offenbach +Frankfurterstr. 63 hh +D-6050 Offenbach +Tel: +49-69-821-522 +Open M, W, Fr. +Lang: ger,eng +resistance info, extra antifa group and archive. (s:5/92) + +* Infoladen Basta +Frankfurter Str. 58 +Tel: +49-6154-295-639 +D-6100 Darmstadt +T. 20-22h., W. 18-20, Su 15-17 (s:F 9/92) + +* Frauen Literatur Vertrieb +c/o Anne Frey +Erich-Ollenhauer Str. 231 +D-6200 Wiesbaden + +: + +Tel: +49-611-410-780 +Women's publishing and distributing house. (s:12/91) + +* Infoladen Wiesbaden +Werderstr. 8 +D-6200 Wiesbaden +Tel: +49-611-440-664 +wed. 15-20h., Also for a USA working group with info from +A.I.M. (s:2/92) + +* Verein zur Foerderung Politischer Kultur und Kommunikation +Langgasse 24 HH +D-6200 Wiesbaden +Fax: +49-611-379-181 +Published an international overview of anti war actions, "Anti +Kriegs info". (s:3/91) + +* Infoladen Giessen +Suedenlage 20 HH +D-6300 Giessen +Tel: +49-641-74423 +T 16-19h, Th. 18-21h, Fr. afternoon (s:F 9/92) + + +: + +* Kleine Freiheit +Bismarkstr. 9 +D-6300 Giessen +Tel: +49-641-71850 +Left Bookstore (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Hanau +Metzgerstr. 6-8 +D-6450 Hanau (s:swing 9/92) + +* KomistA +c/o Sterneck +Eichenheege 12b +D-6457 Maintal +Tel: +49-6181-22-500 +Multi-media distributor, common basis is left, radical, +feminist and countercultural contents. See EAC (s:EAC 89) + +* Clock Work 129a +Leibnizstr. 24 +D-6500 Mainz +Monthly Info on Paragraph 129a (support of a terrorist +organization) and other political processes. 6000 circ. + +: + +(s:7/92) + +* Spinnennetz +Hintere Bleiche 20 +D-6500 Mainz +Modem: +49-6131-238-256 +Computer networking. Crosspoint for European Counter Network +(ECN) (s:6/92) + +* Infobuero +Am Landwehrplatz 2 +D-6600 Saarbruecken (s:AI 7/92) + +* Infoladen +Brauerstr. 39 +D-6600 Saarbrucken +Tel: +49-681-374-364 (s:C 3/92) + +* Dokugruppe +c/o Schwarzwurzel +Jakob-Binderstr. 10 +D-6700 Ludwigshafen +Put together a documentation of the fascist attacks in + +: + +Mannheim (s:RGI 9/92) + +* Contraste +Gaissbergstrasse 97 +Postfach 10 45 20 +D-6900 Heidelberg +Tel:+49-6221-13402 (editing) +fax: +49-6221-164-489 +Monthly for self-governing/ autonomous businesses (s:91) + +* Graswurzel Revolution +Schillerstrasse 28 +D-6900 Heidelberg +Tel: +49-6221-183-907 +Fax: +49-6221-163-118 +Monthly paper of non-violent action groups, pacifist +revolutionary and anarchist. Contact for the federation of +non-violent action groups (s:6/92) + +* Infoladen Moskito im AZ +Alte Bergheimerstr. 7a +D-6900 Heidelberg +Tel: +49-6221-181-200 + +: + +Fax: +49-6221-164-489 (mark for Infoladen) +M. women-lesbian day, T-Fr. 20-22h +Prison, Palestine, antifa, Autonomous Women/Lesbian Center, +Euskadi, men and gays, (s:3/92) + +# 7000 # + +* Anti-Kriegs Buero +Gutenbergerstr. 48 +D-7000 Stuttgart 1 +Tel: +49-711-624-701 +Anti-war office (s:1/91) + +* Bi Laden +Neckarstr. 73 +D-7000 Stuttgart 1 +(s:SW 9/92) + +* Infoladen Stuttgart +Moerickestr. 69 hh +D-7000 Stuttgart/ Heslach +Tel: +49-711-298-995 (s:Kas 6/92) + + +: + +* Schwarzer Faden +Postfach 1159 +D-7043 Grafenau 1 +Tel: +49-7033-44273 +Fax: +49-7033-45264 +Anarchist discussion, actualization of liberation theory, +culture. Quarterly. Also for Trotzdem publishers (s:3/92) + +* Pressehuette +c/o MALA +Forststr. 3 +D-7075 Mutlangen +Infoladen (s:90) + +* Infobuero +Neckarhalde 6 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Information and Peace Office (s:SW 9/92) + +* Info cafe +Schellingstr.6 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel: +49-7071-76909 + +: + +Th. 15-19h. (s:Kas 6/92) + +* Kultur des Friedens +Lustnauer Tor 4 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel:+49-7071-52200 +fax: +49-7071-24905 +International association of individuals working for peace and +understanding. Famous writers, artists, scientists, musicians. +(s:2/91) + +* Aktionszentrum Arme Welt +Lange Gasse 2 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel: +49-7071-23062 +'92 Campaign, 500 Year Plundering and EC Commen Market, Peru +Group (s:91) + +* Verein fuer Friedenspaedagogik Tuebingen +Bachgasse 22 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel: +49-7071-21312 +Peace Pedagogy. (s:2/91) + +: + + +* Zelle +Postfach 1952 +D-7410 Reutlingen +For Antifa RT. (s:GW 9/92) + +* Infoladen +c/o Buchhandlung des Rabe +Zunftstr. 8 +D-7500 Karlsruhe 41 +Tel:+49-721-408-378 daily: 15-18h. (s:c 4/92) + +* Archiv fuer Soziale Bewegungen in Baden +Wilhelmstr. 15 +D-7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-33362 +Fax: +49-761-381-414 +Archive for social movements (s:3/92) + +* Ca ira Verlag Joachim Bruhn +Postfach 273 +D-7800 Freiburg 1 +Tel: +49-761-100-031 + +: + +Marxist Publishers (s:91) + +* InformationsZentrum 3. Welt +Kronenstr.16 HH +Postfach 5328 +7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-74003 +Fax: +49-761-709-866 (M,F 10-16) +Third world solidarity info. Publish Blaetter des Iz3w (s:91) + +* Infoladen Subito +Klarastr. 73 +D-7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-278-322 +N-Th. 17-20h. +Lang: ger, eng, span +antifa, pupils, punx (s:F 9/92) + +* Radio Dreyeckland +Adlerstr. 12 +D-7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-30407 +Free radio. (s:F 9/92) + +: + + +* Infocafe im Falkenkeller +Schillerstr. 1 +D-7900 Ulm +Tel: +49-731-64177 +Every 1. and 3. Sunday, after 11 (s:Kal 91) + +# 8000 # +Muenchen, Munich + +* Anti-Atom Buero +Holzstr. 2 +D-8000 Muenchen +Fax: +49-89-260-3513 (s:2/91) + +* Gruppe 2 +Oettlmairstr. 8 +D-8000 Muenchen 83 +Tel: +49-89-680-5122 +or +49-89-651-9359 +Film and video documentation (s:GS 91) + +* Humanistische Union + +: + +Braeuhaus 2 +D-8000 Muenchen 2 (s:GS 91) + +* Infoladen-Archiv Gruppe 2 +Sommerstrasse 24 +D-8000 Muenchen +Tel: +49-89-651-8448 + +49-89-651-9359 +Archive (s:Kal 91) + +* Infoladen Muenchen +Breisacherstr. 12 +D-8000 Muenchen 80 +Tel: +49-89-4489638 +Fax: +49-89-4802006 +Lang: It, Ger, eng +Contacts: antifa, women, G-7 (s:3/92) + +* Women's Coordination against G-7 +c/o Werkhaus +Leonardstr. 19 +D-8000 Muenchen 80 +Tel: +49-49-168-116 (s:3/92) + +: + + +* Kurdistan Informationszentrum +Pariser Str. 7 +D-8000 Muenchen 80 +Tel: +49-89-448-410 (s:SN 3/91) + +* Infogruppe +Oberaustr. 2 +D-8200 Rosenheim +(s:Kal 91) + +* BIWAK Buero +Engelburgergasse. 12 +D-8400 Regensburg +Tel: +49-941-55555 +Infoshop (s:F 9/92) + +* Infobuero Freies Wackerland +Altenschwand 91 +D-8465 Bodenwoehr +Tel: +49-9434-3368 (s:Kal 91) + +* Infoladen + +: + +c/o Buecherkiste +D-8500 Nuernberg 1 (s:Kas 6/92) + +* KOMM +Koenigstr. 93 +D-8500 Nuernberg +Autonomist center (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Wuerzburg +c/o AKW +Frankfurterstr. 87 +D-8700 Wuerzburg +Open: Th. 20-22h. (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Augsburg +Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 21 +D-8900 Augsburg +Tel: +49-821-312-415 +Fax: +49-821-312-416 +Th. 18:30-21h. (s:F 9/92) + +# Great Britain # +* Bristol Housing Action Movement + +: + +160 Gloucester Rd. +Bristol B57 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* C.W.F. +International Secretary +PO Box 772 +Bristol Avon BS99 1EG +Class War Federation. Anti-authoritarian, working class, +revolutionary group. Publish Class War, 'Britain's most +unruly tabloid'. Don't mention Class War on the +envelope.(s:2/92) + +* Greenleaf Bookshop +82 Colston St. +Bristol Avon +Radical bookstore (s:92) + +* LibED +Phoenix House +170 Wells Rd. +Bristol B54 2AG +A magazine for the liberation of learning (s:91) + + +: + +* Grapevine radical and Community Bookshop +Unit 6 +Dales Brewery +Gwydir Street +Cambridge CB1 2LJ +Tel: +44-223-61808 +"Cooperative working; political, social, spiritual, and sexual +awareness; information services; antiracist, antisexist, non- +homophobic literature." (s:91) + +* Counter Information +Pigeonhole CI +c/o 11 Forth Street +Edinburgh, EH1 +Quarterly free info paper. Libertarien, Antagonist and +Community based. 13,000 circ. 4p. (s:7/92) + +* Direct Action +International Secretary +Edinbourgh DAM-IWA +PO Box 516 SWDO +Edinbourgh EH10 5JH +Anarcho-syndicalist union (s:56a 1/92) + +: + + +* Anarchist Workers Group +Box B20 +Huddersfield HX1 +Publish Socialism from Below (s:B 9/91) + +* Here and Now +P.O. Box 109 +Leeds LSS 3AA +(s:B 9/91) + +* Lamp Bookshop +91 Bradshawgate +Leigh WN7 4ND +Tel: +44-942-606-667 +"Community bookshop stocking radical and alternative books, +providing educational advice for adults and organizing visits +by writers in local schools." (s:EAC 89) + +* News From Nowhere Bookshop +112 Bold Street +Liverpool LI 4HY +Tel: +44-51-708-7270 + +: + +"Specialises in Lesbian and gay issues, racism, imperialism +and Ireland." (s:91) + +* 1-2-1 +121 Railton Rd. +Brixton, London SE24 +Tel: +44-71-274-6655 + +W, Th, Sa, 13-17 h. +F 14-17 h., Sun 15-17 h. +Cafe Fr. 8-11, +Cheap Food Sun. 13-17 h. +Infoshop, also for Lambeth Housing Action (s:B 9/91) + +* 56A +56 Crampton st. +Pullens Estate +Kennington, London +M,Th 15-19 h. +Infoshop (s:B 9/91) + +* A-Distribution +84b Whitechapel High Street + +: + +London E1 7QX +Tel: +44-81-558-7732 +Anarchist Trade Distribution (s:7/91) + +* Active Distribution +BM Active +London WC1N 3XX +Anarchist etc. distribution. (s:B 9/91) + +* Advisory service for squaters +2 St. Pauls Rd. +Islington +London N1 2QN +Tel: +44-71-359-8814 +"Gives legal, practical and general advice on squatting. +Produce and write 'squatters handbook'." Good contact for +squating actions. They're also interested in other +issues.(s:56a 1/92) + +* Anarchist Black Cross London +BM Hurricane +London WC1N 3XX +In contact with ABCs in Liverpool, Preston, Bolton, Leeds, + +: + +Sheffield, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Belfast. (s:56a 1/92) + +* Anarchist Communist Federation +c/o 84b Whitechapel High St. +London E1 7QX (s:B 9/91) + +* Anarchist Workers Group +BM Box 6548 +London WC1 3XX (s:56a 1/92) + +* Anti-Fascist Action +BM Box 1734 +London WC1N 3XX (s:Search 4/92) + +* Attack International +BM 6577 +London WC1N 3XX +Radical publishers (s:1/92) + +* The Book Place/ Peckham Publishing project +13 Peckham High St. +London SE1S SEB +Tel: +44- -701-1757 + +: + +Since 1977, antiracist bookshop. "Publishing by and for local +people" (s:EAC 89) + +* Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE) +PO Box 273 +Forest Gate +London E7 (s:AML 2/92) + +* Federation of Radical Booksellers +c/o Housmans +5 Caledonian Road +London N1 9DX +"...aims to promote the distribution of a wide range of non- +sexist, non-racist literature committed to radical social +change." Publish The Radical Bookseller + +* Freedom Bookshop +84b White Chapel High St. +London E1 7AX +and Freedom an anarchist fortnightly (s:B 9/91) + +* GreenNet +23 Bevenden Street + +: + +London N1 6BH +Tel: +44-71-608-3040 +Fax: +44-71-253-0801 +e-mail: support@gn.apc.org +Progressive computer network. (s:PN 4/92) + +* Ha Ha +The Nevill Arms +Nevill Road +Stoke Newington +London WI6 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Housmans Bookshop +5 Caledonian Rd. +London N1 9DX +Tel: +44- -837-4473 +Since 1951. Big bookshop, originally pacifist, but with wide +range of material, publish the Housemans Peace Diary. Also +home to the Gay Liberation Front Information Service. (s:EAC +89) + +* London Greenpeace +5 Caledonian Rd. + +: + +London N1 9DX +Tel: +44-71-837-7557 +Radical anarchistic non-violent environmentalists. (s:B 9/91) + +* London Lesbian and Gay Centre +69 Cowcross Street. +London EC1M 6BP +Tel: +44-71-490-7153 +Out-rage group, publishes Queer Reality. (s:9/91) + +* News From Everywhere +Box 14 +136 Kingsland High Street +London E8 +(s:B 9/91) + +* Organization for Lesbian and Gay Action +Rm. 3, 38 Mount Pleasant +London WC1X OAP +Tel: +44- -833-3860 +"Organization for Lesbian and Gay Action, has three major +campaigns to counteract the effects of section 28 and fight +for lesbian and gay rights and equality: AIDS/HIV, Lesbian + +: + +custody, anti violence." Also for Act-Up (s:EAC 89) + +* Poll Tax Prisiner Group +c/o Brixton Law Center +506 Brixton Rd +London WCIX +Tel: +44-71-738-7586 + +Formed 10/90 to support those arrested in anti poll-tax +demos, most notably 3/31 and 10/20/90, also for Trafalgar +Square Defendants' Campaign (TSDC) (s:56a 1/92) + +* Searchlight +37B New Cavendish Street +London, WIM 8JR +Tel: +44-71-284-4040 +Fax: +44-71-284-4410 +International Anti-fascist monthly. (s:Search 4/92) + +* Shocking Pink +c/o 121 Railton Rd. +London SE24 +Feminist youth magazine (s:56a 91) + +: + + +* Solidarity +c/o 123 Lathom Rd. +London E62EA +A journal of Libertarian Socialism (s:92) + +* Southwark Homeless Information Project +612 Old Kent Road +London SE 15 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Statewatch +PO Box 1516 +London N16 8EW +Tel: +44-81-802-1882 +Fax: +44-81-880-1727 +email: GEO2:statewatch-off (s:AML 3/92) + +* Troops Out +PO Box 353 +London, NW5 4NH +Tel: +44-71-609-1743 +Paper produced by a collective drawn from branches of the +Troops Out Movement in London + +: + + +* War Resistors International +55 Dawes St. +London SE17 1EL +Tel: +44 71 703 7189 +fax: +44 71 708 2545 +Email: gn:warresisters (s:91) + +* Wildcat +BM Cat +London WC1N 3XX +Marxist autonomist magazine (s:56a 1/92) + +* Worker's Scud +Box 15 +138 Kingsland High St. +London E +"No patriot can shoot us down" (s:CI 9/91) + +* C.W.F. +National Secretary +PO Box 39 +SW PDO + +: + +Manchester, M15 +Class War Federation. Don't mention Class War on the envelope. +Danger mouth and adertising tel: +44-61-226-1293 Class War +Hotline: +44-737-778-525. Same address for the National +Secretary of DAM-IWA, anarcho-syndicalist union. (s:B 9/91) + +* Manchester 500 year of Resistance +c/o Box 13 +1 Newton St. +Manchester, M1 1HW (s:91) + +* Manchester Black Cross +Box 8 +1 Newton St. +Piccadilly +Manchester MI I8W (s:L&R 3/92) + +* Subversion +Dept. 10 +1 Newton St. +Piccadilly +Manchester M1 1HW +(s:B 9/91) + +: + + +* Incite +c/o Enfield Student Union +Middlesex Polytechnic +Queensway +Middlesex EN3 4SF +radical students' magazine (s:NLNS 2/92) + +* Anarchist Distribution Service +P.O. Box 446 +Sheffield S1 1NY +Tel: +44-742-610-627 +Also Sheffield Anarchists, Squaters Support Group, Pirate +Press, Class Struggle Anarchist Network and Taking Liberties, +newsletter of the Northern Anarchist Black Cross (s:B 9/91) + +* AK distribution +3 Balmoral place +Stirling +Scotland FK8 2RD +Tel: +44-31-667-1507 +Distribute many english books, pampflets amd magazines to +Europe. And AK Press (s:B 9/91) + +: + + +# Greece # + +* A-Infos +c/o P.O. Box 11251 +GR-54110 Thessaloniki +Anarchist news briefs (s:5/92) + +* Alternative Gallery Archive +c/o VGR Initiative +Postbox 20037 +GR-11810 Athens, Hellas +Tel: 346-2952 +Archive of Alternative/Libertarian culture and social ecology. +(s:ID 91) + +* Anarchist Coil +P.O. Box 30658 +GR-10033 Athens +"The Anarchist Coils's aim is to contribute to and co-ordinate +with those groups in the anarchist movement who seek social +intervention in specific social sectors that experience +domination and exploitation. Bi-monthly newspaper too." (s:AA + +: + +12/90) + +* ANARCHIST FOR THE SOCIAL-CLASS STRUGGLE +T.O. 31229 - T.K. 10035 +Athens (s:A 6/91) + +* Antiwar-Antinationalist campaign of Greece +Valtetsiou 35 +GR-10681 Athens +Fax: +30-1-364-0390 (s:Peace News 6/92) + +* The Breaker +Amfithea 17564 +Autonomous paper (s:EAC 89) + +* Diethnis Bibliothiki +Delfon Str. 2 +Athens +Anarchist Library (s:EAC 89) + +* Vasilis Karapilis +8 Aristidou +GR-10559 Athens + +: + +Tel: +30-1-322-4770 +Anarchist Lawyer, Anarchist Black Cross and A-Infos contact. +(s:Kal 10/91) + +* Librarie Internationaliste +Kallidromiou 40 +GR-10680 Athens Exarchia +Tel: +30-1-361-7512 +Situationalist bookshop and documentation center. "Aims to +present all radical movements either 'artistic' or +'political', mainly from the last two centuries. Especially +interested in 'counterinformation' bulletins from European +groups." (s:EAC 89) + +* "ORA NIHIL" +T.O. 31421 +Athena 47 (s:A 6/91) + +* Panajiotis +Kalamares Panajiotis +Pindoy 63 +GR-11141 Athens +Tel: +30-1-228-7180 + +: + +"Political theory and practice. Social struggles. Anarchist." +(s:EAC 89) + +* Hong Kong + +* Asian Students Association +511 nathan Road 1/F +Kowloon +Tel: 852-388-0515 (s:NLNS 6/92) + +* Black Bird/People Theater Collective +c/o Guo +PO Box 25244 +Harbour Building +Tel: 852-2-984-1890 (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Democracy Wall +POB 31340 +Causeway Bay +Hong Kong (s:L&R 3/91) + +# Hungary # + + +: + +* ANAP +H-1139 Budapest +Hajdu u.17 4/29 +Anarcho punk group (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Autonomia +c/o Eotvos Klub +Karolyi M. ut.9 +H-1053 Budapest (s:90) + +* Budapesti Anarchista Csoport +H-1399 Budapest +Pf. 701/900 +Budapest Anarchist Group and paper Anarchista Ojsag (s:L&R +5/92) + +* Demokrata +Kolaszi u. 48. +H-1039 Budapest +Contact: Jeno Nagy +Bookshop, distributor, publish Demokratia, independent +political journal. (s:EAC 89) + + +: + +* East-West Information and Communication Network +H-1144 Budapest +Furedi St. 19/a +Tel: +36-11-372-987 (s:91) + +* Feminist Network +Budapest 1056 +Szerb u.8. (s:L&R 5/92) + +* GEO +H-1139 Budapest +Pf. 701/546 +Aiming to create an international anarchist eco-settlement. +(s:L&R 2/92) + +* Index-Hires sajtoszolgalat +Szechenyirakpart 7 +H-1054 Budapest +Tel: +36-11-323-432 +Independent news and Press agency. since 1989. (s:EAC 89) + +# Iceland # + + +: + +* Campaign against military Bases +Mjolnisholt 14 +Reykjavik +Tel: +354-1-17966 (s:EAC 89) + +# India # + +* Charitable Trust +16, gor Bagh +New Delhi 110003 +Tibetan support group (s:91) + +* Information Office +Central Tibetan Secretariat +Gangchen Kyishong 176215 +Dharamsala +H.P. (s:91) + +* Tibetan Youth Congress +Mc Lead Ganj +Dharamsala 176215 +District Kangra +H.P. (s:91) + +: + + +# Ireland (the 26 counties) # + +* Quay Bookshop +24 Sullivans Quay +Cork +Tel: +353-21-967-660 +"Specialist Subjects: women studies, gay books, non-sexist +children's books, personal development and health. In the +same building also: a vegetarian restaurant and women's +center. (s:EAC 89) + +* Well Red Books +Dublin Resource Centre +6 Crow Street +2 Dublin +Tel: +353-1-771-974 (s:EAC 89) +Bookshop, secondhand books + +* Workers Solidarity Movement +POB 1528 +Dublin 8 +Publish Workers Solidarity. (s:56a 1/92) + +: + + +# North Ireland (the 6 counties) # + +* Just Books +7 Winetavern Street +Smithfield +BT1 1JQ Belfast +Tel: +44-232-225-426 +Women/Anarchist (s:56a 1/92) + +* Bookworn Community Bookshop +16 Bishop St. +BT 48 6PW Derry +Tel: +44-504-261-616 +since 1978. "Radical Bookseller, community bookshop, workers +cooperative. Irish interest, feminist, gay, radical politics." +(s:EAC 89) + +* War Zone +PO Box 148 +Belfast BT1 IJA +Group and centre (s:56a 1/92) + + +: + +# Israel and Occupied Territories # + +* Al-Haq +31 Main Street +PO Box 1413 +West Bank 02-956421 (s:Z 11/91) + +* Al-Fajr +7 Antara Ben Shaddad +P.O. Box 19315 +Jerusalem +via Israel +Tel: +972-2-271-655 +Fax: +972-2-273-521 +Palestinian English weekly, see also Hempstead N.Y. office +(s:PN 7/92) + +* The Alternative Information Center +PO Box 24278 +Jerusalem +Tel: +972-2-241-159 +Fax: +972-2-253-151 +Publish English language periodical (News From Within) on + +: + +situation and doings in the occupied territories, as well as a +weekly bulletin (The Other Front) of translations and +analytical commentary. They will send you for $5 a list of +Jewish and Palestinian activist organizations. (a similar list +is available on computer, contact mckay@igc.org)(s:AIC 5/91) + +* AL HAIAT Office for Press and Publication +Salah El Din street +JERUSALEM +Tel/Fax: +972-286-920 (s:A 6/91) + +* The Other Israel +PO Box 2542 +Holon 58125 +Tel/Fax: +972-3-556-5804 +Edited by Adam Keller. (s:7/92) + +* New Outlook +9 Gordon St. +Tel Aviv 63458 +or +Friends of New Outlook +150 5th Ave. suite 911 + +: + +New York, NY 10011 +Opinion and analysis, interviews and stories from Zionist +Left-Israelis (mainly Mapam, Ratz, PLP) with significant +Palestinian input. Have a list of peace-protest-coexistence & +justice groups in Israel.(s:AIC 5/91) + +* Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International +Affairs (PASSIA) +P.O.B. 19545 +Jerusalem +972-2-282-819 +Put out an annual diary which contains many palestinian +organizations and institutions (s:AIC 5/91) + +* Peace Movement Coordinating Committee of Haifa and the North +(PMCC) +P.O.B. 45583 +Haifa +Tel: +972-4-660-281 +Two year old working coalition for major Haifa and environs +peace and protest groups.(s:AIC 5/91) + +* Peace Now +177 Ben Yehuda St. + +: + +Tel Aviv 63472 +Tel: +972-3-546-0227 +Fax: +972-3-546-4239 +Jerusalem +Tel: +972-2-664716 +Haifa: Try PMCC (s:AIC 5/91) + +* WOFPP +POB 31811 +Tel Aviv +Tel/Fax: +927-3-528-6050 +Women's Organization for Political Prisoners (s:7/92) + +* Women in Black +PO Box 61128 +Jerusalem 91060 +Tel: +972-2-255-984 + +209 Dizengoff St. +Tel Aviv +Tel: +972-3-410-452 +Women who stand in vigil for one hour each Friday afternoon in +over 30 locations throughout Israel (and several in Europe and + +: + +North America) demanding an end to occupation. (s:AIC 5/91) + +* Women's Studies Center +PO Box 19591 +East Jerusalem via Israel +Tel: +972-2-958-848 +Fax: +972-2-894-023 (address to S.Mani)(s:oob 7/92) + +* Yesh Gvul +POB 6953 +Jerusalem 91068 +Tel: +972-2-250271 +Ishai Menuchin: +972-2-249-899 (h) +Tel Aviv: +972-3-513-1472 +"There is a Border/Limit" Works with resistors to military +service, holds forums, demonstrations and other activities. +(s:AIC 5/91) + +# Italy # +C.S.O.A. = Centro Sociale Occupato Autogestito = Self +governing squated social center + +Roma, Rome + +: + + +* CENTRO DOCUMENTAZIONE ANARCHICO (CDA) +Via dei Campani 69 +I-00185 Roma +Tel: +39-6-491-335 (s:A 6/91) + +* Lega Per L'Ambiente +Via Salaria 280 +I-00194 Roma +Tel: +39-6-844-2277 +email: legambiente@gn.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* RADIO ONDA ROSSA +Via dei Volsci 56 +I-00185 Roma +Tel: +39-6-491-750 +Fax: +39-6-446-3616 +Contact for Italian Autonomists, also for the European Counter +Network (ECN), an antagonist computer network. (s:11/91) + +* Radio Proletaria +Rome + +: + +Tel: +39-6-438-1533 + +39-6-430-744 +Autonomous Radio station. (s:EAC 89) + +* CENTRO DOCUMENTAZIONE E COMUNICAZIONE ANTAGONISTA +Via Goldoni 4 - c/p n.1632 PPTT succ.5 +I-06100 Perugia (s:A 6/91) + +* C.S.O. El Paso +Via Passo Buole 47 +I-10127 Turin +Tel: +39-11-650-2774 +Collective born in 1982. 1987 squated a villa called El +Passo. anarcho punk. (s:EAC 89) + +* Gruppo Anarchico di Controcultura +via Braccio da Montrone 71/A +I-00176 Roma +Working inside the antagonist movement (s:2/92) + +* Nautilus +C.P. 1311 +I-10100 Turin + +: + +Tel: +39-11-722-318 +Autonomous Social Center (s:91) + +* CENTRO DOCUMENTAZIONE COMUNICAZIONE ANTAGONISTA +Via S.Croce 10/R +I-16126 Genova (s:A 6/91) + +Milano, Milan + +* Centro Sociale Leon Cavallo +Via Leoncavallo 22 +I-20100 Milano +Tel/fax: +39-2-2614-0287 +Autonomous social center (s:6/92) + +* Decoder-International magazine +Via C. Balbo 10 +I-20136 Milan +Tel: +39-2-5831-2978 +"Revista Internazionale Underground", antagonist. (s:ECN 6/91) + +* Federazione Anarchia Italiana +c/o Federazione Milanese + +: + +Viale Monza 255 +I-20126 Milan +Tel: +39-2-255-1994 +Also for A-infos (s:91) + +* Libreria Calusca +Associazione Culturale Calusca-Libreria, Centro di +Informazione e Documentazione +via S. Croce 21 +I-20100 Milan +Tel: +39-2-832-7805 +Fax: +39-2-236-1589 +Gives particular attention to themes of 'antagonist' self +managed communication. (s:EAC 89) + +* Provocazione e Anarchismo +c/o C.P. 14021 +I-20140 Milan +or M.G. Scoppetta +C.P. 10705 +I-20110 Milano +Bi-monthly anarchist newspaper (s:91) + + +: + +* Radio Popolare +Piazza S. Stefano 10 +I-20121 Milan +Tel: +39-2-809-100 + +39-2-808-240 + +39-2-807-294 +Fax: +39-2-807-121 +Radical Radio station (s:EAC 89) + +* Radio Onda d'Urto +Contrada Del Carmine 16 +I-25100 Brescia +Tel: +39-30-46596 +Fax/modem: +39-30-377-1921 +Autonomist radio and ECN group (s:ECN 6/91) + +* C.S.O.A. Arkano +via Canaletto n.5 Borgomeduna +I-33170 Pordenone c.p. +social center, in the Contro Informazione spectrum (s:C 11\91) + +* C.S.O.A. Gramigna +via Monta n.100 + +: + +I-35136 Padova +social center and infocafe, in the Contro Informazione +spectrum (s:C 11\91) + +* Calasca +via del Zoni 14/18 +I-35100 Padova +bookstore (s:C 4/92) + +* RADIO SHERWOOD +Vicolo Pontecorvo 1a +I-35100 Padova +Tel: +39-49-875-2129 +Fax: +39-49-664-589 +Modem:+39-49-875-6112 +Main contact for Italian autonomen. also for ECN.(s:11/91) + +* Suedtiroler Hochschuelerschaft +via Sciliar 1 +I-39100 BOLZANO +Tel:+39-471-974-614 +fax +39-471-974-914 (s:A 6/91) + + +: + +* Contro Informazione +Via Taglia pietre 8b +I-40123 Bologna +Tel: +39-51-585-255 +revolutionary group and magazine (s:AN 6/91) + +* ECN Bologna +Centro di Comunicazione Antagonista +Via Avesella 5b +I-40121 Bologna +Tel: +39-51-260-556 +Autonomist (s:91) + +* ECN Firenze +Centro di Comunicazione Antagonista +via di Mezzo 46 +I-50100 Firenze +Tel/fax: +39-55-241-881 (s:ECN 6/91) + +* Centro Sociale Autogestito Intifada +via 25 Aprile +Ponte a Elsa +Empoli (FI) + +: + +Tel: +39-571-931-021 (s:6/92) + +* Circolo Culturela "Biblioteca Fracno Serentini" +Via S. Martino 108 +I-56100 Pisa +Contact: Robertino Barbieri +Tel: +39-50-879-202 +Anarchist archive, library, meeting place. Organizes +conferences and political events. (s:EAC 89) + +* C.S.A. Macchia Nera +Piazza S.Michele 5 +I-56100 Pisa +Autonomous center (s:EAC 89) + +* CSA MONTEVERGINI +Via Montevergini 20 +I-90100 Palermo +Tel: +39-91-342-648 +(s:A 91) + +Venezia, Venice +* Centro Soziale Autogestito "Morion" + +: + +Salizada San Francesco Della Vigna +Castello-Venezia +Tel: +39-41-520-5163 + +* ECN Napoli +Centro Soziale Autogestito Officina 99 +Via Carlo di Tocco 5 +Angolo via Gianturco 101 +Napoli +Tel/modem: +39-81-502-0238 (s:ECN 6/91) + +# Japan # + +* A.R.P. +P.O. Box 57 +Sakyo +Yubinkyoku +J-606 Kyoto +Libery Volo, organ of the Japanese Anarchist Federation +(s:6/92) + +* Asian Lesbian Network Nippon +c/o Regumi Studio Tokyo + +: + +Joki +Nakazawa Blde. 3F +23 Araki-cho +Shinjuku-Ku +Tokyo 160 (s:oob 5/92) + +# Korea # + +* C.I.R.A. Korea +K.P.O. Box 1938 +Kwanghwamoon +Post Office, Seoul +Bulletin of the Federation of Korean Anarchists (s:AA 12/90) + +* FAK +c/o Prof. Ha Ki Rak +706-022 Suseongku +Manchon 2 Dong 990-44 +Taegu +Federation of Korean Anarchists (s:Kal 3/90) + +* Korean Women's Associations United +1-23 Chung-ding + +: + +Choon-ku +Seoul +Tel: 738-2883 +Fax: 7222-9244 +Umbrella group, 25 member groups campaigning to change the +family laws (s:NLNS7/92) + +* KWWA +Kwanum Pogyowon Building, 3rd floor +Guro Dong 482-1 +Guro-Ku +Seoul +Korean Women Workers Association (s:NLNS 7/92) + +* Women's Society for Democracy +306, Chung Jeung Ro 3 GA, +Seodaemoon-Ku +Seoul 120-013 +Organizing among housewives and office workers (s:NLNS 7/92) + +# Latvia # + +* The Association for Equal rights for Sexual Minorities + +: + +Riga 226001 +Box 460 (s:smot 2/92) + +* Green Party +Mezha Prsop.1 +Riga 226014 +Tel: +7-0132-282-882 (s:10/90) + +* VAK +Artilerias 66-5 +Riga 226009 +Tel/Fax: +7-132-612-850 +Telex: 161172 Tema su +Environmental Protection Club + +# Lithuania # + +* Eugenius Misiunas +234520 Kapsukas (Mariampole) +Veniovos 9, app. 33 +Anarchist contact (s:Kal 9/91) + +* Lietuvos Zakioji Partija + +: + +Pylimi 4 +23200 Vilnius +Tel: +7-0122-266-268 +Fax: +7-0122-614-544 +Lithuanian Green Party (s:10/90) + +# Luxembourg # + +* A-Infos +c/o AB +1, rue Auguste Dutreux +L-1899 Kockelscheier +Anarchist news briefs (s:3/92) + +* Selbstverwalt Jugendzentrum +Letzebuerg +1, Place des bains +L-1212 Luxembourg +Tel: 461186 +Fax/answering machine: 474087 or 474102 +Self governing youth center (s:3/92) + +# Mexico # + +: + + +* Amor y Rabia +Apartado Postal 11-351 +C.P. 06101 Mexico +D.F. Mexico (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Colectivo Cambio Radical +Apdo. Postal 13-441 +C.P. 03501 Mexico +D.F. Mexico (s:L&R 9/91) + +# Namibia # + +* CANAMCO +c/o Peter J. Van Wyk +P.O. Box 50295 +Windhoek +Tel: (061)-37908 +Fax: (061)-33347 +Community radio initiative (s:AML 4/92) + +* Sister Collective +P.O. Box 60100 Katutura 9000 (s:oob 3/92) + +: + + +# Netherlands # + +* Activist Press Service (APS) +Postbus 6452 +NL-1005 EL Amsterdam +Tel/Fax: +31-20-686-6213 +BBS: +31-20-684-2147 +E-Mail: aps@igc.org or aps@aps.hacktic.nl +Radical computer network. Part of the European Counter +Network (ECN). (s:8/92) + +* ACT-UP! +PB 15452 +NL-1001 ML Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-639-2522 +Aids Coalition to Unleash Power! (s:NN 1/92) + +* Bilwet +Postbus 76116 +NL-1001 RE Amsterdam +Fax: +31-20-620-3297 +radical author collective (s:6/92) + +: + + +* CLASH +'Magazine for Resistance in Europe'. Autonomist, Anti- +imperialist. Editions in German and English +Always use double envelope. Inner to CLASH, outer to: +Stichting Marinus vd Lubbe +Postbus 11149 +NL-1001 GL Amsterdam (s:6/92) + +* Het Fort van Sjakoo +Postbus 16578 +NL-1001 RB Amsterdam +(Jodenbreestraat 24) +Tel: +31-20-625-8979 +Fax: +31-20-620-3570 +M-Sa: 11-18 h. +Specialized in libertarian and radical ideas from the first to +the fifth world and beyond. Big book store! (s:8/92) + +* Foundation Europe Against the Current +Jodenbreestraat 24 +NL-1011 NK Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-625-8979 + +: + + +31-20-627-2643 +Fax: +31-20-620-3570 +Published Europe Against the Current in 1989, a catalogue of +alternative, independent and radical Information +Carriers.(s:3/92) + +* de Harde Kern +Kinkerstraat 48 huis +NL-1053 DX Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-612-6172 +Fax: +31-20-616-8967 +Information and action center. Involved in Israel boycott and +refugee support (s:APS 1/92) + +* International Institute of Social History +Cruquiusweg 31 +NL-1019 AT Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-668-5866 +Fax: +31-20-665-4181 +email: GEO2:IISG +"The best archiv of the left in Europe" Also the home of ID- +Archiv, (s:3/92) + + +: + +* International archief vd Vrouwenbeweging +Keizersgracht 10 +NL-1015 CN Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-6244-2685 +International archive of the women's movement (s:NN 3/92) + +* Kriminalisierungsrundbrief +German magazine on the criminalization of the movement. Use 2 +envelopes! inner envelope with Kriiminalisierungsrundbrief, +outer envelope with: +Vrouwengroep OLW +de Wittenstraat 73 +NL-1052 Amsterdam (s:AN 3/92) + +* NN +Ostadestraat 233d +NL-1073 TN Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-671-6773 +Bi-weekly radical activist paper.(s:8/92) + +* Patapoe +PB 3369 +NL-1001 AD Amsterdam + +: + +very good pirate radio, 101.5 FM (s:3/92) + +* Radio 100 +PO Box 10096 +NL-1001 EB Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-616-3421 + +31-21-616-2641 +Pirate radio station. 100.1 FM (s:8/92) + +* Ultimatum +Houtkopersburgwal 15 +NL-1011 LL Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-624-4158 +Central American paper, infocenter, etc. (s:NN 1/92) + +* de Vrije +PB 75412 +NL-1070 AK Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-616-5598 +Anarchist monthly (s:NN 1/92) + +* Vrije Keyser +PB 14521 + +: + +NL-1001 LA Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-688-1914 +Fax: +31-20-684-9505 +pirate squaters' radio, 96.2 FM (s:3/92) + +* Xantippe +Prinsengracht 290 +NL-1016 HJ Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-623-5854 +Fax: +31-20-624-8013 +M.13-18. Tu-F.10-18. Sa.10-17. +'The largest women's bookstore in the world' (s:NN 3/92) + +* De Lynx +Baanstraat 5a +NL-1941 CE Beverwijk +Tel: +31-2510-12183 +Leftwing progressive bookshop.(s:NN 1/92) + +* De Invalshoek +Koppenhinksteeg 2 +NL-2312 HX Leiden +Tel: +31-71-127619 + +: + +W. 14-18h., Fr. 20-24h. +Lang: dutch, eng, ger +Europe '92, gay, women, animal liberation +Infoshop(s:c 4/92) + +* Manifest +Hooglandsekerkgracht 4 +NL-2312 MT Leiden +Tel: +31-71-125-691 +left bookshop (s:8/92) + +* A-Infos +c/o C.A.S. +P. Box 61523 +NL-2506 AM Den Haag +Anarchist news briefs (s:Kal 10/91) + +* KONFRONTATIE +Post Bus 10233 +NL-2501 HE Den Haag +Tel: +31-73-136-927 +Radical movement monthly, much discussion and theory (s:3/92) + + +: + +* de Rode Hond +Prins Hendrikstraat 138 +NL-2518 HX Den Haag +Tel: +31-70-364-8861 +left bookshop (s:8/92) + +* AMOK +Esdoornstraat 14 +NL-2551 AJ Utrecht +Tel: +31-30-442-122 +Anti-Militarist Research. Newspaper and archive (s:APS 1/92) + +* Rooie Rat +Oudegracht 65 +NL-2511 AD Utrecht +Tel: +31-30-317-189 +Left bookstore. Also for SMAK, distributer, including pink and +pink/black star pins (s:4/92) + +* Anti Racisme Informatie Centrum +Grotekerkplein 5 +NL-3011 GC Rotterdam +Tel: +31-10-411-3911 + +: + +Fax: +31-10-412-8433 (s:ZAG 8/92) + +* Infoshop Phoenix +Stieltjesstraat 38 +NL-3071 JX Rotterdam +Tel: +31-10-423-1385 +Wed. 19-23h. +Antifascism, anarchism, animal liberation, anti-militarism. +(s:c 4/92) + +* Vrije Bond +PB 31067 +NL-3003 HB Rotterdam +Tel: +31-10-413-0885 +Anarcho-syndicalist union (s:NN 1/92) + +* Vrienden van EPP'92 +Asniederslaan 14 +NL-5615 GE Einhoven +Tel: +31-40-448-087 +Fax: +31-40-440-356 +email: epp@gn.apc.org +European Peace Pilgrimage 1992 (s:91) + +: + + +* Infocafe Assata +Koninginnelaan 1 +NL-6542 Nijmegen +Tel: +31-80-730-353 (s:NN 8/92) + +* Assata +Tweede Walstraat 21 +NL-6511 LN Nijmegen +Tel/Fax: +31-80-605-208 +Bookstore (s:c 4/92) + +* Radio Rataplan +PB 1252 +NL-6501 BG Nijmegen +Tel: +31-80-223-940 +Free Radio, 102.5 FM (s:NN 1/92) + +* Wilde Wereld +Burgtstraat 3 +NL-6701 DA Wageningen +Tel: +31-8370-23588 +Infoshop and Bio-technologie Archive (s:E 7/92) + +: + + +* Infoshop Groningen +Postbus 2107 +NL-9704 CC Groningen +Tel: +31-50-133-247 +(Steentilstraat 38) +And VIC, peace center and office of AMOK noord. (s:c 4/92) + +* RAFKO +Postbus 902 +NL-9700 AX Groningen +Tel: +31-50-143-927 +Revolutionair Anarchisties Feministies Kollektief. "Political +bookstore started by a revolutionary anarchist feminist +collective." (s:EAC 89) + +# New Zealand # + +* Anarchist Alliance of Aotearea +PO Box 78-104 +Grey Lynn (s:PE 10/91) + +* Association for Transarmament + +: + +PO Box 5629 +Dunedin (s:GWR 11/91) + +* Nexus +Private Bag 3059 +Hamilton +Tel: 71-569-139 ext. 19 +Fax: 71-563-161 +Official Weekly of the Waikato Student Union. (s:AA 12/90) + +* Social Dis-ease +c/o Anarchy Organization +P.O. Box 14 156 +Kilbirnie +Wellington +An anarcho-punk spasmodical-previously titled "Anti-System" +(s:AN 6/91) + +# Nicaragua # + +* CRIES (Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Economicas y +Sociales) +Iglesia Carmen + +: + +1 cuadra al lago +Apartado 3516 +Managua +Tel: +505 (2) 26.2.28 +or 25.1.37 +Fax: +505 (2) 26.1.80 +e-mail: support@ni.apc.org +Progressive computer netwrok (s:PN 4/92) + +# Norway # + +* Blitz Info group +Pilestredet 30 c. +N-0146 Oslo +Tel: +47-2-110-109 +Fax: +47-2-112-349 +Lang: Nor, Eng, ger, Span, Ital +Autonomist Bookcafe (s:c 4/92) + +* Gate avisa +Futurum Forlag A/5 +Hjelmsgt.3 +N-0355 Oslo 3 + +: + +Tel: +47-2-691-284 +Anarchist paper (s:2/91) + +* Tronsmo Bokhandel +Kristian Augustsgate 19 +N-0164 Oslo +Tel: +47-2-202-509 + +47-2-203-787 +radical cultural bookshop (s:EAC 89) + +* UFFA +Innherredsun. 69c +7002 Trondheim +Tel: +47-7-514-849 +Fax: +47-7-535-552 +Lang: Eng,Ger,Nor,Dan,Swe +animal liberation, antifascism, environment +Autonomist Youth House. (s:c 4/92) + +* Asfaltindianerne +PO Box 1218 +N-9001 Tromso +Tel: +47-838-7599 + +: + +Fax: +47-838-7470 +Put out a bulletin of actions against the Gulf War and called +for Aug 28, 90 as International Action Day. (s:clash 1/91) + +* Ekomedia +PO Box 98 +N-9160 Vannvag +Fax: +47-83-49334 +International News from Northern Norway in English (s:11/91) + +# Panama # + +* Information Center for the Coordinating Commission +c/o Asociacion Kunas Unidos por Nabguana +Apartado Postal 536 +Panama 1 +Tel: 507-63-88-79 +or 507-63-40-27 +Fax: 507-69-35-14 +Continental Coordinating Commission of Indigenous Nations and +Orginazations (s:AML 10/92) + +# Paraguay # + +: + + +* Coordinadora de Organizaciones Sindicales Independientes +Brasil y Mcal Estigarribia +1er Piso +Asuncion (s:L&R 11/92) + +# Peru # + +* CAL +Juilio C. Tello 421 +Urbanizazion San Jose +Callo 2 + +Anarcho-syndicalist org. (s:L&R 11/91) + +* Moviemiento Homosexual de Lima +Apartado 110289 +Lima 11 (s:Amazora 6/92) + +# Philippines # + +* The Center for Women's Resources +#18 Sot. Lozano St. + +: + +Quezon City +Tel: 921-21-68 +(s:TWR 3/92) + +# Poland # +FA=Polish Anarchist Federation + +* FA Bielsko-Biala + +Andrzej Kapcia +Goleszowska 10 m.18 +43-300 Bielsko-Biala +A group of punk-anarchists. (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Czestochowa + +Artur Kielasiak +Pietrusinskiego 14 m.15 +42-200 Czestochowa (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Debica + +Marek Cyran + +: + +Glowackiego 39 m.114 +39-200 Debica +The new, young group from Debica. Mostly anti-draft +activities, anti-militarism, environmentalism, animal rights +and punk/h.c. (s:FA 5/92) + +* Klaudiusz Wesolek +Slupska 32 m.22 +80-392 Gdansk +Especially problems of local community and students' +activities. Free Syndicate of Students (s:FA 5/92) + +* Czarny Alians +PO Box 67 +81806 Sopot +Tel: +48-58-518-676 +Black Alliance, anarchist contact in Gdansk. Especially free +market, struggle against taxes, freedom of drugs and +pornography, pacifism, animal rights, vegetarianism; also +address of "Man-Gala Press" (s:FA 5/92) + +* ZGAGA + + +: + +Marek Rau +Cicha 4 m.4 +05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki +Autonomous Anarchist Group From Grodzisk (s:FA 5/92) + +* An-Arche +Uniwersytet Slaski +Bankowa 12B, Pok. 1 +40-007 Katowice +Tel: +48-32-58-82-11 wewnetrzny (x.) 396 mondays +Circle of friends interested in libertarian anarchism, ecology +pacifism and (mostly) counter-culture. National information +office of the Anarchist Federation, Contacts with Green +Federation +or Dariusz Tkaczyk +Miedzyblokowa 14A m.10 +41-713 Ruda Slaska +Especially punk/hard core music, distribution of tapes, +records, magazines, T-shirts, organizing concerts, publication +of music etc.; also punk/h.c. magazine "V Kolumna" (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Kielce + + +: + +Tomasz Bednarski +Warszawska 47 m.35 +25-531 Kielce +or Wojciech Wytrych +os. Barwinek 22 m.43 +25-113 Kielce +Counter-culturists and libertarian anarchists. (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Koszalin + +Jacek Stralka +Projektantow 15 m.10 +73-324 Koszalin (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Krakow +Marek Kurzyniec +Narzymskiego 32 m.25 +Krakow +Especially anarcho-syndicalism, radical movements in the +world, Russia and other parts of the ex-USSR; also FA's +Committee for ex-USSR affairs. (s:FA 5/92) + +* LAGA + +: + + +Tomast Wojcicki +Boleslawa Chrobrego 15 m.3 +20-611 Lublin +Lublin Autonomous Anarchist Group (s:FA 5/92) + +* OGAS + +Beata Kubica +Sieradzka 5 m.708 +45-334 Opole +Opole Group of Social Activity, part of the FA and Federacja +Zielonych (the Green Federation). Especially women's rights, +feminism, pacifism, environmentalism, animal rights. (s:FA +5/92) + +* FA/WiP Rzeszow +Jagiellonska 6 +Rzeszow +Activities mostly for the benefit of anti-militarism, ecology +and alternative culture. (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Szczecin + +: + + +Bartosz Sawicki +Boryny 38 m.11 +70-017 Szczecin +Mostly activities among young people, anti-draft activities. +(s:FA 5/92) + +* Dariusz Misiuna +PO Box 131 +Warszawa 4 +Especially situationism, anti-psychiatry, avantguard art; also +"Nagi Krol" publishing house. (s:FA 5/92) + +* Polish Feminist Association +ul. Gorska 7/53 +Warsaw, Poland (s:91) + +* Piotr Rymarczyk +Grzybowska 30 m.914 +00-863 Warszawa +Especially self-government activities, enti-militarism, +ecology, alternative culture; address of RSA Warszawa. (s:FA +5/92) + +: + + +# Portugal # + +* A-Infos +Maldicao/c. Lux +Apartado 21477 +P-1134 Lisboa cedex +Anarchist news briefs (s:Kal 10/91) + +* A Ideia +Av. Guerra Janqueiro 19-5 +P-1000 Lisbon +anarchist magazine (s:91) + +* Post Scriptum +c/o Rua Visconda des Devesas 600 +P-4400 Vila Nova de Gaia +Tel: +351- -302-432 +Contact Nuno Carvalho +"Post-Scriptum began as an anarcho/punk magazine but soon we +saw that it was not enough... Now we are interested in many +subjects...." (s:EAC 89) + + +: + +# Puerto Rico # + +* Ofensiva '92 +Apartado Postal 20190 +Rio Piedras 00928 +National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +(s:ATS 6/92) + +# Rumania # + +* Miscarea Ecologista Romania +Str. Olga Bancic 11 +Bucuresti Sector 2 +Tel: +40-0-112-943 +or 113-715 +Ecologist group (s:10/90) + +* Partidul Ecologist Roman +B-dul Leontin Salajan 55 +Bloc M1A Scara B +Etaj 5, Ap.58 +Bucuresti Sector 3 +Ecologist group (s:10/90) + +: + + +# Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine # +Moscow, + +* ACT UP/Moscow +c/o Roman Kalinin +103009 Moscow-9 +Do. Vostrebovaniya +Tel: +7-095-153-9035 (s:L&R 6/91) + +* 'AGRO' Association +Moscow 129224 +Box 157 +Editors of the Magazine 'Risk' + +Queer contact (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* AROM +Young Anarchist front +contact: Oleg (Kay) Kokotov +Moscow 123480 +Ul. Geroev Panfilostev +Dom 3 Korp 1 Kv 59 + +: + +Tel: +7-095-51340 (s:91) + +* The Free Trade Union of the Republic of Belorussia +Belorussia, 220600 Minsk +pl. Svobody, 23 +Tel: (Minsk) 271316 +or 275778 (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* GlasNet +Ulitsa Yaroslavskaya 8 +Korpus 3 Komnata 111 +129164 Moscow +Tel: +7-095-217-6173 +or +7-095-217-6182 +email: support@glas.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* the Group for Psychological Aid to Sexual Minorities +Moscow +Ul. Malomoskovskaya, 4 +'Medecine and Reproduction' +N.Oleynikov (s:SMOT 2/92) + + +: + +* IRA Ukraine +Drepropetrovsk 320100 +Pr. Geroev 20/95 +Ukraine + +Anarchist Federation (s:91) + +* IREAN +c/o Dmitri Kostenko +Moscow 105215 +Ul. Parkovaya 9 aya +Dom 55 KV 60 +Tel: +7-095-963-7861 (Vladim Damier) +Initiative of Revolutionary Anarchists (s:L&R 4/92) + +* K.A.S. +113209 Moskva +u. Bolotnikovskaya dom 38 +korp.6, kv.47 +A. V. Shershukov +Tel: +7-095-121-7001 +or +117279 Moskva + +: + +ul.Miklukho-Maklaya dom 38 +kv.136 +V. gubarev +Tel: +7-095-420-3770 +International Secretary +Mike Tsomva +Volzhsky Boulvard 21/62 +109 402 Moscow +Tel: +7-095-179-1395 + +Confederation Anarcho-Syndacalists and their paper Obschina + +* KAS-KOR Digest +44-71 Street N. Krasnocielskaya +Moscow 107066 (s:Kal 10/91) +or PO Box 16 +Moscow 129642 +Tel: +7-095-921-0655 (s:CI 7/92) +KAS info in English and French + +* Moscow Foundation of Social Initiatives +email: glas.sagapitov or saagapitov + + +: + +* Moscow Union of Homosexuals +Moscow 109180 J-180 +Box 11 +Editors of the Newspaper 'Tema' (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* Nester +c/o Yuri Anisimov +Zhitomir 262030 +Ul. Manvilsky 98 +Kv. 47 +Ukraine +Publication of the confederation of Ukrainian Anarchists (CAO) +(s:L&R 11/91) + +* 'Nevskaya Perspektiva' Association +Saint-Petersburg 191186 D-186 +Box 108 + +Queer contact (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* The Russian Organization for Lesbian Rights +Tel: +7-095-177-2428 (Sveta) +or +7-095-153-9035 (Genia) (s:SMOT 2/92) + +: + + +* 'Sibirsky Variant' +Barnaul 656054 +Box 783 +Queer magazine (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* SMOT +Independent free trade union (s:SMOT 2/92) + +Alexandre Tchoukaev +145 rue Amelot +F-75011 Paris, France + +Moscow 109371 +I-aia Novokovzminskai ul, +dom 16, kor 1, kv 13 +Olga Korzinina + +St.Petersburg 191014 +Ligovskiy Prospekt +dom 2, kv 8 +Wladimir Sitinsky + + +: + +Smolensk 214033 +Ul. Rilenkova dom 17, kv 8 +Raskasov Victor +Cloushankov Nickolay + +Belorussia Minsk 220094 +Prospekt Rokossouskovo +dom 12, kov 1, kv 550 +Anatoli Matreinko + +# South Africa # + +* The Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand + +PO Box 23017 +Joubert Park 2044 +Johannesburg (s:AML 4/92) + +* South African Student Press Union +13 DJ du Plessis Building +PO wits +Johannesburg 2050 (s:NLNS 4/92) + + +: + +* SPEAK +P.O. Box 45213 +Mayfair 2018 +Women's journal (s:oob 3/92) + +* US-SA Sister Community Project/Global Exchange +PO Box 5328 +Johannesburg 2000 +Tel: +27-11-834-1677 +Fax: +27-11-834-8385 +email: sapp@igc.org (s:PN 9/92) + +# Spain and Euskadi # + +* Ateneo Libertario Poble Sec +c/ El Cano 48 +E-08004 Barcelona +Tel: +34-3-329-3661 +Anarchist cultural center etc. Publish Revista Libertaria and +put together address list. (s:DL 91) + +* El Lokal +c/. La Cera 1 + +: + +E-08001 Barcelona +Tel: +34-3-329-0643 +Fax: +34-3-424-3871 +Book store, bar and anarchist publisher. (s:c 4/92) + +* Desenmascaremos ei 92 +AEDENAT c/ Campomanes 132 +E-28013 Madrid +Tel: +34-1-541-1077 or 1071? +Campaign against olympics, expo and Columbus (s:3/92) + +* LUCHA AUTONOMA +A.C. GATO SALVAJE +Costanilla de los Desamparados 17 +E-28014 Madrid +Tel+34-1-420-0840 (s:A 6/91) + +* MERDE +Movimento El Rapto De Europa +Alaneda 22 +E-28014 Madrid +Tel: +34-1-429-0915 +radical distributor (s:EAC 89) + +: + + +* Minuesa +Ronda de Toledo 24 +E-28005 Madrid +Squated house and social center (s:A 6/91) + +* S.S.T.J. +Apdo 17.140 +E-28080 Madrid +Sabotaje, worker, autonomist/anarchist magazine (s:91) + +* Solidaridad Obrera +c/Montera 37-2'I- +E-28013 Madrid +Tel: +34-1-523-1516 (s:B 9/91) + +* UPA +Hortaleza 19 1d +Madrid +Tel: +34-1-532-4238 +News agency and info center. Good for contacts with free +radios (s:A 6/91) + + +: + +* AUPA +APTDO 3113 +Pamplona +Contact for repression in Sevilla (s:7/92) + +* Egozki Etxez +Nabarreria 6-1. +E-31001 Irunez +Tel: +34-48-22-0758 +and Eguzki Irratiz a free radio (s:D 5/92) + +* Izar Beltza +Ap. Correis 1188 +E-31015 Irunez +Tel/fax: +34-48-224-766 +Th. 21-22h. +Group Anarchiste in Pamplona (s:D 5/92) + +* Komite Internazistak +c/o Cruce de la calle Descalzos y Eslava Bajo +Iruna (Navarra) +Tel: +34-48-211-173 +Fax: +34-48-212-758 + +: + +Contact for repression in Sevilla (s:7/92) + +* BILBOKO GAZTETXEA +c/Banco de Espana n.2 +Bilbao Vizkaia Euskadi +Tel +34-4-416-3612 (s:91) + +* cnt +c/vivda de Epalza 12, 2' +E-48005 Bilbao +Tel/fax: +34-4-415-3880 +Anarcho-syndicalist union (s:2/92) + +* Kontzienzi Eragozpen Mugimendua +Carniceria Vieja 9-4 +E-48005 Bilboa +Tel: +34-4-415-3771 +Basque Antimilitarist Movement, from an anti-capitalist +perspective. (s:EAC 89) + +* Tas-Tas +Apdo 275 +Orereta + +: + +Tel: +34-4-351-2086 +"Tas Tas, Alternative Information Agency collects and +distributes information about the alternative movements in +Spain and Euskadi. Puts out a weekly bulletin based on daily +contacts with other groups. The information is archived. +(s:EAC 89) + +* Ateneo Libertario de Zaragoza +Apdo 1090 +E-50080 Zaragoza +Tel: +34-76-383-673 +18-20h. Mon-Fri. (s:B 9/91) + +* Autonomas de Zaragoza +Ber Entatto +c/Mayor 50 +E-50001 Zaragoza (Aragon) +(s:B 9/91) + +* Kolectivo Dinamita +(Grupo Autonomo Libertario) +Apdo. 832 +E-50080 Zaragoza (Aragon) (s:B 9/91) + +: + + +* Urtoki Kolektiboa +Apdo. 1453 +San Sebastian +Tel: +34-43-421-931 +Fax: +34-43-471-931 +Lang: eng +Liberation of the Basque country (s:C 4/92) + +* 'El Patio' +Calle Moratin 7 +Sevilla +Tel: +34-5-456-0241 +Fax: +34-5-421-4111 +Contact for repression in Sevilla (s:7/92) + +Sweeden + +* Riksfoerbundet Stoppa Rasismen +Box 29 +S-145 01 Norsburg +Tel: +46-8-642-90-67 (s:AN 3/92) + + +: + +* Bokhandeln Info +Hornsgatan 151 +S-11734 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-658-5839 +Fax: +46-8-641-6295 +M-Fr. 13-19h Sa. 11-16 +Contacts: women, antifa, class struggle, anarchist and +syndicalist. Anarchist bookstore and contact for the Anarchist +Federation Stockholm (s:c 4/92) + +* NordNet +Huvudskaersvaegen 13, nb +S-12154 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-600-0331 +Fax: +46-8-600-0443 +e-mail: support@pns.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* Info +Hornsg. 151 +S-11734 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-658-5839 (s:B 9/91) + + +: + +* SAC-The Syndicalists +Central Organization of Swedish Workers +Box 6507 (Cveavagen 98) +S-113 50 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-673-3559 +Fax: +46-8-673-0345 +Syndicalist trade union. Publish a newsletter in english. (s:B +9/91) + +* Barrikaden +Box 7539 +S-20042 Malmo +Lang: eng, ger, (french) +Contacts: womens groups, EEC groups, film and newspaper +groups, antifa, environmental groups. Barrikaden is a +newspaper. (s:c 4/92) + +* Wapiti +Kiliansg. 15 +S-22221 Lund +Tel: +46-14-0977 +M-F 11-20h, S 11-15 (s:c 4/92) + + +: + +* Kaffee 44 +Tjarhovsgatan 46 +Tubestation "Medborgarplatsen" +Kapsylen (s:B 9/91) + +* Farnas-Pobeln +Salterigatan 12 +Goteborg +Tel: +46-31-546-093 (s:B 9/91) + +# Switzerland # + +* International Center for Research on Anarchism (CIRA) +avenue de Beeaumont 24 +CH-1012 Lausanne +Tel: +41-21-324-819 + +41-21-323-543 +M-F. 16-19 h. (s:8/91) + +* Autonome +VolkBibliothek +Reitschule +Neubruckstr. 8 + +: + +CH-3012 Bern +Tel: +41-31-246-317 +Fax: +41-31-247-874 +Lang: ger, eng, span (fren, ital) (s:c 4/92) +antifa, Bern groups + +* Komitee Schluss mit den Schnuffelstaat +Postfach 6948 +CH-3001 Bern +Tel: +41-31-454-858 +Fax: +41-31-452-258 +Anti-repression (s:ECN 4/92) + +* Megaphon +Postfach 7611 +CH-3001 Bern +Autonomist weekly (s:91) + +* Libertaeres Zentrum Basel +Brombacherstr. 33 +CH-4057 Basel +Tel: +41-61-692-9029 +PC 40-25374-6 (s:Kal 91) + +: + + +* Mieter/innen Laden +Haltingerstr. 20a +CH-4057 Basel (s:91) + +* FraZ +Postfach 648 +CH-8025 Zuerich +Tel: +41-1-272-7371 +Feminist magazine, "Lesbian, resistance"(s:91) + +* Gruppe fuer eine Schweiz Ohne Armee +GSOA-Sekretariat +Post-Fach 261 +CH-8026 Zuerich +Tel: +41-1-273-0100 +Fax: +41-1-273-0212 +Group for a Switzerland without an Army (s:91) + +* Infoladen-cafe Kasama +Backerstr. 51 +CH-8004 Zuerich +Lang: Ger, Eng, Fren, Ital, Span, Turk (s:c 4/92) + +: + + +* Infoladen & Internationales Widerstandsarchiv +Kanzleistr. 56 +CH-8004 Zuerich +Infoladen & International Resistance Archive (s:c 4/92) + +* Information aus dem Widerstand in der Schweiz +Baslerstrasse 106 +CH-8048 Zuerich +Tel: +42-1-491-2066 +"Current topics from the autonomous movement in +Switzerland"(s:91) + +* Radio Lora +Militaerstr. 186 +CH-8004 Zuerich +Tel: 41-1-241-5959 +Free radio station (s:7/92) + +* H.R. Fricker +Buero fuer Kunsterische Umtriebe +CH-9043 Trogen +Netwoker info distributers (s:OM 3/92) + +: + + +# Thailand # + +* Ladies Lodge +Asian Lesbian network +PO Box 322 +Rajdamnern, Bankok + +Don't use the work lesbian in the address! (s:Emma '92) + +* Women's Association +64 Petchabur, Bankok (s:Emma '92) + +* Women's Information Center (WIC) +Counseling for Prostitutes +PO Box 747 +Bankok 10700 +(s:Emma '92) + +# Turkey # +* Green Party +Fax: +90-51-63502 (s:91) + + +: + +* Efendisiz + +Ufuk Ozcan +P.K. 953 +34437 Sirkeci +Istanbul +Anarchist paper, use a bland envelope, don't mention Efendisiz +(s:kal 91) + +* Yesiller Partisl +Rihtim cd. +Nemlizade sk.#4 +Kadikoy +Istanbul +Tel: +90-1-338-8395 +or 337-3985 +Green Party (s:10/90) + +# Uganda # + +* Arise + +ACFODE + +: + +ACFODE house, Bukoto +PO Box 16729 +Kampala-Uganda +Tel: 245936 K'la +Women's Quarterly (s:oob 3/92) + +# Uruguay # + +* Chasque +Miguel del Corro 1461 +Montevideo 11200 +Tel: +598-2-496-192 +Fax: +598-2-419-222 +email: apoyo@chasque.org.uy +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* Federacion Anarquista Uruguaya +cc 14031 Montevideo (s:L&R 1/91) + +* NGONET +Casilla Correo 1539 +Montevideo 1100 +email: ngonet@igc.org, ngonet@chasque.org.uy, geo2: ngonet + +: + +(s:PN 4/92) + +* Opcion Libertaria Geal +Casillo de Correo 141 +Montevideo +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/91) + +* Solidaridad Magallaves +1764 Montevideo +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/91) + +# U.S.A. # +Country code for telephone: +1 + +# 00000-09999 # + +* Center for Popular Economics +P.O. Box 785 E +Amherst, MA 01004 +Tel: 413-545-0743 +email: malinowitz@econs.umass.edu (s:AML 5/92) + +Boston + +: + + +* Free My People +328 Warren St. +Roxbury, MA 02119 +Tel: +617-427-9795 +Black youth organization (s:Thistle 2/91) + +* Fund for a Free South Africa +729 Boylston St., 5th Floor +Boston, MA 02116 +Tel: 617-267-8333 +Fax: 617-267-2585 +Supports the ANC (s:Z 11/91) + +* Gay Community News +62 Berkeley St. +Boston, MA 02116 +Tel: 617-426-2723 (s:KIO 3/92) + +* Infact +256 Hanover St. +Boston, MA 02113 +Tel: 617-742-4583 + +: + +Sponsors of General Electric and Nestle boycotts (s:BayDir +2/92) + +* Midnight notes +Box 204 +Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 +Marxist Autonomist? journal (s:90) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +Box 613 +Dorchester, MA 02124 (s:ATS 6/92) + +* National Toxics Campaign +1168 Commonwealth Ave. +Boston, MA 02134 +Tel: 617-232-0327 +Progressive environmental group (s:peg 1/91) + +* Revolutionary Sisters of Color +PO Box 191021 +Roxbury, MA 02119 +radical feminist, socialist and activist organization of women +of color (s:oob 8/92) + +: + + +* South End Press +116 St. Botolph St. +Boston, MA 02155 +Radical non-authoritarian publishers (s:92) + +* Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament (WAND) +PO Box 153 +New Town Branch +Boston, MA 02258-9990 (s:91) + +* Z Magazine +150 West Canton St. +Boston, MA 02118 +Tel: 617-236-5878 +Fax: 617-247-3179 +Radical Anti-authoritarian monthly with articles from bell +hooks, Noam Chomsky etc. (s:3/92) + +Cambridge + +* AFSC-NE +2161 Mass Ave. + +: + +Cambridge, MA 02140 +Tel: 617-661-6130 +* American Friends Service Committee (Quaker) Peace and +justice organization (s:91) + +B.A.D. +P.O. Box 1323 +Cambridge, MA 02238 +Boston Anarchist Drinking Brigade, a small band of anarchists +who meet weekly in a local bar to socialize. Also address for +Joe Peacott, author of various anarchist texts (s:9/91) + +* Boston Mobilization for Survival (mobe) +11 Garden Street +Cambridge, MA 02138 +Tel: 617-354-0008 +Non-violent progressive activism (s:91) + +* Cambridge Peace Commission +Kathy Hoffman +City Hall Annex +57 Inman St. +Cambridge, MA 02139 + +: + +Tel: 617-349-4694 (s:91) + +* Coalition for palestinian Rights +P.O. Box 2316 +Cambridge, MA 02238 +Tel/Fax: 617-661-9167 (s:TWR 6/92) + +* Cultural Survival +11 Divinity Ave. +Cambridge, MA 02138 +Tel: 617-495-2562 +Publish Cultural Survival quarterly, support of aboriginal +peoples (s:AML 91) + +* East Coast Bisexual Network +Box 639 +Cambridge, MA 02140 +Tel: 617-247-6683 (s:AML 91) + +* New Liberation News Service +PO Box 325 +Kendall Square Branch +Cambridge, MA 02142 + +: + +Tel: +1-617-492-8316 +email: nlns@igc.org +Progressive press service for college and community papers +(s:10/92) + +* Political Research Associates +678 Mass. Ave, Suite 205 +Cambridge, MA 02139 +Tel: 617-661-9313 +Non-Profit center that analyzes authoritarian and right wing +trends. (s:AML 9/92) + +* University Conversion Project +Box 748 +Cambridge, MA 02142 +Tel: 617-354-9363 +email: kowan@ai.mit.edu (s:3/92) + +* Radical America +One Summer St. +Somerville, MA 02143 +Tel: 617-628-6585 +Radical journal (s:91) + +: + + +* The Watch +Box 12 +Brandeis Univ. +Waltham, MA 02254 +Tel: 617-736-4776 +Progressive student paper (s:NLNS 6/92) + +* autonome forum +PO Box 1242 +Burlington, VT 05402-1242 +email: aforum@moose.uvm.edu +Autonomist/anti-imperialist group, involved in Arm the Spirit +and Love and Rage (s:9/92) + +* Institute for Social Ecology +PO Box 89 +Plainfield, VT 05667 +Tel: 802-454-8493 (s:Z 4/92) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +138 Jefferson St. +Hartford, CT 06106 (s:ATS 6/92) + +: + + +* Donnelly/Colt +Box 188 +Hampton, CT 06247 +Tel: 203-455-9621 +Fax: 203-455-9621 +progressive mail order, pins, stickers etc. (s:MAP 9/92) + +* Hermes +c/o WSA +Wesleyan University +Middletown, CT 06457 +Progressive student paper (s:NLNS 91) + +* Inland Book Company +P.O. Box 120261 +East Haven, CT 06512 +Tel: 203-467-4257 or 8364? +orders 243-0138 +Big mail order catalogue of leftist and alternative titles +(s:92) + +* Open Media + +: + +P.O. BOX 2726 +Westfield, NJ 07091 +Tel: 908-789-9608 +Fax: 908-654-3829 +Put out the Open Magazine Pampflet Series (s:2/92) + +# 10000-19999 # + +New York City + +A-Central +208 East 7th Street +New York, NY 10009 +anarchist bookstore (s:Shadow 6/91) + +* A-distribution +339 Lafayette #202 +New York, NY 10012 +Anarchist distribution (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Alternative Media Information Center +39 West 14 st., Suite 403 +New York, NY 10011 + +: + +Tel: 212-929-2663 +Fax: 212-929-2732 (s:Z 12/91) + +* Anarchist Black Cross NY +PO Box 20521 +Tompkins Square Station +New York, NY 10009 (s:L&R 3/92) + +* Anarchist Switchboard +324 E 9 St.N +New York, NY 10003 +Tel: 212-475-8312 +publish Anarchist Social (s:DL 91) + +* Anarchist Youth Federation/NYC +PO Box 365 +Canal St. Station +New York, NY 10013-0365 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Autonomedia +POB 568 +Brooklyn, NY 11211 +Marxist autonomist publishers (s:89) + +: + + +* Red Balloon Collective +2652 Cropsey Ave. #7h +Brooklyn, NY 11214 +Tel: 718-449-0037 (s:NLNS 6/92) + +* The Campaign to Free Black Political Prisoners and P.O.W.'s +in the U.S. +PO Box 339-Kingsbridge Station +Bronx, NY 10463-0339 +Tel: 718-624-0800 +Working on Dhoruba bin Wahad's campaign. (s:EM 3/92) + +* Children of War +85 S. Oxford St. +Brooklyn, NY 11217 +Tel: 718-858-6882 (s:AML 91) + +* Citizen Soldier +175 Fifth Ave #808 +New York, NY 10010 +Tel: 212-777-3470 +Non-profit GI/veteran's rights advocacy organization. + +: + + +* C.W. New York City +P.O. Box 20370 +Tompkins Sq. Stn. +NYC, 10009 +Class War group. (s:3/92) + +* Coalition to Stop US Intervention in the Middle East +36 East 12th St., 6th floor +New York, NY 10003 +Tel: 212-254-5385 +Fax: 212-979-1538 +And the Commission of Inquiry, and the Haiti Commission for +Inquiry (s:3\92) + +* Commission of Inquiry +39 West 14th St. +New York, NY 10010 +Tel: 212-633-6646 (s:AML 8/92) + +* Cuba Information Project +121 West 27 Street, Room 301 +New York, NY 10001 + +: + +Tel: 212-927-0613 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Deep Dish TV +339 Lafayette Street +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-473-8933 +Fax: 212-420-8223 +email: deepdish@igc.org (s:Z 4/92) + +* Democratic Socialists of America +15 Dutch St. #500 +New York, NY 10038 +Tel: 212-962-0390 (s:AML 91) + +* FAIR +130 W 25th Street +New York, NY 10001 +Tel: 212-633-6700 +Fax: 212-727-7668 +email: fair@igc.org +Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting. Publish Extra! (s:AML +9/92) + + +: + +* Free Puerto Rico Committee +PO Box 2512 +Cadman Plaza +Brooklyn, NY 11202 +Tel: 212-243-0202 (s:AML4/92) + +* The Guardian +24 West 25th +New York, NY 10010 +Tel: 212-691-0404 +Radical independent newsweekly (no longer existant?) (s:91) + +* Impact Visuals +28 West 27 St, suite 901 +New York, NY 10001 +Tel: 212-683-9688 +Fax: 212-725-8318 +Radical foto agency.(s:Z4/92) + +* International Solidarity Network +PO Box 20114 +Tompkins Sq. Station +New York, NY 10009 + +: + +Fax: 212-924-9055 (s:Clash 1/91) + +* Lies of Our Times +145 West 4th St. +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-254-1061 +FAx: 212-254-9598 +telex: 650-305-3524/MCI +Monthly magazine of media criticism (s:2/92) + +* Love and Rage +PO Box 3 +Prince Street Station +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-925-7966 +Fax: 212-925-7976 +email: loveandrage@igc.org +North American, revolutionary anarchist newsmonthly, in +English and spanish. Also for Autonomist Anarchist Action +(s:L&R 4/92) + +* Media Network +39 W. 14 St, suite 403 + +: + +New York, NY 10011 +Tel: 212-929-2663 +Links independent media producers to audiences who seek +alternative points of view on the issues affecting their +lives (s:Z 4/92) + +* Mobilization for Survival +45 John St. +Suite 811 +New York, NY 10273-0090 (s:91) + +* Movement Support Network +Center for Constitutional Rights +666 Broadway, 7th floor +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-614-6422 (hotline) (s:1/91) + +* The Nation +Box P12 +72 Fifth Ave. +New York, NY 10011 +email: nation@igc.org +Leftist magazine (s:AML 7/92) + +: + + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +203 E. 115th St. +New York, NY 10029 (s:ATS 6/92) + +* National Lawyers Guild +55 Avenue of the Americas +New York, NY 10013-0089 (s:91) + +* NSNGNY +339 Lafayette St. +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-674-9499 +Nica. Soli. Net. of Greater NY (s:91) + +* Neither East Nor West +528 Fifth Street +Brooklyn, NY 11215 +Tel: 718-499-7720 +Activists East and West working together, Anarchist emphasis +(s:91) + +* New Jewish Agenda + +: + +64 Fulton St.#1100 +New York, NY 10038 +Tel: 212-227-5885 +Fax: 212-962-6211 + +* NY Transfer News Service +235 East 87th Street +New York, NY 10128 +Modem: 718-448-2358 +8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity, 300, 1200, 2400 Baud, 24 +hours. +email: nytransfer@igc.org +Radical computer network (s:7/92) + +* The Office of Tibet +241 E. 32st. +New York, NY 10016 +Tel: 212-213-5010 +U.S. representative of the Tibetan government-in-exile +(s:6/92) + +* Paper Tiger +339 Lafayette St. + +: + +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-228-6370 +Tel: 212-420-9045 for Paper Tiger Television +They have video tapes for activism. (s:AML 3/92) + +* QUISP +PO Box 282 +Cathedral Station +New York, NY 10025 +Tel: 212-969-8598 +Queers United in Support of Political Prisoners (s:L&R 6/92) + +* Radical Women +32 Union sq. East +New York, NY 10003 +Tel: 212-677-7002 +or 491-5163 +International socialist feminist organization (s:Shadow 9/92) + +* The Shadow +P.O. Box 20298 +New York, NY 10009 +Tel: 212-971-9611 (s:Shadow 9/92) + +: + + +* Urban Justice Institute +PO Box 416 HUB station +Bronx, NY 10455 +Tel: 212-716-3540 (s:NLNS 7/92) + +* WBAI-FM Radio +505 Eighth Ave., 19th fl. +New York, NY 10018 +Tel: 212-279-0707 +Pacifica Radio Network Affiliate, progressive, 99.5 FM (s:AML +9/92) + +* War Resisters League +339 Lafayette St. +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-228-0450 +Fax: 212-228-6193 +Non-violent peace and justice group (s:oob 5/92) + +* WHAM +PO Box 733 +New York, NY 10009 + +: + +Tel: 212-713-5966 +Wmen's Health Action and Mobilization (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Witness for Peace +198 Broadway #302 +New York, NY 10273-0013 +Tel: 202-797-1160 (s:AML 91) + +* Workers Solidarity Alliance +International Secretary +339 Lafayette St., Room 202 +New York, NY 10012 +US distributor of SMOT and East European News. +See WSA, San Francisco (s:L&R 9/91) + +* East Timor Action Network-U.S. +P.O. Box 1182 +White Plains, NY 10602 +Tel: 914-428-7299 +Fax: 914-428-7383 +email: cschreiner@igc.org (s:TWR 7/92) + +* Followship of Reconcilliation (FOR) + +: + +Box 271 +Nyack, NJ 10960 +Tel: 914 358-4601 + +Interfaith pacifist group, resources on non-violence. (s:91) + +* Al-Fajr +16 Crowell St. +Hempstead, NY 11550 +Tel: 516-485-5736 +Fax: 516-564-8850 +N.Y. office of the Jerusalem based Palestinian English weekly +(s:PN 7/92) + +* Student Leader Press Service +NYSSL +20 Center St. +New Paltz, NY 12561-0211 +Tel: 914-255-2500 (24h. hotline) (s:NLNS 10/90) + +* Akwasasne Notes +c/o Freedom School +Freedom School Road + +: + +P.O. Box 196 +Rooseveltown, NY 13683-0196 +Tel: 518-358-9531 +fax. 613-575-2063 +Paper of the Mohawk nation of Akwasasne. (s:91) + +* Attica Justice Committee +605 Richmond Ave. +Buffalo, NY 14222 (s:EM 11/91) + +* Mumia Abu-Jamal +#AM-8335 Huntington SCI +Drawer R +Huntington, PA 16652 +Former Black Panther on death row, political prisoner (s:7/92) + +* Ecologia +Box 199 +Harford, PA 18823 +Tel: 717-434-2873 +Fax: 717-434-2769 +email: ecologia@igc.org +working with ecology movements in Eastern Europe (s:1/92) + +: + + +Philadelphia + +* Ramona Africa +Minister of Communications +MOVE organization +1630 S.56th St. +Philadelphia, PA 19142 +The sole survivor of the police bombing of the MOVE house +which killed 11 people. Out of prison after 7 years. (s:7/92) + +* American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) +1501 Cherry Street +Philadelphia, PA 19102 +Tel: 215-241-7167 (s:AML 91) + +* Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO) +2208 South St. +Philadelphia, PA 19146 +Tel: 215 545-4626 (s:AML 91) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +3604 N. 7th Ave. + +: + +Philadelphia, PA 19140 (s:ATS 6/92) + +# 20000-29999 # + +Washington D.C. + +* American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee +4201 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Suite 500 +Washington, DC 20008 +Report incidents to: 1-800-347-HATE (s:91) + +* American Civil Liberties Union +122 Maryland Ave. NE +Washington, DC 20002 +Tel: 202-544-1681 +Mainstream opponents of censor and government repression +(s:AML 91) + +* Christic Institute +1324 N. Capitol St. NW +Washington, DC 20002-3337 +Tel: 202-797-8106 +Database: + +: + +BBS, Wash. D.C. 202-529-0140 +Mnet, Chicago 312-436-3062 +Newsbase, S.F. 415-824-8767 +N.Y. on line 718-852-2662 +email Christic@IGC.ORG +progressive peace and justice organization (s:92) + +* Comadres USA +945 G St. NW +Washington, DC 20001 +Tel: 202-393-0126 +Committee of Mothers of the Dissappeared in El Salvador. +(s:AML 91) + +* Committee in Solidarity with the People in El Salvador +(CISPES) +PO Box 12056 +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-265-0890 +Solidarity with the FMLN and the popular movement (s:91) + +* Common Cause +2030 M Street, NW + +: + +Washington, DC 20036 +Tel: 202-833-1200 (s:AML 91) + +* Covert Action Information Bulletin +PO Box 34583 +Washington, DC 20043 +Tel: 202-737-5317 (s:AML 9/92) + +* D.C. SCAR +PO Box 18291 +Washington, DC 20036 +SCAR News subscriptions: 202-529-20036 +Ray Davis: 202-483-4593 +Student Coalition Against Racism (s:91) + +* Education For the People +Tel: 202-234-0041 (s:91) + +* Freedom Now!/DC +Campaign for Amnesty and Human Rights for Political Prisoners +in the U.S. +PO Box 28191 +Washington, DC 20038 (s:7/92) + +: + + +* Friends of the Earth +218 D. St., SE +Washington, DC 20003 +Tel: 202-544-2600 (s:Peg 1/91) + +* Greenpeace USA +1436 U St. NW +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-462-1777 (s:peg 1/91) + +* Grey Panthers +1424 16th St. NW, #602, DN +Washington, DC 20036 +Tel: 202-387-3111 +Seniors movement (s:AML 91) + +* Indochina Resource Action Center +1628 16 St, NW, 3rd floor +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-667-4690 +Fax: 202-667-6449 +"A national clearinghouse for Indochinese refugees, and a + +: + +technical assistance center for the empowerment of the +Indochinese-American community." (s:TWR 6/92) + +* The International Campaign for Tibet +1511 K. St. NW, suite 739 +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-628-4123 +'Works to inform and educate the international community about +conditions in Tibet.' (s:6/92) + +* Korea Info & Resource Center +1314 14th St., NW +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-387-2551 +Fax: 202-387-2984 +email: KIRC@igc.org +Korean all news service (s:PN 8/92) + +* League of indigenous Sovereign Nations +c/o Piscataway Indian Nation +Washington Peace Center +2111 Florida Ave, NW +Washington, DC 20008 + +: + +Tel: 202-234-2000 +Organizing a march at the UN on Oct.12. (s:PN 9/92) + +* National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) +1101 14th St., NW +Washington, DC 2005 +Tel: 202-408-4627 (s:91) + +* National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest +1801 18th St., NW +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-234-0041 +working against the military in universities (s:91) + +* National Gay and Lesbian Task Force +1517 U St., NW +Washington, DC 20009 (s:91) + +* National Student Action Center +PO Box 15599 +Washington, DC 20003 (s:AML 91) + +* Network of People in Solidarity with Guatemala (NISGUA) + +: + +1314 14th St. NW +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-483-0050 +Fax: 202-234-1656 +email: nisgua@igc.org (s:PN 9/92) + +* New Afrikan Network +PO Box 90604 +Washington, DC 20090 +involved in Mumia Abu-Jamal's case. (s:L&R 1/92) + +* NICANET +1247 E St., SE +Washington, DC 20003 +Tel: 202-544-9355 +Nicaragua solidarity network (s:91) + +* off our backs +2423 18th st, NW, 2nd floor +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-234-8072 +a women's newsjournal, monthly (s:oob 8/92) + + +: + +* Sane/freeze +1819 H St. NW #1000 +Washington, DC 20006 +Tel: 202 862-9740 +Mainstream peace and justice lobby,(s:Peg 1/91) + +* Washington Peace Center +2111 Florida Ave. NW +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-234-2009 +Tel: 202-234-2000 (s:5/92) + +* Equal Justice USA/LDF +PO Box 5206 +Hyattsville, MD 20782 (s:NLNS 5/92) + +* Alternative Press Center, +PO Box 33109 +Baltimore, Maryland 21218 +Tel: 301-243-2471 +National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +(s:ATS 6/92)ublish Alternative Press Index and Directory of +Alternative and Radical Publications, over 350 periodicals + +: + +listed ($3). (s:91) + +* Student Environmental Action Coalition (SEAC) +PO Box 1168 +Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1168 +Tel: 919 967-4600 +email: seac+@andrew.cme.edu +Large progressive student environmental coalition (s:Peg 1/91) + +* Art Decco +PO Box 12504 +Raleigh, NC 27605 +supporters of Love and Rage (L&R 4/92) + +* Rural Southern Voice for Peace +1898 Hannah Branch Road +Burnsville, NC 28714 +Tel/fax: 704-675-9590 +email: the Well rsvp (s:AML 5/92) + +# 30000-39999 # + +* Love and Rage Supporters in Atlanta + +: + +PO Box 5236 +Decatur, GA 30307 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Gainsville Iguana +c/o CISPLA +PO Box 14712 +Gainsville, FL 32604 +Radical paper serving the Gainsville and U. of Florida +community (s:NLNS 9/92) + +* Amor y Rabia +P.O. Box 45-2001 +Miami, FL 33245 +Supporters of Love & Rage (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Guangara Libertaria +PO Box 1516 +Riverside Station +Miami, FL 33135-1516 +Quarterly magazine in spanish and english published by Cuban +anarchists in exile (s:AA 12/90) + +* Prisoner's Legal News + +: + +PO Box 1684 +Lake Worth, FL 33460 +Paper produced by and for prisoners. Anarchist Black Cross +contact (s:1/92) + +* Anarchist Action Network +Suite 147 +3325 Lorna Rd#2 +PO Box 360999 +Birmingham, AL 35236 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* People's Justice Alliance +PO Box 281 +Chattanooga, TN 37401 +Tel: 615-265-6713 +Hosted the beyond domination conference in Feb.(s:L&R 1/92) + +* The Alternative +UT Box 16156 +UT Station +Knoxville, TN 37996-4900 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Lame Monkey Manifesto + +: + +PO Box 8763 +Knoxville, TN 37996-4800 +U. of Tennessee's radical paper (s:NLNS 90) + +* WSA East Tennessee Group +c/o Box 8436 +U.T. Station +Knoxville, TN 37996-4900 +Workers Solidarity Alliance. See WSA San Francisco (s:ALB +2/90) + +* New Afrikan People's Organization +P.O. Box 31762 +Jackson, MS 39286 +Tel: 601-354-8731 +A "Revolutionary Nationalist Organization" who want to unite 5 +southern states into an all black homeland. Publish "By Any +Means Necessary." (s:91) + +# 40000-49999 # + +* Cincinnati Autonomous Anarchist Collective +PO Box 19589 + +: + +Cincinnati, OH 45219 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Fifth Estate +4632 Second Ave. +Detroit, MI 48201 +Tel: 313-831-6800 +anarchist paper and bookstore (s:AML 10/92) + +* Friends of radio Detroit +PO Box 11410 +Detroit, MI 48211 +Pirate Radio taken off the air 4/92 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Labor Notes +7435 Michigan Ave. +Detroit, MI 48210 (s:91) + +* Solidarity +Center for Changes +7012 Michigan Ave. +Detroit, MI 48210 +Tel: 313-841-0160 +Socialist Organization, publish Against the Current. (s:91) + +: + + +# 50000-59999 # +* Left Green Clearinghouse +P.O. Box 366 +Iowa City, IA 52244 (s:91) + +* Retrofuturism +PO Box 227 +Iowa City, IA 52244 +A journal of insurgant criticism (s:OM 3/92) + +* Edge Cooperative +P.O. Box 845 +Madison, WI 53701-0845 +Tel: 608-255-4460 +The Madison Edge, progressive biweekly community paper. +(s:NLNS 9/92) + +* Midwest Treaty Network +South/Central Office: +731 State St. +Madison, WI 53703 +Northeast Office: + +: + +Box 217 +Lac du Flambeau, WI 54538 +Working to protect Native American spearfishing rights (s:91) + +Minneapolis +* Alliance for Cultural Democracy +PO Box 7159 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Involved in anti-columbus activities (s:L&R 9/91) + +* American Indian Movement +1308 E. Franklin Avenue +Minneapolis, MN 55404 +Tel: 612-872-7812 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Anti-Racist Action +P.O. Box 80634 +Minneapolis, MN 55408 +Militant anti-racist group (s:PE 10/91) + +* AWOL +PO Box 7293 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 + +: + +Love and Rage Supporters (s:L&R 4/92) + +* The Central America Resource Center +317 17th Ave, SE +Minneapolis, MN 55414-2077 (s:TWR 3/92) + +* huracan +PO Box 7591 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Quarterly newspaper devoted to the quincentennial (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Love & Rage supporters +PO Box 581354 +Minneapolis, MN 55458-1354 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Mayday Books +301 Cedar Ave +Minneapolis, MN 55454 +Tel: 612-333-4719 +Independent radical bookstore (s:5/92) + +* Profane Existence +P.O. Box 8722 + +: + +Minneapolis, MN 55408 +Tel: 612-377-5269 +Anarchist Punk paper (s:PE 10/91) + +* Youth Green Clearing House +PO Box 7293 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Tel: 612-823-3468 +eco-anarchist network (s:L&R 1/91) + +* Indigenous Womens's Network +Winona LaDuke +White Earth Land Recovery Project +PO Box 327 +White Earth, MN 56591 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Liberate the Obsessed +PO Box 1916 +Rapid City, SD 57709-1916 +Love and Rage supporters (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Lakota Communications +PO Box 150 + +: + +Porcupine, SD 57772 +Radio in Lakota language (s:AML 4/92) + +* 1992 Alliance +Suzan Shown Harjo +American Indian Institute +Box 1388 +Bozeman, MT 59715 +Tel: 406-587-1002 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Earth First! +POB 5176 +Missoula, MT 59806 +Tel: 406-728-8114 +The paper of the direct action environmental group (s:L&R +9/91) + +# 60000-69999 # + +Chicago + +* Committee to End the Marion Prison Lockdown +Box 578172 + +: + +Chicago, IL 60657-8172 +Tel: 312-235-0070 (s:WCF 7/92) +or +343 S. Dearborn, Suite 1607 +Chicago, IL 60604 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* MLN +167 N. Claremont +Chicago, IL 60647 +Moviemento de Liberacion Nacional. Puerto Rican revolutionary +independanistas. (s:ATS 6/92) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +National Office +P.O. Box 476698 +Chicago, IL 60647 +Tel: 312-278-6706 (s:WCF 7/92) + +* Queer Nation Chicago +P.O. Box 166 +696 W. Barry +Chicago, IL 60657 +Militant lesbian gay bisexual group (s:CLASH 2/92) + +: + + +* Revolutionary Group X +P.O. Box 6022 +Chicago, IL 60680 +also address for Baklava (s:L&R 4/92) + +* US/Guatamala Labor education Project +c/o ACTWU-Chicago joint board +333 S. Ashland Ave. +Chicago, IL 60607 +Tel: 312-769-5038 +Fax: 312-769-1053 +email: usgep@igc.org (s:TWR 2/92) + +* Wind Chill Factor +P.O. Box 81961 +Chicago, IL 60681 +Anarchist magazine, also address for Baklava (s:WCF 7/92) + +* Libertarian Labor Review +Box 2824 +Champaign, IL 61825 +Anarcho-syndicalist group (s:L&R 4/92) + +: + + +* Black Liberation Radio +33 N. 12th Street +Springfield, IL 62702 +24h. pirate radio (s:KIO3/92) + +* The Greens/Green Party USA +BOX 30208 +Kansas City, MO 64112 +Tel: 816-931-9366 +email: gcoc@igc.org (s:NLNS 5/92) + +* WINGS +PO Box 5307 +Kansas City, MO 64131 +Tel: 1-800-798-9703 +or 816-361-7161 +email: wings@igc.org +Women's International News Gathering Service, produce a monthy +audio newsletter. (s:Z 7/92) + +* Anarchy +c/o CAL + +: + +POB 1446 +Columbia, MO 65205-1446 +Anarchist journal (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Loenard Peltier Defense Committee +PO Box 583 +Lawrence, KS 66044 +Tel: 913-842-5774 +Native American political prisoner (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Project 1313 +PO Box 1313 +Lawrence, KS 66044 +Anarchist Black Cross contact (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Take This! +c/o Disorientation +410 Kansas Union +Lawrence, KS 66045 +radical student paper at Kansas U. (s:NLNS 91) + +* Frankfurt Index +PO Box 181 + +: + +Frankfurt, KS 66427 +mom 'n pop Kansas paper brought out by radicals (s:NLNS 91) + +# 70000-79999 # +* Circle A Collective +1126 Marais +New Orleans, LA 70116 +supporters of Love & Rage (s:L&R 4/92) + +* The Texas Archives of Autonomist Marxism +c/o Harry Cleaver +Dept. of Economics +University of Texas +Austin, TX 78712-1173 +Fax: 512-471-3510 (s:1/92) + +80000-89999 + +* 500 Years of Resistance Coalition +PO Box 8901 +Denver, CO 80201 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Saxifrage Group + +: + +P.O. Box 18717 +Denver, CO 80218 +anti-racist activism in Denver (s:L&R 8/91) + +* The Committee to Abolish Control Unit Prisons +Rock Mountain Peace Center +1520 Euclid +Boulder, CO 80402 +Tel: 303-444-6981 (s:AML 6/92) + +* The Match +Fred Woodworth +Post Office Box 3488 +Tucson, AZ 85722 +An anarchist journal 3x year (s:91) + +* Nuclear Resister +POB 43383 +Tuscon, AZ 85733 +Covers those in prison for opposing nuclear weapons and +nuclear power (s:KIO 3/92) + +* Support for Future Generations + +: + +P.O. Box 22134 +Flagstaff, AZ 86002 +Contact for Dine resisters at Big Mountain (s:Clash 6/92) + +* The Veterans Peace Action Team +P.O. Box 743 +Winslow, AZ 86047 +Tel: 602-289-4460 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Latin American Data Base +latin American Institute +University of New Mexico +801 Yale, NE +Albequerque, NM 87131-1016 +Tel: 505-277-6839 +Fax: 505-277-5989 +email: up-LADP@unmvm (?) +LABD puts out 4 electronic newsletter on Latin American +themes. (s:TWR 92) + +* Resource Center +Box 4506 +Albequerque, NM 87196 + +: + +Tel: 505-842-8288 +Fax: 505-246-1601 +email: resourcectr@igc.org (s:PN 4/92) + +* Forest Guardians +Santa Fe, NM +Tel: 505-988-9126 +email to: ekemper@igc.org +Working against old growth logging in the Navajo Nation (s:AML +7/92) + +* Indigenous People's Alliance +c/o Tonantzin Land Institute +P.O. Box 40182 +Albuquerque, NM 87196-0182 +Tel: 505-766-9930 +Fax: 505-766-9931 +U.S. section of the Continental Coordinating Commission of +Indigenous Nations and Organizations. See also address in +Panama. (s:AML 10/92) + +* Southwest Network for Environmental & Economic Justice +211 10th Street, SW + +: + +Albuquerque, NM 87102 +Tel: 505-247-8832 +Fax: 505-247-9972 (s:Z 11/91) + +* American Peace Test +PO Box 26725 +Las Vegas, NV 89126 +email: aptvegas@igc.org +Against nuclear testing (s:AML 10/92) + +* Healing Global Wounds +PO Box 4082 +Las Vegas, NV 89127 +Tel: 702-386-8696 +Fax: 702-386-9335 +International event in Oct. 92, Nevada test site, 500 years, +Western Shoshone Nation (s:AML 9/92) + +* Western Shoshone Defense Project +General Delivery +Crescent Valley, NV 89821 +Tel: 702-468-0230 +Support of native resistance (s:PN 5/91) + +: + + +# 90000-99999 # + +* AMOK +POB 861867 +Los Angeles, CA 90086 +Interesting mail order catalogue (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Federation of Feminist Women's Health Centers +6221 Wilshire Blvd., suite 419a +Los Angeles, CA 90048 +Tel: 213-930-2512 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Free Association +308 Westwood Plaza #324 +Los Angeles, CA 90024-1647 +Tel: 310-398-4153 +email: izzyi13@mus.ucla.edu +Alternative independent student based paper. (s:AML 5/92) + +* Guatemalan Cultural committee +P.O. Box 2151 +Los Angeles, CA 90051 + +: + +Tel: 213-386-5633 +Fax: 213-386-9262 (s:PN 5/92) + +* Empowerment Project +1653 18th str. Suite#3 +Santa Monica, CA 90404 +Tel: 310-828-8807 +Produced the films "Coverup" and the "Panama Deception" (s:PN +8/92) + +* United Anarchist Front +PO Box 1115 +Whittier, CA 90609 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* People Against Racist Terror +PO Box 1990 +Burbank, CA 91507 +Antifascist group (s:AML 9/92) + +* New Indicator +0323 Student Co-op center +UCSD 9500 Oilman Drive +La Jolla, CA 92093-0323 + +: + +Tel: 619-534-2016 +email: newindicator@ucsd.edu +25 year old radical student paper of UCSD. (s:L&R 3/92) + +* News International +6161 El Cajon Blvd. #4 +San Diego, CA 92115 +Tel: 619-696-9531 (s:NLNS 5/92) + +* Speak Out +PO Box 80847 +San Diego, CA 92138 +Tel: 619-223-3219 +email: speakout@igc.org +Radical speakers bureau (s:Z 10/91) + +San Francisco + +* ACT UP San Francisco +POBox 14844 +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-563-0724 +Fax: 415-431-1456 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +: + + +* Acts of Resistance +537 Jones #1584 +San Francisco, CA 94102 +Video production group and contact for the Anarchist media +Network (s:1/92) + +* AK Distribution +P.O. Box 40682 +San Francisco, CA 94140-0682 +Anarchist distribution (s:4/92) + +* All People's Congress +2489 Mission Street #28 (at 21st) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-821-6545 +A national multi-issue organization dedicated to fighting war, +social program cutbacks, racism, sexism, and homophobia; +supports pro-worker and pro-poor struggles. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* American Indian Movement (AIM) +2940 16th Street #104 +San Francisco, CA 94103 + +: + +Tel: 415-626-1875 (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Artists' Telivision Access +992 Valencia St. (near 21st) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-824-3890 +Video media facility for the community (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Bay Area Center for Art and Technology +1095 Market St. #209 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-695-0931 +Fax: 415-626-2685? +Produce Processed World, a libertarian white collar magazine. +(s:Z 5/92) + +* Blacklist Mailorder +475 Valencia St. +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Mailorder catalogue, anarchist punk recordings and periodicals +(s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Bound Together Books + +: + +1369 Haight St. +San Francisco, CA 94117 +Tel: 415-431-8355 +anarchist bookstore (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Brasil Action Solidarity Exchange (BASE) +2141 Mission Street #202 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 510-531-4754 (Misha) +or 415-824-8366 (Ann) +Does solidarity work with the popular movements of Brazil; +actions include fundraising for Brazilian popular +movements,educational campaigns, and direct action; a +fiscally-sponsored project of Global Exchange. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* CISPES +3382 26th Street +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-648-8222 +Fax: 415-648-6529 +Committee In Solidarity with the People of El Salvador. +Working to end U.S. intervention in El Salvador; supports the +FMLN and the popular movement. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +: + + +* City Lights +261 Columbus +San Francisco, CA 94133 +Left bookstore (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Earth First!, Bay Area +POBox 411233 +San Francisco, CA 94141 +Tel: 415-949-0575 (event hotline) +Fax: 510-631-7958 +Direct Action environmental group. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Earth Island Institute +300 Broadway, suite 28 +San Francisco, CA 94133-3312 +Tel: 415-788-3666 +Fax: 415-788-7324 +email: earthisland@igc.org +MCI mail: 2829302 +AT-Work, Appropriate Technology working group +email: atwork@igc.org (s:AML 9/92) + + +: + +* Emergency Committee to Stop the U.S. War in the Middle East +2489 Mission Street #28 (at 21st) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-821-6545 +Formed to oppose the U.S. invasion of Iraq; opposing the +continued war against Iraq in the form of economic sanctions +and supply of military funding and equipment to the Middle +East; supports U.S. military withdrawal to allow +self-determination by the Arab people. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Food First +145 9th St. +San Francisco, CA 94103-2628 (s:AML 4/92) + +* Food Not Bombs, San Francisco +3145 Geary Blvd. #12 +San Francisco, CA 94118 +Tel: 415-330-5030 +A consensus-run group feeding hungry people every day, +providing health and social justice information with hot +vegetarian meals, also caters demos. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Incendiary Publications + +: + +P.O. Box 210095 +San Francisco, CA 94121-0095 (s:ALB 2/90) +Publish, among others Anarchist Labor Bulletin, monthly +newsbulletin of the Anarchist Labor Network formed at the '89 +Anarchist Conference in San Francisco. Also address for +Office Workers United. (s:ALB 2/90) + +* Industrial Workers of the World +1095 Market St., suite 204 (at 7th) +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-863-9627 +Fax: 415-626-2685 +email: IWW@igc.org +Syndicalist union (s:10/92) + +* International Committee of Lawyers for Tibet +347 Dolores Street #206 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-252-5967 +Fax: 415-626-0865 +Provides legal expertise and resources for Tibetans, Tibet +support groups and non-governmental organizations in order to +address human rights abuses and effect positive change in + +: + +Tibet. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission +540 Castro Street +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-255-8680 +Fax: 415-255-8662 +email: jbinder@igc.org (s:AML 4/92) + +* Irish Republican Socialist Committee (IRSC) +2057-B 15th Street +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-861-5711 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* John Brown anti-Klan Committee +220 9th St., Suite 443 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-330-5363 +Publish the anti-Klan paper No KKK (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* LesCon +584 Castro Street +San Francisco, CA 94114 + +: + +Lesbian contradiction, a journal of irreverent feminism (s:Z +7/92) + +* Leonard Peltier Defense Committee +2940 16th Street #104 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-626-1875 +Working for the release of political prisoner and AIM leader +Leonard Peltier; this is the western regional office of the +committee. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Modern Times Bookstore +888 Valencia St. (near 20th) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-282-9246 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +3543 18th st. Box 12 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-561-9055 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Norma Jean Croy Defense Committee (NJCDC) +473 Jackson Street, 3rd Floor + +: + +San Francisco, CA 94111 +Tel: 415-986-5591 +Norma Jean Croy is a Native American woman who remains in +prison even though her brother, Patrick Hooty Croy, was +acquitted in 1990 after a re-trial found him not guilty, due +to self-defense, of the shooting to which Norma Jean was an +alledged accomplice. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Out of Control +Box 30 +3543 18th St. +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Lesbian committee to support women political prisoners (s:L&R +8/91) + +* Outrage! San Francisco +3543 18th Street #34 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-985-7141 +Direct action for lesbian / gay rights. (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* Pacific News Service +450 Mission Street, #506 + +: + +San Francisco, CA 94105 +Tel: 415-243-4364 +Fax: 415-243-0815 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Palestine Solidarity Committee (PSC) +POBox 27462 +San Francisco, CA 94127 +Tel: 415-861-1552 +Fax: 415-861-7966 +A national grassroots organization working for Palestinian +rights and to change government policy toward the Middle East; +currently involved in the 'Don't Pay for Occupation' Campaign +to stop U.S. aid for Israeli occupation; publishes 'Palestine +Focus', 6 issues for $10. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Paper Tiger TV West / Deep Dish Satelite Network +POBox 1271 +San Francisco, CA 94141-1271 +Tel: 415-695-0931 +Producers of local news & media criticism programs. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Peace Brigades International + +: + +333 Valencia Street #330 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-864-7242 +Fax: 415-431-5953 +email: pbiusa@igc.org +Sends international volunteers to Guatemala, El Salvador, and +Sri Lanka; also working on conflict resolution between Native +Americans and whites along the U.S.A / Canadian border. +(s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Peace Net +18 de Boom Street +San Francisco, CA 94107 +Tel: 415-442-0220 +fax: 415-546-1794 +telex: 154205417 +Internet: support@igc.org +Telnet: 192.82.108.1 +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* Political Ecology Group (PEG) +519 Castro St. +Box 111 + +: + +San Francisco, CA 94114-2577 +Tel: 415 861-5054 +All volunteer organization which grew out of EPOCA and the +Attention Shoppers affinity group. Part of the Tides +foundation? (s:Peg 1/91) + +* Political Prisoner Hotline +Tel: 415-985-7488 +Sponsored by the Freedom Now Network. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Prairie Fire Organizing Committee +POBox 14422 +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-330-5310 +Anti-imperialist activists who publish the political journal +'Breakthrough', hold study groups and forums, and participate +in women's, lesbian / gay, anti-intervention, anti-racist, +political prisoner, and environmental movements. (s:BayDir +2/92) + +* Pressure Drop Press +POB 460754 +San Francisco, CA 94146 + +: + +published terrorizing the neighborhood etc. (s:PE 10/91) + +* The Prison Radio Project +2420 24th Street +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-648-4505 +Produces radio programs on prison issues, including U.S. +political prisoners. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Punchline +PO Box 460683 +San Francisco, CA 94146 +Fanzine (s:PE 10/90) + +* Queer Nation San Francisco +3543 18th Street #34 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-985-7141 (phone menu) +An informal, multicultural, direct-action group committed to +the recognition, preservation, expansion, and celebration of +queer culture in all its diversity. (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* Queer Planet + +: + +1046 Florida St. +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-648-5155 +email: Queerplanet@igc.org +Dedicated to promoting Queerness in the world (s:AML 9/92) + +* Radical Women +Valencia Hall +523-A Valencia (near 16th Street) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-864-1278 +A multi-racial socialist feminist organization dedicated to +achieving full equality for women, people of color, lesbians, +gays, and working people. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Rainforest Action Network +450 Sansome st. #700 +San Francisco, CA 94111 +Tel: 415-398-4404 +Fax: 415-398-2732 +email: rainforest@igc.org (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Roots Against War + +: + +1347 Divisadero #350 +San Francisco, CA 94115 +Tel: 415-749-7645 [5/92] +An alliance of African American, Arab, Asian, Latina/Latino, +Native American, and indigenous people in the Bay Area, +mobilizing our people against US intervention in our homelands +and the violence and aggression we live under here. (s:BayDir +5/92) + +* Speak Out! +2215-R Market St.#520 +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-864-4561 +Radical speakers bureau (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Veterans Peace Action Teams +P.O. Box 170670 +San Francisco, CA 94117 +Tel: 415-753-2130 (s:91) + +* The Web +P.O. Box 40890 +San Francisco, CA 94110 + +: + +Tel: 415-431-8615 +Anarchist newsletter for San Francisco Bay Area. Bi-monthly +(s:AML 9/92) + +* Women Against Imperialism +3543 18th St. #14 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-995-4735 +A feminist activist group connecting issues of violence +against women, reproductive freedom, lesbian liberation, +political prisoners, anti-racism, anti-intervention, and...; +opposing the Columbus Day celebration. (s:oob 6/92) + +* Workers Solidarity Alliance +National Secretary +c/o WSA +PO Box 40400 +San Francisco, CA 94140-40400 +email: wsa@lever.com +International secretary-New York, NY +Latin Am. Solidarity Working Group-San Antonio, TX +WSA East Tennessee Group-Knoxville, TN (s:L&R 4/92) + + +: + +* Anarchist Black Cross +PO Box 215 +San Lorenzo, CA 94580 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Bay Area Campus Activist Alliance (BACAA) +130 Bryant +Palo Alto, CA 94301 +Tel: 415-328-2387 +A coalition of several Bay Area campus groups; publishes a +newsletter; focussing on cutbacks in public education and the +1992 Anti-Columbus Day '500 years of resistance' project meets +around the Bay Area. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +Oakland + +* Bay Area Anti-Apartheid Network +POBox 98 +Oakland, CA 94604 +Tel: 415-332-3819 (evening) +or 415-255-7296 (day) +A network of 30 anti-apartheid groups in the Bay Area. +(s:BayDir 4/92) + + +: + +* BACORR +5337 College Ave.#213 +Oakland, CA 94618 +Tel: 415-541-5690 +or 408-739-6505 +reproductive rights (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* Bay Area Green Party +PO Box 20999 +Oakland, 94620 +Tel: 415-649-9773 (s:10/91) + +* Bay Area Anti-Racist Action +PO Box 3501 +Oakland, CA 94609 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Food Not Bombs, East Bay +1601 18th Street +Oakland, CA 94607 +Tel: 510-644-4187 +Serves free hot vegetarian meals in People's Park monday thru +friday at about 1:30 pm. (s:BayDir 4/92) + + +: + +* International Campaign to Free geronimo ji Jaga (Pratt) +POBox 3585 +Oakland, CA 94609-0585 +Tel: 510-268-0979 +or 510-655-2587 +or 510-486-8224 +The defense committee for geronimo ji Jaga (Pratt), 20-year +political prisoner and former Black Panther Party leader, in +solidarity with over 100 other political prisoners. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Intertribal Friendship House +523 East 14th Street +Oakland, CA 94606 +Tel: 510-452-1235 +Fax: 510-452-1243 +A community resource center and archive; provides photographs, +tapes, documents, newsclippings and other information that +focusses on contemporary history of the American Indian +community in the Bay Area. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Pledge of Resistance +4228 Telegraph Ave.suite #100 (at 43rd) + +: + +Oakland, CA 94609 +Tel: 510-655-1181(National Resource Center) +or 510-655-1177(Bay Area) +Fax: 510-655-1185 +Anti-interventionist civil disobedience (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* South and Meso American Indian Information Center +P.O. Box 28703 +Oakland, CA 94604 +Tel: 510-834-4263 +Fax: 510-834-4264 +email: saiic@igc.org +street address 1212 Broadway, rm 830 +Promotes peace and social justice for indigenous people by +providing information about struggles in South and +Meso-America and by facilitating exchanges and direct contacts +between indigenous people. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Third World Resources +464 19th St. +Oakland, CA 94612-2217 +Tel: 510-835-4692 +Fax: 510-835-3017 + +: + +email: tfenton@igc.org +A quarterly review of resources from and about the Third +World. An affiliate of the Data Center. (s:TWR 7/92) + +* Uhuru House +7911 MacArthur Blvd +Oakland, CA 94605 +Tel: 510-569-9620 +Headquarters of the National People's Democratic Uhuru +Movement; a mass-based organization struggling for democracy +and self-determination in the black community; publishes the +Burning Spear newspaper and books & pamphlets. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Uhuru Solidarity Center +4905 Telegraph Avenue +Oakland, CA 94609 +Tel: 510-655-6969 +A white communitry organization that builds the movement for +reparations in support of the black community's struggle for +self-determination and democratic rights; see also Cafe Uhuru +at the same address. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* The Video Project + +: + +5332 College Ave., suite 501 +Oakland, CA 94618 +Tel: 510-655-9050 +Fax: 510-655-9115 +National non-profit distributor of videos on critical global +issues (s:Z 4/92) + +Berkley + +* The ANTI-WARior +48 Shattuck sq. +Berkeley, CA 94704 +Tel: 510-273-2427 +Fax: 415-861-4854 +A newsletter of military dissension and resistance (s:BayDir +4/92) + +* Arab World and Islamic Resources and School Services (AWAIR) +2095 Rose Street #4 +Berkeley, CA 94709 +Tel: 510-704-0517 +Providing quality materials and services for educators +teaching about the Arab world and about Islam at the + +: + +pre-college level. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* The Black Panther Newsletter Committee +PO Box 519 +Berkley, CA 94701-0519 +Tel: 510-534-5878 +or 510-534-4726 (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* BREAK THE SILENCE MURAL PROJECT +1442 A Walnut street 252 +Berkeley, CA 94709 +Tel: 510-540-0161 +Group of Jewish women artists who have painted murals in +collaboration with Palestinians in the West Bank and the U.S. +on the theme of Palestinian independence (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Earth Action Network +1711-D MLKing Way +Berkeley, CA 94709 +Tel: 510-843-4306 +Tel: 510-843-8788 (recorded events list) +Fax: 510-649-1895 +BBS: 510-843-1256 + +: + +Organizes environmental direct actions along the lines of +Earth First! with an urban focus; provides extensive +information, networking and support services to other groups +for putting together publicity, benefits and demonstrations; +fax service for press releases. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Ecology Center +2530 San Pablo Avenue (near Dwight Way) +Berkeley, CA 94702 +Tel: 510-548-2220 +or 510-644-3822 (recycling hotline) +email: ecologycntr@igc.org +A bookstore, ecological living / gardening supply +store,library open tuesday thru saturday 11 to 5; monthly +newsletter (with an events calendar) available with $25 +membership or on the street;curbside recycling program and two +farmers markets; call for the 'Eastbay Recycling Guide'. +(s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Patriotic Young Koreans +2335 Dwight Way #101 +Berkeley, CA 94704 +Tel: 510-548-1504 + +: + +Fax: 510-540-6520 +Affiliated with the state-wide Korean Coalition for +Reunification of Korea; promoting peace and cooperation, and +awareness of Korean issues in the American public. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* People's Park Defense Union (PPDU) +1901 Sixth Street +Berkeley, CA 94710 +Tel: 510-843-8788 (recorded hotline) +or 510-843-4306 +or 510-425-0150 24-hour bulldozer alarm (beeper). (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Real Dragon Prison Project +POBox 3294 +S. Berkeley Stn. +Berkeley, CA 94703-9991 +Tel: 415-861-6515 +(3175 Adeline) +Provides socially and politically relevant reading materials +to U.S. political prisoners and POW's; provides public +education materials about (1) new trends in maximum security + +: + +imprisonment / control units, (2) U.S. political prisoners and +POW's, and (3) the crisis in U.S. prisons in the context of +racism and classism in society . (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Slingshot +700 Eschelman Hall +University of California +Berkeley, CA 94720 +Radical student paper (s:Sling 3/92) + +* Women of Color Resource Center +2288 Fulton St, suite 103 +Berkeley, CA 94704 +Tel: 510-848-9272 +Publishes "National Directory of Women of Color Organizations +and Projects" (s:oob 7/92) + +* The Nuklear Democracy Project +P.O. Box 1047 +Bolinas, CA 94924 +Tel: 415-868-1900 +Fax: 415-868-1901 +Working for public control over the nuclear industry (s:91) + +: + + +* Women to Women Communications +PO Box 161775 +Cupertino, CA 95016 +Publish an international listing of over 400 women's magazines +(s:KIO 3/92) + +* Young Koreans United of SF Bay Area +POBox 612676 +San Jose, CA 95161-2676 +Tel: 408-437-9454 +Working toward the liberation, reunification, and +democratization of Korea; call ahead to send a fax. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Mendocino Environmental Center +106 W.Standley St. +Okiah, CA 95487 +Tel: 707-468-1660 +Working on the Bari/Cheney case. (s:PN 9/92) + +OR + + +: + +* Campaign for a Hate Free Oregon +PO Box 3343 +Portland, OR 97208-3343 +Tel: 503-233-4501 +Working to prevent anti-gay/lesbian laws in Oregon (s:NLNS +9/92) + +* A.Y.F. +P.O. Box 162 +Eugene, OR 97440 +Anarchist Youth Federation (s:1/92) + +* Student Insurgent +University of Oregon +EMU suite 1 +Eugene, OR 97403 +radical student paper at U.Oregon (s:91) + +* P/CA +P.O. Box 276 +Kent, WA 98035 +Prison/community alliance working to abolish the State Parole +Board, also involved in Prisoner's Legal News (s:1/92) + +: + + +Seattle + +* Collective media +PO Box 20213 +Seattle, WA 98102 +Tel: 206-521-0327 +Fax: 206-325-7794 +Put out poster series of war resisters +email: rrowland@igc.org (s:AML 7/92) + +* Farm Worker Support Task Force +4759 15th Ave., NE +Seattle, WA 98105 (s:AML 4/92) + +* Friends of Liberty +Box 95686 +Seattle, WA 98145-2686 +Anarchist Black Cross contact (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Left Bank Books +92 Pike St. +Seattle, WA 98101 + +: + +Tel: 206-622-0195 +In the Pike Place Market +(s:PE 10/91) + +* Left Bank Distribution +4142 Brooklyn Ave, NE +Seattle, WA 98105 +Tel: 206-632-5870 (s:PE10/91) + +* Peaceworks Park +PO Box 95685 +Seattle, WA 98145-2685 +Tel: 206-547-5435 (s:91) + +* People's Video +PO Box 99514 +Seattle, WA 98199 +Tel: 206-789-5371 (s:91) + +* Seattle Leonard Peltier Support Group +P.O. Box 2104 +Seattle, WA 98101 +Put out "In Total Resistence" (s:L&R 11/91) + +: + + +* Support for Native Sovereignty +Po Box 2104 +Seattle, WA 98101 +Tel: 206-547-3983 +"Working to support Native American sovereignty and land +rights" (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Vietnam Vets against the war-Anti-Imperialist +PO Box 95172 +Seattle, WA 98145-2172 +Tel: 206-328-4377 +email:vvawai@igc.org (s:AML5/92) + +* Bayou La Rose +PO Box 5464 +Tacoma, WA 98405-0464 +anarchist paper (s:KIO 3/92) + +* American Peace Test +Tel: 702-363-7780 (s:AML4/92) + +# Yugoslavia # + +: + + +# Bosnia-Herzegovina # + +* Center for Anti-War Activities +Hasana Kikica 8 +71000 Sarajevo +Fax: +38-71-664-540 (s:AML 6/92) + +* Sarajevo Centre for Peace +Dobrovoljascka 3 +71000 Sarajevo +tel: +38-71-214-884 +Fax: +38-71-216-238 (s:AML 3/92) + +# Croatia # + +* Anti-War Campaign Council of Croatia +Gajeva 4/II +41000 Zagreb +Tel: +38-41-431-658 +Fax: +38-41-425-552 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Autonomija + +: + +c/o Vesna Terselic +ADSH +Gajeva 45 +41000 Zagreb (s:Kal 9/91) + +* Svarun +Trg zrtava fasizma 13 +41000 Zagreb +Tel: +38-41-410-724 +Working Group for Environmental, Peace, Feminist and Spiritual +Initiatives. (s:EAC 89) + +# Macedonia # + +* Green Action Skopje +c/o Jovan Nansijevski +Tel: +38-91-213-966 +Fax: +38-91-201-75 (s:AML 3/92) + +# Montenegro # + +* Citizens Committee for Peace +Hercegovascka 15 + +: + +81000 Titograd +tel/fax +38-81-41914 (s:AML 3/92) + +# Serbia # + +* Centre for Anti-War Action +Prote Mateje 6 +11000 Belgrade +Tel: +38-11-431-298 +Fax: +38-11-681-989 (s:AML 3/92) + +* GAMA +Prof Milandin Zivotic +Dom Omladine +Makedonska 22 +11000 Belgrade +(Citizens Action for Peace)(s:AML 3/92) + +* Women in Black +c/o Stasa Zajovi +Dragoslava Popovia 9/10 +11 Belgrade (s:AML 3/92) + + +: + +# Slovenia # + +* Centre for the Culture of Peace and Nonviolence +Mestni Trg 13, +61000 Ljubljana +tel/fax: +38-61-224-666 +BBS: +days: +38-61-218-663 + +38-61-154-156 + +38-61-154-185 + +38-61-154-270 +night:+38-61-211-553 (s:3/92) + +# Vojvodina # + +* Anti-War Centre of Ada +Vera Vebel +Sencanski Put 27 +24430 Ada (s:AML 3/92) + +* Anti-War Centre of Novi Sad +c/o Nenad Mirovi +Narodnog Fronta 43 + +: + +21000 Novi Sad +Tel: +38-21-363-302 +fax: +38-21-57-797 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Peace Movement of Pancevo +c/o Sasa Marinkovic +Br Jovanovica 62a +26000 +Pancevo, Vojvodina +tel: +38-13-3882 +fax: +38-13-41735 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Peace Movement Vojvodina +c/o Slavenka Ljubic +Maksima Gornog +10/III, 2100 Novi Said +Tel: +38-21-619-019 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Women in Black +Biljana Regodi +Vojvodanska 53 +26000 Pancevo (s:AML 3/92) + + +: + +A note about the Telephone numbers +The + in front of the number stands for the number you have to +dial from your country to call internationally (011 in the +U.S., 00 in Germany). To call long distance within a country +you must leave out the country code. In most of Europe you +then add a 0 to the front of the number, in Spain a 9 and in +the U.S. and Canada, a 1. + +Another Note Most of the countries are ordered by zip code or +alphabeticly by city name. + +And yet another: The source code at the end of each address +shows when and where each address was found. Addresses with +older dates are more likely to be wrong. + +Source Codes: +56a-Infoshop, London +A-Private +AA-The Anarchist Age, Anarchist Media Institute, Melbourne +Australia +AI-Angehoerigen Info, GNN Verlag 2000 Hamburg Germany +AIC-Alternative Information Center, Jerausalem +A-K-A-Kontra, Prague + +: + +ALB-Anarchist Lobor Bulletin, Incindiary Publ, San Francisco, +CA 94121 USA +Amazora-Autonomist lesbianwomen magazine, c/o +PapiertigerInnen, Berlin +AML-Activ-L@UMCVMB, computer mailing list +AN-Autonomi Newsletter, Zapata, Kobenhavn +Anarchy-Columbia, MO 65205 USA +APS-Activist Press Service, Amsterdam +ATS-Arm The Spirit, Hamilton Ontario, Canada +B-Private +BayDir-A Bay Area Progressive Directory, very good: +Ken Cheetham, POB 11232, Berkeley, CA 94701-2232 +Tel: 510-848-9862 x.3 +Fax: 510-848-9862 x.4 +email: cheetham@igc.org +C-Private +CI-Counter Information, Edinburgh, Great Britain +Clash-Amsterdam +D-private +DL-Direcciones Libertarias, Ateneo Libertario, Barcelona Spain +E-Private +EAC-Europa Against the Current, Amsterdam +ECN-European Counter Network, Radio Sherwood Padova Italy, APS + +: + +Amsterdam, SpinnenNetz 6500 Mainz Germany, Omega Berlin. +EM-Ecomedia Toronto Canada +Emma-German women's magazine +FA-Anarchist Federation, Katowice Poland +GS-Gegen den Strom Kallender +ID-Archiv, Amsterdam +Kal-Anarchistischer Taschenkalender, Schwarzrotbuch Verlag, +Berlin +Kas-Kasiber, 2800 Bremen Germany +KIO-Kick It Over, Toronto, Canada +L&R-Love and Rage, New York +MAP-UUCP computer news group misc.activism.progressive +NENW-Neither East Nor West, New York 11215 USA +NLNS-Cambridge, MA 02142 USA +NN-Amsterdam +oob-off our backs, Washington, DC 20009 USA +OM-Open Media, Westfield, NJ, 07091 USA +PE-Profane Existance, Minneapolis, MN 55408 USA +Peace News-WRI, London +PEG-Political Ecology Group, San Francisco +PN-PeaceNet, San Francisco +QN-QueerNation computer mailing list +RGI-RuhrgebietsInfo, Infoladen Bazille 4200 Oberhausen or + +: + +Infoladen 4600 Dortmund, Germany +SAIIC-South and Meso American Indian Information Center, +Oakland, CA 94604 USA +Search-Searchlight, London +Shadow-New York City +Sling-Slingshot, Berkeley, 94720 USA +SMOT-Russia +SN-SpinnenNetz, 6500 Mainz Germany +SW-Suedwind, c/o Biladen or Infoladen, 7000 Stuttgart, or +Infobuero 7400 Tuebingen Germany. +Swing-Infoladen 6450 Hanau, Zentrum 6000 Frankfurt, Infoladen +6100 Darmstadt, Infoladen 6050 Offenbach, Germany +Tag-fuer Tag, German autonomist women-lesbian callender +Tat-Tatblatt, Wien, Austria +Tel-Telegraph, Berlin +TWR-Third World Resources, San Francisco +WCF-Wind Chill Factor, Chicago 69681 USA +ZAG-Antirasistischer Initiative Berlin +Z-Magazine, Boston 02118 USA + +(END) + + +(END) + + +(END) diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/radio.f-a b/textfiles.com/politics/radio.f-a new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4954f424 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/radio.f-a @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +From server Thu Nov 5 01:38:01 1992 +X-Delivered: at request of kmcvay on oneb +Return-Path: +Received: by oneb.almanac.bc.ca (/\=-/\ Smail3.1.18.1 #18.33) + id ; Thu, 5 Nov 92 01:38 PST +Date: Thu, 5 Nov 92 01:38 PST +Message-Id: <9211050928.utk28331@FAB8.intel.com> +Comment: Holocaust Research Distribution List +Originator: hlist@oneb.almanac.bc.ca +Errors-To: kmcvay@oneb.almanac.bc.ca +Reply-To: +Version: 5.5 -- Copyright (c) 1991/92, Anastasios Kotsikonas +From: RICHARD HAREL +To: Multiple recipients of list +Subject: Are there many Broadcast Stations Like this in NA ? +Status: RO + +RADIO FREE AMERICA +================== +HEARD ON SHORTWAVE 7.435 MHZ AT 02:00-04:00Z IN JERUSALEM WITH A 5-7 SIGNAL +USING A MOTOROLA MICOM-X AND A 1/2 WAVE DIPOLE FOR 40 METERS. +SIGNALS FADED AFTER 04:00Z. +FIRST HOUR WAS A SHOW CALLED "FOR THE PEOPLE" HOSTED BY CHUCK CARTER. +MAINLY DOWN ON THE EXISTING POLITICAL SYSTEM AND PREACHED POLITICAL AND +ECONOMIC REFORM. +TEL. (800) 888-9999. +MAILING ADDRESS:3 RIVER ST. +WHITE SPRINGS, FLORIDA 32096. +BROADCAST ORIGINATED FROM TN. STATION WWCR - ALSO KLVE. +2ND HOUR WAS HOSTED BY TOM VALENTINE - ALONG THE SAME ECONOMIC, POLITICAL +LINES BUT WITH A WHITE SUPREMACY THEME. CALLERS GAVE THEIR OPINIONS +(THE SHOW IS OBVIOUSLY RECORDED) ABOUT THEIR FEARS OF "THE JEW CONTROLLED +MEDIA" AND "COMMUNIST JEW SOCIALISTS" DESTROYING THE VALUES OF "REAL AMERICANS" +THE "CHRISTIAN FAMILY STRUCTURE," ETC. +THE AGENDA ALSO GOT INTO THE "ZIONIST ENEMY", DANGERS OF CERTAIN PRO-ISRAEL +SENATORS...BUT CLARIFIED THAT NOT ALL JEWS ARE ZIONISTS. +BOTH SHOWS EVERY SO OFTEN GAVE OUT THE 800 NUMBER TO PROMOTE THE SALES OF +VARIOUS PROPAGANDA PUBLICATIONS. THE FIRST SHOW'S NEWSLETTER IS CALLED "FOR THE +PEOPLE" AND VALENTINE'S MESSAGE IS THROUGH A MAGZINE CALLED "SPOTLIGHT". +JAMMING TOOK PLACE ON THE SAME FREQUENCY BUT SIGNALS WERE WEAK COMPARED WITH +R.F.A. PERHAPS THE SIGNAL WAS BEING BEAMED TOWARDS A DIFFERENT AREA. +SEARS WAS THE ONLY COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER DURING THE PROGRAM. (ALUMINUM SIDING). +================================================================ +What's their beef ? Who are these people and how popular/big is their +audience ? Is this station associated with the "Liberty Lobby" ? +Who exactly are they intending their shortwave broadcasts to be heard by ? +Are these stations operating under license of the FCC ? +They also have a link via 2 geo-sychronous satellites. + +- Rich +Jerusalem + +-- Additional information from secondary source: + +You might get a catalog from Archives on Audio of the Radio Free America +series by Nip Tuck and Dave Emory. A worthwhile clipping in itself, aside +from the contents of the tapes. + +AOA, Box 170023, SF CA 94117 USA - 415-346-1840 + +Subject: Fascism Almanac: Clippings Sought + +Please note dear readers, this is NOT the Liberty Lobby's latter-day +RFA show, this one had the name earlier, and the producers are rather +staunchly anti-fascist - hardly the sort who'd sing the Horst Wessel +song at the open of a meeting. + +I highly recommend at least getting the catalog from Archives on +Audio, and getting the press packets from the Napa Sentinel [425 +Lincoln Ave., Napa CA 94558 - (707) 257-6272] on the Drug Tug, Inslaw, +Bankruptcy Court and other scandals. + +Happy reading/listening! + +From: weaver@sfc.sony.com (Eric Weaver) +Message-ID: <9211190044.AA04413@sfc.Sony.COM> +Subject: Fascism Almanac: Clippings Sought + +For those who are interested, here is the current short form of +recordings available from Archives... + +Archives on Audio Dave Emory Tape List +Box 170023 SF CA 94117 415 346 1840 + +As of Feb '91 with a few additions as I remember them. + +(Prices omitted due to usual objections about ads on Usenet - + this is posted as a public service ) + +SERIES: The Guns of November - The Assasination of JFK + +G1 Background +G2 The Assasination +G3 Vietnam and Watergate +G4 The Nazi Connection + + +SERIES: Radio Free America + +RFA 1 Hidden History of the Cold War pt 1 +RFA 2 " " " " pt 2 +RFA 3 Reinhard Gehlen & His Organization +RFA 4 Terpil, Wilson & Co. +RFA 5 Operation Mind Control, pt 1 +RFA 6 " pt 2 +RFA 7 " pt 3 Cults - Joe Holsinger on Jonestown +RFA 8 The Assasination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. +RFA 9 " " of Robert F. Kennedy +RFA 10 The Aryan Nations, pt. 1: Past Coup Attempts in the US +RFA 11 " , pt. 2: The John Birch Society +RFA 12 " , pt. 3 +RFA 13 " , pt. 4: The KKK +RFA 14 World Anti-Communist League, pt 1 +RFA 15 " , pt 2 +RFA 16 AIDS: Epidemic, or Weapon of War (incl. updates) +RFA 17 Who Shot the Pope? pt 1: Fascism & the Vatican +RFA 18 " pt 2: P2 Lodge & the Vatican Banking Scandal +RFA 19 " pt 3: P2 Lodge, cont'd. +RFA 20 " pt 4: Stibam +RFA 21 " pt 5: Western Intelligence Connections +RFA 22 The Terror Connection, pt 1: Otto Skorzeny (incl updates) +RFA 23 " " pt 2: California Under Reagan +RFA 24 The CIA, The Military & Drugs, pt 1 +RFA 25 " pt 2 +RFA 26 " pt 3: The Great Heroin Coup +RFA 27 " pt 4 +RFA 28 " pt 5: The CIA & LSD +RFA 29 The Iran-Contragate Scandal, pt 1: The Drug Connection +RFA 30 " pt 2: Terror in Latin America +RFA 31 " pt 3: Destabilization of Pres. Carter +RFA 32 " pt 4: Staging the 4th Reich +RFA 33 " pt 5: Cover-up pt. 1 +RFA 34 " pt 6: Cover-up pt. 2 (incl. updates) +RFA 35 The December Surprise: The politics of Terror and the + Exoneration of the Secret Team (incl. updates) +RFA 35A The December Surprise II +RFA 36 The Destabilization of the Sov. Un.: Prelude to WW III? +RFA 37 How the US Lost the Second World War + +MISC. ARCHIVE SHOWS: + +M1 OSB 2/8/87 Accuracy in Media vs. One Step Beyond +M2 OSB 10/7/85 Dan Whie, Jonestown, Moscone/Milk killings +M3 KOME/Emory Expressway Show - Call from Gordon Novel +M4 OSB 8/10/86 Gloria in Excelsis - The CIA, Women's Movement + and the News Media +M5 Hard Rain KKK, Fehme & the Founding of the Nazi Party +M6 Hard Rain Knights of Malta, pts. 1 & 2 +M7 OSB 11/17/85 Rajneeshpuram +M8 OSB 5/12/85 South Africa, the Third Reich, & the Bomb +M9 OSB 5/13/90 The King Alfred Plan - the Final Solution + to "The Negro Problem" +M11 KPFA 5/23/80 Uncle Sam & the Swatstika - Emory & Ortiz +M12 OSB 3/13/88 Euthanasia in Contemporary Americ & Nazi Ger. +M13 OSB 2/28/88 The Pink Triangle: Gay Rights, Repro. Rights + & the Third Reich +M14 OSB 10/27/87 The Ultimate Evil: Mind Control, Satanism + & the US Security Establishments pt. 1 +M15 OSB 5/88 The Ultimate Evil, pt. 2 +M16 OSB 5/88 The Ultimate Evil, pt. 3 +M17 OSB 5/88 The Ultimate Evil, pt. 4 +M18 OSB 6/12/88 Election '88 +M19 OSB 7/3/88 The Fascist "3rd Position:" The Far Right & + Their Attempt to Co-opt Progressive Forces +M20 OSB 7/17/88 George Bush and the Shooting of Ronald Reagan +M21 OSB 7/24/88 The Fascist "3rd Position," pt. 2 +M22 OSB 7/31/88 The Shooting of George Wallace (2nd tape of M20) +M23 OSB 8/7/88 What Really Happened at Port Chicago; + incl. updates - Was the First A-Bomb Tested + in the SF Bay Area? +M24 OSB 9/11/88 Nazis & Anti-Semites on George Bush's Campaign +M25 OSB 9/25/88 Lloyd Bentsen, the Defense Industrial Security Cmd. +M26 OSB 10/2/88 Japanese Fascism: Its Structure & Significance + for Contemporary Americans +M27 A Tribute to the Late Mae Brussell +M28 OSB 10/88 Your Hit Parade: Suspicious Deaths, Polit. Murders, + & Untimeley Disappearances in America +M29 OSB 11/6/88 A Political Resume of George Bush +M30 The Patriotic Assasin & Fascist/Zionist Connections +M31 OSB 9/25/85 The Killing of Corporal Kunze, Leon Jaworski's + First Cover-up +M33 OSB 2/5/89 Ronald Reagan, Errol Flynn & The Third Reich +M34 OSB 6/30/85 Livin In the USA: THe Search for Nazi War Criminals +M35 OSB 7/27/86 The Confessions of Roger Fefferan: A Reagan + Staff Member Speaks Out +M36 OSB 4/30/89 Researcher Ed Connolly On The California State + Defense Forces (incl. updates) +M37 OSB 5/7/89 Lee Harvey Oswald, Gen. Edwin Walker & the 4th Reich +M38 OSB 11/19/88 How The Assas. of Pres. Kennedy Changed America +M39 OSB 8/13/89 So You Thought You Were Free? An Analysis Of + One Week's News +M40 OSB 9/4/89 The Drug Tug Case: The Vindication of the + Christic Institute? +M41 OSB 1/7/90 December Surprise '89: Invasion of Panama +M42 OSB 2/18/90 Uncle Sam & Il Duce: American Support for Mussollini +M43 OSB 3/18/90 The CIA & the S&L Crisis (incl. updates) +M44 OSB 7/8/90 An Interview w/ Sara Nelson & Daniel Sheehan +M45 OSB 8/19/90 The Secret Origins of the Vietnam War +M46 OSB 10/28/90 An Interview With Wm. & Monika Jensen-Stevenson +M47 OSB 11/4/90 A Conversation With Daniel Sheehan +M48 OSB 12/16/90 The Gander, Nfld. Crash of '85: Are US Officials + Covering up a "Terrorist" bombing? + +M?? OSB 8/18/91 A Conversation With Virginia McColough + +KFJC Lecture Series: + + How the U.S. LOST World War II + The Kennedy Assasination + Reinhard Gehlen & the Nazi Infiltration of American Intelligence + Skinheads & Neo-Nazis + UFOs and Right Wing Connections + +-- +Eric Weaver Sony AVTC 677 River Oaks Pkwy, MS 35 SJ CA 95134 408 944-4904 +& Chief Engineer, KFJC 89.7 Foothill College, Los Altos Hills CA 94022 + +From oneb!cs.ubc.ca!utcsri!torn!cs.utexas.edu!usc!news!nic.cerf.net!eidetics Thu Dec 10 09:11:04 PST 1992 +Article: 8042 of alt.conspiracy +Xref: oneb alt.conspiracy:8042 alt.activism:13791 +Path: oneb!cs.ubc.ca!utcsri!torn!cs.utexas.edu!usc!news!nic.cerf.net!eidetics +From: eidetics@nic.cerf.net (Eidetics Int'l) +Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy,alt.activism +Subject: Re: Radio Free America +Message-ID: <3974@news.cerf.net> +Date: 10 Dec 92 05:42:39 GMT +Sender: news@news.cerf.net +Followup-To: alt.conspiracy +Organization: CERFnet +Lines: 13 +Nntp-Posting-Host: nic.cerf.net + +sue@sparrow.aisg.com (Sue Haley {AISG/Admin NC} @ Accura Innovative Services Inc.) writes: +>Does anyone know where Radio Free American broadcasts from? + +My guess is someplace in Florida. Their sponsor is the Sun Radio Network, +which can be reached at 2870 Scherer Dr., St. Petersburg, FL 33716. + +They broadcast every day on North America One Satellite Radio Network from +Spacenet III, the Sun Radio Network, on Transponder 5, Audio 6.8. Also it is +carried (the method I use) on short wave WWCR, 7435 kHz in the 41 meter band. + +They also offer cassette tapes of Tom Valentine's shows. + +Enjoy, Jon Volkoff, eidetics@cerf.net + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ratma.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ratma.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13447d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ratma.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6304 @@ + 97 page printout + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The value of this 360K disk is $7.00. This disk, its printout, +or copies of either are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + **** **** + THE + RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + IN TWO PARTS + + PART I. -- Theology: Its Superstitions and Origin. + PART II. -- Rationalism: Its Philosophy and Ethics. + + BY + ALETHEIA, M.D., + + Author of "A Rationalist Catechism," "The Agnostic's Primer," etc. + **** **** + + "To the mind, as it develops in speculative power, the problem +of the universe suggests itself. What is it? and Whence comes it? +are questions that press for solution, when, from time to time, the +imagination rises above daily trivialities." + HERBERT SPENCER. + + LONDON: + WATTS & CO., 17, JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET ST. + 1897. + **** **** + TO + A DEAR WIFE + THIS MANUAL IS AFFECTIONATELY + DEDICATED, + IN REMEMBRANCE OF JOINT EFFORTS + TO DISCOVER, AMID THE CONFLICTING + BELIEFS AND OPINIONS OF THE DAY, + WHAT IS TRUTH. + + PREFACE. + + Most of us have been born and bred under the influence of some +form of religious superstition, which was imposed upon us, from a +very proper sense of duty, by our parents. But parents, though +having complete control over the education of their children, +cannot commit them, when they arrive at years of discretion, to any +particular line of thought or opinion. If this were possible, in +what a state of appalling ignorance should we be now! The world +progresses, and why? Because knowledge progresses. Every generation +adds something to the knowledge of the preceding one. Our parents +acted up to their lights, and may their memories be held in honor +and esteem. But, when the enlightenment of the age causes us to +exchange the superstitions of our youth, instilled into us from our +infancy upwards, for something better, wiser, and more in +accordance with the advancement of science and knowledge, it +becomes necessary for us to test the teaching we have received, and +inform ourselves as to what we must reject and what we may safely +retain. It is all very well to say, "Study science and philosophy;" + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +but how many of us are in a position to do this? Only the limited +few. How are poor people, and those who have not had the advantage +of a scientific education, to know what is right and true? And if +we take from them that religious belief which has for so long +acted, not only as a power for good in the land, but as a +recognized motive to right living, we must give them something +definite in return. We must give them a better, higher, more real +motive for right living. This has been the object which the Author +has had in view in compiling the following pages. He has endeavored +to furnish sufficient information to enable the least pretentious +student to give a reason for the faith that is in him. The articles +are necessarily short, for he has confined himself as much as +possible to main points. He hopes that his critics will bear with +him in the difficult task he has undertaken; and if his little +manual helps even one inquirer to a knowledge of "what is truth," +or assists in uniting, in however small a measure, individuals of +similar schools of thought, be they known as Freethinkers, +Rationalists, Secularists, Agnostics, or Atheists (for union is +strength), he will have obtained his reward. He wishes to express +his acknowledgment and indebtedness to the authors from whose works +he has so freely drawn. + + The writer may be accused of dogmatism, but it is impossible +to teach without it. The Rationalist has nothing to say against +"dogmatism" itself; it is a dogmatism consisting of unverified and +unverifiable dogmas -- dogmas that must not be questioned or +inquired into, but be held on "faith" as "mysteries," that he +objects to. Let the dogmatism be one of truth, one that can bear +the light of day, that can be explained by human reason, and be +proved by indisputable evidence then the dogmatism is not only +justifiable, but essential. + + CONTENTS. + + INTRODUCTION. + + PART I. + + CHRISTIANISM: ITS SUPERSTITIONS AND ORIGIN. + THE SUPERNATURAL. + REVELATION. + THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS NOT ORIGINAL. + INSPIRATION. + MISTRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE TEXT. + SOME BIBLE LEGENDS. + The Creation. + The Two Accounts of the Story of Creation. + The "Fall of Man." + The Deluge. + The Tower of Babel, etc. + A FEW CONTRADICTIONS IN THE "INSPIRED TEXT." + THE CHRISTIAN MESSIAH; AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. + EVENTS IN THE LIFE, OF JESUS; MIRACLES, ETC. + ORIGIN OF THE BIBLE. + PRAYER. + WORSHIP, SACRIFICE, AND BAPTISM. + HEAVEN, HELL, GHOSTS, AND BOGIES. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + FUTURE LIFE. + CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS; THE CROSS, ETC. + ANCIENT FESTIVALS, SABBATHS, ETC. + ANCIENT GODS, TRINITIES, AND SCRIPTURES. + ORIGIN OF RELIGION (THEOLOGY). + ORIGIN OF THE WORD "CHRISTIAN." + THE FRUITS OF CHRISTIANISM. + + PART II. + + RATIONALISM: ITS PHILOSOPHY AND RULE OF LIFE. + + RATIONALISM. + FIRST PRINCIPLES. + TRUTHS. + SOME DEFINITIONS. + KNOWLEDGE, BELIEF, FAITH, ETC. + THE CAUSE OF ALL. + LIFE. + ORIGIN OF LIFE. + EVOLUTION. + POLARITY. + ASCENT OF MAN. + DEATH AND DISSOLUTION. + MORALITY. + THE UNIVERSE. + THE EARTH; GEOLOGICAL EPOCHS, ETC. + THE SOLAR SYSTEM; SEASONS, ETC. + THE ANCIENT ZODIAC. + + ETHICS AND CUSTOMS OF SOCIAL LIFE. + + DUTY AND FAULT. + MAN'S MORAL CODE. + RATIONALIST SOCIETIES. + PUBLIC HOLIDAYS AND THEIR ORIGIN. + NAMING AND REGISTRATION OF CHILDREN. + MARRIAGE. + BURIAL OF THE DEAD. + FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH. + OATHS, AFFIRMATIONS, AND LAST WILL. + + **** **** + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + INTRODUCTION. + + OUR opening words in this Manual shall be an expression of +gratitude to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace for their +discovery of the Origin of Species; to Thomas Henry Huxley for his +unrelenting protest against dogmatic creeds, and his victorious +controversy with the clergy, whose pretence to a knowledge of +things divine induced him to coin the term Agnosticism; to the +illustrious Herbert Spencer for the Synthetic Philosophy, which so +clearly demonstrates the truth of the evolution doctrine, and which +sweeps away the cobwebs of theology; and to the great cloud of +witnesses for Reason for the aid they have rendered, and the +disinterested sufferings they have borne, in the cause of liberty +of thought. + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + What have these pioneers of science fought for? Why have they +sacrificed time, money, domestic comfort, and popularity? Is it +possible, as the tongue of ignorance suggests, that these men have +devoted their lives and abilities to the deliberate uprooting of +religion and morality, by which society would be thrown into a +state of chaos, and a way of unlimited freedom opened up for the +working of wickedness? Certainly not. They have, indeed, striven to +uproot the evil plant which is variously called theology, +ecclesiastes, clericalism. But they have not striven to uproot +moral and intellectual truth. + + And they did well to strike at the power of the priest. For +centuries the human mind has been fettered by the priestly chain. +The priest claimed the whole life. Scarcely had a child entered the +world when he lost his freedom in the rite of baptism; his will was +made captive by the representative of theology; he was educated in +the way of credulity, so that when he came to the age of Reason (or +what should have been Reason) he submissively accepted the priest's +dogmas as being of divine origin and supernaturally revealed. +Ninety-nine men out of every hundred have been satisfied to accept +the word of the priest for the truth of these dogmas, to yield +their souls up as slaves to clericalism, and swear allegiance to +the illegitimate authority of "The Church." + + The questions which Rationalists fearlessly set themselves to +solve are: -- Is there any truth in the so-called Christian +"revelation" which has for so long a period maintained its hold +over the Western world? And, further, has any revelation of a +supernatural character ever taken place? Or, is the only revelation +which possesses any human value the revelation of natural science? + + If a revelation had been made to the human race by a divine +and almighty being, we should be justified in expecting it to be +done in a manner clear, unmistakable, and evident to all, and it +would have had an irresistible claim upon our allegiance. But this +has not happened. On the contrary: instead of being furnished with +proofs, we are enjoined to ask no questions; we are told that doubt +is sin, and that we must reduce ourselves to a condition of +infantile dependence; we are bidden to accept all the statements +which the priestly dispensers of "revelation" choose to dole out to +us, however much opposed to reason, nature, and science. When we +examine the alleged revelation, we discover that it consists of a +series of legends, characterized by a morality which is frequently +atrocious, and by absurdities which rank with the tales of the +nursery. And we find that the divinity worshipped by the churches +is an imaginary figure, a fetish established for the benefit of the +clerical caste, and supported by the priesthood for mercantile +ends. It is time to cast off the bondage so long imposed upon us, +and snap the rod of hell so long held over our heads. We must +transfer our allegiance from God to Man. Instead of wasting our +time and energy in contemplating and appeasing a fictitious deity, +and obeying the selfish motive of desire for future reward, let us +dedicate our lives to the interests of the present world, to social +cooperation, to the study of natural science, to the explanation of +the phenomena that environs us, to the spread of knowledge and +happiness. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The Christian myth is based on no valid evidence: it rests +only on the assumed "inspiration" of the Bible -- a collection of +ancient writings, most of them written no one knows when, where, or +by whom. Some people fear lest, if the Christian myth were +discarded, each individual would seize the liberty to do as he +liked, and give way to all kinds of libertinism, and repeat the +motto of the debauches, "Eat, drink, and be merry, for to-morrow we +die." But this very fear suggests the existence of an improper +motive to goodness, and that a selfish prudence and pious cunning +had been the only means to virtue furnished by Christianism. Shall +we admit that there can be any true spring of morality in the fear +of offending a deity who possesses the bad attributes of +vindictiveness, jealousy, and cruelty; and in the dread of losing +heaven and incurring the pains of hell? Such an inadequate motive +to right conduct leaves out of the consideration the welfare of our +fellow-men, and the desire to please and make others happy. + + When asked to reject the unwarranted theory of a future life, +some experience a revulsion against the idea of not meeting again +those who have become endeared to them in the present life. But, if +it can be shown that we know, and can know, nothing of a world-to- +come, and that assertions on the subject are vain incursions into +the realm of the unknowable, our duty is to resign ourselves to the +solemn Inevitable. He who accepts the belief in Immortality does so +simply on the bare word of another man, who knows no more about the +mystery than himself. Is it right to believe what we cannot +possibly know, merely because other people believe it, or because +it yields irrational comfort? Why should we stake our happiness on +the chances of a visionary future, instead of realizing the +possibilities of a life which, if we develop it in defiance of the +dictates of orthodoxy, may yield so much profit and enjoyment? What +pleasure can we derive from speculating whether our departed +friends have succeeded in obtaining a place in Elysium; or whether, +having fallen short of the regulations laid down by the deity, they +have attained the Middle State of Purgatory, where a due amount of +suffering is officially meted out to them; or whether they (good +and amiable as they appeared to us) have had the misfortune to fall +under the divine displeasure, and are condemned to the eternal +flames of Hell? God is represented to us as being good and merciful +and omnipotent. Could he not, then, have made mankind perfect and +incapable of sin? For, if he had done this, the necessity for a +hell would never have arisen. + + Christianism ridicules the superstition of the pagan, and +holds up its hands in sanctimonious horror at the worship of +natural objects. But is it more foolish to adore the glorious and +beneficent sun than to adore a being who has been built up out of +materials supplied by the human imagination? If you ask a +theologian where this creature of fancy exists, and on which of the +innumerable heavenly bodies he has pitched his residence, you get +no intelligible answer. Surely the various forms of Paganism were +as rational as (i.e., not more irrational than) the vague and +plagiarized creed of Christendom? + + Can our words of scorn towards Christianism be justified? The +following pages will show. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + PART I. + + CHRISTIANISM: ITS SUPERSTITIONS & ORIGIN. + ______ + + THE SUPERNATURAL. + + FROM the earliest ages man has believed in the supernatural. +Primitive man had no knowledge of the laws of nature and of their +uniformity; he had no conception of cause and effect, nor of the +indestructibility of force; ignorant of medical science, he +believed in charms, magic, amulets, and incantations. It never +occurred to the savage that disease was natural. Unacquainted with +chemistry, medieval man sought for the elixir of life in cunning +compounds, and hoped to discover the philosopher's stone which +should turn the baser metals into gold , unskilled in mechanics, he +has searched for an instrument which would produce perpetual motion +and keep up a ceaseless creation of force. The source of political +authority was traced to a supernatural will. For ages man's only +conception of morality was embodied in the idea of obedience, not +to the requirements of nature, but to the supposed commands of a +being superior to nature. Nature itself was supernatural to +primitive man, But gradually man's confidence in natural law has +increased with the growth of his knowledge; and the miraculous has +vanished from medicine, chemistry, etc. No divine whim is allowed +to confuse the laws of mechanics. The authority to make and execute +laws is recognized as proceeding from the will of the governed, and +not from an extra-mundane power. "Man," says Ingersoll, "should +cease to expect aid from a supernatural source, being satisfied +that the supernatural does not exist that worship has not created +wealth; that prosperity is not the child of prayer that the +supernatural has not succored the oppressed, clothed the naked, fed +the hungry, shielded the innocent, stayed the pestilence, or freed +the slave." + + SUPERNATURAL REVELATION. + + We should expect that a message divinely revealed to man would +be a unity, and not split into different portions; that each single +part would corroborate and confirm the others; that contradictions +would be absent; that the contents would be reconcilable with +science; and that its morality should be perfect. Now, does the +Christian revelation possess these characteristics? We shall find +that it does not possess one of them. Not only so, but its alleged +divine origin is attested by no reliable evidence, and its purely +human development can be distinctly traced. The sources of its +dogmas may be detected in the older religions of Babylonia, Persia, +Egypt, etc. In other words, the pretended revelation was borrowed +from Paganism. We find its leading myths, such as the supernatural +birth of a Savior, the slaughter of the Innocents, the temptation +in the wilderness, the performance of miracles, the death and +resurrection of the god, forming features in pre-christian +religions. + + The very fact of there being more than one "revelation" is +sufficient to raise doubts in the minds of reasoning people as to +the validity of any of them. The particular "revelation" which the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +average man accepts depends upon the accident of his birth, Creeds +follow geographical lines. If we happen to be born in Great Britain +or the British colonies, we adopt one of the many varieties of +Christianism; if in Turkey, Mohammedanism; if in China, Taoism, or +Confucianism, or Buddhism; if in India, Brahmanism; if in a certain +quarter of Bombay, Parseeism, etc. And each "revelation" claims +divine origin. The Mohammedan appeals to the Koran, the Parsee to +the Zend-avesta, the Taoist to the Tau-teh-king; the Buddhist to +his Tripitaka; the Brahman to his Vedas and the Christian to his +Bible. Though we observe in these phases of faith many resemblances +suggestive of borrowing and derivation, we also observe differences +in important details. Each counts itself orthodox, and regards the +rest as heretical or infidel. Our notion of truth or heresy, +therefore, is modified according to the locality of out birth and +the sphere of our education. + + Christianity cannot boast an inner unity of its own. It is +divided into a bewildering array of sects. The Churches of Christ +differ from each other on more or less essential questions. In +these schisms they simply exemplify the contradictions presented by +their Scriptures. Yet, marvelous to say, the only point the sects +agree upon is the necessity of appeal to these very scriptures +which yield so many interpretations! In Roman Catholic countries +Protestant agents seek to make converts, a Protestant Bishop being +a short time ago consecrated for Catholic Madrid, while Roman +Catholic bishops map out dioceses in the midst of Protestant +populations. The Catholic churches insist on the duty of eating +their god; the Protestants regard this doctrine as an abomination. + + The Christian revelation is blindly accepted on the assumption +that the Bible is inspired. We shall see if there exist solid +grounds for the assumption. Is the "revelation" reconcilable with +science? The researches and discoveries of modern science have laid +bare the fallacies upon which the Bible is founded, and the +erroneous opinions that run through it. They have demonstrated that +there is no such thing as instantaneous creation; that the present +cosmos has been gradually evolved from a preexistent one; that +matter is indestructible, eternal, fixed in quantity; that neither +man nor animals nor plants were called into being so recently as +6,000 years ago; that our ancestors lived millennia before the +supposed date of the creation; and that our race has ascended +through long processes of development from simple protoplasmic +cells. Genesis itself speaks with an uncertain voice. It contains +two separate stories of the creation, and they contradict one +another. The Genesis cosmogony is based upon mistaken ideas of the +universe, the shape and movements of the earth and sun, and their +mutual relations. And upon the truth of the occurrences reported in +Genesis rests the whole Christian theory of "Redemption." If the +"Fall" of man did not occur, sin did not enter the world by the +disobedience of Eve. And if Eve did not introduce the microbes of +sir, there is no sin-disease for all mankind to inherit; and, +consequently, there is no necessity for a Savior or Redeemer to +suffer the sacrifice entailed by the fault of the ancestors of the +race. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Till a comparatively recent date Christianity taught the +Ptolemaic theory of the universe -- i.e., that the earth was the +center of a system of planets, and that the sun rose and set daily +over it. By order of the Congregation of the Holy Office, Giordano +Bruno was burned at the stake in 1600 for indulging in astronomical +speculations; for supporting the Copernican theory, the reason +given being because it was "contrary to the bible;" and for +suggesting that the Bible did not contain the whole of science. In +1616 Galileo was summoned before the Inquisition, and cawed by +threats for teaching new theories of the heavens. He was again +hauled up, at the age of seventy, for writing a book on the System +of the World, in which he proved the truth of the Copernican +theory, which is now accepted by all the civilized world. He was +made to kneel, and swear, with his hands on the gospels, that it +was not true that the earth moved round the sun, and that he would +never again spread the "damnable heresy." Here we have evidence of +two failures on the part of the Christian Church: it condemned the +thinkers, who maintained a theory of the universe now everywhere +admitted; and it publicly declared its conviction that the +Copernican theory ran counter to the science of the Bible. + + Again, is Christianity sound in its moral teaching? The Yahuh +(Jehovah) of the Old Testament authorizes, directly or indirectly, +the burning of witches (Ex. xxii. 18), human sacrifice (Ex. xiii.), +slavery (Ex. xxi., xxv.), adultery (Gen. xii. 10), violation of +virgins (Mum. xxxi. 17), and many other acts of gross injustice. +The Jesus of the New Testament teaches improvidence by the precept +that no thought is to be taken for the morrow as to food, drink, or +clothing -- an injunction which is at variance with all prudence +and economic wisdom. He took part in encouraging the ignorant and +cruel method of treating disease as the work of demons. He +pretended to drive "unclean spirits" out of the poor lunatic who +spent his life among the tombs, and whom no man could bind with +chains. We are expected to believe that the devils asked to be sent +into a herd of swine, after which they ran violently down the hill +into the sea and were drowned. No mention is made of any recompense +having been made to the owner of the herd (numbering about 2,000), +and, as Jesus is said to have been in a chronically impecunious +state, we may assume that none was made. Another example of +injustice is exemplified in the statement, "Whosoever hath to him +shall be given, and he shall have abundance; but whosoever hath +not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath." As +further cases, take the advice to offer the other cheek when +smitten -- a course which insults human dignity -- or the +admonition to hand over a second garment to the robber who has +despoiled you of your coat -- a direct premium on stealing. The +cursing of the barren fig-tree was a display of folly and childish +petulance. Immorality marks the prophecy of Jesus, which has only +too literally been fulfilled, that bloodshed should prepare the way +of Christian triumph. He said: "Think not that I am come to send +peace on earth, but a sword." In the fulfillment of this prophecy +fifty millions of people were destined to perish. + + We may, therefore, accept it as proved that the "revelation" +which Christian priests offer for our acceptance is not of divine +origin, and that, in the words of Mr. S. Laing, "The subjects which +their theologians profess to have such an exact knowledge of are, +for the most part, subjects respecting which nothing is or can be +known." Christianism is nothing but "Paganism writ different" -- in +other words, it is Paganism modernized. + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS CHRIST NOT + ORIGINAL. + + We often hear of the beauty and charm of the teachings of +Jesus, and of the self-evidence of their divine source. But, on +investigation, we find that his doctrines do not bear the stamp of +originality. Nor did he so far value them himself as to put them +consistently into practice -- e.g., having taught his followers +that whosoever should call his brother a fool should be in danger +of hell-fire, he himself called the Pharisees fools, and so +unconsciously pronounced his own sentence! + + If he had been a true Messiah, he would surely have utilized +the opportunity afforded him when the lawyer came and asked him, +before a large crowd, what he should do to inherit eternal life. +Yet what happened? Did the Son of God adduce any striking proof of +his divinity by enunciating new and wonderful precepts of wisdom +and morality? No he repeated, nearly word for word, certain maxims +which he had culled from the books of Deuteronomy and Leviticus. +The commands given in Matt. Vii. 22 and xxiii. 37-46 simply echo +the teachings of previous sages. Thus, Confucius, who lived some +550 years before Christ, uttered the words: "Do not to another what +you would not want done to yourself; thou hast need of this law +alone; it is the foundation of all the rest"; and "Acknowledge thy +benefits by return of other benefits, but never avenge injuries." +The so-called "Lord's Prayer" is merely a reiteration of similar +prayers in the Jewish Talmud. The conversation between Jesus and +Nicodemus echoes the teaching of Krishna in the Hindu poem of the +Bhagavat-Gita. The doctrine of the water that removes thirst for +ever has its parallel in Hindu mythology, and Philo had already +taught it as follows: "The Word (Logos) is the fountain of +life...... it is of the greatest consequence to every person to +strive without remission to approach the divine Word of God above, +who is the fountain of all wisdom, that, by drinking largely of +that sacred spring, instead of death, he may be rewarded with +everlasting life." Many other passages in the Fourth Gospel show +dependence on the non-Christian works of Philo. + + INSPIRATION OF THE BIBLE. + + This is, as Mr. Laing remarks, "a theory which breaks down +when tested by the ordinary rules of criticism, and examined +impartially by the light of modern knowledge." As before pointed +out, no inspired writing should be self-contradictory, or contain +false statements; and the Bible suffers from both these marks of +fallibility. + + The Bible comprises a Hebrew and a Christian portion, both +being, as regards the bulk of their contents, of unknown +authorship. Both are accepted by Christians as inspired, it being +popularly supposed that the New Testament contains the fulfillment +of the types and prophecies of the Old. The most important theme of +the Old Testament is that of the Creation and Fall; and the leading +topic of the New is the career of the Christian Savior who appeared +as the propitiation for the sin which occurred at the beginning of +human history. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Now, the Bible not only makes mistakes in matters of science, +but it puts forward two contradictory accounts of the Creation. +These are given in the first and second chapters of Genesis, and +they disagree in nearly every detail. If such errors occur in one +historical particular, they may occur elsewhere. The whole theory +of inspiration is vitiated and our confidence disappears. The more +we read the Bible, the more convinced we feel of its lack of +clearness and authority and educative value. Had it been divinely +inspired, we may be sure it would have taken the form of +unimpeachable history and logical instruction, so that no doubt +could or would have arisen in the mind of the most cultured reader, +If we are born tainted with original sin, and if that sin is +removable, means would have been taken to impart to the world the +mode of salvation, and this in such a way that conviction of its +truth would follow immediately on hearing or reading. What, on the +contrary, has occurred? We hear of miracles having been performed +in cases where they were not needed; and we find them absent in +circumstances where they might have rendered real aid. Surely, if +miracles could have been worked for such trifling purposes as the +provision of wine for wedding guests, we might have expected some +miraculous intervention to secure the general acceptance of the +Bible canon. Where is our certainty? Books once regarded with +suspicion now find an honored place in the Bible; and books once +included in the sacred collections of the early churches are now +cast into outer darkness. We are left, in this happy-go-lucky +manner, to ascertain the mode of redemption from a sin which we did +not commit, but yet have to incur the penalty for. The divine +message, instead of being published in the sight of all men, has +been inscribed on old parchments hidden away in all sorts of holes +and corners, as if the very authors had been ashamed of their +productions. These parchments are, in some instances, old skins +from which pagan manuscripts had been partially erased before the +"Word of God" was written on them by Christian pens. Is this the +way in which a good and just God would treat mankind? It does not +seem reasonable. Goodness and justice, forsooth! Look at the +attitude which, according to the New Testament itself, God adopts +towards the race he has created. Jesus tells his followers that, +before some of them taste of death, he will return (of course, he +did not) on clouds of glory and in the day of vengeance. Vengeance! +A jealous and revengeful God will return to wreak his anger upon +the helpless creatures, who are guiltless of the responsibility of +the sin of their "first parents," and whose appearance on this +planet at all he might have mercifully prevented! + + MISTRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE TEXT. + + The current translations in this country are known as the +Authorized and the Douay versions, the latter having been rendered +into English from the Latin. The authorized version of the time of +James I. was so erroneously executed that a revised translation was +called for a few years ago. Though more correct than its +predecessor, this is still marred by many faulty readings; and some +interpolations, admitted as suspicious by the revisers themselves, +are suffered to remain. An instance of these interpolations will be +found in the last chapter of the Mark-gospel, from verse 9 to the +end. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Then, again, the language has been so manipulated as to induce +the reader to believe that the Jews were monotheists or worshippers +of one God only, and to render obscure the immortal character of +Yahuh (the "Lord"). Elohim (literally the gods) is rendered God, +and Yahuh Elohim (literally Yahuh of the Gods) is rendered Lord +God. Jephthah, who sacrificed his daughter because she came to +greet him, argues with the Amorites that every nation is entitled +to what its national God bestows upon it (Judges ii. 24). The +sixty-eighth Psalm is positively a song to the Sun-God! It opens +with the invocation, "Let God arise" (literally, "Let the Mighty +One arise"), and bids all inferior creatures "cast up a highway for +him that rideth through the heavens by his name Yah." The frequent +references to sun-gods under various names are all disguised by the +English version. The title Adonai, the Phoenician name for the sun- +god, is, when it occurs single, translated "the Lord;" but, when it +is met with in conjunction with Yahuh or Elghiin, "the Lord God." +Psalm cx. i ought to read "Yahuh said to Adonai (or "to our +Adonis"), Sit at my right hand." The popular deity of Thebes, Amen- +Ra, is met with in the Psalms as "Ammon" (the hidden sun). He is +one with Adonai; with "the Stygian Jupiter" when he descended to +the lowest point of his annual declination in December; with the +Olympian Zeus, rising to his highest point of ascension in June; +and with the Jupiter Ammon, worshipped as the hidden or occult God, +and reappearing in the sign "Aries" (see Is. xlv. 15). The name +"Ammon" in Is. lxv. 16 is twice wrongly rendered "the God of +Truth," instead of "the God Ammon." This deity is again alluded to +in Ps. x. 1, where "Lord" ought to read "Yahuh," and again in Ps. +lxxxix, 46, "Yahuh, how long wilt thou hide thyself?" and verse 52, +"Blessed be Yahuh for ever more (who is) Ammon, even Ammon." The +name Ammon, in its shortened form of "Amen," found its way later +into the Greek language, and was used in the sense of truly. In the +Apocalypse the word is written with "Ho" prefixed, when it is +rendered "The Amen," a senseless expression. In Rev. iii. 4 we +ought to read "These things, saith Ammon, the true and faithful +witness." + + Another name for the Hebrew sun-god is Shaddai, sometimes +conjoined with the prefix El, Bel (the Babylonian sun-god), and +Baal (the Syrian). Yahuh, or Yahweh, is usually written "Jehovah," +which does not convey to the mind any idea of the true Hebrew +pronunciation of Yahouyeh. The name was pronounced by the Semites +generally (by whom Yahuh was worshipped) as Yahuh, Yahu, or Yho. In +the reign of the Assyrian King Sargon II. the throne of Hamath was +occupied by Yahou-behdi, which name literally means the "Servant of +Yahuh." The Phoenicians venerated this deity also, for in the +inscriptions of Assur-bani-pal, another Assyrian King, we read that +the name of the then crown-prince of Tyrenus Yahu-melek = "Yahuh is +my King." On a coin from Gaza of the fourth century B.C., now in +the British Museum, is a figure of a deity in a chariot of fire, +over whose head is written Yho in old Phoenician characters. But +Yahuh held only a subordinate position in the general mythology of +the Semites, and he only owes his notoriety to the fact that he was +chosen as the patron deity of the Beni-Israel. The word Ashera or +Asherah is admitted in the preface to the Revised Bible to be +"uniformly and wrongly rendered grove" in the authorized version. +Why this misleading device? In order, probably, to conceal the +gross character of the thing signified. The Ashera was an upright +stone, and was undoubtedly a Phallic (sexual) emblem. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The "two angels," who are represented as appearing to Lot in +the city of Sodom, are, in the original text, gods. Adam's demon- +wife, Lilith, has been suppressed in Isaiah xxxiv. 14, and the +meaningless expression, "the night monster," substituted. + + Jesus, pronounced in Hebrew Yezua, was a very common name. The +Jesus of the New Testament was, to a large extent, a mythical +personage, being a personification of the sun-god and Savior -- +Bacchus, the Phoenician Ies, identical with the Hindu Krishna or +Christna, the Persian Mithra, the Egyptian Horus, and other sun- +gods. After the captivity the name was interchanged with Joshua or +Yahoshua -- the successor of Moses; in the Greek it was Yesous and +Jason. In the authorized version it was rendered Jesus (Acts vii. +45, Heb. iv. 8), but in the revised version it is rendered Joshua +-- the "same word rendered Jeshua in Nehemiah viii. 17. The idea +connected with the word Jesus, and with the letters I H S and I E +E S, was Phallic vigor. + + The word repent has been in the Douay version wrongly rendered +through the Latin do penance. + + We shall now examine some of the many renderings of the Hebrew +word Ruach, and shall see how they illustrate ecclesiastical +ingenuity in building up a system of ghosts, and even a theory of +Apostolic succession! + + The word rendered Ghost, Holy Ghost, and Spirit in the New +Testament is the Greek word Pneuma, which is the equivalent of +Ruach in the Hebrew of the Old Testament. Both words mean air in +motion or breath. Ruach is rendered in Gen. iii. 8, "in the cool of +the evening;" in Gen. viii. 1 as "wind;" and in Gen. i. 2 Ruach +Elohini is translated "the spirit of God," but, literally rendered, +it should be "the breath of the gods." In the Latin Vulgate, from +which the Catholic or Douay translation is made, pneuma is rendered +"spiritus," from Spiro = I breathe. When the Bible was translated +from the Latin into Anglo-Saxon, "spiritus" was rendered gast. In +the Middle English gast became goost and gost, approaching very +near to, and probably derived from, the old German geist, which is +the present equivalent of pneuma, spiritus, and ruach. If these +words mean breath in Genesis, they also mean breath in the New +Testament. + + "Jesus gave up the Ghost," "the Holy Ghost shall come upon +thee," and "receive ye the Holy Ghost," etc., are all +mistranslations. In Luke iv. 1 the same word pneuma is rendered +differently: "And Jesus, being full of the Holy Ghost (pneuma) ... +was led by the Spirit (pneuma)," In Luke viii. 55 the same word +again is rendered spirit, instead of breath. These are only a few +of the inaccuracies to be found. And thus the various translations +of the Bible, instead of being executed in a spirit of scholarly +candor, have only testified to the theological bias of the +translators. + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + SOME BIBLE LEGENDS. + + A cursory notice of the stories of "Creation" and "Fall of +Man," "the Deluge," and the "Tower of Babel" (all of Babylonian +origin), with a few remarks on the New Testament, will suffice to +show the kind of literature that educated men are asked by +Christians to accept as "inspired." + + THE CREATION STORY. ERRORS OF FACT. + + 1. "The earth was without form and void." Every object has +form, which is an essential of material existence. Void means empty +or vacant. To speak of the earth as being -- i.e., existing, +occupying space, and yet void -- is a direct contradiction. 2. +First day. -- "Light and darkness" created and "divided" from each +other. Light and darkness could not be created, for every educated +person knows that they are both produced by the relative position +of the earth with regard to the sun; but the sun is not created +till the fourth day; and light and darkness could not be divided, +for they were never mixed. The writer was obviously ignorant of the +nature and property of light, and would have been much surprised +had he been told that it is radiant energy transmitted from the sun +through the ethereal medium of the universe in vibratory waves. 3. +Second day. -- "A firmament in the midst of the waters" created. +The writer evidently is laboring under the delusion that the earth +was flat and occupied a position in the center of the universe. In +the old Vedic cosmology the world was round and supported on +columns; that of the Hindus was convex, and was supported on +elephants which stood on an immense tortoise. 4. Third day. -- The +vegetable kingdom created -- Grass, herbs, fruit trees, yielding +fruit" -- mosses, trees, insectivorous plants (though insects are +not yet created), and flowing plants without insects to fertilize +them. All this without a ray of sunshine, and without an atom of +chlorophyll to give color to the plants, leaves, and flowers. 5. +Fourth day. -- "The sun to rule the day, and the stars to rule the +night." Here is evidence that the writer was a planet worshipper. +He was unaware of the fact that it is to the sun that we are +indebted for light and vegetation. 6. Fifth day. -- "Whales, +fishes, and birds" created. The water population first, the winged +population second, and the land population third. Here is an error +again, for science proves that a part of the water population +appeared first, the land population second, and the winged popula- +tion last. 7. Sixth day. -- "Insects, reptiles, cattle, man" +created. Insects and reptiles are proved by science to have been +evolved thousands, possibly millions, of years before man. 8. +Discrepancies in the two stories. -- The first account (the +Elohistic) in Genesis extends from i. i to ii. 3, when the second +account (the Yahvistic) commences, and extends to the end of the +chapter. The word Elohim (plural), meaning the gods or the mighty +ones, is used in the first account; the words Yahuh Elohim, +erroneously rendered Lord God, meaning Yahuh of the Gods, are used +in the second account. + + In parallel columns we shall expose the discrepancies of the +two Creation stories: -- + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + GENESIS i. to ii. 3. GENESES ii. 4 to end. + + 1. The appellation of 1. The appellation of deity +deity is uniformly "Elohim" is uniformly "Yahuh Elohim" +(the gods), rendered God. (Yahuh of the gods), rendered + Lord God. + + 2. The portion of the 2. It is called "the +universe beyond the earth is heavens." +called "the heaven." + + 3. The earth, a chaos 3. The earth is a dry +covered with water. The waters plain. Vegetation cannot exist +must be assuaged before because there is no moisture +vegetation can appear. (ii. 5). + + 4. Plants are created 4. Plants appear to be +from the earth generally confined to the Garden of Eden +(i. 12). (ii. 8, 9). + + 5. Fowls, fish, and 5. Fowls and land animals +aquatic animals form one created at the same time in one +act of creation, land animals creative act (ii. 19). +and reptiles another +(i. 21-25). + + 6. Fowls created out of 6. Fowls created out of the +the water (i. 20). ground (ii. 19). + + 7. Trees created before 7. Trees created after man +man (i. 12-27). (ii. 7, 8). + + 8. Fowls created before 8. Fowls created after man +man. (ii. 19). + + 9. Man created after 9. Man created before +beasts (i. 24-31). beasts (ii. 7-19). + + 10. Man and woman created 10. Woman created after man +at the same time (i. 27). with a considerable interval + between. + + 11. Man created in the 11. This is not intimated. +image of God." It is only after Adam and Eve + have partaken of the tree of + knowledge that "God" is led to + say: "The man is become as one + of us." + + 12. Man at the creation 12. He is given fruit +given fruit and herbs to alone, and only after he sins +subsist upon (i. 29). and the curse is pronounced + upon him is he ordered to "eat + the herb of the field," as a + consequence of his "fall" + (iii.18). + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + 13. Man given dominion 13. Man confined to a +over all the earth (i. 26). garden (ii. 15). + + 14. The heavens and the 14. No mention made of the +earth created in six literal six days' creation. On the +days. contrary, the account mentions + "the day that the Lord God made + the earth and the heavens" + (ii. 4). + + 15. The purpose of this 15. Contains no recognition +story appears to be to of the Sabbath. The purpose +inculcate the divine appears to be to establish the +institution of the Sabbath. doctrine of the Fall of Man. + + 16. Anthropomorphic 16. Absent. +conception of God present. + + 17. Elohim comprises 17. Yahuh is a deity in one +two separate beings -- body, both sexes combined. +male and female. + + 18. God from his throne 18. God comes down on +in heaven calls various earth, plants a garden, molds +elements into being -- man out of clay, breathes into +"Let the earth bring forth his nostrils, fashions woman + ...... and it was so." out of a rib, makes birds and + animals, and brings them to + Adam to see what he will call + them. + + 19. Though not in accord 19. Is destitute of +with science, possesses scientific and literary merit. +literary merit. + + These two accounts can neither be reconciled with each other, +nor be made to harmonize with science. Dean Stanley says "The first +and second chapters of Genesis contain two narratives, differing +from each other in almost every particular of time, place, and +order." + + THE FALL OF MAN. + + This story is about as foolish and illogical a legend as that +of the Creation. Here we have presented to us a pair of human +beings, who have no "knowledge of good and evil," and are commanded +by the deity (literally, the gods) not to eat a certain fruit which +would give them that knowledge, and which a wise deity would +naturally have allowed them to eat, if, thereby, they would know +good from evil. They ate the fruit, and the deity, in fright +because man has now "become as one of us" (plural) -- i.e., having +equal power with gods -- comes hurrying down from his throne in +heaven, and curses not only Adam, Eve, and the serpent, but even +the ground. The first three are condemned to certain punishments, +in which their innocent posterity are to participate. These +legendary punishments have, of ,course, never been fulfilled. Man +was to "eat bread by the sweat of his face," which we know all men + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +do not do. Woman was to "bring forth children in sorrow and +multiplied conceptions;" many perform this function of nature +without sorrow, and some actually with pleasure, and the process in +the human female is only similar to what may be observed every day +among the cattle and beasts, who have never been "cursed," and +whose conceptions are conspicuously "multiplied." The Serpent was +doomed to glide on his belly and consume a diet of "dust." Serpents +have crawled ever since they were evolved as reptiles, and they do +not eat "dust." + + Leaving out of view the peevish and undignified action of the +Hebrew deity, what shall we say to the patent injustice and +incongruity of the punishment? The innocent serpent and all future +serpents cursed because the devil pretended to be a serpent; the +guilty devil getting off scot free, and permitted to roam about the +world to do further mischief; and all mankind condemned to bear the +burden of Original Sin as an after-effect of this one trivial act +of disobedience, the theft of a fruit! For such a theft in the +present day a human and uninspired magistrate would mete out, +perhaps, a day's imprisonment; but here we have a deity, +represented to us by himself and his followers as all-good, all- +wise, benevolent, merciful, and forgiving, condemning the whole +human race to a punishment far in excess of any sin that could be +remitted by man, and utterly disproportionate with the offence. +Then we are told that man was made in "the image and likeness of +God" -- who, we are also told, "has no image nor likeness" -- "no +form nor parts." The fact is, instead of man being made in the +image and likeness of God," the god that man desires to worship has +been made in his own image and likeness, and the originators of the +story, in their primeval ignorance and credulity, drew the +inconsistent materials of the legend from the store of their own +anthropomorphic fancy. The deity at first pronounces all his +"creations" "good," and afterwards repents of having made man. It +might be difficult to conceive a deity of infinite wisdom and +knowledge regretting his work, but not so difficult when we +consider that he was also given to changing his mind; for do we not +find him laying down at one time (Leviticus xxiv. 20) the theory of +"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" as a principle, and at +another Matthew (v. 38) the reverse? Yet, unless Christians accept +all this tissue of contradictions, their theory of redemption falls +to the ground like a house of cards. + + "The discovery and decipherment of the Assyrian records," says +Mr. Edwards, (Witness of Assyria, p. 9.) "have raised the curtain +upon forgotten dramas of the earth's history, and have removed the +Jewish writings from the solitary position they once occupied. We +have now before us the voluminous literature of a race allied to +the Jews in blood, creed, thought, and language. The stories of +Creation, Deluge, and Tower of Babel are shown to be Babylonian; +the ritual, dress, and furniture of the Temple were Babylonian; and +the religious poetry of the Hebrews is anticipated by that of +Babylon. The history and chronology of the Hebrew scriptures are +proved faulty and unreliable, and the whole evidence at command +supports the opinion of critics as to the very late date of the +Jewish literature." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + During the explorations of the ancient cities of Assyria and +Babylonia a number of clay tablets have been discovered, containing +accounts of Creation, Flood, and Tower of Babel. They are written +in cuneiform (wedge-shaped) characters, in the form of epic poems. +The story of Creation occupies seven tablets, and gives two +accounts, which are now called the "Akkadian" and the "Babylonian." +Tablets have also been discovered amid the ruins of the ancient +city of Tel-el-Amarna, in Egypt, evidently relics of an ancient +library containing the official correspondence between the King of +Egypt and the officers and sovereigns of Assyria, Babylonia, and +other Asiatic countries; one was also discovered among the ruins of +Lachish in Southern Palestine. The decipherment of these may be +looked upon as one of the wonderful discoveries of our age; for, by +this, the origin of the two contradictory accounts of Creation +given in Genesis, which before was a puzzle, is now disclosed. The +Babylonian account is identical with the Elohistic, relating how +the creation of the world took place by successive stages, man +being the final act; the Akkadian is identical with the Yavistic, +man being created before plants and animals. The first tablet opens +with a description of chaos: "At that time the heaven above had not +yet announced, or the earth beneath recorded, a name. The unopened +deep was their generator; Mummu-Tiamat (the chaos of the sea) was +the mother of them all. Their waters were embosomed as one, and the +cornfield was unharvested. The pasture was ungrown. At that time +the gods had not appeared, any of them ...... no destiny had they +fixed. Then the great gods were created." + + THE DELUGE -- The twelve tablets in which this legend appears +correspond with the twelve signs of the zodiac and the twelve +months of the Akkadian year, and describe the exploits of the +Chaldean Hercules-Gilgames. The story is told by the Chaldean Noah- +Tamzi, Izduhar, or Hasisadra (Xisuthros of Berosus, and in Semitic +-- Shamas napisti -- the "Sun of Life") -- to Gilgames, in the +eleventh tablet. This flood lasted six days and nights. The story +tells how, at the end of the Flood, Tamzi looked out of his ship +and saw that "mankind was turned to clay; like reeds the corpses +floated." Relating how he was commissioned by the gods to save +himself and family, he says: "I alone was the servant of the great +gods. Their father, Anu, their king; their counsellor, the warrior +Bel; their throne-bearer, the god Uras; their prince, En-nugi; and +Hea, the Lord of the Underworld, repeated their decree. I this +destiny hearing, Hea said to me: Destroy thy house and build a +ship, for I will destroy the seed of life." Instructions are then +given as to the size of the ship, which eventually landed on Mount +Nizor (Mount Rowandiz) -- the Akkadian Olympus. In the Hindu legend +of the flood a rainbow appeared on the surface of the subsiding +water, the ark or ship resting on the Himalayas. In the ancient +Greek legend Deucalion is the hero, and the ship rested on Mount +Parnassus. The Chinese, Parsees, Scandinavians, Mexicans, and other +ancient nations, also had similar legends. The Biblical legend, and +the older legend from which it took its rise (probably during the +captivity), may have been founded on a real occurrence in the +Tigris-Euphrates valley. A flood of considerable extent may have +been originated by the usual periodical rise of the two great +rivers, which took place in the eleventh month of the Chaldean +year; and was caused probably by a combination of accidental +circumstances favorable to the event -- a typhoon in the Indian + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +ocean and a favorable wind. Noah's ark was 150 yards long by 25 +feet wide, and 15 feet high. In this ark were crammed pairs, +sevens, or fourteens of every living thing. There are already known +at least 1,600 species of mammalia, 12,500 of birds, 600 of +reptiles, and 1,000,000 of insects and other inferior creatures, +besides animalcule. These came from all parts of the earth. The +South American sloth, it is calculated, must have started several +years before the Creation to have been there in time. The voyage +lasted over a year (compare Genesis vii. 11 and vii. 14,) Eight +persons attended to the wants of some two million living creatures, +and Noah provided food for all of them! The flood is said to have +covered the whole earth, so that it must have risen higher than 5 +1/2, miles -- the height of the highest mountain, Mount Everest -- +about 2 1/2 miles above the level of the top of Mount Ararat, on +which the ark is said to have filially rested! The injustice of +drowning all created beings because the Creator had made one +species imperfect is obvious. + + THE TOWER OF BABEL is said to have been named so "because the +Lord did there confound the language of all the earth," and we have +always been given to understand that the name "Babel" is derived +from balal, to confound; but this is altogether erroneous. The +"inspired" writer must have been romancing! We now know, from the +tablets that have been found among the ruins of Babylon, the exact +form of the name by which its inhabitants called it Bab-ilu = the +gate of God, (Witness of Assyria," P- 37.) sometimes written with +two signs -- a gate and god; and there can, therefore, be no +mistake about it. The Hebrew bears the same interpretation without +any forced etymology -- Babel = the gate of God. The place was not +founded by Semitic Babylonians, but by the Akkadians, and it was +neither a city nor a town, but a temple, consisting of seven +platforms, each being tinted a different color, and dedicated to +the seven planets, the topmost one being dedicated to the moon. It +was called by the Semitic invaders Ca-dimorra, the gate of God thus +being translated by them into their own tongue. The story of the +confusion of languages was a theory born in the imagination of the +writer of the "inspired text." So much for the veracity and +"inspiration" of Genesis xiv. 9. + + We have neither time nor space to do more than mention some of +the other chief absurd stories and legends found in the Bible, in +many of which immoral teaching is very conspicuous. The stories of: + + DANIEL AND THE LION'S PIT (Daniel vi.) and the injustice to +the Royal officers, their wives and families, allowed by the Hebrew +god. The same power that saved the God-fearing and divinely- +protected Daniel could have prevented the in justice of punishing +the innocent wives and children of the officers who were simply +carrying out their orders, for a fault they did not commit. THE +EXODUS FROM EGYPT (Exodus vii.), the writer of which was evidently +familiar with a similar legend of the Sun-god Bacchus; for Orpheus, +the earliest Greek poet, relates that Bacchus had a rod with which +he drew water from a rock, and performed miracles, and which he +could change into a serpent at pleasure; and that he passed through +the Red Sea dry shod at the head of his army. That Pharaoh and his +host should have been drowned in the Red Sea, and the fact not be +mentioned by any historian of the period, is incredible; but such + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +is the case. RECEIPT OF THE DECALOGUE by Moses (Exodus xix.). +Almost every nation of antiquity had a legend of their holy men +ascending a mountain to ask counsel of their gods. Minos, the +Cretan law-giver, ascended Mount Dicta and received from Zeus the +sacred laws. A similar legend is told of Zoroaster, to whom Ormuzd +handed "The Book of the Law" -- the "Zend Avesta." SAMSON'S SIX +EXPLOITS (Judas xiv. and xv.) are culled from the exploits of +Hercules and lzdubar. JONAH AND THE FISH (Jonah i. and ii.), where +he is thrown from a ship and swallowed up by a whale, in whose +stomach he remained alive three days and nights, during which time +he offered up a prayer to Yahuh, apparently composed of odd bits +taken from the Psalms. When Yahuh spoke to the whale, it vomited +Jonah on to dry land, alive and well! The truth of this story is +guaranteed by Jesus, in Matthew xii. 40. ELIJAH ASCENDING IN A +WHIRLWIND. THE RE-ANIMATION OF DRY BONES to form a large army +(Ezekiel xxxvii.).The TALKING ASS (Numbers xxii,); the TALKING +SERPENT (Genesis iii.); and the TALKING CLOUD (Exodus xxxiii.). The +ARMY OF DEAD MEN, wakening up and finding themselves dead corpses +(2 Kings xix.). THE GOING BACK OF THE SUN to guarantee the efficacy +of a fig poultice (2 Kings xx.), and the STANDING STILL. OF THE SUN +one whole day, until the people had avenged themselves upon their +enemies (Joshua x.). THE GIANTS generated by the sons of God with +the women of the earth -- becoming "mighty men and men of renown" +(Genesis vii.). THE FLOATING IRON AXE-HEAD (2 Kings vi.). THE RIVAL +GODS in the house of Dapon; the Jewish god being in a box (i Samuel +v.). The RAISING OF THE SPIRITS OF THE DEAD by means of the witch +of Endor (i Samuel xxviii.). (Where are the witches of the present +day?) The DESTRUCTION OF 600 PHILISTINES with an ox-goad, by one +man (judges iii.). MOSES turning the water of the river into blood +with his magic rod (Exodus vii.), and DESCRIBING HIS OWN DEATH +(Deuteronorny xxiv.). AARON'S PLAGUE OF FROGS, produced by +stretching his hands over the waters of Egypt (Exodus viii.). + + These are specimens of absurd legends, which, with the +abominable immoralities of the Pentateuch, form part of the Holy +Scriptures, the same "inspired word" which Jesus "expounded" to his +followers, and which he told them were able to make them wise unto +salvation (Luke xxiv. 25); and "given by inspiration of God" (2 +Timothy iii. 15), "as profitable for doctrine, reproof, correction, +and instruction in righteousness;" and for the non-acceptance of +which he reproves them (Luke xvi. 31; John vi. 39, 46); and +containing "the Law," which he said he had "not come to destroy" -- +"the Law," with the Jews, being the Pentateuch." + + The New Testament upholds the innumerable atrocities of the +Old, and adds worse terrors and atrocities of its own in the shape +of eternal torments (Matthew V. 28; xviii. 8; xxiii. 32 3. xxv. 41; +Mark ix. 43); a minute description being given of Hell by Christ to +the multitude (Luke xvi. 23), and by "John the Divine;" and the +rejoicing of the saints over the sufferings of the tormented +(Revelation xiv. 9, 11; xix. 1-4, 20; xx. 1-3, 10). The way to life +made by a beneficent Creator, we are told (Matthew vii. 14), is +"narrow," and to be found by "few,;" that "many" of his own +creations, which he pronounced to be "very good," are called by +this loving Creator "but few chosen " (Matthew xxii. 13; Luke xiii. +23). This Hell, as described in Revelation xxi. 8, xxii. 15" 1 +Corinthians vi. 9, is for those "that know not God" (2 +Thessalonians 1. 7), for those who describe a fool correctly +(Matthew v. 22), for unbelief, and for the rich. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + A FEW CONTRADICTIONS TAKEN FROM THE + + "INSPIRED WORD." + + + Adam condemned to a prompt death. + + "But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt +not eat; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely +die" (Gen. ii. 17). + + Yahuh pleased with his work. + + "And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was +very good" (Gen. i. 31) + + Does not repent. + + "God is not a man that he should lie; neither the son of man +that he should repent" (Num. xxiii. 19). + + Lives 930 years. + + "And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty +years, and he died" (Gen. v. 5). + + Displeased with his world. + + "And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, +and it grieved him at his heart" (Gen. vi. 6). + + Does repent. + + "And God saw their works, that they turned from their evil +way; and God repented of the evil that he had said that he would do +unto them" (Jonah iii. 10).20 + + Unchangeable. + + "For I am the Lord; I change not" (Mal, iii. 6). + + Peaceful. + + "God is not the author of confusion, but of peace" (i +Cor. xiv. 33). + + Merciful. + + "The Lord is good to all, and his tender mercies are over all +his work" (Ps. cxlv. 9). + + "The lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy" (Jas. v. 11). + + "For his mercy endureth for ever" (i Chron. xvi. 34). + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Visible. + + "And the Lord spake to Moses face to face, as a man speaketh +to his friend" (Ex. xxiii. 11). + + "For I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved" +(Gen. xxxii. 30). + + "And I will take away mine hand, and thou shalt see my back +parts, but my face shall not be seen" (Ex. xxii. 23). + + Changeable. + + "Therefore the Lord God of Israel saith, I said indeed that +thy house, and the house of thy father, should walk before me for +ever; but now the Lord sayeth, be it far from me ... Behold, the +days come that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy +father's house" (i Sam. ii. 30). + + Warlike. + + "The Lord is a man of war" (Ex. xv. 3). + + "Think ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you +no, but a sword [division]" (Luke xii. 51). + + Unmerciful. + I will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy, but destroy them" +(Jer. xiii. 14). + + "And Joshua did unto them as the Lord bade him. He houghed +their horses, and burnt their chariots with fire ... and smote all +the souls that were therein, with the edge of the sword, utterly +destroying them" (Josh. xi. 9). + + "For ye have kindled a fire in mine anger that shall burn for +ever" (Jer. xvii. 4). + + "And the Lord said unto Moses, take all the heads of the +people, and hang them up before the Lord against the Sun, that the +fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel" (Num. xxv. +4). + + Invisible. + + "No man hath seen God at any time" (John i. 18). + + Rests and is refreshed. + + "For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, and on the +seventh day he rested and was refreshed" (Ex. xxxi. 17). + + Omnipresent. + + "Whither shall I flee from thy presence? If I ascend up into +heaven, thou art there; if I make my bed in hell, behold thou art +there. If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the +uttermost parts of the sea; even there shall thy hand lead me, and +thy right hand shall hold me" (Ps. cxxxix. 7). + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Omniscient. + + "For his eyes are upon the ways of man and he seeth all his +goings, there is no darkness nor shadow of death, where the workers +of iniquity may hide themselves" (Job xxxiv. 21). + + All-powerful. + + "With God all things are possible" (Matt. xix. 26). + + Impartial. + + "There is no respect of persons with God" (Rom. ii. 11). + + + Of truth. + + "A God of truth he is, and without iniquity" (Deut. xxxii. 4). + + Is never tired. + + "Hast thou not heard that the everlasting God, the Lord, the +creator of the ends of the earth, fainteth not, neither is weary +(Is. xi. 28). + + Not omnipresent. + + "And the Lord said, because of the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah +is great, and because their sin is very grievous; I will go down +now and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry +of it which is come unto me, and if not, I will know" (Gen. xviii. +20). + + Not omniscient. + + "And Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the +Lord God, among the trees of the garden" (Gen. iii. 8). + + Not all-powerful. + + "And the Lord was with Judah, and he drove out the inhabitants +of the mountain, but could not drive out the inhabitants of the +valley, because they had chariots of iron" (judges i. 19). + + Partial. + + "For the children being not yet born, neither having done any +good or evil, that the purpose of God, according to election, might +stand, ... it was said unto her, the elder shall serve the younger. +As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated" (Rom. +ix. 11). + + Of untruth. + + "And there came forth a spirit and stood before the Lord and +said ... I will go forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth +of all his prophets. And be said ... go forth and do so" (i Kings +xxii. 21). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Of Justice and rectitude. + + "Just and right is he" (Deut. xxxii. 4). + + "Shall not the judge of all the earth do right?" (Gen. xviii. +25). + + Is love. + + "And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. +God is love" (i John iv. 16). + + His anger lasts but a moment. + + "His anger endureth but a moment" (Ps. xxx. 5). + + Requires burnt offerings. + + "Thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for +atonement" (Ex. xxix, 36). + + "And the priest shall burn all on the altar to be a burnt +sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savoir unto the +Lord" (Lev. i. 9). + + Tempts no man. + + Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God; for +God cannot be tempted of evil, neither tempteth he any man (James +i. 13). + + Of injustice and wrong. + + "For I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the +iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth +generation" (Exod. xx. 5). + + "Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their +fathers (Is. xiv. 21). + + "For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts that they +should come against Israel in battle, that he might utterly destroy +them, and that they might have no favor (Josh. xi. 20). + + "I make peace and create evi: I, the Lord, do all these things +(Is. xlv. 7). + + Is not love. + + "The Lord thy God is a consuming fire" (Deut. iv. 24). + + Last forty years. + + "And the Lord's anger was kindled against Israel, and he made +them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation +that had done evil in the sight of the Lord was consumed" (Num. +xxxii. 13). + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Does not require burnt offerings. + + "To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me, +saith the Lord ... I delight not in the blood of bullocks or of +lambs" (Is. i. 11). + + "For I spake not unto your fathers, nor commanded them in the +day that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt +offerings or sacrifices" (Jer. vii. 22). + + Does tempt man. + + "And it came to pass after these things that God did tempt +Abraham (Gen. xxii. 1). + + Is compassionate. + + "The Lord is gracious and full of compassion, slow to anger, +and of great mercy (Ps. clv 8). + + Is revengeful and cruel. + + "God is jealous, and the Lord revengeth; and is furious the +Lord will take vengeance on his adversaries" (Nahum i. 2). + + "And the Lord said unto Joshua ... he that is taken with the +accursed thing [the gold, kept back from the priests] shall be +burnt with fire, he and all that he hath; ... and Joshua and all +Israel with him took action, and his sons, daughters ... and all +that he had ... and stoned him, and burnt them with fire after they +bad stoned them ... so the Lord turned from the firmness of his +anger" (Josh. vii. 10). + + "And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Avenge the children of +Israel of the Midianites ... and they slew all the males; and the +children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives ... and +Moses said unto them: Have ye saved all the women alive? Kill every +male among the children and every woman that hath known man, ... +but all the female children ... keep alive for yourselves" (Num. +xxxi. 1). + + "I will send wild beasts among you that will rob you of your +children" (Lev. xxvi. 23). + + "Then I will walk contrary unto you also in fury ... and ye +shall eat the flesh of your Sons and of your daughters" (Lev. xxvi. +28). + + "A wind from the Lord brought forth quails from the sea, and +let them fall by the camp ... and while the flesh was between their +teeth, the wrath of the Lord was kindled against them, and he smote +them with a great plague" [for desiring a change of food from +manna] (Num. xi. 31). + + "And that night the angel of the Lord smote in the camp of the +Assyrians 185,000 men" (2 Kings xix. 35). + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + His statutes are right. + + "The statutes of the Lord are right" (Ps. xix. 8). + + Wills to save man. + + "Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the +knowledge of truth" (i Tim. ii. 4). + + is good. + + "Good and upright is the Lord" (Ps. xxv. 8). + + Forbids human sacrifice. + + "Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following +them, ... for even their sons and their daughters have they burnt +in the fire of their gods" (Deut. xii. 30). + + Prayer shall be answered. + + "Every man that asketh receiveth, and he that seeketh findeth" +(Matt. vii. 8). + + Forbids murder. + + "Thou shalt not kill" (Ex. xx. 13). + + "And he that killeth any man shall surely be put to death" +(Lev. xxiv. 17). + + Forbids stealing + + "Thou shalt not steal (Ex. xx. 15). + + His statutes are not right. + + "Wherefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and +judgments whereby they should not live" (Ezek. xx. 25). + + Wills not that all shall be saved. + + "God shall send them a strong delusion, that they shall +believe a lie; that all might be damned who believe not the truth" +(2 Thess. ii. 11). + + Is not good. + + "Shall there be evil in a city, and the Lord hath not done +it?" (Amos iii. 6). + + Commands human sacrifice. + + "No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the Lord of all +that he hath, both of man and of beast, and of the field of his +possession, shall be sold or redeemed; every devoted thing is most +holy unto the Lord. None devoted [consecrated] which shall be +devoted of men shall be redeemed, but shall surely be put to death" +(Lev. xxvii. 28). + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Prayers shall not be answered. + + "Then they shall call upon me, but I will not answer; they +shall seek me early, but shall not find me" (Prov. i. 28). + + Commands murder. + + "Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Put every man his sword by +his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp +and slay every man his brother ... his companion, and ... his +neighbor" (Ex. xxxii. 27). + + "Now, go and smite Amalek and utterly destroy all that they +have, and spare them not, but slay both man and woman, infant and +Suckling" (i Sam. xv. 3). + + Commands stealing. + +"When ye go ye shall not go empty; but every woman shall borrow of +her neighbor, and of her that sojourneth in her home, jewels of +silver and of gold and raiment; and ye shall put them on your sons +and your daughters; and ye shall spoil the Egyptians" (Ex iii. 21). + + Forbids adultery. + + Thou shalt not commit adultery" (Ex. xx. 14). + + Forbids vengeance. + + "Thou shalt not avenge nor bear any grudge against the +children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as +thyself" (Lev. xix. 18). + + The name of the Lord shall save. + + "Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be +saved" (Rom. x. 13). + + Commands adultery. + + When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the +Lord thy God hath delivered them into thy hands ... and seest among +the captives a beautiful woman, and thou hast a desire unto her +that thou wouldst have her to thy wife, then shalt thou bring her +home to thine home ... and she shall be thy wife" (Deut. xxxi. 10). + + Commands vengeance. + + "Let this be the reward of mine adversaries from the lord and +of them that speak evil against my soul ... Let his children be +fatherless, and his wife a widow ... Let his children be +continually vagabonds and beg; let them seek their bread also out +of desolate places (Ps. cix.). + + The name of the Lord shall not save. + + "Not every one that saith unto me Lord, lord, shall enter into +the kingdom of heaven, but he that doeth the will of my father +which is in heaven" (Matt. vii. 21). + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE CHRISTIAN MESSIAH. + + Certain of the doctrines and stories contained in the +Christian Scriptures are almost identical with those held by the +Buddhists, and the Essene or Therapeut monks of Egypt -- Essene +being the Egyptian, and Therapeut the Greek name for "healer." This +is not surprising, when we find that the first followers of Jesus +-- Jesusites or Yesuans -- were nearly all Essenes, he being one +himself. The Yesuans were not called Christians till the latter +part of the first century, at Antioch. It was to the espousal of +the cause of Jesus by the Essene magicians that the future success +of Christianism was due. They accepted the Jesus of Nazareth whom +the Jews, for very good reasons, rejected as the expected Messiah, +or Avator. It simply required a change of names for the scriptures +of these Essenes to become the scriptures of the new sect. "The +probability that that sect of vagrant quack-doctors -- the +Therapeutae -- who were established in Egypt and its neighborhood +many ages before the period assigned by later theologians as that +of the birth of Jesus, were the original fabricators of the +writings contained in the New Testament, becomes a certainty on the +basis of evidence (than which history has nothing more certain) +furnished by the unguarded but explicit, unwary, but most +unqualified and positive, statement of the historian Eusebius, that +'those ancient Therapeutae were Christians, and that their ancient +writings were our gospels and epistles.'" ['Bible Myths' by T.W. +Doane.] Eusebius was Christian, Bishop of Caesarea (fourth +century). A messiah was expected every 600 years, and Jesus +appeared on the scene at the time when one was expected. This was +a great inducement to the Jews to accept Jesus, if he could but +show proofs of his divine mission, which he was unable to do. The +Christians were to the Essenes what the Essenes were to their +predecessors -- the Buddhists of Egypt and the Jews, and what these +were to the Brahmins, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Akkadians. As +each messiah was accepted, the old legends were repeated with +slight alterations, and so became part of the new revelation. The +Essenes had a full hierarchy, similar to that of the present +Catholic Church -- Bishops, Priests, Deacons, etc., and they +worshipped Serapis (a sun-god) long after they became followers of +Jesus. The Emperor Hadrian, in a letter to the Consul Servanus, +writes: "There are there (in Egypt) Christians who worship Serapis +and devoted to Serapis are those who call themselves 'Bishops of +the Christ."' In contrast to the great antiquity of the sacred +books and theologies of Paganism, we have the facts that the +gospels were not written by the persons whose names they bear. They +are worse than anonymous, being written many years after the +lifetime of the reputed writers, and rendered almost undecipherable +by the numerous additions and erasures. Bishop Faustus admits that +"it is certain that the New Testament was not written either by +Christ or his Apostles, but a long time after them, by some unknown +persons ... Besides these gospels, there were many more which were +subsequently deemed apocryphal." Yet he is satisfied to take these +writings as inspired, though they were not written by the persons +whose names were attached to them, and therefore are admitted +forgeries! Marvelous credulity! The discrepancies between the +fourth gospel and the first three (called "Synoptic") are numerous: +"If Jesus was the man of the first, he was not the mysterious being +of the fourth. If his ministry was only one year long, it was not + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +three years long. If he made but one journey to Jerusalem, he did +not make many. If his method of teaching was that of the Synoptics, +it was not that of the fourth gospel. If he was the Jew of the +first, he was not the anti-Jew of the fourth." ["Old and New +Testament" Julian.] Eusebius relates the absurd story of King +Abgarus writing a letter to Jesus, and of Jesus's answer. And +Socrates relates how the Empress Helena, Constantine's mother, went +to Jerusalem to find the cross of Christ. She is said not only to +have found the cross, but the nails with which Christ was attached. +"Besides forging, lying, and deceiving for the cause of Jesus, the +Christian Fathers destroyed all evidence against themselves and +their theology, which they came across. Gibbon tells us that, in +book viii., ch. 21, Eusebius says that he has related what might +redound to the glory, and that he has suppressed all that could +tend to the disgrace, of religion." Such an admission of the +violation of our fundamental laws of history speaks for itself. In +Cruse's translation of Eusebius's History, all after chapter xiii. +of book viii. is omitted. Why? + + A fragment of a Gospel of Peter, which, according to early +Christian writers, was in common use in the second century, and +received as inspired with the rest of the New Testament writings, +has recently been found in an Egyptian tomb at Akhmim. This gospel +directly contradicts most important details in the accounts given +of the alleged appearances of Jesus after his death in the so- +called canonical gospels, the Acts, and the Pauline epistles. Thus, +at one fell swoop, disappear Peter's following of triple denial the +presence of John and others at the foot of the cross the +appearances to Mary Magdalene and other women; the walk to Emmaus; +the apparition to the eleven of a material body through closed +doors; the second apparition to remove Thomas's doubts; the +appearances at Jerusalem during forty days by many living proofs; +those mentioned in the epistles to the Corinthians." ["Gospel of +Peter" by S. Laing.] The gospel was at a later period dropped, +probably for the reason, says Mr. Laing, that it "fevered the +heresy of the Docetae, who held that the body of the Christ was a +specter or illusion for the gospel says, relating to the +Crucifixion "They brought two malefactors, and crucified him +between them; but he kept silence, as feeling no pain," and this +silence is maintained until he died, crying out, "My power, my +power, thou hast left me," which sounds, says Mr. Laing, "more like +the cry of a baffled magician than of either a natural man or a Son +of God... This contradicts no less than eight utterances from the +cross recorded in the canonical gospels: (1) 'My God, my God, why +hast thou forsaken me?'; (2) 'Father, forgive them, for they know +not what they do' (3) 'Verily, this day thou shalt be with me in +Paradise;' (4) 'Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit;' (5) +'Woman, behold thy son';' (6) 'Behold thy mother;' (7) 'I thirst;' +(8) 'It is finished.'" Still more startling is the account given of +the Resurrection and Ascension, which differs in essential points +from the already contradictory accounts given in the canonical +gospels. + + We will now proceed to inquire if there is any evidence in the +writings of the historians contemporary with the time of Jesus. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + JESUS AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. + + IF all the wonderful things said about Jesus were true, we +should naturally expect to hear something about him in the writings +of the period. But not one of the writers of the first century -- +"the Augustan Age of Letters" -- even mentions him, his apostles, +or his miracles. There were writers in History, Natural History, +Medicine, Materia Medica, Astronomy, Miracles, Fables, Satire, etc. +What do Josephus and Tacitus say? Nothing. Such extraordinary +events as feeding thousands of people with a few small loaves and +fishes; raising the dead to life again; their ghosts walking about +the streets; miraculous darkness covering all the land for several +hours; earthquakes; mysterious voices from the clouds; rising +through the air into the clouds, etc., must have formed topics of +general conversation, and must have found a place in the literature +of the day. Cures being wrought must have interested the writers on +medicine; but not a word on the subject. It is incredible that no +one except the four interested partisans, who are supposed to have +written the gospels, should ever have referred to them. Josephus +was a Jew, and lived in the country where all these things are said +to have occurred, and wrote a history of the period; yet he makes +no mention of even the existence of Jesus. But in the manuscript of +his "Antiquities" (book xviii., 3) an unknown hand has inserted +between the account of the Sedition of the Jews against Pontius +Pilate, and that of Anubis and Pauline in the Temple of Isis, a +purple patch relating to Jesus, which is clearly a forgery. +Josephus, a Jew, is made to say: "Now, there was about this time +Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man, for he was a +doer of wonderful works; a teacher of such men as receive the truth +with pleasure." Now, it is not likely that a Jew would show such a +respect towards Jesus, who was known among his own people as a +seditious person; and talk about his teaching "the truth." Further +on he is made to say: "He was the Christ, and when Pilate ... had +condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did +not forsake him , for he appeared to them alive again the third +day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand +other wonderful things concerning him." These are expressions, not +of a Jew, but of a Christian; and surely the writer could not have +remained a Jew another hour. Forgeries were easy in those days, +when all books were written on skins, to which fresh pieces could +easily be fastened. Neither Philo, nor the two Plinys, nor any +other writer of the age, mention the name of Jesus, much less the +"ten thousand other wonderful things" mentioned by the interpolator +of Josephus. Tacitus wrote a History, and made no mention of Jesus. +But a forged "Introduction," entitled "The Annals of Tacitus," was +found in a Benedictine monastery at Hirsehfelde, in Saxony, in 514. +These "Annals" were not found in any other copy of the History of +Tacitus, and not one writer from the time of Tacitus to the above +date had mentioned the existence of the work. Beatus Rhenanus first +called them "Annals" in 1533. It appears that in the time of +Wicliffe, when the existence of Christendom was seriously menaced +and the Inquisition was instituted, people were inquiring into the +origin of Christianity. Large sums of money were offered for the +discovery of ancient manuscripts, which would bear testimony to the +divine authority of the Church, in consequence of which the supply +was equal to the demand, as it generally is, and plenty of +manuscripts were forthcoming from needy monks. Among these were the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +"Annals" of Tacitus, composed by a late Papal secretary, Poggio +Bracciolini, at the price of 500 gold sequins, and re-written by a +monk at Hirschfelde, in imitation of a very old copy of the +"History" of Tacitus. In this Tacitus is represented as saying that +"one Christus was put to death under Pontius Pilate, and had left +behind him a sect called after him." The forged writings were sent +to his friend and employer, Niccoli, with a letter in which the +following occurs: "Everything is now complete with respect to the +little work, concerning which I will, on some future opportunity, +write to you; and, at the same time, send it to you to read in +order to get your opinion on it." After its discovery it was +deposited in the Library at Florence. Mr. W. Oxley says: "The +nefarious and mendacious writings of anonymous monkish authors have +been noticed and exposed even by Catholic historians, The late +Cardinal Newman, in his 'Grammar of Assent' (P. 289), says, +referring to the opinion of Father Hardouin: 'Most of our Latin +classics are forgeries of the monks of the thirteenth and +fourteenth centuries.' Such a statement, coming from one of the +heads of the Church, is more than significant ... In Hardouin's +'Prolegomena' (1766) he says: 'The ecclesiastical history of the +first twelve centuries is absolutely fabulous. The series of Popes +is no more authentic than the series of Jewish high priests. The +agreement of the monastic chronicles for the year 1215 shows that +they were all the product of one monastic 'Scriptoria.' Not one was +written by a contemporary of the events described. Gregory 'the +great,' elected 1227, is the first of whom we have any historic +notice; which leaves a forged and fraudulent list of some 180 Popes +who never had an existence other than in the worse than imagination +of the compilers ... There are no tombs or sepulchers of any of the +Popes prior to this date, nor yet coins, but what are acknowledged +to be spurious." Hardouin (who was "a learned scholar and a writer +of high position in the Jesuit College in Paris" 1645-1728) exposes +the worthlessness and lying legends of the so-called "Patristic +Fathers." He dates the first design of the forgers in France from +1180-1229, which was continued 1245-1314; and the construction of +this class of literature went on to an immense extent during the +next 150 years. + + EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF JESUS. + + On examining the New Testament carefully, we find numerous +discrepancies and contradictions concerning the details of the life +of Jesus. His birth is said, in the "Matthew gospel," to have +occurred during the reign of Herod, who was made Governor of Judoea +(a province of Syria), B.C. 40, under the imperial Anthony, and +died at Jericho (B.C. 4) after a period of absence on account of +illness from Jerusalem. In Luke the birth is said to have taken +place when Quirinus (Cyrenius) was Governor of Judoea (5 C.E.), and +when Augustus was Emperor, nine years at least after the death of +Herod. He is said to have been born of a virgin. Doane says: "The +worship of 'the Virgin,' 'the Queen of Heaven,' 'the Great +Goddess,' 'the Mother of God,' etc., which has become one of the +grand features of the Christian religion (the Council of Ephesus +1431 C.E.] having declared Mary 'Mother of God,' her 'Assumption' +being declared in 813, and her 'Immaculate Conception' in 1851), +was almost universal for ages before the birth of Jesus." ["Bible +Myths" p. 326.] And Dr. Inman says: "The pure virginity of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +celestial mother was a tenet of faith for 2,000 years before the +virgin now adored was born." ["Ancient Faiths" vol. 1, p. 159.] The +following were all worshipped as virgin goddesses: -- Maya, the +mother of Buddha; Devaki, the mother of Krishna ( = the black); +Isis, of Egypt and Italy, mother of Horus; Neith, the mother of +Osiris; Mylitta, of Babylon, and later of Greece, mother of Tammuz; +Nutria, of Etrusca and Italy; Myrrha, mother of Bacchus.; Cybele +(to whom Lady Day was formerly dedicated); Juno (represented, like +Isis and Mary, standing on the crescent moon); Diana (represented, +like Isis and Mary, with stars surrounding her head). "Upon the +altars of the Chinese temples were placed, behind a screen, an +image of Shin-moo, or the 'Holy Mother,' sitting with a child in +her arms, in an alcove, with rays of glory around her head, and +tapers constantly burning before her." [Gross, "Heathen Religions," +p. 60.] The most ancient pictures and statues in Italy and other +parts of Europe, says Doane (p. 335), are black. The "Bambino" at +Rome, and the Virgin and Child at Loretto are black, as are other +similar images in Rome. + + The death of Jesus is said, in three of the gospels, to have +taken place after the Passover feast; in one, before that feast, +The "Mark" gospel states that he was crucified at the third hour; +the "John" gospel, that he was under examination at the sixth hour; +the "Matthew" and "Mark" gospels, that it was dark from the sixth +to the ninth hour. In the number of women who came to the tomb +after the Resurrection, the "John" gospel gives one; "Mark," three, +and "Luke," a large number. The number of angels at the tomb is +given in the "Mark" gospel as "a young man clothed in white;" in +the "Luke," as three men in shining garments while in the "John" an +entirely different account appears. From the above it will be seen +that Herod, who spent the last two years of his life as an invalid +at the hot springs of Calirrhoe, dying on his way home to +Jerusalem, could not have had the alleged interview with the +Magicians on their arrival in Judaea; nor could he have slaughtered +the innocents. The Magicians, it must be remembered, after seeing +the new star, had to travel 1,500 miles across a desert from Persia +to Bethlehem, a journey which could not be accomplished under two +years by their method of travelling. + + THE CRUCIFIXION. + + The idea of redemption from sin by the sufferings and death of +a divine "incarnate Savior" was common among the ancients, and was +the crowning point of the idea entertained by primitive man, that +the gods demanded a sacrifice to atone for sin or avert calamity. +Among the Hindus the same idea was prevalent. The Rig Veda +represents the gods as sacrificing Purusha, the first male, and +supposed to be coeval with the Creator. Krishna came upon earth to +redeem man by his sufferings. He is represented hanging on a cross, +the tradition being that he was nailed thereto by an arrow. +[Guigniaut, "Religion de l'Antiquite."] Dr. Inman says: Krishna, +whose history so closely resembles our Lord's, was also like him in +his being crucified." ["Ancient Faiths," vol. 1, p. 411.] Hanging +on a tree was a common form of punishment. It was frequently called +"the accursed tree." "He that is hanged on a tree is accursed of +God" (Deut. xxi. 22 and Gal. iii. 13). If an artificial gibbet were +made, it was cruciform, but yet was called "a tree." [Higgins, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 31 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +"Anacalypsis" vol. 1.] Crucifixes displaying the god Indra are to +be seen at the corners of the roads in Tibet. In Some parts of +India the worship of the crucified god Bulli, an incarnation of +Vishnu, occurs. The "incarnate god" Buddha and "suffering Savior +expired at the foot of the tree." The expression is frequently used +in the Roman Missal. Osiris and Horus were also crucified as +saviours and redeemers. The sufferings, death, and resurrection of +Osiris formed the great mystery of the Egyptian religion. Attys was +"the only begotten son and savior" of the Phrygians, represented as +a man nailed or tied to a tree, at the foot of which was a lamb. +Tammuz or Adonis, the Syrian and Jewish Adonai, was another virgin +born god, who "suffered for mankind" as a "crucified savior." +Prometheus, of Greece, was with chains nailed to the rocks on Mount +Caucasus, "with arms extended," [Murray, "Manual of Mythology" p. +82] as a savior; and the tragedy of the crucifixion was acted in +Athens 500 years before the Christian era. [Doane, "Bible Myths," +p. 192] Bacchus, the offspring of Jupiter and Semele, "the only +begotten son," the "sin-bearer," "redeemer," etc., Hercules, son of +Zeus; Apollo; Serapis; Mithras, of ancient Persia -- "The Logos;" +Zoroaster; and Hermes, were all "saviours" centuries before Jesus +was made one. + + THE DARKNESS OF THE CRUCIFIXION. + + WE are told by the "Luke" gospel that "there was darkness from +the sixth to the ninth hour;" by "Matthew," that "the earth quaked, +the rocks we're rent, and the graves were opened, and many bodies +of the saints, which slept, arose and came out of their graves and +went into the holy city and appeared to many." But if such +extraordinary events had really happened, surely some persons would +have been curious enough to have obtained from the resurrected +saints some account of their experiences in the other world. But +history records nothing, not even their names. Is it possible that +such unusual events could have occurred and no notice be taken of +them by the historians of the time? The star of Jesus, having shone +at the time of his birth, made it necessary, for his success as an +"Avatar" (Messiah) and "Savior," that something miraculous should +happen at his death, as had happened at the death of the others +whose stars had also shone; the myth would not have been complete +without it. Darkness, rending the veil of the temple, earthquakes, +etc., were prodigies that attended the death of nearly all ancient +heroes. An eclipse was out of the question to account for the +darkness, because the Passover moon was at the full, and an eclipse +would only last about six minutes. At the death of the Hindu +savior, Krishna, "a black circle surrounded the moon, and the sun +was darkened at noon-day; the sky rained fire and ashes; flames +burned dusky and livid; demons committed depredations on earth. At +sunrise and sunset thousands of figures were seen skirmishing in +the air; and spirits were to be seen on all sides." [Amberley's +"Analysis of Religious Belief."] At the conflict between Buddha, +the "Savior of the world," and the Prince of Evil, a thousand +appalling meteors fell; darkness prevailed; the earth quaked; the +ocean rose; rivers flowed back; peaks of lofty mountains rolled +down; a fierce storm howled around; and a host of headless spirits +filled the air. When Prometheus was crucified by chains on Mount +Caucasus, the whole frame of nature became convulsed -- the earth +quaked; thunder roared; lightning flashed; winds blew; and the sea + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 32 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +rose. The ancient Greeks and Romans thought that the births and +deaths of great men were announced by celestial signs. On the death +of Romulus, founder of Rome, the sun was darkened for six hours. +When Julius Caesar was murdered, there was darkness for six hours. +When AEsculapius, "the savior," was put to death, the sun shone +dimly from the heavens, the birds were silent, the trees bowed +their heads in sorrow, etc. When Hercules died, darkness was on the +face of the earth, thunder crashed through the earth. Zeus, "the +god of gods," carried his son home, and the halls of Olympus were +opened to welcome him, where he now sits, clothed in a white robe, +with a crown upon his head. When Alexander the Great died, similar +events occurred. When Atreus, of Mycenae, murdered his nephews, the +sun, unable to endure a sight so horrible, turned his course +backwards and withdrew his light. When the Mexican crucified +savior, Quetzalcoatle, died, the sun was darkened. + + Belief in the influence of the stars over life and death, and +in special portents at the death of great men, survived even to +recent times. Shakespeare says ("Hamlet," scene 1., act 1.): -- + + "When beggars die there are no comets seen + The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes." + + THE DESCENT INTO HELL. + + The apocryphal "gospel of Nicodemus" gives an account of the +descent of Jesus into hell, of his rising again on the third day, +and ascending, in company with numerous saints and Adam, into +heaven; and of the attempt of Satan and the Prince of Hell to close +the gates of hell against him; when, in voice of thunder, +accompanied by the rushing of winds, was heard: "Lift up ye gates +(of hell), O ye Princes, and be ye lifted up, O ye everlasting +gates, and the King of Glory shall come in." The story is +interesting as showing the ideas on the subject that were held in +the early days of Christianism. + + "The reason why 'the Christ' Jesus has been made to descend +into hell," says Doane, "is because it is part of the universal +mythos, even the three days' duration. The saviours of mankind had +all done so; he must, therefore, do likewise." ["Bible Myths," p. +213.] The following gods "descended into hell, and remained there +for the space of three days and three nights, as the sun did at the +winter solstice, rising again on the third day, as did the sun +when, at midnight, on December 24th and 25th, he commenced his +annual ascension: -- Krishna, the Hindu savior; ["Asiatic +Researches," vol. 1 p. 237: Bonwick, "Egyptian Belief," p. 168.] +Zoroaster, the Persian savior; ["Monumental Christianity," p. 286.] +Osiris ["Dupuis, "Orgin of Religious Belief," p. 256; Bonwick, p. +125.] and Horus, [Doane, "Bible Myths," p. 213.] of Egypt; Adonis; +[Bell, "Pantheon," vol. 1, p. 12.] Bacchus; [Higgins, +"Anacalypsis," vol. 1. p. 322: Dupuis, p. 257.] Hercules; [Taylor, +"Mysteries," p. 40.] Mercury ["Pantheon," vol. 2, p. 72.] Baldur +and Quetzalcoatle, [Bonwick, p. 169; Mallet, p. 448.] etc. + + The story of Jesus descending into hell had its origin in the +old pagan story of a war in heaven. This story, besides being given +in the Apocalypse or Revelation, is to be found in the Persian Zend +Avesta, and was known to the Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, ancient + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 33 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Mexicans, the natives of the Caroline Islands, the Hindus, etc. It +was told of the Infant Krishna, "whose life was threatened by the +tyrant Kansa, who had heard a prediction that Krishna (or Christna) +would one day slay him. The child escaped and grew up among rustic +cow-herds. Among the miracles he performed was the raising of a +widow's son from the dead. He slew Kansa, and descended into hell +to restore certain children to their sorrowing mothers." This is +strangely like the story we read of Jesus. In Egypt, Typhon was the +"god of evil;" and Anubis, the "jackal-headed genius of death," +conducted souls to the land of shades. Osiris was "god of the +underworld and judge of the dead." + + The "descent into hell" was not added to the Apostles' Creed +until after the sixth century. The Creed before that stood as +follows: -- "I believe in God the Father Almighty; and in Jesus +Christ, his only begotten son, our Lord; who was born of the Holy +Ghost and Virgin Mary; and was crucified under Pontius Pilate, and +was buried; and the third day rose again from the dead; ascended +into heaven; sitteth on the right hand of the Father; whence he +shall come to judge the quick and the dead; and in the Holy Ghost; +the Holy Church; the remission of sins; and the resurrection of the +flesh. -- Amen." It is not to be under stood that this Creed was +framed by the apostles, or that it existed as a creed in their +time. It was an invention of a much later period. + + THE RESURRECTION AND ASCENSION. + + The narrators, of the gospels differ considerably in their +accounts of the Resurrection, which can only be explained by the +fact that it was necessary for the later ones to correct, and +endeavor to reconcile with common sense, the mistakes, and +absurdities of the earlier ones. The "Matthew" and "John" gospels +do not even mention the Ascension. The "Mark" gospel says that +"Jesus was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of +God;" but the twelve verses in which the account appears are +admitted in the revised edition to be spurious. The "Luke" gospel, +is the only one that can be said to give the story, the writer +says: "He was carried up into heaven." The writer of the Acts says: +"He was taken up, and a cloud received him out of sight." No +evidence whatever is forthcoming to support the assertion. Krishna +"rose from the dead, and ascended bodily into heaven all men saw +him." Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, "ascended into heaven." The +coverings of the body of Buddha, son of the Virgin (Queen) Maya, +"unrolled themselves, and the lid of his coffin was opened by +superhuman agency, when he ascended bodily into heaven." Lao-Kiun, +or Lao-Tse -- the virgin born -- "ascended bodily into heaven," +since which he has been worshipped as a god, and splendid temples +erected to his memory. Zoroaster, the Persian savior, "ascended to +heaven." AEsculapius, "the son of god" -- the "savior," "rose from +the dead," after being put to death, which event (and this shows +how easy it is to fulfil prophecies when they are useful to further +a cause) was prophesied in Ovid's "Metamorphoses": -- + + "Then shalt thou die, but from the darkness above + Shalt rise victorious, and be twice a god." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 34 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The "savior," Adonis, after being put to death, "rose from the +dead," and the Syrians celebrate the festival of the "Resurrection +of Adonis " in the early spring. The festival was observed in +Alexandria, the cradle of Christianism, in the time of Bishop Cyril +(412 C.E.); and at Antioch, the ancient capital of the Greek Kings +of Syria, where the followers of Jesus were first called +"Christians" in the Emperor Jillian's time (363 C.E.). The +celebration in honor of the Resurrection of Adonis came at last to +be known as a Christian festival, and the ceremonies held in +Catholic countries on Good Friday and Easter Sunday are nothing +more than the festival of the death and resurrection of Adonis. +This god is propitiated as "O Adonai" in one of the Greater +Antiphons of the Roman Catholic Church. Osiris, after being put to +death, "rose from the dead," and bore the title of the "Resurrected +One." "It is astonishing to find," says Mr. Bonwick, "that at +least 5,000 years ago men treated an Osiris as 'a risen savior,' +and confidently hoped to rise, as he arose, from the grave." +["Egyptian Belief."] + + The Phrygian savior, Attys or Atyces, and the Persian savior +and "mediator between god and man," Mithra, were "put to death and +rose again." Tammuz, the Babylonian savior, son of the virgin +Mylitta; Bacchus, son of the virgin Semele; Hercules, son of Zeus; +Memnon, whose mother Eos wept tears at his death, like Mary is said +to have done for Jesus; Baldur, the Scandinavian lord and savior; +and the Greek Amphiarius, "all rose again after death." + + So that we see that Mary and Jesus were nothing more than +representatives of Isis and Horus of Egypt, Devaki and Krishna of +Judaea, Ormuz and Mithra of Persia, and many other virgins and +virgin-born gods, who were the pagan prototypes of the modern black +virgin and child of Loretto, the "Bambino" or black child at Rome, +and the virgin and child of the Roman Missal and the English +prayer-book. + + MIRACLES are imaginary deviations from the known laws of +nature by the supposed will and power of a deity, which laws have +been proved by experience to be firm and unalterable; no deviation +from them having ever yet been known. Belief in miracles is +generally the result either of ignorance, or of the confusion of +belief with knowledge; and their acceptance, without proper +verification, is responsible for the countless errors, delusions, +and superstitions which have gained possession of the human mind. + + There was a disposition among the people who lived +contemporary with Jesus to believe in anything. It was a credulous +age. All leaders of religion had recommended themselves to the +public by working miracles and curing diseases. The expected +messiah, in order to stand any chance of success, must therefore +work miracles and heal from sickness. The Essenes, as we have seen, +pretended to effect miracles and extraordinary cures, and Jesus was +an Essene. The biographers of Jesus, therefore, not wishing their +master to be outdone, made him also a performer of miracles, of +which prodigies and wonders the legendary history of Jesus +contained in the New Testament is full. Without them Christianism +could not have prospered. "The Hindu sacred books represent +Krishna, their savior and redeemer, as in constant strife against + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 35 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the evil spirit, surmounting extraordinary dangers, strewing his +way with miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, restoring +the maimed, the deaf, and the blind; everywhere supporting the weak +against the strong, the oppressed against the powerful. The people +crowded his way and adored him as a god, and these pretended +miracles were the evidences of his divinity for centuries before +the time of Jesus. [Doane -- "Bible Myths."] Buddha performed what +appeared to be "great miracles for the good of mankind, and the +legends concerning him are full of the most extravagant prodigies +and wonders." "It was by belief in these," says Burnouf, "that the +religion of Buddha was established." Innumerable are the miracles +ascribed to Buddhist saints. Their garments and staffs were +supposed to imbibe some mysterious power, and blessed were they who +were allowed to touch them. A Buddhist saint, who attained the +power called "perfection," was able to rise and float along through +the air, his body becoming imponderous. Buddhist annals give +accounts of miraculous suspensions in the air. We are also told +that in B.C. 217 nineteen Buddhist missionary priests entered China +to propagate their faith, and were imprisoned by the emperor; but +that an angel came and opened the prison door and liberated them. +The Hindu sage, Vasudeva (i.e., Krishna), was liberated from prison +in like manner. We may, therefore, easily see where the legends of +Peter and his release from prison (Acts v.), and the Ascension, +came from. + + Zoroaster, the founder of the religion of the Persians, +opposed his persecutors by performing miracles in order to confirm +his divine mission. Bochia, of the Persians, also performed +miracles, the places where they occurred being consecrated, and +people flocked in crowds to visit them. Horus and Serapis, Egyptian +saviours, performed great miracles, among which was that of raising +the dead to life. Osiris and Isis also performed miracles, and +pilgrimages were made to the temples of Isis by the sick. Marduk, +the Assyrian god ("the Logos") -- "he who made heaven and earth" -- +"the merciful one," "the life giver," etc., performed great +miracles and raised the dead to life. Bacchus, son of Zeus by the +virgin goddess Seniele, was a great performer of miracles, among +which may be mentioned his changing water into wine, as is recorded +of Jesus. AEsculapius, son of Apollo, the Creek god, was also a +great performer of miracles, and cured, the sick and raised the +dead. Apollonius, of Tyana, in Cappadocia, born about four years +before Jesus, among other miracles restored a dead maiden to life. +Simon Magus, the Samaritan, by his proficiency in performing +miracles was called "the Magician" and "Magus." He travelled about +and made many converts, professed to be "the Wisdom of God," "the +Word of God," "the Paraclete" or "Comforter," "the image of the +eternal father manifested in the flesh," and his followers claimed +that he was "the first born of the Supreme." All these were titles +in after years applied to Jesus. They also had a gospel called "The +Four Corners of the World," from which Irenaeus probably borrowed +his reason for the choice and number of the four gospels. Menander, +"the wonder-worker" of Samaria, was another great performer of +miracles. Eusebius says of him: "He revelled in still more arrogant +pretensions to miracles ... than his master (Simon Magus) ... +saying that he was in truth the Savior." ["Ecclesiastical History," +lib. iii, 26.] Justin is quoted by Eusebius as having said of +Menander: "He deceived many by his magic arts ... and there are now + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 36 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +some of his followers who can testify the same." Vespasian, a +contemporary of Jesus, performed wonderful miracles. Tacitus says +that "he cured a blind man in Alexandria by means of his spittle, +and a lame man by the mere touch of his foot." + + Miracles were not uncommon among the Jews before and during +the time of Jesus. Casting out devils was an everyday occurrence, +and miracles were frequently wrought to confirm the sayings of the +Rabbis. One is said to have Cried out, when his opinions were +disputed: "May this tree prove that I am right!" and the tree is +said to have been torn up by the roots and hurled to a distance. +And when his opponents declared that a tree could prove nothing, he +said, "May this stream then witness for me," and at once it flowed +the opposite way. [Geikie, "Life of Christ."] "No one custom of +antiquity is so frequently mentioned by ancient historians as the +practice which was so common of making votive offerings to their +deities, and hanging them up in their temples -- images of metal, +stone, and clay; arms, legs, and other parts of the body, in +testimony of some divine cure effected," says Middleton. ["Letters +from Rome."] It was a popular adage among the Greeks -- "Miracles +for fools." The shrewder Romans said: "The common people like to be +deceived; deceived let them be." Celsus, in common with most +Greeks, looked upon Christianity as a "blind faith" that "shunned +the light of reason." In speaking of Christians, he says: "They are +forever repeating: 'Do not examine; only believe, and thy faith +will make thee blessed; wisdom is a bad thing in life, foolishness +is to be preferred."' [Origen, "Cont. Celsus," bk. 1, ch. 9.] + + Jesus was accused of being a "necromancer, and a magician, and +a deceiver of the people," says Justin Martyr. He was said to have +been initiated in magical art in the heathen temples of Egypt. Both +Jesus, and Horus the Egyptian savior, are represented on monuments +with wands, in the received guise of necromancers, while raising +the dead to life. Dr. Middleton tells us that "there was just +reason to suspect that there was some fraud " in the actions of +these Yesuans, or primitive Christians, who travelled about from +city to city to convert the Pagans; and that "the strolling wonder- +workers, by a dexterity of jugglery, which art, not heaven, had +taught them, imposed on the credulity of the pious Fathers, whose +strong prejudices and ardent zeal for the interests of Christianity +would dispose them to embrace, without examination, whatever seemed +to promote so good a cause ... the pretended miracles of the +primitive Church were all mere fictions, which the pious and +zealous Fathers, partly from a weak credulity and partly from +reasons of policy, were induced to espouse and propagate for the +support of a righteous cause." The primitive Christians were +perpetually reproached for their credulity; and Julian says that +"the sum of all their wisdom was comprised in the single precept -- +'believe.'" According to the very books which record the miracles +of Jesus, he never claimed to perform such deeds, and Paul declares +that the great reason why Israel did not believe Jesus to be the +Messiah was that "the Jews required a sign." "John," in the second +century, makes Jesus reproach his fellow-countrymen with "Unless +you see signs and wonders you do not believe." It is evident, +therefore, that, had he performed the miracles that his followers +said he did, the Jews would have accepted him as their Messiah; and +that, since he was not accepted by them, we may justly conclude + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +that he performed no miracles. His miracles were evidently +concocted and recorded for him. When told that, if he wanted people +to believe in him, he must first prove his claim by a miracle, he +said: "A wicked and adulterous generation asks for a sign, and no +sign shall be given it except the sign of the prophet Jonah." This +answer not satisfying the questioners, they came to him again, and +asked: "If the kingdom of God is, as you say, close at hand, show +us at least some one of the signs in the heavens which are to +precede the coming of the Messiah?" It was generally understood +then that the end of the present age was at hand, and was to be +heralded by signs from heaven. The light of the sun was to be put +out, the moon turned to blood, the stars robbed of their +brightness, etc. Historians of that period, curiously enough, have +recorded miracles and wonders alleged to have been performed by +other persons, but not a word is said by them about the miracles +claimed by Christians to have been performed by Jesus. Justus of +Tiberias, who was born about five years after the time assigned for +the crucifixion of Jesus, wrote a Jewish History, but it contained +no mention of the coming of Jesus, nor of the events concerning +him, nor of the prodigies he is supposed to have wrought. If they +could have been present at one of Messrs. Maskelyne and Cook's +entertainments, these credulous ancients would have certainly +wanted to worship these expert conjurers as gods; and the dentist +who could fit the vacant gums with a new set of teeth, or the +driver of a steam engine, would have been probably deified as +"creators." "Our increased knowledge of nature," says Dr. Oort, +"has gradually undermined the belief in the probability of +miracles, and the time is not far distant when, in the mind of +every man of any culture, all accounts of miracles will be banished +altogether to their proper region -- that of legend." What was said +to have been done in India was said by the writers of the gospels +to have been done in Palestine. The change of names and places, +with the mixing up of various sketches of Egyptian, Phoenician, +Greek, and Roman mythology, was all that was necessary. They had an +abundance of material, and with it they built. A long-continued +habit of imposing upon others would in time subdue the minds of the +impostors themselves, and cause them to become at length the dupes +of their own deception." + + ORIGIN OF THE BIBLE. + + We must not suppose that the Jews had their Bibles as +Christians now have. In the reign of Josiah, about 100 years before +the captivity, there was only one copy of the "Law of Moses" in the +whole of Judoea. It was neither read nor even consulted by them, +for when Hilkiah the priest accidentally found a copy in a "rubbish +heap of the Temple" [Julian, "Old and New Testament."] it was +announced as a wonderful discovery; but it was afterwards destroyed +by fire. All that the Jews knew about Moses and his religion they +learnt from hearsay, just as the Greeks and Romans knew about their +mythology. It was a system taught by their priests. Ezra says (2 +Esdras xiv.) he was the only man who knew it by heart, and that +after the return from captivity in Babylon he retired to a field +for forty days, and wrote from memory the five books of Moses, +probably including Joshua and other historical books of the Old +Testament, aided by drinking a cup full of some strong liquor of +the substance of water and the color of fire! Moses and Joshua + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +could not have been the authors of the books attributed to them, +for they describe their own deaths. Ezra must have been born in +captivity; and during the period of seventy years the Jews must +have lost a great many of their own traditions, and imbibed many of +the Babylonian, conforming, to a great extent to the custom of +these people, among whom they lived, and many were born. + + The Old Testament was written in ancient Hebrew on rough +skins, in ink almost obliterated by age, and crossed in different +inks and languages. The writing consisted of capital letters only, +very badly formed, and with no vowels, stops, or division into +words by spaces; being, like modern Hebrew, written from right to +left. There were originally about 150 old writings of this +description, supposed to have been inspired by the "spirit of God." +Fifty-three were formerly considered by the Christian Church as +canonical; they included the "Pentateuch," or five books of Moses +but in 1380 fourteen were decided to be uncanonical, and were +classed as "apocryphal by Wicliffe -- the Reformer and Bible +translator. These fourteen books were omitted from the Protestant +Bibles, though they are said in the Articles of Religion of the +English State Church to be useful "for example of life and +instruction of manners." Many of the old writings are now lost, + + The books of the New Testament were written on papyrus, some +in Greek and some in Latin; "Matthew" was written in Syro-Chaldaic; +"Mark," "Luke," "John," Acts, and Romans, in Greek. Twenty-seven +books are now considered to be canonical, but there were sixty-one +others now classed as apocryphal. "Twelve were excluded at first, +but afterwards received as canonical; among the apocryphal books +were 'the Gospel of the Egyptians,' one of the Essene Scriptures, +and one a Gospel which circulated among the Christians of the first +three centuries, containing the doctrine of a 'Trinity,' a doctrine +which was not established in the Christian Church till 327 C.E., +but which was taught by a Buddhist sect in Alexandria. There were +forty-one, consisting of absurd fables, many of which are lost; and +twenty-eight writings mentioned or referred to in the various +canonical books, which also are lost." [H.J. Hardwicke, "Evolution +and Creation."] + + "Out of 182 works accepted for centuries as the genuine +writings of Christians during the first 180 years of the present +era, only twelve are now contended by theologians to be genuine; +170 forged writings permitted by the alleged 'Guider into all +truth' to have existed for centuries, and believed in by poor, +feeble man." [Julian, "Old and New Testament Examined."] The +manufacture of some of these manuscripts probably took place at the +great monastery at Mount Athos, in Salonica, where about "60,000 +monks were employed" [Investigator, "Origin of the Christ Church."] +in that occupation. The first that we know of the four Christian +gospels is in the time of Irenaeus, who, in the second century, +intimates that he has "received four gospels as authentic +scriptures." "This pious forger was probably the adapter of the +John Gospel." [Investigator, "Origin of the Christian Church."] + + Three accounts are given of how the books which now appear in +the New Testament were chosen: (1) That by Popius, in his +"Synodicon" to the Council of Nicaea, says that 200 "versions of +the gospel were placed under a Communion table, and, while the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Council prayed, the inspired books jumped on the slab, but the rest +remained under it." (2) That by Irenmus says "the Church selected +the four most popular of the gospels." (3) That by the Council of +Laodicea (366) says that "each book was decided by ballot. The +Gospel of Luke escaped by one vote, while the Acts of the Apostles +and the Apocalypse were rejected as forgeries." + + PRAYER. + + Prayer to deities is a very ancient superstition, As the +planetary gods were supposed to influence events, it was natural +that pleading should be resorted to by primitive man to satisfy his +daily wants. But prayer to an inscrutable power, of which we know +nothing beyond what has been revealed to us by science and +phenomena, would involve a belief in the personality of that power, +and its possession of human attributes, such as hearing, pitying, +etc.; and, as that power is inscrutable and infinite, we cannot +give to it, and it cannot receive from us, anything. "Anything that +we do, or fail to do, cannot in the slightest degree affect an +'infinite power;' consequently, no relations can exist between the +finite and the infinite." [R.G. Ingersoll.] The means of providing +for his daily wants have been discovered by man, and he has no +reason for expecting, and no right to conceive it possible, that +the immutable laws of nature will, or can, be upset in his favor, +to the possible detriment and inconvenience of others. All supposed +response to prayer can be traced to natural causes, if we only have +sufficient knowledge to enable us to trace it. Christians tell us +that "God knows the secrets of the heart" (Psalm xliv. 21); if this +is so, why pray to him? Also, that "all the inhabitants of the +earth are reputed as nothing, and that he (Yahuh -- ie, Jehovah) +doeth according to his will among them, and none can stay his hand" +(Daniel iv. 35); also, "For I the Lord change not" (Malach iii. 6). +Then what can possibly be the use of prayer? If Yahuh does 'just as +he likes, nothing can change him; and if he knows everything, +including our wants, what is the use of pestering his throne with +prayers? + + Again, if prayer was of any use we should expect to see some +practical result from it. But do we? Those who are prayed for most +are those who are prayed for publicly; these are sovereigns and +other heads of States, the nobility, and the clergy. Can we say +fairly that these are any the better for all the prayers that go up +to the throne of Yahuh? Experience teaches us that the answer is +"No." Have our kings or queens enjoyed better health, become any +richer, or lived any longer for the prayer in the State Prayer +Book, that asks that it may be granted him or her "in health and +wealth long to live"? Are our nobility endowed with greater divine +"grace, wisdom, or understanding" for the prayers that go up to +this effect? Experience teaches us that the contrary is the case. +Are the clergy of the State Church, who are supposed to be called +to the ministry by the Holy Ghost, protected more than anyone else +against temptation, immorality, infectious diseases, sickness, or +the asphyxiating effects of gas or drowning? Missionaries are eaten +and digested by cannibals, just as any other person who has only +his own prayers to rely upon. Do we ever hear of cannibals +suffering in any way after eating "holy missionary"? Does prayer +protect us from calamitous floods? Is it not proverbial that + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 40 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +prayers for rain, in seasons of drought, have no effect? Were the +lives of the Prince Consort, the Duke of Clarence, the Czar of +Russia, the German Emperor, or Presidents Lincoln or Garfield, +saved because of the national prayers that went up for them? No, +these all died because their physicians were unable to cure them. +When the Prince of Wales recovered from his fever, thanksgivings +went up all over the land to Yahuh's throne. But why should his +recovery be attributed to prayer, and not to the skill of the first +physicians of the day? If Yahuh could save the Prince of Wales, he +surely could have saved those above mentioned who died. We are told +he is not a respecter of persons. Then why should Yahuh show ill- +nature towards them, and display such favor to the Prince of Wales? +The answer is obvious: the Prince was cured by his physicians. Does +the history of earthquakes and other misfortunes, due to natural +phenomena, show that praying people are saved from danger, while +the non-praying ones suffer? When the earthquake of 1887, in the +south of France, occurred, were the churches (God's own houses) +saved, and the gaming-tables at Monte Carlo destroyed? No, just the +contrary. Why did the late successful preacher, Spurgeon (a +minister of God), go to Mentone, when he had the gout, leaving his +congregation behind to pray for him; notwithstanding which +collective praying, he died? Mr. Foote says: "As soon as the +Mediterranean air and sunshine have given him relief, he writes to +the Tabernacle: 'Beloved, the Lord has heard our prayers ... Not +only could God cure Spurgeon's gout in the south of London as +easily as in the south of France, but he might extend his divine +assistance to the myriad sufferers from disease in the back streets +and slums of the Metropolis, who do not earn a few thousands a year +by preaching the gospel, and are unable to take a month's holiday +at a fashionable watering-place." [Introduction to "Folly of +Prayer."] Perhaps his rushing off to Mentone made Yahuh think he +had not sufficient faith in the success of the combined prayers of +his faithful but credulous followers. Praying people have a happy +knack of making full use of mundane assistance at the same time, on +the principle of "God helps those who help themselves," in the +carrying out of which cunningly-devised clerical principle it is +difficult to see where "God's help" comes in. Prayer for recovery +from illness, when the bliss of paradise -- which is said to be so +delightful to 'believers' -- awaits them, is difficult to +comprehend." + + WORSHIP AND SACRIFICE. + + WORSHIP. -- Man is naturally filled with wonder and +admiration, if not reverence, when he beholds the magnificence of +the visible universe; when he contemplates the marvelous beauty and +harmony of nature, and her grand and immutable laws, his own +existence, and that of all other life by which he is surrounded. +This devotion to science is the truest and only worship that can be +offered to the unseen and unknown. "Worship is not a mere lip +homage, but a homage expressed in actions; not a mere respect, but +a respect proved by the sacrifice of time, thought, and labor." [H. +Spencer.] The infinite cannot require worship from the finite, for +the finite cannot assist the infinite. The idea of worship +naturally follows the idea of a man-like deity, given to anger and +jealousy; one deity among others, and jealous of the others. But + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 41 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +when science teaches us that we have no grounds for conceiving the +unknown power and cause to be man-like, lip-worship disappears with +the disappearance of the human attributes, jealousy and +vindictiveness. + + Sacrifice was the earliest form of worship. "When it was once +laid down," says Mr. Doane, "as a principle that the effusion of +blood appeased the anger of the gods; that their punishment was +turned aside from them to the victim, their object naturally was to +conciliate the gods and obtain their favor by so easy a method. It +is in the nature of violent desires and excessive fears to know no +bounds " -- as we have seen, in the year 1895, in the burning of a +wife by her husband, in Ireland, as a witch and when the blood of +animals was not deemed a price sufficient, they began to shed that +of human beings." Abram was ordered by Yahuh to offer up his son +Isaac, and a similar story is related by the Hindus of a certain +king, who had no son, and also promised the goddess Varuna that, if +he were granted the favor of a son, he would offer him up as a +sacrifice. The child Kohita was duly born, and, when the father +told him of the vow he had made and bade him prepare for sacrifice, +the boy ran away, and wandered in the forest, where he met a +starving Brahmin, whom he persuaded to sell one of his sons for 100 +cows. This boy was brought to the king, and about to be sacrificed +as a substitute, when, on praying to the gods, he was released. The +Greeks had two versions of a similar fable; one, that Agamemnon had +a daughter whom he dearly loved, and whom he was ordered by the +deity to offer up as a sacrifice. When preparations were being +made, the goddess carried the girl away, and substituted a stag. +The other is of a Greek king, who had offended Diana, when the +sacrifice of his daughter was demanded; but she suddenly +disappeared just before the fatal blow. In time of war the captives +were chosen for sacrifice; but in time of peace they offered their +slaves. In great calamities or famines the king was, on the least +pretext, sacrificed, as being the highest price with which they +could purchase the divine favor. Kings also offered their children. +"The altar of Moloch reeked with blood." Fair virgins and children +were sacrificed by being thrown into a furnace shaped like a bull, +"while trumpets and flutes drowned their screams, and the mothers +looked on, and were bound to restrain their tears." Carthage was a +notable place for these sacrifices. The offering of human +sacrifices to the sun in Mexico and Peru was extensively practiced. +The ancient Egyptians annually celebrated the resurrection of their +god and savior Osiris, and at the same time commemorated his death +by eating the consecrated wafer which had become "veritable flesh +of his flesh " -- the body of Osiris -- thus eating their god, as +the Christians do. Bread and wine were brought to the temples as +offerings. The Essenes, or Therapeuts, worshippers of Mithra, the +Persian Sun-god, the second person of the Trinity, no doubt +introduced the Eucharist idea, along with baptism, and other Pagan +rites, among the early Christians. When it was introduced into Rome +by the Persian magicians, the eucharistic mysteries were celebrated +in a cave. The ancient Greeks had their "Mysteries," wherein they +"celebrated the sacrament of the Lord's supper," called also +"Eleusinian mysteries." These were offered every fifth year by the +Pagan Athenians in honor of "Ceres," the goddess of corn. She was +supposed to have given "her flesh to eat," and Bacchus, the god of +wine, "his blood to drink." "Many of the forms of expression in the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 42 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Christian solemnity are precisely the same as those that +appertained to the Pagan rite." [Rev. R. Taylor.] The Pagan priest +dismissed his congregation with "The Lord be with you" -- an +expression retained to this day in the English Protestant Church, +and in the Catholic Church as "Dominus vobiscum." + + The Jews offered up human sacrifices to their gods Moloch, +Baal, Chemosh, Apis -- the bull-god of the Egyptians, and Yahuh +(Exodus xiii. 2; xxii. 29; xxxii. 27; Judges xi. 31; Joshua vi. 17; +1 Samuel xv. 32; 2 Samuel xxi. 6; 1 Kings xviii. 40; 2 Kings x. 24; +Jeremiah vii. 30). Yahuh commands that "none devoted (consecrated) +of men shall be redeemed, but shall surely be put to death" +(Leviticus xxvii. 28). the story of Jesus and his disciples being +at supper, and his breaking bread, may be true; but the +expressions, "Do this in remembrance of me," "This is my Body," and +"This is my blood," are undoubtedly of Essene origin, inserted to +give to the new mystic ceremony some authority which, it has been +stated, was never intended. + + BAPTISM, by immersion, or sprinkling, for the remission of +sin, is to be found in countries the most widely separated on the +face of the earth, and was a Pagan rite adopted by Christians. With +both Pagans and Christians, the ordinance gave full expiation from +original sin, restoring instantly to original purity. Infant +baptism was practiced by Buddhists. In Mongolia and Tibet candles +burn, incense is offered, and the child is dipped three times in +water, accompanied by prayers, and named. Adult baptism was +practiced by the Brahmans, the Zoroastrians and Mithraists of +Persia -- the latter mark the sign of the cross on the forehead; by +the Egyptians, the Essenes (ascetics, of Buddhist origin), and by +the Greeks and Romans. The goddess Nundina took her name from the +ninth day, on which all male children were sprinkled with holy +water (as females were on the eighth), named, and a certificate +given of "regeneration." Adults, initiated in the sacred rites of +Bacchus, were regenerated by baptism. Fire was used in many +instances as well as water, the Romans using both; and baptism by +fire is still practiced. This is what is alluded to in Matthew iii. +11, which makes John say: "I baptize you with water; but he shall +baptize you with the Holy Ghost (breath) and with fire." + + HEAVEN, HELL, GHOSTS, AND BOGIES. + + Heaven and hell, as residences of gods, angels, and devils, +are very ancient myths. The idea arose among the ancients, by the +fact of the sun going down into apparent darkness. "Heaven," says +Doane, "was born of the sky, and nurtured by cunning priests, who +made man a coward and a slave. Hell was built by priests, and +nurtured by the fears and servile fancies of man during the ages +when dungeons of torture were a recognized part of every +Government, and when the deity was supposed to be an infinite +tyrant, with infinite resources of vengeance ... the devil is an +imaginary being, invented by primitive man to account for the +existence of evil, and relieve the deity of his responsibility. The +famous Hindu 'Rakshasas,' of our Aryan ancestors -- the dark and +evil clouds personified -- are the originals of all devils. The +cloudy shape has assumed a thousand different forms, horrible or +grotesque and ludicrous, to suit the changing fancies of the ages." +["Bible Myths."] Heaven, or Paradise, was by some placed in the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 43 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +clouds, by others in the moon, by others in the far-off isles. +Everything there was lovely and beautiful, and all was enjoyment, +with music, dancing, and singing. The Mohammedan Paradise had the +additional luxury of all women existing there for men's pleasure. +Angels were "divinely-chosen messengers," "vicars of God," and +"Messiahs." The virgin-born Krishna, or Christna, and Buddha were +incarnations of Vishnu, called "Angel-Messiahs" "Avatars," or +"Christs." The ideas of heaven and hell varied with each country, +according to the likes and dislikes of each. As all nations have +made a god, and that god has resembled the persons who made it, so +have all nations made a heaven, and that heaven corresponds to the +fancies of the people who created it. + + Primitive (savage) man, seeing his shadow, and that it moved +about with him, and hearing the echo of his voice, thought that it +was his "second self." Cases of suspended animation swooning, +fainting, and comatose conditions from injuries -- would be +considered to be death, and when animation was restored the second- +self, who had left the body for a short period, had returned. In +expectation of this reanimation, it became customary to supply the +actual dead with the necessaries of life -- food, drink, clothing, +etc. -- and murders, self-immolations, and destructions of live- +stock took place, with the idea that they should accompany the +departed soul. Men had their cattle, horses, dogs, wives, slaves, +and, money buried with them; women, their domestic appliances; and +children, their toys. Every dead person became a "ghost," and added +one more to the others gone before, "haunting the old home, +lingering near the place of burial, and wandering about in the +adjacent bush." [H. Spencer, "Principles of Society."] Thus an +invisible world of ghosts, spirits, etc., arose in the primitive +mind. The spirits of the wicked dead, the offspring of fallen +angels, etc., became "demons," and were the cause of all their +troubles. The simple state of the dead was called "sheol," which, +when it acquired a more definite meaning of a miserable place, +became "Hades," afterwards developing into a place of torture or +diabolical government having gradations, "Gehenna." As the place of +burial became gradually more distant -- even to the top of high +mountains -- so did the idea of resurrection. The other life, which +at first repeated this exactly, became more and more unlike it, and +from an adjacent spot passed to the distant place of the future. +These beings, to whom was ascribed the power of making themselves +at one time visible and at another invisible, became gradually +omnipresent. "With the development of the doctrine of ghosts grew +up an easy solution of all those changes which the heavens and +earth are hourly exhibiting. Clouds that gather and vanish, +shooting stars, sudden darkening of the water's surface by a +breeze, storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc., were +attributed to departed souls, probably acting as officials for an +angered deity. Thus arose ancestor worship, prayer, deities, etc. + + The Bogie of the modern nursery is identical with the slavonic +Bog, Bag-a-boo, or Bug-bear; and the Buga of the cuneiform +inscriptions -- names of the supreme power. The "Rock of Behistan" +-- "the sculptured chronicle of the glories of Darius, King of +Persia" -- situated on the western frontier of Media, on the high +road from Babylon to the eastward, was used as a "Holy of Holies." +It was named Bagistane -- the place of the Baga, referring to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Ormuzd, chief or the Bagas -- the old Aryan Bhaga of the Rig Veda +(Buddhist scriptures), "the Lord of Life," "the Giver of Bread," +and "the Bringer of Happiness." "Thus the same name which, to the +Vedic poet, to the Persian of the time of Xerxes, and to the modern +Russian, suggests the supreme majesty of deity, is in English +associated with an ugly and ludicrous Fiend." [Bible Myths.] + + FUTURE LIFE. + + Belief in re-animation implies a belief in a future life, a +doctrine which would be also suggested by the appearance of the +dead in dreams. The belief in a future life for man was almost +universal among nations of antiquity, The Egyptians and Hindus +believed that man had an invisible body, ghost, or shade -- i.e., +a soul -- within the material body. Among the former, the dead were +spoken of as "Osiriana" -- i.e., gone to Osiris. On a monument, +which dates ages before Abram is said to have lived, is found the +epitaph, "May thy soul attain to the creator of all mankind." +Sculptures and paintings in the tombs of the dead represent the +deceased ushered into the world of spirits by funeral deities who +announce "a soul arrived in Amenti." At death the soul went to +enjoy Paradise (the Elysian Fields) for a season; some to suffer in +hell (Tartarus and Valhalla of the Teutonic nations), till its sins +were expiated; and others to an intermediate place where they were +purified by wind, water, or fire. This belief is handed down to our +day in the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory. The souls were weighed +in a balance, the good spirits entering Elysium, where they judged +men after death as gods. The Persian Zend-Avesta says that Ahriman +threw the universe into disorder by raising an army against Ormuzd, +and, after fighting against him for ninety days, was at length +vanquished by Hanover, the Divine Word. The account of the war in +heaven is similar to that held by nearly every nation. The +Christian account is given in Revelation (xi. 7), and in the +apocryphal book of Nicodemus; it is to be found in the Talmud and +in the Hindu "Aitareya-brahmana," written seven or eight centuries +B.C. The Egyptians' legend told of a revolt against the God Ra. But +accounts of these will be found in another place. It is a curious +circumstance that, though so many people who had been dead were +said to have "risen from their graves" and been seen "walking +about" after the death of Jesus, no information or statement of any +kind appears to have been left with regard to the spiritual world +they had visited. Surely, if such an event had taken place, +everyone "would have been greedy to hear the news, which could have +been so easily obtained. But all is silence. + + CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS. + + The chief of these may be said to be the cross. We should +naturally suppose that what in modern days is called the Christian +symbol -- the cross -- would be found upon every tomb in the +catacombs of Rome -- the cemetery of the early Christians, as it is +now seen in Catholic cemeteries. But nothing of the sort. The only +approach to such a symbol to be found in the catacombs is the +Buddhist sacred Swastica, also seen in the old Buddhist zodiacs, +and in the Asoka inscriptions. No cross of present-day shape is to +be found; and for a very good reason. The cross was not the symbol +of early Christianity. Jesus, after his acceptance as a Christ, was + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +worshipped under the form of a lamb -- "the Lamb of God." It was +not till the Council of Constantinople (707) that symbols of a +cross with a man nailed to it were ordered to be used in place of +the lamb, or ram, which was formerly used to denote the victorious +sun as he passed through the sign Aries, giving new life to the +world, when he was worshipped as "the Lamb of God." The lamb gave +place later to the Phallus. From the decree just alluded to the +identity of the worship of the astronomical "Aries," the ram or +lamb, and the Christian "Savior," is certified beyond the +possibility of a doubt; and the mode by which the ancient +superstitions were propagated is satisfactorily shown. The cross +was, like all the other emblems of Christianity, adopted from +Paganism. The Pagan cross was a later development of the older +"Crux Ansata," or combined phallic emblems, the two portions of +which represented the male and female procreative powers of nature +-- the oval or upper portion the "vulva," or "yoni" of the Hindus; +and also the lower portion or "Tau" -- the "Phallus," Ashera, +Priapus of the Jews, Linga of the Hindus, or membrum virile -- the +common symbol of the "Life-giver," which is sometimes also +represented by a lighted torch, a tree, a fish, or a scepter. It +was particularly sacred with the Egyptians, the Babylonians, the +Buddhists, and the Hindus. A cross was the symbol of the Hindu god, +Agni -- the "Light of the World." It was worn as a charm by +Egyptian women, and was later adopted by Christian women, Osiris +was represented with a scepter and a crazier, and stretched on a +crux ansata. The Egyptian savior, Horus, is represented sitting on +the lap of Isis, his virgin mother; a large cross being carved on +the back of the seat. On the breast of an Egyptian mummy (London +University Museum) is to be seen a cross upon a "calvary." The +Egyptian images generally hold a cross in their hands. In the cave +of Elephanta a figure is represented as destroying a crowd of +infants, with a "crux ansata," a "mitre," and a "crazier." The +Egyptian priest wore the "crux ansata" as a "Pallium," the head +passing through the vestment at the oval or "yoni;" just as the +priests of the Catholic Church wear their mass vestment. By the +side of one of the inscriptions in the Temple, on the Island of +Philas, are seen a "crux ansata" and a maltese cross; and, +curiously enough, the same are to be seen in a Christian church in +the desert to the east of the Nile. The cross is also to be found, +in some form, in the hands of Siva, Brahma, Vishnu, Krishna, +Svasti, and Jama, on the figures of ancient monuments. The god, +Saturn, was represented by a cross with a ram's horn; Venus, by a +circle with a cross -- the goddess of love. Krishna was also +represented suspended on a cross. On a Phoenician medal, found in +the ruins of Citium, are inscribed the cross with a rosary +attached, and a lamb -- this last being the early symbol of the +followers of Jesus. The priests of "Jupiter Ammon" carried in +procession a cross, and a box containing a compass or magnet called +"the ark of the covenant of God." "There is reason to believe that +the Chinese knew something about the polaric property of the +loadstone more than 2,000 years before the Christian era." +["Popular Encyclopedia"] We thus see that the cross was used as a +religious emblem many centuries before "Yesuism," or early +Christianity, by nearly every nation of the earth; and to reproduce +the various forms of crosses and emblems held by the ancients as +sacred would be considered indecent, and would shock modern ideas +of propriety. The Latin cross, rising out of a heart, like the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Catholic emblem, the "crux in corde," was also used by the +Egyptians; it represented goodness. Under the foundations of the +Temple of Serapis, at Alexandria, were discovered a cross and +phallic emblems, which caused the shocking murder of Hypatia by +Saint (?) Cyril's monks. The Egyptians put a cross upon their +sacred cakes -- whence arose the idea of "hot cross buns." Many +Egyptian sepulchers are cruciform in shape. Anu, the chief deity +among the Babylonians, and the sun-god Bel, or Bal, had the cross +for their sign. A cross hangs on the breast of Tiglath Pileser, in +the colossal tablet from Nimrod in the British Museum; another +king, from the ruins of Nineveh, wears a maltese cross on his +breast. The "St. Andrew's cross" originated in the four-spoked +wheel, on which Ixion, the god "Sol," was bound to, when crucified +in the heavens; two spokes confined the arms (or, of the dove, the +wings), and two the legs. Criminals were extended on this form of +cross. The ensigns and banners of the Persians were cruciform. "Few +cases," says the Rev. G.W. Cox, "have been more powerful in +producing mistakes in ancient history than the idea, hastily taken +by Christians, that every monument of antiquity, marked with a +cross, or with any of those symbols which they conceived to be +monograms of their god, was of Christian origin." ["Aryan +Mythology."] Neither the Yesuism, which was old enough to develop +conflicting sects, nor early Christianism, had any knowledge of a +cross, except as a symbol attached to a 'faith which they were +gradually leaving behind -- viz., the old paganism. The cross, too, +adopted by the Christian at the Council of Constantinople was not +the cross as it is known now among Christians, but quite a +different thing, being that of the Imperial murderer, Constantine, +which was nothing more than the monogram of the Egyptian "savior" +Osiris, and of Jupiter Ammon; it consisted of the letters X and P, +which in old Samaritan, as found on coins, stood for 400 and 200. +It was also found on the coins of the Ptolemies and Herod the +Great, forty years before our era. The insignia on the walls of the +Temple of Bacchus in Rome was a Roman cross and I H S -- the three +mystical letters to this day retained in Christian churches, and +falsely supposed to stand for "Jesus hominum salvator." Christian +ladies who work altar cloths for their churches little think that +they are working a pagan sign, the identical monogram of the +heathen sun-god Bacchus; but, after all, they are not far astray, +for Bacchus in Hebrew was "Yahoshua," or Joshua, which in +Phoenician is Ies, and in Greek Iesous, pronounced Yeasoos, from +which Jesus is derived; but, by doing so, they unwittingly admit +the pagan origin of their god. The monogram really represented +Phallic vigor. + + As with the cross and the "labarum," so likewise with many +other so-called Christian symbols; they are borrowed from paganism. +There is a medal at Rome of Constantius, Constantine's predecessor, +with this inscription on it: "In hoc signo victor eris" -- which +shows that Constantine borrowed the idea conceived by him in his +dream. + + The triangle, trefoil, and tripod were all pagan symbols of +their different trinities. The triangle is conspicuous as a sacred +emblem in Hindu and Buddhist temples, sometimes with the mystical +letters AUM on it, one letter at each angle = Brahma, Vishnu, and +Siva -- the Hindu trinity. It is also seen in the obelisk and +pyramids of Egypt. The trefoil adorned the head of Osiris, and was +used among the ancient Druids. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE FISH AND THE LAMB. -- Dagon, the fish-god of the +Babylonians, Assyrians, and Phoenicians, was sacred to Venus; and, +curiously enough, Catholics now eat fish on the day which was +dedicated to Venus -- Dies Veneris, or Friday -- "fish-day" as it +is called. The dag or fish, was the most ancient symbol of the +productive power, and was the emblem of fecundity. Vishnu, the +Hindu "Matsaya," or Messiah, "Preserver," "Mediator," and "Savior," +was identical with the Babylonian "Dagon," or fish-god. He became +a fish to save the "seventh Manu," the progenitor of the human +race, from the universal deluge. The earliest emblems of the +Christian Savior were "the good shepherd," "the lamb" (or ram), and +"the fish" -- the lamb and fish both being of zodiacal origin +("Aries" and "Pisces"). + + Jesus is represented in the catacombs as two fishes crossed, +not unlike "the sacred monogram." Dagon is mentioned in 1 Sam v. 2. +The dove was the symbol of the "spirit" among all the nations of +antiquity, as it is now with Christians. The Samaritans had a +"brazen fiery dove," instead of a "brazen fiery serpent;" both +referred to fire -- the symbol of the "Holy Ghost." Buddha is +represented, like Jesus, with a dove hovering over his head. The +goddess Juno is often represented with a dove on her head. It is +also seen on the heads of the images of Astarte, Cybele, and Isis. +The Virgin Mary ascending upon the crescent moon, so frequently +seen in pictures, is the modern adaptation of Isis rising +heavenward. The dove was sacred to Venus, and was intended as a +symbol of the "Holy Spirit;" it signified incubation, by which was +figuratively expressed the fructification of inert matter, caused +by the vital spirit or breath (ruach in Hebrew, and pneuma in +Greek). Fasting, scourging, shaving of heads ("tonsure"), rosary +beads, white surplices, mitres, craziers, etc., were customs and +symbols of the ancient Egyptians, and some, also, of the +Babylonians. + + ANCIENT FESTIVALS, SABBATHS, ETC.5 + + We have seen that Christmas day -- the birthday of Jesus -- +was the birthday of the sun and of all the sun-gods. As regards the +real birthday, the date and place of the birth of the man Jesus are +shrouded in mystery and uncertainty. Among the early Christians a +great divergence of opinion existed; some maintaining that it was +in May, others that it was in April, and others again that it was +in January. The festival of the nativity was celebrated at all +these times, at different periods of the world's history. At last +the Roman Christians gained the ascendancy, and fixed December +25th, as that was the day when nearly all the nations of the earth +celebrated the accouchement of the various "Queens of Heaven," of +the "Celestial Virgin" of the Sphere, the first stars of Virgo. +appearing at night above the horizon, and the birth of the new sun +-- the god Sol, The Christians thus stole a birth-day, for Jesus +"stepped into dead gods' shoes." Not only this, they continued the +pagan custom of decking their houses with evergreens and mistletoe. +Tertullian, a father of the Church, writing (200 C.E.) to his +brethren, accuses them of "rank idolatry for decking their doors +with garlands and flowers on festival days according to the custom +of the heathen." "Foliage, such as laurel, myrtle, ivy, oak, and +all evergreens, were 'Dionysiac' plants -- i.e., symbols of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +generative power, signifying perpetuity and vigor." The festival is +kept in India and China. Buddha, the son of the Virgin Maya, on +whom, according to Chinese tradition, the Divine Power, or Holy +Ghost, had descended, was said to have been born on this day. It +was also the birthday of the Persian sun-god and savior, Mithra. +The ancient Egyptians, centuries before Jesus lived, kept this day +as the birthday of their sun-gods. Isis, their Queen of Heaven and +Virgin Mother, was delivered on this day of a son and savior, +Horus. His birth was one of the greatest mysteries of their +religion. Pictures of it decorated the walls of their temples; +images of the virgin and child, and effigies of the son lying in a +manger, were common. At Christmas the image of Horus was brought +out of the sanctuary with great ceremony, as the image of the +Infant Bambino, or black child, is still brought out and exhibited +in Rome. Among the Greeks, the births of Hercules, Bacchus, and +Adonis were celebrated on this day. In Rome the festival was +observed as "Natalis Solis Invicti," "the birthday of Sol the +Invincible" -- the unconquered sun; on which day they held their +"Saturnalia," whence comes the Christmas "Lord of Misrule." A few +days before the winter solstice the Calabrian shepherds came into +Rome to play on the pipes. Here we see the origin of our "Waits." +The ancient Germans celebrated their "Yule Feast" centuries before +Christianity. "Yule" was the old German name for Christmas, as +"Noel" was the French, and signified the "revolution of the year." +The word was derived from the Hebrew -- Chaldee "Nule." On this +festival the gods were consulted as to the future, sacrifices were +offered to them, and jovial festivities took place. + + EASTER. -- This festival in ancient times spread from China -- +where it was called "the Festival of Gratitude to Tien" -- to the +whole of Pagan Europe. The festival began with a week's indulgence +in all kinds of sports -- the "Carne vale" ( = to flesh farewell), +or the taking a farewell to animal food, from which the modern word +Carnival is derived, being followed by a fast of forty days in +honor of the Saxon goddess Ostris, or Eostre of the Germans, whence +our Easter. The ancient Persians, at the festival of the solar new +year (March 21st, when the sun crosses the equator), presented each +other with colored eggs. Dyed eggs were sacred Easter offerings in +Egypt. The Jews used eggs at the Passover. The early Christians did +not celebrate the resurrection of their "Lord," but made the Jewish +Passover their chief festival. "A new tradition gained currency +among the Roman Christians that Jesus had not eaten the Passover +before he died, but had substituted himself for the 'paschal lamb.' +The resurrection then became the great Christian festival, and was +celebrated on the first pagan holiday -- the Dies Solis -- after +the Passover." + + THE PURIFICATION of the Virgin originated with the worship of +the Egyptian goddess Neith ( = starry sky), the virgin mother of +the sun-god Ra. The worship of this goddess was accompanied by a +profusion of burning candles. Her feast was called "the Feast of +the Purification." + + The idea of a SABBATH originated with the Akkadians, who +occupied a tract of land in the historic valley of the Tigris and +Euphrates about five thousand years before the "Christ" Jesus, +where the civilization of the world commenced. These Akkadians, who + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +were eventually conquered by the Assyrians, and from the ruins of +whose empire subsequently arose the monarchies of Nineveh and +Babylon, were the inventors of cuneiform writing, which consisted +of figures of various kinds of animals, limbs, etc., traced with a +style upon clay cylinders or tablets. Many of these have been found +under the ruins of the buried cities; twelve were found in +Babylonia in 1876 (see p. 23), others at Tel-el-Amarna in Egypt in +1887, and among the ruins of Lachish in Southern Palestine. These +are now decipherable. The religion of the Akkadians (Shamanism, +from the Semitic Shamas = sun) was astronomical and phallic. They +had their "Trinity" -- a celestial father and mother, and their +off-spring, the sun-god; also stories of an infant Sargon being +placed by his mother in a reed basket, and left on the bank of a +river, being subsequently found, and eventually becoming king of +Babylon (about B.C. 3750); of a creation; a tree of life; and a +deluge. The name Adam is derived from the Assyrian Adami -- man. +They also had their "holy water," "penitential psalms," table of +"shew-bread," and "ark" containing the images of their gods. They +dedicated special days to the sun, moon, and five planets -- Mars, +Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn -- each cycle of which became +a week of seven days. "The number seven thus became sacred to +them," as did the number twelve, which represented the twelve signs +of the zodiac, and from which the idea of the twelve apostles was +derived. "They had a special deity who received honor, as patron of +the number seven; and destructive tempests and winds were believed +to be directed by the will of seven wicked spirits." [F.J. Gould, +"A Concise History of Religion."] The seven heavenly bodies were +represented in the seven platforms, by which the astronomer priests +ascended to the summit of their temple, the so-called "Tower of +Babel." "The 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of each month were +called 'Sabbaths,' or 'Rest days,' and so rigorously was this day +kept that not even the king was permitted to eat cooked food, +change his clothes, drive his chariot, sit in the judgment-seat, +review his troops, or even take medicine on any of those days." [ +Ibid.] + + The Sabbatical idea, with many other religious customs and +observances, spread from the Akkadians to their Semitic conquerors, +the inhabitants of the neighboring countries of Phoenicia, Phrygia, +Canaan, and Syria; and from these to the Jews during their seventy +years' captivity. The Jews do not appear to have understood the +true astronomical origin of their Sabbath, for they give two +contradictory reasons for its institution; one in Exodus (xxii. and +xxxi. 17), where it is given as "because the Almighty rested on the +seventh day;" the other in Deuteronomy (v. 15), where it is given +as because "the Lord God brought them out from bondage in Egypt," +which event is computed to have occurred about 2,500 years later +than "the Creation." + + The Puritans in the sixteenth century, a bigoted and narrow +sect of Christians, attempted, with great fanaticism, to revive the +ceremonial obligations of the Jewish Sabbath; but altering the day +of the week from the seventh to the first, which secured for them +the name of "Sabbatarians." And the idea has been kept up in this +country by the retention in the Prayer Book of the State Church, of +the Hebrew Decalogue, with a prayer following each command, that +the deity will "incline their hearts to keep that law," +notwithstanding the new Hexalogue that Jesus is said to have + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +delivered to his disciples (Matthew xix. 18). Sabbatarians bring +forward as reasons for their superstition that on the first day of +the week "Paul preached" -- but he also preached on the Jewish +Sabbath three times (Acts xvi. 13; xvii; xviii. 4); the disciples +"assembled for the breaking of bread" -- but we are told they went +about breaking bread every day from house to house (Acts ii. 46); +and that "they were all with one accord in one place" -- these +commentators seem to forget that it was "on the feast of +Pentecost," which fell on the first day of the week, and that it +was on account of the feast, not the day of the week, that they +were gathered together; the last Jewish feast that Paul was anxious +to keep (i Corinthians xvi. 8). Sabbatarians, to be consistent, +ought not to permit fires to be lighted in their houses, even in +winter, for "ye shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations +upon the Sabbath day" (Exodus xxxv. 3); nor ought they to permit +the painting of pictures, the carving of sculpture, etc. Jesus is +shown, in the New Testament, to have abolished the Sabbath; for he +tells his hearers that both he and his father worked on the +Sabbath; and, when rebuked by the Pharisees for breaking the +Sabbath, replied that the Sabbath was made for man, not man for the +Sabbath; and he is said to have performed most of his miracles on +that day. The Yezuans, or Jesusites, and the Christians of a later +day kept no Sabbath, and discountenanced the keeping of holy days. +Not until the time of the Imperial Murder Constantine (321 C.E.) +was the idea of a Christian Sabbath conceived. The first day of the +week -- Sunday -- Dies Solis Venerabuis, was the great weekly +festival with the Pagans -- worshippers of the sun -- "sol", the +invincible." An edict was issued by Constantine to compel all +except laborers "to rest from all work on the venerable day of the +sun." Pagan idols were transformed into Christian saints, and Pagan +temples into Christian churches. But this edict, which was much +disliked by Christians, was repealed by the Emperor Leo in the +ninth century. Eusebius says: "They [the first Christians] did not +observe the Sabbath, nor do we; neither do we regard other +injunctions which Moses delivered to be types and symbols, because +such things as these do not belong to Christians." ["Ecclesiastical +History," book 1, ch. 4.] + + ANCIENT GODS, TRINITIES, AND SCRIPTURES. + + GODS. -- Ancestral spirits (the basis of Vedic religion and +the origin of religion in general), relics, stones, animals, the +generative powers of nature (phallic), plants, trees, fire and +lightning, water, thunder, planets, etc., have all been objects of +worship by man. "Primitive man regarded as supernatural whatever he +could not comprehend; and feared whatever was strange in appearance +and behavior; 'It was a spirit.'" [Herbert Spencer, "Sociology."] +Men of extraordinary talent were spirits, and it was a very short +step from the idea of a spirit to that of a god. But we have seen +that nearly every country has looked up to the sun with special +veneration, and most of the chief gods have been sun-gods; and very +naturally too, for all benefits received by man from nature were +seen to be derived from the rays of the sun-light, heat, fruit, +crops, and life itself; and much that was detrimental was +attributed to the absence of sunshine. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 51 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The EASTERN SEMITES of Accadia, Babylonia, Assyria, etc., the +originators of the Chaldean religion, were astrologers and +astronomers, and they mapped out the ancient zodiac. It was in this +district that civilization may be said to have commenced; a library +of clay tablets was formed by King Sargon I., about 4,000 B.C., at +Nineveh, which gave stories of the Creation, Flood, and of a +conflict between the Sun-God and the demon Tiamat, and the descent +of Ishtar into Hades, etc. Their gods were Ana (lord of the sky); +Ea (of air and water); Darki (earth); Marduk, or Merodack, and Bel +(the sun), son of Ea; Bilit, or Mylitta (Bel's wife), to whom every +Babylonian woman had to offer her virginity; Sin (the moon); Ishtar +(evening star) -- for Ishtar's sake men made themselves eunuchs, +and women yielded to prostitution; Dagon (the fish-god) was of +Chaldean origin. + + THE WESTERN SEMITES, Of Canaan, Syria, Phoenicia, Phrygia, and +Asia Minor, retained many of the traditions and ideas of the +Easterns. Bel was by them transformed into Baal; Ishtar into +Ashtoreth and Astarte; Moloch into Ashera (Priapus, the phallic +god). They had also the legend of the dying sun-god, and of a +flood. Many of the stories of Jesus may be traced to these ancient +legends. They had also their Sabbath, like the Easterns. + + Philistines had Derketo (half woman, half fish); and Dagon. + + Moabites adored Chemosh. + + Hebrew Tribes -- Yahuh (Jehovah) or Yeho -- the provider of +sexual pleasure, Adonai, Baal, and El-Shaddai. + + India -- Brahma (the "savior" and androgynous creator), +Vishnu, and Siva; Vasudeva, Devaki, and Krishna (mother and child). +Gautama Buddha (god, man, and savior). Krishna and Osiris were +dark-skinned; Typhon was red; and Horus, white. The dark-skinned is +supposed to have represented the hidden sun at night. "Buddhism is +a sun myth. Emerging from the womb of the virgin dawn, the hero +ascends the sky to meet and conquer the storm spirit, after which +the fires of sunset redden over his funeral pile." Brahmanism grew +out of the old Vedic faith, and Buddhism out of Brahmanism -- now +Hinduism. + + Persia -- Mazda, or Ormuzd ("creator," "god of light, purity, +and truth "); Ahriman (the outcast, bad spirit); Zoroaster +(mediator between Ormuzd and Ahriman); Haoma, Tistrya (Dog Star); +Anahita (goddess of fruitfulness); Sraosha (god of prayer and +sacrifice); Devas (the shining ones, the children of Dyaus -- the +sky -- Dyaus Pitar, in Sanskrit, meaning heaven and father, in +Greek Zeu pater (Zeus), in Latin Jupiter and Deus); Prithivi (the +earth mother) represented the powers of nature. Indra was the god +of rain; Surya, the sun-god and Agni, the god of fire and +lightening -- a trinity. There were also the gods of day, dawn, +wind, etc. Zoroaster, the prophet of Mazda, founded Zoroastrianism, +an offshoot of Mazdaism, as was also Mithraism. Mithra was a sun- +god, and "Incarnate Word," "Lord of Light." Mithra, Zoroaster, +Krishna, Zeus of the Greeks, and Jesus were all said to be born in +caves. A figure of the sun-god Mithra is, says Mr. Gould, to be +seen in the British Museum. "The god is plunging a knife into a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 52 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +bull, and, while the bull is attacked from below by a scorpion, a +dog laps the blood which flows from the wound." The allusion is to +the sun entering into the zodiacal sign "Taurus" at the vernal +equinox, and the fate which compels its return to wintry depths +through the autumnal sign "Scorpio." The first day of the week was +dedicated to Mithra, whose devotees were baptized and marked on the +forehead with a holy sign, and solemnly partook of a round cake and +water. + + China -- Shang-Ti (B.C. 2,200), Kung Futse (Confucius -- B.C. +550), Lao-Tse, and Buddha. + + Japan Ceylon, Tibet, Corea, Siam, Burma -- Buddha; and remains +of phallic worship in some. + + Egypt -- Osiris (Father), the sun-god, after its disappearance +in the west, where he was slain by the envious night, and yet +destined to rise again the next morning; he was represented as a +mummy, wearing a maitre, and holding a scepter and crazier, and in +his hand a "crux ansata;" Osiris, Isis (virgin mother), and Horus +(the infant) formed a trinity; Amen-Ra ("the maker of all that +is"); Nut and Chonsu at Abydos; Typhon (god of evil); Khem (the +phallic god of reproduction) Ptah (the god of Memphis) -- said to +have produced the egg of the sun and moon. Ra was the sun god in +his splendor; Neith was his virgin mother. Pharaoh is derived from +Ptah and "Ra." Anubis was the jackal-headed genius of death and +Serapis, introduced from Asia. + + Africa -- Baal, Ammon, Isis, Horus, and Serapis. + + Greece -- Zeus, Apollo, Athene ("the Immaculate Virgin"), +Aphrodite, Herakles, Dionysus; later, Isis and Serapis. The Stoics, +Platonists, and Epicureans were philosophers, and occupied a +position similar to that of the Rationalists and Agnostics of the +present day. + + Italy and Rome -- Isis was a favourite goddess; Horus, Osiris, +Jupiter, Juno, Minerva. The Isis cult recognized magic, fortune- +telling by stars, palmistry, dreams, and consultations with the +dead. + + TRINITIES: + + Vedic -- Indra, Surya, and Agni. + + India -- Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; later Vasudeva, +Devaki, and Krishna. + + Egypt -- (In Abydos) Osiris, Isis, and Horus; (in Thebes) +Amen-Ra, Nut (Mut or Neith), and Chonsu. + + Greece -- Zeus, Athene, and Apollo. + + Rome -- Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. + + Chaldea -- Ana, Ea, and Bel. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 53 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Christian Countries -- Yahuh, Holy Ghost (Ruach), and +Jesus. + + SCRIPTURES, or sacred writings: + + Egyptians -- The Book of the Dead and the Maxims of Ptah +Hotep, eighteen in number (the most ancient book in the world); +written on papyrus B.C. 3,400. + + Aryans of Asia -- The Vedas. + + (1) Brahminism -- The Rig Veda; the Law Book of Manu. + + (2) Buddhism -- The Tripitaka, or Three Baskets. + + (3) Hinduism -- The Puranas, the Ramyana, and the Mahabharata, +an epic Poem B.C. 500, in which is the Bhagavadgita. + + Parseeism -- The Zend Avesta. + + Confucianism -- The Five Classics (King), and Four Shu. + + Taoism -- The Tau-teh-king. + + Judaism -- The Pentateuch and the Talmud, or Book of the Law. + + Christianism -- The Old and New Testaments. + Islamism -- The Koran. + + ORIGIN OF "RELIGION" (THEOLOGY). + + Religions may be said to have had their origin in astronomical +and phallic worship. + + Primitive Astronomy. -- The Akkadians may be considered the +fathers of astronomy, but the Indians, Egyptians, Persians, Ancient +Greeks, and Romans each had their zodiacs, which differed very +little from one another. The astronomer-priests were also +astrologers, and supposed the heavenly bodies to possess a ruling +influence over human and mundane affairs. Individual temperaments +were ascribed to the planet under which a particular birth took +place, as "saturnine" from Saturn, "jovial" from Jupiter, +"mercurial" from Mercury; and the virtues of herbs, gems, and +medicines were believed to be due to their ruling planets. The idea +of ruling is to be found in the story of Creation in Genesis, where +the sun is said to "rule the day," and the stars to "rule the +night." + + The modern zodiac is a fixed one, but with the ancients the +zodiac was a changing one, this being due to the fact of the +precession of the equinoxes, the sun failing to reach the +equinoxial point at the same time each year. The different signs of +the ancient zodiac in this way moved forward one degree in 71 or 72 +years, and one whole sign (30 degrees) in 2,152 years; so that, +between the years 4340 and 2188 B.C., the Bull was the first, +chief, or vernal equinoxial sign; and, from 2188 to 36 B.C., the +Ram or Lamb took its place, "at which time, the sun having ascended + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 54 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +from its lowest point of declination, at Christmas (December 21st +to 25th), arrives at that portion of its annual course when the +equator and the ecliptic cross each other," and the days become +longer than the nights. + + It must be borne in mind that, when the sun was in any +particular sign, the sign opposite to it in the zodiac, and the +constellations of that portion of the heavens, were visible from +our earth at night. When the Bull was the vernal equinoxial sign, +the sun was said to be "in Taurus;" and, when the Ram was the +vernal equinoxial sign, the sun was said to be "in Aries." They +divided each of the twelve signs into thirty degrees, and three +deacons of ten degrees each. As the sun passed from decan to decan, +and from sign to sign, the astrologer-priests publicly proclaimed +the exact moment of its entry into each. The first decan they +called the "Upper Room," the second the "Middle Room," and the +third the "Lower Room." + + The various signs of the zodiac, as well as the sun, moon, and +five planets, were considered by them as gods; and each was +associated with romantic stories of struggles, victories, and +defeats; and, according to their position in the zodiac, were +accounted powerful and victorious at one time, and weak and dying +at another. The sun passing through the twelve signs of the zodiac +was represented in the story of the twelve labors of Hercules, the +twelve patriarchs, the twelve tribes, etc. + + The six summer signs were considered specially bountiful and +holy, while the six winter signs were accounted less holy, but +quite as powerful for evil as the others were for good. When the +Bull was the vernal equinoxial point, the sun in Taurus was supreme +God; and, when the Ram or Lamb, the sun in Aries was supreme God. +"Although it was only in March that the sun was at the vernal +equinoxial point, yet the Bull-god, for 2.000 years prior to 2188 +B.C., was always supreme; and the Ram-god (in Egypt), or Lamb-god +(in Persia), after that date." [H.J. Hardwick, "Evolution and +Creation."] We have already seen that the different gods -- virgin- +born, crucified, and resurrected saviours -- were not real +personages, but merely personifications of the powers of nature, +and principally those of the sun. "One of the earliest objects that +would strike and stir the mind of man, and for which a sign or name +would soon be wanted, is surely the sun." In the Vedas the sun has +twenty different names, not pure equivalents, but each term +descriptive of the sun in one of its aspects when brilliant, Surya; +the friend, Mitra or Mithra; generous, Aryaman; beneficent, Bhaga; +nourishing, Pushna; creator, Tvashtar; master of the sky, +Divaspati; and so on." [S. Baring-Gould, "Origin of Religious +Belief."] Men "could not fail to note the change of days and years, +of growth and decay, of calm and storm; but the objects which so +changed were to them living things, and the rising and setting of +the sun, the return of winter and summer, became a drama in which +the actors were their enemies or friends. These gods and heroes, +and the incidents of their mythical career, would receive each a +local habitation and name, and these would remain as genuine +history, when the origin and meaning of the words had been either +wholly or part forgotten." [Doane, "Bible Myths."] + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 55 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + "The history of the Savior can be followed, step by step, in +the Vedic hymns; the development which changes the sun from a mere +luminary into a 'Creator,' 'Preserver,' 'Ruler,' 'Rewarder of the +World,' and, in fact, into a 'Divine or Supreme Being.' The first +step is the light which meets us on waking in the morning, and +which seems to give new life to man and nature. He is now called +'the Giver of Daily Life.' Then, by a bolder step, he becomes the +'Giver of Light and Life' in general. He who brings light and life +to-day is the same who brought light and life on the first of days. +And so he becomes a 'Creator' and, if a Creator, soon a 'Ruler of +the World.' Then he is conceived as a 'Defender' and 'Kind +Protector' of all living things, by driving away the dreaded +darkness of the night, and as fertilizing the earth. Then, as a +'Vigilant Eye,' seeing everything -- the works of the evil doer, +and that which no human eye can see." [Doane, "Bible Myths."] + + The history of Jesus, the Christian Savior, is simply the +history of the sun -- the real savior of mankind; and this can be +demonstrated beyond a doubt. I quote chiefly from Doane's "Bible +Myths": -- + + 1. The sun's birthday, at the commencement of its annual +revolution round the earth, the first moment after midnight of +December 24th, is the birthday of Jesus, Buddha, Mithras, Osiris, +Horus, Hercules, Bacchus, Adonis, and other sun-gods. On this day +was celebrated by all nations of the earth the accouchement of the +"Queen of Heaven," of the "celestial origin of the sphere," and the +birth of the god "Sol." On that day, the sun having fully entered +the winter solstice, the sign of the virgin was rising on the +eastern horizon, and the Persian magicians drew the horoscope of +the new year; the woman's symbol of which was represented, first, +by ears of corn, second, with a new-born male child in her arms, +"The division of the first decan of the virgin represents a +beautiful virgin with flowing hair, sitting on a chair, with two +ears of corn in her hand, and suckling an infant called Iaesus by +some nations, and Christ in Greek." [Volney, "Ruins."] + + 2. The sun alone is born of an immaculate virgin, who +conceived him without carnal intercourse, and who still remains a +virgin -- either the beautiful Dawn, or the dark earth or night. +The Roman Catholics represent the Virgin with the child in one +hand, and the lotus or lily in the other, but sometimes with ears +of corn. In the Vedic hymns the Dawn is called the "Mother of the +Gods," and is said to have given birth to the sun. The sun and all +the solar deities rise from the east, which originated the custom +of praying towards the east; and this practice is still to be seen +in the English Church, but has been dropped by the Roman Church +since the Reformation. + + 3. The bright morning star rises immediately before the sign +of "the virgin" is entered. This is the star which informs the +magicians and the shepherds who watched their flocks by night that +the Savior of mankind was about to be born. + + 4. All nature smiles at the birth of the Heavenly Being. In +the "Vishnu Purana," at the birth of Christna, we find: "The +quarters of the horizon are irradiate with joy, as if moonlight was +diffused over the whole earth," and "the spirits and nymphs of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 56 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +heaven dance and sing." At the birth of Buddha "caressing breezes +blow, and a marvelous light is produced." In the Fo-Sen-King of +China: "For the Lord and Savior is born to give joy and peace to +men and Devas, to shed light in dark places, and to give sight to +the blind." In the Prayer Book and New Testament: "To him all +angels cry aloud, the heavens, and all the powers therein." "Glory +to God in the highest, and on earth peace, goodwill towards men." + + 5. At early dawn, on December 25th, the astrologers of the +Arabs, Chaldeans, and other oriental nations, greeted the infant +savior with gold, frankincense, and myrrh. "They started to salute +their god long before the rising of the sun; and, having ascended +a high mountain, waited anxiously for the birth, facing the east, +and there hailed his first rays with incense and prayer." [Dupuis, +"Origin of Religious Belief."] He was acclaimed with: "Hail, Orient +Conqueror of gloomy night!" and "Will the powers of darkness be +conquered by the god of light?" by the shepherds. Jesus is said to +have been visited by the Magician sun-worshippers. + + 6. All sun-gods and saviours were born in caves, so was Jesus. +"This was the darkest abode from which the wandering sun starts in +the morning. As the dawn springs fully armed from the forehead of +the cloven sky, so the eye first discerns the blue of heaven, as +the first faint arch of light is seen in the east. This arch is the +cave in which the infant is nourished until he reaches his full +strength -- in other words, until the day is fully come ... At +length the child is born, and a halo of serene light encircles his +cradle, just as the sun appears at early dawn in all his splendor." + + 7. "All the sun gods are fated to bring ruin upon their +parents or the reigning monarch. For this reason they attempt to +prevent his birth; and, failing this, seek to destroy him when +born." Herod is the counterpart of Kansa, the dark and wicked +night; but he loses his power when the young prince of glory, the +Invincible, is born. The sun scatters darkness, and so it was said +the child was to be the destroyer of the reigning monarch, or his +parent, night; and the magicians warned the latter of the doom +which would overtake him. The newly-born babe is therefore ordered +to be put to death by the sword, or exposed on the hill-side, as +the sun seems to rest on the earth (Ida) at its rising. In oriental +mythology the destroying principle is generally represented as a +serpent or dragon; and "the position of the sphere on Christmas Day +shows the serpent all but touching, and certainly aiming at, the +woman" -- i.e., the figure of the constellation Virgo. Here we have +the origin of the story of the snake sent to kill Hercules, and of +Typhon, who sought the life of the infant Horus; and of Orion, who +besets the virgin mother Astrea; and of Latona, the mother of +Apollo, when pursued by the monster and, lastly, of the Virgin +Mary, with her babe beset by Herod. "But, like Hercules, Horus, +Gilgames, Apollo, Theseus, Romulus, Cyrus, and other solar heroes, +Jesus has a long course before him. Like them, be grows up wise and +strong, and the 'old serpent' is discomfited by him, just as the +sphinx and the dragon are put to flight by others." + + 8. "The temptation by, and victory over, the evil one, whether +Mara or Satan, is the victory of the sun over the clouds of storm +and darkness. In his struggle with darkness the sun remains the +conqueror, and the army of Mara or Satan broken or scattered; the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 57 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Apearas, daughters of the demon, the last light vapours which float +in the heaven, try in vain to clasp and retain the vanquisher; he +disengages himself from their embraces, repulses them they writhe, +lose their form, and vanish." Free from every obstacle and +adversary, the sun journeys across space, having defeated the +attempts of his eternal foe; and, appearing in all his glory and +sovereign splendor, the god has attained the summit of his course, +It is the moment of triumph. + + 9. "The sun has now reached his extreme southern limit, his +career is ended, and he is at last overcome by his enemies, the +powers of darkness and of winter. The bright sun of summer is +finally slain, crucified in the heavens. Before he dies he sees all +his disciples -- his retinue of light; and the twelve hours of the +day, or the twelve months of the year, disappear in the sanguinary +melee of the clouds of the evening ... Throughout the tale the sun- +god was but fulfilling his doom. These things must be." + + 10. "And many women were there beholding from afar. In the +tender mother and the fair maidens we have the dawn who bore him, +and the fair and beautiful lights which flash the Eastern sky as +the sun sinks or dies in the west (these lights can only be +understood by those who have seen them; there is nothing like them +in this country). Their tears are the tears of dew, such as Eos +weeps at the death of her child. All the sun-gods forsake their +homes and virgin mothers, and wander through different countries +doing marvelous things. Finally, at the end of their career, the +mother from whom they were parted is by their side to cheer them in +their last hours." They were to be found at the last scene in the +life of Buddha, OEdipus (another sun), Hercules, Apollo, +Prometheus, etc. + + 11. "There was darkness over the land." This is the sun +sinking slowly down, with the ghastly hues of death upon his face, +while none are nigh to cheer him, save the ever-faithful women. +After a long struggle against the dark clouds who are arrayed +against him, he is finally overcome, and dies. Blacker and blacker +grow the evening shades, and finally "there is darkness on the face +of the earth, and the din of its thunder crashes through the air." + + 12. "He descended into hell." This is the sun's descent into +the lower regions. It enters the sign Capricorns, or the Goat, and +the astronomical winter begins. The days have reached their +shortest span, and the sun has reached his extreme southern limit. +For three days and three nights he remains in hell -- the lower +regions, Jesus is here like the other sun-gods. + + 13. "At the winter solstice the ancients wept and mourned for +Tammuz, the fair Adonis, and other sun-gods, done to death by the +boar, or crucified -- slain by the thorn of winter -- and on the +third day they rejoiced at the resurrection of their Lord of Light. +The Church endeavored to give a Christian significance to the +rites, which they borrowed from heathenism, and in this case the +mourning for Tammuz, the fair Adonis, became the mourning for +Jesus; and joy at the rising of the natural sun became joy at the +rising of the 'Sun of Righteousness ' -- at the resurrection of + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 58 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Jesus from the grave. The festival of the resurrection was held by +the ancients on the 25th of March, when spring results from the +return of the sun from the lower or far-off regions, the equator +crossing the ecliptic, The sun rises in Aries." + + 14. It was not god the father who was supposed by the ancients +to have been the creator of the world, but god the son, the +redeemer and savior of mankind. Now, this redeemer was, as we have +seen, the sun, which in Vedic mythology was looked upon as the +ruler, the establisher, and creator of the world. Jesus is, +therefore, creator of all things. + + 15. Who is better able than the sun to be the judge of men's +deeds, seeing as he does from his throne in heaven all that is done +on earth? The Vedas speaks of Surya -- the pervading irresistible +luminary -- as seeing and hearing all things, noting the good and +evil deeds of men. Jesus is therefore judge of the quick and the +dead. + + 16. "The second coming of Vishnu (Krishna), Jesus, and other +sun-gods is also an astronomical allegory. The white horse, which +figures so conspicuously in legend, was the universal symbol of the +sun among oriental nations." + + "Jesus, then, is the toiling sun, with a career of brilliant +conquest, checked with intervals of storm, and declining to a death +clouded with sorrow and derision. He is in constant company with +his twelve apostles, the twelve signs of the zodiac ... when the +leaves fell and withered on the approach of winter, he would be +considered dying or dead, as no other power than that of the sun +can recall vegetation to life ... He is the child of the dawn, +whose soft violet hues tint the clouds of early morn; his father +being She sky, the heavenly father." + + "The sacred legends abound with such expressions as can have +no possible application to any other than to the 'god of day.' He +is the 'light to lighten the Gentiles, and to be the glory (or +brightness) of his people.' He is come 'a light into the world, +that whosoever believeth in him should not abide in darkness.' He +is 'the light of the world and 'is light, and in him no darkness +is.' Lighten our darkness, O Adonai, and by thy great mercy defend +us from all perils and dangers of this night.' 'God of god, light +of light, very god of very god' (Creed). 'Merciful Adonai, we +beseech thee to cast thy right beams of light upon thy church' +(Catholic Collect St. John). 'To thee all angels cry aloud, the +heavens, and all the powers therein. Heaven and earth are full of +the majesty of thy glory (or brightness). The glorious company of +the (twelve months or) apostles praise thee. Thou art the king of +glory (brightness), O Christ! When thou tookest upon thee to +deliver man thou passest through the constellation or zodiacal sign +-- the virgin. When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of winter, +thou didst open the kingdom of heaven (i.e., bring on the reign of +the summer months), to all believers." + + "We see, then, that Christ Jesus, like Christ Buddha, +Christna, Mithra, Osiris, Horus, Apollo, Hercules, and others, is +none other than a personification of the sun, and that the +Christians, like their predecessors, the Pagans, are really sun- + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 59 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +worshippers. It must not be inferred, however, that no such person +as Jesus of Nazareth ever lived in the flesh. The man Jesus is +evidently an historical personage, just as Sakaya, Prince Buddha, +Cyrus, King of Persia, and Alexander, King of Macedonia, are +historical personages; but the Christ Jesus, the Christ Buddha, the +mythical Cyrus, and the mythical Alexander, never lived in the +flesh. The sun myth has been added to the histories of these +personages in a greater or less degree, just as it has been added +to the history of many other real personages. After the Jews had +been taken captives to Babylon, around the history of their King +Solomon accumulated the fables which were related of Persian heroes +... When the fame of Cyrus and Alexander became known over the +known world, the popular sun-myth was interwoven with their true +history ... That the biography of Jesus, as recorded in the books +of the New Testament, contain some few grains of actual history, is +all that the historian or philosopher can rationally venture to +urge. But the very process which has stripped these legends of the +birth, life, and death of the sun, of all value as a chronicle of +actual events, has invested them with a new interest. They present +to us a form of society and a condition of thought through which +all mankind had to pass before the dawn of history. Yet that state +of things was as real as the time in which we live. 'They who spoke +the language of these early tales were men and women with joys and +sorrows not unlike our own." [Doane, "Bible Myths."] + + PHALLIC WORSHIP, -- "Throughout all animal life there is no +physical impulse so overbearing as the generative, unless we except +that for food. Food gives satisfaction. Rest to tired nature gives +pleasure. But the power of reproduction is the acme of physical +bliss, How natural, then, that this last-named impulse should, +early in human development, give direction and consequence to +religious fancies." 'This the reproductive power did in India, +Egypt, among the Buddhists, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Assyrians, +and ancient Hebrews. As they personified the sun and planets, air, +water, fire, etc., so they personified the sexual power; and the +worship, not of the actual organs, but of the fertilizing +principle, became a recognized custom, so much so that the ancients +used to swear by their generative organs, as Christians do now by +their Bible, as being the most sacred thing on earth, and +representing the divine energy in a state of procreative activity. +Thus we find in Psalm lxxxix. 49 (literally): "O my Adonis, where +are thy endearments of old, which thou swearedst for the sake of +love, by the phallus, O Ammon?" This had reference to the violent +death of Adonis, who, at the autumnal equinox, was attacked by a +wild boar, which tore away the membrum virile, and rendered him +impotent, until he was born again, when he acquired fresh powers, +and grew in beauty and stature, ready to reunite with Venus at the +vernal equinox. + + As we have before seen, the two sexual powers of nature were +symbolized respectively by an upright and an oval (and sometimes a +crescent or circle) emblem -- T and O; the Phallus, Ashera, Priapus +of the Jews (the Hebrew letter for which was a cross), or Linga (of +the Hindus); and the Hindu Yoni or Unit, the Vulvz or +Pudendumfeminy, sometimes represented as the mountain of Venus +(mons veneris). The former was a representation of the sun-god in +his majesty and glory, the restorer of the powers of nature after + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 60 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the long sleep or death of winter; and the latter, a representation +of the earth, who yields her fruit under the fertilizing power and +warmth of the sun, and when placed upon the Tau, T, or Phallus, +formed the "Crux Ansata," or conjunction of the sun and earth, male +and female. The Phallus placed erect as a tree, cross, or pole, +above a crescent or on a mons veneris, set forth "the marriage of +heaven and earth;" and, in the form of a serpent, represented "life +and healing," and was so worshipped by the Egyptians and Jews. The +two emblems of the cross and serpent (the quiescent and energizing +Phallus) are united in the brazen serpent of "the Pentateuch" The +conjunction of the two sexual emblems was represented in the Temple +by the circular altar of Baal-Peor, on which stood the "Ashera," +and for which the Jewish women wove hangings; and under whose +protective influence Jacob, on his journey to Laban, slept. It is +innocently reproduced in our modern " May-pole," around which +maidens dance, as maidens did of yore. The Catholic priest little +dreams that he wears a Phallic vestment at Mass, for upon his +vestment is the Crux Ansala (ansalus = handle), his head passing +through the oval or yoni; the Tau, or cross, falling from the chest +in front. The surplice, a figment of woman's dress, was used as a +Phallic or Yonijic vestment. + + The word Ashera (erroneously rendered, as we have seen, in the +translation of the Authorized Version, and so admitted in the +Revised Version), literally rendered, is pole, or stem of tree, +Phallus, The Jewish women made silver and golden Phalli (Ezekiel +xvi. 17). 'The "tree of the knowledge of good and evil," in +Genesis, is the "tree of life," or "Phallic pole," denoting the +knowledge which dawns on the mind with the first consciousness of +the difference in the sexes. The symbol of life, in cuneiform +writing, was the conjoined emblem -- the "Crux Ansata." Many of the +Egyptian gods are represented with this cross hanging from the +hand, which is passed through the oval. This is wrongly called a +hey by Mr. Sharpe in his " Egyptian Mythology" (p. 54). It was +customary to set up a stone, or "Hermes" (Hermes, or Mercury, was +an ancient heathen deity, the symbol of Phallus), on the road-side, +and each traveller as he passed paid his homage to the deity by +either throwing a stone on the heap, or by anointing the upright +stone with oil. Jacob "rose up early in the morning, and took the +stone that he had for a pillow, and set it up for a pillar, and +poured oil upon the top of it." And there is scarcely a nation of +antiquity which did not set up these stones, as emblems of the +reproductive power of nature, and worship them. The custom is found +among the ancient Druids of Britain. The Greek historian, +Pausanias, says: "The Hermiac statue, which they Venerate in +Cyllene above other symbols, is an erect Phallus on a pedestal." + + In connection with Phallic worship arose the idea of offering +the virginity of maidens to certain gods or goddesses. The +Babylonian women were compelled to offer themselves once in their +lifetime to the goddess Astarte, or Mylitta (the Assyrian for +Venus). Sitting in the Temple, they waited till some passer-by of +the opposite sex threw money into their laps, when they prostituted +themselves "for the sake of Mylitta." No man was ever refused. Many +women, not so inviting in appearance as others, would thus remain +waiting for years their turn. A similar state of things, only +worse, was reproduced among the Yezuans, or primitive Christians, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 61 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +at their "Agapai," or Love Feasts; the immoralities of which are +supposed to have been the real cause of the so-called persecutions +by the Roman emperors, under whom great freedom of religious +opinion was permitted and enjoyed. The unnatural actions practised +at these assemblies are mentioned by Eusebius (book vii., chap. +xi.). + + ORIGIN OF THE WORD "CHRISTIAN." + + The word "Christian" means a follower of a "Christ," which +word is derived from the Greek Christos, an anointed one, or +Messiah; but as many Christs -- Buddha, Krishna, and other +Messiahs, or Avatars -- had existed for thousands of years before +Jesus was declared a Christ, the name, as distinctive of followers +of jesus -- Jesusites or Yezuans -- was, and is, misleading. The +Yezuans, though looking to Jesus as their Master, were a +conglomeration of conflicting sects, whose angry disputes are facts +of history. They were chiefly Therapeut monks, having a knowledge +of Egyptian Osirianism, Persian Mithraism, Buddhism, and the +eclectic philosophy of Philo. They were not called Christians until +the middle of the first century of our era, when the name was first +applied to the new sect at Antioch, after which some attempt at +organization was made. What we now know as Christianism, or +Christianity, was gradually developed, through many centuries, as +a result of the numerous disputes that arose among the many +contentious sects that had already arisen, and through the cunning +adaptation by the monks of the old Pagan doctrines and legends to +the new circumstances, making Jesus (Yahoshua more correctly) the +leading personage. + + THE FRUITS OF CHRISTIANISM. + + To do no injustice to Christianism, it shall be judged by its +own law, and on its own principles. The Bible says (Matt. xii, 17): +"Every good tree bringeth forth good fruit, but a corrupt tree +bringeth forth evil fruit ... Wherefore by their fruits ye shall +know them." Now, let us see what has been the fruit of +Christianism. This system of religious belief may be said to have +had its birth in Alexandria, in Egypt. How did it establish itself +there? By the so-much-preached-about virtues of love and charity? +No, but by the carrying out of another Christian principle to be +found in Matt. x. 34, and again in Luke xii. 51: "Not peace, but a +sword ... father against son, and son against father;" by the +destruction of the magnificent library collected by the Ptolemies, +and containing over 600,000 volumes, by Theophilus, Christian +bishop of that place; also by the cruel and inhuman murder of +Hypatia, the popular lecturer, at Alexandria, in the next bishop's +(Saint Cyril's) time. "Each day, before her academy, stood a long +train of chariots; her lecture-room was crowded with the wealth and +fashion of Alexandria. They came to listen to her discourses on +those questions which man in all ages has asked, but which never +yet have been answered: 'What am I? Where am I? What can I know? +... As Hypatia repaired to her academy, she was assaulted by +Cyril's mob, a mob of many monks; stripped naked in the streets, +she was dragged into a church, and there killed by the club of +Peter 'the Reader.' The corpse was cut to pieces, the flesh was + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 62 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +scraped from the bones with shells, and the remnants cast into a +fire. For this frightful crime Cyril was never called to account. +It seemed to be admitted that the end sanctified the means." [Dr. +Draper, "Conflict between Religion and Science."] + + We now come to a later date -- the "Dark Ages" -- when the +Christian Inquisition flourished, but a great deal of the details +of which are little known, for so much secrecy was observed; but it +may give some idea of the horrors of this institution if we state +that, when the French took the city of Arragon, the Inquisition was +broken into, and "no fewer than 400 prisoners were set at liberty, +among whom were 60 young girls, who composed the Seraglio of the +three principal Inquisitors." [Saladin, "Women," vol. II] + + The account of how a young girl, to whom one of the +Inquisitors had taken a fancy, was taken from her home in the dead +of the night and handed over to the Inquisitors' officers by the +terror-stricken father, is also graphically given in the same book. + + "Let us look for a moment at the number of victims sacrificed +on the altars of the Christian Moloch: -- 1,000,000 perished during +the early Arian schism; 1,000,000 during the Carthaginian struggle; +7,000,000 during the Saracen slaughters. In Spain 5,000,000 +perished during the eight Crusades; 2,000,000 of Saxons and +Scandinavians lost their lives in opposing the introduction of the +blessings of Christianity. 1,000,000 were destroyed in the Holy(?) +Wars against the Netherlands, Albigenses, Waldenses, and Huguenots. +30,000,000 Mexicans and Peruvians were slaughtered ere they could +be convinced of the beauties(?) of the Christian creed. 9,000,000 +were burned for witchcraft. Total, 56,000,000. + + "Or let us look at the matter in another light. Let us +contemplate how the 'Holy Inquisition' treated their victims Men +and women burned alive under the rule of the 45 Inquisitor- +Generals, 35,534; burned in effigy, 18,637; condemned to other +punishments, 293,533. Total sacrificed to maintain the blessings of +Christianity, 347,704. In other words, these worthy followers of +'the Lamb,' the zealous imitators of him who 'came not to send +peace, but a sword;' to 'send fire on the earth' and 'not peace, +but rather division,' burned no less than 35,534 men and women ... +Rapidly the Christian priesthood converted the convents into +brothels; and, not content with debauching the 'brides of Christ,' +they converted into harlots the wives of men; and, by means of the +machinery of the confessional, they destroyed the chastity of the +wives of the laity, and rendered all marriage simply poly-androus +... The priests had harlots, concubines, and mistresses in every +town; and the Church, recognizing these illicit connections, +allowed the bishops to extract money from the priests in the shape +of a tax on their concubines." [H. Middleton.] Even the mild +Erasmus declared that the licentiousness of the "clergy has +debauched and turned into poor profligates 100,000 women in England +... Yet who is he, though he be never so much aggrieved, who dare +lay to their charge, by any action at law, even the leading astray +of a wife or a daughter? ... If he do, he is by-and-bye accused of +heresy." [Saladin's citation of Erasmus in "The Confessional."] + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 63 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + During this period also occurred the crusades against the +Albigenses for heresy, wherein some hundreds of thousands were +killed on both sides; the crusades against the Waldenses for +rejecting the Papal claims and denouncing the ignorance and +corruption of the clergy, wherein an enormous number were tortured +and massacred; the eight wars against the Huguenots, and the well- +known massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, in which 30,000 were +slaughtered -- a 'Te Deum' being afterwards sung at St. Peter's, +Rome, and a year of jubilee proclaimed in honor of it. This period +of history, when the Church of Jesus was enjoying its triumphant +ascendancy, has been described by a writer as being "one of the +most terrible periods in human history ... and the soil of Europe +was sodden with human gore, and that chiefly by the Western or +Roman Catholic Church. [W. Oxley.] + + To come to a later period. Under the Catholic Mary Tudor, 277 +persons were burned as heretics, among whom were five bishops, +twenty-one clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, eighty-four tradesmen, +one hundred husbandmen, servants, and laborers; fifty-five women, +and four children; besides many who were punished by imprisonment, +fines, and confiscations. Under Protestant Elizabeth -- the "bright +and occidental star" of the translators of King James's Bible [Vide +"Dedicatory Epistle."] -- more than 200 persons were destroyed, +either by burning or hanging, drawing (disembowelling), and +quartering; and a great number suffered from the penal laws against +Catholics in this and the following reigns. + + All this slaughter for the "greater glory of God"! Here, then, +we have a record of the fruits of Christianism! Under the influence +of this religion, through nineteen centuries, do we find that man +is more honest and straight towards his fellow man; that truth is +preferred to falsehood; that men love one another, and act +unselfishly in their lives? Or do we find that they are hypocrites, +adulterators of food, scampers of work and deceivers, worshippers +of imaginary deities, instead of lovers of each other; preachers, +but not doers? + + Part II. + + RATIONALISM: ITS PHILOSOPHY AND RULE OF LIFE. + ____ ____ + + RATIONALISM. + + RATIONALISM is a general term applied to a system of opinions +deduced from reason as distinct from supernatural revelation, and +is so wide in its meaning as to embrace various schools of thought, +such as Agnosticism, Freethinking, Secularism, Ethicalism, etc. The +word "agnostic" (derived from the Greek agnostos, unknown, or not +knowing) was coined by the late Professor T.H. Huxley, as being +descriptive of his own feelings and opinions upon the religious +questions of the day, in contradistinction to the "Gnosticism" of +theologians, who pretend to a certain knowledge of that which is +unknown to, and unknowable by, human faculties. He said: "There are +many topics about which I know nothing, and which ... are out of +the reach of my faculties;" he therefore called himself an +Agnostic. Again: "Agnosticism is not a creed, but a method, having + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 64 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +a single principle of great antiquity. It simply means that a man +shall not say that he knows or believes that which he has no +scientific grounds for professing to know or believe ... +Agnosticism says that we know nothing of what may be beyond +phenomena." + + As every man should be able to give a reason for the faith +that is in him, which, as Huxley says, "is a fundamental axiom of +modern science, as well as a maxim of great antiquity," some form +of words, expressing concisely what man may have sufficient grounds +for saying that he knows (as distinctive from a creed or belief), +is necessary for the education of the young, and for inquiring +adults; a form of words demonstrating those universal truths, +discoveries of science, which may be held and taught as being in +accordance with reason, and capable of demonstration; the mind +being still free, open to conviction, and to further developments +of science. As the Agnostic method or principle would limit us, if +strictly adhered to, to absolute knowledge, the term Rationalism is +preferred as being broader, and as admitting relative and deductive +knowledge, and some freedom of belief; for there are many things +which, although we may not be able to say that we know, yet that we +might have good grounds for saying that we believed, and so +convincing as to be accepted as deducible facts. These "will vary," +said Huxley, "according to individual knowledge and capacity, and +according to the general condition of science, for that which is +unproven to-day may be proven to-morrow." Agnosticism may be said +to be the method or principle upon which Rationalism works. + + The aim of Rationalism is knowledge and truth -- discarding +all supernatural revelation as superstition; morality -- as being +necessary for the organization of social life, not for the sake of +a reward hereafter; and universal happiness and prosperity -- not +misery, wretchedness, and poverty to please an imaginary deity, the +extent of whose pleasure is measured by the depth of misery into +which the object of his supposed creation is thrown. Its guiding +stars are love and sympathy. The Rationalist, having nothing to +fear from the vengeance of a vindictive and jealous deity, can have +no desire to be held in the esteem of his fellows as "god-fearing +"or" religious," aspiring only to goodness and truth between man +and man; knowing that happiness is the only good, that it is to be +obtained now, in this world, and not sought for in an imaginary +future, of which he has absolutely no knowledge. The term +"religious" is a vague one, and with many is held as being +synonymous with goodness. What is considered "religious" by one may +be "irreligious" to another; the degree of religiousness being +measured by the amount of outward support given to some particular +form of theology; so that, to the adherents of a particular creed, +one whose opinions would lead him to believe that all theological +theories and systems are erroneous and misleading would be +considered irreligious." + + FIRST PRINCIPLES. + + 1. "Positively, in matters of the intellect, follow your +reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other +consideration. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 65 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + 2. "Negatively, in matters of the intellect, do not pretend +that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or +demonstrable. + + 3. "The only negative fixed points are those negations which +follow from the demonstrable limitations of our faculties, + + 4. "The only obligation accepted is to have the mind always +open to conviction." + + TRUTHS. + + 1. Nothing can rightly be accepted as fact or knowledge that +cannot be verified by reason and evidence. + + 2. As the knowable is that which lies within, so the +unknowable is that which lies without, the range of human reason +and conception. + + 3. All knowledge is derived from phenomena; is relative, +subordinate, and finite. + + 4. All phenomena are manifested in accordance with a uniform +law of nature called "evolution," to which all progress and +development in the universe (including religious feeling and moral +ideas) are due. + + 5. The two principles which underlie all the evolutionary +processes are the "persistence of force" and the "conservation of +energy." + + 6. The universe is made up of matter and motion in a fixed +quantity; anything outside or beyond the universe is not only +unknown and unknowable, but inconceivable. + + 7. We have no knowledge of the "creation" of matter out of +nothing, or of any law by which it would be possible for such to +occur. All has been evolved from something existing before. + + 8. All phenomena are manifestations of, and caused by, a power +or cause, in and part of the universe, unknown and unknowable to +man. + + 9. As there can be no effect without a cause, no phenomenon +without power to produce it, we know that the cause exists. + + 10. The cause we know (by inference and deduction) to be +uncaused, the only cause, the first cause, absolute, supreme, and +infinite. + + 11. The nature and substance of the cause being unknown and +unknowable, we have no knowledge of the cause as a person, and +possessed of human attributes. + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 66 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE SUPREME CAUSE. + + "A pow'r there is, unseen, though real, + No faculty of man can sense; + Supreme, omnipotent, immense, + That none can know, but all must feel. + + "In all we see around, behold! + What order, beauty, form, and law; + The glorious sun, the wind-toss'd straw, + The wonders of this pow'r unfold. + + "From humble zoophyte to man, + Range through the mighty cosmic scale; + Not in the meanest link there fail + Traces of its imperial plan. + + "Stupendous pow'r! majestic scheme! + Lips feebly lisp thy worthy praise; + The awe-struck mind thy marvels daze; + Thou art! -- yet what man cannot dream." [Jenner G. Hillier.] + + SOME DEFINITIONS. + + PHILOSOPHY (philos, loving; sophia, wisdom) treats of nature, +science, and ethics. The unification, or completion, of facts to +form a whole is called a "synthesis." + + RELiGION (re, back or together; ligo, to bind) is subjective, +and is the feeling which has been evolved in man, as he acquired a +knowledge of right and wrong, but has not necessarily any +connection with the conception of a deity. It is the principle of, +or motive for, morality. It is this feeling which prompts man to +interest himself in the mysteries of phenomena and life, and by +which many are led, instead of into the paths of science, into the +realms of the supernatural, and into the hands of the theologian +with his "inspired revelations." + + THEOLOGY (theos, god; logos, discourse) is objective, and +relates to ideas and conceptions which man entertains respecting +the deity he has conceived in his mind, generally a manlike +(anthropomorphic) being; and the system of dogmas built up around +them, the adherence to which constitutes the sum of duty. The fear +of, and reverence for, the deity thus acts as the principle of, or +motive for, morality, in place of the pure and natural motive of +social fellowship and co-operation -- human love and sympathy. + + ECCLESIASTES or CLERICALISM is "the championship of a foregone +conclusion as to the truth of a particular form of theology," [T.H. +Huxley.] the non-acceptance of which -- notwithstanding the +negative results of a strict scientific investigation of the +evidence in its favor -- is believed to be morally wrong; thus +forcing a despotic adherence to certain dogmatic principles and +observances upon all. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 67 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + KNOWLEDGE, BELIEF, FAITH, ETC. + + Knowledge is a decision formed by the consciousness of actual +fact or phenomenon. It may be absolute and subjective, for we do +not know absolutely that anything outside of ourselves exists; or +inferential and objective. The latter is generally understood as +knowledge, for when confirmed by experience it becomes as certain +as the former. Knowledge is always relative, for we infer or assume +that certain states of our consciousness are caused by something +external to self, which supposed something we call matter; of it we +can know nothing, except as it affects our state of consciousness. +Our knowledge is thus seen to be limited and variable in extent; +and it is this that gives rise to what we call "chance." + + An inference is a truth or proposition drawn from another +which is admitted to be true; this is done by deduction (literally +a taking from another), an act or method of drawing inferences from +premises, a premise being a proposition laid down as the base of an +argument. Chance exists only subjectively, for it is a word which +expresses a state of our mind. When occurrences take place not +anticipated by us, we attribute them to chance; but, had our +knowledge been more extensive, they would have been certainties. +What may appear chance to one may be a certainty to another whose +knowledge is more advanced. There is no chance in nature, any more +than there is chaos, Every occurrence that takes place is a +certainty. It may appear to us a chance whether in the tossing of +a coin it "turns up heads or tails;" but, had the movement of the +coin been so slow that the eye could have followed every turn, we +should have said "the turn up" was a certainty. But the change in +our decision is a subjective one, and is due to the change that has +taken place in our minds from ignorance to knowledge; not an +objective one, due to any change in the coin. All nature acts in an +invariable order and by an uniformity, which, in the order of cause +and effect exhibited in a certain way under certain circumstances, +will invariably manifest itself in the same way, so long as the +conditions remain the same. + + Luck and ill-luck, good and bad fortune, are events which are +due to accidental circumstances, over which man has no control. +Accident took the late Colonel North to a part of the world where +existed nitrate fields; accident also rendered those nitrates at +that time valuable; with the result that, seizing his opportunity, +he developed them, and amassed a large fortune. Had accident taken +him to a part of the world where there were no nitrate fields, the +probability is he would not have amassed such a large fortune. +These very accidents, however, are subject to natural law. + + Belief is a decision formed on the support of some amount of +evidence, though not sufficiently conclusive to constitute +knowledge. + + Faith is an assent of the mind to what is declared by another, +supported on no evidence, or evidence so weak as to be unreliable. +Faith in religion is not justified. The late T.H. Huxley said: +"Skepticism is the highest of duties, and blind faith the one +unpardonable sin." To reject the truths acquired by scientific +research, proved by reason and experience to be true, is to be + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 68 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +guilty of wilful ignorance. But there is no obligation on any one +to believe anything on the mere word of another, without sufficient +evidence forthcoming to support it; and to accept any statement, +whether concerning religion or anything else, on blind faith is to +be guilty of credulity. The confusion of the meaning of such words +as knowledge, belief, and faith has led to very disastrous results; +not only in social and domestic life, where serious injuries have +been inflicted on individuals and their reputations, but in public +life, where wholesale cruelty and persecution have taken place, and +generally under the name of "religion." Dogmas concerning the +unknowable have been forced upon people as truths, which were only +pious beliefs. It is a universal law, and an Agnostic first +principle, that we should accept no statement as true on the simple +word of another, and without verification. + + THE CAUSE OF ALL. + + The unknown and unknowable power, existing in, and forming +part of, the universe, manifested as phenomena in matter and motion +(force and energy), is revealed to man by study of phenomena, and +by the application of certain scientific laws known by experience +and proved by experiment to be immutable and unvarying; as being +the first cause of the effects manifested, the only cause, the +uncaused cause -- infinite, absolute, and supreme. "The power which +the universe manifests to us is utterly inscrutable." [Herbert +Spencer.] As the supreme cause is unknowable, nothing is or can be +known respecting its nature or substance, and, a' fortiori, sex; +and what we know or can know respecting the relations of the +inscrutable cause to man, and such other mysteries as birth, life, +and death, are explained by the known or knowable natural laws of +science and evolution. "For the same reason, nothing is or can be +known of the supreme cause as a deity or god; for to conceive the +idea would involve a conception of the inconceivable; and as every +conception involves relation, likeness, and difference, whatever +does not present each of these is unknowable." [A. Simmons.] + + LIFE. + + Life is the force or power of motion existing in a body, and +is the animating principle which pervades all matter. It is a +product of evolution, and consists in the continuous adjustment of +internal relations to external relations. When the latter begin to +be numerous, complex, and remote in space and time, intelligence +shows itself." [H. Spencer.] Living matter differs from non-living +matter in possessing the power to initiate motion from within. In +the latter, all motion must be initiated from without. The whole +earth on which we live, and all the particles of matter comprising +it, are in continuous motion. Life is inter-changeable, and capable +of conversion into active organic structure; ever changing the face +of nature, and yet in itself unchangeable. It may be active, as in +animate organisms, or passive, quiescent, or latent, as in material +formations. The former differs from the latter in being possessed +of intelligence, "which enables it to adopt means to certain +desirable ends, thus manifesting a struggle for existence." Life in +animal organisms differs from that in vegetal organisms, in being +possessed of consciousness; conscious intelligence being the +distinguishing feature of animal life. Intelligence becomes +conscious in and with progressive evolution of structure arising + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 69 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +from the constant struggle for existence, whereby the fittest +survive. "Though the operations and faculties of the mind may be +known and studied, the thinking power itself cannot be +comprehended. We may symbolize the mind as a substance, but a +symbol is not the thing itself. To know the mind we must be able to +class it; but, being unique and unlike all other phenomena, it +cannot be classed. In ourselves (subject) and in the external +universe (object) we encounter a mystery which we can only, in dumb +wonder, refer to the unknowable absolute." [Spencer, summarized by +F.J. Gould.] + + ORIGIN OF LIFE. + + The essentials of life are heat and moisture. Life on our +earth was due, in the first instance, to energy radiated under the +form of light and heat from the sun, acting upon a minute atom of +protoplasm under water, in combination with chlorophyll, which has +the power of building up substances by producing respiration -- +i.e., by decomposing air and water, and taking up the oxygen +contained in both, thus forming hydrocarbons. The green color in +plants is produced by the action of chlorophyll, without which +there is no life. The structural starting-point of all life was the +primitive moneron, or minute particle of albuminoid matter called +protoplasm. This gradually assumed the cellular form, with central +nucleus, the chief center of activity, becoming an ameba. All +living matter is made up of one or many cells, multiplication +taking place by division; the cell becoming constricted in its +middle, the two ends gradually separate, thus forming two +independent cells. The single cell, the lowest member (amteba) of +the Protozoa group, being of astounding minuteness in size, does +everything appertaining to life -- feeling, moving, feeding, and +multiplying. The many-celled organisms (Afelazoa group), as they +were gradually evolved from the single cell, divided their various +functions among their component cells, each one adapting itself for +its own special work, division of labor causing difference of +structure -- root, stem, leaf, sap, and seed in the plant; bone, +muscle, nerve, tissue, blood, and eggs in the animal. Life precedes +the appearance and development of organized structures. + + "The sun's heat is the source of the social forces; social +forces are resolvable into mental forces, mental forces into vital +forces, vital forces into physical forces, and physical forces into +solar radiation. Without the sun's light and heat, neither an +animal nor a vegetal could exist for a single moment. The power of +the sun is responsible, not only for the growth of a plant and the +temperature of a climate; not only for the fluctuations in the +price of flower, and the ravages of a famine; but also for the rise +of a new literature and the fall of an old dynasty. To the force of +the sun we trace alike the force displayed by a running fox or by +a rippling rivulet, the force which vibrates in a musical note, or +in a yawning earthquake, and the force which moans in the wind or +which crashes in the cataract." [A. Simmons, "First Principles."] + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 70 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + EVOLUTION. + + Evolution is defined as being "an integration [elements +forming a whole] of matter, and a concomitant dissipation of +motion, during which matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent +homogeneity [of like elements] to a definite, coherent +heterogeneity [of unlike elements]; and during which the retained +motion undergoes a parallel transformation." [H. Spencer.] The +factors in the process constituting evolution are: (1) The +instability of the homogeneous, or unstable equilibrium, which is +apparent throughout the range of phenomena, in the evolution of +mechanics as in the evolution of the species; each species being an +assemblage of organisms, which does not remain uniform, but is ever +becoming multiform. (2) The multiplication of effects, or +production of many consequences by a single cause; the +heterogeneous producing, by the action of all parts on one another, +an immense variety of results. (3) Segregation or "gathering of +like units into groups, is constituted by that clustering of +similar things into aggregates which goes on simultaneously with +the grouping of the other aggregates or dissimilar things;" and it +is by this that we get that individuality or definiteness which all +objects manifest, and which takes place throughout all phenomena. +(4) Equilibration "is the goal to which the instability of the +homogeneous, the multiplication of effects and segregations, +inevitably tend; it is that universal balancing of active and re- +active forces which necessitates the rhythm of motion and the +harmony of nature ... It is the limit beyond which evolution cannot +proceed ... the redistribution of matter which we observe around us +must be arrested by the dissipation of the motions affecting them. +Different motions are resisted by opposing forces, and are, +therefore, continually suffering from deductions; and these +unceasing losses end in the cessation of motion." + + "This law of organic progress [evolution] is the law of all +progress. Whether it be in the development of the earth, in the +development of life upon its surface, in the development of +society, of government, of manufactures, of commerce, of language, +literature, science, art, this same evolution of the simple into +the complex, through a process of continuous differentiation, holds +throughout." [H. Spencer.] + + "The principle which underlies all the evolutionary processes +is the 'persistence of force.' It is by this that there is a +tendency in every organism to maintain a balanced condition. To it +may be traced the capacity possessed in a slight degree by +individuals, and in a greater degree by species, of becoming +adapted to new Circumstances. And not less does it afford a basis +for the inference that there is a gradual advance towards harmony +between man's mental nature and the conditions of his existence. +After finding that from it are deducible the various +characteristics of evolution, we finally draw from it a warrant for +the belief that evolution can end only in the establishment of the +greatest perfection and the most complete happiness." [A. Simmons.] +Nature knows nothing of annihilation, and nothing of creation; all +is evolution. "To some persons the foregoing formula will appear +startling, if not utterly bewildering. The vulgar notion, that +evolution is the passage of the quadruped into the biped -- that + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 71 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +evolution begins with a monkey and ends with a man -- seems beneath +notice, beneath contempt. Yet this notion is vaguely held by a +considerable majority of the general public. That evolution is +concerned with the development of the human race, whether from some +lower tribe of mammalia or from forms lower still, is quite true. +But this is an infinitesimal part of the great work of evolution." +[A. Simmons.] + + EVOLUTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL, -- "Every living thing is evolved +from a particle or germ of matter, in which no trace of the +distinctive characters of the adult form is discernible." And this +takes place by epigenesis, which consists in the differentiation of +the relatively homogeneous rudiment or germ into the parts and +structure which are characteristic of the adult. "In all animals +and plants above the lowest the germ is a nucleated cell, and the +first step in the process of evolution is the division of this cell +into two or more portions; the process of division is repeated +until the body, from being uni-cellular, becomes multi-cellular. +The single cell becomes a cell aggregate; and it is to the growth +and metamorphosis of the cells of the cell aggregate thus produced +that cell organs and tissues of the adult owe their origin. The +cells from the cell aggregate or morula diverge from one another in +such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which they +dispose themselves as a coat or envelope, and thus the morula +becomes a vesicle filled with a fluid -- the planula. The wall of +the planula is next pushed in on one side (invaginated), whereby it +is converted into a double-walled sac with an opening, which leads +into the cavity lined by the inner wall. This cavity is the +primitive alimentary cavity. The inner, or invaginated, layer is +the hypoblast; the outer, the epiblast; and the embryo in this +stage is termed a gastrula. In all the higher animals a layer of +cells makes its appearance between the hypoblast and the epiblast, +and is termed the mesoblast. In the further development the +epiblast becomes the ectoderm, or epidermic layer of the body (or +skin); the hypoblast becomes the epithelium of the middle portion +of the alimentary canal; and the mesoblast gives rise to all the +other tissues except the central nervous system, which originates +from an ingrowth of the epiblast. With regard to procreation, the +female germ or ovum in all the higher animals and plants is a body +which possesses the structure of a nucleated cell; impregnation +consists in the fusion of the nucleus of the male cell or germ with +the ovum; the structural components of the body of the embryo being +derived by a process of division from the coalesced male and female +germs; and it is probable that every part of the adult contains +molecules both from the male and from the female parent." [T.H. +Huxley, "Evolution in Biology."] + + EVOLUTION OF SPECIES. -- The "Darwinian" theory, now +universally accepted, is that "all organisms produce offspring, on +the whole, like themselves, but exhibiting new and individual +features. As the result of the severe struggle for existence, only +a small percentage survive to become reproductive adults. The +survivors are those whose variations enable them to gain some +advantage over their fellows in the struggle for food, mates, and +other conditions of well-being. A fit variation not only secures +the survival of its possessors, but is transmitted from parents to +offspring, and is intensified from generation to generation. By + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 72 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +this process of 'natural selection' of advantageous variations, +continued for generations, the modification of species has been +effected." [J.A. Thomson, "Zoology."] The variations in species +have assumed their present definite characters through long periods +of time. Domesticated animals, having all the essential characters +of new races, afford us good examples. These variations or changes +may arise from sustained environment -- i.e., external influences +and surroundings; from persistent change of function, as the result +of use and disuse; or from various protoplasmic causes. The +development of a new species is also intensified by sexual +selection, in which choice exercises an improving influence in +reproduction, thus tending to transmit certain qualities; and, by +sustained isolation, preventing by geographical separation, +intercrossing. It may thus be easily seen how man, by cultivating +his good faculties, and restraining and subduing his bad ones, can +improve the mental and moral qualities of his children; and, if +these qualities are perpetuated through subsequent generations, +improvement is effected in the race. + + During the PLUTONIC period of the earth's history no life +could exist. but during the following period -- the LAURENTIAN -- +when the earth had become sufficiently cooled to sustain life, a +tiny atom of protoplasm was evolved; later was developed, as we +have seen, a central nucleus (aytivla); then masses of these +nucleated cells (synamaebae); then the cells became ciliated, +forming ciliae; then, a number of these cells assuming a horse-shoe +shape, a rudimentary mouth was formed; then an alimentary canal was +developed in the same manner, evolving a low form of worm. In the +next period -- the SILURIAN -- we find rudimentary spinal cords and +vertebra, developing; then heads, hearts, and single nasal +cavities. In the next -- the DEVONIAN period -- we find double +nostrils developed, also fins and jaws, gills and lungs. Hitherto +all life has been "aquatic." Now we come to the period of "air- +breathers," the first of which were double-breathers, in both water +and air -- mud fishes. In the next -- the CARBONIFEROUS -- we find +tails and legs, and reptiles evolved, and from the latter complete +"air-breathers" -- birds. Then the enormous class of mammals. In +the next two periods -- the TRIASSIC and JURASSIC -- we find a +further development of mammals with marsupial bones. In the next -- +the EOCENE -- brain convolutions and placentals evolved; hoofed +animals, beasts of proy, water and air quadrupeds with claws, etc. +In the next -- the MIOCENE -- we find the order of Primates being +evolved, from which lemurs, New World monkeys, Old World apes, and +man have been evolved; all being of common mammalian descent. + + Man, representing the highest development of animal life, was +in Tertiary times a tree-dweller; later, a cave-dweller; and, later +still, a lake-dweller. Apes of the Old World came next, being the +highest of their class, and the nearest approach to man and, from +their many resemblances to the latter, called "Anthropoids." They +include gibbons, orangs, chimpanzees, and gorillas; all being +without tails and cheek pouches, and having teeth and catarhine +nostrils, like man. Man and the anthropoid ape are similar in +structure, bodily life, gesture, and expression, and both are +subject to the same diseases, form distinct societies, and combine +for protection; combination favoring the development of emotional +and intellectual strength. Where man differs from the ape is in the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 73 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +fact that he has a heavier brain and a broader forehead, and +possesses the power of building up ideas; he is more erect, and has +a more perfectly-developed vocal mechanism, a better heel, and a +shorter arm. His prolonged infancy helped to evolve gentleness, as +the habit of using sticks and stones, and of building shelters, +evolved intelligence. Man and the anthropoid, therefore, branched +off in different directions, from a common ancestor, through many +centuries of evolution and development; the gap between civilized +and savage man being greater than that between the savage and the +anthropoid ape. + + We must bear in mind that between the various periods just +mentioned, thousands and perhaps millions of years elapsed, so that +the evolution of the different species was a very gradual process, +and did not take place in the rapid manner in which man has, by +artificial selection and isolation, evolved the carrier-pigeon, the +race-horse, and the various kinds of dogs; many thousands of years +doubtless elapsing before mammals were evolved from previously +existing animals, and placentals from them. But "it does not follow +that evolution and civilization are always on the move, or that +their movements are always progressive on the contrary, history +teaches that they may remain stationary for long periods," [E.B. +Taylor, "Anthropology."] devolution or falling back sometimes +occurring. Examples of the degeneration of species are the modern +Portuguese of the East Indies, the Digger Indians of the Rocky +Mountains, and the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, and Chaldeans, +whose monuments and inscriptions show how ancient and how high was +their civilization. And all countries do not progress in the same +ratio of civilization. It is related that Captain Cook, on visiting +the South Sea Islanders, found them using only stone hatchets and +knives, showing that they had not progressed beyond the stone age. + + POLARITY. + + This is a theory propounded by Mr. S. Laing, but is not yet +universally accepted as a truth. He says: "Polarity, part of the +original impress, is the great underlying law of all knowable +phenomena, conscience, morals, free will, and determination, The +material universe is built up by the cause out of atoms and +energies by means of a polarity which makes them combine, and pass +from the simple and homogeneous into the complex and heterogeneous, +in a course of constant change and evolution; we know not how nor +why." + + THE ASCENT OF MAN. + + The development of man from the tiny ovule of the human ovary +is simply a recapitulation of his evolution from the structureless +atom of protoplasm from which all organic life originally sprang. +"Exactly in those respects in which developing man differs from the +dog, he resembles the ape ... It is only in the later stages of +development that the young human being presents marked differences +from the young ape, while the latter departs as much from the dog +in its development as the man does, Startling as this may appear, +it is demonstrably true, and it alone is sufficient to place beyond +all doubt the structural unity of man with the rest of the animal +world, and more particularly and closely with the apes. Thus + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 74 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +identical in the physical processes by which he originates; +identical in the early stages of his formation; identical, in the +mode of his nutrition before and after birth, with the animals +which lie immediately below him in the scale; man, if his adult and +perfect structure be compared with theirs, exhibits a marvelous +likeness of organization. He resembles them as they resemble one +another; he differs from them as they differ from one another." +[T.H. Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature."] There is an "all-pervading +similitude of structure" [Professor Owen.] between man and the +anthropoid apes. + + We have seen man gradually emerging from the primitive +condition of Tertiary times as tree-dweller, cave-dweller, and +lake-dweller; using stone implements with which to protect himself +and obtain food in the old Stone Age (the Paleolithic), and flint +implements in the new Stone Age (the Neolithic); and we have seen +his evolution from the man-like ape to the ape-like man (the Alali +of Haeckel), and from ape-like man to savage man (Homo ferox); from +savage man to semi-civilized man (Homo semi-ferox) of the Neolithic +period; and to civilized man (Homo cultus) of the Bronze Age; +reaching, eventually, by his higher development of brain, to the +highest position of animal (Homo sapiens), of the Iron Age. When in +his hybrid condition, he possessed a long head (dolichocephalic), +small, ill-developed brain, prognathous jaws, and prominent orbital +ridges; was of medium stature, and had great thickness of bones, +denoting great muscular strength. From this condition he gradually +acquired a round (mesocephalic) head, well developed brain, a less +protrusive chin and mouth, and arms shorter than legs. He has a +bigger forehead, smaller cheek-bones, and supra-orbital ridges, a +true chin, and more uniform teeth, with less conspicuous canines +than apes. Man alone, after his infancy is past, walks thoroughly +upright. Though his head is weighted by a heavy brain, it does not +droop forward, and it is probably to this fact that his perfect +development of vocal mechanism is due. The ape is subject, as we +have seen, to similar diseases as man various traits of gesture, +expression, etc., are similar in both and both are liable to +reversions and monstrosities. But, man being so far superior in +many ways to any species below him in animal life, probably due to +his higher development of vocal power, the idea would naturally +suggest itself to him in his early state of civilization that he +was too perfect a piece of mechanism to have been evolved from a +lower species; and he would, consequently, build up stories of his +instantaneous creation, which resulted in the Genesis fable, and +which have been perpetuated by the subsequent theologies. But we +must not imagine that man is a later development of the ape, for it +is clearly demonstrated that man could not have been evolved from +any known anthropoid ape; but it is probable that he arose from an +ancestral stock common to both (Alali) of the order of Primates, +when the anthropoid apes were known to have existed as a distinct +race, which takes us back to the Miocene age. In the struggle of +primitive man intelligence was of more use than strength. "When the +habits of using sticks and stones, of building shelters, and of +living in families began -- and they have already began among apes +-- it is likely that wits would grow rapidly. The prolonged infancy +characteristic of the human offspring would help to evolve +gentleness. But even more important is the fact that among apes +there are distinct societies. Families combine for protection -- + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 75 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the combination favors the development of emotional and +intellectual strength." [J.A. Thomson, "Zoology."] Man did not make +society, society made man. All repugnance to the doctrine of +descent, as applied to man, should disappear when we clearly +realize the great axiom of evolution, that "there is nothing in the +end which was not also in the beginning." + + Primitive man is believed to have been evolved in the +submerged continent of Lemuria, which was supposed to have existed +where the Indian Ocean now is, and to have joined Africa and the +island of Madagascar to the continent of Arabia and Hindostan. The +heads of the early ape-like men were of the same character as those +of the chimpanzee and gorilla -- dolichocephalic and prognathous, +and they were, like apes, cave-dwellers (troglodytes). In the +limestone caverns of France have been discovered the fossil remains +of men who inhabited caves and belonged to the Paleolithic or +Pleistocene period. [J.A. Thompson, "Zoology."] Rough, unpolished +stone implements and weapons were found with them. In the strata of +a later period have been found stone implements of a lighter make +and better finish; also spear-points made of horn, probably for +killing game, and skin-scrapers, probably for preparing skins for +clothing; for, with the development and civilization of man as a +cave-dweller, a finer and less heavy skin would naturally be +gradually developed, thus necessitating clothing in the case of +those who had wandered away from tropical regions into colder ones. + + In the strata of a still later period than the paleolithic, +admirably proportioned lancer-shaped implements of flint have been +found, suitable for arrows, javelins, and lances. And, later still, +arrows, darts of deer's horn, and bone appear; also stone and flint +tools, evidently used for making the above, But not one polished +implement or fragment of pottery has been found within that period. +"The mammoth still tenanted the valleys, and the reindeer was the +common article of food; they (paleolithic man) were hunters and +possessors of the rudest modes of existence, and with but little of +what is now called civilization." [S. Laing, "Human Origans."] + + In Kent's cavern, near Torquay, in England, has been found the +fossil of a human jaw buried in stalagmite, containing four teeth. +This was found lying in the strata of the paleolithic age, below +remains of extinct animals; while below all were bone and stone +(unpolished) implements of human workmanship. In the cave of Engis, +in the valley of the Meuse, has been found part of a skull of a man +of low degree of civilization, and of limited intellectual +faculties. And in the cave of Neanderthal, in Belgium, a skeleton +was found which has attracted much attention by its singularly +brutal appearance; and appears to be the nearest approach yet found +to the missing link between man and the anthropoid ape. The cranium +is human, but the super-orbital ridges are thick, prominent, and +ape-like. A human skull has also been found beneath four different +layers of forest-growth, dating at least 50,000 years ago. + + In the neolithic or new stone age the implements and weapons +of man which have been discovered are polished; pottery has been +found, and evidences of the use of fire, showing that man was +gradually adopting some form of social life. In this age are found +lake dwellings, which would lead us to infer that his intellect was +not sufficiently developed to enable him to protect himself from +the invasion of wild animals in a simpler manner. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 76 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + It is not surprising that so few specimens of primeval human +remains have been discovered, when we consider the enormous lapse +of time through which the evolution of man has proceeded, and the +natural tendency to the extinction of the various grades of life +between them, by the irresistible pressure of civilized man. The +Caribs of Tasmania have, for instance, become extinct; while +Australians, New Zealanders, aboriginal Americans, Eskimos, and +others, are also becoming extinct. A far greater physical and +mental interval is found to exist between a Hottentot -- whose +language consists of a series of clicks -- or a hairy Ainu of +Yesso, who are described as being "hardly above wild beasts," and +a cultivated European, than exists between the Hottentot or the +Ainu and the anthropoid ape. + + Man is now classed in the sub-class Anthropoidea, of the order +of mammalia, which consists of New World platyrhines (monkeys), Old +World catarhines (apes and baboons), and man. Primitive man +separated into two families: 1. The woolly-haired, all +dolichocephalic, migrated west and south, and evolved the Papuans +of New Guinea and Tasmania; (1) the Hottentots of South Africa, who +even now differ but little from the anthropoid apes, having dark +yellow hairy skins, long thin arms, short ill-developed legs, and +largely-developed buttocks; are semi-erect, and have inarticulate, +clicking speech (2) the negro of higher development than the +Hottentot; and (3) the Caffre of higher development again than the +negro, but having imperfect speech. All are savages. II. The +straight-haired; migrated south and east, and evolved; (i) the +Australians, dolicliocephalic and prognathous with smooth dark +brown skins, but articulate speech. These gradually separated into +(2) Mongolian or Turanian, and (3) Caucasian or Iranian. The +Mongolians occupied the North and East of Asia, Polynesia, and +America; were brachycephalic (broad-headed) and prognathous. These +subdivided into Mongols of China, Japan, Lapland, Finland, Hungary, +and the Malays or Dyaks of Borneo, with smooth, brownish yellow +skins, and the Mongols of America, with smooth red skins -- both +classes remained brachycephalic, but lost the prognathous +character. The Caucasian occupied Western Asia and most of Europe, +were mesocephalic (medium length of skull), prognathous, and cave- +dwellers, becoming subsequently agriculturalists with smooth dark +skins. These subdivided into the Senates of Arabia and Syria, and +the Aryan or Indo-European, both being mesocephalic, but not +prognathous. + + DISSOLUTION AND DEATH. + + For a definition of dissolution we cannot do better than quote +Mr. Spencer. It is "the absorption of motion and the concomitant +disintegration" (or separation of particles) "of matter ... the +change from the heterogeneous to the homogeneous. Precisely where +evolution ends dissolution begins, and their point of impact" (or +collision) "is equilibration." When the animating principle, or +vital force, leaves the body, and life ceases to exist in its +active and corporate form, death is said to take place; it is the +final equilibration which precedes dissolution, the bringing to a +close of all those conspicuous integrated motions that arose during +evolution. The conspicuous effects of the changes that occur at +death are: "First, the impulsions of the body from place to place + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 77 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +cease; then, the limbs cannot be stirred; later, the respiratory +actions stop; finally, the heart becomes stationary, and, with it, +the circulating fluids." [H. Spencer.] The body, by a process of +decomposition and disintegration, breaks up into molecules and +atoms, which disperse themselves as gases in and to the ethereal +medium, and a residue as ashes to the earth, whence they +originated, in all probability becoming eventually constituents in +other bodies. All life preys and feeds upon each other; and all +matter is indestructible and eternal. Death is thus seen to be +simply a change of form. "The transformation of molecular motion +into the motion of masses comes to an end; and each of the motions +of masses in a body, as it ends, disappears into molecular motions +... The process of decay involves an increase of insensible +movements; since these are far greater in the gases generated by +decomposition than they are in the fluid-solid matters out of which +the gases arise. Each of the complex chemical units composing an +organic body possesses a rhythmic motion in which its many +component units jointly partake. When decomposition breaks up these +complex molecules, and their constituents assume gaseous forms, +there is, besides that increase of motion implied by the diffusion, +a resolution of such motions as the aggregate molecules possessed +into motions of their constituent molecules." Of one thing we may +be certain -- viz., that no conduct on our part can in any way +affect the future of the breath or life which leaves us. Whatever +rewards or punishments may be ours, they are of this world. "In +view of, the termination of our present form of organic existence, +we can calmly resign ourselves to the inevitable lot of all organic +nature, feeling that we have done what we could in our brief +consciousness, and that, even as the rivers return to the Ocean +whence they came, so we return to the bosom of universal nature, +safe in her eternal embrace." [J. Badcock.] + + MORALITY. + + Morality is the practice of a certain mode of conduct in our +principles and actions in social life, the result of social +intercourse. Man, when he forsook his primitive and solitary life, +and by the desire for companionship -- the outcome of love and +sympathy -- adapted himself to a community life, by which +cooperation with his fellows became necessary, gradually acquired +a knowledge of right and wrong. Experience taught him that what was +for the good of the community was right, and that what was not for +the good of the community was wrong. Social life without some +system of morality could not exist; for without it there could be +no confidence, and without confidence no happiness. This knowledge +of right and wrong has become of universal obligation, and the +standard by which morality is estimated. + + Morality has been patronized by theology to such an extent, +adopted by it as its own offspring, and imposed upon the public as +such, that people have come to think that morality cannot exist +without theology, and are unable to understand any severance +between them taking place, without the annihilation of the former. +This is a mistaken notion, fostered by theological exponents for +their own interests. Morality is not dependent upon theology in any +of its many forms for its existence, and probably existed for +centuries before the idea of a personal God took possession of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 78 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +mind of man -- in fact, when community life first commenced. +Theology is a comparatively modern abnormal excrescence upon +morality, and has substituted an evil motive for a good one, a +selfish one for an unselfish one -- the fear of displeasing an +arbitrary, capricious, and despotic deity, with the accompanying +loss of the promised reward -- instead of the good of our fellows +and of the community at large; virtue consisting in being ready to +do violence to feelings and reason with child-like submission, to +please the deity and satisfy his mere will; vice being estimated by +the extent of the opposition to the will of the deity, and of the +anger aroused in him; proportionate punishment in a future world +acting as a restraint to human conduct, instead of the punishments +of this world. + + Now, true morality -- i.e., the morality the outcome of human +love and sympathy, which are the bases of co-operation -- will be +seen to be of a much higher and purer form, for it is the product +of unselfishness and the feeling of "goodwill towards others," +"doing as you would be done by," with the only reward of +reciprocated love and regard of our fellows in this world; doing +right because it is right, and avoiding evil because it is evil. +Virtue is not limited to merely abstaining from the healthy +exercise of those natural functions of the body which the various +theologies appear to lay so much stress upon, the desire to satisfy +which is inherent in, and part of, the nature of all animal and +vegetal life; and the repression of which in human life, to satisfy +the arbitrary will of an imaginary deity, is both physically and +morally injurious, and productive of disease -- but is general +moral goodness. The good feeling in man, together with State +legislation, are quite sufficient to restrain and control human +conduct and actions, and to act as a protection to marital and +other rights. + + The regard for goodness is increased and intensified by +practice and education -- not mere book education, but the +acquisition of general knowledge; for it is by this and the +exercise of reason and moral judgment that we know right from +wrong; that we know that "what a man sows, that will he reap: if he +sows good, he will reap pleasure; and if he sows evil, he will reap +pain." By intensifying the habit of choosing the one and avoiding +the other, man ennobles himself and his human nature; the knowledge +of having faithfully accomplished which, in life, enables him to +satisfy his conscience, that, when his time arrives, he may be able +to meet death with that fearless composure and fortitude which is +the inheritance of all who through life have lived truly and loved +their fellow men. + + THE UNIVERSE, + + By the universe (Greek, kosmos) we understand to be meant that +portion of the heavens which is visible from our earth, containing +the sun, moons, planets, stars, etc. The universe is a huge +manifestation of phenomena, and is crowded with life and activity. +It is made up of matter and motion, in space and time. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 79 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + MATTER, the ultimate nature of which is unknown, comprises all +substances that occupy space and affect the senses, is a fixed +quantity, indestructible and eternal. It is manifest in three +states -- solid, liquid, and gaseous. The smallest and indivisible +particles of matter are called atoms or chemical units; these, in +combination and forming the smallest compound bodies, are called +molecules or mechanical units. Matter may be visible and ponderable +like the stars and other bodies distributed throughout space, or +invisible and imponderable as the ether which fills the intervals +between the particles and the space in which the bodies are +distributed. + + MOTION is matter in the act of changing place through space +and time; it is produced or destroyed, quickened or retarded, +increased or lessened, by two indestructible powers of opposite +nature -- Force and Energy, both derived from the sun's heat. + + FORCE, the attracting power, is inherent in, and can never be +taken from, the ponderable matter, every atom possessing the +tendency to attract other atoms, or resist any separating power. +When it attracts atoms it is called chemical affinity, when +molecules -- cohesion, and when masses -- gravitation. Force is +constant, and its several qualities are grouped under one doctrine +called "the Persistence of Force." + + ENERGY, the repelling, separating, or pushing power, is also +a fixed quantity, but is not bound up with matter, but can be +transferred from atom to atom, or from mass to mass, and stored up. +It may be Passive or potential, like that existing in gunpowder +when quiescent; or active or kinetic, like that existing in the +same during the act of explosion. The qualities of convertibility +and indestructibility constitute the doctrine of "Conservation of +Energy." + + "We think in relations ... relation is the universal form of +thought ... Relations are of two orders -- those of sequence and +those of coexistence ... The abstract of all sequences is time, and +that of all co-existences is space. Time is inseparable from +sequence, and space from co-existence." [H. Spencer.] + + SPACE is the interval between objects. "We know space as an +ability to contain bodies." It is extension considered in its own +nature, without regard to anything it may contain, or that may be +external to it. It always remains the same, is infinite, and is +incapable of resistance or motion. + + TIME is the measure of duration, and the general idea of +successive existence. It may be absolute or relative. Absolute time +is considered without any relation to bodies or their motions. +Relative time is the sensible measure of any portion of duration, +often marked by particular phenomena. Time is measured by equable +motion. We judge those times to be equal which pass while a moving +body, proceeding with a uniform motion, passes over equal spaces. + + As matter is indestructible and eternal, so nothing is +created; everything has been evolved from something else existing +before. The universe is supposed to have been evolved from a cosmic +nebulous matter or dust, of tremendous extent, within the atoms of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 80 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +which existed the power to evolve all that now is -- sun, moons, +planets, etc., our earth, and all that is thereon -- seas, +mountains, animal and vegetal life, and eventually man, although +millions of years passed before man was evolved from the lowest +form of animal life. The force inherent in each atom of this dust +combined the atoms into molecules, by cohesive power united +molecules into masses; and by gravitation these masses revolved +round their several centers of gravity, and thus formed suns and +various other planetary bodies. As the atoms rushed together, +rotatory and orbital motion was produced, and a vibratory motion, +which became converted into the radiant energy of heat and light. +As contraction went on, portions of our sun became detached from +the bulging equator, and, flying off into space, gradually, by the +attraction of force, formed compact bodies, becoming independent +planets, one of which is our earth. The moon is supposed to have +been detached from our earth in a similar manner. It is estimated +that it is a hundred million years since the earth sufficiently +solidified and cooled to support vegetable and animal life. Sir W. +Herschell has discovered, by the telescope, worlds and systems in +the course of present formation, as described above. + + THE EARTH. + + The earth, which was imagined by the ancients to be flat, and +surrounded by water, "Oceans," is nearly spherical in shape, being +slightly flattened at the poles, and bulged towards the equator. It +consists of a core, at an intense heat within a rocky covering or +crust, three-fourths of which is covered by water, and the whole is +surrounded by an atmosphere reaching in height to from forty to +fifty miles. The entire mass -- solid, liquid, and gaseous -- spins +on its own axis or polar diameter, making an entire revolution in +23 hours, 56 minutes, and revolves through space along a certain +undeviating course called the plane of the ecliptic round the sun +at the rate of 1,000 miles a minute, making the complete revolution +in 165 days and 6 hours. The space through which the earth revolves +consists of ether. The earth is not upright while travelling along +its annual journey, but inclines always in one direction at an +angle of 23 degrees; in summer with its north pole towards the sun, +and in winter with the north pole away from the sun, which has the +effect of producing the seasons. The annual passage of the earth +round the sun describes, not a circle, but an ellipse. When the +portion of the earth which we inhabit is turned towards the sun we +call it day, it being night in the other portion which is turned +away from the sun. The inequality of day and night during different +periods of the year is due to the inclination of the axis of the +earth, as explained above. + + THE ATMOSPHERE in which we live is composed chiefly of the +uncombined elements of oxygen and nitrogen water being composed of +oxygen and hydrogen in combination. It is supposed to reach to from +forty-five to fifty miles, the exact distance being uncertain. It +is difficult to conceive, with the above knowledge, where Jesus +could have ascended to, what planet he visited, or how he could +have resisted the law of gravitation; it is for Christians to +explain these matters. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 81 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE CRUST OF THE EARTH consists of rock -- hard granite, loose +sand, ore veined with metal, and mud -- unstratified and +stratified. The unstratified, igneous, or plutonic rocks are those +which are nearest the center of the earth, and which have been +fused together by heat, or erupted from the interior by means of +volcanic agency. The stratified, aqueous, or neptunic rocks are +those which have been deposited as sediment by the action of water +or atmosphere; or which are due to the growth and decay of plants +and animals. The various strata of these have been divided, for +convenience, into epochs, periods, ages, etc., each having its +typical remains associated with it; and it is from the discoveries +of these that the age and origin of man have been estimated. Where +these stratified rocks are found to have become changed into a +crystallized state by the action of heat and pressure, resulting in +the efficenient of their original character, and in the destruction +of traces of any organic (plant or animal) remains in them, they +are called metamorphic. Occasional volcanic outbursts and +earthquakes show us that the original store of energy which the +earth acquired during the aggregation of the particles of which it +is built up, in their passage from a diffused nebulous (cloudy) +state to one of increasing density, under the action of the force +of gravitation, is not yet lost; and the escape of that energy, +through the crust of the ethereal medium, is continued, and its +final dissipation into space is, therefore, only a question of +time. + + GEOLOGICAL EPOCHS, PERIODS, etc., during which the +stratified rocks were deposited: -- + + The Primary Epoch: -- + + Plutonic period ... Conflict of inorganic forces. No life. + Laurentian period ... Monerae, then Amoebae. + Cambrian period ... Sponges, shell fish. + Silurian period ... Fishes, sea worms. + Devonian period ... Insect feeders and air breathers. + Carborliferous period ... Frogs, crocodiles, beetles. + Permian period ... Reptiles. + +The Secondary Epoch : -- + + Triassic period ... Pouched mammals. + Jurassic period ... Huge reptiles of sea, land, air, and + birds. + Cretaceous period ... Bony skeletoned fishes; Ammonites. + +The Tertiary Epoch: -- + + Eocene period ... Huge placental mammals, and probably man. + Miocene period ... Hoofed quadrupeds, anthropoid apes. + Pliocene period ... Bears, hyenas. + +The Quaternary Epoch: -- + + Glacial period, or Ice Age ... Positive age of (hybrid) man. + Paleolithic period ... Stone Age Savage man. + Neolithic period ... Stone Age Semi-civilized man. + Recent Bronze Age ... Civilized man. + Recent Iron Age ... Civilized man. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 82 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +The Present Epoch (Historic Era): -- + + Superstitious period or Theological Age. + Scientific period. + + The Tertiary epoch is dated at not less than 5,000,000 years +ago, and the Quaternary at not less than 1,000,000 years ago. + + THE SOLAR SYSTEM. + + The solar system consists of the sun and the following large +planets revolving round it, in the order of distance from the sun: +-- Mercury, 35 million miles distant; Venus, 66 million; the Earth, +91 million; Mars, 139 million; Jupiter, 476 million; Saturn, 872 +million; Uranus, 1,754 million; and Neptune, 2,746 million miles +from the sun. Also ninety-seven smaller or minor planets revolving +round the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, called +asteroids. Also meteors, shooting stars, comets, and moons or +satellites to some of the larger planets, Jupiter having five, +Saturn eight, Uranus four, Neptune one, and our Earth one. These +constituents of the Solar System float at various velocities in an +ethereal medium called "The Heavens," + + THE SUN consists of a nucleus of burning gaseous matter, +surrounded by envelopes called the Photosphere and the +Chromosphere, outside which is the mysterious corona "whose +delicate silver radiance forms the glorious nimbus of a total +eclipse." Being the nearest star to the earth, it radiates light, +heat, and energy to our planet. It revolves on its own axis in +space, which inclines towards the point of the zodiac occupied by +the earth in, September. It does not occupy the center of the +ellipse described by the earth, but one of the foci, being nearer +to the earth in winter than in summer. Its diameter is estimated as +being one hundred times larger than the earth, though it is by no +means the largest of the stars, and its distance from our earth is +estimated at 91 million miles. + + THE PLANETS are more or less burnt-out bodies revolving round +the sun in nearly circular orbits. Some, like our Earth and Mars, +have cooled down sufficiently to be covered by a hard crust and to +be fit abodes for living creatures. others, like Jupiter, are still +in a more or less heated and partly self-luminous condition. But +the majority of the planets are cold and non-luminous, like our +airless, silent, barren moon; and what light they give is +reflected. + + THE MOONS have no atmospheres, and accompany their several +planets in their revolutions round the sun. Our moon or satellite +makes one half of its journey round the earth, above the plane of +the ecliptic and the other below, the whole occupying 29 1/2 days. +Its distance from us is estimated at about 240 thousand miles. + + THE STARS are white hot, luminous bodies; the nearest one is +more than 19 thousand million miles away, and the more distant ones +so far off that light, which travels at the rate of 186 thousand +miles in a second of time, requires 50 thousand years to dart from +the stars to the eyes of man. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 83 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE SEASONS. -- During that part of the elliptical journey of +the earth round the sun when the axis of the earth inclines away +from the sun, winter commences (the solstice or standing still); +when its axis inclines towards the sun, at the other end of the +journey, summer commences; when the earth arrives (roughly) half- +way between these two points, on either side, spring and autumn +(the equinoxes, equal day and night) commence respectively, these +being the nearest distances, in the plane of the ecliptic between +the earth and the sun. Spring commences at the vernal equinox (the +commencement of the annual cycle of the ancient zodiac), when the +sun appears to enter that constellation of the zodiac called +"Aries" (March 21st). Summer commences at the summer solstice, when +the sun appears to enter "Cancer," the longest day, June 21St. +Autumn commences at the autumnal equinox, when the sun appears to +enter "Libra" (September 23rd). Winter commences at the winter +solstice, when the sun appears to enter "Capricorns," the shortest +day, December 21St. + + THE ANCIENT ZODIAC. + + The names of the ancient signs of the zodiac in Latin are: -- + + The Ram, the Bull, the Heavenly Twins, + And next the Crab the Lion shines, + The Virgin and the Scales, + The Scorpion, Archer, and He-goat, + The Man that bears the watering-pot, + And Fish with glittering tails. + + The equinoxial points (Aries and Libra) moved fifty degrees +westward every year; thus the signs became separated from their +corresponding constellations, the vernal equinoxial sign being the +first in the time of Hipparchus (2nd century B.C.). In 25,868 years +all the signs would have made a complete circuit. The groups of +stars in the different signs or constellations were named after +some fancied resemblance to animals or other objects of nature. And +the sun, in his supposed annual passage through the twelve signs, +was worshipped in his different forms. The Lion represented the sun +when at his fierce summer strength; the Balance, when the days and +nights are equal; the Water-pourer, the commencement of the +Monsoon, or period of torrential rain; and so on. The ancient +zodiac was arranged on the theory that the earth was flat and +immovable, and that the sun made an annual circuit round it. + + ETHICS AND CUSTOMS OF SOCIAL LIFE. + + DUTY AND FAULT. + + The science of ethics treats of moral duty and obligation. +Primitive man, from a solitary and selfish tree-dweller, through +long ages of time gradually became more social by companionizing +and cooperating with his fellows, by which were gradually evolved +sympathy, love, and generosity. Through further ages of time, as +civilization and refinement increased, the requirements of life +increased, and the dependence upon each other became more marked. +Man thus, by cooperation, took upon himself a duty which he had not +exercised in his primitive condition. Cooperation necessitated + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 84 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +protection to life and property, which again necessitated the +formulation of laws for the binding of each other to the observance +of certain rules of conduct, and for the good government of +communities. And, however much these may vary in detail in +different countries and in different ages, there is a general code +universally admitted and received which always exists, which has +been found by experience to be necessary for the protection of +cooperation, and, therefore, for the preservation of free social +intercourse. From cooperation, then, springs the whole duty of man +and wherever there is duty there may be neglect of duty. + + Duty may be civil and compulsory, or moral and voluntary. The +former is an obligation to comply with the statutory law of the +country, the failure to comply with which is more or less penal. +The latter is the outcome of a natural desire to do right, because +it is right, and to comply with the usages of society (in its broad +and general sense) and the conventionalities of life. The moral +duty of the theologian or religionist differs both in motive and in +scope from the rewardless duty of free men -- i.e., men free from +the trammels of theology, as above described. The extra duties +which the theologian recognizes, by virtue of his creed, are +prescribed by the dogmas of theology, and supposed to be related to +a deity or deities; the violation of these duties being called +"sin." The motive is one of fear, lest he should arouse, by his +neglect of duty, the anger of his deity, and so feel the force of +his vengeance after death in the fires of hell; or hope, if he +pleases his deity, of gaining the reward of heaven. The free man +has no fear of future punishment, nor hope of any reward, to act as +a stimulus to good conduct, beyond that of this world -- viz., a +good conscience. His morality is, therefore, of purer order. He +knows that, as he sows, so will be reap; that, by living his life +here on earth in sympathy with his fellows, doing his duty to the +best of his knowledge and ability, and producing happiness for +those around him, he is ennobling that body with which his life is +bound up, and is thus perfecting his human nature. + + Faults, misconduct, or wrong-doing may be of omission (neglect +of duty) or commission (actions), and may be (1) against the +written laws of the State, consisting of various legal distinctions +and technical terms, such as "misdemeanor," "felony," "larceny" +(theft), "crime," etc., being more or less penal, i.e., punishable +by the State; and (2) against the unwritten law of social life +which concerns conduct, manners, customs, etc., which are found by +experience to be necessary and good. The latter are voluntary, and +are dependent upon man's conscience or knowledge of right and +wrong, and may consist of faults against society (in its broad +sense) -- i.e., his fellow men, and faults against himself. + + We must bear in mind that, though many faults against society +are not penal -- i.e., punishable by any recognized system or code +-- yet there are punishments which during life follow wrong-doing; +for if we sow evil we shall sooner or later reap evil, and if we +sow good we shall reap good. The consciousness of having done +wrong, and the remorse which follows it, will haunt the mind in its +quiet moments. Good men and women aspire after good, some with +better results than others. Knowing the frailty of our natures, +never let it be said that the stronger and more resolute, and, +therefore, the more successful in avoiding evil, has cast a stone, +as it were, at the weaker. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 85 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + MAN'S MORAL CODE. + + MAXIMS. + + 1. In our moral conduct, to act towards others as we wish +others to act towards us. + + 2. To love our fellow-creatures. + + 3. To practice truth in word and deed. + + 4. To practice temperance in appetite or desire. + + 5. To practice thrift and economy. + + 6. To give offence to no one. + + 7. To encourage our good and restrain our evil impulses. + + 8. To obey the just laws of our country. + + Maxim 2 induces us: To bear no malice, and forgive injuries; +to be kind to children and dumb animals, and prevent cruelty to +them; to sympathize with those in trouble; to comfort the sick and +afflicted; to discourage slavery; while being kind to the poor and +deserving, to discourage idleness and mendacity; to avoid +attributing unjust or bad motives to the actions of others; to +exercise as much care for the reputation of others as for our own; +to be peacemakers, and discourage quarrels and dissensions, though +everyone is justified in defending himself and his country; to +respect the lives, property, and opinions of others; to show +respect for the dead; to practice civility and courtesy to all, +hospitality to strangers, and consideration to foreigners; to +encourage industry and education, and work for the support of +ourselves, our families, and those lawfully dependent upon us; to +produce happiness to all. + + Maxim 3 induces us: To avoid all pretence in life, deceptions +in business, and adulteration of food and drink. + + Maxim 5 induces us: To practice reasonable economy of +resources, by avoiding excess or undue expenditure of goods, +substance, or vital force; to be cleanly in habits and person. + + Maxim 7 induces us: To exercise, and so strengthen, the +faculties in man that are social and sympathetic: and to leave +unexercised, and so weaken, those faculties the functions of which +are adverse to social life. + + Maxim 8 induces us: To help in the enforcement of the just +laws of our country, which are necessary for the protection of +rights, and for the proper conduct and well-being of the community; +to assist in obtaining the repeal of partial and unjust laws, +instituted in the interests of faction or party, and against civil +and religious liberty. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 86 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + MAXIMS FOR PARENTS. + + 1. To love and be true to each other; to exercise that mutual +forbearance without which two people cannot live their lives +together in that happy union which alone can sustain domestic +happiness and command the respect of their children. + + 2. To maintain and encourage filial obedience and respect from +children to their parents; and to discourage excessive parental +indulgence. + + 3. To feed, clothe, and educate their children. + + MAXIMS FOR CHILDREN. + + 1. Love and obey your parents, teachers, and elders. + + 2. Always speak the truth. + + 3. Do not quarrel. + + 4. Do not take what is not your own, for that is stealing. + + 5. Be diligent at your lessons. + + 6. Do as you would be done by. "Do naught to others which, if +done to thee, would cause thee pain; this is the sum of duty." +[From the "Maha-bharata," an Indian epic poem, written six +centuries B.C.] + + VERSES FOR CHILDREN. + + I. + + Little drops of water, + Little grains of sand, + Make the mighty ocean + And the pleasant land. + Thus the little moments, + Humble though they be, + Make the mighty ocean + Of eternity. + Thus our little errors + Make a mighty sin: + Drop by drop the evil + Floods the heart within. + Little drops of kindness, + Little words of love, + Make the earth an Eden + Like a heaven of love. + + E.C. Brewer. + **** **** + Ne'er suffer thine eyes to close + Before thy mind hath run + O'er every act and thought and word, + From dawn to set of sun. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 87 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + For wrong take shame, but grateful feel + If just thy course hath been; + Such efforts made each day by day + Will ward thyself from sin. + + Adopted from Pythagoras. + **** **** + May duty be my guide to-day, + May love and truth illume the way, + May nothing warp or stain the soul, + May noble aims the will control. + + Gustav Spiller. + + IV. + + Wound not another, though by him provoked; + Do no one injury by thought or deed; + Utter no word to pain thy fellow creatures. + Treat no one with disdain; with patience bear + Reviling language; with an angry man + Be never angry; blessings give for curses. + E'en as a driver checks his restive steeds, + Do thou, if thou art wise, restrain thy passions, + Which, running wild, will hurry thee away. + + By an Indian writer, Manu, six centuries B.C. + **** **** + + GRACE is a short prayer used by Christians before and after +meals. The word is derived from the Latin "gratis," favor. All +foods, as well as other necessaries of life, are supposed by them +(but really believed by few) to be provided by favor of the deity. +But had not human hands or brains been brought to bear upon the +Christian meal, we may accept it as a moral certainty that no meal +would have been provided. The Rationalist, knowing full well that +his meals and everything he possesses depend either upon his own +exertions or upon other mundane circumstances, sees no necessity to +thank anyone, especially some invisible entity of which he knows +nothing, for what he has himself provided. It is customary, +however, at public dinners to offer some congratulation to those +present before enjoying the meal. The Rationalist may find the +following useful, in the event of a grace being called for: -- + + "May good digestion wait on appetite, and health on both." + +If a clergyman be present, it is an act of courtesy to offer him an +opportunity of saying a "grace," on the principle that everyone has +the right of his opinion; and it by no means follows that all +present are in agreement with those opinions. By thus respecting +the opinion of others, we are carrying out the true spirit of +freedom of thought. The clergyman of a State Church generally takes +precedence of those of the free denominations, but only as an act +of courtesy, he being an official in the ecclesiastical department +of the State. A Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church usually takes +precedence over all other clergy. {Why???} + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 88 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + SOCIETIES OF INTEREST TO RATIONALISTS. + + THE UNION OF ETHICAL SOCIETIES (Hon. Sec., Miss Zona Vallance, +The Deanery, Stratford, Essex.) -- These consist of the following: + + Ethical Societies. Place of Afeering. + + THE NORTH LONDON + + + THE SOUTH LONDON Surrey Masonic Hall, + Camberwell New + Road, S.E. + + THE EAST LONDON ... 78, Libra Road, + Roman Road, E. + + THE WEST LONDON ...Town Hall, High + Street, Kensington. + Leighton House, 9, + Leighton Crescent, N.W. + + THE PROVINCIAL COR- Mr. F. J. Gould, + RESPONDENCE COM- 12, Meynell Road, + MITTEE Hackney Common, N.E. + + The general aims of the Ethical Movement, as represented by +this federation, are: -- + + (1) By purely natural and human means to assist individual and +social efforts after right living. + + (2) To free the current ideal of what is right from all that +is merely traditional or self-contradictory, and thus to widen and +perfect it. + + (3) To assist in constructing a theory or science of Right, +which, starting with the reality and validity of moral +distinctions, shall explain their mental and social origin, and +connect them in a logical system of thought. + + The special objects of the federation are: -- + + (1) To bring into closer connection the federated Societies. + + (2) To provide for the special training of Ethical teachers +and lecturers. + + (3) To start, take over, and to control Ethical classes for +children, with or without the assistance of local committees. + + (4) To provide for the payment of teachers and lecturers. + + (5) To choose and dismiss teachers and lecturers, whether paid +or voluntary. + + (6) To publish and spread suitable literature. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 89 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + (7) And to further such other objects as may commend +themselves from time to time to the Union. + + THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY, whose motto is "We Seek for +Truth," has its offices at 376 and 377, Strand, W. President, Mr. +G.W. Foote; Hon. Sec., Mr. R. Forder. + + THE RATIONALIST PRESS COMMITTEE has its headquarters at 17, +Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C. Its objects are: (1) To +issue, or assist in the issue of Rationalist publications. + + (2) To carry on a systematic distribution of Rationalist +literature. Chairman, Mr. G.J. Holyoake; Secretary and Treasurer, +Charles A. Watts, from whom all information may be obtained. + + THE NATIONAL SUNDAY LEAGUE is a society for the promotion of +recreation and amusement on Sundays, and for the removal of +restrictions to the opening of public museums, picture galleries, +etc., on Sundays. Secretary, Mr. H. Mills, 34, Red Lion Square, +Holborn, W.C. + + PUBLIC HOLIDAYS AND THEIR ORIGIN. + + SUNDAY, the first day of the week, commemorates the weekly +festival of the sun, the planet whose glorious rays give us life, +health, delight, and happiness. + + EASTER commemorates the vernal equinox, when the sun crosses +the equator, and the days become longer than the nights, and daily +increase in length; also the return of verdure, and the bursting +forth of the seed. It is, by arrangement, the first Sunday after +the full moon, which happens upon, or next after, March 21st; and +if the moon is at full on a Sunday, Easter day is the Sunday after. + + MAYDAY commemorates nature's profusion of flowers and blossom, +which has from early times found expression in dance and song, and +which instinctively excites feelings of gladness and delight. In +Rome the goddess Flora was specially venerated at this season, +which custom has its modern representation in "the May Queen." + + WHIT MONDAY. -- The Monday after Pentecost, which is seven +weeks after Easter, So-called from the white garments worn by the +newly-baptized Catechumens in the Christian Church, which rite took +place on the vigil of Pentecost. The holiday has outlived the +religious association out of which it originated. Pentecost was a +Jewish feast, held on the fiftieth day after the Passover, in +celebration of their "Ingathering," and in thanksgiving for their +harvest. The Christian Church adopted it from the Jews, and +celebrated the supposed descent of the "Holy Ghost," one of the +gods of the Trinity, on the Yezuan apostles. + + MIDSUMMER DAY (June 24th) commemorates the event of the sun +having attained his highest point in the heavens, and our northern +hemisphere being under the influence of the greatest effulgence of +his rays. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 90 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + LAMMAS MONDAY, or HARVEST FESTIVAL, is the first Monday after +"Lammas Day" (August 1st), and is kept as a holiday or "festival of +the ingathering." It derives its name of Lammas from a +superstitious offering in early times of the first fruits of the +harvest to the various deities. + + CHRISTMAS DAY commemorates the birthday of the new sun -- when +the sun, after descending to its lowest point in the heavens, and +after our northern hemisphere has been travelling away from the sun +and getting less of his rays daily, commences his return journey, +and daily rises higher in the heavens. It is also the birthday of +all the messiahs of the various revealed religions. + + BANK HOLIDAYS -- ENGLAND AND WALES: Good Friday, Whitsun +Monday, Lammas Monday, Christmas Day, and the day following; or, if +that day be Sunday, then Monday. The Stock Exchange have, in +addition to the above, May Day and November 1st. SCOTLAND: New +Year's Day, Good Friday, the first Mondays in May and August, and +Christmas; Day. + + THE NAMING AND REGISTRATION OF CHILDREN. + + When a birth takes place, personal information of it must be +given, free of charge, within six weeks, to the Registrar; by (1) +the father or mother; if they fail (2) the occupier of the house in +which the birth happened; (3) a person present at the birth; or (4) +the person having charge of the child: The penalty for not +registering within the time specified is 2 pounds. A written +request may be sent to the Registrar to come to the house and +register the child, for which he receives a fee of 1s. After three +months, a birth cannot be registered except in the presence of the +Superintendent Registrar, and on payment of fees to him and to the +Registrar. After one year, a birth can be registered only on the +Registrar General's express authority, and on the payment of +further fees. It is important to persons of all classes to be able +to prove their age and place of birth, the only legal proof of +which is by the civil register. Baptism, or christening, being a +superstition, is not necessary for the naming of children. The +child may be simply named by the parents at any time, without the +use of any religious or theological formulary. + + MARRIAGE. + + Marriage is a civil contract provided by the State for the +legal union of man and woman, and for the purpose of binding both +to certain reciprocal obligations. Marriage ceremonies, as +religious or ecclesiastical functions, are simply superstitions. +Among the ancient Hebrews and others the husband, was generally the +owner of so many slave concubines, and women were bought and sold +like cattle. In Mohammedan countries polygamy is permitted, but a +man is limited to four wives, the number of concubines being +unlimited. In this country, where the sexes have equal rights, +monogamy is the custom, and both are limited to one co-partner. The +marriage contract gives a joint proprietorship in children, and +there is, consequently, a filial claim upon both parents for +protection; and, as the wife is obviously unable to act as mother +and provider at the same time, the latter duty devolves by law upon + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 91 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the husband and putative father, and he is compelled to provide for +wife and children. The benefit to the wife by the provision of +marriage must be obvious, for without such a tie the mother of a +family, having probably lost the charms of youth and beauty, might +be forsaken, and have to bring up her children single-handed, which +would be unjust to her and disastrous to the children, The marriage +contract is therefore provided, not only in the interests of +morality -- to check promiscuous intercourse -- but in the +interests of the wife and the offspring of the union. + + It is the duty of parents to exercise every precaution in +their power against increasing their families beyond what the means +at their disposal justify. Parents living in a civilized society +are not justified in recklessly giving birth to children whom they +have no adequate means of nourishing, clothing, and educating, and +who must either starve or be reared by the kindness and charity of +others. Such a state of things is demoralizing to the parents as +well as to the offspring. The over-population of the future is a +terrible thing to contemplate, but come it must if Christianism is +to continue to teach people that it is a blessed thing for a man to +"have his quiver full," which, taken literally, might have been +true; but, when misapplied, is about as wise as the recommendation +to neglect provision, and neither "toil nor spin," like the "lilies +of the field." Vegetable life is subject to the check of animal +life; the latter, more or less, preying upon the former. Man, by +his intellectual superiority, adopts artificial means to keep the +lower animal life down and prevent over-production; but he himself +has only his own carefulness to rely upon. Disease, famine, and war +have acted in former days as exterminators, and so kept population +down; but, as knowledge increases, disease is reduced or prevented, +famine is guarded against, and wars are avoided by the skill and +prudence of statesmen, a greater number live to struggle for +existence. The question of over-population is, therefore, of +importance; it concerns every parent, and its consideration is +becoming more pressing every year. "Population, when unchecked, +doubles itself every twenty-five years but the food to support the +increase will by no means be obtained with the same facility." +[T.R. Malthus.] At this rate, in a few thousand years, there will +literally not be standing-room for man's progeny." [Charles +Darwin.] In the United States the population has increased four +times in the two first periods of twenty-five years of this +century. + + It is also the duty of those contemplating marriage to make +their choice from families only of a high type, physical, mental, +and moral; and to avoid matrimonial alliance with those families +whose members manifest a strumous (consumptive, rickety) or +cancerous tendency. By the exercise of care in this matter greater +happiness is promoted in the family circle, and the human species +has a better chance of improvement and higher development. + + Early marriage should be encouraged to prevent prostitution, +and to afford opportunity to all, at a suitable age, of complying +with the demands of nature, which are more or less imperative all +through life, from the lowest form of organization to the highest. +Celibacy opposes itself directly to these natural laws, and the +boasted self-restraint of the celibate is frequently only surface- + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 92 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +deep, the solitude of the religious recluse fostering secret and +unnatural vices; and where it is deeper and real, it is so +generally at the expense of health and constitution. Young men, +with few exceptions, have a craving for female society, which is +part of their human nature; and many might be able to support a +wife in comparative comfort, and thus enjoy the companionship which +is their right, though, perhaps, not in a position to endure the +expenses necessarily attending the acquisition of such a family as +is the general result of a careless and thoughtless married life. +Through want of knowledge as to how to comply with the requirements +of the matrimonial state and practice thrift and economy, they are +compelled either to forego marriage altogether, or defer it till +their youth and vigor are gone. They are thus turned, as it were, +into the streets, in their hours of recreation, to seek that +pleasure which might be happily found in the companionship of a +wife and the comforts of a home. Advice in these matters ought to +be sought from a physician of the Rationalist school, free from +theological superstition. + + LAWS RELATING TO MARRIAGE + + (AT A REGISTRAR'S OFFICE.) + + Table of consanguinity and affinity, within the degrees of +which, in this country, marriages are made absolutely void by an +Act of William IV. A man may not marry his -- + + Grandmother Sister + Grandfather's wife Wife's sister + Wife's grandmother Brother's wife + Father's sister Son's daughter + Mother's sister Daughter's daughter + Father's brother's wife Son's son's wife + Mother's brother's wife Daughter's son's wife + Wife's father's sister Wife's; son's daughter + Wife's mother's sister Wife's daughter's daughter + Mother Brother's daughter + Stepmother Sister's daughter + Wife's mother Brother's son's wife + Daughter Sister's son's wife + Wife's daughter Wife's brother's daughter + Son's wife Wife's sister's daughter + + In the case of a woman, the sexes must be reversed. + + Marriage by Certificate. -- If both parties have resided in +the same district during the preceding seven days, a written notice +(on a special form, declaring there is no lawful hindrance as to +ages, residence, and consent of parents, if a minor) must be signed +by one of them before the Registrar, and given to the +Superintendent Registrar of the district. If they reside in +different Registrars' districts, a similar notice must be sent to +each Superintendent Registrar. The marriage may be contracted +within three calendar months of the notice; but not till twenty-one +days have elapsed, when the Superintendent Registrar will issue his +certificate to marry. Fee 9s. 7d. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 93 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Marriage by License. -- It is necessary for only one of the +parties to give notice to the Superintendent Registrar of the +district in which he or she has resided for the preceding fifteen +days. After the expiration of one day, next after the day of entry +of notice, the Superintendent Registrar issues his certificate and +license to marry. The marriage may be contracted at any time within +three calendar months after the date of entry of notice. Fees; 2 +pounds 17s. 1d. + +The Marriage Ceremony. -- Marriages are contracted before the +Superintendent Registrar and the Registrar of the district," and in +the presence of two witnesses, between 8 a.m. and 3 P.m. Each party +declares as follows: "I do solemnly declare that I know not of any +lawful impediment why I, A B, may not be joined in matrimony to C +D; and each shall say to the other: "I call upon these Persons here +present to witness that I, A B (or C D), do take thee, C D, (.or A +B), to be my lawful wedded wife (or husband.)" A wedding-ring is +usually required. + + It is hardly necessary to remark that "the solemnization of +marriages" in churches, or as "sacraments" of religion, is +superstitious, being a relic of days of ignorance, credulity, and +priestcraft. + + INSTRUCTIONS FOR BURIAL. + + Those desirous of being buried without religious ceremony or +interference by the clergyman of the parish should sign a +testamentary document to that effect (which may be obtained from +the National Secular Society [377, Strand, London, W.C.] for 2d. in +stamps), and notify the fact to the National Secular Society of +their having done so. + + For those intending to be buried in a CEMETERY, in +unconsecrated ground, a service may be held and an address given, +but for those whom circumstances may necessitate being buried in a +CHURCHYARD it is necessary that the Burial Law Amendment Act, 1880, +should be complied with, the chief regulations of which are as +follows: -- + + 1. Any responsible person having charge of the burial may do +all that is required without the above testamentary document; but +it is better to have it. + + 2. Forty-eight hours' notice in writing must be given to the +clergyman of the parish, or any person appointed to receive such +notice (sometimes the clerk or sexton), on a special form (supplied +with the form of Will above). + + 3. The burial must be between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m., from April +1st to October 1st; and between 10 a.m. and 3 P.m., from October +1st to April 1st. + + 4. In the case of a pauper buried by the parish, a copy of the +above notice must also be sent to the master of the workhouse. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 94 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + 5. If the day and hour be inconvenient to the clergyman, or in +conflict with any burial bye-law, or because the day is Sunday, +Good Friday, or Christmas Day, the clergyman may, on stating his +reasons, by twenty-four hours' notice in writing, postpone the +burial till the following day. + + 6. The clergyman is entitled to be paid the fees he would have +received if the service had been performed. + + 7. Everyone has free access to the funeral, but it must be +conducted in silence; and any riotous, violent, or indecent +behavior, or any offensive conduct towards the Christian religion, +is punishable by law. The address, if any, must therefore be given +at the home. + + 8. The person responsible for the burial must sign a +certificate (special form obtainable from the National Secular +Society), and deliver it to the clergyman in charge of the +churchyard, at the time of the funeral or next day, for entry in +the parish register. + + 9. The Act applies to England and Wales and the Channel +Islands only. + + FREEDOM OF THOUGHT. + + As the people are the source of all authority, so is liberty +of opinion the right of every human being; and as everyone has a +right to pursue his own good in his own way, so long as he does not +attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to +obtain it, so everyone has an absolute right to independence, and +is sovereign over himself, his own body and mind; and no one is +accountable to others for his opinions -- religious or otherwise. +Our opinions may be right or they may be wrong; but so may those of +others be. We ought, as individuals, just as society as represented +by the Legislature ought, always to be ready to hear with patience +the opinions of others. Neither the Legislature nor society has the +right to suppress the expression of opinion -- when within the +bounds of reasonable controversy; neither have we, as individuals, +the right to deny a hearing to the opinion of others because we in +our own judgment have condemned them. "If all mankind," says Mr. +J.S. Mill, "minus one were of one opinion, and only one person were +of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in +silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be +justified in silencing mankind ... The peculiar evil of silencing +the expression of opinion is that it is robbing the human race. If +the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of +exchanging error for truth; if wrong, they lose what is almost as +great a benefit -- the clearer perception and livelier impression +of the truth, produced by its collision with error." ["On +Liberty."] Again he says: "Mankind are greater gainers by suffering +each other to live as seems good to themselves than by compelling +each to live as seems good to the rest." Inducements may be offered +to us to hold certain opinions which we believe to be false, +because they may be useful; but no belief which is contrary to +truth can really be useful. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 95 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Liberty of thought and opinion, however, is not liberty of +speech. Liberty of speech is only justifiable under certain +restrictions, for there is no absolute freedom of speech in +civilized society; each individual must be limited in his speech as +in his conduct. All have a right to talk freely concerning public +matters, so long as they do not violate the moral law by menacing +the rights or welfare of others, by mischief-making, by exciting +the mob by inflammatory language or placards, or by instigating in +any other way to any mischievous acts. + + Under the old English law, the penalty for heresy, blasphemy, +and schism was death by burning, after trial by the ecclesiastical +courts. This death penalty was abolished in 1677, and the +ecclesiastical courts subsequently lost their jurisdiction over any +but the clergy of the Established Church. As heresy dropped out of +sight, attention was fixed on blasphemy, the law of blasphemous +libel still remaining on the Statute Book. "An Act for the more +effectual suppression of blasphemy and profaneness" was passed in +the reign of William III. (9 and 10, c. 32), which declares that +"any person or persons having been educated in, or at any time +having made profession of, the Christian religion within this realm +who shall, by writing, printing, teaching, or advised speaking, +deny any one of the persons in the Holy Trinity to be God, or shall +assert or maintain that there are more gods than one, or shall deny +the Christian doctrine to be true, or the Holy Scriptures of the +Old and New Testament to be of divine authority, shall upon +conviction be disabled from holding any ecclesiastical, civil, or +military employment, and on a second conviction be imprisoned for +three years, and deprived for ever of all civil rights." So much of +it as affected the Unitarians was ostensibly repealed by the 53 +George III., c. 160. But it still disgraces the Statute Book. In +1883 Messrs. Foote, Ramsey, and Kemp were successfully, and the +late Mr. Bradlaugh unsuccessfully, prosecuted under this Act. It +was alleged against them that they "wickedly and profanely +attempted to bring the Holy Scriptures and the Christian religion +into disbelief and contempt," not only "against the peace of our +lady the Queen," but also "to the great displeasure of Almighty +God." Here is a distinct attempt by the Legislature, not only to +suppress the opinions of individuals, but to force opinions upon +them which have never been proved to be right, but have actually +been proved to be wrong; and the confidence with which the +displeasure of the deity, in which its majority at the time of the +passing of the Act, believed, is declared, is a simple begging of +a very important and extensive question -- a claiming of +infallibility, and a presuming to a knowledge of the unknowable. + + The "Lord's Day Observance Act" of Charles I. prohibits public +crying and the exposure of goods for sale on Sundays. The amended +Act of 1871 requires the consent of the chief officer of the +district, two justices, or that of a stipendiary magistrate. + + Upholders of freedom of thought ought not to rest till these +partial and bigoted laws are repealed. For this purpose the late +Mr. Bradlaugh brought in a Bill in the House of Commons, and, +notwithstanding strong opposition, was successful in obtaining +forty-seven votes. The expression of opinion by Freethinkers is, +according to these laws, illegal; their corporate meetings are + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 96 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +illegal, and they cannot hold property, receive legacies, in any +corporate capacity, or open any room for entertainment and +amusement on Sundays. + + OATHS, AFFIRMATIONS, AND LAST WILL. + + Any person required to take an oath is entitled, under the +Oaths Act, 1888, to swear with uplifted hand in the Scotch manner +(though it is not necessary that the Scotch form of words should be +used), or to affirm. Rationalists usually claim to affirm. The +witness (or, if a juryman, the juror) should say, "I object to be +sworn, on the ground that I have no religious belief." The official +administering the oath is then bound, without further question from +anyone, to permit witness to affirm. + + IF A JUROR, and he is told to "leave the box," he should at +once leave the Court; but if he is told to "leave the box, but not +the Court," he should say: "My Lord (if a judge of the High Court; +if a County Court judge or Coroner." Your Honorer;" if a Police +Magistrate or Mayor -- "Your Worship, I am ready and willing now to +perform my duty as juryman in the case in which my name has been +called, -- but if your Lordship dispenses with my services as +juror, I respectfully deny your jurisdiction to detain me in +Court." + + IF A WITNESS, and any question be put by the judge, he should +say: "My Lord, I Respectfully submit that, having made my objection +in the exact words of the statute, I am now entitled to affirm +without any question, and that I am not bound to answer any +question." If the judge persists in questioning witness as to his +opinion, he should be met by a respectful but distinct refusal to +answer. + + IF A CORONER OR MAGISTRATE should refuse to take his evidence, +witness should ask: "On what ground do you decline to take my +evidence?" and the answer be carefully written down, and sent to +the Secretary of the Rationalist Press Committee (17, Jobnson's +Court, Fleet Street, E.C.), or to the Secretary of the National +Secular Society (377, Strand, W.C.). + + The Acts are repealed which required the judge to be satisfied +of the sincerity of the objection when made on religious grounds. + + FORM OF AFFIRMATION. -- "I, A B, do solemnly, sincerely, and +truly declare and affirm that I will tell the truth, the whole +truth, and nothing but the truth." + + + FORM OF AFFIRMATION IN WRITING (instead of the ordinary +"affidavit" A B, of ____, do solemnly and sincerely affirm that. +Affirmed at ______, this day of ___, 18__. Before me, etc." + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 97 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ratright.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ratright.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c81c2e77 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ratright.txt @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + + + ANIMALS MUST DIE SO PEOPLE CAN LIVE + + (reprinted from the Minneapolis Star Tribune) + + + + + Demonstrations against the use of animals in medical +research bring out some interesting personalities. The +demonstrators are all vegetarians, because one cannot object to +killing animals for medical research while continuing to eat +them. And since more than 90% of animals used in medical +research are mice or rats, animal rights zealots should never use +mousetraps. + + Demonstrators wear rubber-soled canvas shoes, and if the +weather is cold, woolen, not leather, gloves. And since research +on contraception medication involves the use of rabbits, most of +the women in the groups probably are pregnant. + + None of these demonstrators would have been immunized +against polio-myelitis, diptheria, whooping cough or other +childhood diseases, or cured of potentially fatal infections by +antibiotics. Accident victims, salvaged from death by blood +transfusions, are disqualified from participation, as are +diabetics who depend on insulin for their continued existence. +Responses to these medical situations required animal research. + + Anyone with a prosthetic joint, a transplanted kidney or +a cardiac pacemaker, or a history of heart surgery, chemotherapy +or immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer or of successful +treatment of glaucoma, could not, in good conscience, represent +him or herself as an opponent of the use of animals in biomedical +research. Relatives of those with Alzheimer's disease must +disqualify themselves as marchers, since current research on +monkeys may eventually suggest effective ways to treat this +disorder. + + One would not expect protesters to bring along their pet +animals, since most domestic pets are protected against +distemper, infectious hepatitis, parasites and even rabies by +medications perfected through animal experimentation. And since +the 100 million cats and dogs in North America are carnivores, +requiring food obtained by killing other animals, pets must keep +a low profile to avoid the charge of hypocrisy. + + For consistency, one would expect animal rights groups +picketing rodeos, where animals are mistreated for +entertainment. And why not release cattle from slaughter houses +where they are killed without general anesthesia? + + The conscientious objector must also refrain from eating +animal flesh, but must also protest against others eating it. + + Fourteen million dogs, more than one third of the total +dog population in North America, are destroyed in public pounds +and animal shelters. Animal pounds and humane societies engaged +in animal control kill more than 50 cats and dogs for every one +that is sacrificed for research purposes. + + Although computer simulation, test-tube experimentation +and tissue cultures are gradually supplanting some types of +animal research, it would be a serious error to suppose that such +alternative techniques will soon be available for all research +that now uses live animal subjects. No other method can fully +replace the testing of a drug, a procedure or a vaccine in a +living organism. + + Successful alternatives to some types of animal-related +research have indeed been developed in the last decade, with a +40% drop in the number of animals used in research between 1968 +and 1978, with still further reductions since that time. + + The human body, however, is far more complex than a +tissue culture, with physical and chemical interactions that +cannot be reduced to a computer programme. Just as a new type of +aircraft can be tested in a wind tunnel but must eventually be +tried out by a test pilot, a new surgical operation, a new drug +or new treatment must be tried on the first human being. + + Who among healthy protesters would volunteer as a subject +for the study of AIDS? This disease must be studied in an +environment that provides for an immune system found only in a +living animal. + + The dispute regarding the use of laboratory animals has +heightened the research community's sensitivity to the need for +strict safeguards against pain and suffering when conducting +experiments. Let us hope that reason will prevail, and that +these well-intentioned efforts will not bring biomedical research +to a state of virtual paralysis as it has in England. + + John A. Kirchener Ph.D. +h +to a state of virtual paralysis as it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/rbtvbstn.mas b/textfiles.com/politics/rbtvbstn.mas new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c2cf704 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/rbtvbstn.mas @@ -0,0 +1,436 @@ + Sarah C. Roberts vs. The City of Boston. n1 + + [59 Mass. (5 Cush.) 198 (1850)] + +The general school committee of the city of Boston have power, under the con- + stitution and laws of this commonwealth, to make provision for the instruc- + tion of colored children, in separate schools established exclusively for + them, and to prohibit their attendance upon the other schools. + + This was an action on the case, brought by Sarah C. Roberts, an infant, who +sued by Benjamin F. Roberts, her father and next friend, against the city of +Boston, under the statute of 1845, c. 214, which provides that any child, un- +lawfully excluded from public school instruction in this commonwealth, shall +recover damages therefor against the city or town by which such public in- +struction is supported. + The case was submitted to the court of common pleas, from whence it came to +this court by appeal, upon the following statement of facts:-- + "Under the system of public schools established in the city of Boston, pri- +mary schools are supported by the city, for the instruction of all children +residing therein between the ages of four and seven years. For this purpose, +the city is divided for convenience, but not by geographical lines, into +twenty-one districts, in each of which are several primary schools making the +whole number of primary schools in the city of Boston one hundred and sixty- +one. These schools are under the immediate management and superintendence of +the primary school committee, so far as that committee has authority, by vir- +tue of the powers conferred by votes of the general school committee. + "At a meeting of the general school committee, held on the 12th of January, +1848, the following vote was passed:-- + + "Resolved, that the primary school committee be, and they hereby are, + authorized to organize their body and regulate their proceedings as they + may deem most convenient; and to fill all vacancies occurring in the same, + and to remove any of their members at their discretion during the ensuing + year; and that this board will cheerfully receive from said committee such + communications as they may have occasion to make." + + "The city of Boston is not divided into territorial school districts; and +the general school committee, by the city charter, have the care and superin- +tendence of the public schools. In the various grammar and primary schools, +white children do not always or necessarily go to the schools nearest their +residences; and in the case of the Latin and English high schools (one of each +of which is established in the city) most of the children are obliged to go +beyond the school-houses nearest their residences. + "The regulations of the primary school committee contain the following pro- +visions:-- + + "Admissions. No pupil shall be admitted into a primary school, without + a ticket of admission from a member of the district committee. + "Admission of Applicants. Every member of the committee shall admit + to his school, all applicants, of suitable age and qualifications, residing + nearest to the school under his charge, (excepting those for whom special + provision has been made,) provided the number in his school will warrant + the admission. + "Scholars to go to schools nearest their residences. Applicants for + admission to the schools, (with the exception and provision referred to in + the preceding rule,) are especially entitled to enter the schools nearest + to their places fo residence." + + "At the time of the plaintiff's application, as hereinafter mentioned, for +admission to the primary school, the city of Boston had established, for the +exclusive use of colored children, one in Belknap street n2, in the eighth +school district, and one in Sun Court street n3, in the second school district. + "The colored population of Boston constitute less than one sixty-second part +of the entire population of the city. For half a century, separate schools +have been kept in Boston for colored children, and the primary school for col- +ored children in Belknap street was established in 1820, and has been kept +there ever since. The teachers of this school have the same compensation and +qualifications as in other like schools in the city. Schools for colored +children were originally established [*199] at the request of colored citi- +zens, whose children could not attend the public schools, on account of the +prejudice then existing against them. + "The plaintiff is a colored child, of five years of age, a resident of +Boston, and living with her father, since the month of March, 1847, in Andover +street, in the sixth primary school district. In the month of April, 1847, +she being of suitable age and qualifications, (unless her color was a disqual- +ification,) applied to a member of the district primary school committee, hav- +ing under his charge the primary school nearest to her place of residence, for +a ticket of admission to that school, the number of scholars therein warrant- +ing her admission, and no special provision having been made for her, unless +the establishment of the two schools for colored children exclusively, is to +be so considered. + "The member of the school committee, to whom the plaintiff applied, refused +her application, on the ground of her being a colored person, and of the spe- +cial provision made as aforesaid. The plaintiff thereupon applied to the pri- +mary school committee of the district, for admission to one of their schools, +and was in like manner refused admission, on the ground of her color and the +provision aforesaid. She thereupon petitioned the general primary school com- +mittee, for leave to enter one of the schools nearest her residence. That +committee referred the subject to the committee of the district, with full +powers, and the committee of the district thereupon again refused the plain- +tiff's application on the sole ground of color and the special provision +aforesaid, and the plaintiff has not since attended any school in Boston. +Afterwards, on the 15th of February, 1848, the plaintiff went into the primary +school nearest her residence, but without any ticket of admission or other +leave granted, and was on that day ejected from the school by the teacher. + "The school established in Belknap street is twenty-one hundred feet distant +from the residence of the plaintiff, measuring through the streets; and in +passing from the plaintiff's residence to the Belknap street school, the di- +rect route passes the ends of two streets in which there are five primary +schools. [*200] The distance to the school in Sun Court street is much +greater. The distance from the plaintiff's residence to the nearest primary +school is nine hundred feet. The plaintiff might have attended the school in +Belknap street, at any time, and her father was so informed, but he refused to +have her attend there. + "In 1846, George Putnam and other colored citizens of Boston petitioned the +primary school committee, that exclusive schools for colored children might be +abolished, and the committee, on the 22d of June, 1846, adopted the report of +a sub-committee, and a resolution appended thereto, which was in the following +words:-- + + "Resolved, that in the opinion of this board, the continuance of the + separate schools for colored children, and the regular attendance of all + such children upon the schools, is not only legal and just, but is best + adapted to promote the education of that class of our population." + + + The court were to draw such inferences from the foregoing facts as a jury +would be authorized to draw; and the parties agreed that if the plaintiff was +entitled to recover, the case should be sent to a jury to assess the damages; +otherwise the plaintiff was to become nonsuit. + *C. Sumner* n4 and *R. Morris, Jr.*, for the plaintiff. + Mr. Sumner argued as follows:-- + + 1. According to the spirit of American institutions, and especially of the +constitution of Massachusetts, (Part First, Articles I. and VI.,) all men, +without distinction of color or race, are equal before the law. + 2. The legislation of Massachusetts has made no discrimination of color or +race in the establishment of the public schools. The laws establishing public +schools speak of "schools for the instruction of children," generally, and +"for the benefit of *all* the inhabitants of the town," not specifying any +particular class, color, or race. Rev. Sts. c. 23; Colony law of 1647, (Anc. +Ch. c. 186.) The provisions of Rev. Sts. c. 23, s. 68, and *St.* 1838, c. +154, appropriating small funds out of the school fund, for the support of com- +mon schools among the Indians, do not interfere with this system. They par- +take of the anomalous character of all our legislation with regard to [*201] +the Indians. And it does not appear, that any separate schools are establish- +ed by law among the Indians, or that they are in any way excluded from the +public schools in their neighborhood. + 3. The courts of Massachusetts have never admitted any discrimination, +founded on color or race, in the administration of the common schools, but +have recognized the equal rights of all the inhabitants. *Commonwealth v. +Dedham*, 16 Mass. 141, 146; *Willington v. Eveleth*, 7 Pick.; *Perry v. +Dover*, 12 Pick. 206, 213. + 4. The exclusion of colored children from the public schools, which are open +to white children, is a source of practical inconvenience to them and their +parents, to which white persons are not exposed, and is, therefore, a viola- +tion of equality. + 6. The school committee have no power, under the constitution and laws of +Massachusetts, to make any discrimination on account of color or race, among +children in the public schools. The only clauses in the statutes, conferring +powers on the school committee, are the tenth section of Rev. Sts. c. 23, de- +claring that they "shall have the general charge and superintendence of all +the public schools in the town," and the fifteenth section of the same chap- +ter, providing that they "shall determine the number and qualifications of the +scholars, to be admitted into the schools kept for the use of the whole town." +The power to determine the "qualifications" of the scholars must be restrained +to the qualifications of age, sex, and moral and intellectual fitness. The +fact, that a child is black, or that he is white, cannot of itself be consid- +ered a qualification, or a disqualification. + The regulations and by-laws of municipal corporations must be reasonable, or +they are inoperative and void. *Commonwealth v. Worcester*, 3 Pick. 462; +*Vandine's Case*, 6 Pick. 187; *Shaw v. Boston*, 1 Met. 130. So, the regula- +tions and by-laws of the school committee must be reasonable; and their dis- +cretion must be exercised in a reasonable manner. The [*202] discrimination +of the school committee of Boston, on account of color, is not legally reason- +able. A colored person may occupy any office connected with the public +schools, from that of governor, or secretary of the board of education, to +that of member of a school committee, or teacher in any public school, and as +a voter he may vote for members of the school committee. It is clear, that +the committee may classify scholars, according to age and sex, for these dis- +tinctions are inoffensive, and recognized as legal (Rev. Sts. c. 23, s. 63); +or according to their moral and intellectual qualifications, because such a +power is necessary to the government of schools. But the committee cannot as- +sume, without individual examination, that an entire race possess certain mo- +ral or intellectual qualities, which render it proper to place them all in a +class by themselves. + But it is said, that the committee, in thus classifying the children, have +not violated any principle of equality, inasmuch as they have provided a +school with competent instructors for the colored children, where they enjoy +equal advantages of instruction with those enjoyed by the white children. To +this there are several answers: 1st, The separate school for colored children +is not one of the schools established by the law relating to public schools, +(Rev. Sts. c. 23,) and having no legal existence, cannot be a legal equiva- +lent. 2d. It is not in fact an equivalent. It is the occasion of inconveni- +ences to the colored children, to which they would not be exposed if they had +access to the nearest public schools; it inflicts upon them the stigma of +caste; and although the matters taught in the two schools may be precisely the +same, a school exclusively devoted to one class must differ essentially, in +its spirit and character, from that public school known to the law, where all +classes meet together in equality. 3d. Admitting that it is an equivalent, +still the colored children cannot be compelled to take it. They have an equal +right with the white children to the general public schools. + 7. The court will declare the by-law of the school committee, making a dis- +crimination of color among children entitled to the benefit of the public +schools, to be unconstitutional and [203] illegal, although there are no ex- +press words of prohibition in the constitution and laws. Slavery was abolish- +ed in Massachusetts, by virtue of the declaration of rights in our constitu- +tion, without any specific words of abolition in that instrument, or in any +subsequent legislation. *Commonwealth v. Aves*, 18 Pick. 193, 210. The same +words, which are potent to destroy slavery, must be equally potent against any +institution founded on caste. And see *Shaw v. Boston*, 1 Met. 130, where a +by-law of the city was set aside as unequal and unreasonable, and therefore +void. If there should be any doubt in this case, the court should incline in +favor of equality; as every interpretation is always made in favor of life and +liberty. Rousseau says that "it is precisely because the force of things +tends always to destroy equality, that the force of legislation ought always +to tend to maintain it." In a similar spirit the court should tend to main- +tain it. + The fact, that the separation of the schools was originally made at the re- +quest of the colored parents, cannot affect the rights of the colored people, +or the powers of the school committee. The separation of the schools, so far +from being for the benefit of both races, is an injury to both. It tens to +create a feeling of degradation in the blacks, and of prejudice and uncharita- +bleness in the whites. + *P. W. Chandler, city solicitor, for the defendants. + The opinion was deliver at the March term, 1850. + Shaw, C. J. The plaintiff, a colored child of five years of age, has com- +menced this action, by her father and next friend, against the city of Boston, +upon the statute of 1845, c. 214, which provides, that any child unlawfully +excluded from public school instruction, in this commonwealth, shall recover +damages therefor, in an action against the city of town, by which such public +school instruction is supported. The question therefore is, whether, upon the +facts agreed, the plaintiff has been unlawfully excluded from such instruc- +tion. + By the agreed statement of facts, it appears, that the defendants support a +class of schools called primary schools, to the number of about one hundred +and sixty, designed for the instruction of children of both sexes, who are be- +tween the ages [*204] of four and seven years. Two of these schools are ap- +propriated by the school committee, having charge of that class of schools, to +the exclusive instruction of colored children, and the residue to the exclu- +sive instruction of white children. + The plaintiff, by her father, took proper measures to obtain admission into +one of these schools appropriated to white children, but pursuant to the regu- +lations of the committee, and in conformity therewith, she was not admitted. +Either of the schools appropriated to colored children was open to her; the +nearest of which was about a fifth of a mile or seventy rods more distant from +her father's house than the nearest primary school. It further appears, by +the facts agreed, that the committee having charge of that class of schools +had, a short time previously to the plaintiff's application, adopted a resolu- +tion, upon a report of a committee, that in the opinion of that board, the +continuance of the separate schools for colored children, and the regular at- +tendance of all such children upon the schools, is not only legal and just, +but is best adapted to promote the instruction of that class of the popula- +tion. + The present case does not involve any question in regard to the legality of +the Smith school, which is a school of another class, designed for colored +children more advanced in age and proficiency; though much of the argument, +affecting the legality of the separate primary schools, affects in like manner +that school. But the question here is confined to the primary schools alone. +The plaintiff had access to a school, set apart for colored children, as well +conducted in all respects, and as well fitted, in point of capacity and quali- +fication of the instructors, to advance the education of children under seven +years old, as the other primary schools; the objection is, that the schools +thus open to the plaintiff are exclusively appropriated to colored children, +and are at a greater distance from her home. Under these circumstances, has +the plaintiff been unlawfully excluded from public school instruction? Upon +the best consideration we have been able to give the subject, the court are +all of opinion that she has not. + It will be considered, that this is a question of power, or of [*205] the +legal authority of the committee intrusted by the city with this department of +public instruction; because, if they have the legal authority, the expediency +of exercising it in any particular was is exclusively with them. + The great principle, advanced by the learned and eloquent advocate of the +plaintiff, is, that by the constitution and laws of Massachusetts, all persons +without distinction of age or sex, birth or color, origin or condition, are +equal before the law. This, as a broad general principle, such as ought to +appear in a declaration of rights, is perfectly sound; it is not only express- +ed in terms, but pervades and animates the whole spirit of our constitution of +free government. But, when this great principle comes to be applied to the +actual and various conditions of persons in society, it will not warrant the +assertion, that men and women are legally clothed in the same civil and poli- +tical powers, and that children and adults are legally to have the same func- +tions and be subject to the same treatment; but only that the rights of all, +as they are settled and regulated by law, are equally entitled to the paternal +consideration and protection of the law, for their maintenance and security. +What those rights are, to which individuals, in the infinite variety of cir- +cumstances by which they are surrounded in society, are entitled, must depend +on laws adapted to their respective relations and conditions. + Conceding, therefore, in the fullest manner, that colored persons, the de- +scendants of Africans, are entitled by law, in this commonwealth, to equal +rights, constitutional and political, civil and social, the question then +arises, whether the regulation in question, which provides separate schools +for colored children, is a violation of any of these rights. + Legal rights must, after all, depend upon the provisions of law; certainly +all those rights of individuals which can be asserted and maintained in any +judicial tribunal. The proper province of a declaration of rights and consti- +tution of government, after directing its form, regulating its organization +and the distribution of its powers, is to declare great principles and funda- +mental truths, to influence and direct the judgement and conscience of legis- +lators in making laws, rather than to limit [*206] and control them, by di- +recting what precise laws they shall make. The provision, that it shall be +the duty of legislatures and magistrates to cherish the interests of litera- +ture and the sciences, especially the university at Cambridge, public schools, +and grammar schools, in the towns, is precisely of this character. Had the +legislature failed to comply with this injunction, and neglected to provide +public schools in the towns, or should they so far fail in their duty as to +repeal all laws on the subject, and leave all education to depend on private +means, strong and explicit as the direction of the constitution is, it would +afford no remedy or redress to the thousands of the rising generation, who now +depend on these schools to afford them a most valuable education, and an in- +troduction to useful life. + We must then resort to the law, to ascertain what are the rights of individ- +uals, in regard to the schools. By the Rev. Sts. s. 23, the general system is +provided for. This chapter directs what money shall be raised in different +towns, according to their population; provides for a power of dividing towns +into school districts, leaving it however at the option of the inhabitants to +divide the towns into districts, or to administer the system and provide +schools, without such division. The latter course has, it is believed, been +constantly adopted in Boston, without forming the territory into districts. + The statute, after directing what length of time schools shall be kept in +towns of different numbers of inhabitants and families, provides (s. 10) that +the inhabitants shall annually choose, by ballot, a school committee, who +shall have the general charge and superintendence of all the public schools in +such towns. There being no specific direction how schools shall be organized; +how many schools shall be kept; what shall be the qualifications for admission +to the schools; the age at which children may enter; the age to which they may +continue; these must all be regulated by the committee, under their power of +general superintendence. + There is, indeed, a provision (ss. 5 and 6,) that towns may and in some +cases must provide a high school and classical school, for the benefit of all +the inhabitants. It is obvious [*207] how this clause was introduced; it was +to distinguish such classical and high schools, in towns districted, from the +district schools. These schools being of a higher character, and designed for +pupils of more advanced aged and greater proficiency, were intended for the +benefit of the hole of the town, and not of particular districts. Still it +depends upon the committee, to prescribe the qualifications, and make all the +reasonable rules, for organizing such schools and regulating and conducting +them. + The power of general superintendence vests a plenary authority in the com- +mittee to arrange, classify, and distribute pupils, in such a manner as they +think best adapted to their general proficiency and welfare. If it is thought +expedient to provide for very young children, it may be, that such schools may +be kept exclusively by female teachers, quite adequate to their instruction, +and yet whose services may be obtained at a cost much lower than that of more +highly-qualified male instructors. So if they should judge it expedient to +have a grade of schools for children from seven to ten, and another for those +ten to fourteen, it would seem to be within their authority to establish such +schools. So to separate male and female pupils into different schools. It +has been found necessary, that is to say, highly expedient, at times, to es- +tablish special schools for poor and neglected children, who have passed the +age of seven, and have become too old to attend the primary school, and yet +have not acquired the rudiments of learning, to enable them to enter the or- +dinary schools. If a class of youth, of one or both sexes, is found in that +condition, and it is expedient to organize them into a separate school, to re- +ceive the special training, adapted to their condition, it seems to be within +the power of the superintending committee, to provide for the organization of +such special school. + A somewhat more specific rule, perhaps, on these subjects, might be benefi- +cially provided by the legislature; but yet, it would probably be quite im- +practicable to make full and precise laws for this purpose, on account of the +different condition of society in different towns. In towns of large terri- +[*208]tory, over which the inhabitants are thinly settled, an arrangement or +classification going far into detail, providing different schools for pupils +of different ages, of each sex, and the like, would require the pupils to go +such long distances from their homes to the schools, that it would be quite +unreasonable. But in Boston, where more than one hundred thousand inhabitants +live within a space so small, that it would be scarcely an inconvenience to +require a boy of good health to traverse daily the whole extent of it, a sys- +tem of distribution and classification may be adopted and carried into effect, +which may be useful and beneficial in its influence on the character of the +schools, and in its adaptation to the improvement and advancement of the great +purpose of education, and at the same time practicable and reasonable in its +operation. + In the absence of special legislation on this subject, the law has vested +the power in the committee to regulate the system of distribution and classi- +fication; and when this power is reasonably exercised, without being abused or +perverted by colorable pretences, the decision of the committee must be deemed +conclusive. The committee, apparently upon great deliberation, have come to +the conclusion, that the good of both classes of schools will be best promot- +ed, by maintaining the separate primary schools for colored and for white +children, and we can perceive no ground to doubt, that this is the honest re- +sult of their experience and judgment. + It is urged, that this maintenance of separate schools tends to deepen and +perpetuate the odious distinction of caste, founded in a deep-rooted prejudice +in public opinion. This prejudice, if it exists, is not created by law, and +probably cannot be changed by law. Whether this distinction and prejudice, +existing in the opinion and feelings of the community, would not be as effec- +tually fostered by compelling colored and white children to associate together +in the same schools, may well be doubted; at all events, it is a fair and +proper question for the committee to consider and decide upon, having in view +the best interests of both classes of children placed under their superintend- +ence, and we cannot say, that their decision upon it is not founded on just +grounds of reason and [*209] experience, and in the results of a discriminat- +ing and honest judgment. + The increased distance, to which the plaintiff was obliged to go to school +from her father's house, is not such, in our opinion, as to render the regula- +tion in question unreasonable, still less illegal. + On the whole the court are of opinion, that upon the facts stated, the ac- +tion cannot be maintained. + + *Plaintiff nonsuit.* + + Notes + +n1 The above is from the official Massachusetts reporter. Most or all of the +principles lived on or near Beacon Hill. Beacon Hill is the center of Massa- +chusetts and Boston government, with the State House at its very top. + +On Beacon Hill, also, on Smith Court, is the African Meeting House, in the +basement of which was, + + . . . . the "earliest school for Afro-American children in the area". When + one of the students tried to enroll in a white school, Chief Justice Lemuel + Shaw first propounded the separate-but-equal doctrine in *Roberts v. City of + Boston . . . . Charles Sumner argued without fee against that doctrine. + Not until 1885 was it legislated out of existence in the state; and only in + 1954 did the United States Supreme Court put to rest Chief Justice Shaw's + unfortunate precedent (see Leonard W. Levy, *Chief Justice Shaw,* and Elijah + Adlow, *the Genius of Lemuel Shaw*). . . . + + . . . . Lemuel Shaw, everyone's choice for one of the most influential + state judges, lived at . . . 49 Mt. Vernon Street in the 1830s. Shaw au- + thored the Charter of the City of Boston, dated March 4, 1822. As Chief + Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, he wrote the unanimous + opinion of the court, in *Commonwealth v. Aves,* 35 Mass. (18 Pick) 193 + (1836), stating that "slavery was contrary to natural right", and that a + slave brought by a master into Massachusetts could not be forcibly detained + or removed. + + Among his famous opinions was *Commonwealth v. Alger,* 61 Mass. (7 Cush.) 53 + (1851), a classic formulation of the police power of a state. + + "In a bar which included Dexter, Sullivan, Prescott, Webster, Curtis and + Fletcher, perhaps as great lawyers as ever met in a single small city in + this country, he stood among them at the very top" (3 Lewis, "Great American + Lawyers" 466-7 (1907-1909)). . . . ["The Path of the Law: A Lawyer's Tour + of Boston; from Beacon Hill to Faneuil Hall," brochure, by Edward J. Bander, + Law Librarian, Suffolk University, Copyright (c) 1979 Suffolk University.] + +n2 Belknap Street appears to have been renamed Smith Court. + +n3 Sun Court street seems no longer to exist. + +n4 Charles Sumner was an abolitionist, lawyer, and for many years senator +from Massachusetts. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/rebuttal.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/rebuttal.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7cc11fa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/rebuttal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5423 @@ + INSLAW's ANALYSIS and REBUTTAL + of the + BUA REPORT + + Memorandum in Response to the + March 1993 Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua + to the Attorney General of the United States + Responding to the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc. + + + + + + + + + + + + INTRODUCTION + + + + The attempt by the Department of Justice (DOJ) to deal with +the INSLAW case through a Special Counsel, who is required to +report to the Attorney General, and a staff of DOJ attorneys +raises significant public policy questions. These are apparent on +the face of the Bua Report. + + For example, should DOJ, as one of the parties to a civil +dispute, be able to use the authority of a federal grand jury and +the secrecy requirements of its proceedings to improve its own +civil litigation posture? Should DOJ be using its own lawyers and +investigators and a federal grand jury to investigate colleagues, +superiors, and subordinates? How should the tension between the +obligation to enforce the criminal laws of the United States and +the legitimate need to safeguard intelligence and national +security be reconciled? + + The problems with the Bua Report, as set forth in INSLAW's +Analysis and Rebuttal, are much more concrete than the +aforementioned public policy questions. We do, however, think +that the problems identified by these questions should be +carefully and thoughtfully addressed as steps are being taken to +bring the INSLAW case to a fair, final and publicly acceptable +conclusion. + + The main body of this memorandum is divided into sections +addressing (1) DOJ's wrongful acquisition of an enhanced version +of PROMIS to which it was not entitled and which it has continued +to use without properly compensating INSLAW, (2) DOJ's attempt, +by improper means, to cause the conversion of the INSLAW +bankruptcy from reorganization to liquidation, and (3) the +indications of a more widely ramified conspiracy involving Earl +Brian and the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the +United States and foreign governments. + + Each of these sections examines the basis for the +conclusions reached in the Bua Report and points out errors and +omissions plainly demonstrable on the basis of evidence cited in +the report itself or readily available to the investigators in +the records of prior investigations and judicial proceedings. The +sections also identify evidentiary points as to which Judge Bua +chose to believe the self-serving statements of individuals +directly implicated in the theft of INSLAW's software, to +disbelieve the testimony on the same points by INSLAW witnesses, +and to ignore evidence supporting the findings of the Bankruptcy +Court for the District of Columbia, the United States District +Court for the District of Columbia, and the House Committee on +the Judiciary. + + In addition to the deficiencies apparent on its face, the +report reveals numerous failures to pursue testimony or +documentary evidence that could have contradicted its conclusions +and corroborated INSLAW's allegations. The following sections +identify these failures in at least 40 situations. + Immediately after his appointment, INSLAW called to Judge +Bua's attention the essentiality of assuring senior DOJ officials +and other government employees who had given important +information to INSLAW that they could disclose this information +to him or his staff without fear of reprisal. Any person +seriously attempting to uncover the truth would have gone to +great lengths to find a way of overcoming these apprehensions. +This was not done. Appended to this memorandum is a listing of +these informants together with a brief synopsis of information +they have furnished to INSLAW. The listing gives enough of an +indication of who they are to make clear that they deserve to be +taken seriously, but not so much as to make it possible to +identify them individually. The synopses make clear at the same +time that the information they could furnish strongly +corroborates other evidence of the wider conspiracy. + + The Bua Report denigrates the findings of the Bankruptcy +Court without clearly acknowledging that those findings were +affirmed and supplemented by two other entities independent of +DOJ, the U.S. District Court and the House Judiciary Committee. +Senior U.S. District Judge William B. Bryant, Jr., issued a 44- +page opinion, in which he states in part: + + It is sufficient to state that after careful review of + all of the volumes of transcripts of the hearings + before the bankruptcy court, the more than 1,200 pages + of briefs and supporting appendices, and all other + relevant documents in the record, there is convincing, + perhaps compelling support for the findings set forth + by the bankruptcy court. + + . . . the court has examined the bankruptcy judge's + findings of fact in the light of the entire record, and + finds his account of the evidence is eminently + plausible; and this court is not left with any notion + that a 'mistake has been committed,' Id. at 574. This + conclusion is reached without regard to the deference + to be accorded to the judge's opportunity to assess + credibility. The cold record adequately supports his + findings under any standard of review. + + The section on the wrongful acquisition of PROMIS amply +supports its thesis that the Bua Report focuses only on those +facts that its authors deemed relevant to the conclusions they +intended to reach. It calls attention to the fact that the report +based some of its most important conclusions on interviews with +unnamed individuals and on undisclosed documentary evidence. This +section also points out the report's remarkable credulity toward +professions of innocence by the very individuals heretofore +identified as the principal culprits in the theft of the +software. As the section observes, "To accept the self-serving, +long after-the-fact and post hoc rationalizations of these +individuals over their testimony at trial, which testimony +clearly evidenced their propensity for lying and covering up the +truth, as found by two federal courts, is ludicrous." + + The section on the conversion of the INSLAW bankruptcy +exposes the same pattern of justifying the DOJ version of the +facts and downplaying, misinterpreting, or ignoring evidence to +the contrary. This is particularly striking in the case of the +report's attempt to minimize the testimony of Anthony Pasciuto, +Deputy Director of the Executive Office for U.S. Trustees. In +reaching for an explanation of Pasciuto's conduct, his +testimony, and his subsequent recantation, the report avoids the +one most logical explanation: the fear that he would not get the +promotion he had long sought and the fear that he would be fired +for telling the truth, as he eventually was. + + Pages 28-35 of the section on the more widely ramified +conspiracy pull together the numerous indications that INSLAW's +PROMIS software is widely used throughout the United States +Government. A thorough investigation would, at a minimum, have +conducted the relatively simple and inexpensive computer-based +code comparisons between PROMIS and its suspected clones in U.S. +intelligence and law enforcement agencies, that might have shown +whether or not these claims are true. The Bua investigation made +no attempt to arrange such comparisons. + + Relevant both to DOJ's bad faith in its dealings with INSLAW +and to its involvement in a broader conspiracy is the issue of +the DOJ's complicity in the denial of reappointment to George F. +Bason, Jr., who presided over the Bankruptcy Court trial. The +report reveals that the criticisms of Judge Bason by his +predecessor, Roger Whelan, were influential in the Merit +Selection Panel's deliberations about Judge Bason's suitability +for reappointment. Whelan told the Panel that Judge Bason was a +poor administrator. Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson of the U.S. +District Court, however, told the Judiciary Committee that Judge +Bason's only administrative problems were inherited from Judge +Whelan and that these were soon brought under control by Judge +Bason. In the Chapter 11 proceeding, Roger Whelan represented the +INSLAW creditor which pressed hardest for INSLAW's liquidation +and which, in so doing, appears to have acted in collusion with +DOJ. The report also discloses direct communications on the +INSLAW case between a DOJ attorney and the Chair of the Merit +Selection Panel, communications whose existence was not revealed +in the course of two Congressional investigations on the subject. + + It is noteworthy in the circumstances that Judge Bua made an +eleventh-hour approach to INSLAW's lawyers in an effort to broker +a $25 million settlement between INSLAW and the DOJ. The +inference that Judge Bua was aware of the weaknesses in his own +report is difficult to avoid. + +I. DOJ WRONGFULLY OBTAINED AN ENHANCED VERSION OF PROMIS + TO WHICH IT WAS NOT ENTITLED AND THEREAFTER HAS USED + THAT VERSION WITHOUT PROPERLY COMPENSATING INSLAW + + In assessing the validity of the so-called "tentative" +factual conclusions reached in the Bua Report, one need be +mindful of the following telling admission of the authors: + + Our discussion here of the factual background of the + 1982 contract does not purport to be exhaustive. + Instead, _we have attempted to focus on those facts + that are relevant to the conclusions we have reached_. + Where it is necessary to explain specific findings or + conclusions, we have undertaken a more detailed + examination of certain events in subsequent sections of + this report. (Emphasis added.) (Page 15) + + In effect, the authors of the Bua Report determined, +apparently in advance, the conclusions that they intended to +reach and, thereafter, set about to "focus" on only those facts +that they deemed relevant to support those conclusions, to the +exclusion of the massive factual record that otherwise would, and +did, lead to the very opposite conclusions found not only by two +federal courts, but, in part, by the Committee on the Judiciary +of the U.S. House of Representatives and the Permanent +Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government +Affairs of the U.S. Senate. + + It is remarkable that the authors of the Bua Report either +ignored or rejected every conclusion reached by the federal +courts and the two legislative committees that was contrary to +the conclusions reached by the Bua Report, while at the same time +accepting those conclusions that were supportive of the +conclusions reached in the Bua Report. It is even more remarkable +that the Bua Report could find, on the one hand, that DOJ neither +obtained the enhanced version of PROMIS through fraud nor +wrongfully distributed PROMIS while, on the other hand, Judge Bua +repeatedly informed journalists covering the INSLAW case and once +conveyed directly to INSLAW's attorneys that he had reached the +opposite conclusion and had recommended that DOJ settle its +dispute with INSLAW by the payment of $25 million to INSLAW. + + The following is an attempt merely to highlight some of the +most glaring errors in the factual conclusions reached in the Bua +Report. + + A. Negotiation of the 1982 Implementation Contract + + The Bua Report found that DOJ had issued a Request for +Proposals (RFP) in late 1981 that solicited proposals on a +contract to: (1) implement computer-based PROMIS software in 20 +"larger" United States Attorneys' Offices and (2) create and +install word processing based case management software in the +remaining 74 offices. There is no dispute that, at the time that +the RFP was issued and the contract was awarded to INSLAW, both +DOJ and INSLAW understood that DOJ intended to utilize the +computer-based PROMIS only in the 20 larger offices; it clearly +was understood that the remaining 74 offices would not receive +this software. + The Bua Report acknowledged that INSLAW, in responding to +the RFP, specifically stated that: + + During the life of this project -- but not as part of + this project -- Inslaw plans new enhancements and + modifications to the basic PROMIS software and to the + original version of PROMIS for U.S. Attorneys. + ....[I]mprovements funded by other [i.e. non- + governmental] sources and developed and accepted for + inclusion in the software supported by Inslaw, will be + made available to the U.S. Attorneys' offices. (Page + 19) + + However, the Bua Report concluded, without any factual +support, that INSLAW did not clarify what it meant by "accepted +for inclusion" or "will be made available." This is wrong. + + First, the Bua Report ignores the fact that the quoted +statement was made specifically in response to the Statement of +Work, which in part required that: + + All systems enhancements, modifications, and + development performed _pursuant to this contract_ shall + be incorporated within the systems which have already + been installed in the U.S. Attorneys' Offices.... (¤ + 3.2.4.2) (Emphasis added.) + + INSLAW was responding to this portion of the Statement of +Work by advising DOJ that while INSLAW planned new enhancements, +they would not be as a part of, or pursuant to, this contract. +Thus, DOJ clearly was put on notice that these new enhancements +would not be made available for free. + + Second, there is ample testimony that both before and after +the PROMIS contract was signed, INSLAW specifically advised the +Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys ("EOUSA") in writing that it +had available for sale, at an additional cost, certain +proprietary enhancements to PROMIS. INSLAW provided this +information to DOJ because, by the time that DOJ issued the RFP, +INSLAW had made substantial enhancements to Old PROMIS. +(Hamilton, T. 105; Merrill, T. 763) These enhancements, which +eventually included major new functional subsystems and +substantial changes to the existing code, at a cost which INSLAW +estimated to be $8.3 million, rendered Enhanced PROMIS far +superior to Old PROMIS in terms of speed, flexibility, ease of +use, breadth of function, and ability to be modified for +particular needs. (Hamilton, T. 400; Merrill, T. 760-762; Holton, +T. 1216-1219) + In its Technical Proposal responding to DOJ's PROMIS Project +RFP, INSLAW informed DOJ that it had made enhancements to Old +PROMIS which were proprietary, and as to which it had made a +significant developmental and commercial commitment. (Answer ¦ +13; PX 12; Hamilton, T. 124-125; Gizzarelli, T. 482-483) In this +regard, INSLAW specifically made a claim of proprietary rights in +such enhancements. (Hamilton, T. 124) + + The Bua Report suggests that DOJ did not understand that +INSLAW had made this claim of proprietary rights, and that INSLAW +had failed to explain in sufficient detail the basis or impact of +that claim. That is not correct. In fact, in response to INSLAW's +proposal, DOJ specifically requested a clarification of INSLAW'S +claim of proprietary rights. (PX 13; Hamilton, T. 126; Merrill, +T. 766-767) In an amendment to its Technical Proposal dated +January 13, 1982, INSLAW responded to DOJ's inquiry and +specifically informed DOJ that ". . . all of INSLAW's software is +proprietary to it thus far." (PX 14; Hamilton, T. 127) DOJ did +not respond further to INSLAW's amendment of its Technical +Proposal. (Gizzarelli, T. 490; Merrill, T. 767-769) INSLAW also +indicated that such programs were copyrighted and that since May +1981 it had been developing privately financed enhancements to +PROMIS which were the exclusive property of INSLAW, and that DOJ +had no license to use these privately-financed enhancements. (PX +14) + + To illustrate this point, INSLAW, in its Technical Proposal, +singled out the two-program version of the data base adjustment +subsystem as an enhancement which had been developed by INSLAW +using private funds. (Hamilton, T. 125; PX 14) The data base +adjustment subsystem was not required to be delivered under the +contract nor had it been required to be delivered under any prior +DOJ contracts (Hamilton, T. 125, 2575-2578; Merrill, T. 768) By +this January 13 amendment, INSLAW illustrated the concept that +INSLAW had all the proprietary rights in Enhanced PROMIS +(Gizzarelli, T. 493) + + Subsequent to receipt of INSLAW's response to DOJ, and prior +to the execution of the contract, no one from DOJ made any +further inquiry of INSLAW, or raised any questions, concerning +INSLAW's right to assert its proprietary rights in Enhanced +PROMIS. (Hamilton, T. 128; Merrill, T. 767-769; Gizzarelli, T. +490) + + From the foregoing exchange of communications, it should be +clear that any rational person acting on behalf of DOJ would +understand that INSLAW was advising DOJ that the proprietary +enhancements developed by INSLAW would be made available to the +Department for a fee, should the Department desire to have those +enhancements included within the software delivered under the +contract. If there was any confusion on the part of DOJ, that +confusion was not the fault of INSLAW; had DOJ any further +questions concerning what was meant by the language in issue +after having received the January 13 clarification, it was up to +DOJ to seek answers to those questions. + + Not surprisingly, after thoroughly reviewing the record, +Judge Bryant reached the same conclusion: + + The parties negotiated for over two months, and finally + entered into a contract on March 16, 1982. Prior to the + execution of the contract, and for a time thereafter, + there were extensive discussions about what INSLAW + claimed were privately + funded enhancements which were featured in PROMIS. In + other words, INSLAW claimed that at the time of + entering into the contract their version of PROMIS was + considerably more advanced than it was at the time of + the pilot project, and that it claimed proprietary + rights to those features which were developed with + other than government funding. (D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 4)"1 + B. INSLAW's Continuing Assertion of Proprietary + Rights and DOJ's Improper Response + + To the extent that there was any lingering confusion on +DOJ's part regarding INSLAW's assertion of proprietary rights in +the enhanced version of PROMIS, that confusion should have been +removed by INSLAW's continuing assertion of those rights. Indeed, +in April 1982, INSLAW formally notified DOJ of its intent to +market Enhanced PROMIS as a fee-generating product to public and +private sector customers. (Hamilton, T. 134-136; Merrill, T. 775) +In this connection, Roderick M. Hills, an attorney for INSLAW, +wrote to Associate Deputy Attorney General Stanley E. Morris, +enclosing a memorandum written by Hamilton (with his counsel's +assistance) describing the origin and financing of Old PROMIS, +INSLAW's efforts to substantially improve the program utilizing +private funds, and the need to market such privately-financed +enhancements. (PX 21) + + Hill's letter solicited any questions or objections that DOJ +had to INSLAW's plans. (PX 21) In essence, this inquiry was +intended to provide advance notice to DOJ as to INSLAW's plans +and to obtain a "sign-off" letter from DOJ to respond to concerns +raised by IBM which at that time was considering a joint +marketing agreement with INSLAW. (Rogers, T. 422-424; Hamilton, +T. 277) The purpose of the "sign-off" letter, from INSLAW's +perspective, was to give INSLAW assurance that DOJ understood +what INSLAW was proposing to do, that it agreed with INSLAW's +legal position, and that it would take no affirmative action to +disrupt or impede INSLAW's marketing efforts. (Rogers, T. 444- +445) Any questions that DOJ continued to have should have been +answered by this memorandum. + + The Bua Report acknowledges the above facts but fails to +take into consideration that this additional effort by INSLAW +clearly should have put DOJ on notice that there were additional +enhancements included within the PROMIS software that were not +part of the software to be delivered under the contract, absent a +separate agreement regarding that software. + + There is no dispute that this plan obviously infuriated C. +Madison Brewer, DOJ's PROMIS Project Manager. The Bua Report +accepts the fact that Brewer vehemently took issue with the +representations and conclusions set forth in the Hamilton +memorandum, which Brewer referred to as "scurrilous," and further +acknowledges that Brewer's opposition to the plan was presented +in an improper manner. However, in a woefully inadequate effort +to downplay Brewer's conduct, the Bua Report proceeds to seek to +justify his opposition, while at the same time totally ignoring +all of the undisputed facts that evidence his outrageous conduct +directed at injuring INSLAW. + + First, the Bua Report's conclusion that at least some of the +positions taken by Brewer appear to have been well-founded is not +only wrong, but also is a facially obvious effort to obfuscate +the fact that virtually all of the substantive positions and +actions taken by DOJ, at the direction of Brewer, were not well- +founded. In this regard, the Bua Report credits Brewer for a +grand total of two correct positions, to the exclusion of all of +the incorrect positions. More particularly, the Bua Report states +that Brewer was correct to object to the extent that the Hamilton +memorandum claimed that all software developed after May 1981 was +proprietary, since the five BJS enhancements that were under +development would have been in the public +domain. INSLAW did not then, nor has it ever, disputed this +fact, and the memorandum did not take a contrary position. +Additionally, the Bua Report credits Brewer for correctly arguing +that INSLAW had received some federal funding after May 1981. +Once again, while this funding may have taken place, INSLAW was +not asserting any proprietary rights for software developed from +government funding under contracts containing federal data rights +clauses. Moreover, the specific contracts referenced in the Bua +Report did not encompass any software development work; +therefore, none of the proprietary enhancements was developed +using government money. Thus, the only two points on which the +Bua Report agrees with Brewer are non-issues, and serve only to +cloud the otherwise obvious wrongful conduct undertaken by +Brewer. + + The Bua Report ignores the fact that at an April 14, 1982 +meeting, Brewer actively considered terminating for the +government's convenience the month-old PROMIS Contract in +retaliation for INSLAW's letter to Morris. (Brewer, T. 1673; PX +23) In his testimony at trial, Brewer's deputy, Jack Rugh, +acknowledged that such a termination at that time would have been +"ludicrous." (Rugh, T. 1471; Brewer, T. 1673; PX 23) In addition, +Brewer discussed reprisals against INSLAW on its several other +contracts with DOJ, one of which was the BJS contract for +specific PROMIS enhancement development work which was not part +of the PROMIS enhancements claimed as proprietary by INSLAW. +(Hamilton, T. 114; PX 24) + + Another contract discussed at the April 14, 1982 meeting was +awarded to INSLAW in 1981 by DOJ to perform a needs analysis and +system design for PROMIS in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the +District of Columbia. (PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 122; Brewer, T. +1634, 1673; Hamilton, T. 141; PX 232) The authorized second phase +of this contract would have been a PROMIS implementation effort +by INSLAW at an estimated contract price of $600,000. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 123-124; Hamilton, T. 141-142) It was noted +during the April 14th meeting that DOJ was undecided about +whether to proceed with the contract's second phase and that +Brewer and Rugh would meet with the District of Columbia's U.S. +Attorney's Office staff to decide what would be done on the +contract. (PX 23) It was further noted that cancellation of the +authorized second phase would adversely affect INSLAW's ability +to keep its overhead rate in line with EOUSA expectations. (PX +23) + + Stating that he wanted to discuss the BJS contract with +INSLAW, Brewer demanded a meeting with INSLAW for April 19, 1982. +(PX 24; Brewer, T. 1638) + + At the outset of the meeting on April 19, 1982, Brewer +informed James Kelley, INSLAW's General Counsel, and Joyce Deroy +of INSLAW that his concern on the BJS contract arose from the +"scurrilous" memorandum written by Hamilton which was attached to +INSLAW's April 2, 1982 notice to Morris of its plans to market +Enhanced PROMIS. (PX 25; PX 26; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 137; +Brewer, T. 1671) + + As of this meeting, Brewer understood from Hamilton's +memorandum that INSLAW was asserting its ownership rights in +Enhanced PROMIS, as well as its right to market Enhanced PROMIS. +(PX 25; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 141) + + During the April 19, 1982 meeting, Brewer again referred to +the Hamilton memo and launched into a very emotional, even +belligerent, tirade. (PX 26; Brewer, T. 1639; Kelley, +T. 1397) During this part of the discussion of the Hamilton +memo, Brewer made a number of specific statements regarding the +memo. (PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 143) He stated that the Hamilton +memo was unnecessary because in Brewer's view DOJ had already +acknowledged INSLAW's right to sell Enhanced PROMIS. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 144-145) Nevertheless, and despite the obvious +inconsistency, it was Brewer's further understanding, he said, +that while INSLAW had the right to sell Enhanced PROMIS, DOJ had +unlimited rights to such software, including the right "to give +it away" to those very public and private sector entities to +which INSLAW would be attempting to market PROMIS. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 146-147; Brewer, T. 1683-1684) DOJ has the +audacity to contend that "[it] is in no way inconsistent" for +INSLAW to have "the right to sell . . . PROMIS" at the same time +that DOJ has "unlimited rights" to give PROMIS away to INSLAW's +intended customers. (DRPPFF 167) + + Brewer also questioned INSLAW's ability to perform the +PROMIS Contract and indicated that a number of people at DOJ were +upset with INSLAW and that the Hamilton memo had caused all kinds +of problems. (PX 26; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 172, 174-175) Brewer +further questioned the quality and timeliness of INSLAW's work, +citing the Illinois Criminal Justice Coordinating Council, the +Michigan Prosecuting Attorneys' Association and others as sources +of this information. (PX 26; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 175-176) + + Finally, Brewer strongly challenged INSLAW's right to claim +ownership of, and complete domain over, Enhanced PROMIS. (PX 26; +PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 177) + + Another matter of discussion by Brewer at the April 19, 1982 +meeting was a supplemental request for payment from INSLAW in the +amount of $125,000 in regard to the BJS contract (PX 324 [Brewer] +at pp. 141-142; Brewer, T. 1638, 1679; Hamilton, T. 144, 200). +Brewer contacted the superior of the contracting officer on the +BJS contract and asked that a "preliminary notice" of default be +issued on the contract2 as well as a reprimand to INSLAW for +failing to comply with the "Limitation of Cost Clause." (PX 27) +Subsequent to the meeting and at Brewer's insistence, INSLAW +agreed to absorb this $125,000 expense into the PROMIS Contract +without increasing the total cost of the PROMIS Contract and +without any additional payment under the BJS Contract. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 276-278; Brewer, T. 1640; Hamilton, T. 145)3 + + Subsequent to the April 19, 1982 meeting, Brewer met with +officials of the District of Columbia U.S. Attorney's Office to +recommend that they not go forward with Phase II of the contract. +(PX 232; PX 237; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 123; Brewer, T. 1674) +INSLAW was not formally notified of this decision until August +25, 1982, although it had successfully completed Phase I of the +D.C. U.S. Attorney's Contract on May 31, 1982. (Hamilton, T. 142; +PX 37; PX 38; PX 48) This formal notice was given just 13 days +after INSLAW received a letter from Deputy Attorney General +Stanley Morris dated August 11, 1982, which noted that INSLAW +could assert proprietary rights to any privately financed +PROMIS enhancements. (Hamilton, T. 138-140, 277; Merrill, T. 775- +776; PX 36) + + Brewer played a very important role in the decision not to +go forward with Phase II of the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office +contract. (PX 232; PX 237; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 124) Brewer +identified the purported basis for this decision, in part, as his +understanding that INSLAW was not able to perform because of the +demands being made upon INSLAW under the new three-year, PROMIS +Contract (PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 124-125; Brewer, T. 1635), +notwithstanding that the latter contract had only been in effect +a few months. + + Based on prior discussions with DOJ officials, INSLAW had +been led to believe that it would be awarded Phase II of the D.C. +U.S. Attorney's Office contract and had planned upon $600,000 of +revenue from Phase II for estimating its overhead rate for all of +its DOJ contracts and grants. (Hamilton, T. 143-144; Merrill, T. +774) After the decision not to go forward with Phase II had been +made, Brewer was informed by INSLAW's comptroller, Murray Hannon, +that denial of the $600,000 Phase II contract resulted in a +precipitous increase in INSLAW's overhead within a few months of +the decision, as Brewer had been forewarned would happen. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at p. 125) + + Finally, while the Bua Report went out of its way in an +attempt to exonerate Brewer, it is noteworthy that the Bua Report +did not even address the unrefutable fact that DOJ failed totally +to act upon, let alone consider, INSLAW's repeated assertions of +bias on the part of Brewer. As Judge Bryant found: + + INSLAW attributed its troubles to an acute bias on the + part of Brewer, who according to it was intent on + running the company out of business. INSLAW lodged many + complaints of bias and made several requests of DOJ to + investigate these complaints and give some relief from + what it perceived to be grossly unfair treatment. _DOJ + made no meaningful response to these complaints_, and + INSLAW's fortunes did not change. (Emphasis added.) (D. + Ct. Mem. Op., p. 6) + C. DOJ Obtained Enhanced PROMIS through Fraud and + Deceit + + + The Bua Report concluded that "[t]he evidence we have +compiled to date does not support a finding that DOJ employees +intentionally deceived or defrauded INSLAW, or that there was a +scheme to trick INSLAW into turning over its proprietary +software." (Page 125) This conclusion purportedly is supported on +the basis of a review of the deposition and trial testimony, +documents and interviews of "many of the individuals involved," +and the review of additional unspecified documentary evidence. +Not surprisingly, the Bua Report does not disclose the identity +of every one of the individuals interviewed or the "additional +documentary evidence" reviewed. In fact, however, virtually none +of the witnesses offered by INSLAW during the trial was +interviewed by the authors of the Bua Report, and those who were +interviewed commented at the time on the perfunctory character of +the inquiry. Indeed, it is astonishing that the authors of the +Bua Report could conclude, on the basis of interviews with DOJ +personnel conducted over 10 years after the events in question +and following an extensive trial and extraordinary post-trial +publicity, that those individuals acted only in the "best +legitimate interests of the government. " (Page 125) To accept +the self-serving, long after-the fact and post hoc +rationalizations of these individuals over their testimony at +trial, which testimony clearly evidenced their propensity for +lying and covering up the truth, as found by two federal courts, +is ludicrous.4 + + 1. The Advance Payment Dispute + + Under the PROMIS Contract, INSLAW was entitled to receive +payments in advance of the waiting period usually necessary to +process an invoice. In order to qualify for the advance payment +clause, INSLAW had to represent that it was not then capable of +obtaining financing from banks or other traditional commercial +sources. The contract also contained a provision that prohibited +INSLAW from pledging its rights under the contract. + + In November 1982, INSLAW informed DOJ that it had violated +inadvertently a technical covenant in the contract by assigning +its government invoices as collateral for a bank line of credit +that it had obtained in April 1982. DOJ responded to this by +threatening to terminate the advance payment clause and by +demanding that INSLAW turn over a copy of its software to DOJ. +The bankruptcy court found that the advance payment dispute was +manufactured, without justification, as a mechanism to injure +INSLAW and to require INSLAW to provide DOJ with a copy of the +software that would, in turn, enable DOJ to implement the +software in-house. + + The Bua Report rejected the conclusion reached by the +bankruptcy court. In doing so, the authors of the Bua Report seek +to justify the conduct of DOJ on the basis that DOJ's action +was predicated upon its belief that INSLAW had "lied" to it. +They conclude that it was the misrepresentations by INSLAW +concerning its ability to obtain outside financing that was the +primary reason for DOJ giving notice of termination of advance +payments. The authors of the Bua Report assert that, after +viewing the "demeanor" of the contracting officer, they concluded +that his version was believable on this point. This conclusion, +however, ignores virtually all of the evidence in the record +relating to this subject. + + First, the record is undeniably clear that, on February 19, +1982, prior to the issuance of the contract, when INSLAW sought +the so-called advance payment provision, commercial bank +financing was not available. Thus, INSLAW's representation to DOJ +at that time was correct and most certainly was not a lie. In +April 1982, largely on the strength of the $10 million contract +award, INSLAW was able to secure an additional line of credit +from the Bank of Bethesda. This credit was obtained, in part, +based upon the pledge of the receivables to the Bank. Thus, +contrary to the assertion in the Bua Report, INSLAW was not in +the process of obtaining commercial financing at the time that it +represented in its formal request that it was unable to do so, +and there is no conflict in the representation made in February, +prior to the contract, and the subsequent effort to obtain +financing in April, after the contract. The effort to obtain +financing took place later, and was predicated on the award of +the contract. Thus, INSLAW neither lied nor misrepresented +anything to DOJ. + + Notwithstanding, there is no dispute that the pledging of +the receivables resulted in a technical violation of the +contract. In November 1982, this technical violation was +discovered by DOJ's auditor Robert Whitely and discussed by him +with INSLAW. At that time, Whitely told INSLAW that he was fully +satisfied with the foregoing explanation and that, since DOJ was +in no way negatively impacted by the line of credit or the +pledge, he would not raise any question in the current audit +about this matter. Whitely fully acknowledged these facts, and +particularly the fact that the government was not placed in any +financial risk as a result of the technical violation. (PX 345 +[Whitely] at pp. 36-38, 40-44; Whitely, T. 1673-1764; Hamilton, +T. 166-167) However, when Whitely met with Videnieks and Brewer +and indicated his discovery of the technical violation, they +seized on the issue and maneuvered it into a controversy when +none really existed. Whitely later testified at trial that he had +been concerned about INSLAW's near insolvency, but could not +produce any contemporaneous documentation to verify the +truthfulness of such claims. + + Second, despite considerable written discussions within DOJ +concerning this matter, there is no record whatsoever of any DOJ +employees stating their belief that INSLAW had lied to them. In +fact, while Brewer and the contracting officer purportedly were +concerned about a substantial deterioration in the financial +condition of INSLAW, as well as other concerns that they +enumerated in writing, at no time did they state their belief +that INSLAW had engaged in any misrepresentations. Nor did they +seek to justify their conduct on that basis during their +depositions or at trial. In short, while they may have asserted +this so-called "lie" argument to the authors of the Bua Report, +over 10 years after the fact, they most certainly did not raise +this argument at any earlier time. + + Third, the entire premise on which DOJ threatened to +terminate the advance payment provision (i.e., the deteriorating +financial condition of INSLAW) was found by the bankruptcy +court to be a complete fabrication and a pretext for +demanding access to the computer software. Not surprisingly, this +wealth of evidence was totally ignored in the Bua Report. + + For example, despite the expressed concerns about the +financial condition of INSLAW, neither Brewer nor Videnieks could +identify any evidence which led them to believe that INSLAW's +financial condition had substantially deteriorated since the +award of the PROMIS contract in March 1982, nor any evidence of +any fraud. (PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 232-233; 241-245; Brewer, T. +1630; Videnieks, 207-208) In fact, Brewer and Videnieks were +mistaken in their assumption that INSLAW's financial condition +had deteriorated during the latter half of 1982; INSLAW was much +stronger in December 1982 than at the time the PROMIS contract +began. (Hamilton, T. 162) In fact, during 1982, INSLAW was able +to increase a previously existing line of credit of $700,000 with +First American Bank to a $1.2 million line of credit from the +Bank of Bethesda. (Hamilton, T. 159; Merrill, T. 799) In +addition, between August and December 1982, INSLAW entered into +the co-marketing agreement with IBM. (Hamilton, T. 160; Merrill, +T. 799) Perhaps most important is the fact that INSLAW had +obtained the PROMIS contract, and prospects were strong for +successful completion of the contract. (Hamilton, T. 160-161; +Sherzer, T. 958-959) + + Notwithstanding the evidence to the contrary, Brewer +informed Tyson, Director of EOUSA, about these same unsupported +concerns. (PX 49; Hamilton, T. 156-157) In a December 9, 1982 +memo to Tyson, Brewer raised the following issues: + + a. The prospect of INSLAW's bankruptcy; + + b. The possible need for in-house EOUSA personnel to + take over the PROMIS Project; + + c. Substantial questions of fraud being raised by + INSLAW's accounting practices; + + d. The need for close auditing review of INSLAW's + costs, particularly overhead and computer center + costs; and + + e. The prospect of terminating the PROMIS Contract. + (PX 49; Hamilton, T. 156-156) + + The December 9 memo also expressly detailed EOUSA's +commencement of planning for carrying-on the PROMIS Contract +Project in-house, using EOUSA employees ". . . in the event of +trouble" and stated that DOJ had "demanded, as is our right, from +INSLAW copies of all software documentation ...." (PX 49) +(Emphasis added.) This planning was not disclosed at any time by +DOJ to INSLAW. (Hamilton, T. 165) Had this planning been +disclosed to INSLAW, INSLAW would not have turned its software +over to DOJ pursuant to Modification 12. (Hamilton, T. 165-166) + + The December 9, 1982 Brewer memo was based on several +fundamental misconceptions. First, INSLAW had not incurred +$975,000 of additional bank debt, but $275,000, and the +additional borrowing was necessary to defray partially $344,000 +that DOJ then owed INSLAW +for its time-sharing services. (Hamilton, T. 157-158) +Second, Brewer misconstrued the Advance Payments provision of the +contract as a mechanism for "payment-in-advance" when it was +merely a contractual procedure for DOJ's timely payment of +INSLAW's vouchers for work already completed. (Hamilton, T. 158) +Third, Brewer erroneously concluded that INSLAW had +"reprogrammed" $100,000 in contributions to the INSLAW employee +profit-sharing plan because INSLAW had not yet deposited the +annual contribution, when, in fact, the deposit was not yet due +and owing. (Hamilton, T. 158-159) Fourth, Brewer incorrectly +concluded that the nature of INSLAW's indebtedness had become +"desperate" by December 1982, when, in fact, INSLAW believed it +had just obtained DOJ's " sign-off" to its rights to license its +privately-financed enhancements, had established its first sales +and marketing unit, and had consummated a national co-marketing +arrangement with IBM for the public sector. (Hamilton, T. 159- +161) Fifth, Brewer confused a version of PROMIS developed under +the Pilot contract using a COBOL compiler that the hardware +manufacturer (PRIME) had subsequently discontinued, with a +version developed by INSLAW's European subsidiary based on +current compiler technology; as a consequence of his lack of +understanding, Brewer had suggested possible fraudulent +accounting practices at INSLAW. (Hamilton, T. 162-165) INSLAW's +independent public accountants had, in fact, reviewed and +approved the accounting transactions. (Hamilton, T. 165) + + The Bua Report concludes that DOJ's actions concerning the +advance payments were fully justified by the memoranda they wrote +concerning the matter. According to the Bua Report, "[t]o believe +that DOJ's concerns about INSLAW's financial health were actually +a pretext, would require a finding that certain DOJ employees +were so prescient that they created numerous internal documents, +and indeed even misled their superiors, just so that they could +defend themselves against a claim of theft years later." No such +finding would be required. In fact, the only finding that is +necessary is that Brewer, for all of the reasons found by the +bankruptcy court, set about to manufacture a reason to justify +obtaining the software. There is nothing unusual in employees +attempting to paper the record in an effort to justify their +actions and that is exactly what happened here. The evidence +amply supports the bankruptcy court's findings that DOJ's +justification for seeking the software and cancelling the advance +payments provisions was unsupportable. + + In an effort to justify the conduct of DOJ, the authors of +the Bua Report go to great lengths to rebut the conclusion of the +bankruptcy court that Brewer and Videnieks had no basis to +believe that INSLAW was near insolvency and that Whitely's +testimony in support of this argument was manufactured solely for +use at trial. According to the report, "Judge Bason stated this +conclusion after finding that Whitely never prepared any report, +that Whitely never referred to INSLAW's potential insolvency in +his deposition, and that Videnieks did not mention Whitely in his +deposition." The report concluded that "all of these factual +assertions appear to be just plain wrong." (Page 131-132) In +fact, Judge Bason was absolutely correct and it is the authors of +the Bua Report that are "just plain wrong." + + Judge Bason first found that neither Brewer nor Videnieks at +their depositions could identify any evidence to demonstrate a +substantial deterioration in INSLAW's financial condition, +notwithstanding repeated opportunities during their +depositions to provide such evidence.5 While Videnieks did +suggest that he had been informed by the audit staff of the +possibility of INSLAW's financial failure, this was not evidence +of any deterioration in the financial condition of INSLAW. Judge +Bason next found that while Whitely asserted at trial his +conclusion regarding potential insolvency, Whitely did not +prepare a written report or any other document which "detailed" +his alleged conclusions. Judge Bason concluded, quite reasonably, +that if Whitely had reached such an obviously important, if not +critical, conclusion regarding the financial condition of INSLAW, +it would have been documented in his work papers, which it was +not. In fact, on rebuttal, INSLAW adduced the testimony of +Whitely's successor, Ms. Schacht, who testified that there was no +reference to such purported insolvency in the DOJ audit file nor +any discussions on this subject within DOJ's auditing group. +(Schacht, T. 2452) Not surprisingly, DOJ was unable to produce +any such written records that supported Whitely's trial +testimony, since none existed. While Whitely may have said he +prepared "work papers," the facts prove otherwise. Finally, Judge +Bason found that Whitely's other conclusions concerning the Irish +subsidiary receivable and the capitalization of software +development costs were directly contrary to the considered +opinion of Arthur Young & Co., a recognized independent +international auditing firm, which had given INSLAW, a "clean," +unqualified audit opinion as to its financial condition, and +itself was the source of INSLAW's accounting treatment of its +capitalization. (Whitely, T. 1777-1779) + + Obviously, Judge Bason was fully justified, based on the +record before him, in concluding that the basis for the advance +payment dispute was totally unjustified and manufactured. The Bua +Report does nothing to refute the conclusions reached by Judge +Bason, and its efforts to attack Judge Bason in this regard are +pathetic. + + 2. DOJ's Demand for the Software + + The bankruptcy court concluded that DOJ knowingly set out to +obtain the version of PROMIS to which it was not entitled under +the contract and which DOJ understood contained proprietary +enhancements belonging to INSLAW. The district court concurred +with this conclusion: + + Thus, the court is drawn to the same conclusion reached + by the bankruptcy court; the government acted willfully + and fraudulently to obtain property that it was not + entitled to under the contract. (D. Ct. Opinion, p. 34) + + The Bua Report stated that this conclusion required proof +that DOJ set out to obtain something to which it was not +entitled. Because DOJ purported initially only to seek the public +domain version of the software, the Bua Report concludes that +proof of DOJ's fraudulent intent is missing. The Bua Report +concludes that INSLAW had failed to maintain a contract version +of +PROMIS and that, had they done so, there would have been no +proprietary rights dispute, since INSLAW's production of such a +version would have satisfied any obligation it had under the +contract. This entire argument displays a fundamental +misunderstanding of the contract. + + First, the contract contemplated that DOJ promptly would +select the computer it wished to have installed at the 20 largest +U.S. Attorneys' Offices and that INSLAW would then implement the +public domain software on that hardware. This software then +consisted of two separate parts: the Pilot Project version and +the 5 BJS enhancements. Until DOJ selected its computer hardware, +there was no reason for INSLAW to maintain a separate public +domain version consisting of these then two separate and non- +integrated parts. The integration of the five BJS enhancements +with the Pilot Project version had to be done after DOJ selected +the specific computer hardware. The Pilot Project used PRIME +computers, and DOJ had not determined what brand and model of +computers it would buy for the 20 largest U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. For example, DOJ would not have reimbursed INSLAW to +create a separate Pilot Project PLUS five BJS enhancement version +for operation on a particular brand and model computer such as +the VAX mid-range computer from Digital Equipment Corporation +unless and until DOJ selected VAX for the 20 U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. Instead, DOJ selected PRIME. + + Second, contrary to the assertion in the Bua Report, INSLAW +did have a version of public domain PROMIS that was frozen and +bug free. The U. S . Attorneys' Offices in San Diego and Newark +were each operating the Pilot Project version of PROMIS, and +INSLAW was supporting that version and keeping it "bug free." The +five BJS enhancements had not been created at the time of the +original Pilot Project implementation. Whatever hardware DOJ +selected would also be used to replace the hardware in the San +Diego and Newark Pilot Project offices. Consequently, while +INSLAW ultimately would have to implement the Pilot Project +version, as supplemented by the BJS enhancements in each of the +two Pilot Project offices as well as in the other 20 largest U.S. +Attorneys' Offices, INSLAW could not reasonably have begun to add +the five BJS enhancements to the bug-free Pilot Project version +until DOJ made its computer hardware selection. DOJ had not made +its selection of the hardware by the time DOJ demanded the time- +sharing version of PROMIS. + + Third, the conclusion of the Bua Report that DOJ was unaware +of the fact that the version it sought contained the proprietary +enhancements is wrong. It is undisputed that during the period of +time before DOJ selected its hardware, it was understood that +INSLAW would accommodate DOJ by allowing the larger offices +access to INSLAW's computer in Maryland (not Virginia) on a time- +sharing basis. It was expected that DOJ would order the hardware +promptly, so that this accommodation would be short term. Since +it was not possible to implement the contracted-for version until +the hardware was selected, there was no reason to maintain a +separate copy of that version, and DOJ certainly knew this fact. + + For this temporary time-sharing accommodation to DOJ, INSLAW +used its proprietary VAX version of PROMIS in which other +proprietary enhancements also had been included ("the time- +sharing version") There was no contractual requirement that +INSLAW provide DOJ with this time-sharing software, and therefore +INSLAW had, quite properly, not anticipated that DOJ would demand +the underlying software which contained these proprietary +enhancements. Indeed, no one connected to the contract ever +contemplated the delivery to DOJ of the time-sharing version, +since this version was being used merely as a short-term +accommodation. As DOJ was +not expected ever to take delivery of the time-sharing +version, INSLAW could reasonably have planned to use its +proprietary version in the time-sharing service, because this +improved version would enable INSLAW to provide more responsive +time-sharing services to each of the largest U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. + + When DOJ demanded that INSLAW turn over its PROMIS software, +DOJ still had not selected either the minicomputer or the word +processing hardware that would ultimately be used to run +minicomputer PROMIS at the 20 larger offices and the word +processor-based case tracking software at the 74 smaller offices. +Thus, DOJ was not at that time prepared to implement the version +of PROMIS called for under the terms of the contract and, indeed, +INSLAW could not prepare the contracted-for version of PROMIS for +DOJ until DOJ had decided which minicomputer hardware to procure. +Therefore, when DOJ used the pretense of threatened termination +of advance payments as leverage to obtain the software, it had to +know that it was seeking the enhanced time-sharing version of +PROMIS to which it was not entitled under the contract, and which +DOJ understood contained proprietary enhancements belonging to +INSLAW. + + Finally, contrary to the assertion in the Bua Report, +whether DOJ had knowledge that it was seeking the time-sharing +version at the time it sent its initial request letter is not a +critical issue, because DOJ clearly understood that it was +seeking the proprietary version at the time it negotiated +Modification 12. By that time, there is no dispute that DOJ was +aware that the software it was demanding was the version +containing the proprietary enhancements. Even the Bua Report +concedes that by the time the parties were negotiating +Modification 12, INSLAW had informed DOJ that the VAX version of +PROMIS being provided under the time-sharing arrangements +contained enhancements that INSLAW considered proprietary. (Page +136) + + In fact, beginning at least as early as February 4, 1983, +when DOJ and INSLAW met to discuss DOJ's threatened +discontinuation of the advance payment provision, DOJ +specifically was put on notice that its simultaneous demand for +the underlying software would require INSLAW to turn over the +proprietary version of that software. Immediately upon learning +of this fact, there is no dispute that DOJ refused to resolve the +advance payment issue independently of the software issue, +notwithstanding that the two issues were unrelated. Indeed, as +even the Bua Report acknowledged, "from at least this point on, +DOJ collapsed the negotiations of the advance payment dispute +into the negotiations of the software request and the proprietary +rights issue." (Page 28) Thus, when DOJ used the pretense of +threatened termination of advance payments as leverage to obtain +the enhanced time-sharing software, it knowingly set out to +obtain a version of PROMIS to which it was not entitled under the +contract, and which DOJ understood contained proprietary +enhancements belonging to INSLAW. + + Even if DOJ started out to obtain nothing more than the +contracted-for version (albeit for improper purposes), DOJ +clearly was seeking the proprietary version at the time it put +into effect its plan to "get the goods"6 via Modification 12. As +such, the absence of evidence that DOJ +knew, when it initially requested a copy of the PROMIS +codes, that it would obtain something other than the contract +version is irrelevant; the evidence is undisputed that it knew +that it was going to receive the proprietary version when it set +about to obtain that version without any intention to negotiate +in good faith over its use. Thus, there is no "great weakness" in +Judge Bason's conversion theory. + + 3. The Negotiation of Modification 12 + + The parties thereafter entered into negotiations to resolve +both the proprietary rights and advance payment issues, +ultimately resulting in the execution of Modification 12 to the +contract. The Bua Report acknowledges that, without regard to +whatever rights DOJ had to the software prior to Modification 12, +DOJ clearly was "bargaining away" some of its rights when it +agreed to enter into Modification 12, and moreover, was +obligating itself to "live up" to the terms of that Modification. +(Page 136-137) + + Under this Modification, INSLAW agreed to turn over its +proprietary software on the basis of certain explicit commitments +by DOJ. First, DOJ was to bargain in good faith to identify the +proprietary enhancements contained within enhanced PROMIS. +Second, DOJ was to decide within a reasonable time which +enhancements it wanted to use, and to the extent that it did not +want to use certain of these enhancements, to direct INSLAW to +remove the enhancements it did not want. Third, DOJ was to +bargain in good faith with INSLAW as to the price to be paid for +those enhancements it did want. + + The bankruptcy court found that DOJ never intended to meet +its commitments under Modification 12 and that once DOJ had +received Enhanced PROMIS pursuant to Modification 12, DOJ +thereafter refused to bargain in good faith with INSLAW. DOJ +instead "engaged in an outrageous, deceitful, fraudulent game of +cat and mouse, demonstrating contempt for both the law and any +principle of fair dealing." While conceding that DOJ's conduct +following execution of Modification 12 was subject to criticism +and demonstrated "poor judgment," the Bua Report rejected the +bankruptcy court's finding of DOJ fraud under Modification 12, +based largely upon its post hoc meetings with Rugh and Videnieks: + + Bankruptcy Judge Bason found that DOJ "never intended + to meet its commitment" under Modification 12. We do + not believe the evidence supports this finding. The + weight of the evidence demonstrates that the DOJ + employees involved reviewed INSLAW's submissions in + good faith, and responded in ways that they + subjectively believed were within the government's + legitimate rights under the contract. We find no + evidence of bad faith or intentional wrongdoing. + + This conclusion is belied by any reasonable and objective +review of the facts relating to this matter. It is also belied by +the very reasoning adopted by the authors of the Bua Report. +The authors conclude that DOJ had an affirmative obligation +to "live up" to the procedures contained in Modification 12 and +in a March 18, 1983 letter written by Videnieks which provides +the foundation for Modification 12. Together, these documents +clearly obligated DOJ to negotiate in good faith with INSLAW to +determine which of the enhancements were proprietary and, +thereafter, which of those enhancements DOJ wanted to be included +in the software delivered under the contract. The Bua Report +found that DOJ failed to negotiate with INSLAW regarding an +acceptable methodology for determining which enhancements were +proprietary. Indeed, the Bua Report concluded that DOJ refused to +accept the methodology proposed by INSLAW, refused to explain the +basis of that rejection, and refused to provide INSLAW with the +methodology that would be acceptable to DOJ. In fact, the Bua +Report concluded that "[i]t is difficult for us to see a good +reason not to tell INSLAW what criticism DOJ had of INSLAW's +methodology ... it was in neither party's interest to have INSLAW +guessing about what was the problem with the methodology." (Page +139) Yet, notwithstanding having concluded that DOJ was obligated +to negotiate in good faith to live up to its commitments under +the Modification, and having concluded that DOJ failed to do so +for no "good reason," the Bua Report concludes that these two +failures were not done in bad faith. By definition alone, they +most certainly were. Moreover, when put in context, DOJ's actions +clearly were a continuation of the ongoing bad faith conduct +directed at INSLAW during the entirety of the contract. + + By way of background, when DOJ persisted in its attempts to +tie resolution of the advance payment issue to the proprietary +rights issue, INSLAW initially proposed that the parties enter +into an escrow agreement pursuant to which DOJ would receive the +software if, and only if, INSLAW went into bankruptcy. (PX 68; +Hamilton, T. 167-168; Brewer, T. 1693-1694; Merrill, T. 791) + + Although certain DOJ personnel recommended INSLAW's third- +party escrow proposal, it was rejected by Brewer and Videnieks, +because they could not thereby immediately obtain the software. +(PX 73) Videnieks and Brewer discussed this issue on or about +March 28, 1983 and decided to propose a letter response to +INSLAW's government contracts counsel, Harvey Sherzer, indicating +DOJ's intent "to back off [Advance payments] discontinuation and +promising non-dissemination [of PROMIS software] in return for +delivery of information demanded on 12/6~ (PX 73) Videnieks +prepared a draft of this letter which Brewer then rewrote (PX +73). This letter was submitted to William Snider, Administrative +Counsel for Procurement, who previously had indicated his +preference for a bilateral agreement between the parties embodied +in a contract modification. (PX 73) + + A March 28 memo further recounts that Videnieks was in full +agreement with Brewer about the letter, indicating quite +significantly ". . . why do you need signature if you got the +goods?" (PX 73; Videnieks, T. 1837-1838) + + Snider quickly responded to the Brewer/Videnieks proposal on +March 29, "sharply disagreeing on this approach." (Videnieks, T. +1838) At this point, Brewer "forbade" Videnieks +from entering into a "Mod" of the contract. (PX 73)7 Brewer +did not want a bilateral agreement if he could "get the goods" +without it. (Brewer, T. 1704-1705) + + On April 5, 1983 Videnieks and Brewer had a telephone +conversation in which Brewer told Videnieks that he would +"protect" him from "backing down" to Sherzer and Hamilton. (PX +73) After this conversation, Videnieks checked with Snider and +"MH" [INSLAW's comptroller, Murray Hannon], who confirmed that a +contract modification protecting INSLAW's proprietary +enhancements was a precondition to INSLAW's delivery of the +software. (PX 73; Brewer, T. 1208) Brewer understood that INSLAW +wanted such protection and that INSLAW would remove any +enhancements that DOJ did not want. (Brewer, T. 1708-1709) + + DOJ's March 18, 1983 response to INSLAW's March 11 escrow +agreement proposal dismissed the proposal but did offer, in +consideration of "getting the goods," to agree not to disseminate +or disclose the PROMIS software beyond EOUSA and the U.S. +Attorney's Offices enumerated in the PROMIS contract pending +resolution and negotiation of the proprietary enhancements issue +"until the data rights of the parties to the contract are +resolved." (PX 70; PX 71; Merrill, T. 792; Brewer, T. 1689-1690; +Hamilton, T. 168) This proposal by Videnieks was basically the +methodology proposed and discussed at the February 4, 1983 +meeting. (Merrill, T. 792) + + The March 18 letter also stated that once the "data rights" +issue was resolved, DOJ would review INSLAW's proprietary +enhancements to decide which (if any) enhancements DOJ desired to +include in the PROMIS Contract software. (PX 70; PX 71) + + Videnieks specifically stated in his March 18 letter that +after the proprietary enhancements issue was resolved, DOJ: + + . . . will review the effect of any enhancements which + are determined to be proprietary, and then either + direct INSLAW to delete those enhancements from the + versions of PROMIS to be delivered under the contract + or negotiate with INSLAW regarding the inclusion of + those enhancements in that software. The Government + would then either destroy or return the "enhanced" + versions of PROMIS in exchange for the Government + PROMIS software including only those enhancements that + should be included in the software. If this course of + action is acceptable to INSLAW there would be no need + for an escrow agreement. (PX 70; PX 71; Videnieks, T. + 1813-1815) + + The enhancements which DOJ did not want would be removed +from the software delivered to DOJ. (PX 70; PX 71; Brewer, T. +1690-1691, 1709; Hamilton, T. 330-331) + INSLAW understood from Videnieks' letter that it was +necessary to resolve the issue of "proprietary enhancements" as +soon as possible because INSLAW was scheduled to deliver software +to the 20 largest U.S. Attorney's offices beginning in the Summer +of 1983. (PX 73; Hamilton, T. 169) INSLAW also understood from +Videnieks' letter that it was to identify the enhancements that +had been privately financed, with evidence of the source of +private funding, and an indication as to why the enhancements +were not required to be furnished under the terms of the +contract. (Hamilton, T. 170; PX 70; PX 71) + + Most importantly, INSLAW understood from Videnieks' letter +that DOJ would negotiate with INSLAW to purchase any privately +financed enhancements that it desired to keep in the software +deliverable under the contract. (Hamilton, T. 171; Merrill, T. +792-793; Gizzarelli, T. 534; Sherzer, T. 977-979; PX 341 [Tyson] +at pp. 205-207, 212-214; PX 336 [Snider] at pp. 91-96; PX 70; PX +71) + + As of the time of Videnieks' letter, INSLAW was fully +prepared to delete any or all enhancements that DOJ indicated it +did not desire pursuant to the process laid out in Videnieks' +letter. (Hamilton, T. 172-173; Merrill, T. 793) + + William Snider, Administrative Counsel for the Justice +Management Division ("JMD") and a prime negotiator of +Modification 12, understood that Modification 12 was intended to +implement Videnieks' letter of March 18 and the intent to +negotiate on proprietary enhancements stated in that letter. (PX +336 [Snider] at pp. 7, 90-96) In that regard, Snider further +understood that if DOJ wanted INSLAW's proprietary enhancements, +then it would pay INSLAW for such enhancements. (PX 336 [Snider] +at pp. 91-96) Indeed, Snider had informed INSLAW representatives +at a meeting prior to the execution of Modification 12 that DOJ +would negotiate compensation to INSLAW for all such enhancements +that DOJ wished to use. (Hamilton, T. 177; Sherzer, T. 977; +Merrill, T. 790-791) + + In fact, however, notwithstanding the obligation of DOJ to +negotiate in good faith, Brewer had no intention to negotiate. +Indeed, Videnieks, Rugh and Brewer all testified that +notwithstanding Modification 12, they had no understanding of any +obligation on DOJ's part to negotiate with INSLAW concerning the +time-sharing or any other PROMIS software. (PX 324 [Brewer] at p. +163; Brewer, T. 1691-1693) Brewer had discussed his understanding +of Modification 12 with a number of people at DOJ and his views +in that regard were shared by Brewer's staff and by Videnieks. +(PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 163-164) This glaring admission was +ignored totally in the Bua Report, since this admission made at +the time of the trial totally contradicts the purported +statements made by these individuals to the authors of the Bua +Report in their post hoc interviews. Given the fact of these +admissions and the fact that DOJ's actions subsequent to +Modification 12 were consistent with the admissions, it is +impossible to conclude that DOJ's conduct was not taken in bad +faith. Moreover, this conduct at a minimum was a violation of the +contractual obligations of DOJ under Modification 12 to negotiate +in good faith. + + In reviewing the entire factual record, Judge Bryant +concluded: + + Once the software was in the possession of DOJ, there + is no evidence that the government ever negotiated in + good faith over the existence of the proprietary + enhancements claimed by INSLAW. The DOJ put the entire + onus of proof on + INSLAW, yet never indicated what methodology or proof + would be acceptable. The contract entered into by the + parties entitled the government to the version of + PROMIS then in the public domain. _The expert witnesses + demonstrate that INSLAW did enhance the software with + private funds. By failing to acknowledge or accept + INSLAW's claims. the government continued its + fraudulent behavior toward INSLAW. This behavior + persisted long after INSLAW filed for reorganization_. + (Emphasis added.) (D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 40) + + In the face of the factual record before the two federal +courts, it is impossible to conclude that DOJ acted other than in +bad faith. Most of the conduct of its key employees is +indefensible. Its failure to investigate the assertion of bias +also is indefensible. Its repeated false representations to +INSLAW's attorneys, as described in detail by the two lower +courts, is inexcusable. As Judge Bryant found: + + The government accuses the bankruptcy court of looking + beyond the bankruptcy proceeding to find culpability by + the government. What is strikingly apparent from the + testimony and deposition of key witnesses and many + documents is that INSLAW performed its contract in a + hostile environment that extended from the higher + echelons of the Justice Department to the officials who + had the day-to-day responsibility for supervising its + work. (D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 36) + + Even the most cursory examination of the record leads to the +inescapable conclusion of bad faith on the part of DOJ. The Bua +Report's contrary conclusion, based upon its long-after-the-fact +"demeanor" interviews of the DOJ employees responsible for the +bad faith, is simply ridiculous. + + 4. The Implementation and Use of the PROMIS + Software Beyond the 20 Offices + + Under Modification 12, DOJ agreed that it would not +distribute the software received under the Modification beyond +the offices enumerated under the contract. Subsequent thereto, +DOJ began to install this software beyond the 20 offices for +which the software was designated. The Bua Report concluded that +it was neither improper nor unreasonable for DOJ to "self" +install PROMIS beyond the 20 larger offices designated to receive +this version of PROMIS under the contract. Once again, this +conclusion is belied by any responsible understanding of the +contract and the circumstances under which Modification 12 was +negotiated. + + The contract between INSLAW and DOJ involved two separate, +severable, and clearly + distinguishable tasks: + + 1. To create, generate and implement software to be + used on computers ("the computer-based software") + at 20 designated larger U.S. Attorney's Offices + (with an option, admittedly never exercised, to + expand this use, to up to thirty offices) + + 2. To create, generate and implement a different kind + of software to be used on specified word + processing equipment ("the word processing based + software") at some 74 smaller U.S. Attorneys' + Offices. (PX 17) + Thus, Paragraph 1.2 of the contract provides in part: + + 1.2 The Contractor shall implement PROMIS software and + procedures as modified for the U.S. Attorney's + environment on Government furnished mini-computers + located in the larger U.S. Attorneys' Offices. + Case tracking systems that have been developed to + operate on Government furnished word processing + equipment shall be installed in the smaller U.S. + Attorneys' Offices.... + + The parties clearly understood that these were separate +tasks, and required the development and creation by INSLAW of two +different and distinguishable kinds of software, each to be +implemented only within the designated types of offices specified +in the contract for that particular kind of software. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 215-217; Snider 54-56; Gizzarelli, T. 479, 488, +494-495; PX 341 [Tyson] at p. 41; Hamilton, T. 110-111,115, 132- +134; Merrill, T. 770-771) + The computer-based software generated for the 20 larger +computer-site offices, as specified in the contract, was to be +used only at those offices, and the word processing based +software to be developed and created by INSLAW was to be used +only at the 74 smaller offices. (Hamilton, T. 132-134; Merrill, +T. 764; Gizzarelli, T. 488, 497-499; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 215- +216) At no time during any meeting, either before or after the +contract was signed, did anyone from DOJ inform INSLAW that DOJ +believed that the computer-based software could be used beyond +these 20 offices. (Merrill, T. 770; Hamilton, T. 134) The +contract did provide, however, that DOJ could extend the +implementation of computer-based PROMIS to an additional 10 +offices at an added price which the contract specified (and the +parties understood) would be negotiated between the parties. +(Hamilton, T. 124; PX 17; Merrill, T. 769-770; Gizzarelli, T. 496- +499; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 215-216) + + In effect, it was as if there were two contracts calling for +two types of software to be delivered to two types of offices, a +fact clearly understood by DOJ. (Hamilton, T. 110-111, 132-134; +Merrill, T. 764; Gizzarelli, T. 488, 494, 497-499) At the time +that Modification 12 was executed, both aspects of the contract +were still operative. Modification 12 required INSLAW to produce +all "computer programs" and documentation for the time-sharing +version, the computer-based version, and the word processing +based version. (Merrill, T. 786; Sherzer, T. 980; Hamilton, T. +152, 2583-2588) DOJ never told INSLAW that it was not required to +produce all of this under Modification 12 or that INSLAW was +producing too much. (Merrill, T. 787) + + Contrary to the mindless conclusion reached by the Bua +Report, the provisions of Modification 12 must be read +consistently with the existing contract, the terms of which +(Modification 12 unequivocally states) were not otherwise +changed. (Gizzarelli, T. 535; Sherzer, T. 1030) Thus, DOJ's +agreement not to disseminate or use the software beyond the 94 +offices has to be read in the context of the two contract tasks +that existed at that time. This means that the computer-based +software would not be disseminated beyond the 20 designated +larger offices for which this software was being created and +developed, and the word processing based software would not be +disseminated beyond the 74 offices for which that type of +software was +being created and developed. (Merrill, T. 787-788; Hamilton, +T. 177-178; Gizzarelli, T. 535) + + Contrary to the baseless assertions in the Bua Report, +Modification 12 sought to effect delivery to DOJ of all computer +programs developed under the contract, as well as INSLAW's +proprietary enhancements then incorporated in the software. The +statement of work defines the software for the word processing +machines as computer programs, (Hamilton, T. 2583) and +subparagraphs 3 and 5 of Modification 12 specify the delivery of +software for operation on word processing machines (Hamilton, T. +2584-2586). In addition, Modification 12 was directly related to +and fully embodies the process and intent of Videnieks' letter of +March 18, 1983. (Hamilton, T. 173; Gizzarelli, T. 535-536; +Merrill, T. 793-794; PX 336 [Snider] at pp. 7, 90-96) + + Subsequently, when DOJ unilaterally terminated the word +processing part of the contract for the convenience of the +Government following the execution of Modification 12, the 74 +word processing offices dropped out, and all that remained were +the 20 offices that were to receive the computer-based version of +PROMIS (plus the never-exercised option to extend the latter +version to ten additional offices at additional cost). At no time +had anyone from DOJ informed INSLAW that it was DOJ's intention +to implement PROMIS beyond the 20 offices specified in the +contract. Thus, only these 20 offices were among those the +parties contemplated would receive the computer-based PROMIS, and +it was only these offices that could receive the INSLAW software +until the data rights issue was resolved. No one ever +contemplated that DOJ would have the right to disseminate the +computer-based software beyond the 20 offices, and most certainly +not while there was still a dispute over the ownership rights in +that software. + + Finally, whether DOJ had the right to implement the software +beyond the 20 offices, while clearly relevant in the context of +an automatic stay bankruptcy proceeding, is not relevant to the +more important question of whether DOJ had the right to continue +to use the proprietary software, without compensation to INSLAW, +after the data rights issue was determined in favor of INSLAW. +During the course of the bankruptcy proceedings, extensive +evidence was introduced that demonstrated that the software used +by DOJ was the proprietary, non-public domain version created by +INSLAW using non-government funding, and that this proprietary +software was not deliverable under the contract. Thus, even if +DOJ had the right to use the software until the data rights issue +was resolved, once that issue was resolved by the court in favor +of INSLAW, DOJ no longer could continue to use the software +without appropriate payment to INSLAW. Even DOJ has conceded that +its right to use the software under Modification 12 was limited +to the period of time during which the parties were required to +negotiate the data rights issue. DOJ understood that it could not +continue to keep the software to the extent it contained +proprietary enhancements without paying INSLAW for the right to +do so. Yet, notwithstanding the extensive findings of the +bankruptcy court, as affirmed in total by the federal district +court, that the software used by DOJ rightfully belonged to +INSLAW and that DOJ was not entitled to use that software, DOJ +has continued to use the software without compensating INSLAW + +II. BUA'S INVESTIGATION OF THE EVIDENCE THAT DOJ ATTEMPTED + TO CAUSE THE CONVERSION OF THE INSLAW BANKRUPTCY BY + IMPROPER MEANS -- THE "INDEPENDENT HANDLING" PROCEEDING + + + The Bua Report devotes 41 pages to an analysis of the +factual underpinnings of the bankruptcy court's findings in the +"Independent Handling" proceeding. + + The Independent Handling proceeding in the Spring of 1987 +arose from INSLAW's request to the bankruptcy court to insulate +the handling of the INSLAW Chapter 11 reorganization by DOJ's +U.S. Trustee's program from improper influence by DOJ's Executive +Office for U.S. Attorneys. Such improper influence was reflected +in the contemporaneous handwritten notes of DOJ Contracting +Officer Peter Videnieks that INSLAW obtained during the first +quarter of 1987 in litigation discovery. + + A separate adversarial hearing ensued on this subject, and +the bankruptcy court found that DOJ officials had, in fact, +secretly attempted in 1985 forcibly to convert INSLAW from a +Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation in order +to prevent INSLAW from seeking redress in the courts for DOJ's +theft of the PROMIS software in April 1983. + + While noting that the covert DOJ liquidation effort was "not +free from doubt," the report concludes that there is +"insufficient evidence to support a finding that DOJ planned or +attempted to convert the Inslaw bankruptcy case or engaged in any +cover-up to conceal the conduct alleged." This portion of the +report demonstrates, once again, that the Bua investigation's +focus and, indeed, its predisposition, was not to investigate DOJ +wrongdoing previously demonstrated to two courts through fully +litigated factual findings, but, instead, to justify DOJ's +conduct and exonerate the wrongdoers. + + The report correctly states that INSLAW's evidence in the +proceeding consisted essentially of six parts: (1) statements and +testimony by Anthony Pasciuto, then Deputy Director of DOJ's +Executive Office for U.S. Trustees; (2) handwritten notes of +Peter Videnieks', DOJ's Contracting Officer for the INSLAW +contract; (3) testimony and notes of Gregory McKain, a senior +INSLAW computer software engineer; (4) evidence that U.S. Trustee +William White requested that the bankruptcy court add language +barring him from disclosing INSLAW data to anyone at the +Executive Office for U.S. Trustees; (5) statements and deposition +testimony of U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Cornelius Blackshear; and (6) +evidence regarding the planned transfer of Assistant U.S. Trustee +Harry Jones from New York to Washington to work on the INSLAW +case. + + The core of the bankruptcy court's findings rests on the +intertwined relationship between the Videnieks notes, Rugh and +McKain's testimony, and McKain's notes. Videnieks made +contemporaneous notes of a telephone conversation he had with +Brewer's deputy, Jack Rugh, on February 20, 1985 (13 days after +INSLAW filed its Chapter 11 petition): + + JR called re[garding] "our computer". Brick [Brewer] + talked to Stanton . . . "No way "11"-will be "7". Need + home for computer. + + Videnieks' notes document a conversation with "JR" [Jack +Rugh] and what Rugh, a computer system executive for EOUSA, said +"re[garding] our computer. "8 The words following "Brick talked +to Stanton. . ." are a quote of what Stanton, the Director of the +Executive Office for U.S. Trustees, said. Quotation marks are +used to bracket what Stanton said: "no way '11' -will be '7'." It +cannot reasonably be inferred, as the Bua investigators infer, +that these four prefatory words in a seamless line of thought and +preceding an obvious quote of Stanton are somehow disconnected +from the quote they precede. As justification for such a +conclusion, the report cites "a space in the notes between the +words 'Brick talked to Stanton' and the words 'no way 11 will be +7'." In fact, there are three dots after the word "Stanton," +indicating all the more that the phrases following are quotes and +are connected to the rest of the conversation. + + Rugh testified that the notes correctly summarized what he +had told Videnieks, but that the statement "No way 11-will be 7" +represented merely his own personal view that INSLAW would be +liquidated and not something Brewer had told him as a result of +Brewer's conversation with Stanton. Rugh also testified about +subsequently calling INSLAW's McKain and telling him that he did +not think INSLAW would survive in bankruptcy, and trying to +arrange for the future hiring of McKain by DOJ. + + McKain testified, however, that Rugh told him that they had +"talked to the trustees" and that the trustees said INSLAW was +not going to make it and that INSLAW would be out of business in +30 to 60 days. McKain made contemporaneous notes which were fully +consistent with his testimony. Moreover, he acted immediately in +a manner consistent only with his version of events: He went to +Mr. Hamilton and repeated what Rugh had told him, and asked +whether this was true. Incensed, Hamilton, in turn, had counsel +contact the local U.S. Trustee, who said that he had not made any +such prediction, that it must have come from the Executive Office +for U.S. Trustees, i.e., from Stanton's office. Although Rugh +acknowledged that he may have mentioned talking to the trustees, +he categorically denied telling McKain that the trustees had said +INSLAW would likely be liquidated in 30 to 60 days. + + The bankruptcy court was thus presented with a classic +credibility conflict: Rugh's testimony and McKain's testimony +were irreconcilable. The court found that McKain was telling the +truth and that Rugh was lying. This conclusion was based not +simply upon the court's assessment of the witnesses' relative +courtroom demeanor, but also upon the corroboration of McKain's +version provided by his consistent contemporaneous notes and his +and Hamilton's unmistakably consistent actions: having INSLAW's +counsel contact and complain to the U.S. Trustee. If, as Rugh +maintained, Rugh had merely said that he thought that the company +would +be liquidated, INSLAW might have complained to Rugh's +superior, Brewer, or to the bankruptcy court, but not to the U.S. +Trustee. + + The testimony by Rugh that his statements to McKain +represented only his "personal view" that INSLAW would not +survive -- as opposed to what Brewer had told him as a result of +his discussion with Stanton -- was extremely suspect on its face. +Rugh is a non-lawyer who acknowledged that he had known of only +one or two prior bankruptcy cases in his life. It is surely +unlikely that Rugh would have taken the step of contacting one of +INSLAW's chief computer software engineers and offering him a job +based only on his own layman's opinion that the company would not +survive. In addition, Videnieks' notes contain the statement +"need home for computer." This reflects a seeming certainty that +INSLAW would be put out of business imminently -- prompting the +need for Rugh or someone in EOUSA to take action to arrange a new +site for the DOJ computer then being used to operate PROMIS in +the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Maryland from +INSLAW's Maryland computer center. + + Finally, it was the threatened immediacy of liquidation +forecast by Rugh that provoked such an intense response by McKain +and, in turn, by Hamilton. Liquidation in 30 to 60 days was +completely inconsistent with the briefing from INSLAW's +bankruptcy counsel that McKain and all INSLAW employees had +received only days before, to the effect that INSLAW could expect +to operate normally during the Chapter 11 Reorganization. Now, +according to Rugh, the employees would be out of work in 30 to 60 +days. Even if it were plausible that Rugh had merely stated his +"personal view" about eventual liquidation, the notion that he +also expressed his "personal view" that it would happen in 30 to +60 days is simply inconceivable. Yet, if Rugh had not stated that +liquidation would likely occur very soon, McKain would not have +reacted as he did. + The bankruptcy court's resolution of the Rugh-McKain +credibility dispute is thus solidly grounded on corroborating +evidence. It is obvious that both McKain and Rugh gave the +testimony at issue under oath and subject to cross-examination in +a courtroom before a fact finder. It is hardly appropriate for +Special Counsel Bua -- on the basis of interviews of some of the +witnesses (McKain was not interviewed) five years removed from +that courtroom -- to opine that had he been there, he would have +resolved the dispute differently. That he would undertake to do +so, reflects a transparent effort to exonerate DOJ, whatever the +evidence. For example, the report argues that "there is no more +reason to think that Rugh is lying about this than there is to +think that McKain is." It further states, "If Rugh can be said to +have lied to help his employer, DOJ, it is equally plausible that +McKain lied to help his employer, INSLAW." This statement is +preposterous on its face. McKain's actions were taken in 1985, in +response to a call from Rugh, documented by contemporaneous notes +and corroborated by the undisputed actions of his employer +promptly thereafter. All of this occurred long before INSLAW had +knowledge of any basis for a lawsuit against DOJ. Accordingly, +these statements in the Bua Report are not only unfounded, but +they also represent a crude and totally unwarranted smear of +McKain. + + The bankruptcy court's findings on the Rugh-McKain conflict +buttress the court's other findings. The conclusion that Rugh, a +subordinate non-lawyer, knowingly gave false testimony about his +call to McKain to conceal the truth, supports the conclusion that +it is likely that Stanton did make a commitment to Brewer to seek +INSLAW's liquidation despite both of their denials. +Stanton's actions in trying to bring Assistant U.S. Trustee +Harry Jones from New York to work on the case were certainly +consistent with such a commitment. The court's conclusion that +Judge Blackshear's testimony at his initial deposition, and in +his statements in his three prior telephone conversations with +INSLAW's attorneys and another judge -- that White had told him +that Stanton was going to ask him to send Harry Jones to +Washington to seek conversion of the INSLAW case -- was truthful +and that his two subsequent recantations were not truthful, is +also supported by the finding that Rugh falsely denied telling +McKain that the trustees had said INSLAW would be out of business +shortly. + + The Bua Report's treatment of the Pasciuto testimony also +reflects an apparent preconception. It is perhaps difficult to +fully perceive from the cold record Pasciuto's evident anguish +and emotional turmoil in the courtroom. He was, at the time of +his testimony, Deputy Director of the Executive Office for U.S. +Trustees. Out of conscience, he had secretly met with the +Hamiltons and told them of the scheme to liquidate INSLAW two +years before, expecting that his friends, William White and Judge +Blackshear, both then no longer employed by the Trustees' Office, +would candidly support his statements. While Blackshear initially +did support Pasciuto's testimony, he quickly recanted, and White +denied any knowledge of such a scheme. Thus, at the time of his +testimony, Pasciuto, who was still employed at DOJ's Executive +Office for U.S. Trustees, had the worst of all possible worlds: +being exposed as a "whistle blower" to his boss and being left +out on a testimonial limb with no corroborative support. + + INSLAW's trial team included former federal prosecutors with +well over sixty years of active trial experience. Pasciuto's +testimony was some of the most dramatic these lawyers had ever +observed in a courtroom. When confronted with the fact of his +secret meeting with the Hamiltons, Pasciuto first admitted the +meeting and then said he could not recall making the key +statements he had made. He wondered aloud whether the Hamiltons +had tape recorded the session. + + The Hamiltons had not. He said he had met with the Hamiltons +to hurt Stanton, whom he disliked. Finally, when confronted with +the fact that he had made the same statements at a meeting with a +judge, the Honorable Lawrence Pierce of the United States Court +of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Pasciuto admitted that he had +made the statements. Ultimately, the bankruptcy court ruled that +Pasciuto's hearsay statements were inadmissible. Yet no one who +was in the courtroom when he testified could fail to have +concluded that something was terribly wrong at DOJ. + + That conclusion was enhanced by DOJ's subsequent treatment +of Pasciuto. An investigation by DOJ's Office of Professional +Responsibility ("OPR"), incredibly, found that but for Pasciuto's +conduct, "the department would be in a much better litigation +posture," and concluded that he should be fired. Eventually, he +was allowed to resign. Before the Congressional committees, +Pasciuto maintained that he had told the Hamiltons the truth in +the first place, and had backed away from it because of pressure +from DOJ and fear of losing his job. The House Judiciary +Committee's Investigative Report had criticized OPR's treatment +of the Pasciuto case. The Bua Report rejects this criticism of +OPR, opining that Pasciuto only professed to have told the +Hamiltons the truth when he was confronted by OPR's +recommendation that he be fired for having set out to hurt his +superior, Stanton, by making false statements to the Hamiltons. + Pasciuto's conduct, his testimony, and his subsequent +recantation are most logically explained by fear: fear that he +would not get the promotion he had long sought and fear that he +would be fired for telling the truth, as he eventually was. The +claim that he made it all up to hurt Stanton is, in light of the +corroborating evidence which exists, obviously false, as Pasciuto +now acknowledges. For OPR to accept this claim and proceed to +recommend the disciplinary action of termination based on it, was +a charade -- designed to avoid the politically unpleasant task of +investigating the more serious wrongdoing that the underlying +situation reflected. + + In 1987, the year the bankruptcy court released its oral +opinion adverse to DOJ, three Presidential $20,000 awards were +made to Senior Executive Service employees at DOJ. One award went +to Stuart Schiffer, at the time a Deputy Assistant Attorney +General in the Civil Division who had been criticized by the +bankruptcy court in the INSLAW litigation against DOJ. A second +award went to Michael Shaheen, head of OPR and the author of the +December 23, 1987 report recommending the termination of +Pasciuto. A separate $10,000 award, also one of three in DOJ for +the year 1987, was given to Lawrence McWhorter, an EOUSA official +who hired Brewer and whose testimony the bankruptcy court found +"totally unbelievable." McWhorter was also promoted that year to +Director of EOUSA. Thus, more than half -- $50,000 out of a total +of $90,000 -- available for distribution to senior executives +within DOJ for the year -- was distributed to key officials +involved in maintaining DOJ's claim of a lack of wrongdoing. This +startling fact is not mentioned in the Bua Report. + +III. BUA'S INVESTIGATION OF POST-TRIAL LEADS ABOUT A MORE + WIDELY RAMIFIED CONSPIRACY INVOLVING EARL BRIAN AND THE + INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF THE UNITED + STATE AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS + + + A. Bua's Investigation of the Alleged Justice + Department Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS + Software to U.S. Government Law Enforcement and + Intelligence Agencies, Other Than the U.S. + Attorneys' Offices + + A significant number of individuals, some employed by the +Department of Justice (DOJ), and others with claimed associations +with United States and/or Israeli intelligence, have told INSLAW +that its PROMIS software has been implemented throughout the +United States Government as the de facto standard database +management software system for the U.S. intelligence community. + + Among the agencies allegedly using PROMIS as their principal +case tracking and workflow management software system are the +Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement +Agency (DEA), and the U.S. Marshal's Service, all within DOJ +itself; and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the National +Security Agency (NSA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and +the White House National Security Council (NSC). + + In January 1992, INSLAW summarized these claims in a written +submission to Bua in which INSLAW identified many of the sources +of the allegations and also described other informants who were +unwilling to be identified unless assured of protection against +reprisals. + + Since January 1992, INSLAW has been told by still more +witnesses, including additional current or former DOJ employees, +that these basic facts not only are true, but also are widely +known to be true among the Senior Executive Service (SES) career +officials in DOJ and the FBI. + + Several sources have even claimed that the U.S. intelligence +and law enforcement agencies regularly exchange data from their +respective PROMIS-based systems via remote access through +computer terminals equipped with both traditional communications +modems and classified encoding equipment. + + At least two journalists, Richard Fricker and George +Williamson, have told INSLAW that current or former senior-level +CIA officials have confirmed to them that the CIA is using +INSLAW's PROMIS software and that the CIA obtained PROMIS from +DOJ. In the January 1993 issue of the national computer industry +magazine, Wired, Richard Fricker quotes from his interview with +an unnamed former senior CIA administrator who claimed to have +first-hand knowledge of these facts: + + "On Nov. 20, 1990, the Judiciary Committee wrote a + letter asking CIA director William Webster to help the + committee 'by determining whether the CIA has the + PROMIS software.' + "The official reply on December 11th: 'We have checked + with Agency components that track data processing + procurement or that would be likely users of PROMIS, + and we have been unable to find any indication that the + Agency ever obtained PROMIS software.' + + "But a retired CIA official whose job it was to + investigate the Inslaw allegations internally told + Wired that the DOJ gave PROMIS to the CIA. 'Well,' the + retired official told Wired, 'the congressional + committees were after us to look into allegations that + somehow the agency had been culpable of what would have + been, in essence, taking advantage of, like stealing, + the technology [PROMIS] We looked into it and there was + enough to it, the agency had been involved.' + + "How was the CIA involved? According to the same + source, who requested anonymity, the agency accepted + stolen goods, not aware that a major scandal was + brewing. In other words, the DOJ robbed the bank, and + the CIA took a share of the plunder." + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, The INSLAW +Affair, the House Judiciary Committee reported that the CIA +finally admitted having a software product called PROMIS but +claimed that the CIA's PROMIS was purchased from a small +Cambridge, Massachusetts, software company called Strategic +Software Planning Corporation.9 That company acknowledges +marketing and supporting a software product called PROMIS for +project management in the construction industry. The CIA also +disclosed that the PROMIS software it claims to have acquired +from the Cambridge, Massachusetts, company included an +"Intelligence Report System," a curious capability for +construction industry project management software. This latter +CIA disclosure was contained in a letter to Mr. Terry D. Miller, +the President of Government Sales Consultants, Inc., on April 5, +1993. + + Bua apparently made no effort to test the CIA's denial that +its PROMIS software product is based on INSLAW's PROMIS. Neither +apparently did he examine the claims that copies of PROMIS have +been implemented in the DIA and the National Security Council of +the White House. + + Bua did make very limited inquiries about the alleged use of +INSLAW's PROMIS by the DEA and the FBI within DOJ, and by the +NSA. However, Bua does not appear to have brought any of the U.S. +Government officials he contacted on this matter before the grand +jury or even to have placed them under oath. Neither did Bua have +anyone attempt to verify the denials of these officials by +comparing the source code in INSLAW's PROMIS with the source code +of the suspected cloned software systems. + + 1. The Implausibility That the Two + Principal DOJ Investigative Agencies, + the DEA and the FBI, Would Each Have + Developed a Complex On-line Case + Tracking and Workflow Management System + In-House at Approximately the Same Time. + + Before discussing Bua's very limited investigation of the +DEA, the FBI, and the NSA, it is important to understand that the +odds against a federal agency developing internally, without +contractor assistance, a complex, on-line software system, such +as a case tracking and workflow management system, are very high. +The odds against two separate agencies of the same department, +such as the FBI and the DEA within DOJ, each developing a +complex, on-line case tracking system are even higher. Finally, +the odds against two such agencies developing the same kind of on- +line case tracking system in-house at virtually the same time, +i.e., during 1988 and 1989, are higher still. + + Before considering claims from former and current senior DOJ +officials that both the DEA and the FBI have been operating +INSLAW's PROMIS software since the late 1980's, and before +examining apparent inconsistencies, contradictions and possible +dissembling in the statements made by DEA and FBI officials on +this subject, one should keep in mind that the backdrop for their +statements is the highly implausible scenario just described. + + 2. Indications of Possible Dissembling to + Bua by a Key DEA Official + + Bua apparently never questioned Carl Jackson, a recently +retired DEA deputy assistant administrator, about DEA's alleged +use of PROMIS, even though the September 1992 Investigative +Report by the House Judiciary Committee identified Jackson as the +source of allegations that the DEA had implemented PROMIS. + + Bua did, however, ask DEA Deputy Assistant Administrator for +Information Systems Phillip Cammera, whether the DEA had +implemented a PROMIS-derivative case tracking system. Cammera +assured Bua that the DEA had developed in-house its new case- +tracking system called Case Status System (CAST). The House +Judiciary Committee reported that CAST was developed in the 1988- +1989 time-frame. + + Cammera told a different story in late 1990, however, when +he was contacted by a former colleague, retired DEA Deputy +Assistant Administrator Carl Jackson.10 According to Jackson's +contemporaneous account to Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton of INSLAW, +Cammera confirmed Jackson's own recollection on the matter. +Jackson's recollection is that the Attorney General of the United +States issued "non-negotiable" orders to both the DEA and the FBI +in the summer of 1988 to "chuck" their existing case tracking +systems and replace them with PROMIS, and that the DEA at least +carried out the orders in the 1988-1989 time frame. + + + Jackson told the Hamiltons in 1990 that he had no way of +verifying whether the FBI had implemented PROMIS as the DEA had +done, but that he would have been surprised if the FBI had not +implemented PROMIS because the Attorney General had made it +explicitly clear that the orders were "non-negotiable." + + 3. Indications of Possible Dissembling to + Bua by the FBI + + In January 1992, INSLAW informed Bua in writing that it had +a source, described as a current senior DOJ career official, who +claims to have been told that the FBI did, in fact, at some point +in the late 1980s implement PROMIS as its investigative case +management system. The FBI calls its system FOIMS (Field Office +Information Management System). INSLAW's source, who is not +willing to be identified unless there is a guarantee of no +reprisal, claimed to have been told directly by John Otto, then +one of the top FBI officials, that the current version of FOIMS +is based on PROMIS. Otto served as Acting Director of the FBI +between the departure of William Webster and the arrival of +William Sessions. + + Bua interviewed Otto, who had since retired from the FBI, +but apparently did not place Otto under oath or bring him before +the grand jury. According to Bua, Otto flatly denied the account +given to INSLAW by the current senior DOJ career official. Bua +simply accepted Otto's non-sworn denial as well as Otto's claim +that he is virtually "computer illiterate" and therefore could +not have been engaged in the kind of conversation claimed by +INSLAW's confidential DOJ source. Had Bua attempted to verify +Otto's claim of computer illiteracy, however, he would have +learned that it is a highly implausible claim. For example, Otto +had direct management responsibility within the FBI for both +FOIMS and the nationwide UCR (Uniform Crime Report) system, +including the computer software that is at the heart of these +systems. Moreover, until the radical FOIMS software transplant of +June 1988, the FBI's investigative case management system +reportedly suffered from a very poor reputation among FBI agents; +Otto would have had management responsibility for correcting a +software system problem that may have been hampering the +performance of the FBI mission. + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, The INSLAW +Affair, the House Judiciary Committee noted its inability to +finance the kind of independent analysis required to test the +claims that the FBI's FOIMS system is based on PROMIS. The +Committee noted, however, that +the question "could be resolved quickly if an independent +agency or expert was commissioned to conduct a code comparison of +the PROMIS and FOIMS systems." + + FBI Director Sessions wrote to Bua on June 23, 1992, +agreeing to permit such an examination of the FOIMS code, +provided that the independent expert was acceptable to the FBI. + + Bua chose Professor Dorothy Denning, the Chair of the +Computer Science Department of Georgetown University. Bua notes +in his report that "the FBI voiced no objection to our choice and +processed her security clearance."11 + + In his report, Bua states that he provided to Denning "a +copy of INSLAW's FOIMS analysis plan" that detailed how the +developers of PROMIS would approach the question of whether the +FBI's FOIMS system was, in fact, based on INSLAW's PROMIS. + + One of the steps suggested by INSLAW was the use of a +software routine in the IBM operating system called SUPERC which +is able to do a code comparison at no cost to the Justice +Department, and the comparison can be accomplished in +approximately four (4) hours. The ease and short time within +which a code comparison could have been accomplished makes the +failure to conduct such a comparison utterly indefensible. + + According to Bua, Denning, however, decided that the source +code comparison, recommended by both the House Judiciary +Committee and INSLAW, "would be a waste of her time and the +government's money." + + INSLAW read the report Denning submitted to Bua, which +INSLAW obtained from FBI Director Sessions, to try to understand +the basis for this very surprising conclusion of Professor +Denning. + + To begin with, Denning uncritically accepted representations +by the FBI about the history and technical characteristics of +FOIMS that are contradicted by other FBI disclosures about FOIMS. + + For example, Denning accepted as fact that the original 1978 +COBOL-language version of FOIMS was replaced by the claimed +current NATURAL-language version of FOIMS in 1983.12 Published +data about FOIMS from the national market research firm, INPUT, +however, +traces the current version of FOIMS to June 1988, rather +than to 1983. This timing is consistent with the statements +attributed to John Otto by INSLAW's confidential senior DOJ +source, and also consistent with Carl Jackson's recollection that +the FBI had been ordered in the summer of 1988 to implement +PROMIS in place of the then current version of FOIMS. + + Denning then uncritically accepted FBI representations that +the current version of FOIMS is written in the NATURAL +programming language, rather than in COBOL, the programming +language used in INSLAW's PROMIS. As is evidenced in the +following paragraph and its footnote, this representation also +appears to be contradicted by other published data on FOIMS. + + "FOIMS now contains over 570,000 lines of code, " according +to a June 7, 1991 letter from FBI Assistant Director Delbert C. +Toohey to Mr. Terry D. Miller, President of Government Sales +Consultants, Inc. The claim that an application with 570,000 +lines of code is written in the NATURAL programming language is +"wrong by an order of magnitude," according to Mr. John A. +Maguire, the founder and, until recently, the Chief Executive +Officer of Software A.G. of North America, the U.S. company that +markets the NATURAL programming language.13 + + It is hard to escape the conclusion that the FBI dissembled +to Denning about the year of origin of the current version of +FOIMS and about the apparent use of the COBOL programming +language in the current version of PROMIS in an attempt to +diminish the credibility of the aforementioned claims that the +FBI "chucked" its earlier 1983 version of FOIMS, on orders from +the Attorney General in the summer of 1988, and replaced it with +INSLAW's PROMIS software. + + There would be ample reason for both the FBI and the DEA to +try to conceal their implementations of PROMIS in 1988 and 1989. +In January 1988, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court had issued a permanent +injunction against any further unlicensed proliferation of PROMIS +by the U.S. Government. If Attorney General Meese issued the +claimed orders to the FBI and the +DEA in the summer of 1988, it would have been a willful, +secret violation of a federal court order by the chief law +enforcement officer of the United States. + + Denning justified her decision not to do a code comparison +between FOIMS and PROMIS primarily on her professed belief that +FOIMS and PROMIS each support "entirely different" "application +domains," with FOIMS tracking investigations and PROMIS tracking +judicial proceedings; and that it is extremely difficult to +convert software that runs one application into software that +runs an entirely different application: + + Because it is extremely difficult to convert software + that runs one application into software that runs an + entirely different application, the differences in just + the FOIMS and PROMIS application domains show almost + conclusively that FOIMS was not derived from PROMIS. + ("Analysis of FOIMS and PROMIS," by Dorothy E. Denning, + January 10, 1993, Page 1) + + The aforementioned conclusions by Denning demonstrate that +she is misinformed about the case management application domain +in general and about INSLAW's PROMIS case management software in +particular. For example, INSLAW's PROMIS software is currently +being used for investigative case management by both state and +local governments and by nationwide property and casualty +insurance companies. Moreover, as INSLAW pointed out to Bua in +its written submission of January 1992, the PROMIS software has +been successfully applied to case management "application +domains" much more removed from PROMIS's criminal prosecution +"application domain" than FOIMS's criminal investigation +"application domain." INSLAW provided to Bua the examples of the +use of PROMIS in a nationwide credit bureau and in land +conveyance record keeping in the Republic of Ireland. + + Denning's analysis makes no sense whatsoever and is totally +inappropriate given the circumstantial evidence. The methodology +appears to be designed to rationalize and support a conclusion of +non-infringement rather than the conduct of an independent +objective analysis of the software programs in question to +ascertain the truth. + + Bua also addressed the question of the alleged use of PROMIS +by the National Security Agency (NSA). Bua did confirm that the +NSA has a software product called PROMIS but, once again, simply +accepted the apparently unsworn statement of a U.S. Government +official that the PROMIS software in question is not a derivative +of INSLAW's PROMIS. NSA evidently claims to use a commercial +database management system (DBMS) called M204, from Computer +Corporation of America, as the "engine" for its PROMIS system, +and to have written the application code, i.e., "the car" by +analogy, in an unspecified programming language. As with many of +the other suspected PROMIS-clone software systems, NSA claims to +have developed its PROMIS application code in house. NSA also +claims, according to Bua, that its PROMIS tracks information +related to its published intelligence reports, called "products" +by the NSA. Without explaining the basis for his statement, Bua +asserts that such an application is different from the +application domain of PROMIS: "NSA's PROMIS serves different +purposes... " INSLAW's PROMIS would, in fact, be easily adaptable +to tracking either the workflow that produces NSA's intelligence +output or the names, places, dates and events in the intelligence +reports or both. + + Bua also dismisses the possibility that NSA's PROMIS could +be based on INSLAW's PROMIS because INSLAW's PROMIS is "used with +a different database." Bua is apparently referring to the NSA +claim that it uses the commercial M204 DBMS as the engine for its +PROMIS application system. The choice of commercial DBMS "engine" +for PROMIS, however, has very little relevance to the question of +whether the application code is a clone of INSLAW's PROMIS. +INSLAW itself has incorporated a variety of different commercial +DBMS engines into its PROMIS software. There is no difficulty in +believing that NSA might have incorporated the M204 DBMS into its +copy of INSLAW's PROMIS or that the FBI may have incorporated the +ADABAS DBMS into its copy of INSLAW's PROMIS. + + In actuality, NSA's admission that it too uses a software +product called PROMIS and that the application domain of NSA's +PROMIS has something to do with the tracking of its published +intelligence information lends further plausibility to the claims +that virtually every major U.S. intelligence agency is using +INSLAW's PROMIS software. Bua, of course, could have easily +resolved the question by arranging for a code comparison, but +apparently chose not to do so. + + Bua's failure to arrange for the code comparisons between +INSLAW's PROMIS and its suspected clones in U.S. intelligence and +law enforcement agencies, where his federal grand jury's legal +authority to conduct such investigations was obvious, is all the +more mystifying in light of Bua's published statement that he +considered trying to do just such code comparisons with foreign +governments. Although a federal grand jury has no authority over +foreign governments, Bua made the following statement about what +he claimed he considered doing to check out the claimed +international distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS: + + Theoretically, we could continue our investigation of + this subject by contacting various foreign governments, + asking them to provide us with the source code to their + law enforcement software, and then hiring an expert to + compare that software to PROMIS. + + + B. Bua's Investigation of the Alleged International + Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS + + There are a number of individuals, with claimed ties to U.S. +and/or foreign intelligence agencies, who have told INSLAW a +remarkably consistent story about the alleged international +distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS software. + + Most of the accounts place Earl W. Brian at the center of +the worldwide sales and distribution. Virtually all of the +sources claim that U.S. intelligence, law enforcement and +national security agencies, including the Central Intelligence +Agency, the National Security Agency, the Drug Enforcement +Administration, and the White House National Security Council, +have supported Brian's worldwide sales and distribution of +PROMIS. The accounts are generally consistent about the +motivations for the sales: (1) the personal financial gain of +Earl Brian and colleagues; (2) the generation of extra funds for +financing U.S. covert intelligence operations that the U.S. +Congress has declined to finance, such as the mid-1980's covert +assistance to the Contras in Nicaragua; and (3) an initiative to +penetrate the secret files of foreign intelligence and law +enforcement agencies by inducing them to acquire and implement +the PROMIS database management software and the necessary +computer hardware, after the software and hardware have been +secretly modified to permit electronic eavesdropping by the U.S. +National Security Agency. + + One account even identifies the name of the individual, +Lindsey, who was allegedly appointed by the U.S. Government to +package INSLAW's PROMIS software for Brian's alleged sales to +such foreign intelligence agencies as Egypt's military +intelligence agency. Moreover, this source claims that Lindsey +was instructed to package the version of INSLAW's PROMIS that the +CIA obtained from DOJ and which has been operational within the +CIA ever since 1983, tracking U.S. and foreign covert +intelligence operations. + + Several of the accounts claim an important role for Israeli +intelligence in the international distribution of INSLAW's +PROMIS, with Israel brokering the sales to countries where it has +significant intelligence liaison and influence, such as +Singapore, South Africa, Eastern European countries, and Central +American countries. + + One source claims personally to have participated in at +least one meeting in the Justice Command Center at DOJ +headquarters between representatives of Israeli military +intelligence and representatives of DOJ regarding the use of +PROMIS databases in Israel to track terrorists in the Middle +East. + + An associate of the late journalist Danny Casolaro claims to +have seen U.S. Government communications intelligence documents +that Casolaro obtained from an employee of the National Security +Agency facility in Vint Hills, Virginia, concerning the sales of +PROMIS to Israel, Germany, South Africa and other countries, and +concerning the flow of the proceeds from some of the sales to +bank accounts in the Cayman Islands and in Switzerland. The NSA +employee identified by Casolaro's associate was found murdered in +his car at National Airport in January 1991. + + Many of these sources express fear of reprisal by the United +States Government if they were to come forward. The specific +types of reprisals, mentioned most often by those who express +fear, are loss of security clearances vital to their employment, +and criminal prosecution by DOJ under the espionage laws of the +United States for disclosing U.S. national secrets. + + Bua's consideration of the claims of the sale and +distribution of PROMIS to foreign governments was even more +superficial than his examination of whether PROMIS is being used +by the FBI, the DEA, and the National Security Agency. + + The following are examples of the superficiality of the Bua +investigation in the area of international distribution: the +alleged distribution of PROMIS to Canada and the alleged +distribution of PROMIS to Israel, together with the alleged +partnership between DOJ and Israeli intelligence in the theft of +PROMIS. + + 1. The Alleged Distribution of PROMIS to + Canada + + The first information that INSLAW received about the alleged +international distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS came from the +Government of Canada. In telephone calls and letters in late 1990 +and early l991, the Government of Canada informed INSLAW that it +was using its PROMIS software in several departments and agencies +and wished to learn whether INSLAW also had available a French- +language version of the PROMIS computer software and +documentation because there are two official languages in Canada, +English and French, and the Canadian Government at that point +only had the English version of PROMIS. The Government of Canada +eventually disclosed to INSLAW that the Royal Canadian Mounted +Police (RCMP) alone was using INSLAW's PROMIS to support 900 +separate office locations in Canada. + + After the U.S. media began to report on this disclosure by +the Government of Canada and on INSLAW's claim that it had +neither sold PROMIS to Canada nor authorized others to do soon +its behalf, the Government of Canada retracted its earlier oral +and written statements to INSLAW. Canada attempted to explain the +matter as an unfortunate mistake on the part of the Canadian +officials who had originally contacted INSLAW. Ultimately, the +Government of Canada settled on the story that the Department of +Public Works, not the RCMP, had bought the PROMIS software; that +the Department of Public Works had purchased only six copies of +PROMIS, instead of 900 copies; and that the Department of Public +Works had purchased PROMIS not from INSLAW, but from a small +software company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, called Strategic +Software Planning Corporation. This Cambridge, Massachusetts, +company is the same company that the CIA told the House Judiciary +Committee was the source of its PROMIS software. The CIA also +subsequently disclosed in an April 5, 1993 letter to Mr. Terry D. +Miller, President of Government Sales Consultants, that the +PROMIS software it obtained from the Cambridge, Massachusetts, +company included an Intelligence Report System, an unlikely +subsystem for construction industry project management, whether +in Canada or the United States. + + The only reference that Bua makes to the Canadian lead is in +footnote #90 on page 151 of his report, in which Bua appears to +scold the House Judiciary Committee for failing to accept at face +value Canada's claims that the original disclosures to INSLAW +were simply an unfortunate mistake. + Although INSLAW recognizes that Bua's federal grand jury had +no investigative jurisdiction over the Canadian Government, there +are other ways for a U.S. investigator to have pursued the +Canadian lead. To illustrate this point, we have attached as +Exhibit A a memorandum from John Belton, a former stockbroker in +Canada who has been attempting to investigate the Canadian PROMIS +distribution lead. In his memorandum, Belton first explains the +history of his interaction with Earl Brian and Hadron, Inc., and +recounts Brian's claims to Belton in early 1981 that Hadron's +future revenue stream was to come from Hadron's acquisition of a +computer software product for the administration of justice that +Brian described as having "great PROMIS(E)." Belton then +documents the fact that three reputable Canadian journalists have +each confirmed to him, based on their confidential informants +among senior current or former RCMP officials, that the RCMP is, +in fact, using PROMIS, despite the Government of Canada's public +denials. Finally, Belton quotes verbatim from his telephone +conversations during the past year with several U.S. businessmen. +These conversations document the existence of a business +relationship between Earl Brian's Hadron, Inc., and two Canadian +computer services companies on a large software sale to the +Government of Canada in 1983. Belton's memorandum also summarizes +leads that strongly suggest that these business transactions in +1983 involved the Privy Council of Canada and its intelligence +and security staff, and the acquisition of PROMIS by the RCMP +under the name Police Information Records System (PIRS). + + INSLAW told Bua about Belton's research in a written +submission to Bua in January 1992, but Bua made no attempt to +interview Belton. Instead of attempting to exculpate Earl Brian +and Hadron of any complicity in the theft and unauthorized +distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS software, Bua could have used the +federal grand jury to interrogate the U.S. businessmen whom +Belton interviewed, and to compel the production of potentially +relevant documents by Hadron, Earl Brian and the U.S. subsidiary +of one of the two Canadian companies that were Hadron's partners +in the 1983 software sale to Canada. + + 2. The Alleged Distribution of PROMIS to + Israel and The Alleged Partnership of + DOJ and Israeli Intelligence in the + Theft of PROMIS + + Bua devotes only a single paragraph to the alleged +distribution of PROMIS to the State of Israel, even though Bua +characterizes this distribution as the "one documented +international distribution" by DOJ of PROMIS. Predictably, Bua +accepts at face value DOJ's contention that the May 1983 internal +DOJ memorandum on the distribution of PROMIS to Dr. Ben Orr of +Israel was truthful when it memorialized the distribution to +Israel of the earlier, and by-then largely obsolete, public +domain version of PROMIS. + + The first reason to be skeptical about the truthfulness of +the claim that it was the older, public domain version that DOJ +gave to Israel is that Israel is both a technologically +sophisticated country and a strategically important ally of the +United States and, therefore, may not have been satisfied with +obtaining the public domain version of PROMIS in May 1983, after +that version had already become obsolete. + + The second reason for skepticism is that it would have been +an admission of wrongdoing for DOJ to have memorialized the +distribution of the proprietary version of PROMIS to Israel. In +April 1983, just one month before the internal DOJ memorandum on +the transfer of PROMIS +to Israel, DOJ had stolen the proprietary version of PROMIS +from INSLAW "through trickery, fraud and deceit, " according to +the findings of the U.S . Bankruptcy Court, affirmed by the U.S. +District Court, and confirmed and supplemented by the September +1992 Investigative Report by the House Judiciary Committee. In +modifying INSLAW's contract on April 11, 1983, DOJ had committed +itself contractually not to distribute the proprietary version +outside the 22 largest U.S. Attorneys' Offices. + + The third reason for skepticism is that DOJ did not produce +for the House Judiciary Committee any of the kinds of records +that should have accompanied such an international transfer of +computer software. Examples would be an export license from the +Commerce Department and documents explaining how it came to be +that mid-echelon DOJ officials were conveying a computer software +product to a foreign government. + + The fourth reason for skepticism is that Israeli +intelligence appears to have been working hand-in-glove with DOJ +officials during the winter and spring of 1983 on the theft of +the proprietary version of PROMIS from INSLAW. DOJ, in fact, sent +a very high-level Israeli intelligence official over to INSLAW in +February 1983 for a demonstration of the very proprietary version +of PROMIS that DOJ misappropriated from INSLAW in April 1983. + + In his report, Bua asks "why the DOJ would go to all the +trouble of documenting the fact that it was giving a copy of +PROMIS to Israel if this was some sort of covert operation." The +answer to Bua's evidently rhetorical question is that the DOJ +actions vis-a-vis INSLAW in the winter and spring of 1983 were, +in fact, apparently part of a covert DOJ-Israeli intelligence +operation, and the internal DOJ memorandum from May 1983 can be +understood as an integral part of the "trickery, fraud and +deceit" of the joint DOJ-Israeli intelligence covert operation. + + INSLAW discovered the apparent 1983 DOJ-Israeli intelligence +initiative on PROMIS by following up on leads in the September +1992 Investigative Report by the House Judiciary Committee. These +leads were, of course, available to Bua too. + + In February 1983, DOJ's Brewer telephoned INSLAW President +William Hamilton to ask if INSLAW would be willing to provide a +technical briefing and demonstration of the PROMIS software to a +visiting prosecutor from the Israeli Ministry of Justice. Brewer +identified this Israeli visitor as Dr. Ben Orr, the same person +to whom DOJ claims to have given the obsolete, public domain +version of PROMIS in May 1983, according to the contemporaneous +DOJ memorandum. Brewer told Hamilton that the visiting Israeli +prosecutor was heading a project to computerize the prosecutors' +offices in Israel. + + Following through on DOJ's request, INSLAW demonstrated the +proprietary version of PROMIS to the Israeli visitor in February +1983 . This is the same version of PROMIS, i. e., the version for +operation on Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computers, that +DOJ stole from INSLAW in April 1983. The Israeli visitor +displayed enthusiasm for the proprietary VAX version of PROMIS +when INSLAW demonstrated it to him. + + After the House Judiciary Committee published its report, +INSLAW wrote to the Israeli Ministry of Justice seeking +confirmation about whether there had actually been a Dr. Ben Orr +employed by the Ministry in February 1983 and, if so, where to +find him. + + The Ministry replied by letter that there indeed had been a +Dr. Ben Orr employed by the Israeli Ministry of Justice in 1983, +but that Dr. Ben Orr had since retired and is currently +practicing law in Jerusalem. + + Working with information supplied to INSLAW by the Israeli +Ministry of Justice, the foreign editor of a major Israeli daily +newspaper tracked down Dr. Ben Orr at his home in Jerusalem. The +foreign editor described Dr. Ben Orr as tall by Israeli standards +(5'10-1/2"), thin, having a full head of hair and possessing a +dignified demeanor. Dr. Ben Orr also disclosed to the foreign +editor that he had been stationed at the U.S. Department of +Justice in Washington, DC, for one year under an exchange +program, returning to Israel in May 1983 from his one-year stint +in Washington, DC. Most curiously, while the Israeli journalist +was visiting him in his home, Dr. Ben Orr produced what he +claimed was the very PROMIS computer tape given to him by DOJ in +May 1983. This is the kind of computer software tape that can +only be operated on large and very expensive computers, not the +kind of computers one would expect to find in a private +residence. + + Nothing about this Dr. Ben Orr fits the actual Israeli +visitor to INSLAW in February 1983. That visitor was very short +in height and quite stocky. He had a deeply receding hairline. +His demeanor could not easily be described as "dignified." +Moreover, unlike the real Dr. Ben Orr who had already been in +Washington, DC, for the better part of one year by the time of +the February 1983 visit, the Israeli visitor to INSLAW had come +directly from Tel Aviv to Washington, DC, after a brief layover +in New York City. In fact, the visitor to INSLAW telephoned from +New York City to delay the meeting at INSLAW for 24 hours because +he claimed that some friends in New York City were giving a party +in honor of his arrival in the United States from Israel. + + In retrospect, both DOJ and the visitor himself had deceived +INSLAW about the visitor's real identity. + + At approximately the same time that INSLAW discovered this +apparent DOJ-Israeli subterfuge from a decade earlier, INSLAW +received a lead that the name, Dr. Ben Orr, had, from time to +time, been used as a pseudonym by Rafi Eitan, a legendary Israeli +espionage official. Rafi Eitan was, for example, the Israeli +spymaster for Jonathan Pollard, a civilian U.S. Navy intelligence +analyst convicted in 1986 of spying for the Government of Israel. + + After locating a photograph of Rafi Eitan in a book on the +Pollard case, William Hamilton recognized Rafi Eitan as the +February 1983 Israeli visitor to INSLAW. + + Immediately thereafter, INSLAW arranged for a former INSLAW +vice president, who had spent several hours briefing the Israeli +visitor in February 1983, and who knew nothing about INSLAW's +recent investigation of the matter, to attempt to identify the +visitor from a photographic line-up of six reasonably similar +looking Caucasian males. INSLAW also arranged for the videotaping +of the process. The former INSLAW officer, without hesitation, +identified photograph #2 as the photograph of the February 1983 +visitor. That, of course, was a photograph of Rafi Eitan. + This identification of Rafi Eitan as the February 1983 +visitor to INSLAW obviously increases the credibility of the +sworn statements in 1991 by Ari Ben Menashe to the effect that +Rafi Eitan obtained a copy of the PROMIS software while on a +visit to the United States in the early 1980's, and that Rafi +Eitan worked with U.S. intelligence and Earl W. Brian on the +international distribution of PROMIS. + + Bua, however, dismisses Ben Menashe as a credible witness. +Bua contends that Ben Menashe abandoned the clear implications of +his sworn affidavits to INSLAW and of the chapter on PROMIS in +his recently published book, Profits of War, and cynically +confessed to Bua that he had no personal knowledge of Earl +Brian's sale of INSLAW's PROMIS software. Moreover, according to +Bua, Ben Menashe altered his story to say that Earl Brian was +selling a different software product called PROMIS that was +developed by the National Security Agency, independently of +INSLAW's PROMIS. + + Ben Menashe has denied to INSLAW that he ever made any such +statements to Bua or Bua's staff. INSLAW has no way of knowing +for certain what Ben Menashe said or did not say before Bua's +federal grand jury, but it seems unlikely that Ben Menashe would +have made statements to Bua that are totally inconsistent with +his earlier sworn testimony both to INSLAW and to the House +Judiciary Committee, and totally inconsistent with the thrust of +his recently published book, Profits of War. + + For example, in affidavits given to INSLAW in 1991, Ben +Menashe claims to have attended a PROMIS computer software sales +presentation by Earl Brian in 198714 to Israeli intelligence +agencies in Tel Aviv. Ben Menashe further claims in these sworn +statements that Earl Brian stated during this sales presentation +that the PROMIS software he was marketing to Israel was the same +PROMIS software then operating in DOJ, CIA, NSA and DIA. The DOJ +version in 1987 could only have been INSLAW's proprietary PROMIS +software installed in the 42 largest U.S. Attorneys' Offices. + + Ben Menashe's understanding that it was INSLAW's PROMIS +software that Earl Brian and Rafi Eitan were marketing +internationally is also clearly evidenced in his book, Profits of +War. For example, Ben Menashe claims in the book that Rafi Eitan, +Earl Brian, and Washington, DC, attorney Leonard Garment +conspired in 1986 or 1987 to deprive INSLAW of the ability to +seek redress in the courts for DOJ's theft of the PROMIS +software. Specifically, Ben Menashe claims in the book that Rafi +Eitan authorized the wire transfer of $600,000 from an Israeli +intelligence slush fund to Earl Brian's Hadron, Inc., in Fairfax, +Virginia, and that Hadron was thereafter to provide this money to +Leonard Garment at the law firm of Dickstein, Shapiro and Morin +in order to finance that law firm's separation agreement with +Leigh Ratiner. At the time of his firing by Dickstein, Shapiro +and Morin, where he had been a partner for 10 +years, Ratiner was the lead counsel on INSLAW's PROMIS +lawsuit against DOJ, which he had filed only four months before. + + In his report, Bua refers to Ben Menashe's published claim +of a payoff which, if true, would constitute obstruction of +justice. Bua explains, however, that he felt no obligation to +investigate the claim because he had decided that Ben Menashe had +very little credibility, and because he had assessed the claim as +implausible. + + Even the most cursory investigation would have contradicted +Bua's assertion that this claim by Ben Menashe is implausible. +Ratiner, for example, told the Hamiltons in October 1986 that his +firing was precipitated by his naming of Deputy Attorney General +D. Lowell Jensen in the INSLAW complaint against DOJ. + + Moreover, on October 6, 1986, the week before the law firm's +Senior Policy Committee met and voted to fire Ratiner, Leonard +Garment, a member of the Senior Policy Committee, had had a +social lunch with Deputy Attorney General Arnold Burns15 about the +INSLAW case. Garment never disclosed the lunch at the time either +to his partner, Leigh Ratiner, or to INSLAW, his firm's client. +According to the September 1989 Staff Report of the Senate +Permanent Investigations Subcommittee, Burns disclosed that he +met with Garment on October 6, 1986 to signal his readiness to +negotiate a settlement on the INSLAW case, as well as to +criticize the litigation strategy that Ratiner was then pursuing +in the INSLAW case.16 + + After Ratiner was fired, the law firm sent INSLAW a letter +containing an ultimatum that INSLAW authorize the law firm to +negotiate a settlement of INSLAW's claims, on terms proposed in +the letter, or else find new litigation counsel. The proposed +terms of settlement were payment of at least $1,000,000 of the +$2,000,000 that DOJ had withheld for INSLAW's implementation +services and the acknowledgment that DOJ was not obliged to pay +PROMIS license fees to INSLAW. The proposed terms were strikingly +close to Deputy Attorney General Burns' terms, as implied by his +August 1986 letter to Leigh Ratiner. INSLAW rejected the +ultimatum, found new litigation counsel, prosecuted and won the +case against DOJ at trial. + + Not only did Garment have an undisclosed communication with +DOJ on INSLAW at the time of Ratiner's firing, but Garment was +also simultaneously representing the State of Israel in the Rafi +Eitan-Jonathan Pollard espionage case. Although INSLAW did not +then know it, Rafi Eitan had also apparently collaborated with +DOJ on the 1983 theft of PROMIS. + + The Government of Israel reportedly hired Garment to help +prevent the Rafi Eitan- Jonathan Pollard espionage scandal from +spreading and leading to the criminal indictment of other co- +conspirators, such as Israeli Air Force Colonel Aviem Sella. The +Government of Israel +and Rafi Eitan would presumably have had a strong incentive +to conceal Rafi Eitan's role as a partner of DOJ in the theft of +the PROMIS software. DOJ, for example, granted Rafi Eitan +immunity from prosecution for his cooperation in the Pollard +espionage case. If it had become publicly known that Rafi Eitan +and DOJ had, in fact, been partners in the theft of the PROMIS +software and in its illegal distribution internationally, DOJ +might have been obliged to recuse itself from the prosecution of +the Pollard espionage case. At the very least, such DOJ decisions +as granting immunity from prosecution to Rafi Eitan would have +come under intense public scrutiny. + + Bua could presumably have investigated Ben Menashe's claim +by having the grand jury subpoena financial and accounting +records of Dickstein, Shapiro and Morin and Hadron, Inc., and by +interrogating appropriate individuals before the grand jury. It +is difficult to imagine a more serious instance of obstruction of +justice in the INSLAW case than that represented by Ben Menashe's +published claim. INSLAW has intelligence information that +Ratiner's settlement agreement with Dickstein, Shapiro and Morin +was in the approximate amount of the alleged wire transfer from +Israel and that the funds from which the Ratiner severance +payments were drawn were provided from outside the law firm. + + C. Bua's Investigation of Leads Relating to the Role + of DOJ Officials in Either Facilitating or + Covering Up the Use of INSLAW's PROMIS in + Intelligence/National Security Programs + + + 1. Ronald LeGrand + + In his report, Bua quotes extensively from William +Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit about what INSLAW had been +told in 1988 by Mr. Ronald LeGrand, when LeGrand was Chief +Investigator of the Senate Judiciary Committee. + + LeGrand attributed his information to a trusted source whom +he said he had by then known for 15 years and whom he described +as a senior DOJ career official with a title. The gist of the +information that LeGrand passed on from his source is that +Presidential appointee D. Lowell Jensen, who headed the Criminal +Division from early 1981 until approximately mid-1983, engineered +INSLAW's contract disputes with DOJ in order "to get INSLAW out +of the way" and be able to award the PROMIS-related case +management business to "friends."17 According to LeGrand, his +source identified two senior Criminal Division aides to Jensen as +among the several individuals through whom Jensen carried out the +alleged scheme: James Knapp, whom Jensen had brought with him +from California to be his principal political Deputy Assistant +Attorney General in the Criminal Division, and Miles Matthews, a +Knapp subordinate whom Jensen had elevated to the position of +Executive Officer for the Criminal Division. + + According to LeGrand, his source also identified three other +senior Criminal Division officials whom he described as knowing +the whole story of the alleged Jensen-directed scheme: These +officials are John Keeney, the highest ranking career lawyer in +the Criminal Division; Mark Richard, the career Deputy Assistant +Attorney General responsible in 1983 for intelligence, national +security and international terrorism issues within the Criminal +Division; and Philip White, who served under Mark Richard as +Director of International Affairs, starting in 1983. + + Bua quotes Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit as follows: + + Although Richard and White were 'pretty upset' about + it, the source did not believe that either of them + would disclose what they know _except in response to a + subpoena and under oath_. The source added that he did + not think that either Richard or White would commit + perjury. (Emphasis added.) + + Although Bua placed LeGrand before the grand jury, he merely +"interviewed" Keeney, Richard and White, who each denied knowing +anything. Bua apparently ignored the cautionary warning that Bua +himself quoted from Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit: "the +source did +not believe that either of them [Mark Richard or Philip +White] would disclose what they know except in response to a +subpoena and under oath." + + U.S. Government officials who are given access to classified +information are bound by security oaths not to disclose such +classified information except to individuals who have both the +required security clearance and the "need to know." If a highly +classified U.S. Government program, considered vital to the U.S. +national security, also included U.S. Government activities that +were approved at the highest levels of the United States +Government but which constituted violations of the federal +criminal laws, the security oaths could operate so as to +constrain the ability of U.S. Government officials to volunteer +information about the criminal activity embedded within the +classified U.S. intelligence/national security program. + + Mark Richard's and Philip White's official duties in 1983 +would have included collaboration with foreign intelligence and +law enforcement agencies on the problem of acts of terrorism +against U.S. citizens. During the past decade, the Middle East +has been the principal center of terrorism against U.S. citizens, +and Israel has been one of the most important allies of the +United States in the fight against Middle Eastern terrorism. + + If DOJ and the Government of Israel decided to collaborate +on an initiative against Middle Eastern terrorism, such +collaboration might well have included an effort to obtain +whatever information on suspected terrorists exists from the law +enforcement and intelligence files of other governments, +particularly in the Middle East. If other governments could be +induced to implement the PROMIS database management software +system in their intelligence and law enforcement agencies, and if +both the software system and the computer hardware acquired to +operate the software had been secretly modified to permit +electronic eavesdropping by U.S. and Israeli intelligence, the +joint DOJ-Israeli intelligence initiative against terrorism would +have been positioned in such a way as to maximize the potential +success of the DOJ-Israeli intelligence joint venture. One of +INSLAW's sources, Ari Ben Menashe, claims to have attended a +meeting in DOJ's Justice Command Center between DOJ officials and +Israeli military intelligence officials, where data on terrorists +were exchanged between the representatives of the two +governments. Ben Menashe claims that both governments were using +the PROMIS software to track terrorists. + + As noted in the preceding section, III.B.2., DOJ's PROMIS +Project Manager, C. Madison Brewer, sent over to INSLAW in +February 1983, under the guise of a visiting Israeli prosecutor, +one of the top Israeli espionage officials, Rafi Eitan. Brewer +asked that INSLAW provide a technical briefing on and +demonstration of PROMIS for this Israeli visitor, which INSLAW +did. At the time, Rafi Eitan was Anti-Terrorism Advisor to the +Prime Minister of Israel. According to the September 1992 +Investigative Report of the House Judiciary Committee, Brewer +testified that Jensen pre-approved virtually every action he took +with regard to INSLAW. Although it is unlikely that Brewer, as +the computer systems executive for U.S. Attorneys' Offices, would +normally have interacted with the top Anti-Terrorism Advisor to +the Prime Minister of another country, it is not implausible that +Jensen, Mark Richard and Philip White of DOJ's Criminal Division +would have had dealings with Rafi Eitan on such subjects as +extraditing suspected terrorists from abroad for criminal +prosecution in the United States. + + An American citizen's oath not to disclose classified +information must, under the law, give way to the obligation to +testify truthfully when compelled by appropriate legal process to +answer questions under oath. Bua's failure either to bring +Keeney, Richard and White before his grand jury or to place them +under oath, in spite of being warned of the necessity to do so, +is difficult to understand. Moreover, it invites concerns about a +purposeful effort to avoid placing DOJ witnesses in a position +where they would have to choose between perjury and damaging +disclosures about the use of a national security initiative to +conceal violations of the federal criminal law. + + Such concerns are fueled further by Bua's silence in his +report about another disturbing development regarding DOJ and +LeGrand. In 1991, DOJ sought to block INSLAW's request to the +U.S. District Court to re-open discovery. One tactic employed by +DOJ was to sponsor a sworn statement by LeGrand purporting to +cast doubt on the accuracy of Hamilton' s December 1989 affidavit +about LeGrand. Unfortunately for LeGrand and DOJ, Senator Sam +Nunn had, in the meantime, confirmed the accuracy of Hamilton's +statements about LeGrand in a letter to the editor of the New +Republic magazine. According to Senator Nunn, LeGrand had +repeated the same story that he told the Hamiltons to the staff +of the Senate Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by +Senator Nunn. Bua's report devoted almost four pages to LeGrand's +testimony before the grand jury. All of it has been redacted. +From the questions that Bua reports asking DOJ officials, +however, it appears that LeGrand's grand jury testimony was +consistent with his earlier statements to the Hamiltons. Bua +makes no mention of LeGrand's subsequent contradictory statement +sponsored by DOJ in 1991 in the U.S. District Court for the +District of Columbia. + + 2. Garnett Taylor and the Alleged DOJ + Destruction of Classified + Intelligence/National Security Documents + Relating to INSLAW + + INSLAW urged Bua to subpoena Garnett Taylor, a former DOJ +security officer, before Bua's grand jury and to interrogate him +about several matters, including the alleged destruction by DOJ +officials of classified national security/intelligence documents +relating to INSLAW. As with LeGrand, Taylor's testimony before +the grand jury has been redacted from Bua's report, but it is +possible to draw some inferences about Taylor's grand jury +testimony from Bua's narrative about his interview with James +Walker, Taylor's former DOJ supervisor. + + Bua's narrative about his interview with James Walker +implies that Walker's former subordinate, Taylor, testified +before the grand jury that Walker had instructed Taylor to +retrieve classified intelligence/national security documents +relating to the INSLAW case from the files of a Civil Division +attorney who had left DOJ, and then to destroy those documents. +There is also the further implication in the Bua Report that +Taylor also alleged that Walker later cancelled the instructions +to Taylor and, thereafter, carried out the retrieval and +destruction of the classified INSLAW documents himself. + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, the House +Judiciary Committee reported that over 50 sensitive files or +documents relating to INSLAW had disappeared from the Civil +Division's litigation files while the House Judiciary Committee +sought access to the Civil Division's files on INSLAW. + + Bua states that the House Judiciary Committee's report +contains the suggestion that a missing Civil Division file on +INSLAW "may have been destroyed because it contained documents +that implicated DOJ officials in a criminal conspiracy relating +to INSLAW." + + Bua disposes of this suspicion by describing it as +unfounded. Bua accomplishes this by accepting at face value the +account given by Sandra Spooner, the lead Civil Division +litigation counsel on INSLAW. Bua does confirm that one file of +privileged documents is missing, but instead of conducting an +investigation, Bua snidely insinuates that the House Judiciary +Committee's investigators could have stolen it: "Even the +Committee investigators had limited access to the storage room +and therefore the missing file. By no means do we suggest that +one of the investigators stole the file." + + According to Bua, James Walker confirmed that Garnett +Taylor's official responsibilities, when he worked for Walker, +included "responsibility for shredding classified documents once +a determination was made that the documents need not be +retained." Bua also claimed that "Walker stated that it was +conceivable that Taylor had been dispatched to take care of a +file cabinet belonging to a DOJ employee who had left." + + When it came to Taylor's apparent claim that Walker had +"reassigned Taylor to another task and handled the disposition of +the documents in the file cabinet himself," Bua accepts at face +value Walker's statement that he had "no recollection" of such an +incident. If Walker were to recollect such an incident, of +course, Walker might well expose himself to criminal prosecution +for obstruction of justice. Bua also uncritically accepts +Walker's statement that "there were never any INSLAW documents in +any of the safes he controlled or any of the safes he knew +about." + + Walker is DOJ's Special Security Officer with responsibility +for administering the facility on the 6th floor of DOJ +headquarters that houses Sensitive Compartmented Information.18 + + Walker's apparently unsworn denials of Taylor's sworn +statements were good enough for Bua. INSLAW has other U.S. +Government witnesses, however, who claim to know about the +incident that Walker claims he cannot recollect. One of these +witnesses claims to have been an eye witness to at least part of +the incident. These witnesses are unwilling to be identified +unless given guarantees that there will be no reprisals. + It is difficult to understand why Bua would not have +insisted on inspecting the Sensitive Compartmented Information +Facility (SCIF) administered by James Walker to determine whether +SCIF vault houses materials relating to the PROMIS software +and/or INSLAW, whether in the form of documents, microfiche or +remotely-located computer-based PROMIS data accessible by +computer terminals within the confines of the SCIF. It is +difficult to justify Bua's failure to attempt to resolve +empirically the apparent discrepancy between the grand jury +testimony of Taylor and the unsworn "failure to recollect" +statements by Walker. Bua presumably could have brought Walker +and other DOJ security officers before the federal grand jury, +and also subpoenaed DOJ's records on the destruction or +relocation of classified intelligence and national security +records. + + D. Bua's Investigation of Leads About Earl W. Brian, + the Principal Alleged Private Sector Co- + Conspirator of DOJ and U.S. Intelligence Agencies + in the Theft and Distribution of PROMIS + + + As noted in Section III.B., Bua's Investigation of the +Alleged International Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS, most of +the accounts of the foreign sales and distribution of PROMIS +place Earl W. Brian at the center of the activity. + + Bua subdivides his investigation of this question into two +parts: the Claimed Direct Evidence of a Conspiracy and the +Claimed Circumstantial Evidence of a Conspiracy. + + 1. Bua's Investigation of the Claimed + Direct Evidence of a Conspiracy + + Bua begins this section by claiming to have interviewed +individuals whom INSLAW and others have identified as having +personal knowledge of the activities of Earl Brian in connection +with the distribution of PROMIS software. Bua then addresses in +particular Michael Riconosciuto, Ari Ben Menashe, and Charles +Hayes. + + (a) Michael Riconosciuto + + Michael Riconosciuto served as Director of Research during +the early 1980's for the Joint Venture between the Wackenhut +Corporation of Coral Gables, Florida, and the Cabazon Band of +Mission Indians in Indio, California. The Wackenhut Corporation +reportedly regularly conducts highly classified contract work for +U.S. intelligence and law enforcement agencies.19 Riconosciuto +claims that Earl W. Brian and Peter Videnieks, DOJ's PROMIS +Contracting Officer, were frequent visitors to the Joint Venture +in Indio, California, because the Joint Venture was modifying the +PROMIS software so that Earl Brian could sell it to foreign +governments for their intelligence and law enforcement agencies. + + (1) Bua's Claimed Inconsistencies in + Riconosciuto's Various Statements about + When and From Whom He Claims to Have + Obtained the PROMIS Software + + Bua claims to have found inconsistencies among several sworn +statements by Riconosciuto, relating both to the number of copies +of the PROMIS software that Riconosciuto claims to have received +and to the identification of the party or parties from whom +Riconosciuto claims to have received the PROMIS software. + + In both his affidavit to INSLAW and in his sworn statement +to the House Judiciary Committee, Riconosciuto is apparently +consistent in claiming to have received a single copy of +PROMIS, as well as in claiming to have obtained PROMIS from +Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks, the Justice Department's PROMIS +Contracting Officer. In testimony at his criminal trial in +Tacoma, Washington, in January 1992, however, Riconosciuto made +references to receiving several copies of PROMIS and to receiving +those copies from Dr. John P. Nichols, the Administrator of the +Joint Venture. + + These accounts may not, in fact, be in conflict. +Riconosciuto may have focused his testimony to the House +Judiciary Committee and to INSLAW on the one incident that +combines the proprietary version of PROMIS and direct evidence of +DOJ complicity in its dissemination; i.e., the chain of custody +from DOJ Contracting Officer Peter Videnieks to Brian to +Riconosciuto. This is the kind of evidence that both INSLAW and +the House Judiciary Committee were seeking. Riconosciuto's +testimony about receiving the proprietary version of PROMIS from +Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks would not necessarily mean that +Riconosciuto did not receive other copies of PROMIS from +individuals such as John P. Nichols. Moreover, Riconosciuto's +testimony to INSLAW and the House Judiciary Committee would not +exclude the possibility that Riconosciuto also obtained copies of +the earlier public domain version of PROMIS for modification +under the auspices of the Joint Venture. This could also account +for Riconosciuto's apparent inconsistencies about the years when +he claims to have worked on PROMIS, which Bua noted as additional +reasons to question Riconosciuto's credibility. + + Bua also apparently does not realize that INSLAW had another +DOJ customer, in addition to the Executive Office for U.S. +Attorneys, to which it delivered the proprietary version of +PROMIS: DOJ's Land and Natural Resources Division. That DOJ +division has been subscribing to INSLAW's PROMIS software support +services since January 1982 and receiving proprietary +enhancements to PROMIS pursuant to the Annual INSLAW Software +Support Agreements ever since.20 These standard INSLAW Software +Support Agreements legally bar DOJ from copying or disseminating +the proprietary enhancements in the same way as INSLAW's standard +PROMIS license agreement does. Bua's failure to understand this +point also led to the following statement by Bua that is patently +untrue: + + It is undisputed that INSLAW did not produce a copy of + enhanced PROMIS to DOJ until April 20, 1983.21 + + (2) Bua's Investigation of Riconosciuto's + Claim to Have Worked on PROMIS Under the + Auspices of the Wackenhut/Cabazon Joint + Venture + + Bua states that his investigators "interviewed a number of +people whom Riconosciuto identified as having knowledge of the +activities involving PROMIS at the Cabazon Reservation," +including Robert Nichols and Peter Zokosky, and that his +"interviews" led him to the tentative conclusion "that there were +absolutely22" no activities undertaken by Wackenhut, Riconosciuto, +or the Cabazons that had anything to do with PROMIS or any other +software." + + Robert Nichols and Peter Zokosky have each reportedly had +extensive employment in classified U.S. Government intelligence +and national security activities. Nichols, in fact, testified +under oath at a civil trial in Los Angeles in 1993 about his +claimed 18 year association with the CIA. Each presumably took an +oath not to disclose voluntarily any classified information that +he may have acquired as part of his U.S. Government work, except +to individuals who possess both the requisite security clearances +and the "need to know." The only way to overcome that sworn +obligation to silence is to use compulsory legal process, such as +a federal grand jury, to require such an individual to answer +highly detailed questions under oath. Bua apparently did not do +this. + + If Riconosciuto is telling the truth about modifying +INSLAW's PROMIS software with a "trap door" for electronic +eavesdropping by the U.S. Government, the U.S. intelligence +agency whose vital interests would be most clearly implicated in +any such project is the National Security Agency (NSA). + + That the Joint Venture was carrying out contract R&D for the +National Security Agency and that Michael Riconosciuto was +personally involved in such work can be inferred from statements +and actions of Robert Nichols and Peter Zokosky. + + Robert Nichols told Mr. and Ms. Hamilton about an incident +in the early 1980's when a colonel from the NSA Headquarters at +Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, allegedly flew out to the Cabazon +Reservation for the day for the single purpose of assuring that +FBI agents, investigating a triple homicide of the Vice Chairman +of the Cabazon Tribe and two associates, did not attempt to probe +the classified U.S. Government work being performed under the +auspices of the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture. + + Robert Nichols also told the Hamiltons about having +accompanied Michael Riconosciuto on a visit to a classified NSA +contractor facility in the Silicon Valley and to have observed +Riconosciuto's apparently unrestricted and unescorted access to +both the contractor's employees and to offices within the +contractor facility that were prominently marked as off-limits to +any unescorted visitors. + +Robert Nichols also told the Hamiltons about frequent +alleged telephone conversations at the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint +Venture between Michael Riconosciuto and Bobby Inman. Bobby Inman +served in the early 1980's consecutively as Director of the +National Security Agency and Deputy Director of the Central +Intelligence Agency. + + For his part, Peter Zokosky sent Mr. and Ms. Hamilton an +excerpt from Public Law 86-36 of 1959 on NSA, with the following +words highlighted: + + Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, + nothing in this Act or any other law ... shall be + construed to require the disclosure of the organization + or any function of the National Security Agency, or any + information with respect to the activities thereof ... + + (3) Bua's Attempt to Discredit Riconosciuto + Based on Bua's Own Misinformation about + the Wackenhut Corporation, and Bua's + Failure to Investigate Riconosciuto's + Claim That He and Earl Brian Worked + Together in 1980 as Contract Employees + of Wackenhut + + Riconosciuto claims that he and Earl Brian made a trip to +Iran in 1980 as independent contractors with a subsidiary of the +Wackenhut Corporation known as the Wackenhut Research +Corporation. + + Bua states that the Wackenhut Research Corporation does not +exist. While that statement is true for 1993, what is important, +is that the Wackenhut Research Corporation did exist in 1980, as +a subsidiary of the Wackenhut Corporation, according to the 1980 +Annual Report for the parent company. Rather than diminishing +Riconosciuto's credibility, the reference to a subsidiary that +has not been in existence for a decade but that was in existence +when Riconosciuto claims it was, actually enhances Riconosciuto's +credibility. + + Bua further criticizes Riconosciuto for failing to produce, +as he promised Mr. and Ms. Hamilton in a May 1990 telephone +conversation memorialized by the Hamiltons, copies of Internal +Revenue Service (IRS) 1099 independent contractor forms for his +and Earl Brian's claimed contract work for the Wackenhut Research +Corporation in 1980. Bua's federal grand jury presumably could +have issued a subpoena to the IRS and/or to the Wackenhut +Corporation for the records in question and, in so doing, +determined whether Earl Brian and Michael Riconosciuto each +worked for the same unit of the Wackenhut Corporation at the same +time in 1980. Because Earl Brian has repeatedly denied Michael +Riconosciuto's claims, Bua could have used this opportunity to +determine empirically whether it is Michael Riconosciuto or Earl +Brian who is lying. + + (4) Bua's Investigation of Riconosciuto's + Claimed Involvement With Earl Brian and + Peter Videnieks + + Bua states that Sam Cross, who was Chief of Police in Indio, +California, in the early 1980's, "made a point of staying aware +of what was going on at the Cabazon Reservation during that +period, and that he never heard any mention of the name Earl +Brian." If the NSA could send a colonel 3,000 miles across the +United States to make certain that FBI agents investigating a +triple homicide near the reservation did not find out anything +about the classified projects undertaken by the reservation's +Joint Venture, there is no reason to believe that a local police +chief would fare any better in gaining access to classified Joint +Venture projects. Bua's +reliance on Sam Cross' ability to know about such classified +activities would, therefore, appear to be misplaced. + + Bua quotes John P. Nichols, the Director of the Wackenhut- +Cabazon Joint Venture, as being "emphatic that Riconosciuto's +allegations concerning PROMIS are fabricated" "and that he had +never heard of Earl Brian or any of his companies prior to +Riconosciuto's allegations." Although Bua details Riconosciuto's +criminal history, he fails to mention that John P. Nichols was +incarcerated in the mid-1980's following a conviction for +contracting with professional "hit men" for a number of +assassinations. The disclosure of such information is relevant +for anyone trying to determine how much weight to give to John P. +Nichols' statements. Moreover, Bua apparently did not place +Nichols before the grand jury or even under oath. + + Bua states that Brian's presence at the September 10, 1981 +weapons demonstration, as reported in the September 1992 +Investigative Report of the House Judiciary Committee, "would be +significant" because Brian "has steadfastly denied having been to +the Cabazon reservation, or ever having met Riconosciuto or any +one affiliated with the Cabazons." + + The Indio Police Department conducted surveillance of the +September 10, 1981 weapons demonstration and recorded both Earl +Brian and Michael Riconosciuto as attending, with Earl Brian +arriving as a passenger in a Rolls Royce automobile driven by +Wayne Reeder, whom Bua describes as a real estate developer. Bua +reports that Wayne Reeder claims that Earl Brian was not present +with him on September 10, 1981. Wayne Reeder's character and +integrity are, however, currently under challenge by the United +States Government. Reeder was indicted for insurance fraud by the +U.S. Attorney's Office in Rhode Island in June 1993.23 Moreover, +Bua apparently did not place Reeder before the grand jury or even +under oath. + + Bua also credits Earl Brian's denial that he was at the +September 10, 1981 weapons demonstration in Indio, California, +and notes that Brian's denial is supported by various documents, +including Brian's personal calendar and expense records +purporting to show Earl Brian as being on the East Coast of the +United States on the day in question. Bua further notes that the +notations on some of these documents were made by one of Brian's +subordinates. + + Earl Brian's veracity and the reliability of documents +furnished by Earl Brian are open to question, however, as the +result of Brian's decision not to contest a civil lawsuit filed +by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on June 28, +1993 against Earl W. Brian and several former subordinates at +Financial News Network (FNN). In a 60-page civil complaint filed +in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the SEC +charged Brian with securities fraud, with causing the creation of +fraudulent documents, with executing and backdating fraudulent +documents, with directing a subordinate to execute a fraudulent +and backdated document, and with making materially false or +misleading statements. Brian settled his part of the SEC lawsuit +the very day it was filed by agreeing to be bound by a permanent +injunction not +to commit securities fraud in the future, and not to make or +cause others to make a materially false or misleading statement +in the future. + + Bua determined that Riconosciuto is not to be believed, but +that Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks are "credible witnesses, both +in their demeanor and in the substance of their statements." + + In reaching that conclusion, Bua apparently did not speak to +the former FNN Director of Administrative Services, Ms. Margaret +Wiencek. INSLAW, however, not only spoke to Margaret Wiencek but +also obtained from her a copy of a sworn statement she gave +recently to the U.S. Customs Service Internal Affairs +investigators who were interviewing Wiencek about Peter +Videnieks. Videnieks left DOJ in September 1990 to become +Director of Operational Procurement at the U.S. Customs Service. + + In her sworn statement, Wiencek describes a file at FNN +Headquarters that contained copies of correspondence to and from +Dominick Laiti, then Chairman of Earl Brian's Hadron, Inc., +relating to the PROMIS software and INSLAW, Inc. Wiencek also +claims personally to have taken telephone messages at FNN +Headquarters from Peter Videnieks and Michael Riconosciuto during +the first quarter of 1987. That is the quarter when INSLAW filed +a pleading in U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia +concerning the covert DOJ effort in 1985 to force INSLAW into +Chapter 7 liquidation. + + (b) Ari Ben-Menashe + + Section III.B.2., Bua's Investigation of the Alleged +International Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS, contains a +detailed analysis of Bua's statements about Ari Ben Menashe's +claims and alleged claims. That analysis is not repeated in this +section. One example of Ben Menashe's credibility regarding the +international distribution of PROMIS is his sworn statement in +1991 about the pivotal role played in this area by an Israeli +espionage official, Rafi Eitan. In early 1993, INSLAW was able +independently to corroborate Eitan's collaboration with DOJ in +the 1983 theft of PROMIS. + + Bua states that Ben Menashe's claims have been "convincingly +denied by two witnesses whose statements we believe," ... "Earl +Brian, under oath, and Robert McFarlane, in a telephone +interview." + + As noted earlier, Brian's acceptance on Monday, June 28, +1993 in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia of the +permanent injunction sought by the U.S. Securities and Exchange +Commission (SEC) not to engage in securities fraud in the future, +raises valid questions about the veracity and integrity of Earl +Brian, one of the witnesses upon whom Bua relied. + + Although Bua detailed Riconosciuto's criminal record, he +failed to mention that the other witness upon whom he relied in +dismissing Ben Menashe's claims, Robert McFarlane, also has a +federal criminal record, arising from his conduct in the +Iran/Contra affair as National Security Advisor to the President +of the United States. McFarlane's conviction was for lying. + (c) Charles Hayes + + The Bua Report contains several redacted pages relating to +the grand jury testimony of Charles Hayes. + + INSLAW, of course, has no way of knowing what Charles Hayes +said or did not say before Bua's grand jury, but Hayes executed +an affidavit on November 30, 1992 claiming that on or about +August 26, 1992 he had appeared to testify before the grand jury +in Chicago; that he gave testimony concerning his "direct +knowledge of the commission of felonies" "related to the INSLAW +affair"; that he submitted a list of names of witnesses who have +direct knowledge of the INSLAW affair and supplied the addresses +and telephone numbers of those witnesses; and that none of the +witnesses had been contacted as of November 30, 1992. + + Hayes had previously told Mr. and Ms. Hamilton that he met +with Earl Brian, Richard Secord and Oliver North in Sao Paulo, +Brazil, in the mid-1980's while those three individuals were +purchasing weapons for the Contras in Nicaragua, and Brian was +marketing INSLAW's PROMIS software to the Government of Brazil. + + (d) Richard Babayan + + Bua apparently did not bring before the grand jury or even +interview Richard H. Babayan, who provided an affidavit to INSLAW +on March 22, 1991, concerning a PROMIS software sales +presentation by Earl W. Brian and Richard Secord to the +Government of Iraq during 1987. In his affidavit, Babayan also +claims that a Miami, Florida, resident, Sarkis Saghanolian, +assisted Earl Brian in completing the sale of the PROMIS software +to Iraq "for use primarily in intelligence services, and +secondarily in police and law enforcement agencies." + + INSLAW furnished a copy of this affidavit to Bua in January +1992, but Bua apparently never interrogated Babayan; Richard +Secord, named by both Babayan and Hayes as a Brian colleague +during PROMIS marketing forays abroad; or Sarkis Saghanolian. + + 2. Bua's Investigation of the Claimed + Circumstantial Evidence of a Conspiracy + + (a) The September 1983 Fund raising + Trip to New York City by Earl + Brian, Dominick Laiti, and Paul + Wormeli + + Bua quotes from William Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit +about Earl Brian, Hadron Chairman Dominick Laiti, and Hadron +Executive Paul Wormeli gathering in New York City in September +1983 to raise equity capital from the Wall Street Investment +Bank, Allen and Company. In his affidavit, Hamilton quotes +Wormeli as stating that the equity capital was to finance +Hadron's expansion in criminal justice information systems. In +his affidavit, Hamilton also quotes Wormeli's former secretary, +Marilyn Titus, as stating that the purpose of the trip was "to +raise capital to buy the court software." + + Bua quotes Titus as stating that "she does not believe she +ever told William Hamilton that the purpose of the 1983 fund +raising trip was to raise capital _to obtain PROMIS or +INSLAW_." (Emphasis added.) Titus was apparently not placed +under oath, and she was also apparently asked to confirm a +statement that is different from the one that Hamilton claims +that Titus made. + + Bua states that Laiti insisted the equity capital was +intended to be used by Simcon, Hadron's police information +systems subsidiary in 1983. Bua also claims that "Wormeli +essentially confirmed what Laiti told us." What Wormeli had told +INSLAW, however, is that he was shocked to discover that Laiti +was seeking to raise $7 million in equity capital for criminal +justice information systems because Simcon could only use $2 +million. Wormeli told INSLAW that he never was told how the other +$5 million was going to be used. + + Wormeli also told INSLAW that during the September 1983 fund +raising visit to Allen and Company, he and Laiti not only met +with Mark Kesselman, a Vice President, but also met with Herbert +A. Allen, Jr., then the Chief Executive Officer of Allen and +Company. Wormeli told INSLAW that at the time of the 1983 visit, +Allen and Company owned about $5 million of Hadron's common +stock. + + Bua apparently did not subpoena records of Allen and Company +about the Hadron fund raising effort in 1983, and did not +interview Herbert A. Allen, Jr. What Bua did do is have a trans- +Atlantic telephone interview with Kesselman in Switzerland. +Kesselman claims that he could not even remember the name of the +company seeking the funds. With a $5 million equity investment in +Hadron, Herbert A. Allen, Jr., presumably, would have been able +to remember the name of the company and possibly important +details concerning the intended use of the proceeds. With such a +substantial investment in Hadron in 1983, Allen and Company may +also have had documents relating to Hadron's planned expansion in +criminal justice information systems that could explain the $5 +million for which Wormeli cannot account. + + (b) The 53rd Street Ventures Connection + + (1) Patricia Cloherty's Alleged Claims About + Earl Brian + + On Thursday, May 5, 1988, the CBS Evening News with Dan +Rather broadcast an unusually long, approximately seven minute, +segment on the INSLAW affair, highlighting the alleged role of +Earl W. Brian in the DOJ theft of the PROMIS software. + + The annual meeting of the National Association of Venture +Capitalists was at that very time taking place in Washington, DC, +and both Richard D'Amore and Patricia Cloherty were in +attendance. D'Amore was on INSLAW's board of Directors and was a +partner in Hambro Venture Capital, then the lead venture capital +investor in INSLAW. Cloherty and her husband, Daniel Tessler, +controlled 53rd Street Ventures, which also then had an equity +investment in INSLAW. Cloherty also had by this time become the +Chief Operating Officer of Alan Patricoff and Associates, a very +large venture capital firm in New York City that had controlled +53rd Street Ventures until 1984, when Cloherty and Tessler took +it over. + + On Friday, May 6, 1988, Richard D'Amore visited William +Hamilton at INSLAW's offices in Washington and told him that he +had seen Patricia Cloherty at the venture capitalists conference +and had mentioned to her the previous evening's telecast on +INSLAW and the alleged +role of a venture capitalist by the name of Earl Brian. +According to D'Amore, Cloherty responded by stating, in words or +substance, that she "knew all about Earl Brian's role in the +INSLAW case." + + According to William Hamilton's desk calendar for Tuesday, +May 10, 1988, Hamilton telephoned Patricia Cloherty at Alan +Patricoff and Associates. Without disclosing to her that D'Amore +had recounted his conversation with Cloherty, Hamilton asked +whether Earl Brian or his InfoTechnology, Inc., venture capital +firm had ever done any deals with Alan Patricoff and Associates +or 53rd Street Ventures through early 1984 when Patricoff and +Associates managed 53rd Street Ventures. Cloherty claimed not to +know and did not commit to try to find out when Hamilton asked +that she do so. Hamilton did tell Cloherty about the alleged role +of venture capitalist Earl Brian as a partner in the DOJ +corruption against INSLAW, and Cloherty did not disclose to +Hamilton that she knows Earl Brian and, in fact, had served on a +board of directors with him during the 1980's, disclosures that +Cloherty made to Bua. + + In his December 1989 affidavit, Hamilton quotes the +statement about Earl Brian that Cloherty allegedly made to +D'Amore in May 1988, without providing the aforementioned +background details about the CBS Evening News story being +telecast while Richard D'Amore and Patricia Cloherty, each with +venture capital investments in INSLAW, were in Washington, DC, +for a national conference of venture capitalists. + + According to Bua, both Cloherty and D'Amore denied having +had such a conversation in May 1988, and D'Amore denied having +told Hamilton about such a conversation. Bua apparently did not +place Cloherty or D'Amore under oath. Bua never asked Hamilton +for further information, such as some of the contextual details +described above, that Bua could have used in trying to refresh +the recollections of Cloherty and D'Amore or, alternatively, in +trying to impeach their testimony. Moreover, Bua could have +easily verified the CBS telecast on Brian and INSLAW occurring +while Cloherty and D'Amore were together in Washington, DC, at a +venture capital conference. + + Instead of doing such work, however, Bua uncritically +accepted Cloherty's and D'Amore's non-sworn denials and then +irresponsibly used those denials to support his conclusion that +Hamilton's sworn representations cannot be relied upon. + + Bua quotes Daniel Tessler as stating that "his wife, +Patricia Cloherty, has no knowledge of Earl Brian ..." Bua then +quotes Patricia Cloherty as not only admitting that she knows +Earl Brian but also admitting to have served with Earl Brian +during the 1980's on the Board of Directors of the National +Association of Small Business Investment Companies. 53rd Street +Ventures is, in fact, a Small Business Investment Company. + + Bua should also have wondered how Hamilton could have +correctly associated Patricia Cloherty with Earl Brian, when +Cloherty's own husband professes not to have known of any such +association, unless Hamilton's highly plausible account of his +May 1988 conversation with D'Amore in Washington, DC, is true and +accurate. + + + (2) Daniel Tessler's Non-Sworn Denial of + Hamilton's Sworn Statement About Tessler + Demanding Voting Rights to the + Hamiltons' Common Stock on the Eve of + INSLAW's Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Filing + + In his December 1989 affidavit, Hamilton states that Daniel +Tessler appeared at INSLAW in December 1984, just several weeks +before INSLAW was finally forced to file for Chapter 11 +bankruptcy protection, and gave William Hamilton an ultimatum to +turn over to Tessler by the close of business that day the voting +rights to Mr. and Ms. Hamilton's controlling interest in INSLAW. +Otherwise, neither 53rd Street Ventures nor Hambro Venture +Capital would even attempt to help INSLAW raise new capital to +avoid financial collapse, according to Hamilton's sworn statement +about Tessler's ultimatum. + + Bua reports that Tessler denied Hamilton's sworn testimony, +and Bua apparently accepts Tessler's non-sworn denial without any +further investigation. Someone who cannot remember his wife's +business relationship with Earl Brian may not, however, have the +most reliable memory. Moreover, if Tessler was acting secretly on +behalf of Earl Brian when he sought the voting rights of the +Hamiltons' controlling interest in INSLAW, he may have violated +the Federal Banking Criminal Statute, 18 U.S.C. ¤ 215 because +Tessler was then an officer of a Small Business Investment +Company (SBIC). 53rd Street Ventures, as an SBIC, is a "financial +institution" as defined in section 103 of the Small Business +Investment Act of 1958. Section (2) of 18 U.S.C. ¤ 215 makes it a +federal crime for anyone who + + "as an officer, director, employee, agent or attorney + of a financial institution, corruptly solicits or + demands for the benefit of any person, or corruptly + accepts or agrees to accept anything of value from any + person, intending to be influenced or rewarded in + connection with any business or transaction of such + institution;" + + It may be unrealistic to expect Tessler to admit to Bua +conduct that could arguably expose Tessler to prosecution under +18 U.S.C. ¤ 215. + + (3) Bua's Investigation of Hamilton's Claims + About Jonathan Ben Cnaan of 53rd Street + Ventures + + In his December 1989 affidavit, Hamilton recounts a +conversation with Jonathan Ben Cnaan of 53rd Street Ventures. +According to Hamilton, Ben Cnaan disclosed to Hamilton, in +October 1983, a meeting that Ben Cnaan had had in September 1983 +in New York City with someone whom Ben Cnaan described at the +time as a businessman with ties to the highest level of the +Reagan Administration. Ben Cnaan said that the businessman had +told 53rd Street Ventures about Hadron's acquisition overture to +INSLAW in April 1983; about his absolute determination to gain +control of the PROMIS software for use in federal government +contracts; about the contract disputes having arisen in INSLAW's +contract with DOJ following INSLAW's refusal to sell out to +Hadron; and about the fact that those disputes would never be +able to be resolved as long as INSLAW refused to let the unnamed +businessman use PROMIS for federal government contracts. + Bua describes at length his efforts to find Ben Cnaan. He +states that he would have liked to have talked with Ben Cnaan but +then implies that it is not that important because Earl Brian has +already denied being the businessman depicted in the statements +attributed to Ben Cnaan, and, moreover, Hamilton does not +actually quote Ben Cnaan as claiming that the unnamed businessman +was Earl Brian. + + Earl Brian, Dominick Laiti, and Paul Wormeli were in New +York City the very same month that Ben Cnaan had the meeting with +the unnamed businessman. Brian was, according to the Bua Report, +on the Board of Directors of the National Association of Small +Business Investment Companies. 53rd Street Ventures is a Small +Business Investment Company. + + Conducting a sworn interrogation of Ben Cnaan, under the +circumstances, would have been extremely important. If Ben Cnaan +were to identify either Earl Brian or Dominick Laiti as the +businessman to whom he referred in his October 1983 meeting with +William Hamilton and if Ben Cnaan would confirm the essence of +the statements attributed to him in Hamilton's affidavit24, it +would directly tie Earl Brian and Hadron into the DOJ use of +contract disputes with INSLAW as leverage to help Hadron wrest +control of the PROMIS software. + + Ben Cnaan apparently visited New York City in early 1993, +from Israel where he currently lives. With a modest effort, +INSLAW was able to discover Ben Cnaan's current address and +telephone number in Israel: + + Ha' Adamit #6 + Herzlia, Israel + Telephone 258-7787. + + (c) The Systems and Computer + Technology, Inc. (SCT) Connection + + Bua professes not to understand how INSLAW's "allegations +about SCT would fit into INSLAW's theory of a Hadron conspiracy." +Bua further states that "there would be no apparent reason for +Brian or Hadron to be attempting to control INSLAW (through SCT) +in 1986." + + SCT launched a "hostile takeover" bid for INSLAW in May +1986, the very month that DOJ issued its Request for Proposals +for the Uniform Office Automation and Case Management Project, +code-named Project EAGLE. This was the largest procurement in DOJ +history. INSLAW believes that the PROMIS software was intended by +DOJ to be the uniform case management software for the Project +EAGLE computers.25 INSLAW further believes that Earl +Brian's Hadron, Inc. was originally slated to receive the +Project EAGLE contract award by DOJ as a sweetheart gift from +Brian's long-time friend, then Attorney General Meese. INSLAW +believes that Brian and DOJ abandoned the plan to use Hadron as +the vehicle for the contract in the fall of 1985, following the +failure of the covert DOJ effort to force INSLAW's liquidation. + + INSLAW believes that, by January 1986, Brian and DOJ had +substituted Tisoft, Inc. as the vehicle for the planned +sweetheart Project EAGLE award.26 That month, Tisoft was +awarded a $30 million computer systems contract by Meese's +Justice Department, and Tisoft also amended its articles of +incorporation to permit the sale of common stock to new outside +owners who would then have majority control of the company. + + Margaret Wiencek, the former Director of Administrative +Services at Earl Brian's Financial News Network (FNN), claims +that Patrick R. Gallagher of Tisoft, Inc. was also someone who +regularly telephoned the chairman's office at Earl Brian's FNN +Headquarters in Los Angeles during at least 1987. + + INSLAW believes that DOJ encouraged the SCT hostile takeover +bid for INSLAW in 1986 in order to preclude INSLAW from seeking +redress in the courts for DOJ's 1983 theft of the PROMIS software +and to remove INSLAW as an obstacle to the planned award of +Project EAGLE to Tisoft and the planned implementation of PROMIS +on the Project EAGLE computers. + + Bua placed quotation marks around the word "hostile" in +referring to SCT's effort to purchase INSLAW in early 1986, +suggesting that he doubted INSLAW's characterization of the SCT +initiative as a "hostile takeover" initiative. Through third- +party discovery in 1987, however, INSLAW obtained an internal SCT +document prepared in conjunction with SCT's investment bankers in +December 1985. That SCT document uses the words "hostile +takeover" to describe the then-planned effort to acquire INSLAW. + + E. Bua's Investigation of the Death of the + Investigative Journalist, Danny Casolaro + + 1. Evidence That Casolaro Broke the INSLAW + Case the Week He Died + + In August 1990, Mr. Terry D. Miller, President of Government +Sales Consultants, Inc., encouraged a free-lance investigative +journalist by the name of Danny Casolaro to consider +investigating DOJ's theft of the PROMIS software. Casolaro and +Miller had previously worked together on the publication of a +newsletter that focused, at least in part, on federal government +computer procurement fraud, and Miller thought Casolaro had the +ideal background for the INSLAW investigation. Miller is also a +friend of Mr. and Ms. Hamilton. + + On Saturday, August 10, 1991, approximately one year after +Casolaro began his full-time, self-financed investigation of the +INSLAW affair, Casolaro was found dead in the bathtub of his room +in the Sheraton Hotel in Martinsburg, West Virginia. Casolaro's +wrists on both arms had been slashed, with almost a dozen +slashes, some deep enough to have severed the tendons. The local +Martinsburg, West Virginia, authorities ruled Casolaro's death a +suicide. + + In the late afternoon of the Monday before his death, i.e., +on August 5, 1991, Casolaro had telephoned Miller to tell him +that the INSLAW case, to which Miller had directed him one year +earlier, had proved to be the story of his lifetime. + + Later that night, Casolaro telephoned Robert Booth Nichols +in Los Angeles. Nichols has a background in CIA covert +intelligence operations and, in the course of about 100 hours of +telephone conversations with Casolaro during the previous 12 +months, Nichols had served as a sounding board for Casolaro's +probe of the clandestine world of U.S. and foreign intelligence +operations. According to Nichols' statement to William Hamilton, +Monday night's telephone call from Casolaro was the first time in +their year-long colloquy when Casolaro was not seeking any +information. Casolaro told Nichols that he had just come back +from a meeting with a source on the INSLAW case, that he now knew +everything there was to know about the INSLAW case, that the +Hamiltons were going to be quite excited, and that Casolaro had +to return right away for another meeting with the same source to +collect the final piece of documentary evidence. Nichols +described Casolaro that night as "euphoric." + + Also Monday night, Casolaro met with Ann Klenk, a fellow +journalist and long-time friend, at a pub frequented by Casolaro. +According to Klenk, Casolaro said he had just returned from West +Virginia, where he had met with a source on the INSLAW case, and +that he had already broken the INSLAW case, but that he had to +return right away to West Virginia to pick up a final piece of +the evidence. + + The next day, Tuesday, August 6, 1991, Casolaro telephoned +William Turner in Winchester, Virginia, and told him that he +would be having a follow-up meeting later in the week in +Martinsburg, West Virginia, with some employees from the office +of Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia. Casolaro described one +of the employees as a relative of Ms. Barbara Videnieks and +further described that person as his source on INSLAW. According +to Turner, +Casolaro asked him to remove two numbered and sealed packets +of Casolaro's INSLAW documents from Turner's home safe and bring +them the 20-mile distance to Martinsburg, West Virginia, on the +afternoon of Friday, August 9, 1991 so that Casolaro could show +them to Ms. Videnieks' relative. Ms. Barbara Videnieks is the +Chief of Staff to Senator Robert Byrd. Her husband, Peter +Videnieks, was the DOJ Contracting Officer on INSLAW's PROMIS +contract. According to Michael Riconosciuto, Peter Videnieks was +also a close associate of Earl Brian in Brian's alleged +international sales and distribution of PROMIS. Ms. Margaret +Wiencek, former Director of Administrative Services at Financial +News Network (FNN) Headquarters in Los Angeles, claims, in sworn +testimony, to have taken telephone messages from Peter Videnieks +in 1987 in the office of the FNN Chairman. Earl Brian was +Chairman of FNN in 1987. Both Videnieks and Brian have, however, +denied under oath even knowing each other. + + On Wednesday, August 7, 1991, Casolaro socialized with a +friend by the name of Ben Mason. Casolaro told Mason that he had +broken the INSLAW case but had to return to Martinsburg, West +Virginia, the following day for a final meeting with some +individuals with whom he had just recently met. + + On Thursday, August 8, 1991, Casolaro traveled to +Martinsburg, West Virginia, and checked into the Sheraton Hotel. + + On Friday afternoon, August 9, 1991, Turner met with +Casolaro in the parking lot of the Sheraton Hotel and delivered +both sealed packets of Casolaro's INSLAW documents, as well as +documents relating to Turner's own case. Turner's own case +involved alleged federal contract fraud at Hughes Aircraft, where +Turner had apparently been employed as a flight simulation +engineer. Casolaro reconfirmed to Turner that his meeting with +Ms. Barbara Videnieks' relative and one other employee from +Senator Byrd's office was still on for Friday night. Casolaro +warned Turner "to watch his rear," and made arrangements to meet +Turner the following day, Saturday, in the Washington, DC, area +to celebrate. + + On Saturday morning, August 10, 1991, Casolaro was found +dead in the bathtub of his Sheraton Hotel room. + + Turner has contemporaneous handwritten notes about his +conversations with Casolaro on Tuesday and Friday of the week +Casolaro died. Bua neither questioned Turner nor sought copies of +his notes. + + Bua never questioned Terry Miller or Ben Mason either. +Although Bua or one of his Assistant U.S. Attorneys spoke by +telephone with both Ann Klenk and Robert Nichols, no one from +Bua's team ever attempted to probe their knowledge of Casolaro's +investigative work in the days preceding his death. + + Notwithstanding these facts, Bua stated that he was +persuaded from his review of the investigative records of the +local Martinsburg authorities "that Mr. Casolaro's death was +fully and fairly investigated and that the conclusion of the +local authorities that his death was a suicide was amply +supported by the facts." + + Bua details various items of physical evidence from +Casolaro's hotel room that he claims "strongly supports the +conclusion of the local authorities that the death was a +suicide." Bua fails, however, to take any cognizance of the fact +that none of Casolaro's investigative working papers was found in +the hotel room. Casolaro always carried such files with him, was +seen leaving Washington for Martinsburg with the files, and was +seen in Martinsburg with the files. Moreover, the two packets of +Casolaro's sensitive INSLAW documents and the Hughes aircraft +documents that Turner claims to have personally delivered to +Casolaro in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Friday afternoon were +also missing. + + Riconosciuto claimed in a sworn affidavit, prior to his +arrest in early 1991, that Peter Videnieks had threatened him +with prosecution and conviction if he testified about the INSLAW +matter. Casolaro was evidently having a secret follow-up meeting +in Martinsburg, West Virginia, with someone in Senator Byrd's +office who is related to Peter Videnieks' wife, Barbara. + + In a telephone conversation one weekend shortly before his +death, Casolaro read to William Hamilton detailed biographical +data about various employees in Senator Robert Byrd's office and +told Hamilton that he believed he could break the INSLAW case by +penetrating Senator Byrd's office. + + Casolaro had told the Hamiltons of other connections to +Peter and Barbara Videnieks and Senator Robert Byrd's office +during the final two months of his life. On June 12, 1991, for +example, Casolaro said that he had spoken by telephone with Peter +Videnieks at Videnieks' office at the U.S. Customs Service but +that Videnieks had declined to answer Casolaro's questions about +INSLAW and had, instead, referred Casolaro to Charles Ruff, the +Washington, DC, attorney whom DOJ was paying to represent Peter +Videnieks in the House Judiciary Committee's investigation of the +INSLAW case. + + Casolaro also told the Hamiltons about a series of meetings +he had had during the final month of his life with a covert +intelligence operative of the U.S. Army Special Forces whose name +is Joseph Cuellar. According to Casolaro, Cuellar, during a +purportedly chance encounter at Casolaro's neighborhood pub in +mid-July 1991, asked Casolaro what line of work he was in and, +upon hearing Casolaro describe his journalistic investigation of +the INSLAW case, asserted that he knew all about INSLAW because +Peter Videnieks was one of his closest friends. According to +Casolaro, Cuellar also stated that his ex-wife worked for Ms. +Barbara Videnieks in Senator Byrd's office. Casolaro told the +Hamiltons that Cuellar had later persuaded Peter Videnieks to +meet Casolaro and discuss the INSLAW case with him. The Hamiltons +never heard whether the meeting actually took place, however. + + Lynn Knowles, a friend of Casolaro's, attended at least two +of the meetings between Casolaro and Cuellar. Bua never sought to +interview Knowles, and there is no reason to suspect that Bua +sought to interrogate Cuellar either. She told William Hamilton +that she and Cuellar had spoken by telephone several days after +Casolaro's death and that Cuellar said the following to Knowles, +in words or substance: + + What Danny Casolaro was investigating is a business. If + you don't want to end up like Danny or like the + journalist who died a horiffic death in Guatemala,27 + you'll stay out of this. Anyone who asks too many + questions will end up dead. + + 2. The Question of the FBI's Role in the + Investigation of Casolaro's Death + + Bua also absolves DOJ of having exerted any influence on the +investigation executed by the West Virginia authorities, "beyond +the normal and expected assistance law enforcement agencies +typically provide one another." Bua further describes this +exception as "assistance and information sharing between the +local authorities and the regional FBI office..." + + Bua apparently did not look into the FBI's role in the +execution of a search warrant in William Turner's home in +September 1991 or in the refusal, long after criminal charges +against Turner were dismissed, to return to Turner documents +taken from Turner's home safe. About six weeks after Casolaro's +death, Turner, who has one artificial leg, was arrested and +charged with the robberies of two local area banks. That same +month, the FBI assisted local authorities in executing a search +warrant in Turner's home. The official inventory of the search +lists the seizure of a spiral notebook that Turner claims +contains detailed notes about his collaboration with Casolaro and +that Turner says was taken by the FBI from Turner's home safe. +This is the same home safe where Turner claims he stored sealed +packets of Casolaro's sensitive documents on INSLAW. + + The local authorities dropped the bank robbery charges +against Turner after keeping him in pre-trial incarceration in +the county jail for over six months. FBI "enhancements" of the +photographs taken by hidden bank cameras reportedly established +that Turner was not the robber. At a preliminary hearing, an eye +witness to one of the robberies, a bank teller, also reportedly +acknowledged that Turner could not have been the robber she saw +run out the bank because his artificial leg would obviously have +prevented Turner from running. + + Turner claims that the local FBI office in Winchester, +Virginia, has refused to return the documents seized from his +home in September 1991, on the grounds that the Martinsburg, West +Virginia, authorities do not wish to have those documents +returned. On May 26, 1993, Turner filed a motion in the U.S. +District Court for the Western District of Virginia in +Harrisonburg, Virginia, seeking to compel the FBI to return his +documents and other personal property. The motion is pending. + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, the House +Judiciary Committee stated that it had deposed for two days FBI +Special Agent Thomas Gates, who had been discussing the INSLAW +investigation with Casolaro during the final four weeks of +Casolaro's life. Gates evidently testified that Casolaro had told +him about a specific threat on his life, shortly before Casolaro +was found dead. Gates also testified to the House Judiciary +Committee that the FBI +may have jurisdiction to investigate the possible murder of +Casolaro under the Interstate Transportation in Aid of +Racketeering (ITAR) statute. + + Bua, apparently, inexplicably failed to interview FBI +Special Agent Thomas Gates. Notwithstanding this failure, Bua +makes the following statement in his report on page 247: + + A private citizen's death, whether a suicide or a + murder, is outside the normal jurisdiction of the + federal government. Instead, it is a state or local + matter. Accordingly, we find nothing unusual in the + fact that DOJ did not undertake to investigate + Casolaro's death. + + F. Bua's Comments About the Alleged Sham Contract + Disputes + + In Section III, C.1., INSLAW details Bua's seemingly +superficial investigation of specific allegations from a credible +source that Presidential appointee D. Lowell Jensen engineered +INSLAW's contract disputes in the spring of 1983 in order to +force INSLAW out of business so that DOJ's PROMIS-based business +could be awarded to political friends and supporters of the then +current administration. As demonstrated in this section, there is +an obvious contrived quality to each of the two major contract +disputes and additional evidence suggestive of a key role for +Jensen in either engineering the dispute, e.g., the dispute about +the amount of fee owed INSLAW in light of the termination for +convenience of the word processing part of the contract, or in +perpetuating a wholly contrived dispute, e.g., apparently +refusing to allow DOJ attorney Janis Sposato to act independently +in seeking to resolve the computer time-sharing billing dispute +on the merits. + + In Section III, D.2(3), INSLAW details Bua's failure to +interrogate Jonathan Ben Cnaan about what he was told in +September 1983 by someone he would only identify as a +"businessman with ties to the highest level of the Reagan +Administration" who was determined to wrest control of PROMIS +from INSLAW for use in federal government contracts. Ben Cnaan, +in a meeting with William Hamilton in October 1983, quoted the +unnamed businessman as boasting that INSLAW had been hit with +contract disputes at DOJ right after INSLAW refused to be +purchased by Earl Brian's Hadron and further boasting that the +contract disputes would prove insoluble unless and until INSLAW +agreed to allow the businessman to use the PROMIS software in +federal government contracts. + + Either of the two aforementioned investigative leads could, +if properly pursued, have produced external evidence in support +of INSLAW'S claim that the contract disputes that arose in the +spring of 1983 were sham disputes concocted in order to drive +INSLAW out of business so that DOJ could award the PROMIS case +management software business to political friends and supporters. + + Bua stated that he "did not believe it was appropriate ... +to attempt to determine the esoteric government cost accounting +issues..." underpinning those contract disputes, but that he did +examine the disputes sufficiently in order to be able "to +determine whether the DOJ's positions and actions leading up to +the parties' disputes were so clearly baseless or without +foundation as to give rise to a reasonable inference that the +origins of the disputes must have been motivated by improper +purpose and a desire to force INSLAW into bankruptcy." + + 1. DOJ's Refusal, Apparently at the Behest + of Presidential Appointee D. Lowell + Jensen, to Resolve, on the Merits, Its + Main Contract Dispute with INSLAW, a + Dispute That is Self-Evidently Contrived + + Bua's inquiry led him to conclude that "the government's +positions about overcharging and cost overruns were founded upon +legitimate, good faith concerns and the desire to + protect the government's interests, and not out of the +desire to bankrupt INSLAW or to force its liquidation." + + Bua bases his conclusion in part, at least, on the fact that +both DOJ's Audit Staff and the Defense Contract Audit Agency +(DCAA) agreed that INSLAW's computer time-sharing costs under its +PROMIS Implementation Contract were "essentially unauditable." +Moreover, Bua quotes DCAA as finding that DOJ overpaid INSLAW for +the computer time-sharing services by approximately $590,000. + + In examining the criticism that INSLAW's computer time- +sharing costs are "essentially unauditable," it is important to +position that criticism in context: The U.S. Government has never +had any problem auditing the costs in INSLAW's computer cost +center, and there has never been any material disagreement +between DOJ and INSLAW on the "actual and allowable" costs in the +computer cost center. For the peak year of INSLAW's PROMIS time- +sharing services under the DOJ contract, i.e., Fiscal Year 1983, +the computer cost center had slightly more than $2.5 million in +"actual costs, allowable under U.S. Government contracts." (This +amount includes $344,229 of Fiscal Year 1982 computer center +costs that DOJ "carried forward" into Fiscal Year 1983 for +reimbursement purposes.) + + Almost all of the business of INSLAW's computer center in +1983 was with various U.S. Government customers, and, in light of +the fact that INSLAW and the U.S. Government have always been in +basic agreement about the amount of "actual and allowable" +computer center costs that fiscal year, one might reasonably ask +what is the problem. + + The problem is what subset of the $2.5 million in actual and +allowable computer center costs during Fiscal Year 1983 should be +allocated to one particular U.S. Government contract, i.e., DOJ's +PROMIS Implementation Contract. + + When DOJ and INSLAW negotiated the PROMIS Implementation +Contract during the winter of 1982, DOJ officials told INSLAW +that DOJ wished to pay only for successful use of INSLAW's +computer time-sharing services by U.S. Attorneys' Offices as +measured by such indices as the number of successfully completed +update or inquiry transactions and the number of devices used to +access the time-sharing service by the U.S. Attorneys' Offices.28 +DOJ told INSLAW, further, that it would not reimburse computer +time-sharing costs except in relationship to such measures of +successful use of the time-sharing service by U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. + + Based on these DOJ guidelines, INSLAW and DOJ negotiated a +time-sharing billing formula that both parties believed would +fairly compensate INSLAW for its expected computer time-sharing +costs by measuring not costs, but the aforementioned indices of +successful use of the PROMIS time-sharing service. Once the +parties to a contract negotiate the terms for the computer time- +sharing billing formula or algorithm, the vendor writes a piece +of computer software that automatically keeps track of the very +indices that the parties have agreed will serve +as the basis for the billings. Conversely, the piece of the +computer software is not written to track factors that are not to +be taken into consideration in computing the computer time- +sharing billings such as the subset of the computer center's +actual and allowable costs that are allocable on any given day to +the PROMIS Implementation Contract. + + DOJ has consistently refused to acknowledge the fact that +the reason that the subset of INSLAW's actual and allowable +computer center costs that should properly be allocated to the +PROMIS Implementation Contract cannot be verified through a +standard U.S. Government cost incurred audit is that the time- +sharing billings were not supposed to be either based on incurred +costs or subject to an incurred cost audit. + + In 1985, Deputy Attorney General D. Lowell Jensen arranged, +at INSLAW's request, an effort to negotiate a settlement of the +computer time-sharing billing question and the other disputes +under the contract. Janis Sposato, who chaired the negotiations +for DOJ, insisted on DOJ's right to try to reconstruct, by rule +of thumb, the estimated subset of actual and allowable computer +center costs for Fiscal Year 1983 that were actually incurred in +performance of the computer time-sharing service under the PROMIS +Implementation Contract. DOJ and INSLAW had about 10 negotiation +sessions in 1985, with most of the time spent on trying to +reconstruct the actual time-sharing costs for 1983. DOJ and +INSLAW had already managed to establish the reasonableness of +most of the Fiscal Year 1983 computer time-sharing billings under +the DOJ contract when Sposato and INSLAW discovered another cost +category that was sufficiently large by itself to remove any +remaining question about the billings under the negotiated +formula.29 In other words, the negotiations had led to the +inescapable conclusion that DOJ would not have overcompensated +INSLAW for computer time-sharing costs during Fiscal Year 1983 if +DOJ had honored its Negotiated Agreement on computer time-sharing +billings under that contract. + + Instead of disposing of the computer time-sharing question, +however, Sposato announced shortly thereafter, in words or +substance, as follows: "My management upstairs is unwilling to +allow me to make any more concessions." At the time, Sposato +reported directly to the Assistant Attorney General for +Administration, whose offices were on the same floor as +Sposato's. That individual, however, reported, in turn, directly +to Deputy Attorney General Lowell Jensen, whose offices were +several floors upstairs. INSLAW inferred then and infers now that +Sposato was alluding to Deputy Attorney General Lowell Jensen's +unwillingness to permit a resolution on the merits of the Fiscal +Year 1983 computer time-sharing issue because it was DOJ's main +"fig leaf" for its wrongful withholding of payments under the +contract. + + Although Sposato did not disclose it to INSLAW, DOJ already +knew that INSLAW's computer time-sharing billings for Fiscal Year +1983 were reasonable. In 1987, INSLAW obtained through discovery +an internal DOJ memorandum authored in 1981 by the Assistant +Attorney General for Administration, purporting to estimate what +it should cost for a vendor in +Washington, DC, to provide 12 months of PROMIS computer time- +sharing services to the very same U.S. Attorneys' Offices +supported by INSLAW in Fiscal Year 1983. DOJ's "should cost" +estimate was slightly higher than INSLAW's billings for Fiscal +Year 1983 under the Negotiated Agreement for time-sharing +billings. The DOJ memorandum also explicitly anticipated the need +for the very kinds of contractor technical support personnel that +DOJ had ignored in determining that INSLAW's computer time- +sharing costs were excessively high. + + How, then, did DCAA decide that DOJ had overpaid INSLAW for +such services? Number one, DOJ strenuously resisted INSLAW's +repeated requests before the Department of Transportation Board +of Contract Appeals (DOTBCA) to produce to INSLAW and to DCAA +DOJ's records and notes on the 1985 so-called negotiations on +this very subject. DOJ never produced the documents, and the +DOTBCA judge declined to order DOJ to produce them. Number two, +DCAA, in applying its own rules of thumb without talking to +INSLAW, made some very significant mistakes of fact. Although Bua +makes no mention of it, INSLAW filed before DOTBCA a sworn +affidavit from the senior DCAA auditor on INSLAW acknowledging +such material errors of fact in the DCAA audit and stating that +DCAA "should have considered the materiality of such +reallocations of cost once it had been advised of the issues +above and of the cost impact to the PROMIS Implementation +Contract for Fiscal Year ended 30 September 1983." + + The total costs under the three-year PROMIS Implementation +Contract that are in dispute between the DCAA audit report and +INSLAW are about $1.2 million. The computer timesharing billing +question alone accounts for all but $100,000 of that amount. + + 2. Presidential Appointee D. Lowell Jensen + Leads DOJ Effort to Withhold Payment of + INSLAW's Profit by Blaming INSLAW for + DOJ's Own Delays in the Word-Processing + Part of the INSLAW Contract + + DCAA and INSLAW also have a disagreement on one other issue: +the amount of fee or profit payable to INSLAW under the PROMIS +Implementation Contract. As with the negotiated time-sharing +billing algorithm, the amount of fee earned is not properly +subject to an incurred cost audit. INSLAW is claiming $1,145,000 +in fee, and DCAA has recommended $687,000 in fee, a difference of +$458,000. + + The amount of fee earned by INSLAW is related primarily to +the legal effect on "target costs" under INSLAW's contract of the +DOJ's February 1984 termination, for the convenience of the +government, of the word processing part of the PROMIS +Implementation Contract. In other words, it is primarily a legal +question, not an incurred cost audit question. As with the +computer time-sharing billing issue, however, an honest decision +by DOJ would expose the truth about the contrived and wrongful +basis for the withholding and, thereby, deprive DOJ of its other +principal "fig leaf. " + + DOJ had required the winning vendor to implement in each of +the 70 smaller U.S. Attorneys' Offices, on government-furnished +word processing machines, a rudimentary case management software +capability. In February 1984, Presidential appointee D. Lowell +Jensen +approved a DOJ decision to terminate the word processing +part of the contract for the convenience of the government. The +legal effect of a convenience termination is that the contractor +bears no financial responsibility for the partial termination. + + In December 1983, however, Jensen had secretly pre-approved +a plan for DOJ Contracting Officer Peter Videnieks to terminate +INSLAW's PROMIS Implementation Contract, apparently in its +entirety, for INSLAW's alleged default on the word processing +part of the contract. INSLAW did not find out about this until it +obtained DOJ documents in litigation discovery in 1987. + + What prompted the Jensen decision to transform an apparent, +planned complete termination for default into a partial +termination for convenience was an internal February 1984 legal +opinion by DOJ's internal contract administration counsel, +William Snider. Snider pointed out that DOJ could not sustain a +case against INSLAW for delay in the word processing phase of the +contract because DOJ itself had been late in selecting the word +processing hardware for this portion of the contract, a +prerequisite to INSLAW's ability to begin the work, and because +DOJ had failed thereafter to negotiate with INSLAW a new, legally +binding schedule for the word processing part of the contract. + + DOJ Administrative Counsel William Snider authored the +internal legal opinion in the month of February 1984, when the +Senate Judiciary Committee commenced its hearings on the +confirmation of Edwin Meese as Attorney General of the United +States, and when Judiciary Committee member, Senator Max Baucus, +sent a team of General Accounting Office auditors into DOJ on an +emergency investigation of INSLAW's PROMIS Implementation +Contract. Senator Baucus' office had received a tip from a DOJ +whistleblower to the effect that as soon as Meese was confirmed +as Attorney General, he and Jensen planned to award a "massive +sweetheart contract" to unnamed "friends" to implement the PROMIS +software in every litigative office of DOJ. + + Jensen's wrongful role in the word processing dispute is +even more obvious than his role in the computer time-sharing +billing dispute. DOJ has been unwilling, however, to admit the +increasingly inescapable fact that DOJ officials concocted the +contract disputes in order to get leverage over INSLAW in DOJ's +theft of the PROMIS software. + + G. Bua's Investigation into Possible DOJ Complicity + in the Failure of Judge Bason to Obtain + Reappointment to the U.S. Bankruptcy Court + + A Merit Selection Panel, headed by U.S. District Judge Norma +Johnson, was appointed in 1987 to make recommendations to the +D.C. Judicial Council, as well as to the ultimate appointing +authority, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of +Columbia, about the ranking of various applicants, including +incumbent Judge George F.. Bason, Jr., for the new, 14-year term +of sole U.S. Bankruptcy Judge for the District of Columbia. + + The Merit Selection Panel gave its number one ranking to a +DOJ attorney, S. Martin Teel, who had no judicial experience and +very little bankruptcy law experience. Teel had represented the +U.S. Government before Judge Bason in the INSLAW bankruptcy +proceeding in an attempt in 1987 to convince Judge Bason to force +INSLAW into liquidation. + + On September 18, 1987, while the Merit Selection Panel was +sitting, Judge Bason announced his oral ruling in the adversary +proceeding of INSLAW, Inc. v. the U.S. Department of Justice. In +that ruling, Judge Bason found that DOJ officials "took, +converted, stole" INSLAW's proprietary PROMIS computer software +product "through trickery, fraud and deceit." S. Martin Teel +argued for INSLAW's liquidation before Judge Bason approximately +a month after the aforementioned oral ruling. + + 1. The Merit Selection Panel Determined + That It Would Be Inappropriate to Permit + Judge Bason's Inslaw Ruling to Influence + Its Evaluation of Bason + + Bua reports that the Panel members agreed that the Inslaw +opinion should not influence their evaluation of Judge Bason and +that based on his inspection of the notes of the Panel and of the +Judicial Council, "There is no indication that the Inslaw ruling +played any role in the process." + + Bua noted that the Merit Selection Panel extended +invitations to both DOJ and to INSLAW counsel Charles R. Work to +appear before the Panel to discuss their respective views of +Judge Bason and that INSLAW counsel Charles Work did make such an +appearance, but that DOJ declined the opportunity. Bua then makes +the following statement: + + It would be odd, however, if DOJ had foregone an + opportunity to fully express its views of Judge Bason + in an ex-parte proceeding with a pledge of + confidentiality, in favor of a covert mission to unseat + him. We found no evidence of any such covert effort by + DOJ. + + In view of Bua's aforementioned statement that Panel members +did not consider it appropriate for Judge Bason's adverse ruling +against DOJ to influence their evaluation of Bason's candidacy, +DOJ would have been well advised not to have proceeded openly. As +is explained hereafter, Bua found that DOJ did, in fact, wish to +unseat Judge Bason, and that one DOJ +attorney, at least, conveyed his negative view of Judge +Bason directly to the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel. + + 2. DOJ Civil Division Attorney Stuart + Schiffer, Currently the Acting Assistant + Attorney General for the Civil Division, + Assumes the Leadership Role to Separate + the Inslaw Case from Judge Bason + + According to the House Judiciary Committee's September 1992 +Investigative Report entitled The INSLAW Affair, Deputy Attorney +General Arnold Burns, in approximately July 1987, asked the Civil +Division to "consider initiatives for achieving a more favorable +disposition" of the INSLAW adversarial proceeding against DOJ +being tried before Judge Bason. The Committee also reported that, +based on Burns' request, Stuart Schiffer, Deputy Assistant +Attorney General in the Civil Division, initiated research by +Civil Division attorneys in July 1987 "to investigate the +possibility of having Judge Bason disqualified from the INSLAW +case on the grounds of bias." + + 3. Schiffer Had a Long-Term Friendship with + the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel + + In addition to being the chief DOJ official concerned with +finding a way "to achieve a more favorable disposition" by +separating the INSLAW case from Judge Bason," Schiffer also had a +long-term personal relationship with Judge Norma Johnson, the +Chair of the Merit Selection Panel. For example, according to +Bua, "Judge Johnson and Stuart Schiffer were office partners when +both began their legal careers as staff attorneys with DOJ in +the early 1960's," and "they have stayed in touch over the years, +mostly when Judge Johnson has called Schiffer to recommend one of +her clerks for employment with DOJ." + + According to Bua, "Judge Johnson did call Schiffer during +the merit selection process," but Judge Johnson was only seeking +"Schiffer's candid appraisal of two candidates from DOJ who were +in the panel's short list." According to Bua, Judge Johnson told +Schiffer "that she was not calling about Bason and that she did +not want to hear anything about Bason," and that "Schiffer said +nothing about Bason." + + 4. After Discussing the Inslaw Case with + Schiffer, Another DOJ Attorney Contacts + the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel + about INSLAW + + According to Bua, Schiffer did make known "his displeasure +with Bason" to another DOJ attorney, Royce Lambreth, who +subsequently turned over directly to Judge Johnson a copy of a +transcript of Judge Bason's September 25, 1987 oral ruling +against DOJ, using "a tone of voice that allowed Judge Johnson to +surmise Lambreth's negative view of Bason's ruling." Shortly +thereafter, Lambreth was confirmed as a U.S. District Judge for +the District of Columbia. + + According to Bua, "although Judge Johnson presented the +opinion without commentary, at least one Panel member perceived +that the opinion was presented, not because it revealed great +wisdom and scholarship but because it reflected unfavorably on +Judge Bason's suitability for the bench." + + According to Bua, Judge Lambreth cannot recall where he +obtained the transcript of Judge Bason's oral ruling in the +INSLAW case. Retired Assistant U.S. Attorney Froman "has no +recollection of being asked to obtain or of obtaining the INSLAW +ruling," although she was the subordinate to Lambreth with +responsibility for maintaining the file on INSLAW within the U.S. +Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia. + + Until the Bua investigation, Judge Johnson, according to the +Bua Report, had maintained to the Senate Permanent Investigations +Subcommittee and possibly also to the House Judiciary Committee +"that she had no contacts with DOJ regarding Judge Bason and she +received no negative input from DOJ regarding the INSLAW case." + + Bua states that "the Senate and the House Reports both found +no evidence that anyone from DOJ had attempted to influence the +selection process." According to the Bua Report, however, the +failure of Judge Johnson to recall the communication from then +DOJ Attorney Royce Lambreth would have deprived the two +investigations of any knowledge of just such an attempt. + + "It was the only judicial opinion that was circulated," +according to the Bua Report. During his tenure on the U.S. +Bankruptcy Court, Judge Bason reportedly had approximately 70 +published opinions. + + Bua absolves Royce Lambreth of any questions of impropriety +in regard to his previously undisclosed communications with the +Chair of the Merit Selection Panel about his criticism of Judge +Bason's ruling against DOJ in the INSLAW case. Bua separately +absolves Lambreth whether he was acting in his then capacity as a +DOJ attorney or in his then future capacity as a U.S. District +Court judge. Bua was apparently ready to absolve Lambreth of +wrongdoing irrespective of any final determination of the facts +about his motivation. + + 5. The Attempt by Judge Bason's + Predecessor, Roger Whelan, to Disparage + Bason to the Merit Selection Panel for + the Administrative Disarray in the + Clerk's Office That the Chief Judge of + the U.S. District Court Traces to the + Tenure of Whelan Himself + + The House Judiciary Committee stated as follows in its +September 1992 Investigative Report: "According to [then Chief +U.S. District] Judge Robinson, Judge George Bason inherited a +mess (administratively) in the clerk's office when he took over +from Judge Roger Whelan." + + According to the House Judiciary Committee's report, Chief +Judge Robinson also stated that "Judge Bason was getting the +system under control"..." by May 1986, and so reported that +fact in the Judicial Conference report for the D.C. Circuit +that year." The Committee also quotes Mr. Martin Bloom, who took +over as clerk of the D.C. Circuit Bankruptcy Court in 1986, to +the effect that by "the latter part of 1987, administratively, I +think the court was up to par. " + + With Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson blaming the administrative +problems in the bankruptcy court clerk's office on the tenure of +former Judge Roger Whelan and with both Judge Robinson and the +new clerk, brought in by Judge Bason, agreeing that the +administrative problems had been cured at the latest by the +latter part of 1987, it is curious that the Merit Selection Panel +had concluded that the administrative problems still existed and +that they were the fault of Judge Bason. Even more disturbing is +the evidence from the Bua Report that the Panel reached this +conclusion in large part on the basis of ex-parte communications +from Judge Whelan himself: + + One lawyer who commented negatively about Judge Bason + to the Panel was Roger Whelan, the bankruptcy judge who + preceded Bason. + + What is relevant is the perception that Judge Bason was + a poor administrator. That perception, accurate or not, + was made known to the Panel at least by former Judge + Whelan. + + We note only that the Panel's apparent perception that + Judge Bason was an inefficient administrator was not + totally baseless, and, more importantly, was not + attributable to a DOJ campaign against Bason. The Panel + had heard that criticism at least from former + Bankruptcy Judge Whelan ... + + The Bua Report makes it clear that Whelan's ex-parte +criticisms of Judge Bason to the Merit Selection Panel were +influential in the Panel' s deliberations about Judge Bason's +suitability for reappointment. This fact makes it most unusual +that the Panel failed to interview any of the individuals most +responsible for the administration of the court about Whelan's +allegations that Judge Bason was a poor administrator. According +to the House Judiciary Committee's September 1992 Investigative +Report, the Panel failed to interview Judge Bason, Bankruptcy +Court Clerk Martin Bloom, the former bankruptcy court clerk, or +Chief Judge Robinson about Whelan's representations concerning +Judge Bason's responsibility for the administrative problems. +Moreover, according to the Committee, the Panel also failed to +examine any statistics in order to determine empirically the +administrative condition of the court. + + 6. At the Time of Whelan's Effort to + Discredit Judge Bason to the Merit + Selection Panel, Whelan Was Representing + One of INSLAW's Creditors, a Creditor + That Appeared to Have Been Acting in + Collusion with DOJ in the INSLAW Affair + + During 1987, Roger Whelan became counsel of record for AT&T +in the INSLAW bankruptcy. AT&T has employed no fewer than five +law firms of record to represent its interests in the INSLAW +bankruptcy. AT&T's interests arose from its having contracted in +August 1984 with INSLAW to port the INSLAW case management +software for operation on AT&T's then-new line of mini-computers +and from AT&T's having advanced to INSLAW that month +approximately $380,000 to perform the software port. AT&T +expected to recover the advance from future royalties payable to +INSLAW on the basis of AT&T's sale of the INSLAW software to +AT&T's law firm customers. + + On February 8, 1985, the day after INSLAW filed for +bankruptcy protection, AT&T's first outside counsel in the INSLAW +bankruptcy proceeding filed his Notice of Appearance with the +U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Washington, DC. Kenneth Rosen had +previously been employed in DOJ's U.S. Trustee's Office for the +Southern District of New York under Cornelius Blackshear, and +Blackshear's then First Assistant Harry Jones.30 In a deposition, +Jones, whom Bankruptcy Judge Bason ruled was supposed to relocate +temporarily to Washington, DC, in 1985 in order to force INSLAW +into a Chapter 7 liquidation, acknowledged that he and Rosen had +continued a close social relationship since working together in +the DOJ Trustee's Office in New York City, but denied ever +discussing the INSLAW matter with Rosen + + AT&T had become a member of INSLAW's Unsecured Creditors +Committee in an unusual fashion, through assistance from DOJ +itself. DOJ's U.S. Trustee's Office for the Washington, DC, area +appointed the Unsecured Creditors Committee from the creditors +listed by INSLAW, in a mandatory filing with the bankruptcy +court, as the 20 largest unsecured creditors. AT&T was not on the +INSLAW list. After announcing the appointment of the Committee, +DOJ's Trustee's Office announced the supplementary appointment of +AT&T to the Committee. + + Between February and August 1985, when the covert DOJ scheme +to force INSLAW into liquidation was under way, Rosen was +extraordinarily active in the INSLAW bankruptcy. For example, +Rosen deluged INSLAW, its bankruptcy counsel, the counsel for the +Unsecured Creditors Committee, and the bankruptcy court with +written and/or telephonic questions and objections relating to +the most routine business decisions by INSLAW such as hiring a +replacement financial controller. Rosen's behavior was so +striking that it elicited two letters of rebuke from the +Unsecured Creditors Committee, the first from the Committee's +counsel and the second from a businessman on the Committee. +Rosen's co-counsel in the INSLAW bankruptcy was Shea and Gould, a +firm that does not normally represent AT&T. Shea and Gould had, +however, served for many years, including 1985, as the mergers +and acquisition counsel for Hadron, Inc. and for Earl Brian's +other companies. This was also Rosen's first time representing +AT&T. + + In June 1986, AT&T told INSLAW that it had fired Rosen as +its counsel in the INSLAW case. + + In April 1986, Dixon and Dixon, an Omaha, Nebraska, law +firm, filed its Notice of Appearance in the INSLAW bankruptcy on +behalf of AT&T. Roger Whelan became Washington co-counsel for +Dixon and Dixon in the INSLAW bankruptcy, although INSLAW does +not know the exact date of Whelan's retention by AT&T. + + The first move that Dixon and Dixon made on behalf of AT&T +was an attempt to strip INSLAW of protection against hostile +takeover bids, by trying to convince the Unsecured Creditors +Committee, which had always supported INSLAW's periodic requests +for extensions in the "period of exclusivity," to refuse any more +extensions. This AT&T initiative occurred in April 1986. Several +weeks after this unsuccessful effort by AT&T's new lead counsel, +a Pennsylvania-based computer services company, Systems and +Computer Technology (SCT), secretly approached INSLAW's Unsecured +Creditors Committee with an offer of several millions of dollars +in cash for INSLAW's creditors if the Committee would support the +forced sale of INSLAW to SCT. SCT had met with DOJ officials, in +advance of its hostile takeover attempt, to discuss the prospects +for settling INSLAW's contract disputes once SCT acquired INSLAW +and removed William A. Hamilton as President. One of the DOJ +officials that SCT met with was a Presidential appointee from the +same California county as Edwin Meese and Lowell Jensen. + + Sidley and Austin, which normally serves as AT&T's outside +general counsel and bankruptcy counsel, became the fifth counsel +of record for AT&T in the INSLAW bankruptcy.31 Sidley and Austin +and Dixon and Dixon attended virtually every bankruptcy court +hearing on INSLAW during 1988 and early 1989 and sought +aggressively to block INSLAW's Plan of Reorganization on behalf +of their client, AT&T. + + 7. At the Time of Roger Whelan's Ex-Parte + Denigration of Judge Bason to the Merit + Selection Panel, Thomas C. Papson, a + member of the Panel, was Counsel of + Record to AT&T in an Unrelated U.S. + Government Contract Appeals Proceeding, + and Whelan was Counsel of Record to AT&T + in the INSLAW Bankruptcy + + Thomas C. Papson, a member of the Merit Selection Panel, was +counsel of record for AT&T at the General Services Board of +Contract Appeals (GSBCA) during 1987 on litigation relating to +contract awards.32 The contracts in question were precursors to +the award by the General Services Administration of the massive +FTS-2000 contract for a new telephone service for the United +States Government, one of the largest, if not the largest, +contracts in the history of the United States Government. AT&T +eventually won the majority position in the FTS-2000 contract +award. + 8. The Mysterious "Read and Destroy" + "Confidential Memorandum" to the Chair + of the Merit Selection Panel Highly + Critical of Judge Bason, a Memorandum + That No One Acknowledges Authoring + + According to the House Judiciary Committee, a federal judge +gave the Committee a "Confidential Memorandum" dated December 8, +1987, that contained instructions at the top that it should be +destroyed after reading. The judge who furnished the copy to the +Committee told the Committee that "it was an important document +and that it would be improper to destroy it." The memorandum was +addressed to Judge Norma Johnson, but the author's name is not +shown on the document. The author of the unsigned confidential +memorandum is a member of the Merit Selection Panel, according to +the federal judge who furnished the copy to the Committee and +according to one other member of the Merit Selection Panel, as +reported by the House Judiciary Committee. + + The November 24, 1987 written report of the Merit Selection +Panel did not include any of the observations contained in the +December 8, 1987 Confidential Memorandum, according to the House +Judiciary Committee. One of the observations in the confidential +memorandum, according to the Committee, reads as follows: + + Judge Bason evidenced no inclination to come to grips + personally with the management challenge posed by the + terrible shortcomings of the Office of the Clerk of our + Bankruptcy Court. + + The Bua Report disclaims knowledge of who authored the +confidential memorandum, except to say that "the heart of the +memo suggests that it is intended to reflect only an individual +Panel member's views." + + Although Bua claims not to know who authored the +confidential memorandum that appears to contain untrue, +derogatory information about Judge Bason's administrative +abilities, he is prepared to absolve DOJ of any role in the +creation or distribution of the memo: + + There is no indication that someone from DOJ either + prepared or planted the memo. The views expressed in + the memo do not contain any criticism of Bankruptcy + Judge Bason's rulings in the INSLAW matter. + + Bua apparently did not entertain the possibility that DOJ +could have "prepared or planted" or otherwise caused to be +"prepared or planted" by others a confidential memorandum that +would derail Judge Bason's appointment on grounds that, however +spurious and unfounded, would obscure any possible linkage to +DOJ's real motivation in getting rid of Judge Bason: anger at his +ruling against DOJ in the INSLAW case. + + A sitting federal bankruptcy judge was denied what should +have been a relatively routine reappointment to the bench. His +replacement was a clearly less qualified DOJ attorney who had +unsuccessfully argued just weeks earlier for INSLAW's liquidation +before the very same federal +bankruptcy judge. This overt DOJ effort to force INSLAW's +liquidation occurred shortly after Judge Bason had condemned DOJ +for an earlier, covert effort to force INSLAW's liquidation. + + The written record of the Merit Selection Panel's +deliberations indicates that the failure of Judge Bason to win +reappointment was largely the result of criticisms of Judge +Bason's administrative abilities. According to the House +Judiciary Committee's published interviews with the individuals +best able to assess the conditions of the Office of the Clerk of +the Bankruptcy Court during Judge Bason's tenure, the criticisms +are without foundation. The Merit Selection Panel, however, +accepted them as true without subjecting the allegations to even +the most minimal due diligence verification. + + Roger Whelan, the primary source of the disparagement of +Judge Bason to the Merit Selection Panel, either knew or should +have known that the criticisms he was voicing to the Panel were +without foundation, because the problems he was attributing to +Judge Bason were, in fact, the legacy of Whelan's own tenure as +sole bankruptcy judge for the District of Columbia, according to +then U.S. District Court Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson. Moreover, +Judge Bason had already remedied the administrative problems he +had inherited, according to the House Judiciary Committee. + + Confidence in the reliability of the Merit Selection Panel's +written record is, moreover, called into question by the House +Judiciary Committee's discovery of a "Read and Destroy" +"Confidential Memorandum" containing harsh and false criticism of +Judge Bason' s administrative abilities. Both the House Judiciary +Committee and the Bua Report agree that the Confidential +Memorandum appears to have been written by a member of the Merit +Selection Panel. No member of the Panel has, however, +acknowledged authorship. + + Although the reasons cited in the record of the Merit +Selection Panel for replacing Judge Bason do not withstand any +serious scrutiny, there is evidence that DOJ was seeking to +remove Judge Bason because of his unfavorable rulings against DOJ +in the INSLAW case, combined with the fact that there were more +cases still be tried in the INSLAW case. DOJ, in fact, had +secretly communicated to the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel +its strong disapproval of Judge Bason's then recent oral ruling +against DOJ in the INSLAW case. The Chair thereafter circulated +to the other members of the Panel a transcript of Judge Bason's +oral ruling, secretly furnished by a DOJ attorney. These +communications between DOJ and the Merit Selection Panel were +kept secret during two separate Congressional investigations into +the question of whether DOJ had influenced the decision on Judge +Bason's reappointment. + + At the same time that Roger Whelan was disparaging Judge +Bason to the Merit Selection Panel, Whelan was counsel of record +for AT&T in the INSLAW bankruptcy. Whelan's client, AT&T, had +evidently been working in collusion with DOJ throughout the +INSLAW bankruptcy in an effort to obstruct INSLAW's successful +reorganization. + + While Whelan was disparaging Judge Bason to the Merit +Selection Panel, Thomas C. Papson, also then an attorney of +record for AT&T in an unrelated U.S. Government contract +proceeding, was a member of the Panel. The Chair of the Panel, +Judge Norma Johnson, who failed to disclose to two Congressional +investigations ex parte communications with a DOJ attorney +disparaging Judge Bason's ruling in the INSLAW case, is a long- +time friend of Stuart +Schiffer, currently the Acting Assistant Attorney General +for the Civil Division and the DOJ official who spearheaded the +effort to remove Judge Bason from the INSLAW case. + + In light of the foregoing, the following statement in the +Bua Report would appear to be open to question in any serious, +independent investigation: + + The Panel also heard from bankruptcy practitioners, + including a former bankruptcy judge, who opposed + Bason's reappointment for reasons wholly unrelated to + INSLAW. +_______________________________ + 1 The Bua Report criticized the Investigative Report of the +House Committee on the Judiciary for creating the impression that +Judge Bryant reviewed the evidence de novo. It is the Bua Report +that should be criticized. While Judge Bryant did not find that +he was required to review the evidence de novo, effectively, he +did so anyway. In so doing, he stated: + + It is not necessary to duplicate the bankruptcy court's +exhaustive findings of fact here. It is sufficient to state that +_after careful review of all of the volumes of transcripts of the +hearings before the bankruptcy court. the more than 1.200 pages +of briefs and supporting appendices and all other relevant +documents in the record_, there is convincing, perhaps compelling +support for the findings set forth by the bankruptcy court. +(Emphasis added.) + + Judge Bryant went on to say: + + In accordance with the principles set out in Anderson v +Bessimer City, 470 U.S. 564, 571-75 (1985), the court has +examined the bankruptcy judge's findings of fact in the light of +the entire record, and finds that his account of the evidence is +eminently plausible; and _this court is not left with any notion +that a "mistake has been committed_." Id. at 574. This conclusion +is reached without regard to the deference to be accorded the +judge's opportunity to assess credibility. _The cold record +adequately supports his findings under any standard of review_. +Accordingly the findings will not be disturbed. (Emphasis added.) +(D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 37) + + 2 Notwithstanding, Brewer conceded on November 24, 1982, +that there was no factual support for any allegation that INSLAW +did not perform its best efforts on the BJS contract. (PX 45) + + 3 Brewer misconstrued the BJS contract as a commitment to +produce specified enhancements at a fixed price instead of a +"best efforts" commitment for development of an unspecified +number of enhancements within a cost-plus contract. (Hamilton, +257-258; Deroy, T. 2460-2462) + + 4 Moreover, the suggestion of the authors of the Bua Report +that "we have not found that INSLAW has demonstrated any +proprietary rights in the software" is outrageous given the +extensive record that obviously was ignored totally by them. It +is noteworthy that Judge Bason devoted over 31 pages and 74 +separate findings of fact establishing the unquestionable +conclusion that INSLAW created an enhanced version of PROMIS, +that was proprietary to it, using private funds. To suggest +otherwise in light of this record, and especially given the +obvious fact that the authors of the Bua Report did absolutely +nothing to review the findings of the bankruptcy court, as fully +adopted by the federal district court, is unconscionable. + + 5 According to the Bua Report, Videnieks asserted at trial +that he was told by INSLAW's comptroller that INSLAW had missed +at least one payroll. This was not true. Had the authors of the +Bua Report inquired of INSLAW, they would have found that INSLAW +never missed a payroll during the three years of the contract, +notwithstanding the fact that DOJ held back almost $2 million in +payments under the contract. Not surprisingly, as in virtually +every other instance in which DOJ's testimony supported the +conclusions that the authors of the Bua Report intended to reach, +they made no effort to verify the accuracy of that information +with INSLAW. + + 6 These words, that served as the theme for INSLAW's +prosecution of its civil claims, are taken from the +contemporaneous handwritten notes of DOJ Contracting Officer +Peter Videnieks for March 28, 1983: + + Letter was Brick's idea - and I thought/think its the best +way -- Why do you need signature _if you got the goods?_" +(Emphasis added.) + + 7 At trial, Brewer denied this fact three times. (Brewer, T. +1692, 1694, 1702) This was the only circumstance in which +Videnieks could recall not following a Brwer guidance which would +have resulted in a destriment to INSLAW. (Videnieks, T. 1859- +1860, 1861) Even with this single exception, Videnieks +acknowledged that the only reason he ignored Brewer's guidance is +that DOJ's Administrative Counsel Snider applied pressure on +Videnieks to proceed on the basis of a bilateral contract +modification. (Videnieks, T. 1861-1862) + + 8 "Our computer" refers to a PRIME mid-range computer +belonging to DOJ's Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys that was +housed temporarily in INSLAW's Computer Center in Lanham, +Maryland. INSLAW used that computer temporarily to support the +PROMIS operation in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District +of Maryland via telecommunications, while a computer center was +being built in the Baltimore U.S. Attorney's Office. This +activity is separate from INSLAW's use of its own VAX mid-range +computer at the same Lanham, Maryland computer center for +temporary computer time sharing of PROMIS in the 10 largest U.S. +Attorneys' Offices. It is the latter time-sharing that DOJ +refused to compensate INSLAW for in accordance with a Negotiated +Agreement. The wrongful withholding of payments for the later +PROMIS computer time sharing service is the principal sham +contract dispute described in Section C.6 of this document. + + 9 In late 1990 and early 1991, the Government of Canada +contacted INSLAW by telephone and by letter seeking information +about the availability of a French-language version of PROMIS and +disclosing that the English language version of PROMIS was then +operating in several departments and agencies of Canada's federal +government. The Canadian officials also told INSLAW that one of +these agencies, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), was +using PROMIS to support 900 office locations throughout Canada. +After the U.S. and Canadian media began reporting on this +disclosure and on INSLAW's claim that it had neither sold PROMIS +to the Government of Canada nor authorized others to do so on its +behalf, the Government of Canada retracted its prior oral and +written disclosures to INSLAW, attributing them to an unfortunate +mistake by the Canadian officials involved. Eventually, Canada +settled on the explanation that its Department of Public Works +had purchased six copies of the PROMIS software product +manufactured by Strategic Software Planning Corporation of +Cambridge, Massachusetts. According to that company, its PROMIS +software product is for project management in the construction +industry. Canada has never disclosed whether its Department of +Public Works also uses the Intelligence Report System that the +CIA claims to have acquired with its copy of PROMIS from the same +vendor. + + 10 INSLAW President, William Hamilton, recited in a sworn +affidavit filed in camera in U.S. District Court for the District +of Columbia on October 17, 1990 in support of INSLAW's request to +re-open discovery against DOJ, the statements that Carl Jackson +made to Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton and Jackson's claim to have +confirmed those facts in 1990 with Phillip Cammera. + + 11 This account by Bua cannot possibly do justice to the +PBI's probable reaction to the appointment of Denning as the +independent expert. Denning is the leading proponent within U.S. +academia for a controversial joint initiative of the FBI and the +NSA called the Clipper Chip. According to press accounts, Denning +is one of the few people outside of the U.S. Government who has +received a security briefing on the Clipper Chip. The Clipper +Chip was developed by NSA and proposed by the NSA and the FBI for +incorporation into computer hardware manufactured in the United +States. It is designed to preserve the technical capability of +the FBI and the NSA to eavesdrop on the computer-to-computer +communications of U.S. businesses. + + 12 Denning states that a new version of FOIMS created in 1983 +was written in the NATURAL programming language and used the +ADABAS database management system (DBMS). A DBMS can be +analogized to an engine in a car, and the case tracking +application code can be analogized to the car itself. FBI +information system officials directly informed INSLAW in 1983, +however, that the new 1983 version of FOIMS would use ADABAS as +the DBMS, but would have newly-written COBOL-language application +code. Because of these representations to INSLAW in 1983, INSLAW +provided oral and written briefings to the FBI that year on how +it could avoid the delay and costs associated with writing a new +COBOL-language application system by, alternatively, inserting +the ADABAS "engine" into the tried and proven and thoroughly +debugged PROMIS COBOL code. Prior to providing these briefings to +the FBI, INSLAW consulted with technical representatives of +Software A.G. of North America, the vendor of both ADABAS and the +NATURAL programming language. + + 13 The ratio of numbers of line of code between COBOL and +NATURAL is 10 to 20 times as many COBOL lines of code as NATURAL +lines of code for the same application, according to Maguire. If, +therefore, FOIMS contained 570,000 lines of code written in the +NATURAL programming language, a corresponding case tracking +system written in COBOL would consist of 5.5 to 11 million lines +of COBOL code. INSLAW's PROMIS software is widely regarded as +extremely rich in case tracking functionality and yet it has only +about 500,000 to 600,000 lines of COBOL, code, with the exact +number dependent upon each customer's application of the on-line +DESIGN subsystem and its automated COBOL code generator. An +application software system such as a case tracking system that +contains the equivalent of millions of lines of COBOL is +extremely unlikely. If the PROMIS software were translated into +the NATURAL programming language, for example, it would have +about 30-60,000 lines of NATURAL code instead of 500-600,000 +lines of COBOL code. + + 14 In these 1991 affidavits, Ben Menashe distinguishes +between the copy of PROMIS that Rafi Eitan allegedly obtained +during the early 1980's on a visit to the United States, and the +copy of PROMIS that Brian was marketing in Tel Aviv in 1987. +According to Ben Menashe, Israel was authorized by the United +States to use the initial Rafi Eitan copy of PROMIS solely for +the signal intelligence penetration of other governments, whereas +the copy of PROMIS that Israel allegedly purchased from Earl +Brian in 1987 was for the internal database management of Israeli +intelligence files. + + 15 Burns had succeeded Jensen as Meese's Deputy Attorney +General in July 1986, when Jensen became a U.S. District Judge in +San Francisco. + + 16 Deputy Attorney General Bums had himself written to +Ratiner in late August 1986, signaling DOJ's readiness to settle +rapidly the disputes underlying the $'~,000,000 in payments +withheld by DOJ for INSLAW's implementation services, provided +that INSLAW would agree to recognize the U.S. Government's right +to use PROMIS wherever it wished, without paying license fees to +INSLAW. + + 17 In the same December 1989 affidavit cited by Bua, Hamilton +stated that Jensen's private secretary at DOJ, Marilyn Jacobs, +had made a similar disclosure to a DOJ informant who does not +wish to be identified until assured of protection against +reprisal. Bua took no initiative to provide such assurances +against reprisal. + + 18 Sensitive Compartmented Information is defined as follows +in Bob Woodward's book, VEIL: + + "the process of further restricting access to the most +sensitive information by imposing special controls and handling. +Compartments of such information for a particular operation or +sensitive source or method of collecting intelligence are +generally given code words. Individuals in the government from +the President on down must be granted specific code-word access +to each compartment. Code words are selected at random. Some +employed by the NSA for signals intelligence include RUFF, ZARF, +SPOKE, MORAY and two of the most restrictive involving decoded +messages, UMBRA and GAMMA. VEIL was the code word for the covert +action compartment during the last several years of the Reagan +Administration." + + 19 See, for example, an article about the Wackenhut +Corporation in the September 1992 issue of SPY Magazine by John +Connolly entitled "Inside the Shadow CIA." + + 20 DOJ's Land and Natural Resources Division has the version +of INSLAW's proprietary PROMIS software that operates on IBM and +IBM-clone mainframe computers under the MVS operating system. In +contrast, the version of PROMIS stolen by DOJ in April 1983 +contained the proprietary enhancements that are prepared for +operation on Digital Equipment Corporation VAX mid-range +computers under the VMS operating system. + + 21 Upon information and belief, DOJ stole both the +proprietary version of PROMIS for IBM mainframe computers, which +DOJ has had in its possession since 1982, and the version for VAX +mid-range computers, which DOJ misappropriated from INSLAW in +April 1983. The timing of the April 1983 theft of the VAX version +of proprietary PROMIS was, based on information and belief, +dictated by unmet, urgent customer needs in the +intelligence/national security arena. + + 22 Bua states that the evidence "suggests" "that there were +absolutely no activities...." The juxtaposition of "suggests" and +"absolutely" is, of course, inconsistent. + + 23 See The United States of America vs. Charles S. +Christopher, a/k/a Chris Christopher, and George Wayne Reeder, +a/k/a Wayne Reeder, filed in the District Court of the United +States for the District of Rhode Island concerning the violation +of Title 18, U.S.C., Sections 371, 1343, 2314, and 2. + + 24 As INSLAW informed Bua in its January 1992 written +submission, the Washington Business Journal confirmed the +accuracy of Hamilton's account in an interview with Ben Cnaan in +January 1990. + + 25 DOJ officials have consistently been less than candid +about the relationship between Project EAGLE and case management +software in general and the PROMIS case management software in +particular. For example, Stephen Colgate, currently the Assistant +Attorney General for Administration, during Congressional +testimony on March 2, 1989, deflected an inquiry from Congressman +Early about the connection between Project EAGLE and DOJ's case +management system by insisting that Project EAGLE "is a uniform +office automation system." One of Colgate's subordinates, +however, was more candid in a private August 25, 1989 letter to +the General Services Administration (GSA). Frank A. Guglielmo, +Director of DOJ's Computer Technology and Telecommunications +Staff, informed GSA that DOJ plans to develop a case management +software system for implementation on every Project EAGLE +computer: " ... it will take approximately three years to develop +and install the caseload management system for the EAGLE +project." Moreover, Guglielmo blamed the U.S. Bankruptcy Court's +permanent injunction against further unauthorized use of INSLAW's +PROMIS software as preventing DOJ from porting PROMIS to the +Project EAGLE computers. Guglielmo further informed GSA in the +letter that DOJ would have to purchase $4 million worth of new +computers from PRIME to continue operating the PROMIS software +that U.S. Attorneys' Offices had been operating on older model +PRIME computers during the three-year period required for the +development of the new Project EAGLE case management software +system. + + Another example is the contradiction between DOJ's published +answers to the questions from Project EAGLE bidders, on the one +hand, and DOJ's statements in federal court in the INSLAW +litigation against DOJ, on the other hand. On September 26, 1986, +DOJ published to the bidders an unequivocal denial that certain +technical requirements mandated in the August 1986 Amendment to +the EAGLE Request for Proposals implied an undisclosed DOJ plan +to implement the PROMIS software on the EAGLE computers: "The +equipment acquired from this solicitation will not be required to +run either PROMIS ... " On April 15, 1988, however, DOJ told +Senior U.S. District Judge William B. Bryant, Jr. that it had +mandated the very same August 1986 technical requirements "so +that the EOUSA [Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys] can make +PROMIS, which is written in the COBOL language, run on the new +[EAGLE] hardware, if it decides to do so." + + 26 In an investigative report dated November 26, 1991 and +entitled Deficiencies in the Department of Justice Award and +Management of Its Project Eagle ADP Procurement, the House +Judiciary Committee noted the following anomalies: + + o DOJ was negligent in keeping vendors other than Tisoft + fully informed of material facts; + + o DOJ allowed Tisoft to substitute its maintenance + subcontractor after the award even though that + subcontractor had been a major factor in DOJ's + justification for making the award to Tisoft; + + o Each vendor, except Tisoft, was challenged on + statistics regarding its system's performance; + + o DOJ contributed $200,000 to Tisoft to help finance the + settlement of bid protests by other vendors with the + provision that the settlement documents be sealed from + public view; + + o Tisoft agreed to pay up the $6.1 million to the + protesting vendors, depending upon Tisoft's gross + revenues during the life cycle of the contract, to help + induce those vendors to drop their protests, indicating + that Tisoft envisioned earning very substantial profits + under the EAGLE contract; + + o Tisoft paid for at least one golfing outing for a + member of DOJ's technical evaluation team during the + pendency of the EAGLE procurement; + + o One of Tisoft's proposed computer systems failed to + support user demand when installed; and + + o DOJ officials misused the technology upgrade clause in + Tisoft's contract in order to correct weaknesses in + Tisoft's bid. + + 27 Anson Ng, described as a stringer for the Financial Times +of London, was found dead in Guatemala in July 1991, the month +before Casolaro died. + + 28 Increases in the number of devices such as computer +terminals and printers that the U. S . Attorneys' Offices elected +to use in accessing the PROMIS time-sharing service were assumed +by DOJ and INSLAW to be a proxy for satisfaction with the +quality, reliability and usefulness of the time-sharing service. + + 29 DOJ had inexplicably overlooked this entire category of +costs, i.e., the costs of highly paid operating system software +specialists and statistical analysts who adjust the time-sharing +system daily in reaction to fluctuations in demand among the 10 +major city U.S. Attorneys' Offices. Because these employees +worked on the computer time-sharing system remotely from INSLAW's +headquarters, rather than locally from the Lanham, Maryland, +physical computer center, DOJ simply disregarded the obvious need +for such technical support personnel in deciding that INSLAW's +time-sharing costs were too high. + + 30 In an affidavit filed in U.S. District Court on behalf of +INSLAW in 1991, Ari Ben Menashe claims that Kenneth Rosen, like +Earl Brian, had a close working relationship with Rafi Eitan, a +legendary Israeli intelligence official whose apparent +involvement with DOJ in the theft of PROMIS is summarized in C3, +Bua's Investigation of Leads Relating to the Role of DOJ +Officials in Either Facilitating or Covering Up the Use of +INSLAW's PROMIS in Intelligence/National Security Programs. + + 31 Sidley and Austin replaced Roger Whelan as co-counsel of +record in the INSLAW bankruptcy in February 1988. + + 32 See, for example, GSBCA No. 9252-P, a Protest by AT&T +Communications, Inc. regarding Solicitation No. ETN-87-0001, +where Thomas C. Papson and two other attorneys from McKenna, +Conner and Cuneo made appearances on November 9, 1987 on behalf +of AT&T Communications, Inc. + +_________________________________________________________________ + + Exhibit A + +MEMORANDUM 10 June 1993 +To: William A. Hamilton +Subject: The Relevance of My Records and Investigative + Files in Earl Brian and Hadron to Any + Investigation of the INSLAW Affair in the + United States and the Failure of Judge + Nichols Bua or His Staff to Seek Information + from me + +From: Jon A. Belton + +FOR THE RECORD + +At your request, I am addressing in this memorandum three points: + + A. The Potential Significance to the INSLAW Affair in + the United States of My Contemporaneous Records + and Investigative Files Regarding an Alleged Major + Securities Fraud in Canada in the Early 1980's + Involving Earl W. Brian, a United States Citizen, + and several U.S. Corporations Then Controlled by + Brian, Including Hadron, Inc.; + + B. Whether U.S. Justice Department Special Counsel + Nichols J. Bua or His Staff Sought to Interview Me + or Obtain Copies of my Records and Files; and + + C. Highlights of my Investigative Leads Regarding the + Role of Earl W. Brian and Hadron, Inc., in the + Alleged Unauthorized Distribution of INSLAW's + PROMIS Software Product to Canada in 1983. + +A. The Potential Significance to the INSLAW Affair in the + United States of My Contemporaneous Records and + Investigative Files Regarding an Alleged Major + Securities Fraud in Canada in the Early 1980's + Involving Earl W. Brian, a United States citizen, and + Several U.S. Corporations Then Controlled by Brian, + Including Hadron, Inc. + +I became acquainted with Earl W. Brian and various U.S. +Corporations controlled by Brian during the 1980-1982 time +period. As a Canadian stockbroker during that period, I had +clients investing money in the publicly-traded securities of such +Brian-controlled corporations as Hadron, Inc. of Fairfax, +Virginia. + +Over time, I became concerned that Brian and his associates had +engineered and executed a massive securities fraud in Canada, and +I have been attempting ever since the 1980-1982 time period to +get the Government of Canada to conduct a credible investigation, +and, failing that, I have been conducting my own investigation. +In the normal course of business, I make detailed contemporaneous +notes of meetings and telephone conversations. These notes have +been invaluable in my investigative work. + +For example, notes that I took at a dinner meeting with Earl +Brian in Montreal on 23 February 1981 reveal that Brian expected +Hadron, Inc., to acquire an unnamed company that marketed a +computer software product for the administration of justice. +Brian said the software product had "great PROMIS[E]." Brian +linked Hadron's future revenue stream to its planned acquisition +of this software product. I believe now that Brian was already +foretelling his planned acquisition of INSLAW, Inc., and the use +of its PROMIS case management software product to obtain +sweetheart contracts from the United States government through +his friendship with Edwin Meese. During this same Brian visit to +Montreal, I also became aware of plans for a follow-up meeting +between Edwin Meese and one of the Canadian financiers with whom +Brian was dealing. + +It is also my belief that Earl Brian's connections with U.S. +intelligence agencies have accounted for the failure of the +Government of Canada and its Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) +to conduct any credible criminal investigation of the alleged +Brian securities fraud in Canada. According to my contemporaneous +written notes for 25 November 1985, for example, RCMP officer +Wayne Dunn, who was then directing an investigation of Brian, +said as follows to me: "Re: Earl Brian - Play low - We don't want +the CIA taking shots at you." + +B. Whether U.S. Justice Department Special Counsel + Nicholas J. Bua or His Staff Sought to Interview me or + Obtain Copies of My Records and Files. + +You have advised me that INSLAW made a written submission to +Justice Department Special Counsel Nicholas Bua in January 1992 +on the crimes that were committed, the persons who appeared to +have committed the crimes, and the state of the evidence +uncovered as of that date, and that INSLAW identified me as a +potential source of information on the subject. Free-lance +journalist Richard Fricker, who himself had reviewed my files, +also informed me that on a number of occasions he personally +related to Judge Nicholas Bua the significance of certain data +from my ongoing investigation that would be of material +assistance to Bua's investigation of the INSLAW affair. + +Neither Judge Bua nor any of his staff has ever contacted me or +sought copies of any of my records or files. + +C. Highlights of my Investigative Leads Regarding the Role + of Earl W. Brian and Hadron in the Alleged Unauthorized + Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS Case Management + Software Product to Canada in 1983 + +In early 1991 the Department of Communications of the Government +of Canada notified INSLAW by letter that its PROMIS computer +software product was being used in several departments and +agencies of the federal government of Canada and asked INSLAW to +complete a questionnaire about the availability of French- +language versions of its software and documentation. +Subsequently, Department of Communications officials told INSLAW +representatives that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) was +using PROMIS in approximately 900 offices. + +After the U.S. press began reporting on this disclosure and on +INSLAW's revelations that it had neither licensed the PROMIS +software to the Canadian Government nor authorized others to do +so on its behalf, the Government of Canada retracted its earlier +statements and attributed those statements to a mistake on the +part of the Department of Communications officials. + +Several Canadian journalists, including Eric Reguly of the +Financial Post in Toronto, Zuhair Kashmeri, then of the Globe +and Mail in Toronto, and Charles Greenwell of CJOH-TV in Ottawa, +have, however, told me that current and/or former officials of +the RCMP have privately confirmed to each of them that the RCMP +is, in fact, using the PROMIS software. PROMIS is apparently +known within the RCMP by the name of P.I.R.S. (Police Information +Records System). The RCMP publicly insists that it developed +P.I.R.S. internally. Reporter Greenwell told me that one of his +trusted sources claimed that the RCMP does not have the internal +technical software resources to have developed a complex +investigative tracking software system such as P.I.R.S. and that +the RCMP claims to have developed P.I.R.S. internally are an +important clue that the RCMP is not telling the truth about +P.I.R.S. + +Documents released under the Access to Information Act, moreover, +reveal the participation of at least one Canadian contractor in +P.I.R.S software development work at the RCMP: I.P. Sharp Company +in Toronto, and also that 1983 was the year for nationwide +implementation of P.I.R.S. within the RCMP. + +My investigation has developed leads linking Earl Brian's Hadron, +Inc. of Fairfax, Virginia, and two Canadian computer services +companies in the unauthorized distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS +software into Canada in approximately 1983. The two Canadian +companies are I.P. Sharp of Toronto and SystemHouse of Ottawa. +Ironically, I.P. Sharp brought its first application software +product to market in approximately 1983, a tracking system for +factory floor automation, and called the product PROMIS. +Eventually, I.P. Sharp created the PROMIS Systems Corporation as +a wholly-owned subsidiary. I.P. Sharp is no longer in business +but the PROMIS Systems Corporation is still in operation. + +On 1 April 1992, for example, Mr. William Stamey, a computer +services executive in Virginia, told me, in the course of a +telephone interview, about a conversation he had had in +approximately 1984 with a former colleague of his by the name of +Mr. D. George Davis. Davis had been marketing or sales vice +president of Hadron in 1983, and left Hadron, according to his +statements to Stamey, after he had been deprived by Hadron's +Chairman, Dominick Laiti, of a very substantial commission on the +sale of a computer software product to the Government of Canada. +The following are excerpts from Stamey's comments to me: + + "SystemHouse and Hadron had a bunch of source codes..." + + "SystemHouse Canadian operation ...had a member of ... + the Privy Council in pocket." + + " ... I.P. Sharp , SystemHouse, I.P. Sharp and Hadron + were all linked together in someway." + + " ... Hadron had done some software modifications for + SystemHouse and I.P. Sharp." + +On 6 April 1992, I had a telephone interview with Mr. Paul +Wormeli, who was an officer of Hadron's law enforcement software +subsidiary in 1982 and 1983. Wormeli told me that he "vividly" +recalled the fact that Davis had been deprived of the software +sales commission and that "his commission beef" related to a +transaction in Canada involving both I.P. Sharp and SystemHouse. + +On 18 May 1993, Wormeli said as follows to me in a telephone +interview: + + "Well I know for a fact that Hadron was messing around + with I.P. Sharp, because I was asked to evaluate + putting together a joint marketing deal with them at + one point. So that the connection was there..." + +When I interviewed D. George Davis by telephone on 2 April 1992, +he denied the loss of software sales commission, but acknowledged +knowing about both SystemHouse and I.P. Sharp. Although he denied +any personal involvement with these two companies, in 1983, he +carefully refrained from exculpating Hadron itself: + + "I know who they are." "The had no contracts with me." + "I don't know about Hadron." + +Davis also appeared to be suggesting that the matter I was +questioning him about also involved Earl Brian and Edwin Meese: + + "Though Brian and Meese, who I don't think much of, + were involved, I was not party to that unfortunately." + +On 16 December 1992, Canadian reporter Charles Greenwell was +interviewing Mr. Roderick M. Bryden, the founder and former +Chairman of SystemHouse, on a different subject when he suddenly +turned the questions to INSLAW and PROMIS. Mr. Greenwell +subsequently informed me that Mr. Bryden responded as follows: + + "Oh yeah, we got INSLAW from I.P. Sharp. Clark handled + that whole matter." + +On 23 March 1993, one of my associates asked a current employee +of SystemHouse about INSLAW's PROMIS software and received the +following reply: + + "Oh yeah, we have it." "But we bought it legally." + +As noted earlier, William Stamey had recalled that the +unauthorized introduction of the PROMIS software into Canada had +come about in part as the result of a relationship between +SystemHouse and a member of the Privy Council. Reporter Charles +Greenwell independently told me that a trusted source informed +him that INSLAW's PROMIS software was introduced into Canada +through the Privy Council Office and that a Mr. LeCours of the +Privy Council staff has knowledge of the facts but is fearful of +the reprisal. There is a J.A. LeCours of the Privy Council staff +who is a senior specialist on intelligence and security issues. + +/s John A. Belton + + +_________________________________________________________________ + + Exhibit B + + + + A Synopsis of Specific Claims About U.S. Department of Justice + (DOJ) Malfeasance + Against INSLAW Made by Credible Individuals Who Are Fearful of + Reprisal + + The characterization of each witness is intended to be +sufficient to enable the reader to assess the witness's +credibility but not detailed enough to permit actual +identification of the witness. + + WITNESS #1. This individual is a computer systems specialist + who worked at the World Bank Headquarters in Washington, DC + for a number of years in the 1980's and who has been + reluctant to come forward publicly because of fear of + reprisal. + + This individual claims to have first hand technical + knowledge, supplemented by contemporaneous, handwritten + notes, of the implementation at the World Bank Headquarters + in 1983 of INSLAW's PROMIS computer software product, on a + VAX mid-range computer from Digital Equipment Corporation. + According to this individual, the World Bank acquired a VAX + mid-range computer in its computer data processing center in + 1983 and, thereafter, in June 1983, acquired from a source + unknown to this individual, INSLAW's PROMIS software for + implementation on the VAX computer. According to this + individual, the World Bank's implementation of PROMIS was + not in support of the traditional PROMIS application domain + of legal office case management. Instead, the World Bank + implemented PROMIS to track its own "international message + flow," as well as the international message flow of its + sister institution, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). + + WITNESS #2. This individual is a current mid-level U.S. + Government employee with extensive experience in + intelligence/national security activities, who is fearful of + reprisal. + + This individual claims to have knowledge, obtained + contemporaneously with the actual event in June 1983, of a + meeting at the World Bank Headquarters in June 1983 + concerning DOJ's conveyance to the World Bank of the + "proprietary VAX" version of INSLAW's PROMIS software. + According to this individual (who also claims to have + contemporaneous handwritten notes), the DOJ was represented + at the meeting by D. Lowell Jensen, then Assistant Attorney + General for the Criminal Division. Among others who this + individual claims attended the meeting was Stanley Sporkin, + then General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency + (CIA). According to this individual, the initiative to + implement PROMIS at the World Bank came from the Bank + Operations Division of the CIA.1 + + Upon information and belief, the objective of the + PROMIS implementation at the World Bank was to provide an + early warning system to the U.S. intelligence community of + signs of planned defaults on international loans. During the + first few years of the Reagan Administration, a number of + the so-called less developed countries actively considered + defaulting on their international debts. + + WITNESS #3. This individual is a current mid-level DOJ + career employee who has been in a position to know a good + deal about the INSLAW Affair for the relevant period of the + 1980's, and who, INSLAW has been told by others, has first- + hand knowledge of DOJ's dissemination to the World Bank in + 1983 of the PROMIS software, and of the concealment or + destruction by DOJ of contemporaneous, written documentation + of the conveyance. + + This individual, during the course of a recent meeting + with attorneys for INSLAW, emphasized repeatedly that anyone + who provides information to INSLAW will get into significant + trouble, and that there would be swift retribution against + anyone in DOJ who even talks about the INSLAW matter. This + individual claims that all of the people at DOJ who are + responsible for "getting" INSLAW have been promoted and + awarded bonuses. This individual expresses sorrow and + perhaps even shame for what DOJ has done to INSLAW, but + declines to acknowledge the validity of any particular claim + except through sworn testimony before an independent + counsel. This individual states that no one would cooperate + with any investigation unless it is truly independent of + DOJ, and unless assured of no retaliation. Finally, this + individual says that the exodus from DOJ of the Republican + Party political appointees will be of some help on the + INSLAW matter but that it will not of itself be enough + because "too many career people have either been part of + destroying INSLAW or have 'winked' at it." + + WITNESS #4. This individual is a former very high ranking + DOJ official who told an intermediary in May 1993 that his + disclosure of information about DOJ's misconduct against + INSLAW would lead to economic reprisals against him by the + Republican Party. + + According to the intermediary, this individual claims + to have the following specific knowledge regarding DOJ's + malfeasance against INSLAW: + + o It was orchestrated by Lowell Jensen who, in turn, + relied principally on the Criminal Division's + Executive Officer Miles Matthews; + + o The Justice Command Center is linked to the INSLAW + scandal; + + o DOJ procurement executive Elizabeth "Pat" Rudd + played a very important role in the INSLAW + scandal; and + + o Other current or former DOJ officials who were + personally involved in the misconduct against + INSLAW are as follows: + + o Harry Flickinger + o Anthony Moscotto + o Anthony Liotta + o Carol Dinkens + o Thomas Stanton + o Charles Neal + + WITNESS #5. This individual is a senior DOJ career official + with extensive knowledge of DOJ information systems. + + This individual claims that John Otto, while serving as + one of the highest ranking FBI officials in the late 1980's, + disclosed directly to this individual in a private meeting + at the FBI that the FBI was about to implement the PROMIS + software under the FOIMS (Field Office Information + Management System) name, and that the adoption of the tried + and proven PROMIS software was expected to cure the poor + reputation of FOIMS among FBI employees. + + WITNESS #6. This individual is a mid-level DOJ career + employee who fears retaliation unless there is an + independent counsel. + + This individual claims to have witnessed an admission, + contemporaneously with the referenced activity, by Marilyn + Jacobs, then DOJ secretary to D. Lowell Jensen, to the + effect that Jensen, Jacobs' immediate supervisor, was the + person behind all of INSLAW's problems at DOJ. + + WITNESS #7. This individual is a high level career official + of the U.S. Government, who currently holds a position of + considerable responsibility and who was unwilling to be + identified by INSLAW to Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua. + + This individual claims to have witnessed admissions by + former DOJ Security Officer Garnett Taylor concerning the + deliberate destruction of documentary evidence in the INSLAW + case by DOJ security officials, and concerning the alleged + role of Anthony Moscotto, currently Director of DOJ's + Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys (EOUSA), in an + "affirmative decision" by DOJ to remove Judge George F. + Bason, Jr. as sole federal bankruptcy judge for the District + of Columbia. + + WITNESS #8. This individual is currently a relatively senior + career employee of the United States Government who had been + employed during relevant years of the 1980's in DOJ's + Justice Management Division, and who is prepared to answer + questions truthfully if compelled to do so by subpoena from + a duly constituted government inquiry into the INSLAW + Affair. + + This individual claims, based on a conversation with an + intermediary, that everyone from "the director level on up" + within DOJ's Justice Management Division knew that the + INSLAW case was caught up in a covert U.S. Government + intelligence operation and that this is why there were + classified intelligence/national security documents on + INSLAW and the PROMIS software stored in the security vault + of DOJ's Office of Security and Emergency Planning. This + individual also claims to know about a connection between + the Justice Command Center and the malfeasance against + INSLAW, and about the award of promotions and bonuses to + certain DOJ career officials for their participation in the + wrongdoing against INSLAW. + + WITNESS #9. This individual is a trusted friend of Mr. + and Ms. Hamilton who, in turn, has a close relationship with + one or more persons currently holding senior level positions + in the Central Intelligence Agency. This individual has been + unwilling to submit to interviews by anyone officially + associated with the U.S. Government, whether in Congress or + in the DOJ. This individual has served as a conduit of + information that certain senior level CIA officials wish to + have conveyed to Mr. and Ms. Hamilton. + + This individual has conveyed the following information + to Mr. and Ms. Hamilton: + + o The CIA secretly obtained a copy of the + proprietary version of PROMIS from DOJ in order to + determine whether PROMIS could be used to solve a + longstanding, unmet need in the U.S. intelligence + community for compatible data base management + software. + + o The initial unauthorized use of PROMIS in the U.S. + intelligence community was for an intelligence + application aboard nuclear submarines. PROMIS is + currently installed on every nuclear submarine of + the United States and Great Britain, and the + application domain for this use of PROMIS is + extremely sensitive.2 + + o The CIA implemented PROMIS internally after + integrating PROMIS with another piece of computer + software. The CIA uses its version of PROMIS to + keep track of the covert intelligence operations + of U.S. and foreign governments. + + o PROMIS is being used as an inventory tracking + system for long range missiles and nuclear + warheads, in the United States as well as in + several other nations that possess nuclear + weapons. + + o The U.S. Government appointed someone by the name + of Lindsey to package a reduced-functionality + derivative of the CIA's version of PROMIS for Earl + W. Brian to sell to the intelligence agencies of + foreign governments. + + o One of Earl Brian's sales of PROMIS was to the + military intelligence agency of the Government of + Egypt, through "what appears to be a CIA holding + company." + + o There is one use of PROMIS by the United States + Government that is considerably more sensitive + than any that have been identified to the + Hamiltons by this individual, and so sensitive + that decisions on disclosure are restricted to the + four statutory members of the National Security + Council, i.e., the President, the Vice President, + the Secretary of State and the Secretary of + Defense. + + o One of the places where the proprietary version of + PROMIS is being used without license from INSLAW + is the Office of the Attorney General of the + United States. + + o As a condition of his nomination as Attorney + General, William Barr was required to give + assurances to President Bush that he would be able + to maintain the coverup in the INSLAW case. + + o In early 1993, elements of the CIA intercepted a + person or persons in the vicinity of the + Hamilton's family residence who were apparently + planning to carry out some act of physical + violence. On at least one other occasion, elements + within the CIA have intercepted or nullified plans + by others to kill Mr. and Ms. Hamilton. + + WITNESS #10. This individual is a computer programmer aboard + a U.S. nuclear submarine. The individual would evidently + face the loss of his security clearance and possibly + criminal prosecution by DOJ if he were to provide testimony + in the INSLAW case. + + Through an intermediary, a member of the Hamilton + family was told that this individual has first hand + knowledge about the fact that INSLAW's PROMIS software has + been implemented aboard the U.S. nuclear submarine on which + he serves, and that this individual is deeply sorry for what + the U.S. Government has done to INSLAW and to the Hamilton + family. + + WITNESS #11. This individual is a current career employee of + DOJ who lacks confidence in the ability of DOJ to fairly and + thoroughly investigate the misconduct against INSLAW. + + This individual claims to have witnessed DOJ officials, + Garnett Taylor and James Walker, remove classified + intelligence/national security documents from DOJ's Civil + Division for relocation or destruction. + +_______________________________ + 1 This kind of high technology penetration of the +international banking system by U.S. intelligence is cited as one +of the important accomplishments claimed by William Casey for his +tenure as Director of Central Intelligence, in Bob Woodward's +book, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, page 386, +"There was penetration of the international banking system, +allowing a steady flow of data from the real, secret sets of +books kept by many foreign banks that showed some hidden +investing by the Soviet Union." + +2 In his book, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, +Bob Woodward attributes to William Casey the claim that one of +Casey's principal achievements as Director of Central +Intelligence was in devising "better techniques to monitor its +[i.e., the Soviet Union's] ballistic-missile submarines." (p. +386) + + +[Electronic Edition of 29July93 + from + pinknoiz@well.sf.ca.us] diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/recesion.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/recesion.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2d3ee4fa --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/recesion.txt @@ -0,0 +1,417 @@ + 8/93 +Why do recessions and depressions happen? The average +mainstream opinion will list reason after reason after reason +... of which virtually all are beyond the direct control of man +and seem as unpredictable as the weather. 'Events get beyond our +ability to control them ...' is the usual line we our force fed +to believe. People will not hesitate to blame our politicians , +however, as the direct cause for many of our woes. Then how is +it that the forces that control our monetary system have +repeatedly escaped the public eye when it comes time to analyze +the effects of scarce credit? Why do they get to hide behind the +'uncontrollable events' scenario while our politicians do not? +Judge for yourself the power of the Federal Reserve- the power +that crushed a healthy American economy back in the years 1920 +and 1921 - and see who is to blame and just how 'unpredictable +and uncontrollable' the causes of recessions/depressions can be. + +The Federal Reserve secretly held a meeting in Washington DC on +May 18, 1920 from which they printed 100 copies of what they +discussed. One copy was discovered by the Manufacturers Record +and written about in the Feb 22, 1923 edition. That editorial +was later entered into the Congressional Record of the 67th +Congress 4th session 2/28/23. The actual Federal Reserve +meeting text was itself entered into the Congressional Record +and can be found in Senate document #310 (2/24/23). The +following excerpts comes from the Manufacturers Record story, +Senator Heflin's comments after the article was read into the +record, and the Federal Reserve text itself. My comments are +enclosed in brackets []. All the material to follow can be found +at any public library that serves as a government depository; +or you can find it in the book 'Bankonomics in One Easy Lesson' +(which consists entirely of the MR story, Sen. Heflin's +comments, and the entire Fed text) available for $10 via +Monetary Science Box 86 Wickliffe, Ohio 44092 + + After one of the most fateful meetings in the financial history +of the world ... Governor Harding of the Federal Reserve Board, +in closing that meeting of the Federal Reserve Board, The +Federal Advisory Council, and the class "A" directors [the +Board, even up to today, is advised by the F.A.C.; the FAC and A +directors are ALWAYS comprised of bankers] of the Federal +Reserve banks said: "I would suggest gentlemen, that you be +careful not to give out anything about any discussion of +discount rates. ... if people think rates are going to be +advanced there will be an immediate rush to get into the banks +before the rates are put up, and the policy of the reserve board +is that that is one thing we never discuss with a newspaper man +... And I think we are all agreed it would be very ill-advised +to give out any impression that any general overhauling of +rates was discussed at this conference. ... We ... will prepare +a statement which will be given to the press tomorrow morning +and we will all see what it is." + +In a rather lengthy opening speech Governor Harding said: +"Every effort should be made to stimulate necessary production, +especially of food products and to avoid waste." And having +encouraged the farmers to the utmost extent during the spring of +1920 to carry on their farming operations despite the high wages +that were being paid labor, drastic deflation was put into +effect, breaking down the prices of farm products to an extent +that literally bankrupted hundreds of thousands of farmers. + +"We can", said Governor Harding, "restrict credit and expand +production," No human being has yet found a way to restrict the +credit facilities essential for increasing production and at the +same time bring about increased production. That statement is +so rankly absurd ... And as that day's meeting was devoted to a +discussion of how to increase interest rates in order to lessen +the volume of business, it is interesting to quote from a +statement made by Comptroller Crisinger, recently nominated as +governor of the Federal Reserve Board, in which he said: +"Falling prices and high interest rates are never twin sisters +of prosperity." "It is very clear", said Governor Harding, "that +if we find it impossible under the present circumstances to +increase the volume of production of the most essential +articles, the only thing for us to do is to reduce consumption +of those articles." This plan ... had been secretly inaugurated +long before the meeting ... for on Feb. 12, 1920, the +Manufacturers Record published an extract from a letter from one +of the foremost bankers in the country ...he said: "You can +further see that if by any pressure these bonds can be turned +out of the Federal Reserve banks and turned over to the strong +boxes of great institutions ... just to that extent the 12 +[Federal Reserve] banks would be in a position to extend +additional facilities to merchants and business men generally. +Of course it seems hard that anyone who for patriotic purposes +should have invested in Government bonds should be practically +called upon to part with say, a loss of from 8 to 9 percent, but +facts are stubborn things and conditions more important than +theories." The same banker wrote us ... that there was too much +business in the country and it should be brought down to normal +conditions. Governor Harding said: "We should be careful, +however, not to overdo this matter of liquidation." ... But +drastic deflation is exactly what took place. ... Over and over +again during the process of deflation it was stated by Governor +Harding and others that the banks of the country were guilty of +misleading, even to the extent of practically lying to their +customers by declining to make loans. .. in Governor Harding's +speech he said: "The directors of the Federal reserve banks are +clearly within their rights when they say to any member bank, +'We ... want you to reduce. We can not let you have any more." + +After closing his address the meeting was opened by Governor +Harding with an invitation to those in attendance to make +reports as to conditions in their communities ... Mr. Thomas +Beal of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston said: "We seem to +been able to have had some liquidation in our district." Mr. +Kennard of the same bank said ... "I also think that the rates +for money should continue on a high level, with the hope of +causing liquidation in commodities." Mr. Kennard emphasized +the congestion of the transportation facilities, and the fact +that the warehouses were congested because they did not have the +shipping facilities .. and yet without shipping facilities +merchants and manufacturers were told that they must ship their +stuff in order to liquidate their accounts. + + Mr. James A. Alexander of New York, said: "Large users of +credit are inquiring as to what the future has in store for them +... unless there is a very substantial contraction ... the users +of credit [bank created money] in the country may become more +hopeful again that the situation is not one to be feared, and +they will feel justified in going ahead and making very +substantial and large commitments for the future." " I am afraid +that somebody is bound to be penalized in order to bring about +'production' ... further expansion must be prevented and that +curtailment should be had wherever possible." " There is one +thing, I think, to be feared, and that is if the transportation +facilities are improved and commodities moved freely and credits +[bank created money] are thereby released it may make a +temporary ease in the money market , and may encourage people to +go ahead and expand. I believe now is the time to put the rates +up and to keep them up." Mr. Tremon also of the New York +district said: "We can do that if we begin and restrict credit +within reason the granting of credit through individual banks. +... The way to do it is to bring them face to face with the +officials of the Federal reserve banks in each district and have +them understand the situation and have them in turn go back and +deal with the commercial and business interests." + +When the Government sold its bonds the Treasury Department and +the banks of the country pledged to 20,000,000 buyers of these +bonds that they could be carried through the banks until they +could be paid out for earnings. On the subject of liquidating +these Government bonds, Mr. Wayne [Philadelphia FRB director] +said: "We have been endeavoring in our own bank in the last +month to force Liberty bonds on the market, but they do not go +on very comfortably. People who have to part with them and lose +13 points do not part with their money very gracefully. Mr +Francis Douglas of the Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank ... +suggested that a letter stating the actual conditions should be +sent to the various banks, not only the member banks but +nonmember banks, throughout the country in a plan of education, +and added: "It would be very beneficial and would help a great +deal in the deflation of credit." + +Mr. Robert Wardorp of the Cleveland Reserve bank said: "I think +a reasonable depression in business will be a good thing for +the country." + +Mr. Charles E. Reiman of Baltimore, a director of the Richmond +bank said: "I hardly see the necessity of increasing the rate at +this time ... With regard to the retail business, I have made a +pretty close examination of it, and I do not think the shelves +are overloaded." Mr. Reiman was entirely correct in his position +that there was no necessity of increasing the rate and that the +country was not overstocked with goods. + +Mr. J.K. Ottley of the Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank said: "I +would not feel at this time ... that a raise in the rate was +necessary other than to put in this basic line and make the +penalties very strong as they progress." In view of the fact +that penalties rates were inflicted by the Atlanta [Fed Rsv] +bank on one Alabama bank, which was trying to protect its farmer +customers, up to 87 1/2 percent, the Atlanta bank evidently +carried out the suggestion of making the penalties very strong + +Mr. George M. Reynolds of Chicago was evidently not in favor of +breaking down business so as to get a new basis from which to +start again. Mr. Charles H. McNider said: "We feel there must be +reason, there must be sanity, that the essentials must be taken +care of, that there can not be an extraordinary cutting down of +credits [bank money] at this time because that would create a +disaster. We ought to deflate in a sane and reasonable manner." +Unfortunately, Mr. McNider's suggestions were not taken, for we +deflated in an insane and extraordinary manner, and the result +was world disaster. Mr E. L. Johnson, of the Chicago Federal +Reserve Bank ... added: "Governor Harding's speech should be +properly disseminated among them with a show of authority, even +if you do not have it." What an amazing statement ... Governor +Harding's speech should be broadly disseminated among the banks +with a show of authority, even if Governor Harding did not have +such authority! Mr. Wesley C. McDowell of the Minneapolis +Reserve Bank said: ... "The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis +is making $10,000 a day. Is that profiteering when they have +been using our money without any interest ever since it started? +... it does not seem to me that now is the proper time to +increase our rate ... We want to stop some of this high finance +in politics in business." Mr. J.C. Mitchell of Denver ... "In my +opinion we corrected the trouble there by putting in the +progressive interest rate ... We considered it a little bit +drastic, but we thought we would try it." Mr. Mitchell thought +it was a success. We venture to say that a million people in +that territory thought it was a dismal failure. Mr. John T. +Scott of the Dallas bank said: ...I believe we ought to continue +our efforts with our member banks throughout the country and +induce them to curtail their loans as far as possible to only +the legitimate needs of legitimate business ... The Federal +Reserve banks have been charged with profiteering by reason of +the rates that they are now charging. We are making in the +neighborhood of 100 percent on our capital" Mr. C.K. McIntosh of +San Francisco, said: ... "We know that there is a demand that +exceeds the supply of credit; we know that there must be +discrimination, and we are ready to join in any proposition" Mr. +John Perrin, of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, said: ... +"If it were possible for every bank in the country to reduce its +loans during the next three or four months to the extent, say, +of 10 percent , there would be a total expansion in the fall +possible of approximately $2,000,000,000" Here is a definite +suggestion as to calling loans amounting to $2,000,000,000 in +order that they might be reloaned in the fall. + +When the Federal reserve system undertook to violate every +promise made by the government and by the banks in persuading +people to buy Liberty bonds, promising to carry them and then +calling loans on them in order to force them out of the banks, +breaking them down from 12 to 15 points or more, the honor of +the Government and the good faith of the of banks was trampled +in the mire and millions of bonds brought in good faith by +patriotic people to help the banks and help the government were +forced to be sold at a loss, and the national government bought +$2,000,000,000 of its own dishonest promises to pay ... And at +these low prices hundreds of millions of bonds were bought in by +big estates and big institutions, with heavy losses to innocent +original purchases. Mr. John Skelton Williams [Comptroller of +the Currency and member exofficio of the Board back then] ... +said: "If anything of that kind comes it will be our fault, the +fault of those who are in charge of the banking and commercial +interests of the country, and I do not believe that they are +going to bungle it." Unfortunately those in charge of the +banking interests of the country did bungle it .. and proved by +the figures which he has published showing how badly it was +bungled. As the Manufacturers Record showed a few weeks ago, the +decline in the value of farm lands in 1920 and 1921 under +deflation amounted to about $18,000,000,000 and the decline in +the value of farm products of these two years as compared with +1919 prices showed a decrease of over $14,000,000,000 making a +total loss to the farmers of upward of $32,000,000,000. If to +this we add the decrease in securities, stocks and bonds of +railroads and industrial corporations ...we wiped out about +$50,000,000,000 of values. Mr. [John Skelton] Williams +repeatedly warned the board of the danger that faced the country +from its deflation campaign ... on July 31, 1920, Comptroller +Williams gave a statement to the press showing that the unused +lending power of the reserve banks was still $750,000,000. ... +On August 9, 1920, Mr. Williams called attention of the reserve +board to the fact that certain banks in New York were using the +funds of the reserve system for speculative ventures and were +extorting grossly excessive interest rates from customers +...August 26, 1920, Comptroller Williams filed a memorandum with +the board urging a reduction in rates ... the reserve board's +answer ... was to tighten the screws still further ... When +Comptroller Williams a few weeks later offered a resolution in +the board to require the banks ... to limit interest charged ... +the board voted down his resolution. + +[comments from Senator Heflin after the Manufacturers Record +article was read into the record] + +The Supreme Court of the United States rendered decision months +ago taking the Federal Reserve Board seriously to task, +criticizing and condemning its conduct in its effort to destroy +a little State bank out in Nebraska, and no news was ever sent +out from the Capital regarding that decision ... I wonder what +influence it was that kept that information from going out to +the country. ... Scores of newspapers nestling about these +regional reserve banks have attacked me, have written +editorials criticizing and condemning me for the fight that I +have made .. They were simply doing what they were told to do +... I said on this floor time and time again that there was a +conspiracy, a secret meeting held somewhere ... that it was +prearranged. ... These newspaper yelpers of the Federal Reserve +Board said, "There is nothing in it." ... I have here a copy of +the little journal that was kept of that conspiracy that they +held [the text that's entered in Senate document #310] ... We +never got hold of this little document until Governor Harding +was driven from the Federal Reserve Board. + +The country did not know that within 30 days there would be +serious trouble in the financial world over here. The country +did not know that the Liberty bonds, ... were to tumble down, +and that the people who had them and were trying to hold them +would be forced to throw them upon the market and that the bond +sharks of Wall Street would feast and fatten upon them. + +It was agreed in that secret meeting to hoist the black flag; +but the people being slaughtered did not know it. Out in +Southern California the bankers; convention was in session. ... +and this Federal reserve agent got up and said to these bankers: +"You must not loan any more money on farm paper, agricultural +products, live stock" and so forth and dozens of bankers sprang +to their feet and said "We do business with the farmers and +cattle people. ... They need money, and we must let them have +money." Then this agent made this significant statement : "If +you loan them money, we will not rediscount your paper." + +I referred to a man from the Northwest, a Republican himself a +wealthy man, now a Senator in this body, telling me that they +sent him word that they were going to deflate, and telling him +to act accordingly and get in out of the weather and he said, "I +can not get in. ... if you do deflate, it is going to cost me +thousands of dollars." and he said, "It did cost me thousands of +dollars." + +Governor Harding did not go off the board until his term expired +by law August 9. ... it was disclosed that he could not be +confirmed by the Senate if he had been reappointed. + +I would like to ask them if the spokesman for the New York bank +did not protest, as the secret record shows he did, against +having this progressive interest rate applied to New York, and I +would like to ask them why it was they never did apply that rate +to New York. [NY is the home of the financial lords - it isn't +hard to see why they wouldn't want what they planned for the +rest of the country to happen in their own back yard.] + +They were spreading their propaganda over the country in an +effort to educate the people that panics could not be prevented, +that they would just come anyhow every 5 or 10 years. + +Under this deflation drive I saw the agricultural masses of the +South and West swept down, pillaged and plundered by the +speculators and gamblers of the country. I saw 7,000,000 men +driven out of employment. I saw industries stand idle. I saw +stagnation in business in my country... + +Turning to the Congressional Record No. 196, issue of August 2, +1922, we find on page 11871, that, having charged the governor +of the Federal Reserve Board, Mr. Harding, with having applied +the progressive interest rate to the agricultural sections of +the South and West, but not at all to other sections of the +country, the Senator [Heflin] continued, "I hold in my hand a +letter, written by the governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of +Atlanta, in which he acknowledges that they charged a bank in my +State 87 1/2 percent interest." ... this valuable document had +been furnished him by the former Comptroller of the Currency , +Williams. .. Moreover, Senator Heflin made it absolutely clear +that this rate was actually collected. ... as Senator Heflin so +trenchantly put it: "Six percent in New York, and an interest +rate of 87 1/2 percent in Alabama." + + [Manipulation of the United State's money supply for the +benefit of bankers did not start with the Federal Reserve. It +actually pre-dates the Constitution itself with the private Bank +of North America. The following letters illustrate this. They +concern Senator John Sherman who the most prominent supporter of +the 1863 National Banking Act. These letters can be found, among +other places, in the books "Federal Reserve, Fractional Reserve +and interest-free Government Credit Explained" by Dr. Peter +Cook of Monetary Science "Money: Questions and Answers" Fr. +Coughlin also available via M.Science] + + Rothschild Brothers, Bankers + London, June 25th, 1863 +To:Messrs. Ikleheimer, Morton, and Vandergould, +No. 3, Wall st., New York, U.S.A. + + Dear Sir: A Mr. John Sherman has written us from a town +in Ohio, U.S.A. as to the profits that may be made in the +National Banking business under a recent act of your Congress, a +copy of which act accompanied this letter. Apparently this act +has been drawn upon the plan formulated here last summer by the +British bankers... that if enacted into law, would prove highly +profitable to the banking fraternity throughout the world. Mr. +Sherman declares that there has never been such an opportunity +for capitalists to accumulate money, as that presented by this +act, ... "it gives the National Banks an almost absolute control +of the National money system. The few who can understand the +system," he says, "will either be so interested in its profits +or so dependent of its favors that there will be no opposition +from that class, while on the other hand, the great body of +people, mentally incapable of understanding the tremendous +advantages that capital derives from the system, will bear its +burdens without complaint and perhaps without suspecting that +the system is financially inimical to their interests."... + "Your respectful servants, + Rothschild Brothers." + + [The answer to the above letter:] + New York City, July 6th 1863 +"Messrs Rothschild Brothers London, England + + "Dear Sirs: We beg to acknowledge the receipt of your +letter of June 25th, in which you refer to a communication +received from the Hon. John Sherman of Ohio, with reference to +the advantages and profits of an American investment under the +provision of Our National Banking Act. "The fact that Mr. +Sherman speaks well of such an investment or of any similar one, +is certainly not without weight, for that gentleman possesses in +a marked degree, the distinguishing characteristics of a +successful financier. His temperament is such that whatever his +feelings may be they never cause him to lose sight of the main +chance. He is young, shrewd, and ambitious. He has fixed his +eyes upon the Presidency of the United States and is already a +member of Congress. He rightfully thinks he has everything to +gain both politically and financially (he has financial +ambitions, too) by being friendly with men and institutions +having large financial resources, and which at time, are not too +particular in the methods, either obtaining government aid, or +protecting themselves against unfriendly legislation. We +trust him here implicitly. His intellect and ambition combine +to make him exceedingly invaluable to us indeed, we predict that +if his life is spared, he will prove to be the best friend the +moneyed interests of the world ever had in America." + Your most obedient servants, + "Ikleheimer, Morton and Vandergould" + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/reconfig.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/reconfig.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0188ec22 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/reconfig.txt @@ -0,0 +1,316 @@ + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Testimony of Dr. Arjun Makhijani on the Programmatic + Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Reconfiguration + of the Nuclear Weapons Complex, given at Washington, D.C., June + 12, 1991. + + + + My name is Arjun Makhijani. I am representing the Institute +for Energy and Environmental Research of Takoma Park, Maryland, +of which I am the president. I appreciate this opportunity to +present my views. I am submitting a written statement for the +record. + + There are a number of overarching issues regarding the +scientific and technical content and integrity of the +Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement which must be +addressed so that the range of reconfiguration options +corresponds to the reality of a rapidly changing world and the +immense needs for money and technical resources of the problems +of nuclear and non-nuclear hazardous wastes which have already +been created from past weapons production. The scope proposed by +the DOE for the reconfiguration PEIS is fundamentally deficient +on a number of grounds. + + The most fundamental deficiency has already been much +discussed as part of extensive and repeated public comments on +the scope of the Environmental Restoration and Waste Management +PEIS -- the modernization PEIS and Environmental +Restoration/Waste Management PEIS need to be a part of a single +interconnected document. Despite these many comments the DOE is +single-mindedly pursuing and original, flawed decision to do two +documents, each highly flawed in its own concept, in large +measure because of the failure to properly consider nuclear waste +issues. + +Risk Minimization + + In my own comments on the scope of the Environmental +Restoration and Waste Management PEIS, I had noted that risk + + 2 + + +minimization should be a primary goal of the entire PEIS. This +should include the approach to the problem, the way in which +scenarios are set and may other aspects of environmental +evaluation. One of the most basic aspects of risk minimization, +as I noted in my testimony of January 14, 1991, is that it "is +not only each risk from each operation that is to be reduced. +Rather, a programmatic statement is done precisely because we +seek to minimize overall risk." This cannot be done if +modernization, production for existing plants and risks from past +activities are considered separately. + + During that same process of comment on the scope of the +Environmental Restoration and Waste Management PEIS, some twenty +groups sent a letter to Secretary Watkins asserting that it would +be absurd and unacceptable to consider a clean-up plan which +excluded waste generation from new weapons production activities. +It is similarly absurd and unacceptable to exclude crucial waste +management aspects from an environmental impact statement about +modernization that claims to be a "programmatic" statement. + +Waste Management Impacts + + There are a number of practical problems which arise out of +the omission of critical waste management issues. First, some of +the waste generated may need to be sent either to high-level +waste repository or to a transuranic waste repository. Space +considerations for these repositories, waste forms, geologic +isolation criteria for specific waste forms, and many other +factors will impact on the environment and the health of future +generations. Yet, both Yucca Mountain and the Waste Isolation +Pilot Project are excluded from the scope of the modernization +PEIS. Indeed, the modernization PEIS does not even consider one +of the most important elements of the proposed modernization -- +the New Production Reactor. + + The excuse for excluding the NPR is the same as that for +excluding Yucca Mountain and WIPP -- that they are the subjects +of separate EIS processes. Yet it defeats the purpose of a +programmatic statement if the interactions and implications of +critical aspects of the program are not considered. The New +Production Reactor will have spent fuel driver rods, possibly +reprocessing wastes, "low-level" wastes, decommissioning wastes, +as well as emissions to the environment from routine operations. +While the modernization PEIS excludes the NPR and associated +wastes from its scope, the NPR draft EIS in its turn also +excludes environmental impacts from reprocessing driver rods, as +well as high-level waste repository impacts. Thus, among the +most serious radioactive waste impacts of tritium production and +possible associated uranium and plutonium recovery have been +neatly sidestepped in this way. DOE should have incorporated +these obvious aspects into a programmatic statement on its own. +Not only has it failed to meet the obvious, minimum test of +technical completeness for a programmatic statement, it continues + + 3 + + +to repeatedly ignore suggestions that would enable a minimally +complete PEIS to be done. This is hardly indicative of a new +culture committed to environmental protection above all else. +Rather it looks, walks and quacks like the same old production- +oriented duck. + +Unfunded Obligations from Past Production + + The U.S. government, through its DOE budget owes the nuclear +waste fund a very substantial sum of money for disposal costs of +high level radioactive waste from weapons production in the +repository. According to Ron Callen, the director of the Nuclear +Waste Program Assessment office of the national Association of +Regulatory Utility Commissioners, the DOE owes about one billion +dollars to this fund and this amount is increasing, since +interest on this obligation is accruing. The DOE has only +contributed $5 million into this Fund so far, a laughable sum +compared to even the level of obligation of about $500 million +which it itself acknowledges. + + The DOE has also reneged on its promise in its first Five +Year Plan to contribute $200 million per year into this fund. It +may be that this is due to the general stringency in which the +present budgetary decisions are being made that these obligations +to the Nuclear Waste Fund are not being met. But that only +illustrates the point that I have made that it is precisely +because there are substantial unfunded and underfunded +liabilities relating to past waste and pollution that the DOE and +the U.S. government should set aside all monies proposed to be +devoted to modernization to a special cleanup fund. The +obligations to the Nuclear Waste Fund should be met forthwith. + +Size of the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal + + The requirements for nuclear weapons materials as defined by +the Pentagon have been changing very rapidly due to the evolving +international situation. Thus, a couple of years ago, a +substantial downsizing of the arsenal was not even under +consideration. Yet DOE is now considering scenarios with an +arsenal 15% of the size of the present one. To propose to invest +huge sums of money in a new weapons complex when superpower +military tensions have declined drastically and indeed when they +have even collaborated on settling conflicts around the world +would appear to be financially imprudent, especially in a time +when other social and environmental needs are unmet. This is not +mere speculation. DOE has in the past few years spent hundreds +of millions of dollars trying to restore facilities which are not +required due to the changing international situation. DOE has +yet to analyze this experience and examine its implications for +the modernization program. + + It must be borne in mind that the proposed new nuclear +weapons complex is supposed to provide for U.S. nuclear weapons + + 4 + + +requirements until around the middle of the next century. +Planning for such a long time horizon is a chancy business under +any circumstances. Doing so in the present circumstances when +the political assumptions upon which the arsenal has been based +have been changing very rapidly is like trying to predict the +course of Alice in Wonderland as she enters the rabbit hole. It +might be an interesting exercise, but one wouldn't want to bet +tens of billions of dollars of public money on it. It is all the +more shocking that this is being pursued without serious +consideration or discussion of the financial and political risk. + +Non-proliferation Considerations + + The political and military risk could be considerable. To +begin to spend billions of dollars on a new nuclear weapons +production complex when the United States already has 20,000 +nuclear weapons could be regarded in the Third World, and perhaps +even in certain quarters in the Soviet Union as a highly +provocative act at a time when the U.S. is proclaiming interest +in nuclear non-proliferation and superpower cooperation. Even +before this, the nuclear non-proliferation talks for the renewal +of the treaty are mired in controversy over the failure of the +U.S. to even negotiate for a comprehensive test ban and the +practical failure of the superpowers to substantially reduce +their nuclear arsenals. + + At the same time we have the spectacle of one of the +superpowers, the Soviet Union, asking for hundreds of billions of +dollars in aid from the other. Such sums would hardly be given +serious consideration if the Soviet Union did not possess and +vast nuclear arsenal. Much less would major Third World +countries' leaders be given serious consideration should they ask +to be present at the economic summit of the major economic +powers. The implications of this are surely not lost on +potential nuclear weapons powers in the Third World. + + Even these few basic preliminaries regarding non- +proliferation questions lead to the conclusion that embarking on +a modernization of the U.S. nuclear weapons complex is a highly +risky, politically and militarily. The world has changed too +fast for the implications of this to be thought through +sufficiently to arrive at conclusions regarding the size of the +U.S. arsenal, even according to criteria of the Pentagon. +Indeed, the very criteria are in flux; if they are not, they +should be because the world situation is changing so fast. + +Conclusions + + The fact that so much has been said on the subject of +integrating the two PEIS statements, that it makes eminent +technical and environmental sense, and that the DOE has continued +to ignore it outright shows that despite a great deal of talk +about public participation, change in culture at DOE and so on, + + 5 + + +there has been little practical cognizance of public comment or +actual change in culture whenever it touches upon nuclear weapons +production. The DOE continues to pursue goals and means that it +has already decided, regardless of public comment, so that public +comment is turning into a farce. + + In addition to the futile expenditures which DOE has already +made on facilities which it will never use, there is problem of +whether there will be sufficient money and technical resources +available for clean-up in future years. Clearly, there is +considerable uncertainty whether the clean-up program can be +adequately funded in the long-term, even if DOE cannot +efficiently spend much more money today. It would therefore be +prudent to set aside considerable sums of money for the long-term +clean-up program at the present time when there is no clear +justification for spending money on new production facilities and +when it would be politically prudent to await further +developments over the next three years in terms of U.S.-Soviet +relations and other international political and military issues. + + I recommend that all expenditures on modernization be halted +for three years and that such a scenario be explicitly considered +in the modernization PEIS. The total halting of production +activities in the present nuclear weapons complex should also be +part of this scenario. Activities related to reducing the size +of the arsenal should, of course be considered, and various +levels should be incorporated, as part of these same +considerations. Any new facilities needed for reducing arsenal +size, as distinct from modernization should be clearly specified +and clearly distinguished from new production or refurbishing of +old weapons into new designs. If the DOE feels that any of the +facilities associated with the modernization PEIS may be relevant +to clean-up these should be justified only on the grounds of its +being the best available technology for clean-up and have no +production related component. It is unacceptable for DOE to +continue to hide production under the guise of clean-up. + + During this time the implications of the U.S. nuclear +program for building a new nuclear weapons complex for waste +management, for the environment, for nuclear non-proliferation, +for U.S.-Soviet relations, for contingencies related to the +possible political break-up of the Soviet Union should all be +examined more carefully and thoroughly. The latter aspects are +not the charge of the DOE, of course, but the modernization +program is profoundly affected by them. A more careful, prudent +course is much more desirable than the spectacle of spending huge +sums of public money on scenarios for arsenal size which change +wildly from year to year. + + The funds now earmarked for modernization should be set +aside in a fund earmarked for clean-up, analogous to the nuclear +waste fund. In fact, I recommend that some of the funds +earmarked for production should be put into the nuclear waste + + 6 + + +fund to which the DOE has already huge unfunded obligations. +This issue is worth considering in some detail as it concerns the +failure of the DOE and the U.S. government to attend to waste +management costs for past operations while charging ahead with +plans for further production. + + Then instead of having increasing labilities and wastes, we +will in a position that some interest will be to accrue to the +clean-up program from these funds which have been set aside. +This will enable us to begin to meet at least in some modest +measure our commitment to future generations of leaving them a +safer, healthier and more peaceful world. Thank you. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/redarmy.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/redarmy.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c79b15ef --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/redarmy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +Newsgroups: talk.politics.guns +From: aforum@moose.uvm.edu (autonome forum) +Subject: a history of the Red Army Fraction (RAF) +Message-ID: <1993Jan5.105236.4742@uvm.edu> +Organization: University of Vermont -- Division of EMBA Computer Facility +Date: Tue, 5 Jan 1993 10:52:36 GMT +Lines: 250 + +subject: a history of the Red Army Fraction (RAF) +posted by: autonome forum +-- + + + THE HISTORY OF THE RED ARMY FRACTION (RAF) + + The Red Army Fraction, Germany's oldest revolutionary armed +clandestine organization has, for the past 22 years been, as they +put it, "shaking the imperialist system". The most recent +communique the RAF (10.4.92), in light of the changed world +situation and the rise of the new world order, takes a +retrospective and introspective look at its history and political +theory and practice with the aim of fostering discussion and +debate around armed resistance to imperialism and capitalism. In +this communique, for the first time in a long while, the RAF +takes itself to task; questioning and debating both its role in +the fight against imperialism and the merits of its guerrilla +actions as a means of attacking and overcoming imperialism, in +order that a new political orientation may be found. Most +importantly, the RAF has decided to stop its attacks while this +debate and discussion goes on. What follows is a very brief +overview of the history and politics of the RAF. + The RAF emerged in 1970, out of the anti-Vietnam war student +movement, and after a brief period of consolidating itself as an +organization it began attacks in support of the Vietnamese +people's liberation struggle, bombing targets associated with +U.S. imperialism's and fascist West Germany's complicity in the +Vietnam war. In May of 1972, the RAF attacked a whole series of +targets - Army bases, police headquarters, the right-wing press, +and more. In a communique accompanying the May 12, 1972 bombing +of a police headquarters, the RAF summed up their duties as "the +steady development of the revolutionary guerrilla movement, the +long and protracted process of the struggle for liberation from +fascism, capitalism, capitalist exploitation and suppression of +the people." And in a document entitled "Concept of the Urban +Guerrilla", the RAF stressed its link with liberation struggles +in the three continents (Africa, Asia, and Latin America), +putting forward the strategy of "fighting from the inside"; +waging the struggle from the metropoles, the homelands of +imperialism, in support of these liberation struggles. + By 1975, most of the RAF's founders were either in jail or +dead. In spite of intense repression, the RAF continued to +maintain its revolutionary offensive. A 1974 hungerstrike by RAF +prisoners culminated in the murder by the state of Holger Meins, +a RAF founder. Consequently, a commando from the June 2nd +Movement, a more anarchist guerrilla grouping, shot and killed +the president of the West Berlin Supreme Court, and the Holger +Meins Commando of the RAF occupied the West Germanan embassy in +Stockholm, Sweden, in an unsuccessful attempt to gain freedom for +their imprisoned comrades, most of whom were standing trial at +the Stammheim prison. + From the start, there was criticism of the RAF and its +actions. For example, the editors of the British periodical +"Anarchy" took the RAF to task rightly, arguing that "the armed +resistance of the RAF is both centralised and spectacular, and +this has two very negative effects: their actions don't relate to +people's everyday experience and the majority of people look at +their struggle with the police as some kind of private feud in +which they have no part." Further, they argued that the RAF, by +refusing to combine legal and illegal work, and by carrying out +actions which were supplementary rather than integral to the +struggle, had effectively cut themselves off from comrades who +were willing to help them. They had isolated themselves from the +masses, preaching a political elitism and avant-guardism that +seperated them "from the many types of direct action that are +carried out at the grass-roots level." + In 1976, Ulrike Meinhof, another founder of the RAF, was +murdered by the state, leading to demonstrations throughout +Europe, including the bombing of the West German consulate in +Nice and the bombing of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio station in +Frankfurt. Then, in September 1977, as the Stammheim trial +continued, the RAF kidnapped the Daimler-Benz Chief Executive +Martin Schleyer, a former S.S. officer. To make a long and +complex story short, the RAF demanded the release of its +imprisoned comrades in exchange for Schleyer; the state refused. +Consequently, Palestinian comrades hijacked a Boeing 737 and +reiterated the demands of the RAF. The elite anti-terrorist +German GSG 9 squad stormed the plane freeing the passengers and +killing some of the hijackers. The German state then murdered +three RAF members in their cells at Stammheim. Martin Schleyer +was later found, executed by the RAF. + Between 1977 and 1979, the RAF was somewhat less active. +Their base of support fell away, and in the eyes of many the RAF +had become essentially a 'free the guerrilla organization' - all +of its actions seemed to be aimed only at liberating its +prisoners and it appeared to be engaged primarily in a private +war with the state. Further, the main original political +motivation of the RAF - the Vietnam war - was over. + By 1979, the RAF emerged with a new orientation - U.S. +imperialism's and NATO's plans to turn Europe, and Germany in +particular, into one huge NATO installation complete with nuclear +weapons. A new base of support was sought among the growing anti- +nuclear and militant peace movements in Germany in order to build +an anti-imperialist movement that could effectively combat NATO's +plans to use Germany as the 'take-off' point for its wars against +the Third World, all under the slogan: "War on Imperialist War". +Also in 1980, the June 2 Movement announced that it was +disbanding and joining the RAF, stating that its notion of +"spontaneous proletarian politics" had produced division among +the guerrilla movement. In a communique they argued that "It can +never be the job of the guerrilla to please the population and to +get their applause, but the job of the guerrilla is to become the +frontline." + The RAF's new offensive started with their unsuccessful +attempt on Alexander Haig, at that time a NATO General, and +continued through into 1981 with a failed rocket grenade attack +on NATO Commander U.S. General Kroesen, and a bomb attack on the +U.S. Air Force/NATO headquarters at Ramstein. In a communique +accompanying the Ramstein action, the RAF stated that they +targeted it because it was the base for nuclear war in Europe, +and the starting base for war in the Third World. + In 1981, the Revolutionary Cells (an autonomous guerrilla +structure, in existence since 1973) issued a long paper in which +they castigated the RAF; taking the RAF to task for their +abstractness. The RZ put forward their ideas of a 'popular' +guerrilla, arguing for a guerrilla force "of which the activities +are understood, which enjoys the sympathy of the people, and with +a perspective on broad support." Importantly, the RZ criticized +the RAF for not acknowledging that in addition to the class +struggle between proletarians and capitalists, there are also +other contradictions which must be solved; for example "the +women's movement and over-exploitation and sexist suppression of +women, the ecological movement and the destruction of +environmental conditions by industrial technology." These are all +criticisms which the RAF appears to be, since 1989, addressing +more seriously, as the April '92 communique points out. + The year 1982 saw the RAF author an important document +entitled 'Guerrilla, Resistance and the Anti-Imperialist Front' +which called for a united anti-imperialist front against NATO +imperialism, and in which the RAF essentially recognized and +realized that they had made serious tactical and political +mistakes in 1977. Essentially, the RAF criticized its earlier +vanguardist ideas, and called for anti-imperialist struggle +alongside others, rather than the RAF being at the forefront of +the struggle. While in 1982 and 1983 the RAF was operationally +quiet, in 1984 the RAF came alive. + On December 4, 1984, RAF prisoners began a collective +hungerstrike which called for the unity of all political +prisoners and which again called for a united front against +imperialism. This hungerstrike mobilized, and was accompanied by, +a large number of attacks and actions by anti-imperialist groups, +including Belgium's Communist Fighting Cells (CCC), the +Revolutionary Cells (RZ), and France's anti-imperialist Action +Directe (AD). These actions were not just carried out in +solidarity with the hungerstrike, but as part of the over-all +offensive against NATO and imperialism. + On January 15, 1985, in a joint communique, the RAF and +Action Directe, announced the formation of what they termed "the +international organization of proletarian struggle in the +metropoles, with its politico-military core: the West European +guerrilla." Ten days later Action Directe executed french General +Audran, stating in a communique that he had "been central to the +strategic imperialist project of homogenizing the European states +under NATO's control." Then on February 1, 1985, the RAF executed +Audran's German counterpart, Ernst Zimmerman. + In August, the George Jackson Commando of the RAF/AD +attacked the Rhein-Mein Air Base due to its role as "a centre for +war against the Third World." In order to gain access to the +airbase, the RAF executed an American G.I. and used his I.D. card +to get them in. This caused fierce debate among the German left, +and further served to alienate the RAF from some of its base of +support. As one autonomist put it: "Any military line of action +is wrong when it proceeds in isolation from what is being fought +against. If I fight against something, then I must also have a +line to those who are the victims of what I am fighting against. +This is not at all the case with the RAF. With the Revolutionary +Cells it is different; they make sure that their actions convey a +message." + In July of 1986, the RAF assassinated the German +industrialist Karl-Heinz Bekurts who was involved with SDI +research, and in October of 1986, high-ranking Foreign Officer +Gerald von Braunmuhl was executed, "one of the central figures in +the formation of the West European policy in the overall system +of imperialism." + The year 1988 saw the RAF issue a joint communique with a +fraction of Italy's now-defunct Red Brigades - the BR-PCC (Red +Brigades-Fighting Communist Party) - in which the unity of the +revolutionary movement was called for, in the face of unification +in Europe, and in which it was argued that "the attack of the +West European front against the strategic projects for the +political, economic, and military formation of West Europe aims +at weakening the imperialist system and causing a thorough +political crisis." In September of 1988, the RAF carried out an +unsuccessful attack on the German Secretary of State for the +Minister of Finance, Hans Tietmeyer, and in November of 1989 they +were succesful in executing one of the world's most powerful +financiers, Alfred Herrhausen. In 1989, the RAF carried out yet +another unsuccessful hungerstrike which called for an end to +isolation toruture and the regroupment of political prisoners. + July of 1990 saw Hans Neusel, state secretary in the +Interior Ministry and the government's leading 'terrorism' +expert, survive a RAF attack. In the accompanying communique, the +RAF appeared to have taken some of the criticisms directed at it +to heart; it acknowledged the need for resistance to come from +within grassroot movements, and called for the building up of a +"counter-power from below" which would be made up of a diversity +of struggles, including, for example, the squatters movement. + During the Gulf War, the RAF machine-gunned the American +embassy in Bonn in response to the devastation in Iraq being +waged by US/UN forces. The accompanying communique called for, +among other things, solidarity with the struggle of the political +prisoners in the isolation units in the U.S. In 1991, the RAF +asassinated the head of the company responsible for the +reconstructing of East Germany along capitalist lines, Detlev +Rohwedder, "one of the architects of the new Germany". In the +communique around this action, the RAF argued for the necessity +of pushing through "the preconditions for a self-determined life +with human dignity in the struggle against the reactionary great +German and West European plans to exploit people here and in the +Three Continents." + Since then, the RAF has again been operationally quiet, +although they have been releasing communiques around issues such +as political prisoners, and attempts by the police to criminalize +the legal resistance movements by stating that parts of it carry +out logistical support for the RAF. [NOTE: another communique +around the G-7 summit was released on 29.6.92 -ed.] + With this most recent communique, the RAF appears to be +taking the criticism levelled at it throughout its history ever +more seriously. A reading of the communique makes clear that the +RAF is shedding its vanguardist ideas, and is taking into account +other struggles and other contradictions, i.e. racism and sexism. +They now see various struggles such as the squatting and anti- +fascist movements, the struggle by refugees and immigrants +against racist asylum policies, and the fight by social prisoners +against isolation as all being integral to the building of a +counter-power from below. + It is unclear what role the RAF will play within this +"counter-power". Whether or not the RAF continues to carry out +actions on a lower-level as a "popular guerrilla", as the +Revolutionary Cells mentioned above, or whether they will cease +to exist entirely, remains to be seen. This decision by the RAF +to break with its past history and practice has precipitated +massive discussion and debate within the German autonomous left. +Many are discussing the role of the armed resistance - how and in +what context. The building of a revolutionary movement requires +that these questions be discussed, not only in Germany and in +other parts of the world, but also here in North America. + + For the full text of this communique, or of any of the +communiques mentioned, and for information about armed struggle, +political prisoners, and militant resistance in Germany, North +America, and the rest of the world, write to Arm The Spirit, or +contact Autonome Forum via e-mail: aforum@moose.uvm.edu + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + autonome forum: aforum@moose.uvm.edu + "solidarity is a weapon!" +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/reinventa.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/reinventa.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22f0897f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/reinventa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1792 @@ + + +The following is the introductory book chapter from one of the best + +introductory books on anarchism, which is unfortunately out of print. This + +is excerpted from *Reinventing Anarchy: What are the anarchists thinking + +these days?* edited by Howard J. and Carol Ehrlich and others, and + +published by Routledge & Kegan Paul in 1979. + + + +Questions and answers about anarchism + + + +The editors + + + + + +1 How would an anarchist revolution come about? + + + +For social anarchists revolution is a process, a process leading to the + +total deflation of state authority. That process entails self- and + +collective education and the building of alternative institutions as + +mechanisms of survival, of training and as models of a new society. + +Continuing parts of that process are repeated symbolic protests and direct + +assaults on ruling class institutions. + +As more and more people regard the anarchist alternatives as preferable to + +the status quo, state power begins to be deflated. When the state can no + +longer maintain the confidence of substantial segments of the population, + +its agents will have to rely increasingly on the mobilization of the police + +and the military. Of course, that increase in force has multiple possible + +outcomes, ranging from the total repression of the Left to the further + +leftward mobilization of the population that regards this increased use of + +force illegitimate. + +Our scenario does not rule out guerrilla warfare and armed struggle. But in + +the United States, for example, with its mammoth police apparatus, + +extensive files and surveillance of radicals, and its over 3,600 + +underground 'emergency operating centers' for ruling-class and military + +retreats, the idea of a primarily military revolution is an atavistic + +Marxist fantasy. + +So where do we go from here? The next act in the revolutionary drama + +remains to be written. Drawing a battle plan today seems pointless. The + +overthrow of the state - the building of anarchist societies - will be an + +overwhelming majoritarian act. It cannot be otherwise. When, say, 5-10 per + +cent of the population identify themselves as anarchists, it is our guess + +that there would be a range of contingencies available that we could not + +possibly anticipate today. + + + +2 Who will make the anarchist revolution? + + + +Everyone. Every day in their daily lives. + + + + + +3 How can an anarchist society prevent the development of informal elites, + +new bureaucracies and a reconcentration of power? + + + +There is nothing integral to the nature of human social organization that + +makes hierarchy, centralization and elitism inescapable. These + +organizational forms persist, in part because they serve the interests of + +those at the top. They persist, too, because we have learned to accept + +roles of leadership and followership; we have come to define hierarchy as + +necessary, and centralization as efficient. All of this is to say that we + +learned the ideological justifications for elite organizational forms quite + +well. + +We could dismiss the question by pointing out that social motivations to + +power, elites and elitism and bureaucracy would not exist in an anarchist + +society. The question should not be dismissed, however, when we talk about + +building an anarchist society in the shell of another. In + +such a context we will inevitably be struggling against the life-denying + +values of our socialization. Hierarchy, dominance and submission, + +repression and power - these are facts of everyday life. Revolution is a + +process. and even the eradication of coercive institutions will not + +automatically create a liberatory society. We create that society by + +building new institutions, by changing the character of our social + +relationships. by changing ourselves - and throughout that process by + +changing the distribution of power in society. It is by the constant + +building of new forms of organization, by the continual critical evaluation + +of our successes and failures, that we prevent old ideas and old forms of + +organization from re-emerging. + +If we cannot begin this revolutionary project here and now, then we cannot + +make a revolution. + + + + + +4 How will decisions be made? by consensus? by majority? + + + +Groups will make decisions by consensus because majority rule is + +unacceptable for people who think that everyone should run his or her own + +life. Decision-making by majority rule means that the minority voluntarily + +gives up control over the policies that affect them. + +To operate by consensus, groups will discuss an issue until it is resolved + +to the satisfaction of everyone. This doesn't mean that there's only one + +way of doing things. People must accept that many ways can coexist. They + +also must realize that there can be multiple policies on most issues with + +people free to choose which policy they want. + +The principle of consensus can be effective because membership in a + +community is voluntary and because that membership entails agreements on + +its basic goals and values. + +The workings of consensual decisions have many advantages. It is the only + +way to prevent a permanent minority from developing. It takes into + +consideration the strength of feelings. It is more efficient for group + +action because people are genuinely involved in achieving consensus and are + +therefore more likely to act on their decisions. + +One of the things people have difficulty understanding about group + +consensus is that it does take into account the strength of feelings and + +differences in perspectives of all of the people involved. In a social + +anarchist meeting the process of decision-making is as important as the + +outcome itself. + +Of course, people will have to learn to recognize what they want and to + +express their desires in a constructive way. If they do not know what they + +want a false consensus develops because people are just trying to go along + +with the group so as not to make trouble. If decisions are reached this way + +people remain unhappy about the outcome; their + +participation may drop to a low level and they may ultimately feel that + +they have to leave the group. + + + + + +5 How can people be motivated to participate in decisions that affect them + +if they don't want to participate? + + + +In the kinds of societies in which we live now, this is a pseudo-question. + +People are managed; they are rarely asked to participate. The unmotivated + +citizen of the capitalist/socialist state has sized up the situation + +correctly, and has concluded that non-participation is the only realistic + +choice . + +What about an anarchist community, where everyone would have genuine + +control over his or her life? We would assume that nonparticipants would be + +few - but if they existed, we would have to ask why. This is no idle + +question: if it wished to survive, an anarchist community would have to + +solve this problem. If it failed to do so, the community would be on the + +road back to social inequality. And it would no longer be anarchist. + +There are two reasons why a person might not participate in making + +decisions. The first would be lack of time. But if a person is too busy, + +then either s/he has voluntarily taken on too much work, or the others are + +shirking. In neither case is the community functioning on genuine social + +anarchist principles. + +The second reason is quite different. Non-participation would be due not to + +working too much out of a misplaced sense of priorities, but to failure to + +see the linkage between personal autonomy and community functioning. Some + +people may feel that community decision-making is beneath them; this 'star' + +mentality needs to be effectively challenged every time it occurs. Others + +may genuinely believe that the community affords them everything they need + +for their physical and psychological well-being, so they are perfectly + +happy letting others make the decisions. Still others may feel alienated, + +or lack confidence in their ability to make competent decisions. + +All of these people are handicapped by 'old ideas.' These are well suited + +to a stratified society in which a few run the lives of everyone, but they + +are severely damaging to an anarchist community. People who think in these + +ways need loving support from others, a feeling of being an essential part + +of the community, and gentle (but firm) pressure to participate. This may + +take time, but it can be done. + + + + + +6 When does a community become too large to operate with direct + +participation by everyone? Is a system of representation ever justified? + + + +We do not really know the maximum or optimum size of a community that would + +still allow effective participation, but there are numerous examples of + +communities, some as large as 8,000 people, where all the people actively + +participated in self-government. For example, during the Spanish Revolution + +self-governed villages all over Spain formed into federations to + +co-ordinate decisions affecting all of them. In Denmark in 1971 about 600 + +people occupied an army camp and set up a viable functioning community that + +not only lasted for years but was able to defend itself nonviolently from + +attacks by the government. + +In these examples everyone made decisions about the goals of the community + +and how to achieve them. Then the people who were actually doing the + +particular tasks were able to work in their own way. + +In a decentralized society that is composed of many communities the lines + +of communication go in multiple directions. Two-way television and other + +technological improvements make direct democracy possible in larger groups, + +but there will probably still be times when representatives will be + +necessary. Selection procedures for these representatives would no doubt + +vary. Sometimes representatives could be drawn by lot and other times on + +the basis of task-specific skills or abilities. + +The system of representation, however, must meet certain criteria. + +Representatives must come from the group of people whom they represent and + +they must be accountable to that group. To make them accountable, + +representatives should be assigned for a brief period of time or to do a + +specific task. In an anarchist society nobody could make a career of + +'politics.' The role of representative could be rotated among members of + +the community. All important decisions would be made by the group as a + +whole; the representatives would just communicate the decisions of their + +group to the larger group. Representatives must also be subject to + +immediate recall. + +The decisions about what functions best for one community or one group will + +have to be made by that group at the time depending upon the circumstances. + +But there is every reason to believe that people can effectively + +participate in managing their own lives. + + + + + +7 Will there still be experts and specialization? If so, how will experts + +be trained? How will we know they are competent? Can we have experts in a + +non-hierarchical society? + + + +Differences in skill and knowledge will continue to exist. Such differences + +are compatible with a free and egalitarian society. People may also want to + +develop their abilities in their own way. And this too is compatible with + +social anarchism. + +Much of the work that is now done by specialists can be learned in + +a relatively short time so that it could be done by nearly everyone. One + +problem with specialists in our society is that they restrain the number of + +people who are trained. Obviously there is some work, such as surgery or + +architecture, that requires a high degree of skill acquired through lengthy + +training. No one wants to be operated on by someone who has only two weeks + +of training, and few people would feel comfortable in a five-story building + +assembled without blueprints. The real problem becomes training specialists + +who will be accountable to the people they serve. We want co-operation + +between specialist and 'client,' not solidarity among specialists. To + +ensure this there could be no positions of privilege for specialists, and + +they must be committed to sharing their knowledge with everyone. + +In a decentralized or small society, judging the competence of someone + +whose labor is highly visible, such as a carpenter, is not difficult. In + +somewhat more complex cases, say in judging the competence of a surgeon, + +one possibility is to have the people who work with the surgeon along with + +those from the community be the judge of the quality of work . + +Expertise and non-hierarchy can co-exist only if specialization does not + +convey special privileges: only if people who are experts do not monopolize + +or control resources or information; and only if people are committed to + +co-operative and collective work rather than destructive competition. + + + + + +8 Who will do the dirty work? + + + +We all will. In an anarchist community, people wouldn't categorize work as + +'dirty' or clean,' as 'white-collar' or 'blue-collar.' That way of thinking + +can exist only in a class-stratified society - one that teaches its members + +that maintenance tasks are undignified, demeaning, and to be avoided if + +possible. For anarchists, all socially useful work has dignity. and + +everyone would co-operate to sustain the community at a mutually + +agreed-upon level of health, comfort and beauty. Those who refuse to + +collect the garbage, clean streets and buildings, trim the grass, provide a + +clean water supply and so on would be acting in a most irresponsible + +fashion. It they continued to refuse, they would be asked to leave. + +Does this seem coercive? A successfully self-governed community must be + +comprised of people who voluntarily live and work together, who agree on + +the necessary tasks, and who have the self-discipline to carry out their + +share of these tasks (no more and no less). Those who refuse are coercing + +others; they are implicitly saying that their time is to be spent doing + +more important things; that they are above such menial tasks. In an + +anarchist community no one is 'above' anyone else; no one is more important + +than anyone else. To think so will destroy both equality and freedom. + +One of the things that makes 'dirty' work so onerous is that only some + +people do it, and they work at it full-time. Very few maintenance tasks + +would seem totally awful if they were rotated, and each person knew s/he + +would be doing it for a short period of time. Short work periods on the + +garbage truck, or cleaning public bathrooms or fertilizing fields would + +seem - well. not ,fun of course (anarchists aren't stupid) but would be + +tolerable if each person knew they would end soon. + + + + + +9 Will any people have more money and property than others? Who will + +control the means of production and how will profits be distributed? + + + +In an anarchist society everyone will have an equal right to the basic + +liberties and material goods. which is consistent with a similar right for + +others. People would, of course, maintain personal possessions, but we + +would expect that the matter of the accumulation of property and property + +rights would be very different. Certainly the meaning of money and property + +would be quite different in an egalitarian and nonhierarchical society. + +It is hard to conceive of a serious alternative to a market economy. + +However, unlike the capitalist market place, the anarchist economy would + +not be based on the maximization of control and profit. Therefore, there + +would be no need to monopolize resources, expand markets or create useless + +products and/or consumer demands. Worker and community control of the + +workplace would be the organizational form for regulating productivity and + +profits in keeping with the needs of the community . + +While an anarchist economic theory remains to be written. its theorems will + +all have to be derived from principles of social justice, from principles + +that claim the maximum values of freedom and equality for all people. + + + + + +10 Aren't anarchists ignoring the complexity of urban life? Aren't they + +rejecting technology and industrial development? Don't they really + +want to go back to a simpler society? + + + +Any anarchists who ignore the complexities of modern urban-industrial + +societies are wrong. A return to a 'simpler' society' is a fantasy of + +escapists, not of persons seriously committed to building a new society. + +The underlying issue for us as social anarchists is the determination of + +the optimum size for urban settlements. The equation for an optimum + +size would doubtless have to balance factors of self-sufficiency, self + +governance and the minimizing of damage to the ecosystem. + +The related technological problems must be taken seriously by all + +anarchists. Can we satisfy our energy requirements with technologies that + +do minimal environmental damage? Can we develop a technology that can be + +comprehended by most people? Can we develop a technology that is a genuine + +substitute for human labor? The answer to these questions is yes. The + +technology and knowledge are already here: the issue is their + +implementation. + +The result of implementing such technological changes and building + +self-governing and relatively self-sufficient communities would probably + +bring about substantial differences in urban settlements. We suspect that + +these differences would yield even more 'complex' urban arrangements than + +we now have. We suspect, too, that they would result in more genuinely + +humane cities. + + + +11 How will an anarchist society meet the threat of foreign invasion? + + + +Paradoxically, the more successfully it meets the threat of armed force, + +the more likely it is to move away from anarchist principles. War always + +seems to turn relatively free and open societies into repressive ones. Why? + +Because war is irrational: it fosters fear and hopelessness in the gentle; + +it brings out aggression, hatred and brutality in the truculent; it + +destroys the balance between people and nature; it shrinks the sense of + +community down to one's immediately endangered group; and under conditions + +of starvation and deprivation it pits neighbor against neighbor in the + +fight for survival. If a besieged anarchist community did successfully + +resist foreign invasion, then it should immediately work to reestablish the + +interrelationships of trust, mutual aid, equality and freedom that have + +probably been damaged. 'War is the health of the state;' but it can be a + +fatal disease for an anarchist community. + +If war came, however, how would the society organize to defend itself? Let + +us assume that the anarchist federation of North America is invaded by + +troops of the Chinese, Swedish, Saudi Arabian or Brazilian government. What + +would happen? There would be no state apparatus to seize; instead, the + +invaders would have to conquer a network of small communities, one by one. + +There would be no single army to defeat, but an entire, armed population. + +The people would challenge the invasion with resistance - strikes, + +psychological warfare, and non-co-operation as well as with guerrilla + +tactics and larger armed actions. Under these circumstances, it is unlikely + +that the invaders would conquer the federation . + + + +12 What about crime? + + + +Much of what is now defined as crime would no longer exist. The + +communalization of property and an ethic of mutual aid would reduce both + +the necessity and the motivation for property crimes. Crimes against people + +seem more complex, but we reject the idea that they are rooted in 'original + +sin' or 'human nature.' To the degree that such crimes stem from societally + +based disorders of personality, we can only anticipate that their incidence + +- as well as their actual form - would be radically altered . + +In a social anarchist society, crime would be defined solely as an act + +harmful to the liberties of others. It would not be a crime to be different + +from other people, but it would be a crime to harm someone. Such hostile + +acts against the community could be prevented, above all, by inculcating a + +respect for the dignity of each person. Anarchist values would be + +reinforced with the strongest of human bonds, those of affection and + +self-respect. + +Remaining crimes would not be administered by masses of lawyers, police and + +judges; and criminals would not be tossed into prisons, which Kropotkin + +once labeled 'universities of crime.' Common law and regularly rotated + +juries could decide whether a particular act was a crime, and could + +criticize, censure, ostracize or even banish the criminal. However, in most + +cases we anticipate that criminals would be placed in the care and guidance + +of members of the community. + + + + + +13 How shall public health issues be handled? + + + +Public health issues would be handled like all other issues. This means + +that decisions about inoculations and other health issues would be made at + +the local level by the people who would be affected by the decision. This + +would result in a very different type of health care. Health care workers + +would be members of the community where they worked. Their function would + +be to provide day-to-day care and advice to people on how to remain + +healthy. People would have a chance to talk frequently with these workers + +and would know that they were really concerned about health and not about + +making money or gaining status in the community. + +If there were a threatened epidemic of some deadly flu and a vaccine were + +developed the people in the community would be able to get together to + +discuss the risks and benefits of the inoculations. Once the group decided + +that inoculations would benefit the community they would try to persuade + +everyone to be inoculated because the more people who were protected the + +less likelihood there would be of an epidemic. If there were a clear case + +of people being a danger to the health of the entire community then they + +would be asked to make a choice between being vaccinated and remaining in + +the community, or leaving to find another group that was more compatible. + + + + + +14 There are times when the state takes care of the sick and elderly, or + +protects individuals against coercion (for example, children brutalized + +by parents; blacks attacked by whites). If the state disappears, who will + +take over these functions? + + + +People who look at the world this way believe that there are only two + +possibilities: either there is state regulation and an orderly society, or + +there is a stateless chaos in which life is nasty, brutish and short. In + +fact, even when the state functions in a benevolent or protective manner, + +it is capricious: sometimes it helps the helpless; other times it doesn't. + +Sometimes social welfare workers remove a child from a vicious environment + +- and other times the child is left at home, perhaps to be further + +brutalized, even killed. Sometimes the state protects the civil rights of + +oppressed minorities; other times it ignores these rights, or even joins in + +the persecution. We cannot count on the state to do anything to protect us. + +It is, after all, the major task of the agents of the state to protect the + +distribution of power. Social justice is a secondary concern. + +In fact, we can only count on ourselves, or on those with whom we are + +freely associated in community. This means that helping functions will be + +performed by those groups that have always done them, with or without the + +state: voluntary associations. However, in an anarchist community, the need + +for such services will be less frequent. For example, if there is no longer + +systematic poisoning of the environment, diseases caused by this pollution + +(pesticide poisoning, asbestosis, Minimata disease) won t happen; if there + +are no longer extremes of wealth and poverty, diseases caused by lack of + +adequate food, shelter, and medical care will not exist; if children and + +adults can freely choose whether or not to live together, much violence + +against loved ones will disappear; if racism is systematically attacked, + +then the majority ethnic group won't harass minorities. There will, of + +course, still be a need for mutual aid and protection - but this will be + +provided by the community, for all its members. + + + + + +15 Would an anarchist society be less likely to be sexist? racist? + + + +Anarchists usually talk about the illegitimacy of authority, basing their + +arguments on the premise that no person should have power over another. A + +logical extension of this argument is to attack the power relationships in + +which men dominate women and some racial and ethnic groups dominate others. + +Thus anarchism creates the preconditions for abolishing sexism and racism + +Anarchism is philosophically opposed to all manifestations of racism and + +sexism. Equally important as its philosophical commitments is the fact that + +with anarchism there would be no economic basis to support racist or sexist + +ideas or practices. Work and income would be divided equitably, so there + +would be no need to subordinate a class of people to do the dirty work or + +to work at low pay to support the dominant class. + +Sexism and racism would not automatically disappear in the process of + +building an anarchist society. A conscious effort would have to be made to + +change old behavior and attitudes. + + + + + +16 What do anarchists think about sex, monogamy, and family? + + + +Anarchists believe that how you live your daily life is an important + +political statement. Most people in industrialized societies spend a + +significant portion of their lives in what may be the last bulwark of + +capitalism and state socialism - the monogamous nuclear family. The family + +serves as the primary agent for reproducing the dominant values of the + +society, both through the socialization of children and the social control + +of its members. Within the family all of the pathologies of the larger + +society are reproduced: privatized social relations escapism patriarchal + +dominance, economic dependency (in capitalist society), consumerism, and + +the treatment of people as property. + +In an anarchist society, social relations will be based on trust, mutual + +aid, friendship and love. These may occur in the context of the family (if + +people choose to live in a family setting), but they certainly do not have + +to. Indeed, these conditions may be more easily achieved outside the + +family. + +Will there be monogamous relations in an anarchist society? Clearly people + +will have the option to choose how they want to live with whom, and how + +long they want to live in these relationships. This will of course include + +the option of monogamy. However, without a system based on patriarchy. + +economic insecurity and religious or state authority, we doubt that + +monogamy would be anything more than an anachronism If and when people did + +elect to live monogamously. it presumably would be seen as a choice made by + +both persons. Today, of course, monogamy is considered far more important + +for women than for men. This is called the double standard: and it has no + +place in a society of free and equal women and men. + +The family? The nuclear family is not universal, but social systems for the + +rearing of the young, the care of the elderly, and companionate relations + +are. We think that whole new forms of communal and collective living + +arrangements will grow to replace the traditional family system . + +Sex? Of course. But this does not mean that all kinds of sexual behavior + +would be condoned. We cannot imagine a truly anarchist society condoning + +rape, sexual exploitation of children, or sex that inflicts pain or + +humiliation, or involves dominance and submission. In sexual behavior, as + +in all other forms of behavior, social anarchism is based on freedom, trust + +and respect for the dignity of others. In fact, in an anarchist society + +sexuality would lose all the inegalitarian and oppressive meanings it now + +has. + + + + + +17 Is it coercive to require education for children? What should its + +content and structure be? + + + +When people today worry about the coercive character of mandatory public + +education, we think that their concern really stems from the authoritarian + +character of schooling. Schools are an extension of the state; they + +reproduce the class, sex, race and other divisions on which the state is + +built. In an anarchist society, the social function of schools and the + +potential of education would be quite different. + +Even today, we think that the implications of withholding basic education + +from young children are far more coercive than the requirement that they be + +educated. Without at least a minimal level of literacy, people would be + +much worse off than they already are. In an anarchist society education + +would, of course, provide far more. Education would be fundamentally + +liberating because it would help people learn how to learn; and it would + +teach them much more than they could ever acquire on their own about the + +physical world and the world of ideas. It would also help them learn to be + +free and self-directed. + +Such education is so important for young children that neither they nor + +their parents should be able to decide that the child doesn't need it. + +Bakunin stated the reason well: + + + +Children do not constitute anyone's property . . . they belong only + + to their own future freedom. But in children this freedom is not yet + + real; it is only potential. For real freedom - . . . based upon a feeling + + of one's dignity and upon the genuine respect for someone else's + + freedom and dignity, i.e., upon justice - such freedom can develop in + + children only through the rational development of their minds, + +character, and will. + + + +What would anarchist education teach the young? Intellectual and physical + +skills that help to develop literate, healthy and competent people should + +be taught. Essential intellectual materials would include some that + +children now learn, and some that they don't: reading and writing, + +self-care (emotional and physical), farming and carpentry, cooking, and + +physical education. Children in the upper elementary grades would be + +introduced to literature and the other arts, crosscultural materials, and + +the principles of anarchist community organization and economics. However, + +the content of these materials should reflect anarchist values: it would be + +senseless to teach the principles of capitalist politics and economics + +(except perhaps as a horrible example), an acceptance of stratification, or + +materials that advocate racist, sexist or other inegalitarian ideas. + +Not only the content, but also the structure of anarchist education is + +vitally important. It is difficult to develop liberatory modes of thought + +and action in an atmosphere of intimidation, regimentation, boredom and + +respect for authority. We do not mean to imply that children should devalue + +teachers; but genuine respect must be based upon what someone knows and how + +effectively s/he teaches it, not upon position, age or credentials. It will + +be difficult to create an atmosphere of mutual respect and orderly process + +without imposing discipline. But liberatory education cannot take place in + +an authoritarian setting. + +What else? Well, schools should be small, so that each child can get the + +attention and stimulation s/he needs. Activities should be varied, and + +distinctions between work and play narrowed as far as possible. Grading and + +competition with each other would be eliminated. Students would learn to + +set standards for themselves, and to try to meet them. (If they did not, + +the child should not evaluate him/herself negatively. Guilt and + +self-deprecation are enemies of autonomy and healthy functioning ) Teachers + +would be selected on the basis of knowledge and interpersonal competence, + +not upon the possession of formal + +credentials. Probably few people would make a career of teaching, but many + +members of the community (including some older children) would spend time + +doing it. Schools would be integrated into the community, and everyone + +would participate in the direction of the schools. + +When would education end? Ideally, never. Instead of being a prison, which + +inmates flee as soon as the guard's back is turned (which is what many + +public schools are like today), the anarchist school would encourage people + +to see education as a lifelong process. As the child becomes an adult, + +education would increasingly become an informal self-directed activity + +which would take place outside the school. But people would return for + +further formal study as often, and as long, as they wish. + + + + + +18 What is the relation of children to authority? + + + +The line between nurturance and the authoritarian control of children is + +difficult to draw. Perhaps in an anarchist society that boundary line will + +be more clearly sketched. + +Infants and young children are unquestionably dependent on others for their + +survival. Perhaps the difference between nurturance and authoritarianism + +arises when a child has acquired the skills for her or his own survival. If + +we accept that boundary, then we will have to work at determining what + +those skills minimally are. The skills themselves - once we go beyond the + +acquisition of language - are not absolute. They are relative to the social + +conditions under which people live. For example, under capitalism, where + +income and work are tied together and where both are prerequisites for + +food, housing, medical care and the like, survival training must last + +longer. Partly because of this long period of dependency, there has been a + +strong tradition in such settings to view the child (and young adult) as + +property, hence at the disposal of the family or state. Certainly, the + +political economy is one condition that fosters dependence on authority. + +Fostering authoritarian dependence is, in fact, a major mechanism of social + +control in capitalist and state socialist societies. Today it is easier to + +catalog examples of dependence and authoritarian social conditions than it + +is to provide examples of social conditions that encourage self-management + +and autonomous behavior. + +The quintessence of nurturant child-rearing in an anarchist community would + +be the teaching of children to like themselves, to learn how to learn, and + +how to set standards for self-evaluation. + + + +19 Has there ever been a successful anarchist organization? If so, why + +don't they last longer? + + + +Yes, there has been. In fact, there have been many groups that have been + +organized without centralized government, hierarchy, privilege and formal + +authority. Some have been explicitly anarchist: perhaps the best-known + +examples are the Spanish industrial and agricultural collectives, which + +functioned quite successfully for several years until destroyed by the + +combined forces of the authoritarian Left and the Right. + +Most anarchist organizations are not called that - even by their members. + +Anthropological literature is full of descriptions of human societies that + +have existed without centralized government or institutionalized authority. + +(However, as contemporary feminist anthropologists point Gut, many + +so-called 'egalitarian' cultures are sexist.) + +Industrialized societies also contain many groups that are anarchist in + +practice. As the British anarchist Colin Ward says, 'an anarchist society, + +a society which organizes itself without authority, is always in existence, + +like a seed beneath the snow.' Examples include the leaderless small groups + +developed by radical feminists, co-ops, clinics, learning networks, media + +collectives, direct action organizations such as the Clamshell Alliance; + +the spontaneous groupings that occur in response to disasters, strikes, + +revolutions and emergencies; community-controlled day-care centers; + +neighborhood groups; tenant and workplace organizing; and so on. Not all + +such groups are anarchist, of course, but a surprising number function + +without leadership and authority to provide mutual aid, resist the + +government, and develop better ways of doing things. + +Why don't they last longer? People who ask this question expect anarchist + +organizations to meet standards of permanence that most anarchists, who + +value flexibility and change, do not hold; and that most non-anarchist + +groups cannot meet. There is, of course, another reason why many anarchist + +organizations do not last longer than they do. Anarchists are enemies of + +the state - and the state managers do not react kindly to enemies. + +Anarchist organizations are blocked, harassed, and sometimes (as in the + +case of Spain, and more recently Portugal) deliberately smashed. Under such + +circumstances, it is a tribute to the persistence and capabilities of many + +anarchists that their organizations last as long as they often do. + + + + + + + +11 How will an anarchist society meet the threat of foreign invasion? + + + +Paradoxically, the more successfully it meets the threat of armed force, + +the more likely it is to move away from anarchist principles. War always + +seems to turn relatively free and open societies into repressive ones. Why? + +Because war is irrational: it fosters fear and hopelessness in the gentle; + +it brings out aggression, hatred and brutality in the truculent; it + +destroys the balance between people and nature; it shrinks the sense of + +community down to one's immediately endangered group; and under conditions + +of starvation and deprivation it pits neighbor against neighbor in the + +fight for survival. If a besieged anarchist community did successfully + +resist foreign invasion, then it should immediately work to reestablish the + +interrelationships of trust, mutual aid, equality and freedom that have + +probably been damaged. 'War is the health of the state;' but it can be a + +fatal disease for an anarchist community. + +If war came, however, how would the society organize to defend itself? Let + +us assume that the anarchist federation of North America is invaded by + +troops of the Chinese, Swedish, Saudi Arabian or Brazilian government. What + +would happen? There would be no state apparatus to seize; instead, the + +invaders would have to conquer a network of small communities, one by one. + +There would be no single army to defeat, but an entire, armed population. + +The people would challenge the invasion with resistance - strikes, + +psychological warfare, and non-co-operation as well as with guerrilla + +tactics and larger armed actions. Under these circumstances, it is unlikely + +that the invaders would conquer the federation . + + + +12 What about crime? + + + +Much of what is now defined as crime would no longer exist. The + +communalization of property and an ethic of mutual aid would reduce both + +the necessity and the motivation for property crimes. Crimes against people + +seem more complex, but we reject the idea that they are rooted in 'original + +sin' or 'human nature.' To the degree that such crimes stem from societally + +based disorders of personality, we can only anticipate that their incidence + +- as well as their actual form - would be radically altered . + +In a social anarchist society, crime would be defined solely as an act + +harmful to the liberties of others. It would not be a crime to be different + +from other people, but it would be a crime to harm someone. Such hostile + +acts against the community could be prevented, above all, by inculcating a + +respect for the dignity of each person. Anarchist values would be + +reinforced with the strongest of human bonds, those of affection and + +self-respect. + +Remaining crimes would not be administered by masses of lawyers, police and + +judges; and criminals would not be tossed into prisons, which Kropotkin + +once labeled 'universities of crime.' Common law and regularly rotated + +juries could decide whether a particular act was a crime, and could + +criticize, censure, ostracize or even banish the criminal. However, in most + +cases we anticipate that criminals would be placed in the care and guidance + +of members of the community. + + + + + +13 How shall public health issues be handled? + + + +Public health issues would be handled like all other issues. This means + +that decisions about inoculations and other health issues would be made at + +the local level by the people who would be affected by the decision. This + +would result in a very different type of health care. Health care workers + +would be members of the community where they worked. Their function would + +be to provide day-to-day care and advice to people on how to remain + +healthy. People would have a chance to talk frequently with these workers + +and would know that they were really concerned about health and not about + +making money or gaining status in the community. + +If there were a threatened epidemic of some deadly flu and a vaccine were + +developed the people in the community would be able to get together to + +discuss the risks and benefits of the inoculations. Once the group decided + +that inoculations would benefit the community they would try to persuade + +everyone to be inoculated because the more people who were protected the + +less likelihood there would be of an epidemic. If there were a clear case + +of people being a danger to the health of the entire community then they + +would be asked to make a choice between being vaccinated and remaining in + +the community, or leaving to find another group that was more compatible. + + + + + +14 There are times when the state takes care of the sick and elderly, or + +protects individuals against coercion (for example, children brutalized + +by parents; blacks attacked by whites). If the state disappears, who will + +take over these functions? + + + +People who look at the world this way believe that there are only two + +possibilities: either there is state regulation and an orderly society, or + +there is a stateless chaos in which life is nasty, brutish and short. In + +fact, even when the state functions in a benevolent or protective manner, + +it is capricious: sometimes it helps the helpless; other times it doesn't. + +Sometimes social welfare workers remove a child from a vicious environment + +- and other times the child is left at home, perhaps to be further + +brutalized, even killed. Sometimes the state protects the civil rights of + +oppressed minorities; other times it ignores these rights, or even joins in + +the persecution. We cannot count on the state to do anything to protect us. + +It is, after all, the major task of the agents of the state to protect the + +distribution of power. Social justice is a secondary concern. + +In fact, we can only count on ourselves, or on those with whom we are + +freely associated in community. This means that helping functions will be + +performed by those groups that have always done them, with or without the + +state: voluntary associations. However, in an anarchist community, the need + +for such services will be less frequent. For example, if there is no longer + +systematic poisoning of the environment, diseases caused by this pollution + +(pesticide poisoning, asbestosis, Minimata disease) won t happen; if there + +are no longer extremes of wealth and poverty, diseases caused by lack of + +adequate food, shelter, and medical care will not exist; if children and + +adults can freely choose whether or not to live together, much violence + +against loved ones will disappear; if racism is systematically attacked, + +then the majority ethnic group won't harass minorities. There will, of + +course, still be a need for mutual aid and protection - but this will be + +provided by the community, for all its members. + + + + + +15 Would an anarchist society be less likely to be sexist? racist? + + + +Anarchists usually talk about the illegitimacy of authority, basing their + +arguments on the premise that no person should have power over another. A + +logical extension of this argument is to attack the power relationships in + +which men dominate women and some racial and ethnic groups dominate others. + +Thus anarchism creates the preconditions for abolishing sexism and racism + +Anarchism is philosophically opposed to all manifestations of racism and + +sexism. Equally important as its philosophical commitments is the fact that + +with anarchism there would be no economic basis to support racist or sexist + +ideas or practices. Work and income would be divided equitably, so there + +would be no need to subordinate a class of people to do the dirty work or + +to work at low pay to support the dominant class. + +Sexism and racism would not automatically disappear in the process of + +building an anarchist society. A conscious effort would have to be made to + +change old behavior and attitudes. + + + + + +16 What do anarchists think about sex, monogamy, and family? + + + +Anarchists believe that how you live your daily life is an important + +political statement. Most people in industrialized societies spend a + +significant portion of their lives in what may be the last bulwark of + +capitalism and state socialism - the monogamous nuclear family. The family + +serves as the primary agent for reproducing the dominant values of the + +society, both through the socialization of children and the social control + +of its members. Within the family all of the pathologies of the larger + +society are reproduced: privatized social relations escapism patriarchal + +dominance, economic dependency (in capitalist society), consumerism, and + +the treatment of people as property. + +In an anarchist society, social relations will be based on trust, mutual + +aid, friendship and love. These may occur in the context of the family (if + +people choose to live in a family setting), but they certainly do not have + +to. Indeed, these conditions may be more easily achieved outside the + +family. + +Will there be monogamous relations in an anarchist society? Clearly people + +will have the option to choose how they want to live with whom, and how + +long they want to live in these relationships. This will of course include + +the option of monogamy. However, without a system based on patriarchy. + +economic insecurity and religious or state authority, we doubt that + +monogamy would be anything more than an anachronism If and when people did + +elect to live monogamously. it presumably would be seen as a choice made by + +both persons. Today, of course, monogamy is considered far more important + +for women than for men. This is called the double standard: and it has no + +place in a society of free and equal women and men. + +The family? The nuclear family is not universal, but social systems for the + +rearing of the young, the care of the elderly, and companionate relations + +are. We think that whole new forms of communal and collective living + +arrangements will grow to replace the traditional family system . + +Sex? Of course. But this does not mean that all kinds of sexual behavior + +would be condoned. We cannot imagine a truly anarchist society condoning + +rape, sexual exploitation of children, or sex that inflicts pain or + +humiliation, or involves dominance and submission. In sexual behavior, as + +in all other forms of behavior, social anarchism is based on freedom, trust + +and respect for the dignity of others. In fact, in an anarchist society + +sexuality would lose all the inegalitarian and oppressive meanings it now + +has. + + + + + +17 Is it coercive to require education for children? What should its + +content and structure be? + + + +When people today worry about the coercive character of mandatory public + +education, we think that their concern really stems from the authoritarian + +character of schooling. Schools are an extension of the state; they + +reproduce the class, sex, race and other divisions on which the state is + +built. In an anarchist society, the social function of schools and the + +potential of education would be quite different. + +Even today, we think that the implications of withholding basic education + +from young children are far more coercive than the requirement that they be + +educated. Without at least a minimal level of literacy, people would be + +much worse off than they already are. In an anarchist society education + +would, of course, provide far more. Education would be fundamentally + +liberating because it would help people learn how to learn; and it would + +teach them much more than they could ever acquire on their own about the + +physical world and the world of ideas. It would also help them learn to be + +free and self-directed. + +Such education is so important for young children that neither they nor + +their parents should be able to decide that the child doesn't need it. + +Bakunin stated the reason well: + + + +Children do not constitute anyone's property . . . they belong only + + to their own future freedom. But in children this freedom is not yet + + real; it is only potential. For real freedom - . . . based upon a feeling + + of one's dignity and upon the genuine respect for someone else's + + freedom and dignity, i.e., upon justice - such freedom can develop in + + children only through the rational development of their minds, + +character, and will. + + + +What would anarchist education teach the young? Intellectual and physical + +skills that help to develop literate, healthy and competent people should + +be taught. Essential intellectual materials would include some that + +children now learn, and some that they don't: reading and writing, + +self-care (emotional and physical), farming and carpentry, cooking, and + +physical education. Children in the upper elementary grades would be + +introduced to literature and the other arts, crosscultural materials, and + +the principles of anarchist community organization and economics. However, + +the content of these materials should reflect anarchist values: it would be + +senseless to teach the principles of capitalist politics and economics + +(except perhaps as a horrible example), an acceptance of stratification, or + +materials that advocate racist, sexist or other inegalitarian ideas. + +Not only the content, but also the structure of anarchist education is + +vitally important. It is difficult to develop liberatory modes of thought + +and action in an atmosphere of intimidation, regimentation, boredom and + +respect for authority. We do not mean to imply that children should devalue + +teachers; but genuine respect must be based upon what someone knows and how + +effectively s/he teaches it, not upon position, age or credentials. It will + +be difficult to create an atmosphere of mutual respect and orderly process + +without imposing discipline. But liberatory education cannot take place in + +an authoritarian setting. + +What else? Well, schools should be small, so that each child can get the + +attention and stimulation s/he needs. Activities should be varied, and + +distinctions between work and play narrowed as far as possible. Grading and + +competition with each other would be eliminated. Students would learn to + +set standards for themselves, and to try to meet them. (If they did not, + +the child should not evaluate him/herself negatively. Guilt and + +self-deprecation are enemies of autonomy and healthy functioning ) Teachers + +would be selected on the basis of knowledge and interpersonal competence, + +not upon the possession of formal + +credentials. Probably few people would make a career of teaching, but many + +members of the community (including some older children) would spend time + +doing it. Schools would be integrated into the community, and everyone + +would participate in the direction of the schools. + +When would education end? Ideally, never. Instead of being a prison, which + +inmates flee as soon as the guard's back is turned (which is what many + +public schools are like today), the anarchist school would encourage people + +to see education as a lifelong process. As the child becomes an adult, + +education would increasingly become an informal self-directed activity + +which would take place outside the school. But people would return for + +further formal study as often, and as long, as they wish. + + + + + +18 What is the relation of children to authority? + + + +The line between nurturance and the authoritarian control of children is + +difficult to draw. Perhaps in an anarchist society that boundary line will + +be more clearly sketched. + +Infants and young children are unquestionably dependent on others for their + +survival. Perhaps the difference between nurturance and authoritarianism + +arises when a child has acquired the skills for her or his own survival. If + +we accept that boundary, then we will have to work at determining what + +those skills minimally are. The skills themselves - once we go beyond the + +acquisition of language - are not absolute. They are relative to the social + +conditions under which people live. For example, under capitalism, where + +income and work are tied together and where both are prerequisites for + +food, housing, medical care and the like, survival training must last + +longer. Partly because of this long period of dependency, there has been a + +strong tradition in such settings to view the child (and young adult) as + +property, hence at the disposal of the family or state. Certainly, the + +political economy is one condition that fosters dependence on authority. + +Fostering authoritarian dependence is, in fact, a major mechanism of social + +control in capitalist and state socialist societies. Today it is easier to + +catalog examples of dependence and authoritarian social conditions than it + +is to provide examples of social conditions that encourage self-management + +and autonomous behavior. + +The quintessence of nurturant child-rearing in an anarchist community would + +be the teaching of children to like themselves, to learn how to learn, and + +how to set standards for self-evaluation. + + + +19 Has there ever been a successful anarchist organization? If so, why + +don't they last longer? + + + +Yes, there has been. In fact, there have been many groups that have been + +organized without centralized government, hierarchy, privilege and formal + +authority. Some have been explicitly anarchist: perhaps the best-known + +examples are the Spanish industrial and agricultural collectives, which + +functioned quite successfully for several years until destroyed by the + +combined forces of the authoritarian Left and the Right. + +Most anarchist organizations are not called that - even by their members. + +Anthropological literature is full of descriptions of human societies that + +have existed without centralized government or institutionalized authority. + +(However, as contemporary feminist anthropologists point Gut, many + +so-called 'egalitarian' cultures are sexist.) + +Industrialized societies also contain many groups that are anarchist in + +practice. As the British anarchist Colin Ward says, 'an anarchist society, + +a society which organizes itself without authority, is always in existence, + +like a seed beneath the snow.' Examples include the leaderless small groups + +developed by radical feminists, co-ops, clinics, learning networks, media + +collectives, direct action organizations such as the Clamshell Alliance; + +the spontaneous groupings that occur in response to disasters, strikes, + +revolutions and emergencies; community-controlled day-care centers; + +neighborhood groups; tenant and workplace organizing; and so on. Not all + +such groups are anarchist, of course, but a surprising number function + +without leadership and authority to provide mutual aid, resist the + +government, and develop better ways of doing things. + +Why don't they last longer? People who ask this question expect anarchist + +organizations to meet standards of permanence that most anarchists, who + +value flexibility and change, do not hold; and that most non-anarchist + +groups cannot meet. There is, of course, another reason why many anarchist + +organizations do not last longer than they do. Anarchists are enemies of + +the state - and the state managers do not react kindly to enemies. + +Anarchist organizations are blocked, harassed, and sometimes (as in the + +case of Spain, and more recently Portugal) deliberately smashed. Under such + +circumstances, it is a tribute to the persistence and capabilities of many + +anarchists that their organizations last as long as they often do. + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/rel_anar.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/rel_anar.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b5a31428 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/rel_anar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,734 @@ +From ats5@internet01.comp.pge.com Thu Aug 4 15:11:05 1994 +Date: Wed, 3 Aug 94 23:46:49 PDT +From: Andy Smith +Subject: THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM + + + THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM + To Modern Society + by Sam Dolgoff + +This pamphlet is the second printing of an expanded version of an article that +appeared in a 1970 issue of "Libertarian Analysis". It is the first pamphlet +published by "Soil of Liberty". A second pamphlet, "A Critique of Marxism", +also by Sam Dolgoff, is also available ($0.55). Bulk rates are available for +both. +Sam has been active in the anarchist movement since the 1920's and is a re- +tired house painter living in New York City. +"Soil of Liberty" offers a literature service through the magaizne and a +partial listing is available. Magazine subscriptions are $3 - $4 per year. + +Soil of Liberty +POB 7056 +Powderhorn Station +Minnepolis, MN 55407 + + First Printing - August 1977 + Second Printing - September 1979 + +NOTE: ABOVE LISTED PRICES ARE AT LEAST 9 YEARS OLD, SO ASSUME THAT THEY ARE +NOW HIGHER. + + + Bourgeois Neo-Anarchism + + Meaningful discussion about the relevance of anarchist ideas to modern +industrialized societies must first, for the sake of clarity, outline the dif- +ference between today's "neo-anarchism" and the classical anarchism of +Proudhon, Kroptkin, Malatesta and their successors. With rare exceptions one +is stuck by the mediocre and superficial character of the ideas advanced by +modern writers on anarchism. Instead of presenting fresh insights, there is +the repetition of utopisitic ideas which the anarchist movement had long since +outgrown and rejected as totally irrelevant to the problems of our increas- +ingly complex society. + Many of the ideas which the noted anarchist writer Luigi Fabbri a half cen- +tury ago labelled "Bourgeois Influence in Anarchism" are again in circulation. +[1] For example, there is Kingsley Widmer's article, "Anarchism Revived -- +Right, Left and All Around." Like similar bourgeois movements in the past, +Widmer correctly points out that: + + "...Anarchism's contemporary revival...mostly comes from the dissident + middle class intellectuals, students and other marginal groups who base + themselves on individualist, utopian and other non-working class aspects + of anarchism..." [2] + + Other typical bougeois anarchist characteristics are: ESCAPISM - the hope +that the establishment will be gradually undermined if enough people 'cop-out' +of the system and "live like anarchsts in communes and other life-style ins- +titutions..." +NECHAYEVISM - romantic glorification of conspiracy, ruthlessness, and violence +in the amoral tradition of Nechayev. +BOHEMIANISM - total irresponsibility; exclusive preoccupation with one's pic- +turesque 'life-style'; exhibitionism; rejection of any form of organization or +self-discipline. +ANTI-SOCIAL INDIVIDUALSIM - the urge to "idealize" the most anti-social forms +of individual forms of individual rebellion." (Luigi Fabbri) + + "...intolerance of oppression [writes Malatesta], the desire to be free + and develop one personality to its full limits, is not enough to make one + an anarchist. That aspiration towards unlimited freedom, if not tempered + by a love for mankind and by the desire that all should enjoy equal free- + dom, may well create rebels who...soon become exploiters and tyrants..." + [3] + + Still other neo-anarchist are obsessed with "action for the sake of +action." One of the foremost historians of Italian anarchism, Pier Carlo +Masini, notes that for them 'spontaneity' is the panacea that will automat- +ically solve all problems. No theiretical or practical preparation is needed. +In the 'revolution' that is 'just around the corner' the fundamental differen- +ces between libertarians and our mortal enemies, authoritarian groups like the +Marxist-Leinists, will miraculously vanish. + + "Paradoxically enough [observes Masini], the really modern anarchists are + those with white hair, those who guided by the teachings of Bakunin and + Malatesta, who in Italy and in Spain (as well as in Russia) had learned + from bitter personal participation how serious matter a revolution can + be...[4] + + It is not our intention to belittle the many fine things the scholars do +say, nor to downgrade the magnificent struggles of our young rebbles against +was, rascism and the false values of that vast crime "The Establishment" -- +struggles which sparked the revival of the long dormant radical movement. But +they stress the negative aspects and ignore or misinterpret the constructive +princples of anarchism. Bakunin and the classical anarchists always emphasized +the necessity for constructive thinking and action + + The 1848 revolutionary movement "was rich in instincts and negative theo- + retical ideas which gave it full justification for its fight against + privilege, but it lacked completely any positive and practical ideas + which would have been needed to enable it to erect a new system upon the + ruins of the old bourgeois setup...[5] + + Lacking such solid foundations, such movements must eventually disinteg- +rate. + + Distorting Anarchist Ideas + + Some works on anarchism, like George Woodcock's "Anarchism" and the two +books by Horowitz and Joll both titled "The Anarchists" -- perpetuate the myth +that the anarchist are living antiques, visionaries yearning to return to an +idyllic past. According to Woodcock, "...the historical anarchist movement +that sprang from Bakunin and his followers is dead..." The cardinal principles +of classical anarchism: economic and political decentralization of power, +individual and local autonomy, self-mangaement of industry ('workers control') +and federalism are + + obsolete forms of organization (running counter) to the world-wide trend + toward political and economic centralization....The real social revolu- + tion of the modern age is in fact the process of centralization toward + which every development of scientific and technological progress has con- + tributed... .the anarchist movement failed to present an alternative to + the state or the capitalist economy. [6] + + It is hard to understand how scholars even slightly acquainted with the +vast libertarian literature on social reconstruction come to such absurd con- +clusions!! A notable exception is the French sociologist-historian Daniel +Guerin whose excellent little book "L'anarchisme" has been translated into +English with an introduction by Noam Chomsky (Monthly Review Press, N.Y.). +Guerin concentrates on the constructive aspects of anarchism. While not with- +out its faults (he underestimates the importance of Kropotkin's ideas and +exagerates Stirner's), it is still the best short introduction to the subject. +Guerin effectively refutes the arguements of recent historians, paricularly +Jean Maitron, Woodcock and Joll concluding that their + + ...image of anarchism is not true. Constructive acarchism which found its + most accomplished expression in the writings of Bakunin, relies on organ- + ization, on self-discipline, onintegration, on a centralization which is + not coercive, but federalist. It relates to large scale industry, to mod- + ern technology, to the modern proletariat, to genuine internationalism... + In themodern world the material, intellectual and moral interests have + created between all parts of a nation and even different nations, a real + and solid unity, and this unity will survive all states...[7] + + To assess the extent to which classical anarchism is applicable to modern +societies it is first necessary to summarize briefly its leading constructive +tenets. + + Complex Societies Necessitiate Anarchism + + It is a fallacy to assume that anarchists ignore the complexity of social +life. On the contrary, the classical anarchists have always rejected the kind +of "simplicity" which camouflages regimentation in favor of the natural comp- +lexity which reflects the many faceted richness and diversity of social and +individual life. The cybernetic mathematician John B. McEwan, writing on the +relevance of anarchism to cybernetics explains: + + Libertarian socialists, synonym for non-indvidualist anarchism, especially + Kropotkin and Landauer, showed an early grasp of the complex network of + changing relationships, involving many structures of correlated activity + and mutual aid, independent of authoritarian coercion. It was against + this background that they developed their theories of social organiza- + tion....[8] + + One of Proudhon's greatest contributions to anarchist theory and socialism +in general was the idea that the very complexity of social life demanded the +decentralization and autonomy of communities. Proudhon maintained that "... +through the complexity of interests and the progress of ideas, society is +forced to abjure the state...beneath the apparatus of government, under the +shadow of its political institutions, society was slowly and silently pro- +ducing its organization, make for itself a new order which expressed its +vitality and autonomy..." [9] + Like his predecessors, Proudhon and Bakunin, Kropotkin elaborated the idea +that the very complexity of social life demanded the decentralization and +self-management of industry by the workers. From his studies of economic life +in England and Scotland he concluded that: + + ...production and exchange represented an undertaking so complicated + that no government (without establishing a cumbersome, inefficient, bur- + eaucratic dictatorship) would be able to organize production if the work- + ers themselves, through their unions, did not do it in each branch of + industry; for, in all production there arises daily thousands of diffi- + culties that...no government can hope to foresee.... Only the efforts of + thousands of intelligences working on problems can cooperate in the + developement of the new social system and find solutions for the thou- + sands of local needs....[10] + + Decentralization and autonomy does not mean the breakup of society into +small, isolated, economically self-sufficient groups, which is neither poss- +ible nor desirable. The Spanish anarchist, Diego Abad de Santillan, Ministry +of the Economy in Catalonia in the early period of the Spanish Civil War (Dec. +1936), reminded some of his comrads: + + ....Once and for all we must realize that we are no longer...in a little + utopian world..., we cannot realize our economic revolution in a local + sense; for economy on a localist basis can only cause collective priva- + tion..., economy is today a vast organism and all isolation must prove + detrimental...We must work with a social critierion, considering the + interests of the whole country and if possible the whole world..."[11] + + A balance must be achieved between the suffocating tyranny of unbridled +authority and the kind of "autonomy" that leads to petty local patriotism, +separation of little grouplets, and the fragmentation of society. Libertarian +organization must reflect the complexity of societal relationships and promote +solidarity on the widest possible scale. It can be defined as federalism: co- +ordination through free agreement -- locally, regionally, nationally and +internationally. A vast coordinated network of voluntary alliances embracing +the totality of social life, in which all the groups and associations reap the +benefits of unity while still exercising autonomy within their own spheres and +expanding the range of their freedom. Anarchist organizational principles are +not separate entities. Autonomy is impossible without decentralization, and +decentralization is impossible without federalism. + The increasing complexity of society is making anarchism MORE and NOT LESS +relevant to modern life. It is precisely this complexity and diversity, above +all their overriding concern for freedom and human values that led the anar- +chist thinkers to base their ideas on the principles of diffusion of power, +self-management and federalism. The greatest attribute of the free society is +that it is self-regulating and "bears within itself the seeds of its own re- +generation" (Buber) The self-governing associations will be flexible enough to +adjust their differences, correct and learn from their mistakes, experiment +with new, creative forms of social living and thereby achieve genuine harmony +on a higher humanistic plane. Errors and conflicts confined to the limited +jurisdiction of special purpose groups, may do limited damage. But miscalcula- +tions and criminal decisions made by the state and other autocratically +centralized organizations affecting whole nations, and even the whole world, +can have the most disasterous consequences. + Society without order (as the word "society" implies) is inconceivable. But +the organization of order is not the exclusive monopoly of the State. For, if +the State authority is the sole guarantee of order, who will watch the watch- +men? Federalism is also a form of order, which preceeded the establishment of +the State. But it is order which gurantees the freedom and independence of the +individuals and associations who freely and spontaneously constitute the fed- +erations. Federalism is not like the State, born of the will to power, but is +recognition of the ineluctable interdependence of mankind. Federalism springs +from the will to harmony and solidarity. + + Modern Industry Better Organized Anarchistically + + Bourgeois economists, sociologists and administrators like Peter Druker, +Gunnar Myrdal, John Kenneth Galbraith, Daniel Bell, etc., now favor a large +measure of decentralization not because they suddenly became anarchists, but +primarily because technology has rendered anarchistic forms of organization +"operational necessities". But the bourgeois reformers have yet to learn that +as long as these organizational forms are tied to state or capitalism, which +connotes the monopoly of political and economic power, decentralization will +remain a fraud -- a more efficient device to enlist the cooperation of the +masses in their own enslavement. To illustrate how their ideas inadvertently +demonstrate the practicality of anarchist organization and how they contradict +themselves, we cite the "free enterpriser" Drucker and the "welfare statist" +Myrdal. In the chapter titled "The Sickness of Government", Drucker writes: + + ...Disenchantment with government cuts across national boundaries and + ideological lines...government itself has become one of the vested int- + erests...the moment government undertakes anything it becomes entreched + and permanent...the unproductive becomes built into the political process + itself...social theory to be meaningful at all, must start with the real- + ity of pluralism of institutions, a galaxy of suns rather than one big + center surrounded by moons that shine only by reflected light...a society + of institutional diversity and diffusion of power...in a pluralist + society of organizations (each unit would be) limited to the specific + service it renders to the member of society which it meant to perform -- + yet, since every institution has power in its own sphere, it would be as + such, affected with the public interest...such a view of organizations + as being autonomous and limited are necessary both to make the organiza- + tion perform and to safeguard the individual's freedom....[12] + + After demonstrating the 'monstrosity of government, its lack of performance +and its impotence,' Drucker flatly contradicts himself and comes to the surpris- +ing conclusion that "never has strong, effective government been needed more +than in this dangerous would...never more than in this pluralist society of +organizations." + Mydal convincingly demonstrates that both the Soviet and the "free world +states" need decentralization for administrative efficiency in order that +(political and economic life) shall not succumb to the rigidity of the central +apparatus. But then he expects the paternalistic welfare state to loosen "its +controls over everyday life" and gradually transfer most of its powers to "all +sorts of organizations and communities controlled by the people themselves..." +No anarchist could refute Myrdal's arguement better than he does himself: + + ...to give up autocratic patterns, to give up administrative controls and + ...withdraw willingly from intervening when it is no longer necessary, + are steps which do not correspond to the inner workings of a functioning + bureaucracy...[13] + + If these advocates of decentralization and autonomy were consistent, they +would realize that the diffusion of power leads to anarchism. + + "Forming the New Society Within the Shell of the Old" + (preamble of the I.W.W.) + + The anarchist have always opposed the Jacobins, Blanquists, Bolsheviks and +other would-be dictators, who would in Proudhon's words "...reconstruct +society upon an imaginary plan, much like the astronomers who for respect for +their calculations would make over the system of the universe..."[14] + The anarchist theoreticians limited themselves to suggest the utilization +of all the useful organisms in the old society in order to reconstruct the +new. They envisioned the generalization of practices and tendencies which are +already in effect. The very fact that autonomy, decentralization and federal- +ism are more practical alternatives to centralism and statism already presup- +poses that these vast organizational networks now performing the functions of +society are prepared to replace the old bankrupt hyper-centralized administra- +tions. That the "elements of the new society are already developing in the +collaspsing bourgeois society" (Marx) is a fundamental principle shared by all +tendencies in the socialist movement. + Society is a vast interlocking network of cooperative labor and all the + deeply rooted institutions now functioning, will in some form continue to +function for the simple reason that the very existence of manking depends upon +this inner cohesion. This has never been questioned by anyone. What is needed +is emancipation from authoritarian institutions OVER society and authoritari- +anism WITHIN the organization themselves. Above all, they must be infused with +revolutionary spirit and confidence in the creative capacities of the people. +Kropotkin in working out the sociology of anarchism, has opened an avenue of +fruitful research which has been largely neglected by social scientists busily +engaged in mapping out new area for state control. + Kropotkin based himself on the essential principle of Anarchist-Communism +---abolition of the wage system and distribution of goods and services on the +principle, "From each according to hos ability and to each according to his +needs." He envisaged the structure of an Anarchist-Communist society as +follows: + + The Anarchist writers consider that their conceptions (of Anarchist-Com- + munism) is not a utopia. It is derived, they maintain, from an ANALYSIS + OF TENDENCIES that are at work already, even though State Socialism may + find temporary favor with the reformers...the anarchists build their + previsions of the future upon those data which are supplied by the obser- + vations of life at the present time...the idea of independent communes + for the territorial organization, and of federations of trade unions for + the organizations of [people] in accordance with their different func- + tions, gave a CONCRETE conception of a society regenerated by a social + revolution. There remained only to add to these two modes of organiza- + tion a third, which we saw rapidly developing during the last fifty + years.....the thousands upon thousands of free combines and societies + growing up everywhere for the satisfaction of all possible and imaginable + needs, economic, sanitary, and educational; for mutual protection, for + the propaganda of ideas, for art, for amusement, and so on...an inter- + woven network, composed of an infinite variety of groups and federations + of all sizes and degrees, local, regional, national and international... + (which) substitute themselves for the State and in all its functions... + ALL of them covering each other, and all of them always ready to meet the + needs by new organizaions and adjustments. [15] + + Kropotkin's federalism aspires to the "...complete independence of the +Communes, the Federation of Free Communes and the Social Revoltion IN THE +COMMUNES, that is, THE FORMATION OF ASSOCIATED PRODUCTIVE GROUPS IN THE PLACE +OF THE STATE ORGANIZATION...."(Martin Buber, "Pathways in Utopia") The miniature municipal states, +fashioned after the national States in which elected officials of political +parties -- lawyers, professionals, and politicians but NOT THE WORKERS, con- +trol social life will also be eliminated. For a Social Revolution that does +not reach local and even neighborhood levels leads inevitably to the triumph +of the counter-revolution. + For Krpotkin, the " `Commune' is no linger a territorial agglomeration; +but...a synonum for the grouping of equals, knowing no borders, no walls. The +social Commune...will cease to be clearly defined. Each group of the Commune +will necessarily be attracted to similar groups of other Communes; they will +group together, federate with each other, by bonds at least as solid as those +tying them to their fellow townsmen; (they will) constitute a Commune of int- +erests, of which members will be diseminated through a thousand cities and +villages. Each individual will find satisfaction of his needs only in group- +ing together with other individuals have the same tastes and living in a +hundred other Communes." [16] + The following excerpt from "El Communism Libertario" gives some of Dr.Issac +Puente's ideas on the political and economic organization of society. Puente, +a medical doctor, was an important anarchist thinker and activist who was im- +prisoned and then murdered by the fascists while fighting on the Saragossa +front in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. + + Libertarian Communism is the organization of society without the State +and without capitalist property relations. To establish Libertarian Communism +it will not be necessary to invent artificial forms of organization. The new +society will emerge from the "shell of the old". The elements of the future +society are already planted in the existing order. They are the syndicate +(union) and the Free Commune (sometimes called the 'free municipality') which +are old, deeply rooted, non-Statist popular institutions spontaneously organ- +ized and embracing all towns and villages in urban and in rural areas. The +Free Commune is ideally suited to cope successfully with the problems of +social and economic life in libertarian communities. Within the Free Commune +there is also room for cooperative groups and other associations, as well as +individuals to meet their own needs. (providing, of course, that they do not +employ hired labor for wages."...The terms 'Libertarian' and 'Communism' de- +note the fusion of two inseperable concepts, the indispensable pre-requisites +for the Free Society: COLLECTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY. + + Workers Control + + The anarchist's insistance on workers' control -- the idea of self-manage- +ment of industry by workers' associations "in accordance with their differenct +functions", rest on very solid foundations. This tendency traces back to +Robert Owen, the first International Workingmens' Association, the Guild Soc- +ialist movement in England and the pre-World War I syndicalist movements. With +the Russian Revolution, the trend towards workers' control in the form of free +soviets (councils) which arose spontaneously, was finally snuffed out with the +Kronstadt massacre of 1921. The same tragic fate awaited the workers' councils +in the Hungarian, Polish and East German rising around 1956. {Typist's Note: +This was written before Solidarity also brough this forth in 1980.} Among the +many other attempts that were made, there is of course the clasiic example of +the Spanish Revolution of 1936, with the monumental constructive achievements +in the libertarian rural collectives and workers' control of unrban industry. +The prediction of "News Bulletin" of the reformist International Union of Food +and Allied Workers Association (July 1964) that "...the demand of workers' +control may well become the common gound for advanced sectors in the labor +movement both "east" and "west"..." is now a fact. + Although the purged Bolshevik "left oppositionist", Victor Serge, refers to +the economic crisis that gripped Russia during the early years of the revolu- +tion, his remarks are, in general, still pertinent and incidentally illustrate +Kropotkin's theme: + + ...certain industries could have been revived [and] an enormous degree of + recovery achieved by appealing to the initiative of groups of producers + and consumers, freeing the state strangled cooperatives and inviting the + various associations to take over management of different branches of + economic activity...I was arguing for a Communism of Associations -- in + contrast to Communism of the State -- the total plan not dictated on high + by the State, but resulting from the harmonizing by congresses and spec- + ial assemblies from below.[17] + + Augustin Souchy, vetern Anarcho-Syndacalist activist, theoretician, one- +time Secretary of the anarcho-syndaclist International Workingmens' Associa- +tion and actively involved with the Spanish National Confederation of Labor, +wrote that + + ...during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) the Spanish workers and + peasants were establishing what could be loosely called "Libertarian + Syndicalist Socialism": a system without exploitation and injustice. In + this type of libertarian collectivist economy, wage slavery is replaced + by the equitable and just sharing of labor. Private or State Capitalism + (or State "Socialism") is replaced by workers' factory council, the union, + the industrial association of unions up to the national federation of + industrial unions. [18] + + It is essentially a system of workers' self-management at all levels. + + "After the Revolution" + + The anarchist thinkers were not so naive as to expect the installation of +the perfect society composed of perfect individuals who would miraculously +shed all their ingrained prejudices and old habits on the day after the revol- +ution. They were primarily concerned with the immediate problems of social +reconstruction that will have to be faced in any country -- industrialized or +not. + They are issues which no serious revolutionary has the right to ignore. It +was for this reason that the anarchists tried to work out measures to meet the +pressing problems most likely to emerge during what Malatesta called "the +period of reorganization and transition." We summarize Malatesta's descussion +of some of the more important questions. [19] + Crucial problems cannot be avoided by postphoning them to the distant +future -- perhaps a century or more -- when anarchism will have been fully +realized and the masses will have finally become convinced and dedicated +anarchist-communists. We anarchists must have our own solutions if we are not +to be relegated to the role of useless and impotent grumblers, while the more +realistic and unscrupulous authoritarians seize power. Anarchy or no anarchy, +the people must eat and be provided with the necessities of life. The cities +must be provisioned and vital services cannot be disrupted. Even if poorly +served, the people in their own interests would not allow us or anyone alse to +disrupt these services unless and until they are reorganized in a better way; +and this cannot be achieved in a day. + The organization of the anarchist-communist society on a large scale can +only be achieved gradually as material conditions permit, and as the masses +convince themselves of the benefits to be gained and as they gradually become +psychologically accustomed to radical alterations in their way of life. Since +free and voluntary communism (Malatesta's synonym for anarchism) cannot be +imposed, Malatesta stressed the necessity for the coexistence of various eco- +nomic forms, collectivist, mutualist, individualist -- on the condition that +there will be no exploitation of others. Malatesta was confident that the +convincing example of successful libertarian collective will + + attract others into the orbit of the collectivity...for my part I do not + believe that there is "one" solution to the social problem, but a thou- + sand different and changing solutions, in the same way as social exist- + ence is different in time and space...[20] + + "Pure Anarchism Is A Fiction" + + Aside from the "individualists" (a very ambiguous term) none of the anar- +chist thinkers were "pure" anarchists. The typical "pure" anarchist grouping, +explains Geirge Woodcock, "is the loose and flexible affinity group" which +needs no formal organization and carries on anarchist propaganda through an +"invisible network of personal contacts and intellectual influences." Woodcock +argues that "pure" anarchism is incompatible with mass movements like anarcho- +syndicalism because they need + + stable organizations precisely because it moves in a world that is only + partly governed by anarchist ideals...and make compromises with day-to- + day situations...[It} has to maintain the allegiance of masses of + [workers] who are only remotely conscious of the final aim of anarchism. + [21] + + If these statements are true, then "pure" anarchism is a pipe dream. First, +because there will never be a time when everybody will be a "pure" anarchist, +and humanisty will forever have to make "compromises with the day-to-day situ- +ation." Second, because the intricate economic and social operations of an +interdependent world cannot be carried on without these "stable organiza- +tions," even if every inhabitant were a convinced anarchist, "pure" anarchism +would still be impossible for technical and functional reasons alone. This is +not to say that anarchism excludes affinity groups. Anarchism envisions a +flexible, pluralist society where all the needs of mankind would be supplied +by an infinite variety of voluntary associations. The world is honeycombed +with affinity groups from chess clubs to anarchist propaganda groups. They are +formed, dissolved and reconstituted according to the fluctuating whims and +fancies of the individuals adherents. It is precisely because they "reflect +individual preferences" that such groups are the lifeblood of the free +society. + Bu anarchist have also insisted that since the necessities of life and +vital services must be supplied without fail and cannot be left to the whims +of individuals, they are Social Obligations which every able bodied individual +is honor-bound to fulfill, if he expects to enjoy the benefits of collective +labor. The large scale organizations, anarchistically organized, are NOT a +DEVIATION. They are THE VERY ESSENCE OF ANARCHISM AS A VIABLE SOCIAL ORDER. + THERE IS NO "PURE" ANARCHISM. THERE IS ONLY THE APPLICATION OF ANARCHIST +PRINCIPLES TO THE REALITIES OF SOCIAL LIVING. THE AIM OF ANARCHISM IS TO STIM- +ULATE FORCES THAT PROPEL SOCIETY IN A LIBERTARIAN DIRECTION. IT IS ONLY FROM +THIS STANDPOINT THAT THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM TO MODERN LIFE CAN BE PROPERLY +ASSESSED. + + Automation Could Expedite Anarchism + + We consider that the constructive ideas of anarchism are rendered even more +timely by the cybernetic revolution still in its early stages, and will become +increasingly more relevant as this revolution unfolds. There are, even now, no +insurmountable technical-scientific barriers to the introduction of anarchism. +The greatest material drawback to the realization of the ideal of "To each +according to his needs from each according to his ability" has been the scarc- +ity of goods and services. "...Cybernation, a system of almost unlimited pro- +ductive capacity which requires progressively less human labor...would make +possible the abolition of poverty at home and abroad..." [22] In a consumer +economy where purchasing power is not tied to production, the wage system be- +comes obsolete and the preconditions for the realization of the socialist +ideal immeasurably enhanced. + When Kropotkin in 1899 wrote his "Fields, Factories and Workshops", to +demonstrate the feaseability of decentralizing industry to achieve a greater +balance between rural and urban living, his ideas were dismissed as premature. +It is now no longer disputed that the problem of scaling down industry to man- +ageable human proportions, rendered even more acute by the pollution threat- +ening the very existence of life on this planet, can now be largely solved by +modern technology. There is now an enormous amount of research on this subject +---see his "Post Scarity Anarchism" (Ramparts Press, 1971) The following are +a few examples: + + Marshall MuIuhan writes: "ELECTRICITY DOES NOT CENTRALIZE BUT DECENTRAL- +IZE...ELECTRIC POWER, EQUALLY AVAILABLE IN THE FARMHOUSE AND THE EXECUTIVE +SUITE, PERMITS ANY PLACE TO BE A CENTER, AND DOES NOT REQUIRE LARGE AGGREA- +TIONS...airplanes and radio permit the utmost continuity and diversity in +spatial organization...(pp 47-48)...by electricty, we everywhere resume PER- +SON-TO-PERSON RELATIONS ON THE SMALLES VILLAGE SCALE...IT IS A RELATION IN +DEPTH, AND WITHOUT DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS AND POWERS...(p 225)...IN THE WHOLE +FIELD OF THE ELECTONIC REVOLUTION THIS PATTER OF DECENTRALIZATION APPEARS IN +MULTIPLE GUISES...("Understanding Media", emphasis added) + + Franz Schurman in "The New American Revolution", 1971, advocates an +"ANARCHO-SYNDICALIST SOLUTION BASED ON DECENTRALIZED ASSOCIATIONS..." + + Christopher Lasch, discussing R.A. Dahl's "Authority in the Good Society" +(New York Review of Books, 10-21-71) writes, "Self-mangement will transform +corporate employees from corporate subjects to citizens of the enterprise... +SELF-MANAGEMENT WILL NOT BE INTRODUCED FROM ABOVE BUT FROM BELOW...He (Dahl).. +DENIES THAT WORKERS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO RUN INDUSTRY IN THE INTEREST OF +SOCIETY...." + + The reviewers of John M. Blair's critique of economic centralization (New +York Times Book Review, 9-10-72) find that Blair's researches are most impres- +sive in debunking the myth that large scale, centralized enterprises are more +efficient...the largest railroad in America, Penn Central, couldn't keep track +of its boxcars...The most successful of all industrial behemoths, General +Motors, long ago decentralized its operations; only the profits are concen- +trated. + Blair's point is re-enforced by a will-known English economist, E. F. Schu- +macher in "Small Is Beautiful", "The achievement of Sloan and General Motors +was to structure the gigantic firm in such a manner that it became, in fact, A +FEDERATION OF REASONABLY SIZED FIRMS..." + John Kenneth Galbraith in the "New Industrial State" wrote, "In giant indus- +trial corporations AUTONOMY IS NECESSARY FOR BOTH AND SMALL DECISIONS AND... +LARGE QUESTIONS OF POLICY...the comparative advantages of atomic and molecular +for the generation of scientists, technical, economic, and planning judge- +ments. ONLY A COMMITTEE, OR MORE PRECISELY, A COMPLEX OF COMMITTEES CAN +COMBINE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE THAT MUST BE BROUGHT TO BEAR...(p.111). +THE EFFECT OF THE DENIAL OF AUTONOMY AND THE INABILITY OF THE TECHONOSTRUCTURE +(coporate centralized industry) TO ACCOMODTE ITSELF TO CHANGING TASKS HAS BEEN +VISIBLY DEFICIENT OPERATIONS...THE LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONS ARE, +THE MORE THEY MUST BE DECENTRALIZED..." (emphasis in all above quote has been +added) + One of the major obstacles to the establishment of the free society is the +cumbersome, all pervasive, corporate-statist apparatus manned by an entrenched +bureaucratic elite class of administrators, managers and officials who at all +levels exercise de facto control over the operations of society. This has up +till now been regarded as an unaviodable evil, but thanks to the development +of computerized technology, this byzantine apparatus can now be dismantled. + Alan Toffler ("Future Shock", 1970, p.141) summing up the evidence, con- +cludes that "far from fastening the grip of bureaucracy on civilization more +than before, automation leads to its overthrow..." Another source, quoting +Business Week, emphasizes that + + ...automation not only makes economic planning necessary -- it also makes + it possible. The calculations required for planning on nationwide scale + are complicated and difficult, but they can be performed by the new elec- + tronic computers in an amazingly short time... + + The libertarian principle of workers' control will not be invalidated by +changes in the composition of the work force or in the nature of work itself. +With or without automation, the economic structures of the new society must be +based on self-administration by the people directly involved in economic func- +tions. Under automation millions of highly trained technicians, engineers, +scientists, educators, etc, who are already organizaed into local, regional, +national, and international federations will freely circulate information, +constantly improving both the quality and availability of goods and services +and developing new products for new needs. + By closely intermeshing and greatly expanding the already existing networks +of consumer cooperative associations with the producer associations at every +level, the consumers will amke their wants known and be supplied by the pro- +ducers. The innumerable variety of supermarkets, chain stores and service +centers of every description now blanketing the country, though owned by corp- +orations or privately, are so structured that they could be easily socialized +and converted into cooperative networks. In general, the same holds true for +production, exchange, and other beranches of the economy. The integration of +these economic organisms will undoubtedly be greatly facilitated because the +same people are both producers and consumers. + The progress of the new society will depend greatly upon the extent to +which its self-governing units will be able to speed up direct communication +- to understand each other's problems and better coordinate activities. Thanks +to modern communications technology, all the essential facilities are now +available: tape libraries, "computer laundromats", closed television and tele- +phone circuits, communications satelities and a plethora of other devices are +making instant, direct communication on a world scale accessable to all +(visual and radio contact between earth and moon within seconds!). "Face-to- +face democract" -- a cornerstone of a free society, is already foreshadowed by +the increasing mobility of peoples. + There is an exaggerated fear that a minority of scientific and technical +workers would, in a free society, set up a dictatorship over the rest of soc- +iety. They certainly do not new wield the power generally attributed to them. +In spite of their "higher" status, they are no less immune to the fluctuation +of the economic system than are the "ordinary" workers (nearly 100,000 are +jobless). Like lower paid workers, they too, must on pain of dismissal obey +the orders of their employers. + Tens of thousands of frstrated first-rate technical and scientific em- +ployees, not permitted to exercise their knowledge creatively, find themselves +trapped in monotonous, useless and anti-social tasks. And nothing is more mad- +dening than to stand helplessly by, while ignoramuses who do not even under- +stand the language of science, dictate the direction of research and develop- +ment. Nor are these workers free to exercise these rights in Russia or any- +where else. + In addition to these general consideration, there are two other preventa- +tive checks to dictatorship of the techno-scientific elite. The first is that +the wider diffusion of scientific and technical training, providing millions +of new specialists, would break up any possible monopoly by a minority and +eliminate the threat of dictatorship. "The number of scientists and techolo- +gists in this country has doubled in little more than ten years and now forms +twenty percent of the labor force -- this growth is much faster than that of +the population..." (New York Times, 12-29-70) + The second check to dictatorship is not to invest specialists or any other +group with political power to rule over others. While we must ceaselessly +guard against the abuse of power, we must never forget that in the joint ef- +fort to build a better world, we much also learn to trust each other. If we do +not, then this better world will forever remain a utopia. + + + The True Revelance Of Anarchism + + I have tried to show that anarchism is not a panacea that will miraculously +cure all the ills of the body social, but rather, a 20th century guide to +action based on a realistic conception of social econstrction. The well-nigh +insuperable material obstacle to the introduction of anarchism -- scarcity +of goods and services and excessive industrial-mangerial centralization - have +or can be removed by the cybernetic-technical revolution. Yet, the movement +for empancipation is threatened by the far more formidable political, social +and brain-washing techniques of "The Establishment". + In their polemics with the Marxists, the anarchists insisted that the +political state subjects the economy to its own ends. A high sophisticated +economic system, once viewed as the prerequisite for the realization of +socialism, now serves to reinforce the domination of the ruling classes with +the technology of physical and mental repression and the ensuing obliteration +of human values. The very abundance which can liberate man from want and +drudgery, now enables the state to establish what is, in effect, a national- +ized poorhouse, where the millions of technologically unemployed -- forgotten, +faceless outcasts on public "welfare," will be given only enough to keep them +quiet. The very technology that has opened new roads to freedom, has also +armed states with unimaginably frightful weapons for the annihilation of +humanity. + While the anarchists never underestimated the great importance of the eco- +nomic factor in social change, they nevertheless rejected fanatical economic +fatalism. One of the most cogent contributions of anarchism to social theory +is the proper emphasis on how political institutions, in turn, mold economic +life. Equally sigificant is the importance attached to the will of man, his +asperations, the moral factor, and above all, the spirit of revolt in the +shaping of human history. In this area too, anarchism is particularly relevent +to the renewal of society. To indicate the importance attached to this factor, +we quote a passage from a letter that Bakunin wrote to his friend Elisee +Reclus: + + ...the hour of revolution is passed, not because of the frightful dis- + aster [the Franco-Prussian War and the slaughter of the Paris Commune, + May 1871] but because, to my great dispair, I have found it a fact, and + I am finding it every day anew, that revolutionary hope, passion, are + absolutely lacking in the masses; and when these are absent, it is vain + to make desperate efforts... + + The availability of more and more consumer goods plus the sophisticated +techniques of mass indoctrination has corrupted the public mind. Bourgeoisifi- +cation has sapped the revolutionary vitality of the masses. It is precisely +this divorce from the inspiring values of socialism, which, to a large extent, +accounts for the venality and corruption in modern labor and socialist move- +ments. + To forge a revolutionary movement, which, inspired by anarchist ideas, +would be capable of reversing this reactionary trend, is a task of staggering +proportions. But therein lies the true relevance of anarchism. + + + REFERENCES + +1 - "Influences Bougueses en el Anarquismo" Solidaridad Obrera, Paris, 1959. +2 - "The Nation", 11-16-70 +3 - "Errico Malatesta: Life and Ideas", Freedom Press, London, 1965, p. 24 +4 - quoted in a letter to a friend +5 - "Federalism-Socialism-Anti-Theologism" +6 - "Anarchism", World Publishing, Cleveland, 1962, p. 469, 473 +7 - "L'Anarchisme", Gallimard, Paris, 1965, p. 180, 181 +8 - "Anarchy", # 25, March 1963, London +9 - "General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century", Freedom Press, + London, 1923, p. 89 +10- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Vanguard Press, New York, 1927, p. 76, 77 +11- "After the Revolution", Greenbery Publisher, New York, 1937, p. 85, 100 +12- "The Age of iscontinuity", Harper & Row, New York, 1968, + p. 212, 217, 222, 225, 226, 251, 252 +13- "Beyond the Welfare State", Yale University Press, New Haven, 1968, + p. 102, 97, 108 +14- Op cit #9, p. 90 +15- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Dover Publications, 1970 edition, + pp. 166-7, 168, 284, 285 +16- Words of a Rebel, quoted by P. Berman in "Quotations from the Anarchists", + New York, 1972, p. 171 +17- "Memoirs of a Revolutionary", Oxford University Press, London, 1967, + pp. 147-8 +18- "Nacht Uber Spanien", Verlag die Freie Gesellschaft, Darmstadt-land, + 1954(?), p. 164 +19- Op cit #3, p. 100 +20- Ibid, p. 99, 151 +21- "Anarchism", p. 273, 274 +22- "Manifesto"...Committee for the Triple Revolution, quoted in "Liberation" + magazine, New York, April 1964 diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ren!yoa.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ren!yoa.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..087fa1ce --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ren!yoa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + Canada's Young Offender's Act + And how to take advantage of it! + + By: Reno + + +First there are three age groups you need to know about: +16 and 17 year olds, those from 12 to 15 years old, and those under +12. + +If you are 16 or 17 and commit a crime, if it is very violent, things +like murder or rape, you will probably be switched to an adult court +with adult penalties. Other than that, if you don't have an extensive +criminal record, and play it up to the police, crown prosecutor and +the courts, doing things like crying and saying you are sorry, you +will get away with any crime that does not involve weapons with +nothing more than "community service" or a "suspended sentence". +If you have committed murder your best bet is to say that you "hear +voices" so they think you are crazy and send you to a hospital for +the criminally insane, but if you "get better" over the next 6 months +and claim you don't hear the voices telling you to commit crimes +anymore, you will be let off scott-free. Normally, you will never +be identified publicly, with the exception of if they get a special +court order for the media if they are looking for you and you have +committed a violent crime. + +If you are 12 to 15 years old, you are covered by the Young Offenders +Act and can not be transferred to adult court under any circumstances. +The most jail time you can serve is 3 years, and only murders will get +that. Of course if your parents have money, if you kill off your whole +family, you will get 3 years in a juvenile facility (school, games, TV, +pizzas, etc.) which isn't bad if you will be the only survivor and will +inherit half a million dollars once you get out. That would work out +to you getting over $160,000 a year for time in the facility; well worth +it. If you don't commit violent crimes and put on a good show, with crying +and saying you are sorry, even for B&E's and organized theft rings +you will at the most get some "community service". You can never be +publicly identified for your crimes. + +This means that you can organize swarmings of people to rob them, or +swarm a whole store, and rip off the stuff they sell and the cash +register's and get no jail time, just a bit of time help out a church +group or in a old peoples home. + +You will still get stiffer sentences for things like rape but there +are ways around that. If your local friendly drug dealer can get you +either "Roofies" (Rohypnol) or Halcyon, drop it in a drink (even a +pop drink) you give to a girl. In about 15 minutes for the Roofies, +or about half an hour for the Halcyon, they will be somewhat drunk and +will not remember what happened during the next 4 hours. You can do +whatever you want to them and they won't remember a thing! + +If you are under 12, you are home free. You CANT BE CRIMINALLY CHARGED +WITH ANY CRIMES IN CANADA. You literally can get away with murder! +This means if you want to organize a gang, it is best that you teach +those under 12 years old to do the murders and the selling of drugs, +while you older guys do the swarmings, trashings, store thefts and +manage the gang. + +Remember never talk to the cops. By law, you have to tell the pigs +who you are, but if you are going to be charged anyways, why tell them +even that? Beyond identifying yourself, you don't have to legally tell +them anything, so don't. And if you are questioned, demand a lawyer. + +************************************************************************* + +This and other great files are available from the following +Warez, Porno and Anarchy/Crime BBS's: + +Number Board Nup + +(416) 748-1161 Hacker's & Phreaker's In Limbo Zoltrix (my BBS) +(905) 847-0159 Dog Pound Outstanding +(416) 321-8983 Nether World +(416) 534-0417 Hacker's Hideaway - Zencor HQ +(416) 674-3970 Terror of Destruction +(905) 542-3532 Illusions +(905) 823-5532 Phreak Asylum +(416) 264-3216 The Core + +************************************************************************* diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/resolcon.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/resolcon.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..824ebe4f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/resolcon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,265 @@ + + +DECLARATION AND RESOLVES OF THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS: + + +OCTOBER 14, 1977 + + Whereas, since the close of the last war, the +British parliament, claiming a power, of right, to +bind the people of America by statutes in all cases +whatsoever, hath, in some acts, expressly imposed +taxes on them, and in others, under various presences, +but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue, +hath imposed rates and duties payable in these +colonies, established a board of commissioners, with +unconstitutional powers, and extended the +jurisdiction of courts of admiralty, not only for +collecting the said duties, but for the trial of +causes merely arising within the body of a county: + And whereas, in consequence of other statutes, +judges, who before held only estates at will in their +offices, have been made dependant on the crown alone +for their salaries, and standing armies kept in times +of peace: And whereas it has lately been resolved in +parliament, that by force of a statute, made in the +thirty-fifth year of the reign of King Henry the +Eighth, colonists may be transported to England, and +tried there upon accusations for treasons and +misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed +in the colonies, and by a late statute, such trials +have been directed in cases therein mentioned: + And whereas, in the last session of parliament, +three statutes were made; one entitled, "An act to +discontinue, in such manner and for such time as are +therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, +lading, or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise, +at the town, and within the harbour of Boston, in +the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New England;" +another entitled, "An act for the better regulating +the government of the province of Massachusetts-Bay +in New England;" and another entitled, "An act for the +impartial administration of justice, in the cases +of persons questioned for any act done by them in the +execution of the law, or for the suppression of +riots and tumults, in the province of the +Massachusetts-Bay in New England;" and another +statute was then made, "for making more effectual +provision for the government of the province of +Quebec, etc." All which statutes are impolitic, +unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, +and most dangerous and destructive of American +rights: + And whereas, assemblies have been frequently +dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when +they attempted to deliberate on grievances; and +their dutiful, humble, loyal, and reasonable +petitions to the crown for redress, have been +repeatedly treated with contempt, by his Majesty's +ministers of state: + The good people of the several colonies of +New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, +New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Newcastle, Kent, and +Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North- +Carolina and South-Carolina, justly alarmed at these +arbitrary proceedings of parliament and +administration, have severally elected, constituted, +and appointed deputies to meet, and sit in general +Congress, in the city of Philadelphia, in order to +obtain such establishment, as that their religion, +laws, and liberties, may not be subverted: Whereupon +the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a +full and free representation of these colonies, taking +into their most serious consideration, the best means +of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first +place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases +have usually done, for asserting and vindicating their +rights and liberties, DECLARE, + That the inhabitants of the English colonies in +North-America, by the immutable laws of nature, the +principles of the English constitution, and the several +charters or compacts, have the following RIGHTS: + Resolved, N.C.D. 1. That they are entitled to +life, liberty and property: and they have never ceded +to any foreign power whatever, a right to dispose of +either without their consent. + Resolved, N.C.D. 2. That our ancestors, who first +settled these colonies, were at the time of their +emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the +rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- +born subjects, within the realm of England. + Resolved, N.C.D. 3. That by such emigration they +by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of +those rights, but that they were, and their descendants +now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all +such of them, as their local and other circumstances +enable them to exercise and enjoy. + Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English +liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the +people to participate in their legislative council: and +as the English colonists are not represented, and from +their local and other circumstances, cannot properly +be represented in the British parliament, they are +entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation +in their several provincial legislatures, where their +right of representation can alone be preserved, in all +cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only +to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as +has been heretofore used and accustomed: But, from the +necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual +interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to +the operation of such acts of the British parliament, +as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our +external commerce, for the purpose of securing the +commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother +country, and the commercial benefits of its respective +members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or +external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in +America, without their consent. + Resolved, N.C.D. 5. That the respective colonies +are entitled to the common law of England, and more +especially to the great and inestimable privilege of +being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according +to the course of that law. + Resolved, N.C.D. 6. That they are entitled to the +benefit of such of the English statutes, as existed at +the time of their colonization; and which they have, by +experience, respectively found to be applicable to +their several local and other circumstances. + Resolved, N.C.D. 7. That these, his Majesty's +colonies, are likewise entitled to all the immunities and +privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal +charters, or secured by their several codes of +provincial laws. + Resolved, N.C.D. 8. That they have a right +peaceably to assemble, consider of their grievances, +and petition the king; and that all prosecutions, +prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the +same, are illegal. + Resolved, N.C.D. 9. That the keeping a standing +army in these colonies, in times of peace, without the +consent of the legislature of that colony, in which +such army is kept, is against law. + Resolved, N.C.D. 10. It is indispensably necessary +to good government, and rendered essential by the +English constitution, that the constituent branches of +the legislature be independent of each other; that, +therefore, the exercise of legislative power in several +colonies, by a council appointed, during pleasure, by +the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous and +destructive to the freedom of American legislation. + All and each of which the aforesaid deputies, in +behalf of themselves, and their constituents, do claim, +demand, and insist on, as their indubitable rights and +liberties, which cannot be legally taken from them, +altered or abridged by any power whatever, without +their own consent, by their representatives in their +several provincial legislature. + In the course of our inquiry, we find many +infringements and violations of the foregoing rights, +which, from an ardent desire, that harmony and mutual +intercourse of affection and interest may be restored, +we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such +acts and measures as have been adopted since the last +war, which demonstrate a system formed to enslave America. + Resolved, N.C.D. That the following acts of +parliament are infringements and violations of the +rights of the colonists; and that the repeal of them is +essentially necessary, in order to restore harmony +between Great Britain and the American colonies, viz. + The several acts of Geo. III. ch. 15, and +ch. 34.-5 Geo. III. ch.25.-6 Geo. ch. 52.-7 Geo.III. +ch. 41 and ch. 46.-8 Geo. III. ch. 22. which impose +duties for the purpose of raising a revenue in America, +extend the power of the admiralty courts beyond their +ancient limits, deprive the American subject of trial +by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemnify +the prosecutor from damages, that he might otherwise +be liable to, requiring oppressive security from a +claimant of ships and goods seized, before he shall be +allowed to defend his property, and are subversive of +American rights. + Also 12 Geo. III. ch. 24, intituled, "An act for +the better securing his majesty's dockyards, magazines, +ships, ammunition, and stores," which declares a new +offence in America, and deprives the American subject +of a constitutional trial by jury of the vicinage, by +authorizing the trial of any person, charged with the +committing any offence described in the said act, out +of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in +any shire or county within the realm. + Also the three acts passed in the last session of +parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the +harbour of Boston, for altering the charter and +government of Massachusetts-Bay, and that which is +entitled, "An act for the better administration of +justice, etc." + Also the act passed in the same session for +establishing the Roman Catholic religion, in the +province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system +of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the +great danger (from so total a dissimilarity of +religion, law and government) of the neighboring +British colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and +treasure the said country was conquered from France. + Also the act passed in the same session, for the +better providing suitable quarters for officers and +soldiers in his majesty's service, in North-America. + Also, that the keeping a standing army in several +of these colonies, in time of peace, without the +consent of the legislature of that colony, in which +such army is kept, is against law. + To these grievous acts and measures, Americans +cannot submit, but in hopes their fellow subjects in +Great Britain will, on a revision of them, restore us +to that state, in which both countries found +happiness and prosperity, we have for the present, +only resolved to pursue the following peaceable +measures: 1. To enter into a non-importation, non- +consumption, and non-exportation agreement or +association. 2. To prepare an address to the people +of Great-Britain, and a memorial to the inhabitants +of British America: and 3. To prepare a loyal address +to his majesty, agreeable to resolutions already +entered into. + +------------------------------------ + + Taken from: Journals of Congress (ed. 1800), I. pp. 26-30. + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. + + + + + + +<<< PRE-CONSTITUTION DOCUMENTS >>> + + 1 1215 - The Magna Carta + 2 1390 - The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations + 3 1620 - The Mayflower Compact + 4 1639 - The Fundamantal Orders of 1639 + 5 1676 - First Thanksgiving Proclamation + 6 1775 - The Charlotte Town Resolves + 7 1775 - Declaration of the Causes... of Taking up Arms + 8 1776 - The Declaration of Independence + 9 1776 - The Virginia Declaration of Rights + 10 1777 - The Articles of Confederation + 11 1777 - Declaration and Resolves of the 1st Cont. Congress + 12 1783 - The Paris Peace Treaty + 13 1786 - The Annapolis Convention +------------------------------------------------ +h=Help, x=Exit Free-Net, "go help"=extended help + +Your Choice ==> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/revsexsm.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/revsexsm.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b435ccb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/revsexsm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Long Beach (Calif.) Press-Telegram +Wednesday Oct. 25, 1989 + + + + Sexism and a commentator's misplaced fear of fly + + By 'Asta Brown + + Not long ago on National Public Radio, there was a great flap over +a new advertisement for Sansabelt men's slacks. In an apparent attempt +to to give the brand's image some new voltage, the ad shows a woman +confiding that she never decides whether a passing man warrants her +attention "until I look down." The NPR commentator was having none of +it. Since such crude statements about women a no longer indulged by +society, she argued, we should now raise a hue and cry on behalf of all +the men wronged by this reverse sexism. + This is very high-minded, and surely there are at least a couple of +guys out there crossing their legs and feeling grateful for the reverse +chivalry. But most men aren't going to find such an ad offensive, +they're going to find it for what it is: a feeble attempt to turn the +tables. + To the dismay of any post-feminists hoping this will show men just +how lousy it feels to be a sex object, men may well find the scenario +amusing or even flattering. + The ad is not guilty of reverse sexism. There is only sexism, +period, and it has always worked two ways. The same sexism that denies +the full humanity of women also denies the full humanity of men. + While we have made some progress on behalf of women, sexism against +men is so ubiquitous and deep that we must break profound taboos even to +suggest that it exists. And here is where public radio failed us, in +railing against silly old Sansabelt: There is nothing very sexist about +a woman sizing up a guy's physical contours; in a way, it's kind of +refreshing. + True sexism against men is far more subtle, and the woman doing it +isn't looking at the front of anybody's pants: She's checking out the +bulge of the wallet in back. Just as sexism reduces women to sexual +objects, it reduces men to financial objects. Just as woman have been +exploited as sexual and emotional commodities, men are exploited as cogs +in the economic machinery, expendable war fodder, and providers who must +never fail. For every two guys discussing a particular girl's physical +charms, there are two girls discussing a particular guy's career +prospects. + For too long we have approached sexism as a problem caused by men, +to be solved by women. It is neither. We all create it, and we are the +only ones who can cure it. + No wonder the subject is taboo: Once we face the problem and the +pain, we're going to have to do something about it. And if you think +there was hell to pay when women raised the first flag of non- +cooperation (Death of the family! No more babies! Extinction of the Šspecies!), wait until men finally decide to chuck the moneyclips and +claim their full humanity: Economic disaster! Political and social +chaos! Goodbye global security! Despite the alarms, we've weathered the +first uprising with families and babies to spare. + The outcome of the next anybody's guess, but one thing is sure: The +men who raise the flag of their non-cooperation will have the attention +of the female species, and they won't have to wear Sansabelts to get it. +------------------------------------------------------------- + Bowen lives in northwestern Montana. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/rights.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/rights.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..09993db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/rights.txt @@ -0,0 +1,473 @@ + + + RIGHTS GUARANTEED + + Let's eyeball the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amend- + ments to the Constitution. + Now we will really see some fancy magic by the Cult of + the Black Robes. Decision after decision from federal + courts across the United States magically become 'law'. The + Bill of Rights bears no resemblance to the way they were + originally written. + When ratifying the Constitution, the states felt there + were not enough restrictions on the power of the new central + government. They requested that a Bill of Rights be added + at the first opportunity. Many argued that no bill of + rights was needed. Alexander Hamilton said, "The truth is, + after all the declamations we have heard, that the Constitu- + tion is itself, in every rational sense, and to every useful + purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS." + Hamilton insisted there was nothing in the Constitution + which would allow the government to assume powers which the + bill of rights sought to protect. To reduce the fears of + some of the states, the First Congress proposed 12 amend- + ments to the various states for ratification. + + Here is the preamble to the Bill of Rights as they were + submitted: "The conventions of a number of the States, + having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, + expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or + abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restric- + tive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground + of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the + beneficent ends of its institution. . " + + The intent of the First Congress when the Bill of + Rights were assembled. . 'In order to prevent abuse of its + powers, we are going to include further restrictions on the + central government to promote the general welfare, make a + more perfect union, establish justice and secure the + blessings of liberty.' + Every clause in the first ten amendments is a restric- + tion on the government. It's not how they interpret it nor + how some judge decides it should apply . . . it's a restric- + tion, period! + The first two of the proposed 12 amendments were not + ratified by the states. The first concerned representation + in Congress and the second with restricting Congress from + raising its salary. The first eight amendments are really + specific restrictions and the last two cover any issue not + covered in the first eight. The ninth and tenth are the + ones government ignores the most. + The First Amendment prohibits the restriction of your + religious freedoms which we have already covered in earlier + sections. It covers freedom of speech but if you speak out + against sensitive issues, you'll be surprised how fast they +  + will shut you up. + Many people were recently arrested for demonstrating in + front of the Supreme Court, and in front of the White House + and Congress. What about the farmers demonstrating in front + of the Chicago Board of Trade or people involved in the + abortion issue? Can we still peaceably assemble? Today you + are free to assemble when the government tells you it is OK + otherwise, you will probably end up in jail. The charge is + generally 'criminal trespass'. What? Where did they find + that one? + This is a right which has been turned upside down. + About par for the course, isn't it? By what authority does + government at any level ignore these restrictive clauses? + The last clause is the right to petition for a redress + of grievances. This is one which has fallen into disuse. + Do you feel you have a grievance against the government? + The word redress means to right a wrong, correct an + error, remedy or relieve, to correct or reform. Now do you + have a grievance that you would like to have redressed? + Submit a petition. + There is no specific form to use. The 1st Amendment + does not specify to which branch of government the petition + has to be sent. Any branch, department, section, court, + commission, etc., must accept your petition. They must + answer and redress what you are complaining about. This is + a right every reader should exert! + At the end of the book, you'll find a copy of a + Petition For Redress of Grievances. It's an ASCII file and + can be printed out on any printer. It includes the First + Amendment to show those to whom you are directing your + petition that you know the amendment. It gives them a + chance to read it if they don't know what it says. Print it + then lay out your complaint in your own words. + The simpler you explain what you want corrected, the + less chance there is for any bureaucrat to misinterpret what + you are trying to get across. Also cite whatever provision + of the constitution you are showing has been violated. + You might cite the full Ninth and Tenth Amendments to + prove that the persons to whom you are addressing your + petition have no authority to assume any powers not specifi- + cally granted in the Constitution. + If you are wrong, they will let you know in a hurry. I + wouldn't accept their answers at face value but check them + out against my own interpretation of the Constitution and go + after them again. + You are perfectly free to address it to anyone in the + government, be it your own representative, senator, the + President or Vice-president, the head of a department, a + judge, the Supreme Court, whomever! Every bureaucrat with + an ounce of so called power in government should receive a + petition for redress. + A likely place to show the people what answers are + returned would be to write letters to the editors of any + newspaper in the country.  + This Right to Petition for Redress is a tremendous tool + for American citizens which has not been used for many + years. It is an area in the Bill of Rights with which they + have no experience ignoring so we should make extensive use + of this right. + Now the Second Amendment. The judicial branch of + government, our protectors, have effectively disarmed + Americans! + Look at the "gun laws" which courts have upheld all + over the country. Our 'leaders' have decided that you + should not own a handgun, assault rifle or a machine gun for + that matter. What gives them the right to decide that? + Arms are defined as "Weapons, especially firearms." It + doesn't say only firearms so where do they make the distinc- + tion? + It's plain that the "right of the people to keep and + bear arms shall not be infringed." It has nothing to do + with the militia! + This is part of those declaratory and restrictive + clauses added to prevent a misconstruction or abuse of it's + powers. + They can do nothing which will keep an American citizen + from owning any weapon he or she desires. It's that simple! + This was a unique stance for any government to guarantee its + citizens the right to own weapons. Switzerland is another + which has such a guarantee. + Where does it say that arms need to be registered? No + where! This is part of the prohibition on Congress. + Registration is a dangerous practice and must be stopped. + You don't have to look too far into history to see why + government wants a list of owners of weapons . . . then it's + no problem to visit everyone on the list and demand the + weapon be turned in. That is while they hold a weapon on + the owner. + We have had presidents shot in our history, other + people in government have been shot but the Second Amendment + has stood firm. + Suddenly, in the early sixties, we have a president + shot (under circumstances that suggest it was other than a + plain citizen), then his brother is shot and now all + Americans are dangerous and should no longer be able to buy, + have or keep weapons. Isn't that strange? + Why were the major gun laws passed in 1968 and not when + other presidents were killed? Is this part of what the + courts call "public policy" and the Constitution be damned? + It's a policy to get the weapons away from Americans for + purposes other than some public official may be shot. + You hear much talk about guns being authorized only for + the militia which is gobbledygook. Here are statements of + several states when they ratified the Constitution and + requested a Bill of Rights: "The people have a right to + keep and bear arms; that a well regulated militia, + including the body of the people CAPABLE OF BEARING ARMS, is + the proper, natural and safe defence of a free State;". +  + Notice the semicolon after keep and bear arms. . . + There is no connection of that statement to the well + regulated militia. These are two complete and separate + statements. + Perhaps they no longer want us to be a free State. + The State of New Hampshire was even more direct in its + demand on the arms issue. "Congress shall never disarm any + citizen unless such are or have been in rebellion." + The people of those times would have never given up + their weapons whether they were a member of the militia or + not! The same applies today. No one is forced to own a + gun. And no one has the right to tell a citizen he or she + cannot own a gun whatever shape or form it may take. + Our 'leaders' have probably suddenly discovered that + they bleed as we do. They want to take away your weapons to + reduce their chance of bleeding! That is ridiculous also. + The persons intent on doing bodily harm to anyone will find + a way to get the weapon they need regardless of what the + government has to say about weapons. + If everyone owned a weapon, whether it be a hand gun, + rifle, shotgun or even a machine gun, there would be a lot + less violence with weapons. + The two incidents recently, one in New York City, the + other in Chicago show that Americans have a right to defend + themselves. The public and law enforcement officials are + solidly behind the idea that citizens have that right. Some + of the elected officials are not so happy about it. + So what is the purpose of gun laws? Simply people + control. + New York City has the first and strictest gun control + law on the books and what good does it serve? If people are + intent on committing violence, they will use screwdrivers or + baseball bats. Are they going to outlaw screwdrivers next? + Nonsense. + Look at Switzerland . . . Every able bodied man is + trained in weapons and issued a weapon to keep in his home, + ready always. Switzerland has the lowest crime rate in the + world. There is a lesson there; gun control is an insult to + the American people. + Government spends billions on all sorts of weapons but + feels the citizen who has a constitutional right to have + weapons is not to be trusted owning a handgun. Is it just + because they do it and the "guardian of our rights" decide + they will rubber stamp it because it is 'public policy' now? + How did a clause designed to be a restriction on big + brother get turned around to become a restriction on the + people who delegated the right to be governed? + Another recent issue in the area of the 2nd Amendment + shows the contempt the bureaucracy has for us . . bullet + proof vests. There is a proposal floating around that would + outlaw anyone except law enforcement personnel from owning + or wearing a bullet proof vest. + There will be exceptions to allow our leaders to wear + one if they desire. They just want to make certain that +  + they will not bleed but we will. How about that? + How many people would go through the expense of a + bullet proof vest is questionable. Yet they have no right + to "pass a law" saying we can't own one. + Every American citizen should own at least one weapon + and know how to use it proficiently. Should an incident + arise, you must be able to protect yourself or family. If + you have a weapon and never have to use it, what have you + lost? Nothing . . . and that is the point. + Every time there is an incident involving a weapon + where several people are shot or killed, idiots come out of + the woodwork screaming for more gun control. Yet some jerk + can drive an automobile into a crowd and kill five or six + people. No one says we should outlaw automobiles . . . yet + these people are as dead . . . + Let me point out now that we have gone through all the + points on 'keeping and bearing arms'. . . I am NOT a member + of any gun club or NRA. I just believe in our Constitution. + The Third Amendment is one which is mainly the result + of the Revolutionary War. . "No soldier shall be quartered + in any house. . " but this should be considered together + with the intent of the 2nd Amendment. It reinforces the + reason for the 2nd. I sincerely hope we never have to try + to force the issue of soldiers in American homes through our + kangaroo court system. + "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated. . " and if you still + believe that, I have a piece of ocean front property in + Arizona I want to sell. + The people of the colonies had a lot of trouble with + searches and seizures which were conducted by the Kings men. + They used "Writs of Assistance" which were papers they + carried in their pockets. They would simply fill out a name + and hand it to the individual and they had the 'right' to + search their home. + There was no need to show "probable cause" or to get a + warrant from a judicial officer, they just went in a + person's home and looked and took whatever they decided they + wanted. See the reason for the 4th Amendment? + Now the courts have decided that the police can stop an + automobile, search it and seize what they find without a + warrant. The executive branch has been given 'authority' to + go to your bank and get all your records and papers + (Internal Revenue Service) without even letting you know. + They can go to the telephone company and get all the records + of your calls, etc. + Apparently youngsters in school are not people as + defined in the 4th Amendment because school officials can + open a locker and search whenever they want. Does the 4th + Amendment say schools or school kids are exempt from the + restriction? + People who are only accused of a 'crime' have had + papers taken without search warrants and even had the papers +  + confiscated without any authority in our Constitution. Case + after case the courts have watered down the Fourth Amendment + until it is now practically nonexistent. Why? + More usurpation of the protections we are guaranteed in + the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. We must assume + control of our government! + When we speak of the Fifth Amendment, most people think + of "someone invoking the Fifth" or refusing to testify + against himself. (Judges have it even easier, all they have + to say is it is frivolous.) But the Fifth Amendment is an + involved amendment and contains a bunch of guarantees. + There are many parts to the 5th Amendment. . No one + shall be tried for the same crime twice. . No one shall be + held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except + through a Grand Jury. . No one is required to be a witness + against himself. . . Nor can any citizen be deprived of + life, liberty or property without due process of law. . Nor + can private property be taken for public use without just + compensation! That's a load of protection for us. + The 5th Amendment is more dead than the 4th Amendment. + There are some judges who will not even allow the 5th Amend- + ment to be mentioned in their courtrooms. Do you remember + what their oath said? + All the clauses of this amendment are important to our + survival but the most important part is: "nor be deprived + of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." + This about covers all the other issues of the entire + amendment. + Now courts are trying to decide or demanding that a + citizen define due process. More judicial buffoonery! What + is the 'law'? First, our Constitution and secondly, all + laws passed in conformance with the Constitution. + If your papers are seized without a warrant parti- + cularly describing the papers to be seized, this is not due + process. Any reader can figure from that just what due + process is. + Did you agree to allow our rights to be ignored or + purposely violated? If we have all these rights and the + entire government must respect and protect them, how could + they possibly do their job? + In the Sixth Amendment, we examine the rights of a + person who is accused of a crime. The accused has the right + to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury where the + crime was to have been committed. + The accused also has the right to be informed of the + nature and cause of the crime he/she is being charged with. + Also to be confronted by the witnesses against him. They + also have the right to have the government pay for witnesses + if the accused can't afford to pay to have them testify for + him. Further, they have the right to have assistance of + counsel for their defense. + Most of this amendment has been turned around. The + speedy trial requirement has usually been observed. Public + trial has not. There have been many instances where judges +  + decide what will be made public violating this amendment. + They claim they have 'discretion' to decide that point. + Where does this amendment allow for that discretion? + An impartial jury is a requirement being ignored more + and more. Government prosecutors have been known to check + backgrounds of potential jurors through computers and + eliminate those who would not be favorable to their side. + They deny this saying this could never happen in our system. + But they don't always tell the truth as we have seen. + We spoke earlier about the necessity of an impartial + jury trying the law as well as the supposed crime. When + pressed about this, the federales will admit that the jury + has the right to try the law also but feel they are not + required to inform the jury of this fact. + It is most important that any accused person have a + truly impartial jury as required by this amendment. It + should not be necessary for a person accused of a crime to + have to try to prove that the jury was biased in any way. + This is one of those sneaky points where the government can + get away with handpicking the jury to assure a conviction. + If a jury is truly impartial, you should be able to go + out into the street and pick the first twelve people you + meet to be jurors. + Having the right to be confronted with the witnesses + against him is also by the wayside. Now we have undercover + agents who simply make an accusation and are protected from + appearing as required by this amendment. + Must protect their identity . . . they say. What about + this constitutional requirement? + The right to counsel has been twisted out of recogni- + tion. According to the judges and courts, when it says + counsel, it means attorney or lawyer. + But it doesn't say that. Counsel has never been + defined as an attorney. Judges and attorneys are all + members of the same fraternity. They have decided that + counsel means attorney to keep their friends working. + Why should it matter to a court if you have an + attorney? They require an attorney because attorneys are a + member of the court. The courts will then force the + attorney to follow their rules and sacrifice your rights in + order not to upset the judge or court. If you were accused + of a crime and you knew a person who was not an attorney but + was well versed in law, you have the right under the Sixth + Amendment to have him assist you in your defense. + Judges enjoy amending the Constitution and you will + have a fight on your hands to insist that this right be + respected. But, what is a little fight with a public + servant? Remember . . . the judicial branch considers + rights as fighting words. + The Seventh Amendment assures the right to a jury trial + in a civil case according to the practice of common law. + Common law practice came to this country from Great Britain + and was used throughout the original thirteen colonies at + the time the Constitution was adopted. For a good explana- +  + tion of common law, purchase a copy of The Federalist Papers + and read paper #83 by Alexander Hamilton. + The right to a trial by jury in a criminal case has + already been guaranteed in the basic document. Neverthe- + less, the states wanted this further restriction. The right + in a civil case where the value in controversy exceeds + twenty dollars shall be preserved. The case could be tried + before a judge alone but only if the parties in the suit + agree to waive the jury. + This also means that each citizen is guaranteed the + right to demand a jury trial anytime they are assessed by + big brother, whether it be a fine or an assessment by the + Internal Revenue Service. That any controversy where the + value exceeds twenty dollars, you have the right under this + amendment to demand that the fact be tried before an + impartial jury. This was included to prevent overzealous + actions by the central government and their agents. + The Eighth Amendment forbids the government from + demanding excessive bail where, considering the financial + circumstances of the individual, the government could keep + someone in jail for an indefinite period where the needs of + justice would not be served. + It's obvious that this practice has been turned around + because judges will decide that they want to hold someone in + jail and set excessive bail requirements. There again, we + find judges amending the Constitution violating Article V of + the basic document. They have decided . . . It's as simple + as that! + The men who wrote the Constitution and the Bill of + Rights knew they could not cover all the events and cir- + cumstances that might happen in the future so they included + two more amendments as "catch-alls." + The Ninth and Tenth Amendments. The first eight + amendments were abuses which the colonists suffered under + British Royal rule and were spelled out as prohibitions + against the national government. Now to make sure the + government was kept inside the fence of delegated powers, + they included the Ninth Amendment. + It reads as follows: "THE ENUMERATION IN THE CONSTITU- + TION, OF CERTAIN RIGHTS, SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUED TO DENY OR + DISPARAGE OTHERS RETAINED BY THE PEOPLE." The Ninth makes + it unmistakably clear that the government cannot and could + not interfere with any rights which the people retained. + These include an endless list of things not spelled out in + the first eight amendments. A citizen has the right to do + or not do whatever he or she pleases as long as the rights + of others are not violated. Of course those choices must be + in keeping with the JUST laws which conform with and are + passed in pursuance of the Constitution. + Now let's again take a look at what the Tenth Amendment + spells out: "THE POWERS NOT DELEGATED TO THE UNITED STATES + BY THE CONSTITUTION NOR PROHIBITED BY IT TO THE STATES, ARE + RESERVED TO THE STATES RESPECTIVELY OR TO THE PEOPLE." + How do they get away with police powers, making any +  + thing but gold and silver coin as tender, allowing a private + corporation control the value of our money, establishing + crimes, etc? These two amendments simply point out what was + true . . . That the new government was one of specific, + limited, enumerated powers delegated by us. + Have they faithfully observed these amendments? Of + course not. Now you can see why the national government + ignores these two amendments. They show absolutely that + they are forbidden from doing anything which was not spelled + out. + These two amendments are the 'yardsticks' by which we + can judge whether any branch of government, be it the + legislative, executive or judicial, is exceeding it's + authority. Is our Constitution dead? It's up to you. + Let's read in part what the Declaration of Independence + says about rights being violated: "That to secure these + rights, governments are instituted among men. . That, + whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these + ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, + and to institute a new government. . [when we are forced to + suffer] a long train of abuses and usurpations. . It is + their right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern- + ment, and to provide new guards for their security." + Our government, under constitutional standards, has + only three functions. They are (1) DELIVER OUR MAIL, (2) + DEFEND OUR SHORES and (3) STAY THE HELL OUT OF OUR LIVES! + There is nothing further! They have NO OTHER POWER. + + + REGISTRATION DETAILS COMING UP .... + + THANKS FOR YOUR SUPPORT .... +  diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/rights_o.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/rights_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3d69b607 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/rights_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN + +Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789 + + +The representatives of the French people, organized as a National +Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of +the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of +the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a +solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of +man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all +the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of +their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative +power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared +at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political +institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order +that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple +and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of +the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore +the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence +and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights +of man and of the citizen: + +Articles: + +1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social +distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. + +2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of +the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights +are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. + +3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the +nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which +does not proceed directly from the nation. + +4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which +injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights +of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other +members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These +limits can only be determined by law. + +5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. +Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no +one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. + +6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has +a right to participate personally, or through his representative, +in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it +protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of +the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public +positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and +without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. + +7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in +the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one +soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, +any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned +or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as +resistance constitutes an offense. + +8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are +strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer +punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law +passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense. + +9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been +declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all +harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's +person shall be severely repressed by law. + +10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, +including his religious views, provided their manifestation does +not disturb the public order established by law. + +11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the +most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, +accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall +be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be +defined by law. + +12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen +requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, +established for the good of all and not for the personal +advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted. + +13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance +of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This +should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in +proportion to their means. + +14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally +or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public +contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is +put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of +collection and the duration of the taxes. + +15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an +account of his administration. + +16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, +nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all. + +17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one +shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally +determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition +that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified. + +------------------------------------- + +The above document was written by The Marquis de Lafayette, +with help from his friend and neighbor, American envoy to France, +Thomas Jefferson. Lafayette, you may recall, had come to the +Colonies at age 19, been commissioned a Major General, and was +instrumental in the defeat of the British during the American +Revolutionary War. He considered one special man his 'father': +George Washington. + +French King Louis XVI signed this document, under duress, but +never intended to support it. Indeed, the Revolution in France +soon followed, leading to the tyrannical rule of Napolean +Bonaparte. + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +VšR¥T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/roa.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/roa.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..518210c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/roa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1458 @@ + + + THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM + + To Modern Society + + by Sam Dolgoff + + + +This pamphlet is the second printing of an expanded version of an article that + +appeared in a 1970 issue of "Libertarian Analysis". It is the first pamphlet + +published by "Soil of Liberty". A second pamphlet, "A Critique of Marxism", + +also by Sam Dolgoff, is also available ($0.55). Bulk rates are available for + +both. + +Sam has been active in the anarchist movement since the 1920's and is a re- + +tired house painter living in New York City. + +"Soil of Liberty" offers a literature service through the magaizne and a + +partial listing is available. Magazine subscriptions are $3 - $4 per year. + + + +Soil of Liberty + +POB 7056 + +Powderhorn Station + +Minnepolis, MN 55407 + + + + First Printing - August 1977 + + Second Printing - September 1979 + + + +NOTE: ABOVE LISTED PRICES ARE AT LEAST 9 YEARS OLD, SO ASSUME THAT THEY ARE + +NOW HIGHER. + + + + + + Bourgeois Neo-Anarchism + + + + Meaningful discussion about the relevance of anarchist ideas to modern + +industrialized societies must first, for the sake of clarity, outline the dif- + +ference between today's "neo-anarchism" and the classical anarchism of + +Proudhon, Kroptkin, Malatesta and their successors. With rare exceptions one + +is stuck by the mediocre and superficial character of the ideas advanced by + +modern writers on anarchism. Instead of presenting fresh insights, there is + +the repetition of utopisitic ideas which the anarchist movement had long since + +outgrown and rejected as totally irrelevant to the problems of our increas- + +ingly complex society. + + Many of the ideas which the noted anarchist writer Luigi Fabbri a half cen- + +tury ago labelled "Bourgeois Influence in Anarchism" are again in circulation. + +[1] For example, there is Kingsley Widmer's article, "Anarchism Revived -- + +Right, Left and All Around." Like similar bourgeois movements in the past, + +Widmer correctly points out that: + + + + "...Anarchism's contemporary revival...mostly comes from the dissident + + middle class intellectuals, students and other marginal groups who base + + themselves on individualist, utopian and other non-working class aspects + + of anarchism..." [2] + + + + Other typical bougeois anarchist characteristics are: ESCAPISM - the hope + +that the establishment will be gradually undermined if enough people 'cop-out' + +of the system and "live like anarchsts in communes and other life-style ins- + +titutions..." + +NECHAYEVISM - romantic glorification of conspiracy, ruthlessness, and violence + +in the amoral tradition of Nechayev. + +BOHEMIANISM - total irresponsibility; exclusive preoccupation with one's pic- + +turesque 'life-style'; exhibitionism; rejection of any form of organization or + +self-discipline. + +ANTI-SOCIAL INDIVIDUALSIM - the urge to "idealize" the most anti-social forms + +of individual forms of individual rebellion." (Luigi Fabbri) + + + + "...intolerance of oppression [writes Malatesta], the desire to be free + + and develop one personality to its full limits, is not enough to make one + + an anarchist. That aspiration towards unlimited freedom, if not tempered + + by a love for mankind and by the desire that all should enjoy equal free- + + dom, may well create rebels who...soon become exploiters and tyrants..." + + [3] + + + + Still other neo-anarchist are obsessed with "action for the sake of + +action." One of the foremost historians of Italian anarchism, Pier Carlo + +Masini, notes that for them 'spontaneity' is the panacea that will automat- + +ically solve all problems. No theiretical or practical preparation is needed. + +In the 'revolution' that is 'just around the corner' the fundamental differen- + +ces between libertarians and our mortal enemies, authoritarian groups like the + +Marxist-Leinists, will miraculously vanish. + + + + "Paradoxically enough [observes Masini], the really modern anarchists are + + those with white hair, those who guided by the teachings of Bakunin and + + Malatesta, who in Italy and in Spain (as well as in Russia) had learned + + from bitter personal participation how serious matter a revolution can + + be...[4] + + + + It is not our intention to belittle the many fine things the scholars do + +say, nor to downgrade the magnificent struggles of our young rebbles against + +was, rascism and the false values of that vast crime "The Establishment" -- + +struggles which sparked the revival of the long dormant radical movement. But + +they stress the negative aspects and ignore or misinterpret the constructive + +princples of anarchism. Bakunin and the classical anarchists always emphasized + +the necessity for constructive thinking and action + + + + The 1848 revolutionary movement "was rich in instincts and negative theo- + + retical ideas which gave it full justification for its fight against + + privilege, but it lacked completely any positive and practical ideas + + which would have been needed to enable it to erect a new system upon the + + ruins of the old bourgeois setup...[5] + + + + Lacking such solid foundations, such movements must eventually disinteg- + +rate. + + + + Distorting Anarchist Ideas + + + + Some works on anarchism, like George Woodcock's "Anarchism" and the two + +books by Horowitz and Joll both titled "The Anarchists" -- perpetuate the myth + +that the anarchist are living antiques, visionaries yearning to return to an + +idyllic past. According to Woodcock, "...the historical anarchist movement + +that sprang from Bakunin and his followers is dead..." The cardinal principles + +of classical anarchism: economic and political decentralization of power, + +individual and local autonomy, self-mangaement of industry ('workers control') + +and federalism are + + + + obsolete forms of organization (running counter) to the world-wide trend + + toward political and economic centralization....The real social revolu- + + tion of the modern age is in fact the process of centralization toward + + which every development of scientific and technological progress has con- + + tributed... .the anarchist movement failed to present an alternative to + + the state or the capitalist economy. [6] + + + + It is hard to understand how scholars even slightly acquainted with the + +vast libertarian literature on social reconstruction come to such absurd con- + +clusions!! A notable exception is the French sociologist-historian Daniel + +Guerin whose excellent little book "L'anarchisme" has been translated into + +English with an introduction by Noam Chomsky (Monthly Review Press, N.Y.). + +Guerin concentrates on the constructive aspects of anarchism. While not with- + +out its faults (he underestimates the importance of Kropotkin's ideas and + +exagerates Stirner's), it is still the best short introduction to the subject. + +Guerin effectively refutes the arguements of recent historians, paricularly + +Jean Maitron, Woodcock and Joll concluding that their + + + + ...image of anarchism is not true. Constructive acarchism which found its + + most accomplished expression in the writings of Bakunin, relies on organ- + + ization, on self-discipline, onintegration, on a centralization which is + + not coercive, but federalist. It relates to large scale industry, to mod- + + ern technology, to the modern proletariat, to genuine internationalism... + + In themodern world the material, intellectual and moral interests have + + created between all parts of a nation and even different nations, a real + + and solid unity, and this unity will survive all states...[7] + + + + To assess the extent to which classical anarchism is applicable to modern + +societies it is first necessary to summarize briefly its leading constructive + +tenets. + + + + Complex Societies Necessitiate Anarchism + + + + It is a fallacy to assume that anarchists ignore the complexity of social + +life. On the contrary, the classical anarchists have always rejected the kind + +of "simplicity" which camouflages regimentation in favor of the natural comp- + +lexity which reflects the many faceted richness and diversity of social and + +individual life. The cybernetic mathematician John B. McEwan, writing on the + +relevance of anarchism to cybernetics explains: + + + + Libertarian socialists, synonym for non-indvidualist anarchism, especially + + Kropotkin and Landauer, showed an early grasp of the complex network of + + changing relationships, involving many structures of correlated activity + + and mutual aid, independent of authoritarian coercion. It was against + + this background that they developed their theories of social organiza- + + tion....[8] + + + + One of Proudhon's greatest contributions to anarchist theory and socialism + +in general was the idea that the very complexity of social life demanded the + +decentralization and autonomy of communities. Proudhon maintained that "... + +through the complexity of interests and the progress of ideas, society is + +forced to abjure the state...beneath the apparatus of government, under the + +shadow of its political institutions, society was slowly and silently pro- + +ducing its organization, make for itself a new order which expressed its + +vitality and autonomy..." [9] + + Like his predecessors, Proudhon and Bakunin, Kropotkin elaborated the idea + +that the very complexity of social life demanded the decentralization and + +self-management of industry by the workers. From his studies of economic life + +in England and Scotland he concluded that: + + + + ...production and exchange represented an undertaking so complicated + + that no government (without establishing a cumbersome, inefficient, bur- + + eaucratic dictatorship) would be able to organize production if the work- + + ers themselves, through their unions, did not do it in each branch of + + industry; for, in all production there arises daily thousands of diffi- + + culties that...no government can hope to foresee.... Only the efforts of + + thousands of intelligences working on problems can cooperate in the + + developement of the new social system and find solutions for the thou- + + sands of local needs....[10] + + + + Decentralization and autonomy does not mean the breakup of society into + +small, isolated, economically self-sufficient groups, which is neither poss- + +ible nor desirable. The Spanish anarchist, Diego Abad de Santillan, Ministry + +of the Economy in Catalonia in the early period of the Spanish Civil War (Dec. + +1936), reminded some of his comrads: + + + + ....Once and for all we must realize that we are no longer...in a little + + utopian world..., we cannot realize our economic revolution in a local + + sense; for economy on a localist basis can only cause collective priva- + + tion..., economy is today a vast organism and all isolation must prove + + detrimental...We must work with a social critierion, considering the + + interests of the whole country and if possible the whole world..."[11] + + + + A balance must be achieved between the suffocating tyranny of unbridled + +authority and the kind of "autonomy" that leads to petty local patriotism, + +separation of little grouplets, and the fragmentation of society. Libertarian + +organization must reflect the complexity of societal relationships and promote + +solidarity on the widest possible scale. It can be defined as federalism: co- + +ordination through free agreement -- locally, regionally, nationally and + +internationally. A vast coordinated network of voluntary alliances embracing + +the totality of social life, in which all the groups and associations reap the + +benefits of unity while still exercising autonomy within their own spheres and + +expanding the range of their freedom. Anarchist organizational principles are + +not separate entities. Autonomy is impossible without decentralization, and + +decentralization is impossible without federalism. + + The increasing complexity of society is making anarchism MORE and NOT LESS + +relevant to modern life. It is precisely this complexity and diversity, above + +all their overriding concern for freedom and human values that led the anar- + +chist thinkers to base their ideas on the principles of diffusion of power, + +self-management and federalism. The greatest attribute of the free society is + +that it is self-regulating and "bears within itself the seeds of its own re- + +generation" (Buber) The self-governing associations will be flexible enough to + +adjust their differences, correct and learn from their mistakes, experiment + +with new, creative forms of social living and thereby achieve genuine harmony + +on a higher humanistic plane. Errors and conflicts confined to the limited + +jurisdiction of special purpose groups, may do limited damage. But miscalcula- + +tions and criminal decisions made by the state and other autocratically + +centralized organizations affecting whole nations, and even the whole world, + +can have the most disasterous consequences. + + Society without order (as the word "society" implies) is inconceivable. But + +the organization of order is not the exclusive monopoly of the State. For, if + +the State authority is the sole guarantee of order, who will watch the watch- + +men? Federalism is also a form of order, which preceeded the establishment of + +the State. But it is order which gurantees the freedom and independence of the + +individuals and associations who freely and spontaneously constitute the fed- + +erations. Federalism is not like the State, born of the will to power, but is + +recognition of the ineluctable interdependence of mankind. Federalism springs + +from the will to harmony and solidarity. + + + + Modern Industry Better Organized Anarchistically + + + + Bourgeois economists, sociologists and administrators like Peter Druker, + +Gunnar Myrdal, John Kenneth Galbraith, Daniel Bell, etc., now favor a large + +measure of decentralization not because they suddenly became anarchists, but + +primarily because technology has rendered anarchistic forms of organization + +"operational necessities". But the bourgeois reformers have yet to learn that + +as long as these organizational forms are tied to state or capitalism, which + +connotes the monopoly of political and economic power, decentralization will + +remain a fraud -- a more efficient device to enlist the cooperation of the + +masses in their own enslavement. To illustrate how their ideas inadvertently + +demonstrate the practicality of anarchist organization and how they contradict + +themselves, we cite the "free enterpriser" Drucker and the "welfare statist" + +Myrdal. In the chapter titled "The Sickness of Government", Drucker writes: + + + + ...Disenchantment with government cuts across national boundaries and + + ideological lines...government itself has become one of the vested int- + + erests...the moment government undertakes anything it becomes entreched + + and permanent...the unproductive becomes built into the political process + + itself...social theory to be meaningful at all, must start with the real- + + ity of pluralism of institutions, a galaxy of suns rather than one big + + center surrounded by moons that shine only by reflected light...a society + + of institutional diversity and diffusion of power...in a pluralist + + society of organizations (each unit would be) limited to the specific + + service it renders to the member of society which it meant to perform -- + + yet, since every institution has power in its own sphere, it would be as + + such, affected with the public interest...such a view of organizations + + as being autonomous and limited are necessary both to make the organiza- + + tion perform and to safeguard the individual's freedom....[12] + + + + After demonstrating the 'monstrosity of government, its lack of performance + +and its impotence,' Drucker flatly contradicts himself and comes to the surpris- + +ing conclusion that "never has strong, effective government been needed more + +than in this dangerous would...never more than in this pluralist society of + +organizations." + + Mydal convincingly demonstrates that both the Soviet and the "free world + +states" need decentralization for administrative efficiency in order that + +(political and economic life) shall not succumb to the rigidity of the central + +apparatus. But then he expects the paternalistic welfare state to loosen "its + +controls over everyday life" and gradually transfer most of its powers to "all + +sorts of organizations and communities controlled by the people themselves..." + +No anarchist could refute Myrdal's arguement better than he does himself: + + + + ...to give up autocratic patterns, to give up administrative controls and + + ...withdraw willingly from intervening when it is no longer necessary, + + are steps which do not correspond to the inner workings of a functioning + + bureaucracy...[13] + + + + If these advocates of decentralization and autonomy were consistent, they + +would realize that the diffusion of power leads to anarchism. + + + + "Forming the New Society Within the Shell of the Old" + + (preamble of the I.W.W.) + + + + The anarchist have always opposed the Jacobins, Blanquists, Bolsheviks and + +other would-be dictators, who would in Proudhon's words "...reconstruct + +society upon an imaginary plan, much like the astronomers who for respect for + +their calculations would make over the system of the universe..."[14] + + The anarchist theoreticians limited themselves to suggest the utilization + +of all the useful organisms in the old society in order to reconstruct the + +new. They envisioned the generalization of practices and tendencies which are + +already in effect. The very fact that autonomy, decentralization and federal- + +ism are more practical alternatives to centralism and statism already presup- + +poses that these vast organizational networks now performing the functions of + +society are prepared to replace the old bankrupt hyper-centralized administra- + +tions. That the "elements of the new society are already developing in the + +collaspsing bourgeois society" (Marx) is a fundamental principle shared by all + +tendencies in the socialist movement. + + Society is a vast interlocking network of cooperative labor and all the + + deeply rooted institutions now functioning, will in some form continue to + +function for the simple reason that the very existence of manking depends upon + +this inner cohesion. This has never been questioned by anyone. What is needed + +is emancipation from authoritarian institutions OVER society and authoritari- + +anism WITHIN the organization themselves. Above all, they must be infused with + +revolutionary spirit and confidence in the creative capacities of the people. + +Kropotkin in working out the sociology of anarchism, has opened an avenue of + +fruitful research which has been largely neglected by social scientists busily + +engaged in mapping out new area for state control. + + Kropotkin based himself on the essential principle of Anarchist-Communism + +---abolition of the wage system and distribution of goods and services on the + +principle, "From each according to hos ability and to each according to his + +needs." He envisaged the structure of an Anarchist-Communist society as + +follows: + + + + The Anarchist writers consider that their conceptions (of Anarchist-Com- + + munism) is not a utopia. It is derived, they maintain, from an ANALYSIS + + OF TENDENCIES that are at work already, even though State Socialism may + + find temporary favor with the reformers...the anarchists build their + + previsions of the future upon those data which are supplied by the obser- + + vations of life at the present time...the idea of independent communes + + for the territorial organization, and of federations of trade unions for + + the organizations of [people] in accordance with their different func- + + tions, gave a CONCRETE conception of a society regenerated by a social + + revolution. There remained only to add to these two modes of organiza- + + tion a third, which we saw rapidly developing during the last fifty + + years.....the thousands upon thousands of free combines and societies + + growing up everywhere for the satisfaction of all possible and imaginable + + needs, economic, sanitary, and educational; for mutual protection, for + + the propaganda of ideas, for art, for amusement, and so on...an inter- + + woven network, composed of an infinite variety of groups and federations + + of all sizes and degrees, local, regional, national and international... + + (which) substitute themselves for the State and in all its functions... + + ALL of them covering each other, and all of them always ready to meet the + + needs by new organizaions and adjustments. [15] + + + + Kropotkin's federalism aspires to the "...complete independence of the + +Communes, the Federation of Free Communes and the Social Revoltion IN THE + +COMMUNES, that is, THE FORMATION OF ASSOCIATED PRODUCTIVE GROUPS IN THE PLACE + +OF THE STATE ORGANIZATION...."(Martin Buber, "Pathways in Utopia") The miniature municipal states, + +fashioned after the national States in which elected officials of political + +parties -- lawyers, professionals, and politicians but NOT THE WORKERS, con- + +trol social life will also be eliminated. For a Social Revolution that does + +not reach local and even neighborhood levels leads inevitably to the triumph + +of the counter-revolution. + + For Krpotkin, the " `Commune' is no linger a territorial agglomeration; + +but...a synonum for the grouping of equals, knowing no borders, no walls. The + +social Commune...will cease to be clearly defined. Each group of the Commune + +will necessarily be attracted to similar groups of other Communes; they will + +group together, federate with each other, by bonds at least as solid as those + +tying them to their fellow townsmen; (they will) constitute a Commune of int- + +erests, of which members will be diseminated through a thousand cities and + +villages. Each individual will find satisfaction of his needs only in group- + +ing together with other individuals have the same tastes and living in a + +hundred other Communes." [16] + + The following excerpt from "El Communism Libertario" gives some of Dr.Issac + +Puente's ideas on the political and economic organization of society. Puente, + +a medical doctor, was an important anarchist thinker and activist who was im- + +prisoned and then murdered by the fascists while fighting on the Saragossa + +front in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. + + + + Libertarian Communism is the organization of society without the State + +and without capitalist property relations. To establish Libertarian Communism + +it will not be necessary to invent artificial forms of organization. The new + +society will emerge from the "shell of the old". The elements of the future + +society are already planted in the existing order. They are the syndicate + +(union) and the Free Commune (sometimes called the 'free municipality') which + +are old, deeply rooted, non-Statist popular institutions spontaneously organ- + +ized and embracing all towns and villages in urban and in rural areas. The + +Free Commune is ideally suited to cope successfully with the problems of + +social and economic life in libertarian communities. Within the Free Commune + +there is also room for cooperative groups and other associations, as well as + +individuals to meet their own needs. (providing, of course, that they do not + +employ hired labor for wages."...The terms 'Libertarian' and 'Communism' de- + +note the fusion of two inseperable concepts, the indispensable pre-requisites + +for the Free Society: COLLECTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY. + + + + Workers Control + + + + The anarchist's insistance on workers' control -- the idea of self-manage- + +ment of industry by workers' associations "in accordance with their differenct + +functions", rest on very solid foundations. This tendency traces back to + +Robert Owen, the first International Workingmens' Association, the Guild Soc- + +ialist movement in England and the pre-World War I syndicalist movements. With + +the Russian Revolution, the trend towards workers' control in the form of free + +soviets (councils) which arose spontaneously, was finally snuffed out with the + +Kronstadt massacre of 1921. The same tragic fate awaited the workers' councils + +in the Hungarian, Polish and East German rising around 1956. {Typist's Note: + +This was written before Solidarity also brough this forth in 1980.} Among the + +many other attempts that were made, there is of course the clasiic example of + +the Spanish Revolution of 1936, with the monumental constructive achievements + +in the libertarian rural collectives and workers' control of unrban industry. + +The prediction of "News Bulletin" of the reformist International Union of Food + +and Allied Workers Association (July 1964) that "...the demand of workers' + +control may well become the common gound for advanced sectors in the labor + +movement both "east" and "west"..." is now a fact. + + Although the purged Bolshevik "left oppositionist", Victor Serge, refers to + +the economic crisis that gripped Russia during the early years of the revolu- + +tion, his remarks are, in general, still pertinent and incidentally illustrate + +Kropotkin's theme: + + + + ...certain industries could have been revived [and] an enormous degree of + + recovery achieved by appealing to the initiative of groups of producers + + and consumers, freeing the state strangled cooperatives and inviting the + + various associations to take over management of different branches of + + economic activity...I was arguing for a Communism of Associations -- in + + contrast to Communism of the State -- the total plan not dictated on high + + by the State, but resulting from the harmonizing by congresses and spec- + + ial assemblies from below.[17] + + + + Augustin Souchy, vetern Anarcho-Syndacalist activist, theoretician, one- + +time Secretary of the anarcho-syndaclist International Workingmens' Associa- + +tion and actively involved with the Spanish National Confederation of Labor, + +wrote that + + + + ...during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) the Spanish workers and + + peasants were establishing what could be loosely called "Libertarian + + Syndicalist Socialism": a system without exploitation and injustice. In + + this type of libertarian collectivist economy, wage slavery is replaced + + by the equitable and just sharing of labor. Private or State Capitalism + + (or State "Socialism") is replaced by workers' factory council, the union, + + the industrial association of unions up to the national federation of + + industrial unions. [18] + + + + It is essentially a system of workers' self-management at all levels. + + + + "After the Revolution" + + + + The anarchist thinkers were not so naive as to expect the installation of + +the perfect society composed of perfect individuals who would miraculously + +shed all their ingrained prejudices and old habits on the day after the revol- + +ution. They were primarily concerned with the immediate problems of social + +reconstruction that will have to be faced in any country -- industrialized or + +not. + + They are issues which no serious revolutionary has the right to ignore. It + +was for this reason that the anarchists tried to work out measures to meet the + +pressing problems most likely to emerge during what Malatesta called "the + +period of reorganization and transition." We summarize Malatesta's descussion + +of some of the more important questions. [19] + + Crucial problems cannot be avoided by postphoning them to the distant + +future -- perhaps a century or more -- when anarchism will have been fully + +realized and the masses will have finally become convinced and dedicated + +anarchist-communists. We anarchists must have our own solutions if we are not + +to be relegated to the role of useless and impotent grumblers, while the more + +realistic and unscrupulous authoritarians seize power. Anarchy or no anarchy, + +the people must eat and be provided with the necessities of life. The cities + +must be provisioned and vital services cannot be disrupted. Even if poorly + +served, the people in their own interests would not allow us or anyone alse to + +disrupt these services unless and until they are reorganized in a better way; + +and this cannot be achieved in a day. + + The organization of the anarchist-communist society on a large scale can + +only be achieved gradually as material conditions permit, and as the masses + +convince themselves of the benefits to be gained and as they gradually become + +psychologically accustomed to radical alterations in their way of life. Since + +free and voluntary communism (Malatesta's synonym for anarchism) cannot be + +imposed, Malatesta stressed the necessity for the coexistence of various eco- + +nomic forms, collectivist, mutualist, individualist -- on the condition that + +there will be no exploitation of others. Malatesta was confident that the + +convincing example of successful libertarian collective will + + + + attract others into the orbit of the collectivity...for my part I do not + + believe that there is "one" solution to the social problem, but a thou- + + sand different and changing solutions, in the same way as social exist- + + ence is different in time and space...[20] + + + + "Pure Anarchism Is A Fiction" + + + + Aside from the "individualists" (a very ambiguous term) none of the anar- + +chist thinkers were "pure" anarchists. The typical "pure" anarchist grouping, + +explains Geirge Woodcock, "is the loose and flexible affinity group" which + +needs no formal organization and carries on anarchist propaganda through an + +"invisible network of personal contacts and intellectual influences." Woodcock + +argues that "pure" anarchism is incompatible with mass movements like anarcho- + +syndicalism because they need + + + + stable organizations precisely because it moves in a world that is only + + partly governed by anarchist ideals...and make compromises with day-to- + + day situations...[It} has to maintain the allegiance of masses of + + [workers] who are only remotely conscious of the final aim of anarchism. + + [21] + + + + If these statements are true, then "pure" anarchism is a pipe dream. First, + +because there will never be a time when everybody will be a "pure" anarchist, + +and humanisty will forever have to make "compromises with the day-to-day situ- + +ation." Second, because the intricate economic and social operations of an + +interdependent world cannot be carried on without these "stable organiza- + +tions," even if every inhabitant were a convinced anarchist, "pure" anarchism + +would still be impossible for technical and functional reasons alone. This is + +not to say that anarchism excludes affinity groups. Anarchism envisions a + +flexible, pluralist society where all the needs of mankind would be supplied + +by an infinite variety of voluntary associations. The world is honeycombed + +with affinity groups from chess clubs to anarchist propaganda groups. They are + +formed, dissolved and reconstituted according to the fluctuating whims and + +fancies of the individuals adherents. It is precisely because they "reflect + +individual preferences" that such groups are the lifeblood of the free + +society. + + Bu anarchist have also insisted that since the necessities of life and + +vital services must be supplied without fail and cannot be left to the whims + +of individuals, they are Social Obligations which every able bodied individual + +is honor-bound to fulfill, if he expects to enjoy the benefits of collective + +labor. The large scale organizations, anarchistically organized, are NOT a + +DEVIATION. They are THE VERY ESSENCE OF ANARCHISM AS A VIABLE SOCIAL ORDER. + + THERE IS NO "PURE" ANARCHISM. THERE IS ONLY THE APPLICATION OF ANARCHIST + +PRINCIPLES TO THE REALITIES OF SOCIAL LIVING. THE AIM OF ANARCHISM IS TO STIM- + +ULATE FORCES THAT PROPEL SOCIETY IN A LIBERTARIAN DIRECTION. IT IS ONLY FROM + +THIS STANDPOINT THAT THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM TO MODERN LIFE CAN BE PROPERLY + +ASSESSED. + + + + Automation Could Expedite Anarchism + + + + We consider that the constructive ideas of anarchism are rendered even more + +timely by the cybernetic revolution still in its early stages, and will become + +increasingly more relevant as this revolution unfolds. There are, even now, no + +insurmountable technical-scientific barriers to the introduction of anarchism. + +The greatest material drawback to the realization of the ideal of "To each + +according to his needs from each according to his ability" has been the scarc- + +ity of goods and services. "...Cybernation, a system of almost unlimited pro- + +ductive capacity which requires progressively less human labor...would make + +possible the abolition of poverty at home and abroad..." [22] In a consumer + +economy where purchasing power is not tied to production, the wage system be- + +comes obsolete and the preconditions for the realization of the socialist + +ideal immeasurably enhanced. + + When Kropotkin in 1899 wrote his "Fields, Factories and Workshops", to + +demonstrate the feaseability of decentralizing industry to achieve a greater + +balance between rural and urban living, his ideas were dismissed as premature. + +It is now no longer disputed that the problem of scaling down industry to man- + +ageable human proportions, rendered even more acute by the pollution threat- + +ening the very existence of life on this planet, can now be largely solved by + +modern technology. There is now an enormous amount of research on this subject + +---see his "Post Scarity Anarchism" (Ramparts Press, 1971) The following are + +a few examples: + + + + Marshall MuIuhan writes: "ELECTRICITY DOES NOT CENTRALIZE BUT DECENTRAL- + +IZE...ELECTRIC POWER, EQUALLY AVAILABLE IN THE FARMHOUSE AND THE EXECUTIVE + +SUITE, PERMITS ANY PLACE TO BE A CENTER, AND DOES NOT REQUIRE LARGE AGGREA- + +TIONS...airplanes and radio permit the utmost continuity and diversity in + +spatial organization...(pp 47-48)...by electricty, we everywhere resume PER- + +SON-TO-PERSON RELATIONS ON THE SMALLES VILLAGE SCALE...IT IS A RELATION IN + +DEPTH, AND WITHOUT DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS AND POWERS...(p 225)...IN THE WHOLE + +FIELD OF THE ELECTONIC REVOLUTION THIS PATTER OF DECENTRALIZATION APPEARS IN + +MULTIPLE GUISES...("Understanding Media", emphasis added) + + + + Franz Schurman in "The New American Revolution", 1971, advocates an + +"ANARCHO-SYNDICALIST SOLUTION BASED ON DECENTRALIZED ASSOCIATIONS..." + + + + Christopher Lasch, discussing R.A. Dahl's "Authority in the Good Society" + +(New York Review of Books, 10-21-71) writes, "Self-mangement will transform + +corporate employees from corporate subjects to citizens of the enterprise... + +SELF-MANAGEMENT WILL NOT BE INTRODUCED FROM ABOVE BUT FROM BELOW...He (Dahl).. + +DENIES THAT WORKERS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO RUN INDUSTRY IN THE INTEREST OF + +SOCIETY...." + + + + The reviewers of John M. Blair's critique of economic centralization (New + +York Times Book Review, 9-10-72) find that Blair's researches are most impres- + +sive in debunking the myth that large scale, centralized enterprises are more + +efficient...the largest railroad in America, Penn Central, couldn't keep track + +of its boxcars...The most successful of all industrial behemoths, General + +Motors, long ago decentralized its operations; only the profits are concen- + +trated. + + Blair's point is re-enforced by a will-known English economist, E. F. Schu- + +macher in "Small Is Beautiful", "The achievement of Sloan and General Motors + +was to structure the gigantic firm in such a manner that it became, in fact, A + +FEDERATION OF REASONABLY SIZED FIRMS..." + + John Kenneth Galbraith in the "New Industrial State" wrote, "In giant indus- + +trial corporations AUTONOMY IS NECESSARY FOR BOTH AND SMALL DECISIONS AND... + +LARGE QUESTIONS OF POLICY...the comparative advantages of atomic and molecular + +for the generation of scientists, technical, economic, and planning judge- + +ments. ONLY A COMMITTEE, OR MORE PRECISELY, A COMPLEX OF COMMITTEES CAN + +COMBINE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE THAT MUST BE BROUGHT TO BEAR...(p.111). + +THE EFFECT OF THE DENIAL OF AUTONOMY AND THE INABILITY OF THE TECHONOSTRUCTURE + +(coporate centralized industry) TO ACCOMODTE ITSELF TO CHANGING TASKS HAS BEEN + +VISIBLY DEFICIENT OPERATIONS...THE LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONS ARE, + +THE MORE THEY MUST BE DECENTRALIZED..." (emphasis in all above quote has been + +added) + + One of the major obstacles to the establishment of the free society is the + +cumbersome, all pervasive, corporate-statist apparatus manned by an entrenched + +bureaucratic elite class of administrators, managers and officials who at all + +levels exercise de facto control over the operations of society. This has up + +till now been regarded as an unaviodable evil, but thanks to the development + +of computerized technology, this byzantine apparatus can now be dismantled. + + Alan Toffler ("Future Shock", 1970, p.141) summing up the evidence, con- + +cludes that "far from fastening the grip of bureaucracy on civilization more + +than before, automation leads to its overthrow..." Another source, quoting + +Business Week, emphasizes that + + + + ...automation not only makes economic planning necessary -- it also makes + + it possible. The calculations required for planning on nationwide scale + + are complicated and difficult, but they can be performed by the new elec- + + tronic computers in an amazingly short time... + + + + The libertarian principle of workers' control will not be invalidated by + +changes in the composition of the work force or in the nature of work itself. + +With or without automation, the economic structures of the new society must be + +based on self-administration by the people directly involved in economic func- + +tions. Under automation millions of highly trained technicians, engineers, + +scientists, educators, etc, who are already organizaed into local, regional, + +national, and international federations will freely circulate information, + +constantly improving both the quality and availability of goods and services + +and developing new products for new needs. + + By closely intermeshing and greatly expanding the already existing networks + +of consumer cooperative associations with the producer associations at every + +level, the consumers will amke their wants known and be supplied by the pro- + +ducers. The innumerable variety of supermarkets, chain stores and service + +centers of every description now blanketing the country, though owned by corp- + +orations or privately, are so structured that they could be easily socialized + +and converted into cooperative networks. In general, the same holds true for + +production, exchange, and other beranches of the economy. The integration of + +these economic organisms will undoubtedly be greatly facilitated because the + +same people are both producers and consumers. + + The progress of the new society will depend greatly upon the extent to + +which its self-governing units will be able to speed up direct communication + +- to understand each other's problems and better coordinate activities. Thanks + +to modern communications technology, all the essential facilities are now + +available: tape libraries, "computer laundromats", closed television and tele- + +phone circuits, communications satelities and a plethora of other devices are + +making instant, direct communication on a world scale accessable to all + +(visual and radio contact between earth and moon within seconds!). "Face-to- + +face democract" -- a cornerstone of a free society, is already foreshadowed by + +the increasing mobility of peoples. + + There is an exaggerated fear that a minority of scientific and technical + +workers would, in a free society, set up a dictatorship over the rest of soc- + +iety. They certainly do not new wield the power generally attributed to them. + +In spite of their "higher" status, they are no less immune to the fluctuation + +of the economic system than are the "ordinary" workers (nearly 100,000 are + +jobless). Like lower paid workers, they too, must on pain of dismissal obey + +the orders of their employers. + + Tens of thousands of frstrated first-rate technical and scientific em- + +ployees, not permitted to exercise their knowledge creatively, find themselves + +trapped in monotonous, useless and anti-social tasks. And nothing is more mad- + +dening than to stand helplessly by, while ignoramuses who do not even under- + +stand the language of science, dictate the direction of research and develop- + +ment. Nor are these workers free to exercise these rights in Russia or any- + +where else. + + In addition to these general consideration, there are two other preventa- + +tive checks to dictatorship of the techno-scientific elite. The first is that + +the wider diffusion of scientific and technical training, providing millions + +of new specialists, would break up any possible monopoly by a minority and + +eliminate the threat of dictatorship. "The number of scientists and techolo- + +gists in this country has doubled in little more than ten years and now forms + +twenty percent of the labor force -- this growth is much faster than that of + +the population..." (New York Times, 12-29-70) + + The second check to dictatorship is not to invest specialists or any other + +group with political power to rule over others. While we must ceaselessly + +guard against the abuse of power, we must never forget that in the joint ef- + +fort to build a better world, we much also learn to trust each other. If we do + +not, then this better world will forever remain a utopia. + + + + + + The True Revelance Of Anarchism + + + + I have tried to show that anarchism is not a panacea that will miraculously + +cure all the ills of the body social, but rather, a 20th century guide to + +action based on a realistic conception of social econstrction. The well-nigh + +insuperable material obstacle to the introduction of anarchism -- scarcity + +of goods and services and excessive industrial-mangerial centralization - have + +or can be removed by the cybernetic-technical revolution. Yet, the movement + +for empancipation is threatened by the far more formidable political, social + +and brain-washing techniques of "The Establishment". + + In their polemics with the Marxists, the anarchists insisted that the + +political state subjects the economy to its own ends. A high sophisticated + +economic system, once viewed as the prerequisite for the realization of + +socialism, now serves to reinforce the domination of the ruling classes with + +the technology of physical and mental repression and the ensuing obliteration + +of human values. The very abundance which can liberate man from want and + +drudgery, now enables the state to establish what is, in effect, a national- + +ized poorhouse, where the millions of technologically unemployed -- forgotten, + +faceless outcasts on public "welfare," will be given only enough to keep them + +quiet. The very technology that has opened new roads to freedom, has also + +armed states with unimaginably frightful weapons for the annihilation of + +humanity. + + While the anarchists never underestimated the great importance of the eco- + +nomic factor in social change, they nevertheless rejected fanatical economic + +fatalism. One of the most cogent contributions of anarchism to social theory + +is the proper emphasis on how political institutions, in turn, mold economic + +life. Equally sigificant is the importance attached to the will of man, his + +asperations, the moral factor, and above all, the spirit of revolt in the + +shaping of human history. In this area too, anarchism is particularly relevent + +to the renewal of society. To indicate the importance attached to this factor, + +we quote a passage from a letter that Bakunin wrote to his friend Elisee + +Reclus: + + + + ...the hour of revolution is passed, not because of the frightful dis- + + aster [the Franco-Prussian War and the slaughter of the Paris Commune, + + May 1871] but because, to my great dispair, I have found it a fact, and + + I am finding it every day anew, that revolutionary hope, passion, are + + absolutely lacking in the masses; and when these are absent, it is vain + + to make desperate efforts... + + + + The availability of more and more consumer goods plus the sophisticated + +techniques of mass indoctrination has corrupted the public mind. Bourgeoisifi- + +cation has sapped the revolutionary vitality of the masses. It is precisely + +this divorce from the inspiring values of socialism, which, to a large extent, + +accounts for the venality and corruption in modern labor and socialist move- + +ments. + + To forge a revolutionary movement, which, inspired by anarchist ideas, + +would be capable of reversing this reactionary trend, is a task of staggering + +proportions. But therein lies the true relevance of anarchism. + + + + + + REFERENCES + + + +1 - "Influences Bougueses en el Anarquismo" Solidaridad Obrera, Paris, 1959. + +2 - "The Nation", 11-16-70 + +3 - "Errico Malatesta: Life and Ideas", Freedom Press, London, 1965, p. 24 + +4 - quoted in a letter to a friend + +5 - "Federalism-Socialism-Anti-Theologism" + +6 - "Anarchism", World Publishing, Cleveland, 1962, p. 469, 473 + +7 - "L'Anarchisme", Gallimard, Paris, 1965, p. 180, 181 + +8 - "Anarchy", # 25, March 1963, London + +9 - "General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century", Freedom Press, + + London, 1923, p. 89 + +10- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Vanguard Press, New York, 1927, p. 76, 77 + +11- "After the Revolution", Greenbery Publisher, New York, 1937, p. 85, 100 + +12- "The Age of iscontinuity", Harper & Row, New York, 1968, + + p. 212, 217, 222, 225, 226, 251, 252 + +13- "Beyond the Welfare State", Yale University Press, New Haven, 1968, + + p. 102, 97, 108 + +14- Op cit #9, p. 90 + +15- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Dover Publications, 1970 edition, + + pp. 166-7, 168, 284, 285 + +16- Words of a Rebel, quoted by P. Berman in "Quotations from the Anarchists", + + New York, 1972, p. 171 + +17- "Memoirs of a Revolutionary", Oxford University Press, London, 1967, + + pp. 147-8 + +18- "Nacht Uber Spanien", Verlag die Freie Gesellschaft, Darmstadt-land, + + 1954(?), p. 164 + +19- Op cit #3, p. 100 + +20- Ibid, p. 99, 151 + +21- "Anarchism", p. 273, 274 + +22- "Manifesto"...Committee for the Triple Revolution, quoted in "Liberation" + + magazine, New York, April 1964 + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/roe.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/roe.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d5d55fcf --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/roe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +SHOULD CONSERVATIVES GIVE UP ON SUPREME COURT?-HUMAN EVENTS 7/11/92 + +In the wake of the Supreme Court's June 29 decision in which a +plurality of two justices appointed by Ronald Reagan and a third +named by George bush went out of their way t reaffirm the court's +1973 invention in Roe v. Wade of a purported constitutional right +to have abortions, stunned conservatives were asking themselves +what more, if anything, can be done to bring a halt to the +arbitrary - and blatantly unconstitutional-usurpation of power by +judges in this country. + There have been five vacancies on the nine-member court since +1981. On each and every one of those occasions liberals accused +the White House of administering ideological "litmus" tests on a +variety of political issues to potential nominees. + And just as frequently Administration spokesmen denied the +imposition of such tests, insisting that, in choosing justices, +Presidents Reagan and Bush had only one overriding objective: that +those selected for the court would honor their solemn obligation as +judges - indispensable to our system of separation of powers - to +interpret the Constitution, not impose their own personal whims +about what they would like it to say. + Yet in their jointly written plurality opinion in Planned +Parenthood v. Casey, Reagan-appointed Justices Sandra Day O'Connor +and Anthony Kennedy, together with Justice David Souter, a Bush +appointee, committed the one transgression that the chief +executives to whom they owe their high positions had taken pains to +avoid - judicial activism. + At issue in the case was the constitutional validity of a +Pennsylvania statute placing several restrictions on the process of +obtaining an abortion in that state, and many had thought that the +High Court might use the case to reverse the controversial holding +in Roe that purported to discern a constitutionally protected +"right" to an abortion. The Bush Administration, in its amicus +brief, had sought such a reversal. + In the end the court, with the concurrence of O'Connor, +Kennedy and Souter, upheld most, though not all, of the limitations +enacted by Pennsylvania. Yet, far from overturning Roe, the three +Reagan-bush appointees went out of their way to reaffirm what they +termed Roe's "central holding": that the availability of abortion +prior to "viability" of the fetus - i.e., the point when the unborn +child is capable of living outside the mother's womb-is a right +grounded in the Constitution. + In conjunction with the even stronger pro-abortion position of +the court's long-time zealots for abortion-on-demand - Justices +Harry Blackmun, who wrote the 1973 opinion in Roe, and John Paul +Stevens - the effect of the plurality opinion was to reaffirm the +notion of a constitutional "right" to an abortion, despite the +absence of any credible evidence for such a finding. + As Justice Antonin Scalia noted in a scathing dissenting +opinion that was joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Justice +Byron White, and the most recent addition to the court, Clarence +Thomas, it is obvious that abortion is not a constitutionally +protected "liberty" for the same reason that it's obvious "that +bigamy is not constitutionally protected - because of two simple +facts: (1) the Constitution says absolutely nothing about it, and +(2) the longstanding traditions of American society have permitted +it to be legally proscribed." + Indeed, as Chief Justice William Rehnquist explained, the +historical traditions of the American people in no way support the +view that the right to terminate one's pregnancy is "fundamental." +On the contrary, wrote Rehnquist, "The common law which we +inherited from England made abortion after 'quickening' an offense. + "At the time of the adoption of the 14th Amendment [cited by +O'Connor-Kennedy-Souter as the locus of the constitutional abortion +"right"], statutory prohibitions or restrictions on abortion were +commonplace; in 1868, at least 28 of the then 37 states and eight +territories had statutes banning or limiting abortion. by the turn +of the century virtually every state had a law prohibiting or +restricting abortion on its books." + By the middle of the current century, the chief justice +continued, "a liberalization trend had set in. But 21 of the +restrictive abortion laws in effect in 1868 were still in effect in +1973 when Roe was decided, and an overwhelming majority of the +states prohibited abortion unless necessary to preserve the life or +health of the mother. + "On this record, it can scarcely be said that any deeply +rooted tradition of relatively unrestricted abortion in our history +supported the classification of the right to abortion as +'fundamental' under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment." + As in Roe, then, the "right" to abortion elaborated in Planned +Parenthood v. Casey had nothing to do with the Constitution. It +was a judge-made law, pure and simple. Illegitimate in any case, +a judicial power grab of this kind is particularly disgraceful +coming from justices heretofore known as judicial conservatives or +moderates. + Most shocking about this court decision was the role of +Justice Kennedy. When nominated by President Reagan in 1987, +following the defeat of the Robert Bork nomination, then-Judge +Kennedy of the Appeals Court for the 9th Circuit brought with him +a record of well-enunciated respect for judicial restraint. + As a justice of the High Court, Kennedy not only continued to +burnish that record in general, but, on the specific issue of +abortion, he joined just three years ago in a plurality opinion in +Webster v. Reproductive Health Services that would have directly +overturned Roe, saying that there was no more right to terminate a +pregnancy than to engage in any other action not specifically +protected by the Constitution. + Whether legally or philosophically, there is no way to square +the position taken by Kennedy last week with his position in +Webster. The judicial unrestraint in Casey represents a shift so +abrupt that it is hard to view it as less than a betrayal of +principle. + Though O'Connor had always been regarded as somewhat less +faithful to judicial conservatism than Kennedy, her position in +Casey also represented a reversal of some of her past +pronouncements on abortion and a pronounced step toward unabashed +judicial activism. + As the New York Times reported last week, "In her early +opinions, Justice O'Connor proposed replacing Roe v. Wade with an +'undue burden' test that would have allowed more restrictions than +the test she, Justice Kennedy and Justice Souter adopted today. + "Because she had initially referred to the state's interest in +the life of the fetus as 'compelling, it had not been at all clear +whether her original 'undue burden' test would find it +unconstitutional for a state to ban abortion"- something a state +explicitly cannot do under the opinion co-authored by O'Connor in +Casey. + Souter, of course, was a pig in a poke from the outset, having +brought to his confirmation hearings virtually no "paper trail" and +little more than an endorsement by the moderate, pro-abortion Sen. +Warren Rudman (R.-N.H.). But Souter's current disposition, along +with that of O'Connor and Kennedy, seems all too clear. + Together, the three justices have sent a loud signal that, in +cooperation with the court's liberals, Blackmun and Stevens, they +intend to forge a new direction for the court that is far less +judicially conservative than had been expected. + For those who were paying attention, a warning shot came even +before Casey when, by the same 5-to-4 majority, the court on June +24 banned the use of prayers at public-school graduation +ceremonies- a practice that has been as ubiquitous a part of +American tradition since the time of the Founding Fathers as legal +abortion conspicuously has not been. + As if to turn the knife after first sticking it into those who +revere the tradition of judicial restraint, the three justices not +only jointly authored the plurality opinion, which is unusual, but +the read their decision from the bench for dramatic effect. + Their clear goal was to emphasize that, no matter that +millions of Americans resent the hijacking of the Constitution +represented by Roe, the controversial decision is still going to +be, for the foreseeable future, the unrepealable law of the land. + It was a thoroughly disgusting performance. As both Chief +Justice Rehnquist and Justice Scalia observed, Justices O'Connor, +Kennedy, and Souter could not even bring themselves "to say that +Roe was correct as an original matter." Instead, they said that +what was important "is not the soundness of Roe's resolution of the +issue, but the precedential force that must be accorded to its +holding." + So instead of arguing that Roe was correctly decided, the +unholy trio devoted many pages to a discussion of stare decisis, +the legal doctrine that states that, when possible, the court +should "abide by, or adhere to, decided cases." + Yet, noted Rehnquist and Scalia, the plurality decision's +discussion of stare decisis was actually bogus since Kennedy et al. +did not actually uphold Roe and related cases in their original +form but imposed their own new version of what Roe should mean. + While acknowledging that they may not have supported Roe had +they been on the court in 1973, the three justices argued that +people have come to rely on the Roe precedent, that "people have +organized intimate relationships and made choices that define their +views of themselves and their places in society" based on the +availability of abortion, and that it would be disruptive to +reverse the decision now, even if it was wrongly decided in the +first place. + The plurality gave as still another reason for not overturning +Roe that to "overrule under fire... would subvert the court's +legitimacy." In short, they did not want to be seen as bowing to +pressure from right-to-life activists who have demonstrated against +a decision that they are convinced was wrongly decided. + But this was silly on its face. For one thing, the justices +do not seem to mind that Roe v. Wade might be seen as having +catered to the demands of those who favor abortion-on-demand. The +Chief Justice pointed to the obvious when he noted that the court +has been subjected to "political pressure" from both sides of the +abortion issue. + Moreover, as Justice Scalia wrote, for a court majority that +says it can make up the law as it goes along, "unrestrained by +meaningful text or tradition," to then state that the court "must +adhere to a decision for as long as the decision faces 'great +opposition' and the court is 'under fire' acquires a character of +almost czarist arrogance. + "We are offended by these marchers who descend upon us, every +year on the anniversary of Roe to protest our saying that the +Constitution requires what our society has never thought the +Constitution requires. These people...must be taught a lesson. We +have no Cossacks, but at least we can stubbornly refuse to abandon +an erroneous opinion that we might otherwise change-to show how +little they intimidate us." + As still another excuse for refusing to overturn Roe whether +or not it was correctly decided initially, the three justices wrote +that, when the court has decided a case "in such a way as to +resolve the sort of intensely divisive controversy reflected in +Roe," the court should stand its ground and tell both sides to +acquiesce in the court's decision. + But this description of what the court had achieved in handing +down Roe suggests that the three justices have lost their grip on +social reality. Far from "resolving" a controversy, the court's +Roe edict took what was a relatively mild dispute in some of the +states and fanned it to a new level of intensity nationwide. + In words that remind us of the value of our heritage of +federalism and states' rights, Scalia noted: + "Not only did Roe not, as the court suggests, resolve the +deeply divisive issue of abortion; it did more than anything else +to nourish it, by elevating it to the national level where it is +infinitely more difficult to resolve. National politics were not +plagued by abortion protests, national abortion lobbying, or +abortion marches on Congress, before Roe v. Wade was decided. + "Profound disagreement existed among our citizens over the +issue-as it does over other issues, such as the death penalty-but +that disagreement was being worked out at the state level. As with +many other issues, the division of sentiment within each state was +not as closely balanced as it was among the population of the +nation as a whole, meaning not only that more people would be +satisfied with the results of state-by-state resolution, but also +that those results would be more stable. Pre-Roe, moreover, +political compromise was not possible." + But, said Scalia, "Roe's mandate for abortion-on-demand +destroyed the compromises of the past, rendered compromise +impossible for the future, and required the entire issue to be +resolved uniformly, at the national level. At the same time, Roe +created a vast new class of abortion consumers and abortion +proponents by eliminating the moral opprobrium that had attached to +the act... + "Many favor all of those developments," said Scalia, "and it +is not for me to say that they are wrong. But to portray Roe as +the statesmanlike 'settlement' of a divisive issue, a +jurisprudential Peace of Westphalia that is worth preserving, is +nothing less than Orwellian." + That justices appointed by Reagan and Bush have turned their +back on restraint and apparently set the stage for the court to +undertake a new round of the judicial activism that conservatives +had thought a thing of the past is a profound disappointment. Have +the Supreme Court appointments of Reagan and Bush been for naught? +many wonder. + Such frustration is understandable, but there have been some +gains. Thus, even while maintaining that there is a constitutional +right to abortion, last week's court decision allowed some state +limits on abortion that had not been allowed before. Most +importantly, the Casey decision did newly specify that states can +ban abortion except to save the life or health of the mother once +an unborn child has reached "viability," which had not been allowed +under some past court rulings. + The court also allowed Pennsylvania to require parental +notification before a minor can get an abortion and upheld the +state requirement of a 24-hour waiting period after giving informed +consent to a physician. (On the other hand, the court disallowed +a provision requiring wives to inform their husbands before +aborting a baby that was also his child.) + Probably the best grounds for hope at this stage, however, is +that, for all of the disappointment of last week's decision, the +court fell only one vote short of overturning Roe ad of upholding +school prayer, which means that further changes in the composition +of the court may yet make a reversal possible. It should be +remembered, moreover, that other Reagan and Bush nominees have not +disappointed but, indeed, form the hard core of the court's current +conservative bloc. + President Bush, who is in trouble with conservative groups, +may be able to regain some conservative support by pledging, if +reelected, to redouble his commitment to choosing only judges who +will interpret and not make the law. Last week's betrayal shows +how difficult such a quest is, but it is clearly not impossible. + As constitutional scholar Bruce Fein points out, the key +lesson that should come out of last week's decision is that, in +nominating new judges, it is not enough to select candidates who +have judicially conservative instincts; they must have judicially +conservative convictions. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ron_paul.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ron_paul.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a8d02dc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ron_paul.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1041 @@ + + +Libertarian Party's Ron Paul Sends "Dear Frank" Letter + +from the Libertarian Party News, March/April 1987 + + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + Following is the text of a letter sent to Frank Fahrenkopf, chairman of + +the Republican National Committee, by Ron Paul, former member of Congress + +from Texas and now a member of the Libertarian Party. + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + As a lifelong Republican, it saddens me to have to write this letter. + +My parents believed in the Republican Party and its free enterprise + +philosophy, and that's the way I was brought up. At age 21, in 1956, I cast + +my first vote for Ike and the entire Republican slate. + + + Because of frustration with the direction in which the country was + +going, I became a political activist and ran for the U.S. Congress in 1974. + +Even with Watergate, my loyalty, optimism, and hope for the future were tied + +to the Republican Party and its message of free enterprise, limited + +government, and balanced budgets. + + + Eventually I was elected to the U.S. Congress four times as a + +Republican. This permitted me a first-hand look at the interworkings of the + +U.S. Congress, seeing both the benefits and partisan frustrations that guide + +its shaky proceedings. I found that although representative government still + +exists, special interest control of the legislative process clearly presents + +a danger to our constitutional system of government. + + + In 1976 I was impressed with Ronald Reagan's program and was one of the + +four members of Congress who endorsed his candidacy. In 1980, unlike other + +Republican office holders in Texas, I again supported our President in his + +efforts. + + + Since 1981, however, I have gradually and steadily grown weary of the + +Republican Party's efforts to reduce the size of the federal government. + +Since then Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party have given us skyrocketing + +deficits, and astoundingly a doubled national debt. How is it that the party + +of balanced budgets, with control of the White House and Senate, accumulated + +red ink greater than all previous administrations put together? Tip O'Neill, + +although part of the problem, cannot alone be blamed. + + + Tax revenues are up 59 percent since 1980. Because of our economic + +growth? No. During Carter's four years, we had growth of 37.2 percent; + +Reagan's five years have given us 30.7 percent. The new revenues are due to + +four giant Republican tax increases since 1981. + + + All republicans rightly chastised Carter for his $38 billion deficit. + +But they ignore or even defend deficits of $220 billion, as government + +spending has grown 10.4 percent per year since Reagan took office, while the + +federal payroll has zoomed by a quarter of a million bureaucrats. + + + Despite the Supply-Sider-Keynesian claim that "deficits don't matter," + +the debt presents a grave threat to our country. Thanks to the President and + +Republican Party, we have lost the chance to reduce the deficit and the + +spending in a non-crisis fashion. Even worse, big government has been + +legitimized in a way the Democrats never could have accomplished. It was + +tragic to listen to Ronald Reagan on the 1986 campaign trail bragging about + +his high spending on farm subsidies, welfare, warfare, etc., in his futile + +effort to hold on to control of the Senate. + + + Instead of cutting some of the immeasurable waste in the Department of + +Defense, it has gotten worse, with the inevitable result that we are less + +secure today. Reagan's foreign aid expenditures exceed Eisenhower's, + +Kennedy's, Johnson's, Nixon's, Ford's, and Carter's put together. Foreign + +intervention has exploded since 1980. Only an end to military welfare for + +foreign governments plus a curtailment of our unconstitutional commitments + +abroad will enable us really to defend ourselves and solve our financial + +problems. + + + Amidst the failure of the Gramm-Rudman gimmick, we hear the President + +and the Republican Party call for a balanced-budget ammendment and a line- + +item veto. This is only a smokescreen. President Reagan, as governor of + +California, had a line-item veto and virtually never used it. As President + +he has failed to exercise his constitutional responsibility to veto spending. + +Instead, he has encouraged it. + + + Monetary policy has been disastrous as well. The five Reagan appointees + +to the Federal Reserve Board have advocated even faster monetary inflation + +than Chairman Volcker, and this is the fourth straight year of double-digit + +increases. The chickens have yet to come home to roost, but they will, and + +America will suffer from a Reaganomics that is nothing but warmed-over + +Keynesianism. + + + Candidate Reagan in 1980 correctly opposed draft registration. Yet when + +he had the chance to abolish it, he reneged, as he did on his pledge to + +abolish the Departments of Education and Energy, or to work against abortion. + + + Under the guise of attacking drug use and money laundering, the + +Republican Administration has systematically attacked personal and financial + +privacy. The effect has been to victimize innocent Americans who wish to + +conduct their private lives without government snooping. (Should people + +really be put on a suspected drug dealer list because they transfer $3,000 at + +one time?) Reagan's urine testing of Americans without probable cause is a + +clear violation of our civil liberties, as are his proposals for extensive + +"lie detector" tests. + + + Under Reagan, the IRS has grown bigger, richer, more powerful, and more + +arrogant. In the words of the founders of our country, our government has + +"sent hither swarms" of tax gatherers "to harass our people and eat out their + +substance." His officers jailed the innocent George Hansen, with the + +President refusing to pardon a great American whose only crime was to defend + +the Constitution. Reagan's new tax "reform" gives even more power to the + +IRS. Far from making taxes fairer or simpler, it deceitfully raises more + +revenue for the government to waste. + + + Knowing this administration's record, I wasn't surprised by its Libyan + +disinformation campaign, Israeli-Iranian arms-for-hostages swap, or illegal + +funding of the Contras. All this has contributed to my disenchantment with + +the Republican Party, and helped me make up my mind. + + + I want to totally disassociate myself from the policies that have given + +us unprecedented deficits, massive monetary inflation, indiscriminate + +military spending, an irrational and unconstitutional foreign policy, zooming + +foreign aid, the exaltation of international banking, and the attack on our + +personal liberties and privacy. + + + After years of trying to work through the Republican Party both in and + +out of government, I have reluctantly concluded that my efforts must be + +carried on outside the Republican Party. Republicans know that the + +Democratic agenda is dangerous to our political and economic health. Yet, in + +the past six years Republicans have expanded its worst aspects and called + +them our own. The Republican Party has not reduced the size of government. + +It has become big government's best friend. + + + If Ronald Reagan couldn't or wouldn't balance the budget, which + +Republican leader on the horizon can we possibly expect to do so? There is + +no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of + +government. That is the message of the Reagan years. + + + I conclude that one must look to other avenues if a successful effort is + +ever to be achieved in reversing America's direction. + + + I therefore resign my membership in the Republican Party and enclose my + +membership card. + + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + +The Case for Drug Legalization + + +by Ron Paul, MD + + + Today in Washington and on the campaign trail, Republicans and + +Democrats, conservatives and liberals, are calling for drastic action on + +drugs. + + + The Reagan administration has made these substances a special issue, of + +course. From Nancy Reagan and her "Just Say No" to Ed Meese and his anti- + +"money-laundering," officials have engineered mammoth increases in government + +spending for anti-drug efforts, and for spying on American citizens. + + + + The Assault on our Privacy + +<*=----------------------=*> + + + Our financial privacy has been attacked with restrictions on the use of + +honestly earned cash, and bank surveillance that has sought to make every + +teller a monetary cop. + + + In the name of fighting drugs, the central government has modernized its + +vast computer network and linked it with data files in states and localities, + +enabling the IRS, FBI and other agencies to construct dossiers on every + +innocent American. + + + In the Washington, D.C., of 1988, anyone exercising the basic human + +right to privacy is branded a possible criminal. This kind of 1984-think, + +more appropriate to Soviet Russia than the U.S.A., has grown alarmingly since + +Reagan came into office. + + + As human beings, we have the right to keep our personal and family + +finances - and other intimate matters - secret from nosey relatives. Yet the + +politicians, who are dangerous as well as nosey, claim the right to strip us + +bare. This dreadful development is foreign to our Constitution and + +everything America was established to defend. The politicians claim it has + +nothing to do with taxing and controlling us. + + + In this, as in virtually everything else, the politicians are lying. In + +fact, I believe that the drug hysteria was whipped up to strengthen big + +government's hold over us, and to distract Americans from the crimes of + +Washington, and the addiction to big government that is endemic there. + + + There is Another Way + +<*=----------------=*> + + + Instead of spending tax money and assaulting civil liberties in the name + +of fighting drugs - usually couched in childish military metaphors - we + +should consider a policy based on the American tradition of Freedom. And I + +know the people are ready. + + + I'm traveling full-time now, all over the country, and wherever I go, I + +get the message loud and clear: Americans want a change in federal drug + +policy. They may wonder about the proper course. But I am convinced that + +here, as in all other areas of public policy, the just and efficacious + +solution is liberty. + + + Drugs: Legal and Illegal + +<*=---------------------=*> + + + Alcohol is a very dangerous drug. It kills 100,000 AMericans every + +year. Bit it is no business of government to outlaw liquor. In a free + +society, adults have the right to do whatever they wish, so long as they do + +not agress or commit fraud against others. + + + Tobacco is an even more dangerous drug. It kills 350,000 Americans a + +year in long, lingering, painful deaths. As a physician, I urge people not + +to smoke. But I would not be justified in calling in the police. Adults + +have the right to smoke, even if it harms them. + + + From the decades-long government propaganda barrage about illegal drugs, + +we could be excused for thinking that illegal drugs must be even more + +dangerous than alcohol and tobacco. + + + In fact, 3,600 people die each year from drug abuse. That's less than + +4% of those doomed by alcohol, about 1% of those killed by tobacco. Yet we + +are taxed - and are supposed to undergo extensive other restrictions on our + +liberty - to support a multi-billion dollar War on Drugs, which, like all the + +other wars since the Revolution, benefits only the government and its allied + +special interests at the people's expense. + + + Not satisfied with the present level of violence, politicians are now + +advocating strip-searching every American returning from a foreign country, + +jailing people caught using marijuana in their own homes, turning the army + +into a national police force, giving customs agents the power and weapons to + +shoot down suspected aircraft, and transforming America into a police state - + +all because not enough Americans will Just Say No. + + + Politicians want to mandate random urine drug tests for all employees - + +public and private - in "sensitive" jobs. Leaving aside the problem of + +defective laboratories and tests, the high number of "false positives," and + +the humiliation of having to urinate in front of a bureaucrat, what about the + +concepts of due process or innocent until proven guilty? One of the great + +American legal traditions, coming to us from the common law, is probable + +cause. Because of the experiences our ancestors had with the British + +oppressors, it is not constitutional to search someone without probable cause + +of criminal activity. And this is a very intimate search indeed. + + + If this sort of search is justified, why not enter homes at random to + +look for illegal substances (or unreported cash)? Not even the Soviets do + +that, yet American politicians advocate something similar with our bodies. + +The Reagans, emulating Stalin, have even praised the chilling example of a + +child informing on his parents and urged others to follow his example. + + + The 1980's war on drugs has increased the U.S. prison population by 60%, + +while street crime has zoomed. Seventy percent of the people arrested for + +serious crimes are drug users. And all the evidence shows that they commit + +these crimes to support a habit made extremely expensive by government + +prohibition. Urban street crime, which terrorizes millions of Americans, is + +largely the creation of the U.S. drug laws. That alone is reason enough for + +legalization. + + + Drug Prohibition in American History + +<*=--------------------------------=*> + + + All the drugs now illegal in the United States were freely available + +before the passage of the Harrison Act in 1914. Until that year, patent + +medicines usually contained laudanum - a form of opium, which is why - at + +least temporarily - they were indeed "good for all ailments of man or beast." + + + First the feds - with the help of organized medicine - restricted + +narcotic drugs to prescription only. Thus, physicians were still able to + +treat addicts. Then the feds made that illegal, drastically raising the cost + +of drugs, with the results we all know. + + + Yet about the same percentage of the population abused these substances + +in 1888 as in 1988. In other words, some people will abuse drugs, just as + +some people will abuse alcohol, no matter whether they are legal or illegal. + +All the government can do by outlawing these items is vastly increase their + +cost, and vastly decrease our liberties. But his is no bad thing to the + +government. Government officials - from Washington grandees to the county + +sheriff - get rich off bribes and corruption, as during Prohibition, and the + +innocent pay through zooming crime and lessened freedom. + + + That does not mean, obviously, that illegal drug use is a good thing. + +As a physician, a father, and a grandfather, I despise it. My wife, Carol, + +and I have worked for years with a volunteer organization in our home town + +that fights teen drug and alcohol use. But we do it through moral and + +medical persuasion. Government force can't solve problems like this, it can + +only make them worse and spread the burden to many innocent Americans. + + + The federal government began the modern war on drugs as part of its + +efforts to destroy the 1960's anti-war movement, since so many of its people + +used marijuana, often as an anti-Establishment statement. For the feds, this + +was a way to jail domestic enemies for non-political crimes. + + + At the urging of the Nixon administration, which spied on and tax- + +audited so many Americans for opposing it, Congress greatly escalated the + +drug war in 1969. (Given all the evidence that the CIA has been involved in + +drug running since the 1950's, as pointed out by Jonathan Kwitny of the Wall + +Street Journal and others, they might not have liked the competition either!) + +Today, the feds spend almost $4 billion a year through the Customs Service, + +the Coast Guard, the Drug Enforcement Agency, the FBI, and the IRS. State, + +county, and local law enforcement adds billions more. + + + Despite all this firepower, today one in five Americans from the ages of + +20-40 use illegal drugs regularly. Millions over 40 join them, and last year + +824,000 Americans were arrested for it, including Elvy Musikka of Hollywood, + +Florida. This elderly widow was thrown into jail for possession of four + +marijuana plants, even though her doctor has said that without marijuana, + +glaucoma will destroy her eyesight. All over America, the prison population + +has increased 60% in the last five years, largely due to drug laws. + + + In spite of the immense sums of money spent on the crusade, drug use has + +not decreased. Heroin use has stayed level, while cocaine consumption has + +vastly increased, with about 5 million people regularly using it. + + + During the 1930's and 1940's, Harry Anslinger, the head of the Federal + +Bureau of Narcotics, whipped up the first drug fervor. Today the demon is + +"crack." To Anslinger, marijuana created "drug fiends," and as a result + +government violated civil liberties on a wide scale and imposed Draconian + +prison sentences for the possession of small amounts. + + + The result was not, of course, the elimination of marijuana use, just as + +the earlier Prohibition failed to stop Americans from drinking alcohol. + + + That "noble experiment" attempted by constitutional amendment and + +rigorous regulation to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages. The "temperance" + +movement called alcohol the main cause of violent crime and broken families, + +and called for rooting it out. + + + The result of the war on drugs of the 1920's was disaster. Gangs of + +bootleggers replaced ordinary businessmen as sellers of the now forbidden + +substance. Notorious criminals such as Al Capone achieved their status + +through their control of the illegal trade in drink, just as criminals today + +derive much of their revenue from the market for illegal narcotics. Of + +course, drinking among the public did not disappear, though adulterated and + +poisoned alcohol led to many deaths. + + + However unsuccessful they were at stopping drinking, government agents + +did succeed in suppressing civil liberties. We owe wiretapping to the + +Prohibition Era, and warrantless searches of private homes were common. Some + +federal agents, not content with what they viewed as an overly slow judicial + +process, destroyed supposed contraband on their own authority. And as + +happens today, government raids on bootleggers often resulted in shootouts + +with the innocent caught in the crossfire. A government policy calling for + +total victory, at whatever cost, over something many people wanted, meant + +inevitable death and destruction. + + + Unseen Effects of Government Intervention + +<*=-------------------------------------=*> + + + Today and then, one of the unexpected results of outlawing desired + +substances is to increase their potency. + + + A uniform tax on gasoline of so many cents per gallon promotes the + +production of higher octane gas, which sells for more and gives the consumer + +better performance. A uniform "tax" of the danger of going to jail imposed + +on making and selling alcohol during Prohibition stimulated the production of + +such items as White Mule whiskey, with "twice the kick," as well as of often + +dangerous substitutes such as synthetic gin made of wood or denatured + +alcohol. It also favored the production of whiskey itself over beer and + +wine. During Prohibition, distilled spirits accounted for more than 80% of + +the total underground sales. Before and after the criminalization of + +drinking, the figure was 50%. + + + In the legal drug market, the trend is towards LOWER potency, as with + +low-tar, filtered cigarettes, decaffeinated coffee, and "lite" beer and wine. + + + But with illegal drugs, as with alcohol during Prohibition, the reverse + +is true. Stronger cocaine, heroin, and marijuana have lead to more deaths, + +as have the adulterated products which kill most of the people listed dying + +from drug overdoses. + + + Designer Drugs + +<*=----------=*> + + + But what if the feds could seal the borders tight, and prevent the + +domestic cultivation of all illegal plants? We would see a massive increase + +in an already visible trend: "Designer Drugs." + + + These chemically engineered artificial substances are up to 6,000 times + +as strong as morphine, and their toxic effects are bizarre and unpredictable. + +They are far more dangerous than heroin or cocaine, yet the government is in + +effect stimulating their production by focusing on their competition. + + + Unlike natural narcotics, a few pounds of designer drugs could supply + +the entire U.S. market for a year. And they can be manufactured by the same + +clandestine chemists who now extract morphine from opium and convert morphine + +to heroin. + + + What if We Tried Legalization? + +<*=--------------------------=*> + + + When the American people got fed up with their rights being trampled, + +they organized and supported candidates who pledged to erase the Prohibition + +Amendment from the Constitution. When they succeeded, most states legalized + +the distribution and sale of liquor, and the criminal gangs dominating the + +trade went out of business. The repeal of a bad law accomplished what the + +indiscriminate use of force and tax money could never do: the end of + +criminal trade in liquor. It would be no different for drugs. + + + If the use and sale of drugs were not illegal, the power of crime + +syndicates now controlling these substances would disappear. These + +organizations derive their power and influence only from the fact that their + +business is illegal. + + + Though the benefits in the destruction of criminal organizations more + +than justify an end to government intrusion in this area, a policy of + +decriminalization would have many other good results. For one thing, the + +users of drugs who now commit violent crimes to pay for heir "fix" would have + +much less incentive to do so. Prices of drugs, now subject to open + +competition, would drop sharply. Since narcotics are "downers," addicts + +would have no incentive to act any different from "Bowery" alcoholics. + +Instead of raving criminals, they would become street people. + + + Even addicts would be better off. The major cause of death is not from + +drugs' narcotic properties. It is from poisoned drugs and adulteration. It + +is impossible for the user to know how much he is taking. Illegality causes + +these problems - the drug user can hardly ask his pusher for lab tests. + + + A legal market would be an entirely different affair. Just as a + +customer in a liquor store need not wonder if his whiskey contains poison, or + +what he percentage of pure alcohol is, the consumers of drugs would no longer + +face a danger that is 100% Made in Washington. + + + Also, the use of contaminated needles by narcotics users has been a key + +factor in the spread of AIDS. Through the availability of sterile needles in + +a free and open market, decriminalization would help control the spread of + +this disease. + + + But if we legalized the trade in narcotics, wouldn't we have many more + +drug addicts than today? Wouldn't a lower price increase demand? + + + Leaving aside the "forbidden fruit" phenomenon - the fact that many + +people find something more desirable precisely because it is illegal - the + +law of demand does not tell us how much consumption will increase with + +lowered prices. In fact, the data show that consumption of drugs remains + +fairly constant under widely varying conditions. + + + Just as the sharply higher "price" of the escalated war on drugs has not + +lowered drug use during the 1980's, legalization would not increase it. Just + +as the availability of alcohol does not make everyone a drunkard, so the + +absence of criminal sanctions would not convert everyone into a drug user. + + + Another important point: not all consumers of either alcohol or drugs + +use them at problem levels. Most people who use liquor are not alcoholics, + +and many users of drugs try them only occasionally. Most drug users are not + +"addicts" dependent on their daily use. + + + What About Children? + +<*=----------------=*> + + + Would decriminalization place drugs in the hands of children? No, in + +fact, outlawing them has done it. Because of the severe penalties inflicted + +on adult drug suppliers in the 1970's, criminal syndicates now use juvenile + +distributors. Youngsters, even if prosecuted, are tried in special courts + +which cannot impose severe penalties. Thanks to the government, pushers now + +have every incentive to involve children in their business. Just as a free + +society properly has laws against selling liquor to minors, we would bar the + +sale of drugs to them. + + + Law Officials Advocate Legalization (In Private) + +<*=--------------------------------------------=*> + + + A few years ago, a friend was a consultant to a gubernatorial campaign. + +To aid the candidate in forming his anti-crime policies, my friend assembled + +a group of top DA's. All were glad to help, but they also unanimously + +agreed, - off the record, of course - that nothing significant could be done + +about crime until "drugs are legalized." + + + They will never be legalized, said one famous prosecutor, because too + +many government officials make too much money off the drug trade: from the + +feds to the county sheriff: "BILLIONS of dollars." These men were also + +furious because of spending priorities. Every dollar spent pursuing drug + +dealers and users who didn't aggress against the innocent was a dollar less + +available going after criminals. + + + Narco-Terrorism + +<*=-----------=*> + + + Bok Kwan Kim, a 49-year-old electrical assembly worker, lived peacefully + +in a tiny apartment with his wife, three daughters, and 78-year-old mother- + +in-law in Newark, California. + + + Then late on the night of May 12th, nine narcotics police broke down his + +front door, handcuffed him and beat him until he was unconscious, handcuffed + +his wife and shoved her to the floor as their daughters screamed, and + +ransacked the apartment. Not one piece of furniture was left unbroken; every + +pillow or piece of upholstery was torn and emptied of its stuffing. All their + +dishes and porcelain were shattered. Only a picture of Jesus on the wall was + +left in one piece. + + + Why? The narcotics police had gotten a false tip from an informer that + +Kim had a stock of amphetamines. Why the beating? The police said Kim had + +"resisted" the destruction of his home and few possessions. + + + Kim is still in the hospital, and his daughters have nightmares every + +night. The head of the narcotics squad apologized, but noted that "this is + +war." + + + Yes, but war on whom? We now have Republicans and Democrats passing + +laws - over the Pentagon's wise opposition - to turn the military into narco- + +police, which arrest civilians. And if anyone's rights are violated? The + +military narcotics police are to be immune from suit. + + + Under the government's so-called Zero Tolerance program, boats and cars + +are being confiscated right and left. Recently a $3 million yacht was + +commandeered by the Coast Guard because a few shreds of marijuana were found + +in a wastebasket. The Coast Guard had boarded the vessel despite there being + +to probable cause of crime. The owner was not on board, and his employees + +were transporting the ship. Who did the marijuana belong to? It didn't + +matter. A yacht - which an entrepreneur had worked all his life to own - was + +stolen by the U.S. Government, and will be sold at auction. What's next? A + +house confiscated because someone finds pot in the garbage can? (Now that + +the Supreme Court says police can search your garbage without a warrant.) + + + Mises on Drug Prohibition + +<*=---------------------=*> + + + Ludwig Von Mises, the outstanding economist and champion of liberty of + +our time, as usual summed it all up in 'Human Action' + + + "Opium and morphine are certainly dangerous, habit-forming drugs. But + +once the principle is admitted that it is the duty of government to protect + +the individual against his own foolishness, no serious objections can be + +advanced against further encroachments. A good case can be made out in favor + +of the prohibition of alcohol and nicotine. And why limit the government's + +benevolent providence to the protection of the individual's body only? Is + +not the harm a man can inflict on his mind and soul even more dangerous than + +bodily evils? Why not prevent him from reading bad books and seeing bad + +plays, from looking at bad paintings and statues, and from hearing bad music? + +The mischief done by bad ideologies, surely, is much more pernicious, both + +for the individual and for the whole society, than that done by narcotic + +drugs... + + + "[N]o paternal government, whether ancient or modern, ever shrank from + +regimenting its subjects' minds, beliefs, and opinions. If one abolishes + +man's freedom to determine his own consumption, one takes all freedoms away." + + +Ron Paul, MD, is the Libertarian Party's 1988 candidate for President of the + +United States. + + +Paid for by the Ron Paul for President Campaign + +1120 NASA Road 1, Suite #104 + +Houston, Texas 77058 + +713-333-1988 + + + + Transcriber's note: it is now 1990 and Ron Paul received roughly + +400,000 votes in his campaign for president. As far as I know he was the + +only candidate to openly support legalization and in my opinion it is a shame + +that the Women's League of Voters didn't let him debate with Bush and + +Dukakis. I am sure both of the latter would have had a rough time handling + +questions which actually pertained not only to the issues, but also to + +objective reality. If you like what Congressman Paul has to say, or if you + +are just curious, write for FREE information to: + + +Advocates for Self-Government + +5533 E. Swift + +Fresno, Ca 93727 + + +or: + + +Libertarian Party National Headquarters + +1528 Pennsylvania Ave, S.E. + +Washington, DC 20003 + +202-543-1988 + + + +The Dak, 7-22-90 + + +Holiday Inn, Cambodia BBS - 209/456-8584 - 24 Hours since 11/84 + + +"Society in every state is a blessing, but government, even in its best + +state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one." + + + - Thomas Paine, 1776 + + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/rossmodm.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/rossmodm.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0f47c2eb --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/rossmodm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +A ROSS PEROT FOR THE MODEM-MINDED + +How many people know that the recently passed federal budget +package includes a special tax on modems? + Too many, according to James Leonard. The tax doesn't exist, of +course, but it's an example of the kind of misinformation that gets +spread over the nation's computerized bulletin boards. + With a growing subscriber base of around 3 million personal +computer users, various types of online services "can spread these +rumors like firestorms across the electronic global community," +says Leonard, a spread sheet specialist who lives in Seattle. + To douse those flames - and to help ensure that modem users +aren't targeted by a tax - he has set out to form a group called +the International Association of Modem Users. "THIS NOT A HOAX!" +shouts his invitation, which he dispatched on six bulletin board +systems two weeks ago. + As Leonard notes, bulletin board users are nothing: if not +responsive. When the owners of Cambridge-based Channel 1 opened +up a forum for discussion of their dispute with the state +over telecommunications taxes - with the hyperbolic +claim that the Department of Revenue is "attempting to +tax the flow of information" indignant users couldn't +log on fast enough. + Among other things, they used the opportunity to de- +clare their devotion to Libertarian politics, to warn gov- +ernment "to keep its cotton-pickin' hands off the infor- +mation superhighway" and to diagnose the Department +of Revenue's behavior as "immoral, indecent and evil." +One suggested that the state's behavior befits "the old Soviet +Union, before it collapsed." + Leonard, who apparently prides himself on being +sleepless, in Seattle hangs out online every night from +5:30 p.m. to 2 a.m. During that time, he says he's picked +Up all manner of inaccurate reports about state efforts to +tax various aspects of modem usage. But he believes that +the fundamental fear is based in a simple truth: "It's be- +ing driven by cities and states, who are all looking for new +revenue." + For now, Leonard is handing out free memberships +to anyone who wants to join his group 10 days after his +appeal went out, he had received 175 responses, from as +far away as Thailand - and he expects to spend time try- +ing to verify rumors members hear about relevant legislation. As +the grass-roots group gets organized, though, he will begin +charging dues. He already compares his fledgling movement to United +We Stand, Ross Perot's organization. "I think I am like him," he +says,"but I don't have a drawl." + Nevertheless, he does believe he's the first to tap into +a potentially powerful constituency. "Modem use crosses +all classes of people," Leonard says, "and they all strong- +ly believe it's their right to communicate freely." + JOSH HYATT + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/roundup.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/roundup.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4c8e21d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/roundup.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + ROUNDUP -- THE WORLD'S MOST POPULAR WEED KILLER + + Eduardo Neaves was a healthy and happy twelve-year-old, the son + of migrant farm workers. But after swimming in a canal in Coral + Gables, Florida, he became a "total quadriplegic." The canal was + contaminated with four times the recommended-use level of Roundup, a + herbicide produced by The Monsanto Company. Toxicologists were not + surprised by the central nervous system damage that still afflicts the + boy five years after the incident but were unable to prove a + connection between Roundup and the paralysis in court. + But whether Roundup can cause damage to the central nervous + system may never be known. Although Monsanto's original neurotixicity + studies were ruled invalid by the EPA because of "extensive gaps in + the raw data supporting study findings and conclusions," there is no + requirement that a new study be made. However, Roundup is far more + dangerous than the public has been led to believe. Records of + pesticide poisoning compiled over the last five years by California's + Department of Agriculture show that among some 200 pesticides widely + used in the state, Roundup has been linked to the greatest numbers of + eye, skin, and internal injuries. The EPA's own Pesticide Incident + Monitoring System (which was dissolved by the Reagan administration) + recorded more than 100 cases of Roundup poisoning in 1980. Despite its + own findings, the EPA concluded the weed killer is "not a primary skin + irritant, and is only minimally irritating to the eye." That judgement + was based solely on data provided by Monsanto. + Dr. Ruth Shearer, a genetic toxicologist, charged that Monsanto's + claims about the safety of the product are dishonest because they are + based on phony studies on cancer and birth defects performed by the + now defunct Industrial Bio-Test lab (IBT). Once the nation's leading + generator of health effects studies for companies whose chemical + products require government approval, IBT was found to have conducted + shoddy tests and falsified results. Monsanto was IBT's biggest + customer, according to court documents, and was reported to be one of + four chemical companies that knew of IBT's fraudulent testing + practices. One IBT executive, Paul L. Wright, was employed by Monsanto + before and after his tenure at the testing lab. It was during + Wright's stay at IBT that the lab performed tests involving Roundup's + connection to mutation in mice and tumors in rabbits. Wright was + convicted of fraudulent testing in 1983. (The IBT story was the top + "censored" story of 1982.) Despite the known hazards, the danger is + compounded by the variety of new uses for which the herbicide is being + promoted. It is applied to citrus and grape groves in California, + soybeans in the Middle West, Christmas trees in Maine, coffee beans in + Brazil, as well as crops grown for vitamins and spices, house plants, + and government forests in the Pacific Northwest. In fact, Roundup + is the world's most popular brand-name herbicide. It is easily + Monsanto's most important product, the first herbicide to reach annual + sales of $1 billion. It is marketed in 120 countries and accounts for + more than half of Monsanto's foreign sales. + Given Roundup's fraudulent approval; its significant health and + environmental hazards; and that it is the most widely used brand-name + herbicide in the world, the issue deserves significant media + attention. At the very least, Monsanto should be required to redo the + studies that are now known to be invalid. + + SOURCE: THE PROGRESSIVE, July 1987, "Weed Killer," by Anthony L. + Kimery, pp 20-21. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/russia.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/russia.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..af5b8fb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/russia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,517 @@ + + THE COMING RUSSIAN INVASION OF ISRAEL + + April 14, 1978 + An open letter to... + + Mr. Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary + Union of Soviet Socialist Republics + The Kremlin + Moscow, U.S.S.R. + + Sir: + Your days are numbered! Time is running out for Russia. This is + clearly set forth in Bible prophecy, which we will shortly point out + to you. Russia has very cleverly, so you believed, armed herself to + the teeth, while by treaties and overtures for co-existence she has + disarmed the rest of the world. But your plans are not hidden from + God nor from those who have read His prophecies. + It is very clear that you plan to blackmail the free nations of + the world by means of your overwhelming military might, into total + nonintervention while you attack Israel on the pretext of settling the + Middle East situation. You will very likely have the enthusiastic + support of most of the Arab nations as you make this attack on Israel. + But what they will fail to realize is that Soviet Russia will remain + true to her double-crossing tactics of the past, and once you are + established in conquered territory in Israel you plan to then absorb + the rest of the Middle East. And this would not be difficult once you + are there with your armed might. + But God has some violent suprises awaiting you in Israel. In + 1968, shortly following the 1967 six-day war in Israel, we wrote an + open letter to Mr. Aleksei N. Kosygin, who was then Premier of Soviet + Russia. We feel it would be well to call your attention to the + contents of that letter, because the warnings to Mr. Kosygin ten years + ago are just that much nearer fulfillment today. You at that time + were arming Egypt for another attack on Israel. We warned you that + according to Bible prophecy the Arabs would never overcome Israel - + that God would again fight for them. That statement proved all too + true when through your misguidance you directed Egypt in her first + attack on Israel in 1973. + By now all the world knows that Egypt is thoroughly fed up with + your trickery and deceit. So you plan to soon take the matter in hand + and deal with Israel yourself, and once and for all eliminate Israel + from the map. But before you do so it might be well for you to read a + copy of the open letter which we sent to Mr. Kosygin in 1968, warning + him of the consequences of such action. Here is the letter we sent to + Mr. Kosygin: + + An open letter to ... + + Mr. Aleksei N. Kosygin, Premier + Union of Soviet Socialist Republics + The Kremlin + Moscow, U.S.S.R. + + Sir: + This is a warning! You and the rest of the Communist world, who + have defied the God who created you, and have persecuted and murdered + millions of Christians and plotted Israel's destruction, beware. The + God of the universe is nearly finished with taking your abuse. You + and your comrades are destined soon to lead your nation into total + disaster as reward for the evil you have perpetrated. + Your doom was foretold some 2,570 years ago, as God, whom you + deny and hate, spoke through His prophet Ezekiel. If you can track + + + + + + + down a Bible somewhere in Russia, you will find the account of your + impending judgment in chapters 38 and 39 of Ezekiel, in the latter + part of the Old Testament. Just prior to this section, in chapters 36 + and 37, the regathering of Israel as a nation is foretold and + described. The next two chapters, 38 and 39, proceed to tell how God + is going to allow you to enter the land of Israel, not for glory, not + for plunder, but for judgment. + God is the Judge and the Sovereign Ruler of His entire universe. + You have blasphemed and slandered your Sovereign. You have plundered, + castigated, and murdered millions of His subjects from the Baltics to + the China Sea. And you have meted out special persecution to those + who love and serve His only begotten Son, Jesus Christ. For His + chosen people, Israel, you are planning annihilation. + God is righteous. He would be unrighteous to ignore your crimes + and plans of total world takeover. To you and all who have rebelled + against Him, God has said, "Be sure, your sin will find you out." In + another place He said, "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also + reap." And you are about to reap your judgment - in Israel. + God says He will be waiting for you in Israel in the latter + years. And who can deny that these are the latter years of this age? + You plan for the coming age of Communist Utopia, world-wide, with God + banished from the earth. But God promises the Millennium, with His + Son, Jesus Christ ruling as KING OF KINGS and LORD OF LORDS. Who do + you suppose is right? + Concerning you, or your successor, God said to the prophet + Ezekiel, "Son of man, set thy face against Gog, of the land of Magog, + the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, and + say, Thus saith the Lord God; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the + chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: And I will turn thee back, and put + hooks into thy jaws." (Note: Gog is the political leader or chief + commissar of Russia; Maygog is Russia, the nation). + Magog, Meshech, and Tubal, spoken of here, were three sons of + Japheth, who was one of the sons of Noah, who survived the great + Flood. These three sons of Japheth are said to be the progenitors of + the races inhabiting Eastern Turkey, Russia and much of Siberia. + Notice that God speaks of your impending judgment here even + before He tells where it will happen. Then He goes on to state that + He will bring you, with your "army, horses and horsemen," down into + the land of Israel. Your unholy purpose is also described. Your + predator nation is out to take prey, and take prey in Israel, and in + Jerusalem, home of Christendom and Judaism. + You were dealt a small suprise in Israel in June of 1967. You + and your Politburo are the ones who have promoted the vengeance, the + hatred, and the arming of the Arab nations against Israel. You are as + interested in destroying Israel as you are in destroying Christendom. + You were undoubtedly greatly suprised to see the tiny nation of Israel + crush the imposing but not-so-great Arab confederation of nations. Be + assured of this: it was something more that the economic power and the + military prowess of the Israelis which put the Arabs to flight. It is + God who both prospers world empires and calls them into judgment. + We understand that you are rearming Egypt and Syria, along with + other Arab nations, for further battle with Israel. You have + declared, with your peace-gilded hypocrisy, that you will put + everything you have behind the Arabs against Israel. According to the + prophecy in Ezekiel, we declare that the Arabs will never overcome + Israel. God will again fight for them. + Your prophet, Lenin, forecast that Russia would defeat the + British Empire not on the banks of the Thames, but on the banks of the + Yangtze, the Ganges, and the Nile. The prophet Ezekiel, on the other + + + + + + + hand, forecasts that the anti-god Russian Empire will meet defeat not + on the banks of the Volga but on the banks of the Jordan, the Suez, + and Lake Galilee. This is an irony, Mr. Kosygin, an irony among + ironies. + In fact, you are soon to realize that the situation is so serious + that you will need to use the armies of Russia, and others, to win + this war you are perpetrating in the Middle East. + God says here through Ezekiel, that Persia, the present Iran, + will be with you, besides "Gomer and all his bands; the house of + Togarmah of the north quarters, and all his bands." + Gomer, spoken of here, was another son of Japheth (you can review + his genealogy in chapter ten of Genesis), and Togarmah was a son of + Gomer. Gomer is said to have settled the area that is now West + Germany and Poland, and Togarmah later went south into what is now + Western Turkey. So it appears that East Germany, Poland, Turkey, and + Iran will be going with you down into Israel "together with their + bands" - which possibly will include other Central European countries + you have enslaved. + Just how soon this will happen we do not know, but it cannot be + very far distant. You have set your mind to take Israel, and no doubt + you have other plans to seize the Arab nations. + But take heed: here is another warning to you from God, which He + spoke through the prophet Zechariah. He said, "Behold, I will make + Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all the people round about, when + they shall be in the siege both against Judah and against Jerusalem. + And in that day will I make Jerusalem a burdensome stone for all + people: all that burden themselves with it shall be CUT IN PIECES, + though all the people of the earth be gathered together against it" + (Zechariah 12:2,3). + God warns here that all who lay hands on Israel shall be "cut in + pieces." Egypt and the other Arab nations have already been cut in + pieces by God's defense of Israel. And if they renew the war, even + with twice the armor and with much wiser and braver leadership, they + will again be cut in pieces, most likely in a much greater way, just + as surely as God is real. And when you bring your great armies down + from the North, they will be cut and quartered and fed to the wild + beasts of the field (see Ezekiel 39:17-22). + It is positively dangerous to touch God's chosen nation. To + Abraham, Israel's founder, God said, "I will bless them that bless + thee, and curse him that curseth thee" (Genesis 12:3). God has great + plans for Israel, and He doesn't plan to allow you or anyone to stop + Him. + It's quite plain to see why you desire to seize the Arab nations, + and destroy Israel. After all, Israel is the great ancestral home of + the world's great faiths. Christianity and Judaism. It would be + quite a psychological victory. Then also, the Dead Sea in Israel is + estimated to contain $1,270,000,000,000 (one trillion, two hundred + seventy billion dollars) worth of minerals. The potash alone in the + Dead Sea would fertilize the lands of the world for several centuries. + This would give you a tremendous economic advantage over the rest of + the world. + And with the vast oil deposits of the Middle East under your + control, you would have a strangle hold on the industry of Western + Europe. Then also, Israel is the land bridge from Europe and the + Middle East into Africa. This would give you easy access into that + great Continent. So the taking of Israel and the destruction of her + peoples is quite important to you. But know this for sure - God is + watching your moves, and He knows your plans He will be waiting for + you in Israel. + In this 38th chapter of Ezekiel, God tells you to "be prepared" + + + + + + + and to make every possible preparation for this invasion. Go ahead, + make the most complete invasion plans ever made. Remember, you will + be fighting God Almighty, whom you say does not exist; but just in + case you should find He does exist, you will want the greatest army + and the finest equipment any army has ever amassed. But then realize + this: the larger your army and the more grandiose your plans and + preparations in every way, the greater witness it will be to God's + existence and to His power when you are destroyed by Him on the + mountains of Israel. + In this 38th chapter of Ezekiel, God says, "In the latter years + thou shalt come into the land that is brought back from the sword, and + is gathered out of many people, against the mountains of Israel, which + have been always waste: but is is brought forth out of the nations, + and they shall dwell safely all of them." This is a good description + of present day Israel, where the mountains have been reforested, and + the swamps reclaimed. They have been regathered from the nations into + their anceient land, and they have reclaimed and reforested the land + within your lifetime. + Then God says, Thou shalt ascend and come like a storm, thou + shalt be like a cloud to cover the land, thou, and all thy bands and + many people with thee" Ordinarily, we speak about going down south, + but God says that when you go south you are going to ascend. Could it + be that this means you will come with a mighty air armada, dropping + supplies, equipment, and paratroopers? Coming "like a storm" + certainly describes the deafening roar of a vast air armada. And + "covering the land like a cloud" aptly describes a vast air drop. + Evidently, you are also going to send a good portion of your army + on horseback. That seems rather strange in this day of mechanized + war. But we have been informed that you have purchased horses from + all over America and throughout South America and elsewhere. Your + explanation has been that you needed them on the farms. Are you + really using horses for plowing in this day of mechanized farming? + Another strange thing is that God says here, through Ezekiel, + that you will have weapons that can be burned. Could it be that + science will soon advance to the place where metal and mechanized army + units will be obsolete because of powerful neutralizing rays that are + being developed? + ====================================================================== + RUSSIA'S COMING INVASION + ====================================================================== + + E. Germany)---------| | RUSSIA - U.S.S.R. | + Poland ) | --------------|--------------------| + | | + | | + Turkey | | + | | | |----------- Iran (Persia) + | | | | + V V V | + ************ | + ** Israel ** <-------| + ************ + ^ ^ + | | + Libya ----------| | + | + |-- Ethopia + + ====================================================================== + + + + + + + + You have asserted that there is no God. You have published it, + and you have seen to it that one billion or so impressionable students + have been so informed or taught around the earth. You have acted as + if you believe there is no God before whom you will one day stand for + judgment. You have no use for the Bible or its teachings. + Nevertheless, on the mountains of Israel, YOU are destined to teach + the nations with great testimony both as to the existence of God and + as to the soverignty of God over the affairs of men and their + governments. This will be the greatest lesson the world has had in + many years - in fact, in several millennia, since the days of the + Egyptian Pharaoh, to be exact. + Ironically, even as Pharaoh of Egypt became a leading example of + God's sovereignty in the Old Testament era, so you or your successor + are destined to become the great example of God's sovereignty in the + era of Christendom. In fact, the nature of the cosmic judgments that + befell Egypt may be remarkably parallel to the judgment that is your + destiny. To better understand the nature of your coming judgment, you + may wish to read Exodus, chapters 7 through 14, which gives the + account of the destruction of Egypt in that former day. + God says through the prophet Ezekiel that the Israeli Army will + not need to conquer you. God is going to take care of that little + matter. And it is a very little matter when you consider the Almighty + God, Creator of all. Russia and all her cohorts are as nothing when + compared to the great God of the universe, Who has created all things + and Who holds all things in His hand. + Also, be apprised of the fact that you will not be prevented in + your evil intentions by the nations of the earth, the Western powers. + They will not come to help Israel. They may talk; they may vacillate; + they may watch; they may even complain; but they will fail to act. + They may disapprove, and ask what you are doing. Here is what will + happen among the commercial or Western powers: God says "Sheba and + Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions + thereof, shall say unto thee, Art thou come to take a spoil? hast thou + gathered thy company to take a prey? to carry away silver and gold, to + take away cattle and goods, to take a great spoil?" Many Bible + scholars suggest that Tarshish represents the commercial or maritime + powers of the world. + No, you will have no trouble in approaching Israel, as far as + other governments are concerned, or even from the Israeli Army. But + there, on the mountains of Israel, you will meet your God! + God says here, "And I will bring thee against my land, that the + heathen may know me, when I shall be sanctified in thee, O Gog, before + their eyes." + Here's what will happen: God's anger is fiercely burning toward + you, and He has prophesied thus: "In my jealousy, and in the fire of + my wrath have I spoken, surely in that day there shall be a great + shaking in the land of Israel; so that the fishes of the sea, and the + fowls of the heaven and the beast of the field, and all creeping + things that creep upon the earth, and all the men that are upon the + face of the earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall + be thrown down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall + fall to the ground. And I will call for a sword against him + throughout all my mountains saith the Lord God: every man's sword + shall be against his brother. And I will plead against him with + pestilence and with blood; and I will rain upon him, and upon his + bands, and upon the many people that are with him, an overflowing + rain, and great hailstones, fire, and brimstone. Thus will I magnify + myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be known in the eyes of many + nations, and they shall know that I am the Lord." + Unless you repent of your evil intentions and values, this will + + + + + + + surely come to pass, and it may be very soon. Your armies will be + destroyed by earthquake, by flood, by great hailstones, by fire and + brimstone! You will perish upon the mountains of Israel as a witness + to the Almighty God, whom you despise and deny. Among those remaining + alive, there will be such confusion that they will annihilate each + other because "every man's sword shall be against his brother." + Further on, God says, "I will turn thee back and leave but the sixth + part of thee" (Ezek 39:2). + Then in the 39th chapter, God says, somewhat ironically, that He + will give your bodies to the birds and the beasts of the field. He + started out this prophecy with the figure of speech that He wwould + "put hooks in your jaws." It is in the market place where we see + animals, often quartered, with hooks in their jaws, hanging where it + is possible for the meat cutter to cut off portions for his customers. + God will serve the portions of your flesh to the animals of the field. + God says here, "Speak unto every feathered fowl, and to every beast of + the field, assemble yourselves, and come; gather yourselves on every + side to my sacrifice that I do sacrifice for you, even to a great + sacrifice upon the mountains of Israel, that ye may eat flesh and + drink blood....Thus ye shall be filled at my table with horses...with + mighty men, and with all men of war, saith the Lord God." + The irony is this - the predators of the field will feed upon the + armies of the predator nation, and the vultures of the air will feast + upon the armies of a vulture government. And who will then complain + of such poetic justice? "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also + reap." + God further says here that all the men of Israel will be busy + burying your bodies to clean up the land. He says later on that they + will hire men in continual employment in your burial. This burial + will take seven months. That will be ample time for the birds of the + air and the predators of the field to feast sumptuously. + And here is a strange thing, but it shall happen. God says, + "Behold, it is come, and it is done, saith the Lord God; this is the + day whereof I have spoken. And they that dwell in the cities of + Israel shall go forth, and shall set on fire and burn the weapons, + both the shields and the bucklers, the bows and the arrows, and the + handstaves, and the spears, and they shall burn them with fire seven + years; so that they shall take no wood out of the field, neither cut + down any out of the forests; for they shall burn the weapons with + fire." + We have been given to understand that you in Russia are making + weapons from a treated wood called Lignostone. This wood, we + understand, is chemically treated and stronger than steel, yet remains + elastic. The British are using a similar material for gears in their + large vehicles. We have also been told that it burns brilliantly, + with intense heat. So the Israelis may have remembrance of your + invasion for seven years as they use your weapons, or the materials + derived from them, for fuel. + To you, your Politburo, and your atheistic cohorts, we challenge + you to read about your destiny in these chapters in the Book of + Ezekiel, if you dare. In fact, reading the Bible in its entirety will + reveal to you something about the mercy of God, as well as something + about the justice of God. There is also something about forgiveness + of sins and Life everlasting. + God further warns here in this 39th chapter, "And I will send a + fire on Magog, and among them that dwell carelessly in the isles." + God says here that He will send fire and judgment upon the land + of Russia while your armies are invading Israel. So even at home, God + will search you out. The same fire shall also strike other parts of + the world "among them that dwell carelessly in the isles" where men + + + + + + + are given over to living for material things, for pleasure, for self, + and have little or no regard for God, their Creator. This could be + part of the same fire from outer space that is prophesied to strike + your armies in Israel. + God is faithful to His promises of judgment as well as His + promises of blessing. Both are certain. You can still make certain + of God's blessing in your own individual life if you will repent and + turn from your evil plans and turn to your God and Maker, and to + Christ your Redeemer. "Today, if ye will hear His voice, harden not + your heart..." (Hebrews 3:7,8). + + Very sincerely, + Ray W. Johnson + Donald W. Patten + + Mr. Brezhnev - + + There is one thing which we failed to point out to Mr Kosygin, + because at that time we did not think it was significant. The matter + to which we refer is that of Ethiopia. The Prophed Ezekiel + (Ezekiel 38:5) states that Lybia and Ethiopia will also join you in + your infamous invasion of Israel. The country of Sudan, north of + Ethiopia, was part of Ethiopia in Bible times, so it won't be + surprising if you will somehow include Sudan also among the invaders. + At the time of writing to Mr. Kosygin the matter of Ethiopia + seemed insignificant, first, because of her weakness, and second, + because we couldn't see how or why Ethiopia would ever get involved in + such a nefarious attack against Israel. But with Russia's involvement + so extensive now in Ethiopia, this matter becomes one of prime + importance, and very understandable. This teaches us again that we + can't take any statement by God as being insignificant, or + questionable. + It might be of interest to you to notice that not one of the + nations you have previously used in your invasions of Israel will be + included in your most infamous invasion. The reason for this is not + presently known. One reason could be that Israel may be forced to + occupy these nations, if they continue to harass and threaten her very + existence. There are Bible prophecies which appear to indicate that + this will be the case. There will no doubt be other reasons as well. + But the fact that the nations presently most hostile toward Israel + will not have a part in your coming ill-fated invasion, is certainly a + matter of real interest, even if at present we cannot be sure of the + reason. + Your invasion of Israel will very likely end communism in Russia. + We say this for the following reasons: Chapters 1 & 2 of the Prophet + Joel also appear to refer to your invasion of Israel, as the invasion + described by Joel has never yet occurred. And in 2:20 Joel has this + to say to Israel about the remains of your army after God is finished + with you in Israel: "I will remove far off from you the northern army, + and will drive him into a land barren and desolate, with his face + toward the east sea, and his hinder part toward the utmost sea, and + his stink shall come up, and his ill savor shall come up, because he + hath done great things." This states that those of your army who + escape annihilation in Israel, especially the generals and other top + officers, besides political leaders, will be banished into Siberia. + That's exactly the description of the land into which God says He will + drive your "northern army." Siberia, as you well know is a land + "barren and desolate." And Siberia faces the Pacific Ocean, no doubt + spoken of here as the "east sea." The Pacific Ocean is "east" of + Israel. And the "hinder part," or the backside of Siberia, is on the + + + + + + + Artic Ocean. This ocean could be termed the utmost sea." There, + your temperal judgment will be finalized. But there is also a + judgment to come, when all mankind will stand before God, there to + receive His judgment as to eternal destiny. + God is a God of mercy, and He will even there in Siberia grant + you forgiveness if you honestly and humbly seek Him and repent of your + ungodly attitudes and actions. The time of the great judgment will be + too late. "Today is the day of salvation." + Allow me to point out one more fact, Mr. Brezhnev. You have + endeavored to thoroughly downgrade God in Russia. But through the + fulfillment of this Bible prophecy God will be glorified by you and + all others who have sought to eliminate Him from the scene in Russia. + Here's what God says your attack against Him and His people in Israel + will accomplish: + "Thus will I magnify myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be + known in the eyes of many nations, and they shall know that I am the + Lord" (Ezekiel 38:23). + So even in this ill-fated invasion God will be glorified, and no + doubt many will be caused to place their trust in Him and in the + Savior, Jesus Christ. We greatly rejoice to know that God will + prevail and bring blessing and glory to His own. And we trust that + you also will one day desire to receive God's forgiveness, that you + too might enter His glorious presence as a son of God. + + Very sincerely, + Ray W. Johnson + Donald W. Patten + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510-527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/russia.who b/textfiles.com/politics/russia.who new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4900bd7e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/russia.who @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU +Message-ID: <01GTIJYUZXDE8Y6K41@MUVAXJ.RFERL.ORG> +Newsgroups: bit.listserv.politics +Date: Thu, 14 Jan 1993 16:19:19 +0100 +Sender: Forum for the Discussion of Politics +From: BADERTINOVS@NEWS.RFERL.ORG +Subject: Who's Who In Russia +Comments: To: POLITICS@ucf1vm.cc.ucf.edu +Lines: 242 + + WHO'S WHO IN RUSSIA + +ABALKIN LEONID ----------------- director of the Economic + Institute of the Russian + Academy of Sciences +ABDULATIPOV RAMAZAN ------------ chairman of the Nationalities + Council of the Supreme Soviet +ADAMISHIN ANATOLII-------------- first deputy Foreign minister +AGANBEGYAN ABEL ---------------- economist +AKSYUCHITS VICTOR -------------- leader of the Christian + Democratic party of Russia +ALKSNIS VICTOR ----------------- ? +AMBARTSUMOV EVGENII ------------ chairman of the Supreme + Soviet's Foreign Affairs + Committee +ANDRONOV IONA ------------------ conservative deputy of the + Supreme Soviet +ANPILOV VICTOR ----------------- leader of Trudovaja Rossija +ASTAFJEV MIKHAIL --------------- Civic Society faction in + parliament; co-chairman of the + Rossijskoe Narodnoe Sobranie +AVEN PETR ---------------------- former minister of Foreign + economic relations +BABURIN SERGEJ ----------------- leader of the Russian Unity + faction in parliament +BARANNIKOV VICTOR -------------- minister of Security +BARKASHOV ALEKSANDR ------------ leader of the Russian National + Unity (a fascist party) +BOKSER VLADIMIR ---------------- member of the Democratic Choice + faction in parliament +BONNER YELENA ------------------ widow of A. Sakharov; public + figure +BOROVOJ KONSTANTIN ------------- co-chairman of the Economic + Freedom Party +BURTIN YURII ------------------- chairman of the Independent + Civic Initiative (split from + the Democratic Russia movement) +CHERNICHENKO YURII ------------- leader of the Agrarian party + of Russia (krestjanskaya) +CHERNOMYRDIN VICTOR ------------ Prime-minister of Russia; + former Fuel and Energy minister +CHUBAJS ANATOLIJ --------------- minister of Privatisation +CHURKIN VITALIJ ---------------- deputy Foreign minister +DETKOV NIKOLAJ ----------------- one of the leaders of Pamyat +DISKIN IOSIF ------------------- chief economist of the Civic + Union faction in parliament + (chlen politsoveta G.S.) +FILATOV SERGEI------------------ Yeltsin's chief of + administration +FYODOROV NIKOLAI --------------- Justice minister +FYODOROV SVYATOSLAV ------------ co-chairman of the Economic + Freedom Party +FYODOROV BORIS------------------ deputy Prime-minister +FRONIN V.A. -------------------- chief editor of the newspaper + Komsomolskaya Pravda +GDLYAN TELMAN ------------------ leader of the People's party +GEKHT YURII -------------------- chairman of the Industrial + Union faction in parliament +GOLEMBIOVSKY IGOR -------------- chief editor of the newspaper + Izvestia +GOLOVIN ANDREJ ----------------- leader of the Smena-Novaja + Politika faction in parliament +GRACHEV PAVEL ------------------ Defence minister +GROMOV BORIS V. ---------------- deputy Defence minister +GROMOV FELIKS N. --------------- admiral; commander in chief + of the Navy +ISAKOV VLADIMIR ---------------- leader of the National + Salvation Front, member of the + Russian Unity fraction in the + Supreme Soviet +KAZANTSEV VLADIMIR ------------- chairman of the Solidarity + Movement with Russia's national + minorities +KHAIRJUZOV VALERIJ ------------- RUSSIA faction in parliament + (leaders Sergej Baburin and + Nikolaj Pavlov) +KHASBULATOV RUSLAN ------------- Speaker of the parliament +KHIZHA GEORGII ----------------- minister of (?) +KONSTANTINOV ILJA -------------- leader of the Russian Unity + block in parliament; + co-chairman of the Rossijskoe + Narodnoe Sobranije +KORYAGINA TATJANA -------------- economist +KOSTIKOV VYACHESLAV ------------ presidet Yeltsin's spokesman +KOVALEV SERGEJ ----------------- member of the parliamentary + block Coalition of Reforms +KOZYREV ANDREI ----------------- Russia's foreign minister +KUNADZE GEORGII ---------------- deputy foreign minister of + Russia +KUNJAEV STANISLAV -------------- writer, public figure +LIPITSKIJ VASILIJ -------------- co-chairman of the People's + Party of Free Russia (Civic + Union) +LUKIN VLADIMIR ----------------- Russia's ambassador in the US +LUZHKOV YURII ------------------ mayor of Moscow +LYSENKO VLADIMIR --------------- deputy chairman of the state + comittee for nationalities + policy in Russia; member of the + Progress Through Harmony bloc + in parliament +LYSENKO NIKOLAJ ---------------- leader of the Republican + People's party of Russia + (a fascist party); (founder + of the Leningrad branch of + Pamyat) +MAKASHOV ALBERT ---------------- general; chairman of + Vserossijskoe Veche; former + candidate to Russia's + presidency +MAKHARADZE VALERIJ ------------- deputy prime-minister +MUKHA VITALII PETROVICH -------- leader of the association + Sibirskoe Soglashenie +MUKHAMMADIEV RINAT ------------- chairman of the Commission for + Cultural and Native Heritage + of the Supreme Soviet of Russia +NECHAEV ANDREJ ----------------- economics minister +NOVIKOV VLADIMIR --------------- chairman of the coordinating + comittee of parliamentary + factions; member of the + "Bespartijnie deputati" faction + (Civic Union) +NOVODVORSKAYA VALERIA ---------- advisor to Georgia's former + president Z. Gamsakhurdia +PIYASHEVA LARISA --------------- economist +POCHINOK ALEKSANDR ------------- chairman of the budget + comission of the Supreme Soviet +PONOMAREV LEV ------------------ member of the Coalition of + Reforms block in parliament +POPOV GAVRIIL ------------------ chairman of the Democratic + Reform Movement +POPTSOV OLEG ------------------ RUSSIAN TV (?) +POTAPOV A.S. ------------------- chief editor of the newspaper + Trud +PROKHANOV ALEKSANDR ------------ chief editor of the newspaper + Den' +PRUDNIKOV VICTOR --------------- colonel-general; commander in + chief of air defense forces +RAGOZIN D. --------------------- chairman of Constitutional- + Democratic party +RIBKIN IVAN -------------------- leader of the parliamentary + faction Communists of Russia +RUMYANTSEV OLEG ---------------- chairman of the Constitutional + Comimission; leader of the + Social-Democratic party +RYABOV NOKOLAI ----------------- chairman of the Council of the + Republic of the Supreme Soviet; + deputy supreme soviet chairman +SAENKO GENNADII ---------------- member of the Communists of + Russia faction in parliament +SALJE MARINA ------------------- leader of the Democratic Russia + movement +SEMENOV VLADIMIR --------------- colonel-general; commander in + chief of ground forces +SERGEEV ANATOLIJ --------------- colonel-general; in charge of + Russia's troops stationed in + the Volga area +SERGEYEV IGOR D. --------------- colonel-general; commander in + chief of strategic missile + forces +SHATALIN STANISLAV ------------- economist +SHEINIS VICTOR ----------------- Reform Coalition member +SHELOV-KOVEDYAEV FEDOR --------- former deputy Foreign minister +SHOKHIN ALEKSANDR -------------- deputy Prime-minister +SHOSTAKOVSKY VYACHESLAV -------- co-chairman of the Republican + party of Russia +SHUMEIKO VLADIMIR -------------- first deputy Prime-minister +SKOKOV YURII ------------------- secretary of the Security + Council +SOBCHAK ANATOLIJ --------------- mayor of Sankt-Peterburg; + one of the leaders of the + Democratic Reform Movement +STANKEVICH SERGEJ -------------- president Yeltsin's advisor + (political affairs) +STARKOV ------------------------ chief editor of the newspaper + Argumenti i Fakti +STAROVOITOVA GALINA ------------ Yeltsin's former advisor on + nationalities affairs +STEPANKOV VALENTIN ------------- generalnij prokuror Rossii +STERLIGOV ALEKSANDR ------------ leader of Russkij Natsionalnij + Sobor, former KGB general +SYROVATKO VITALII -------------- deputy chairman of the Council + of Nationalities of the Supreme + Soviet +TARASOV BORIS ------------------ member of the Fatherland + faction in parliament (part + of Russian Unity block); + general +TRAVKIN NIKOLAJ ---------------- leader of the Democratic Party + of Russia +TRETJAKOV VITALII -------------- chief editor of Nezavisimaja + Gazeta +UMALATOVA SAZHI ---------------- one of the leaders of the + movement Trudovaya Rossia +VASILJEV DMITRII --------------- leader of Pamyat +VLADISLAVLEV ALEKSANDR --------- one of the leaders of the Civic + Union +VOLSKY ARKADII ----------------- chairman of the Russian Union + of Industrialists and + Entrepreneurs; one of the + leaders of Civic Union +VORONTSOV YULII ---------------- permanent representative of + Russia in the UN +YAKOVLEV ALEKSANDR ------------- former member of the Politburo + of the CPSU Central Committee; + member of the Gorbachev + Foundation; head of the + presidential comission for + reabilitation of victims of + political repression +YAKUNIN GLEB ------------------- member of the Coalition of + Reforms block in parliament +YANAEV GENNADII ---------------- former Vice-president of the + USSR; chairman of GKCHP +YAROV YURII -------------------- deputy chairman of the + parliament +YASIN EVGENIJ ------------------ economist; active in Civic + Union +YAVLINSKY GRIGORII ------------- economist +YERIN VICTOR ------------------- minister of Internal Affairs +YUSHENKOV SERGEJ --------------- member of the Coalition of + Reforms block in parliament +ZADONSKIJ GEORGIJ -------------- one of the leaders of the + Radical Democrats faction +ZOLOTAREV VICTOR --------------- co-chairman of the Economic + Freedom Party +ZOR'KIN VALERIJ ---------------- chairman of the Constitutional + Court of Russia +ZHIGULIN VICTOR ---------------- deputy chairman of the Council + of the Republic of the Supreme + Soviet +ZHIRINOVSKY VLADIMIR ----------- leader of the Liberal + Democratic party +ZJUGANOV GENNADIJ -------------- member of the Russkij + Natsionalnij Sobor; former + member of the CPSU Central + Comittee; co-chairman of the + National Salvation Front diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sabotage.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sabotage.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..40af2aeb --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sabotage.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1636 @@ + + +SABOTAGE + + + +THE CONSCIOUS WITHDRAWAL OF THE WORKERS' INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY + + + +ELIZABETH GURLEY FLYNN + + + +PRICE TEN CENTS + + + +OCTOBER, 1916 + +I. W. W. PUBLISHING BUREAU + +CLEVELAND, O., U. S. A. + + + +[since withdrawn as official union literature] + + + + Its Necessity In The Class War + + General Forms of Sabotage + + Short Pay, Less Work, "Ca Canny" + + Interfering With Quality of Goods + + Boyd's Advice to Silk Mill Slaves + + "Dynamiting" Silk + + Non-Adulteration and Over-Adulteration + + Interfering With Service. "Open Mouth" Sabotage + + Following The "Book of Rules" + + Putting The Machine on Strike + + "Print The Truth or You Don't Print at All" + + "Used Sabotage, But Didn't Know What You Called It" + + Sabotage and "Moral Fiber" + + Limiting The Over-Supply of Slaves + + Sabotage a War Measure + + + + + +The interest in sabotage in the United States has developed lately on account of + +the case of Frederick Sumner Boyd in the state of New Jersey as an aftermath of + +the Paterson strike. Before his arrest and conviction for advocating sabotage, + +little or nothing was known of this particular form of labor tactic in the + +United States. Now there has developed a two-fold necessity to advocate it: not + +only to explain what it means to the worker in his fight for better conditions, + +but also to justify our fellow-worker Boyd in everything that he said. So I am + +desirous primarily to explain sabotage, to explain it in this two-fold + +significance, first as to its utility and second as to its legality. + + + +Its Necessity In The Class War + + + +I am not going to attempt to justify sabotage on any moral ground. If the + +workers consider that sabotage is necessary, that in itself makes sabotage + +moral. Its necessity is its excuse for existence. And for us to discuss the + +morality of sabotage would be as absurd as to discuss the morality of the strike + +or the morality of the class struggle itself. In order to understand sabotage or + +to accept it at all it is necessary to accept the concept of class struggle. If + +you believe that between the workers on the one side and their employers on the + +other there is peace, there is harmony such as exists between brothers, and that + +consequently whatever strikes and lockouts occur are simply family squabbles; if + +you believe that a point can be reached whereby the employer can get enough and + +the worker can get enough, a point of amicable adjustment of industrial warfare + +and economic distribution, then there is no justification and no explanation of + +sabotage intelligible to you. Sabotage is one weapon in the arsenal of labor to + +fight its side of the class struggle. Labor realizes, as it becomes more + +intelligent, that it must have power in order to accomplish anything; that + +neither appeals for sympathy nor abstract rights will make for better + +conditions. For instance, take an industrial establishment such as a silk mill, + +where men and women and little children work ten hours a day for an average wage + +of between six and seven dollars a week. Could any one of them, or a committee + +representing the whole, hope to induce the employer to give better conditions by + +appealing to his sympathy, by telling him of the misery, the hardship and the + +poverty of their lives; or could they do it by appealing to his sense of + +justice? Suppose that an individual working man or woman went to an employer and + +said, "I make, in my capacity as wage worker in this factory, so many dollars' + +worth of wealth every day and justice demands that you give me at least half." + +The employer would probably have him removed to the nearest lunatic asylum. He + +would consider him too dangerous a criminal to let loose on the community! It is + +neither sympathy nor justice that makes an appeal to the employer. But it is + +power. If a committee can go to the employer with this ultimatum: "We represent + +all the men and women in this shop. They are organized in a union as you are + +organized in a manufacturers' association. They have met and formulated in that + +union a demand for better hours and wages and they are not going to work one day + +longer unless they get it. In other words, they have withdrawn their power as + +wealth producers from your plant and they are going to coerce you by this + +withdrawal of their power; into granting their demands," that sort of ultimatum + +served upon an employer usually meets with an entirely different response; and + +if the union is strongly enough organized and they are able to make good their + +threat they usually accomplish what tears and pleadings never could have + +accomplished. + + + +We believe that the class struggle existing in society is expressed in the + +economic power of the master on the one side and the growing economic power of + +the workers on the other side meeting in open battle now and again, but meeting + +in continual daily conflict over which shall have the larger share of labor's + +product and the ultimate ownership of the means of life. The employer wants long + +hours, the intelligent workingman wants short hours. The employer is not + +concerned with the sanitary conditions in the mill, he is concerned only with + +keeping the cost of production at a minimum; the intelligent workingman is + +concerned, cost or no cost, with having ventilation, sanitation and lighting + +that will be conducive to his physical welfare. Sabotage is to this class + +struggle what the guerrilla warfare is to the battle. The strike is the open + +battle of the class struggle, sabotage is the guerrilla warfare, the day-by-day + +warfare between two opposing classes. + + + +General Forms of Sabotage + + + +Sabotage was adopted by the General Federation of Labor of France in 1897 as a + +recognized weapon in their method of conducting fights on their employers. But + +sabotage as an instinctive defense existed long before it was ever officially + +recognized by any labor organization. Sabotage means primarily: the withdrawal + +of efficiency. Sabotage means either to slacken up and interfere with the + +quantity, or to botch in your skill and interfere with the quality, of + +capitalist production or to give poor service. Sabotage is not physical + +violence, sabotage is an internal, industrial process. It is something that is + +fought out within the four walls of the shop. And these three forms of sabotage + +-- to affect the quality, the quantity and the service are aimed at affecting + +the profit of the employer. Sabotage is a means of striking at the employer's + +profit for the purpose of forcing him into granting certain conditions, even as + +workingmen strike for the same purpose of coercing him. It is simply another + +form of coercion. + + + +There are many forms of interfering with efficiency, interfering with quality + +and the quantity of production: from varying motives -- there is the employer's + +sabotage as well as the worker's sabotage. Employers interfere with the quality + +of production, they interfere with the quantity of production, they interfere + +with the supply as well as with the kind of goods for the purpose of increasing + +their profit. But this form of sabotage, capitalist sabotage, is antisocial, for + +the reason that it is aimed at the good of the few at the expense of the many, + +whereas working-class sabotage is distinctly social, it is aimed at the benefit + +of the many, at the expense of the few. + + + +Working-class sabotage is aimed directly at "the boss" and at his profits, in + +the belief that that is the solar plexus of the employer, that is his heart, his + +religion, his sentiment, his patriotism. Everything is centered in his pocket + +book, and if you strike that you are striking at the most vulnerable point in + +his entire moral and economic system. + + + +Short Pay, Less Work, "Ca Canny" + + + +Sabotage, as it aims at the quantity, is a very old thing, called by the Scotch + +"ca canny." All intelligent workers have tried it at some time or other when + +they have been compelled to work too hard and too long. The Scotch dockers had a + +strike in 1889 and their strike was lost, but when they went back to work they + +sent a circular to every docker in Scotland and in this circular they embodied + +their conclusions, their experience from the bitter defeat. It was to this + +effect, "The employers like the scabs, they have always praised their work, they + +have said how much superior they were to us, they have paid them twice as much + +as they have ever paid us; now let us go back to the docks determined that since + +those are the kind of workers they like and that is the kind of work they + +endorse we will do the same thing. We will let the kegs of wine go over the + +docks as the scabs did. We will have great boxes of fragile articles drop in the + +midst of the pier as the scabs did. We will do the work just as clumsily, as, + +slowly, as destructively, as the scabs did. And we will see how long our + +employers can stand that kind of work." It was very few months until through + +this system of sabotage they had won everything they had fought for and not been + +able to win through the strike. This was the first open announcement of sabotage + +in an English-speaking country. + + + +I have heard of my grandfather telling how an old fellow came to work on the + +railroad and the boss said, "Well, what can you do?" + + + +"I can do 'most anything," said he -- a big husky fellow. + + + +"Well," said the boss, "can you handle a pick and a shovel?" + + + +"Oh, sure. How much do you pay on this job?" + + + +"A dollar a day." + + + +"Is that all? Well, -- all right. I need the job pretty bad. I guess I will take + +it." So he took his pick and went leisurely to work. Soon the boss came along + +and said: + + + +"Say, can't you work any faster than that?" + + + +"Sure I can." + + + +"Well, why don't you?" + + + +"This is my dollar-a-day clip." + + + +"Well," said the boss, "let's see what the $1.25-a-day clip looks like." + + + +That went a little better. Then the boss said, "Let's see what the $1.50-a-day + +clip looks like." The man showed him. "That was fine," said the boss, "well, + +maybe we will call it $1.50 a day." The man volunteered the information that his + +$2-a-day clip was "a hummer". So, through this instinctive sort of sabotage this + +poor obscure workingman on a railroad in Maine was able to gain for himself an + +advance from $1 to $2 a day. We read of the gangs of Italian workingmen, when + +the boss cuts their pay -- you know, usually they have an Irish or American boss + +and he likes to make a couple of dollars a day on the side for himself, so he + +cuts the pay of the men once in a while without consulting the contractor and + +pockets the difference. One boss cut them 25 cents a day. The next day he came + +on the work, to find that the amount of dirt that was being removed had lessened + +considerably. He asked a few questions: "What's the matter?" + + + +"Me no understan' English" -- none of them wished to talk. + + + +Well, he exhausted the day going around trying to find one person who could + +speak and tell him what was wrong. Finally he found one man, who said, "Well, + +you see, boss, you cutta da pay, we cutta da shob." + + + +That was the same form of sabotage -- to lessen the quantity of production in + +proportion to the amount of pay received. There was an Indian preacher who went + +to college and eked out an existence on the side by preaching. Somebody said to + +him, "John, how much do you get paid?" + + + +"Oh, only get paid $200 a year." + + + +"Well, that's damn poor pay, John." + + + +"Well," he said, "Damn poor preach!" + + + +That, too, is an illustration of the form of sabotage that I am now describing + +to you, the "ca canny" form of sabotage, the "go easy" slogan, the "slacken up, + +don't work so hard" species, and it is a reversal of the motto of the American + +Federation of Labor, that most "safe, sane and conservative" organization of + +labor in America. They believe in "a fair day's wage for a fair day's work." + +Sabotage is an unfair day's work for an unfair day's wage. It is an attempt on + +the part of the worker to limit his production in proportion to his + +remuneration. That is one form of sabotage. + + + +Interfering With Quality of Goods + + + +The second form of sabotage is to deliberately interfere with the quality of the + +goods. And in this we learn many lessons from our employers, even as we learn + +how to limit the quantity. You know that every year in the western part of this + +United States there are fruits and grains produced that never find a market; + +bananas and oranges rot on the ground, whole skiffs of fruits are dumped into + +the ocean. Not because people do not need these foods and couldn't make good use + +of them in the big cities of the east, but because the employing class prefer to + +destroy a large percentage of the production in order to keep the price up in + +cities like New York, Chicago, Baltimore and Boston. If they sent all the + +bananas that they produce into the eastern part of the United States we would be + +buying bananas at probably three for a cent. But by destroying a large quantity, + +they are able to keep the price up to two for 5c. And this applies to potatoes, + +apples, and very many other staple articles required by the majority of people. + +Yet if the worker attempts to apply the same principle, the same theory, the + +same tactic as his employer we are confronted with all sorts of finespun moral + +objections. + + + +Boyd's Advice to Silk Mill Slaves + + + +So it is with the quality. Take the case of Frederic Sumner Boyd, in which we + +should all be deeply interested because it is evident Frederic Sumner Boyd is to + +be made "the goat" by the authorities in New Jersey. That is to say, they want + +blood, they want one victim. If they can't get anybody else they are determined + +they are going to get Boyd, in order to serve a two-fold purpose to cow the + +workers of Paterson, as they believe they can, and to put this thing, sabotage, + +into the statutes, to make it an illegal thing to advocate or to practice. Boyd + +said this: "If you go back to work and you find scabs working alongside of you, + +you should put a little bit of vinegar on the reed of the loom in order to + +prevent its operation." They have arrested him under the statute forbidding the + +advocacy of the destruction of property. He advised the dyers to go into the dye + +houses and to use certain chemicals in the dyeing of the silk that would tend to + +make that silk unweavable. That sounded very terrible in the newspapers and very + +terrible in the court of law. But what neither the newspapers nor the courts of + +law have taken any cognizance of is that these chemicals are being used already + +in the dyeing of the silk. It is not a new thing that Boyd is advocating, it is + +something that is being practiced in every dye house in the city of Paterson + +already, but it is being practiced for the employer and not for the worker. + + + +"Dynamiting" Silk + + + +Let me give you a specific illustration of what I mean. Seventy-five years ago + +when silk was woven into cloth the silk skein was taken in the pure, dyed and + +woven, and when that piece of silk was made it would last for 50 years. Your + +grandmother could wear it as a wedding dress. Your mother could wear it as a + +wedding dress. And then you, if you, woman reader, were fortunate enough to have + +a chance to get married, could wear it as a wedding dress also. But the silk + +that you buy today is not dyed in the pure and woven into a strong and durable + +product. One pound of silk goes into the dye house and usually as many as three + +to fifteen pounds come out. That is to say, along with the dyeing there is an + +extraneous and an unnecessary process of what is very picturesquely called + +"dynamiting." They weight the silk. They have solutions of tin, solutions of + +zinc, solutions of lead. If you will read the journals of the Silk Association + +of America you will find in there advice to master dyers as to which salts are + +the most appropriate for weighting purposes. You will read advertisements -- + +possibly you saw it reprinted in "The Masses" for December, 1913 -- of silk + +mills, Ashley & Bailey's in Paterson, for instance, advertised by an auctioneer + +as having a plant for weighting, for dynamiting silk par excellence. And so when + +you buy a nice piece of silk today and have a dress made for festive occasions, + +you hang it away in the wardrobe and when you take it out it is cracked down the + +pleats and along the waist and arms. And you believe that you have been terribly + +cheated by a clerk. What is actually wrong is that you have paid for silk where + +you have received old tin cans and zinc and lead and things of that sort. You + +have a dress that is garnished with silk, seasoned with silk, but a dress that + +is adulterated to the point where, if it was adulterated just the slightest + +degree more, it would fall to pieces entirely. + + + +Now, what Frederic Sumner Boyd advocated to the silk workers was in effect this: + +"You do for yourselves what you are already doing for your employers. Put these + +same things into the silk for yourself and your own purposes as you are putting + +in for the employer's purposes." And I can't imagine -- even in a court of law + +-- where they can find the fine thread of deviation -- where the master dyers' + +sabotage is legal and the worker's sabotage illegal, where the consist of + +identically the same thing and where the silk remains intact. The silk is there. + +The loom is there. There is no property destroyed by the process. The one thing + +that is eliminated is the efficiency of the worker to cover up this adulteration + +of the silk, to carry it just to the point where it will weave and not be + +detected. That efficiency is withdrawn. The veil is torn from off production in + +the silk-dyeing houses and silk mills and the worker simply says, "Here, I will + +take my hands off and I will show you what it is. I will show you how rotten, + +how absolutely unusable the silk actually is that they are passing off on the + +public at two and three dollars a yard." + + + +Non-Adulteration and Over-Adulteration + + + +Now, Boyd's form of sabotage was not the most dangerous form of sabotage at + +that. If the judges had any imagination they would know that Boyd's form of + +sabotage was pretty mild compared with this: Suppose that he had said to the + +dyers in Paterson, to a sufficient number of them that they could do it as a + +whole, so that it would affect every dye house in Paterson: "Instead of + +introducing these chemicals for adulteration, don't introduce them at all. Take + +the lead, the zinc, and the tin and throw it down the sewer and weave the silk, + +beautiful, pure, durable silk, just as it is. Dye it pound for pound, hundred + +pound for hundred pound." The employers would have been more hurt by that form + +of sabotage than by what Boyd advocated. And they would probably have wanted him + +put in jail for life instead of for seven years. In other words, to advocate + +non-adulteration is a lot more dangerous to capitalist interests than to + +advocate adulteration. And non-adulteration is the highest form of sabotage in + +an establishment like the dye houses of Paterson, bakeries, confectioners, meat + +packing houses, restaurants, etc. + + + +Interfering with quality, or durability, or the utility of a product, might be + +illustrated as follows: Suppose a milkman comes to your house every day and + +delivers a quart of milk and this quart of milk is half water and they put some + +chalk in it and some glue to thicken it. Then a milk driver goes on that round + +who belongs to a union. The union strikes. And they don't win any better + +conditions. Then they turn on the water faucet and they let it run so that the + +mixture is four-fifths water and one-fifth milk. You will send the "milk" back + +and make a complaint. At the same time that you are making that complaint and + +refusing to use the milk, hundreds and thousands of others will do the same + +thing, and through striking at the interests of the consumer once they are able + +to effect better conditions for thgemselves and also they are able to compel the + +employers to give the pure product. That form of sabotage is distinctly + +beneficial to the consumer. Any exposure of adulteration, any over-adulteration + +that makes the product unconsumable is a lot more beneficial to the consumer + +than to have it tinctured and doctored so that you can use it but so that it is + +destructive to your physical condition at the same time. + + + +Interfering with quality means, can be instanced in the hotel and restaurant + +kitchens. I remember during the hotel workers strike they used to tell us about + +the great cauldrons of soup that stood there month in and month out without ever + +being cleaned, that were covered with verdigris and with various other forms of + +animal growth, and that very many times into this soup would fall a mouse or a + +rat and he would be fished out and thrown aside and the soup would be used just + +the same. Now, can anyone say that if the workers in those restaurants, as a + +means of striking at their employers, would take half a pound of salt and throw + +it into that soup cauldron, you as a diner, or consumer, wouldn't be a lot + +better off? It would be far better to have that soup made unfit for consumption + +that to have it left in a state where it can be consumed but where it is + +continually poisonous to a greater or less degree. Destroying the utility of the + +goods sometimes means a distinct benefit to the person who might otherwise use + +the goods. + + + +Interfering With Service. "Open Mouth" Sabotage + + + +But that form of sabotage is not the final form of sabotage. Service can be + +destroyed as well as quality. And this is accomplished in Europe by what is + +known as "the open mouth sabotage." In the hotel and restaurant industry, for + +instance -- I wonder if this judge who sentenced Boyd to seven years in state's + +prison, would believe in this form of sabotage or not? Suppose he went into a + +restaurant and ordered a lobster salad, and he said to the spic and span waiter + +standing behind the chair, "Is the lobster salad good?" "Oh, yes, sir," said the + +waiter. "It is the very best in the city." That would be acting the good wage + +slave and looking out for the employer's interest. But if the waiter should say, + +"No, sir, it's rotten lobster salad. It's made from the pieces that have been + +gathered together here for the last six weeks," that would be the waiter who + +believed in sabotage, that would be the waiter who had no interest in his boss' + +profits, the waiter who didn't give a continental whether the boss sold lobster + +salad or not. And the judge would probably believe in sabotage in that + +particular instance. The waiters in the city of New York were only about 5,000 + +strong. Of these, about a thousand were militant, were the kind that could be + +depended on in a strike. And yet that little strike made more sensation in New + +York City than 200,000 garment workers who were out at the same time. They + +didn't win very much for themselves, because of their small numbers, but they + +did win a good deal in demonstrating their power to the employer to hurt his + +business. For instance, they drew up affidavits and they told about every hotel + +and restaurant in New York, the kitchen and the pantry conditions. They told + +about how the butter on the little butter plates was sent back to the kitchen + +and somebody with their fingers picked out cigar ashes and the cigarette butts + +and the matches and threw the butter back into the general supply. They told how + +the napkins that had been on the table, used possibly by a man who had + +consumption or syphillis, were used to wipe the dishes in the pantry. They told + +stories that would make your stomach sick and your hair almost turn white, of + +conditions in the Waldorf, the Astor, the Belmont, all the great restaurants and + +hotels in New York. And I found that that was one of the most effective ways of + +reaching the public, because the "dear public" are never reached through + +sympathy. I was taken by a lady up to a West Side aristocratic club of women who + +had nothing else to do, so they organized this club. You know -- the + +white-gloved aristocracy! And I was asked to talk about the hotel workers' + +strike. I knew that wasn't what they wanted at all. They just wanted to look at + +what kind of person a "labor agitator" was. But I saw a chance for publicity for + +the strikers. I told them about the long hours in the hot kitchens; about + +steaming, smoking ranges. I told them about the overwork and the underpay of the + +waiters and how these waiters had to depend upon the generosity or the + +drunkenness of some patron to give them a big tip; all that sort of thing. And + +they were stony-faced. It affected them as much as an arrow would Gibraltar. And + +then I started to tell them about what the waiters and the cooks had told me of + +the kitchen conditions and I saw a look of frozen horror on their faces + +immediately. They were interested when I began to talk about something that + +affected their own stomachs, where I never could have reached them through any + +appeal for humanitarian purposes. Immediately they began to draw up resolutions + +and to cancel engagements at these big hotels and decided that their clubs must + +not meet there again. They caused quite a commotion around some of the big + +hotels in New York. When the workers went back to work after learning that this + +was a way of getting at the boss via the public stomach they did not hesitate at + +sabotage in the kitchens. If any of you have ever got soup that was not fit to + +eat, that was too salty or peppery, maybe there were some boys in the kitchen + +that wanted shorter hours, and that was one way they notified the boss. In the + +Hotel McAlpin the head waiter called the men up before him after the strike was + +over and lost and said, "Boys, you can have what you want, we will give you the + +hours, we will give you the wages, we will give you everything, but, for God's + +sake, stop this sabotage business in the kitchen!" In other words, what they had + +not been able to win through the strike they were able to win by striking at the + +taste of the public, by making the food non-consumable and therefore compelling + +the boss to take cognizance of their efficiency and their power in the kitchen. + + + +Following The "Book of Rules" + + + +Interfering with service may be done in another way. It may be done, strange to + +say, sometimes by abiding by the rules, living up to the law absolutely. + +Sometimes the law is almost as inconvenient a thing for the capitalist as for a + +labor agitator. For instance, on every railroad they have a book of rules, a + +nice little book that they give to every employee, and in that book of rules it + +tells how the engineer and the fireman must examine every part of the engine + +before they take it out of the round house. It tells how the brakeman should go + +the length and the width of the train and examine every bit of machinery to be + +sure it's in good shape. It tells how the stationmaster should do this and the + +telegraph operator that, and so forth, and it all sounds very nice in the little + +book. But now take the book of rules and compare it with the timetable and you + +will realize how absolutely impossible the whole thing is. What is it written + +for? An accident happens. An engineer who has been working 36 hours does not see + +a signal on the track, and many people are killed. The coroner's jury meets to + +fix the responsibility. And upon whom is it fixed? This poor engineer who didn't + +abide by the book of rules! He is the man upon whom the responsibility falls. + +The company wipe their hands and say, "We are not responsible. Our employee was + +negligent. Here are our rules." And through this book of rules they are able to + +fix the responsibility of every accident on some poor devil like that engineer, + +who said the other day, after a frightful accident, when he was arrested, "Yes, + +but if I didn't get the train in at a certain time I might have lost my job + +under the new management on the New Haven road." That book rules exists in + +Europe as well. In one station in France there was an accident and the station + +master was held responsible. The station masters were organized in the + +Railwaymen's Union. And they went to the union and asked for some action. The + +union said, "The best thing for you men to do is to go back on the job and obey + +that book of rules letter for letter. If that is the only reason why accidents + +happen we will have no accidents hereafter." So they went back and when a man + +came up to the ticket office and asked for a ticket to such-and-such a place, + +the charge being so much, and would hand in more than the amount, he would be + +told, "Can't give you any change. It says in the book of rules a passenger must + +have the exact fare." This was the first one. Well, after a lot of fuss they + +chased around and got the exact change, were given their tickets and got aboard + +the train. Then when the train was supposedly ready to start the engineer + +climbed down, the fireman followed and they began to examine every bolt and + +piece of mechanism on the engine. The brakeman got off and began to examine + +everything he was supposed to examine. The passengers grew very restless. The + +train stood there about an hour and a half. They proceeded to leave the train. + +They were met at the door by an employee who said, "No, it's against the rules + +for you to leaev the train once you get into it, until you arrive at your + +destination." And within three days the railroad system of France was so + +completely demoralized that they had to exonerate this particular station + +master, and the absurdity of the book of rules had been so demonstated to the + +public that they had to make over their system of operation before the public + +would trust themselves to the railroad any further. + + + +This book of rules has been tried not only for the purpose of exoneration; it + +has been tried for the purpose of strikes. Where men fail in the open battle + +they go back and with this system they win. Railroad men can sabotage for others + +as well as for themselves. In a case like the miners of Colorado where we read + +there that militiamen were sent in against the miners. We know that they are + +sent against the miners because the first act of the militia was to disarm the + +miners and leave the mine guards, the thugs, in possession of their arms. Ludlow + +followed! The good judge O'Brien went into Calumet, Mich., and said to the + +miners -- and the president of the union, Mr. Moyer, sits at the table as + +chairman while he said it -- "Boys, give up your guns. It is better for you to + +be shot than it is to shoot anybody." Now, sabotage is not violence, but that + +does not mean that I am deprecating all forms of violence. I believe for + +instance in the case of Michigan, in the case of Colorado, in the case of + +Roosevelt, N. J., the miners should have held onto their guns, exercised their + +"constitutional right" to bear arms, and, militia or no militia, absolutely + +refused to gfive them up until they saw the guns of the thugs and the guns of + +the mine guards on the other side of the road first. And even then it might be a + +good precaution to hold on to them in case of danger! Well, when this militia + +was being sent from Denver up into the mining district one little train crew did + +what has never been done in America before; something that caused a thrill to go + +through the humblest toiler. If I could have worked for twenty years just to see + +one little torch of hope like that, I believe it worth while. The train was full + +of soldiers. The engineer, the fireman, all the train crew stepped out of the + +train and they said, "We are not going to run this train to carry soldiers in + +against our brother strikers." So they deserted the train, but it was then + +operated by a Baldwin detective and a deputy sheriff. Can you say that wasn't a + +case where sabotage was absolutely necessary? + + + +Putting The Machine on Strike + + + +Suppose that when the engineer had gone on strike he had taken a vital part of + +the engine on strike with him, without which it would have been impossible for + +anyone to run that engine. Then there might have been a different story. + +Railroad men have a mighty power in refusing to transport soldiers, + +strike-breakers and ammunition for soldiers and strike-breakers into strike + +districts. They did it in Italy. The soldiers went on the train. The train + +guards refused to run the trains. The soldiers thought they could run the train + +themselves. They started and the first signal they came to was "Danger." They + +went along very slowly and cautiously, and the next signal was at "Danger." And + +they found before they had gone very far that some of the switches had been + +turned and they were run off on to a siding in the woods somewhere. Laboriously + +they got back onto the main track. They came to a drawbridge and the bridge was + +turned open. They had to go across in boats and abandon the train. That meant + +walking the rest of the way. By the time they got into strike district the + +strike was over. Soldiers who have had to walk aren't so full of vim and vigor + +and so anxious to shoot "dagoes" down when they get into a strike district as + +when they ride in a train manned by union men. + + + +The railroad men have mighty power in refusing to run these trains and putting + +them in such a condition that they can't be run by others. However, to + +anticipate a question that is going to be asked about the possible disregard for + +human life, remember that when they put all the signals at danger there is very + +little risk for human life, because the train usually has to stop dead still. + +Where they take a vital part of the engine away the train does not run at all. + +So human life is not in danger. They make it a practice to strike such a vital + +blow that the service is paralyzed thereafter. + + + +With freight of course they do different things. In the strike of the railroad + +workers in France they transported the freight in such a way that a great + +trainload of fine fresh fruit could be run off into a siding in one of the + +poorest districts of France. It was left to decay. But it never reached the + +point of either decay or destruction. It was usually taken care of by the poor + +people of that district. Something that was supposed to be sent in a rush from + +Paris to Havre was sent to Marseilles. And so within a very short time the whole + +system was so clogged and demoralized that they had to say to the railroad + +workers, "You are the only efficient ones. Come back. Take your demands. But run + +our railroads." + + + +"Print The Truth or You Don't Print at All" + + + +Now, what is true of the railroad workers is also true of the newspaper workers. + +Of course one can hardly imagine any more conservative element to deal with than + +the railroad workers and the newspaper workers. Sometimes you will read a story + +in the paper that is so palpably false, a story about strikers that planted + +dynamite in Lawrence for instance (and it came out in a Boston paper before the + +dynamite was found), a story of how the Erie trains were "dynamited" by strikers + +in Paterson; but do you realize that the man who writes that story, the man who + +pays for that story, the owners and editors are not the ones that put the story + +into actual print? It is put in print by printers, compositors, typesetters, men + +who belong to the working class and are members of unions. During the Swedish + +general strike these workers who belonged to the unions and were operating the + +papers rebelled against printing lies against their fellow strikers. They sent + +an ultimatum to the newspaper managers: "Either you print the truth or you'll + +print no papers at all." The newspaper owners decided they would rather print no + +paper at all than tell the truth. Most of them would probably so decide in this + +country, too. The men went on strike and the paper came out a little bit of a + +sheet, two by four, until eventually they realized that the printers had them by + +the throat, that they could not print any papers without the printers. They sent + +for them to come back and told them, "So much of the paper will belong to the + +strikers and they can print what they please in it." + + + +But other printers have accomplished the same results by sabotage. In Copenhagen + +once there was a peace conference and a circus going on at the same time. The + +printers asked for more wages and they didn't get them. They were very sore. + +Bitterness in the heart is a very good stimulus for sabotage. So they said, "All + +right, we will stay right at work, boys, but we will do some funny business with + +this paper, so they won't want to print it tomorrow under the same + +circumstances." They took the peace conference, where some high and mighty + +person was going to make an address on international peace and they put that + +man's speech in the circus news; they reported the lion and the monkey as making + +speeches in the peace conference and the Honorable Mr. So-and-so doing trapeze + +acts in the circus. There was great consternation and indignation in the city. + +Advertisers, the peace conference, the circus protested. The circus would not + +pay their bill for advertising. It cost the paper as much, eventually, as the + +increased wages would have cost them, so that they came to the men figuratively + +on their bended knees and asked them, "Please be good and we will give you + +whatever you ask." That is the power of interfering with industrial efficiency + +by bad service. It is not the inefficiency of a poor workman, but the deliberate + +withdrawal of efficiency by a competent worker. + + + +"Used Sabotage, But Didn't Know What You Called It" + + + +Sabotage is for the workingman an absolute necessity. Therefore it is almost + +useless to argue about its effectiveness. When men do a thing instinctively + +continually, year after year and generation after generation, it means that that + +weapon has some value to them. When the Boyd speech was made in Paterson, + +immediately some of the socialists rushed to the newspapers to protest. They + +called the attention of the authorities to the fact that the speech was made. + +The secretary of the socialist party and the organizer of the socialist party + +repudiated Boyd. That precipitated the discussion into the strike committee as + +to whether speeches on sabotage were to be permitted. We had tried to instill + +into the strikers the idea that any kind of speech was to be permitted; that a + +socialist or a minister or a priest, a union, organizer, an A. F. of L. man, a + +politician, an I. W. W. man, an anarchist, anybody should have the platform. And + +we tried to make the strikers realize. "You have sufficient intelligence to + +select for yourselves. If you haven't got that, then no censorship over your + +meetings is going to do you any good." So they had a rather tolerant spirit and + +they were not inclined to accept this socialist denunciation of sabotage right + +off the reel. They had an executive session and threshed it out and this is what + +occurred. + + + +One worker said, "I never heard of this thing called sabotage before Mr. Boyd + +spoke about it on the platform. I know once in a while when I want a half-day + +off and they won't give it to me I slip the belt off the machine so it won't run + +and I get my half day. I don't know whether you call that sabotage, but that's + +what I do." + + + +Another said, "I was in the strike of the dyers eleven years ago and we lost. We + +went back to work and we had these scabs that had broken our strike working side + +by side with us. We were pretty sore. So whenever they were supposed to be + +mixing green we saw to it that they put in red, or when they were supposed to be + +mixing blue we saw to it that they put in green. And soon they realized that + +scabbing was a very unprofitable business. And the next strike we had, they + +lined up with us. I don't know whether you call that sabotage, but it works." + + + +As we went down the line, one member of the executive committee after another + +admitted they had used this thing but they "didn't know that was what you called + +it!" And so in the end democrats, republicans, socialists, all I. W. W.'s in the + +committee voted that speeches on sabotage were to be permitted, because it was + +ridiculous not to say on the platform what they were already doing in the shop. + + + +And so my final justification of sabotage is its constant use by the worker. The + +position of speakers, organizers, lecturers, writers who are presumed to be + +interested in the labor movement, must be one of two. If you place yourself in a + +position outside of the working class and you presume to dictate to them from + +some "superior" intellectual plane, what they are to do, they will very soon get + +rid of you, for you will very soon demonstrate that you are of absolutely no use + +to them. I believe the mission of the intelligent propagandist is this: we are + +to see what the workers are doing, and then try to understand why they do it; + +not tell them it's right or it's wrong, but analyze the condition and see if + +possibly they do not best understand their need and if, out of the condition, + +there may not develop a theory that will be of general utility. Industrial + +unionism, sabotage are theories born of such facts and experiences. But for us + +to place ourselves in a position of censorship is to alienate ourselves entirely + +from sympathy and utility with the very people we are supposed to serve. + + + +Sabotage and "Moral Fiber" + + + +Sabotage is objected to on the ground that it destroys the moral fiber of the + +individual, whatever that is! The moral fibre of the workingman! Here is a poor + +workingman, works twelve hours a day seven days a week for two dollars a day in + +the steel mills of Pittsburg. For that man to use sabotage is going to destroy + +his moral fiber. Well, if it does, then moral fiber is the only thing he has + +left. In a stage of society where men produce a completed article, for instance + +if a shoemaker takes a piece of raw leather, cuts it, designs it, plans the + +shoes, makes every part of the shoes, turns out a finished product, that + +respresents to him what the piece of sculpturing represents to the artist, there + +is joy in handicraftsmanship, there is joy in labor. But can anyone believe that + +a shoe factory worker, one of a hundred men, each doing a small part of the + +complete whole, standing before a machine for instance and listening to this + +ticktack all day long -- that such a man has any joy in his work or any pride in + +the ultimate product? The silk worker for instance may make beautiful things, + +fine shimmering silk. When it is hung up in the window of Altman's or Macy's or + +Wanamaker's it looks beautiful. But the silk worker never gets a chance to use a + +single yard of it. And the producing of the beautiful thing instead of being a + +pleasure is instead a constant aggravation to the silk worker. They make a + +beautiful thing in the shop and then they come home to poverty, misery, and + +hardship. They wear a cotton dress while they are weaving the beautiful silk for + +some demi monde in New York to wear. + + + +I remember one night we had a meeting of 5,000 kiddies. (We had them there to + +discuss whether or not there should be a school strike. The teachers were not + +telling the truth about the strike and we decided that the children were either + +to hear the truth or it was better for them not to go to school at all.) I said, + +"Children, is there any of you here who have a silk dress in your family? + +Anybody's mother got a silk dress?" One little ragged urchin in front piped up, + +"Shure, me mudder's got a silk dress." + + + +I said, "Where did she get it?" -- perhaps a rather indelicate question, but a + +natural one. + + + +He said, "Me fadder spoiled the cloth and had to bring it home." + + + +The only time they get a silk dress is when they spoil the goods so that nobody + +else will use it; when the dress is so ruined that nobody else would want it. + +Then they can have it. The silk worker takes pride in his products! To talk to + +these people about being proud of their work is just as silly as to talk to the + +street cleaner about being proud of his work, or to tell the man that scrapes + +out the sewer to be proud of his work. If they made an article completely or if + +they made it all together under a democratic association and then they had the + +disposition of the silk -- they could wear some of it, they could make some of + +the beautiful salmon-colored and the delicate blues into a dress for themselves + +-- there would be pleasure in producing silk. But until you eliminate wage + +slavery and the exploitation of labor it is ridiculous to talk about destroying + +the moral fiber of the individual by telling him to destroy "his own product." + +Destroy his own product! He is destroying somebody else's enjoyment, somebody + +else's chance to use his product created in slavery. There is another argument + +to the effect that "If you use this thing called sabotage you are going to + +develop in yourself a spirit of histility, a spirit of antagonism to everybody + +else in society, you are going to become sneaking, you are going to become + +cowardly. It is an underhanded thing to do." But the individual who uses + +sabotage is not benefiting himself alone. If he were looking out for himself + +only he would never use sabotage. It would be much easier, much safer not to do + +it. When a man uses sabotage he is usually intending to benefit the whole; doing + +an individual thing but doing it for the benefit of himself and others together. + +And it requires courage. It requires individuality. It creates in that + +workingman some self-respect for and self-reliance upon himself as a producer. I + +contend that sabotage instead of being sneaking and cowardly is a courageous + +thing, is an open thing. The boss may not be notified about it through the + +papers, but he finds out about it very quickly, just the same. And the man or + +woman who employs it is demonstrating a courage that you may measure in this + +way: How many of the critics would do it? How many of you, if you were dependent + +on a job in a silk town like Paterson, would take your job in your hands and + +employ sabotage? If you were a machinist in a locomotive shop and had a good + +job, how many of you would risk it to employ sabotage? Consider that and then + +you have the right to call the man who uses it a coward -- if you can. + + + +Limiting The Over-Supply of Slaves + + + +It is my hope that the workers will not only "sabotage" the supply of products, + +but also the over-supply of producers. In Europe the syndicalists have carried + +on a propaganda that we are too cowardly to carry on in the United States as + +yet. It is against the law. Everything is "against the law," once it becomes + +large enough for the law to take cognizance that it is in the best interests of + +the working class. If sabotage is to be thrown aside because it is construed as + +against the law, how do we know that next year free speech may not have to be + +thrown aside? Or free assembly or free press? That a thing is against the law, + +does not mean necessarily that the thing is not good. Sometimes it means just + +the contrary: a mighty good thing for the working class to use against the + +capitalists. In Europe they are carrying on this sort of limitation of product: + +they are saying, "Not only will we limit the product in the factory, but we are + +going to limit the supply of producers. We are going to limit the supply of + +workers on the market." Men and women of the working class in France and Italy + +and even Germany today are saying, "We are not going to have ten, twelve and + +fourteen children for the army, the navy, the factory and the mine. We are going + +to have fewer children, with quality and not quantity accentuated as our ideal + +who can be better fed, better clothed, better equipped mentally and will become + +better fighters for the social revolution." Although it is not a strictly + +scientific definition I like to include this as indicative of the spirit that + +produces sabotage. It certainly is one of the most vital forms of class warfare + +there are, to strike at the roots of the capitalist system by limiting their + +supply of slaves and creating individuals who will be good soldiers on their own + +behalf. + + + +Sabotage a War Measure + + + +I have not given you are rigidly defined thesis on sabotage because sabotage is + +in the process of making. Sabotage itself is not clearly defined. Sabotage is as + +broad and changing as industry, as flexible as the imagination and passions of + +humanity. Every day workingmen and women are discovering new forms of sabotage, + +and the stronger their rebellious imagination is the more sabotage they are + +going to invent, the more sabotage they are going to develop. Sabotage is not, + +however, a permanent weapon. Sabotage is not going to be necessary, once a free + +society has been established. Sabotage is simply a war measure and it will go + +out of existence with the war, just as the strike, the lockout, the policeman, + +the machine gun, the judge with his injunction, and all the various weapons in + +the arsenals of capital and labor will go out of existence with the advent of a + +free society. "And then," someone may ask, "may not this instinct for sabotage + +have developed, too far, so that one body of workers will use sabotage against + +another; that the railroad workers, for instance, will refuse to work for the + +miners unless they get exorbitant returns for labor?" The difference is this: + +when you sabotage an employer you are sabotaging somebody upon whom you are not + +interdependent, you have no relationship with him as a member of society + +contributing to your wants in return for your contribution. The employer is + +somebody who depends absolutely on the workers. Whereas, the miner is one unit + +in as society where somebody else supplies the bread, somebody else the clothes, + +somebody else the shoes, and where he gives his product in exchange for someone + +else's; and it would be suicidal for him to assume a tyrannical, a monopolistic + +position, of demanding so much for his product that the others might cut him off + +from any other social relations and refuse to meet with any such bargain. In + +other words, the miner, the railroad worker, the baker is limited in using + +sabotage against his fellow workers because he is interdependent on his fellow + +workers, whereas he is not meterially interdependent on the employer for the + +means of subsistence. + + + +But the worker will not be swerved from his stern purpose by puerile objections. + +To him this is not an argument but a struggle for life. He knows freedom will + +come only when his class is willing and courageous enough to fight for it. He + +knows the risks, far better than we do. But his choice is between starvation in + +slavery and starvation in battle. Like a spent swimmer in the sea, who can sink + +easily and apathetically into eternal sleep, but who struggles on to grasp a + +stray spar, suffers but hopes in suffering -- so the worker makes his choice. + +His wife's worries and tears spur him forth to don his shining armor of + +industrial power; his child's starry eyes mirror the light of the ideal to him + +and strengthens his determination to strike the shackles from the wrists of toil + +before that child enters the arena of industrial life; his manhood demands some + +rebellion against daily humiliation and intolerable exploitation. To this + +worker, sabotage is a shining sword. It pierces the nerve centers of capitalism, + +stabs at its hearts and stomachs, tears at the vitals of its economic system. It + +is cutting a path to freedom, to ease in production and ease in consumption. + + + +Confident in his powers, he hurls his challenge into his master's teeth -- I am, + +I was and I will be -- + + + + "I will be, and lead the nations on, the last of all your hosts to meet, + + Till on your necks, your heads, your crowns, I'll plant my strong, resistless + + feet. + + Avenger, Liberator, Judge, red battles on my pathway hurled, + + I stretch forth my almighty arm till it revivifies the world." + + + + + + + + + +PREAMBLE + + + +Industrial Workers of the World + + + +The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. The can be no + +peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the working people and + +the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. + + + +Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of the world + +organize as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production, + +and abolish the wage system. + + + +We find that the centering of the management of industries into fewer and fewer + +hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the ever growing power of the + +employing class. The trade unions foster a state of affairs which allows one set of + +workers to be pitted against another set of workers in the same industry, thereby + +helping to defeat one another in wage wars. Moreover, the trade unions aid the + +employing class to mislead the workers into the belief that the working class have + +interests in common with their employers. + + + +These conditions can be changed and the interest of the working class upheld only + +by an organization formed in such a way that all its members in any one industry, + +or in all industries if necessary, cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in + +any department thereof, thus making an injury to one an injury to all. + + + +Instead of the conservative motto, "A fair day's wage for a fair day's work," we + +must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword, "Abolition of the wage + +system." + + + +It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with capitalism. The + +army of production must be organized, not only for the everyday struggle with + +capitalists, but also to carry on production when capitalism shall have been + +overthrown. By organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new + +society within the shell of the old. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/samllbs.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/samllbs.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a96fe502 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/samllbs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,250 @@ +***** Reformated. Please Distribute. + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON SMALL BUSINESS + + + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore believe in business. They +believe in the marketplace. They know that +economic growth will be the best jobs program this +country will ever have. Small businesses create +most of the new jobs in this country and they need +to flourish if we are all to prosper. + +America cannot afford another four years without a +strategy to make our economy grow again. We must +put an end to the era of rewarding outrageous +executive pay and shipping American jobs overseas +while leaving small businesses without basic +support. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore will make the change. +They will encourage small business people and +entrepreneurs to take risks, and reward those with +the patience, the courage, and the determination to +create new jobs. A Clinton/Gore Administration +will provide incentives for those who start new +businesses and develop new technologies. And it +will make sure that the small defense contractors +who helped win the Cold War don't get left out in +the cold. + +Create incentives for small businesses to invest + +* Offer a new enterprise tax credit that + provides a 50 percent tax exclusion for those + who take risks by making long-term investments + in new businesses. + +* Provide a targeted investment tax credit to + encourage investment in new plants and + productive equipment here at home that we need + to compete in the global economy. + +* Make permanent the research and development + tax credit to reward companies that invest in + ground-breaking technologies. + +Contain small business health care costs + +* Provide affordable, quality health care for + all Americans, while protecting small + businesses from rising health care costs. + +* Phase in small employer and new business + health care responsibilities until costs are + reduced. In the interim their employees will + be covered by the public health care program + with co-payment requirements to discourage + over-utilization and encourage shared + responsibility. + +* Stop underwriting practices that divide + Americans into small risk groups and raise the + cost of health care coverage for small + business. Institute a broad-based community + rating system to guarantee access, continuity + and renewability of coverage. + +* Allow small businesses to buy into a public + health program if it is less expensive than + similar plans offered by private insurers. + +* Promote managed competition by eliminating + barriers to small businesses that want to band + together to form larger groups to purchase + health insurance at lower prices. + +Facilitate defense conversion for small defense +contractors + +* Increase technical, financial, and marketing + assistance to Americas small businesses, which + will be critical in the provision of new, + high-tech jobs for former small defense + contractor employees. + +* Provide small business conversion grants + through the Small Business Administration + (SBA) to help small defense contractors + finance their transition from defense to + civilian production. + +* Create a small business Technical Extension + Service, based on the successful Agriculture + Extension and Minnesotas effective Project + Outreach Program, to give small businesses + easy access to technical expertise. A primary + goal of the Extension Service will be to + provide information on marketing, finance and + technology to assist firms converting to + civilian production. + +* Require the SBA to set aside a percentage of + its loan program for successful small business + defense contractors attempting to convert to + civilian enterprise. + +Increase small business exports and ensure fair +trade + +* Work to create an open trading system and + support efforts to reduce trade barriers + through the General Agreement on Tariffs and + Trades (GATT). + +* Pass a sharper, stronger Super 301 trade bill + to encourage our trading partners to permit US + goods access to their markets. + +* Negotiate a North American Free Trade + Agreement to promote increased trade with + Mexico, but only if its fair to American + farmers and workers and contains provisions to + protect the environment. + +Encourage small businesses to invest in rural +areas and inner-cities + +* Set up a national network of small business + community development banks like the South + Shore Bank of Chicago and its rural + counterpart, the Southern Development + Bancorporation in Arkansas, to give low-income + entrepreneurs the tools they need to start new + businesses. Small business is the key to + employment in our cities and must be + encouraged. The South Shore Bank has proven + that free enterprise can flourish with the + proper financial support in the most + challenging of circumstances. + +* Create urban enterprise zones to encourage + investment in inner-city development and + provide jobs for local residents. + +* Rewrite and pass a stronger Community + Reinvestment Act that challenges banks to lend + to entrepreneurs and promotes development + projects that reinforce community and + neighborhood goals. + +* Support the Minority Small Business Investment + Company and other programs that encourage + development of minority-owned small + businesses. + +Expanded opportunity for small business + +* In the last half of the 1980s, because of + Bill Clinton's leadership, the number of + manufacturing jobs in Arkansas grew at ten + times the national average. Much of the + growth was in small business. For example, + from 1979 to 1991, there was a 142 percent + increase in the number of Arkansas companies + exporting products. Nearly 75 percent of these + companies had less than 200 employees. + +* For the year ending in May 1992, Arkansas + ranked second nationally in absolute creation + (+29,000) and second nationally in job growth + rate. + +* Created the Arkansas Development Finance + Authority (ADFA) to provide a source of + long-term, low-interest, and fixed-rate + financing for economic development projects. + ADFA was among the first agencies in the + nation to develop an industrial bond pooling + program, which enables small businesses to + participate in the bond market and brings down + the net interest rate for Arkansas borrowers. + ADFAs flexible regulations have also brought + millions of out-of-state dollars into + Arkansas, and have provided 46 companies more + than $65 million in bond loans. + +* Reorganized the non-profit Arkansas Capital + Corporation, which makes reduced interest + loans to small businesses that do not meet + requirements for conventional bank loans. + Between 1985 and April 1992, the ACC approved + more than $18 million in economic development + loans. The ACC also sponsored the formation + of the Arkansas Certified Development + Corporation, which serves as a vehicle for + long-term financing under an SBA program. + +* Helped establish the private Southern + Development Bancorporation, which since 1988 + has made more than $12 million in development + loans, mainly in Arkansas small businesses. + +* Established a Linked Deposit Program, which + allows up to $50 million of state funds in + lending institutions to be loaned to small + businesses at below-market rates. + +* Senator Gore is the author of the Small + Business Innovation Development Act of 1982 + which directs the federal government to + provide a more equitable and effective + distribution of federal research and + development funds toward small businesses. + +* Cosponsored numerous bills to encourage small + business ownership and maintain a favorable + tax policy for small business growth. + +* Cosponsored the Small Business Capital + Formation Act, which would provide + preferential tax treatment for capital gains + on small business stock held over four years. + +* Cosponsored a bill which would amend the + Internal Revenue Code to promote small + businesses. Support for minority businesses + +* Bill Clinton created the Minority Business + Development Division of the Arkansas + Industrial Development Commission. The + Division has given $5.2 million in financial + assistance to minority-controlled businesses + in Arkansas and offers regular financial + advice. + +* Created a Small Business Revolving Loan Fund + to provide loans to small and minority + businesses, mainly in rural areas. + +* Al Gore cosponsored numerous bills designed to + encourage small business ownership and + maintain a favorable tax policy for small + business growth. + +* Has consistently supported programs to assist + businesses owned by minorities and women. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sanddolr.lft b/textfiles.com/politics/sanddolr.lft new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0004d237 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sanddolr.lft @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ + + + "SAND DOLLARS" + + A Libertarian Outlook + + by Gerald Schneider, Ph.D. + + + Byron G. Norton bemoaned exploitation of "sand dollars" in a +Washington Post Magazine article in June of 1986. Sand dollars +are sea urchins whose flat disklike skeletons imprinted with +"starfish" designs are collectable. + The article concerned a girl, about 8, gathering live sand +dollars at a beach for her mom. Her mother would bleach the sand +dollars, turn them into decorative items, and sell extras to +craft stores. + + "Commercialism" + + Upset by this "commercialism"--trading live animals for +craft projects--Norton wrote: "No industrial operation can be +expected to exercise self-restraint when there are profits to be +made. The family was only transforming sand dollars into +monetary dollars." + He went on to say of the little girl: "As a novitiate in the +order of capitalism, she was already acting as if sand dollars +were merely commodities." Norton also implied that commercialism +of nature leads to overharvesting of species and endangerment of +their future survival. + + A Problem of Ownership + + But Norton was wrong! Capitalism and commercialism are not +at fault when it comes to catastrophic abuse of nature. +Ownership of natural resources and nature is the problem. + The beach involved in his story was government "owned," and +belonged to no one in particular and to everyone. It received +the same lack of public respect I described for the Chesapeake +Bay in another article. + Government ownership produces little incentive for exercise +of self-restraint in the use of the beach's (or nature's) +treasures. Ecologist Garrett Hardin called this dilemma "the +tragedy of the commons" in his 1968 essay with that title. +Economists would say that this is what happens when external +costs are not internalized. + + Private Ownership is Better + + If the beach were privately owned, for example, by some +naturalist organization, preservation would be practiced. + If sand dollars helped attract people to the beach, private +owners with commercial interests would protect sand dollars from +overharvest. It would be to the private, commercial owner's +advantage to ensure sustained yield of sand dollars. She would +want to keep the public coming back for more year after year. + Getting beaches away from government and into private +ownership by persons who value sand dollars for their own sake or +for the sake of ecology should be the conservationist's goal. +Ditto for all of nature and natural resources. + + Study the Record + + People still unconvinced about the superiority of private +over government ownership of the environment should study the +record. Just compare land and water bodies owned by +environmental organizations (e.g. The Nature Conservancy) to +federal government property. + Federal government agencies, "pork barrel" politicians, and +timber and livestock interests shape environmental policies on +"public" (federal government) property. These special interests +are referred to as the "iron triangle" by land economist, John +Baden. He has documented how these interests combine to cause +Americans to "subsidize the destruction of their environment." + + Reprinted from THE WHEATON NEWS of Wheaton, Maryland, Sept. +3, 1987. For a one year subscription to Mr. Schneider's biweekly +"Libertarian Outlook" column, send $15 to: Gerald Schneider, 8750 +Georgia Ave., Suite 1410-B, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Copyright +1987 Gerald Schneider, Ph.D. + +(This is the text of one of a series of eight topical Libertarian +outreach leaflets produced by the Libertarian Party of Skagit +County, WA. The leaflets have a panel with National LP member- +ship information, with a space for other LP groups to stamp their +own address and phone number. Samples and a bulk price list/ +order form are available from: Libertarian Party of Skagit +County, P.O. Box 512, Anacortes, WA 98221.) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/scsa-ash.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/scsa-ash.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f1940d6b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/scsa-ash.txt @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ + Separation of Church and State in America: A Short History + by Mister Zen + Copyleft 1992 - All Rites Reversed + ------------------------------------------------------ + +This short work is in response to recent statements made on CultWatch +to the effect that: + + a) The USA has no Constitutional Ammendment providing for the + separation of church and state. + + b) The founding fathers did not intend for there to be such a + separation. + + c) The USA was intended by the founding fathers to be a Christian + nation. + + d) That the 1st Ammendment to the Constitution is absolute, in + that any attempt to make illegal prayer in schools is + unconstitutional. + +I believe these statements to be erroneous, and am therefore +promulgating this thesis. I hope that it sheds some light on +the situation. + +Since it would appear to be Christians who are putting forth +the aforementioned balderdash, I'd like to begin by quoting an +authority whom some may have respect for, who spoke on the +separation of church and state. His name was Jesus of Nazareth, +and he has been quoted as having said, "Render to Caesar the +things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's" +(Mark 12:17), which I believe indicates a clear distinction +being made between things secular and things spiritual. It +would appear, Christians, that your own founder [sic] was in +favor of keeping church and state separate! + +In order to better understand why our founding fathers wished +to keep separate the functions of church and state, it would do +to take a close look at prevailing conditions in England prior +to the colonization of America. + +In the 16th and 17th centuries, the government attempted to +declare illegal and destroy any religion that did not adhere to +standards set forth by the official state church, the Church of +England (Anglican). This included Catholics and some Protestant +faiths. Puritans were prohibited from publishing their books +and pamphlets. A famous Puritan, John Milton, did succeed in +publishing a protest against the situation, the "Areopagitica." + +Popular dissent against the restrictive laws led in part to the +English Civil War in 1642, which put the Puritans in power. +Apparently unable to learn their lesson after having been +repressed themselves, they promptly began oppressing the +Catholics. Then came Oliver Cromwell, who favored religious +toleration. Following him came the restoration of Charles II to +the throne in 1660, and he instituted the Clarendon Code in +1661, which legalized persecution of non-Anglicans. There was, +again, a great deal of dissent over this unpopular law, and +following the Glorious Revolution in 1689, William III and Mary +II again permitted religious toleration. + +One may note with irony that it was the many foibles and +caprices of the monarchy and government of England that led +many of our founding fathers to leave England for America in +the first place. However, once here, our worthy forefathers +could not resist the temptation to set up their own official +religions, and to begin persecuting those who were not members. + +In Virginia in particular, the Church of England was the +official church. In 1758, there was a confrontation with angry +Baptists and Presbyterians, which led to the Anglican Church +being removed as the official church of Virginia in 1779. + +In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Mason +completed the Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty, which +legally separated church and state, and established the +principles which would later be followed by the United States +of America. Indeed, Thomas Jefferson stated that his intention +was to erect a "wall of separation between church and state." + +In the 1st Ammendment to the Constitution of the United States, +first penned by Madison in 1789, it was stated, in part, +"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of +religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...," which +has been interpreted by some to be absolute. However, such has +not proven to be the case, with the 1st Ammendment, or indeed, +with any of the others. Congress has passed many, many laws +which have been deemed to be "in the public interest" that have +restricted the free practice of religion in one form or +another. The most innocuous of these are laws requiring +churches to conform to building and fire codes, as well as +sanitation laws. The IRS has assumed the role of determining +whether or not a religious group is indeed a church for +purposes of avoiding taxation. + +The Supreme Court, since the earliest days of our government, +has consistantly determined that there are two parts to the +1st Ammendment - the "free exercise" portion, and the +"establishment" portion. The Establishment Clause specifically +prohibits any law "respecting an establishment of religion," +while the Free Exercise Clause bans laws "prohibiting the free +exercise of religion." These two clauses are designed to +protect the same basic value - the freedom of every individual +to worship (or not to worship) as he or she wishes, without +government interference. The Supreme Court has consistantly +held that the government may neither engage in nor compel +religious practices, that it effect no favoritism among sects +or between religion and non-religion, and that it work +deterrence of no religious belief. + +Now comes the tough part - the Supreme Court has had to walk a +tightrope since the earliest days of our government, balancing +the desire to leave religions alone to practice as they please +and the need to protect the legal, social and religious needs +of society as a whole. Examples of tough decisions abound. For +example: + + Reynolds v. United States, 1878 - Mormans claim religious + freedom to practice polygamy under the Free Exercise + Clause. Denied. + + West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943 - West Virginia + law requiring that students in public schools salute the flag + struck down. + + Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education, 1930 - Public + schools may legally furnish secular textbooks for the use + of children in religious schools. + + Everson v. Board of Education, 1947 - State reimbursement of + parent's money spent for public bus transportation of their + children to parochial schools does not constitute + "establishment of a religion." + + McCollum v. Board of Education, 1948 - Public schools may + cooperate with churches for religious education of children, + but may not use public property or funds, and religion itself + may not be promoted. + + Engel v. Vitale, 1962 - The Supreme Court struck down mandatory + prayer in public schools. A period of silence may be observed + during which children may pray if they wish, but the school + may not conduct devotional exercises, compose prayers, read + the bible, or otherwise enter the field of religious + instruction. + + Walz v. Tax Commission, 1970 - Traditional freedom from taxation + for churches upheld. + + Cruz v. Beto, 1972 - Prisoners have the freedom to worship as + they please. + + Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984 - Cities have the right to display + Nativity Scenes in public Christmas displays. + +In the preceding text, I have attempted to show that the four +assertations mentioned herein are incorrect, and I believe +that I have acheived that goal. It should be obvious to even +the most casual reader that the USA does, indeed provide for +the separation of church and state in its Constitution. In +addition, as quotes by Thomas Jefferson would indicate, our +founding fathers, the framers of the Constitution, did most +definately intend for there to be a distinct and inviolate +separation between church and state in our country. Further, as +the many divisions of Christian sects in both England and +America would indicate, it would have been impossible for our +forefathers to have intended for the USA to become a +"Christian" nation, as there was then, as there is now, no one +"Christian" religion - indeed, when the various factions and +sects are brought together in one place, they immediately +attempt to oppress each other. And finally, I have shown that +the Supreme Court has consistantly held, that although the 1st +Ammendment is most important and deserving of respect, it must +be tempered (as all laws must) by the needs of the people it +serves. --Mister Zen--- + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/scud.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/scud.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a47b7909 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/scud.txt @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +History & Description of the Soviet SCUDS ---- +by Jack E. Hammond, Defense Data Inc +January 18th 1991 + +Israel has been hit by between 6 to 8 SCUD medium range ballistic missiles +(Israel now says 10). The following is a short history of the SCUD. + +The first version of the SCUD was the R-11\SS-1b\SCUD-A (USSR\US\NATO) and +appeared about 1957. It was carried by a tracked vehicle and was erected +on round table then the tracked carrier was pulled away from the missile, +i.e. like the WW2 German V-2 rockets. Unlike the V-2 it had the advantage +of using semi-storable liquid fuels (these fuels are dangerous though to +human contact and the crews are required to wear rubbers suits making many +to think they all have chemical warheads). But they still had the +disadvantage of using the V-2 type guidance system with a internal gyro +and radio cut off to control the trajectory. This requires a weather +balloon being tracked to predict the air currents before launch. The +SCUD-A main weak point was its accuracy -- hitting somewhere in a circle +of around 4 km (CEP of 4km). + +The second version of the SCUD was the R-17\SS-1c\SCUD-B and first +appeared in 1965. Besides being slightly longer, it was mounted on a 8X8 +wheeled vehicle, the MAZ-543\7310TLM Uragan transport-erector. This +vehicle gave a great highway and semi-rough terrain mobility making them +easy to hide and hard to find. The biggest improvement was the inertial +strap down guidances system which improved the CEP to 1 km. Minimum time +from first fueling to firing is 90 minutes. + +Besides the standard HE or variable tactical nuclear warheads the Soviets +also developed a chemical warhead that if filled with VX (nerve agent). It +uses a proximity fuze that activates a small HE charge that rams a pusher +down spreading the nerve agent. This warhead was developed for use +against NATO air bases to hinder refueling and arming of its strike +aircraft. + +The R-17\SS-1c\SCUD-B or versions of it are the most common and has a +length of 11.2 m (38 ft 9 in), Span: 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), Diameter: 85 cm +(2 ft 10 in), Weight: 6300 kg (13,890 lb), Range: 280 km (170 mi), +Warhead: either tactical nuclear or high explode warhead weighing +approximately 1 ton. + +After the SCUD-B the Soviets had a small scale development of two more +version. The SS-1d\SCUD-C (no known Soviet designation) which has a +longer range but an even worst CEP than the SCUD-A. The second version +was the SS-1e\SCUD-D -- and THANK GOD help us that none were exported. +The SCUD-D is fitted with a improved guidance and has a submunnition +warhead. Against air bases it is extremely dangerous -- EXTREMELY! (The +Soviets have re designated their missiles and the R-17 is now the R-300) + +There one other SCUD-B version developed, and that was the M-11 by the +People Republic of China. The M-11 can be launched from the same Soviet +made MAZ vehicle. The M-11 was developed strictly to acquire gold +currency -- export -- and the PLA has no need for it. + +Today in the Soviet Army the SCUDs are being replaced by the OTR-23\SS-23 +Spider (Soviet\NATO). The Spider uses solid fuel, is super accurate -- +measured in 10s of meters) -- and most Third World leaders would give half +their oil, prettiest daughter and even their left testicle if requested +for some of them. Syria has them in limited numbers, and Israel hates the +Soviets for it. + +The Arab SCUDS ---- + +In the 1970s the Arabs had the short range FROG free flight artillery +rockets. To keep the Israeli AF from attacking their cities they +requested the SCUD-B. For the Arabs the Soviets developed an export model +(i.e. Mickie Mouse version in their terms). Called the R-17E, it was a +SCUD-B with the SCUD-A guidance system (i.e. instead of a 1km CEP a 4 km +CEP). The first models were shipped shortly before the 1973 war: e.g. +Egypt, Syria, Libya (a lot of them with 72 transport-erectors -- which is +what counts), North Korea, Iraq (36 transport-erectors) and South Yemen +(not the Republic of Yemen). + +The first combat use of the SCUD was when the Egyptians launched a number +of them during the 1973 War against suspected Israeli military +installations in Sinai. Nothing is know about their effectiveness. Also, +as a sidenote, in April 1986 the Libyans launched two export SCUDs against +Italian island of Lampedusa, where the USN has a navigation station. Both +landed in the sea off the island. + +The Iraqi SCUDS: Terror in the Cities ---- + +From the outset of the Iran-Iraq Gulf War the Iraqis used short range FROG +free flight artillery rockets. Even though Iraqis had the SCUD-Bs they +could not use them because their missile crews were not trained. By 1982 +the crews were trained and the war was going against Iraq. In October 27 +1982 they fired the first SCUD missile that killed civilians when one +impacted the Iranian city of Dezful killing 21 and reportedly injuring in +the hundreds. (Many are now saying, "Gawd! The one that hit Tel Aviv +didn't do that -- not even killing one!" Please keep reading.) + +Iraq continued to firing SCUDs against cities killing hundreds of Iranian +civilians. In 1985 the tables turned when Iran acquired a small number of +SCUDs from Libya. Soon Bagdhad was getting hit. At first Saddam tried to +shove it off as car bombs, but it was soon out and Saddam suffered a +massive lose of "face.": i.e. the Iraqi capital was being hit but not the +Iranian capital. Saddam tried to acquire a missile that could reach +Teheran -- e.g. reported the older liquid fueled Soviet SS-12 Scaleboard +(now destroyed under the INF treaty). The Soviets by this time were +changing and refused. But for some reason -- i.e. thought to be hard +currency -- provided a huge number of R-17\SCUDs (reports are from +anywhere from 200 to 500). From these missiles the Iraqis with foreign +experts developed the al-Husayn. THESE ARE WHAT HIT TEL AVIV ON JANUARY +18th 1991. + +Most so called experts state that the al-Husayn was an R-17E fitted with +strap on boosters to increase its range. THIS IS 100% FALSE! It is a lot +simpler. The Iraqis and their foreign engineers took a standard R-17E and +reduced the warhead from 2000 lbs to less than 500 lbs. This over doubled +the range to approximately 370 miles with a report CEP 500m. (This writer +does not accept that figure.) On February 29th 1988 the first al-Husayn +impacted Teheran. From then on Iran's strong morale to continue the war +with Iraq began to come unglued. A reported 200 al-Husayn were launched +against Teheran. Then besides the deaths created by the light warhead of +the al-Husayn, the Iranians learned that Iraq was developing a chemical +warhead (if they have or not is not known) and the Great Imman done +something worst than taking poison. + +Finally, besides the al-Husayn the Iraqis have developed an improved +version of the SCUD, called the al-Abbas, which has the same range of the +al-Husayn but the SCUDs original 2000 lb warhead with a reported CEP of +300m. (Also, not believe by this writer.) The al-Abbas was developing by +cannibalizing two SCUDs and extending the fuel tankage. Iraq has not +manufactured many because they have only so many SCUDs. If a al-Abbas had +been launched the deaths in Tel Aviv would have been much great -- i.e. +especially with all the civilians in soft sealed upper story rooms +expecting an chemical attack. + +THE END>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/scum b/textfiles.com/politics/scum new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a5d16bc --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/scum @@ -0,0 +1,1382 @@ + + the + + + SCUM Manifesto + + + by Valerie Solanas + + + + +This is the only copy of the SCUM Manifesto I've ever seen. This +version was published by PHOENIX PRESS, presumably in the UK (price +given as "75p"), though no contact information was provided. I have +no idea what, if any, changes were made to the text. I tried to +change nothing except change some obvious (to me) Anglicizations +back to Americanisms (eg. empathise to empathize). The copyright +is certainly retained by Valerie, where ever she is; likely jail. +Seeing how it's a manifesto, and the Phoenix people don't own it +either, I figured Valerie Solanas wouldn't mind my typing this all +in and giving it away for free. + + +If you have any authoritative data, or additions to make (skip the +comments on content please) please send them along, and I'll include +on my archive. + + + -- tomj@wps.com (Tom Jennings), Jan 1994. + + + + +From the back cover of the PHOENIX PRESS booklet: + + + "Valerie Solanas' SCUM Manifesto was written in 1967 and + published in 1968, the year she shot and wounded Andy + Warhol. The text used here is that of the 1983 edition of + the Manifesto that was published by the Matriarchy Study + Group." + + + +And now on with it. + + + the + + + SCUM Manifesto + + + by Valerie Solanas + + + + +Life in this society being, at best, an utter bore and no aspect +of society being at all relevant to women, there remains to +civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow +the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete +automation and destroy the male sex. + + +It is now technically feasible to reproduce without the aid of +males (or, for that matter, females) and to produce only females. +We must begin immediately to do so. Retaining the mail has not even +the dubious purpose of reproduction. The male is a biological +accident: the Y (male) gene is an incomplete X (female) gene, that +is, it has an incomplete set of chromosomes. In other words, the +male is an incomplete female, a walking abortion, aborted at the +gene stage. To be male is to be deficient, emotionally limited; +maleness is a deficiency disease and males are emotional cripples. + + +The male is completely egocentric, trapped inside himself, incapable +of empathizing or identifying with others, or love, friendship, +affection of tenderness. He is a completely isolated unit, incapable +of rapport with anyone. His responses are entirely visceral, not +cerebral; his intelligence is a mere tool in the services of his +drives and needs; he is incapable of mental passion, mental +interaction; he can't relate to anything other than his own physical +sensations. He is a half-dead, unresponsive lump, incapable of +giving or receiving pleasure or happiness; consequently, he is at +best an utter bore, an inoffensive blob, since only those capable +of absorption in others can be charming. He is trapped in a twilight +zone halfway between humans and apes, and is far worse off than +the apes because, unlike the apes, he is capable of a large array +of negative feelings -- hate, jealousy, contempt, disgust, guilt, +shame, doubt -- and moreover, he is *aware* of what he is and +what he isn't. + + +Although completely physical, the male is unfit even for stud +service. Even assuming mechanical proficiency, which few men have, +he is, first of all, incapable of zestfully, lustfully, tearing +off a piece, but instead is eaten up with guilt, shame, fear and +insecurity, feelings rooted in male nature, which the most enlightened +training can only minimize; second, the physical feeling he attains +is next to nothing; and third, he is not empathizing with his +partner, but is obsessed with how he's doing, turning in an A +performance, doing a good plumbing job. To call a man an animal +is to flatter him; he's a machine, a walking dildo. It's often said +that men use women. Use them for what? Surely not pleasure. + + +Eaten up with guilt, shame, fears and insecurities and obtaining, +if he's lucky, a barely perceptible physical feeling, the male is, +nonetheless, obsessed with screwing; he'll swim through a river of +snot, wade nostril-deep through a mile of vomit, if he thinks +there'll be a friendly pussy awaiting him. He'll screw a woman he +despises, any snaggle-toothed hag, and furthermore, pay for the +opportunity. Why? Relieving physical tension isn't the answer, as +masturbation suffices for that. It's not ego satisfaction; that +doesn't explain screwing corpses and babies. + + +Completely egocentric, unable to relate, empathize or identify, +and filled with a vast, pervasive, diffuse sexuality, the male is +pyschically passive. He hates his passivity, so he projects it onto +women, defines the make as active, then sets out to prove that he +is (`prove that he is a Man'). His main means of attempting to +prove it is screwing (Big Man with a Big Dick tearing off a Big +Piece). Since he's attempting to prove an error, he must `prove' +it again and again. Screwing, then, is a desperate compulsive, +attempt to prove he's not passive, not a woman; but he *is* +passive and *does* want to be a woman. + + +Being an incomplete female, the male spends his life attempting to +complete himself, to become female. He attempts to do this by +constantly seeking out, fraternizing with and trying to live through +an fuse with the female, and by claiming as his own all female +characteristics -- emotional strength and independence, forcefulness, +dynamism, decisiveness, coolness, objectivity, assertiveness, +courage, integrity, vitality, intensity, depth of character, +grooviness, etc -- and projecting onto women all male traits -- +vanity, frivolity, triviality, weakness, etc. It should be said, +though, that the male has one glaring area of superiority over the +female -- public relations. (He has done a brilliant job of convincing +millions of women that men are women and women are men). The male +claim that females find fulfillment through motherhood and sexuality +reflects what males think they'd find fulfilling if they were +female. + + +Women, in other words, don't have penis envy; men have pussy envy. +When the male accepts his passivity, defines himself as a woman +(males as well as females thing men are women and women are men), +and becomes a transvestite he loses his desire to screw (or to do +anything else, for that matter; he fulfills himself as a drag queen) +and gets his dick chopped off. He then achieves a continuous diffuse +sexual feeling from `being a woman'. Screwing is, for a man, a +defense against his desire to be female. He is responsible for: + + +*War*: The male's normal compensation for not being female, +namely, getting his Big Gun off, is grossly inadequate, as he can +get it off only a very limited number of times; so he gets it off +on a really massive scale, and proves to the entire world that he's +a `Man'. Since he has no compassion or ability to empathize or +identify, proving his manhood is worth an endless amount of mutilation +and suffering and an endless number of lives, including his own -- +his own life being worthless, he would rather go out in a blaze of +glory than to plod grimly on for fifty more years. + + +*Niceness, Politeness, and `Dignity'*: Every man, deep down, +knows he's a worthless piece of shit. Overwhelmed by a sense of +animalism and deeply ashamed of it; wanting, not to express himself, +but to hide from others his total physicality, total egocentricity, +the hate and contempt he feels for other men, and to hide from +himself the hate and contempt he suspects other men feel for him; +having a crudely constructed nervous system that is easily upset +by the least display of emotion or feeling, the male tries to +enforce a `social' code that ensures perfect blandness, unsullied +by the slightest trace or feeling or upsetting opinion. He uses +terms like `copulate', `sexual congress', `have relations with' +(to men *sexual* relations is a redundancy), overlaid with +stilted manners; the suit on the chimp. + + +*Money, Marriage and Prostitution, Work and Prevention of an +Automated Society*: There is no human reason for money or for +anyone to work more than two or three hours a week at the very +most. All non-creative jobs (practically all jobs now being done) +could have been automated long ago, and in a moneyless society +everyone can have as much of the best of everything as she wants. +But there are non-human, male reasons for wanting to maintain the +money system: + + +1. Pussy. Despising his highly inadequate self, overcome + with intense anxiety and a deep, profound loneliness when by + his empty self, desperate to attach himself to any female in + dim hopes of completing himself, in the mystical belief that + by touching gold he'll turn to gold, the male craves the + continuous companionship of women. The company of the lowest + female is preferable to his own or that of other men, who serve + only to remind him of his repulsiveness. But females, unless + very young or very sick, must be coerced or bribed into male + company. + + +2. Supply the non-relating male with the delusion of + usefulness, and enable him to try to justify his existence by + digging holes and then filling them up. Leisure time horrifies + the male, who will have nothing to do but contemplate his + grotesque self. Unable to relate or to love, the male must + work. Females crave absorbing, emotionally satisfying, meaningful + activity, but lacking the opportunity or ability for this, they + prefer to idle and waste away their time in ways of their own + choosing -- sleeping, shopping, bowling, shooting pool, playing + cards and other games, breeding, reading, walking around, + daydreaming, eating, playing with themselves, popping pills, + going to the movies, getting analyzed, traveling, raising dogs + and cats, lolling about on the beach, swimming, watching TV, + listening to music, decorating their houses, gardening, sewing, + nightclubbing, dancing, visiting, `improving their minds' + (taking courses), and absorbing `culture' (lectures, plays, + concerts, `arty' movies). Therefore, many females would, even + assuming complete economic equality between the sexes, prefer + living with males or peddling their asses on the street, thus + having most of their time for themselves, to spending many + hours of their days doing boring, stultifying, non-creative + work for someone else, functioning as less than animals, as + machines, or, at best -- if able to get a `good' job -- + co-managing the shitpile. What will liberate women, therefore, + from male control is the total elimination of the money-work + system, not the attainment of economic equality with men within + it. + + +3. Power and control. Unmasterful in his personal relations with + women, the male attains to masterfulness by the manipulation + of money and everything controlled by money, in other words, + of everything and everybody. + + +4. Love substitute. Unable to give love or affection, the male + gives money. It makes him feel motherly. The mother gives milk; + he gives bread. He is the Breadwinner. + + +5. Provide the male with a goal. Incapable of enjoying the moment, + the male needs something to look forward to, and money provides + him with an eternal, never-ending goal: Just think of what you + could do with 80 trillion dollars -- invest it! And in three + years time you'd have 300 trillion dollars!!! + + +6. Provide the basis for the male's major opportunity to control + and manipulate -- fatherhood. + + +*Fatherhood and Mental Illness (fear, cowardice, timidity, +humility, insecurity, passivity)*: Mother wants what's best for +her kids; Daddy only wants what's best for Daddy, that is peace +and quiet, pandering to his delusion of dignity (`respect'), a good +reflection on himself (status) and the opportunity to control and +manipulate, or, if he's an `enlightened' father, to `give guidance'. +His daughter, in addition, he wants sexually -- he givers her +*hand* in marriage; the other part is for him. Daddy, unlike +Mother, can never give in to his kids, as he must, at all costs, +preserve his delusion of decisiveness, forcefulness, always-rightness +and strength. Never getting one's way leads to lack of self-confidence +in one's ability to cope with the world and to a passive acceptance +of the status quo. Mother loves her kids, although she sometimes +gets angry, but anger blows over quickly and even while it exists, +doesn't preclude love and basic acceptance. Emotionally diseased +Daddy doesn't love his kids; he approves of them -- if they're +`good', that is, if they're nice, `respectful', obedient, subservient +to his will, quiet and not given to unseemly displays of temper +that would be most upsetting to Daddy's easily disturbed male +nervous system -- in other words, if they're passive vegetables. +If they're not `good', he doesn't get angry -- not if he's a modern, +`civilized' father (the old-fashioned ranting, raving brute is +preferable, as he is so ridiculous he can be easily despised) -- +but rather express disapproval, a state that, unlike anger, endures +and precludes a basic acceptance, leaving the kid with the feeling +of worthlessness and a lifelong obsession wit being approved of; +the result is fear of independent thought, as this leads to +unconventional, disapproved of opinions and way of life. + + +For the kid to want Daddy's approval it must respect Daddy, and +being garbage, Daddy can make sure that he is respected only by +remaining aloof, by distantness, by acting on the precept of +`familiarity breeds contempt', which is, of course, true, if one +is contemptible. By being distant and aloof, he is able to remain +unknown, mysterious, and thereby, to inspire fear (`respect'). + + +Disapproval of emotional `scenes' leads to fear of strong emotion, +fear of one's own anger and hatred. Fear of anger and hatred combined +with a lack of self-confidence in one's ability to cope with and +change the world, or even to affect in the slightest way one's own +destiny, leads to a mindless belief that the world and most people +in it are nice and the most banal, trivial amusements are great +fun and deeply pleasurable. + + +The affect of fatherhood on males, specifically, is to make them +`Men', that is, highly defensive of all impulses to passivity, +faggotry, and of desires to be female. Every boy wants to imitate +his mother, be her, fuse with her, but Daddy forbids this; *he* +is the mother; *he* gets to fuse with her. So he tells the +boy, sometimes directly, sometimes indirectly, to not be a sissy, +to act like a `Man'. The boy, scared shitless of and `respecting' +his father, complies, and becomes just like Daddy, that model of +`Man'-hood, the all-American ideal -- the well-behaved heterosexual +dullard. + + +The effect of fatherhood on females is to make them male -- dependent, +passive, domestic, animalistic, insecure, approval and security +seekers, cowardly, humble, `respectful' of authorities and men, +closed, not fully responsive, half-dead, trivial, dull, conventional, +flattened-out and thoroughly contemptible. Daddy's Girl, always +tense and fearful, uncool, unanalytical, lacking objectivity, +appraises Daddy, and thereafter, other men, against a background +of fear (`respect') and is not only unable to see the empty shell +behind the facade, but accepts the male definition of himself as +superior, as a female, and of herself, as inferior, as a male, +which, thanks to Daddy, she really is. + + +It is the increase of fatherhood, resulting from the increased and +more widespread affluence that fatherhood needs in order to thrive, +that has caused the general increase of mindlessness and the decline +of women in the United States since the 1920s. The close association +of affluence with fatherhood has led, for the most part, to only +the wrong girls, namely, the `privileged' middle class girls, +getting `educated'. + + +The effect of fathers, in sum, has been to corrode the world with +maleness. The male has a negative Midas Touch -- everything he +touches turns to shit. + + +*Suppression of Individuality, Animalism (domesticity and +motherhood), and Functionalism*: The male is just a bunch of +conditioned reflexes, incapable of a mentally free response; he is +tied to he earliest conditioning, determined completely by his past +experiences. His earliest experiences are with his mother, and he +is throughout his life tied to her. It never becomes completely +clear to the make that he is not part of his mother, that he is he +and she is she. + + +His greatest need is to be guided, sheltered, protected and admired +by Mama (men expect women to adore what men shrink from in horror +-- themselves) and, being completely physical, he yearns to spend +his time (that's not spent `out in the world' grimly defending +against his passivity) wallowing in basic animal activities -- +eating, sleeping, shitting, relaxing and being soothed by Mama. +Passive, rattle-headed Daddy's Girl, ever eager for approval, for +a pat on the head, for the `respect' if any passing piece of garbage, +is easily reduced to Mama, mindless ministrator to physical needs, +soother of the weary, apey brow, booster of the tiny ego, appreciator +of the contemptible, a hot water bottle with tits. + + +The reduction to animals of the women of the most backward segment +of society -- the `privileged, educated' middle-class, the backwash +of humanity -- where Daddy reigns supreme, has been so thorough +that they try to groove on labour pains and lie around in the most +advanced nation in the world in the middle of the twentieth century +with babies chomping away on their tits. It's not for the kids +sake, though, that the `experts' tell women that Mama should stay +home and grovel in animalism, but for Daddy's; the tits for Daddy +to hang onto; the labor pains for Daddy to vicariously groove on +(half dead, he needs awfully strong stimuli to make him respond). + + +Reducing the female to an animal, to Mama, to a male, is necessary +for psychological as well as practical reasons: the male is a mere +member of the species, interchangeable with every other male. He +has no deep-seated individuality, which stems from what intrigues +you, what outside yourself absorbs you, what you're in relation +to. Completely self-absorbed, capable of being in relation only to +their bodies and physical sensations, males differ from each other +only to the degree and in the ways they attempt to defend against +their passivity and against their desire to be female. + + +The female's individuality, which he is acutely aware of, but which +he doesn't comprehend and isn't capable of relating to or grasping +emotionally, frightens and upsets him and fills him with envy. So +he denies it in her and proceeds to define everyone in terms of +his or her function or use, assigning to himself, of course, the +most important functions -- doctor, president, scientist -- therefore +providing himself with an identity, if not individuality, and tries +to convince himself and women (he's succeeded best at convincing +women) that the female function is to bear and raise children and +to relax, comfort and boost the ego if the male; that her function +is such as to make her interchangeable with every other female. In +actual fact, the female function is to relate, groove, love and be +herself, irreplaceable by anyone else; the male function is to +produce sperm. We now have sperm banks. + + +In actual fact, the female function is to explore, discover, invent, +solve problems crack jokes, make music -- all with love. In other +words, create a magic world. + + +*Prevention of Privacy*: Although the male, being ashamed of +what he is and almost of everything he does, insists on privacy +and secrecy in all aspects of his life, he has no real *regard* +for privacy. Being empty, not being a complete, separate being, +having no self to groove on and needing to be constantly in female +company, he sees nothing at all wrong in intruding himself on any +woman's thoughts, even a total stranger's, anywhere at any time, +but rather feels indignant and insulted when put down for doing +so, as well as confused -- he can't, for the life of him, understand +why anyone would prefer so much as one minute of solitude to the +company of any creep around. Wanting to become a woman, he strives +to be constantly around females, which is the closest he can get +to becoming one, so he created a `society' based upon the family +-- a male-female could and their kids (the excuse for the family's +existence), who live virtually on top of one another, unscrupuluously +violating the females' rights, privacy and sanity. + + +*Isolation, Suburbs, and Prevention of Community*: Our society +is not a community, but merely a collection of isolated family +units. Desperately insecure, fearing his woman will leave him if +she is exposed to other men or to anything remotely resembling +life, the male seeks to isolate her from other men and from what +little civilization there is, so he moves her out to the suburbs, +a collection of self-absorbed couples and their kids. Isolation +enables him to try to maintain his pretense of being an individual +nu becoming a `rugged individualist', a loner, equating non-cooperation +and solitariness with individuality. + + +There is yet another reason for the male to isolate himself: every +man is an island. Trapped inside himself, emotionally isolated, +unable to relate, the male has a horror of civilization, people, +cities, situations requiring an ability to understand and relate +to people. So like a scared rabbit, he scurries off, dragging +Daddy's little asshole with him to the wilderness, suburbs, or, in +the case of the hippy -- he's way out, Man! -- all the way out to +the cow pasture where he can fuck and breed undisturbed and mess +around with his beads and flute. + + +The `hippy', whose desire to be a `Man', a `rugged individualist', +isn't quite as strong as the average man's, and who, in addition, +is excited by the thought having lots of women accessible to him, +rebels against the harshness of a Breadwinner's life and the monotony +of one woman. In the name of sharing and cooperation, he forms a +commune or tribe, which, for all its togetherness and partly because +of it, (the commune, being an extended family, is an extended +violation of the female's rights, privacy and sanity) is no more +a community than normal `society'. + + +A true community consists of individuals -- not mere species members, +not couples -- respecting each others individuality and privacy, +at the same time interacting with each other mentally and emotionally +-- free spirits in free relation to each other -- and co-operating +with each other to achieve common ends. Traditionalists say the +basic unit of `society' is the family; `hippies' say the tribe; no +one says the individual. + + +The `hippy' babbles on about individuality, but has no more conception +of it than any other man. He desires to get back to Nature, back +to the wilderness, back to the home of furry animals that he's one +of, away from the city, where there is at least a trace, a bare +beginning of civilization, to live at the species level, his time +taken up with simple, non-intellectual activities -- farming, +fucking, bead stringing. The most important activity of the commune, +the one upon which it is based, is gang-banging. The `hippy' is +enticed to the commune mainly by the prospect for free pussy -- +the main commodity to be shared, to be had just for the asking, +but, blinded by greed, he fails to anticipate all the other men he +has to share with, or the jealousies and possessiveness for the +pussies themselves. + + +Men cannot co-operate to achieve a common end, because each man's +end is all the pussy for himself. The commune, therefore, is doomed +to failure; each `hippy' will, in panic, grad the first simpleton +who digs him and whisks her off to the suburbs as fast as he can. +The male cannot progress socially, but merely swings back and forth +from isolation to gang-banging. + + +*Conformity*: Although he wants to be an individual, the male +is scared of anything in himself that is the slightest bit different +from other men, it causes him to suspect that he's not really a +`Man', that he's passive and totally sexual, a highly upsetting +suspicion. If other men are "A" and he's not, he must not be a +man; he must be a fag. So he tries to affirm his `Manhood' by being +like all the other men. Differentness in other men, as well as +himself, threatens him; it means *they're* fags whom he must +at all costs avoid, so he tries to make sure that all other men +conform. + + +The male dares to be different to the degree that he accepts his +passivity and his desire to be female, his fagginess. The farthest +out male is the drag queen, but he, although different from most +men, is exactly like all the other drag queens like the functionalist, +he has an identity -- he is female. He tries to define all his +troubles away -- but still no individuality. Not completely convinced +that he's a woman, highly insecure about being sufficiently female, +he conforms compulsively to the man-made stereotype, ending up as +nothing but a bundle of stilted mannerisms. + + +To be sure he's a `Man', the male must see to it that the female +be clearly a `Woman', the opposite of a `Man', that is, the female +must act like a faggot. And Daddy's Girl, all of whose female +instincts were wrenched out of her when little, easily and obligingly +adapts herself to the role. + + +*Authority and Government*: Having no sense of right and wrong, +no conscience, which can only stem from having an ability to +empathize with others... having no faith in his non-existent self, +being unnecessarily competitive, and by nature, unable to co-operate, +the male feels a need for external guidance and control. So he +created authorities -- priests, experts, bosses, leaders, etc -- +and government. Wanting the female (Mama) to guide him, but unable +to accept this fact (he is, after all, a MAN), wanting to play +Woman, to usurp her function as Guider and Protector, he sees to +it that all authorities are male. + + +There's no reason why a society consisting of rational beings +capable of empathizing with each other, complete and having no +natural reason to compete, should have a government, laws or leaders. + + +*Philosophy, Religion, and Morality Based on Sex*: The male's +inability to relate to anybody or anything makes his life pointless +and meaningless (the ultimate male insight is that life is absurd), +so he invented philosophy and religion. Being empty, he looks +outward, not only for guidance and control, but for salvation and +for the meaning of life. Happiness being for him impossible on +this earth, he invented Heaven. + + +For a man, having no ability to empathize with others and being +totally sexual, `wrong' is sexual `license' and engaging in `deviant' +(`unmanly') sexual practices, that is, not defending against his +passivity and total sexuality which, if indulged, would destroy +`civilization', since `civilization' is based entirely upon the +male need to defend himself against these characteristics. For a +woman (according to men), `wrong' is any behavior that would entice +men into sexual `license' -- that is, not placing male needs above +her own and not being a faggot. + + +Religion not only provides the male with a goal (Heaven) and helps +keep women tied to men, but offers rituals through which he can +try to expiate the guilt and shame he feels at not defending himself +enough against his sexual impulses; in essence, that guilt and +shame he feels at being male. + + +Most men men, utterly cowardly, project their inherent weaknesses +onto women, label them female weaknesses and believe themselves to +have female strengths; most philosophers, not quite so cowardly, +face the fact that make lacks exist in men, but still can't face +the fact that they exist in men only. So they label the male +condition the Human Condition, post their nothingness problem, +which horrifies them, as a philosophical dilemma, thereby giving +stature to their animalism, grandiloquently label their nothingness +their `Identity Problem', and proceed to prattle on pompously about +the `Crisis of the Individual', the `Essence of Being', `Existence +preceding Essence', `Existential Modes of Being', etc. etc. + + +A woman not only takes her identity and individuality for granted, +but knows instinctively that the only wrong is to hurt others, and +that the meaning of life is love. + + +*Prejudice (racial, ethnic, religious, etc)*: The male needs +scapegoats onto whom he can project his failings and inadequacies +and upon whom he can vent his frustration at not being female. And +the vicarious discriminations have the practical advantage of +substantially increasing the pussy pool available to the men on +top. + + +*Competition, Prestige, Status, Formal Education, Ignorance and +Social and Economic Classes*: Having an obsessive desire to be +admired by women, but no intrinsic worth, the make constructs a +highly artificial society enabling him to appropriate the appearance +of worth through money, prestige, `high' social class, degrees, +professional position and knowledge and, by pushing as many other +men as possible down professionally, socially, economically, and +educationally. + + +The purpose of `higher' education is not to educate but to exclude +as many as possible from the various professions. + + +The male, totally physical, incapable of mental rapport, although +able to understand and use knowledge and ideas, is unable to relate +to them, to grasp them emotionally: he does not value knowledge +and ideas for their own sake (they're just means to ends) and, +consequently, feels no need for mental companions, no need to +cultivate the intellectual potentialities of others. On the contrary, +the male has a vested interest in ignorance; it gives the few +knowledgeable men a decided edge on the unknowledgeable ones, and +besides, the male knows that an enlightened, aware female population +will mean the end of him. The healthy, conceited female wants the +company of equals whom she can respect and groove on; the male and +the sick, insecure, unself-confident male female crave the company +of worms. + + +No genuine social revolution can be accomplished by the male, as +the male on top wants the status quo, and all the male on the bottom +wants is to be the male on top. The male `rebel' is a farce; this +is the male's `society', made by *him* to satisfy *his* +needs. He's never satisfied, because he's not capable of being +satisfied. Ultimately, what the male `rebel' is rebelling against +is being male. The male changes only when forced to do so by +technology, when he has no choice, when `society' reaches the stage +where he must change or die. We're at that stage now; if women +don't get their asses in gear fast, we may very well all die. + + +*Prevention of Conversation*: Being completely self-centered +and unable to relate to anything outside himself, the male's +`conversation', when not about himself, is an impersonal droning +on, removed from anything of human value. Male `intellectual +conversation' is a strained compulsive attempt to impress the +female. + + +Daddy's Girl, passive, adaptable, respectful of and in awe of the +male, allows him to impose his hideously dull chatter on her. This +is not too difficult for her, as the tension and anxiety, the lack +of cool, the insecurity and self-doubt, the unsureness of her own +feelings and sensations that Daddy instilled in her make her +perceptions superficial and render her unable to see that the male's +babble is babble; like the aesthete `appreciating' the blob that's +labeled `Great Art', she believes she's grooving on what bores the +shit out of her. Not only does she permit his babble to dominate, +she adapts her own `conversation' accordingly. + + +Trained from an early childhood in niceness, politeness and `dignity', +in pandering to the male need to disguise his animalism, she +obligingly reduces her own `conversation' to small talk, a bland, +insipid avoidance of any topic beyond the utterly trivial -- or is +`educated', to `intellectual' discussion, that is, impersonal +discoursing on irrelevant distractions -- the Gross National Product, +the Common Market, the influence of Rimbaud on symbolist painting. +So adept is she at pandering that it eventually becomes second +nature and she continues to pander to men even when in the company +of other females only. + + +Apart from pandering, her `conversation' is further limited by her +insecurity about expressing deviant, original opinions and the +self-absorption based on insecurity and that prevents her conversation +from being charming. Niceness, politeness, `dignity', insecurity +and self-absorption are hardly conducive to intensity and wit, +qualities a conversation must have to be worthy of the name. Such +conversation is hardly rampant, as only completely self-confident, +arrogant, outgoing, proud, tough-minded females are capable of +intense, bitchy, witty conversation. + + +*Prevention of Friendship (Love)*: Men have contempt for +themselves, for all other men whom they contemplate more than +casually and whom they do not think are females, (for example +`sympathetic' analysts and `Great Artists') or agents of God and +for all women who respect and pander to them: the insecure, +approval-seeking, pandering male-females have contempt for themselves +and for all women like them: the self-confident, swinging, +thrill-seeking female females have contempt for me and for the +pandering male females. In short, contempt is the order of the day. + + +Love is not dependency or sex, but friendship, and therefore, love +can't exist between two males, between a male and a female, or +between two females, one or both of whom is a mindless, insecure, +pandering male; like conversation, live can exist only between two +secure, free-wheeling, independent groovy female females, since +friendship is based upon respect, not contempt. + + +Even amongst groovy females deep friendships seldom occur in +adulthood, as almost all of them are either tied up with men in +order to survive economically, or bogged down in hacking their way +through the jungle and in trying to keep their heads about the +amorphous mass. Love can't flourish in a society based upon money +and meaningless work: it requires complete economic as well as +personal freedom, leisure time and the opportunity to engage in +intensely absorbing, emotionally satisfying activities which, when +shared with those you respect, lead to deep friendship. Our `society' +provides practically no opportunity to engage in such activities. + + +Having stripped the world of conversation, friendship and love, +the male offers us these paltry substitutes: + + +*`Great Art' and `Culture'*: The male `artist' attempts to +solve his dilemma of not being able to live, of not being female, +by constructing a highly artificial world in which the male is +heroized, that is, displays female traits, and the female is reduced +to highly limited, insipid subordinate roles, that is, to being +male. + + +The male `artistic' aim being, not to communicate (having nothing +inside him he has nothing to say), but to disguise his animalism, +he resorts to symbolism and obscurity (`deep' stuff). The vast +majority of people, particularly the `educated' ones, lacking faith +in their own judgment, humble, respectful of authority (`Daddy +knows best'), are easily conned into believing that obscurity, +evasiveness, incomprehensibility, indirectness, ambiguity and +boredom are marks of depth and brilliance. + + +`Great Art' proves that men are superior to women, that men are +women, being labeled `Great Art', almost all of which, as the +anti-feminists are fond of reminding us, was created by men. We +know that `Great Art' is great because male authorities have told +us so, and we can't claim otherwise, as only those with exquisite +sensitivities far superior to ours can perceive and appreciated +the slop they appreciated. + + +Appreciating is the sole diversion of the `cultivated'; passive +and incompetent, lacking imagination and wit, they must try to make +do with that; unable to create their own diversions, to create a +little world of their own, to affect in the smallest way their +environments, they must accept what's given; unable to create or +relate, they spectate. Absorbing `culture' is a desperate, frantic +attempt to groove in an ungroovy world, to escape the horror of a +sterile, mindless, existence. `Culture' provides a sop to the egos +of the incompetent, a means of rationalizing passive spectating; +they can pride themselves on their ability to appreciate the `finer' +things, to see a jewel where this is only a turd (they want to be +admired for admiring). Lacking faith in their ability to change +anything, resigned to the status quo, they *have* to see beauty +in turds because, so far as they can see, turds are all they'll +ever have. + + +The veneration of `Art' and `Culture' -- besides leading many women +into boring, passive activity that distracts from more important +and rewarding activities, from cultivating active abilities, and +leads to the constant intrusion on our sensibilities of pompous +dissertations on the deep beauty of this and that turn. This allows +the `artist' to be setup as one possessing superior feelings, +perceptions, insights and judgments, thereby undermining the faith +of insecure women in the value and validity of their own feelings, +perceptions, insights and judgments. + + +The male, having a very limited range of feelings, and consequently, +very limited perceptions, insights and judgments, needs the `artist' +to guide him, to tell him what life is all about. But the male +`artist' being totally sexual, unable to relate to anything beyond +his own physical sensations, having nothing to express beyond the +insight that for the male life is meaningless and absurd, cannot +be an artist. How can he who is not capable of life tell us what +life is all about? A `male artist' is a contradiction in terms. A +degenerate can only produce degenerate `art'. The true artist is +every self-confident, healthy female, and in a female society the +only Art, the only Culture, will be conceited, kooky, funky, females +grooving on each other and on everything else in the universe. + + +*Sexuality*: Sex is not part of a relationship: on the contrary, +it is a solitary experience, non-creative, a gross waste of time. +The female can easily -- far more easily than she may think -- +condition away her sex drive, leaving her completely cool and +cerebral and free to pursue truly worthy relationships and +activities; but the male, who seems to dig women sexually and who +seeks out constantly to arouse them, stimulates the highly sexed +female to frenzies of lust, throwing her into a sex bag from which +few women ever escape. The lecherous male excited the lustful +female; he *has* to -- when the female transcends her body, +rises above animalism, the male, whose ego consists of his cock, +will disappear. + + +Sex is the refuge of the mindless. And the more mindless the woman, +the more deeply embedded in the male `culture', in short, the nicer +she is, the more sexual she is. The nicest women in our `society' +are raving sex maniacs. But, being just awfully, awfully nice, they +don't, of course descend to fucking -- that's uncouth -- rather +they make love, commune by means of their bodies and establish +sensual rapport; the literary ones are attuned to the throb of Eros +and attain a clutch upon the Universe; the religious have spiritual +communion with the Divine Sensualism; the mystics merge with the +Erotic Principle and blend with the Cosmos, and the acid heads +contact their erotic cells. + + +On the other hand, those females least embedded in the male `Culture', +the least nice, those crass and simple souls who reduce fucking to +fucking, who are too childish for the grown-up world of suburbs, +mortgages, mops and baby shit, too selfish to raise kids and +husbands, too uncivilized to give a shit for anyones opinion of +them, too arrogant to respect Daddy, the `Greats' or the deep wisdom +of the Ancients, who trust only their own animal, gutter instincts, +who equate Culture with chicks, whose sole diversion is prowling +for emotional thrills and excitement, who are given to disgusting, +nasty upsetting `scenes', hateful, violent bitches given to slamming +those who unduly irritate them in the teeth, who'd sink a shiv into +a man's chest or ram an icepick up his asshole as soon as look at +him, if they knew they could get away with it, in short, those who, +by the standards of our `culture' are SCUM... these females are +cool and relatively cerebral and skirting asexuality. + + +Unhampered by propriety, niceness, discretion, public opinion, +`morals', the respect of assholes, always funky, dirty, low-down +SCUM gets around... and around and around... they've seen the whole +show -- every bit of it -- the fucking scene, the dyke scene -- +they've covered the whole waterfront, been under every dock and +pier -- the peter pier, the pussy pier... you've got to go through +a lot of sex to get to anti-sex, and SCUM's been through it all, +and they're now ready for a new show; they want to crawl out from +other the dock, move, take off, sink out. But SCUM doesn't yet +prevail; SCUM's still in the gutter of our `society', which, if +it's not deflected from its present course and if the Bomb doesn't +drop on it, will hump itself to death. + + +*Boredom*: Life in a society made by and for creatures who, +when they are not grim and depressing are utter bores, van only +be, when not grim and depressing, an utter bore. + + +*Secrecy, Censorship, Suppression of Knowledge and Ideas, and +Exposes*: Every male's deep-seated, secret, most hideous fear +is of being discovered to be not a female, but a male, a subhuman +animal. Although niceness, politeness and `dignity' suffice to +prevent his exposure on a personal level, in order to prevent the +general exposure of the male sex as a whole and to maintain his +unnatural dominant position position in `society', the male must +resort to: + + +1. Censorship. Responding reflexively to isolated works and phrases + rather than cereberally to overall meanings, the male attempts + to prevent the arousal and discovery of his animalism by censoring + not only `pornography', but any work containing `dirty' words, + no matter in what context they are used. + + +2. Suppression of all ideas and knowledge that might expose him or + threaten his dominant position in `society'. Much biological + and psychological data is suppressed, because it is proof of + the male's gross inferiority to the female. Also, the problem + of mental illness will never be solved while the male maintains + control, because first, men have a vested interest in it -- only + females who have very few of their marbles will allow males the + slightest bit of control over anything, and second, the male + cannot admit to the role that fatherhood plays in causing mental + illness. + + +3. Exposes. The male's chief delight in life -- insofar as the + tense, grim male can ever be said to delight in anything -- is + in exposing others. It doesn't' much matter what they're exposed + as, so long as they're exposed; it distracts attention from + himself. Exposing others as enemy agents (Communists and + Socialists) is one of his favorite pastimes, as it removes the + source of the threat to him not only from himself, but from the + country and the Western world. The bugs up his ass aren't in + him, they're in Russia. + + +*Distrust*: Unable to empathize or feel affection or loyalty, +being exclusively out for himself, the male has no sense of fair +play; cowardly, needing constantly to pander to the female to win +her approval, that he is helpless without, always on the edge lest +his animalism, his maleness be discovered, always needing to cover +up, he must lie constantly; being empty he has not honor or integrity +-- he doesn't know what those words mean. The male, in short, is +treacherous, and the only appropriate attitude in a male `society' +is cynicism and distrust. + + +*Ugliness*: Being totally sexual, incapable of cerebral or +aesthetic responses, totally materialistic and greedy, the male, +besides inflicting on the world `Great Art', has decorated his +unlandscaped cities with ugly buildings (both inside and out), ugly +decors, billboards, highways, cars, garbage trucks, and, most +notably, his own putrid self. + + +*Hatred and Violence*: The male is eaten up with tension, with +frustration at not being female, at not being capable of ever +achieving satisfaction or pleasure of any kind; eaten up with hate +-- not rational hate that is directed at those who abuse or insult +you -- but irrational, indiscriminate hate... hatred, at bottom, +of his own worthless self. + + +Gratuitous violence, besides `proving' he's a `Man', serves as an +outlet for his hate and, in addition -- the male being capable only +of sexual responses and needing very strong stimuli to stimulate +his half-dead self -- provides him with a little sexual thrill.. + + +*Disease and Death*: All diseases are curable, and the aging +process and death are due to disease; it is possible, therefore, +never to age and to live forever. In fact the problems of aging +and death could be solved within a few years, if an all-out, massive +scientific assault were made upon the problem. This, however, will +not occur with the male establishment because: + + +1. The many male scientists who shy away from biological research, + terrified of the discovery that males are females, and show + marked preference for virile, `manly' war and death programs. + + +2. The discouragement of many potential scientists from scientific + careers by the rigidity, boringness, expensiveness, time-consumingness, + and unfair exclusivity of our `higher' educational system. + + +3. Propaganda disseminated by insecure male professionals, who + jealously guard their positions, so that only a highly select + few can comprehend abstract scientific concepts. + + +4. Widespread lack of self-confidence brought about by the father + system that discourages many talented girls from becoming + scientists. + + +5. Lack of automation. There now exists a wealth of data which, if + sorted out and correlated, would reveal the cure for cancer and + several other diseases and possibly the key to life itself. But + the data is so massive it requires high speed computers to + correlate it all. The institution of computers will be delayed + interminably under the male control system, since the male has + a horror of being replaced by machines. + + +6. The money systems' insatiable need for new products. Most of + the few scientists around who aren't working on death programs + are tied up doing research for corporations. + + +7. The males like death -- it excites him sexually and, already + dead inside, he wants to die. + + +8. The bias of the money system for the least creative scientists. + Most scientists come from at least relatively affluent families + where Daddy reigns supreme. + + +Incapable of a positive state of happiness, which is the only thing +that can justify one's existence, the male is, at best, relaxed, +comfortable, neutral, and this condition is extremely short-lived, +as boredom, a negative state, soon sets in; he is, therefore, doomed +to an existence of suffering relieved only by occasional, fleeting +stretches of restfulness, which state he can only achieve at the +expense of some female. The male is, by his very nature, a leech, +an emotional parasite and, therefore, not ethically entitled to +live, as no one as the right to life at someone else's expense. + + +Just as humans have a prior right to existence over dogs by virtue +of being more highly evolved and having a superior consciousness, +so women have a prior right to existence over men. The elimination +of any male is, therefore, a righteous and good act, an act highly +beneficial to women as well as an act of mercy. + + +However, this moral issue will eventually be rendered academic by +the fact that the male is gradually eliminating himself. In addition +to engaging in the time-honored and classical wars and race riots, +men are more and more either becoming fags or are obliterating +themselves through drugs. The female, whether she likes it or not, +will eventually take complete charge, if for no other reason than +that she will have to -- the male, for practical purposes, won't +exist. + + +Accelerating this trend is the fact that more and more males are +acquiring enlightened self-interest; they're realizing more and +more that the female interest is in *their* interest, that +they can live only through the female and that the more the female +is encouraged to live, to fulfill herself, to be a female and not +a male, the more nearly *he* lives; he's coming to see that +it's easier and more satisfactory to live *through* her than +to try to *become* her and usurp her qualities, claim them as +his own, push the female down and claim that she's a male. The fag, +who accepts his maleness, that is, his passivity and total sexuality, +his femininity, is also best served by women being truly female, +as it would then be easier for him to be male, feminine. If men +were wise they would seek to become really female, would do intensive +biological research that would lead to me, by means of operations +on the brain and nervous system, being able t to be transformed in +psyche, as well as body, into women. + + +Whether to continue to use females for reproduction or to reproduce +in the laboratory will also become academic: what will happen when +every female, twelve and over, is routinely taking the Pill and +there are no longer any accidents? How many women will deliberately +get or (if an accident) remain pregnant? No, Virginia, women don't +just adore being brood mares, despite what the mass of robot, +brainwashed women will say. When society consists of only the +fully conscious the answer will be none. Should a certain percentage +of men be set aside by force to serve as brood mares for the species? +Obviously this will not do. The answer is laboratory reproduction +of babies. + + +As for the issue of whether or not to continue to reproduce males, +it doesn't follow that because the male, like disease, has always +existed among us that he should continue to exist. When genetic +control is possible -- and soon it will be -- it goes without saying +that we should produce only whole, complete beings, not physical +defects of deficiencies, including emotional deficiencies, such as +maleness. Just as the deliberate production of blind people would +be highly immoral, so would be the deliberate production of emotional +cripples. + + +Why produce even females? Why should there be future generations? +What is their purpose? When aging and death are eliminated, why +continue to reproduce? Why should we care what happens when we're +dead? Why should we care that there is no younger generation to +succeed us. + + +Eventually the natural course of events, of social evolution, will +lead to total female control of the world and, subsequently, to +the cessation of the production of males and, ultimately, to the +cessation of the production of females. + + +But SCUM is impatient; SCUM is not consoled by the thought that +future generations will thrive; SCUM wants to grab some thrilling +living for itself. And, if a large majority of women were SCUM, +they could acquire complete control of this country within a few +weeks simply by withdrawing from the labor force, thereby paralyzing +the entire nation. Additional measures, any one of which would be +sufficient to completely disrupt the economy and everything else, +would be for women to declare themselves off the money system, stop +buying, just loot and simply refuse to obey all laws they don't +care to obey. The police force, National Guard, Army, Navy and +Marines combined couldn't squelch a rebellion of over half the +population, particularly when it's made up of people they are +utterly helpless without. + + +If all women simply left men, refused to have anything to do with +any of them -- ever, all men, the government, and the national +economy would collapse completely. Even without leaving men, women +who are aware of the extent of their superiority to and power over +men, could acquire complete control over everything within a few +weeks, could effect a total submission of males to females. In a +sane society the male would trot along obediently after the female. +The male is docile and easily led, easily subjected to the domination +of any female who cares to dominate him. The male, in fact, wants +desperately to be led by females, wants Mama in charge, wants to +abandon himself to her care. But this is not a sane society, and +most women are not even dimly aware of where they're at in relation +to men. + + +The conflict, therefore, is not between females and males, but +between SCUM -- dominant, secure, self-confident, nasty, violent, +selfish, independent, proud, thrill-seeking, free-wheeling, arrogant +females, who consider themselves fit to rule the universe, who have +free-wheeled to the limits of this `society' and are ready to wheel +on to something far beyond what it has to offer -- and nice, passive, +accepting `cultivated', polite, dignified, subdued, dependent, +scared, mindless, insecure, approval-seeking Daddy's Girls, who +can't cope with the unknown, who want to hang back with the apes, +who feel secure only with Big Daddy standing by, with a big strong +man to lean on and with a fat, hairy face in the White House, who +are too cowardly to face up to the hideous reality of what a man +is, what Daddy is, who have cast their lot with the swine, who have +adapted themselves to animalism, feel superficially comfortable +with it and know no other way of `life', who have reduced their +minds, thoughts and sights to the male level, who, lacking sense, +imagination and wit can have value only in a male `society', who +can have a place in the sun, or, rather, in the slime, only as +soothers, ego boosters, relaxers and breeders, who are dismissed +as inconsequents by other females, who project their deficiencies, +their maleness, onto all females and see the female as worm. + + +But SCUM is too impatient to wait for the de-brainwashing of millions +of assholes. Why should the swinging females continue to plod +dismally along with the dull male ones? Why should the fates of +the groovy and the creepy be intertwined? Why should the active +and imaginative consult the passive and dull on social policy? Why +should the independent be confined to the sewer along with the +dependent who need Daddy to cling to? A small handful of SCUM can +take over the country within a year by systematically fucking up +the system, selectively destroying property, and murder: + + +SCUM will become members of the unwork force, the fuck-up force; +they will get jobs of various kinds an unwork. For example, SCUM +salesgirls will not charge for merchandise; SCUM telephone operators +will not charge for calls; SCUM office and factory workers, in +addition to fucking up their work, will secretly destroy equipment. +SCUM will unwork at a job until fired, then get a new job to unwork +at. + + +SCUM will forcibly relieve bus drivers, cab drivers and subway +token sellers of their jobs and run buses and cabs and dispense +free tokens to the public. + + +SCUM will destroy all useless and harmful objects -- cars, store +windows, `Great Art', etc. + + +Eventually SCUM will take over the airwaves -- radio and TV networks +-- by forcibly relieving of their jobs all radio and TV employees +who would impede SCUM's entry into the broadcasting studios. + + +SCUM will couple-bust -- barge into mixed (male-female) couples, +wherever they are, and bust them up. + + +SCUM will kill all men who are not in the Men's Auxiliary of SCUM. +Men in the Men's Auxiliary are those men who are working diligently +to eliminate themselves, men who, regardless of their motives, do +good, men who are playing pall with SCUM. A few examples of the +men in the Men's Auxiliary are: men who kill men; biological +scientists who are working on constructive programs, as opposed to +biological warfare; journalists, writers, editors, publishers and +producers who disseminate and promote ideas that will lead to the +achievement of SCUM's goals; faggots who, by their shimmering, +flaming example, encourage other men to de-man themselves and +thereby make themselves relatively inoffensive; men who consistently +give things away -- money, things, services; men who tell it like +it is (so far not one ever has), who put women straight, who reveal +the truth about themselves, who give the mindless male females +correct sentences to parrot, who tell them a woman's primary goal +in life should be to squash the male sex (to aid men in this endeavor +SCUM will conduct Turd Sessions, at which every male present will +give a speech beginning with the sentence: `I am a turd, a lowly +abject turd', then proceed to list all the ways in which he is. +His reward for doing so will be the opportunity to fraternize after +the session for a whole, solid hour with the SCUM who will be +present. Nice, clean-living male women will be invited to the +sessions to help clarify any doubts and misunderstandings they may +have about the male sex; makers and promoters of sex books and +movies, etc., who are hastening the day when all that will be shown +on the screen will be Suck and Fuck (males, like the rats following +the Pied Piper, will be lured by Pussy to their doom, will be +overcome and submerged by and will eventually drown in the passive +flesh that they are); drug pushers and advocates, who are hastening +the dropping out of men. + + +Being in the Men's Auxiliary is a necessary but not a sufficient +condition for making SCUM's escape list; it's not enough to do +good; to save their worthless asses men must also avoid evil. A +few examples of the most obnoxious or harmful types are: rapists, +politicians and all who are in their service (campaigners, members +of political parties, etc); lousy singers and musicians; Chairmen +of Boards; Breadwinners; landlords; owners of greasy spoons and +restaraunts that play Muzak; `Great Artists'; cheap pikers and +welchers; cops; tycoons; scientists working on death and destruction +programs or for private industry (practically all scientists); +liars and phonies; disc jockies; men who intrude themselves in the +slightest way on any strange female; real estate men; stock brokers; +men who speak when they have nothing to say; men who sit idly on +the street and mar the landscape with their presence; double dealers; +flim-flam artists; litterbugs; plagiarisers; men who in the slightest +way harm any female; all men in the advertising industry; psychiatrists +and clinical psychologists; dishonest writers, journalists, editors, +publishers, etc.; censors on both the public and private levels; +all members of the armed forces, including draftees (LBJ and McNamara +give orders, but servicemen carry them out) and particularly pilots +(if the bomb drops, LBJ won't drop it; a pilot will). In the case +of a man whose behavior falls into both the good and bad categories, +an overall subjective evaluation of him will be made to determine +if his behavior is, in the balance, good or bad. + + +It is most tempting to pick off the female `Great Artists', liars +and phonies etc along with the men, but that would be inexpedient, +as it would not be clear to most of the public that the female +killed was a male. All women have a fink streak in them, to a +greater or lesser degree, but it stems from a lifetime of living +among men. Eliminate men and women will shape up. Women are +improvable; men are no, although their behavior is. When SCUM gets +hot on their asses it'll shape up fast. + + +Simultaneously with the fucking-up, looting, couple-busting, +destroying and killing, SCUM will recruit. SCUM, then, will consist +of recruiters; the elite corps -- the hard core activists (the +fuck-ups, looters and destroyers) and the elite of the elite -- +the killers. + + +Dropping out is not the answer; fucking-up is. Most women are +already dropped out; they were never in. Dropping out gives control +to those few who don't drop out; dropping out is exactly what the +establishment leaders want; it plays into the hands of the enemy; +it strengthens the system instead of undermining it, since it is +based entirely on the non-participating, passivity, apathy and +non-involvement of the mass of women. Dropping out, however, is an +excellent policy for men, and SCUM will enthusiastically encourage +it. + + +Looking inside yourself for salvation, contemplating your navel, is not, +as the Drop Out people would have you believe, the answer. Happiness +likes outside yourself, is achieved through interacting with others. +Self-forgetfulness should be one's goal, not self-absorption. The +male, capable of only the latter, makes a virtue of irremediable +fault and sets up self-absorption, not only as a good but as a +Philosophical Good, and thus gets credit for being deep. + + +SCUM will not picket, demonstrate, march or strike to attempt to +achieve its ends. Such tactics are for nice, genteel ladies who +scrupulously take only such action as is guaranteed to be ineffective. +In addition, only decent, clean-living male women, highly trained +in submerging themselves in the species, act on a mob basis. SCUM +consists of individuals; SCUM is not a mob, a blob. Only as many +SCUM will do a job as are needed for the job. Also SCUM, being cool +and selfish, will not subject to getting itself rapped on the head +with billy clubs; that's for the nice, `privileged, educated', +middle-class ladies with a high regard for the touching faith in +the essential goodness of Daddy and policemen. If SCUM ever marches, +it will be over the President's stupid, sickening face; if SCUM +ever strikes, it will be in the dark with a six-inch blade. + + +SCUM will always operate on a criminal as opposed to a civil +disobedience basis, that is, as opposed to openly violating the +law and going to jail in order to draw attention to an injustice. +Such tactics acknowledge the rightness overall system and are used +only to modify it slightly, change specific laws. SCUM is against +the entire system, the very idea of law and government. SCUM is +out to destroy the system, not attain certain rights within it. +Also, SCUM -- always selfish, always cool -- will always aim to +avoid detection and punishment. SCUM will always be furtive, sneaky, +underhanded (although SCUM murders will always be known to be such). + + +Both destruction and killing will be selective and discriminate. +SCUM is against half-crazed, indiscriminate riots, with no clear +objective in mind, and in which many of your own kind are picked +off. SCUM will never instigate, encourage or participate in riots +of any kind or other form of indiscriminate destruction. SCUM will +coolly, furtively, stalk its prey and quietly move in for the kill. +Destruction will never me such as to block off routes needed for +the transportation of food or other essential supplies, contaminate +or cut off the water supply, block streets and traffic to the extent +that ambulances can't get through or impede the functioning of +hospitals. + + +SCUM will keep on destroying, looting, fucking-up and killing until +the money-work system no longer exists and automation is completely +instituted or until enough women co-operate with SCUM to make +violence unnecessary to achieve these goals, that is, until enough +women either unwork or quit work, start looting, leave men and +refuse to obey all laws inappropriate to a truly civilized society. +Many women will fall into line, but many others, who surrendered +long ago to the enemy, who are so adapted to animalism, to maleness, +that they like restrictions and restraints, don't know what to do +with freedom, will continue to be toadies and doormats, just as +peasants in rice paddies remain peasants in rice paddies as one +regime topples another. A few of the more volatile will whimper +and sulk and throw their toys and dishrags on the floor, but SCUM +will continue to steamroller over them. + + +A completely automated society can be accomplished very simply and +quickly once there is a public demand for it. The blueprints for +it are already in existence, and it's construction will take only +a few weeks with millions of people working on it. Even though off +the money system, everyone will be most happy to pitch in and get +the automated society built; it will mark the beginning of a +fantastic new era, and there will be a celebration atmosphere +accompanying the construction. + + +The elimination of money and the complete institution of automation +are basic to all other SCUM reforms; without these two the others +can't take place; with them the others will take place very rapidly. +The government will automatically collapse. With complete automation +it will be possible for every woman to vote directly on every issue +by means of an electronic voting machine in her house. Since the +government is occupied almost entirely with regulating economic +affairs and legislating against purely private matters, the +elimination of money wand with it the elimination of males who wish +to legislate `morality' will mean there will be practically no +issues to vote on. + + +After the elimination of money there will be no further need to +kill men; they will be stripped of the only power they have over +psychologically independent females. They will be able to impose +themselves only on the doormats, who like to be imposed on. The +rest of the women will be busy solving the few remaining unsolved +problems before planning their agenda for eternity and Utopia -- +completely revamping educational programs so that millions of women +can be trained within a few months for high level intellectual work +that now requires years of training (this can be done very easily +once out educational goal is to educate and not perpetuate an +academic and intellectual elite); solving the problems of disease +and old age and death and completely redesigning our cities and +living quarters. Many women will for a while continue to think they +dig men, but as they become accustomed to female society and as +they become absorbed in their projects, they will eventually come +to see the utter uselessnes and banality of the male. + + +The few remaining men can exist out their puny days dropped out on +drugs or strutting around in drag or passively watching the +high-powered female in action, fulfilling themselves as spectators, +vicarious livers*[FOOTNOTE: It will be electronically possible for +him to tune into any specific female he wants to and follow in +detail her every movement. The females will kindly, obligingly +consent to this, as it won't hurt them in the slightest and it is +a marvelously kind and humane way to treat their unfortunate, +handicapped fellow beings.] or breeding in the cow pasture with +the toadies, or they can go off to the nearest friendly suicide +center where they will be quietly, quickly, and painlessly gassed +to death. + + +Prior to the institution of automation, to the replacement of males +by machines, the male should be of use to the female, wait on her, +cater to her slightest whim, obey her every command, be totally +subservient to her, exist in perfect obedience to her will, as +opposed to the completely warped, degenerate situation we have now +of men, not only not only not existing at all, cluttering up the +world with their ignominious presence, but being pandered to and +groveled before by the mass of females, millions of women piously +worshiping the Golden Calf, the dog leading the master on a leash, +when in fact the male, short of being a drag queen, is least +miserable when his dogginess is recognized -- no unrealistic +emotional demands are made of him and the completely together female +is calling the shots. Rational men want to be squashed, stepped +on, crushed and crunched, treated as the curs, the filth that they +are, have their repulsiveness confirmed. + + +The sick, irrational men, those who attempt to defend themselves +against their disgustingness, when they see SCUM barrelling down +on them, will cling in terror to Big Mama with her Big Bouncy +Boobies, but Boobies won't protect them against SCUM; Big Mama will +be clinging to Big Daddy, who will be in the corner shitting in +his forceful, dynamic pants. Men who are rational, however, won't +kick or struggle or raise a distressing fuss, but will just sit +back, relax, enjoy the show and ride the waves to their demise. + + + - end - + + + +-- +Tom Jennings -- tomj@wps.com -- World Power Systems -- San Francisco, Calif. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sdi-art1.001 b/textfiles.com/politics/sdi-art1.001 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..20405926 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sdi-art1.001 @@ -0,0 +1,481 @@ + WHO'S KILLING THE STAR WARS SCIENTISTS? + + Did 22 SDI Researchers really ALL Commit Suicide? + + + +>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + Fifty-year-old Alistair Beckham was a successful British aerospace- +projects engineer. His specialty was designing computer software +for sophisticated naval defense systems. Like hundreds of other +British scientists, he was working on a pilot program for America's +Strategic Defense Initiative--better known as Star Wars. +And like at least 21 of his colleagues, he died a bizarre, violent +death. + It was a lazy, sunny Sunday afternoon in August 1988. After +driving his wife to work, Beckham walked through his garden +to a musty backyard toolshed and sat down on a box next to the +door. He wrapped bare wires around his chest, attached the to +an electrical outlet and put a handkerchief in his mouth. Then +he pulled the switch. +<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< + + + With his death, Beckham's name was added to a growing list of +British scientists who've died or disappeared under mysterious +circumstances since 1982. Each was a skilled expert in computers, +and each was working on a highly classified project for the +American Star Wars program. None had any apparent motive for +killing himself. + The British government contends that the deaths are all a +matter of coincidence. The British press blames stress. Others +allude to an ongoing fraud investigation involving the nation's +leading defense contractor. Relatives left behind don't know +what to think. + "There weren't any women involved. There weren't any men involved. +We had a very good relationship," says Mary Beckham, +Alistair's widow. "We don't know why he did it...if he did it. +And I don't believe that he =did= do it. He wouldn't go out to +the shed. There had to be something...." + + + + The string of unexplained deaths can be traced back to March +1982, when Essex University computer scientist Dr. Keith Bowden +died in a car wreck on his ay home from a London social function. +Authorities claim Bowden was drunk. His wife and friends say +otherwise. + Bowden, 45, was a whiz with super-computers and computer- +controlled aircraft. He was cofounder of the Department of Computer +Sciences at Essex and had worked for one of the major Star Wars +contractors in England. + One night Bowden's immaculately maintained Rover careened +across a four-lane highway and plunged off a bridge, down an +embankment, into an abandoned rail yard. Bowden was found +dead at the scene. + During the inquest, police testified that Bowden's blood +alcohol level had exceeded the legal limit and that he had been +driving too fast. His death was ruled accidental. + Wife Hillary Bowden and her lawyer suspected a cover-up. Friends +he'd supposedly spent the evening with denied that Bowden had +been drinking. Then there was the condition of Bowden's car. + "My solicitor instructed an accident specialist to examine +the automobile," Mrs. Bowden explains. "Somebody had taken the +wheels off and put others on that were old and worn. At the inquest +this was not allowed to be brought up. Someone asked if the car +was in a sound condition, and the answer was yes." + Hillary, in a state of shock, never protested the published +verdict. Yet, she remains convinced that someone tampered with +her husband's car. "It certainly looked like foul play," +Hillary maintains. + Four years later the British press finally added Bowden's +case to its growing dossier. First, there appeared to be two +interconnected deaths, then six, then 12--suddenly there were 22. + Take 37-year-old David Sands, a senior scientist at Easams +working on a highly sensitive computer-controlled satellite- +radar system. In March 1987 Sands made a U-turn on his way to work +and rammed his car into the brick wall of a vacant restaurant. +His trunk was loaded with full gasoline cans. The car exploded +on impact. + Given the incongruities of the accident and the lack of a suicide +motive, the coroner refused to rule out the possibility of foul +play. Meanwhile, information leaked to the press suggested +that Sands had been under a tremendous emotional strain. + Margaret Worth, Sand's mother-in-law, claims these stories +are totally inaccurate. "When David died, it was a great mystery +to us," she admits. "He was very successful. He was very confident. +He had just pulled off a great coup for his company, and he was +about to be greatly rewarded. He had a very bright future +ahead of him. He was perfectly happy the week before this +happened." + Like many of the bereaved, Worth is still at a loss for +answers. "One week we think he must have been got at. The next +week we think it couldn't be anything like that," she says. + + + + This wave of suspicious fatalities in the ultrasecret world +of sophisticated weaponry has not gone unnoticed by the United +States government. Late last fall, the American embassy in London +publicly requested a full investigation by the British Ministry +of Defense (MoD). + Members of British Parliament, such a Labour MP Doug +Hoyle, copresident of the Manufacturing, Science & Finance Union, +had been making similar requests for more than two years. +The Thatcher government had refused to launch any sort of inquiry. + "How many more deaths before we get the government to give +the answers?" Hoyle asks. "From a security point of view, surely +both ourselves and the Americans ought to be looking into it." + The Pentagon refuses comment on the deaths. However, according +to Reagan Administration sources, "We cannot ignore it anymore." + Actually, British and American intelligence agencies are on +the situation. When THE SUNDAY TIMES in London published the +details of 12 mysterious deaths last September, sources at the +American embassy admitted being aware of at least ten additional +victims whose names had already been sent to Washington. The +sources added that the embassy had been monitoring reports +of "the mysterious deaths" for two years. + English intelligence has suffered several damaging spy scandals +in the 20 century. The CIA may suspect the deaths are an indication +of security leaks, that Star Wars secrets are being sold to the +Russians. Perhaps these scientists had been blackmailed into +supplying classified data to Moscow and could no longer live with +themselves. One or more may have stumbled onto an espionage ring +and been silenced. + As NBC News London correspondent Henry Champ puts it, +"In the world of espionage, there is a saying: Twice is coincidence, +but three times is enemy action." + Where SDI is concerned, a tremendous amount is at stake. + In return for the Thatcher government's early support +of the Star Wars program, the Reagan Administration promised +a number of extremely lucrative SDI contracts to the British +defense industry--hundreds of millions of U.S. dollars the struggling +British economy can little afford to lose. + Britain traditionally has one of the finest defense industries +in the world. Their annual overseas weapons sales amount to almost +$250 billion. The publicity from a Star Wars spy scandal could +seriously cut into the profits. + It would appear that only initial promises made to Prime Minister +Thatcher hold the U.S. from cutting its losses and pulling out. +A high-ranking American source was quoted in the SUNDAY TIMES +saying, "If this had happened in Greece, Brazil, Spain, +or Argentina, we'd be all over them like a glove!" + The Thatcher government's PR problem is that the scandal centers +around Marconi Company Ltd., Britain's largest electronics-defense +contractor. Seven Marconi scientists are among the dead. + Marconi, which employs 50,000 workers worldwide, is a subsidiary +of Britain's General Electric Company (GEC). GEC managing +director Lord Wienstock recently launched his own internal +investigation. + Yet, the GEC and the Ministry of Defense still contend that +the 22 deaths are coincidental. A Ministry of Defense +spokesman claims to have found "no evidence of any sinister +links between them." + However, an article in the British publication THE INDEPENDENT +claims the incidence of suicide among Marconi scientists is +twice the national average of mentally healthy individuals. Either +Marconi is hiring abnormally unstable scientists or something +is very wrong. + + + + Two deaths brought the issue to light in the fall of 1986. +Within weeks of each other, two London-based Marconi scientists +were found dead 100 miles away, in Bristol. Both were involved +in creating the software for a huge, computerized Star Wars simulator, +the hub of Marconi's SDI program. Both had been working on the +simulator just hours before their death. Like the others, neither +had any apparent reason to kill himself. + Vimal Dajibhai was a 24-year-old electronics graduate who +worked at Marconi Underwater Systems in Croxley Green. In August +1986 his crumpled body was found lying on the pavement 240 feet +below the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol. + An inquest was unable to determine whether Dajibhai had been +pushed off the bridge or whether he had jumped. There had +been no witnesses. The verdict was left open. Yet, authorities +did their best to pin his death on suicide. + Police testified that Dajibhai had been suffering from depression, +something his family and friends flatly denied. Dajibhai had +absolutely no history of personal or emotional problems. + Police also claimed that the deceased had been drinking with +a friend, Heyat Shah, shortly before his death, and that +a bottle of wine and two used paper cups had been found in his +car. Yet, forensic tests were never done on the auto, and those +who knew Vimal, including Shah, say that he had never taken +a drink of alcohol in his life. + Investigating journalists found discrepancies in other evidence. +"A police report noted a puncture mark on Dijabhai's left buttock +after his fall from the bridge," explains Tony Collins, who +covered the story for Britain's COMPUTER NEWS magazine. +"Apparently, this was the reason his funeral was halted seconds +before the cremation was to take place. + "Members of the Family were told that the body was to be taken +away for a second postmortem, to be done by a top home- +office pathologist. That's not normal. Then, a few months later, +police held a press conference and announced that it hadn't +been a puncture mark after all, that it was a wound caused by a +bone fragment. + "I find it very difficult to reconcile the initial coroner's +report with what the police were saying a few months later," Collins +contends. + Officials didn't fare any better with the second Bristol fatality. +Police virtually tripped over themselves to come up with a +motive for the apparent--and unusually violent--suicide of Ashaad +Sharif. + Sharif was a 26-year-old computer analyst who worked at the +Marconi Defense Systems headquarters in Stanmore, Middlesex. +On October 28, 1986, he allegedly drove to a public park not +far from where Dajibhai had died. He tied one end of a nylon +cord around a tree and tied the other end around his neck. Then +he got back into his Audi 80 automatic, stepped on the gas and sped +off, decapitating himself. + Marconi initially claimed Sharif was only a junior employee, +and that he had nothing to do with Star Wars. Co-workers stated +otherwise. At the time of his death, Sharif was apparently about +to be promoted. Also, Ashaad reportedly worked for a time +in Vimal Dajibhai's section. + The inquest determined that Sharif's death was a suicide. +Investigating officers maintained that the man had killed +himself because he'd been jilted by an alleged lover. Ashaad +hadn't seen the woman in three years. + "Sharif was said to have been depressed over a broken romance," +Tony Collins explains. "But the woman police unofficially say +was his lover contends that she was only his landlady when he was +working for British Aerospace in Bristol. She's married, +has three children, and she's deeply religious. The possibility +of the two having an affair seems highly unlikely--especially +since Sharif had a fiancee in Pakistan. His family told me that +he was genuinely in love with her." + Police suddenly switched stories. They began to say that Sharif +had been deeply in love with the woman he was engaged to, and that +he'd decapitated himself because another woman was pressuring +him to call off the marriage. + Authorities claimed to have found a taped message in Sharif's +car "tantamount" to a suicide note. On it, officers said, +he'd admitted to having had an affair, thus bringing shame on his +family. Family members who've heard the tape say that it +actually gave no indication of why Sharif might want to kill himself. + Sharif's family was told by the coroner that it was "not in +their best interest" to attend the inquest. + "It's been almost impossible to get to information about +deaths that should be in the public domain," Tony Collins laments. +"I've been given false names or incorrect spellings, or I've not +been told where inquests have taken place. It's made it very +difficult for me to try to track down the details of these cases." + In the Sharif case, two facts stand out: Ashaad had no history +of depression, and there was absolutely no reason for him to be +in Bristol. + + + + A widely help theory among the establishment press is that +the mysterious deaths are stress-related accidents or suicides. +Such theories may not be far off the mark. + According to a high-ranking British government official, +for the past year and a half the Ministry of Defense has been +secretly investigating Marconi on allegations of defense- +contract fraud--overcharging the government, bribing officials. +The extensive probe has required most of the MoD's investiga- +tive resources, conceivably reaching as far as Marconi's sub- +contractors and into MoD research facilities such as the Royal +Military College of Science and the Royal Air Force Research Center. + Almost all of the dead scientists were associated with one +or more of these establishments. + If Marconi employees were being forced by management to perform +or to cover up illegal activities, it may be that the stress +did indeed get to them. + "In America, there are considerable incentives for people +to blow the whistle if they're being asked to perform illegal +acts like ripping off the government," a confidential source +in Parliament explains. "However, in this country there have +been perhaps 20 people who've blown the whistle, and none +of them have ever worked again. They didn't receive any compensation. +Here, you don't get any recognition. You get threatened with +prosecution under the Official Secrets Act. They can fire you. +Then they can take away your home and get you blacklisted. + "It's an impossible position to be placed in," the source +adds. "It's quite conceivable that these people could +have killed themselves because they felt terribly ashamed +of what they'd done. For that matter, some of the accidents +or suicides could have been men who'd taken bribes but who couldn't +face the embarrassment of public disclosure." + If Marconi =was= systematically defrauding the government +for millions of pounds each year, perhaps an employee stumbled +upon incriminating evidence and had to be done away with. It would +be easy enough to make it look like an accident. + Consider the peculiar death of Peter Peapell, found dead +beneath his car in the garage of his Oxfordshire home. Peapell, +46, worked for the Royal Military College of Science, a world +authority on communications technology, electronics surveillance +and target detection. Peapell was an expert at using computers +to process signals emitted by metals. His work reportedly included +testing titanium for its resistance to explosives. + On the night of February 22, 1987, Peapell spent an enjoyable +evening out with his wife, Maureen, and their friends. When they +returned home, Maureen went straight to bed, leaving Peter to put +the car away. + When Maureen woke up the next morning, she discovered that Peter +had not come to bed. She went looking for him. When she reached +the garage, she noticed that the door was closed. Yet she could +hear the car's engine running. + She found her husband lying on his back beneath the car, +his mouth directly below the tail pipe. She pulled him into the +open air, but he was already dead. + Initially, Maureen thought her husband's death an accident. +She presumed he'd gotten under the car to investigate a knocking +he'd heard driving home the night before, and that he'd gotten +stuck. But the light fixture in the garage was broken, +and Peter hadn't been carrying a flashlight. + Police had their own suspicions. A constable the same +height and wieght as Peter Peapell found it impossible to crawl +under the car when the garage door was closed. He also found +it impossible to close the door once he was under the car. + Carbon deposits from the inside of the garage door showed that +the engine had been running only a short time. Yet, Mrs. Peapell +had found the body almost seven hours after she'd gone to bed. + The coroner's inquest could not determine whether the death +was a homicide, a suicide or an accident. According to Maureen +Peapell, Peter had no reason to kill himself. They had no marital +or financial problems. Peter loved his job. He'd just received + a sizable raise, and according to colleagues, he'd exhibited + "absolutely no signs of stress." + + + + We may never know what is killing these scientists. Everyone +has a theory. + The National Forum Foundation, a conservative Washington +D.C., think tank, believes the deaths are the work of European- +based, left-wing terrorists, such as those who took credit for +gunning down a West German bureaucrat who'd negotiated Star Wars +contracts. The group also claims the July 1986 bombing death +of a researcher director from the Siemens Company--a high-tech, +West German electronics firm. They have yet to take credit +for any of the scientists. + A more outrageous theory suggests that the Russians have developed +an electromagnetic "death ray," with which they're driving the +British scientists to suicide. A supermarket tabloid contends +the ultrathin waves emitted by the device interfere with a person's +brain waves, causing violent mood shifts, including suicidal depres- +sion. + The genius of such a weapon is that the victim does all +the dirty work =and= takes all the blame. Yet, if the Soviets +=have= actually developed such a weapon, why waste it on 22 +British defense workers? + Are the scientists victims of a corrupt defense industry? +Have they been espionage pawns? Are the deaths nothing more +than an extraordinary coincidence? Guess. + + + + DOSSIER OF DEATH + +AUTO ACCIDENT--Professor Keith Bowden, 45, computer scientist, +Essex University. In March 1982 Bowden's car plunged off a bridge, +into am abandoned rail yard. His death was listed as an accident. + +MISSING PERSON--Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Godley, 49, defense +expert, head of work-study unit at the Royal Military College +of Science. Godley disappeared in April 1983. His father +bequeathes him more than $60,000, with the proviso that he claim +it be 1987. He never showed up and is presumed dead. + +SHOTGUN BLAST--Roger Hill, 49, radar designer and draftsman, +Marconi. In March 1985 Hill allegedly killed himself with a shotgun +at the family home. + +DEATH LEAP--Jonathan Walsh, 29, digital-communications expert +assigned to British Telecom's secret Martlesham Health +research facility (and to GEC, Marconi's parent firm). In November +1985 Walsh allegedly fell from his hotel room while working +on a British Telecom project in Abidjan, Ivory Coast (Africa). +He had expressed a fear for his life. Verdict: Still in question. + +DEATH LEAP--Vimal Dajibhai, 24, computer-software engineer (worked +on guidance system for Tigerfish torpedo), Marconi Underwater +Systems. In August 1986 Dajibhai's crumpled remains were found +240 feet below the Clifton suspension bridge in Bristol. The death +has not been listed as a suicide. + +DECAPITATION--Ashaad Sharif, 26, computer analyst, Marconi Defense +Systems. In October 1986, in Bristol, Sharif allegedly tied +one end of a rope around a tree and the other end around his neck, +then drove off in his car at high speed. Verdict: Suicide. + +SUFFOCATION--Richard Pugh, computer consultant for the Ministry +of Defense. In January 1987 Pugh was found dead, wrapped head-to- +toe in rope that was tied four times around his neck. The coroner +listed his death as an accident due to a sexual experiment +gone awry. + +ASPHYXIATION--John Brittan, Ministry of Defense tank batteries +expert, Royal Military College of Science. In January 1987 +Brittan was found dead in a parked car in his garage. The engine +was still running. Verdict: Accidental death. + +DRUG OVERDOSE--Victor Moore, 46, design engineer, Marconi Space +Systems. In February 1987 Moore was found dead of a drug overdose. +His death is listed as a suicide. + +ASPHYXIATION--Peter Peapell, 46, scientist, Royal Military College +of Science. In February 1987 Peapell was found dead beneath +his car, his face near the tail pipe, in the garage of his Oxfordshire +home. Death was due to carbon-monoxide poisoning, although +test showed that the engine had been running only a short time. +Foul play has not been ruled out. + +ASPHYXIATION--Edwin Skeels, 43, engineer, Marconi. In February +1987 Skeels was found dead in his car, a victim of carbon-monoxide +poisoning. A hose led from the exhaust pipe. His death is listed +as a suicide. + +AUTO ACCIDENT--David Sands, satellite projects manager, Eassams +(a Marconi sister company). Although up for a promotion, in March +1987 Sands drove a car filled with gasoline cans into the brick +wall of an abandoned cafe. He was killed instantly. Foul play +has not been ruled out. + +AUTO ACCIDENT--Stuart Gooding, 23, postgraduate research +student, Royal Military College of Science. In April 1987 +Gooding died in a mysterious car wreck in Cyprus while the College +was holding military exercises on the island. Verdict: +Accidental death. + +AUTO ACCIDENT--George Kountis, experienced systems analyst +at British Polytechnic. In April 1987 Kountis drowned after his +BMW plunged into the Mersey River in Liverpool. His death is listed +as a misadventure. + +SUFFOCATION--Mark Wisner, 24, software engineer at Ministry +of Defense experimental station for combat aircraft. In April +1987 Wisner was found dead in his home with a plastic bag over +his head. At the inqust, his death was rules an accident due +to a sexual experiment gone awry. + +AUTO ACCIDENT--Michael Baker, 22, digital-communications +expert, Plessey Defense Systems. In May 1987 Baker's BMW +crashed through a road barrier, killing the driver. Verdict: +Misadventure. + +HEART ATTACK--Frank Jennings, 60, electronic-weapons engineer +for Plessey. In June 1987 Jennings allegedly dropped dead of a +heart attack. No inquest was held. + +DEATH LEAP--Russel Smith, 23, lab technician at the Atomic Energy +Research Establishment. In January 1988 Smith's mangled body +was found halfway down a cliff in Cornwall. Verdict: Suicide. + +ASPHYXIATION--Trevor Knight, 52, computer engineer, Marconi Space +and Defense Systems. In March 1988 Knight was found dead in +his car, asphyxiated by fume from a hose attached to the tail +pipe. The death was ruled a suicide. + +ELECTROCUTION--John Ferry, 60, assistant marketing director for +Marconi. In August 1988 Ferry was found dead in a company-owned +apartment, the stripped leads of an electrical cord in his +mouth. Foul play has not been ruled out. + +ELECTROCUTION--Alistair Beckham, 50, software engineer, Plessey. +In August 1988 Beckham's lifeless body was found in the garden +shed behind his house. Bare wires, which ran to a live main, +were wrapped around his chest. Now suicide note was found, +and police habe not ruled out foul play. + +ASPHYXIATION--Andrew Hall, 33, engineering manager, British Aero- +space. In September 1988 Hall was found dead in his car, asphyxiated +by fumes from a hose that was attached to the tail pipe. Friends +said he was well liked, had everything to live for. Verdict: +Suicide. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + The magazine, date, and author of this article are all unknown. + + Additional information concerning this subject will be uploaded +in the near future as a part of a series of files on this subject. +ANY and ALL information that you may have concerning this topic +may be sent to Mike Carrillo, 2419 Forest Shadows, St. Louis, +MO 63136. You may also contact me on Wierdbase (314) 741-2231, +CIA (314) 739-0262, or the Darkside BBS (314) 298-7486. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/secmor.d b/textfiles.com/politics/secmor.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fdcafa83 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/secmor.d @@ -0,0 +1,586 @@ + 9 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + **** **** + SECULAR MORALITY: + WHAT IS IT? + AN EXPOSITION AND A DEFENCE. + + by CHARLES WATTS. + + LONDON: + WATTS & CO., 84, Fleet Street, E.C. + 1880. + **** **** + + SECULAR MORALITY. + + AMONG the systems of moral philosophy that have been +promulgated as guides for human conduct, Utilitarianism occupies +the foremost place. It appears to Secularists as more definite and +satisfactory than any other, and certainly at the present time it +is more generally accepted by thinkers and that class of men whose +views mold the intellectual opinions of the age. The principle of +Utilitarianism has a regard solely to the uses of things; hence all +actions by it are to be judged of by their use to society, and the +morality of an action will consequently depend upon its utility. An +important question here suggests itself: What is Utility, and how +is it to be judged of and tested? What, it is urged, may appear +useful to one man, another may regard as altogether useless; who, +therefore, is to decide respecting the utility of an act? The +answer will be found in the greatest-happiness principle, which is +of itself a modern development of the doctrine, and somewhat in +opposition to the first form of Utilitarianism. "Usefulness," +observes David Hume, "is agreeable, and engages our approbation. +This is a matter of fact, confirmed by daily observation. But +useful? For what? For somebody's interest, surely. Whose interest, +then? Not our own only, for our approbation frequently extends +farther. It must, therefore, be the interest of those who are +served by the characters or action approved of; and these we may +conclude, however remote, are not totally indifferent to us. But, +opening up this principle, we shall discover one great source of +moral distinction." Here it is clear that with Hume the doctrine of +utility was intimately associated with approbation -- in fact, the +two were inseparably connected. The greatest-happiness principle, +as will be seen, grew very naturally out of this, but is a much +more recent development. + + The utility of acts and objects have doubtless had much to do +with the estimation in which these are held in society, whether the +fact be recognized or not. Hume says: "It seems so natural a +thought to ascribe to their utility the praise which we bestow on +the social virtues that one would expect to meet with this +principle everywhere in moral writers, as the chief foundation of +their reasoning and inquiry. In common life we may observe that the +circumstance of utility is always appealed to; nor is it supposed +that a greater eulogy can be given to any man than to display his + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +usefulness to the public, and enumerate the services which he has +performed to mankind and to society. What praise, even of an +inanimate form, if the regularity and elegance of its parts destroy +not its fitness for any useful purpose! And how satisfactory an +apology for any disproportion or seeming deformity if we can show +the necessity of that particular construction for the use intended. +A ship appears more beautiful to an artist, or one moderately +skilled in navigation, where the prow is wide and swelling beyond +its poop, than if it were framed with a precise geometrical +regularity in contradiction to all the laws of mechanics. A +building whose doors and windows were exact squares would meet the +eye, by that very proportion, as ill adapted to the figure of a +human creature for whose service the fabric was intended. What +wonder, then, that a man whose habits and conduct are hurtful to +society, and dangerous and pernicious to every one who has +intercourse with him, should on that account be an object of +disapprobation, and communicate to every spectator the strongest +sentiment of disgust and hatred?" That this is so there cannot be +the slightest doubt. Nor is this principle a purely selfish one, as +some have contended, since the uses of arts refer not simply to +their operation upon ourselves individually, but upon society at +large. Self-love is no doubt involved here, as, in fact, it is in +everything we do. But self-love is not the ruling principle any +further than that it is identical with the love of humanity. The +great fact of mutual sympathy here comes in. The reciprocal feeling +of joy or sorrow has been experienced probably by every person. The +pleasures and pains of our fellows affect us largely, whether we +will or no. There is no man so selfish but he finds his joys +increased when they are shared by others, and his griefs lessened +when he sorrows in company. This fact Hume has worked out at great +length, with a view to show why it is that utility pleases. +'Viewing Utilitarianism, therefore, as simply a question of utility +in the lowest sense of that word, it is yet a most potent agent in +society, and has much more to do with forming our conclusions as to +the morality of certain acts than is usually imagined. The man of +use is the man whom society delights to honor; and very properly, +for he is the real benefactor of his species. To say that a thing +is useful is to bestow upon it a high degree of praise, while no +greater condemnation can be passed upon any piece of work than to +say that it is useless. Even the supposed gods have been estimated +by their utility; for Cicero charges the deities of the Epicureans +with being useless and inactive, and declares that the Egyptians +never consecrated any animal except for its utility. + + The principle of Utilitarianism as a moral system cannot be +said to have received a definite shape until it was advocated by +Jeremy Bentham. Even with him it did not appear in that clear and +explicit form which John Stuart Mill has since imparted to it. In +his writings we have for the first time something like philosophic +precision. Pleasure and pain are shown to form the basis of +utility, and to furnish us with the means of judging of what is +useful and what is not. + + To speak of pain and pleasure to ordinary persons conveys no +idea as to the welfare or otherwise of society, but leads the mind +to revert to its own individual good or evil, and then to impart a +selfish basis to the whole thing. This was not what was meant by + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +Bentham, as the following passage from his work will show: "By +utility is meant that property in any object whereby it tends to +produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness (all this, +in the present case, comes to the same thing); or (what comes again +to the same thing) to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, +evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered: if +that party be the community in general, then the happiness of the +community; if a particular individual, then the happiness of that +individual." Bentham takes great pains to show that the community +is a "fictitious body composed of the individual persons who are +considered as constituting, as it were, its members." and that +therefore the interest of the community is simply "the sum of the +interests of the several members who compose it." He then goes on +to affirm that "an action may be said to be conformable to the +principle of utility, or, for shortness' sake, to utility (meaning +with respect to the community at large), when the tendency it has +to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any it +has to diminish it," which is really another way of saying the +greatest happiness of the greatest number, or, to use a far more +preferable phrase, the greatest amount of happiness for all. "The +words ought and right and wrong, and others of that stamp," take +their meaning from this principle. This philosophy was full of the +practical spirit of the age which gave it birth, and it exhibited +an utter disregard for the unproductive theories of the past. The +idea of happiness very largely took the place of the old idea of +duty, wherein was seen a powerful reaction against the sentimental +ethics that had prevailed so long. Its attempt was to base virtue +on moral legislation, rather than on feeling, and to construct an +ethical code out of the most matter-of-fact materials. Thus self +sacrifice, which, of course, is one of the highest and noblest +duties of man, is in no way incompatible with Utilitarianism and +the pursuit of happiness; since, whatever pleasures he who +practices self-denial may voluntarily forego, it is always with a +view of procuring, if not for himself, yet for his fellows, some +greater good. The martyr at the stake, the patriot in the field of +battle, the physician penetrating into the midst of the death- +breathing miasma with a view to alleviate pain, each feels a sense +of satisfaction in the act, which is really the intensest kind of +happiness to himself, and, what is more important, he is procuring +happiness on a large scale for his fellow creatures. It is not +individual, but general, happiness that the Utilitarian has to keep +before his eye as the motive of all his actions. + + In any moral system it is essential that not only should the +code laid down be clear, but the motive to obey it should also be +made apparent, In other words, what is termed the sanction of the +principle must be pointed out. It would be of little value to have +a perfect method in mortals unless the sanctions were such as were +likely to influence mankind. Now, Mr. Mill has not overlooked this +fact in connection with Utilitarianism, but has devoted +considerable space to its consideration. He seems to think, +however, that no new sanctions are needed for Utilitarianism, since +in time -- and in an improved state of society -- it will have at +command all the old ones. He says: "The principle of utility either +has, or there is no reason why it might not have, all the sanctions +which belong to any other system of morals. These sanctions are +either external or internal." He then enlarges upon these with a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +view to show that the greater number of them belong as much to +Utilitarianism as to any other ethical code. The sanction of duty, +upon which so much stress is laid by the opponents of +Utilitarianism, becomes as clear and as powerful under the new +system as under the old. Whatever may be the standard of duty, and +whatever the process by which the idea his been attained, the +feeling will in all cases be very much the same. The pain +occasioned by a violation of what is called the moral law, +constituting what is usually termed conscience, will be felt quite +as keenly when the law has been arrived at by a Utilitarian process +of reasoning, and when the moral nature has been built up upon +Utilitarian principles, as in any other case. The ultimate sanction +of all morality is very much the same -- a subjective feeling in +our own minds, resulting from physical conditions, country, and +education. + + This, then, is briefly the Utilitarianism which we hold to +constitute a sufficient guide in morals, and to be worthy to +supplant the old and erroneous systems that now prevail. As +Secularists, we are content to be judged by this standard. This +system we accept as the ethical code by which we profess to +regulate our conduct. There can hardly be conceived a higher aim +than happiness, especially the happiness of the race. That perfect +happiness is not attainable we, of course, admit; but neither is +anything else in perfection. Nothing, however, can be more certain +than the fact that very many of the present causes of unhappiness +could be removed by well-directed effort on the part of society, +and the result be a state of things of which, at the present time, +we can hardly form any conception. The duty of each of us is to do +as much as possible towards bringing this about. + + In Mr. Mill's work upon "Utilitarianism" the following passage +occurs: "The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals +utility, or the greatest-happiness principle, holds that actions +are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as +they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is +intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and +the privation of pleasure. To give a clear view of the moral +standard set up by this theory, much more requires to be said; in +particular, what things it includes in the ideas of pain and +pleasure; and to what extent this is left an open question. But +these supplementary explanations do not affect the theory of life +of which this theory of morality is grounded -- namely, that +pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things desirable as +ends, and that all desirable things (which are as numerous in the +utilitarian as many other scheme) are desirable either for the +pleasure inherent in themselves, or as a means to the promotion of +pleasure and the prevention of pain." It must be understood that +the word pleasure here is used in its very highest sense, and +includes, consequently, such enjoyments as arise from the culture +of the intellect, the development of the sentiments, the use of the +imagination, and the action of the emotions. One of the errors into +which the opponents of utilitarian happiness frequently fall is +that of confounding pleasure with the mere gratification of the +animal propensities. If this were so, the whole system would be a +most despicable one, and unworthy the attention of men of +intelligence and moral worth. But it is not; and he who brings this + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +as a charge against it does so either in gross ignorance, or with +a view to pervert the truth. Perhaps it was not wise to use the +words pleasure and happiness as synonymous, seeing that they are +usually employed to mean two very different things; but the +explanation having been given that they are so used, no one can +plead this use as an excuse for falling into error on the subject. + + Secular morality is based upon the principle that happiness is +the chief end and aim of mankind. And although there are doubtless, +persons who would warmly dispute this fundamental principle, it is +very questionable whether their objection is not more verbal than +anything else. That all men desire happiness is certain. The +doctrine enunciated in the well-known line of Pope is frequently +quoted, and generally with approval: + + "Oh, happiness! our being's end and aim." + +When we meet with persons who profess to despise this aspiration, +it will be generally found that it is only some popular conception +of happiness of which they are careless, while they really pursue +a happiness of their own, in their own way, with no less ardor than +other people. A definition of happiness itself is not easy to give. +Each person would, were he asked to define it, in all probability +furnish a somewhat different explanation; but the true meaning of +all would be very much the same. To refer again to Pope, what truth +there is in the following couplet! -- + + "Who can define it, say they more or less + Than this, that happiness is happiness?" + +With one it is the culture of the intellect; with another, the +exercise of the emotions with a third, the practice of deeds of +philanthropy and charity; and with yet another -- we regret to say +-- the gratification of the lower propensities. In each case it is +the following of the pursuit which most accords with the +disposition of the individual. And wherever this course does not +interfere with the happiness of others, and is not more than +counter-balanced by any results that may arise from it afterwards, +it is not only legitimate, but moral. Broadly, then, Secular +efforts for the attainment of happiness may be said to consist in +endeavoring to perform those actions which entail no ill effects +upon general society, and leave no injurious effects upon the +actors. Such conduct as is here intimated involves the practice of +truth, self-discipline, fidelity to conviction, and the avoidance +of knowingly acting unjustly to others. + + Mr. Mill points out -- and herein he differs from Bentham -- +that not only must the quantity of the pleasure or happiness be +taken into consideration, bat the quality likewise. He remarks: "It +would be absurd that while, in estimating all other things, quality +is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasure +should be disposed to depend on quantity alone." True, it may not +always be easy to estimate the exact respective value of the +different qualities of pleasure; but this is not necessary. An +approximation to it can be obtained without difficulty. In all +those who have had experience both of the higher and lower kinds of +pleasure -- that is, of the culture of the intellect and the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +gratification of the passions -- a preference is generally shown, +at least in theory, for the higher. And the rest are in no position +to fairly judge. It may be urged that many a man who possesses the +rare wealth of a cultured mind will be found sometimes grovelling +in the mire of sensuality, thereby showing a preference for a time +for the lowest kind of pleasure, To this it may be replied that the +fact is only temporary, and cannot, therefore, be set against the +experience of months and years -- perhaps of the greatest portion +of a life; and, secondly, he does not in his own opinion, even +while descending to indulge in the lower pleasure, give up his +interest in the higher; so that the defection cannot be looked upon +in the light of an exchange. He feels that he will be able to go +back again to his intellectual pursuits, and enjoy them as before. +Ask him to make a permanent exchange -- to give up forever the +higher pleasures, on the condition that he shall have a continuance +of the lower to his heart's content, and probably he will treat the +offer with scorn. "Few humin beings," observes Mr. Mill, "would +consent to be changed into any of the lower animals for a promise +of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures; no intelligent +human being would consent to be a fool; no instructed person would +be an ignoramus; no person of feeling and conscience would be +selfish and base, even though they should be persuaded that the +fool, the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot +than they with theirs. They would not resign what they possess more +than he for the most complete satisfaction of all the desires which +they have in common with him." Those who neglect their capacities +for enjoying the higher pleasures may probably imagine that their +happiness is greater but their opinion on the subject is worthless, +because they only know one side. On this question, therefore, we +find unanimity -- it least, with all who are competent to judge of +the question. + + The most important point to be considered in connection with +this question of Secular happiness is that it is not the pleasure +of the individual that is considered paramount, but of the +community of which he forms a part. The principle of the greatest +happiness is often treated in a discussion of this subject as +though it meant the greatest possible pleasure that the individual +can procure for himself by his acts, regardless of the welfare of +his fellow creatures, which would be selfishness in the extreme. +Nothing can be more unselfish than Secular morality, since the sole +object it has in view is the happiness of the community at large. +And every act of the individual must be performed with this in +view, and will be considered moral or not in the proportion in +which this is done. In corroboration of this view, Mr. Mill truly +remarks: "According to the greatest-happiness principle, as above +explained, the ultimate end with reference to and for the sake of +which all other things are desirable (whether we are considering +our own good or that of other people), is an existence exempt as +far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoyments, +both in point of quantity and quality; the test of quality and the +rule for measuring it against quantity being the preference felt by +those who, in their opportunities of experience, to which must be +added their habits of self-consciousness and self-observation, are +best furnished with the means of comparison. This being, according +to the utilitarian opinion, the end of human action, is necessarily +also the standard of morality; which may accordingly be defined, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +the rules and precepts for human conduct, by the observance of +which an existence such as has been described might be, to the +greatest extent possible, secured to all mankind; and not to them +only, but to the whole sentient creation." Two facts of great +importance are to be noticed in this extract; first, that happiness +is the end of existence, and that all human effort should be bent +as far as possible to the attainment of this object; and, secondly, +that here, and here only, can the true standard of morality be +found. The second principle flows as a necessary consequence from +the first. All human action must, therefore, be brought to the test +of how far it is conducive to the promotion of the greatest +happiness of society at large. The consistent performance of such +action will tend to promote the Secular idea of human happiness and +the welfare of mankind. + + The question is asked, Why is Secularism regarded by its +adherents as being superior to theological and other speculative +theories of the day? The answer is (1) because we believe its moral +basis to be more definite and practical than other existing ethical +codes; and (2) because Secular teachings appear to us to be more +reasonable and of greater advantage to general society than the +various theologies of the world, and that of orthodox Christianity +in particular. + + First, compare Secular views of morality with the numerous and +conflicting theories that have been put forward at various times on +the important topic of moral philosophy. From most of those +theories it is not easy to reply satisfactorily to the question, +Why is one act wrong and another right? There is no difficulty, +generally speaking, in pointing out what acts are vicious and what +others virtuous; but to say why one is immoral and another moral is +a very different matter. Ask for a definition of virtue, and you +receive in reply an illustration. You will be told that it is wrong +to lie, to steal, to murder, etc. -- about which there is no +dispute; but why it is wrong to indulge in these acts, and right to +perform others, is the business of ethical science to discover. But +here again the method that will be resorted to, with a view to +reply to this query, will depend upon the moral code believed in by +the person to whom the question is put. This method it is, in point +of fact, which constitutes what is called ethical science. On +looking over the history of moral philosophy, apart from +Secularism, we find such diversified and conflicting theories +advanced on this subject that it is frequently difficult to arrive +at the conclusion that there can be any certainty in the matter +whatever. Some hold, with Dr, Samuel Clarke, that virtue consists +in the fitness of things; others, with Adam Smith, discover its +basis in sympathy; others, with Dr. Reed, Dr. Thomas Brown, and +Dugald Stewart, contend for a moral sense; another class, with Miss +Cobbe, maintain that there is such a thing as intuitive morality; +others, with Paley, assert that virtue consists in doing good to +mankind in obedience to the will of God, and for the sake of +everlasting happiness; others, with Dr. Johnson, are content with +the will of God as a basis, without adding the motive introduced by +Paley; and yet others, with George Combe, fancy they have a key to +the whole thing in phrenology. Now, all these theories are +resolvable broadly into three great classes -- first, those who +regard the "will of God" as the basis of moral action; secondly, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +those who contend that the true guide of man in morality is +something internal to himself -- call it conscience, moral sense, +intuition, or any other name that you please to give it; and, +thirdly, those who urge that moral science is, like other science, +to be discovered by the study of certain external facts. To the +latter of these the Utilitarian or Secular system belongs. + + A small section of professing Christians have now given up the +will of God as the groundwork of their morality. This, however, +seems to us inconsistent with their faith, for the following +reasons: 1. If the Bible God be the father of all, surely to act in +accordance with his will should be the best guide in life. 2. +Christian morality is supposed to consist of the teachings of the +Bible, the alleged record of the will of God. 3. If God's will is +not the basis of Christian ethics, what is, from the Christian +standpoint? As Secularists, we cannot regulate our conduct by the +Bible records of God's will, inasmuch as that book is so thoroughly +contradictory in its interpretation of the said will. In one +passage the killing of human beings is forbidden by God, and in +another passage special instructions are given by the same being to +commit the prohibited crime. The same conflicting injunctions are +to be found in the "inspired word" in reference to adultery, lying, +retaliation, love, obedience to parents, forgiveness, individual +and general salvation, and many other acts which form part of the +conduct of human life. + + As to the internal guide to morality, nothing can be more +clear than the fact that, even if man possesses a moral sense with +which he is born into this world, and which is inherent in his +nature, its teachings are not very distinct, and the code of law +based upon it is by no means definite. For not only do the +inhabitants of different countries vary considerably in regard to +the dictates of conscience, according to the nature of their +education, but the people of the same country will be found to be +by no means agreed as to what is right and what wrong, except in a +few well-marked deeds. One man feels a conscientious objection to +doing that which another man will positively believe to be a +praiseworthy act. In this, as in other matters, education is all- +potent over the mental character. It would indeed be difficult to +reconcile these facts with the existence of any intuitive moral +power. + + Recognizing the difficulties and drawbacks pertaining to the +above theories, Secularists seek for a solution of this moral- +philosophy problem elsewhere -- that is to say, in the eternal +results of the acts themselves upon society, and in the effects +that invariably spring from them whenever they are performed. It +must be distinctly understood that we do not claim perfection for +our moral code; but we do believe that it is the best known at the +present time, and that it is free from many of the objectionable +features which belong to those theories which we, as Secularists, +cannot accept. It may be urged, as an objection to the external +test of the result of action, that it tends to make morality +shifting and dependent very much upon the circumstances existing at +the time. This is doubtless true; but it is of no value as an +argument against the doctrine of utility. For is not all that we + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + SECULAR MORALITY. + +have to do with subject to the same law of variation? Fashions +change, customs alter, and even religions become considerably +modified by external circumstances. The following stanza in Lord +Byron's "Childe Harold" portrays a great truth: -- + + "Son of the morning, rise, approach you here; + Come, but molest not yon detenceless urn. + Look on this spot, a nation's sepulchre: + Abode of gods, whose shrines no longer burn. + Even gods must yield, religions take their turn; + 'Twas Jove's, 'tis Mahomet's; and other creeds + Will rise with other years, till man shall learn + Vainly his incense soars, his victim bleeds; + Poor child of doubt and death, whose hope is built on + reeds!" + + That Secular teachings are superior to those of orthodox +Christianity, the following brief contrast Will show. Christian +conduct is controlled by the ancient and supposed infallible rules +of the Bible; Secular action is regulated by modern requirements +and the scientific and philosophical discoveries of the practical +age in which we live. Christianity enjoins as an essential duty of +life to prepare to die; Secularism says, learn how to live +truthfully, honestly, and usefully, and you need not concern +yourself with the "how" to die. Christianity proclaims that the +world's redemption can only be achieved through the teachings of +one person; Secularism avows that such teachings are too +impracticable and limited in their influence for the attainment of +the object claimed, and that improvement, general and individual, +is the result of the brain-toiler and physical exertions of the +brave toilers of every country and every age who have labored for +human advancement. Christianity threatens punishment in another +world for the rejection of speculative views in this; Secularism +teaches that no penalty should follow the holding of sincere +opinions, as uniformity of belief is impossible. According to +Christianity, as taught in the churches and chapels, the approval +of God and the rewards of heaven are to be secured only through +faith in Jesus of Nazareth; whereas the philosophy of Secularism +enunciates that no merit should be attached to such faith, but that +fidelity to principle and good service to man should win the right +to participate in any advantages either in this or in any other +world. + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books, magazines, +newspapers, pamphlets, etc. please contact us, we need to give them +back to America. If you have such books please send us a list that +includes Title, Author, publication date, condition and price. + + **** **** + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/secular.d b/textfiles.com/politics/secular.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..11e59650 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/secular.d @@ -0,0 +1,586 @@ + 9 page printout + + SECULARISM: + + ITS RELATION TO THE SOCIAL + PROBLEMS OF THE DAY. + + by + + CHARLES WATTS, + + Vice-President of the National Secular Society. + + Price Twopence. + + LONDON + WATTS CO., 17, Johnson's Coury, Fleet Street. + + 1894. + + **** **** + + SECULARISM: + + ITS RELATION TO THE SOCIAL PROBLEMS + OF THE DAY. + + SECULARISM, in dealing with the social problems of the +day, relies upon human reason, not upon "divine" faith; upon fact, +not upon fiction; upon experience, not upon a supposed supernatural +revelation. It can discover no value in what is termed spiritual +proposals as a remedy for existing evils, Hence Secularists can +recognize only that as being socially useful which tends to the +physical, mental, moral, and political improvement of mankind as +members of the general commonwealth. Considerations about matters +that are said to transcend the province of reason, and that make +the business of this life merely of secondary importance, +Secularists deem to be, at the most, only of theoretical interest, +and of no real service in the social struggle in which society is +at present engaged. The very fact that the theological remedy for +social wrongs has had a long and fair trial, with such advantages +in its favor as wealth, fashion, and untiring devotion, and yet +that it has failed to prevent the present crisis, is ample proof of +its utter inability to successfully grapple with the drawbacks to +a healthy state of society. It is, therefore, of the highest +importance to seek to destroy faith in theology as a reforming +agency, inasmuch as it has been well weighed in the balance of time +and experience, and has been found wanting. + + Our first duty, then, in my opinion, as Secularists, in +reference to social problems, is to expose false remedies, and thus +make it easier to establish correct ones. True, many persons think +the fallacies of theology have already been sufficiently exposed, +and they urge that to continue the destructive work is only to +"beat a dead horse." But is the theological horse really dead? Let +the recent conduct of the clerical party upon the London School +Board, and the present persistent efforts of Christian exponents of +all denominations to put their teachings forward as the only +effectual panacea, answer the question. It is still proclaimed even +by some "advanced" reformers, that the solution to our social + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + SECULARISM + +problems would be in following the example of Christ and in +adopting his teachings. A greater delusion was never promulgated, +and I deem it my duty to say so. Christ is reported to have said, +"My kingdom is not of this world," and according to the New +Testament he acted as if he believed what he said. + + What are our social problems? Principally they are excessive +poverty, unjust class distinction, monopoly of the land, unfair +accumulation of wealth, the degradation of labor, the predominating +rule of the aristocracy, and the absence of genuine secular +education among the masses. Probably, the problem of ignorance is +likely to be more speedily solved than either of the others named, +but Christ did not furnish the key to the solution, and it is +worthy of note that his followers have thrown every obstacle in the +way of the emancipation of the masses from the curse of the absence +of knowledge. In reference, to the other stupendous evils +mentioned, where and when did Christ propound an efficient scheme +whereby the world could be freed from them? Granted, he exclaimed: +"Woo unto you that are rich"; "Sell that thou hast and give to the +poor." But would it not have been better to have shown how the +monopoly of wealth could have been prevented, and how giving to the +poor would have been unnecessary? Poverty is a curse, and to be +dependent on charity is humiliating. + + Seeing that all attempts in the name of religion have been +futile in furnishing solutions for our social problems, the duty of +all Secularists is to seek some other plan whereby those solutions +may be obtained. Among other plans, we have Socialism, +Individualism, and Anarchism put forward, and each is claimed by +its advocates as being the true remedy. Now it is evident to me +that the Secular Society cannot, in its official capacity, accept +either method in it entirety, for to do so would be to ignore the +primary object of the Secular organization, which is to destroy +theological errors and to establish the truths, that morality +depends upon no form of supernaturalism, and that the actions of +daily life can be usefully performed in the noblest manner, +unassociated with any of the religions of the churches. The +relation of Secularism to all the "isms" named is the same as it is +towards the political and religious movements of the day, namely +Eclectic -- that is, it selects the best from among them all. +Provided he does his best to combat existing evils, each member of +the Secular party is at liberty to support any movement that seems +to him wise and useful, supposing it to be based upon "peace, law, +and order." In fact Secularists should feel bound to investigate, +as far as possible, all proposals made for the redemption of +mankind regardless of sect or party. Special care, however, should +always be taken to discriminate between true and false methods, and +not to confound vain theories with practical remedies. + + It is not my present object to discuss the merits or the +demerits of the many professed remedies for social evils now before +the public. No doubt there is much in connection with each of them +that is commendable; and, as a Secularist, I should defend the +right of the exponents of all the schemes to be hoard, so long as +they confined themselves to argument and intellectual exposition, +free from all physical violence. Personally, I cannot accept the +theory of Individualism, if it is not based upon regard for the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + SECULARISM + +rights of others. Neither can I adopt that phase of Socialism that +would entirely obliterate the just claims of the individual; whilst +with that form of Anarchism that would destroy individuals +indiscriminately Secularism, as I understand its principles, can +have no sympathy whatever, It is not a question of motive, but of +method, that has to be considered. + + While I recognize the right and utility of combination for +mutual protection, and for advancing the good of those united, I am +not blind to the fact that there may be interests outside of any +one particular combination that should be fairly considered. If, +for instance, a person accepts the theory that the land, which is +the source of all social comfort, should be nationalized and that +the reasonable value of its use should be applied to defraying the +national expenditure, it does not follow that he should consent to +have his house, his family, and his wages also nationalized. Many +persons prefer the form of Socialism known as Cooperation, which is +at once legal, rational, and useful. There are approximations to +this plan in building societies and in profit-sharing manufacturing +concerns, And neither of these involve the extinction of +individuals or of individual interests; on the contrary, they +contribute to the maintenance of both in their integrity. + + In seeking to solve social problems, there is one thing that +must always be observed -- namely, that, in pursuing our own good +in our own way, we should strive not to unnecessarily damage the +interests of others. Freedom of thought, of speech, and of action +for all is a claim consistent with reason, and essential to human +progress. The point here to be insisted upon is that the exercise +of personal liberty, which does not infringe upon the freedom of +others, is the right of all without any regard to class +distinction. This principle Secularists maintain, without +committing themselves to all that is taught in the exercise of that +right. If it is asked how true freedom is to be distinguished from +that which is false, the answer will be that every individual +should be free to give expression to his thoughts; but whether or +not such thoughts represent that which will prove beneficial to +society must be tested by comparison, and by fair and open +discussion. + + It will be thus seen that while, in my estimation, Secularism +recognizes the justice and need of revolution, that revolution must +be one of thought and of principles. This cannot be too much +emphasized, more especially at the present time, when revolt, in +some instances, has assumed the brutal form of reckless violence in +the shape of bomb-throwing, which cannot be too emphatically +condemned, as being not only cruel and diabolical in its nature, +but also as being a barbarous hindrance to the progress aimed at by +all true reformers. I am thoroughly opposed, under the present +conditions of society, to all violence which tends to the +destruction of persons and property. It indicates either insanity +or uncontrolled passion, rather than a clear insight into the +causes of social advancement. At any rate, violence, if resorted to +at all, should be the last, not the first, process in the struggle +for any reform among reasonable beings. Possibly in times past it +might have been necessary; but the people did not then possess the +means for redressing wrongs that they have at their command to-day. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + SECULARISM + +In the past they were kept down by a domineering Church and by a +despotic Government, and all political rights were withheld from +the masses. Now the Church has lost its former power, and +governments must "assume a virtue if they have it not." Besides, +the people, although they have not all the political power that is +their due, have sufficient to enable them, if they use what they +possess wisely, to obtain farther reforms in a peaceful manner. +Secularism enjoins reliance upon free speech, a free platform, and +a free press, in the conducting of our present social warfare. +These are weapons more in harmony with the intelligence of the age +than is the use of instruments of physical violence. Further, the +employment of moral force gives promise of a success that will be +useful in its influence and enduring in its results. + + To sum up, the duty of Secularists towards our social problems +appears to me to be this: To recognize the necessity of discovering +the best possible solutions, and, when those solutions are found, +to apply them with all the moral force at our command. This useful +work must be carried on by each of us in our capacity as social +reformers -- a task which will be inspired by the genius of +Secularism, for no consistent secularist can remain idle while +evils abound that mar the happiness of the human family. The +special duty of a member of the Secular organization consists in +demanding that freedom which will enable every reformer to carry on +his good work without intimidation or persecution of any kind, and +also in doing his utmost to remove such impediments to progress as +have been caused by priestly invention, and by the false +conceptions of human duty which have been engendered by theological +teachings. Here the Secularist will have ample scope for his +reforming aspirations. He can commence at the root of the evil, +which is the theological errors with regard to the nature and +destiny of man, and the persistent opposition of the Church to +mental freedom and social independence. When these errors are +eradicated from the human mind, it will be in a condition to more +readily receive those truths, discovered by long and patient study +-- truths that will form the real basis of the solution of our +social problems. + + While it is a Secular duty to consider the best means that can +be employed to improve the general condition of society, the method +adopted by any member of the Secular Society to accomplish this +result rests upon his individual responsibility. I am anxious that +this fact should be remembered, because it is not my desire that +Secularism should be held responsible for the opinions of its +adherents upon "outside questions." The official position taken by +the National Secular Society in reference to reforms of general +social matters may be seen from its published statement under the +heading of "Immediate Practical Objects" in the Secular Almanack +for 1894. + + Recently Cardinal Vaughan proclaimed that the one remedy for +our present social disasters was to be found in the Roman Catholic +religion and, with a view of applying this remedy, he announced the +inauguration of a Roman Catholic Social Army, for the purpose of +carrying out his plans. He based his action upon the assumption +that our social evils and all the revolutionary proposals for their +extinction were due to the presence of Atheism and of other "isms," + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + SECULARISM + +which he recklessly classed together, regardless of their non- +relation. Here is the old theological trick of representing +disbelief in God and Christianity as being the cause of all the +wrongs and woes that afflict the human race, and arguing that the +only real remedy for such misfortunes is the adoption of the +teachings of the Church. The fact is overlooked that such teachings +did not prevent, neither have they removed, the very evils which we +have to deplore. If, however, Atheism is such a prolific source of +evil, it would be reasonable to suppose that the characters of +Atheists would be known to be bad, and their policy destructive of +the stability of society. But the very opposite is the truth, as +personal experience and general history amply testify. Theodore +Parker observes: "Atheists are men who aim to be faithful to their +nature and to their whole nature. ... They are commonly on the side +of man, as opposed to the enemies of man; on the side of the people +as against a tyrant; they are, or mean to be, on the side of truth, +of justice, and of love." Bacon says Atheism did never perturb +States." The Right Hon. William Pitt truthfully acknowledges that +"Atheism furnishes no man with arguments to be vicious."; and +Professor Tyndall remarks: "If I wished to find men who are +scrupulous in their adherence to engagements, whose words are their +bond, and to whom moral shiftiness of any kind is subjectively +unknown; if I wanted a loving father, a faithful husband, an +honorable neighbor, and a just citizen, I should seek him and find +him among the band of Atheists." Surely the testimony of the above +writers, who knew the character of Atheists from practical +experience, is of more value than the opinion of Cardinal Vaughan, +whose religion doubtless has prevented him from associating in any +way with "wicked Atheists." In the 'Weekly Sun,' March 25, Hector +Graham writes I have associated with a great number of Agnostics in +my time, and am constrained to admit that I have always found them +happy, honorable men. ... I put the question seriously -- How many +thorough unbelievers are found in gaol? How many promote bogus +societies and victimize the fatherless and widows? Alas! the press +too often shows us that the promoters of such societies and +companies have been looked upon with respect and adoration, and +have been Christians of an eighteen-carat stamp," + + But it is not only the nature of Atheism and the characters of +Atheists that refute the pious Cardinal's assumption; there are +other facts that are equally cogent against him, and these show the +utter impotency of his theological schemes to successfully cope +with existing social evils. Supposing Roman Catholicism were a cure +for social evils, have we not a right to suppose that such evils +would have been absent in this country during the Middle Ages, and +that they would not be found in Catholic countries to-day? Such, +however, was and is not the case. Crime, ignorance, and poverty +flourished daring the period when the religion of Rome was in the +zenith of its power, and when Atheism and other "isms" had +comparatively no opportunity to exercise a counteracting influence +upon the actions of the Church. And today we know of no Roman +Catholic orthodox continental country whose government is free from +anxiety in consequence of the deplorable condition of the people. +Skeptical England, with all its faults, is far ahead socially of +many countries where Catholicism is supreme. Before Cardinal +Vaughan's spurious remedy can be accepted in this country, +credentials of its efficacy must be forthcoming. It has not proved + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + SECULARISM + +effectual in America. The progress of that great and grand Republic +has for years been retarded, and is now being paralysed, through +the increasing power of Rome within its domain. The number of +voters who profess the Catholic religion in the United States is +becoming larger every year, and it is acknowledged that this fact +proves a great danger to the development of American free +institutions. The influence of these votes is used against public +schools and the secularization of general legislation. But what is +worthy of special note, as demonstrating the fallacy of Cardinal +Vaughan's claim as to the utility of his remedy for social evils, +is that, notwithstanding the power of his Church on the other side +of the Atlantic, the condition of the people there is at the +present time most alarming. The reformer stands aghast at the +spectacle of a million sober and industrious citizens being without +the means of living, having neither money, food, nor shelter, and +not having the means of obtaining these requirements by honest +work. + + If there be any doubt as to the accuracy of what is here +stated, let the reader study Henry George's article in the 'North +American Review' for February last, and it will be found that I +have not over-stated the gravity of the social condition of the +American people. Henry George describes many of tho principal +institutions of that country as being converted into charity- +collecting and distributing agencies, and every group of workers as +taxing themselves for the relief of the thousands of unemployed. He +farther alleges that the churches in Chicano are thrown open for +the shelter of the homeless poor, and that in Ashland (Wis.) a +charity pie had been made twenty-two feet in circumference and a +quarter of a ton in weight. The continent is represented by him as +being visited by an epidemic of charity, and no other subject is +allowed to engage so much of public attention. This certainly is an +appalling state of affairs -- one which cries aloud for an +immediate remedy. The Cardinal's faith evidently is useless as a +panacea, for more profession of that faith is to be found in the +United States than in any other Protestant country; and yet the +social evils have been increasing for some time past, until the +state of society has reached a degree of wretchedness and poverty +that is a disgrace to civilization. Of course, Henry George +professes to see the cause of this gloomy condition of affairs, +which he considers to be the wrong regulations regarding the +distribution of wealth and the terms of land tenure; and, like the +Cardinal, he thinks that he also has discovered a remedy in what is +called "the single tax." This means that the increased increment +that "now goes to the more appropriator" should be used to pay all +the expenses of the country, and thus abolish all other taxes now +imposed for general purposes. The result of this would be, he +argues, that an end would be put to speculation in land, which +makes it become dearer every year. + + In submitting his proposal for remedying our present social +evils Henry George thinks he has discovered that the prevailing +wrongs in society are largely due to interference by man with the +exercise of Almighty Power. He says: "He who made food and clothing +and shelter necessary to man's life has also given to man, in the +power of labor, the means of maintaining that life; and when, +without fault of his own, man cannot exert that power, there is + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + SECULARISM + +somewhere a wrong of the same kind as denial of right of property +and denial of right of life -- a wrong equivalent to robbery and +murder on the grandest style." It is presumable, from this extract, +that Mr. Goorge entertains some peculiar theological notions which +he mixes up with his purposed remedy. To my mind it seems most +unfortunate that social reformers will encumber their suggested +remedies with mystic theological speculations. This, no doubt, has +proved one of the causes why such remedies have failed to achieve +the object sought. It is my firm belief that, judging from +experience, ameliorating efforts will continue to fail until the +evils of society are dealt with by purely natural means. The +alleged supernatural aid has been evoked long enough without +success; and now surely wisdom should prompt us to avail ourselves +of those resources of which. we have some knowledge, and over which +we can have some control. It is not here a question of the truth of +Mr. George's theology so much as of its non-adaptability to the +purpose at issue, although, as be puts it, God's providential share +in the scheme seems to be exceedingly puzzling. For instance, what +can be thought of an Almighty "He" who would have so arranged +matters that the present evils could be possible? Further, can it +be conceived that "He," if he is benevolent and the principal in +the concern, would permit "robbery and murder on the grandest +style"? Would it not be better to leave all that this "He" is +supposed to represent entirely out of consideration in dealing with +the social evils, and to seek for the remedy in mundane conditions? +Even upon the theological hypothesis, the "bane" being here, the +"antidote" should be here also; and our duty is to seek to discover +it, and to apply it to the "ills that flesh is heir to." + + This position Henry George admits to be the practical one, +despite his theological adulteration; for he says the solution of +the labor problems is to be found as follows: "The opportunities of +finding employment, and the rate of all wages, depend ultimately +upon the freedom of access to the land, the price that labor must +pay for its use" This solution. Mr. George holds, can be speedily +put into practice. To this latter statement I cannot assent. No +doubt, if its immediate application were possible, improvement upon +the existing state of things would follow. But experience proves +that the partial remedies that have hitherto been adopted, both in +social and political affairs, have been gradual in their growth and +slow in producing the desired results. True, he refers to the many +thousands of families that were enabled to settle on estates in Now +Zealand through the Land Act of the late Freethinking Premier, Mr. +John Ballance. But it must be remembered that this able reformer +had a long and hard struggle to secure the moderate relief that he +obtained for a few thousand families in that new and fertile +country. It took many years of courageous and persistent advocacy +of a very able organizer before his efforts were crowned with any +success. And when the battle was won, it was not that of the +purchase of the land, but merely that it should be held at a rate +equivalent to the income or property tax imposed in that colony. It +should, however, be remembered that even this medium of reform was +much easier to obtain in a colony possessing now and virgin soil +than it would be to "take from mere appropriators" in the old +country that which could only be secured by lawful means. As +regards England, the probability of any benefit arising from Mr. +George's proposal appears very remote. His plan has been before the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + SECULARISM + +world now for many years, and at present there is no indication of +its being adopted. This, of course, is no argument against its +value; but it shows that Mr. George is rather Premature in +supposing that his remedy "can be speedily put into practice." I +have not the slightest desire to depreciate any attempt to relieve +the burdens of toil, or to check any possible alleviation of social +suffering; still, I cannot ignore facts, although I may regret that +they exist. + + It will be within the knowledge of many of my readers that a +whole generation has passed away since J.S. Mill and others +inaugurated a movement in reference to the unearned increment, and +little or nothing has been done up to date to realize the +improvements those reformers suggested. Parliament has also been +recently considering the subject of allotments, from which great +things are expected. Leading articles in our democratic newspapers +are echoing the old cry of "Back to the Land," than which nothing +could be better under suitable conditions. But how is the thing to +be done? and, even if it could be accomplished, would it be an +unqualified advantage without other reforms equally necessary? A +small plot of land, to be cultivated in spare hours, by men +accustomed to it, might prove a useful investment, if the rent were +nominal, of which there is not much hope at present. If, however, +anyone expects a beneficial revolution by putting families on a few +acres of land in this country, they would, I think, be doomed to +disappointment. To make the cultivation of land in England +profitable, not only industry is required, but skill, judgement, +and the best appliances are necessary, and the latter need an +amount of capital which, unfortunately, is not within the reach or +at the command of the poor laboring man. Before land in England can +become self-supporting to the working classes, the problem of a +moneyless people must be dealt with. If some millions of money and +some millions of acres of land were placed at the disposal of well- +trained and experienced farm laborers, no doubt they would give a +good account of themselves. But on any other terms I have but +little faith in the advantages of going "Back to the Land." + + So far as the problem of the land question is concerned, I +fail to see its immediate solution in any one scheme now before +the, public Still, many measures could be adopted to hasten on a +solution; such, for instance, as the total abolition of the game +laws, the repeal of the laws of entail and primogeniture, and an +easy and a cheap mode of transferring land. The present expensive +manner of selling it should at once cease, for so long as it is +legal to buy and sell land there is no reason why it should not be, +transferred in as inexpensive a manner as that in which the beasts +that feed upon it are sold. All legislation upon this subject +should tend to destroy the monopoly of land, and to place it at the +command of the people, so that it may be used for the two purposes +of providing food and of paying its just share of national +taxation. To do this it may be found that the Nationalization +scheme will be the most effectual one to adopt, But ere this can be +accomplished and properly worked, the toiling classes must +recognize that the work of reform will have to be done by +themselves. They have depended upon others too long, and now the +fact must be faced, that self-help is the only successful aid to +rely upon. It will also be necessary to make our Government + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + SECULARISM + +representative in its character in the fullest sense of the word -- +a Government by the people, and for the people, irrespective of any +particular class. With such a Government, its principal function +would be to give force to the public will in removing existing +obstacles to the attainment of just laws, so that the work of +amelioration may go on unimpeded by that legacy of aristocratic and +class distinctions which has so long proved a potent hindrance to +the general welfare. In order that such a consummation may be +realized, prudence, frugality, disciplined thought, and sound +education upon the part of the masses will be necessary. And in +proportion as these requisites are possessed and utilized, so, in +my opinion, will the remedies be found for the present evils of +society. Under such conditions the revolution will not be sudden, +but it will be none the less certain in its arrival, and none the +less beneficial in its influence. + + + + + + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + + + + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books please contact +us, we need to give them back to America. If you have such books +please send us a list that includes Title, Author, publication +date, condition and price. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/secular.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/secular.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..17c328c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/secular.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10076 @@ + 155 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The value of this 360K disk is $7.00. This disk, its +printout, or copies of either are to be copied and given away, +but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + **** **** + + EDITED BY + + E. HALDEMAN-JULIUS B-733 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH, + + SECULAR MOVEMENT + + By JOHN EDWIN McGEE + + **** **** + + CONTENTS + + CHAPTER PAGE + + Preface ................................................ 2 +I ORIGINS ................................................ 2 + +II. A PERIOD OF FREE ASSOCIATION + Basic Features ........................................ 15 + A Masterful Convert ................................... 17 + Literature ............................................ 19 + Assemblages ........................................... 21 + Advancing Secularist Doctrines ........................ 22 + Attacking the Churches ................................ 30 + Opposition to Secularism .............................. 34 + Dissension ............................................ 36 + +III. THE BRADLAUGH EPOCH + Organization .......................................... 38 + Leaders ............................................... 42 + Publications .......................................... 46 + Meetings .............................................. 48 + Ceremonies ............................................ 51 + Furthering the Principles of Secularism ............... 52 + Anti-Church Activities ................................ 68 + The Attack upon Secularism ............................ 70 + Association with Organized International Freethought... 72 + +IV. THE FOOTE-COHEN ERA + Proportions of the Secular Movement ................... 73 + Administrative Affairs ................................ 74 + Outstanding Adherents ................................. 80 + Printed Matter ........................................ 81 + Public Occasions ...................................... 83 + Propagation of Secular Teachings ...................... 84 + Fighting the Religious Interests ...................... 89 + The Campaign against Secularism ....................... 90 + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +V. SIGNIFICANCE .......................................... 92 + Bibliography .......................................... 97 + + **** **** + + PREFACE + + + Despite the significant part which the British Secular +Movement has played in bringing about many of the ideas and +institutions which are of fundamental importance in the Great +Britain of today, the public has not had ample opportunities for +acquiring information concerning the Movement. To begin with, the +history of the undertaking has never been written. Added to this +is the fact that while many comments have been made on the +Secular Movement, they almost always have been tinged with the +emotion of Partisanship, and have departed widely from the +detached and impartial observations associated with the careful +historian. Finally, though biographies have been written of the +most prominent of the Secularist leaders, the authors of these +books have magnified the persons whose lives they treated at the +expense of the Secular Movement itself. These facts seemed to me +to provide ample justification for the writing of a sound history +of the Secular Movement, and inspired me to attempt to produce +such a history. + + The entire manuscript was read with much care by Professor +Preston Slosson, of the University of Michigan. Professor Slosson +offered many valuable suggestions for the improvement of the +work. I am grateful indeed for the advice which Professor Slosson +gave me. + + My debt to my late wife is simply limitless. For many +laborious months she worked along with me in the libraries, +helping me to gather the raw materials for the book from the +almost inexhaustible list of sources -- mainly pamphlets and +magazines -- which contain them. Besides all this she offered +valuable suggestions and helped solve knotty problems in +connection with the preparation of the manuscript. I wish to +acknowledge my deep appreciation for her assistance. + + JOHN EDWIN McGEE. + + April, 1948. + + **** **** + + CHAPTER I + + ORIGINS + + No phase of the history of Great Britain is more stirring +than the organized efforts, in the years after the middle of the +19th century, to achieve a less harsh and cruel existence for the +great masses of the British common people; and of the numerous +campaigns for popular reform which marked the post mid-19th +century period none, was more impressive than the British Secular + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Movement. The Secularists, as those who carried on the Secular +Movement were called, labored for their cause with a zeal which +at times was almost fanatical. They waged their fight, too, +simultaneously on many fronts. And, though often discriminated +against socially for their efforts, they persevered in their +undertaking almost from the very beginning of the second half of +the 19th century right down to the present time. + + Except for a few of the leaders, who, because of being, say, +journalists or small shopkeepers, belonged to the lower middle +class, the Secularists were virtually all members of the +workings, classes; and the Secular Movement was undertaken to +bring to an end a set of conditions which from the working class +point of view was provokingly unsatisfactory. When the +Secularists began their work these unfavorable conditions were in +evidence throughout every sphere of British society. In the +political realm the laboring masses of men and women counted for +little indeed. The monarchy itself, though a strictly limited +one. was identified with the traditions and interests of the +aristocracy, while the cost of its upkeep (which was +considerable) fell upon the people as a whole. The House of Lords +was composed of Church dignitaries and hereditary peers whose +associations, tastes, and outlook were these of the privileged +classes. The Members of the House of Commons were elected by +voters drawn from the middle and upper classes, and belonged +themselves to these groups. Government was really an affair of, +by, and for the higher classes. + + The economic and social setup, too, was unfavorable to the +welfare of The laboring masses. Thanks to the enclosure of lard +in the country and to the application of machinery to industry in +the towns, fewer workers were needed by the employing classes +than were available. In consequence, low wages were paid in cases +where employment was granted. while in many instances work was +not to be had on any terms. Poverty thus dogged the heels of the +working classes, and with poverty went crowded, unwholesome +living conditions. Then, too, no systematic provision was made +for the care of those who became destitute, or for those who +lingered on a while on earth after they were no longer able to +work. Added to all this was the fact, that there were almost no +opportunities available to the poor, especially in urban +districts, for wholesome recreation and entertainment. Week-end +pleasure trips, for example, even to nearby places, could not be +afforded. Wide and varied social contacts were out of the +question. The museums, libraries, and art galleries were all +closed on Sunday, the one day of the week when workingmen might +have visited them. Even Sunday music in the parks was +nonexistent. Bleak indeed were the lives of those whose lot it +was to toil. + + The schools of the day served the lower classes +inadequately. No state-controlled school system providing +universal, secular education was in existence, and the private +(denominational, usually Anglican), state-added schools that +constituted such a system as did exist not only failed to extend +any educational training whatever, to more than half of the +common people but did not make available even to the remainder a +strictly secular education. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Operative, in effect, primarily against the unprivileged +classes were various obstructions and dangers to the free +expression of opinion. There was, to begin with, the matter of +free speech as exemplified at public meetings in the parks and +other open spaces. Theoretically, the right to hold such meeting +was assured. Actually, however, they were from time to time +interfered with by the public authorities. The situation in +regard to the freedom of the press, too, was not satisfactory. +Though supposedly free, the press was subjected to restrictions +which amounted to serious loss of liberty. For one thing, there +were occasional instances of governmental interference with the +right of publication. Then, too, indirect expedients were +resorted to for regulating the press. Taxes were levied on +newspapers, on advertisements, and on paper, and enactments -- +the so-called Security Laws -- calling upon newspapers to provide +security against blasphemous or seditious utterances were +sometimes invoked. Finally, various arrangements and regulations +existed which prevented equality before the Law for all forms of +speculative opinion. First, there were the provisions concerning +oath-taking. As the situation stood, the taking of an oath +ordinarily accompanied legal testimony. Quakers and other +religious persons who had conscientious scruples against oath- +taking were, however, allowed simply to make an affirmation. But +no such privilege was extended to the non-religious. These had +either to take the oath or to lose the right to testify. Indeed, +they might be deprived of the right of testimony even though +willing to take the oath, if interested parties chose to have the +state of their religious opinions brought to light. Secondly, +there was a State Church -- a church endowed and supported by the +state and therefore by the citizens as a whole irrespective of +their religious beliefs or church affiliations. And thirdly, +there was the situation as to blasphemy. What was called +blasphemy was punishable as a crime, alike under a statute which +had been enacted during the reign of William III and subsequently +amended so as not to apply to the Unitarians, and under the +common law. And in both cases blasphemy was narrowly conceived as +a denial or reproach of the Christian religion regardless of the +tone of such condemnation. Thus, the statute, as it now stood, +declared as guilty of blasphemy "any person or persons having +been educated in, or at any time having made profession of, the +Christian religion within this realm who shall, by writing, +printing, teaching, or advised speaking ... assert or maintain +that there are more Gods than one, or shall deny the Christian +doctrine to be true, or the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New +Testament to be of divine authority"; and under the common law, +according to the pronouncement (1675) of Lord Chief Justice Sir +Matthew Hale, whose interpretation was still the generally +accepted one, it was blasphemous "to speak in reproach of the +Christian religion." It was true that no prosecution had ever +taken place under the statute, but there was no assurance that +such would always be the case; and under the common law numerous +prosecutions down through the years had occurred. + + In the face of all these conditions a course of action +looking to the promotion of mass welfare might logically have +been undertaken by organized Christianity. As a matter of fact +there were Churchmen here and there who engaged in such a task. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +In the Church of England the "Christian Socialists" -- Maurice, +Kingsley, and other -- expressed sympathy for the working classes +and furthered industrial cooperation. And in the Nonconformist +Churches there were undoubtedly active friends of such causes as +democracy, social legislation, secular education, and Church +disestablishment. But the Churches as organized bodies did not +rise to the occasion; nor, for that matter, did the bulk of their +responsible representatives as individuals. Officially and +unofficially the tendency was to support the existing conditions. +To this end, clergymen and prominent laymen (who themselves +generally belonged to the middle and upper classes) expressed +themselves in speeches, sermons, and publications. They not only +propagated an otherworldly attitude calculated to divert +attention from the hardships and injustices of this life, but +made frequent use of biblical texts which were of a reactionary +cast -- such texts as "The Powers that be are Ordained by God," +and "Meddle not with them that are given to change." As Professor +Faulkner summed up the situation, "Organized Christianity +deliberately refused the leadership in political and social +reformation..." [Harold Underwood Faulkner, "Chartism and the +Churches" (1916), pp. 119-120.] Thus, from the point of view of +the working classes, the Church itself was objectionable. + + it was these conditions -- political, social, intellectual, +and religious -- that produced not only the British Secular +Movement but the many other reforming enterprises already +referred to in these pages; and it was these conditions which +inspired, in almost every case, persons who were both able and +earnest to assume positions of leadership in such undertakings. +Such a person was George Jacob Holyoake, the founder of the +British Secular Movement, and, in the earliest years of the +enterprise, the most conspicuous figure among the Secularists. A +frail little man with weak eyes and a thin voice, Holyoake was +nevertheless by nature a crusader. Yet, in his crusading efforts +he ordinarily manifested pronounced courtesy and restraint +towards opponents of his aims. In fact, his manner of dealing +with persons in the opposite camp was so agreeable that they +themselves often referred to it as praiseworthy. On the other +hand, Holyoake was sharply critical of most of the Secular +leaders, and at times even tended to side with "the enemy" +against them. Especially was this the case after he ceased to be +the controlling influence in the Secular Movement. Whatever the +justification may have been for his attitude toward his +colleagues, it was resented by them, all the more so because it +stood out in contrast with his manner toward the opponentes of +Secularism; and when he finally died they expressed little +regret. Nevertheless, it would be erroneous to assume either that +Holyoake did not possess superior personal qualities or that he +was not of great value to the Secular Movement. His qualities as +an individual, as we have already intimated, were of a high +order. Perhaps Spencer placed a true estimate on them when he +said: "Not dwelling upon his intellectual capacity, which is +high, I would emphasize my appreciation of his courage, +sincerity, truthfulness, philanthropy, and unwavering +perseverance. Such a combination of qualities it will I think, be +difficult to find." [Quoted in David Duncan, "Life and Letters of +Herbert Spencer" (1908), p. 468.] As for Holyoake's services to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the Secular Movement, though it is true that he was not +altogether successful in his efforts at organizing and +consolidating the enterprise, he gave the undertaking its initial +impetus and played a truly important part in Secularist activity, +especially in the earlier years of the Secular Movement, both as +a forceful journalist and pamphleteer and (despite his physical +handicaps) as an effective speaker. And his work in the Secular +Movement was merely a part of what, from first to last, he was +able to do. As we shall see, he lectured and wrote in the +interest of Owenism, and was for a time one of the Chartist +leaders. He rendered distinguished service as a champion and +historian of the Cooperative Movement. He helped the Rationalist +Press Association to get started. No one will deny that Holyoake +served well the cause of popular reform. + + Holyoake was born at Birmingham on April 13, 1817. He early +became conscious of the problem of poverty; for, though the wages +of his father, who was an employee in a Birmingham foundry, were +supplemented for a time by profits from a button-making shop +operated by the boy's mother, the income of the family was +scarcely sufficient for more than the bare necessities. + + Holyoake's father had "a pagan mind" and was indifferent to +religion; but his mother was a woman of piety and imbued her son +so effectively with religious fervor that he assiduously attended +various nonconformist places of worship and was spoken of as the +"angel child." + + The, educational training which Holyoake received was +definitely limited. He attended a dame's school for a period, but +was compelled to spend much of his time in a tinner's shop +attaching handles to lanterns; and inasmuch as at the age of 9 he +began a 13-year period of full-time work as a whitesmith in the +foundry that employed his father, his opportunities for +educational pursuits became still more restricted. Nevertheless, +in 1833, he entered the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, where he +remained for five years, and where, through persistent night +study, he made an impressive record. + + Certain of Holyoake's professors and fellow-students at the +Mechanics' Institute were staunch disciples of Robert Owen, who, +having abandoned the technique he originally followed of trying +to achieve reform through the aid of upper-class persons, was now +conducting one of his working class movements; and one of these +academic associates of Holyoake, Frederick Hollick, a student, +endeavored to win Holyoake to the cause of Owenism, but was not +even able to persuade him to attend a single Owenite meeting. The +prospective convert did, however, attend such a meeting, though +most unintentionally. Upon hearing from his associates that a +clergyman whom he greatly admired, Robert Hall, was to speak on a +certain date, Holyoake put in an appearance, only to learn, to +his astonishment, that he had misunderstood the name of the +speaker, who was not Robert Hall, but Robert Owen. Owen proved to +be less scandalizing than Holyoake had supposed, and the young +man, desiring to become better acquainted with Owenism so that he + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +might defend it against what he conceived to be the false +comments of certain of his friends, began to attend Owenite +meetings. The upshot was that in 1840 he definitely affiliated +himself with the Movement. + + Early in 1839 Holyoake had abandoned his employment at the +Birmingham foundry. Later in the same year he had worked for a +brief period as a guide at an exhibition of machinery which was +being held at Birmingham. In the early autumn of 1839 he had +become an instructor at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, but +had surrendered his position under pressure, in January, 1840, +after having been denounced by religious persons for Owenite +leanings. In the course of the next few months he had taught in a +private school, served as bookkeeper for a venetian blind maker, +written advertisements, and given private lessons in mathematics. +At the time when he joined the Owenite Movement he was +unemployed, and he promptly began to devote his entire time to +its service. + + Holyoake's experiences as one of the disciples of Robert +Owen were certainly not lacking in variety. At the outset he +accepted a lectureship with the Branch at Worcester. After he had +served in this capacity for several months, the Congress of 1841 +appointed him "Station Lecturer" and sent him to take up his +duties at Sheffield. His services as lecturer were soon, however, +brought temporarily to a close, thanks to the interference of the +clergy with the Owenite Movement. Owen's plans for reform had +always met with a certain opposition from the clergy, but +beginning in 1846 their hostility took a new and more powerful +form, inasmuch as they now sought to strike at the Movement by +crippling its revenues. Seeing that the "Socialists," as the +Owenites were popularly called, took money at their meeting-house +doors on Sunday, they invoked Parliamentary legislation +forbidding any but religious bodies from doing so, and demanded +that the Owenite lecturers either desist or make profession, on +oath, of the Protestant religion. The Central Board of the +Movement favored making the declaration, and some of the +lecturers did so. Holyoake, however, along with certain others, +refused to take the oath. The result to Holyoake was that the +Owenite authorities requested and secured his resignation. +Inasmuch as at this time his fellow-Owenite, Charles Southwell, +who, with other followers of Owen, had defiantly started the +anti-theological Oracle of Reason, was in prison for a +provocative article he had written in the fourth number of that +paper, Holyoake took over the editorship of the periodical, and, +throwing off the last vestiges of his religious belief, carried +the paper forward in a militantly rationalist fashion. But he did +not do so for long, as he soon met a fate similar to that which +had befallen Southwell. Upon completing a lecture at Cheltenham +he was goaded by a clerical member of his audience into making +what was construed as a blasphemous remark, [Holyoake made the +remark upon being told that he had spoken of our duty to man but +had said nothing about our duty to God. His words were: "I appeal +to your heads and your pockets if we are not too poor to have a +God. If poor men cost the state so much, they would be put, like +officers, upon half pay. I think that while our distress lasts it +would be wise to do the same with the Deity."] and was + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +consequently compelled to serve a sentence of six months in the +Gloucester jail. After his release he was permitted to resume +lecturing -- at Worcester. But he soon went to London, where he +became Secretary to "Branch 53" and where, in December, 1843, he +founded, with his fellow-Owenite, M.Q. Ryall, the freethought +Movement. After 15 months the Movement failed, however, from an +inadequate circulation, and Holyoake accepted the post of +lecturer to the disciples of Owen in Glasgow. But he resigned +shortly afterwards and returned to London, where he founded, in +1846, the 'Reasoner' as an Owenite organ. + + In the course of time Holyoake became dissatisfied with the +Owenite Movement as a medium for his activity. For one thing, the +enterprise assumed what he came to conceive as an unsatisfactory +character. When Holyoake joined the undertaking, it was partly +concerned with promoting the establishment of a network of +cooperative communities. But it was also, in some measure, an +ethical movement. Not only did it endeavor to imbue the public +with the social morality requisite to the introduction of the +utopian villages; it looked forward to the time when the ideal +neighborhoods would themselves provide an environment conducive +to the further improvement of morals. Finally, when Holyoake +became connected with the Owenite enterprise, the movement was in +an incidental way fighting the churches as forces impeding the +achievement of its aims. As the years passed, however, the +Owenite crusade took on an altered character. When the clergy +carried their opposition to Owenism to the point of interfering +with its revenue, the Movement began to devote pronounced +attention to anti-religious agitation. And when, in 1845, +Queenwood, the embodiment of one of the utopian communities to +which the Socialists looked forward, failed, blasting all hope +for an early achievement of their social goal, the Owenites +virtually allowed the community ideal to lapse, while at the same +time they permitted the ethical aspects of their program, with +which it was associated, to fall into the background; so that the +Movement became primarily an anti-religious endeavor. Now +Holyoake contributed to the altered character of the Socialist +enterprise, first by plunging into the freethought campaign and +later by abandoning the community ideal and its attendant ethical +program. Nevertheless, he came to feel that the modified program +was inadequate. + + But there was another reason why Holyoake ceased to be +satisfied with the Owenite Movement. In the five or six years +following the abandonment of the Queenwood experiment, the +Movement declined alarmingly. It broke up into its constituent +bodies, and the individual societies either actually ceased to +exist or suffered a perilous thinning of their ranks. + + As the Owenite Movement became less satisfactory, Holyoake +began to devote a good deal of attention to Chartism. For a good +many years he had been a Chartist in an incidental sort of way, +and now he became active in the Chartist cause. In 1848, for a +time, he served with W.J. Linton as coeditor of a short-lived +Chartist paper -- the Cause of the People -- and subsequently +served on the executive body of the Chartist Union. But organized + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Chartism itself turned out to be unsatisfactory. It, too, began +rapidly to decline, and, in addition, Holyoake fell into +disagreement with certain of the leaders over matters of policy. + + Under this combination of circumstances Holyoake cast about +for new reformist opportunities. In doing so, though he naturally +borrowed from his past, he utilized not primarily his Chartist +experience (though Chartism, as we shall see, did influence one +item in the program he formulated), but his experience, with +Owenism. Here is the way he proceeded. Starting with the +realization that in its best days the Owenite Movement was +essentially an ethical and social enterprise and accordingly was +primarily constructive rather than critical in character, he +moved on to the conception that freethought itself had a positive +as well as a negative aspect -- that in fact it could serve as +the basis of a system of ethics under which the natural order of +the freethinker would be the proper sphere of ethical goals, and +the improvement of man's life here on earth by rational means the +sum and substance of man's duty. + + The point of view that Holyoake thus hit upon satisfied him +as the thing he had felt the need of, and he determined to make +it the central impulse in a fresh start toward a powerful, +organized undertaking. Accordingly, giving it the name +"Secularism," rather than some anti-religions term, in order to +emphasize its constructive character, he took steps, at the end +of 1851, toward the inauguration of a new movement. In doing so, +he published a statement of the doctrines of Secularism, +announced the formation of a "Central Secular Society" in London, +the mission of which was the promotion of concerted action, and +invited persons desirous of forming, promoting, or constituting +Secular societies to communicate with the "Secretary" of the +Central Secular Society, in the person of himself. + + Holyoake's action led to concrete results. In the course of +the year 1852, scattered "Owenite" societies, to which Holyoake +had long lectured, styled themselves "Secular" bodies, and +interested individuals formed Secular societies here and there; +so that the British Secular Movement was brought into existence. +[G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), I, +10-225; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 16 +and 211-245; Joseph McCabe, "life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908) I, 1-118 and 211; "Reasoner," June 17, 1846, to +December 29, 1852, passim.] + + CHAPTER II + + A PERIOD OF FREE ASSOCIATION + + BASIC FEATURES + + In the period extending from 1852 to 1866 the organization +of the Secular Movement was incomplete. There were, of course, +the various organized local Secular societies, and there were, as +we shall see, certain factors which tended to bind the +Secularists together nationally in a psychological sense. But +there was no successful or enduring national organization. In + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +this respect the Secular Movement of these early years stood over +in contrast with organized Secularism in the decades that +followed. Such being the case it seems appropriate to discuss +this period of loose association as a unit in itself. + + Because of Secularist dissension, the nature of which will +later be explained, every effort made during these early years in +the interest of a national union of Secularists ended in failure. +Nothing whatever in this direction was accomplished by the +"Central Secular Society," which soon disappeared from the scene. +Secularist Conferences, meeting in 1852, 1855, and 1860, were +able to establish respectively a "preliminary" constitution, a +"provisional" committee, and a "central" committee, but all these +proved abortive. A "Propagandist Committee," which was formed in +1856, and a "College of Propaganda," which was matured in 1857, +both faded out after simply offering a few suggestions. In 1861 a +"National Secular Association" was actually proclaimed; but it +never became operative, and after some three months it +disappeared in a cloud of bitterness. ["Reasoner," 1852-1857, +passim. "National Reformer," 1860-1862, passim.] + + Though lacking a national organization, the early +Secularists were in some measure bound together. The "British +Secular Institute," a publishing and printing concern operated in +London by Holyoake, and spoken of by him as the Secularist +headquarters, was to a certain extent a unifying factor, as were +the periodical and other publications associated with the Secular +Movement. Then, too, the outstanding Secularist personalities, +such as Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, identified as they were +with the Secular Movement as a whole, were in some measure a +binding force. Above all, however, the Secularists were bound +together -- in so far as they were bound -- by their common +devotion to Secularist principles. + + The various local societies were effectively organized. Each +had its body of elected officials. In general, there were the +President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with a +Committee. A considerable number of these local Secular societies +existed. They were located in London, Manchester, Liverpool, +Birmingham, Leeds, Newcastle, Sheffield, Leicester, Edinburgh, +and other towns and cities in various parts of the country. +[NOTE: The following societies (and possibly others) were in +existence during a part or all of the early period of Secularist +history: + + London societies: Deptford and Greenwich Secular Society; +East End Branch of the London Secular Society; East London +Secular Society; Frances Street Society; Hackney Hall Society; +Hoxton Class Room Society; Independent Secular Society; John +Street Branch of the London Secular Society; King's Cross secular +Society; London Secular Society; Marleybone and Paddington +Secular Society; North London Secular Institute; Paddington +Branch of the London Secular Society; Philpot Street Society; St, +George's Hall Society; South london Institute: Temple, Secular +Society; West End Branch of the London Secular Society; Woolwich +Branch of the London Secular Society. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Provincial societies: Abergavenny Secular Society; Ashton- +under-Lyne Secular Society; Bedlington Secular Society; +Birmingham Secular Society; Blackburn Secular Society; Bolton +Secular Society; Bradford Secular Society; Brighton Secular +Society; Bristol Secular Society; Burnley Branch of the Secular +Society; Bury Secular Society; Colne Branch of the Secular +Society; Dewsbury Secular Association; Doncastle Secular Society; +Durham Secular Society; Edinburgh Secular Society; Huddersfield +Secular Society; Hull Secularist Society; Keighley Secular +Society; leeds Secular Society; Leicester Secular Society; Leigh +Secular Society; Liverpool Secular Society; Manchester Secular +Society; Newcastle Secular Society; Northampton Secular Society; +Nottingham Secular Society; Oldham Secular Society; Over Darwen +Secular Society; Plymouth and Devenport Secular Society; Preston +Society; Redditch Secular Society; Rochdale Secular Society; +Sheffield Secular Association; Stafford Society; Stepney Society; +Sunderland Secular Society; Todmorden Secular Society; Wigin +Secular Society; Yarmouth Secular Society. "Reasoner," passim; +"National Reformers," passim; "Investigator," passim.] + + A set or doctrines for the early Secularists was proclaimed +by Holyoake, as we have seen, when he announced the formation of +the "Central Secular Society and urged the founding of a network +of local Secular bodies in affiliation with it. Inasmuch as it +was in response to this utterance, and the announcement and +invitation accompanying it, that bodies calling themselves +"Secular" societies sprang into existence, the statement may be +accepted as an expression of the views held by the early +Secularists, + + The "Principle" of the society is defined as "the +recognition of the 'Secular' sphere as the province of man," and +its "Aims" are said to be: + + "1. To explain that science is the sole Providence of Man -- +a truth which is calculated to enable a man to become master of +his own Fate, and protects him from dependencies that allure him +from his duty, unnerve his arm in difficulty, and betray him in +danger. + + "2. To establish the proposition that Morals are independent +of Christianity; in other words, to show that wherever there is a +moral end proposed, there is a secular path to it. + + "3. To encourage men to trust Reason throughout, and to +trust nothing that Reason does not establish -- to examine all +things hopeful, respect all things probable, but rely upon +nothing without precaution which does not come within the range +of science and experience. + + "4. To teach men that the universal fair and open discussion +of opinion is the highest guarantee of public truth -- that only +that theory which is submitted to that ordeal is to be regarded, +since only that which endures it can be trusted. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "5, To claim for every man the fullest liberty of thought +and action compatible with the possession of like liberty by +every other person. + + "6. To maintain -- that, from the uncertainty as to whether +the inequalities of human condition will be compensated for in +another life -- It is the business of intelligence to rectify +them in this world; and consequently, that instead of indulging +in speculative worship of supposed superior beings, a generous +man will devote himself to the patient service of known inferior +natures, and the mitigation of harsh destiny, so that the +ignorant may be enlightened and the low elevated." [G.J. +Holyoake, "Organization of Freethinkers" (1852)] + + From what has been said earlier in these pages, it will be +observed that the foregoing program had its roots in the +organized movement founded by Robert Owen, and that it basically +resembled the philosophy of Owenism in being essentially ethical +in character and having for its purpose the improvement of man's +well-being on earth by natural means. + + While Secularism was indebted primarily to the Owenite +Movement, its conception of morality owed something to +Utilitarianism, Thanks largely to the efforts of James Mill and +others, notably John Stuart Mill, the Benthamite doctrine that +all behavior is moral which is conducive to "the greatest +happiness of the greatest number" had created a considerable stir +by the time of the founding of the Secularist Movement, and +Holyoake was one of those who had felt its influence, as is +indicated by the fact that from 1846 to 1848 he published a +"Utilitarian Record" in connection with the Reasoner. In +recognition of the debt of Secularism to Utilitarianism, +Holyoake, at the end of 1851, referred to the persons composing +the "Central Secular Society" as "Utilitarians." ["Reasoner," +1846-1848 and January 14, 1852.] + + Despite the striking similarity between the fundamental +Secularist doctrines and Auguste Comte's conception of a +positive, or scientific, morality devoted to the promotion of +human progress on earth, Secularism apparently owes nothing +directly to Comte. Holyoake seems to have gained a first-hand +acquaintanceship with Comte's writings, from "the early sheets" +of Harriet Martineau's condensed English version of Comte's Cours +de philosophie positive, in 1853 -- several months after the +launching of the Secular Movement. In an indirect sense, Holyoake +may have owed something to Positivism, inasmuch as Positivist +ideas (unacknowledged as Comte's) were circulating in England +when Secularism was being worked out. Holyoake's reference to the +subject, in May, 1853, when he announced the forthcoming +publication of Miss Martineau's treatise, is suggestive. "I find +Comte's ideas," he says, "cropping up wherever I look on the +surface of our field of knowledge; but it is a rare thing to hear +his name. It is time that there should be an end to this. The +book and the man are too remarkable to be ignored; and we should +decline the shame of benefiting by his ideas, and taking the +credit of them." ["Reasoner," May 25, 1853. See also the +"Reasoner" for November 2, 1853.] Whatever the facts may be as + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +to Holyoake's indebtedness to the Positive philosophy, he freely +acknowledged the similarity between Secularism and Positivism, In +November, 1853, when announcing the appearance of the Martineau +volumes, he declared, "The 'Positive Philosophy of M. Comte' is +... a scientific Bible of Secularism." [Ibid., November 30, +1853.] And from July 6, 1856, to December 30, 1857, he used as a +subtitle for the Reasoner, which, as we shall see, he was then +editing as a Secularist periodical, the words "Journal of +Freethought and Positive Philosophy." [Ibid., for period +mentioned.] + + A MASTERFUL CONVERT + + Almost at the outset organized Secularism attracted to its +banner a man who was of profound significance both in shaping the +policy of the Secular Movement and in furthering its aims. +Charles Bradlaugh was indeed a powerful and impressive figure. +Large in stature, big-boned, and solidly built, be possessed, in +his best years, such amazing physical strength that he could +grapple successfully with three or four ordinary men. He had, +too, a rather large head, solemn, resolute features, and a +strong, masculine voice. Sincerity, earnestness, and strength of +character shone in his face, and his mind, though not original, +was a keen one. Combined in him with these characteristics and +qualities were a strong dislike for oppression, obscurantism, and +intolerance, and an unwavering sympathy for the downtrodden +masses. At the same, time, he possessed distinguished qualities +of leadership, and was a truly great orator. In fact, his +oratorical ability was probably greater than that of any of his +contemporaries with the exception of Gladstone. Under favorable +conditions he could sway an audience almost at will, arousing in +it the wildest enthusiasm for whatever he was advocating. As a +statesman and Member of Parliament, too, Bradlaugh was +distinguished, not merely because of his actual legislative +achievements, but because of his integrity and his almost +unbelievable industry; and the House of Commons, which for more +than five years refused to permit him to take his seat, +eventually expunged its exclusion proceedings from the record. +Bradlaugh's great powers of oratory, his simple sincerity, and +his talents as a leader gave him a hold upon his followers such +as few men have ever had. Many ordinary workmen not distinguished +for courage or bravery stood ready, if need be, to risk life and +limb for him, and on more than one occasion might have done so +had they not been restrained by Secularist leaders. Yet, +Bradlaugh was no demagogue, but a conscientious exponent of what +he believed to be genuine reform. And it should not be overlooked +(despite opinions to the contrary) that in his advocacy of reform +he followed a constructive as well as a destructive course, +promoting the positive principles of Secularism as well as +engaging in negative criticism. Indeed, if the phrase "Bradlaugh +the Iconoclast" might be correctly applied to him, he might just +as properly be designated as "Bradlaugh the Republican," or +"Bradlaugh the Educational Reformer," or "Bradlaugh, Friend of +the Masses," or, as was done a few years ago by some of his +admirers, "Bradlaugh, Champion of Liberty." [Centenary +Committee, "Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933).] It +is not strange that, in the light of such an extraordinary array + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +of qualities and interests, Gladstone described Bradlaugh as "a +distinguished man," [Quoted in John Morley, "Life of William +Ewart Gladstone" (1903), III, 21.] or that Bernard Shaw declared +of him, "He was a hero, a giant who dwarfed everything around +him, a terrific personality." [Quoted in Centenary Committee, +"Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933), P. 50.] + + + The son of a law clerk who married a nursemaid, Bradlaugh +was born in impoverished circumstances on September 26, 1833, in +Hoxton, London. His formal schooling came to an end when he was +but 11 years of age, and the education that he subsequently +received was secured through his own unaided efforts. Shortly +after leaving school Bradlaugh obtained work as an office boy at +the law offices where his father was employed; but, at the age of +14, he procured more lucrative employment as wharf clerk and +cashier with a firm of coal merchants. + + The boy's religious evolution was, to say the least, an +impassioned one. At the Church of St. Peter's, in Hackney Road, +where the Rev. John Graham Packer was the incumbent, young +Bradlaugh started out as an eagerly responsive pupil, and soon +became a, Sunday-school teacher. Difficulties, however, arose. In +studying, at Packer's request, the Thirty-nine Articles of the +Church of England and the four Gospels, in anticipation of being +confirmed by the Bishop of London, the young scholar found +discrepancies which troubled him. He asked for advice and +assistance in the matter from the Rev. Packer, but Packer, +instead of aiding the boy, wrote a letter to Charles Bradlaugh, +Senior, denouncing his son's inquiries as atheistical, and then +suspended young Bradlaugh for three months from his duties as +teacher. In the midst of his religious perplexities Bradlaugh +began, in 1848, to visit open-air meetings in Bonner's Fields, +where anti-theological discourses were delivered and discussed. +At first he replied to speakers with arguments in support of +Christianity; but in time he came to admit that his opponents +made out the best case, and ultimately began to give freethought +lectures himself. + + While still doubtful on certain points concerning religion, +Bradlaugh sent to Packer a copy of Robert Taylor's Diegesis. +Whereupon, in conjunction with the boy's father, Packer informed +the young heretic that unless he recanted within three days the +clergyman and the father would have him deprived of his situation +at the coal dealer's establishment. Believing, rightly or +wrongly, that the threat would be carried out, Charles Bradlaugh, +Junior, on the third day, packed his few belongings and left both +his employment and his home. + + For several months young Bradlaugh endeavored to earn a +living by selling first coal and then braces, but finding himself +unable to do so he enlisted in the 7th Dragoon Guards and was +sent to Ireland. He grew tired of army life, however, and in +1853, he used a portion of a legacy from his great-aunt to +purchase his release. Upon returning to London, the ex-soldier +obtained work from a solicitor, originally as an errand boy and +later as a clerk. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + As a result of his activities in connection with open-air +freethought meetings in the period before he joined the army, +Bradlaugh had met and become a friend of Holyoake's brother, +Austin, and through him had made the acquaintance of the more +widely-known George Jacob. Now that he was a civilian once more +his propagandist impulses again had an opportunity to assert +themselves; and, recalling the old days, he moved in the +direction of these men. Finding at hand the newly-begun Secular +Movement, with which they were identified, he took his place in +its ranks. + + For a period of about 16 years, Bradlaugh's services to the +Movement were usually on a part-time basis; but finally, +beginning in 1870, after a number of disappointing connections as +a law clerk and business associate, he devoted undivided +attention to the cause for a prolonged period. + + In the earlier stages of his Secularist career Bradlaugh +wrote and spoke as "Iconoclast." He began publicly to use his +true name upon becoming a candidate for parliament in 1868. +[Hypitia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894). I, 1-301; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 1-20; A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 1-132; +Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography', (1873), pp. 1-9.] + + LITERATURE + + The early Secularists endeavored to further their cause by +issuing and distributing various publications. Their activities +in this direction included, for one thing, the patting out of a +number of periodicals. The first of these in the field was the +Reasoner, which, as has been seen, was founded by Holyoake in +1846 as a journal of Owenism. Holyoake's changing outlook in the +period from 1846 to the end of 1851 was paralleled by a +corresponding change in the character of the Reasoner, so that +when the Secular Movement got under way in 1852 the paper easily +took its place as a Secularist organ. As such, under the +continued editorship of Holyoake, it placed primary emphasis upon +the direct propagation of Secularist principles, although +articles often appeared in its pages condemning theological ideas +and institutions as the major impediments to Secularism. The +Reasoner was issued weekly. In 1861, because of financial +difficulties, it went out of existence. ["Reasoner," all +numbers.] + + The second periodical to make its appearance within the +Secularist Movement was the 'Investigator,' which was founded in +1854. Edited successively by Robert Cooper, who had gone through +the Owenite Movement, "Anthony Collins" (W.H. Johnson), and +Bradlaugh, the Investigator devoted primary attention to +attacking the Churches, on the ground of their constituting the +most formidable barriers to Secularism. The paper was issued once +a month until March, 1859, after which it appeared twice monthly. +From the first to last financial losses were incurred in the +conduct of the journal, and in 1859 it ceased to exist. +["Investigator," all number.] + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The year 1860 saw the inauguration of the National Reformer, +a weekly journal which was destined to serve the Secularist cause +for more than 30 years. Although Bradlaugh founded the paper, he +was at first simply the largest shareholder, inasmuch as he +launched the enterprise through the formation of a joint-stock +company; but when, in 1862, as a result of financial +difficulties, the company was liquidated, he assumed complete +financial responsibility. The editorship of the National Reformer +was in the beginning shared by Bradlaugh and Joseph Barker, a +forceful ex-clergyman, but between the two men there speedily +arose bitter antagonism -- centering in the dislike which Barker +felt for Bradlaugh's advocacy of birth control -- which +threatened the interests of the journal and suggested the +desirability of a single editor. In consequence, the +shareholders, on August 26, 1861, dismissed both coeditors and +then bestowed the editorship solely on Bradlaugh, In 1863, when +beset by ill health, Bradlaugh turned over the editorship to his +sub-editor, John Watts, but in 1866, when the health of Watts +broke down, he took over the editorial duties again. The National +Reformer strove directly to advance the principles of Secularism, +but it did more; it fought indirectly for the Secularist cause by +waging continuous warfare against organized theology as the chief +obstacle that stood in the way of Secularism. ["National +Reformer," all numbers.] + + Still other periodicals appeared on the scene. In 1861 the +'Counsellor,' a monthly journal similar to the Reasoner, was +started by Holyoake; but upon the completion, near the end of +1861, of an arrangement by which Holyoake was to furnish three +pages of copy each week to the 'National Reformer the newly- +founded paper was brought to a close. ["Counsellor," all numbers; +Charles Bradlaugh, "Secular Prospects," "National Reformer," +November 16, 1861.] + + In 1863 another paper was launched by Holyoake, the +undertaking being occasioned by the termination of the +arrangement by which Holyoake was to supply copy for the National +Reformer. The new periodical, which followed along the lines of +the Reasoner and the Counsellor, bore the name at first of the +'Secular World' and subsequently of the 'Reasoner.' It appeared +at varying intervals and came to an end after only about two +years of apparently impoverished existence." [The conditions +under which the arrangement between Holyoake and the "National +Reformer," were brought to an end are not clear. + "National Reformer," March 8, 1862, to September 26, 1863, +passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), 1, 343-344; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), 1, 129-130; G.J. Holyoake, "Warpath of +Opinion" (189?), pp. 21-26.] + + Besides bringing out periodical literature, the early +Secularists published great numbers of books and pamphlets. These +included works enunciating Secularist principles and treatises +containing doctrines of an anti-theological character. The books +and pamphlets which the Secularists published were ordinarily +written by persons within the Secularist Movement, but from time +to time masterpieces were issued which were from the pens of + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +other secular-minded writers. A number of the Secularist +publications will be mentioned in connection with our discussion +of the propagandist activity carried on by the Secularists. [For +typical references to Secularist efforts in producing and +disseminating books and pamphlets see the "Reasoner December 7, +1853, and the "Investigator," October 1, 1858.] + + Various concerns for the sale, or the printing and sale, of +literature considered helpful to the secularist cause were +operated in London by Secularists of the early years. At the +outset a publishing firm was conducted by the veteran reformer +James Watson. In the spring of 1853 Holyoake set up a news and +book agency, and later in the same year made an arrangement with +Watson through which Watson retired from business and Holyoake +purchased the Watson concern. The two businesses were now merged +by Holyoake into a book-selling and publishing enterprise at 147 +Fleet Street -- a pretentious establishment usually referred to +as the "Fleet Street House." The venture was not financially +successful, however, despite assistance from numerous +Secularists, and in 1861 was terminated. During the remaining +years of the early period of Secularist history Holyoake's +brother, Austin, who had been connected with the Fleet Street +House, carried on a printing and publishing business, under the +name of "Austin and Company" ["Reasoner," May 11, 1853 - May 19, +1861, passim; William Kent, "London for Heretics" (1932), pp. +72-73; George Sexton, "John Watts," "National Reformer," November +11, 1866. + + The publishing and book-selling establishment conducted by +G.J. Holyoake at 147 Fleet Street, and referred to by him at one +time or another as the "Fleet Street Secular Institution" or the +"British. Secular Institute" on the ground that it served as a +center of Secularist propaganda, evoked criticism from various +Secularists as being operated ostensibly in the interest of the +Secularist cause but actually for private gain. "Reasoner," May +11, 1853 - May, 19, 1861, passim; " Investigator," November, 1857 +- June 16, 1858, passim; Charles Bradlaugh, "Freethought +Propaganda," "National Reformer." August 30, 1862; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake (1908), passim; G.J. +Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), II, +160-166; G.J. Holyoake, "English Secularism" (1896), p. 51.] + + ASSEMBLAGES + + The aims of the early Secularists were fostered likewise by +oral means. These took the form simply of meetings of one sort or +another. There were, to begin with, regular Sunday meetings in +the Secularist halls. Each of these exercises began with a +lecture and ended with a free-for-all discussion -- often an +animated one -- of the lecture. In discussing the various phases +of the Secular Program, the Secularist lectures really ranged +over a wide variety of subjects, including morals, public +affairs, biography, history, and science. This is abundantly +clear from the titles they selected, a few of which are: "The +Nature of Secularism and the Duties of Secularists"; "The Reform +Bill, Judged from the, Secular Stand-point"; "Women's Right to +the Franchise"; "Poverty and Its Relation to the Political + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Condition of the People"; "The Sunday, What It is and What It +Might Be"; "A Plea for Secular Education"; "Free Enquiry and Free +Speech"; "Life and Character of Thomas Paine"; "The New +Testament, Who Wrote It and What It Is Worth"; and "Science, the +Providence of Life." Among the Secularists who took a prominent +part in the work of lecturing at these meetings were the +following: Charles Bradlaugh, G.J. Holyoake, Mrs. Harriet Law, +John Maughan, and John Watts. Often the lectures at the meetings +were delivered by local speakers of the various societies; but +sometimes an interchange of lecturers was effected between +societies, and frequently such better-known London speakers as +Holyoake and Bradlaugh went on lecturing tours to the various +societies or prospective societies throughout the country." + + There were also meetings centering in debates. Public +discussions between Secularists and persons who rejected the +principles of Secularism were persistently sought by Secularist +leaders; and, while Secularist challenges to debate were usually +ignored (especially by individuals in positions of high +authority), a considerable number of debates were held, Those who +debated with the Secularists were usually clergymen, though such +was by no means always the case. Among the Secularists who +participated in the debates were Charles Bradlaugh (who easily +outdistanced other Secularists in respect to the number of +debates engaged in), Robert Cooper, G.J. Holyoake, and John +Watts. Those who took part in debate against the Secularists +included the Rev. W. Barker; the Rev. Joseph Baylee; the Rev. Dr. +Brindley; Mr. Court, representing the Glasgow Protestant +Association; Thomas Cooper, an ex-freethinking "Lecturer on +Christianity"; the Rev. Brewin Grant; W. Hutchins, the subeditor +of the Wigan Examiner; the Rev. T. Lawson; Mr. Mackie, editor of +the Warrington Guardian; Robert Maholm, a representative of the +Irish Church Mission at Birmingham; the Rev. T.D. Matthias; the +Rev. J. Sinclair; Mr. Smart, a teacher at the Neilson Institute +in Paisley; and the Rev. Woodville Woodman. The Secularist +debates ordinarily hinged upon the question of the merit of +Secularism, or the merit of Christianity, or the relative merit +of Secularism and Christianity. Such titles as: "Is Secularism +inconsistent with Reason and the Moral Sense, and condemned by +experience?" and "Are the doctrines and precepts of Christianity, +as taught in the New Testament, calculated to benefit humanity?" +and "Whether is Christianity or Secularism best calculated to +promote human happiness?" are typical. Though many of the debates +were one-night affairs, some lasted four, five, or even six +nights. Secularist debates attracted much attention, as they were +often lively occasions. Large crowds were frequently in +attendance, and Holyoake tells us that a published report of a +debate held at London in 1853 between himself and the Rev. Brewin +Grant sold to the number of 45,900 copies." [G. J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), p. 50. For examples of debates in +the earlier years of the Secular Movement see the following: G.J. +Holyoake and the Rev. Brewin Grant, "Discussion on Secularism' +(1854); Charles Bradlaugh and the Rev. T. Lawson, "Discussion on +the Question, Has Man A Soul?" (1861); and J.P. Adams, +"Discussion Between the Rev. J. Sinclair and Mr. J. Watts," +"National Reformer," May 15, 1862. Many references to debates +appear in Secularist periodicals of the period, especially in the +"Reasoner."] + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Finally, during the mild seasons of the year a few open-air +meetings were held by the early Secularists in parks or other +unoccupied spaces of London and one or two other cities. On such +occasions a Secularist speaker delivered a discourse and engaged +in controversy with challengers. The Secularist outdoor meetings +were held on the strength of the belief that persons who would +object to entering a Secular hall would listen to Secularist +messages uttered in a square or field. The persons who conducted +the outdoor meetings were minor lecturers in the Secular +Movement. [See issues of the "Reasoner" and of the "National +Reformer" published during the early period of the Secularist +Movement for references to outdoor meeting. Examples of such +references are: "Reasoner," September 17, 1854, and "National +Reformer," June 16,1860.] + + ADVANCING SECULARIST DOCTRINES + + The Secularists of the early years carried on a persistent +campaign for the purpose of promoting the diffusion and +application of Secularist principles. For one thing, they +endeavored assiduously to promote a wide acceptance of the +doctrines indispensably associated with Secularism as a +philosophy. Carrying on in this respect a work similar to the +strictly ethical labors of the Utilitarians, the Owenites, and +the English Positivists, they frequently asserted, on the +platform and in articles and pamphlets, that it is man's duty to +promote the well-being of man upon earth; that, indeed, the very +essence of morality is the improvement of human conditions in the +present life; and that such improvement is possible only by +natural means. [See, as examples, the following: G.J. Holyoake, +"Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People" (1854); +Charles Bradlaugh. "Secularism," "National Reformer," August 24, +1861; and John Watts, "Secularism and Christianity," "National +Reformer," March 26, 1864.] + + The propagation of Secularism as a conception by no means +exhausted the activity of the Secularists in the early years of +the Secular Movement. In fact, it constituted a small portion of +their endeavors. Not content with talking in general terms about +the advancement of human happiness, they sought to promote the +welfare of themselves and their fellows by working for the +achievement of specific goals in various departments of life. +They possessed, it is true, no synthetic scheme for the complete +organization of society in all its parts; but they did occupy +themselves with the improvement of various aspects of the social +order. + + One of the things they did was to advocate governmental +reform. The arrangement by which the middle and upper classes of +the period, through the retention of hereditary elements in the +government and the exclusion of the majority from participation +in the suffrage, controlled matters essentially in their own +interests, was unsatisfactory to the Secularists, inasmuch as +they were among the despoiled. Under these circumstances +Secularist speakers and writers carried on a two-fold agitation. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In the first place they embraced the tradition associated +most conspicuously with Thomas Paine and the French Revolution +and advocated the removal from the government of hereditary +institutions and the establishment of a, republic -- encouraged +in their effort, no doubt, by the inglorious reputation of the +first four Georges, by the popular apathy toward Queen Victoria +growing out of the Queen's secluded manner of living in the years +following the death (1861) of the prince consort, and by the +hatred of English liberals for the French Emperor Napoleon III. +Bradlaugh took the lead in the Secularist republican agitation, +and he condemned the undemocratic monarchy in no uncertain terms: + + "We attack the Crown," he declared, "because, denying +hereditary rights to monarchs, we contend that the chief of a +nation should be voluntarily elected by the nation, and that the +national chieftainship should not be considered as a family +heritage. We affirm that the people form the only rightful source +of any authority, and that no monarch can be entitled to wield +any authority which is not derived from the people. + + "We declare that any prince governing a nation without +having had the reins of government entrusted to him by the will +of the people, is a usurper of the nation's power. We attack the +Crown as long as it makes a pretense to exist 'by the Grace of +God,' instead of by the desire of the nation. [Charles Bradlaugh, +"Our Politics," "National Reformer," May 6, 1866. See also the +following: G.J. Holyoake, "Warpath of Opinion" (189?) pp. 73-74; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 36-37; Geoffrey +Dennis, "Coronation Commentary" (1937), pp. 13-16.] + + At the same time, combining the doctrine of manhood +suffrage, which had come down from the 18th century and which had +found a place in the program of the Chartists (with whom Holyoake +had been associated), with the doctrine of woman suffrage, which +itself was an 18th century product, leading Secularists labored +to secure the vote for all mature persons without regard to sex. +To this end they gave aid, for one thing, to societies interested +in a less-thoroughgoing extension of the franchise than that +favored by the Secularists. In this connection, Holyoake served +on the executive council of the National Parliamentary and +Financial Reform Association, and both Holyoake and Bradlaugh, at +still later dates, not only supported the Northern Reform Union +but served as offerers in the National Reform League. Along with +all this, the Secularists were in some measure active under their +own banner. Bradlaugh, Holyoake, and Mrs. Harriet Law all wrote +and spoke on the subject (or some phase of it), and Holyoake, as +a special aid to the claims of women in the matter, issued as a +pamphlet Mrs. John Stuart Mill's articles entitled "Are Women Fit +for Politics?" and "Are Politics Fit for Women?" ["Reasoner," +March 10, 1853, April 24, 1856, and March 3, 1857; Joseph McCabe, +"life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 12; +Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 120 and +128, and II (by J.M, Robertson), 168-169; J.M. Robertson, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 36-37; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty +Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), I, 225; G.J. Holyoake, +"Working Class Representation: Its Conditions and Consequences" +(1868), p. 3. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In 1958 Holyoake, took up a position somewhat at variance +with that indicated above. He came out in favor of an +"intelligence franchise" which would be extended to those men and +women who had passed a public examination in political economy +and English constitutional history. Holyoake's proposal was +endorsed, among the Secularists, by Joseph Barker. "Reasoner," +December 12, 1858, and March 4, 1860; Joseph Baker, "The Fitness +Franchise," "National Reformer," May 12, 1860. + + Holyoake manifested an interest, inherited from Robert Owen, +in women's rights in general. As early as 1847 he suggested the +desirability of systematic Feminist agitation by women, and in +the course of the early period of Secularist history he +occasionally wrote and spoke in advocacy of the rights of women. +Mrs. Harriet Law also advocated women's rights. "Reasoner," +August 11, 1847, November 16, 1856, and May 31, June 7, June 14, +and June 21, 1857; John Watts, "Freethought in England," +"National Reformer," November 5, 1964.] + + The early Secularists were also active in the reform of +living conditions among the toiling masses. As laborers they were +greatly distressed by the poverty, insecurity, and monotony which +characterized the lives of the working masses of that day, and +they sought to effect an improvement. + + In this connection, one of the things they undertook to +achieve was a "free and rational use of the Sunday," to the end +that those whose work kept them occupied for six days in the week +might not be prevented from securing needed recreation and +enlightenment on the one day of leisure, In their work of +broadening the use of the Sunday the Secularists exerted +themselves both as Secularists and as supporters of the National +Sunday League, which shared their aims in regard to the enlarged +use of the Sunday. + + One way in which the Secularists endeavored to make the +Sunday more helpful to those who toiled was by an effort to +procure the opening on that day of such institutions of public +enlightenment and recreation as art galleries, museums, and +libraries. They wrote and spoke on the subject and on three +occasions sent petitions to Parliament for the opening on Sunday +of the British Museum, Crystal Palace, the National Gallery, and +similar buildings. ["Reasoner," December 22, 1852, to May 13, +1855, passim; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" +(1892), II, 44; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" +(1905), II, 108.] + + As a further means of enriching the Sunday for the working +classes, the Secularists worked for Sunday music in the parks. +Their actions in this specific aspect of their Sunday program +began in 1856 when the Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, on the +appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, countermanded an order he +had previously given for government bands to play on Sunday in +the London parks. Incensed at the reversal of policy, the +Secularists resolutely asserted themselves. Holyoake wrote public +letters on the subject to both the Prime Minister and the +Archbishop of Canterbury, and Secularists not only wrote and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +spoke in protest against the removal of the bands, but attended +great indignation meetings arranged by the Sunday League. When +all of this led to no results, the Secularists aided the League +in putting into effect an arrangement by which private bands, +financed by popular subscription and by the sale of programs and +seats, provided music on Sunday during the summer months in the +parks of London and other cities. ["Reasoner," April 27, 1856, +to October 9, 1859, passim; "The Sunday Bands," "National +Reformer," May 28, 1865; W. Palmer, "Sunday Music in the Parks," +"National Reformer," May 21, 1865; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), I, 284. + + In still another way the Secularists endeavored to make the +Sunday a brighter day for themselves and others of the laboring +masses. During the holiday season they held excursions from time +to time on that day Sometimes a Secularist excursion was +conducted by a single society; but often a number of societies +would combine to arrange a trip to some designated point. +Secularist excursions were occasions for a variety of outdoor +games and diversions. Music, too, was enjoyed, and there were +speeches and a picnic lunch. Excursions were conducted, among +other places, to Hollingworth Lake, Broxbourne, Rye House, +Mottram, Forest Gate, Todmorden, High Beech, Richmond, Marsden +Rock, Riddlesdown, and Campsie Glen. [For typical references to +Secularist excursions, see the following: "Reasoner" August 24, +1853; "Investigator," August 1, 1859; "National Reformer," July +8, 1866.] + + As a means at once of providing recreation and fostering +social feeling, the early Secularists also arranged for +themselves and their friends occasional Sunday or week-day +entertainments. At these affairs conversation, games, talks, +music, and dancing all found a place, and, of course, there were +refreshments. [Examples of the countless references in +Secularist periodicals to social Meetings are the following: +"Reasoner," November 5, 1854, and December 9. 1957: "National +Reformer," November 23, 1861, and "Secular Organization," +"National Reformer," September 2, 1866.] + + The Secularists of the early years made an effort, too, to +overcome as far as possible the woeful insecurity which in that +period oppressed the working classes. For this purpose they +maintained a "General Secular Benevolent Society." The +institution was founded by the London Secular Society, but it was +operated in the interest of Secularists throughout the country. +The funds of the association were raised by subscription, and +financial assistance was given to persons in distress. The +Society was enrolled under the Friendly Societies Act in 1859. +["Reasoner," September 17, 1854. to June 2, 1860, passim; +"National Reformer." June 2, 1860, to October 29, 1865, passim.] + + Perhaps the most, basic work of the early Secularists in +their effort at social reform was the activity they carried on +for the elimination of the poverty that weighed so heavily upon +the laboring classes of those days. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + For a key to the solution of the problem of poverty, the +Secularists turned to the past. At the beginning of the 19th +century Thomas Malthus, in his 'Essay on the Principle of +Population,' had asserted that inasmuch as man's ability to +reproduce himself exceeds the power of nature to provide him with +the means of subsistence, human misery ensues unless man's +reproductive activities are curbed through the delay of marriage. +Francis Place. a generation later, accepted Malthus's doctrine +that the curtailment of human reproduction is the only means of +preventing the suffering attendant upon a deficiency of +nourishment, and, rejecting the Malthusian proposal as to +marriage, went on to formulate the principle that the proper +check to reproduction is through contraception. Place did not, +however, stop here. Aided by Richard Carlile, he carried on a +campaign among the people, telling them that the avoidance of +poverty is possible through family limitation, and acquainting +them with the nature and proper use of birth-control facilities. +The Secularists took over these Neo-Malthusian principles +championed by Place and Carlile as a remedy for poverty, and +carried forward the agitation they had begun." [Norman S. Himes. +"Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 209-236; C.V. +Drvsdale, "Bradlaugh and Neo-Malthusianism." "Champion of +Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933); Annie Besant, "The Law +Population" (1877); Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, +"Publishers, Preface to Dr, Knowlton's 'Fruits of Philosophy +"National Reformer," March 25, 1977.] + + The leadership in the Secularist birth-control agitation was +taken by Bradlaugh. He early spoke in favor of contraception, and +upon the appearance of the 'National Reformer' he committed that +journal to its advocacy. In 1861 he announced the formation of a +"Malthusian League" to further the cause. During the next few +years he wrote several times on the subject. In an article in the +National Reformer he declared, "A terrible error has been +permitted to go forth to the world, clothed with the authority of +divine command to humankind. The writer of Genesis says, 'Be +fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth,' but the Bible +nowhere teaches that the natural rate of the increase of +population is in excess of the rate of increase of the means of +subsistence." [Charles Bradlaugh "The Malthusian League," +"National Reformer," August 22, 1863.] In a pamphlet, Jesus, +Shelley, and Malthus (1861), he suggested that poverty should +neither be extolled as a virtue nor merely denounced as an evil, +but should be wiped out -- by Neo-Malthusian means. In a pamphlet +entitled Poverty: Its Effect Upon the Political Condition of the +People (1863), he contended that political freedom could be +achieved by the masses only to the degree that they were able to +divest themselves of poverty; but inasmuch as poverty was the +result of overpopulation, it could be eliminated through the +prevention of an excessive number of births. In a third pamphlet, +Why Do Men Starve? (1865), he asserted that they did so because +they were ignorant of the great Malthusian law of population, In +still another pamphlet, Labour's Prayer (1865), he maintained +that though the workers prayed to God without avail for relief +from poverty, they could secure relief through exercising a +degree of caution in increasing their numbers. Bradlaugh's birth- +control activities were accompanied by the efforts of other + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Secularists. Opposition to the agitation arose, however, from +Joseph Barker and others within the Secularist body. Possibly +because of this fact, the activity of the Secularists in the +interest of contraception tended in the last days of the early +era of Secularist history to become quiescent. Articles in the +National Reformer dwindled. Lectures became infrequent. Fresh +pamphlets ceased to appear. The Malthusian League all but +flickered out. ["National Reformer," June 14, 1860, to June 17, +1866, passim; Charles Bradlaugh, "Jesus, Shelley, and Malthus" +(1861); Charles Bradlaugh, "Poverty: Its Effect Upon the, +Political Condition of the People" (1963); Charles Bradlaugh, +"Why Do Men Starve?" (1865); Charles Bradlaugh, "Labour's Prayer" +(1965); Joseph Burker, "Modern Skepticism: A Life Story" (1874).] + + The labors of the Secularists in the interest of political +and social betterment during the early years of the Secular +Movement were paralleled by Secularist efforts for the reform of +education. The system of church-controlled schools prevailing in +the era did not satisfy the Secularists, both because it failed +to provide training for all and because it called for the +inculcation of religious dogmas; and they gave their +dissatisfaction appropriate expression by working to promote +universal education which would involve instruction exclusively +"in matters and duties pertaining to this life," + + As one part of this undertaking, the Secularists endeavored +to bring about a state-operated school system which would afford +strictly Secular education for the entire population. They not +only wrote and spoke as Secularists in the interest of an +educational system "free from the dogmatism of creeds," but +supported the agitation of a Manchester association, known as +"The Friends of Secular Education," which was composed of persons +who were not identified with the Secularist body -- though in +doing so the Secularists acted unobtrusively, lest they give +occasion to religious opponents of Secular education to declare +the Manchester movement "Infidel." ["Reasoner," June 2, 1852, to +August 19, 1857; G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism, the Practical +Philosophy of the People" (1954), pp. 11-12; Charles Bradlaugh +and G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism, Science and Atheism" (1870), +passim.] + + As the other phase of their work in behalf of Secular +education, the Secularists operated Secular schools of their own +-- no doubt with the expectation that they would be allowed to +lapse with the advent of a national system of schools providing +Secular instruction. Some of the Secularist schools gave day or +night instruction on week days, while others took the form of +Sunday schools, with classes usually in both the morning and +afternoon. Though the curricula varied, courses were given, in +one school or another, in the elementary subjects, in history and +science, and in the arts. Each school was attached to and +maintained by one of the various local Secular societies. In the +course of the period of Secularist history under discussion, at +least five or six schools were operated in London, and one each +in Birmingham, Glasgow, Rochdale, Halifax, Ashton-under-Lyne, +Huddersfield, Keighley, and possibly other places. Instruction in + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the Secularist schools was ordinarily made available to children +and adults alike. ["Reasoner," March 4, 1852, to December 9, +1857, passim; "National Reformer," September 7, 1861, to August +26, 1866, passim.] + + Of the several campaigns waged by the early Secularists in +their efforts to be of service in achieving improvement in +various departments of the social order, there is left for +discussion their struggle for the removal of obstructions and +dangers to intellectual freedom that remained from an earlier day +or were revived in their own -- obstructions and dangers which +were operative primarily against the working classes. This fight +they carried on partly by means of efforts looking to the +promotion among the people of attitudes unfriendly to all such +dangers and obstructions. Thus with tongue and pen they pleaded +the cause of freedom of thought in general. Holyoake, for +example, once declared: + + "Free inquiry ... is the first condition of progress. + All men may not be clever logicians; but their errors far + oftener arise from omitting to inquire than from error in + reasoning, They take so much for granted, that thought has + no proper and pure materials to exercise itself upon. Why is + the finder of facts, and facts are the food of thought, and + thought is the master of progress. . ." ["Reasoner," March + 11, 1855. See also "Reasoner," passim, and G.J. Holyoake, + "Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People" + (1854).] + + Besides making general appeals for intellectual liberty, the +Secularists worked for its realization in various limited +spheres. They contended, to begin with, for the right, which +theoretically had already been won, of public meetings in the +parks; and Bradlaugh, in 1855, twice rendered extraordinary +service in the cause. The first instance occurred at a Hyde Park +mass meeting of lower-class Londoners which was being undertaken, +despite a prohibitory notice by Sir Richard Mayne, Chief +Commissioner of Police, to protest against a bill that Lord +Robert Grosvernor had introduced in the House of Commons for +regulating the Sunday trading of the London poor. The authorities +moved to disperse the crowd, and Bradlaugh, mindful of the right +of meeting, resisted. "When others fled before a charge of +police," says Holyoake, "he stood his ground and seized in each +hand the truncheons of the two policemen, disarmed them, and +threatened to knock down a third policeman with each of the +truncheons if he approached." [G.J. Holyoake, "Life and Career +of Charles Bradlaugh" (1891).] On a subsequent occasion +Bradlaugh aided the cause with his testimony. Appearing before a +Royal Commission ordered by the House of Commons, he denied the +right of Sir R. Mayne to issue notices forbidding the people to +meet in Hyde Park. [Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. +Charles Bradlaugh," "National Reformer," August 31, 1873; Charles +Bradlaugh, "To the National Secular Society," "National +Reformer," April 28, 1878. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The early Secularists likewise endeavored to insure the +continued application of the acknowledged principle of a free +press. They advanced arguments to that end, and on one occasion, +when the freedom of the press was actually imperilled, they came +to grips with the Government. + + Their struggle with the Government arose when Edward +Truelove, a London publisher, was arrested by Government warrant +for publishing a pamphlet by W.E. Adams, Tyrannicide: Is It +Justifiable? which contained arguments in support of Orsini's +attempt on the life of Napoleon III. Bradlaugh became Honorary +Secretary of a committee formed to raise funds for defraying the +cost of Truelove's defense, and appeals for funds for the defense +were made both in the Reasoner and in the Investigator. Before +the case actually came to trial, the Government withdrew, on a +promise being given to discontinue the sale of the pamphlet." +["Reasoner," February 24 and March 24, 1858; "Investigator," +March 1, March 15, April 1, and July 15, 1858; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 17 and 64-71.] + + Secularist efforts were also exerted to secure the removal +of a number of indirect restrictions on the press which took the +form of taxes. When the Secular Movement came into being there +were duties alike on paper, on advertisements, and on newspapers; +and there was in existence, for the purpose of putting an end to +these burdens, the Association for Promoting the Repeal of the +Taxes on Knowledge. What the Secularists did was to aid the +Association in its work. Holyoake, who had already been of +service as a member of the Committee of the Association and as +Editor of the Reasoner before the Secular Movement began, +continued as a Secularist to serve on the Committee and to use +the Reasoner as a medium of publicity. But this was not all. Many +Secularists, encouraged by Holyoake, contributed funds in aid of +the Association and assisted it by signing and circulating +petitions to Parliament; and in one part of the work of the +Association, that of securing the repeal of the newspaper tax, +Holyoake himself helped by withholding from the Government the +taxes due on what was in effect a weekly newspaper which he +published for the Committee: + + Aided thus by Secularist contributions, and by the exertions +of publishers and members of Parliament, the Association was +successful in its operations: as early as 1853 the duty on +advertisements was removed; the year 1855 saw the abolition of +the newspaper stamp; the paper duty disappeared in 1861. +["Reasoner," August 1, 1849 - May 19, 1861, passim; "Presentation +to Mr. C.D. Collet," "National Reformer," March 15, 1862; C.D. +Collet, "History of the Taxes on Knowledge," I and II; G.J. +Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), 1, 273 ff.; +G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 118-123 and +11, 269-271; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), I, 257-275.] + + A notable phase of the effort which the Secularists exerted +in behalf of the free play of ideas within limited spheres was +their activity directed toward securing equality before the law +for all forms of speculative opinion. One part of this work was + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +their attempt to effect a modification of the arrangements +concerning the taking, of oaths. It will he recalled that as the +situation stood when the Secularists began their work Quakers and +other religious persons who had conscientious scruples against +oath-taking were permitted to accompany their legal testimony +with an affirmation, but that no such privilege was extended to +the non-religious. What the Secularists did, therefore, was to +advocate legislation to the end that Secularists and other non- +religious persons who objected to taking an oath might be +permitted the right of affirmation. In the earliest stages of the +Secular Movement (and even before) Holyoake petitioned the House +of Commons and utilized the Reasoner in the interest of remedial +legislation. In 1861, when Sir John Trelawney's Affirmation Bill +was before Parliament, Holyoake and other Secularists raised or +contributed funds and signed petitions in aid of the measure, +while Secularist writers called for its support, After the Bill +introduced by Trelawney had failed to pass, the Secularist +agitation continued. Writings by Secularists in favor of the +right to affirm now appeared in both the 'Counsellor' and the +'National Reformer.' ["Reasoner," July 8, 1849, to April 28, +1961, passim; "National Reformer," March 23, 1961, and March 15 +and 29, 1862: "Counsellor," August 1, October, and December, +1861; G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism: the Practical Philosophy of the +People" (1854), n, 12; G.J. Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, +"Secularism, Science, and Atheism" (1870), pp. 31-32; G.J. +Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), II, 44: +G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" ( 1905), II, 78-91 and +95; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake," +(1908), I, 283, 303-304, and 337-338; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 129 and 168-169; A.S. Headingley, +"Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 83-85 and 96.] + + Another portion of the Secularist activity designed to +equalize all beliefs in the eyes of the law was their endeavor to +effect the disestablishment of the State Church. In this work the +Secularists utilized both the platform and the press, and based +their appeals upon a variety of grounds. Bradlaugh, for example, +on one occasion attacked the State Church with arguments derived +both from history and from the contemporary scene: + + "We desire to overturn the State Church and the State + Religion, because the existence of a State Church and State + Religion has ever been attended by crime, fraud, and + persecution; because a State Church has ever proved an + obstacle to political reform; because a State Church is like + a vampire, devouring the estates of our dead citizens and + preying on the industry of our living brothers and sisters." + [Charles Bradlaugh, "Our Policy," "National Reformer," + September 14, 1861.] + + And at another time Bradlaugh appealed for the cause alike +on intellectual and ethical grounds: + + "We attack the Church of England because by law the + Church is protected, to the disadvantage of all other + bodies. We deny the right of any statute-makers to limit + thought, or to grant a monopoly of trade in salvation. The + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Church is either of God or man. If of God, human legislation + can never add to its strength; and if the Church be of man + and not of God, then it exists under false pretenses, and + our attack is justified ... We attack the State Church and + its revenues because the Church of Christ, while declaring + that poverty is a blessing, has no logical justification for + its riches." [Charles Bradlaugh, "To New and Old + Supporters," "National Reformer," April 29, 1866. See also + the following: G.J. Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, + "Secularism, Science, and Atheism" (1870), pp. 31-32; G.J. + Holyoake. "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905). II. 108; G.J. + Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892). II, + 44; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob + Holyoake (1908), I, 283; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles + Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 129.] + + The remaining phase of the work by which the early +Secularists attempted the equalization of opinions before the law +was their effort to remove legal dangers attendant upon the +criticism of religion. Efforts in this direction were not, it is +true, undertaken at the very outset of the Secular Movement; for, +though speaking in reproach of the Christian religion was +punishable as blasphemy both under the Common Law and under a +statute dating back, in its essentials, to the reign of William +III, no prosecutions for blasphemy had taken place for several +years, and little, apprehension was felt of danger in that +direction. But in 1857 the situation was changed. The prosecution +in that year of Thomas Pooley. an illiterate well-sinker who was +not exactly sane, for blasphemy roused the Secularists to action +looking to the repeal of the blasphemy laws. As a first step, +they utilized the Pooley case as a means of discrediting them. +Holyoake, with the aid of funds contributed by Secularists, +investigated and publicized the whole affair. Percy Greg, who was +then identified with the Secularists under the name of Lionel +Holdreth, wrote letters to the 'Times' and the 'Daily News' +censuring the authorities for the "meanness and wickedness of +attacking this poor and defenseless man." Greg also wrote public +letters of protest to Mr. Justice Coleridge, who presided at the +trial, and to Sir R. Bethell, the Attorney General. And various +Secularists petitioned the Secretary of State for the Home +Department asking for the annulment of the sentence of 21 months' +imprisonment which had been meted out to the defendant. Thanks to +all this Secularist activity, and to similar efforts on the part +of Buckle, John Stuart Mill, certain journalists, various +clergymen, and others, as well as to the fact that Pooley's +mental condition was worsened by his confinement, the prisoner +was released after five months. ["Reasoner" August 12 to +December 23, 1857, passim: Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties +Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1913), pp. 69-70; "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," March 12, 1905.] + + In the years that followed the Pooley affair the Secularists +worked directly for the repeal of the blasphemy laws. Thus +Bradlaugh called for their destruction on the ground that they +were at once unjust, futile, and discriminatory: + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "We desire to remove from our statute books all + enactments and restrictions on blasphemy and infidelity, + because it is manifestly unjust to prosecute a man for the + honest utterance of his views, and because such enactments + have a tendency rather to produce hypocrisy than faith. We + object that at present a Turk, or Chinaman, or a Brahmin may + deny Christianity in England without committing an offense, + while we 'freeborn Englishmen' are liable for the same + denial to fine, imprisonment, and outlawry." [Charles + Bradlaugh, "Our Policy," "National Reformer," September 14, + 1861.] + + Thus, too, Bradlaugh strove to end the detested measures by +heaping upon them his contempt: + + "We declare that the Statutes against blasphemy by + which any Englishman is prohibited from denying, by word or + writing, any or either of the Thirty-nine Articles are a + disgrace to our civilization; and we shall continue to deny, + both orally and by writing, until the Church authorities + either prosecute us, or, for shame's sake, relinquish their + statute privilege of persecuting others." [Charles + Bradlaugh, "To Old and New Supporters," "National Reformer," + April 29, 1866. See also Charles Bradlaugh, "Our Politics," + "National Reformer," May 6, 186, and Hypatia Bradlaugh + Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 129. + + ATTACKING THE CHURCHES + + Paralleling the activity of the early Secularists in +advancing the doctrines of Secularism was the expenditure of +Secularist energy in a campaign against the churches. It is true, +as will be seen, that the Secularists were not in agreement as to +the advisability of attacking religion, and that some of them did +not participate in the campaign. Others, however, did so. The +basis of the attack of these Secularists on the churches was, of +course, the fact that, speaking in general, the religious bodies +impeded the removal of abuses in society, indirectly by the +inculcation of non-earthly attitudes among the people and +directly through the furtherance of interests associated +primarily with the upper classes. In waging among the masses a +crusade against religion, the anti-theological Secularists +carried forward a work which broadly speaking, had been initiated +by Thomas Paine and which had been continued, on the one, hand, +by Richard Carlile and other detached individuals, and, on the +other, by such Owenites as Charles Southwell and Holyoake. The +Secularist attack upon theology found expression in an occasional +book, in numerous articles and pamphlets, and in great numbers of +lectures. + + In carrying on their agitation the Secularist opponents of +theology used alike the arguments of distinguished rationalists +and the findings of science, history, and the higher biblical +criticism. As a matter of fact, the exploitation of reason, +science, biblical scholarship, and history constituted, for +practical purposes, the sum and substance of the anti-religious +work of the Secularists. It will be convenient, therefore, to +examine their activity under these four headings. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In utilizing reason against the religious interests, the +Secularists discussed mainly the Bible, immortality, and God. +With respect to the Bible, Secularist spokesmen contended that it +was not a divine revelation, but was simply a man-made book, +characterized by the frailties and imperfections of man and +reflecting the diverse minds and the various ages that produced +it. In support of this contention they brought forward "proofs" +of its fallibility. They endeavored, for one thing, to show that +its morality was a low one. For example, the Secularist writer +John Watts declared, "Deeds are here attributed to Deity that +would stamp the name of any man with well-merited infamy." [John +Watts, "Who is the Lord, that I Should Obey His Voice?" (1862).] +And Bradlaugh held up to scorn the misdeeds of such leading +biblical characters as Abraham, Jacob, Moses, and David. The +Secularists also attempted to show that the Bible contained +numerous discrepancies and contradictions, and that it +accordingly was not reliable. Bradlaugh, for instance, once said +(along, of course, with other things in the same vein) : "Take +... the healing of the centurion's servant, as contained in +Matthew ... and Luke ... : according to one gospel, the centurion +comes to Jesus; according to the other, he does not; according to +one, the healing took place before the healing of Peter's mother- +in-law, before the calling of Matthew and before the choice of +the 12; according to the other, the healing took place after all +three." ["Debate at Birmingham. ... National Reformer," October +12, 1961. See also the following: Robert Cooper, "The Bible and +Its Evidences" (1858); Iconoclast (Charles Bradlaugh),."The Bible +Not Reliable" (1858); "A Discussion ... Between the Rev. +Woodville, Woodman and 'Iconoclast'," "National Reformer," +November 2, 1861; Charles Bradlaugh, "To New and Old Supporters," +"National Reformer," April 2, 1866.] + + Concerning immortality, the Secularists energetically argued +either that it did not exist or that its existence was highly +improbable -- generally the former. Though Bradlaugh, John Watts, +and others took part in the agitation, perhaps the most +thoroughgoing efforts were those of Robert Cooper, who endeavored +to refute the outstanding arguments which proponents of the +doctrine of immortality had at one time or another advanced in +its behalf. To the argument for immortality based upon the +"universality" of the belief, he contended that the universality +of an opinion does not establish its validity, but that in any +case the belief in immortality was not universal. To the argument +that the doctrine of immortality is a consoling one, he replied +that though consolation might be derived from the anticipation of +heaven, it certainly was not to be had from the dread of hell. To +the argument that immortality is necessary to correct the +inequalities associated with life upon earth, he affirmed his +conviction that such inequalities would not be corrected beyond +the grave. "What!" he once asserted, "Because Deity cannot or +will not reward virtue and punish vice sufficiently in this +world, is that any assurance that he can or will do so in a world +to come? Because he allows injustice to be perpetrated here, is +that a Security that he would permit justice only to be +administered hereafter)" [Robert Cooper, "A Reply to Thomas +Cooper's Recent Lectures on 'God and a Future Life"' (1856), p. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +9.] Finally, to the argument that God would not have implanted +in men an ardent desire for immortality had he not intended to +extend it to them, Cooper asserted that human desires are not +invariably fulfilled. His own words are interesting: + + "Probably the most esteemed position in favor of + immortality is the following: 'It accords with the fondest + hopes and wishes of man; and God would never have implanted + in us a desire so predominant, were it not ultimately to be + gratified.' I reply ... because we 'desire' an object are we + therefore to infer, as rational beings, that our + inclinations will be realized? I have heard of 'jumping to + conclusions,' but this exceeds anything on record. If we + take an illustration, its gross fallacy will be palpable. + The desire to become rich is a strong feeling in every human + breast. Therefore every human being will some day be rich. I + might with great propriety maintain that this desire + 'accords with the fondest hopes and wishes of man; and God + would never have implanted in us a desire so predominant, + unless it were ultimately to be gratified.' The argument is + a parallel one, and equally conclusive and legitimate." + [Robert Cooper, "The Immortality of the Soul, Religiously + and Philosophically Considered," pp. 23-25. See also the + following: Charles Bradlaugh, "Has Man a Soul?" (1860?), and + John Watts, "Secularism: Its Relation to Christianity," + "National Reformer," April 2, 1864.] + + As regards God, Secularists such as Bradlaugh, Robert +Cooper, John Watts, and Holyoake (who sometimes disregarded his +avowed policy of not attacking the churches) advanced a variety +of arguments which were anti-theistic in character. One of these +was to the effect that the absolute creation of substance is +inconceivable. Another had it that the conception of an all-good, +all-wise, and all-powerful Deity is incompatible with the +existence of evil, A third stated that if God existed he would +make his existence known to men. Some of the Secularist arguments +were directed against the efforts of theists to prove God's +existence. Thus the contention that the moral tendencies in man +bespeak a moral governor was countered with the proposition that +it is just as true (or false) to say that the immoral tendencies +in man point to an immoral governor. And the argument from +design, to the effect that the marks of "design" in nature show a +designer of intelligence, was "answered" by the assertion that +under the same logic the designer himself must be admitted to +have been designed. [Robert Cooper, "A Reply to Thomas Cooper's +Recent Lectures on 'God and a Future State"' (1866); Charles +Bradlaugh, "Is There a God?" (1864 or earlier); John Watts, "The +Logic and Philosophy of Atheism" (1865); Charles Bradlaugh, "A +Plea for Atheism" (1864 or earlier); G.J. Holyoake, "Trial of +Theism" (1858).] + + The efforts of the Secularists to discredit theology by +appealing to science ordinarily took the form of pointing out +"discrepancies" between science (including evolutionary +teachings) and the Bible. At one time they would assert that +science emphatically declares man to have existed on earth for a +far greater period than that indicated in the Bible. At another + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 31 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +time they would contrast the scriptural view of the universe with +that of science -- as when Bradlaugh declared: "We notice that +the biblical account of the creation and its subsequent +references to the universe would picture the earth as the +principal feature of all existence, with the sun and moon as two +great lights, and the stars as simple accessories to the +illumination or adornment of the earth. It represents the earth +as a stationary, flat surface, with heaven above; that the sun +moved round the earth, and that the whole earth might be surveyed +from the summit of an exceedingly high mountain. Astronomical +discoveries have demonstrated the contrary of all this, and the +Bible is thus clearly not reliable." ["Iconoclast" (Charles +Bradlaugh), "The Bible Not Reliable" (1858). See also Charles +Bradlaugh, "Were Adam and Eve Our First parents?" (1864 or +earlier).] + + The use of the higher biblical criticism in connection with +the Secularist campaign against the churches centered in efforts +of the Secularists to discredit the traditional Christian +teachings as to the authorship of various books of the Bible. As +an instance of this sort of thing, Bradlaugh once assereted that +no one knew by whom, when, or where the Pentateuch was written; +and on another occasion he made a similar statement with respect +to the Four Gospels. + + The Secularists exploited history for their anti-religious +purposes in two or three different ways. For one thing, they +issued a publication, entitled Half-Hours with the Freethinkers, +containing short accounts of the lives and doctrines of eminent +freethought writers in all ages and lands. The work contained two +volumes. The first, which was prepared jointly by John Watts, +Bradlaugh, and W.H. Johnson, and which contained 24 biographies, +was completed in 1857. The second, containing 24 sketches, was +edited by Bradlaugh and John Watts, and appeared in 1864. In +these books, which brought together in readable form information +hitherto widely scattered and often inaccessible, the authors +aimed to show the common people that numbers of eminent men had +chosen to think freely for themselves on religious matters. Among +those whose lives were treated in the Half-Hours were Shelley, +Zeno, Voltaire, Spinoza, Hobbes, Paine, Epicures, Descartes, +Priestley, Hume, Condorcet, Helvetius, Anthony Collins, and +Holbach. The volumes were restrained in tone and were in +Considerable demand. [John Watts, "Iconoclast" (Charles +Bradlaugh), and "A. Collins" (W.H. Johnson), editors, "Half-Hours +with the Freethinkers" (1857); "Reasoner," January 18 and +September 9, 1857; "Autobiography of Mr. Charles BradlAugh," +"National Reformer," August 31, 1873.] + + On the strength of historical evidence the Secularists also +worked to destroy the notion that the religious beliefs and +practices mentioned in the Bible were unique and unrelated to +others. They pointed out identical or similar features associated +with the alien theologies, and suggested in each case that one of +the two systems was copied from the other or that both were +descended from a common original. In this connection they +published lists of Hebrew practices which they declared to have +been taken over from the Egyptians, and set forth resemblances + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 32 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +between Christian and Hindu teachings. On this last point, for +example, Bradlaugh once wrote as follows: "There are strange +similarities an coincidences between the myths of Christianity +and Hindooism. In each a trinity -- Father, Son, and Holy Ghost +-- Brahm, Vishnu, and Siva. In each a war in heaven and expulsion +of the rebellious angelic hosts. In each a good and evil spirit +who contend. In each an Abba Rama (Abram Brama). in each an +incarnation (Chrisna -- Christ). In this God man's history we +obtain further likenesses: + + CHRIST CHRISNA + +Of royal descent. Of royal descent. +Born of the Virgin Mary. Born of the Virgin. +In the lifetime of the In the lifetime of the + tyrant Herod. tyrant Cansa. +Who sought to kill him. Who sought to kill him. +He fled from the land of He fled from the land of + his birth. his birth. +Into Egypt where he was Into Mathura where he was + fostered fostered +by Joseph and his wife Mary. by Anada and his wife + Yasoda. +During his absence mothers wept During his absence mothers + wept + for their children destroyed. for their children +destroyed. +He was to bruise the serpent's He slew the serpent Caliya. + head. +He was meek. He was meek. +He washed the feet of the He washed the feet of the + Apostles. Brahmins. +He said faith would remove He by faith did remove + a mountain. a mountain on the tip of + his finger. +He made the blind to see. He made the blind to see. +And the lame to walk. And the lame to walk. +And raised the dead. And raised the dead. +He descended into hell. He went down into the lower + regions. +He ascended into heaven. He ascended into heaven. + +["Our Christianity," "National Reformer," February 8, 1862. See +also "Egypt and Mosaism," "National Reforaier," April 20, 1862.] + + Finally, the Secularists condemned in no uncertain terms the +historical role of the church. With great indignation they +accused the religionists of systematically and untiringly +persecuting scientists and progressive thinkers -- as when +Bradlaugh in the course of a lecture challenged his audience to +name one science of which the early promulgators were not +persecuted as heretics and infidels by the Bible teachers. +[Account, reproduced from "Wigan Observer," of Bradlaugh's +lectures at Wigan, "National Reformer," October 20, 1860.] And +with even greater indignation the Secularists declared the church +to have been in chronic opposition to the spirit of social +amelioration and, justice. [See for example, "Reasoner," +November 16, 1853, Supplement pp, 322-324. See also Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 127-128.] + + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 33 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + OPPOSITION TO SECULARISM + + The doctrines and activities of the early Secularists evoked +from various members of the clergy and other Christians a +determined opposition. The Secularist vision of a material and +social world devoid of the supernatural element was distasteful +to the general run of churchmen, as were the individual reforms +which the Secularists advocated. Even more repugnant was the +tireless campaign which the Secularist leaders directed against +the religious interests. Under these circumstances it was +inevitable that individuals associated with the churches should +strike at the forces of Secularism. The number of persons who +combatted the Secular Movement was limited, inasmuch as the bulk +of the clergy, including especially those of position and +influence, followed the policy of ignoring Secularism. +Nevertheless, the opposition was of an extent and significance +adequate to warrant attention. + + Among the forms it took were Christian efforts in debates +against Secularists and in replies to Secularist indoor and +outdoor lectures. There were also articles attacking Secularism +in religious periodicals, representative of which was the Rev. +Joseph Barker's "Six Chapters on Secularism or the Secular Theory +examined in the light of Scripture and Philosophy," which +appeared in the 'Christian News' in 1855. Non-periodical +publications, too, were forthcoming, such as Dr. John Alfred +Langford's 'Christianity, not Secularism, the practical +philosophy of the people: a reply to G.J. Holyoake's tract +"Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People" (1854) and +'The Spurious Ethics of Skeptical Philosophy, a Critique on Mr. +Holyoake's "Logic of Life"' (1860), by J. Clark. And there were +sermons. The Rev. J. Logan Aikman, in James's Place Church, +Edinburgh, denounced the Secular Movement as a vast conspiracy +for the overthrow of all religion and morality, and the Rev. +Brewin Grant, at the behest of congregationalist leaders, +undertook a "three years' mission" to check the spread of +Secularism. ["Reasoner," January 12 and October 19, 1853, and +January 11, 1867, to February 15, 1857, inclusive; G.J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), pp. 60-52; "Investigator," July +1854; R. Cooper, "Autobiographical Sketch of Robert Cooper," +"National Reformer," July 12, 1868; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years +of an Agitator's Life" (1892), 1, 255 and 262; A.S. Headingley, +"Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 49-50.] + + Such mild forms of opposition to the Secular Movement by no +means exhausted the resources of those who sought its +destruction. Frequently expedients of a more drastic character +were utilized. On several occasions Holyoake, Bradlaugh, and +other Secularist lecturers were refused the use of halls, +sometimes after they had already been engaged. Then, too, from +time to time, hostile action of a disorderly character grew out +of the efforts of Secularists to hold public meetings. Much light +is thrown on this latter variety of opposition by Bradlaugh's +account of his experiences in connection with a lecture which he +delivered in the Commercial Hall at Wigan on October 10, 1860, +"On the Wednesday evening," says Bradlaugh, "when I arrived at +the hall, I found it crowded to excess, and, in addition, many + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 34 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +hundreds outside unable to gain admittance. My name was the +subject of loud and hostile comment, several pious Christians in +choice Billingsgate intimating that they would teach me a lesson +... I requested the religious body to elect a chairman, and Mr. +Thomas Stuart was voted to the chair. Of this gentleman I must +say that he was courteous, generous, and manly, and by his kindly +conduct compelled my respect and admiration. Previous to my +lecture the majority of those present hooted and yelled with a +vigor which, if it betokened healthy lungs, did not vouch so well +for a healthy brain, and I commenced my address amidst a terrific +din. Each window was besieged, and panes of glass were dashed out +in mere reckless wantonness, while at the same time a constant +hammering was kept up at the main door. As this showed no +prospect of cessation, I went myself to the door, and, to my +disgust, found that the disturbance was being fostered and +encouraged by a clergyman of the Church of England [The Rev. +W.T. Whitehead.] who wished to gain admittance. I told him loss +of life might follow any attempt to enter the room in its present +over-crowded state. His answer was, 'That he knew there was +plenty of room and would come in.' To prevent worse strife I +admitted him, and by dint of main strength and liberal use of my +right arm repelled the others, closed the doors, and returned to +the platform. I had, however, at the door received one blow in +the ribs, which, coupled with the extraordinary exertions +required to keep the meeting in cheek, fairly tired me out in +about an hour. Several times, when any crash betokened a new +breach in either door or window, the whole of the audience toward +the end of the room jumped up, and I had literally to keep them +down by dint of energetic lung power. Toward the conclusion of +the lecture the secretary of the rector forced his way bodily +through a window, and I confess I felt a strong inclination to go +to that end of the room and pitch him back through the same +aperture. If he had intended a riot, he could not have acted more +riotously. Some limestone was drawn in at another window, and a +little water was poured through the ventilators, by some persons +who had gained possession of the roof. This caused some +merriment, which turned to alarm when an arm and hand, waving a +dirty rag, appeared through a little hole in the center of the +ceiling. One man in a wide-awake then jumped upon one of the +forms and excitedly shouted to me, 'See, the devil has come for +you.' After the lecture I received in the confusion several +blows, but none of importance. When I quitted the building one +well-dressed man asked me, 'Do you not expect God to strike you +dead, and don't you deserve that the people should serve you out +for your blasphemy?' Two spat in my face. I clenched my nails in +my hands with anger, and wished much that I had a few of my +Yorkshire friends round me to see fair play while I taught the +unmanly scoundrels better manners. I judged that it would be +scarcely wise to take the mob in their excited state to the hotel +where I was staying, and therefore proceeded to the railway +station (whither I was accompanied by several hundreds hooting, +yelling and hissing), preferring rather to take a ticket to +Liverpool than to have a worse riot. A new dilemma now arose; my +pockets were empty, all my cash, except some flaw halfpence, +being at the hotel. Fortunately I found means of escaping my +pursuers at some slight risk to my neck, and got safely back to +my hotel. My dangers were not yet over. Although there was no + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 35 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +crowd, only one person with me, and not the slightest disturbance +at the hotel, the landlady wished me at once to leave the house. +I appealed to her hospitality in vain. I next stood on my legal +rights, went to my bed room, locked the door, retired to bed, and +tried to dream that Wigan was a model Agapemone." [Charles +Bradlaugh, "Disgraceful Conduct of the Wigan Clergy," "National +Reformer," October 20, 1860.] + + The type of opposition involved in the above episode made +its appearance repeatedly. Once at Wigan stones were thrown at +Bradlaugh and John Watts as they entered a hall where a lecture +was to take place. During one of Bradlaugh's lectures at +Dumfries, the gas lamps of the hall were smashed and the +skylights were shattered by stones. When Bradlaugh delivered a +lecture on one occasion at Norwich, "yells, hisses, abuse, a +little mud, and a few stones formed the chorus and finale of the +entertainment." One day when just beginning a lecture at +Plymouth, Bradlaugh was ejected from a field he had hired for the +lecture and detained overnight by the police, at the instigation +of the Young Men's Christian Association. At another time a mob +at Guernsey broke into the house in which Bradlaugh was speaking. +Lectures at various places by Mrs. Harriet Law were interfered +with by persons who put out the lights or sprinkled cayenne +pepper about the floor. ["National Reformer," March 9, 16, and +23, 1861; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. C. Bradlaugh" +(1873), pp. 14-16; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), 1, 162-193; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 59-79; J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1920), p. 51; "Mrs. Harriet Law," "Freethinker," August 8, +1897.] + + The net result of the opposition of Secularism was the +strengthening of the Secularist cause. The Secular Movement had +originated in part as a protest against Christian opposition to +reform, and each fresh effort of Christians to prevent the +advancement of the Secularist program simply increased the +determination of the Secularists to achieve their goals. Then, +too, the opposition to Secularism constituted an effective +advertisement of the Secularist program. + + DISSENSION + + The Secularists of the early years were not able to avoid +disagreement within their own ranks. Almost from the very +beginning of the Secular Movement two factions were in evidence, +one being composed of Holyoake and persons who supported him, and +the other containing Bradlaugh and certain supporters of +Bradlaugh. + + The Secularists were not in disagreement as to the +principles of Secularism. It is true that some Secularists were +Atheists, some were Pantheists. and some were Theists, [See, for +example, Charles Bradlaugh, "To the ... Archbishop of York," +"National Reformer," October 16, 1881.] and that each group +would have been pleased to convert the others to its viewpoint. +Eligibility for membership in the Secular body, however, did not +depend upon these beliefs, but upon the acceptance of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 36 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +principle that morals and conduct should be devoted to the +promotion of man's happiness upon earth by natural means: and all +Secularists, of course, accepted this proposition. The Secularist +controversy hinged rather upon the question as to how Secularism +could best be advanced, and was concerned with the problem of +whether the Secularists should attack the churches. The view of +Holyoake and those who shared his opinion was that they should +not do So, [Holyoake spoke of occasions when opposition to +certain possible accomplishments of theology (such as reliance +upon prayer or the direct interference by the churches with the +Secular Movement) would be advisable (see, for example, the +"Reasoner," June 2, 1858), and from time to time he actually +attacked the essentials of specific theological doctrines -- as +in his "Trial of Theism" (1858).] but should limit themselves to +the task of working for the diffusion of Secularist principles. +They held that by following this policy the Secularists would not +only avoid engaging in an alien task, but would be able to +attract to the ranks of Secularism liberal-minded churchmen. +Bradlaugh and his supporters, however, took a widely different +view. Maintaining that the churches stood in the way of +Secularism, they held to be the task of the Secularists to do +everything possible to weaken their hold on the people. +["Reasoner," passim; "Investigator," passim; "National Reformer," +passim; "Counsellor," November, 1861; "Freethinker," February 8, +1891; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), passim; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's +Life" (1892), I, 139, and II, 290-294; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones +Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 18-19, and II, 98-101; G.J. +Holyoake, "Warpath of Opinion" (189?), p. 37; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), passim; G.J. Holyoake and +Charles Bradlaugh, "Secularism, Skepticism, and Atheism" (1870).] + + In spite of their differences of opinion as to method, and +notwithstanding much talking and writing about those differences, +the Secularists of the early years went on working together, in a +more or less friendly spirit, for the Secular cause. Their lack +of agreement did, however, prevent them from getting together in +a national union, and the divergent viewpoints of the two +factions were reflected in the policy of the various Secularist +periodicals, as well as in the character of the activities of +Secularists. + + At the outset of the Secularist controversy the supporters +of Holyoake constituted the bulk of the Secularist party, As the +years passed, however, more and more persons were attracted to +the point of view held by Bradlaugh; and by the end of the period +under consideration by far the greater portion of the Secularist +body shared his outlook. [John Watts, "Freethought: Its Advocacy +and Tendency," "National Reformer," May 28, 1865; G.W. Foote, +"George Jacob Holyoake." "Freethinker," February 12, 1893; Joseph +McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake (1908), I, +346.] + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + CHAPTER III + + THE BRADLAUGH EPOCH + + The triumph of the Bradlaugh viewpoint was paralleled by the +triumph, within the Secular Movement, of Bradlaugh himself. By +1866 he was the dominant personality among the Secularists, and +he remained such until 1890. His preeminence during the period +from 1866 to 1890 was so pronounced as to warrant the designation +of the era as the Bradlaugh Epoch. This period of Secularist +history stands apart from the years that preceded and those which +followed it, and forms a convenient unit for discussion. + + ORGANIZATION + + The very beginning of the new epoch saw the founding of the +National Secular Society, an association destined to endure +beyond the limits of the period. The Society was established by +Bradlaugh, who, taking advantage of the great popularity which he +had achieved among Secularists, as well as of the pronounced +lessening of the Secularist conflict which had made an earlier +union impossible, proclaimed the formation of the new enterprise +in September, 1866. [Charles Bradlaugh, "Secular Organization," +"National Reformer," July 16, August 5 and 12, and September 2, +1866 and June 16, 1867; Charles Watts, "Secular Organization," +"National Reformer," September 2, 1866.] + + A "programme" for the new association laid down "objects" +and "principles" for its guidance. Its "objects" were asserted to +be: + + "1st. To form an association for mutual help of all the +Freethinkers of Great Britain. + + 2nd. To conduct in the United Kingdom a more vigorous +Freethought propaganda, especially in districts where +Freethinkers are few and Freethought lectures are rare. + + "3rd. To establish a fund for the assistance of aged or +distressed Freethinkers. + + "4th. To provide parliamentary and other action in order to +remove all disabilities on account of religious opinions. + + "5th. To establish Secular schools and adult instruction +classes in connection with every local society, having members +enough to efficiently support such schools or classes." + + The "principles" of the new society were declared to be as +follows: + + "I. This Association declares that the Promotion of Human +Improvement and Happiness is the highest duty. + + "II. That the Theological Teachings of the World have been, +and are, most powerfully obstructive of human improvement and +happiness; human activity being guided and increased by a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +consciousness of the facts of existence; while it is misguided +and impeded in the most mischievous manner when the intellect is +prostrated by childish and absurd superstitions + + "III. That in order to promote effectually the improvement +and happiness of mankind, every individual of the human family +ought to be well placed and well instructed; and all who are of +suitable age ought to be usefully employed for their own and the +general good. + + "IV. That human improvement and happiness cannot be +effectually promoted without civil and religious liberty; and +that, therefore, it is the duty of every individual -- a duty to +be practically recognized by every member of this Association -- +to actively attack all barriers to equal freedom of thought and +utterance for all, upon political and theological subjects." + + An amplificatory statement issued in connection with the +"programme" declared that the fourth "object" aimed specifically +at the removal of "the blasphemy statutes, the oath-taking +practices, and the ecclesiastical disabilities." ["Proposed +Programme for the National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +September 9, 1866; "National Secular Society," "National +Reformer," September 23, 1866.] + + Statements of the principles and objects of the society +published in the six or eight years following 1866 included +features either not specifically mentioned in the foregoing +"programme" or not stated in it so explicitly. A description +issued in 1868 asserted that the "principle" calling for the +promotion of human improvement and happiness involved "the +promotion of political advancement by the political education and +enfranchisement of the masses" and the promotion of social +improvement by investigating and counteracting or preventing in +the future the causes of poverty and social degradation." And a +statement of 1874 called for the following: + + "I. A system of really secular education, so that each child +may, at starting in life, be placed in a fair condition to form +more correct opinions, and be fitted for more useful conduct. + + "2. The disestablishment and disendowment of the State +Church, and the placing of all religions and forms of speculative +opinion on a perfect equality before the law. + + "3. Specially the improvement of the condition of the +Agricultural classes, whose terrible state of social degradation +is at present a fatal barrier to the formation of a good state of +society. + + "4. A change in the Land Laws, so as to break down the +present system by which enormous estates are found in few hands, +the many having no interest in the soil, and to secure for the +agricultural laborer some share of the improvement in the land he +cultivates. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "5. The destruction of the present hereditary Chamber of +Peers, and substitution of a Senate containing life members, +elected for their fitness, and therewith the constitution of a +National Party, intended to wrest the governing power from a few +Whig and Tory families. + + "6. The investigation of the cause of poverty in all old +countries, in order to see how far unequal distribution of wealth +or more radical causes may operate. The discussion in connection +with this of the various schemes for social amelioration, and the +ascertainment if possible of the laws governing the increase of +population and produce, and affecting the rise and fall of +wages." ["National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +February 2, 1868; "The National Secular Society," "National +Reformer," June 14, 1874.] + + Broadly speaking, the program thus gradually worked out +remained in effect until the very end of the Bradlaugh epoch; for +though it is true that in 1877 a fresh statement of "principles" +was issued for the society, and that still another was put out in +1886, these were substantially restatements of the basic ideas +with which the Secularists were already identified. [Annie +Besant, "Conference of the National Secular Society arid Other +Freethinkers," "National Reformer," May 27, 1877; "Annual +Conference of the National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +June 20, 1886.] + + The headquarters of the National Secular Society during the +era under consideration were in London, and its officers in the +period included a President, several Vice-Presidents, a +Secretary, a Treasurer, two Auditors, and members of a Council. +Except for the Councilors, each of whom was chosen by a local +Secular society, the officers were named at annual conferences of +Secularists. All officials were elected for one year and were +eligible for reelection. The President, the Vice-Presidents, the +Secretary, the Treasurer, the Council, and, after 1883, the +Auditors made up what was known as the Executive. The Executive +met each month, the President serving as Chairman, and all +voting. After 1877, members of the Council who resided more than +20 miles from the place of meeting of the Executive had the right +to be notified of the matters scheduled to come before the +Executive and to vote on such matters by letter. ["Officers of +the National Secular Society ... National Secular Society +Almanac" (1877), pp. 42-43, "National Reformer," September 9, +1866, to June 10, 1888, passim.] + + Alongside the Executive of the National Secular Society in +the Bradlaugh era were the Secularist Annual Conferences. +Attended by the officers of the National Secular Society, +delegates of the local Secular bodies, and individual Secularists +of the rank and file, these meetings served as occasions for the +submission of reports, the discussion of finances, the +determination of policy, the adoption of resolutions, the +election of various officers, and disposition of any other +matters of business relevant to the Secular Movement. The +Conferences took place on Whitsunday and were held in London, +Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield, and other cities + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 40 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +throughout the country, the place of meeting being selected by +the Executive in the light of suggestions emanating from the +Secularist world. Voting at the Conferences ordinarily took place +by a show of hands; but upon occasions when such a vote was +challenged, voting by proxy was permitted. The Secularist +Conference was theoretically the dominant governing institution +within the Secular Movement. In actual practice, however, the +Conference was itself in large measure controlled by its +presiding officer, the President of the National Secular Society. +["National Reformer," September 29, 1867, to June 3, 1888, +passim.] + + Affiliated with the National Secular Society in the period +under discussion were Secularist bodies of a local character. +Each local society had its own group of officials, including, in +general, a President, one or more Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a +Treasurer, and a Committee. The officers of each branch were +elected by the members of that branch. Although the local +societies were bound by the principles of the National Secular +Society they enjoyed an autonomous status in the management of +their routine affairs. Secular local societies were to be found +in Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, London, Edinburgh, +Glasgow, and many lesser places. [The list of local societies +affiliated with the National Secular Society within the limits of +the Bradlaugh Epoch included the following: + + London societies: Ball's Pond; Battersea; Bermondsey and +Rotherwithe; Bethnal Green; Brixton; Camberwell; Central London; +Clapham; Clerkenwell; Croyden; Crystal Palace District; Deptford; +East London; Edmonton; Finsbury; Forest Hill; Hackney; Holloway; +Hornsey Road; Hyde Park; Kensington and Hammersmith; Kilburn; +Kingston; Lewisham; Leytonstone; Milton Hall; Newington Hall; New +South Gate; North End; North Lambeth; North London; North +Middlesex; Northwest London; Oll South Gate; Paddington; Peckham +and Dulwich; Reading; South London, No. 1; South London, No. 2; +Southwest London; Stratford; Streatham; Tottenham; Walthamstow; +Walworth and Camberwell; West Central London; West Ham; +Westminster; Woolwich and Plumpstead. + + Provincial societies: Aberdare; Aberdeen, Abersychan and +Talywain; Ashton-under-Lynne; Atherton and Tlydesley; Batham; +Banbury; Barnsley; Barrow-in-Farness; Batley; Bedlington; +Belfast; Berkshire; Bingley; Birkenbead; Birmingham; Bishop +Auckland; Blackburn; Black Hill; Blaydon-on-Tyne; Blyth; Baldon +Colliery; Bolton; Bootle And Kirkdale; Bradford; Brierly Hill; +Brigham; Brighouse; Brighton; Bristol; Brotton; Bryne and +District; Burnley; Burton-on-Trent; Bury; Canning Town; Cardiff; +Carlton; Chatham, Brompton and Rochester; Chesterle Street; +Cleremont Hall; Clay Cross; Congleton; Cork; Coventry; +Cramlington; Crewe; Dalton-en-Furness; Darlington; Darwen; Denby; +Derby; Dewsbury; Dublin; Dudley Colliery; Dunkenfield; Dundee; +Eaton and Normandy; Edinburgh; Failsworth; Farsley; Freckleton; +Gateshead; Glasgow; Gorton; Gravesend; Grays; Grimsby; +Grisborough; Halifax; Hamilton; Hanley and Tunstall; Hartlepool; +Halsingden; Haslington; Hastings; Hatton and Easington; Hawick; +Headingley and Burley; Heckmondwicke; Heywood; Holstead; +Houghtonle-Spring; Huddersfield; Hull; Hulme; Hyde; Hythe; + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 41 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Ilkeston; Innesleithen; Ipswich; Jarrow; Jersey; Kerriemuir; +Kettering; Kidderminster; Kilmarnock; Kingston; Kirby; Lancaster; +Larne; Leeds; Leek and Congleton; Leigh; Leicester; Lincoln; +Liverpool; Lofthouse; Low Fell; Longton; Maidstone; Manchester, +No. 1; Manchester, No. 2; Mansfield; Middlesborough; Mold; +Mossley; Newcastle-on-Tyne; Newcastle-under-Lynne; New +Herrington; Newport; Normanton; Northampton; North Shields; North +Woolwich; Norwich; Nottingham; Oldham; Old Shildon; Over Darwen; +Oxhill; Paisley; Pendlebury; Pendleton; Perth; Petersborough; +Plaistow; Plumstead; Plymouth, No. 1; Plymouth, No. 2; Pontypool; +Portsmouth; Preston; Ramsbottom; Reading; Renfrew; Richmond; +Rochdale; Rossendale; Rotherham; Saint Helen's; Seaham Harbor; +Seghill; Sheffield, No. 1; Sheffield, No, 2; Shildon; Shipley; +Shrewsbury; Silverdale; Skipton; South Durham; South Eston; +Southampton; South Shields; Sowerley Bridge; Spennymoor; +Staleybridge; Stockport; Stockton-on-Tees; Stourbridge; +Stowbridge; Strood; Sudbury; Sunderland; Sutton-in-Ashfield; +Swansea; Swindon; Three Towns; Tildersley; Todmorden; Tow Low; +Tunbridge and Tunbridge Wells; Uxbridge; Wakefield; Walkerburn; +Walsend; Walsingham; Walthimstow; Walworth; Washington and +Usworth: Wednesbury; Wellingborough; West Auckland; West Bromwich +and District; West Gorton; West Hartlepool; White Haven; Wigan; +Willesden; Wolsingham; Wolverhampton; Wood Green; York. + + "National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac" for various years.] + + The membership of the National Secular Society during the +Bradlaugh epoch also embraced scattered individuals not belonging +to any of the branches. ["Conference of the National Secular +Society," "National Reformer," December 1, 1867.] + + From time to time in the era under consideration local +Secular bodies within given regions formed district organizations +for the purpose of promoting the exchange of lecturers among the +societies cooperating in such enterprises. These regional +associations had their own officers -- ordinarily a President, a +Secretary, a Treasurer, and a Committee -- and held "Annual +Conferences." Although from first to last a rather large number +of district unions were formed, they were very generally short- +lived institutions; and they naturally played no part in shaping +the course of the Secular Movement. Typical of the sectional +federations were the Manchester and District Secular Union, the +North of England Secular Propaganda Association, the Secular +Union for South Durham and North Yorkshire, the Yorkshire Secular +Lecturing Circuit, and the Northeastern Secular Federation. [The +list of unions in existence at one time or another during the +Bradlaugh era included also the following: the Lancashire Secular +Union, the Birmingham and Midland Secular Union, the Midland +Counties Secular Association, the West of England and South Wales +Secular Union, the Kent Secular Union, the Scottish Secular +Union, the Yorkshire Secular Lecturing Circuit, the Yorkshire +West Riding Secular Lecturing Circuit, the Midland Amalgamated +Secular Union, the Northern District Secular Association, the +London Secular Federation, the Northern Secular Federation, the + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 42 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +North Middlesex Secular Federation, the Yorkshire Secular +Federation, the Lancashire Secular Federation; the Lancashire and +Yorkshire Secular Federation, the Northern Federation of National +Secular Society Branches, and possibly others. + + "National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim. + + Two or three such organizations arose near the end of the +preceding Secularist era. "National Reformer," 1861-1865.] + + All local Secular bodies did not affiliate themselves with +the National Secular Society immediately upon its formation. +Those which did not elect at once to attach themselves to the +national organization nevertheless adhered to the principles of +Secularism, and, generally speaking, participated in the District +Unions and, to some degree, in the Annual Conferences. As the +years passed, one by one of these non-affiliating local groups +joined the National Secular Society. By the end of the period of +Secularist history now under consideration, very nearly all such +bodies had become members. [The Leicester Secular Society, which +remained attached to the Holyoake viewpoint, never became a +member of the National Secular Society. Possibly one or two other +societies remained permanently aloof. + + "National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac" for various years; G.J. +Holyoake, "Warpath of Opinion" (189?), p. 61.] + + For a brief portion of the Bradlaugh era there was in +existence outside the National Secular Society a Secularist +organization which, was not exactly local in character -- the +British Secular Union. This association arose in 1877 after +differences later to be explained had arisen between Bradlaugh +and Charles Watts and between Bradlaugh and Holyoake over legal +difficulties growing out of the sale of birth-control literature. +The society was founded by Holyoake and Watts. It had as officers +a Council, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and in 1881 and possibly +afterwards, a President. In its name Annual Conferences were +held. The program adopted by the association embraced the +principles of Secularism, but eschewed theological criticism. The +British Secular Union proclaimed itself a national body, and +announced the formation of a number of branches. It was never +able, however, to get on its feet, and its leaders presently +abandoned it. It died in 1884. ["In the course of the life, of +the British Secular Union, a branch existed at each of the +following places: London, Glasgow, Kingston, Leeds, +Kidderminster. Sheffield, Hull, Liverpool, Manchester, +Nottingham, Bradford, and Huddersfield. + + "Secular Review and Secularist," August 25 to December 15, +1877, passim; "British Secular Almanac" for years; 1879 to 1883; +"National Reformer." 18791885, passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 90 and 86.] + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 43 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + LEADERS + + As has been seen, the foremost individual among the +Secularists of the period from 1866 to 1890 was Bradlaugh. Except +for one year, [In 1871 Arthur Trevelyan, a financial benefactor +of the National Secular Society, was elected President. "National +Secular Society's Conference at Birmingham, National Reformer," +October 1, 1871.] he served as President of the National Secular +Society throughout the entire period; and he applied to the work +an energy and a resourcefulness not possessed by any of his +fellow secularists." ["Conference of the National Secular +Society" or equivalent title), "National Reformer," 1867-1890.] +But Bradlaugh was by no means the only distinguished personality. +Holyoake, though now less active in the Secular Movement than in +former years, remained associated with it, and not only at one +time held office as Vice-President of the National Secular +Society, but later served on the Council of the short-lived +British Secular Union. ["National Reformer," 1869-1890, passim; +G.W. Foote, "George Jacob Holyoake," "Freethinker," January 28, +1906.] There were also others, notably Mrs. Annie Besant, +Charles Watts, Dr. Edward Bibbins Aveling, George William Foote, +and John Mackinnon Robertson. + + Annie Besant was truly an extraordinary asset to the Secular +Movement. She devoted an astonishing amount of energy to the work +of diffusing Secular principles, and her industry was accompanied +by pronounced enthusiasm for the cause. At the same time, she +possessed in easy control of language that gave her great +effectiveness on the platform. In commenting upon her ability as +a speaker H.M. Hyndman once declared: "It is doubtful whether any +woman of our time has had the oratorical faculty and power of +rousing and dominating an audience to the extent which Annie +Besant at her best possessed it. [H. M. Hyndman, "Further +Reminiscences" (1912), p. 4.] Her personal qualities, too, were +invaluable. She was endowed with sensitiveness and good taste, +and her manner was unusually agreeable. Thanks to her finely +proportioned features, her expressive brown eyes, and her +abundant, dark, glossy hair, she was also unusually attractive in +appearance. It is little wonder that she was a colleague in whom +the Secularists took great pride. + + The birthplace of Annie Besant was London, where her father, +W.P.B. Wood, though a medical graduate of Dublin University, had +accepted an attractive commercial position; but in 1852, when +Annie was 5 years old, the father died, and Mrs, Wood soon +afterwards took her two children to live in Harrow, for the +purpose at once of earning a living by keeping in her home boy +students and educating her son at the school. + + The opportunity for Annie's education came a little later +when Annie met a Miss Marryatt at a neighbor's house. Miss +Marryatt, who used a portion of her considerable wealth to +educate various children, provided training for Annie over a +period of seven years, allowing her to return to Harrow during +vacations but caring for her during school terms. For five of the +seven years Miss Marryatt lodged Annie at her house near the +village of Charmouth in Dorsetshire. Later she took the girl for +two extended sojourns on the Continent and for a winter in +London. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Upon the completion of her educational training, in 1863, +Annie returned to Harrow, where, for the next three years, her +chief interest was in religion. She had been reared an Anglican +and in 1862 had been confirmed at Paris by the visiting Bishop of +Ohio. Since childhood she had been deeply religious. Now, in her +middle teens, her religious fervor became so intense that she +yearned to sacrifice herself in the service of Christ. + + On a visit, in 1866, to her grandfather's in Clapham, Annie +Wood met the man whom she was to marry -- Frank Besant, a young +Cambridge graduate who had just taken holy orders and who was +serving temporarily as deacon in a newly-opened mission church at +Clapham. The wedding took place in 1867, after the Rev. Besant +had removed to Cheltenham, and the couple resided first at +Cheltenham and later at Sibsey. + + Meanwhile, Annie Besant abandoned her orthodoxy. As early as +1866 a shadow of doubt appeared before her mind when, in +anticipation of Easter, she studied the four gospel accounts of +Christ's last week on earth and found discrepancies. She managed +to revive her faith after this experience, but the memory of the +episode remained, and in 1871 a long and painful illness +undergone by her daughter raised a question in her mind as to the +mercy of God. At the same time, wide religious reading, made +possible by her sheltered role as a clergyman's wife, undermined +her confidence in revealed teaching in general. The outcome was +that she became a thoroughgoing Freethinker. + + During much of this time the relations of Mrs. Besant with +her husband had been growing increasingly strained. Physical and +temperamental incompatibility, accompanied by difficulties +growing out of the changes in Mrs. Besant's religious opinions, +caused such a breach that in October, 1873, Mrs. Besant procured +a legal separation. + + For several months before the separation occurred Mrs. +Besant had been actively interested in anti-theological +propaganda. Though her activity in this direction was essentially +an outcome of her religious evolution, it was precipitated by her +acquaintance with Thomas Scott, who financed the publication, +month by month, of heretical pamphlets. She had been introduced +to Scott, in 1872, by the liberal clergyman Charles Voysey, to +whom she had made herself known after hearing one of his sermons +when on a visit to the home of her mother, who was now living in +London. Scott invited Mrs. Besant to submit to him an essay for +publication. She did so, and he published it anonymously in the +spring of 1873. [The pamphlet was entitled "On the Deity of +Jesus of Nazareth. An Enquiry into the Nature of Jesus by an +Examination of the Synoptic Gospels," and was followed by a +companion treatise bearing the title "According to St. John." "On +the Deity of Jesus of Nazareth. Part II. A Comparison Between the +Fourth Gospel and the Three Synoptics." The title page of the +pamphlets bore the words "By the Wife a Beneficed Clergyman."] +In the ensuing months she published anonymously through Scott +several additional pamphlets. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Mrs. Besant about this time left Sibsey for London. While +studying in the metropolis, at the British Museum, she became +aware of the publishing firm of Edward Truelove, and on visiting +the Truelove shop on an errand, in the summer of 1874, she +chanced to see a copy of the National Reformer. From it she +learned of the existence and general character of the National +Secular Society. She was strongly impressed by the association, +and, after further inquiry, became one of its members. + + Pending the completion of the pamphlets begun anonymously +for Thomas Scott, Mrs. Besant published such Secularist writings +as she produced under a nom de plume -- "Ajax," suggested by the +statue, "Ajax Crying for Light," in the Crystal Palace -- and +refrained from going on the Secularist platform. Before many +months had passed, however, she plunged into lecturing and began +to sign her writings in her own name. [Annie Besant, "Annie +Besant" (1893), pp, 11-180; Geoffrey West, "The Life of Annie +Besant" (1929), pp. 7-80; Gertrude Marvin Williams, "The +Passionate Pilgrim" (1931), pp. 3-60; A.S. Headingley, "Biography +of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 159-162.] + + The value of Annie Besant to the Secularist cause was +speedily recognized by the Secularists, and from 1875 onward she +was elected year after year as a Vice-President of the National +Secular Society. Bradlaugh himself, as will presently be seen, +placed important responsibilities upon her in connection with the +National Reformer, and she and Bradlaugh worked as close +associates in the Movement. ["Conference of the National Secular +Society" (or equivalent title), "National Reformer," 1876-1889.] + + Efficient work was being done by Charles Watts before Mrs. +Besant became affiliated with the National Secular Society. Watts +possessed the gift of eloquence, and was also fond of debate, at +which he excelled. His effectiveness on the platform was +increased at once by a distinguished bearing and a genial +personality. As a writer Watts was the master of a lucid, +convincing style. His writings and lectures alike reflected a +humanitarianism that was contagious. + + Charles Watts, younger brother of John Watts, was born at +Bristol in 1836. The son of a Wesleyan minister, he was reared in +a religious atmosphere and early became a Sunday school teacher. +In the early 1850's Charles took two momentous steps. He left +Bristol for London and he gave up his religious orthodoxy. It is +not surprising, under these circumstances, to find him occupying +in 1860 a position with the National Reformer. In 1864 he was +promoted from the post of printer to that of sub-editor, and in +the same year he began to appear on the Secularist platform. When +the National Secular Society came into existence he became +affiliated with it, and, besides continuing editorial work and +lecturing, served it for a number of years in the capacity of +Secretary and Vice-President. Subsequently, for a time, he was +active with the British Secular Union. The connection of Charles +Watts with the English Secular Movement, as will be seen, was +interrupted in the later years of the Bradlaugh era, and was not +resumed until after Bradlaugh's death; but this interruption did +not occur until after Watts had rendered energetic service to the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +cause over a number of years. [William Stewart Ross, "Sketch of +the Life and Character of C. Watts" (188?); "National Reformer," +March 5, 1864, to June 11, 1876, passim; "Freethinker," July 22, +1894, and February 25, 1906; William Kent, "London for Heretics" +(1932), pp. 72-74; D.M. Bennett, "The World's Sages, Infidels, +and Thinkers" (1876), pp. 1004-1005: "Watts (Charles)," +"Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers," (1889), by J.M. +Wheeler.] + + Edward B. Aveling not only possessed wide scientific +knowledge, but was a competent writer, a forceful lecturer, and a +splendid teacher. His moral nature was not so well developed. He +was capable of rendering diligent service to the cause he deemed +to be a good one, even at the risk of great sacrifice to himself; +but in financial and personal relationships he displayed a +laxness that ultimately gave him an unenviable reputation among +his associates. +Whatever may have been Aveling's effect upon the fortunes of the +Secular Movement, it is a fact that he gave impetus to the +intellectual aspects of its program. + + The son of a Congregational minister, Aveling was born in +1851. He was educated at Taunton and London Universities. From +the latter institution he received the degree of Doctor of +Science. He also taught science at the University of London for +several years. Through Bradlaugh's daughters, who had enrolled as +students at the London University, he met Bradlaugh and Mrs. +Besant, and in 1879 he became identified with the Secular +Movement. + + As a Secularist Aveling rose rapidly. In 1880 and subsequent +years he was elected Vice-President of the National Secular +Society, and he was soon taking a leading part in various phases +of the work. His affiliation with the Secular Movement did not, +however, long endure. In 1884 he joined the camp of the +Socialists and disappeared from the Secularist scene. [Annie +Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 246 and 249; Henry S. Salt, +"Seventy Years Among Savages" (1921), pp. 80-81; Frederick +Rogers, "Labour, Life, and Literature" (1913), pp. 175-177; D.M. +Bennett, "An Infidel Abroad" (1881), pp, 784-785; H.M. Hyndman, +"Record of an Adventurous Life" (1911), pp. 262, 309, and 388; +H.M. Hyndman, "Further Reminiscences (1912), pp. 140-147; +Gertrude Marvin Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" (1931), pp. +109-110, 121, 132, 138-148; "National Reformer," August 3. 1879, +to September 7, 1884, passim; "Freethinker," June 10, 1883, and +July 13, 1884.] + + G.W. Foote was intellectually inclined, and through +persistent reading and thinking became a man of genuine culture. +At the same time he was intensely devoted to the principles to +which he gave his allegiance, and fought relentlessly in their +behalf. In doing so he wielded with equal effectiveness the +weapons of scholarship and logic and those of wit, satire, and +ridicule. Thus it is accurate to characterize Foote as a hard- +hitting scholar. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Foote was born in 1850 at Plymouth. In 1868 he settled in +London. Before going to London he had, as a consequence of +reading, abandoned the orthodox religious teachings to which he +had adhered as a boy, and soon after arriving in the metropolis +he associated himself with organized Secularism, + + In the Secular Movement Foote was active as an organizer, +lecturer, and writer. Though starting out with the National +Secular Society, he became identified with the British Secular +Union in 1877; but he soon returned to the National Secular +Society, and from 1882 onward through the Bradlaugh era served as +one of its Vice-PresidentS. ["Foote (George William)," +"Biographical Dictatory of Freethinkers" (1889), by J.M. Wheeler; +"Foote, George William," "Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe; Robert Flint, "Anti- +Theistic Theories" (1880), I,. 512; "Freethinker," July 1, 1883, +and May 15, 1898; "Truth Seeker," August, 1899.] + + J.M. Robertson was one of the ablest individuals attracted +to the Secular Movement. He was also a man of sterling character, +and he wrote and spoke with fidelity to his conception of truth. +Though not the equal of Bradlaugh or Annie Besant as a popular +propagandist, his scholarly endeavors were a valuable asset to +the Secularist cause, especially in the fields of practical +reform and Freethought agitation. + + Robertson was born in the Island of Arran on November 14, +1856. He attended school only to the age of 13, but subsequently +read widely on his own initiative. In 1878 he joined the staff of +the Edinburgh Evening News as feature writer. After moving toward +skeptical religious views by means of his own thought and +reading, he was made into a thoroughgoing Freethinker through +hearing Bradlaugh deliver a lecture at Edinburgh on Bruno. He +afterwards became actively connected with the Edinburgh branch of +the National Secular Society, and in 1884 went to London to +accept the sub-editorship of the 'National Reformer.' Besides +writing in the 'National Reformer' in the later years of the +Bradlaugh era, he lectured for Secularist societies. [J.M. +Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), Pt. two, pp. 142-143; +Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 285-286; Gertrude Marvin +Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" (1931), pp. 151-152; +"Robertson, Rt. Hon. John Mackinnon." "Who's Who" (British) +(1932); "National Reformer," October 12, 1884, to February 8, +1891, passim; "Freethinker," January 15 and 22, 1933.] + + PUBLICATIONS + + The Secularists of the Bradlaugh epoch produced and +distributed a great deal of propagandist literature, as the early +Secularists had done. For one thing, they continued the practice +of issuing magazines. One of the journals they put out -- namely, +the National Reformer -- had been founded, as we have seen, in +the earlier period. Bradlaugh, who had edited the paper +throughout the greater part of its existence in the former era, +continued as its sole editor until 1877. In that year Annie +Besant became co-editor with Bradlaugh. The co-editorship lasted +until 1887, when, for reasons which will be explained, Bradlaugh + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +once more became sole editor. The policies of the 'National +Reformer' throughout the Bradlaugh era remained what they had +been from the first appearance of the journal. The paper +continued to be issued weekly. ["National Reformer," all +numbers; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. 180; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 11, 15 and 87.] + + The periodicals originating in the Bradlaugh era included +the Reasoner, the Secular Chronicle,, the Secularist, the Secular +Review, the Liberal, the Freethinker, and the Present Day. + + The Reasoner was founded by Holyoake in 1871. It represented +an attempt to revive the periodical of the same name which had +passed out of existence in 1861. The new journal adopted the +viewpoint of the earlier paper. It was issued monthly. The +venture was not a success. Because of an inadequate circulation +the paper died in July of the year following its birth. [The new +"Reasoner" was printed by the Manchester Co-operative Society, +and half the space of the paper was devoted to cooperation. + + Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1909), II, 58-59,] + + The Secular Chronicle was issued in Birmingham, and combined +advocacy of Secularist principles with opposition to theology. It +was founded in 1872 by a young man named C.H. Reddels. In 1875 +Redders died, and the paper was taken over by Mrs. Harriet Law, +who had energetically spent many years as a Secularist lecturer. +From Mrs. Law the journal passed to one George Standring. +Starting as a monthly publication, the paper was converted into a +weekly organ in 1875; but in 1878 it again began to appear +monthly. From the first the Secular Chronicle failed to pay its +way, and in 1879 its existence was brought to a close. [Secular +Chronicle," passim; "National Reformer," December 11, 1870, to +April 6, 1879, passim; "Freethinker," August 1, 1897, to June 5. +1898, passim; "Law, Mrs. Harriet," "Biographical Dictionary of +Modern Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe.] + + The fortunes of the Secularist and the Secular Review were +closely linked together. The Secularist, which was issued weekly, +was launched as a joint enterprise by Holyoake and Foote at the +beginning of January, 1876, and represented the Secularist +viewpoint associated with the name of Holyoake. The two editors +of the paper speedily developed personal differences, however, +with the result that within less than two months Holyoake +withdrew, leaving the concern solely in the hands of Foote. After +severing his connection with the Secularist, Holyoake started, in +the same year, the Secular Review, a weekly journal expressive of +the Holyoake outlook. But in February, 1877, Holyoake, who was in +frail health, relinquished the editorship of the Secular Review +and turned it over to Charles Watts, after Watts had been +dismissed by Bradlaugh, for reasons which will be explained, from +a position as sub-editor of the National Reformer. When the +British Secular Union came into existence, the Secular Review +became identified with it. Likewise, Foote, who had left the +National Secular Society and become affiliated with the British +Secular Union, brought the Secularist into the camp of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +British Secular Union. In the summer of 1877 the two papers were +amalgamated to form the Secular Review and Secularist, with Watts +and Foote as joint editors. Foote before long withdrew from the +project, and the Secular Review and Secularist became simply the +Secular Review, with Watts as sole editor. Shortly afterwards +Watts associated with himself in the editorship an impassioned +writer, William Stewart Ross, who wrote under the name of +"Saladin." With the failure of the British Secular Union in 1884 +Watts gave up the journal to Ross, who changed its name and +carried it out of the Secular Movement. ["Secularist," all +numbers; "Secular Review and Secularist," all numbers; Secular +Review," passim; "Agnostic Journal and Electric Review," passim; +William Stewart Ross, "Sketch of the Life and Character of +Charles Watts" (1877), pp. 5-6; "The Secular Review," "British +Secular Almanac for 1882," p. 32; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), 11, 79, 85-87, 142-143 +and 343; "National Reformer," January 9 to December 31, 1876; +"Freethinker,"; July 29, 1883, May 15, 1888, and December 9, +1906; "Foote (George William)" and "Ross (William Stewart)" +"Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers" (1889), by J.M. +Wheeler; "Foote, George William," "Watts, Charles," and "Ross, +William Stewart," "Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe.] + + The Liberal, a monthly journal founded by Foote at the +beginning of 1879, emphasized the principles of Secularism, but +also contained anti-religious agitation. The, paper was +unsuccessful and died within a year. [G.W. Foote, "Joseph +Mazzini Wheeler," "Freethinker," May 15, 1898; Charles Bradlaugh, +"Rough Notes National Reformer," November 24 and December 8, +1878; "Foote (George William)" "Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinkers" (1889), by J.M. Wheeler.] + + The Freethinker was established in 1881 by Foote, who +returned to the National Secular Society and identified the paper +with it. The Freethinker, though supporting the Secularist +principles, gave chief attention to agitation against theology. +The paper was militant in tone and made free use of satire and +ridicule. Foote edited it throughout the later Bradlaugh era, +except for a brief period, beginning in 1883 and ending in 1884, +when, as will be seen, he was undergoing imprisonment for +blasphemy. During that interval it was edited successively by +J.M. Wheeler, the former sub-editor, and, upon Wheeler's mental +breakdown, by Aveling. The paper was started as a monthly +publication; but with the issue of September 4, 1881, it began to +appear weekly. The "Freethinker" soon took its place as one of +the principal Secularist journals of the period. ["Freethinker," +all numbers; "National Reformer," April 17 and October 9, 1881, +and March 18, 1893.] + + The 'Present Day,' a monthly organ, was established by +Holyoake in 1883 and constituted one more effort to further by +journalistic means the Secularist policy which Holyoake +championed. But the paper was no more successful than Holyoake's +periodicals in the earlier years of the Bradlaugh era had been, +and in 1886 it was abandoned. [Edward B. Aveling, "Mr. Holyoake +and Freethought," "Freethinker," June 17, 1883; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 148-150 +and 344.] + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In addition to journals, non-periodical literature +enunciating Secularist and anti-religious principles was issued +in great quantities. Many of the works put out were written by +persons affiliated with the Secular Movement; but there were some +from the pens of others -- such as Thomas Paine's 'Age of +Reason,' Robert Ingersoll's lectures, Voltaire's Philosophical +Dictionary, Renan's 'Life of Jesus,' and John Morley's +'Rousseau.' The literature was generally sold at low prices; but +considerable portions of it were distributed gratuitously. In a +single year 48,000 tracts were granted by the Executive of the +National Secular Society for free distribution by the London +branches having open-air meetings. ["National Reformer," +1966-1890, passim; "British Secular Union Almanac for 1879" +(1878), p. 45.] + + The distribution of Secularist literature was facilitated by +firms operated by Secularists of London. One such enterprise was +the printing and publishing establishment which had been carried +on by Austin Holyoake in the latter part of the preceding +Secularist era. Austin Holyoake continued to conduct the +undertaking in the Bradlaugh period until his death in 1874, when +it was purchased by the Secularists for and on behalf of Charles +Watts. It was carried on by Watts for the next several years. The +concern received a blow in 1877 when (as will be explained) +Bradlaugh became displeased with Watts and withdrew his patronage +from it. Watts associated the business, however, with the British +Secular Union and kept it going until the Secular Union failed in +1884, when he turned it over to his son Charles A. Watts. Young +Watts terminated its affiliation with the Secular Movement. +Besides the Holyoake-Watts concern, there existed also, after +1877, the Freethought Publishing Company. This was a partnership +formed by Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant after Bradlaugh had broken +off all business relations with Watts. The establishment was +located at 28 Stonecutter Street for some years, but in 1882 +attractive and convenient premises were secured at 63 Fleet +Street. The Bradlaugh-Besant firm served the Secular cause +throughout the later years of the Bradlaugh Era and, as will be +seen, even afterwards for a short time." [William Stewart Ross, +"Sketch of the Life and Character of C. Watts," p. 7; "National +Reformer," April 26, 1874, to December 21, 1890, passim; "British +Secular Almanac for 1883" (1882), pp. 1-2; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 1, 12-17, and II, 17 and 100; +Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), 70, 80, and 81; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. +285.] + + MEETINGS + + Like the early Secularists, the Secularists of the Bradlaugh +era held assemblages of one sort or another. These included +regular Sunday meetings, debates, and outdoor exercises. + + At the Sunday meetings, held in Secular halls, the central +feature was the lecture. Every phase of the Secularist program +was discussed by the lecturers, and so the list of titles ranged +from "Secularism, the Gospel of Progress" to "The Mosaic +Cosmogony and Science," and from "Woman: Her Natural Position in + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 51 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Society, and Her Influence for Good and Evil" to "1793, 1832, and +1867." Often the lecturers were local speakers, but frequently +exchanges of lectures were arranged by the various district +organizations, and from time to time Bradlaugh, Annie Besant, +Foote, Holyoake, Charles Watts, and other Secularist leaders went +on lecturing tours throughout the country. The group of prominent +lecturers included, in addition to these leaders, Mrs. Harriet +Law, John Maughan, Thomas Slater, W.J. Ramsey, Touzeau Parris, +E.B. Aveling, Arthur B. Moss, J.M. Robertson, Mrs. Thornton +Smith, and G. Standring. The lecture at the Sunday meeting was +followed by a general discussion of the topic treated by the +lecturer. Opportunity was given at this time for criticism of the +lecture by persons in the audience; and critical remarks were +replied to by the lecturer. These post-lecture discussions were +often the occasion for spirited exchanges of verbal blows, and +constituted a popular feature of the Secularist meetings. Many +societies supplemented the lectures and discussions with vocal +and instrumental music. This took the form of hymns. The songs +rendered were expressive of Secularist belief and sentiment. Thus +some were devoted to the praise of freedom, or truth, or +friendship, or "brave reformers." Others urged defense of the +weak and desolate or obedience to the laws of nature. Still +others denounced poverty or suffering or extolled science, work, +or hope. All directly or indirectly inculcated that basic Secular +principle of self-help which one of them explicitly called for in +these words: + + People throughout the land, + Join in one social band, + And save yourselves; + If you would happy be, + Free from all slavery, + Banish all knavery, + And save yourselves. + + The songs used by the Secularists were written by Whittier, +Shelley, Longfellow, Shakespeare, Lowell, Swinburne, Milton, +Carlyle, and many others, including Annie Besant. ["National +Reformer" 1866-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac" (1881), p. 48, and (1886), +p. 42-47; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), +I, 53 and 238-251; "Secular Review and Secularist," September 22, +1870, and November 3 and 10, 1877; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" +(1893), pp. 191-201.] + + To facilitate the use of music in connection with Secularist +meetings Austin Holyoake and Charles Watts edited a Secular hymn +book. The volume appeared in 1871 and was entitled 'The +Secularist's Manual of Songs and Ceremonies.' It contained, +besides a statement of the principles of Secularism and other +matters, more than 100 original and selected songs. An improved +collection of hymns, authorized by the National Secular Society, +was edited by Annie Besant in 1875 under the title 'The Secular +Song and Hymn Book.' The new work contained words only, and not +musical notes, but the pieces included in it fitted designated +tunes appearing in Hymns Ancient and Modern, a popular Christian + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 52 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +hymnal. A second edition of the work came out in 1876. [Annie +Besant, Editor, "The Secular Song and Hymn Book" (Second +Edition), 1876; "National Reformer," July 30, 1971, December 19, +1875, and May 31, 1885.] + + Debates between Secularists and persons opposed to +Secularism were looked upon by the Secularists as golden +opportunities for spreading the principles of Secularism and +discrediting theological teachings, and were arranged on every +possible occasion. Though the Secularists courted debates with +any and all comers, their opponents were ordinarily clergymen or +other representatives of organized religion -- Anglicans, +Congregationalists, Methodists, Unitarians, Christadelphians, +Catholics, and possibly others. The following titles of debates +are typical: 'Is Christianity the Best System for the Promotion +of Human Happiness?"; "Are the Principles of Secularism the Best +Adapted to Promote the Happiness of the Human Race?"; "Are the +evidences adduced by Christians in support of the writings known +as the 'Bible,' sufficient to warrant their being received and +proclaimed as the word of God?"; and "Is Secularism the True +Gospel for Mankind?" Quite a number of persons participated in +debates against Secularists. The list of clergymen included the +Rev. J. Henson, the Rev. Alexander Stewart, the Rev. J.A. McCann, +the Rev. A. Hatchard, the Rev. G.F. Handel Rowe, the Rev. A.J. +Harrison, the Rev. Brewin Grant, the Rev. R. Shepherd, the Rev. +W. Howard, the Rev. T.D. Matthias, the Rev. William Adamson, the +Rev. J.C. Whitemore, the Rev. R.A. Armstrong, Father Ignatius, +the Rev. J.H. Gordon, the Rev. W.M. Westerby, the Rev. Marshden +Gibson, the Rev. B.H. Chapman, and others. Lay debaters were +approximately as numerous as the debating clergymen, and +included, besides others, W.T. Lee, S. Worley, Alexander +Robertson, Thomas Barber, W. Gillespie, David King (Editor of the +British Harbinger), T. Mahoney, William Rossiter (Principal of +the Camberwell Free Fine Arts Gallery), Walter R. Browne, H.D. +Jeffries, Robert Roberts (Editor of the Christadelphian), William +Simpson, Thomas Crow, H.A. Long, B. Harris Cooper, and G. Sexton. +For the Secularists, Bradlaugh, Charles Watts, Mrs. Harriet Law, +Annie Besant, Foote, Aveling, J. Symes, R. Rossetti, Sam +Standring, C.J. Hunt, and others participated. Secularist debates +were often lively affairs and were frequently attended by large +crowds. Bradlaugh, for example, reported that at one of his +debates with the Rev. A.J. Harrison there was present "an +audience of 5,000." Naturally the interest was at times intense. +In reporting a debate at Grimsby between Mrs. Harriet Law and the +Rev. R. Shepherd the Grimsby Advertiser declared, "Our readers at +a distance can scarcely form an idea of the deep interest +attached to the controversy by all parties in Grimsby, nor the +excitement which has manifested itself during the delivery of the +lectures." Many of the debates lasted for several nights. [The +remarks of the "Grimsby Advertiser" were quoted in "The +Secularist controversy," "National Reformer," May 26, 1867. The +debates were reported in the pages of Secularist periodicals such +as the "National Reformer," the "Freethinker," and the "Secular +Review and Secularist." Debates too numerous for citation were +published in pamphlet form. References to debates appear in such +biographies as Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner's "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894).] + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 53 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The outdoor assemblages arranged by the Secularists took +place in open spaces of numerous municipal centers -- London, +Portsmouth, Bristol, Leeds, Derby, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Hull, +Plymouth, Edinburgh, Rochdale, Nottingham, Sunderland, Hastings, +Northampton, and various others. The number of stations at which +outdoor meetings were held was an impressive one. In 1885 +(perhaps one of the most active years) there were in London alone +stations at Albert Embankment, Battersea Park, Clerkenwell Green, +Columbia Road, Elgin Road, Green Lanes, Hyde Park, Kensal Green, +Kingsland Green, Midland Railway Arches, Mile End Waste, Peckham +Rye, Plaistow Green, Regent's Park, Streatham Common, Victoria +Park, Walham Green, and possibly other places; and the list of +provincial stations reported the same year was a comparable one. +The Secularist outdoor meetings were ordinarily held by local +Secular societies, each participating society being in charge of +a station in it's vicinity. As the purpose of the meetings was +primarily to win converts to the Secular Movement, practically +all of the lecturers simply extolled the philosophy of Secularism +and attacked the Bible and Christianity: few discussed the +detailed political and social program sponsored by the +Secularists. The meetings were held during the spring, summer, +and autumn months. They were conducted usually by young men. +Persons in the audiences were encouraged to make comments on the +lectures, and often lively discussions took place between the +speakers and their critics. The Secularists were convinced that +many persons attended the Secularist outdoor exercises who never +could have been persuaded to enter the Secular halls. ["National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac for 1881" (1880), p. 48.] + + CEREMONIES + + Departing from the policy of the early secularists, +Bradlaugh and his associates made use of ceremonies. These were +utilized upon the occasion of the naming of an infant of +Secularist parents and in connection of the burial of +Secularists, and were thus Secular counterparts to the +christenings and funeral rites associated with Christianity, +[See "Reports of Meetings" and "Obituaries" in the "National +Reformer" throughout the period, and "Obituary" and +"Correspondents" in the "Freethinker", for the years 1881 to +1890.] + + The Secular ceremonies were undertaken not only as a source +of emotional satisfaction to Secularism, but also as a means of +inspiring the social (and domestic) affections, it was thought, +too, that the use of the ceremonies would strengthen the Secular +Movement itself, by enriching its emotional appeal. [Austin +Holyoake, "Secular Ceremonies," "National Reformer," Jan. 12, +1968.] + + The forms used in connection with the Secular ceremonies +were prepared by Secularist leaders. Austin Holyoake and Charles +Watts, in 1868, published the ones which were generally used, +Watts bringing out the form for the naming of infants, and Austin +Holyoake issuing the burial form. A form for each of the +ceremonies was also brought out, however, by Annie Besant -- in + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 54 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +1883. [Holyoake, "Secular Ceremonies," "National Reformer," +November 15, 1868; Charles Watts, "Secular Ceremonies," "National +Reformer," December 20, 1969; R.C. Forder, "Monthly Meeting of +the Executive of the National Secular society," "National +Reformer," September 2, 1883.] + + The Secular ceremony for the naming of infants took place in +connection with the regular Sunday meetings. A Secularist +lecturer named the child and identified it with the Secular body. +At the same time, the officiant expressed thoughts and +aspirations appropriate to the occasion. He declared that by +publicly introducing their infant into the Secularist ranks, the +parents were giving a pledge that they desired to dedicate their +offspring to the cause of free inquiry and unsectarian progress; +and he expressed the wish that the child would at maturity +realize the parents' fondest hopes in these respects. On the +other hand, he reminded the parents that such a realization would +likely be forthcoming only if they guarded well the formation of +the child's character; and to this end he urged them to encircle +the child with pure influences and to foster within it the desire +for excellence and virtue. In his concluding remarks the +officiating lecturer expressed the hope that, in its last hours +of life, the infant named in the ceremony would obtain +consolation from a consciousness that to the best of its +knowledge and capacity it had been true to the Secularist +conception of the mission of life. + + At the Secular burial service, the Secularist who officiated +endeavored to afford consolation and reconcilement to the +bereaved. He recalled the loyal devotion of the deceased to the +Secular ideal of the service of humanity, and declared that such +devotion had not only rendered tranquil the deceased's life and +death, but that the remembrance of it constituted a legacy to +surviving relatives and friends. He then dwelt for a time on +personal matters relating to the deceased. Next, be discussed the +inevitability of death, but declared that it had no terrors for +persons who had the consciousness of a well spent life. Finally, +he exhorted his hearers to emulate the good deeds of the +deceased, and suggested that if they did so they would enjoy the +conviction that their own memory would be cherished by those who +came after them. [The foregoing descriptions are based upon the +forms produced by Austin Holyoake and Charles Watts.] + + FURTHERING THE PRINCIPLES OF SECULARISM + + A major activity of the Secularists in the period from 1866 +to 1890 was obviously efforts to promote the diffusion of +Secularist doctrines. In this connection secularist agitators +devoted considerable attention to furthering the spread of the +fundamental principles of Secularism. Through countless platform +utterances, as well as by pamphlets and by articles in Secular +periodicals, they endeavored to argue convincingly that a man's +highest duty is the promotion of human welfare upon earth and +that such an end can be achieved only by means of human effort +exerted in the light of Secular knowledge. [G.W. Foote, +"Secularism, the Philosophy of Life" (1879); Annie Besant, "The +True Basis of Morality" (1874); Charles Watts, "Secular Morality; + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 55 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +What Is It? An Explanation and a Defense" (1880); G.W. Foote, +"The Philosophy of Secularism" (1879); Arthur B. Moss, "The +Secular Faith" (1886); "National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; +"Freethinker'," 1881-1890, passim; "Secular Review and +Secularist," passim.] + + The less-basic features of the Secularist program were not, +however, neglected. The Secularists labored as energetically to +achieve the special reforms which they envisaged for various +departments of society as they worked to secure the adoption of +their broader principles. Indeed, in this connection they did not +entirely restrict themselves to matters specifically mentioned in +their printed statement of aims. In one or two directions they +endeavored to effect additional changes. It will be illuminating +to look at the entire range of their activity. + + One striking part of it was their agitation for the +abandonment of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. +[There were Secularist who were not Republicans. Charles +Bradlaugh, "To the Archbishop of York," "National Reformer," +October 16, 1881.] Though their greatest activity in this +direction occurred in the early 1870's, following the +establishment of the Third Republic in France, they labored at +the task throughout the entire period under discussion -- even in +the later years of the era, despite the fact that by that time +the monarchy was steadily growing in popularity, thanks to the +resumption by Queen Victoria of the ceremonial functions which +she had neglected in the years following Prince Albert's death. + + The efforts of the Secularists in favor of Republicanism +took the form, in part, of lectures. Bradlaugh, Charles Watts, +Mrs. Law, Holyoake, Annie Besant, Foote, and numerous other +Secularist speakers condemned the monarchy again and again, +charging that it was too costly for the toiling masses to +maintain, declaring that it fostered upper-class exploitation of +the people at large, and avowing that it was synonymous with +political incompetence. ["Reports of Meetings" "National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Special Notice," "Freethinker," +1881-1890, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), I, 306.] + + Various Secularists also wrote on the subject. The work +which was the most conspicuous was undoubtedly Bradlaugh's +Impeachment of the House of Brunswick, which, originally +published in 1872, reached by 1881 its eighth edition. Calling +for the exclusion of the reigning dynasty from the throne by +Parliament, upon the death or abdication of Queen Victoria, the +booklet justified its demand on the following grounds: + + "1st. That during the 157 years through which the + Brunswick family have reigned over the British Empire, the + policy and conduct of the majority of the members of that + family, and especially of the various reigning members, + always saving and excepting her present Majesty, have been + hostile to the welfare of the mass of the people. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 56 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "2nd. That during the same period of 157 years fifteen- + sixteenths of the entire National Debt have been created, + and that the balance due of this debt is in great part the + result of wars arising from the mischievous and pro- + Hanoverian policy of the Brunswick family. + + 3rd. That in consequence of the incompetency or want of + desire for governmental duty on the part of the various + reigning members of the House of Brunswick, the governing + power of the country has been practically limited to a few + families, who have used government in the majority of + instances as a system of machinery for securing place and + pension for themselves and their associates; while it is + submitted that government should be the best contrivance of + national wisdom for the alleviation of national suffering + and promotion of national happiness. + + "4th. That a large pension list has been created, the + recipients of the largest pensions being in most cases + persons who are already members of wealthy families, and who + have done nothing whatever to justify their being kept in + idleness at the national expense, while so many workers in + the agricultural districts are in a state of semi- + starvation; so many toilers in large works in Wales, + Scotland, and some parts of England, are in constant debt + and dependence; and while large numbers of the Irish + peasantry -- for ... generations ... denied life at home -- + have until lately been driven to seek those means of + existence across the sea which their own fertile land should + have amply provided for them. + + "5th. That the monarchs of the Brunswick family have + been, except in a few cases of vicious interference, costly + puppets, useful only to the governing aristocracy as a cloak + to shield the real wrong doers from the just reproaches of + the people. + + "6th. That the Brunswick family have shown themselves + utterly incapable of initiating wise legislation.... + + "7th. That under the Brunswick family the national + expenditure has increased to a frightful extent, while our + best possessions in America have been lost, and our home + possession, Ireland, rendered chronic in its discontent by + the terrible misgovernment under the four Georges. + + "8th. That the ever increasing burden of the national + taxation has been shifted from the land onto the shoulders + of the middle and lower classes, the landed aristocracy + having, until lately, enjoyed the practical monopoly of tax- + levying power. ..." + +And by way of giving greater force to his arguments, Bradlaugh +concluded the treatise with these challenging words: "I loathe +these small German breast-bestarred wanderers, whose only merit +is their loving hatred of one another. In their own land they +vegetate and wither unnoticed; here we pay them high to marry and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 57 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +perpetuate a pauper prince race. If they do nothing they are +'good.' If they do ill, loyalty gilds the vice till it looks like +virtue." [Charles Bradlaugh, "Impeachment of the House of +Brunswick."] + + Other Secularist writers, if not so exhaustive in their +arguments, were equally bold. Austin Holyoake, in a pamphlet +entitled 'Would a Republican Form of Government Be Suitable in +England?' (1873), declared, on grounds both of efficiency and +economy, that it would not- J.M. Robertson published pamphlet +entitled 'Why Preserve the Monarchy?' (1887), in which he argued +against its preservation on the ground that it was simply "a +great machine for manufacturing snobs and sycophants." Annie +Besant wrote an article in the National Reformer of January 16, +1887, proposing, in view of the growing expenditures of the +government, that the forthcoming Queen's Jubilee be celebrated by +abolishing the monarchy, Foote brought out three editions of a +pamphlet entitled Royal Paupers, showing what royalty does for +the people. And Charles Watts argued for Republicanism in a +number of pamphlets. [J.M. Robertson, "Why Preserve the +Monarchy?" (1887); Annie Besant, "Why We should Celebrate the +Queen's Jubilee," "National Reformer," January 16, 1887; J.M. +Robertson, "Royalism: a Note on the Queen's Jubilee" (1886); G.W. +Foote, "Royal Paupers; Showing What Royalty Does for the People" +(3rd edition, 1888); Annie Besant, "English Republicanism" +(1878); and George Standring, "Does Royalty Pay?" (1884).] + + Besides all this, the Secularists became actively interested +in the working-class section of the strong Republican movement +which manifested itself throughout the country after the Franco- +Prussian War. As the Republican workers followed the device of +forming Republican clubs, several Secular societies constituted +themselves Republican clubs for purposes of the agitation, and +Bradlaugh became the President of the London Republican Club. +Indeed, the Republican club of which Bradlaugh was President took +the initiative in the calling of a conference at Manchester of +delegates of Republican clubs '(May, 1873); and at the Manchester +Conference Bradlaugh, Foote, and other Secularists aided in the +formation of a short-lived National Republican League. [A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), p. 135; +"London Republican Club. The Inaugural Address of the President, +Mr. Charles Bradlaugh," May 12, 1871; "National Reformer," +January 5, 1873, to September 7, 1873, passim. + + In the later stages of the Franco-Prussian War, Bradlaugh +endeavored to aid the newly-established Third French Republic. In +connection with Dr. Richard Congreve, Professor E.S. Beesley, and +other Positivists, he organized a series of public meetings +looking to the termination of hostilities between France and +Prussia on terms as favorable to France as possible. "National +Reformer," September 18, 1870, to January 15, 1871, passim. +Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, +312-321.] + + Closely associated with the Secular Republican agitation was +the effort of the Secularists to secure the abolition of the +House of Lords. In this work resolutions were passed, petitions + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 58 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +were presented to Parliament, and many speeches were delivered. +Articles and pamphlets were written, too, for the cause, +sometimes in a spirit of fiery determination. Witness the words +of Mrs. Besant: + + "A House in the election of whose members the people + have no voice; a House whose members are born into it, + instead of winning their way into it by service to the + state; a House which is built upon cradles and not upon + merit; a House whose deliberations may be shared in by fools + or by knaves, provided only that the brow be coronetted -- + such a House is a disgrace to a free country, and an outrage + on popular liberty. ... The house of Lords must ... [go]. + +But these things were only a part of what the Secularists did. +When the People's League for the Abolition of the Hereditary +Legislative Chamber was formed, in 1884, the Executive of the +National Secular Society affiliated with the association, while +Foote and R.O. Smith, one of the Vice-Presidents of the National +Secular Society, served on its Administrative Committee. +[Bradlaugh urged that the place of the House of Lords be taken by +a second chamber composed of life members. Bradlaugh's position +was endorsed by the Executive of the National Secular Society in +1874. The bulk of the Secularist lecturers calling for the +abolition of the House of Lords envisaged a single-chamber +government. + + "National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1881- +1890, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), I, 264-266 and 393.] + + The agitation of the Secularists for the removal of +hereditary elements from the government was paralleled by +determined efforts which they made to bring about universal (male +and female) suffrage. Some of their most fervent work in this +direction was done at the very beginning of the period of +Secularist history now under consideration, when the working +classes were agitating for the reform of Parliament, preceding +the Reform Act of 1867. At this time the Secularists aided the +National Reform League -- as, indeed, they had already begun to +do before the close of the previous Secularist era -- because the +League, though calling only for manhood suffrage and not sharing +the Secularist aim of votes also for women, was traveling a great +distance toward the Secularist goal. Bradlaugh not only served +the League faithfully as one of its Vice-Presidents, but wrote in +the National Reformer and elsewhere in the interest of its cause +and delivered many addresses on its behalf. Holyoake, also, +lectured for the League and served it as Vice-President, Then, +too, Mrs, Harriet Law spoke under the auspices of the League. And +many Secularists of the rank and file assisted the League by +attending mass meetings which it arranged in London and other +cities. ["National Reformer," September 17, 1865, to June 9, +1867, passim; G.J. Holyoake, "Working Class Representation: Its +Conditions and Consequences" (1868), p. 3: Joseph McCabe, "Life +and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 11, 17, 23, +25-29, 34, and 35-36; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. +Charles Bradlaugh" (1873), p. 18; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 59 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894) I, 220-237; J.M. Robertson, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1920), p. 39; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Year's of an +Agitator's Life" (1892), II, 86-90; A.S. Headingley, "Biography +of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880). pp. 96-99.] + + In the period between the passage of the Reform Act of 1867 +with its extension of the suffrage to the mass of city workmen +and the Reform Act of 1884, the agitation of the Secularists in +the direction of votes for all men and women was not extensive. +Nevertheless there were efforts. Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant +lectured for the cause and one or two appeals were made in the +National Reformer. [Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 393; Annie Besant, "Civil and Religious +Liberty" (1882), p. 19; Centenary Committee, "Champion of +Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933), 167-169; Annie Besant, "The +Political Status of Women" (1885); "National Reformer," January +2, 1870, to April 2, 1982.] + + After the Reform Act of 1884 had granted voting privileges +to the vast majority of rural workmen, the Secularists leave some +aid to the cause of votes for women. In 1885, J.M. Robertson, +writing in the National Reformer, supported it. In 1885, too, +Annie Besant argued for it in a pamphlet entitled The Political +Status of Women. And in 1886 Bradlaugh, then a member of +Parliament, supported a bill (which failed to pass) calling for +the bestowal upon women of the right of voting for Parliamentary +candidates. [Though voting for the woman suffrage bill of 1886, +Bradlaugh objected to its provision for withholding the suffrage +from married women, and gave notice of his intention to move in +the committee on the bill that the restriction be removed. He +never had the opportunity to do so, as the bill was blocked +before it reached the committee stage. + + Annie Besant, "The Political Status of Women" (1885); +"National Reformer." December 13, 1885, to December 26, 1886, +passim. + + In connection with the whole subject of the democratic +agitation of the Secularists, it is worth noting that Bradlaugh, +seconded by Annie Besant, opposed imperialistic aggression and +advocated home rule for Ireland, and that Mrs. Besant aided the +cause of women's rights in general. See, for example, "National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim.] + + Along with the foregoing activities, the Secularists of the +Bradlaugh period undertook to achieve various aims looking to a +more comfortable and pleasant life for the great masses of the +people. One of the things they did was to agitate for the opening +of libraries, museums, and art galleries on Sunday. In this +connection their efforts included, first of all, writing and +speaking as Secularists. Foote, for example, in 'Arrows of +Freethought' (1882), declared: + + "The Christians ... like going to the Church and public + house on Sunday, and those establishments are permitted to + open; they have no wish to go elsewhere, and so they keep + all other establishments closed. This is mere impudence. Let + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 60 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + them go where they choose and allow the same freedom to + other people. Those who advocate a free Sunday ask for no + favor; they demand justice. They do not propose to compel + any Christian to enter a museum, a library, or an art + gallery; they simply claim the right to go in themselves. + The denial of that right is a denial of liberty, which every + free man is bound to resent.... + + "Our toiling masses ... have one day of leisure in the + week. ... Yet the Christian legislature tries its utmost to + spoil the boon. ... Drunkenness is our national vice. ... + Give Englishmen a chance, furnish them with counter + attractions, and they will abjure intoxication like their + Continental neighbors. ..." + +In addition to working under their own party name, the +Secularists aided the National Sunday League. Mrs. Besant served +it as one of its Vice-Presidents, and both Holyoake and Bradlaugh +gave it platform assistance in connection with its great public +demonstrations. The labors of the Secularists (and the Sunday +League) were not in vain. By the end of the era of Secularist +history under consideration numbers of art galleries, libraries, +and museums in London and elsewhere were opened to Sunday +visitors. ["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; G.W. +Foote, "Sunday Tyranny," "Arrows of Freethought" (1882); Joseph +McCabe. "George Jacob Holyoake" (1922), pp. 36-37 and 67; Annie +Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. 249; "National Reformer," +1866-1890, passim.] + + Social entertainments were also provided by the Secularists. +On various occasions Secularists and their guests participated in +conversation, singing, and dancing, and tea. During the summer +season excursions and picnics were arranged. At attractive +retreats in the country children and grown-ups rambled and played +games, or enjoyed speeches, recitations, and songs. ["National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," +1881-1890, passim.] + + Then, too, by drawing upon an "Endowment Fund" which they +maintained, and which was replenished by popular subscription, +and by entertainments and lectures to which an admission fee was +charged, the Secularists rendered modest financial assistance, as +opportunity permitted, to those among their numbers who were sick +or in distress. ["National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), p. 119.] + + A basic phase of the Secularist activity in the field of +social betterment was concerned with conditions in the rural +districts. The evil state of affairs confronting the common +people in the country roused the Secularists to action. +Embracing, as their mature program, the proposals gradually +worked out by Bradlaugh, they demanded: (1) abolition of the laws +of primogeniture and entail; (2) reduction of the legal expenses +attendant upon the sale of land; (3) abolition of the Game Laws; +(4) compulsory cultivation of land (on the strength of the +principle enunciated by John Stuart Mill and others that private +ownership of land carried with it the public, obligation of its + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 61 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +improvement); (5) "Security to the tenant cultivator for +improvements"; (6) "Revaluation of lands for the more equitable +imposition of the land tax"; (7) a graduated land tax. [This +program was set forth in its entirety in 1880, One after another +of its proposals had, however, already been called for by +Bradlaugh and other Secularists.] In support of these measures, +in whole or in part, Secularist leaders not only wrote a number +of articles and pamphlets, and delivered numerous addresses, but +took other forms of action as well. Bradlaugh, for example, in +1869, wrote a public letter to Gladstone, who was then Prime +Minister, asking especially for compulsory land cultivation and +Game Laws abolition. Bradlaugh also, in 1880, formed a Land Law +Reform League which carried on an agitation in support of the +Secularist program. Annie Besant and Dr. Aveling served as Vice- +Presidents of the Reform League, and Bradlaugh himself became its +President. As a member of Parliament, though without success, +made strenuous efforts, each year from 1886 to 1890, inclusive, +to secure the support of Parliament to the principle of the +compulsory cultivation of the land. [Charles Bradlaugh, "The +Land Question" (18??); Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh," Pt. One, pp. 264 and 393 and Pt. Two (by J.M. +Robertson), pp. 179-184 and 368-369; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" +(1893), pp 251-252; Annie Besant, "Civil and Religious Liberty" +(187?),.pp. 12-18; C.C. Cattell. "The land: How to Make It Feed +the People and Pay the Taxes" (1879); Charles Bradlaugh, "1880: +Its Work and Promise," "National Secular Society's Almanac," +1881, p. 15; "Freethinker," passim; "National Reformer," +1866-1890, passim.] + + The Secularists of the Bradlaugh era undertook to strike at +the poverty of the rural and urban masses alike by means of +efforts looking to smaller working-class families; and, as the +best means of preventing large families, they exerted themselves +in the interest of birth control. To this end they not only +carried on an agitation in favor of birth control, but sold +literature containing instructions as to the proper methods of +effecting its accomplishment. In the first decade of the period +their activity in this sphere was not extensive. They did, +however, deliver addresses from time to time in advocacy of birth +control, and they circulated a few pamphlets of propaganda and +instruction, such as The Fruits of Philosophy (1832), by the +American physician, Dr. Charles Knowlton. [G.J. Holyoake and +Charles Bradlaugh, "Secularism, Science, and Atheism' (1870), pp. +31-32; Annie Besant, "The Law of Population" (1878); Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 11, 16-17; +"National Reformer," April 26, 1869, to December 3, 1876, +passim.] + + The year 1877 saw a remarkable intensification of Secularist +birth-control activity. This grew out of circumstances connected +with the Knowlton pamphlet. On January 8, 1877, Charles Watts was +arrested for publishing 'The Fruits of Philosophy,' on the ground +that the work was obscene. When the trial came on, Watts pleaded +guilty, and was released under suspended judgment. Charles +Bradlaugh, Annie Besant and others, believing not only that +birth-control literature for the masses was imperiled, but +feeling that the situation involved the whole matter of a free + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 62 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +press, strongly condemned Watts for not fighting the charge that +had been made against him, Bradlaugh going so far as to deprive +him of his sub-editorship of the 'National Reformer' and to cease +patronizing his printing and publishing concern: and Bradlaugh +and Mrs. Besant, after now establishing a firm of their own -- +the Freethought Publishing Company -- proceeded to publish the +treatise themselves, notifying the authorities, at the same time, +of their action. But the publication of the Knowlton pamphlet was +only a part of the expanded birth-control agitation. Both +Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant were prosecuted and were condemned to +six months' imprisonment, though the sentence was subsequently +quashed on a legal technicality; and in the course of the trial +Mrs. Besant eloquently stated the case for birth control. At the +same time, by extensively publicizing their trial, the two +defendants at once called attention to the birth control +propaganda and promoted the sale of the pamphlet which they had +published. Furthermore, Bradlaugh founded a new Malthusian League +(the one which he established in 1861 had died some 10 years +previously) which spread the gospel of birth control for half a +century; and Mrs. Besant issued a pamphlet of her own, under the +title 'The Law of Population,' advocating birth control and +giving advice as to harmless ways of achieving it. [Charles +Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, Editors, "In the High Court of +Justice: Queen's Bench Division, June 18, 1877. The Queen v. +Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant. A verbatim report of the +proceedings of the trial of Bradlaugh and Besant for publishing +the Knowlton Pamphlet" (Third edition, 1878); Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), II, 20-29; Annie Besant, +"Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 205-213 and 220; Norman E. Himes, +"Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 239-240 and +245-251; Annie Besant, "The Law of Population" (author's American +edition, 1878); "National Reformer," January 14, 1877, to May 5, +1878, passim.] + + In the later years of the Bradlaugh period the activity of +the Secularists in the interest of birth control, though less +extensive than that of 1877, was considerable. One part of it +took place in connection with the case of the highly-respected +Secularist bookseller, Edward Truelove. In 1878 Truelove was +tried, sentenced, and compelled to undergo four months' +imprisonment and pay a fine of 50 pounds for selling two birth- +control pamphlets -- Robert Dale Owen's 'Moral Physiology' and +J.H. Palmer's 'Individual, Family' and National Poverty.' As they +had recently done in connection with the Bradlaugh-Besant +prosecution, the Secularists utilized the Truelove case to +advance the propaganda of birth control by giving the affair +extensive publicity in the Secularist press. The other part of +the Secularist activity was less sensational, but it extended +over a longer period of time and was perhaps in the end no less +effective. Secularist booksellers continued to circulate 'The Law +of Population' and other works of advice and instruction. +Secularist lecturers also made, frequent appeals throughout the +country. And J.M. Robertson wrote articles of advocacy in the +'National Reformer.' [Norman E. Himes, "Medical History of +Contraception" (1936), pp. 240-243; J.M. Robertson, "Socialism +and Malthusianism" (1885); Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), +pp. 228-231; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" +(1880), Preface in; "National Reformer," 1878-1890, passim.] + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 63 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The Secularist birth-control activity was of significance, +in at least two respects: it influenced the internal affairs of +the Secularist Movement, and it made itself felt in the life of +the nation as a whole. Each of these forms of influence demands, +in turn, a word of explanation. + + Bradlaugh, as will be recalled, in his displeasure at +Charles Watts for refusing to defend himself in court as the +publisher of Dr. Knowlton's pamphlet, not only removed Watts from +the sub-editorship of the National Reformer, but ceased to do +business with Watts' printing and publishing concern. Both men +appealed to the Secular party for moral support, and when, at the +Annual Conference of the National Secular Society, held a few +months afterwards, Bradlaugh was reelected as President, Watts +declined to accept a nomination for a Vice-Presidency and, a few +days later, resigned from the National Secular Society. + + Alongside of this, differences developed in another quarter. +Holyoake felt himself to have been aggrieved because Annie Besant +had asserted, in the Bradlaugh-Besant trial, that Holyoake had +sold the treatise by Knowlton on his own account, instead of +declaring that he had sold it as the "agent" of another +publisher; and he became still more displeased because Bradlaugh, +in a public statement, seemed to him to imply that the National +Secular Society endorsed the Knowlton pamphlet. As a result, +Holyoake resigned the office of Vice-President of the National +Secular Society and, like Watts, withdrew from the association. + + Though Holyoake and Watts were both in sympathy with birth +control, they came to disapprove of Dr. Knowlton's particular +treatment of the subject. Other Secularists shared this attitude. +Still others of the Secular body either were opposed outright to +birth control or felt that its championship by the Secularists +was inexpedient. + + Under the circumstances, Watts and Holyoake led some of the +dissatisfied Secularists out of the National Secular Society, and +with them founded the British Secular Union, the origin and brief +history of which have been alluded to in an earlier connection. +[William Stewart Ross, "Sketch of the Life and Character of C. +Watts" (188?), pp. 5-6: G.J. Holyoake, "The Warpath of Opinion" +(189?), pp. 27-35; "High Court of Justice, June 19," "Times," +June 20, 1877; G.M. Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" (1931) pp. +77-93; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), II, 77 and 79-85; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 163-165; "National Reformer," January 28 +to August 5, 1877, passim; "Secular Review and Secularist," June +30 to July 28, 1877, passim.] + + The influence of the Secularist birth-control agitation upon +the country at large was significant. In the first place, despite +the harsh -- and evil foul -- criticism which the campaign +evoked, it evidently promoted the practice of birth control on a +more extensive scale than had been the case hitherto. This is +indicated, for one thing, by the wide diffusion of the Secularist +propaganda. Approximately 100,000 copies of the Bradlaugh-Besant +edition of the Knowlton pamphlet were sold within the three +months following its publication, to say nothing of scores of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 64 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +thousands of copies of the editions of earlier publishers. Then, +too, some 150,000 copies of Annie Besant's 'Law of Population' +were sold. And an undetermined number of persons read other +literature written or distributed by the Secularists, or heard +Secularist lectures, or came under the influence of the +Malthusian League. The Secularist promotion of birth control is +further indicated by the late-modern decline of the English birth +rate, which had its beginning at the very time the Secularist +propaganda achieved its greatest prominence -- in 1877, the year +of the prosecution of Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant. ["National +Reformer," April 15, 1877, to July 26, 1891, passim; Norman E. +Himes, "Medical History of Contraception" (1936), 243-245 and +259; Annie Besant, "The Law of Population" (1877); Charles +Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, Editor,9, "In the High Court of +Justice; Queen's Bench Division, June 18, 1877. The Queen v. +Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant"; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), Pt. 'Two (by J. M. Robertson), pp- +175-177; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 224 and 229.] + + Besides increasing the practice of contraception, the +Secularist birth-control agitation (and from the point of view of +the Secularists this was the important matter) alleviated to a +degree some of the evils endured by the working classes. As we +have seen, the low wages and the periodic unemployment of the +British masses in the middle of the 19th century were associated +with the excessively large number of laborers available to the +employing classes. In so far, then, as the Secularists by their +promotion of birth control lessened this overpopulation, to that +extent they reduced the poverty and insecurity of the workers. +[The efforts of Holyoake to improve the lot of the working +classes by rendering assistance to the Cooperative Movement have +been alluded to in another connection.] + + The Secularists of the Bradlaugh era likewise endeavored to +secure the promotion of Secular education. This part of their +activity involved at once the operation of Secular schools of +their own and efforts looking to the furtherance of Secular +education in other schools of the country + + Secularist schools, operated in connection with local +Secular societies, were to be found in such large industrial +centers as London, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow, and Leeds, as +well as in many smaller places. Although instruction was given in +numerous subjects, including music, logic, and debating, chief +emphasis was placed upon courses in the sciences, As a rule, the +Secularist schools were open only on Sundays, though occasionally +a week night was utilized. Among those who taught or lectured +were such gifted individuals as Charles Watts, Dr. Edward B. +Aveling, Annie Besant, and Bradlaugh himself. To facilitate the +work, several manuals were used which were written by Secularist +teachers. Typical of these were Annie Besant's 'Heat, Light, and +Sound' (1881), 'General Biology' (1882), by Dr. Aveling, and +'Chemistry of the Home' (1881), by Bradlaugh's daughter, Hypatia +Bradlaugh. ["National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; +"Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; "National Secular Society's +Almanac," passim; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 65 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +246-251; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" +(1880), pp. 22 and 119; Hypatia Bradlaugh, "Chemistry of the +Home" (1881); Annie Besant, "Physiology of the Home" (1891); +Annie Besant, "Light, Heat and Sound" (1881).] + + In furthering Secular education in non-Secular schools, both +before and after the Education Act of 1870 decreed the +establishment of non-denominational state schools as a supplement +to the state-aided Church schools, the Secularists worked for a +national system of state-controlled, state-supported schools +providing exclusively Secular education. In doing so they were +active in various ways. For one thing, they wrote and frequently +lectured. Then, too, numerous Secularists (including Dr. Aveling +and Mrs. Besant) secured positions as members of the elected +"boards of education" which controlled the state schools. And +Secularist parents often took advantage of a permissive clause in +the Education Act of 1870 to withdraw their children from +religious instruction in "board" schools." [G.J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), pp. 61-62 and 70; Geoffrey West, +"The Life of Annie Besant" (1929), p. 89; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 264; Joseph McCabe, "Life +and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 40 and 51-53; +"Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; "National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim.] + + Hand in hand with these various forms of agitation went the +campaign which the Secularists of the Bradlaugh period waged for +the removal of existing barriers to the free expression of +opinion. In this connection their action involved, first of all, +efforts to undermine the foundation of all such barriers by +developing in the public mind attitudes hostile to them. To this +end Secularist writers and speakers argued eloquently in favor of +intellectual freedom. Observe the ringing words of Annie Besant: + + "I crave for every man, whatever be his creed, that his + freedom of conscience be held sacred. I ask for every man, + whatever be his belief, that he shall not suffer, in civil + matters, for his faith or his want of faith. I demand for + every man, whatever be his opinions, that he shall be able + to speak out with honest frankness the results of honest + thought, without forfeiting his rights as citizen, without + destroying his social position, and without troubling his + domestic peace. ..." [Annie Besant, "Civil and Religious + Liberty" (1882), pp. 20-21. See also the following: G.J. + Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, "Secularism, Science, and + Atheism" (1870), pp. 26-27; G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism, a + Religion Which Gives Heaven No Trouble" (1881), pp. 4-6 and + 14; Charles Bradlaugh, "The Attitude of Freethought in + Polities," "National Reformer," January 27, 1894; and Annie + Besant, "Why Should Atheists Be Persecuted?" (1884).] + + In addition to working for intellectual liberty in general +by trying to discredit collectively all barriers to it, the +Secularists endeavored to promote its achievement in limited +spheres by laboring to destroy various obstacles to it +individually. One of the most striking phases of this work was a +series of struggles to break down governmental interference with + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 66 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the right of public meeting. The first such encounter occurred in +1866, when the Government issued orders forbidding the Reform +League to hold a meeting scheduled to take place on, July 23 in +Hyde Park. Bradlaugh, who was then cooperating with the League, +not only recommended that the meeting be held despite the orders +of the Government, but urged Secularists to attend it; and when, +as the crowds assembled for the meeting, the police manifested an +intention to use force to prevent it from being held, he helped +lead the assembled multitude to Trafalgar Square, where the +meeting took place. [A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 96-99; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 220-237; "National Reformer." July 22 and +29, 1866, and August 31, 1873.] + + Another clash followed the prohibition by the Government of +a meeting in Trafalgar Square planned for July 31, 1871, by G. +Odger and some of his friends to protest against a governmental +grant to Prince Arthur. Bradlaugh joined with Odger in freshly +convoking the meeting, and, when the Government threatened and +prepared to use force, Bradlaugh reminded the Home Secretary, Mr. +Bruce, that the use of force would be illegal and would be +resisted. Some 30 minutes before the meeting was held, the +Government rescinded its prohibitory notice. [Charles Bradlaugh, +"Another Victory Over the Government," "National Reformer," +August 6, 1871; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. Charles +Bradlaugh," "National Reformer," August 31, 1873; A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. +132-133.] + + In 1872, after a group of individuals had been convicted for +holding meeting in Hyde Park on November 3 in violation of +certain regulations issued by Mr. Ayrton, Commissioner of Works, +Bradlaugh entered a third encounter with the authorities by +convoking a meeting for December 1 in the Park to protest against +the obnoxious restrictions. The meeting was allowed to be held, +and when Parliament met the regulations were annulled. +["National Reformer," November 24 and December 1 and 8, 1872, and +August 31, 1873.] + + Finally, in 1888, Bradlaugh, then a member of Parliament, +endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to bring about a Parliamentary +inquiry into the conduct of the police on November 13, 1887, when +they violently interfered with a public meeting which the +Federation of Metropolitan Radical Clubs was holding in Trafalgar +Square." ["National Reformer," November 20, 1877, to March 18, +1888, passim.] + + Side by side with all this went Secularist action looking to +the removal of existing limitations on free expression in the +press. One phase of this was efforts to get rid of the Security +Laws -- enactments, it will be recalled, which stipulated that +newspapers must provide security against seditious or blasphemous +utterances. The fight against the Security Laws was brought on in +1868. Following the example of Secularist periodicals such as the +Reasoner and the Investigator, and, indeed, of numerous other +papers, Bradlaugh had brought out the 'National Reformer' since +its foundation without providing the security called for by the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 67 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Security Laws. For the eight years during which the paper had +been published the Government had ignored the situation. In fact, +the general enforcement of the Security Laws had for several +years been so ineffectual that they were really obsolescent. This +was the state of affairs in 1868 when the Government brought on +the Secularist campaign against the Security Laws by requesting +Bradlaugh to provide security against blasphemous or seditious +utterances in the National Reformer, and, upon his refusal to do +so, by prosecuting him for publishing the National Reformer +without providing the security. In carrying on the struggle the +Secularists worked both in the court room and in the country at +large. In the court room, Bradlaugh, who argued his own case, +frustrated the designs of the Government at almost every turn, +and so discouraged it in its efforts to carry forward the +prosecution to a successful conclusion that in the end it allowed +the case to be dropped. In the country at large, the Secularists +not only raised substantially all the funds required for meeting +Bradlaugh's expenses in connection with the litigation, but +worked directly for the repeal of the Security Laws by holding +meetings and filing petitions with Parliament. The two-fold +course of action on the part of the Secularists, together with +cooperating efforts by Milnor Gibson, John Stuart Mill, E.H.J. +Cranford, and other Members of Parliament, produced effective +results. The Government, discouraged at last in its efforts to +enforce the Security Laws, and impressed by the general +agitation, decided to repeal the obnoxious statutes -- a decision +which it carried out before the end of the year 1869. ["National +Reformer," May 3, 1868, to May 2, 1861). passim; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 Ed., 1913). pp, +78-80; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Charles Bradlaugh" +(1873), pp. 19-20; C.D. Collet, "History of the Taxes on +Knowledge" (1899), pp. 146-207.] + + There were two other phases of the action taken by the +Secularists in behalf of an unrestricted freedom of the press, +both of which were tied up, though in different ways, with the +prosecution of Secularists for circulating pamphlets favorable to +birth control. The first phase grew out of the trial of Charles +Watts for publishing Dr. Knowlton's The Fruits of Philosophy,, +and the second was connected with the trial, fine, and +imprisonment of Edward Truelove for selling Moral Physiology, by +Robert Dale Owen, and Individual, Family, and National Poverty, +by H.H. Palmer. With regard to the first phase, after Watts, +instead of fighting the charge against him on the strength of his +right to publish, had pleaded guilty and had been released under +suspended sentence (1877), the Secularist body as a whole, +apprehending the danger which the case involved to the liberty of +the press (and to the cause of birth control), itself entered +into a struggle with the authorities. Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, +who played the leading roles in the fight, boldly issued their +own edition of the Knowlton pamphlet, and, when brought to trial +for doing, so, defended their action (and the cause of a free +press) in the courts, At the same time, Secularists raised the +funds needed for the payment of the legal expenses of Bradlaugh +and Mrs. Besant, and the Secularist writers brought the whole +affair prominently before the public in terms favorable to the +free-press Cause. ["National Reformer," April 1, 1877, to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 68 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +December, 29, 1878, passim; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), +p. 231; Geoffrey West, "Life of Annie Besant" (1929), pp. 90-96; +Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), II,. 20-29; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 58-63; Irene +Clephane, "Towards Sex Freedom" (1935), pp. 102-108; Norman E. +Himes, "Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 239-240.] + + As for the phase of Secularist action which was related to +the prosecution of Edward Truelove, the Secularists gave Truelove +(and the cause) support by writing sympathetically in the +Secularist press, by raising funds which covered the defendant's +expenses in the case, and by vainly presenting memorials to the +Home Secretary asking for the prisoner's release. ["National +Reformer," May 20, 1877, to December 29, 1878. passim; Norman E. +Himes, "Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 240-243; +Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. 231.] + + As a further part of their efforts in the interest of +intellectual freedom within limited spheres, the Secularists of +the Bradlaugh period worked for the equality of every form of +opinion in the eyes of the law. To this end they endeavored, for +one thing, to secure the right of affirmation instead of oath- +taking for all persons not already eligible to affirm -- in a +word, for the non-religious. The first two or three years of the +period under discussion witnessed a considerable amount of such +activity. Encouraged by the Executive of the National Secular +Society, Secularists in all parts of the country sent petitions +to Parliament. Bradlaugh communicated privately with Members of +Parliament and wrote in the National Reformer. Holyoake, who was +especially energetic in his efforts, urged witnesses to decline +the oath, drew up petitions, delivered lectures, and interviewed +Members of Parliament. [National Reformer," December 6, 1868, to +March 20, 1870, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 288-289; G.J. Holyoake, "English +Secularism" (1896), p. 119; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters, of +George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 46-49.] + + This early agitation came to a close when, in August, 1869, +there was passed the Evidence Further Amendment Act, the fourth +section of which declared: + + "If any person called to give evidence in any court of + justice whether in a civil or criminal procedure, shall + object to take an oath, or shall be objected to as + incompetent to take an oath, such person shall, if the + presiding judge is satisfied that the taking of an oath + would have no binding effect on his conscience, make a + promise or declaration." ["The Acts of Parliament Bearing + upon the Question of Affirmation," "National Reformer," + January 31, 1875; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles + Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 286; "Oath," "Chambers' + Encyclopedia."] + + The Secularists had good reason to rejoice not only at the +enactment of section four of the Evidence Further Amendment Act, +but because their agitation had helped prepare Members of +Parliament for favorable action on it. John Stuart Mill wrote to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 69 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake: "You may justly take to yourself a good share of the +credit of having brought things to that pass." [Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 46-48; +G.J. Holyoake, "The Warpath of Opinion" (189?); G.J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), p. 119; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones +Worth Remembering" (1905) II, 209-210; "Holyoake, George Jacob," +"Chambers' Encyclopedia"; Charles Bradlaugh. "The Oath Question," +"National Reformer," May 16, 1869; "Secular Progress," "National +Reformer," June 20, 1869; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 288-289.] + + Before many weeks had elapsed, however, the Secularists were +made forcibly aware that the legislation extending the right of +affirmation was by no means as inclusive as their interests +demanded. The Act went into effect on August 9, 1869. In December +of the same year Bradlaugh, who was then plaintiff in a lawsuit +in the Court of Common Pleas, was not permitted to testify before +an arbitrator appointed to ascertain a special fact in the case. +It will be recalled that the act of 1869 had used the term +"presiding judge." The arbitrator in question declined to receive +Bradlaugh's evidence on the ground that, as merely an arbitrator, +he was not a presiding judge and so was not qualified under the +act to satisfy himself as to whether the taking of an oath would +have no binding effect on Bradlaugh's conscience. ["National +Reformer," December 12, 1869, to January 30, 1870, passim; and +August 31, 1873.] + + Although Bradlaugh, after appealing in vain to the Court of +Common Pleas to direct the arbitrator to accept his testimony, +carried his case to the Court of Exchequer Chamber and, in May, +1870, was heard (and given a verdict in his own favor), the +Secularists did not wait until the outcome of the case was known +to do something about the situation in which the refusal of +Bradlaugh's testimony had shown them to be placed. Upon the +refusal of the Court of Common Pleas to direct the arbitrator to +receive Bradlaugh's evidence, they began a course of action by +which they sought to get section four of the Evidence Further +Amendment Act amended in such manner as to give to all +commissioners and other officers and persons authorized to +administer or take oaths or depositions in any civil or criminal +proceedings, power to take affirmation in lieu of oath in the +same manner as had been by the said section enacted that a +presiding judge might with reference to witnesses before any +court. Under the leadership especially of Bradlaugh, Secular +societies and individuals sent to Parliament more than 200 +petitions on the subject. Bradlaugh, Charles Watts, and Austin +Holyoake agitated in the National Reformer. Bradlaugh wrote to +Members of Parliament. ["National Reformer," January 2, 1870, to +April 28, 1878, passim; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 119-123 and 124-125.] + + All this led George Denman, M.P., and other political +leaders to become interested in the matter, and to the passage, +in August, 1870, of the Evidence Amendment Act, by which the +fourth section of the Evidence Further Amendment Act was amended +in such a way as to meet the situation revealed in the Bradlaugh +case. The exact words of the act are these: + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 70 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "The words 'court of justice,' and the words 'presiding + judge,' in section four of the ... Evidence Further + Amendment Act, 1869, shall be deemed to include any person + or persons having by law authority to administer an oath." + [A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), + pp. 119-123; "Conference of the National Secular Society," + "National Reformer," October 2, 1870; "The Acts of + Parliament Bearing on the Question of Affirmation," + "National Reformer," January 31, 1875.] + + Even after the act of 1870 had been passed, the legislation +permitting affirmation of Freethinkers did not cover all +situations in which they might wish to affirm, nor did either the +act of 1869 or that of 1870 extend to Scotland. The result was +that the Secularists soon began to demand a further remedial +enactment. They endeavored now to have the law applied to the +United Kingdom in its entirety, and to get it broadened so as to +permit heretical jurymen to affirm instead of taking an oath, and +so as to follow the substitution in the case of Freethinkers of +solemn declarations for affidavits in interlocutory proceedings. +Their efforts along these lines were exerted between 1873 and +1880, and were for the most part made up of the filing with +Parliament of petitions. Through the agency of the National +Secular Society, 85 petitions, with 8,806 signatures were +presented in a single Parliamentary session; and many additional +petitions were presented in other sessions. [Charles Watts, +"Retrospect of 1876," "National Secular Society's Almanac for +1877" (1876), p.. 16; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 278; "National Reformer," January 5, 1873, +to June 16, 1978, passim.] + + Secularist agitation for the extension of the right of +affirmation was uninterruptedly continued for eight years after +1880. Indeed, the period from 1880 to 1888 witnessed a campaign +more spirited and more extensive in scope than that of the +preceding seven years. At the same time, the objective sought was +(ultimately) more comprehensive than it had been in the earlier +period. The campaign in the 80's can be better understood after a +hasty glance at the Bradlaugh Parliamentary Struggle, inasmuch as +this Parliamentary conflict was tied up with the question of the +right of Bradlaugh (and by implication the right of secular- +minded persons generally) to be admitted to Membership in +Parliament (having been duly elected) by making an affirmation of +allegiance, or even by taking the customary oath. + + In 1880 Bradlaugh was elected by the voters of the Borough +of Northampton to Membership in the House of Commons. Upon +presenting himself for the purpose of being seated by the House, +Bradlaugh asked to be permitted to affirm instead of taking the +oath, basing his claim upon the Evidence Amendment Acts, 1869 and +1870, which as will be recalled, permitted affirmation in courts +of justice, and upon the parliamentary Oaths Act, 1866 (as +amended), which gave the right to affirm in Parliament to Quakers +and all other persons "for the time being permitted by law to +make an affirmation in lieu of taking an oath." A Select +Committee, appointed by the House to give consideration to +Bradlaugh's request, denied his right to affirm. He then + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 71 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +announced his intention of taking the oath. Again a Select +Committee was appointed by the House to look into the matter, and +this body declared against his being allowed to take the oath, +asserting, by way of justification for the decision, that in +their judgment an oath would have no binding effect on his +conscience; but the Committee went on to recommend that he be +allowed to affirm at his legal peril. The House rejected the +recommendation of the Committee that Bradlaugh be allowed to +affirm. Bradlaugh then again presented himself and asked to be +sworn, but a hostile majority of the House peremptorily refused +to permit him to take the oath, and, upon his refusal to +withdraw, had him removed by the Sergeant-at-arms to the Clock +Tower of the House, where he was held until the following day. A +few days later, Gladstone, then Prime Minister, moved that +Members-elect be permitted to affirm, at their legal peril; and, +when the motion was carried, Bradlaugh took his seat. But upon +his first voting, the matter was carried into the courts, and, in +the spring of 1881, his seat was declared vacated. All this was +only a part of the contest. For almost five years after Bradlaugh +was Unseated the struggle continued in the House of Commons (from +the precincts of which Bradlaugh was on one occasion forcibly +ejected by four messengers and 10 policemen after a terrific +struggle), in the courts, and in the country at large, where +Secularists and other supporters of Bradlaugh wrote, held +hundreds of indignation meetings, signed petitions, and raised +expense funds, and where the opposition expressed its attitude +through meetings, petitions, and denunciations. Finally, after +Bradlaugh was elected for the fifth time by his Northampton +supporters, in the general election of 1885, a new Speaker, +ruling that a motion to prevent Bradlaugh from taking the oath +would be out of order, allowed him to take his seat (January 13, +1886). ["National Reformer," March 14, 1880, to January 24, +1886, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), Part One, I, 144, 263-279, and 392-400, and Part Two (by +J.M. Robertson), pp. 203-367 and 370; Annie Besant, "Annie +Besant" (1893), pp. 253-276 and 313-314. + Holyoake always refused to take the oath, and publicly +criticized Bradlaugh, in the course of the Parliamentary +struggle, for being, willing to take it in the House of Commons. +"N.S.S. Conference," "National Reformer," June 12, 1881; Annie +Besant, "Oath-Taking," "National Reformer," May 8, 1881; G.J. +Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 28; G.J. +Holyoake, "The Warpath of Opinion" (189?), pp. 41-50.] + + The Bradlaugh Parliamentary Struggle was colored by other +things than the legal rights (or disabilities) of heretical +Members-elect of Parliament. Religious animosity pure and simple +was back of a great deal of the hostility to Bradlaugh's being +permitted to take his seat. Dislike for Bradlaugh's Republicanism +and for his advocacy of family limitation through contraception +were also factors in the conflict. Political intrigue, too, +played a part -- as when the so-called Fourth Party, composed of +Lord Randolph Churchill and other Conservatives, endeavored with +hypocritical piety to embarrass the Liberal Prime Minister, +Gladstone, who, though religious, was not disposed to make +trouble for Bradlaugh, by making a noisy issue of the Bradlaugh +case. [R.C.K. Ensor, "England, 1870-1914" (1936), pp. 67-68; John + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 72 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Morley, "Life of Gladstone" (1903), III, 11-21; J.M. Robertson, +"A History of Freethought in the 19th Century" (1930), II, +427-429 and 433.] Despite these facts, the Secularists quickly +realized, as the conflict got under way, that more-inclusive +legislation in the interest of affirmation for Freethinkers was +needed than already existed or had been felt by the Secularists +to be needed. They saw clearly that there was needed legislation +which would not only embrace what they had for the past seven +years been seeking but would include also the assurance that +freethinking Members-elect of Parliament who objected to taking +the oath or who were objected to as incompetent to take the oath +might be seated through making an affirmation. Accordingly, a +Secularist course of action looking to such legislation was +undertaken, though, thanks to the circumstances of the moment, +the entire program was not always worked for at a given time. + + From 1880 to 1885 the action of the Secularists took the +form of efforts to secure the passage of a law permitting +affirmation to Members-elect in Parliament. When, in the early +stages of the Bradlaugh Parliamentary Struggle, a bill +authorizing affirmation in Parliament was twice unsuccessfully +introduced by Henry Labouchere, Member for Northampton, the +Secularists supported it by holding meetings and sending +petitions to Parliament. And when the government, in 1883, vainly +attempted the passage of a Parliamentary affirmation bill, the +Secularists petitioned Parliament in its favor. ["National +Reformer," April 17, 1881, to March 25, 1883, passim.] + + Beginning early in 1885 the Secularist agitation assumed a +broader form. There was introduced into Parliament at this time, +by C.H. Hopwood, a bill permitting affirmation to all persons in +every situation where the existing law called for an oath. On +Bradlaugh's initiative, the Secularists made this broader aim +their own, and supported the Hopwood bill by sending petitions to +Parliament. In the following year, they worked through +resolutions and petitions for the passage of a bill, which, +introduced by Sergeant Simon (later Sir John Simon) after the +failure of Hopwood's measure to become a law, substituted +affirmation for oath-taking in all cases outside courts of +justice -- though in supporting this bill they did so in the +expectation that it would be amended in the committee stage so as +to conform truly to their aims. The most impressive action which +the Secularists took in support of their broader program, +however, was taken after Simon's measure had been blocked, and +was in connection with the affirmation legislation which +Bradlaugh himself sponsored. ["National Reformer," 1885-1886, +passim.] + + Bradlaugh did not introduce his bill immediately upon +becoming recognized as a Member of Parliament, inasmuch as at +that time, as has been seen, he and his Secularist colleagues +were supporting Simon's measure. Indeed, he did not originally +plan to introduce the bill at all. As arranged at the outset -- +that is, after the failure of Simon's measure -- Simon himself +was to bring in a bill exactly along the lines envisaged by the +Secularists. But Simon's health became uncertain and it was +agreed that the new measure be taken in charge by Bradlaugh. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 73 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Backed by Secularist and other supporters, the bill was first +introduced in 1887, but was blocked. Bradlaugh again brought it +forward in January, 1888, and this time -- aided by petitions and +resolutions from Secularists and others -- carried it forward to +a successful conclusion. As enacted the measure was exactly as +the Secularists desired it, except for a few relatively +inconsequential words which said that for the individual to enjoy +the right to affirm he must state either that he is without +religious belief or that the taking of an oath is not in keeping +with his religious belief. The exact language of the bill -- the +so-called Oaths Act -- is as follows: + + "Every person upon objecting to being sworn, and + stating, as the ground of such objection, either that he has + no religious belief, or that the taking of an oath is + contrary to his religious belief, shall be permitted to make + his solemn affirmation instead of taking an oath in all + places and for all purposes where an oath is or shall be + required by law, which affirmation shall be of the same + force and effect as if he had taken the oath." + +The Oaths Act became law near the close of 1888. ["National +Reformer," December 26, 1886, to January 20, 1889, passim; +Centenary Committee, "Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" +(1933), pp. 322-323.] + + Thus, thanks to the Secularists and those who cooperated +with them, the unrestricted right of affirmation for non- +religious persons ultimately became a reality. The fact that the +gain was only achieved in piecemeal fashion over a period of many +years simply brings more forcibly to the attention the +earnestness and conscientious sincerity of those who achieved it. + + Along with their affirmation campaign, the Secularists of +the Bradlaugh epoch undertook two other lines of action to secure +equality before the law for all forms of opinion. They endeavored +to achieve the disestablishment of the State Church, and they +worked for the repeal of the blasphemy laws. In their efforts +looking to the disestablishment of the State Church the +Secularists of the period under discussion were active in a +variety of ways. Bradlaugh, in 1886, voted as a Member of +Parliament for Henry Richard's motion' for the disestablishment +of the Church in Wales and in favor of Dr. Cameron's motion to +disestablish the Church in Scotland. Annie Besant wrote several +tracts urging the disestablishment of the Church of England. And +Bradlaugh, Mrs. Besant, G.W. Foote, and numerous other Secularist +speakers pleaded the cause of disestablishment from rostrums in +all parts of the country. [Annie Besant, "Threatenings and +Slaughters" (1886); Annie Besant, "For the Crown and Against the +Nation" (1886); "National Secular Society's Almanac for 1887" +(1886); "National Reformer," 1886-1890, passim.] + + The campaign which the Secularists of the Bradlaugh era +carried on for the repeal of the blasphemy laws was for quite a +number of years a rather lifeless one. Despite warnings from +Bradlaugh, the Secularists as a body were disposed to feel -- as +once they had done in earlier days -- that the blasphemy laws + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 74 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +were obsolete, and that agitation against them was unnecessary. +Nevertheless, they did send to Parliament a number of petitions +on the subject. ["National Secular Society's Almanac for 1977" +(1876), p. 16; "National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim.] + + This apathetic agitation was still in progress when, in the +early 80's, some four or five Secularists were prosecuted on the +charge of violating the blasphemy laws. The first case was +brought on at the behest of Sir Henry Tyler, M.P., and involved +an indictment for publishing or causing to be published certain +"blasphemous libels" in the Freethinker of May 28, 1882. At the +outset the charge was made against Foote, the editor, W.J. +Ramsey, the publisher, and E.W. Whittle, the printer; but, early +in the proceedings, the name of Bradlaugh was added to the list +of those indicted, on the ground that he was really the man +higher up in the case, and that of Whittle, the mere printer, +withdrawn. Bradlaugh was able to secure a separate trial for +himself, and, by establishing the claim that he was not the +publisher of the Freethinker on the date of May 28, was +acquitted. At the trial of Foote and Ramsey, the Lord Chief +Justice Coleridge, in summing up, liberally interpreted the law +of blasphemy, asserting, in effect, that an attack on even the +fundamentals of religion constituted blasphemy only if the +decencies of controversy were violated. When the jury returned +from its deliberations, it reported that it was unable to agree, +and before a scheduled new hearing took place the prosecutor +applied to the Attorney-General for a 'nolle prosequi.' This was +granted, and the case ended. Even before the above proceedings +were terminated, another prosecution was begun and carried to a +successful conclusion. In this instance "the City of London" took +action against Foote, Ramsey, and H.A. Kemp, respectively the +editor, publisher, and printer of the Freethinker, for publishing +"blasphemous libels" in the Christmas, 1882, number of the +Freethinker. Two trials were required for the disposal of the +case, as the original jury failed to reach an agreement. At the +second trial the jury pronounced the defendants guilty, and Mr. +Justice North, who presided at the trials and who manifested an +unsympathetic attitude towards the defendants, sentenced them to +imprisonment -- Foote for twelve, Ramsey for six, and Kemp for +three months. The Executive of the National Secular Society +sponsored a memorial to the Secretary of State for the Home +Department requesting a remission of the sentences imposed on the +convicted Secularists, but the memorial was rejected, and the +three men served out their sentences. ["National Reformer," July +16, 1882, to May 20, 1883, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1912), pp. 83-90; Annie Besant, +"Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 292-298; G.W. Foote, "The Blasphemy +Laws." "Freethinker." January 7, 1906; J,M. Robertson, "History +of Freethought in the 19th century" (1930), II, 430-433,] + + The prosecution of Foote and his fellow defendants, and +especially the conviction and imprisonment of Foote, Ramsey, and +Kemp, tended to arouse the Secularists from their state of apathy +in regard to the blasphemy laws, so that in the remaining years +of the Bradlaugh period they carried on a somewhat more spirited +campaign against them. From time to time resolutions were passed +and petitions sent to Parliament. Mrs. Besant wrote articles on + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 75 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the subject. The National Secular Society, early in 1884, became +affiliated with the Association for the Repeal of the Blasphemy +Laws (of which the Honorary Secretary was the Rev. W. Sharmon), +while in May of the same year Bradlaugh, Dr. Aveling, and Foote +spoke at one of the great public meetings which the Association +held in St. James's Hall, London. In 1886, in 1887 (with +reservations), and in 1888, Secularist support was given to anti- +blasphemy-law bills which Courtney Kenny, M.P., sought in vain to +carry through Parliament. Finally, Bradlaugh, with the backing of +his Secularist followers, tried in Parliament, without success, +to have the blasphemy laws repealed through the enactment of his +Religious Prosecutions Abolition Bill (1889). ["National +Reformer," 1882-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1882-1890, passim; +Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), 11, 145; Anne Besant, "Blasphemy" (1882); Annie Besant, +"Annie Besant" (1893), p. 288; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), Part Two (by J.M. Robertson), p. 405; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1913), pp. +98-99.] + + ANTI-CHURCH ACTIVITIES + + In carrying on agitation which not only looked to the wide +acceptance of Secularism as a system of ethics, but which aimed +to promote its practical application through the achievement of +reforms in the political, social, and intellectual spheres of +society, the Secularists of the Bradlaugh period followed a +course of action pursued by the earlier Secularists. As was the +case, too, with the Secularists of the preceding era, there was +among the Secularists of the years from 1866 to 1890 an unceasing +effort to undermine the strength of the churches, indeed, the +Secularists of the Bradlaugh epoch engaged more generally in this +type of endeavor than did their predecessors. Whereas in the +earlier period a decreasing number of Secularists declined to +engage in this work, practically all Secularists participated in +it during the later era. + + A discussion of some of the more typical of the combative +actions taken by the Secularists will be sufficient to +characterize the Secular campaign. One thing they did was to +place before the people biographical sketches of celebrated +Freethinkers, hoping to contribute to the undermining of +orthodoxy by showing that these persons -- and not the +theologians -- had been the true benefactors of mankind. Brief +sketches of Bruno, Campanella, Spinoza, Galileo, John Stuart +Mill, and other Rationalists appeared, and Joseph Mazzini +Wheeler, in 1889, brought out a Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinkers of All Ages and Nations. Wheeler's Dictionary +contained more than 1,600 names. [G.W. Foote and Charles Watts, +"Heroes and Martyrs of Freethought" (1875); J.M. Wheeler, +"Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers of All Ages and Nations" +(1889). See also the following: Annie Besant, "Giordano Bruno" +(1877), and Arthur B. Moss "Bruno and Spinoza" (1885).] + + The Secularists also attempted to discredit the Bible. In +order to show that, instead of being a divine revelation, it was +simply a man-made document, they challenged its consistency, its +science, its historical veracity, its morality, and its reputed + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 76 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +authorship. Thus in an exhaustive treatment of the first 11 +chapters of the first book of the Old Testament entitled +'Genesis: Its Authorship and Its Authenticity' (1882), Bradlaugh +attempted to show: "1. That the Book of Genesis is unhistoric, +that it is not the work of any one writer, but is made up of +several documents, belonging to different ages, pieced together +after the lapse of many centuries, often clumsily, and sometimes +without regard to relevancy. 2. That the narrative is sometimes +self-contradictory, and that it is often contradicted by other +books of the Bible. 3. That its chronological statements are, on +the face of them, absurdly inaccurate, and that they are +overwhelmingly contradicted by history and modern discovery. 4. +That the Genesaic teachings on ethnology, geology, astronomy, +zoology, and botany are flatly in opposition to the best +knowledge in each of these sciences. And, 5. That such teachings +of the book as relate to morality would be destructive of human +happiness, if generally adopted. [Charles Bradlaugh, "Genesis: +Its Authorship and Authenticity" (1982), Preface. See also: +"Freethinker's Text-Book" (1881?), Parts I and II; Charles Watts, +"Christian Evidences Criticized" (1870); G.W. Foote and W.P. +Ball, "The Bible Handbook for Freethinkers and Inquiring +Christians" (1888); Charles Watts, "Science and the Bible +Antagonistic" (1874): Joseph Symes, "Christianity at the bar of +Science" (1881); G.W. Foote, "The Creation Story" (1882); Charles +Watts, "The Bible and Christianity" (1876); and Charles Watts, +Value of the Bible" (1882).] + + Another thing the Secularists did was to attempt to +undermine the belief that Christianity was divinely established +-- by showing it to be a natural growth. As Annie Besant +expressed the situation: + + "Every one who has studied the subject knows perfectly + well that Christianity, both in its myths and its doctrines, + is an outcome of many Eastern creeds. To Judaism it + admittedly owes much, but Judaism was itself an offshoot of + a mightier and wider Eastern religion, and borrowed its + legends wholesale from Persia and from lands lying yet + further eastward, as well as from the hoary faith of its + Egyptian neighbors. The roots of Christianity strike deep + into Judea and Hindustan, into Persia and Egypt; from each + it has drawn much: from each it has taken something ...: and + when we seek for the creator of Christianity we find no + awful Divine form, breathing life into a figure created by + its will; but we see the fingers of mystic Hindu, and + dignified fire-worshiper, of barbarous Jew and subtle + Egyptian, all working at the growing creed, molding into new + shape the plastic clay of human superstition, fashioning a + Mary from an Isis and a Devaki, sculpturing a Jesus from a + Buddha, an Osiris, and a Krishna, and presenting renovated + for the adoration of the modern world the Gods worn out by + the old." [Annie Besant, "Roots of Christianity: or, the + Christian Religion Before Christ" (1886). See also Charles + Watts, "Christian Evidence, (criticized" (197?). and + "Freethinker's Text-Book," Part II.] + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 77 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The Secularists endeavored, too, to destroy confidence in +particular doctrines characteristic of Christianity -- such as +the doctrine of rewards and punishments after death and the +doctrine of the efficacy of prayer. The doctrine that prayers are +answered, for example, was attacked energetically by Foote, Mrs. +Besant, and others. Foote, in his Letter's to the Clergy (1890), +asserted that belief in prayer goes hand in hand with ignorance +of natural causes: + + "There was a time when Christians prayed against an + eclipse -- because they did not understand its causes. ... + They still pray. ... against bad weather. ... When they do + understand its causes, they will cease praying against it, + and confine their supplications to what is still contingent. + ... Contingency is nothing but ignorance. ... Where light + obtains, you find we have nothing to do but submit to ... + the necessity of nature." + +And in the same treatise Foote went on to declare: + + "Is Prayer answered? ... I look abroad in the world, + and find no practical recognition of the efficacy of Prayer. + No Life Assurance Company would calculate a sovereign's life + policy on the ground that her subjects asked God to 'grant + her in health and wealth long to live.' No Fire Insurance + Company would grant a policy on a House of Prayer unless a + lightning conductor were run up to prevent the Deity from + making a mistake in a thunderstorm. Underwriters never think + of asking whether the captain prays. ... When the Peculiar + People use prayer, without ... medicine, they are browbeaten + by Christian coroners and jurymen. ... Mr. Francis Gaiton + ... keen scientific writer points out that in all the + medical literature of modern Europe he has been unable to + discover 'any instance in which a medical man of any repute + ... attributed recovery to ... prayer. ... By the aid of + historical and statistical tables, Mr. Galton discovers no + trace of Prayer as an efficient cause. ... President + Garfield's life ebbed slowly away amid a nation's prayers + for his recovery. ..." [G. W. Foote, "Letters to the + Clergy" (1890); Annie Besant, "What Is the Use of Prayer?" + (1884); G.W. Foote, "The Futility of Prayer" (1879).] + + Finally, a great deal of effort was exerted by the +Secularists in an attempt to show that the Church had been a +hindrance to civilization down through the centuries, They +declared that it long condoned the institution of slavery. They +asserted that it systematically encouraged belief in witchcraft +and took the lead in urging repressive measures against witches. +They affirmed that it had a cruel record as a persecuting +institution. They charged that it had impeded the growth of +science and general education. They averred that it had been +guilty of countless crimes, forgeries, and pious frauds. And they +contended that it had chronically stood out against social +reform. Mrs. Besant summed up the Secular indictment of the +historical role of the Church in these scornful words: + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 78 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "Thus Christianity set itself against all popular + advancement, against all civil and social progress, against + all improvement in the condition of the masses. It viewed + every change with distrust, it met every innovation with + opposition. ... Only as Christianity has grown feebler has + civilization strengthened, and progress has been made more + and more rapidly as a failing creed has lost the power to + oppose...." ["Freethinker's Text-Book" (1881?), pp. + 423-476. See also the following: G.W. Foote, Christianity + and Progress" (1888)' Annie Besant, "The Fruits of + Christianity" (1878); Charles Watts, "Christianity: Its + Nature and Influence on Civilization" (1868); Joseph Symes, + "Christianity and Slavery" (1880); J.M. Robertson, "What Has + Christianity Done?" (187?); G.W. Foote and J.M. Wheeler, + "Crimes of Christianity" (188?); and Charles Bradlaugh, + "Humanity's Gain from Unbelief" (1889).] + + THE ATTACK UPON SECULARISM + + As was the case in the first era of Secularist history, so +now in the Bradlaugh period opposition to Secularism appeared in +the ranks of clerical and lay supporters of Christianity. Indeed, +throughout the greater part of the Bradlaugh era, a more +extensive anti-Secular campaign was waged than had been in +evidence during the earlier epoch of Secularist history -- no +doubt because in these Bradlaugh years the Secular Movement was a +stronger and more menacing force than it had been in its early +days. Sometimes the opposition took the form of nothing less than +rowdyism. At Deptford, Brighton, and other places Secularist +meetings were broken up by organized bands. When Annie Besant was +departing from Hoyland, after delivering a lecture there in 1876, +a crowd attempted to overturn her carriage. In 1867, at Mexbro, a +mob threw stones that shattered the windows of a hall in which +Charles Watts was lecturing, and at Congleton, in 1876, stones +were sent crashing through the windows of a hall in which a +meeting was being held by Bradlaugh. In 1875 Mrs. Besant was met +by stones at Darwen. On numerous occasions Secularist speakers +were assaulted, or jostled from their platforms, or greeted with +yells and hisses. [Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. +199-201; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), +passim; Gertrude Marvin Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" +(1931), p. 67; G.W. Foote, "Letters to the Clergy" (1890), +Preface, p. 4; Charles Watts, "Secular Progress in 1880." +"British Secular Almanac for 1881" (1880), p. 9; "National +Reformer," 1966-1890, passim; "Freethinker." 1881-1890, passim.] + + Annoyance, misrepresentation, and abuse of Secularists +played their part in the opposition to Secularism. Bradlaugh was +frequently referred to as an extremely coarse and vulgar person, +or as a man of contemptible morals. On April 3, 1869, at Blyth, +he was refused food and shelter at the inns. And we have seen +that, though repeatedly elected to membership in the House of +Commons, he was for years prevented from taking his seat. +Scurrilous attacks were made upon Annie Besant, and she was +subjected to humiliating and painful experiences. Permission to +use the garden of the Royal Botanic Society in connection with +her studies was denied her on the ground that the daughters of + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 79 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the curator used it. Despite the fact that Thomas Huxley and +others signed a memorial to the contrary, she (with Bradlaugh's +daughter Alice) was refused admittance to the class in practical +botany at the University of London. Other Secularists, too, came +in for unpleasant treatment, and there were derogatory statements +directed against the Secularist body as a whole. [Mrs. Humpbrey +Ward, "The History of David Grieve" (ed. of 1892), pp. 104 105; +"National Reformer," (1866-1890), passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), passim; Chapman Cohen, +"Bradlaugh and Ingersoll" (1933), pp. 46-52; Annie Besant, "Annie +Besant" (1893), pp. 170-175.] + + Legal action, as will be recalled, was utilized as a means +of combating Secularism in the Bradlaugh epoch. For one thing, +quite a number of Secularists, including virtually all those of +the top rank in ability and influence, were prosecuted. The first +person proceeded against was Bradlaugh himself. In 1868 he was +called into the courts by the Government for refusing, in +violation of the obsolescent Security Laws, to provide security +against blasphemous or seditious utterances in the National +Reformer. The efforts of the Government in this case were not +altogether successful, however, thanks to Bradlaugh's skillful +defense of himself, and eventually the prosecution was dropped. +Early in 1877 Charles Watts was prosecuted for publishing Dr. +Charles Knowlton's birth-control pamphlet. 'The Fruits of +Philosophy;' but as Watts, who pleaded guilty, declared his +ignorance of the contents of the book and disavowed any illegal +intentions in connection with the publication of it, he was +released under suspended judgment. Two months later "the +corporation of the City of London" prosecuted Bradlaugh and Mrs. +Besant for defiantly publishing their own edition of the Knowlton +pamphlet on the heels of the Watts case, and succeeded in having +them sentenced to six months' imprisonment, though the sentence +was later quashed on a legal technicality. In 1878, at the +instigation of the Society for the Suppression of vice, Edward +Truelove was tried, imprisoned for four months, and compelled to +pay a fine of 50 pounds for selling birth-control pamphlets -- +'Moral Physiology', by Robert Dale Owen, and J.H. Palmer's +'Individual, Family, and National Poverty.' Legal steps were +taken against Bradlaugh in connection with the Bradlaugh +Parliamentary Struggle. After Bradlaugh had been permitted to +affirm and to take his seat at his legal peril (1880), he was +proceeded against in the courts so effectively that he was +temporarily unseated (1881). In 1882 Sir Henry Tyler, M.P., +secured the prosecution of Foote and J.H. Ramsey on the charge of +publishing or causing to be published "blasphemous libels" in the +Freethinker: but the jury was unable to agree, and the case was +ended when the Attorney General granted a nolle prosequi at the +prosecutor's request. In 1882, also, "the City of London" +prosecuted Foote, Ramsey, and H.A. Kemp for publishing +"blasphemous libels" in the Freethinker, and did so with such +success that all three defendants suffered imprisonment -- Kemp +for three months. Ramsey for six months, and Foote for twelve +months. [The source materials for the above prosecutions are +listed in earlier foot-notes of this chapter -- in those +subjoined to previous discussions of the episodes in question.] + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 80 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Legal action against Secularism not only assumed the shape +of the prosecution of Secularists but took other forms. On the +ground that the Propagation of secularism was in violation of the +Blasphemy Laws, the courts, when appealed to, refused to permit +legacies to Secular bodies to pass into their hands. In 1869 an +arbitrator appointed to ascertain a special fact in a lawsuit +involving Bradlaugh in the Court of Common Pleas refused to allow +Bradlaugh to give evidence. Because she held and advocated +heretical opinions, the courts, in 1879, at the instance of her +former husband, the Rev. Frank Besant, deprived Annie Besant of +the custody of her child -- the daughter that had been awarded to +her at the time of her legal separation from her husband. +["Liberty of Bequest," "Freethinker,," December 17, 1893; +"National Reformer," December 12, 1869, to May 22, 1870, and +April 28, 1877, to April 20, 1879, Passim; A.S. Headingley, +"Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 119-123; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 284-289; Charles +Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1873), p. 21; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 21-22; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1913), pp. +81-82; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 113-220; Geoffrey +West, "The Life of Annie Besant" (1929), pp. 96-101.] + + There were still other types of opposition to Secularism in +the Bradlaugh era. Many times the rental of halls was either +refused the Secularists or their use forbidden them (usually as a +result of pressure) after contracts had been signed. Discourses +against Secularism were also delivered from time to time. The +Christian Evidence Society, for example, sent out lecturers over +a period of years who labored energetically, sometimes even +appearing on the platform at the Secularist Hall of Science in +London. Attacks upon Secularism appeared, too, in the form of +publications. Opposition in periodical publications, such as the +'Eastern Post' and the 'Tissue,' usually took the form of hostile +reports of Secularist lectures, while systematic criticism of +Secularism appeared in such non-periodical treatises as +'Heterodox London: or Phases of Freethought in the Metropolis' +(1874). by Dr. Maurice Davies, a clergyman of the Church of +England. Finally, anti-Secularist opposition was expressed by +persons who debated with Secularists and by those earnest +individuals who replied from the audience to Secularist speakers. +["National Reformer," for the Bradlaugh era, passim; +"Freethinker." June, 1881, and November 20, 1892; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, passim; Charles +Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1873), passim; +A.S. Headlingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh (1880), pp. +99-100; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), II, 60.] + + The opposition to Secularism in the Bradlaugh era not only +fired the Secularists to greater exertion in behalf of their +program, but helped familiarize the public with the rising +Secularist ideas; and the net result of all this was that the +cause of Secularism was strengthened. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 81 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + ASSOCIATION WITH ORGANIZED INTERNATIONAL + FREETHOUGHT + + British Secularism was not from first to last an isolated +and detached concern. In the course of the Bradlaugh epoch it +began to maintain a connection with international organized +Freethought. The opportunity for such affiliation came with the +formation, in 1880, of the International Federation of +Freethinkers which, organized on the initiative of the +Freethinkers of Belgium, held meetings from time to time, in such +urban centers as Amsterdam, Paris, London, and Brussels, for the +discussion of Freethought matters. British Secularism was +represented on the Council of the Federation, and delegates for +the British Secularists attended Federation meetings. In 1936 the +name International Federation of Freethinkers was changed to the +World Union of Freethinkers. Secularist affiliation with the +international body did not appreciably affect the aims, +practices, or fortunes of the British Secular Movement. +["National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim; British +Secular Almanac for 1881" (1880), p. 10.] + + CHAPTER IV + + THE FOOTE-COHEN ERA + + PROPORTIONS OF THE SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Because of the conditions discussed early in these pages, +the British Secular Movement, from its beginning to the year +1885, was, on the whole, a growing enterprise. In 1865, the year +preceding the formation of the National Secular Society, there +were in existence about 25 local Secular societies. In 1885 there +were some four or five independent local bodies and 102 branches +of the National Secular Society. The total number of Secularists +in 1871 included slightly more than 1,000 members of the National +Secular Society plus a smaller number of persons attached to +local independent societies. In 1880 the total Secularist +enrollment embraced approximately 6,000 affiliates of the +National Secular Society together with a handful of other +persons. Though the total Secular membership in 1885 is not +precisely calculable, it was larger than in 1880 [It will be +observed that the above statements relative to the number of +Secularists refer to total enrollment, and not simply to the +number of individuals who had paid their dues. Estimates as to +paid-up membership would undoubtedly assume smaller proportions. + + "Reasoner," 1851-1861, passim; "National Reformer," +1861-1885, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1885, passim; "Secular +Review and Secularist," passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), passim; "National +Secular Society's Almanack for 1886" (1885), pp. 16 and 47.] + + The history of the Secular Movement from 1885 to 1946 was +marked by no such success. In fact, though there were times when +the Movement increased in numerical strength, the long-range +tendency was toward fewer Secular societies and a smaller number + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 82 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +of Secularists. In 1890, the last year of the Bradlaugh epoch, +there were three or four local independent bodies and +approximately 62 branches of the National Secular Society. In +1946 some 32 branches of the national organization existed along +(possibly) with one independent society. Exact membership figures +for the period are not available, but it may be said the +Secularist leaders of these years did not claim unprecedented +numbers. ["Freethinker," 1885 ff., passim; "National Reformer," +1885-1893, passim; "Secular Almanack," passim; H. Percy Ward, "To +the Secular Party," "Truth Seeker," April 1903; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), 11, 261.] + + By the end of the Bradlaugh period, then, the British +Secular Movement had already attained its largest proportions and +had entered upon a long period of lessened success. This adverse +development was connected with the mitigation of the harsh +circumstances which had oppressed the working classes and which +therefore inspired the Secular Movement. When the Secular +Movement began to languish, these unfavorable conditions had, +indeed, been extensively ameliorated. The political submergence +of the working classes, to begin with, was by no means so +complete as it once had been. It is true that the hereditary +element persisted in the government, and that woman suffrage had +not been introduced. Nevertheless, the Reform Act of 1867, which +granted the right of voting to the bulk of the male workers in +the cities, had been passed, as well as the Reform Act of 1884, +which admitted the mass of rural workmen to the suffrage; and, as +a consequence, the interests of the great masses of the people +could no longer be so readily flouted. + + The economic and social condition of the working classes was +somewhat improved. While long hours of work, low wages, +unfavorable living conditions, and slight opportunity for +wholesome recreation were still the order of the day, and while +security against the hazards of unemployment, sickness, and +invalidity were still unprovided for, the situation of the +laboring masses, at least in the cities, was not so desperate as +it once had been. Wages were on the whole not quite so low, and +hours of work not quite so long. Then, too, recreational +opportunities were somewhat improved -- thanks to the +introduction of Sunday music in the parks and to the opening on +Sundays of various libraries, art galleries, and museums. + + Educational facilities for the poor had undergone favorable +development. Though a nation-wide. system of government- +controlled schools providing in all cases Secular education did +not exist. the government had set up schools -- following the +Education Act of 1870 -- in localities where the private schools +were not providing educational training, and had authorized the +officials in these state schools to withhold religious +instruction from any child whose parent or guardian requested +that it be withheld. + + Barriers and threats to intellectual freedom, too, were less +in evidence. Interference with the popular platform and press did +now and then take place. Equality before the law for every shade +of opinion, however, was less far from achievement than had + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 83 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +earlier been the case. It is true that discriminations were still +the rule. The right of Freethinkers to affirm instead of taking +the oath, for instance, did not exist in all cases: it was not +operative in Scotland, and even in England it was not extended to +Members-elect of Parliament or to jurymen, nor was it permitted +in interlocutory proceedings. Then, too, the State Church +continued as before, and the blasphemy laws remained unrepealed. +Nevertheless, headway had been made through the passage of the +Evidence Amendment Acts (1869 and 1870), which granted to non- +religious persons the right of affirmation in courts of justice. + + Finally, the Church was beginning to be somewhat less out of +harmony with working-class interests. Though most Churchmen +remained in large part occupied with other worldly affairs and +with supporting traditional upper-class interests, a somewhat +increased number were now active on behalf of improved conditions +for the masses. In the Church of England the Guild of St. +Matthew, which had been founded in 1877, and which manifested the +same interest in the welfare of the workers that had been shown +by Maurice and Kingsley, was encouraging dissatisfaction with +existing abuses. Indeed. the Rev. Stuart Headlam, who was the +foremost propagandist associated with the Guild. was as tireless +in his efforts to improve the welfare of the masses as any +Secularist. And in the free churches friends of such popular +causes as democracy, social reform, secular education, and Church +disestablishment were active. + + The seduction of the evils which prompted the Secular +Movement naturally weakened the incentive to a campaign against +them; and when the stimulus to action had been sufficiently +undermined, the waning of the Secular Movement began. + + ADMINISTRATIVE AFFAIRS + + The event bringing to a close the Bradlaugh period and +marking the advent of a new epoch in Secularist history was the +resignation of Bradlaugh as President of the National Secular +Society. Bradlaugh resigned on the heels of a serious illness +which left him without the strength requisite for doing all that +he had been doing since the beginning of 1886, which, as will be +recalled, involved labors in Parliament as well as among the +Secularists. Even before sickness had overtaken him, however, +Bradlaugh had already intimated to the National Secular Society, +at its Annual Conference in the spring of 1889, that he expected +to retire from the presidency after one more year of service. It +is probable that Bradlaugh desired to expend the major portion of +his remaining energies within the precincts of Parliament, and +that action upon this desire was precipitated by illness. +Bradlaugh's resignation was offered (and regretfully accepted) on +February 16, 1890. ["National Reformer." October 27, 1889, to +February 23, 1890; "Freethinker," June 16 and November 17, 1889, +and December 30, 1906; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), Pt. One, II, 87 and 89-90, and Pt. Two (by +J.M. Robertson), 408-411.] + + The proffer and acceptance of the resignation of Bradlaugh +took place at a special general meeting in London, of the members +of the National Secular Society which had been convoked by + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 84 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, and at this same meeting G.W. Foote was elected by +acclamation as Bradlaugh's successor. ["Resignation of Mr. +Bradlaugh," "National Reformer," February 23, 1890; G.W. Foote. +"To the Members of the National Secular Society," "Freethinker," +February 23, 1890.] + + After a generation of militant service as President of the +National Secular Society, Foote died (October 17, 1915), and was +succeeded in office by Chapman Cohen, who, in November, 1946, was +still occupying the post. ["Freethinker," 1890-1946; "National +Reformer," 1890-1893.] + + Since we are already well acquainted with Foote, it will be +necessary at this point only to make a few introductory +statements concerning Chapman Cohen. Though philosophically +inclined, Cohen is also interested in practical reform, and is +thus well suited by temperament to serve as Secularist leader. He +also possesses abilities useful to the head of a propagandist +organization, in that he is a cogent writer and speaker. And the +amount of labor he has devoted to the Secularist cause year after +year is nothing less than prodigious. In view of all this, it is +not surprising that his services as President of the National +Secular Society have evoked general satisfaction among his +colleagues. + + Cohen was born of Jewish parentage on September 1, 1868, at +Leicester. His formal educational training was slight, but he +read persistently on his own initiative, particularly in the +field of philosophy. Largely through his philosophical studies, +he developed views compatible with Secularism, and in 1889 began +to lecture in the Secular Movement. Beginning in 1895, he was +elected each year as a Vice-President of the National Secular +Society. Early in his career as a Secularist he was recognized as +Foote's chief colleague, and his election to succeed Foote as +President of the National Secular Society came in fulfillment of +a general expectation. [Chapman Cohen, "Almost an Autobiography" +(1940), pp. 26-123; "Truth Seeker," March, 1895; "Cohen, +Chapman," "Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists" +(1920), by Joseph McCabe; J.M. Robertson, "A History of +Freethought in the 19th Century" (1930), II, 590; "Freethinker," +October 23, 1892, to April 23, 1936, passim.] + + Inasmuch as the administrations of Foote and Cohen had much +in common, the history of the Secular Movement in the period +extending from 1890 to 1946 may conveniently be surveyed as a +unit; and since Foote and Cohen, each in his day, were the +outstanding leaders of the Movement, the period may fittingly be +designated as the Foote-Cohen era. + + The doctrines and purposes of the Secularist Movement in the +Bradlaugh era, which themselves, either explicitly or by +implication, were essentially those of the earlier Secularist +epoch, continued, with slight variations, to be those which +underlay Secularist action throughout the Foote-Cohen epoch, +Though no complete enumeration of them appears in any single +document, a satisfactory description of their more general +features is contained in a statement entitled "Principles and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 85 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Objects" which was issued in 1935, while a document "Immediate +Practical Objects of the National Secular Society" (1893) +contains an adequate account of their details. + + The document bearing the title "Principles and Objects" runs +as follows: + + "Secularism affirms that this life is the only one of + which we have knowledge, and that human effort should be + wholly directed towards its improvement; it asserts that + supernaturalism is based upon ignorance, and assails it as + the historic enemy of progress. + + "Secularism affirms that progress is only possible on + the basis of equal freedom of speech and publication; it + affirms that liberty belongs of right to all and that the + free criticism of aLl ilcdit5D$ignation as Vice-President of + the National Secular Society occurring on February 26, 1890, + her last contribution to the National Reformer appearing in + the issue of April 8, 1891, and her final appearance on a + Secularist platform not taking place, despite a "farewell + speech" delivered to Secularists on August 30, 1891, until + 1893. [Annie Besant, "Why I Became a Theosophist" (1889); + Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 202-203, 299-306, + 306 ff., 314, 320-321, and 329-364; "National Reformer, " + 1884-1893, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles + Bradlaugh" (1893), Pt. One, 1, 14-15, and Pt. Two (by J.M, + Robertson), pp. 63, 382-383, and 407; "Mrs. Besant on + Herself and Others," "Freethinker," January 25, 1891; "Sugar + Plums," "Freethinker," August 6, 1905; G.W. Foote, "The New + Year." "Freethinker," January 1, 1893; H.M. Hyndman, + "Further Reminiscences," (1912), p. 6.] + + J.M. Robertson abandoned the Movement. He withdrew from the +Executive of the National Secular Society, in 1892, because of +displeasure over a decision made by the Executive as to the +disposition of funds contributed toward a memorial for Bradlaugh. +In May, 1893; after the fore-going action of the Executive was +approved by the Annual Conference of the National Secular +Society, he resigned his membership in the Society. He +disappeared entirely in October, 1893, when the National +Reformer, the editorship of which he had assumed, as will be +seen, upon Bradlaugh's death, failed. ["National Reformer," +1891-1893, passim; "Freethinker," 1891-1905, passim.] + + On January 22, when in his 89th year, Holyoake died. +Holyoake's Secularist activity, which was less extensive in the +Bradlaugh period than in the preceding era, had lessened still +more in the Foote-Cohen epoch, in fact, his services for many +years were definitely limited. There were intervals, indeed, when +he held himself almost entirely aloof from Secular circles. No +doubt all this was due to his disapproval of the extent to which +anti-Christian agitation was carried on by the bulk of the +secularist party, as well as to a critical attitude which he +often manifested towards his successors in the chieftainship of +the Secular Movement, and (latterly) to his advanced years. But +whatever the causes, his comparative inactivity was a fact. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 86 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Nevertheless, throughout all this time he was identified with the +Movement, and even after the beginning of the Foote-Cohen era had +served for four years as a Vice-President of the National Secular +Society and for some two years (though no doubt merely nominally) +as President of the British Secular League. Now at last, however, +death withdrew him. ["Freethinker," July 24, 1892, to February +4, 1906, passim); "National Reformer," January 17, 1867, to June +4, 1893, passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), I, 334, and II, passim; J.M. Robertson, "A +History of Freethought in the 19th Century" (1930), II, 440; +Hypitia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 35.] + + In 1891 occurred an event which gave promise of offsetting +to some degree the loss of the services of these well-known +persons. Charles Watts, who upon the failure of the British +Secular Union had accepted a Freethought "pastorate" in Canada, +returned to Great Britain and once more became affiliated with +the National Secular Society. ["National Reformer," 1866-1892, +passim; "Freethinker," 1890-1906, passim; F.J, Gould, "The +Pioneers of Johnson's Court" (1929), p. 6; William Kent, "London +Heretics" (1932), pp, 72-74,] + + For several years Watts labored for the Secularist cause, as +a writer and speaker, and as a Vice-President of the National +Secular Society. But these efforts were destined to come to a +close sooner than might generally have been expected. In the +Freethinker for March 17, 1901, an unusual and interesting +advertisement made its appearance. It declared that George +Anderson (a Secularist) had invited Charles A. Watts (son of +Charles Watts and founder of the Rationalist Press Association), +in conjunction with a few trusted friends, to arrange for the +building of a Freethought Institute in London, to the cost and +endowment of which Anderson was to contribute 15,000 pounds after +the like sum had been contributed by others. The advertisement +went on to state the aim of the promoters was to establish a +comprehensive society embracing all sections of the Freethought +and ethical movements, and to request those in sympathy with the +project to communicate with Charles A. Watts. Although the scheme +discussed in the advertisement fell through, it led (among other +things) to the cessation of Watts' Secularist labors. Foote, who +declared he had not been consulted by the promoters, and who +resented the whole affair, charged Watts with being secretly +connected with the project and with aspiring to be the resident +lecturer of the Institute. Watts denied the charge, but the two +men grew increasingly embittered. Finally, in July, 1902, Watts +resigned his office of Vice-President of the National Secular +Society and the Executive of the National Secular Society (who +sided with Foote) countered by erasing Watts's name from the +rolls of the Society. Watts then became a lecturer for the +Rationalist Press Association. ["National Reformer," 1991-1893, +"Freethinker," 1894-1906, passim.] + + It will be recalled, of course, that in 1915 G.W. Foote +died, and that more than half a century ago Chapman Cohen began +his long career of distinguished leadership in the Movement. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 87 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + PRINTED MATTER + + Secularist efforts to assist in the propagation of +Secularism by means of publications of one sort or another were +continued in the Foote-Cohen era and met with a mixture of +success and failure. In the field of periodical publications, an +early development was the failure of the National Reformer. The +circulation of the Reformer had already begun to decline when, on +the death of Bradlaugh, J.M. Robertson assumed the editorship, +prepared in the main to follow the editorial policies so long +pursued by Bradlaugh himself. Inasmuch as under Robertson's +editorship subscriptions continued to fall off, there was no +choice but to bring the existence of the journal to an end. The +final issue of the paper was that of October 1, 1893. ["National +Reformer," February 22, 1891, to October 1, 1893, passim; +"Robertson, Rt. Hon. John MacKinnon," "Biographical Dictionary of +Modern Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe; "Robertson, Rt. +Hon. John MacKinnon," "Who's Who" (British), 1932; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 254.] + + In 1894 the merchant, J.W. Gott, together with one John +Grange and a man named Wakefield, launched at Bradford a +Secularist journal called the Truth Seeker. Starting as a monthly +publication, the paper later was issued at irregular intervals. +The advocacy of Secularist principles and Freethought agitation +both appeared in its pages. The Truth Seeker was a regional +paper, serving primarily the district around Bradford. After a +few years the Truth Seeker went out of existence apparently in +1905. ["National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," +May 20, 1894; "Truth Seeker," 1894-1905; "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," August 4, 1901.] + + A Secularist local journal, the monthly Leicester Reasoner, +was started by F.J. Gould, Secretary of the Leicester Secular +Society, in March, 1902. With the issue of February, 1903, +however, this paper died. ["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," March +10 and November 9, 1902, and January 4, 1903; "Leicester Secular +Society and Institute," "Freethinker," Nov. 23, 1902.] + + As a possible means of reaching a wider public than was +reached by the militant Freethinker, Foote undertook the +publication of a Secularists monthly journal bearing an +"inoffensive" title and adopting a policy which was less +aggressive. The new periodical -- which was named the Pioneer -- +was brought out on January 1, 1903. Though such "notorious" +Secularists as Foote and Cohen wrote for the paper, they used +pseudonyms, in an effort to attract readers that might otherwise +be frightened away. The new venture was not successful. The +readers of the Pioneer, in general, turned out to be persons who +were already reading the Freethinker. The paper did not make +converts for Secularism, and, besides, it failed to pay its way +financially. In less than 18 months after it made its initial +appearance, its existence was terminated. ["Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," November 23 and December 21, 1902; G.W. Foote, +"The Pioneer," "Freethinker," June 5, 1904.] + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 88 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Upon the death of Foote in 1915, the Freethinker passed into +the editorial hands of Mr. Chapman Cohen, who rededicated the +paper to the Secularist cause, and who conducted it year after +year with the same fearless aggressiveness as that practiced for +almost 35 years by his predecessor. In the autumn of 1946, though +the Freethinker had attained a longevity far exceeding that of +any other Secularist periodical, it still manifested the spirit +of youth. ["Freethinker," all numbers; Chapman Cohen, "Almost an +Autobiography," (.1940), pp. 118-135.] + + As in former years, the Secularists of the era under +consideration were able to issue publications calculated to +propagate Secularist and anti-theological principles books and +pamphlets by Secularists and others. Conspicuous in the list were +such works as J.W. Draper's 'History of the Conflict Between +Science and Religion,' and biographies such as Joseph McCabe's +'George Jacob Holyoake,' J.M. Robertson's 'Charles Bradlaugh,' +C.T. Gorham's 'Robert Ingersoll,' J.M. Robertson's 'Voltaire,' +and Guy A. Aldred's 'Richard Carlile.' This propagandist work of +the Secularists suffered a blow in connection with the present +war. Many of the publications ready for distribution from the +headquarters of the National Secular Society in London were +destroyed, on May 10, 1941, by fire resulting from an enemy air +raid; and the production of new copies -- any new treatises -- +was rendered difficult by the shortage of paper. ["Freethinker," +1890-1946. passim; "Truth Seeker," passim; "Secular Almanack," +passim; Executive of the National Secular Society, "General +Information for Freethinkers" (1921), p. 10.] + + A succession of publishing -- or printing and publishing -- +concerns in London served the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen +period. The Bradlaugh-Besant firm -- the Freethought Publishing +Company -- which had been founded in 1877, entered the new epoch, +but soon afterwards was dissolved. One cause of the dissolution +was, of course, the intellectual differences which had developed +between Bradlaugh and Annie Besant -- differences which carried +Mrs. Besant out of the Secularist Movement. Another factor in the +situation was Bradlaugh's declining health. A third reason for +the step was the fact that the expensive Fleet Street +establishment, even in those early days of waning Secularist +strength, was fast becoming an intolerable financial burden. The +dissolution took place in December, 1890. ["National Reformer," +August 3 and December 21, 1890; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1893), Pt. One, II, 15, and Pt. Two (by J.M. +Robertson), pp. 47 and 48; Geoffrey West. "Life of Annie Besant" +(1929), pp. 106-109.] Robert Forder now became the Secularist +publisher -- at 28 Stonecutter Street; but in 1899 a Freethought +Publishing Company, Limited, was formed by Foote, and Forder +became (for a time) one of its Directors. At first the +Freethought Publishing Company, Limited, was located at 28 +Stonecutter Street, but in April, 1900, No. 1 Stationer's Hall +Court became its address, and it moved to No. 2 Newcastle Street +in March, 1902. In July of the same year it added printing to its +activities. The Freethought Publishing Company, Limited, was not +successful financially, and in 1908 it was dissolved. Foote now +operated for Secularist purposes a personally owned concern -- +The Pioneer Press, Located at the outset at 2 Newcastle Street, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 89 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the Pioneer Press was moved, on March 25, 1915, to 61 Farrington +Street. Upon the death of Foote, in 1915, the Pioneer Press was +converted into a company -- G.W. Foote and Company, Limited -- +with nearly the whole of the shares being held initially) by Mrs. +Foote. This concern -- often referred to as "The Pioneer Press +(G.W. Foote and Company, Limited) -- remained at 61 Farringdon +Street until the premises were destroyed by fire on May 10, 1941. +Soon after the fire a new location was found at 2 and 3 Furnival +Street, Holborn. In September, 1945, the address of the firm +became 41 Gray's Inn Road. ["National Reformer," August. 3, +1890; "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Secular Almanack," +passim.] + + PUBLIC OCCASIONS + + The meetings which the Secularists held on Sundays in +Secular halls, the Secular outdoor meetings in the parks, the +debates between Secularists and non-Secularists, and the Secular +ceremonies utilized in connection with the naming of the children +of Secularists and with Secularist funerals continued in the +Foote-Cohen era to be prominent features of organized Secularism. +Both with respect to their character and the arrangements +attending them, these exercises followed along the lines +previously laid down. There were, however, certain new +developments in connection with them, and these should be +noticed. + + As an addition to the song books already available for use +in connection with meetings arranged by the Secularists, one of +the most devoted and industrious of Secularists, Joseph Mazzini +Wheeler, compiled in the first decade of the era under +consideration a work entitled 'Freethought Readings and Secular +Songs.' The selections contained in the volume were expressive of +the Secularist ideal of devotion to individual and social well- +being, and included compositions by Algernon Charles Swinburne, +Giordano Bruno, Leigh Hunt, Omar Khayyam, Margaret Fuller, +William Shakespeare, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and many other +writers. [J.M. Wheeler, "Freethought Readings and Secular Songs" +(189?).] + + A Secular song book was also compiled, at the request of +Sidney Gimson and F.J. Gould, of the Leicester Secular Society, +by Emily Josephine Troup. The volume was entitled 'Hymns of +Modern Thought,' and was published in 1900. It contained music +along with the words of the pieces: included in it, and gave +expression to the social aspiration associated with Secular +doctrine. [F.J. Gould, "Life-Story of a Humanist" (1922), p. +91.] + + The lists of Secularists who at one time or another in the +new era were prominent in connection with Secularist meetings and +debates, as well as the list of non-Secularists who in the course +of the period enjoyed prominence in debate against the +Secularists, differed, of course, from earlier lists. Among the +outstanding Secularist lecturers in the new era were Foote, Mrs. +Thorton Smith, Touzeau Perris, Arthur B. Moss, J.M. Robertson, +Charles Watts, Holyoake, W. Heaford, Joseph Symes, Stanley Jones, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 90 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cohen, J.T. Lloyd, W.J. Ramsey, R.H. Rossetti, George Whitehead, +George Bedborough, J.T. Brighton, and J. Clayton. The list of +well-known Secularist debaters now embraced Foote, Charles Watts, +J.M. Robertson, W. Heaford, Cohen, Stanley Jones, and George +Whitehead. The better known of those who in this era opposed the +Secularists in debate included the Rev. S. Brennan, the Rev. +J.F.B. Finling, the Rev. F.W. Ford, the Rev. J.M. Logan, the Rev. +J. Moffatt, the Rev. C. Fleming Williams, the Rev. Daniel Macrae, +Dr. Alexander Jamieson, President of the Glasgow Protestant +Laymen's Association, the Rev. W.T. Lee, W.S. Clarke, of the +Christian Defense Association, the Rev. H.W. Dick, the Rev. A.J. +Waldron, the Rev. Arthur J. Dade, the Rev. B.J. Coles, Noah +Railey, of the Christian Evidence Society, the Rev. W. Hatch, the +Rev. R.H. Homer, G.R. Samsays, Editor of the Birmingham 'Weekly +Mercury,' Canon Storr, the Rev. W.H. Claxton, the Rev. D. +Richards, N. Barbanell, Vice-President of the Spiritualist +National Union, the Rev. D. Nixon, the Rev. J. Hogg, the Rev, D. +Richards, the Rev. J.H. Mowers, G.H. Hicks, General Secretary of +the New Church Evidence Society, and Capt. B. Acworth, of the +Evolution Protest Movement. ["National Reformer," 1890-1893, +passim; "Freethinker," 1890-1946.] + + PROPAGATION OF SECULAR TEACHINGS + + The Secularists of the Foote-Cohen period continued without +interruption the Secularist efforts of earlier eras to promote +the spread and application of Secular principles. A considerable +portion of their efforts was directed towards furthering the +acceptance of the broad doctrines making up the Secularist +ethical philosophy. Secularist lecturers endeavored to diffuse +among the masses of the people the conviction that the service of +man is man's moral duty; that such service can be achieved only +by natural means; and that it should be guided by the light of +secular knowledge. [See "Sunday Lecture Notice," "Sugar Plums," +"Sunday Meetings" and "Mr. Foote's Engagement in "Freethinker," +passim.] + + Along with attempting to propagate the broad principles of +Secularism, the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era gave attention +in their agitation to the less-basic portion of the Secular +program. It is true that one or two items in this section seem to +have been neglected. It is also true that certain Secularists, +later to be noticed, did not work in behalf of some of the +points. But with these exceptions, the Secularists labored +zealously in this sphere. + + In the governmental sphere, they attempted, for one thing, +to secure the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of +a republic. Secularist republican agitation, it is true, was +strictly limited in extent. Nevertheless, Foote and other +Secularists now and then lectured to this end. [Ibid.] + + Scattered Secularist efforts were also made to secure the +abolition of the House of Lords. In 1894 the National Secular +Society became affiliated with the National League for the +Abolition of the House of Lords, while in the same year Foote and +a fellow Secularist, A.B. Moss, spoke at a great demonstration + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 91 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +which the League held in Hyde Park. Besides this, a Secularist +lecture was from time to time directed against the House of +Lords, and in 1910 the Annual Conference of the National Secular +Society carried a resolution to the effect that any reform of "a +Second Chamber" that might be undertaken should call for the +abolition of the hereditary principle, as well as for the +abandonment of the practice of granting membership to bishops and +archbishops of the Church of England on the strength of their +ecclesiastical positions. ["National Secular Society," +"Freethinker," February 22, 1894; "Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," +August 26 and September 2, 1894; "Sunday Lecture Notices," +"Freethinker," passim; "National Secular Society's Annual +Conference," "Freethinker," May 22, 1910.] + + Universal suffrage, too, was demanded. Inasmuch as the +Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884 had brought about a situation in +which virtually all men enjoyed the right to vote, Secularist +interest in promoting the achievement of universal suffrage found +expression in the Foote-Cohen period only in connection with the +idea of votes for women; but in this sphere some action was in +evidence. There was passed, in 1913, by the Annual Conference of +the National Secular Society, a resolution in which the principle +of woman suffrage was endorsed. It will be observed that the +resolution was carried in the period preceding the close of the +First World War. Any agitation that might otherwise have been +undertaken after the war was rendered unnecessary by the +legislative enactments of 1918 and 1928, which granted suffrage +to women. ["National Secular Society's Annual Conference," +"Freethinker," May 25, 1913; G.W. Foote, "Women and Freethought," +"Freethinker," November 11, 1906; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II. 296.] + + The Secularists of the Foote-Cohen period endeavored in +various ways to improve the lot of the masses. One part of this +work was an attempt to provide wholesome recreation for +Secularists and their friends. Many social functions were +arranged for this purpose, and these took quite a variety of +forms, including teas, dances, concerts, dinners, dramatic +entertainments, picnics, and excursions. ["Freethinker," +1890-1946, passim; "National Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; +"Branches of the National Secular Society," "Secular, Almanack +for 1894" (1893), pp. 39-43; F.J. Gould, "Life Story of a +Humanist" (1923), pp. 85 and 88-89.] + + The Secularists likewise maintained a "Benevolent Fund" +which, derived from contributions and from the proceeds of +entertainments, was utilized to alleviate the suffering of +Secularists in distress, Though the sums on hand were always +small, deserving applicants were given some assistance. +["Benevolent Fund," "To Correspondents," "Sugar Plums," "National +Secular Society," and "Sunday Meetings," "Freethinker," passim; +"Ball's Pond Secular Sick and Tontine Society," "Secular Almanack +for 1894" (1893), p. 44; "Branches of the National Secular +Society," "Secular Almanack for 1901" (1900), 27-29.] + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 92 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In the interest of mass welfare, too, Secularist action in +the Foote-Cohen era was undertaken to promote birth control. Much +of this took the form of arguments in favor of the practice. In +this connection the point was made, as in the two earlier Secular +periods, that contraception was a means of preventing poverty due +to overpopulation. In the early 90's J.M. Robertson wrote to this +effect for the National Reformer, while the Secularist George +Whitehead did so in a volume entitled 'Birth Control and Race +Culture,' which he published in 1925. The argument was also +advanced (and this was apparently a new approach for the +Secularists) that birth control was an avenue to better health. +This viewpoint appeared in a short-lived periodical, bearing the +title Birth Control, which the Secularist George Standring +published in 1919. Alongside of Secularist arguments in favor of +contraception, there appeared efforts by the Secularists to +identify governmental agencies with its promotion. These were +exemplified in a resolution passed by the Annual Conference of +the National Secular Society, in 1930, urging the establishment +of municipal birth-control clinics. [J.M. Robertson, "What Neo- +Malthusians Teach," "National Reformer," November 8, 1891; George +Whitehead, "Birth, Control and Race Culture" (1925); Norman E +Himes, Medical history of Contraception" (1936); "National +Secular Society, Report of the Annual Conference," "Freethinker," +June 22, 1930; "Sunday Meetings," "Freethinker," passim; +"National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," June 9, +1895.] + + Paralleling these various forms of action were efforts which +the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era exerted in connection with +education. The educational goal of the Secularists, as we have +seen, was a system of state schools providing Secular education +at public expense; and Secular educational labors were mainly +directed to this end. Some effort was spent, however, in the +operation, as a device for use pending the achievement of the +Secularist goal, of Secular schools in connection with Secularist +societies. The schools which the Secularists operated were open +on Sundays or in the evening of week days, and offered +instruction in both scientific and non-scientific subjects. The +number of Secularist schools dwindled as the period under +consideration advanced, and by the autumn of 1946 had become +inconsequential. ["Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Guide to +the Lecture Room," "National Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; +"Branches of the National Secular Society," "Secular Almanack for +1894" (1893), pp. 39-43, and "Secular Almanack for 1901" (1900), +pp. 27-29; F.J. Gould, "life Story of a humanist" (1923), pp. +87-88.] + + Secularist efforts in the interest of Secular education in +state schools took a variety of forms. Down to 1900, when local +school board elections were held for the last time, Secularist +and other school-board candidates pledged to advocate state +Secular schools were supported by Secularists, sometimes with +success. Secularist writings for the cause of a state system of +Secular schools made their appearance, notably in 1897 and 1902, +when manifestos were issued by the National Secular Society. +Demonstrations which supported Secular education by the state +were held by the National Secular Society (1902), or (1904 and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 93 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +1906) by the National Secular Society in collaboration with other +advanced bodies, such as the Trades Union Parliamentary Committee +and the Social Democratic Federation. The Executive of the +National Secular Society gave financial support to the Secular +Education League, which was founded in 1907, and which shared the +Secularist aim of secular schools maintained and controlled by +the state, while Foote and Cohen served on the Executive +Committee of the League. Lectures in support of state secular +education were delivered by Foote, Charles Watts, Cohen and +various other Secularists. Numerous resolutions in favor of +Secular education at the hands of the state were passed by Annual +Conferences of the National Secular Society. Secularist parents +now and then withdrew their children from religious instruction +in the state schools. ["Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Guide +to the Lecture Room," "National Reformer," 1891-1893; F.J. Gould, +"Life Story of a Humanist" (1923), p. 92; "Obituary," +"Freethinker," October 14, 1917. + + For several months the Secularists cooperated with the Moral +Instruction League, which was formed at the end of 1897 "to +substitute systematic non-theological moral instruction for the +present religious teaching in all State schools." The Executive +of the National Secular Society donated funds to the League and +four members of the Secularist Executive -- Foote, Charles Watts, +Cohen, and S. Hartman -- served in its Executive Committee. +Secularist cooperation with the league came to a close in 1899, +after the League had endorsed the use of the Bible in State +schools as an instrument of moral instruction. "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," July 11, 1897, to February 6, 1898, passim; Edith +M. Vance, "National Secular Society," "Freethinker," January 1, +1899; "National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," May +28, 1899.] +@@@@ + A prominent phase of the activity undertaken by the +Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era in the interest of reform in +various departments of society was the campaign which they +carried on for the removal of the obstacles that stood in the way +of free intellectual expression. As a part of this work they +sought to build up attitudes hostile to all such obstacles by +pointing out the need for intellectual liberty in general. +Various resolutions expressing concern over indications of an +intolerant spirit which were in evidence and urging support for +intellectual freedom were passed by Annual Conferences of the +National Secular Society. [Edith M. Vance, "National Secular +Society," "Freethinker," December 6, 1914, and December 9, 1917; +"National Secular Society's Annual Conference," "Freethinker," +1914-1946, passim.] + + Besides advocating freedom of the mind in general, the +Secularists opposed the violation of the principle of +intellectual liberty in various restricted spheres. For one +thing, they resisted interference with the press. On a number of +occasions when the freedom of the press was encroached upon they +sprang into action. In 1891, after a barrister-at-law, H.S. +Young, had been prosecuted for sending a birth-control tract in a +sealed envelope through the Post Office, and had been condemned +to pay a fine and costs amounting to more than 50 pounds, Foote + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 94 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cooperated with Dr. C.R. Drysdale, President of the Malthusian +League, in the formation of a Free Discussion Defense Committee +which held public meetings of protest against the prosecution. +["Free Discussion Defense Committee," "Freethinker," November 29, +1991; "Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," November 29, 1891, to June +12, 1892, passim; "National Secular Society's Conference," +"Freethinker," June 12, 1892.] In 1892 the Newcastle +Secularists, together with a few Spiritualists, raised funds for +the defense of one H. Loader, who was prosecuted for selling a +medical work on the population question, and held meetings to +protest against the prosecution and the sentence of a month's +imprisonment which the defendant received. ["Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," January 10 to February 14, 1992, passim; "National +Secular Society's Conference," "National Reformer," June 12, +1892.] In 1898 Foote, Holyoake, Charles Watts, and J.M. +Robertson cooperated with Bernard Shaw, H.M. Hyndman, and other +non-Secularists in a Free Press Defense Committee formed in +protest against the prosecution of George Bedborough, Secretary +of the Legitimation League, for circulating various works +published under the auspices of the League -- though the work of +the Committee was frustrated when Bedborough, through an +arrangement with the prosecution, escaped the risk of +imprisonment by pleading guilty. [Freethinker," January 12, +1898, to May 28, 1899, passim.] And two or three times since the +opening of the war which began in 1939, the National Secular +Society, through its Executive or its Annual Conference, has +passed resolutions protesting against the action of the +Government in suppressing newspapers and other periodicals +without a clear statement of the offense committed and without an +opportunity being given the proprietors involved of defending +themselves before a court of law. ["Freethinker," 1941-1946, +passim.] + + The Secularists also endeavored to put an end to violations +of the principle of the equality before the law of all forms of +opinion. They attempted, for one thing, to bring to a close the +privileges and advantages bestowed by the state upon religious +interests. Their work in this direction involved first of all +efforts to secure the disestablishment of the State Church -- at +first in all parts of Great Britain and later (after the Welsh +Disestablishment Bill became law in 1914) in England and +Scotland. Resolutions in favor of disestablishment were passed by +some three or four Annual Conferences of the National Secular +Society. ["National Secular Society's Conference" (or equivalent +title), "Freethinker," June 14, 1903, June 14, 1914, and June 19, +1927.] + + But the Secularists worked also to terminate various other +benefits which the church forces enjoyed at the hands of the +state. At Secularist Annual Conferences they passed resolutions +condemning the exemption of places of worship from taxation, the +use of religious ceremonials in connection with governmental +functions, the employment of chaplains by the state, the +compelling of soldiers and sailors to attend religious services, +the exemption of the clergy from military service, and the +broadcasting of sermons and religious services by the quasi- +public British Broadcasting Corporation. ["National Secular + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 95 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Society's Annual Conference" (or equivalent title), +"Freethinker," 1915-1946; Edith M. Vance, "National Secular +Society," "Freethinker," November 11, 1917; "Sugar Plums" +"Freethinker," December 1, 1918, and May 12, 1929; Executive of +the National Secular Society, "General Information for +Freethinkers" (1921), pp. 6-7. + + Resolutions less thoroughgoing than those referred to above +in connection with religious broadcasting were also passed by +Secularist Annual Conferences. From time to time the British +Broadcasting Corporation was condemned for not providing +alternate programs at those times when religious exercises were +presented. Apparently these milder resolutions were passed as +offering greater promise of early fulfillment than the others. +"National Secular Society's Annual Conference" (or equivalent +title), "Freethinker" May 25, 1930, Jane 7, 1921, and May 20, +1937.] + + In the interest of an equal status in the eyes of the law +for all varieties of opinion, efforts were likewise made by the +Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era to secure the repeal of the +blasphemy laws. Lectures were delivered, and in 1922 Cohen +brought out a pamphlet entitled 'Blasphemy: A Plea for Religious +Equality.' Then, too, Parliamentary candidates and Members of +Parliament were repeatedly urged to work for the cause, and when +bills calling for the repeal of the blasphemy laws were +introduced into Parliament, Secularist support was invariably +given to them. Besides all this, in 1922 the Secularists took the +initiative in the formation of the Society for the Abolition of +the Blasphemy Laws; and, after the organization was launched, +cooperated with it year after year, Cohen and other Secularists +serving on its Executive Committee. ["National Reformer," +1891-1893, passim; "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; Chapman +Cohen, "Blasphemy: A Plea for Religious Equality" (1932)] + + A further part of the Secularist effort in the Foote-Cohen +era to secure for all opinions an equal footing before the law +took the form of an attempt to bring about legislation which +would insure the payment of legacies to Secularist and other +Freethought bodies. It will be recalled that preceding the +establishment in 1898 of the Secular Society, Limited, bequests +of Secular societies had been withheld from them by the courts, +when appealed to, on the ground that their use by the Secularists +would constitute a violation of the blasphemy laws. The +Secularist agitation for the repeal of the blasphemy laws had +been designed in part to remedy this situation, but after long +years of effort success in getting the blasphemy laws repealed +still seemed remote; and in 1890 the Annual Conference of the +National Secular Society decided that action was desirable +looking to legislation specifically authorizing the payment of +Freethought bequests. + + The Conference requested Bradlaugh, who was then a Member of +Parliament, to do what he could for the cause. Bradlaugh did +nothing, for one reason or another, but the matter was +nevertheless pushed. Holyoake formed a Liberty of Bequest +Committee which persuaded a Member of Parliament for Northampton, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 96 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Mr. Manfield, to introduce a bill legalizing the payment of +Freethought bequests, and the National Secular Society gave the +measure its support. ["National Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; +"Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," September 28, 1890, and November +21, 1891; G.W. Foote, "Mr. Holyoake's Bill," "Freethinker," +December 27, 1891; F.J. Gould, "Chats with Pioneers of Modern +Thought" (1898), p. 43; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth +Remembering" (1905), II, 199-204; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), 11, 264-265 and 344.] + + Secularist efforts to secure legislation which specifically +authorized the payment of bequests to Freethought bodies did not +long persist. The bill introduced by Manfield was blocked, and, +no further prospects of success appearing, the Liberty of Bequest +Committee before long vanished, while the National Secular +Society began once more to devote all its available energies to +the work of striving for the repeal of the blasphemy laws. +["National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," May 20, +1894, and May 31, 1896; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth +Remembering" (1905), II, 199-204; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 264-265.] + + We have seen in another connection that after the +establishment of the Secular Society, Limited, bequests intended +for Secularist use which were willed to the Secular Society, +Limited, regularly came into the possession of the Secularists, +and that an appeal to the courts to withhold such a bequest +resulted in failure (1917). + + FIGHTING THE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS + + Secularist efforts to advance the principles of Secularism +were only a part of the Secular activity in the Foote-Cohen era. +Energetic attempts were also made to undermine the strength and +influence of organized religion. Indeed, a, large portion of the +Secularist energies of the period went into this work; for not +only did the Secularists virtually all participate in it, but +some Secularists, fearing that the already diminished Secular +Movement would be further reduced by disagreements growing out of +a greatly diversified program, and arguing that practically all +Secularists could endorse anti-church agitation and intimately +connected endeavors, devoted all their energies to attacking the +churches and to the furtherance of those Secular teachings +(notably the doctrines of secular education and freedom of +thought) which were intimately bound up with the religious issue. +If the early Secularists devoted a proportionately large share of +their strength to the spread of the principles of Secularism at +the expense of anti-religious agitation, and the Secularists of +the Bradlaugh period expended relatively equal energies on the +propagation of the Secular principles and on campaigning against +the churches, the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era devoted a +proportionately large share of their energies to anti-church (and +closely related) agitation. ["National Secular Society's +Conference" (or equivalent title), "National Reformer," May 27, +1888, and June 1, 1890; G.W. Foote, "Past, Present, and Future," +"National Secular Society's Almanack for 1894" (1893), pp. 15-16; +F.J. Gould, "Chats with Pioneers of Modern Thought" (1898), p. +43; "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 97 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Both Foote and Cohen sometimes wrote in favor of the +restriction of Secularist agitation to Freethought and closely +related matters, but neither thus consistently restricted his own +propagandist efforts. "Freethinker," 1890 and afterwards, +passim.] + + In their anti-church campaign the Secularists of the Foote- +Cohen era attempted to discredit alike the teachings of +Christianity and the role of the Church in history. The arguments +which they used in the main resembled the Secularist arguments of +earlier epochs, and like them were based largely upon modern +thought and knowledge. They made their appearance in articles and +pamphlets and in lectures. + + There was produced a sizeable collection of articles and +pamphlets. Foote brought out such hard-hitting publications as +'Is the Bible Inspired?' (1890) and 'The Book of God in the Light +of the Higher Criticism' (1897?). J.M. Wheeler published +'Paganism in Christian Festivals' (1895). The Secularist ex- +clergyman, J.T. Lloyd, came along with 'Prayer: Its Origin, +History, and Futility' (1916), and 'God-eating: A Study of +Christianity and Cannibalism' (1921). George Whitehead issued, +among other publications, 'Sex and Religion' (1930). Various +other Secularists also contributed pamphlets and articles, and +Cohen year after year put out forceful publications, typical +among which were 'Christianity and Social Ethics' (1910)), 'Women +and Christianity: the Subjection and Exploitation of a Sex' +(1919), and 'A Grammar of Freethought' (1921). [Numerous anti- +Christian pamphlets and articles of the period are listed in the +bibliography.] + + Lectures against the churches were delivered in great +numbers. In the course of the period Foote, J.M. Robertson, +George Standring, Charles Watts, Cohen, Touzeau Parris, Stanley +Jones, Sam Standring, W. Heaford, A.B. Moss, W.J. Ramsey, Robert +Forder, H. Snell, H. Percy Ward, and many other Secularists +participated in this work. Representative of the titles of the +Secularist anti-church lectures are the following: "Pagan Origin +of Christianity," "Miracles of the Bible: Are They true?" +"Christianity and Civilization," "Credibility of the Gospels," +"The Teachings of Jesus Opposed to True Morals," "Christian +Opposition to Science," "The Evolution of the Devil," "God's +Favorites," "The Bible Not Inspired," "God and Morality," +"Buddha, Confucius, and Christ," "The Dishonesty of the Church," +"Christianity the Enemy of Progress," "The Drawback of Theism," +"Does God Answer Prayer?" "The Decay of Christianity," +"Christism's Oppression of Women," "The Bible Fetish," +"Christianity the Enemy of Medical Science," "The Christian God +an Impossibility," "Self-reliance versus Trust in God," +"Freethought Martyrs," "The Trinity Puzzle," and "Religion the +Enemy of Man." ["Guide to the Lecture Room," "National +Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; "Sunday Meetings," "Mr. Foot's +Engagement" "Sunday Lecture Notices," and "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim.] + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 98 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST SECULARISM + + Opposition to Secularism was in evidence among supporters of +Christianity in the Foote-Cohen era. This took the form partly of +a number of legal actions against minor Secularist agitators on +the ground of violation of the blasphemy laws. In 1911, 1913, and +1914 prison sentences totaling 10 months were meted out to Thomas +William Stuart for uttering "blasphemous" remarks while +lecturing. In 1912 Stephen Edward Bullock was sentenced to three +months' imprisonment for using "blasphemous" language at a +meeting. In 1911, 1917, and 1921 prison sentences aggregating 23 +months and two weeks were imposed on J.W. Gott for publishing +"blasphemous" matter in pamphlet form. [Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinions" (2d ed., 1913), pp. 106-109; +"Freethinker," 1911-1921, passim.] + + Anti-Secularist activity also found expression in rough and +noisy forms. Sometimes hooting, groaning, and jeering were +directed at Secular speakers. Various Secularist lecturers were +jostled off their platforms, and some were pelted with stones or +clods or rotten oranges. Now and then after a Secularist meeting +a howling crowd would follow the speaker to his bus or lodging. +["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Bethnal Green +Branch of the National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +September 27, 1891; "National Secular Society's Conference," +"Freethinker," June 6, 1909; Chapman Cohen, Almost in +Autobiography" (1940), pp. 72-78.] + + Light is thrown on a typical example of this sort of +opposition by the following account of what took place on +November 30, 1893, in connection with a lecture which Foote +attempted at Ryhope: + + "When Mr. Foote entered the hall he was cheered by a part of +the audience, and hooted and groaned at by another part. Mr. +Weightman, of Sunderland, took the chair, and appealed for fair +play, but he might as well have expostulated with a hurricane. +The meeting was a perfect pandemonium. Mr. Foote ... for the best +part of an hour ... held his ground, speaking all the time and +getting a minute's hearing whenever possible.... Some discussion +followed the lecture, and every time Mr. Foote rose to reply the +disorder was renewed. Finally some wretch turned the gas (lights) +off, and threw the hall into darkness. It required some +discretion, and a free use of matches, for the lecturer and his +friends to get out of the building. Some of the bigots followed +him to the miner's cottage he went to for a few minutes before +walking to the station. Here they made diabolical noises, mingled +with cries of 'Pull him out.' But they did not seem to like the +idea of beginning that business, and eventually Mr. Foote walked +safely to the station with the little band of Sunderland friends +and two or three members of the new Ryhope Branch. ["Sugar +Plums," "Freethinker," December 10, 1893.] + + Finally, there were occasional efforts to strike at +Secularism in debates, or through replies to Secularist lectures, +or by withholding halls from the Secularists. ["Freethinker"' +1890-1946, passim.] + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 99 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Opposition to Secularism in the Foote-Cohen era was less +pronounced than it had been in the two earlier periods of +Secularist history. Even before the close of the Bradlaugh epoch +anti-Secularist activity began to be noticeably less in evidence, +and as the Foote-Cohen period advanced it became so reduced that +it was no longer a major source of disturbance to the +Secularists. ["National Reformer," 1860-1893, passim; +"Reasoner," 1852-1861, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1946, passim.] + + In considerable part all this was due to a growth of the +spirit of religious tolerance in the period of the waning +opposition, and to the fact that the decline of the Secular +Movement which took place during these years caused it to be less +feared as a disturber of vested interests and cherished beliefs. +A factor of greater importance, however, was the progress of +Secularism. Not only did the Secular principle of the promotion +of human welfare upon earth become increasingly prominent among +Christians of the period, but many of the various lesser features +of the Secular program came to be more generally embraced by +them; and these developments naturally helped a great deal to +undermine the opposition to Secularism. + + **** **** + + CHAPTER V + + SIGNIFICANCE + + The British Secular movement was by no means out of harmony +with a significant section of British aspiration and sentiment. +As a matter of fact, the desires and aims of the Secularists +were, in their essentials, held in high esteem by many other +Britishers. If the Secularists desired to see advanced the +principle that the service of man by natural and enlightened +means constitutes the sum total of man's duty, others shared the +same desire. If the Secularists endeavored to achieve democracy, +they were not alone in their effort. If better conditions for the +masses were a Secularist object, so were they sought by many non- +Secularists. If the Secularists desired a state-controlled system +of schools affording Secular education, others shared their +desire. If greater intellectual freedom was a Secular tenet, so +was it an item of belief for many others. And if the Secularists +wished to discredit a reactionary church, others did, too. + + Despite the essential harmony between the Secularist +aspirations and a great deal of British sentiment, the +proportions of the organized Secularist undertaking were never +really large. Even in the best years of the Movement the number +of its affiliates reached only a few thousand and the centers of +action associated with it did not greatly exceed 100; and +throughout most of the period of its existence the dimensions of +which it could boast were considerably smaller. + + The main reasons why the Secular Movement never became +anything more than a comparatively small one appear to be the +following: + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 100 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + 1st. The Secularists scattered their efforts over too many +fields of endeavor. People generally preferred to identify +themselves with exclusively political, social, or intellectual +reform movements -- with specialized organizations, each of which +was devoted exclusively to the destruction of one of the many +evils fought by the Secularists. They felt that by so doing they +stood a better chance of success. The truth of this assertion is +suggested by the fact that numerous Secularists sooner or later +drifted away from the Secular Movement and became associated with +such undertakings, and by the no less eloquent fact that +proposals emanating from the Secularist body were in evidence +calling for the conversion of the Secular Movement into a +specialized endeavor -- ordinarily into a solely Freethought +enterprise -- on the ground that such a reconstruction would be +conducive to greater effectiveness. + + 2nd. The approach of the Secularists to the problem of +bettering the economic and social lot of the working classes was +too restricted. It is true, of course, that the Secularists +worked hard to improve the condition of the workers, as is shown +by their birth-control agitation, their land-reform activities, +their benevolent fund, and their furtherance of popular +recreation. But they tended to rely either on self-help devices +of one sort or another or on the removal of governmental +obstructions to self-help, and to show little appreciation of the +possibilities of social reform by means of positive state action. +It is no doubt true that in preaching the gospel of the +betterment of the masses the Secularists really helped promote +state-directed reform. It is also true that some Secularists +advocated this type of remedy. But the Secularist body as such +did not include this variety of social reform in its official +program. The period since the advent of the Secular Movement, +however, has been one which has aimed at social reform by +collectivist as well as individualist means. In fact, the demand +for positive social legislation has in recent decades been much +in the foreground. And persons who, though sharing the Secularist +zeal for social reform, were enamored of the collectivist variety +of reform, or who felt that both types were needed, refrained in +many cases from affiliating themselves with the Secularist body. + + 3rd. Secularists were apt to suffer petty persecution. +Intolerant Christians sometimes discriminated against them, +abused them in one way or another, or even ostracized them. It is +true that such unpleasant treatment sometimes strengthened the +Secular Movement, but such was not usually the case; for if there +were persons who accepted it as a challenge, there were many more +who shrank from it. The following type of observation is a +recurring one in Secularist literature: + + "We well know that, in various parts of England, also + in Scotland, there are large numbers who would openly join + the Secular body, but who, at present, hesitate and hold + back, because they have become cognizant of painful + instances in which the honest avowal of sentiment resulted + in loss of situation, or profit, or friends. ["Secularist + Propaganda." "National Reformer," January 4, 1862. See also + "Reasoner," November 17, 1852.] + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 101 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + 4th. The atmosphere of the Secularist camp smacked too much +of religion. Though the Secularists spent a great deal of energy +attacking religion, in many ways they resembled a religious +group. They had not only a moral code, but one which was similar +to parts of the code associated with Christianity. They talked +theology, just as the religionists did, though, of course, for a +different purpose. They had their Sunday lectures, which were not +altogether unlike sermons. They utilized ceremonies reminiscent +of sacraments. They even sang hymns. Nor was this all. Joseph +Barker, Joseph Symes Joseph McCabe (who for one year was +Secretary for the Leicester Secular Society), and John T. Lloyd +were former clergymen. H. Percy Ward had studied for the +ministry. Annie Besant was the one-time wife of a clergyman. And +John Watts, Charles Watts, and Dr. Aveling were the sons of +clergymen. Thus, as a result of training or temperament, the +Secularist leaders were often not so far removed psychologically +from the clergy. But the resemblance of the Secular Movement to +an organized religion was hardly an asset to it. The period +covered by the Secular Movement has been one in which +indifference to religion has become increasingly evident; and +persons who had ceased to be interested in clergymen and church +services were not always attracted by their Secularist +counterparts. + + But if the Secular Movement itself was always relatively +small, the influence which it exerted -- thanks to the talent and +industry of the Secularist leaders and to faithful support of the +leaders by the rank and file -- was by no means negligible. + + The changes involved in the Secularist influence were not +due altogether to the Secularists, but were brought about partly +by the non-Secularists already mentioned as sharing the +Secularist aims. In view of this fact, we shall find it +convenient, in discussing the Secularist influence, to mention +the various achievements which were brought about through the +total effort of the Secularists and the other like-minded +reformers, and then to assess the importance which the Secularist +action had in their accomplishment. + + Of the several developments which the Secularists helped to +bring about, one of the most conspicuous was the growth of the +idea that it is man's duty to promote human welfare on earth. +This idea became so widespread as to be almost universally +endorsed, and belief in it became so firmly established that its +truth was generally taken for granted. Action in accordance with +the principle, of course, was less general, and perhaps was +relatively rare. But the belief itself all but triumphed. It was +so firmly established that persons generally endeavored to +justify their actions by it, and so widely held that individuals +or groups with programs to advance ordinarily sought support for +them by identifying them with it. + + Another development had to do with democracy. Great progress +was made in the achievement of democratic government. Not only +were voting privileges secured for the great masses of men and +women alike (through the Reform Acts of 1867, 1884, 1918, and +1928), but the powers of the undemocratic House of Lords were so + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 102 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +greatly reduced (in 1911 by the Parliament Act) that it was no +longer able permanently to obstruct legislation enacted by the +popularly-elected House of Commons. + + The economic and social conditions surrounding the laboring +masses were definitely improved. Thanks at once to the widespread +adoption of the practice of limiting the size of families through +birth control and to much corrective legislation affecting +working conditions, hours of labor, and even wages, poverty and +hardship were somewhat reduced. Insecurity, too, was made less +general, through the enactment by Parliament of social-insurance +legislation relating to unemployment, accident, sickness, and +invalidity, as well as by means of voluntary associational +schemes. And recreational facilities were extended through the +provision on Sundays, during the summer months, of music in the +parks, and through the opening on Sunday of museums, libraries, +art galleries, and other recreational centers. + + Educational progress, too, was achieved. As a result of the +Education Act of 1370, many state schools were set up alongside +of the insufficiently-numerous private schools; and in these +state schools a strictly Secular education was made available to +any child whose parent or guardian requested that religious +instruction be withheld from him. + + Intellectual freedom was broadened. In 1853, 1855, and 1861 +respectively, the restrictive taxes on paper, advertisements, and +newspapers were removed. The legislation demanding the provision +of security against blasphemous or seditious utterances in +newspapers was abolished (1869). Through the Evidence Further +Amendment Act (1869), the Evidence Amendment Act (1870), and the +Oaths Act (1888) the right of non-religious persons to affirm +under all conditions in lieu of taking an oath was gained. And, +thanks to more liberal judicial interpretation, the blasphemy +laws came to be applied in less-oppressive ways -- as is Shown at +once by the triumph of the tendency to restrict blasphemy to the +criticism of religion in unseemly fashion, and by the +discontinuance of the practice of denying bequests to Freethought +bodies on the ground that such bodies violated the blasphemy +laws. + + Finally, various religious changes were brought about. The +church was both weakened and changed. Two important factors +weakened the church. In the first place, it was weakened by the +curtailment of its role in the political, educational, and social +spheres. The political authority of the church was reduced when +the Parliament Act, in curtailing the authority of the House of +Lords, restricted that of the ecclesiastical dignitaries who sat +in that body. The educational function of the church was +relatively lessened when the state undertook to supplement the +religious schools with schools of its own. And the social +functions of the church were proportionately reduced when +extensive action for the alleviation of poverty and distress +began to be taken by the state. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 103 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The church was also weakened by the increase of religious +skepticism. An impressive number of persons, especially among +university professors, members of the learned professions, +writers, shopkeepers. and city workers, ceased at once to endorse +the major tenets associated with organized Christianity and to +retain confidence in its fruits. This unbelief weakened the +church, not only because skeptics tended to withdraw their +membership and support from the religious bodies, but because +(though many became indifferent) they sometimes waged campaigns +against religion. + + The church was changed through the restatement of Christian +doctrines and through a modification of Christian action. As for +the restatement of doctrines, it is true that nothing was done +officially; but increasingly numerous individual church members +adopted a revised creed. They changed the traditional doctrines +in such a way as to enable them to stand the test of modern +thought and knowledge. What this amounted to, in broad terms, was +that they emerged with a creed which was essentially earth- +centered and humanitarian -- one which envisaged religion, not as +a device for securing happiness in a world to come, or as an +instrument for holding the lower orders in cheek, but as a means +of reducing the many evils suffered by the masses of mankind in +the present life, and, in general, of promoting human happiness +here in the world. + + Christian action came to be concerned more extensively with +the reform of conditions adversely affecting the lower classes. +The churches did not become primarily centers of reform, but +became such to an increasing degree. The lead in this direction +was taken by individuals and groups rather than by the churches +as organized bodies, but official action by the churches directly +was not altogether lacking. All in all, considerable effort was +put forth. Chief attention was paid to the improvement of the +social and economic condition of the workers. The Guild of St. +Matthew, the Christian Social Union, the Church Socialist League, +and other organizations, as well as numerous individuals, were +devoted primarily to this work. But other types of reform had +their Christian supporters. Thus there were advocates of +democracy, of Secular education, and of unrestricted intellectual +freedom. Perhaps the entire situation with respect to the +enlargement of Christian action in the interest of popular reform +is roughly characterized by Donald O. Wagner's summarizing +statement (1930) concerning the expansion of social-reform +activity in the Church of England since 1854. "Seventy-five years +ago," says Mr. Wagner, "bishops would have now been thought the +last possible converts to social reform. Many of them are far in +advance of their flocks and a few are nothing less than +agitators." [Donald O. Wagner, "The Church of England and Social +Reform Since 1854" (1930), p. 326.] + + Although the contributions which the Secularists made to +these several achievements cannot, of course, be measured with +any degree of precision, their size may be roughly approximated, +To the advancement of the idea that it is the duty of man to +promote man's well-being in this life they contributed much -- +thanks to their prolonged and energetic campaign to that end. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 104 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In the securing of the Parliamentary enactments involving +the furtherance of democracy, the Secularists played a part which +was important. They helped to augment the demand which brought +them about. + + The Secularist contribution to the improvement of conditions +among the workers was significant. For one thing, they aided +perceptibly in the alleviation of poverty. Not only did they +render much help in preparing the ground for remedial measures +through bringing the problem of poverty before the public eye, +but by furthering the limitation of the size of families among +the working elements in the population, they helped a great deal +to reduce the unemployment arising from the presence of a greater +number of workers than the employing classes needed. They also +contributed noticeably to the promotion of greater security for +the workers, mainly through publicizing working-class insecurity, +and to some slight degree by means of the Secular Benevolent +Fund. Finally, they played a considerable part in the procuring +of Sunday music in the parks, and in the opening of libraries, +art galleries, and museums on Sunday. + + The progress which was made in education owed a debt of +considerable proportions to the Secularists. The long years of +Secularist educational agitation helped much to ripen opinion for +the state-controlled schools which were set up, while the +operation of Secular schools by the Secularists and the +withdrawal of the children of Secularists from religious +instruction in the state-controlled schools furthered to some +slight degree the cause of secular education. + + The efforts of the Secularists counted for a great deal in +the broadening of intellectual freedom. To the campaign which +secured the repeal of the taxes on paper, advertisements, and +newspapers they contributed much financial and other aid. +Secularist defiance of the Security Laws was a major factor in +the securing of their repeal. The fight for the extension of the +right of affirmation was in large part won by the Secularists, as +is indicated by the fact that the Evidence Further Amendment Act, +the Evidence Amendment Act, and the Oaths Act were all passed in +direct response to Secularist action. And Secularist action with +respect to the blasphemy laws was to some degree effective. By +persistently talking and writing against these oppressive +measures, by violating them on innumerable occasions, and by +making systematic efforts to prevent their enforcement, the +Secularists did much to further the tendency towards a less harsh +interpretation of them -- the tendency to conceive of them as +applying, not to all critics of Christianity, but only to those +who in their criticism departed from the standards of good taste. + + The religious changes which were brought about were in +considerable part the result of Secularist labors. On the one +hand, the Secularists aided considerably the weakening of the +church. By helping to reduce the powers of the House of Lords +with its archbishops and bishop, by assisting in the +establishment of state schools at the expense of a completely +church-school system, and by furthering the improvement of the +condition of the lower classes by secular rather than by + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 105 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +religious means, they contributed significantly to the reduction +of the political, educational, and social role of the church. And +by carrying on a long and unbroken anti-religious campaign they +promoted to a large extent the growth of religious skepticism. + + On the other hand, the Secularists contributed a great deal +to the changing of organized Christianity. By exposing the +intellectual and social dereliction of the church, by luring away +many of its members, and by setting it an example of popular- +reform activity, they furthered extensively both the +modernization of Christian doctrine and the socialization of +Christian action. "We Christians," said the Rev. Stewart D. +Headlam, "owe much to the National Secular Society; it has helped +us to overthrow many idols and to sweep away much rubbish. +["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," January 11, 1891.] + + In a word, though the Secular Movement was not an especially +large one, it helped much to advance the causes of democracy, +social reform, education, secularism, mental freedom, and +socialized morality. It contributed appreciably to the creation +of some of the, most characteristic features of present-day +British society. + + BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Adams, W. E., Memoirs of a Social Atom. (1903); + +Adams, W. E., The Slave-holder's War; an Argument for the Worth +and the Negro. + +Adams, W. E., Tyrannicide; Is it Justifiable? (1858). + +Agnostic (Anderson, George), An Agnostic's Progress from the +Known to the Unknown. (1884) + +Anderson, George, A Reply to Cardinal Manning's Essay on the +relation of the will to thought. By Materialist. (1886). + +"Anderson, George," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists, by Joseph McCabe (1920). + +Annie Besant, D.L.: Queen's Hall Jubilee Demonstration, July 23, +1924. Report of Speeches (1924). + +Annual Register for 1891. + +Arnold, Matthew, Culture and Anarchy. + +Aveling, E.B., Biological Discoveries and Problems. (1881). + +Aveling, E.B., The Bookworm and other sketches. (1879). + +Aveling, E.B., The Borderland between living and non-living +things, etc. (1883). + +Aveling, E.B., Botanical Tables for the use of students. (1874). + +Aveling, E.B., Comparative Physiology. (1876). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 106 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Aveling, E.B., The Creed of an Atheist. 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London Quarterly +Review, January, 1921. + +Barber, Thomas, Ought Charles Bradlaugh to be an M.P.? An +Expostulation addressed to the electorate of the borough of +Northampton... (1877). + +Barker, Joseph, Barker's Review of Polities, Literature, +Religion, and Morals, and Journal of Education,, etc. Vol. 1-3. +(1861-1863). + +Barker, Joseph, The Life of Joseph Barker written by himself, ed. +by his nephew J.T. Barker. (1880). + +Barker, Joseph, Modern Skepticism: A Journey through the land of +doubt and back again. A life story ... (1874). + +Barker, Joseph, Paine and His Calumniators. (186?). + +Barker, Joseph, A Review of the "Elements of Social Science." (by +George Drysdale). (1863). + +Barker, Joseph, The Theistic Controversy. (1860?). + +Barker, Joseph, and Thomas Cooper, The Belief in a Personal God +and a Future Life; six nights' discussion between Thomas Cooper +and Joseph Barker, held in St. George's Hall, Bradford, Sept. +1860. (1860). + +Barnes, Harry Elmer, The History of Western Civilization. (1835). + +Bax, Ernest Belfort, Reminiscences and Reflections of a mid and +late Victorian. (1918) + +Bedborough, George, Arms and the Clergy. (1934). + +Benn, A.W., The History of English Rationalism in the 19th +century. 1906). + +Benn, A.W., Modern England ... a record of opinion and action +from ... the French Revolution to the present day. (1908). + +Bennett, De R.M., An Infidel Abroad; a series of letters written +while on a ten weeks' visit to Europe. (1880). + +Bennett, De R.M., A Truthseeker Around the World. A series of +letters written while making a tour of the globe. (1881). + +Bennett, De R.M., The World's Sages, Infidels and Thinkers. +(1876). + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 108 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Benny, James, Benny on Bradlaugh and Hyndman, etc.; a review and +criticism of the recent debate on "Socialism" between Bradlaugh +and +Hyndman. ... (1884). + +Bernstein, Edward, My Years of Exile. (1921). + +Besant, Annie, Annie Besant; an autobiography. (1893). + +Besant, Annie, Auguste Comte: His Philosophy, His Religion, and +His Sociology. (1885). + +Besant, Annie, Autobiographical Sketches. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, The Beauties of the Prayer Book. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, Biblical Biology. A Contribution to Religious Non- +Science. (1884) + +Besant, Annie, Blasphemy. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, Catholicism and Rationalism. A review of two +nights' discussion ... between Charles Watts and "A Catholic," +with an essay on the relative merits of Secularism and +Catholicism by Annie Besant. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, "Charles Bradlaugh," Review of Reviews, March, +1891. + +Besant, Annie, "Charles Bradlaugh," Review of Reviews, April, +1891 + +Besant, Annie, The Christian Creed; or, What It is Blasphemy to +Deny. (1883) + +Besant, Annie, Christian Progress. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Circulation. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, Civil and Religious Liberty. With some hints taken +from the French Revolution. A Lecture (188?) + +Besant, Annie, Clericalism in France, By Prince Napoleon +Bonaparte (Jerome). Translated by Annie Besant. + +Besant, Annie, Coercion in Ireland and its Results. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, Constructive Rationalism. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, Disestablish the Church; or, Sins of the Church of +England. A series of pamphlets originally published separately in +1886 under the general title "The Sins of the Church." (1896) + +Besant, Annie, Egypt, a Protest Against the War. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, England Before the Repeal of the Corn Laws. (1881) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 109 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, England, India, and Afghanistan, and the Story of +Afghanistan; or, Why the Tory government gags the Indian press. A +plea for the weak against strong., (1879) + +Besant, Annie, England's Jubilee Gift to Ireland. (1887) + +Besant, Annie, The English Land System. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, English Marseillaise, with Music. + +Besant, Annie, English Republicanism. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Essays by Mrs. Besant. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, Essays on Socialism. (1887) + +Besant, Annie, The Ethics of Punishment. (1880) + +Besant, Annie, Euthanasia. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, Eyes and Ears, Six Chats on Seeing and Hearing +(1882) + +Besant, Annie, Force No Remedy. An Analysis of the Coercion Act +(Ireland) (1882). + +Besant, Annie, 1875 to 1891. A Fragment of Autobiography. (1891) + +Besant, Annie, Free Trade v. 'Fair' Trade. Five Lectures +delivered in the Hall of Science during October, 1881 (1881) + +besant, Annie, The Fruits of Christianity. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Giordano Bruno. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, God's views on marriage as Revealed in the Old +Testament. (1881?) + +Besant, Annie, Gordon Judged out of his own Mouth. (1885). + +Besant, Annie, The Gospel of Atheism: a Lecture. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, The Gospel of Christianity and the Gospel of +Freethought. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, Henry Varley Exposed. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, History of the Anti-Corn-Law Struggle. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, History of the Great French Revolution. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, History of the Great French Revolution. (1883) + +Besant, Annie, The Idea of God in the Revolution, by Emile +Acollas. Translated by Annie Besant (1877) + +Besant, Annie, The Influence of heredity on free will, by Ludwig +Buchner. Translated by Annie Besant (1880). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 110 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, Is the Bible Indictable? ... Being an Enquiry +whether the Bible comes within the ruling of the Lord Chief +Justice as to obscene literature (1877) + +Besant, Annie, Is Christianity a Success? (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Jules Soury's "Jesus of the Gospels." Translated +by Annie Besant + +Besant, Annie, Jules Soury's "Religion of Israel." Translated by +Annie Besant (1881) + +Besant, Annie, The Law of Population. Its consequence and its +bearing upon human conduct and morals (1877) + +Besant, Annie, Legalization of Female Slavery in England. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. (188?) + +Besant, Annie, Life, Death, and Immortality. (1886) + +Besaint, Annie, Light, Heat, and Sound. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, Marriage; as it was, as it is, and as it should +be. + +Besant, Annie, Mind in Animals, by Professor Ludwig Buchner. +Translated... by Annie Besant (1880) + +Besant, Annie, My Path to Atheism. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, The Myth of the Resurrection. (1884) + +Besant, Annie, The Natural History of the Christian Devil. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Natural Religion versus Revealed Religion. (187?) + +Besant, Annie, On the Atonement. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, On the Deity of Jesus of Nazareth ... (1873) + +Besant, Annie, On Eternal Torture. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, On Inspiration. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, On the Mediation and Salvation of Ecclesiastical +Christianity. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, On the Nature and Existence of God. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, On the Religious Education of Children. (187?) + +Besant, Annie, The Physiology of Home. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, The Political Status of Women. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, The Religion of Israel, by J. Soury. Translated by +Annie Besant. (1880). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 111 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, "Reply to Gladstone's 'True and False Conceptions +of the Atonement'", Nineteenth Century, June, 1895 + +Besant, Annie, Roots of Christianity; or, The Christian Religion +before Christ (1886) + +Besant, Annie, Rushing into War. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Secular Morality. National Secular Society's +Tracts -- No. 3 + +Besant, Annie, Editor, The Secular Song and Hymn Book. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, (Selection?) from the fifteenth edition of Dr. L. +Buchner's "Force and Matter," translated by Annie Besant. + +Besant, Annie, Sin and Crime: Their Nature and Treatment. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Social and Political Essays. . + +Besant, Annie, The Story of the Soudan. (1884) + +Besant, Annie, Theological Essays and Debates + +Besant, Annie, The Trades Union Movement. (1890) + +Besant, Annie, The Transvaal. + +Besant, Annie, The True Basis of Morality. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, Vivisection. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, What Is the Use of Prayer? (1884) + +Besant, Annie, Why I Became a Theosophist. (1889) + +Besant, Annie, Why I do not Believe in God. (1887) + +Besant, Annie, Why Should Atheists be Persecuted? (1884). + +Besant, Annie, Woman's Position According to the Bible. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, The World and its Gods. (1886) + +Besant, Annie, A World Without God. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, and C. Bradlaugh, Landlords, Tenant Farmers, and +Laborers. (1880). + +Besant, Annie, and G.W. Foote, Is Socialism Sound? Verbatim +report of a four nights' debate between Annie Besant and G.W. +Foote ... (1887) + +Besant, Annie, and A. Hatchard, The Besant-Hatchard Debate. +(1880) + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 112 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, and the Rev. G.F. Handel Rowe, Atheism and Its +Bearing on Morals. A Debate between Annie Besant and the Rev. +G.F. Handel Rowe ... (1887) + +"Besant, Annie", Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers, by J.M. +Wheeler (1889) + +"Besant, Annie", Chamber's Encyclopedia. + +"Besant, Annie", Who's Who. (1932) + +Besterman, Theodore, A Bibliography of Annie Besant. (1924) + +Besterman, Theodore, Mrs. Annie Besant, A Modern Prophet (1934) + +Bettany, F.G., Stewart Headlam. (1926) + +Binyon, Rev. R.C., The Christian Socialist Movement in England. +(1931) + +Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers of all Ages and Nations. +(1889) + +Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. (1920) + +Biographical Sketch of Arthur B, Moss. (Reprinted, with +additions, from 'The Radical.') + +Birch, William John, An Inquiry into the Philosophy and Religion +of the Bible. (1856) + +Birch, William John, Paul an Idea, not a fact. (1855) + +Birth Control, (1919) + +Blackie, John Stewart, The Natural History of Atheism. (1878) + +Blaikie, Rev. W.G., Christianity and Secularism compared in their +Influence and Effects. (1882) + +Blavatsky, Helene Petrovna, The Thersites of Freethought. Being a +reply to certain attacks. (189-?) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Charles Bradlaugh: A Record of his Life and +Work by His Daughter Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner., With an account +of his Parliamentary Struggle, Polities, and Teachings by John M. +Robertson, M. P. (1894) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., The Chemistry of the Home. (1881) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Did Charles Bradlaugh Die an Atheist? (1909) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., The Labour System of Assam. + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Editor, Paine's Works + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Penalties Upon Opinion; or, Some Records of +the Laws of Heresy and Blasphemy ... (1913) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 113 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., The Slave Struggle in America. + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Stricken India. + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., "The Warpath of Opinion." A Reply (1902) + +"Bonner, Mrs. H.B.", Who's Who. (1932) + +Booth, Charles, Life and Labour of the People of London. +(1892-1897) +Bradlaugh, Alice, Mind Considered As A Bodily Function. (1884) + +Bradlaugh Centenary Committee, Editors, Champion of Liberty: +Charles Bradlaugh (1933) + +Bradlaugh and To-Day. Speeches delivered at the Centenary +Celebration ... 1933 (1933) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, American Cities. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Anthropology of Mr. Bradlaugh. A Page of His +Life (1873) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Atonement. (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Autobiography of Mr. C. Bradlaugh. (1873) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Bible Not Reliable. (1858) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Bible; What it is: Being an examination +there-of from Genesis to Revelation (1857-1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Broadsides, Ballads, etc., Collection of, +issued in connection with Northampton election ... (1874) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Capital and Labour. (1886) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Cardinal's Broken Oath. (1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Channel Tunnel: ought the democracy to +oppose or support it? (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Civil List and Grants to Royal Family. +(1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Compulsory Cultivation of Land: What it means +and why it ought to be enforced (1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Cromwell and Washington. (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Does the Bible contain a Perfect Code of +Morality, (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Doubts in Dialogue. (1891) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Eight Hours' Movement ... (1889) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 114 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Eight Hours' Question. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, England's Balance Sheet. (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A few Words about the Devil, and other +biographical sketches and essays (1864 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Five Dead Men Whom I Knew when Living; R. +Owen, J. Mazzini, C. Sumner, J.S. Mill, and Ledru Rollin (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Genesis, its Authorship and Authenticity +(1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, George, Prince of Wales, with recent +contrasts and coincidences. (18??) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Has Man a Soul? (1859) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Heresy: its utility and morality. (1868) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Hints to emigrants to the United States of +America. (1879) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, How are We to Abolish the Lords? (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Humanity's Gain from Unbelief, and other +selections from works of Charles Bradlaugh, with Prefatory note +by his daughter, H.B. Bonner (1929) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Impeachment of the House of Brunswick. (1872) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Indian Money Matters. (1889) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Inspiration of the Bible. (1873) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Irish Question. (1868) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Is there a God? (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Jesus, Shelley, and Malthits. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. (1884) + +BradlaUgh, Charles, Labour and Law. (1891) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Labor's Prayer. (1865) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Land Question. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Land, the People, and the Coming Struggle +(1871) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Laws Relating to Blasphemy and heresy. +(1878) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Letter from a Freemason, to General H.R.H. +Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. (1867) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 115 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Letter to Dr. Brindley. (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Abraham. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of David. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Jacob. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Jonah. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Moses. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, London Republican Club. The inaugural address +of the President, Mr. C. Bradlaugh. (1871) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Lying for the Glory of God: a Letter to the +Rev. Canon Fergie, D.D., Vicar of Ince, near Wigan. (1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Market Rights and Tolls Restrictive of Trade. +(1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Abraham. (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of David., (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Jacob. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Jonah. (1861 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Moses. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Northampton's Voice on the Royal Grants. +(1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Notes on Genesis. (1861 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Notes on Joshua, Judges, and Samuel. (1861 or +earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Parliament and the Poor. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Perpetual Pensions. (1880) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Plea for Atheism. (1864) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Political Essays. (Vol. I, 1864, Vol. II, +1865). + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Political Essays. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Poverty: its effects on the Political +condition of the people. (1863) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Prohibition of Free Speech. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Radical Program. (1885.) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Real Representation of the People. (1863) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 116 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Reform or Revolution. (1867) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, "The Republican Impeachment," Gentleman's +Magazine, January, 1873. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Review of the Work of the Rev. E. Mellor +... entitled "The Atonement, its relation to pardon," (1859) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Robert Cooper's "Holy Scriptures Analyzed," +with Sketch of his Life. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Secularism: What is it? National Secular +Society's Tracts -- No. 7 + +Bradlaugh, Charles, "Socialism; its Fallacies and Dangers," North +American Review,, January, 1887. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Some objections to Socialism. (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Speeches, by Charles Bradlaugh. (1890) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Supernatural and Rational Morality. (1886) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Taxation: how it originated, how it is spent, +and who bears it. (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Theological Essays. (1889) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The True Story of My Parliamentary Struggle. +(1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Twelve Apostles. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Two Napoleons. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Were Adam and Eve our First Parents? (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What Can Theism say for itself? (1880?) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What did Jesus Teach? (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What Does the Bible Teach? (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What Does the Bible Teach about God? (1864 or +earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What is Christianity? (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, When Were Our Gospels Written? (1867) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Who was Jesus Christ? (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, "Why Are We Secularists?" National Secular +Society's Tracts -- No. 8. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Why Do Men Starve? (1865) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 117 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Workmen and their Wages. (1888) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. R.A. Armstrong, Is it Reasonable +to Worship God? Verbatim report of two nights' debate at +Nottingham between the Rev. R.A. Armstrong and Charles Bradlaugh +(1878) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Rev. W. Barker, Modern Atheism and the +Bible: Report of the Discussion between the Rev. W. Barker ... +and Iconoclast ... (1862) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Rev. Dr. Joseph Baylee, God, Man, and the +Bible. Three Nights' Discussion between the Rev. Joseph Baylee +... and Charles Bradlaugh ... June, 1860 ... (191-) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Ernest Belfort Bax, Will Socialism +Benefit the English People? A Written debate between E. Belfort +Rax and Charles Bradlaugh (1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Annie Besant, and Charles Watts, The +Freethinkers' Textbook,, (1876-1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Annie Besant, In the High Court of +Justice: Queen's Bench Division, June 18, 1877. The Queen v. +Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant. A verbatim report of the +trial of Bradlaugh and Besant for publishing the Knowlton +Pamphlet (1878) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Annie Besant, Socialism; for and against: +written debate with Mrs. Besant (1887) + +Bradlaugh, C. and Dr. Brindley, Discussion Between 'Iconoclast' +and Dr. Brindley. (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W.R. Brown, Can Miracles be proved +possible? Verbatim report of the two nights' public debate +between ... Bradlaugh and W.R. Brown, etc. (1876) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Anthony Collins (W.H. Johnson), and John +Watts, Biographies of ancient and modern celebrated Freethinkers. +Reprinted from an English work, entitled "Half Hours with the +Freethinkers" (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Anthony Collins (W. H. Johnson), and John +Watts, Half-hours with Freethinkers. (October, 1856-1857) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Thomas Cooper, Two Nights' public +discussion ... on the being of a God as the maker and moral +governor of the universe ... 1864. (1874) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Rev. Marsden Gibson, Has Humanity Gained +from Unbelief? Two nights' debate between the Rev. Marsden Gibson +... and Charles Bradlaugh (1889) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W. Gillespie, Atheism Or Theism? Debate +between Iconoclast ... and W. Gillespie (1869-72) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 118 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, C. and Brewin Grant, A full Report of the Discussion +between B.G. and 'Iconoclast' ... (1858) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. Brewin Grant, Discussion on +Atheism. Report of a public discussion between the Rev. Brewin +Grant ... and C. Bradlaugh ... 1875 ... (1875) + +Bradlaugh, C., and A.J. Harrison, Secularism. Report of a public +discussion between the Rev. Alexander J. Harrison ... and Mr. +Charles Bradlaugh ... 1870 (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. A.J. Harrison, What does +Christian Theism Teach? Verbatim report of the two nights' +discussion between the Rev. A.J. Harrison and C. Bradlaugh ... +1872 (1909) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and G.J. Holyoake, Secularism, Skepticism, +and Atheism. Verbatim report of the proceedings of a two nights' +public debate between ... G.J. Holyoake and C. B. etc. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W. Hutchins, Christianity and Secularism; +Report of a Public Discussion Between Mr. W. Hutchins and Mr. C. +Bradlaugh ... 1861 ... (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and H.M. Hyndman, Eight Hours Movement. +Verbatim report of a debate between H.M. Hyndman and C. Bradlaugh +(1890) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and H.M. Hyndman, Will Socialism Benefit the +English People? Verbatim report of a debate between H.M. Hyndman +and C. Bradlaugh ... 1884 (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and David King, Christianity v. Secularism. +Report of a ... discussion between D. King ... and C. B.... +Subject: "What can Secularism do for Man that Christianity +cannot?" (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and La Bauchere, Northampton's Voice on the +Royal Grants. Preface by C. Bradlaugh ... (188?) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. T. Lawson, A discussion on the +Question, Has Man a Soul? between the Rev. T. Lawson ... and +Iconoclast ... (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. John Lightfoot, Eternal Torment. +A Written debate between the Rev. John Lightfoot ... and Charles +Bradlaugh ... 1876, (1888) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. James M. McCann, Secularism: +Unphilosophical, immoral, and anti-social. Verbatim report of a +three nights' debate between the Rev. Dr. Cann (sic) and Charles +Bradlaugh ... 1881. (1881) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Dr. W.C. Magee, Bishop of Peterborough, +Christianity in Relation to Freethought, Skepticism, and Faith. +Three Discourses by the Bishop of Peterborough, with special +replies by Charles Bradlaugh (1892) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 119 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Mr. Mackie, A Full Report of the +Discussion between Mr. Mackie ... and Iconoclast (Mr. Bradlaugh) +... 1861, on the question, What does the Bible teach about God? +(1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. T.D. Matthias, The Credibility +and Morality of the Four Gospels -- a debate ... (1859) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Sir Stafford Northcote, Northampton and +the House of Commons. Correspondence between C. Bradlaugh and Sir +Stafford Northcote, (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Robert Roberts, Is the Bible Divine? A +six nights' discussion between Mr. Charles Bradlaugh and Mr. +Robert Roberts ... Together with a review of the discussion by +Mr. Roberts (1876) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and A. Robertson, The Existence of God. +Verbatim report of ... debate between Messrs, A. Robertson and +C.B. etc. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. J.H. Rutherford, Are the +Doctrines and precepts of Christianity, as taught in the New +Testament calculated to benefit humanity? Report of the debate +... between "Iconoclast" and J.H. Rutherford (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W. Simpson, Disestablishment and +Disendowment of the English Church. ... Report ... of the debate +between ... C. Bradlaugh and W. Simvson, etc. (1876) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and John Watts, Half-hours with Freethinkers. +(1864) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W.M. Westerby, Has, or is, Man a Soul? +Debate between Rev. W.M. Westerby and Charles Bradlaugh (1909) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. Woodville. Woodman, The +Existence of God: A Discussion between Rev. Woodville Woodman, +and "Iconoclast" 1861 (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Woodville Woodman, Is the Bible a Divine +Revelation? A Discussion between Rev. W. Woodman and Iconoclast +... 1861 (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles. and Others. Notes on Christian Evidences; +being criticisms on "The Oxford House Papers" With replies by the +authors of the Papers (1909) + +"Bradlaugh, (Charles)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers, +by J. M. Wheeler (1889) + +"Bradlaugh, Charles." Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists, by Joseph McCabe (1920) + +"Bradlaugh, Charles," Dictionary of National Biography. (1901) + +"Bradlaugh, Charles," Chambers' Encyclopedia + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 120 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bragdon. Claude Favette, A Brief Life of Annie Besant. (1909) + +The Brighton Guardian. (1878-1880) + +Buchanan, James, Faith in God and Modern Atheism. (1855) + +Buchanan, James, Modern Atheism under its forms of Pantheism, +Materialism, secularism, development, and natural laws. (1859) + +Butts. Asa K.. Sketch of the Life of Mrs. Besant. Prefatory to +American edition of her Marriage; as it was, as it is, and as it +should be (1979) + +Cattell. C.C., Compiler, Agnosticism: an exposition and a +defense. Selected from leading authorities (19-) + +Cattell. C.C., The Dark Side of Christianity. + +Cattell, C.C., In Search of a Religion. + +Cattell, C.C., Is Darwinism Atheistic? (1884) + +Cattell. C.C., The Land: How to Make it Feed the People and Pay +the +Taxes. ... With Reply to Hon. John Bright, M.P. (1879?) + +Cattell. C.C., The Man of the Past, the evidence of his natural +origin and great antiquity (1891) + +Cattell. C. C., The Martyrs of Progress. (1878) + +Cattell, C.C., Mr. John Bright and Labour Representation. + +Cattell, C.C., Radicalism and Imperialism. + +Cattell, C. C., Ralph Waldo Emerson, + +Cattell, C. C., Secularism, Its Principles Stated. + +Cattell. C. C., A Secularist's Principles. (1864) + +Cattell, C.C., Secularism: What is it? + +Cattell, C.C., The Solution of the Irish Land Question. What the +government must do. Inscribed to the Right Hon. W.E. Gladstone +(188-?) + +Cattell. C.C., What is a Freethinker with a special reference to +Mr. R.D. Dale, M.A. + +"Cattell, C.C.," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, +by +Joseph McCabe (1920) + +Centenary Committee, Editors, Champion of Liberty: Charles +Bradlaugh (1933) + +Cheyney, E.P., Modern English Reform (1930) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 121 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Chew. S.J., Mr. G.J. Holyoake refuted in his own words. (1852) + +Churchill. Winston Spencer. Lord Randolph Churchill. (1906) + +Clark, J., The Spurious ethics of the skeptical philosophy; a +critique of Mr. Holyoake's "Logic of Life" (1860) + +Clepane, Miss Irene, Towards Sex Freedom. (1935) + +Cohen, Chapman, Almost an Autobiography (1940) + +Cohen, Chapman, An Atheist's Approach to Christianity (1942) + +Cohen, Chapman, Blasphemy; a plea for Religious Equality (1922) + +Cohen, Chapman, Bradlaugh and Ingersoll. A centenary appreciation +of Two Great Reformers. (1933) + +Cohen, Chapman, Christianity and Slavery. With a Chapter on +Christianity and the Labour Movement. (1918) + +Cohen, Chapman, Christianity and Social Ethics. (1910) + +Cohen, Chapman, Christianity and Woman. (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Church's Fight for the Child (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, Creed and Character, The Influence of Religion on +social life (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, Deity and Design. (1912) + +Cohen, Chapman, Determinism or Free Will. (1912) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Devil (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Did Jesus Christ Exist? (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Essays in Freethinking. (1923-27) + +Cohen, Chapman, Evolution and Christianity. (1897) + +Cohen, Chapman, Fascism and Christianity (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, Foreign Missions: their dangers and delusions +(1901) + +Cohen, Chapman, Foundations of Religion + +Cohen, Chapman, Four Lectures on Freethought and Life + +Cohen, Chapman, Freethought and the Child (1939) + +Cohen, Chapman, Giving 'em Hell (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, God and Evolution (1925) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 122 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cohen, Chapman, God and Man. An Essay in common sense and natural +morality (1918) + +Cohen, Chapman, Gods and Their Makers. (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, God and the Universe. Eddington, Jeans, Huxley, +and Einstein. ... with a reply by Professor A.S. Eddington (1931) + +Cohen, Chapman, A Grammar of Freethought. (1921) + +Cohen, Chapman, Humanity and War (1939) + +Cohen, Chapman, Letters to a Country Vicar. (1934) + +Cohen, Chapman, Letters to the Lord. (1935) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Massacre of the innocents. National Secular +Society Leaflet No. 7 (1917) + +Cohen, Chapman, Materialism Restated. (1927) + +Cohen, Chapman, Morality Without God. (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Must We Have a Religion? (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Opinions. Random Reflections and wayside sayings +(1930) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Other Side of Death. A critical examination +of the belief in a future life, with a study of spiritualism +(1922) + +Cohen, Chapman, An Outline of Evolutionary Ethics. (1896) + +Cohen, Chapman, Pagan Survivals in Modern Thought + +Cohen, Chapman, Pain and Providence. (189?) + +Cohen, Chapman, Pioneer Leaflets. No. 1 to 6 (1900?) + +Cohen, Chapman, Primitive Survivals in Modern Thought. (1935) + +Cohen, Chapman, Religion and the Child. (1916) + +Cohen, Chapman, Religion and Sex; studies in the pathology of +religious development (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Salvation Army and its Work. (1906) + +Cohen, Chapman, Selected Heresies from the writings of Chapman +Cohen. (1931) + +Cohen, Chapman, Socialism, Atheism, and Christianity. (1908) + +Cohen, Chapman, Socialism and the Churches. (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, Spain and the Church. (1936) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 123 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cohen, Chapman, Theism or Atheism; the great alternative (1921) + +Cohen, Chapman, Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live (1939) + +Cohen, Chapman, War -- civilization and the churches (1930) + +Cohen, Chapman, What is Freethought? (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, What is the Use of a Future Life? (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, What is the use of Prayer? (1897) + +Cohen, Chapman, Woman and Christianity. The subjection and +exploitation of a sex (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, and C.E.M. Joad, Materialism: has it been +exploded? verbatim report of (a) debate between Chapman Cohen and +C.E.M. Joad ... 1928 ... revised by both disputants (1928) + +Cohen, Chapman, and Horace Leaf, Does Man Survive Death? Is the +Belief Reasonable? A debate between Mr. Horace Leaf and Mr. +Chapman Cohen ... 1920 (1920) + +Cohen, Chapman, and Hon. Edward Lyttleton, The Parson and the +Atheist, a friendly discussion on religion and life, between +(the) Rev. and Hon. Edward Lyttleton ... and Chapman Cohen (1919) + +"Cohen, Chapman," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, +by Joseph McCabe (1920) + +Cole G.D.H., Life of Robert Owen. (1930) + +Coleridge, Ernest Hartley, Life and correspondence of John Duke +Lord Coleridge, lord chief justice of England. (1904) + +Coleridge, Baron J.D., The Law of Blasphemous Libel. The summing +up in the case of Regina v. Foote and others, etc. (1883) + +Collet, C.D., History of the Taxes on Knowledge. Their origin and +repeal. With an Introduction by George Jacob Holyoake (1899) + +Collet, Sophia Dobson, The Almanack of Freedom. (1855) + +Collet, Sophia Dobson, George Jacob Holyoake and Modern Atheism. +A biographical and critical essay (1855) + +Conway, Moncure D., Autobiography. (1904) + +Conway, M.D., Blasphemous libels. (1883) + +Conway, M.D., The Oath and its ethics. (1881) + +Conway, Moncure D., The Voysey Case, from an heretical viewpoint +(1871) + +Cooper, Robert, Autobiography. (1874) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 124 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cooper, Robert, The Bible and its Evidences. (1858) + +Cooper, Robert, The Immortality of the Soul, religiously and +philosophically considered. (1882) + +Cooper, Robert, A reply to Thomas Cooper's recent lectures on God +and a future State. (1856?) + +"Cooper, (Robert), Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers, by +J.M. Wheeler (1889) + +"Cooper, Robert," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, +by Joseph McCabe (1920) + +Cooper, Thomas, Life of Thomas Cooper. Written by Himself (1882) + +Cooper, Thomas, The Triumphs of Perseverance and Enterprise. +(1854) + +The Councillor on Secular, cooperative and political questions. +(1861) + +Courtney, Janet E., Freethinkers of the Nineteenth Century. +(1920) + +Cowper, B.H., The Logic of Life and Death, etc. (In answer to a +tract by G.J. Holyoake "The Logic of Death," etc.) (1865) + +Cumming, Dr., Moses right, Colenso wrong: being popular lectures +in reply to the first and second parts of "Bishop Colenso on the +Pentateuch" (1863) + +Curzon, F., The Gift of Life ... A Letter addressed to Mr. +Holyoake in reply to the "Logic of Death" (1853) + +Davidson, J. Morrison, Eminent English Liberals in and out of +Parliament. (1880) + +Davies, Dr. Maurice, Heterodox London: or phases of freethought +in the metropolis (1874) + +Dennis, Geoffrey, Coronation Commentary (1937) + +Dhar, Vishnunarayana, Mr. Bradlaugh's Indian Reform Bill. (1890) + +"Dr. Annie Besant, Crusader, is Dead" New York Times, Sept. 22, +1933. (1933) + +Dodsworth, James, Letter to the Shareholders of the National +Reformer Company, giving an account of the way in which the +editor was reelected at the March meeting, by James Dodsworth, +Chairman of the Board of Directors (1862) + +Douglas, John Sholte, 8th Marquis of Queensberry, The Religion of +Secularism and the Perfectibility of man (18??) + +"Douglas, Sir John Sholte," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists, by Joseph McCabe (1920) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 125 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Drysdale, George R., The Elements of Social Science. (1861) + +Duncan, David, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (1908) + +Elgood, John Charles, Thoughts on Theism ... A response to the +interrogatory of the lecture delivered by Charles Bradlaugh ... +last year and entitled "What Can Theism Say for itself?" ... +(1880) + +Elliott, Hugh, Editor, Letters (of John Stuart Mill) (1910) + +The English Leader, A Journal for the discussion of stationary +questions. (1864 and 1866) + +Farrar, Frederick William, The Bible, its meaning and Supremacy. +(1897) + +Farrar, Reginald, The Life of Frederick William Farrar, Sometime +dean of Canterbury, by his son R. Farrar (1904) + +Faulkner, H.U., Chartism and the Churches (1916) + +The Fleet Street Advertiser (1854) + +Flint, Robert, Anti-Theistic Theories. (1880) + +Foote, G.W., Arrows of Freethought. (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Atheism and Morality, (1880) + +Foote, G.W., Atheism and Suicide. A reply to Alfred Tennyson +(1881) + +Foote, G.W., The Atheist Shoemaker and the Rev. Hugh Price +Hughes, or, A Study in Lying, with a full and complete exposure +(1890) + +Foote, G.W., Bible and Beer. (1912) + +Foote, G.W., The Bible Devil. (189-?) + +Foote, G.W., The Bible God, (1889) + +Foote, G.W., Bible Heroes., (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Bible Romances, (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Blasphemy no crime, The whole question treated +historically,, legally, theologically, and morally with special +reference to the prosecution of the "Freethinker" (1882) + +Foote, G.W., The Book of God in the Light of Higher Criticism, +with Special reference to Dean Farrar's new apology (1897?) + +Foote, G.W., Christianity and Progress. A reply to the Rt. Hon. +W.E. Gladstone (1902) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 126 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., Comic Sermons and other fantasias, (1892) + +Foote, G.W., The Creation Story. (1882?) + +Foote, G.W., The Crucifixion. (188-?) + +Foote, G.W., Death's Test: or, Christian lies about dying +Infidels (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Defence of Free Speech; being a three hours' address +to jury in the Court of Queen's Bench before Lord Coleridge on +April 24, 1883 (New Ed., 1889) + +Foote, G.W., Dr. Torrey and the Bible, (1905) + +Foote, G.W., Dr. Torrey and the Infidels. (1905) + +Foote, G.W., Dropping the Devil, and other free Church +performances. (1902) + +Foote, G.W., The Few Who are Saved. (1910?) + +Foote, G.W., Flowers of Freethought. (1894), + +Foote, G.W., Futility of Prayer. (1879) + +Foote, G.W., Gladstone's Irish Stew.. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., The God the Christians Swear By. (1882) + +Foote, G.W., God in a Box. (189-?) + +Foote, G.W., God save the King, and other Coronation Articles, by +an English Republican (1903) + +Foote, G.W., God, The Soul, and a Future State. (1875) + +Foote, G.W., Gospel Ghosts, (189-?) + +Foote, G.W,, The Grand Old Book, a reply to the Rt. Hon. W.E. +Gladstone's "The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture" (1891) + +Foote, G.W., Editor, The Hall of Science libel case. With a full +and true account of "The Leeds Orgies". Edited, with an +introduction, by G.W. Foote (1895) + +Foote, G.W., Heroes and Martyrs of Freethought. (1876) + +Foote, G.W., The Impossible Creed; an open letter to the Bishop +of Peterborough (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Infidel Deathbeds. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., Ingersallism defended against Archdeacon Farrar. +(1892) + +Foote, G.W., Editor, "An Essay on Suicide," by David Hume; with +an historical and critical introduction by G.W. Foote (1894) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 127 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., Editor, A refutation of Deism in a dialogue by Percy +Bysshe Shelley. With an introduction by G.W. Foote (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Is the Bible inspired? ... A criticism on "Lux +Mundi" (1890) + +Foote, G.W., John Morley as a Freethinker: a statement and a +criticism. With numerous extracts from Morley's writings (1893) + +Foote, G.W., Jonah's Excursion to Nineveh. (1885) + +Foote, G.W., Letters to the Clergy. (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Letters to Jesus Christ. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., A Lie in Five Chapters? or, The Rev. Hugh Price +Hughes's "converted atheist" (1890) + +Foote, G.W.,. The Mother of God. (1918) + +Foote, G.W., Miscellaneous Essays. (1895) + +Foote, G.W., Mrs. Besant's Theosophy. (1889) + +Foote, G.W., My Resurrection; a missing Chapter from the Gospel +of St. Matthew, discovered and published by G.W. Foote (1892) + + Foote, G.W., The New Cagliostro; an open letter to Madame +Blavatsky (1889) + +Foote, G.W., Noah's Flood: a Chapter of Biblical Romauce (187-?) + +Foote, G.W., The Passing of Jesus: or, The Last adventures of the +first Messiah (1902) + +Foote, G.W., Peculiar People: an open letter to Mr. Justice +Wills, on his sentencing Thomas George Senior to four months' +imprisonment with hard labour, for obeying the Bible (1899) + +Foote, G.W., The Philosophy of Secularism. (1879) + +Foote, G.W., Editor, A philosophical inquiry concerning human +liberty, by Anthony Collins. Reprinted with preface and +annotations by G.W. Foote, and biographical introduction by J.M. +Wheeler. (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Prisoner for Blasphemy. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., Randolph Churchill: the Woodstock bantam (Second +edition, 1885) + +Foote, G.W., Reminiscences of Charles Bradlaugh. (1891) + +Foote, G.W., The Resurrection. (188-) + +Foote, G.W., A Rising God. (188-?) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 128 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., Rome or Atheism, the great alternative. (1892) + +Foote, G.W., Royal Paupers, showing what royalty does for the +people ... (Third edition, 1888) + +Foote, G.W., Salvation Syrup: or, Light on Darkest England. A +reply to 'General Booth. (1891) + +Foote, G.W., Secularism and its Misrepresentation. + +Foote, G.W., Secularism Restated. + +Foote, G.W., Secularism and Theosophy: a rejoinder to Mrs. +Besant's pamphlet (1889) + +Foote, G.W., Secularism, the True Philosophy of Life. An +exposition and a defence (1879) + +Foote, G.W., The Shadow of the Sword. (1885) + +Foote, G.W., The Sign of the Cross; a candid criticism of Mr, +Wilson Barrett's play (1896) + +Foote, G.W., A Virgin Mother. (1882?) + +Foote, G.W., The Wandering Jews. (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Was Jesus Insane? (1882) + +Foote, G.W., What is Agnosticism? With observations on Huxley, +Bradlaugh, and Ingersoll, and a reply to George Jacob Holyoake; +also a defence of atheism (1902) + +Foote, G.W., What was Christ? A Reply to John Stuart Mill. (i.e., +to, "Nature, the Utility of Religion, and Theism") (1887) + +Foote, G.W., Who Was the Father of Jesus? (1895) + +Foote, G.W., Why be good without hope of heaven or fear of hell? +The: answer of freethought + +Foote, G.W., Will Christ Save Us? (1892) + +Foote, G.W., and W.P. Ball. Editors, Bible Atrocities. (1891) + +Foote, G.W., and W.P. Ball, Editors, The Bible Handbook for +Freethinkers and Inquiring Christians (1888?) + +Foote, G.W., and W.T. Lee, Theism or Atheism: which is the more +reasonable? A public debate between Mr. W.T. Lee ... and Mr. G.W. +Foote ... 1895 (1896) + +Foote, G.W., and H.A. Long, Verbatim Report of the public +discussion upon 'The Origin of Man,' between ... G.W.F. and H.A. +Long ... (1877) + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 129 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., and Rev. D.G. McCann, Christianity or Secularism, +Which is true? Verbatim report of a public debate between the +Rev. Dr. James McCann and Mr. G.W. Foote ... (1886) + +Foote, G.W., and G. Sexton, Christianity and Secularism. Verbatim +reports of two ... debates ... the second on Secularism, between +G.W.F. and G. Sexton. (1878) + +Foote, G.W., and G. Sexton, Is Secularism the true Gospel for +Mankind? Verbatim report of a debate ... between G.W.F. and G. +Sexton (1878) + +Foote, G.W., and Bernard Shaw, The Legal Eight Hours' Question. A +public debate between Mr. George Bernard Shaw and Mr. G.W. Foote +... (1891) + +Foote, G.W., and Charles Watts, Heroes and Martyrs of +Freethought. (1875) + +Foote, G.W., and J.M. Wheeler, Crimes of Christianity. (1887) + +Foote, G.W., and J.M. Wheeler, Editors, The Jewish Life of +Christ; being the Sepher Foldath Jeshu; or, Book of the +Generation of Jesus. Translated from the Hebrew. Edited (with an +historical preface and voluntinous notes). (1919) + +Foote, G.W., and J.M. Wheeler, Voltaire: a sketch of his life and +works. (1894) + +"Foote, George William," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Forder, R., Saint Agnes and Saint Bridget and their Pagan +Prototypes. (1888) + +Forder, R., 'There was War in Heaven.' An Infidel Sermon. (1891) + +Freethinker. (1881 to date) + +Gardiner, A.G., Life of Sir William Harcourt. (1923) + +Gay, Susan E., Life Work of Mrs. Besant. (1913) + +"George Jacob Holyoake," Review of Reviews,, v. 24, pp. 249-261 +(1901) + +Gill, Charles, The recent prosecutions (of G.W. Foote and others) +for blasphemy, and the debate in the House of Commons on the +Affirmation Bill., By the author of 'The Evolution of +Christianity.' (1883) + +"Gimson, Josiah," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +"Gimson, Sydney Ansell," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 130 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Girdlestone, A.G., Christianity under Fire. Forty-six points of +attack by C. Bradlaugh, examined in a lecture, etc ... (1876). + +Gladstone, W.E., The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture. Revised +and enlarged ... (1892) + +Gladstone, W.E., Ingersoll on Christianity. (1888) + +Gladstone, W.E., Parliamentary Oaths. Speech delivered in the +house of Commons, on the second reading of the parliamentary +Oaths Act Amendment Bill ... (1883) + +Gladstone, W.E., "True and false Conceptions of the Atonement," +Nineteenth Century, September, 1894. + +Goss, C.W.F., A Descriptive Bibliography of the Writings of G.J. +Holyoake. (1908) + +Gould, F.J., The Building of the Bible. Showing the chronological +order in which the books ... appeared ... (1898) + +Gould, Frederick James, Chats with Pioneers of Modern Thought. +(1898) + +Could, F.J., Life Story of a Humanist. (1923) + +Gould, F.J., The New Pilgrim's Progress from Christianity to +Secularism. (1883) + +Gould, F.J., "The New Secularism," Agnostic Annual and Ethical +Review (1902) + +Gould, F.J., The Pioneers of Johnson's Court; a history of the +Rationalist Press Association from 1899 onwards (1929) + +Gould, F.G., The Religion of the First Christians. (1901) + +Gould, F.J., Stepping-stones to Agnosticism, With an introduction +by G.J. (Holyoake). (1889) + +Gould, F.J., Will Women Help? An appeal to women to assist in +liberating modern, thought from theological hands (1900) + +"Gould, Frederick James," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Grant, Brewin, The Life of Joseph Barker the Infidel, done from +his own works, by B.G. (Reprinted from the Sheffield Christian +News.) (1860) + +Grant, Brewin, Oaths and Infidels: or the believableness of +Unbelievers. A letter to Lord J. Russell. (1854) + +Grant, Brewin, A Pen and Ink Sketch of Iconoclast (i.e. C. +Bradlaugh.) ... Seventh edition. (1860) + +Greg, Percy, The Creed of a Secularist, By Lionel H. Holdreth +(pseudonym) (1857) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 131 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Greg, Percy, The Devil's Advocate. (1878) + +Greg, Percy, Shadows of the Past. (1856) + +Handsacre, Alan, The Revenues of Religion with a record of +established religion in England (1932) + +Harrington, G.F. (Rev. William Mumford Baker), Northampton +Election Difficulties, dilated upon as a struggle by Bradlaugh +Atheism against Christianity. (1881) + +Headingley, Adolphe S., The Biography of Charles Bradlaugh. +(1883) + +Headiam, Stewart Duckworth, The London School Board in 1890: an +address, etc. (1890) + +Headlan, Stewart, Priestcraft or Progress. (1873) + +Heaford, William, Translator, Jesus Christ: His Apostles and +disciples in the twentieth century, by Count Camille de Renessee. +Translated ... by William Heaford (1907) + +Hillier, William, Christianity, Science, and infidelity: a series +of letters ... showing the follies ... of atheism ... occasioned +by the return of C. Bradlaugh as a member of Parliament for +Northampton ... With a prefatory recommendation by H. Varley +(1881) + +Hillier, William, Should Christians support Mr. Bradlaugh the +avowed Atheist, in his attempt to get into Parliament? Report of +a lecture, etc. (1883) + +Himes, Norman E., Medical History of Contraception. (1936) + +Himes, Norman E., Medical History of Contraception. (1934) + +Hinton, J. Howard, the Elder, A Lecture on the conclusion of the +discussion between G.J. Holyoake and ... B. Grant. (1853) + +Hinton, J. Howard, Secular Tracts,, (1853) + +Holyoake, Austin, The Apostles of Christ: a farce in Several +Acts. + +Holyoake, Austin, The Book of Esther; a specimen of what passes +as 'the inspired word of God.' + +Holyoake, Austin, Daniel the Dreamer: a biblical biography + +Holyoake, Austin, Does there exist a moral governor of the +Universe? An argument against the alleged universal benevolence +in nature (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, Facetiae for Freethinkers (collected by A. +Holyoake) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 132 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, Austin, Heaven and Hell: Where Situated. A Search after +the objects of man's fervent hope and abiding terror (18-?) + +Holyoake, Austin, Large or Small Families? on which side lies the +Balance of Comfort? (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, Ludicrous Aspects of Christianity; A response +to the Challenge of the Bishop of Manchester (18-?) + +Holyoake, Austin, Secular Ceremonies. A Burial Service (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, A Secular Prayer + +Holyoake, Austin, Sick Room Thoughts. + +Holyoake, Austin, Superstition, and how it operates upon the +Human Mind, forcibly portrayed by Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, +with Commentary by Austin Holyoake + +Holyoake, Austin, Thoughts on Atheism; or, Can Man by searching +find out God (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, Would a Republican Form of Government be +Suitable for England? (1873) + +Holyoake, Austin, and Charles Watts, Editors, Secularists' Manual +of Songs and Ceremonies. (1871) + +"Holyoake, (Austin)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers by +J.M. Wheeler. (1889) + +"Holyoake, Austin," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Holyoake, G.J., Affirmation and appeal case fund. (1862) + +Holyoake, G.J., Alien features of Secularism. (1877) + +Holyoake, G.J., 'Among the Americans,' and 'A Stranger in +America.' (1881) + +Holyoake, G.J., Anti-Boycott Papers. (1902) + +Holyoake, G.J., British Secular Institute of Communication and +Propagandism. (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., Bygones Worth Remembering. (1905) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Case of Thomas Pooley. (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Changes in religious opinion in England since +1841. + +Holyoake, G.J., The Child's First Reading book. (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., The, Child's First Word book. (1854) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 133 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., The Child's Ladder of Knowledge. (1866) + +Holyoake, G.J., Circular from Mr. Holyoake (for friends of +Secular Progress only). (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., Editor, The Circular of the Anti-persecution +league. + +Holyoake, G.J., Civil Equality: the Parliamentary progress of the +Affirmation Bill (1863) + +Holyoake, G.J., Common People. (1870) + +Holyoake, G.J., Constitution and objects of Secular Societies +from the Manchester Conference Report. (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Controversial Characteristics of the Scotch +People. (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Cooperative Movement To-day. (1891) + +Holyoake, G.J., Cumming Wrong; Colenso right. A reply to Dr. +Cumming's 'Moses right, Colenso wrong' (1863) + +Holyoake, G.J., Death of Mrs. G.J. Holyoake, 1819-1884. (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., Defeat of the Rev. Sidney Gedge of Northampton in +the Queen's Bench. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Deliberate Liberalism; four instances of it +(1886) + +Holyoake, G.J., Diary. + +Holyoake, G.J., Eclectic Catalogue January 1866, (1866) + +Holyoake, C.J., English Secularism; a confession of belief (1896) + +Holyoake, G.J., Essentials of Co-operative Education. (1898) + +Holyoake, G.J., Excluded Evidence on the ground of speculative +opinion. (1865) + +Holyoake, G.J. Freethought Lectureships in connection with "The +Secular World." (1862) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Government and the Working Man's press. +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., The History of Co-operation in England: its +literature and its advocates (1875) + +Holyoake, G.J., History of Fleet Street House: a report of +Sixteen Years (1856) + +Holyoake, G.J., The History of the Last Trial by Jury for Atheism +in England; a fragment of autobiography, submitted for the +perusal of Her Majesty's Attorney-general and the British clergy +(1850) + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 134 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., History of the Travelling Tax (1901) + +Holyoake, G.J., Hostile and generous toleration. (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Impossibility of Proving the Existence of God +by the design argument. (1861) + +Holyoake G.J., The India and China tea mart; the history of +Indian and Chinese Teas (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., In the Matter of the Affirmation Bill. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., In Memoriam, Austin Holyoake died April 10, 1874. +(1874) + +Holyoake, G.J., Introduction to "Conspiracy of Grocers against +Public Education," by H.O. Arnold-Forster (1890?) + +Holyoake, G.J., John Stuart Mill as some of the working classes +knew him. (1873) + +Holyoake, G.J, The Jubilee History of the Leeds Industrial Co- +operative Society. (1897) + +Holyoake, G.J., Jurisprudence and Amendment of the law. (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., Lectures and Debates: their terms, condition and +character (1860) + +Holyoake, G.J., Ledru Rollin. (1855) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Lesson of the Hangman. + +Holyoake G.J., Editor, "Letter to the Parliament and to the +Press" (Pyat, Felix) (1858) + +Holyoake, G.J., Letter to the Subscribers of the Fund made during +my recent illness. (1877) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Liberal Situation; necessity for a qualified +franchise. A letter to Joseph Corven, jun. (1865) + +Holyoake, G.J., Libra; or, the balances; a review of 'Mene Tekel' +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Life and Career of Charles Bradlaugh. (1891) + +Holyoake, G.J., Life of Joseph Rayner Stephens, preacher and +political orator ... (1881) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Limits of Atheism; or, Why should sceptics be +outlaws? (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Logic of Death; or, Why should the Unbeliever +or Atheist fear to die? (1850) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Logic of Facts; or, Art of Reasoning by +Facts. (1848) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 135 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., The Logic of Life, deduced from the principle of +freethought (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Mr. Holyoake's Disconnection with the National +Reformer, and the correspondence which accounts for it (1862) + +Holyoake, G.J., Murder as a Mode of Progress. + +Holyoake, G.J., A New defence of the Ballot, in consequence of +Mr. Mill's objections to it (1868) + +Holyoake, G.J., New Ideas of the Day. (1887) + +Holyoake, G.J., Omar Khayyam; strange story of the Macmillans and +a Leicester Book-seller (1898) + +Holyoake, G.J., On Lecturing: its conditions and character (1860) + +Holyoake G.J., The Opportunity of Ireland. (1886) + +Holyoake: G.J., The Organisation of Freethinkers. (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Organisation; not of Arms, but of Ideas. (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Origin and Nature of Secularism. (1896) + +Holyoake, G. J., The Outlaws of Freethought: the policy which may +secure an affirmation bill (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Editor, The Path I took and where it led me. An +autobiography and argument. By a Monmouthshire Farmer. (1894) + +Holyoake, G.J., Patriotism by Charity. (1885) + +Holyoake, G.J., Plain words about Seculitrism. (1882) + +Holyoake, G.J., Plea for Affirmation in Parliament. (1882) + +Holyoake, G.J., Preface to 'The Confessions of Rousseau. +Abridged' (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., Preface to 'Essays in Rationalism, by Charles +Robert Newman (1891) + +Holyoake, G.J., Preface to 'Political Poems' by Victor Hugo and +Garibaldi, etc. + +Holyoake, G.J., The Principles of Secularism Briefly Explained. +(1859) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Provincial Mind. (1877) + +Holyoake, G.J., Public Lessons for the Hangman. (1864) + +Holyoake, G.J., Public performances of the.dead: a review of +American spiritualism (1865) + +Holyoake, G.J., Public Speaking and Debate. (1875) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 136 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., Reciprocity Explained. (1885) + +Aolyoake, G.J., Report of the Fleet Street House. (1858) + +Ifolyoake, G.J., Rich Man's Six, and Poor Man's one Day: a letter +to Lord Palmerston (1856) + +Holyoake, G.J., Robbing a Thousand Peters to pay one Paul. (1885) + +Holyoake, G.J., Robert Owen, Precursor of social progress (1902) + +Holyoake, G.J., A Secular Catechism for children; adapted from +the Rev. H.W. Crosskey's Catechism of religion for the use of +children (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., A Secular Prayer by Mr., G.J. Holyoake in +invertiel Church, Kirlcaldy (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., The secular preacher. With a picture of the Rev. +Thomas Binney (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secular Prospects in Death. The late Councillor +Josiah Gimson (1883) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secular Responsibility, (1873) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism and the place it Occupies. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism distiguished from Unitarianism. (1855) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism, the practical philosophy of the +people, (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism a Religion which gives Heaven no +trouble ... (1882) + +Holyoake, G. J., Secularism; its sphere and its services, (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Self-Help a Hundred Years Ago. (1858) + +Holyoake, G.J., Self-Help by the People: the history of the +Rochdale Pioneers, 1844-1992 (1893) + +Holyoake, G.J., Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life. (1892) + +Holyoake, G.J., "Socialism and its advocates: a letter from Mr. +Joseph Barker; with the reply of the Editor of The Reasoner" +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Social Ideas of the People, a Hundred Years Ago. + +Holyoake, G.J., The Social means of Promoting Temperance with +remarks on errors in its advocacy. (1859) + +Holyoake, G.J., Suppressed Lecture at Cheltenham. (1864) + +Holyoake, G.J., A Suppressed Princess. (1863) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 137 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., Thomas Cooper delineated as convert and +controversialist. A companion to his missionary wanderings (1861) + +Holyoake, G. J., Three Lectures in Heywood, in answer to Mr. E. +Grubb's lectures, entitled 'Infidelity Unmasked' (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Tracts for the Thoughtful. (1863) + +Holyoake, G. J., Travels in search of a Settler's Guide-Book of +America and Canada (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Trial of Theism. (1858) + +Holyoake, G.J., Two Great Preachers: The Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, +the Rev. Dr. Joseph Barker; or, Appreciation distinct from +concurrence (1903) + +Holyoake, G.J. The Uselessness of Prayer. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Value of Biography, in the formation of +individual character illustrated by the life and writings of +Charles Ruce Pemberton (1845) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Warpath of Opinion. (189-) + +Holyoake, G.J., Wayside points for New Roads; or, defences of +Freethinking (1852-1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., What may England yet do for Italy? (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., What Would follow on the effacement of +Christianity? (1893) + +Holyoake, G.J., Why do the Clergy avoid discussion, and the +Philosophers discountenance it? (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Working-class Representation: its conditions and +consequences ... (1868) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Workman and the Suffrage. Letters to Lord +John Russell, M.P., and the 'Daily News' (1859) + +Holyoake, G.J. and C. Bradlaugh, Secularism, scepticism, and +atheism. Verbatim Report of the proceedings of a two-nights' +public debate between Messrs. G.J. Holyoake and C. Bradlaugh +(1870) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant, Christianity and +Secularism. Report of a public discussion between B. Grant and +G.J. Holyoake. (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant Discussion on secularism. +Report of a Public discussion between, the Rev. Brewin Grant and +G.J. Holyoake. (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant, Part one of the +Correspondence between the Rev. Brewin Grant and Mr. G.J. +Holyoake. (1852) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 138 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant, Part II of the +Correspondence Between the Rev. Brewn Grant and G.J. Holyoake. +(1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant Review of a controversy +between the Rev. Brewin Grant and G.J. Holyoake ... on the +question 'What advantages would accrue to mankind generally and +the working classes in particular, by the removal of Christianity +and the substitution of Secularis in its place?' (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Dr. Frederic R. Lees, Public Discussion of +Teetotalism and the Maine Law, between George Jacob Holyoake, +Esq., and Dr. Frederic R. Lees (1856) + +Holyoak, G. J., and Mr. G.E. Lomax, Report of a discussion on the +Maine Law between Mr. G.J. Holyoake ... and Mr. G.E. Lomax. +(1858) + +Hiolyoake, G.J., and others, Giordano Bruno ... (1889) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. J.H. Rutherford, Christianity versus +Secularism: a public discussion ... between the Rev. J.H. +Rutherford and Mr, G.J. Holyoalce (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. J.H. Rutherford, Correspondence between +Mr. George Jacob Holyoake ... and the Rev. John H. Rutherford. +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Amos Scotton, The Jubilee History of the +Derby Cooperative Provident Societal, Ltd., 1850-1900 (1900) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Henry Townley, Public Ditscussion on the +Being of a God. (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J. and C. Watts, English Secularism and The Progress +of society. (1880) + +Holyoake, G.J., and J.F. Winks, Both Sides of the Debate between +Mr. J. F. Winks and Mr. G.J. Holyoake. (1852) + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinker's. (1889) + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Chambers' Encyclopedia. + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Who's Who (British). (1906) + +Hooper, Charles E., The R.P.A.: Its Origin and Growth (1908) + +Hopkins, John Baker, "The Republican Impeachment," Gentleman's +Magazine, November, 1872. + +Hopkins, John Baker, "The Republican Impeachment," Gentleman's +Magazine, February, 1873. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 139 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Hornibrook, Mrs. Ettie A., Sexual Health and Birth Control. +(1925) + +How C. Bradlaugh, M.P., was treated by the House of Commons. + +Hughes, Dorothea Price, The Life of Hugh Price Hughes. (1904) + +Hughes, Rev. Hugh Price, The Atheist Shoemaker. A page in the +history of the West London Mission (1889) + +Hughes, Thomas, James Frasier, second bishop of Manchester; a +memoir (1887) + +"The Human Origin and Imperfections of the Bible." + +Humanitas, pseud., Against Socialism. (1889) + +Humanitas, pseud., Charles Bradlaugh, M.P., and the Irish Nation. +(1885) + +Humanitas, pseud., A Fish in Labor; or, Jonah and the Whale +(1887) + +Humanitas, pseud., Is God the First Cause? (1883) + +Humanitas, pseud., The Horrors of War. (1870) + +Humanitas, pseud., Jacob the Wrestler. (1886) + +Humanitas, pseudo, Observations on the extension of "Contagious +Diseases Act," to civil populations (1869) + +Humanitas, pseud., Socialism a Curse. (1884) + +Humanitas, pseud., Twelve Reasons against Taking away Life as a +Punishment. (185?) + +Hutton, R.H., "Secularism," Expositor'. (1881) + +Hyndman, H.M., Further Reminiscences. (1912) + +The Investigator; a journal of secularism. (1854-59) + +Ion, pseud., Blasts from Bradlough's own Trumpet. (1882) + +Kent, William, London for Heretics. (1932) + +Knight, William, An Unsigned article containing an inalysis of +Bradlaugh's latest theistic argument in 'Freethinker's Text +Book', British Quarterly Review, July, 1871. + +Knowlton, Charles, Fruits of Philosophy. + +Laing, F.H., The Catholic Freethinker's Flysheet. Mr. Bradlaugh +the Model Protestant (1883) + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 140 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Langford, Dr. John Alfred, Christianity, not Seculatism, the +practical Philosophy of the People: a reply to G.J. Holyoake's +Tract 'Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People' (1854) + +Lansbury, George, My Life. (1928) + +"Law, Mrs. Harriet," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists (1920) + +Leeds Secular Society, The Converted Lecturer, or Mr. Gordon's +repudiation of Secular principles examined (1862) + +The Leicester Reasoner. (1902) + +The Liberal (1879) + +The Liberty of Bequest Intelligencer (1892) + +Linton, W.J,. Memories. (1895) + +Lloyd, John T., From Christian Pulpit to Secular Platform. (1903) + +Lloyd, John T., God. (1904) + +Lloyd, John T., God-eating.... (1921 + +Lloyd, John T., Prayer: its origin, history and futility. (1916) + +"Lloyd, John T., "Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +London Secular Society, Constitution and Laws of the London +Secular Society. (1853?) + +Lyall, Edna, (Bayly, Ada Ellen) Donovan: a Modern Englishman. +(1888) + +Lyall, Edna, (Bayly, Ada Ellen) We Too. (1884) + +McCabe, Joseph, A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalis's. +(1920) + +McCabe, Joseph, From Rome to Rationalism; or, Why I left the +Church (1897) + +McCabe, Joseph, George Jacob Holyoake. (1922) + +McCabe, Joseph, Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake. (1908) + +McCabe, Joseph, Modern Rationalism. (1897) + +McCabe, Joseph, Religion of the Twentieth Century. (1899) + +McCabe, Joseph, Translater, The Riddle of the Universe at the +close of the nineteenth century, by Ernst Haeckel (1900) + +McCabe, Joseph, Robert Owen., (1920) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 141 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +McCabe, Joseph, Twelve Years in a Monastery. (1897) + +"McCabe, Joseph," Who's Who (British). (1932) + +McCabe, Joseph, and Georges Darien, Can We Disarm. (1899) + +McCann, Rev. J., Anti-Secularist Lectures. (1867) + +McCann, Rev. James, The Death of Secularism. (1867?) + +McCann, Rev. James, Secularist Objctions to the Bible. (1867) + +Mackay, Charles R., Life of Bradlaugh. (1888) + +McLaren, A.D., The Christian's Sunday, its history and fruits +(1922) + +McLaren, A.D., Infidel Death-beds.... (1933) + +Magee, William Connor, and C. Bradlaugh, Christianity in Relation +to freethought, scepticism, and faith: Three discourses by the +bishop of Peterborough, with special replies by Charles Bradlaugh +(1892) + +Mallock, W.H., Is Life Worth Living? (1879) + +Mann, Tom, Tom Mann's Memoirs. (1923) + +Mann, Walter, Christanity in, China: an exposure of foreign +missions (1927) + +Mann, Walter, Modern Materialism. (1921) + +Mann, Walter, Pagan and Christian Moranly. (1917) + +Mann, Walter, The Religion of Famous Men. (1916) + +Mann, Walter, Science and the Soul. (1919) + +Marryat, Florence, Life and Letters of Captain Marryat. (1872) + +Malthus, Thomas, Essay on the Principle of Population. (1798) + +Maughan, John, Secularism,; what it is. (1858) + +Maughan, John,. Editor, The Stepping-Stone. + +Mawer, W., The Latest Constitutional Struggle: a register of +events which have occurred since April 2, 1880. (1883) + +May, Thomas Erskine, Constitutional History of England. (1880) + +Maynard, John of Plymouth, Exposure of the Infidel Notions of Dr. +Aveling on the Parentage of Man. (1882) + +Mencken, H.L., Treatise on Right and Wrong. (1934) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 142 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Miall, Bernard, Translator, My Years of Exile; reminiscenses of a +socialist, by Eduard Bernstein (1921) + +Mill, John Stuart, Autobiography. (1873) + +Mill, John Stuart, Nature, the Utility of Religion and Theism. +(1887?) + +"Mill (John Stuart), " Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Mill, John Stuart," Biographical Dictioitary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Molesworth, W.N., History of England (1830-1874) (1874) + +Morley, John, Life of William Ewart Gladstone. (1903) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Bible and Evolution. (1890) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Bible God and his favorites. (188-?) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bible Horrors: or, True Blasphemy (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bible-makers: Moses, Joshua ... and others +(1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bible Saints and Sinners. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Brain and the Soul. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bruno and Spinoza. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Christianity: a degrading religion (1884) + +Moss, Arthur B., Christianity and Evolution. (1892) + +Moss, Arthur B., Christianity Unworthy of God. (1881) + +Moss, Arthur B., Darwin against Moses. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Design and Natural Selection. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Fictitious Gods. (1890?) + +Moss, Arthur B., Health, Wealth, and Happiness, (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Lectures and Essays. + +Moss, Arthur B., Malthusianism v. socialism. a debate between +Moss and H. Quelch ... 1899 + +Moss, Arthur B., Man and the Lower Animals (1886) + +Moss, Arthur B., Miracle Workers. (188-) + +Moss, Arthur B., Natural Man. (1884) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 143 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Moss, Arthur B., Nature and the Gods, (1884) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Old Faith and the New. (188-) + +Moss, Arthur B., Two Revelations. (1900?) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Secular Faith, (1886) + +Moss, Arthur B., Socrates, Buddha, and Jesus. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Waves of Freethought + +"Moss (Arthur B.)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Moss, Arthur B., Biographical Dictioitary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Moss, Arthur B., and Agnes Rollo Wilkie, Was Jesus an Impostor? a +discussion between Agnes Rollo Wilkie and Arthur B. Moss (1885) + +Mr. Bradlaugh and the House of Commons. From a Hindoo Point of +view. (1884) + +Mr. Bradlaugh and the Oath Question. (1883) + +Mr Bradlaugh, the Member for Northampton. (1881?) + +The National Reformer. (1860-1893) + +National Secular Society, General Information for Freethinkers +(1921) + +National Secular Society, Leaflets, 1-4, 6-8. New Series, 1, 7, +9. (1917-1920?) + +National Secular Society, The Impossibility of Proving the +Existence of God by the argument from Design. + +The National Secular Society's Almanack. (1869 ff) + +Neale, Francis, A Freethinker's View of the Holy Bible. + +Neale, Francis, Heterodox Essays. (188-) + +Neff, Emery, Carlyle and Mill (1926) + +The New Generation, for January, 1922. + +The New House Agitator. (November, 1869) + +Newman, Charles Robert, Essays in Rationalism ... (1891) + +A Night with Bradlaugh! (1882) + +"Oath," Chambers' Encyclopaedia. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 144 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Owen, Robert, The Life of Robert Owen. (1920) + +Oxford House Papers. (1897) + +Pack, Ernest, The Trial and Imprisonment of J.W. Gott for +Blasphenzy. + +Parker, John, Rev., The Difficulties of Infidelity. (1891?) + +Parker, Joseph, Rev., Secularist Theory -- A Critique (1857) + +Parker, Joseph, Rev., Six Chapters on Secularism. (1854) + +Paulson, E., The Crimes of Atheism. (1886) + +Peers, Robert, Thomas Cooper. (1931) + +Percival, P., The Position of Positivism, with some remarks on +the Position of Secularism (1891) + +Peterson, Houston, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Love. + +The Pioneer (1903-4) + +Plumptre, C.E., Miss, "Charles Bradlaugh: an Appeal," Westminster +Review, October, 1891 + +Plumptre, Constance E., On the Progress of liberty of thought +during Queen Victoria's Reign. (1902) + +Podmore, Frank, Robert Owen. (1906) + +The Present Day (1883-1886) + +"Prize Essay on Infidelity," issued by the Evangelical Alliance + +The Propagandist (1862) + +The Prosecution of Messrs. Foote and Ramsay for Blaphemy (1883) + +Quasimodo, pseud., Joseph Barker, and his expulsion from the +secular body. (1861) + +Quill, Malcolm, Memoirs of a Positivist. (1924) +The Radical. (1886-89) + +Ramsey, William James, In Prison for Blasphemy. (1883) + +Rationalist Press Association, Let Reason Prevail. (1935?) + +"The Reasoner." (1846-1861) + +Reddalls, G.H. Modern spiritualism; an examination and exposure +(1875) + +Pees, Rev., Seculorist's Catechism. + +Reid, R., Gambetta and Bradlaugh. (188?) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 145 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +"Religious Heresies of the Working Classes." Westminster Review, +1st quarter, 1862. + +The Republican. (1880 ff.) + +Republican Chronicle. (1875 ff) + +Robertson, James, Mr. Holyoake and his Assailants. (1862) + +Robertson, James, Secularists and the 'Investigator'. (1858) + +Robertson, James, Secularists and their Slanderers. (1858) + +Robertson, J.M., Charles Bradlaugh. (1920) + +Robertson, J.M., Culture and Action. (1884) + +Robertson, J.M., The Eight Hour Question. (1893) + +Robertson, J.M., The Fallacy of Saving. (1892) + +Robertson, J.M., A History of Freethought in the 19th Century. +(1930) + +Robertson, J.M., "Introduction" to The Natural History of +Religion. By David Hume (1889) + +Robertson, J.M., Over-population. (1890) + +Robertson, J.M., "The Philosophy of Bradlaugh," R.P.A. Annual, +1909. (1908) + +Robertson, J.M., The Pleasures of Malignity. (1884) + +Hobertson, J.M., The Population Question. (189-) + +Robertson, J.M., The Priest and the Child. (189-) + +Robertson, J.M., The Religion of Shakespere. (1884) + +Robertson, J.M., "Reminiscence of Bradlaugh," R.P.A. Annual and +Ethical Review, 1908, + +Robertson, J.M., Royalism: A note on the Queen's Jubilee. (1886) + +Robertson, J.M., Short History of Freethought, ancient and +modern. (1906) + +Robertson, J.M., Socialism and Malthusianism. (1885) + +Robertson, J.M., Editor, Speeches by Charles Bradlaugh. ... +(189-?) + +Robertson, J.M., Thomas Paine. (1888) + +Robertson, J.M., Torryism and Barbarism. (1885) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 146 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Robertson, J.M., What Has Christianity Done? (187?) + +Robertson, J.M., Why Preserve the Monarchy? (187?) + +"Robertson, (John Mackinnon)," Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Robertson, The Right Honerable John Mackinnon," Biographical +Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. (1920) + +"Robertson, Rt. Hon. John Mackinnon," Who's Who (British) for +1932. + +Rogers, Frederick, Labour, Life, and Literature. (1913) + +Ross, Wm. Stewart, "The Secular Review," The Agnostic Annual, +1887. + +Ross, William Stewart, Sketch of the Life and Character of C. +Watts, (188?) + +"Ross, William Stewart," Biogralihical Dictionary of +Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Ross. William Stewart," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Salt, Henry S., The Life of James Thompson. (1889) + +Salt, Henry S., Seventy Years Among Savages. (1921) + +Savage, James A., Modern Atheism. (1853) + +Scott, Rev. John, Christianity and Secularism. (1856) + +Scott, Thomas, Farewell Address. (1877) + +Scotulus, pseudonym, The Blunders of Faith. An answer to 'The +Difficulties of Infidelity' (1891) + +Secular Chronicle (1872-1875) + +The Secular Miscellany. (1854) + +Secular Society, Limited, A Fight for right. The decision of the +House of Lords in re Bowman and others v. the Secular Society, +Limited. Verbatim report. With introduction by Chapman Cohen. +(1917) + +Secularism," Chambers' Encyclopaedia. + +"Secularism," Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1929) + +"Secularism," Saturday Review. July 2, 1859. + +Secularist, The Creed of a Secularist. (1876) + +Secularist (1876-1877) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 147 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Secular Review (1881?-) + +Secular Review (1876-1877) + +Secular Review and Secularist, (1877-?) + +The Secular World and Social Economist. (1863-64) + +Selbourne, Lord, Memoirs. (1896, 1398) + +Sexton, Dr. George, The Fallacies of Secularism. (1877) + +Sexton, Dr. George, The Folly of Atheism. (1880) + +Sexton, George, Thomas Paine. (1867) + +Shaw, G.B., Quintessence of Ibsenism. (1904) + +Shaw, G.B., G. Lansbury, and others, Dr. Annie Besant: Fifty +Years in Public Work (1924) + +"Snell, Henry," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +Society of Secularists, Code of the tenets or governing +principles of the Society of Secularists. (1881) + +Southwell, Charles, Another 'Fourpenny Wilderness'. + +Southwell, Charles, Confessions of a Freethinker. + +Southwell, Charles, I am an Infidel. Why are You a Christian? ... + +Southwell, Charles, The Impossibility of Atheism demonstrated. +(1854) +Southwell, Robert, Superstition, Unveiled. (1854) + +The Spectator, A Weekly review of Polities, literature, theology +and art, April, 1886. + +Standring, George, Court Flunkies their 'work' and wages (1879) + +Standring, George, Does Royalty Pay? (1884) + +Standring, George, Life of Charles Bradlaugh. (188?) + +Standring, George, Life of Col. R.G. Ingersoll. (1881) + +'Standring, (George) Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Standring, George," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Stead, W.T., "Annie Besant," Review of Reviews for October, 1891. + +Stead, W.T., Character Sketches of modern celebrities (1892) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 148 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Stead, W.T., Interviews with Mr. W.T, stead on the Church of the +Future. (1891) + +Stead, W.T., Portraits and Autographs. (189O) + +Stephens, E.A. A New and original reply to Paine's 'Age of +reason,' with an appended dissertation on Secularists and +secularism + +Stephens, E., Atheism and Future Punishment. (1878) + +Stevenson, R.L., Underwoods. + +Stopes Marie, Contraception. + +Stopes, Marie, Early Days of Birth Control. (1922) + +Superstition and Fanaticism: their disastrous effects upon +mankind + +Symes, Joseph, Christianity at the Bar of Science. (1881) + +Symes Joseph, Christianity Essentially a Persecuting Religion, +(1882) + +Symes, Joseph, Christianity and Slavery. (1880) + +Symes, Joseph, Hospit(its and Dispensaries not of Christian +Origin. (187-) + +Symes, Joseph, The Life and Death of my Religion. (1884) + + +Symes, Joseph, Man's Place in Nature; or, Man, an animal among +animals (1878) + +Symes, Joseph, The Methodist Conference and Eternal Punishment. +(1877) + +Symes, Joseph, The New Testament Manuscripts; or, Christianity +completely undermined (1906) + +Symes, Joseph, Philosophic Atheism; a bundle of fragments (1879) + +Symes, Joseph, Universal Despair; or, Who will be damned if +Christianity be true (1883) + +Symes, Joseph, and G. St. Clair, Is Atheism or Theism more +rational? a discussion between Mr. Joseph Symes and Mr. George +St. Clair (1882) + +"Symes (Joseph)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Symes, Joseph," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. + +"Tributes to Dr. Annie Besant, D.L., P.T.S., Servant of Humanity. +From Representative Indians and Europeans," New India, August 25, +1924. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 149 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Troup, Emile Josephine, Compiler, Hymns of Modern Thought. (1900) + +The Truth Seeker. + +Turley, W., Mr. Holyoake and His Detractors. (1862) + +The Universal Republic. + +Upsaka, pseud., Buddha the Atheist. (1928) + + +"Vance, Edith Maurice," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Varley, Henry, An Address to the Electors of the Borough of +Northampton. (1881) + +Varley, Henry, Mr. Bradlaugh Shown to be utterly unfit to +represent any English constituency. (1881) + +Verbatim Report of the two trials of G.W. Foote, W.J. Ramsay and +H.A. Kemp, for blasphemous libel in the Christmas Number of the +'Freethinker' ... (1883) + +Wagner, D.O., The Church of England and Social Reform since 1854 +(1930) + +Ward, Mrs. Humphrey, The History of David Grieve. (1892) + +Ward, Mrs. Humphrey, Robert Elsmere. (1891?) + +Watts, Charles, The Alleged resurrection of Jesus: was it a fact? +(187-?) + +Watts, Charles, Atheism and the French Revolution. (188?) + +Watts, Charles, Atheism and the Gloucester Execution. (187-?) + +Watts, Charles, The BibIe and Christianity. (1876) + +Watts, Charles, The Bible: is it reliable as a guide? (1873) + +Watts, C., and G.W. Foote, Editors, British Secular Almanack, +1878 ff. + +Watts Charles,The Character of Christ. (187?) + +Watts: Charles, The Christian Deity. (1873) + +Watts, Charles, Christian Evidences Criticised, A Reply to the +Christian Evidence Society (1870) + +Watts, Charles, Christianity: its nature and influence on +civilization. (1868?) + +Watts, Charles, The Christian's Notion of Man s ultimate State of +Existence. (186-?) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 150 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Watts, Charles, The Christian Scheme of Redemption. (1868) + +Watts, Charles, The Claims of Christianity Examined from a +rationalist Standpoint. (1895) + +Watts, Charles, A Defense of Secular Principles. (187?) + +Watts, Charles, The English Church a Failure as a Reforming +agency. (1880) + +Watts, Charles, The English Monarchy and American Republicanism. +(1873) + +Watts Charles, English nonconformity: what has it done for mental +freedom and national progress? (187-) + +Watts, Charles, Freethought and modern Progress. (1868) + +Watts, Charles, The Government and the People: a plea for reform, +(1873) + +Watts, Charles, Is Immortality a Fact? (1902) + +Watts, Charles, The Modern Defense of Christianity. (188-?) + +Watts, Charles, The Moral value of the Bible, (187-) + +Watts, Charles, Philosophy of Secularism. (1890?) + +Watts, Charles, A Refutation of Mr. Bradlaugh's Inaccuracies and +Misrepresentations. (1877) + +Watt's, Charles, Republicanism. (1873) + +Watts, Charles, Science and the Bible Antagonistic. (1874) + +Watts; Charles; A Secular burial service. Arranged by and +published for the council of the British Secular Union (188?) + +Watts, Charles, Secular Ceremonies: the Naming of Infants (1869) + +Watts, Charles, The Secular Duties of Life. (187?) + +Watts, Charles, Secular Morality: What is it? An Exposition and a +defense (1880) + +Watts, Charles, Secular and Theological Forces. (187?) + +Watts, Charles, Secularism and Christianity. (1867) + +Watts, Charles, Secularism; its principles and its duties. (1880) + +Watts, Charles, Secularism in its various Relations. + +Watts, Charles; Spiritualism, a delusion. (1900) + +Watts, Charles, Theological Persecution and Freethought +Martyrdom. (188-?) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 151 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Watts, Charles, Why am I an Atheist? or, Theism criticised (188?) + +Watts, Charles, and Rev. Wm. Adamson, Full Report of the Public +Discussion on the Question, is the Belief in an Infinite Personal +Being Reasonable and Beneficial? between the Rev. Wm. Adamson ... +and Mr. C. Watts ... (1872) + +Watts, Charles, and B.H. Cooper, Debate on the Christian +Evidences between Mr. C. Watts and B.H. Cooper, Esq. ... (1871) + +Watts, Charles, and T. Crow, Merits and demerits of Secularism. +Verbatim report of a discussion betiveen T. Crow and C. Watts ... +(1876) + +Watts, Charles, and Alexander Jamieson, Verbatim report of four +nights' discussion on the question: 'Is Secularism superior to +Christianity?' and 'Is Christianity Superior to Secularism?' +Between Dr. Alexander Jamieson ... and Mr. Charles Watts ... +(1895) + +Watts, Charles, and Alexander Jamieson, Verbatim report of three +nights' discussion of the questions: Is it reasonable to believe +in the existence of a powerful and intelligent being distinct +from the material universe? and Has Man a soul that will live in +a future State? Between Dr. Alexander Jamieson ... and Mr. +Charles Watts ... (1894) + +Watts, Charles, and Dr. George sexton, Debate on Christianity ... +between ... G. Sexton ... and C. W., etc. (1877) + +Watts, Charles, and Rev. A. Stewart, Four nights' Public +Discussion between the Rev. A. Stewart ... and Mr. C. Watts, on +Is the Belief in the Being of an Infinite Personal God +Reasonable? and Are the Four Gospels Authentic and worthy of +credit? (1873) + +"Watts (Charles)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Watts, Charles," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +Watts, John, The Christian Doctrine of the Destruction of the +World Examined and refuted. (1865) + +Watts John, The Christian Doctrine of Man's Depravity Refuted. +(186-?) + +Watts: John, The Criminal History of the Clergyman. (1857) + +Watts, John, The Devil: who he is, and whence he came. + +Watts, John, Half Hours with Freethinkers. (1856-57) + +Watts John, The Heart of Man Shown not to be Deceitful above all +hings, and Desperately Wicked (Jeremiah Refuted) (1961) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 152 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Watts, John, Is Man Immortal? + +Watts' John, The Logic and Philosophy of Atheism. (1865) + +Watts, John, The Miracles and Prophecies of the Bible no Proof of +Christian Truth. (1861) + +Watts, John, The Origin of Man. (1861) + +Watts, John, Rev. Brewin Grant Extinguished. (1861) + +Watts, John, Secularism, 'the one thing needful.' (186?) + +Watts, John, Who Were the Writers of the New Testament? + +"Watts (John)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Watts, John," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Ratioalists. +(1920) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Editor, Christianity and Agnosticism. A +Correspondence between a clergyman of the Church in Scotland and +George Anderson (1899) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Christianity: defective and unnecessary. +(1900?) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Mrs. Watts' Reply to Mr. Bradlaugh's +misrepresentations. (1877) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Reasons for not accepting Christianity. + +Webb, Beatrice, My Apprenticeship. (1929) + +Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, Industrial Democracy. (1897) + +Weekly Times and Echo + +Wells, Geoffrey Harry, (pseud., West, Geoffrey) Mrs. Annie Besant +(1927) + +Wells, Geoffrey Harry, (pseud., West, Geoffrey) Six Brilliant +English Women; ... Annie Besant (1930) + +West, Geoffrey, The Life of Annie Besant. (1929) + +Wharton, Charles H., Mr. Bradlaugh and the Oath. A Letter +addressed to ... the members of the House of Commons (1882) + +What Secularists are and what are their aims. + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Bible Studies; essays on phallic worship +and other curious rites and customs (1892) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers +(1889) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 153 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Footsteps of the Past. Essays on human +Evolution. + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazvini, Compiler, Freethought Readings and +Secular Songs. (189-.) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Introduction to "An Essay on Miracles," +by David Hume (1882) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Paganism in Christian Festivals. (1932) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, and G.W. Foote, Voltaire: a sketch of +his life and works. With selections from his writings. (1894) + +"Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +White, Dr. Frank W,, Birth Control and its opponents. (1935) + +White, Frederick, William T. Stead. (1925) + +Whitehead, George, Bernard Shaw explained. (1925) + +Whitehead, George, Birth Control and Race culture, (1925) + +Whitehead, George, The Case against Theism. (1922?) + +Whitehead, George, The Evolution of Morality. (1933) + +Whitehead, George, Free thought on Sex! The social and personal +aspects of sex and race culture (1922) + +Whitehead, George, Gods, Devils, and Men. (1928) + +Whitehead, George, Jesus Christ: Man, God, or Myth (1921) + +Whitehead, George, A Lesson in Socialism from Jack London's +'White Fang' (1913?) + +Whitehead, George, Man and his Gods (1921) + +Whitehead, George, A Modern Outline of Evolution. (1933) + +Whitehead, George, Religion and Woman. (1928) + +Whitehead, George, Sex and Religion. (1930) + +Whitehead, George, Spiritualism Explained. (1928) + +Whitehead, George, Towards a Better World. (1931) + +Whitehead, George, Unemployment: causes and remedies, (1933) + +Whitehead, George, The Unfair Sex. The truth about women (1930) + +Whitehead, George, What is Morality? (1925) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 154 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Whitmore, Rev. C.J., What Becomes of the Infidel Leaders? + +Wigan Examiner (October, 1860, to February, 1861) + +Williams, Mrs. Gertrude Leavenworth, The Passionate Pilgrim; a +life of Annie Besant (1931) + +Winterton, F., There is a God. (1883) + +Working Man, The fallacies of Atheism exposed. A reply to Dr. +Bradlaugh's 'Plea for Atheism.' (1882) + +Yorkshire Tribune, (July, 1855-September, 1855) + + + + + + + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books please send us +a list that includes Title, Author, publication date, condition +and price desired, and we will give them back to America. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 155 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/security.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/security.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d41822f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/security.txt @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ + + + SECURITY IN SOCIALISM + + + "Folks . . . have we got a good deal for the American + people. With all the soup kitchens, with all the hungry + people waiting in line for food, with all the elderly people + with no place to sleep or call home, we've decided to + implement a program to eliminate the chances for anything + like that ever happening again." + "It won't cost the average person much at all. We will + put a small charge on the salary of all working people. + Each employer will contribute a larger amount. All these + monies will be put into an insurance fund. Employers will + be able to afford the higher assessment. After all, look at + all the profits they make. We will pay these funds to + everyone at age 65 so no one will ever have to worry about + their golden years again." + "In fact, to be fair to the women, we will begin to pay + them at age 62 since women have less earning power and + outlive their husbands. The citizens will now have fewer + problems as they get older and receive benefits from this + system." + This system will be called Social Security. It's time + for the government to take care of it's hard working + people." + The length and depth of the depression in the early + 1930s was a significant selling point for the social + security program. Many researchers and historians claim the + depression was orchestrated. Behind the scenes power + brokers wanted the slump to give the government reason to + implement socialistic programs. There is much reading + available in this area of history also. + This adventure in socialism began in earnest in August + 1935 when Congress passed the Social Security Act. The act + established the Social Security Board. It consisted of 3 + members who were chosen by the President and approved by the + Senate. They were to be so independent that they were to + report directly to the president. This continued until 1939 + when the board became part of the Federal Security Agency. + They created this agency to include health and education + activities. + Health and education activities? It looks as though + our government recognized the importance of educating the + people in socialist principles way back in 1939. + What a farce. What a sham put over on the American + people. Show me where there is any security in socialism? + I'm not twisting words around. That's exactly what Social + Security means . . . security in socialism. Let me tell you + there is NO SECURITY IN SOCIALISM! + Our federal government has been violating the law since + the beginning of this program. There is no permission in + our Constitution for any socialist programs. We gave no + authority for free cheese, specific welfare such as food +  + stamps, medicare, medicaid or Social Security. + How did our nation ever manage 146 years without such + an idiotic program? Didn't we have any people who lived to + be 65? How did they ever survive without big brother + looking out for them? How did our country manage to endure + with all those old people dying right in our streets? Did + we just allow them to starve to death with no handouts from + government? + Regardless, you say, they only have our own good in + mind. Don't you believe it! There is only one thing they + have in mind . . . the destruction of our Constitution. + Control of the American people is also high on their list. + Looking at social security practically, it is simply another + form of taxation. The operation of the taxing provisions of + the social security system are now part of the Internal + Revenue Code. + Encyclopedia Americana tells us "The term 'social + security' is usually employed to indicate specific govern- + ment programs designed primarily to prevent want by assuring + to families the basic means of subsistence." + How white of them. What business is it of government? + Where can you find any authorization in our Constitution for + programs to prevent want? They are encroaching into lives + of citizens without a legal right. Unconstitutional . . . + it's a seizure of powers we did not grant when we estab- + lished the authority for government. If they assume any + power we did not allow, it's illegal. That's pretty strong + so now let's go ahead and prove it. + The supremacy clause of our Constitution makes that + crystal clear. We have established that our document is the + supreme law of our land. + Any laws made which don't conform to the authority we + granted in the basic document are NO GOOD! + And if that weren't plain enough for the people working + for government, the Tenth Amendment clears that up. + + ARTICLE X + "The powers not delegated to the United States by + the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the + States, are reserved to the States respectively or + to the people." + + I'm certain any reader can understand that. Why do you + suppose the federal government can't understand it? Is it + possible they prefer to think the Tenth Amendment doesn't + exist? Either that is true or this is an obvious case of + collusion between the branches of our government. + Recently a program concerning our Constitution aired on + PBS. The moderator said he had gone to every lawyer and + judge he could find the day before the program. He asked if + any of them knew what the Tenth amendment said and NOT ONE + could answer his question! Not one even knew the general + subject matter of the amendment. Does our Constitution + still exist? So much for our intelligent judges and +  + lawyers. Give me a break. + When the first twelve proposed amendments were + submitted to the states in 1789 to become our Bill of + Rights, the Congress included this introductory statement + (or preamble): + + "The Conventions of a number of the States, having + at the time of their adopting the Constitution, + expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconcep- + tions or abuse of its powers, that further + declaratory and restrictive clauses should be + added: And as extending the ground of public + confidence in the Government, will best insure the + beneficent ends of its institution:" + (Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union + of the American States. House Document No. 398, 69th + Congress, 1st Session 1965) + + The First Congress is assuring the people that these + new amendments will be a tighter rope to confine the + government. And the legal eagles today do not know what the + tenth amendment says or means? When we get into a discus- + sion of the Bill of Rights, you will quickly see how the + federales believe the preceding preamble. + Going back to our venture into socialism, let's take a + look at the numbers for a moment. What happens to the money + which a man has paid into the system for 40 or more years? + And what if he should die before he becomes eligible to + collect benefits? Does it go to his wife or survivors? You + know better than that. It's gone . . . it has become a + gratuitous donation to Big Brother. An amount equal to + taxes collected from individuals are assessed from their + employers. All this money goes to the general fund and + spent for anything, legal or illegal. + And assuming there is now a widow, what would she + receive from his donations? Certainly not the amount paid + into the system, nor even the interest on those funds. + How many of our elderly citizens do not have enough money to + pay for their rent, utilities or food? We won't even + mention an occasional night out to the movies or a vacation + to enjoy their remaining years. How many of our older + citizens have to depend on a church function for a meal? + How many wait at the Salvation Army or some other private + charity for Thanksgiving or Christmas dinner? This is a + crime. What did they say was the intent of the Social + Security program? To prevent want by assuring to families + the basic means of subsistence. + Horse manure! People for generations have been led to + believe that this program would take care of them in later + years. What's the story we hear often now? The program + will be broke in 'X' numbers of years. Mercy, it's running + out of money so we have to increase the withholding levels. + The government, the way it is running today, is the solution + to nothing . . . it's the problem.  + Alexander Hamilton argued fervently in Paper No. 84 + that we did not need a Bill of Rights since the Constitution + was in itself a bill of rights. He asks the question, "For + why declare that things shall not be done which there is no + power to do?" (The Federalist Papers.) He insisted that + the national government could do nothing which was not + specifically allowed in the document. However the Congress + proposed a Bill of Rights. It was adopted to further tie + down the new government to prohibit any abuse of its powers. + How does this government get itself involved in the + business of welfare or social security? The amendment + process was not invoked to ask for our consent agreeing + to a change. I didn't agree to any change allowing for + socialism, did you? + Can our constitution be changed by an act of Congress + or by an order by the executive branch? Maybe an order by a + federal judge can do it. Not true! It can only be changed + under Article V if you and I agree to the change at the + voting booth. So--did you agree to the change? Remember + what the Tenth Amendment said? + Let's pretend for a moment there was no social security + program enacted. The people had not been lulled into a + false sense of protection by a devious government. Suppose + then the people had put the same amount of money into a + savings account for the same period. They could retire very + comfortably on the interest alone. + Let's carry our fairy tale a little further. As in the + previous illustration, let's say a man paid into a trust + fund for 30 or 40 years. Then he died before reaching 65. + What would the family live on in a case like this? Why all + the money which had not been donated to big government. His + widow and entire family could live extremely well on the + interest received from the trust fund. And there would be + money for education. That would be if our government in + their 'wisdom' had not tried to exercise control over people + in violation of our basic law. + I don't for a moment suggest that we cut off social + security payments tomorrow. There is no question what the + outcome of such a drastic measure would be. The vastness of + the dilemma and the people who exist only because of those + meager payments shows a real problem. The program should be + phased out over the next 15 to 20 years. + People who are now paying into the system should be + given the option for their money to be withheld as it is + presently. If they so choose, the money can go into a + private trust to gain interest and increase in value. The + difference now being that these monies will remain the + property of the one allowing the deductions. Naturally it + would pass on to his or her heirs as with any other prop- + erty. Congress could not use this money for any expenditure + they feel the urge to implement. For example, they couldn't + use these funds to raise their own salaries at whim. + For others who don't want money taken out of their + salaries, they should drop out of the system altogether. +  + Government has no right to intrude into the private affairs + of Americans. "But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- + tions, pursing invariably the same object evinces a design + to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, + it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to + provide new guards for their future security." (Declara- + tion of Independence.) + The lone woman on the Supreme Court (Sandra Day + O'Conner) remarked to a TV reporter one day that she used to + think Social Security was unconstitutional. Now she doesn't + think so . . . wonder who gave her the indoctrination? + How do we correct the situation? Since Congress + created the boondoggle, Congress will have to be the ones to + change it. Call the local offices of your Senators and + Representatives and ask questions about this adventure in + socialism. Be certain to point out the lack of jurisdiction + for these type of programs. Tell them you want something + done about this violation of our Constitution. Further, + remind them you will be watching to see what is being done. + Phone calls every couple of weeks wouldn't be too often. It + has to be impressed on their minds that these socialistic + programs have to cease. + I'm certain you will hear a story like, "These things + are so interwoven in the fabric of our society, they would + be impossible to change." Remind our illustrious 'leaders' + that if any practice was unconstitutional when it began, it + is still unconstitutional. No amount of usage will make the + practice legal or give it an illusion of respectability. + There was never any intent on the part of the Founders + to allow the phrase "general welfare" to signify a right to + establish any specific welfare programs. To find the origin + of this statement, we must look to our first compact of + government, The Articles of Confederation. + + Article III states: "The said states hereby severally + enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for + their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and + their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to + assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks + made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, + sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever." + (Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union) + + From this it's obvious what the term general welfare + means. There is no need to insult the readers intelligence + to imply that the general welfare clause magically became + authorization for specific welfare. + Another area in our Constitution which they may argue + is permission for social security, is the "necessary and + proper" clause (Art I, Sec 8). That's weak and won't hold + water. This only gives power to make laws which are + necessary and proper to carry out the duties and powers + listed in the basic document. It's not for anything they + decide is a great idea.  + Hamilton, in Paper #78, said: "There is no position + which depends on clearer principles than that every act of a + delegated authority, contrary to the tenor of the commission + under which it is exercised, is void." Anything they do + which is beyond what we have allowed or agreed to is void. + To return to the greatness this country was destined to + achieve, we must demand our government obey the law. It + must return to the confines to which we agreed when the + Constitution was established. + If you ever see the original of our Constitution (or an + exact copy), the first three words use decorative letters. + WE THE PEOPLE. Their authority for government comes from us + and only we can agree to a change. + If the members of Congress are not receptive to our + demands, we have a duty to vote them out of office. We must + sent Americans to Washington who will obey the oath to + support the supremacy of our Constitution which we ordered + in Article VI, Sec 3. + For this evil to continue, all we need do is nothing! + There is a limit to their power and that limit is you and + me. + Recently, in a controversy concerning the poor and + food, Reagen put his foot in his mouth. (Or, maybe it was + Nancy's foot!) He said the poor were unable to find food or + stamps due to a lack of knowledge. A late-night comedian + commented that if that is true, his staff must be starving + to death! 'Nuff said. + + + REGISTRATION IS ONLY $19.95.  diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/selfgov.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/selfgov.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..76d3f26f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/selfgov.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +The Self Governor Compass - + +Wondering where your political identity lies? Take this little quiz and +find out: + +Choose Y - Yes N - No M - Maybe + +Personal Self Governor - + +1. Military service should be voluntary (no draft) ---------- Y M N +2. Gov't should not control Radio, TV, or the Press --------- Y M N +3. Repeal regulations on sex by consenting adults ----------- Y M N +4. Drug laws do more harm than good. Repeal them ----------- Y M N +5. Let people emmigrate and immigrate freely ---------------- Y M N + +Economic Self Governor - + +1. Business & farms should operate with out subsidies ------- Y M N +2. Peolpe are better off with free trade than with tariffs -- Y M N +3. Min. wage laws cause unemployment. Repeal them ---------- Y M N +4. End taxes. Pay for services with user fees -------------- Y M N +5. Europe & Japan should pay for their own defense ---------- Y M N + +Now, let's score your answers: + +First, in the personal, then in the economic areas. For each Y, score +20, for each M, score 10, and for each N score 0. Now, index your +scores on the chart below to find your "political identity." + +L = Liberal +A = Authoritarian +R = Right +C = Centrist +X = Libertarian + + P G 100 L L L L L X X X X X + E O 90 L L L L L X X X X X + R S V 80 L L L L C C X X X X + S E E 70 L L L C C C C X X X + O L R 60 L L C C C C C C X X + N F N 50 A A C C C C C C R R + A O 40 A A A C C C C R R R + L R 30 A A A A C C R R R R + 20 A A A A A R R R R R + 10 A A A A A R R R R R + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + ECONOMIC + SELF GOVEROR + +For an information kit about libertarian ideas, write to: + + + Libertarian Party + 1528 Pennsylvania AVE, SE + Washington, DC 20003 + + 1-800-682-1776 + + +---------------------------------------- +This sheet adapted from a Libertarian Party handout. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sellam.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sellam.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3110b20f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sellam.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ + + + + Sell American...and Make a Fortune Doing It! + + What would happen if, in your business, all you + did was "buy" from yourself? + You wouldn't make very much money, would you? + Think about it! That's exactly what this country + would be doing if we only "Buy American." + Every time we sell an American made product in the + international marketplace, those dollars come back into + the U.S. economy, increasing profits, creating jobs, + making America stronger. 80% to 85% of U.S. businesses + don't export. + But American products are in demand. Amway + recently went into Mexico, expecting $3 to $4 million + in sales the first year. Instead they hit $15 million + in sales the first year and $50 million the second + year, and said that they have never seen such strong + demand for American products in any of the more than 20 + countries they are now in. + Yet it seems that when someone thinks about + getting into international trade, they decide to import + instead of export. Actually, exporting is just as easy + as, maybe even easier than, importing. Besides, as an + importer, you have to buy things to sell here...that + takes money. But, as an exporter, you are selling + things overseas...which doesn't take much money at all. + As a matter of fact, you can actually start your + own export business for a couple hundred dollars. Your + very first order could easily return your investment + ten-fold or more. There are thousands upon thousands + of products you can start exporting tomorrow! Most of + the books and courses on exporting being offered today + are theoretical, not practical. In reality, selling + overseas is no more difficult than a company in New + York selling & shipping a product to a buyer in + California. + The most useful complete startup is a manual + called "Sell American", and you can get free + information on it by writing to Sell American, Dept. + 70197, P. O. Box 5385, Cleveland TN 37320. Once you + finish reading "Sell American" you can export U.S. made + products simply and easily, and start earning your + fortune in the international marketplace. + With the end of the cold war, unification of + Europe, the breakup of the Soviet Union, and free trade + agreements being established in the Americas, every + entrepreneur should now recall the words of Thomas + Jefferson -- "A merchant, by his very nature is a + citizen of the world." While the governments discuss + the issues of world trade, it is up to us as merchants + (entrepreneurs) to meet the challenge head-on with + action, instead of talk. As an American entrepreneur, + you should make it your responsibility to "Sell + American." + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/seven.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/seven.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7340eb48 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/seven.txt @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ + + + ASSET PROTECTION AND TAX SAVINGS + + While it is very nice to save on estate taxes, + most would be much more interested in saving taxes this + year, right now while you are still alive. The "estate + plan", when properly implemented has the delightful + side effect of making excellent use of your children + before they thought they could, or were inclined to be, + helpful. Remember that children over the age of 14 + have their very own tax brackets which start at 0% and + linger at 15% for a time or so, just as yours did, and + only after more income than they will make or than you + need to give them for their support jump up to the + higher tax brackets. It is possible, especially for + the self-employed,to cut the total tax bite in half by + simply spreading the tax liability among family + members. + + At this point you say, "Now just a minute, I know + what you are about to say, and I assure you that giving + assets or income to my children at this stage of their + teenage lives is a type of suicide that I do not + contemplate." You are right! Let me assure you that + no one is foolish enough to suggest that any assets or + income should be put under the "control" of children, + who at the age of 16 think that a 944 Porsche turbo + something or other is an appropriate investment. + + The Family Limited Partnerships, and Children's + Trusts allow income to be attributed to the children's + tax brackets while leaving the "control" and "use" to + more responsible parties. In the case of the Family + Limited Partnership, the more responsible party would + be you. In the case of the Children's Trust, that + person would be a trusted other. However, the children + and their guardians, and once again, you, would be able + to have lower tax bracketed dollars available for + luxuries such as family trips, piano lessons, math + camp, private schools, college, medical school, etc. + + Consider this: Mr. and Mrs. Business Partners set + up a Children's Trust for their children and funded it + with real estate in which their business was housed. + The kids wanted the building to be a retail space + suitable for an ice cream parlor, but since they were + not in charge of the decisions, the building purchased + was an 80,000 square foot steel and block industrial + building suitable for the parent's manufacturing + business. + + The business, which had a good profit picture and + cash flow, paid rent to the Children's Trust, thereby + writing off the lease payments at a higher tax bracket + than the children's tax bracket and accepting the + payments in the lower children's bracket. Tax savings + were realized each year. In addition, Mr. and Mrs. + Business Partners suggest to the Children's Trust, + that, with the profits from the lease, it could buy + office equipment which it could lease to the business + on a "one year renewable lease" for market lease + payments, i.e., 75% of the value of the equipment each + year. More tax savings were realized. + + It is only incidental to this discussion on the + advantages of the "estate plan" to mention that when + Mr. and Mrs. Business Partners went out of business + because the widgets which the parents were + manufacturing were replaced by a new super duper better + thing, the Children's Trust survived the parent's + bankruptcy and with the appreciated value of the real + estate and value of the still owned equipment, sold its + assets and loaned Mr. and Mrs. Business Partners + $500,000.00 to start a new business. + + The above examples are illustrative of the old + adage, "divide and conquer." If they only file a joint + return, no married couple will ever get ahead tax wise. + If through a proper estate plan additional entities are + created the serve the dual purpose of providing lawsuit + and asset protection while dividing income into lower + tax brackets. Creating additional entities does itself + provide a record keeping and filing burden. It is bad + enough facing April 15th each year with one + incomprehensible form! However, if you are unwilling + to pay attention to the details there are others who + will do it for a fee. Failure to care may result in + exposure to judgments and the possible greater burden + of "starting over." + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow01.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow01.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5963e932 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow01.txt @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +Israel and the Iraqi threat - Eitan Vazani / Israel +--------------------------------------------------- +. +First, let me introduce myself. +I was born in Israel almost 23 years ago, and lived here ever since. +While graduating high school I was attracted to the world of micro- +computers. I bought a small computer (Tandy Color Computer compatible), +and started with BASIC. Today, after 9 years of learning by myself, I am +a professional programmer and work for a software company. +Several months ago I decided to find out something about BBSing +outside Israel. I picked several names & numbers randomly, and started +calling. It seems that I was lucky - the Shadow BBS was the first BBS +I tried in the U.S.A., and the one which I liked the most. +I really enjoy this BBS, so I decided to this special contribution, +with the approval of the SysOp, of course. +. +Before discussing the situation now, I will make a short introduction. +For 2000 years Jews were spread all over the world. In 1948, at the +end of a long struggle, and after the loss of 6 million Jews (a third +of the Jewish people), the state of Israel was established and declared. +Since then, Israel is in a constant state of war with the Arab nations. +. +The Iraqi problem has no direct connection to Israel or to Israel's +relationships with the Arabs. Iraq resides about 300 miles away from +Israel, with Syria and Jordan in between. +. +The problem with Iraq started in the 70's, with the rise of their leader, +Saddam Houssain. Saddam was born to a poor peasants family, and was +neglected by his parents. He grew up and lived in the streets. Thus he +became hard and cruel, as he had to fight each day in order to exist. +An old Israeli man, that was born in Iraq and escaped many years ago, +knew Saddam as a little boy. He helped him every now and then, and Saddam +remembered that. Years later, when Saddam was on his way to take over +Iraq, he helped that man get out of the Iraqi prison. (He was arrested +only for being a Jew, not a criminal). +Saddam always wanted power. As a young man he was leading gangsters and +was known for his cruelty. He was also known for his pistol, which he +carried all the time and used without hesitation. Years later, he used +his pistol to shoot personally high officers of his own army, in front of +their friends or families (unbelievable but true!). He became involved +with political groups. First, because he was attracted to violent +groups, and after some time in prison, his political views started to +develop. At some point he decided that he is going for the top. +He started to make his way into the system, and once inside, he used his +charisma and violence to clear the way up. He finally succeeded. +. +Saddam invested Iraq's resources in the Army. When he thought he has +a powerful army, he tried to conquer some territories from Iran, which +was in the first days of the Hayatholla Houmainy revolution. +He failed, and he was dragged into a long war in which he couldn't win. +His pride did not let him stop, and so Iraq lost hundreds of thousands +of its men, and completely ruined its economy. Only about two years ago +the Iran-Iraq war came to an end. Saddam found himself with a poor +country, huge debts, and desperate people. He knew very well that if +he had let the people think quietly for some time, they were to rebel and +probably kill him because he had ruined their country. +Saddam's investment in military power included a lot of scientific +progress, and the development of non-conventional weapons and missiles. +He paid European and American companies for knowledge, scientist, trained +personnel and materials. Although Israel warned many times, no +government paid any attention to Iraq's progress. Usually, the Europeans +were happy with the money they got, and the U.S.A. did not interfere +in order to maintain "friendly" relationships. +(German companies stand out with their good will to serve Iraq. Maybe +once again Jews will die of German gas). +Iraq also tried to develop an atomic ability, but Israel did a great +favor to the world, and bombed his nuclear labs (With endless criticism +about it from the American government and European countries. Ha!). +So, when Iraq came out of the war with Iran, the situation was this: +Poor country, defeated but experienced army, and smart leader. +Saddam continued to feed the people with false pride (and hard, cruel +government), but he knew that this cannot last for ever. +. +The solution was simple. Once again he started his propaganda about the +greatness of the Iraqi people (=himself). He announced himself to be +the follower of ancient kings, and prepared his people to "make justice +with the world, and claim what belongs to the Iraqi". He did not hide +his intentions, and declared that parts of Kuwait used to belong to +Iraq, and that he himself was going to restore them. Quietly, he +continued his progress in military research, and prepared his army for +another war. The facts were there, but the world refused to see. +. +When Saddam felt powerful enough, he invaded Kuwait. +The invasion could solve all his problems. He could have a good portion +of the world's oil production, in order to establish Iraq's economy, and +he could make the Iraqi people forget the disaster he brought before. +What happened since Saddam invaded Kuwait is well known, so I can skip +most of the details. However, there is one thing to say about it. +A quick American response, attacking Iraq the day after the invasion, +could put an end to Saddam's terror. Now we are facing a much more complex +problem, and no one can be sure as to its end. +. +Now, back to the Israeli point. When Saddam realized that he is facing +an international coalition against him, including other Arab countries, +he started looking for a way out. But he could not afford an escape, he +wanted to win something. Then he thought of getting Israel into it. +He tried to compare the Israel/Palestinian problem with the Iraq/Kuwait +situation, in an attempt to turn attention to Israel. When this did not +work, he threatened to drag Israel to a war with Iraq, with very bold +threats to use chemical weapons against Israel. This is a "very good +thinking" on his side. Arab countries will not oppose him in such a case, +thus breaking the international coalition against him, and Kuwait will be +forgotten until it is too late. But Israel is far from being afraid. +. +Now, Israel is prepared to anything that might happen. The people are +calm, cool, even making jokes about it all. But, don't be mistaken, +Israeli people and army are well prepared. Most of the time Israel is +busy with lots of problems, mostly within Israel (not with the Arabs). +Now, everything is put aside, and we are preparing for Iraqi attack. +Gas masks were given to most of the people (those who live in the south +of Israel, or those who live near Arab villages, did not get gas masks yet, +because they are less likely to be hit). +Instructions were given as to how to be protected during a gas attack. +Each family prepared one of its rooms, for case of gas attack. The chosen +room was hermetically sealed with nylon sheets and adhesive tape over the +windows, with some extra ready for sealing the door if the time comes. +The gas masks were stored in this room with some bottled water and food, +a radio receiver, a telephone, etc. +We are all feeling pretty safe, with a slight tension. We trust our army, +and especially our air-force. +The army is prepared of course. Pilots are sitting 24 hours in their +fighter planes, and anti-aircraft artillery is waiting with hands ready +on the trigger. +It may seem strange to non-Israeli, but everything is normal. No one +is making any special plans. You must remember that Iraq has always +been our enemy, and we are not surprised by any of their moves, or by any +of their weapons. More than 40 years of constant war, immunized us. +We even hope that there will be a war, because Saddam Houssain must be +killed, and Iraq's weapons must be destroyed. For us, the worst can +happen if Saddam gives up now and get out of Kuwait. This means that +he will continue to gain more power and develop atomic weapons. +During this time, Israel will be busy with its own problems, including +an increasing pressure from U.S.A. government about the Palestinian matter. +In 2-3 years Saddam will have the most deadly arsenal in the middle-east, +and then real troubles will start. He will be able to take over several +oil-producing countries, and control most of the world's oil production. +And of course he will try to hit Israel, but with deadly power. +(Israel is so small, that 3 atomic bombs will be enough to wipe out +2-3 million people out 4.5!). +But if there is war now, the American army will simply terminate the +era of Saddam Houssain. If he tries to attack Israel, we will not wait +and respond with power, and that will not leave him a chance. +. +By the time you read this, you may know if a war is going on or not. +Anyway, I hope this was interesting for you to read. If there is war +and Israel is involved, I promise to write how it feels here. +I would like to have responses to what I wrote. Please feel free even +to correct my English - it is very helpful to me. +Notice, that in order to explain today's situation, I had to give some +description of the past. This description skips many important facts, +and I could hardly allow myself to make it that short. +What I would really like to do, is to explain in several articles the +history of the Jewish people and how it leads to Israel. After that, +many things will seem different about Israel, and it will be possible +to understand the sometimes strange behavior of Israel. +Please tell me if you wish me to continue writing. +. +Yours, +. +Eitan Vazani, +Tel-Aviv, Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow02.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow02.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..44849850 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow02.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Israel at the start of the Iraqi war - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------------------------- +. +Hello again to all Shadow BBS callers. +. +I am writing this a mere 90 minutes since U.S. forces started attacking +Saddam Houssain's forces. The past 3 days in Israel were loaded with +high tension, which is now at its peak. When the attacks began 90 mins. +ago, it was 2:00 am. Many people in Israel were not sleeping and sat +listening to the radio, waiting for the news. And the news arrived. +Israeli government instructed everybody to stay at home, and prepare +the gas protection means (gas mask, Atropin shot, cleaning powder, etc.). +Quickly, all those who were staying up called their friends to make sure +they wake up and get ready. Within an hour most of Israel began preparing +to a possible a gas attack (Conventional explosive attacks are less +worry, since many people here are familiar with it). +I for example, were sleeping at my girlfriend's house. Like the rest of +the people here, I suspected that "tonight is the night", but nevertheless +fell asleep. My girlfriend's grandmother was to nervous to stay up, and +she sat listening to the radio. When she heard that it's started, she +awakened the rest of us. After calming down my girlfriend, I explained +to her how to use the gas mask, and rushed home to wake up my parents +and my sister (who just came for a free evening from the army...). +I woke up everybody, and briefed them with everything I already knew. +We prepared the house by closing all the windows, and prepare our gas +masks. Within minutes we started calling friends and neighbors to make +sure they are awake and aware of the situation. +Although CNN reports that U.S. Air Force attacked missiles and planes +dangerous to Israel, we are all very tense. The Iraqis have about 30 +small, movable missile launchers, and there are good chances that some +of them were not destroyed. Also, they might send some bombers to a +one way mission against Israel. +We are tense and I admit that we are a bit afraid, but we keep cool in +order to behave properly if anything happens. +I must say that nearly all the people in Israel are actually glad to have +this war, since avoiding it simply means that Saddam Houssain will gain +more power (including nuclear weapons), which he will use against Israel +without mercy. For now, Israel was not attacked, and therefore did not +attack Iraq. But this may change every minute. +This is all for now, there are several things that I should do. +I will write more when I have something you. I guess you are the first +to get first hand information from Israel. +From what I know until now, U.S. forces are doing just great. I must +thank you, the people of America, for stopping this mad terrorist. +Israel knows too well the pain of losing sons and husbands in a war, +so we are all hoping and praying for American soldiers to get back home +soon and safe. +. +Goodbye, +. +Eitan Vazani. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow03.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow03.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..872d4b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow03.txt @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +Israel under Iraqi missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +------------------------------------------------- +. +Once again I am writing to you from Israel. This time, about something +that I hope you will never experience. I am typing this several hours +after Iraqi missiles landed in 2 major cities in Israel. The words for +this article were running in my mind during the attack, though. +. +It was about 2:00 am, when I was sitting in front of my computer playing +some games. Having the war started the night before I could not sleep, +even though I slept very little during the last 24 hours. The great +performance of U.S. Air Force was good news to us, and a great relief. +The last night and day brought good news to Israel. Most of the Iraqi +installation has been destroyed or damaged. However, we all had this +feeling that we are not safer than before. So did feel Israeli army +leaders, and they warned again and again that not all Iraqi missiles +were destroyed. They suspected that small, mobile missile launchers were +hidden underground and are fully operational. Also, large part of the +Iraqi air force was also hidden underground. So, as were happy with the +success of U.S. Air Force, we were also worried and prepared. +Thus at 2:00 am in the second night of the war, I was sitting worried +and playing computer games. The radio was on, playing some music and +songs, and I expected to hear some news. For a long time there were no +news breaks, and music was just playing on, so I was really absorbed in +the game I was playing. Suddenly, a loud whistle sounded in the radio +followed by a high toned whistle, a pause, and a steady, tense voice +saying (translated): "Rattlesnake, Rattlesnake, Rattlesnake". It sounded +like some army password or code word, but the army never interferes with +radio frequencies. I was puzzled, and switched to another frequency of +the same station. The music continued. I switched back to the previous +frequency - music again. I had a feeling that something unusual is about +to happen, so I lowered the volume and listened. Only then I noticed the +alarm outside. I waited a few seconds to be sure that this was a general +emergency alarm. It was. I rushed to my parents room and woke them up. +A few seconds later we heard weak explosion sounds, but felt no blow. +While my parents were jumping out of their bed, I woke up my sister, and +called my girlfriends house to make sure they are awake. I woke up her +father and he heard the alarm at once and got up. There was nothing +special on the radio, the music continued. We all gathered in my sister's +room, (which we prepared for a gas attack a few days ago), took the gas +masks out of the boxes, and waited. We didn't know what to do. +I tried calling the police, then some emergency numbers - all busy. +We listened to the radio. There was music, and some guy talking, and the +whistle again. After a short pause the guy on the radio said that he will +find out what that whistle was. Some more music, and then an announcement: +"Due to a missile attack on Israel, all people are request to enter their +sealed rooms, and wear gas masks immediately!". The message was repeated +several times. We were a bit shocked, but did not panic. We put on the +masks, and expected the worse. Of course, our two dogs came into the +sealed room with us. We called some relatives and friends to make sure +they were all aware of the situation. They were. +The radio continued with alternating announcements and songs, but provided +no further information. We looked at each other, and watched our masked +faces in the mirror, for entertainment and good spirit. We were tense, +and made no attempt to cover it, but the all knew that strong mentality +is important, even crucial, so we laughed, argued, cursed Saddam and +discussed Israel's possible responses. The time passed, and an army +spokesman talked on the radio. He said that several missiles had landed in +various places, but refused to say where the missiles had landed, or what +kinds of missiles (conventional explosives or chemical). About an hour +and 15 minutes since the alarm, the army spokesmen said the gas masks are +to be removed and replaced in their boxes, but no one is to leave the +sealed room. Another 15 minutes pass, and there was another announcement: +"All people in Tel Aviv and nearby towns, and all people in Haifa and its +surroundings, are to wear gas mask again. All other people are to stay +in the sealed rooms." +This got us a bit confused, but we put the masks back on. Another half +an hour, and we were told to remove the masks. This sounded like a final +decision and it relieved us a bit. However, we had to stay in the sealed +room and wait for further instructions. We waited, proposing different +ways of punishing Saddam and Iraq for their terrorism. Another news break +revealed that in all Israel there were only 7 injured, and even those got +only some scratches and are to be sent back home within a short time. +From this information we deduced that the missiles were of the explosive +type, and did not carry chemical warheads. Some time later it became +clear that this is the situation, but we were still instructed to stay in +the sealed room until further notice. +While waiting, I fell into imagining myself in an F-15, bombing Saddam +and his missile launchers. Being very tired now, I fell into a good +sleep, and woke up 4 hours later. It was 10:15 am, and after being +updated with the latest news, I sat down to write these words. +. +Now, you can see what Israel is facing each and everyday, for more +than 40 years. Saddam Houssain is not the first fanatic Arab that is +trying to massacre the poeple of Israel. He is also not the last. +Maybe now you can understand why Israel cannot agree to give up more of +its land. We need some safety margin. If such a missile attack gets +heavier, we need some place to go, to hide. Israel had given 3/4 of +its lands to Egypt for peace that we still can't trust. Now, the U.S.A, +and virtually all the world, wants Israel to give up a 1/4 of what is +left. Why? Maybe I'll discuss the motives in a later article. +. +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. +Attacked, but the last laugh will be ours. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow04.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow04.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..10580e22 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow04.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Israel expecting another Iraqi missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +------------------------------------------------------------- +. +It is night again, almost midnight. I spent the last several hours in +my girlfriends house. We already had an alarm. Again, with beating +hearts, we ran into the sealed room and wore the gas masks. Again, +fear and uncertainty. It took 15 minutes until the army announced +that we can relax, there is no missile attack. This happened because +of an information about an attack, which proved to be incorrect. +At the same time, we learned later, there was also an alarm in Saudi- +Arabia and Bahrain. +. +I am sitting to write again. It is 1:15 am and I just finished +watching TV (Wise Guy). In the middle we had another alarm. This +time my brother (who came back from the army for a vacation), was the +first to notice. We jumped on our feet and rushed to wake up our +parents. Until they woke up, the alarm stopped. We listened to the +radio - nothing, just music. Within several minutes we heard the +cancellation alarm. A minute later the radio informed us that we can +relax. Another minute passed and we were informed that this happened +due to a Soviet satellite launch or destruction. +. +We are becoming very sensitive and very nervous. We are virtually +waiting for an attack. We jump to every sound louder than usual. +This is a very heavy load on our nerves, but we won't break down. +There are no signs of panic in Israel. No one is trying to escape +to the (safe) south. The TV and radio people are doing wonderful +job. They sound calm and relaxed all the time, even when the alarms +sound, and even when a missile attack is going on outside. +We, and probably the rest of the Western countries, are waiting to see +in which way Israel will reply Saddam's missiles. We have a feeling +that a surprise is being planned for Saddam. Maybe it won't be soon, +but he will be punished. +. +I guess I'll play some more games. Maybe I'll try some fighter pilot +simulation, and imagine that I am bombing Iraqi missile sights... +. +Nervous, tired, but strong, patient and proud, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow05.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow05.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0b5964ec --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow05.txt @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +Israel under second missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +-------------------------------------------------- +. +Another missile attack has ended just a few minutes ago. It was my +father's turn to be the first to notice the alarm. The attack started +around 7:15 in the morning. We expected it. We knew that the Iraqis +are going to try to surprise us (the previous attack was at 2:00 am). +Once again, Israel reacted quickly and efficiently. With a minute or +two most people got inside their sealed rooms and wore the masks. +Two minutes since the alarm started, I heard 3-4 loud explosions. This +means that the missiles landed in Tel Aviv or nearby. +A short time passed and the army spokesman announced that the north and +the south regions of Israel are safe (no gas), and there is no need to +stay in a sealed room. In the central region (Tel Aviv area - where +missiles hit), people were instructed to stay in sealed rooms and keep +wearing gas masks. It took 15 more minutes to declare that the attack +is over, meaning the missiles were explosives again, not gas. +There are no news about casualties yet, so I will add it later. +. +It is hard to believe that it happens to me. Until now I only read +about bombing and gas attacks. (You may be surprised to know that +Israel cities used to be very safe, even in war). Sometimes I have +the feeling that I am in a movie, or that it is just a dream. +But don't worry, there is no way we will give up. +Writing all these articles also helps me. It is some way to relieve +tensions, to keep me doing something useful. A therapy maybe ... +. +It is afternoon, and the details of the morning missile attack are now +fully known. 16 people were injured very lightly, all of them except +one have been released from hospital. Several of them were not +physically injured, but suffered a mental shock. +. +It will be dark again in 2-3 hours, and we will once again wait for a +missile attack. During the day we feel pretty safe, but since the last +attack was in the early morning, it may change. However, if Iraq tries +to launch missile in daylight, they will be much easier to track down +and be destroyed. +. +Please note that I am not trying to bring you the news faster than CNN. +CNN can report live, but the reporters are not personally and +emotionally involved. For them, Israel is just another news sight, +and they can't get the real feeling of Israeli public. +They are doing wonderful job, though, all throughout the world, and we +watch many CNN reports which we consider to be of an excellent value. +I think the way CNN works is a perfect model of how a news network +should do its job. +. +Night has passed and it is morning again. This night was quiet, and +there was only one short, false alarm, at 22:00. I stayed the night +in my girlfriend's house. She is very nervous these days, and tired +of the tension. She considers flying to Germany to stay with her aunt. +During the night the army revealed that the U.S.A sent Patriot missiles +to try to protect Israel. These were designed as anti-aircraft +missiles, but due to outstanding performance they were converted to +intercept missiles too. However, it was stated the the Patriot cannot +stop all missiles. (By the way - parts of the Patriot guidance systems +are made in Israel). +Life in Israel are not yet back to their normal course. Residents of +the south were instructed to go to work as usual, but stay tuned. +The rest of Israel people should go shopping and return home as soon as +possible. I suspect that the quiet night is just another Iraqi attempt +to trick us. I am sure that they will launch more missiles tonight, or +maybe they will wait some more. +At least, we got some sleep. +. +That's it for now. Bye, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow06.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow06.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..83bf0534 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow06.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +Israel attempts to get back to normal life - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------------------------------- +. +Another quiet night was followed by a quiet day. +It is now late at night again, and who knows how this one will be. +To sum up last several nights: +- The war started, everybody got up because of the excitement and also + to make final preparation for missile attack. +- Expected missile attack arrives at 2:00. +- Another missile attack, this time at 7:15 am. We get used to it. +- A quiet night with lots of tension. +- Another quiet night. +- This night "happens" right now. +. +We heard about the outstanding performance of the American Patriot +missile in the Saudi Arabia. We hope it to be just as successful +in case of an attack on Israel. (U.S.A sent Patriot missiles with +American crews to protect Israel, until Israel crews take over). +. +Today, people started to go to work as usual. Of course, only those +who live in places that are less likely to be attacked. Many people +couldn't sit at home all day, and they were eager to get out. Some of +them did go out to work, to shop or just spend some time outside. +I heard that one missile exploded in the vicinity of my work place. +It could be that my office was hit, I just don't know yet. +Surprisingly, the government and the army announced that tomorrow +everything will be back to normal, except schools and universities. +So I'll go to work in the morning, and find out if my office still +exists. Anyway, I will also go to see the explosion sight and describe +it to you soon. +I don't know whether to go to sleep and worry for not being ready in +case of an attack, or to stay up and be sleepy during the day (remember +that I have to go to work!). +. +Now, the matter of American POW seems to be serious. I guess all of +you are familiar with the details, but I will repeat some of it: +The Iraqies seem to hold American, British, Saudi and Kuwaiti pilots. +The number of them is still unknown. Some of them were shown on TV +in Iraq. They were obviously forced to talk against the war and +"praised" the peaceful Iraq. There are rumors that they were displayed +in the streets of Baghdad in order to cheer up the Iraqi people. +Iraq announced that the pilots will be held in several installations +to prevent bombing these installations. +Well, the facts speak for themselves. I have nothing more to add, +except that this barbaric behavior is not particular to Iraq or to +Saddam Houssain. It is characteristic to most Arab people. The reason +to this is simple: A fanatic, ruthless religion, which is deeply set +in the minds of the Arabs for 1300 years. +And Israel faces 400 millions of these Arabs. Think about it. +. +Well, it seems that there is nothing more to report, except that +Israel is trying to live its normal life. It is too soon to try to +draw any conclusions about the behavior of Israeli people, since +another attack may start another period of stress, which will change +the picture. +. +Goodbye for now. +I will be glad to answer any questions regarding the situation in +Israel now. (Please save more general topics to a time when it all +calms down here). +Eitan Vazani. +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow07.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow07.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..650c3748 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow07.txt @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +Israel gets the third missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------------------------- +. +It is now 22:50. +The third missile attack ended about 2 hours ago. The alarms, the gas +masks, the explosions, the radio. Within 30 minutes we were free to +get out of the masks and the sealed rooms. We heard that one missile +did hit somewhere, and that 2 Patriot missile were launched to try to +intercept incoming Scud missiles. +. +While writing the above sentences, my grandmother have called to +describe what she saw on TV - a CNN report from the bombing location. +I stopped writing and tried to get some information. Israeli TV and +radio broke in with news - very bad news. The missile directly hit +a building. The building collapsed and was totally destroyed. All +people living in this building were killed or injured. I know that +around 60 people were hit, but I do not know how many were killed, +or the state of the injured. +. +While listening to the radio for more news, I'll write about the what +was going on during the day. +. +Today most people got back to work. Most but not all. The car parking +yards near my office were only half full. I guess that some people +stayed at home because they did not know that they should go to work, +some people were still afraid to leave home, and some wanted to stay +with their kids (schools are still closed). +At work, everybody was full with stories, rumors and information. +But we got used to the idea of working again, and we were carried away +with the problems we have to tackle. +In my last article I wrote that I heard that a missile exploded near +my office. Well, this was one of the rumors. +. +News keep arriving. No exact numbers yet, but it looks very sad. +Until now, I thought that Israel's government is right in its decision +not to take action against Iraq. 10-15 missiles hit in the first and +second attacks, but there were only a few injured lightly. The damage +was more serious, but money can fix it. Now, it is time to act. +A missile directly hit a building full of innocent people. Old people, +kids, babies, a little black dog (one injured kid arrived to hospital +with his dog still in his hands. I think (and hope) the dog is ok). +The more I think about it, the more I support a wild attack on Iraq. +I do not want to die because I am too forgiving and nice to my enemy. +There must be an end to such thing. +It is impossible to track down each and every missile launcher. They +are well hidden and protected in underground bunkers. The Iraqis have +several hundreds (maybe thousands) of Scud missiles, some of them might +carry a chemical warhead. Iraq still has most of its military power. +Iraq still produces ammunition and gas, many aircrafts are still waiting +for a chance to take off, military communications still work, and Saddam +Houssain and his assistants are still alive. +This means that there is more death waiting for us. +The answer in my opinion, be prepared, is an atomic bomb. This will put +a nice end to the world's number one terrorist. I know it is a radical +step, but this will solve the problem (which, by now, is unbearable), +and it will teach all Arabs a lesson they will never forget: Israel +will protect itself by ALL means - do NOT mess with us. It worked for +the U.S.A. 45 years ago, and it will work again. +By the way, I think that residents of Baghdad should be warned 24 hours +before the bombing. This will prevent any loss of life, except maybe +for Saddam Houssain that is hiding in his bunker. He is too affraid +to get out, so he will have to stay there, buried alive. +But I am afraid our politicians do not have the guts to do it. +I guess I many will not agree, and I will probably get angry letters. +. +But if you want to reply, think about this: +Your city is attacked by missiles every night, people are killed, +injured, their homes destroyed. The enemy prepared this for 10 years, +and now is going to take it out. You also expect a chemical attack. +How would you respond? +. +Eitan Vazani, +From very sad and angry Israel. +We will act. +. +A minute before I posted this article, I heard on the radio that 60 +people were injured, and 3 were killed. The 3 people that were killed +are old, and they probably died of shock, not because of the impact. +3 of the injured are very seriously injured, one of the is a baby with +head injury. +I may add now, that 4 old women died at the night of the first attack. +They suffocated because they did not use the gas mask correctly. +. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow08.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow08.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a3768cf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow08.txt @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +Israel gets attack #4 - Eitan Vazani. +------------------------------------- +. +Last night we had another missile attack. Again, it was a single +missile (like on the day before). But this time - surprise - the +Patriot missiles successfully intercepted the Scud. The Scud missile +was meant for Haifa (Israel 3rd large city, in the North). Not one +person was hurt, only some windows broke because of the explosion. +We feel better now, knowing that the Patriots can protect us, but it +can also drive the Iraqis mad, and they will try to launch many +missiles at once, enough for us to run out of Patriots. And it is +not clear what happens when a Patriot intercepts a Scud with a chemical +warhead - this can prove a real trouble. +But we were glad anyway. +. +Yesterday, I went to look at the place were the missile had landed the +night before (attack #3). This was the first time I see something like +this in my own eyes, and now it seems like I had a bad dream. +This is a simplified drawing of the area: +. + +---------+ +---------+ + Partially | #| | | + collapsed-> | ######| |#########| <-Completely destroyed & + +---------+ ***|#########| <-collapsed, disappeared. + +---------+ + +---------+ +---------+ + Damaged but | ###| | | <-This part is being built- + in 1 piece->| | |---------| didn't get a scratch! + | | | | + +---------+ +---------+ +. +Each block is a building, the "***" is where the missile hit the ground. +The "##" represent severely damaged building. +All buildings are 2 stories high, but the lower-left one, which is 3. +. +The place is 5 minutes walk from my office. Air distance is about +500 yards. When I walked there, it was very easy to locate. At 400 +yards away, I saw the first broken windows, only a few of them. +As I approached, there were more broken windows, piled under each +building. As I approached more, the piles became bigger, and contained +not only glass, plastics and wood, but also pieces of all kinds of +stuff you find in every house. +Police tried to prevent crowding around the place, but many people came +to see what a Scud can do. The police blocked the nearby streets about +120 yards away, but I sneaked in a bit more, to about 60 yards away. +Closer than that, only reporters, army and VIP could get. +There is no point in describing what I saw, since you can see it on TV. +But the point is in the strange feelings. Suddenly, a place I know +so well, which used to be like an average living quarter of every other +city, looks like a big pile of broken glass, plastic, wood and iron. +Those who live around are wandering around confused, shocked. This is +not a sight we are used to, (I repeat: Israel is a safe place!). +It made me imagine hot it should look if a missile hit MY house. +Something that I used to see on TV, in an action file or in a news +report from constant-war places like Lebanon, becomes a real thing. +I stood there for an hour, and I could not get my eyes off. It is not +only the sight of the crashed building that strikes (I could barely see +it), but the damage around. The signs of destructions that are so +clearly visible all around, the piles of debris, the TV crews, the +police, the army, the confused neighbors, the government agents +estimating the damage. +A strange feeling. +Thinking about it later, the Scuds are not very effective. Only a +direct hit can destroy a building, and only if this is an old one. +New buildings, built by modern standards, won't break down. It is +easily proven: The building next to the crashed one is being built, +and it was not at all damaged. +Later, I heard from my father, that a friend from his work has an aunt +that LIVED IN THE CRASHED BUILDING, and she was NOT WOUNDED AT ALL, +except for the regular scratches and cuts. +This is amazing. +2 of the 3 people who died that night, died because of heart attack. +On of them lived more than a mile away. The third died because of the +impact and the pressure of the walls that covered her. +All three were more than 60 years old. +. +Another point: the destructive missile was successfully intercepted +by a Patriot missile, launched by Israeli crew. Unfortunately, only +the rear part of the missile was destructed, while the explosive +warhead continued on its path of death. +. +But, as I mentioned before, a Patriot destroyed the last missile, and +the mood is better. +I have to wait a few more days before I can try to figure out Iraq's +"policy" of launching missiles, so I will stop here. +. +Bye, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shadow09.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow09.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..358f0052 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shadow09.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +Israel, now its #5 - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------- +. +Well, we are past missile attack number 5. The night before was really +a quite night (well, only one false alarm. It doesn't count). +. +The attack tonight was another multi-missile attack. After this one I +know the meaning of "fear" much better. At noon I drove to my uncle's +house, visiting my grandmother on my way. I went there to teach his +12 years old daughter some DOS basics (he wants to learn some too). +I arrived there around 15:00, and started lecturing. At 18:30 my uncle +got worried, and told me I better get back home soon, so I will not be +caught outside while there is an attack. I told him I'll just stay +some more to explain another DOS command or two. A few minutes later +the sirens went off. Quickly we got to the sealed room, and started +wearing our gas masks. My uncle and his wife have three daughters, the +oldest is 12 years old, the second is about 10, and the youngest is 4 +or 5. They all behaved perfectly, not panicking at all. The little +one was actually laughing and seemed to enjoy the excitement. +While wearing my mask, I heard 3-4 successive whistles. They were very +loud, low and coarse. At that moment I was sure that the Scud missiles +are going to get. I was frightened to hell. I didn't want to die that +soon. I don't really remember what was going through my mind at that +moment, I only remember being frightened as I have never been before. +I looked at my uncle. He was smiling and said something like "hey, +that's the Patriots going at the Scuds". +I relaxed just a bit, because I knew there aren't any Patriot launchers +around. I asked him: "How come we can hear the Patriots here?" +He still smiled: "Oh, didn't I tell you the army brought here several +launchers yesterday?" +I felt better at once, but we continued to discuss it some more until I +relaxed. +While this was going on, we heard 3-4 explosions, one of them louder +than the rest. The army spokesman talked on the radio. He confirmed +that several Scuds were identified, and that Patriots were launched to +intercept them. He also said that "there were several hits". +We didn't know whether he meant Scuds hit us, or Patriots hit Scuds. +He did not give any further information. Within half an hour the +southern and east-northern regions of Israel were cleared to take off +the gas masks, but still stay in their sealed rooms. Since only the +east part of the northern region was allowed to remove the masks, I +assumed (correctly), that Haifa (in the west-north) was attacked too. +Some more time passed, and all Israel was cleared to remove the gas +masks and free to go out of the sealed room. No more information was +given, except that there were injured people. We relaxed a bit, and +I stayed to eat a delicious dinner there. Information arrived a bit +at a time. 7 Scud missiles were launched at us, 2-3 toward Haifa, +and the rest toward Tel Aviv. Most of them (5 or 6) were intercepted +and destroyed by Patriot missiles. 1 or 2 got away and reached the +ground to explode. A building collapsed, cars went on fire, and many +were injured. Again, no one of those in the crashed building was too +badly hurt. In other places, pieces (probably large ones) of the +intercepted Scuds hit the ground and buildings, causing minor damages +and wounding some people. +Later I found out that 1 person got killed, 1 very badly injured, +3 seriously injured, and 30 lightly wounded. +. +I don't know how long Israel will restrain itself. The public still +supports this policy, but I guess it will change if this goes on for +another week or two. +Israel gains very important political points. The whole world suddenly +loves Israel. We get financial support from the U.S.A., from Jews all +over the world, even from Germany (their minister of foreign affairs +was here and got hard complaints about the German part in Iraq's arsenal. +He apologized again and again, and promised that Germany will keep its +eyes open and its mind thinking). +But all this will disappear within one month from the end of the war. +Israel will be pressed and threatened again by everyone (incl. U.S.A), +to give the Arabs more lands, so that it will be easier to wipe us off. +We have been through this story several times, and the end was never +a really happy one. When the Arabs will get rid of Saddam they will +start again yelling about "the crimes of the imperialist Israel". +And the world will support them, because it pays off pretty well. +Arabs can offer cheap oil to its supporters, Israel can hardly return +a smile and a warm "thank you" to its supporters. +This is why I think Israel should do something. But this something +should be so hard, so aggressive and so frightening, that Arabs will +remember it forever, with their spines shivering at the thought of it. +It is our only chance to have peace with them. When they understand +that Israel is crazier than any Arab, they will stop messing with us, +and they will look for ways to have peace with Israel. When that time +comes, Israel will be happy to have peace with everyone. +But remember: THE KEY IS FEAR. History proves that nothing can speed +up peace. When enemies fear each other too much - they want peace. +Look how the U.S.A and the U.S.S.R were happy to make peace. Why? +The fear of each other's power was too great. Finally, the Russians +couldn't stand the technological race, and headed peace. The U.S.A +did not stand in the way, and shook the Russian hand warmly. +This is the case in the middle east. They must understand that Israel +is impossible to defeat. Not only that: Israel will take the most +destructive approach to its enemies. Then they will REALLY want peace. +. +This leads to me to consider nuclear weapons. +Currently, nuclear weapons are considered as a last resort. +When Israel is about to be destroyed, the atomic bombs will be used. +But this will be too late. If Israel is destroyed, who cares what +will happen then? What good will come from bombing the Arabs with +atomic bombs? Ok, so we'll get 100 million. So? Israel will still +be destroyed. +I claim, that using nuclear weapons now, will set the Arabs on the +right course very quickly. It will also save lots of lives from +future wars (and there will be for sure). The next war (or even this +one) may involve chemical and biological warfare. It may involve +atomic bombs on the Arab side, which will mean the end of Israel. +So lets US do it as soon as possible, and it will bring the peace. +. +Well, it is not in my hands. +. +Bye, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/share02.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/share02.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6b713ffe --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/share02.txt @@ -0,0 +1,724 @@ +Articles from SHARE International - Copyright 1992, All rights reserved. +Electronically reprinted with permission. +For reprint permission, contact TARA Center, UID 73437,1345, PO Box 6001, +No.Hollywood, CA 91603. + + CHILDREN FIRST: BUILDING A GLOBAL AGENDA + by Audrey Hepburn + +Actress Audrey Hepburn spent five years of her young life in Nazi-occupied +Holland during World War II. She survived the deprivation with a "marvellous +family," a diet consisting largely of turnips, and "wonderful conversations +about what we were going to eat after the war." When the end of the war came, +she was one of the first recipients of UNICEF aid to Europe. Hepburn could not +have known then that more than four decades later, in 1988, she would be +invited by UNICEF to take on "her most wonderful and rewarding role," as +fellow actor Gregory Peck put it + + UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. + +Her compassion and commitment carry her beyond fund-raising benefits to +sometimes difficult and dangerous fieldwork in countries such as Ethiopia, +Sudan, and El Salvador. For all her efforts, she is paid by UNICEF the royal +sum of US$1 per year. Hepburn gave the following talk recently at the +Commonwealth Club in San Francisco. + + + "Until four years ago when I was given the great privilege of + becoming a volunteer for UNICEF, I, like all of you, was overwhelmed + by a sense of helplessness when watching television or reading about + the indescribable misery of the children and their mothers in the + developing world. If I feel less helpless today, it's because I have + now seen what can be done, and what is being done by UNICEF, by many + marvellous agencies, churches, governments, and most of all, with + very little help, by people themselves. + + Today we stand at the crossroads: Our world has changed dramatically + in a short time, and we must now plot a new course for the future. + I'm here on behalf of UNICEF to talk about where children fit into + the new course, to talk about priorities. We have to recognize that + children have not been our greatest priority, but they must be. And + if we seize the opportunity now before us, they really can be. + + I was among the first recipients of UNICEF aid after World War II, + which is why I have such a deep, personal appreciation for UNICEF. + Mine was the first generation to live in the ominous shadow of the + nuclear age, and we were the first children to grow up with the term + "Cold War" and all its divisive and paranoid implications. We had + survived the bombing of Europe only to find ourselves, in a very real + sense, coming of age in another war, the costs of which were very + steep indeed. + + Deaf ears + + This conflict between East and West soon became a political framework + for the entire globe. The superpowers intervened in developing + countries in order to gain territorial advantages, and rival factions + in these countries were all too willing to choose sides in exchange + for support in their internal struggles. The prevailing world order + was marked by barricades, real and imaginary, and it fostered a + mentality of us versus them. The real losers, of course, were the + children: the children of Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle + East who suffered from daily neglect. The choice between guns and + bread had never been more immediate nor lopsided as it was during the + height of the Cold War. + + UNICEF, the world's leading voice for children, tried to protect + them. UNICEF reminded governments time and again that the needs of + children were urgent and the most important, but its warnings fell on + ears that were either deaf or simply too preoccupied to listen. When + I first became involved with UNICEF, the organization that had meant + so much to me and many other children in post-war Europe, I didn't + think I'd live to see the end of that bitter struggle. Like the + children of countries like Lebanon and Mozambique, who have known + little peace, I had grown up with the Cold War, and it was part of + all of our lives. + + Then, and it seemed to happen overnight, the world changed + dramatically. Like the Berlin Wall and the Soviet empire, the old + order has come tumbling down. We now have something that is so rare + in the course of civilization: a second chance. + + Quiet catastrophe + + Now, more than 45 years after it pleaded with the world to remember + its children, UNICEF is once again making the case for our next + generation. As the new world order comes into focus, UNICEF is + reminding the world's leaders of the devastating realities. While the + world was busy fortifying the ideological chasm that divided it, the + children have been paying for it with their lives: 40,000 a day, 15 + million a year. No earthquake, no flood, ever claimed 40,000 children + on a single day. Though these children are the quiet catastrophe and + never make headlines, they are just as dead. By any measure this is + the greatest tragedy of our times. They've been dying from + preventable diseases, including measles and tuberculosis. They've + been dying in wars, caught in the cross-fire of those who should have + been protecting them. They've been dying for lack of proper nutrition + when the world has more than enough food. They've been dying from + dehydration caused by diarrhea more than from any other single cause + because they don't have clean drinking water. + + World Summit for Children + + In September of 1990, when the old world order was showing signs of + collapse, UNICEF hosted 71 heads of state at the World Summit for + Children in New York to address the appalling situation of children. + The summit yielded a historic agreement on specific goals to help + children by the year 2000. In its latest message to the world's + leaders, UNICEF released its 1992 State of the World's Children + Report. In this year's report, UNICEF offers 10 agenda items for the + formation of a new world order. + + I won't talk about all the specific propositions, but I would like to + mention a few of them: + + a) That the promises of the World Summit for Children be kept. These + include a one-third reduction in child deaths, and a halving of child + malnutrition by the year 2000. + + b) That demilitarization should begin in the developing world, and + that falling military expenditures in the industrialized countries + should be linked to increased, unconditional international aid and + the solving of global problems. Currently, developing countries spend + about $150,000 million on arms each year. Meanwhile, the five + permanent members of the UN Security Council sell 90 per cent of the + world's arms. What does this mean? It means that we are entrenched + as a global community in a destructive cycle of weapons + proliferation. Achieving all of the summit goals would require some + $20,000 million a year, an amount equal to two-thirds of the + developing world's military spending, and just 1 per cent of that in + industrialized countries. + + c) That the growing consensus around market economies be accompanied + by a commitment to a strong investment in people, especially + children. Simply put, this means that there are things that a free + market alone cannot do. Governments must combine free-market forces + with assurances of health and education for all, especially children, + even in bad economic times. The importance of this proposition is not + limited to developing countries. As UNlCEF's report also points out, + the situation of urban and poor children in the United States + continues to worsen. Child poverty is on the rise, and the real value + of Aid to Families with Dependant Children has dropped 40 per cent in + the last 20 years. Even here, in the country that is the world's + model of a free economy, we are slow to realize that all children do + not benefit from that system. We must build what amounts to a safety + net to catch these children before it is too late. There are some + encouraging signs that the world's leaders may listen this time. The + World Summit for Children is clearly one of them. The United Nations + Convention on the Rights of the Child has now been ratified by 107 + countries, and more than 30 others have signed it with the intention + to ratify. + + Miracle of the decade + + Last October I was at the United Nations with President Carter and + other dignitaries when UNICEF and the World Health Organization + certified to the Secretary General that they and the world's + governments had achieved their goal of universal child immunization + by 1990. This is the miracle of this decade. This does not mean that + we have immunized every child or that every country is winning the + battle with vaccine-preventable diseases. It does mean that 80 per + cent of the world's one-year olds have been immunized against the six + major child-killing diseases: measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, + whooping cough, diphtheria, and polio. This effort is saving some 3 + million young lives each year. + + In 1974, less than 5 per cent of the developing world's children were + vaccinated. It's difficult to grasp the full meaning of these + successes until you've looked into the eyes of these children who can + too often be numbers. Rather than share with you the horrors I've + witnessed, I prefer to remind you of how easy it is to reach out and + help these children. There has never been a better opportunity to + give our children the future they deserve. We have low-cost + technologies like immunization and oral rehydration therapy. We have + ample resources made available due to the end of the Cold War, and we + have the commitment of the world's leaders. What remains is for us to + change our attitudes as a society, to build a movement for children, + and to ensure that the promises of the World Summit for Children are + kept. + + Twenty years ago, few people thought about recycling their + newspapers, few people worried about the effect of hair spray on the + ozone layer, few people questioned the amount of pollution their cars + were spewing into the atmosphere, but slowly and effectively the + environmentalists in this country and around the world built a + movement that could not be ignored, and they have brought about a + fundamental change in the way we live our lives and the way we see + our planet. We have taken responsibility for our neglect. So too must + we take responsibility for the neglect of our children. So too must + we effect a basic change in our priorities and concerns. We must + resolve ourselves as a community to put the needs of children first + in war and in peace, in good times and in bad. + + So today, I speak for children who can't speak for themselves, + children who are going blind from lack of vitamins, children who are + slowly being mutilated by polio, children who are wasting away in so + many ways from lack of water. I speak for the estimated 100 million + street children in this world, who have no choice but to leave home + in order to survive, who have absolutely nothing but their courage, + their smiles, their wits, and their dreams; for children who have no + enemies, yet are invariably the first tiny victims of war, wars that + are being waged through terror, intimidation, and massacre; for + children who are therefore growing up surrounded by the horrors of + violence; for the hundreds of thousands that are refugees; and for + the rapidly increasing number of children suffering from or orphaned + by AIDS. + + The great task ahead + + The task that lies ahead for UNICEF is ever great, whether it's + repatriating millions of children in Africa or Asia, or teaching + children how to play who only have learned how to kill. Children are + our most vital resource, our hope for the future. Until they can be + assured of not only physically surviving the first fragile years of + life, but are free of emotional, social, and physical abuse, it's + impossible to envisage a world that is free of tension and violence. + It is up to us to make it possible. Charles Dickens wrote: "In their + little world, in which children have their existence, nothing is so + finely perceived and so finely felt as injustice" injustice which we + can avoid by giving more of ourselves. Yet we often hesitate in the + face of such apocalyptic tragedy. Why, when the way and low-cost + means are in place to safeguard and protect these children? It is for + leaders, parents, and young people - young people who have the purity + of heart which sometimes age tends to obscure - to remember their own + childhood and come to the rescue of those who start life against such + heavy odds. Simply because they are children, every child has the + right to health, to education, to protection, to tenderness, to life. + + + Interview with Maitreya's associate + + Two journalists, working independently, regularly contribute articles +to Share International based on interviews with one of Maitreya's close +associates. This month we received a contribution from Brian James. + + The whole world is becoming bankrupt + by Brian James + 29 May 1992 + + World Collapse - It is not only large financial institutions which are +tumbling into bankruptcy, the whole world is becoming bankrupt - mentally +and spiritually, said Maitreya's associate. The world is going through a +huge crisis and all the medicines have been tried and failed. Maitreya +says that the tumour has got to burst open before the healing can begin, +he said. + The world is in such a chaotic state that it could happen at any time. +The politicians and the generals can do nothing to stop it - everything +they have tried to avert disaster has failed. + The Tokyo Stock Market has been turned by the politicians and +businessmen into a giant monster serving only a culture of greed. Now it +is crashing like everything else. Even the United Nations is being forced +to serve the interests of the strong and the greedy. Only charitable +institutions, like Oxfam, are caring for the weak and the needy; +governments are too caught up in killing and destroying. + Scientists have become like witches - brewing up new creatures through +genetic experiments to make money. + Crime is on the increase throughout the Western world. Look at the faces +of the politicians, they have no sparkle. What is happening is beyond +their comprehension. The world is like a volcano waiting to erupt - in +fact it is only a matter of time before it bursts open. America - The +disintegration that is taking place in the former Soviet Union is now +happening in America. The Los Angeles riots are not an isolated outburst. +Every state is crumbling and it is worsening day by day, said the +associate. + The states are desperately turning to the Federal Government for aid, +but it is not forthcoming. The associate claimed that America was +suffering in retribution for that country's indiscriminate bombing of +Iraq. + Britain - This country faces the same disintegration as America. Are +the people happy? No, there is no happiness here, there is so much +friction and confusion, said the associate. There is going to be a +massive revolt as people take to the streets and demand action to bring +back harmony and justice. Not even the police or the military will be +able to control it. Japan - The Japanese are sitting on a time bomb. +The destruction would be far worse than in any other Western country, +said the associate. Yugoslavia - Why didn't the American, British and +other Western powers send in military forces to stop the Yugoslavian army +from slaughtering innocent people? It is because they could not see any +gain in doing so, unlike their need to protect their oil interests in +Kuwait. They only evaluate humanity on a material level, said the +associate. + + QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS + by Benjamin Creme + + Q. I should be more than interested to know whether, following the +report of the appearance of Maitreya in Nairobi in 1988, further +appearances have been reported in other parts of the world. + A. As regular readers of Share International will know, Maitreya has +made, since June 1988 in Nairobi, a series of appearances in like manner +_ that is, appearing (and disappearing) before large (until now, orthodox +Christian) gatherings in different parts of the world, on which we still +await media comment and reaction. These have been, so far: September +1991, Mexico City; January 1992, Mexico City; 1 March 1992, Moscow; 22 +March 1992, Leipzig, Germany; 5 April 1992, Hanover, Germany; 26 April +1992, D*sseldorf, Germany; and 24 May 1992 in Switzerland. These +appearances will continue until media investigate and report on the +phenomenon. + As my Master reveals in His article in this [printed] issue of Share +International, they are being accompanied by mysterious and miraculous +events which have yet to reach the ears of the general public. Already, +at Tlacote, not far from Mexico City, a spring of water has surfaced with +amazing healing properties. Similar manifestations will be found in due +course, near the cities at which Maitreya has appeared - further signs of +His presence. + Q. (1) There are plans for a major international Christian festival +in Birmingham, UK, featuring Reinhard Bonnke, one of the world's leading +evangelists. Crowds of up to 35,000 are expected to attend the meetings +at the end of July. Is this the type of gathering at which Maitreya would +make an appearance? (2) Has He made such an appearance at a gathering at +all in England? + A. (1) These meetings in Birmingham in July might well seem ideal +opportunities for Maitreya to appear before large gatherings of people +with, most probably, media coverage as well. We can be sure, too, that +Maitreya is not unaware of this fact. However, it is my information that +He has no plans to appear there. Working strictly within the Law +governing our free will (which conditions the pace of His emergence), His +aims at present are less ambitious: so far, apart from Nairobi in June +1988, He has been appearing to groups of between 500 and 900 people. +However, with Maitreya, everything is fluid and mobile, and, if +circumstances permitted (due to humanity's action for the better), I have +no doubt He would avail Himself of wider opportunities to make His +presence known in this way. + (2) To Christian groups, no; but since 1977, He has spoken to large +audiences within the Asian community, not, however, appearing and +disappearing but in the ordinary way. + Q. Is Maitreya 'in on' the "One World Government" of President Bush +and the infamous "Tri-Lateralists"? I pray that the two are not the same. + A. President Bush's vision of a "New World Order" and "One World +Government" envisages an order in which the US, and therefore capitalism, +dominates and celebrates its triumph over a defunct communist ideology. +As I understand it, this is certainly not consistent with Maitreya's +predictions of a new political process (neither capitalism nor communism) +in which the voice and will of the peoples of the world are given +expression; in which consensus rather than confrontation and competition +will be the hallmarks; and in which a new political/economic structure - +Democratic Socialism or Social Democracy, symbolized by the reunification +of East and West Germany - will become the norm throughout the world. + + Q. Could you give the point in evolution and ray structure of the +science fiction writer Isaac Asimov (1920 -1992)? + A. Soul 3; Personality 4, sub-ray 6; Mental 7, sub-ray 3; Astral 4, +sub-ray 6; Physical 3, sub-ray 7. He was 1.6 degrees initiate. + + Q. Was Rasputin overshadowed by any of the Masters? If so, were they +trying to bring about reforms to defuse an explosive situation which led +to the downfall of the Tsars and the ruling aristocracy? + A. No. + + Q. In one of your books you say that the astral is only an +illusionary level of consciousness. I don't quite understand that. + A. The astral planes, the emotional/astral planes, exist as energy. The +function of our astral-emotional body is to act as a physical-plane +expression or vehicle for 'buddhi'. Buddhi is the second of the three +planes of the spiritual triad. The nature of atman, of the Self, is +spiritual will, spiritual love/wisdom and spiritual intelligence, and +these are reflected in the soul as atma, buddhi and manas. They all need +a vehicle, and the vehicle for buddhi (love/wisdom or group +consciousness, - intuition, group awareness) is the purified +astral/emotional body in the advanced individual, particularly, of +course, in a Master. + + The average individual is still caught up in the desire, rather than the +spiritual, principle. Desire governs the function of the personality and +the vehicles of the personality (the physical body, the astral-emotional +body and the mental body); but the physical body purified, the +astral/emotional body purified, and the mental body purified eventually +become the vehicles for atma, buddhi and manas. Until that point is +reached the person is swept along by the illusions of the astral plane +which are created by the thoughtform-making process of humanity. + + We have a physical body with an etheric sheath. The physical body dies +and is put in the ground or burned, but the etheric counterpart of that +body is a sheath which, normally within three days, dissipates and +returns to the ocean of etheric matter which surrounds us all. We are +then left in our astral sheath in which we exist for a shorter or longer +time on one or other of the seven astral planes (hopefully the higher +planes, because the lower are terrible). The more advanced a person is +the more he or she will be on the higher planes, and the less time will +be spent on these planes. + + On the astral planes there are 'facsimiles' of various Masters - the +Masters DK, Morya, Koot Hoomi, Serapis, Jesus, Hilarion and various other +Masters, created, as astral thoughtforms, by humanity. There are many +mediumistic, astrally sensitive individuals who 'receive' from these +'facsimiles' so-called 'teachings from the Masters' which are more or +less erroneous. + + Originally, the teachings came from the real Masters through people like +Alice Bailey, Eleanor Roerich, Helena Blavatsky, and which are reflected +back on to the astral planes by the disciples of the world. They are then +reflected back again through the astral sensitives with all the +distortions of the astral planes - the planes of distortion. It is like +what happens in dreams. Can you believe what happens in your dreams? The +astral planes are your dreams because your dreams happen on the astral +plane, are the result of the faculty of the lower mind during light sleep +- in deep sleep there is no dreaming - to create astral thoughtforms. +This activity of the lower mind goes on and on, the most fantastic things +happen. Then you wake up. The astral planes are as real as your dreams; +that is what I mean by the unreality of the astral planes. + + Q. How important is diet - the eating of dairy or vegetable products, +for example - in the pursuit of perfection? + A. It depends at what stage one is. For those coming up to the first +initiation, vegetarianism is usually a requirement, and at that stage +people usually automatically become vegetarian. They know, because as you +come towards the first initiation the soul prompts you. + + The first initiation becomes possible when you have made contact with +your soul. For long ages the soul is not the slightest bit interested in +its vehicle, its reflection, the man or woman in these successive +incarnations. The person is so removed from the soul, so cut off from it, +that there is nothing the soul can do, but eventually, as it is +approaching the first initiation - say, two or three lives before the +first initiation - the soul sees that things are beginning to happen; its +reflection is beginning to respond. It stimulates its vehicles and begins +to build the 'antahkarana', a column of light from the soul to the +person, and it introduces the person to meditation of some kind. + + Meditation is a more or less scientific method (depending on the +meditation) of coming into contact with the soul and eventually becoming +at-one with it. So the soul brings the person to meditation, and, more +and more, pours its energy into the person, on all planes - physical, +astral/ emotional, and mental. It 'grips' its vehicle in this way, while +the person meditating is building this antahkarana up towards the soul. +He becomes more idealistic, more aspiring, because the soul is pouring +down what we call the Christ Principle - the soul is the Christ +Principle, the principle of consciousness. This stimulates the aspiration +towards a higher life, and the person's predilections, their interests, +begin to change. They usually become more serious, less wasteful of time, +they get bored with earlier pursuits and are attracted to a deeper, more +meaningful aspect, coming from the soul. They begin to relate to +humanity in a broader sense, to feel responsibility, and they begin to +want to serve the world in some way. They usually think they should +become vegetarian and eventually it becomes a must for them. This is +because the first initiation is the result of the control of the physical +elemental. + + All of our bodies are made up of the life activity of tiny little +devic, or angelic, lives. This body that we think is solid physical is +made up of the activity of little devas, little angels, tiny little devic +lives, and they control us or we control them - it is one or the other. + + The first initiation is only possible when we control their activity +rather than they ours. The second initiation is only possible when we +control the activity of the astral devas, the third when we control the +activity of the mental devas. These three vehicles of the soul on the +physical plane have to be controlled. The readiness for the first +initiation demonstrates when we have a good degree of control over the +activity of the physical body _ not too much food, not too much sex, not +too much drink, not too much of anything; it does not have to be a +totally vegetarian diet. There are fanatics around in every sphere but +you will find that there is always a purification of the diet which leads +to purification of the body. + + Then for the second initiation you begin to work on the control of the +astral/emotional reactions to life. The soul through the mental body +controls the astral body, and then the soul through the mental body +controls the mental body itself. + Once these three controls are established, the three initiations can +take place and you are divine. At the fourth initiation the soul is no +longer needed _ it is the divine intermediary between the spark of God +and the man or woman on the physical plane. The vehicle for the soul, the +body of the soul on the soul plane (called the causal body), is shattered +and the soul is reabsorbed into the divine Self, the spark of God. The +man then stands as a living God, a divine God-man. Until the third +initiation is taken you are potentially divine but not yet totally +divine. + So it is to do with the impulse of the soul that one comes into +vegetarianism. Once you have proved that you have control, the need for +control does not become so marked. The habit goes on but it is not +essential. + + Q. Do animals have souls? + A. Individually, no. Animals are expressions of a group soul _ there is +the soul which is 'cat', or 'dog', or 'horse' or 'camel', but they do not +have individualized souls in the way humans have. The individualization +of humanity occurred, according to esoteric teachings, no less than +18-and-a-half million years ago. + + Q. Who taught you so that you have reached the stage where you can +meet a Master? This is my first meeting here and I feel very frustrated +because there seems a lot to know and a lot to learn. Why can't Share +International have a sort of Entity that people who want to know and +learn can learn from? + A. You mean why don't we start a school? A school would require a group +of teachers who know at least a page more than others do in order to +teach - and there are groups all over the world who do nothing else. Our +task is not to set up a school but to make known that the Christ is in +the world, that the Masters are returning - there are now 14 Masters in +the world besides Maitreya - and to prepare the way, to create the +climate of hope, of expectancy, for His coming, so that He can enter our +lives without infringing human free will. That is a full-time job - just +to publish Share International is pretty-well a full-time job. To travel +around the world as I do is almost a full-time job. Besides that I am a +painter, I am married, have two children, I have to sleep occasionally, I +have to eat sometimes ... you are asking the impossible! + + Let me just say, if you want to know about the esoteric teachings in the +academic sense, read the Alice Bailey teachings. There are 24 books, they +are available in all the esoteric bookshops. The first was published in +1922. Start with these, with Initiation Human and Solar and go on. No one +need be short of something to read. + + Q. Could you please give the ray-structure and point in evolution of +the late healer and medium Estelle Roberts? + A. Soul 2; personality 6, sub-ray 4; mental body 6, sub-ray 4; astral +body 6, sub-ray 2; physical body 3, sub-ray 3. She was 1.2 degrees +initiate. + + Q. It is thought that the late Vicky Wall, who was given the formulas +for the soul colour therapy 'Aura-Soma' through direct channelling, has +returned to Sirius. Could you confirm this please? + A. I must confess that this question makes me smile. Sirius is the +alter-ego of this Solar system and only Masters of the fifth initiation +or higher may _ if it is Their destiny _ go to Sirius and, by the same +token, only Avatars can come from Sirius to this planet. + The late Vicky Wall had not yet taken the first initiation; her point in +evolution was 0.8. So much for "direct channelling", 99.999 per cent of +which comes from the astral planes _ the planes of illusion. + + Q. Can you please give the ray structure and point in evolution of +the late German philosopher Martin Heidegger? + A. Soul 4; Personality 3, sub-ray 7; mental body 4, sub-ray 6; astral +body 6, sub-ray 2; physical body 7, sub-ray 3. He was 1.7 degrees +initiate. + + Q. Please give the ray structure and point in evolution of the late +Arthur Rubinstein, the famous pianist. + A. Soul 2; Personality 4, sub-ray 4; mental body 4, sub-ray 6; astral +body 6, sub-ray 6; physical body 7, sub-ray 7. He was 1.75 degrees +initiate. + + Benjamin Creme _ meetings and tours + + UK _ Benjamin Creme lectures at Friends' Meeting + House, Euston Road, London NW1: Thursday 16 July, + Thursday 6 August. Lectures begin 7 pm; doors + open/literature available 6.30 pm. Enquiries: % + 071-485 1739 or fax/answerphone: % 071-482 1113. + Canada _ Vancouver BC: Lecture, 26 June; + Meditation, 27 June + Enquiries: % 604-736-8272 + USA _ Los Angeles: Lecture, 30 June; Meditation, 1 + July + Enquiries: % 818-785-6300 + Mexico _ Mexico City: Lecture, 4 July; Meditation, + 5 July + USA _ San Francisco: Meditation, 8 July; Lecture, 9 + July + Enquiries: % 510-841-3738 + Tara Center Network Conference, 10-12 July. + Holland _ Lecture, 17 September; International + Transmission Meditation Conference, September + 18-20. Enquiries: PO Box 41877, 1009 DB Amsterdam. + Germany _ Munich: 8-9 October. Enquiries: % + 089-12332522; Hamburg: 10-11 October. Enquiries: % + 040-5552216. + Switzerland _ Geneva: 24-25 October. Enquiries: % + 021-369984. Zurich: 26-27 October. + + + Islamic fundamentalism today + by Aziz-ud-Din Ahmad + +It was peculiar to see Afghan pakols - the woolen caps typically worn in +Peshawar and Kabul - on the heads of protesters in the capital of +Algeria. Stranger still, a few weeks later, to hear that the "Afghans" +had attacked the city's police. Algeria had become the latest country to +be rocked by Islamic Fundamentalism, a movement that today haunts the +entire Muslim world from Morocco to Indonesia. Like the ghost of Hamlet's +father, it is here, there and everywhere. + +Its force, however, differs from region to region and from country to +country. Somewhere a ripple, at other places a minor current, it has +assumed the form of a storm at least in two countries. The storm centre +is the Middle East, where fundamentalism achieved its first victory when +the Iranian clergy overthrew Shah Reza Pahlavi in violent revolution. +Iran became a beacon of light for fundamentalists in Muslim countries the +world over. Here was a country bravely introducing a system of laws, +based on the Koran, which many Westernized Muslims had regarded as +impractical. It had gone even further: it challenged the two superpowers +simultaneously. Could this system bring prosperity and enlightenment to +the downtrodden Muslim masses of the Third World? Could it help them +achieve a respectable place among the nations of the world, denied to +them since the overthrow of the Abbasids in Baghdad and the Ummawis in +Andalusia? + +Not only fundamentalists but many other Muslims looked towards +revolutionary Iran in wonder and awe. Islamic fundamentalist parties +languishing in neighboring countries received moral encouragement and +were revitalized. Egypt came first, with the Ikhwan, or Muslim +Brotherhood, goaded to new activity by the Iranian example. Taking full +benefit of the freedoms allowed to them by the government of Hosny +Mubarak, they plunged into the political arena, gaining (in alliance with +the socialist Labour Party) 60 National Assembly seats in the 1987 +elections.A similar feat was performed by the Ikhwan in Jordan in the +1989 elections. In the kingdom's first general elections in 22 years, the +fundamentalists garnered no less than 20 seats in a house consisting of +only 80 deputies. In alliance with 12 other like-minded members, this +gave them the largest single voting bloc. While participating in +elections in Egypt and Jordan, the Ikhwan have by no means confined +themselves to democratic methods alone. + +In neighboring Sudan, they fully supported the military led by Brigadier +Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir, who overthrew Sadiq al-Mahdi. As reward, they +were the only political group represented in the new cabinet. Islamic +fundamentalism is also on the rise in the Arab Meghreb, which might well +become its second stronghold after the Middle East. 1990 was marked by +outbursts of fundamentalism in both Tunisia and Morocco. Violent +protests by fundamentalists in that year led to arrests in Tunisia. The +clash with police apparently involved a protest at the government's +handling of flood victims in the country. The militancy, however, was an +expression of the new spirit with which fundamentalism has been animated +in recent years. In Morocco that same year about 2,000 fundamentalists +were beaten and arrested when they took to the streets demanding the +release of six jailed leaders. + + +Algeria, however, has emerged as the stronghold of the resurgent +fundamentalism in the Arab Maghreb. Strange for a country where Western +culture has left widespread impact. Unlike Iran, where most people do not +know any European language, virtually all Algerians speak French as a +second language. Half the country gets its daily news from the French +media, while 4 million Algerians live abroad in Italy, Spain or France, +frequently traveling back and forth. Fundamentalists won the Algerian +municipal elections over a year ago and were on the verge of coming to +power through a thumping electoral victory in the recent general +elections when they were stopped short by the military (which has in fact +ruled Algeria since its liberation in 1962). The military top brass, +trained in elite French military schools, were perhaps afraid of what +fundamentalism might do to their lifestyles. After initially showing +restraint, the fundamentalists are now on the war path against the army, +which they regard as a usurper of power. The Islamic Salvation Front +(FIS) is demanding that the election results be respected and that the +current ruling council bow to the will of people. It is still too early +to predict the outcome of that confrontation. + +In the Asia-Pacific region, meanwhile, the cradle of the Islamic +fundamentalist movement is Indonesia. The former Dar-ul-Islam and the +Masjumi Party have been replaced by the new fundamentalist Partai +Persatuan Pembongan, or PPP. In Indonesia, fundamentalists have tried a +number of methods to come to power, from participation in elections to +insurrection. Targeted by Soekarno, against whom they had never taken +arms, the fundamentalists had hoped for better treatment from Suharto, +especially as they had collaborated with him in the massacre of +Indonesian communists. But Suharto was slow in allowing them to function. +Nevertheless, with the Communist Party -- the second-largest in Asia +after China's--banned and its rank and file killed and jailed in +thousands, the Indonesian PPP has emerged as the second-largest party in +the Parliament. The ruling Golkar Party got 299 seats in the 1987 +elections, while the PPP won 61 seats and the PDI, the pro-Soekarno +party, lagged behind with no more than 40 seats. + +There is also an Islamic party in Malaysia, which calls itself Partie +Islam Pas, or PAS for short. Though the party has little impact on +national politics, it has formed government in one of the provinces in +coalition with the ruling party of Mohatir Mohammad. In Pakistan, Jama +at-e-Islami represents the fundamentalist trend. Formed in 1941, it has +enjoyed little electoral strength, being more of a cadre party than a +mass party. Despite its discipline and a formidable propaganda machine, +it could only bag four seats in the 1970 national elections. Its +performance in 1988 and 1990 was better because of the electoral alliance +it made with the Muslim League and others, but it stands as nothing +compared to the other parties in the country. + +The Soviet entry in Afghanistan revived the fundamentalist trend that had +remained latent in that country before then. The mullah had performed +important social functions in traditional Pukhtun society but had never +been recognized as a ruler. After the Afghan revolution, however, +fundamentalism was encouraged as a counterpoise to communist ideology. +The material aid from the Middle East strengthened the trend., And as +Afghan nationalism was anathema to the establishment in Pakistan, +important sections of it gave important assistance to the fundamentalist +parties. + + +What is the social base of fundamentalism in the Muslim world today? +Poverty and illiteracy, maintain some writers. But is this the real +reason? If this were so, Pakistan should be the first stronghold of +fundamentalism because it is at the bottom of the list among Muslim +countries in these benchmarks, just above Sudan and Afghanistan. Iran, +where fundamentalism continues to thrive, had a per capita income of +$2,160 and a literacy rate of 48 per cent in 1977-- that is, on the eve +of the Iranian revolution--compared to $200 per capita income and a +literacy rate of 24 per cent for Pakistan that same year. Algeria, Egypt, +Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia and Indonesia have per capita incomes of $1,951, +$686, $551, $800, $884 and $560 respectively, and literacy rates of 46, +44, 58, 24, 62 and 64 per cent. Only Sudan and Afghanistan come near +Pakistan, with respective per capita incomes of $370 and $168 and +literacy rates of 20 and 10 per cent. + +In Muslim countries, it is clear, fundamentalism does not attract the +poor and uneducated alone. It appeals to a section of the educated youth +as well, who are drawn towards it as an alternative political system in +post-colonial societies ruled by corrupt and inefficient political elites +tied to the West. Most of the Muslim countries suffered under colonial +rule and the masses expected a better dispensation after liberation from +the foreign yoke. They grew disillusioned, however, as decades after +liberation the people continued to suffer under the unscrupulous and +corrupt generals, bureaucrats and politicians. In these countries, where +common people did not often have clean potable water to drink, the ruling +elite spent its ill-gotten wealth on costly luxuries imported from abroad +and on highly ostentatious living. Not only was this true of the ruling +elites tied to the bourgeois West but also of the nationalist or +socialist elites aligned with the former Soviet bloc. + +This negligence provided more than enough material to the +fundamentalists, who simultaneously condemned capitalism, nationalism and +socialism--along with the big and the small Satan supporting them. The +puritanical life style of many fundamentalist leaders along with their +stress on honesty and otherworldliness, has sometimes led people to think +that they would be able to end the corruption and dishonesty if they were +in power. + +What is the social base of fundamentalism in the Muslim world today? +Most of the Muslim countries suffered under colonial rule and the masses +expected a better dispensation after liberation from the foreign yoke. +They grew disillusioned, however, as decades after liberation the people +continued to suffer under the unscrupulous and corrupt generals, +bureaucr... [A portion of text is missing.] + + +[End of File] +### \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shelters.art b/textfiles.com/politics/shelters.art new file mode 100644 index 00000000..deb330ea --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shelters.art @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ + WHO LIVES IN HOMELESS SHELTERS? + + by Karl L. Sandwell-Weiss, A Shelter Volunteer + + Homeless people are not the drug addicted derelicts that many +people picture. Over 40% have jobs. The jobs just don't pay enough +to get together a deposit for an apartment. If required, they +attend 12 step programs or they must leave the shelter. + + There are many women with children, divorced or abandoned by +their husbands. In two-parent families, one of the parents may have +lost a job because the shop or business closed down. With only one +income, it is impossible to live in this area if the wage earner is +working at the minimum wage level. People who don't have jobs are +required to look for one or they can't stay in the shelter. + + Once they are working, their pay is turned over to the shelter +and they are given a small amount to buy personal items. The rest +is kept in an account for them until they have enough to make a +deposit on a house or apartment. They are required to help clean +the shelter while they live there. They are subject +to random drug tests, and if they fail, they move on - there are +lots of others who need shelter. + + If you have a favorite charity, then please donate to it. If +not, please consider helping the Alexandria Shelter, or one of the +others. After all, how much would it cost you to buy a couple of +bars of soap, a tube of toothpaste, and a small box of laundry +detergent the next time you go to the store? + + If you have any questions about the Alexandria Shelter or +would like to donate, please call Paul Heimer at the shelter for +details, 703-329-2050. The address is: + + Alexandria Community Shelter + 233 B Mill Road + Alexandria, VA 22314 + + +The Alexandria Community Shelter needs the following items. These +are not just for the holidays, but for everyday living. + +Diapers +Baby Wipes +Baby Clothing +Laundry Detergent +Baby Cribs +Bars of Soap +Toothbrushes +Children's Clothing +Scarves +New Toddler Toys +Towels +Infant Formula +Baby Food +Baby Bottles +Shampoo & Soap +Child Car Seats +Toothpaste +Deodorant +Washcloths +Seasonal Adult Clothing +Winter Gloves +Art Supplies + + + Other shelters for the homeless in the northern Virginia area +- all in need of volunteers, supplies and support - include: + +Name of Shelter, Location, Phone Who Is Served There + +ALEXANDRIA AREA + +Alive House Single women +125 S. Payne St., Alexandria, VA +703-231-3891 Families w/children + + +Carpenter's Shelter Singles, +800 N. Henry St., Couples +Alexandria, VA Families +703-549-8644 w/children + + + +Christ House Single men +131 S. West Street, +Alexandria, VA Families +703-549-8644 w/children + + +ARLINGTON + +Arlington Community Temporary Shelter Single Women +3103 9th Road, Families w/children +Arlington, VA +703-237-1147 + +Arlington-Alexandria Coalition for Singles + the Homeless Families +3103 9th Road w/children +Arlington, VA +703-525-7177 + +Arlington Men's Shelter Single men +1727 N. Fairfax Drive, +Arlington, VA +703-525-9632 + +FAIRFAX + +Baileys Crossroads Shelter Singles +3525 Moncure Ave, +Baileys Crossroads, VA +703-820-7621 + +Eleanor Kennedy Shelter Singles +9155 Richmond Hwy, +Ft. Belvoir, VA +703-799-0200 + +Embry Rucker Shelter Singles +11975 Bowman Towne Dr., +Reston, VA Families +703-437-1975 + + +Mondloch House Singles with +3514 Lockheed Blvd, mental health +Alexandria, VA issues,Families +703-768-3400 + +Shelter House Families +3080 Patrick Henry Dr., Falls Church, VA +703-536-2155 + +PRINCE WILLIAM, MANASSAS,& MANASSAS PARK + +ACTS Shelter Singles, + +224 S. Main St., Couples, +Dumfries, VA Families +703-221-3186 w/children + +Agape House Singles, +9315 Centerville Road, Couples +Manassas, VA Families +703-368-2884 w/children + + +Prince William Homeless Prevention Center Singles, +14395 Jeff Davis Hwy, Families w/children + + +Woodbridge, VA Couples +703-490-1660 + +Serve Singles, +10037 Nokesville Road, Families +Manassas, VA w/children +Office: 703-368-2979 +Shelter: 703-368-3612 + Couples + + +LOUDOUN COUNTY + +Loudoun County Emergency Housing Alliance Singles +Sterling, VA Families +703-444-0350 w/children diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/shrine.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/shrine.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1d2adfd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/shrine.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +The following was excerpted from the Free Net BBS by Myrna M. Quayle +for the members of the NORTHEAST OHIO PC CLUB members and guests who +are interested in genealogy and the historic events that helped shape +their ancestors lives. + + ******* + +ABOUT THE FREEDOM SHRINE + +If you ask a small child to tell you what historical documents he holds +most dear, you're liable to get for your answer the question: "What's a +historical document?". If you ask the average student in the typical +city, the response will vary, depending on his or her social status, +education, family background, and a myriad of other choices. The aver- +age adult might come back with a very short list, and it will usually +include The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution. But ask a +librarian...and you'd better be prepared for a long dissertation... + +Each area of this country that has a FREE NET will likely have a list +of titles special to their area, and keyed to the curricula of the +local education system. Some of the choices special to one area will +have little significance in another part of the country...those +documents likely of interest to most parts of the United States are +included in every FREE NET... + +The idea for this Freedom Shrine was born in the Year of the Constitu- +tion, when that treasured document was celebrating its 200th anniver- +sary. There were few places you could go "on line" to actually read +the words that the Framers laid down in 1787, and which have stood up +to the test of time...and some don't show up in ANY electronic system. +The idea...was originally submitted by Gerald E. Murphy, USN (Ret) of +Lakewood, OH and it was he that provided much of the research...that +you are about to enjoy as you re-live the history of the United States +of America. + +...the documents are either written out in full or the details, which +provide sufficient background to their understanding, are spelled out +in these suggested books and other documents, either in full or by +reference... + +Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/six.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/six.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e4fa2c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/six.txt @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ + + + ASSET PROTECTION USING SWISS ANNUITIES + + Growing the wealth is important, but so is + protecting it from false claimants, and Switzerland + excels at this. Almost anybody with wealth in the U.S. + is at risk, as discussed in the early sections of + this report. With everything that can happen to + savings, it is nice to know that there is something, + somewhere, nobody can touch. + + According to Swiss law, insurance policies -- + including annuity contracts -- cannot be seized by + creditors. They also cannot be included in a Swiss + bankruptcy procedure. Even if an American court + expressly orders the seizure of a Swiss annuity account + or its inclusion in a bankruptcy estate, the account + will not be seized by Swiss authorities, provided that + it has been structured the right way. + + There are two requirements: A U. S. resident who + buys a life insurance policy from a Swiss insurance + company must designate his or her spouse or + descendants, or a third party (if done so irrevocably) + as beneficiaries. Also, to avoid suspicion of making a + fraudulent conveyance to avoid a specific judgment, + under Swiss law, the person must have purchased the + policy or designated the beneficiaries not less than + six months before any bankruptcy decree or collection + process. + + The policyholder can also protect the policy by + converting a designation of spouse or children into an + irrevocable designation when he becomes aware of the + fact that his creditors will seize his assets and that + a court might compel him to repatriate the funds in the + insurance policy. If he is subsequently ordered to + revoke the designation of the beneficiary and to + liquidate the policy he will not be able to do so as + the insurance company will not accept his instructions + because of the irrevocable designation of the + beneficiaries. + + Article 81 of the Swiss insurance law provides + that if a policyholder has made a revocable designation + of spouse or children as beneficiaries, they + automatically become policyholders and acquire all + rights if the policyholder is declared bankrupt. In + such a case the original policyholder therefore + automatically loses control over the policy and also + his right to demand the liquidation of the policy and + the repatriation of funds. A court therefore cannot + compel the policyholder to liquidate the policy or + otherwise repatriate his funds. If the spouse or + children notify the insurance company of the + bankruptcy, the insurance company will note that in its + records. Even if the original policyholder sends + instructions because a court has ordered him to do so, + the insurance company will ignore those instructions. + It is important that the company be notified promptly + of the bankruptcy, so that they do not inadvertently + follow the original policyholder's instructions because + they weren't told of the bankruptcy. + + If the policyholder has designated his spouse or + his children as beneficiaries of the insurance policy, + the insurance policy is protected from his creditors + regardless of whether the designation is revocable or + irrevocable. The policyholder may therefore designate + his spouse or children as beneficiaries on a revocable + basis and revoke this designation before the policy + expires if at such time there is no threat from any + creditors. + + These laws are part of fundamental Swiss law. + They were not created to make Switzerland an asset + protection haven. There is a current fad of various + offshore islands passing special legislation allowing + the creation of asset protection trusts for foreigners. + Since they are not part of the fundamental legal + structure of the country concerned, local legislators + really don't care if they work or not. And since most + of these trusts are simply used as a convenient legal + title to assets that are left in the U.S., such as + brokerage accounts, houses, or office buildings, it is + very easy for an American court to simply call the + trust a sham to defraud creditors and ignore its legal + title -- seizing the assets that are within the + physical jurisdiction of the court. + + Such flimsy structures, providing only a thin + legal screen to the title to American property, are + quite different from real assets being solely under the + control of a rock-solid insurance company in a major + industrialized country. A defendant trying to convince + an American court that his local brokerage account is + really owned by a trust represented by a brass-plate + under a palm tree on a faraway island is not likely to + be successful -- more likely the court will simply + seize the asset. + + But with the Swiss annuity, the insurance policy + is not being protected by the Swiss courts and + government because of any especial concern for the + American investor, but because the principle of + protection of insurance policies is a fundamental part + of Swiss law -- for the protection of the Swiss + themselves. Insurance is for the family, not something + to be taken by creditors or other claimants. No Swiss + lawyer would even waste his time bringing such a case. + + Swiss annuities minimize the risk posed by U. S. + annuities. They are heavily regulated, unlike in the + U.S., to avoid any potential funding problem. They + denominate accounts in the strong Swiss franc, compared + to the weakening dollar. And the annuity payout is + guaranteed. + + Swiss annuities are exempt from the famous 35% + withholding tax imposed by Switzerland on bank account + interest received by foreigners. Annuities do not have + to be reported to Swiss or U.S. tax authorities. + + A U.S. purchaser of an annuity is required to pay + a 1% U.S. federal excise tax on the purchase of any + policy from a foreign company. This is much like the + sales tax rule that says that if a person shops in a + different state, with a lower sales tax than their home + state, when they get home they are required to mail a + check to their home state's sales tax department for + the difference in sales tax rates. + + The U.S. federal excise tax form (IRS Form 720) + does not ask for details of the policy bought or who it + was bought from -- it merely asks for a calculation of + 1% tax of any foreign policies purchased. This is a + one time tax at the time of purchase; it is not an + ongoing tax. It is the responsibility of the U. S. + taxpayer, to report the Swiss annuity or other foreign + insurance policy. Swiss insurance companies do not + report anything to any government agency, Swiss or + American -- not the initial purchase of the policy, nor + the payments into it, nor interest and dividends + earned. + + Special Advantages of Swiss Annuities + * They Pay Competitive Dividends and Interest. + * No foreign reporting requirements. A swiss + franc annuity is not a "foreign bank account," subject + to the reporting requirements on the IRS Form 1040 or + the special U. S. Treasury form for reporting foreign + accounts. Transfers of funds by check or wire are not + reportable under U. S. law by individuals -- the + reporting requirements apply only to cash and "cash + equivalents" -- such as money orders, cashier's checks, + and travellers' checks. + * No forced repatriation of funds. If America + were to eventually institute exchange controls, the + government might require that most overseas investments + be repatriated to America. This has been a common + requirement by most governments that have imposed + exchange controls. Insurance policies, however, would + likely escape any forced repatriation under future + exchange controls, because they are a pending contract + between the investor and the insurance company. Swiss + bank accounts would probably not escape such controls. + (To the bureaucrats writing such regulations, an + insurance policy is a commodity already bought, rather + than an investment.) + * Instant liquidity. With the Swiss Plus plan, + described later, an investor can liquidate up to 100% + of the account without penalty (except for a SFr500 + charge during the first year.) + * Swiss safety. As already discussed, Switzerland + has the world's strongest insurance industry, with no + failures in 130 years. + * No Swiss tax. If an investor accumulates Swiss + francs through standard investments, he will be subject + to the 35% withholding tax on interest or dividends + earned in Switzerland. Swiss franc annuities are free + of this tax. In the U. S., insurance proceeds are not + taxed. And earnings on annuities during the deferral + period are not taxable until income is paid, or when + they are liquidated. + * Convenience. Sending deposits to Switzerland is + no more difficult than mailing an insurance premium in + the United States. A personal check in U. S. dollars + is written and sent overseas (50› postage instead of + 29›). Funds can also be transferred by bank wire. + * Qualified for U.S. Pension Plans. Swiss + annuities can be placed in a U. S. tax-sheltered + pension plans, such as IRA, Keogh, or corporate plans, + or such a plan can be rolled over into a Swiss-annuity. + (To put a Swiss annuity in a U.S. pension plan, all + that is required is a U.S. trustee, such as a bank or + other institution, and that the annuity contract be + held in the U.S. by that trustee. Many banks offer + "self-directed" pension plans for a very small annual + administration fee, and these plans can easily be used + for this purpose.) + * No Load Fees. Investment in Swiss annuities is + on a "no load" basis, front-end or back-end. The + investments can be canceled at any time, without a loss + of principal, and with all principal, interest and + dividends payable if canceled after one year. (If + canceled in the first year, there is a small penalty of + about 500 Swiss francs, plus loss of interest.) + + Swiss Plus + A new Swiss annuity product (first offered in + 1991), SWISS PLUS, brings together the benefits of + Swiss bank accounts and Swiss deferred annuities, + without the drawbacks -- presenting the best Swiss + investment advantages for American investors. + + SWISS PLUS, is a convertible annuity account, + offered only by Elvia Life of Geneva. Elvia Life is a + $2 billion strong company, serving 220,000 clients, of + which 57% are living in Switzerland and 43% abroad. + The account can be denominated in the Swiss franc, the + U.S. dollar, the German mark, or the ECU (European + Currency Unit), and the investor can switch at any time + from one to another. Or an investor can diversify the + account by investing in more than one currency, and + still change the currency at any time during the + accumulation period -- up until beginning to receive + income or withdrawing the capital. + + Although called an annuity, SWISS PLUS acts more + like a savings account than a deferred annuity. But it + is operated under an insurance company's umbrella, so + that it conforms to the IRS' definition of an annuity, + and as such, compounds tax-free until it is liquidated + or converted into an income annuity later on. + + SWISS PLUS accounts earn approximately the same + return as long-term government bonds in the same + currency the account is denominated in (European + Community bonds in the case of the ECU), less a half- + percent management fee. + + Interest and dividend income are guaranteed by a + Swiss insurance company. Swiss government regulations + protect investors against either under-performance or + overcharging. + + SWISS PLUS offers instant liquidity, a rarity in + annuities. All capital, plus all accumulated interest + and dividends, can be freely accessible after the first + year. During the first year 100% of the principal is + freely accessible, less a SFr500 fee, and loss of the + interest. So if all funds are needed quickly, either + for an emergency or for another investment, there is no + "lock-in" period as there is with most American + annuities. + + Upon maturity of the account, the investor can + choose between a lump sum payout (paying capital gains + tax on accumulated earnings only), rolling the funds + into an income annuity (paying capital gains taxes only + as future income payments are received, and then only + on the portion representing accumulated earnings), or + extend the scheduled term by giving notice in advance + of the originally scheduled date (and continue to defer + tax on accumulated earnings). + + Contact Information + The only way for North Americans to get + information on Swiss annuities is to send a letter to a + Swiss insurance broker. This is because very few + transactions can be concluded directly by foreigners + either with a Swiss insurance company or with regular + Swiss insurance agents. + + When you contact a Swiss insurance broker, be sure + to include, in addition to your name, address, and + telephone number, your date of birth, marital status, + citizenship, number of children and their ages, name of + spouse, a clear definition of your financial objectives + (possibly on what dollar amount you would like to + invest), and whether the information is for a + corporation or an individual, or both. + + So far one firm specializes in dealing with + English speaking investors, and everybody in the firm + speaks excellent English. They are also familiar with + U. S. laws affecting the purchase of Swiss annuities. + + Contact: + + Mr. Jurg Lattmann. + JML Swiss Investment Counsellors AG, Dept. 212, + Germaniastrasse 55 + 8031 Zurich + Switzerland + telephone (41-1) 363-2510 + fax: (41-1) 361-074, attn: Dept. 212 + + A Swiss annuity for a portion of your assets can + add a useful pillar to your overall protection plan, + because it is something completely separate from your + structure of family limited partnerships and living + trusts, and has its own independent set of protective + rules. It also adds an extremely important + diversification into a "hard money" asset. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/slave.yes b/textfiles.com/politics/slave.yes new file mode 100644 index 00000000..14396cd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/slave.yes @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +======================================================== + It is requested that you pass this on +======================================================== + + +$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ +$$$$ $$$$ +$$$$ Freeman or Slave $$$$ +$$$$ Mythbuster Part 1 $$$$ +$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ +. + It is popular among our people to entertain the idea +that we are a free people. We speak about our proud +heritage and the freedoms secured by the blood of our +Founding Fathers. We revel in the idea that our nation +is the most prosperous on the earth. Prosperity is measured +by the accumulation of toys and material comforts. +Unfortunitely, for many people, social status comes +before intellectual honesty. Today, our nation is largely +inhabited by a people who consider social position more +important than the survival of freedom in America. What +about you, dear reader? Do you value wealth more than +liberty? Do you prefer the tranquility of servitude to +the aminating contest of freedom? Most people respond +to these questions with an indignant remark about how +they are as patriotic as the next man. All you indignant +folks out there have been had !! While we struggle to +make ends meet our government is busy selling us down +the river, bigtime! ++ + We spend 2.5 billion each year on our defense against +the communist hordes of the east, but did you know that +international communism is simple the +**** +**** military arm of the international banking +**** cartel? +**** +Furthermore, that our Congress turned our nation over to +the internationaist World Bank on October the 28th, 1984? +"Preposterous !" you say, "We have a Constitution to +protect us." Wrong! For over one-hundred years our nation +has had TWO constitutions! That's right, TWO +constitutions! As far as the courts are concerned by one +of them you are free and by the other you are a slave. +Your connections with government determine what class of +citizen you are, what class of citizen you are, what +rights and freedoms you have. By now, you may feel that +this writer is a raving lunitic. Well then, don't believe +ME, hear what the United States Supreme Court says! + "The thirteenth amendment is a great extension of the +powers of the national government. " United States v. +Morris, 125 Federal Reporter, page 322, 325. ++ + "The amendment (fourteeth) reversed and annulled the +original policy of the constitution," United States v. +Rhodes, 27 Federal Cases, 785, 794. + "It is quite clear then that there is a citizenship +of the United States and a citizenship of a State, which +are distinct from each other and which depend upon +different characteristics or circumstances in the +individual." Slaughter House Cases, 83 US 395, 407. + "The rights of citizens of the state, as such, are +not under consideration in the fourteenth amendment. +They stand as they did before the adoption of the +fourteenth amendment, and are fully quaranteed by other +provisions." United States v. Anthony 24 Federal Cases +829, 830 + "...the first eight amendments have uniformaly been +held not be protected from state action by the privileges +and immunities clause (of the fourteenth amendment)." +Hague v. CIO, 307 US 496, 520 + "The rights of a citizen under on (state or United +States citizenship) may be quite different from those +which he has under the other.." Colgate v. Harvey, +296 US 404, 429 ++ + "The right to trial by jury in civil cases, quaranteed +by the Seventh Amendment...and the right to bear arms +quaranteed by the Second Amendment...have been distinctly +held not to be privileges and immunities of citizens of +the United States quaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment +...and in effect the same decision was made in respect +of the quarantee against prosecution, except by +indictment of a grand jury, contained in the Fifth +Amendment...and in respect of the right to be confronted +with witnesses, contained in the Sixth Amendment... +it was held that the indictment, made indespensible +by the Fifthe Amendment, and the trail by jury +quaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, were no privileges +and immunities of citizens of the United States, as +those words were used in the forteenth Amendment. We +conclude, therefore, that the exemption from compulsory +self-incrimination in not a privilege or imminity of +National citizenship quaranteed by this clause of the +Forteenth Amendment." Twining v. New Jersey, +211 US 78, 98-99. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/smartcrd.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/smartcrd.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9771867f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/smartcrd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +The following story is taken from The SPOTLIGHT newspaper, +published weekly in Washington, D.C. by Liberty Lobby. +Subscriptions, $36/year. Contact, The SPOTLIGHT, 300 Independence +Ave., SE, Washington, D.C. 20003, or call (202) 546-5611. + + +TECHNOLOGY & LIBERTY + + Deep in the heart of America's defense +and national security Establishment--far from +prying eyes, congressional scrutiny and cranky +civil libertarians--there is an ongoing project +code-named Tesserea. Tesserea is part of a +larger and even more mysterious program +that's called Mosaic. + + Tesserea is a Smart-Card development +project. Supposedly, the Pentagon's boffins are +trying to improve on the time-honored GI +"dogtag" so familiar to American veterans. +They're trying to make dogtags "smart." At least +that's what they have told sources about +Tesserea and Mosaic. + + Word is that these Pentagon scientists +have succeeded in astonishing ways. Is that +good news? Read on about Tesserea and decide +for yourself. + +'TESSEREA' + + What are we talking about here? Let's +define our terms. I used Webster's Unabridged +Dictionary and several texts on classical history. +The results were interesting, to say the very +least. + + "tesserea n. Lat. (pl. tessereae): 1) Four- +cornered, 2) The quality of being four-sided, +'four-sidedness'; tesserea referred to four- +cornered objects like chairs, tables, stools, dice +etc, 3) (Art) A piece of mosaic tile; a single +piece of a mosaic [emphasis mine], 4) +(Politics) An identity chit or marker +[emphasis mine]; in ancient Rome, tessereae +were identity tokens issued to legionnaires, +conquered peoples and slaves. Slaves or Gauls +who refused to accept tesserea were often +branded or maimed for purposes of +identification and taxation [emphasis +mine]." + + What kind of "smart" GI dogtag is this? + + What manner of American military +identification system would take its name from +the hated identity chits of Roman conquerors, as +they enslaved the entire known world 2,000 +years ago? + +MOTHER OF ALL SMART CARDS + + If Tesserea sounds bad, Mosaic looks even +worse. In fact, if the stories about it are true, +Mosaic could be the mother of all Smart-Card +projects--Tesserea included. Mosaic reportedly +goes far beyond personal identification devices, +like Smart Cards or "smart" computer databases, +such as the one proposed by Hillary Clinton for +her National "Health" Security identification +system. + + Mosaic is said to be literally global in +scope. It reportedly involves state-of-the-art +wireless communications technology and +regional monitoring systems to track the +Tesserea identity devices. Initially, cellular- +telephone-like communications networks will +do the monitoring, but eventually space-based +satellite networks will do it. Today's existing +satellite networks can already locate ships and +aircraft within 500 feet of their actual position, +anywhere on earth. + +'SMART' DOGTAGS? + + For the military, the idea of "smart" +dogtags sounded reasonable, even laudable. +Imagine a military ID that can be instantly +located anywhere in the world, so +reinforcements or rescuers can be dispatched to +soldiers, sailors or fliers in trouble within +minutes, either in peacetime or war. + +Who knows? Such devices could even be +implanted into servicemen and women. They +could be powered by the person's body heat +through a simple, low-voltage thermocoupling +element. They'd be a permanent military +security device, right out of Star Trek. + + With the heartbreak of America's +Vietnam-era MIAs still fresh in people's minds, +such "smart" dogtags sound like an exciting and +innovative prospect. How many of those missing +men might have been saved if rescuers had +been able to instantly "zero-in" on them in the +jungles or rice paddies of Southeast Asia? + +KNOWING & GOING + + Then it dawned on me: By all indications, +six U.S. administrations, the CIA, the Joint Chiefs +of Staff--even the KGB--always knew more-or- +less where our MIAs were. Even today, they +apparently know where "bodies are buried" (or +stacked up, to be more precise--the remains of +America's inconvenient MIAs are consistently +reported to be stored in above-ground +mausoleums in Hanoi). + + My point is this: Tesserea and Mosaic +won't necessarily guarantee a different +outcome, if the Vietnam MIA tragedy is ever +repeated. "Knowing" and "going" are two +different things. "Inconvenient" servicemen and +women--those who support covert operations, or +government-organized crime, or who simply +know too much or cost international finance +capital too much--will undoubtedly continue to +be abandoned. With or without Tesserea cards. + + Furthermore, once these devices are +perfected and deployed--and they may be +working just fine, right now--will they be +limited to the armed forces? Or will they serve +as prototypes for more general Smart Carding? +Will the people who carry them even know +what these things are? + + Personally, I'm not persuaded Tesserea's +Smart-Card "dogtags" are intended only for +servicemen and women. On the contrary, it +appears likely that the Smart Card technology +being developed in these shadowy programs +could be bad news for all Americans, who are +already hard-pressed to safeguard the +remaining shreds of their personal privacy. + + That's been the pattern--these frightful +projects move around, from one secret agency +to another, sucking up public funds and then +vanishing into covert "blackness", only to +resurface somewhere else. More advanced, +more pervasive, and usually masquerading as +something else. + +VICTIMS OF CLASSICAL EDUCATION + + We live in an age when secret government +code-names are almost always gibberish-words +randomly generated by computer. So where did +the exquisite, archaic logic of these two code- +names come from? + + Tesserea for the identity +device . . . Mosaic for an awesome, space- +based monitoring program to track all the +identity devices. All the people forced to carry +these things would be reduced to a vast +mosaic--instantly identifiable and findable, +wherever in the world they may be. + + In my college days, I was privileged to +attend a school with a pretty good classical +history department. We used to kid the +fledgling classicists, calling them "victims of a +classical education". But we all knew there were +powerful lessons to be learned from classical +history, however. + + Nowhere are those lessons more poignant +than in the frightful slave-empire of ancient +Rome. If these frightful plans Tesserea and +Mosaic go forward and become America's +"Health" Card system (or something else), we +could all become the victims of "someone's" +classical education. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/smbd.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/smbd.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b80cc355 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/smbd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +SOMETHING MUST BE DONE! + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +During hard times there are few phrases as frequently heard +as, "Something must be done!" And what is usually meant by the +phrase is that governmental action is needed to cure the +economic woes of society. + +In other words, government spending should be increased to +raise the demand for goods and services; interest rates should +be lowered to stimulate investment activity; protection should +be given to domestic producers to insulate them from the +unscrupulous "poaching" of foreign producers; public-works +projects should be used to guarantee a job at a "living wage" +to all of those desiring to work. + +We live in an era that has seen the bankruptcy of socialism, +the failure of the welfare state, the corrupting influences of +governmental regulatory activity, the irresponsibility of +government deficit-spending and the unprincipled political +pandering to every conceivable special-interest group. And yet +still the cry is heard: "Something must be done!"--by the +government. + +Fifty-five years ago, the English economist John Maynard +Keynes published his book The General Theory of Employment, +Interest and Money. He ended the volume by pointing out to his +readers, "The ideas of economists and political philosophers, +both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more +powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is +ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to +be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually +the slaves of some defunct economist." + +At the end of the twentieth century, Americans, and indeed +practically the entire world, are the slaves of defunct +collectivist economists of half a century ago. Faced with the +trauma and tribulations of the Great Depression, intellectuals +of almost every stripe came to the conclusion that individual +freedom and free markets could not be trusted to either +deliver the goods or the jobs that seemed to be so desperately +needed. Their only disagreements were over the form which +government management should take. + +Marxists looked to Moscow and Stalin's five-year plans. A +socialist command economy might be harsh and lacking in some +of the "bourgeois" freedoms, they believed, but at least +everyone had a job; and planning assured that society's +resources would not stand idle. + +Fascists looked to Rome and Berlin. Even though Hitler's +racial policies in the 1930s became an uncomfortable +embarrassment, fascism, as an economic system, still appealed +to many. Here, government did not have to nationalize +industry. It could instead plan the economy in partnership +with business and labor--setting wages and prices and +establishing employment and production targets for growth and +stability. + +Keynes and his "New Economics" seemed to offer a third way. +Government did not have to nationalize or directly plan an +economy. By use of government deficit spending and +manipulation of interest rates through control of the money +supply, government planners could influence the demand for +goods and services and the amount of private investment +activity. By using these policy tools, government could +indirectly manage an economy for "full employment." + +Over the last fifty years, just about every variation on the +collectivist economic theme has been tried. And every one has +turned into disaster. + +Central planning has twisted men's souls and ravaged their +bodies. Both communist and fascist forms of planning have +denied human beings their most basic freedoms and produced +nothing but poverty and terror. + +And while Keynesian economics and neo-mercantilist trade +policies have appeared less visibly destructive of freedom and +prosperity, their effects have been no less detrimental. +Moreover, in the name of "full employment" and "economic +stabilization," the economic power of governments in the +Western world has become immense. Governments in America and +western Europe now absorb anywhere from twenty-five to +seventy-five percent of all of the wealth produced by the +people in these nations. Governmental regulations intrude into +every corner of economic life. Government determines who can +work and under what conditions, how products may be produced +and in what manner they may be marketed, what kind of profits +may be earned, and what level of wages must be paid. + +Nor have Keynesian "demand management" policies brought +economic stability. The post-World War II period has seen +nothing but unending cycles of booms and busts, inflations and +recessions. And with every enlargement in the size of +government has come an increased number of groups in the +society dependent upon the continuation of governmental +spending and protection. The corruption of our legislative +processes is merely one aspect of the political consequences +of Keynesian economics put into practice. + +During the first half of this century, many economists and +political philosophers were drunk with the idea of power. They +suffered from what the Austrian economist Friedrich A. Hayek +has called "the pretense of knowledge." They were convinced +that they had the wisdom and ability to plan, guide and direct +the lives of millions. Their minds had given them the insight +and knowledge to know how to "set things right." + +Market demand was too low? They knew just the right amount of +government spending to rectify the problem. Wealth was +unfairly distributed? They knew just the right amount of +taxation and redistribution of wealth to assure "economic +justice." Industry and jobs were not where they should be in +the economy? They knew just where industry should be located +and where jobs should be created. + +Through the public educational process and other forms of +government propaganda, Americans were brainwashed into +believing them. And even though every economic intervention +has failed and continues to fail, Americans still believe +them. Why? Because they have been conditioned to believe our +government masters and brainwashers when they tell us that +next time "they will get it right," that they have learned +from their mistakes, and that Americans should just continue +to trust them. + +But they are not to be trusted. Not only because power +corrupts, but also because they can never know how to do all +of the things they promise to do. No mind or group of minds +can ever have the ability or capacity to master all of the +knowledge and information that is required to plan, direct or +guide an economy. + +The value of a market economy is that it leaves each +individual free to plan his own affairs and to use his own +knowledge as he sees fit. But if he is to benefit personally +from that knowledge, he knows that he must use it in a way +that serves the ends of society. He can earn a living only by +using his knowledge to fulfill the wants and desires of others +in the peaceful social order of voluntary exchange. + +Competitively established market prices, both for resources +and commodities, transmit across the entire economy +information about the ever-changing supply-and-demand +conditions to which each member of the society must adjust if +he is to go about his business of earning a living. The market +incorporates and encapsulates more knowledge and information +than any economic planner or interventionist can ever hope to +know or master. + +But if the market is to fulfill its informational tasks, it is +vital that we return to first principles. By protecting and +respecting individual life and property, government can help +to secure the conditions for prosperity; but government cannot +create that prosperity. Prosperity comes only from men +applying their minds and the means available to them for +various desired ends. Prosperity, therefore, can only come +from freedom, because only when men are free do they have the +interest and the incentive to set their minds to work. + +What does this mean in terms of economic policy? The exact +opposite of what the economic planners and social engineers +desire. Government's role in society must be reduced to the +much ridiculed "night-watchman state." And government +expenditures must be lowered to only those needed to protect +individual liberty and private-property rights. + +This means: no governmental subsidies; no governmental +protectionist privileges; no governmentally sponsored +monopolies or cartels; no governmental licensing of +occupations or professions; no governmental regulation of +industry or the workplace; no governmental setting or +influencing of wages or prices; no public-works projects; no +governmental "demand management" policies; no governmental +control of money. + +As we approach the end of the twentieth century, we are at a +dead end with collectivist and interventionist economic +policy. Something must be done! But not by the government! The +place to start is to recognize that we are the intellectual +victims of defunct economists and political philosophers of a +bygone era and, more important, to recognize that governmental +policies are the cause, not the cure, of our economic +problems. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs at The Future of +Freedom Foundation. + + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the May 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sovconst.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sovconst.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fc330cf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sovconst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,377 @@ +To USSR-L subscribers, +There have been some postings lately asking what SOVSET is and +who it serves. In general it would not be proper to copy +SOVSET's material and distribute in USSR-L, since SOVSET is +a service subscribers pay for. In the case of the following +article, which was posted by SOVSET today (Nov. 13), I own the +copyright. I am posting it on USSR-L partly to give you an idea +of the material carried by SOVSET. + +Darrell Hammer + +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + WRITING A NEW RUSSIAN CONSTITUTION + + Darrell P. Hammer + Indiana University + + In June the newly elected Congress of People's Deputies of +the RSFSR resolved to write a new constitution for the republic, +and appointed a constitutional commission of 100 members under +the chairmanship of Boris Eltsin.[1] The commission promptly +created a "working group" of legal experts. These experts +completed their work in less than four months, and have now +submitted a working draft of a new constitution for consideration +by the commission.[2] + Despite the speed with which it was put together, the draft +is long and detailed, probably too detailed to be a good +constitution. Some of the detailed provisions, however, are +dictated by Soviet experience and an obvious desire to keep +history from repeating itself. For example, the draft makes +usurpation of power a state crime, and makes it unlawful to +establish a one-party system. + The draft consists of five sections, which cover these +topics: (1) basic principles, (2) rights and obligations of +citizens, (3) civil society, (4) the federal system, and (5) the +structure of the state. A number of questions, however, were +left to be resolved by the constitutional commission. The +experts were unable to agree on two important points, the nature +of the Presidential office, and the electoral system. + BASIC PRINCIPLES + The working draft solemnly proclaims the Russian Federation +to be a sovereign state, repeating the language of the +Declaration on Sovereignty adopted by the first Congress of +People's Deputies.[3] Since the RSFSR was already "sovereign"[4] +it was not clear what the declaration really meant. It did +contain a "supreme law" clause, proclaiming the supremacy of the +RSFSR Constitution and RSFSR laws on the entire territory of the +republic.[5] The working draft is slightly different, and makes +only the republic constitution the supreme law. + The draft provides for strict separation of powers between +the legislature (the Parliament or State Duma), the executive +(President), and the courts. + THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS + The draft offers a long list individual rights, but it adds +(like the ninth amendment to the U. S. Constitution) that the +enumeration of certain rights should not be construed as limiting +other rights not mentioned in the document. Citizens are +promised equality of rights regardless of social origin, +property, place of residence, language, race, attitude toward +religion, political or other convictions, party membership, or +previous criminal conviction. Men and women are to be treated +equally. The rules for attaining or losing citizenship are to +be defined by law, but no one can be arbitrarily deprived of +citizenship, and no citizen can be forcibly deported. All +citizens have the right to leave the federation, and to return. +Citizens have the right to life, and capital punishment can be +applied by a court only as an "exceptional measure" for the most +serious crimes.[6] + Interference in the private or family life of citizens is +forbidden. The inviolability of the individual is guaranteed, +and no one can be arrested except on the basis of a court order. +The draft contains a long list of individual rights--most of +which already exist on paper, such as the right to privacy of +correspondence (USSR Constitution, art. 56). + However, the restrictions on individual rights in article 39, +50 and 51 of the USSR Constitution have been eliminated. The +draft does provide that the exercise of rights by one person +should not damage the legal interests or rights of another. +Furthermore, individual rights may not be exercised for the +purpose of overthrowing the political order by force, for +propagandizing war, or for stirring up religious, social, or +national hostility.[7] + The writers of the draft were less categorical in defining +economic rights. In contrast to the USSR Constitution (art. 42), +which guarantees free medical care, the draft promises free care +only to those who lack the resources to pay for it. The draft +promises free access only to "basic education" (osnovnoe +obrazovanie), without defining this term. It offers the +individual "social protection against unemployment" but it does +not guarantee everyone a job. + As in the Declaration on Sovereignty, the draft provides that +citizens are under the protection of the Russian Federation, both +on its territory and outside its borders. + The draft provides for procedural rights in language much +like that of the U. S. Constitution. It protects accused persons +against double jeopardy and self-incrimination, and it guarantees +the right to counsel. To protect these rights, the draft would +create a new office, Supreme Defender (Verkhovnyi +pravozashchitnik), who is elected by Parliament. + CIVIL SOCIETY + The chapter on civil society is designed to protect private +property and the market system. The draft goes far beyond the U. +S. Constitution, and proclaims private property as an +"inalienable natural right." The essential clause of this +follows: + Free enterprise is recognized and guaranteed by law. + The right to free enterprise (independent economic + activity for the purpose of making a profit) is recognized + for individuals, for societies organized for this purpose, + for state enterprises, and for enterprises owned by local + government. + Relations between enterprises are regulated by contract. + The state guarantees the right to freely enter into + contracts, and to judicial resolution of conflict connected + with them. Administrative compulsion to enter into deals is + forbidden. + The procedure and forms of entrepreneurial activity, of + the creation of societies of entrepreneurs, and the + obligations of entrepreneurs in relation to agencies of the + state or local government, are defined by law. + Under the heading of "civil society" the draft also discusses +the family, education, culture, the media, religion, and public +organizations and political parties. The family is described as +the natural nucleus (yacheika) of society, and is put +under the special protection of the state. Censorship is +forbidden, and all political parties are promised equal access to +state-owned radio and television. Neither the state nor any +political party is to exercise a monopoly over the media. + The federation is to be based on political and +ideological pluralism (plyuralizm) which is said to rule +out totalitarianism or any form of dictatorship. There is to be +no official state ideology. The draft provides for a multiparty +system, and a one-party system is explicitly outlawed. However, +the draft allows the banning of political parties which propagate +racial, religious, national, or class hatred, which employ force +or threaten the forcible overthrow of the government, which +oppose the law-governed state. Political parties are not to have +organizations within the public service, in the armed forces, or +in the police. (An alternate version would add state enterprises +and educational institutions to this list.) + THE FEDERAL SYSTEM + In July the presidium of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet issued a +call for a "federal treaty" to be negotiated among all the +territorial units which make up the federation.[8] The +constitution writers did not wait for this treaty, but proceeded +to work out the details of the new federal structure. + The federation is composed of national-territorial formations +(republics) and regions (also referred to as federal +territories), which are both referred to as the "subjects" of the +federation. The republics presumably are the present-day +autonomous republics, oblasts, and districts, and the territories +are presumably the oblasts and krais. However, any territory +can, through a referendum, transform itself into a republic, and +any republic can become a territory. The draft lists twenty-four +functions which are reserved to the federation, and of these the +following are of special interest: + 1. Preserving the unity of an all-Russian market. + 2. Control over natural resources. + 3. Managing the money supply, including foreign currency. + 4. Foreign policy and inter-state relations. + 5. Customs and border control. + 6. Activities in the cosmos. + 7. Standards for measurement and time. + 8. Protection of copyright and patents. + 9. Defense and the armed forces, security services and +federal police. + These are all functions which now belong to the all-union +government. If they are in fact assumed by the Russian republic, +the adoption of this constitution would mean the disappearance of +the USSR as we know it. In addition, the draft provides that the +federation has jurisdiction in criminal law, as at present. In +the case of civil, labor, economic and procedural law, the +federation lays the foundation; writing specific law codes in +these spheres is left to the national or regional governments. +This provision follows the present model, where the all-Union +Supreme Soviet enacts "fundamental laws" but the drafting of +codes is left to the union republics.[9] + The USSR is never mentioned in the working draft. However, +the document provides that the Russian Federation can voluntarily +enter into a commonwealth or union with other sovereign states. +The Russian Federation would reserve to itself the right to +secede from any such union. The Russian language is to be the +official language of the federation. Every subject, however, can +choose a different official language for its own territory. + THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE + The experts were divided on the role and functions of the +President, and so section 5 of the draft is given in two +versions, A and B. Version A provides for a presidency more or +less on the French model, while version B offers an American- +style presidency. In version A the President appoints a premier, +who presides over a government that is responsible to parliament. +In version B, the President is not only chief of state but also +head of the government. + The President. The functions of chief of state are to +be vested in a new official, the President of the Federation. +The President is to be elected by popular vote for a four-year +term, and is limited to two terms in office. The functions of +the President which are common to both versions are the +following: + 1. Represents the Federation in internal and international +affairs. + 2. Guarantees the proper execution of the Constitution and +the laws. + 3. Subject to the approval of Parliament, appoints the +chairman and members of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme +Court, ministers, ambassadors, and other officials. + 4. Removes ministers and other officials. + 5. Guides the execution of foreign policy and concludes +treaties, subject to the approval of Parliament. + 6. Is the commander in chief of the armed forces. + 7. Declares a state of emergency, subject to approval of +Parliament. + 8. When there is a danger of attack, calls for a partial or +general mobilization, subject to approval of Parliament. + 9. In the event of attack, orders the armed forces into +action, subject to approval of Parliament. + 10. Signs and promulgates laws of the Federation. +The President has a veto power over legislation. In version B, +he must act on legislation within fifteen days, and a veto can be +overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Parliament. + According to version A, the President's veto can be +overridden by a simple majority. Version A also provides that +the President, after consultation with the House of People's +Representatives, appoints the premier. He is also empowered to ask the +house for a vote of confidence in the government. + The President can be removed from office by impeachment, but +the process is complex. Either house of parliament can impeach +the President by a two-thirds vote. The case is then heard by +the Constitutional Court. The final decision is taken by the +other house, and the President can be removed by a two-thirds +vote. The role of the court in this process is not clear. The +draft does not specifically say whether the court can terminate +the impeachment process by acquitting the President, or merely +gives an opinion. + The draft also provides for a Vice President, whose primary +function is to preside at joint sessions of the parliament. The +Vice President can act for the President during temporary periods +of absence. If the presidential office is vacated for any reason +the Vice President assumes the office of President for the +remainder of the term. If the vice presidency becomes vacant a +new Vice President can be elected by the parliament. + Parliament. The State Duma consists of two houses--a +House of People's Representatives, and a Federal Council. The +House of People's Representatives is directly elected by the +people. The Federal Soviet consists of an equal number of +representatives from each subject of the federation. The working +draft offers two plans for election of the Federal Council-- +either direct election by the people, or election by the +legislature of the territorial units that they represent. + In version A, the Parliament is responsible for forming a +government. However, the premier is nominated by the President +and confirmed by the House of People's Representatives. Only +this house can dismiss the government by a no-confidence vote. +Either house can dissolve itself, in which case the President +must call a new election for that house. Version A also provides +that legislation originates in the House of People's +Representatives. + In version B the Parliament is elected for a fixed term, and +elections are to be held on the second Sunday of March every +fourth year. + The Electoral System. The draft provides for two +different electoral systems. Version I provides for single- +member constituencies which are to be approximately equal in +size. + Version II provides for proportional representation. The +country is to be divided into a number of multi-member districts, +and in each district deputies are to be elected by a list system. +In countries where it has been tried, the list system has +strengthened individual parties by making it virtually impossible +to get elected without a party endorsement. The draft has tried to +overcome this buy allowing individuals to get their names on the +list without party approval, and by allowing the individual +voters, if they choose, to list their order of preference among +the candidates. This system would theoretically allow +independent candidates to win election, but it would also +confront the voter with a very complicated set of choices. + The Courts. The draft proposes a Constitutional Court +and a Supreme Court, but empowers Parliament to set up other, +inferior courts. Judges of these two top-ranked courts are +appointed by the President with the approval of Parliament. +Other federal judges are appointed by the President alone. +Judges are to be appointed for life, except that Parliament may +set a compulsory retirement age.[10] + The Constitutional Court consists of eleven judges appointed +by the President and confirmed by Parliament. It is empowered to +decide the constitutionality of statutes or other legal +enactments, both of the Federation and of its subjects. As +already noted, the Constitutional Court "participates" in the +impeachment process. It has additional powers, including the +right (at the request of Parliament) to give authoritative +interpretations of the Constitution, and to determine the +competence of the President to exercise his office. + The Supreme Court functions as the final appeals court in +cases of criminal, civil, or administrative law. + Emergency Powers. The draft devotes almost three +pages to the President's emergency powers. If the President +declares a state of emergency, either locally or throughout the +federation, Parliament must be notified within seventy-two hours, +and such a declaration can remain in effect for only thirty days. +Parliament can extend the emergency powers, but only for thirty- +day periods. A state of emergency cannot be used to limit the +powers of Parliament or the courts, and during a state of +emergency the Constitution cannot be amended and the election +laws cannot be changed. + Ratification and Amendment. The constitution is to +take effect only after ratification by a national referendum. +Once the new constitution comes into force, the constitution of +1978 is void. Statutes passed by the RSFSR remain in force only +if they do not contradict the new constitution or new statutes +passed on its authority. + The draft provides for an amendment process which is slow and +cumbersome. and it also lays down a rule that the "basic +principles" of the constitution cannot be changed. First, an +amendment must be formally proposed to the Parliament. The +proposer can be a group consisting of one-fifth of the members of +either house, or the President, or by one million citizens, or a +variety of others. Six months following the formal proposal, the +parliament can act, and the proposal needs a two-thirds vote of +both houses. Then the amendment must be submitted to the +subjects of the federation for ratification. The amendment is +formally adopted if two-thirds of the subjects agree to +ratification. + CONCLUSION + This working draft is more than a constitution. It is also a +declaration of independence. The Russian Federation, operating +under this proposed constitution, would be an independent and +sovereign state. Even if the federation chose to exercise its +right to enter into a commonwealth, the resulting union would +only be a loose confederation. + The speed with which the draft was put together suggests that +the RSFSR leadership is anxious to produce a finished +constitution before the all-union constitutional commission +finishes its work. However, the draft is far too long for an +effective constitution. Large sections of the document could be +left for enactment by the new parliament, as organic law. + Before it finishes its work, the Russian commission must +decide what kind of presidency it wants. It ought to give +consideration to a third model--the German model, where the +President is only a ceremonial head of state and real executive +power is vested in the head of government. + NOTES + 1. Sovetskaya Rossiya, June 17, 1990. + 2. Konstitutsiya (osnovnoi zakon) Rossiiskoi federatsii. +Proekt rabochei gruppy i gruppy ekspertov Konstitutsionnoi +komissii RSFSR - s parallel'nymi mestami i variantami. This +document is dated Oct. 11, 1990. Hereafter the document is +referred to as a working draft. + 3. Sovetskaya Rossiya, June 14, 1990. + 4. Constitution of the USSR (1977), art. 76; Constitution of +the RSFSR (1978), art. 68. + 5. The declaration in fact is not consistent with the +republic constitution, since that constitution (art. 76) provides +that USSR laws are binding on republic territory. + 6. Soviet criminal law presently defines the death penalty +as an exceptional measure. Osnovy ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva +Soyuza SSR i soyuznykh respublik (1959), art. 22. However, +the death penalty can be used to punish a variety of crimes -- +not only murder, serious crimes against the state, and certain +crimes committed in wartime, but also counterfeiting, illegal +dealing in foreign currency, bribe-taking, and aggravated rape. + 7. Art. 39 of the USSR Constitution provides that individual +rights cannot be exercised in a way which damages the interests +of society or the state. Articles 50 and 51 provide that the +rights of free expression and association are granted in order to +advance the interests of the system. + 8. Sovetskaya Rossiya, July 20, 1990. + 9. Family law is considered a separate branch of law in the +USSR: the fundamentals are laid down in all-union legislation, +and each republic has a code of family law. This sphere of law +is not mentioned in the draft. + 10. Some members of the working group opposed the idea of a +Constitutional Court, and there is a second version of this +section which omits any mention of that court. In the second +version, the Supreme Court rather than the Constitutional Court +would be involved in the impeachment process. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sovereig.nfo b/textfiles.com/politics/sovereig.nfo new file mode 100644 index 00000000..855cd2b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sovereig.nfo @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +From news.Arizona.EDU!math.arizona.edu!CS.Arizona.EDU!uunet!salliemae!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!spool.mu.edu!umn.edu!mr.net!msp1-10.nas.mr.net!user Mon Aug 22 11:46:02 1994 +Path: news.Arizona.EDU!math.arizona.edu!CS.Arizona.EDU!uunet!salliemae!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!spool.mu.edu!umn.edu!mr.net!msp1-10.nas.mr.net!user +From: alex@spiral.org (Dave Alexander) +Newsgroups: alt.2600 +Subject: Re: Postage not free, but for only 2 cents!! +Date: Sun, 21 Aug 1994 23:08:20 -0600 +Organization: S.P.I.R.A.L., Minneapolis Chapter +Lines: 120 +Message-ID: +References: <745@comair.win.net> +NNTP-Posting-Host: msp1-10.nas.mr.net + +In article , alex@spiral.org (Dave Alexander) wrote: + +> In article <745@comair.win.net>, Wolverine@comair.win.net (Wolverine) wrote: +> +> > Re: Re: Postage not free, but for only 2 cents!! +> > +> > > I just received a letter in the mail last week with a "canceled" 2 cent +> > > stamp on it. No "according to ect ect message in red ink or anything. +> > > Inside was some guy selling to tell me how he did it for $20. Don't +> > > know about the 2 pennies thing. Maybe I will try it sometime +> > +> > When you get something like that, get about 20 friends, all put in a dollar, +> > and then reproduce the information all over the place, so that you can share +> > the knowledge, at little cost. +> > +> +> I know how to do that, but I won't charge you $20. I'll tell you free. +> + +(Sorry for the double post, but I had to find the info on my hard drive.) + +First of all, it ain't trivial. You need to declare yourself a sovereign citizen, renouncing your citizenship of the Federal government. + +I regularly correspond with a guy who pays two cents for the letters. But the Post Office knows him and knows that he has become a soverign citizen. + +It's pretty cool stuff once you get into it. No more SS#, no more driver's license or registration, pay from your employer in cash rather than check, no income tax, etc. + +At any rate, like I said, it ain't trivial. It's a major move to reclaim your Constitutional rights. + +As for two cent postage, you need to write down some United States Code numbers on your letter to make sure it goes through. The Postal Service knows about it and does not return it for postage due. But if they find out you are not a soveriegn citizen, you'll probably get fucked with. + +Here's some more info about becoming a soverign citizen. For more information, call the bbs at (818) 888-9882. It is run by a Sovereign Citizen of California and has many informational files. + +So don't pay $20 to get a printout of these files. Download them yourself. + +---------- + +David: + +About three months ago, I posted an message on several internet news groups +asking about information regarding this "wild" idea that one could "become" +a "sovereign Citizen" of the several states united under the Constitution. +I was fortunate enough to begin my research by reading a book called "The +Federal Zone", by a gentleman named Mitch Modeleski. + +The word "become" is key to your understanding of sovereign Citizenship: +YOU WERE BORN A SOVEREIGN CITIZEN, IF YOU WERE BORN IN ONE OF THE SEVERAL +STATES UNITED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. One does not "become" a sovereign +Citizen (notice the captial "C"); one takes back what is rightfully +his/hers under Common Law, i.e., the Constitution. + +You might learn something very important about soveriegn Citizenship by +simply reading the Constitution. Before the dreaded 14th Amendment, the +word "Citizen" is used 13 times all instances are with the "C" capitalized +(pay particular attention to Article 3, Sec. 2, Clause 1). These +references to Citizens are the sovereign Citizens of the several states and +the capitalization is not by accident. When we won independence from +England in 1776, we were made kings and queens, i.e. self-governing +Citizens under Common law. + +The 14th Amendment created for the first time in our history a "citizen of +the United States" and placed those "citizens" (notice the small "c" - the +capitalization here is also not by accident) under the excusive legislative +jurisdiction of the "United States". You have given up your Common Law +sovereign Citizen rights outlined in the Constitution for "privilidges and +immunities" granted you by the U.S. Government as a "U.S. citizen". You +might say, "Well, I did not do this volunarily" and you would be mostly +right. The great news about that is that if your actions are not voluntary +in a contract (i.e., Social Security "contract", taxpayer "contact" etc.), +the contract can be challenged and voided. + +Now think about it for a moment, where does the "United States" have +"exclusive legislative jurisdiction". You may be tempted to say, "Within +the borders of the 'United States'". You would be correct depending on +your definition of "United States" and the Supreme Court has ruled "United +States" has three separate and distinct meanings (see the Hooven and +Allison Company case). + +In short, the Constitution gives the "United States" "exclusive legislative +jurisdiction" over a very small portion of what we generally call the +"United States" (see Article 1, Sec. 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution). +When you say that you are a "U.S. Citizen" you are saying that you fall +within the territory where the U.S. has its jurisdiction. + +Think the next time you say that you are a "U.S citizen": you may be +saying something you don't want to say. + +As for sending non-domestic mail via a 2 cent stamp - it definitly is a +statement. It says that you fall outside the "domestic" bounderies of the +"United States" and are not subject the its "rules" - like the income tax +"rule", or the thousands of other rules to which you are unmercifully +subjected - as a "U.S. citizen", you have to put up with it; as a sovereign +Citizen under Common Law, you do not. The issue is not "violating their +laws" as you put it, but simply falling outside the jurisdiction of them! + +I would strongly recommend getting a copy of Mr. Modeleski's book, "The +Federal Zone". Write to: Account for Better Citizenship, c/o USPS Post +Office Box 6189, San Rafael, California Republic, Postal Code +94903-0189/TDC. Mitch asks that you send a money order with the Payee line +blank for 25 FRN's for a single copy (via First Class mail). + +(POSTER'S NOTE: I have the Federal Zone as an ASCII text file. It's huge, though, 1.3 MB, but I can send it to you via e-mail if you reeeeelly want it.) + +Begin to educate yourself about these issues - I did, and its been a great +experience. Also read the Declaration of Independence at least once a day +(at least the first 4 paragraphs) and the Constitution at least one a week. +Don't just read the words, but feel them, and oh my - what a great feeling +it is! + +---------- + + _________________________________ +| | +| alex@spiral.org | "The strongest reason for the +| _______________________ | people to retain their right to +| S. P. I. R. A. L. | keep and bear arms is, as a last +| ======================== | resort, to protect themselves +| Society for the Protection of | against tyranny in government." +|Individual Rights and Liberties | +|________________________________| -- Thomas Jefferson + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/space.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/space.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ae07dba --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/space.txt @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +***** Reformattted. Please distribute. + + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON AMERICA'S SPACE PROGRAM + + + +The end of the Cold War offers new opportunities +and new challenges for our civilian space program. +In recent years the program has lacked vision and +leadership. Because the Reagan and Bush +administrations have failed to establish priorities +and to match program needs with available +resources, the National Aeronautics and Space +Administration (NASA) has been saddled with more +missions than it can successfully accomplish. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore support a strong U.S. +civilian space program -- for its scientific value, +its economic and environmental benefits, its role +in building new partnerships with other countries, +and its inspiration of our nations youth. A +Clinton/Gore Administration space program will seek +to meet the needs of the United States and other +nations while moving toward our long-term space +objectives, including human exploration of the +solar system. A Clinton/Gore space program will +also promote the development of new technologies, +create new jobs for our highly-skilled former +defense workers, and increase our understanding of +the planet and its delicate environmental balance. + +Move beyond the Cold War + +* Restore the historical funding equilibrium + between NASA and the Defense Departments space + program. The Reagan and Bush Administrations + spent more on defense space initiatives than + on civilian space projects. + +* Achieve greater cooperation in space with our + traditional allies in Europe and Japan, as + well as with Russia. Greater U.S.-Russian + cooperation in space will benefit both + countries, combining the vast knowledge and + resources both countries have gathered since + the launch of Sputnik in 1957. + +Improve the American economy through space + +* Direct NASA to give high priority to continued + improvement of the American civil aircraft + industry, which faces increasing international + competition. NASA research can play an + important role in developing less polluting, + more fuel efficient, and quieter aircraft. + +* Work to improve our space industries + competitiveness. Well direct NASA to develop + cutting-edge rocket and satellite + technologies. We will also develop a new, + cost effective, and reliable launch system to + maximize scientific and commercial payloads. + +Link NASA and the environment + +* Support NASA efforts -- like Mission to Planet + Earth -- to improve our understanding of the + global environment. + +* Call on NASA to develop smaller, more focused + missions which address pressing environmental + concerns. + +Strengthen NASA and education + +* Direct NASA to expand educational programs + that improve American performance in math and + science. Space education can help maintain our + technological edge and improve our + competitiveness. + +* Direct NASA to expand the outreach of its + educational efforts beyond its five field + centers, so that millions more people can + learn about space. + +* Maintain the Space Shuttles integral role in + our civilian space program. The Shuttle is + extremely complex and will always be expensive + and difficult to operate. But we must take + full advantage of its unique capabilities. + +* Support completion of Space Station Freedom, + basing its development on the twin principles + of greater cooperation and burden sharing with + our allies. By organizing effectively on this + project, we can pave the way for future joint + international ventures, both in space and on + Earth. + +Encourage planetary exploration through the best +space science + +* Stress efforts to learn about other planets. + These improve our understanding of our own + world and stimulate advances in computers, + sensors, image processing and communications. + +* Fully utilize robotic missions to learn more + about the universe. + +* Although we cannot yet commit major resources + to human planetary exploration, this dream + should be among the considerations that guide + our science and engineering. Because the + entire world will share the benefits of human + planetary explorations, the costs for any such + projects should be borne by other nations as + well as the United States. + +The Record + +* Senator Al Gore chairs the Senate Subcommittee + on Science, Technology, and Space, which has + primary responsibility for NASA and plays a + key role in efforts to strengthen and + revitalize America's space program. + +* Strongly favors a balanced manned and unmanned + space program. Supports completion of Space + Station Freedom and enhancements to the fleet + of Space Shuttles to ensure safety and + reliability. + +* Has championed Mission to Planet Earth, an + initiative designed to gather comprehensive + information on the Earth's changing + environment. He strongly supports efforts to + channel information on the Earth's environment + to teachers and school children. + +* Strongly supports efforts to strengthen our + leadership in aviation. + +* Has tried to use space exploration as a bridge + to international cooperation, not competition. + Pushed the administration to investigate the + possibilities for integrating surviving + elements of the Soviet space program into the + U.S. program in ways beneficial to America and + its aerospace workers. + +* Following the Challenger disaster, Senator + Gore uncovered quality assurance deficiencies + at NASA, gaining a greater commitment to + quality assurance and accountability at NASA. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/spaceusa.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/spaceusa.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d32dfc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/spaceusa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ + +I know there are a lot of BBSers out there who are interested in space +exploration. We want NASA to launch more research missions, to see +private enterprise in space, to go where no man has gone before... + +What can we do to see to it that the politicians who run this country +have the same vision? How can we persuade them to stop cutting NASA's +budget, and increase it instead? How can we get politicians to give +incentives to private companies who help to develop space? + +These questions were going through my mind and I thought "Voting picks a +politician, not an issue. We have to make the politicians KNOW how we +feel. We have to MAKE SPACE DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH AN ISSUE. Make it as +big an issue as Reagan's War on Drugs." + +To do this, we have to ACT, and the ACTION is a simple one. Simply +download this message as an ASCII file. SEND IT TO AS MANY BBSES AS YOU +CAN. Then put it in your wordprocessor, chop everything above and below +the dotted line, select one or both of the candidates you want to write +to, and mail out the letter. You can alter the letter to fit your own +style and tastes, the important thing is to ACT! Mail the letter as soon +as possible. The sooner the politicians KNOW how we FEEL, the sooner they +can ACT. +More [Y/n/=]?                   + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +President George Bush +1 Pennsylvania Ave. +Washington, D.C. 20003 + +Dear Mr. Bush: + +I heard a lot of campaign promises during the last election, but I didn't +hear one word about space exploration or NASA. NASA's budget has been cut +and cut again ever since men walked on the moon. This country built up an +incredible space exploration system during the 1960's. By the early 70's +we had the hardware to get us to any planet in the solar system, and then +we threw it all away for no good reason. + +People used to say that space exploration was too expensive. That we +spent all of that money to get "a few moon rocks." Now they realize that +all of the money we've spent on space development has been repaid many, +many times. Weather satellites alone have saved enough lives and averted +enough property damage to pay for the entire space program. Microelec- +tronics, which were developed primarily for the space program, have given +us the entire modern computer and software industry. Satellites allow us +to find scarce resources on our planet. + +Speaking of resources, this planet's resources are divided among five +billion people. Some of these people are very rich, some poor. But even +the richest person on the planet only owns a portion of it. Now look up. +There are an infinite number of planets up there. Enough raw materials +and natural resources to make every person on this planet a billionaire. +And it's all just sitting there for the taking. This isn't a dream, we +can grab this wealth with today's technology, just ask your science +advisors if you don't believe me. But we must act now, before someone +else beats us to it. + +Please think about what I've said. The 1990's could be remembered as the +decade that America recaptured space. + + +Sincerely, + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +If you're feeling especially productive, you can also send this letter to +your state and federal politicians. If you don't know their addresses, +call your local Voter Registration number. It's in the white pages under +County Government Offices. + +If you want more ideas on how you can help to promote space development +send a long, self-addressed stamped envelope to: + +Jeff Hunter +& the Temple of the Screaming Electron +P.O. Box 5378 +Walnut Creek, CA 94596 + +BBS: 415/935-5845 diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/special.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/special.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..01f7d910 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/special.txt @@ -0,0 +1,507 @@ + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + IS THIS AN UNTAMPERED FILE? + + This ASCII-file version of Imprimis, On Line was + packaged by Applied Foresight, Inc. (AFI hereafter). + Every AFI-packaged ASCII version of Imprimis is + distributed in either an "-AV protected" ZIP file + format or a SDN (Shareware Distributors Network) + protected SDN file. + + "AV" is the authenticity verification feature provided + to registered PKZIP users, which Applied Foresight, + Inc., is. If you are using the MS-DOS PKUNZIP.EXE + program written by PKWARE Inc. and do not see the "-AV" + message after every file is unzipped AND receive the + message "Authentic files Verified! #JAA646 Applied + Foresight Inc." when you unzip this file then do not + trust it's integrity. If your version of PKUNZIP is not + the PKWARE-authored program (for instance, you are + running a non-MS-DOS version), then this message may + not be displayed. (Note: version 2.04g of PKZIP was + used to create this authentication message.) + + SDN is the major distributor of Shareware and + Copyrighted Freeware and users who extract files from + an SDN file with the current version of the archive + utility ARJ, should see: + + *** Valid ARJ-SECURITY envelope signature: + *** SDN International(sm) SDN#01 R#2417 + + This file is an SDN International(sm) Author-Direct + Distribution. It should be verified for the SDN + Security Seal by the FileTest utility available at The + SDN Project AuthorLine BBS 203-634-0370. + + (Note: prior to about May, 1993, SDN used PAK to + archive its distributions and its authenticity message + differs from the above.) + + Trust only genuine AFI-packaged archives ... anything + else may be just that: ANYTHING ELSE. + + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + Imprimis, On Line + Special Edition, November 1993 + + IMPRIMIS (im-pri-mis), taking its name from the Latin + term, "in the first place," is the publication of + Hillsdale College. Executive Editor, Ronald L. + Trowbridge; Managing Editor, Lissa Roche; Assistant, + Patricia A. DuBois. Illustrations by Tom Curtis. The + opinions expressed in IMPRIMIS may be, but are not + necessarily, the views of Hillsdale College and its + External Programs division. Copyright 1993. Permission + to reprint in whole or part is hereby granted, provided + a version of the following credit line is used: + "Reprinted by permission from IMPRIMIS, the monthly + journal of Hillsdale College." Subscription free upon + request. ISSN 0277-8432. Circulation 480,000 worldwide, + established 1972. IMPRIMIS trademark registered in U.S. + Patent and Trade Office #1563325. + + --------------------------------------------- + + Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242 + Special Edition + + --------------------------------------------- + + A Special Message From_ + Stanley D. Crow + Attorney at Law + + --------------------------------------------- + + In recent years you and I have participated together in + campaigns to prevent the establishment of an Idaho + state lottery (we lost) and casino gambling (we won). + When we undertook those campaigns, we had many good + reasons to do so, but among them was our mutual desire + to uphold and preserve traditional values--the values + that make the difference between a society that thrives + and one that wanes, between a society that is blessed + with honor and one that is cursed with disrespect, and + between a society that encourages vigorous virtues and + one that degrades into malaise and dysfunction. + + The founders of our nation had carefully + considered the teaching of centuries concerning how man + should relate to God, how man should relate to man, and + how government should encourage those right + relationships. In turn, they created a governmental + system that both presupposed a moral, upright, and + self-responsible citizenry and that strived, until + comparatively recently, to preserve those conditions. + + As our government has let us down, you and I and + many others have stepped forward to fill the gap. One + of the most effective in doing so is Dr. George Roche, + whom I regard to be a philosopher of and for our times + and a hero in the truest sense of the word. As + president since 1971 of Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, + Michigan, Dr. Roche has led his school to become one of + the leading, if not the leading, institutional + proponents and exponents of the interrelated causes of + freedom for the individual, Judeo-Christian values for + individuals and society, and a deep understanding of + and firm commitment to the heritage of Western + civilization. + + Through its own determined fight to be completely + independent of government regulation and funding, + through its renowned academic and public policy + seminars both on campus and around the nation, through + its brilliant exposition of the values that underlie + free enterprise, through its academic rigor, and + through its many publications--including the books of + Dr. Roche and others and this Imprimis you hold in your + hands--Hillsdale College has provided all of us with an + inspiring example and the means of victory. + + I believe this so strongly that I have arranged + for you to have a free subscription to the monthly + Imprimis, at no cost or obligation if you so desire. + Simply return the postpaid business reply envelope + inside and join me as a faithful and appreciative + Imprimis reader. + + Sincerely, + Stanley D. Crow + + --------------------------------------------- + + "Capitalism and the Future of America" + By George Roche, President, Hillsdale College + + --------------------------------------------- + + The brilliant young economist George Gilder has written + that the most important event in recent history is "the + demise of socialist dream." However, he also notes + "_the failure of capitalism to win a corresponding + triumph." + + Why is this so, when capitalism has so obviously + provided more material benefits for every individual, + regardless of economic or social condition, than any + other system in the history of the world? Why, when + capitalism's intellectual defense has been so ably + undertaken by some of the greatest minds of our time is + socialism, thinly disguised, still taught in our + schools and promoted by our politicians? And why, when + capitalism's results are so demonstrably humanitarian, + is it still seen as a symbol for greed and + exploitation? The perplexing answers to these questions + share a common root: They all lie in the realm of + ideas. Ideas, I find myself often saying, rule the + world--not armies, not economics, not politics, not any + of the things to which we usually give our allegiance, + but ideas. + + "Ideas have consequences"--in just three words + Richard Weaver encapsulated an entire philosophy of + life that is also a challenge, a call to action for all + of us. Throughout history there have been formative + moments in which particular ideas and particular + leaders exert a profound impact on the character and + events of a nation. These special epochs, marked by the + emergence of a new consensus, can readily be found in + American history. The first great sea-change in + American society occurred fully 150 years before the + American Revolution when our colonial ancestors enjoyed + a large measure of self-government. From the start, the + American colonial experience had drawn heavily upon the + traditional liberties of British subjects and upon + their rich heritage of individual freedom guaranteed by + the Magna Carta. + + By the eighteenth century, however, the British + were pursuing a different goal. A new economic idea, + mercantilism, dominated British thinking. Government + planning and control regulated society and manipulated + individuals. Eventually, the American colonists ran out + of patience with this growing governmental interference + in their affairs. During the summer of 1776, Thomas + Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, a + revolutionary document destined to represent liberty + for the American republic as long as it should endure. + + Coincidentally, during that same summer in 1776, a + book was published thousands of miles away from the + American colonies, a book destined to have a profound + effect on America. The author, Adam Smith, was a + professor of moral philosophy at the University of + Glasgow, and the book was The Wealth of Nations. As a + moral philosopher, Smith contended that men must be + free to make their own decisions because, if they are + not, a moral paralysis soon sets in. From this basic + truth, he examined mercantilism and discovered that + this early form of the planned economy was denying men + freedom of choice and thus distorting British society. + Eleven years later, fifty-five men met in Philadelphia + to draft our Constitution. Motivated primarily by the + ideas articulated by Jefferson and Smith, our Founding + Fathers charted our national path toward limited + government, the dignity of free men, and the marvelous + prosperity we have enjoyed in this country. + + The next great sea-change in our nation's history + occurred around the turn of the twentieth century. + Unfortunately, these new ideas favored the collective + over the individual, redirecting America on an + increasingly hazardous path as the century progressed. + The setting was ripe. For years, as America's + industries boomed, immigrants poured in and cities + mushroomed, it began to seem to some that the scale of + life itself had so magnified that the common man no + longer had a fair chance to get ahead in the world. Far + from what one might expect, the momentum for + collectivism was imparted not by public figures but by + little-known men of ideas whose names not one in a + hundred Americans would recognize. + + In certain elite circles, some wondered whether + the answers for America's growing pains might not lie + elsewhere than in the common sense of the Founding + Fathers and the time-tested traditions of our Judeo- + Christian heritage--and whether those answers might not + instead be found in the work of certain "daring" + European thinkers like Marx, Darwin, and Freud whose + ideas had rocked the Old World during the 1800s. + + So a relative handful of professors and + intellectuals, writing in the first years of this + century and drawing on iconoclastic theories already + well advanced in Europe, brought those ideas to America + and began a process that remade the face of American + society within thirty years, roughly between 1900 and + 1930. These collectivist ideas spread from a few + seminal thinkers, to the second- and third-hand + purveyors of ideas--teachers, ministers, the working + press--the word wielders. The collective mentality + continued to spread, reaching the professions, the + business community, the courts, the novelists, the + artists, the general public and last--always last--the + politicians. + + Of the first seminal thinkers of the new era, John + Dewey has had a lasting impact on our philosophy, our + education, our culture, and, ultimately, our + government. From his "progressive school" experiment of + the mid-1890s at the University of Chicago, Dewey + advocated a system of education which would produce a + new generation of Americans with a preference for group + and social activity and who viewed themselves not as + individuals but as members of a "total democratic + society." He emphasized the unfinished nature of + society and the universe and called for "a new kind of + religion" to be derived from human experience and + relationships. + + Dewey's intellectual colleagues were themselves + busy on other fronts. At Col-umbia, anthropologist Ruth + Benedict and her mentor Franz Boas were developing the + ideas that man could be understood only as a social + animal, since his character was allegedly the exclusive + creation of his society and environment. Charles + Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution + was another key turning point. He set aside the + traditional ideas of American society in favor of an + essentially Marxian philosophy of history in which the + Founding Fathers were portrayed as having placed the + economic welfare of a few ahead of the total social + welfare of all. + + The flamboyant Thorstein Veblen poured out his + bitter frustration on the business community in shrill + anticapitalist diatribes like The Theory of the Leisure + Class. Meanwhile, Veblen's fellow economists John R. + Commons and Richard Ely pioneered in charting a vastly + expanded role for organized labor in the new + collectivity. + + Sociologist Lester Frank Ward, one of the true + patron saints of the modern American collectivist + ideal, saw politics as a manipulating device designed + to control all society, stating: "Modern society is + suffering from the very opposite of paternalism--from + under-government." In Ward, all those years ago, we + thus find the original germ of an idea that has been + central to the social planner's rhetoric from the New + Deal era to the Clinton era. + + By 1932, the year the arch-collectivist and + political pragmatist Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected + president, the intellectual revolutionaries had already + done their work, and they rapidly became the new + political establishment. Under FDR, the new generation + of intellectuals managed to use the Depression as a + pretext for a massive collectivization of American + society throughout the decade of the 1930s. They failed + to cure the Depression, but a "fortunate" circumstance- + -World War II--did it for them. After the war, the + social engineers stood ready with further collectivist + gimmicks such as the Full Employment Act of 1946. + + There was steady pressure throughout the Truman + years for major expansion of the federal role in + health, in education, and in welfare--pressure that + finally resulted in new government programs under the + succeeding Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower. + Thus Eisenhower proved once again that Republican + administrations usually ratify rather than reverse the + collectivist inroads of their Democratic predecessors. + The same pattern of ratification and acceleration was + repeated two decades later when the Nixon and Ford + administrations helped consolidate most of Lyndon + Johnson's Great Society programs, exacerbated the oil + crisis and other economic woes through an unprecedented + program of peacetime wage-and-price controls, and + presided over the regulatory explosion of the early + 1970s. + + In the last months of the Reagan presidency, we + wondered if the pattern had been repeated. Many saw + Reagan's election in 1980 and his subsequent reelection + in 1984 as genuine evidence of Americans' + disenchantment with government, a disenchantment that + cuts across ideological lines and is an inevitable + reaction to the love affair with statism that has been + carried on for so long. But whatever one thinks in + retrospect of Reagan's actual accomplishments, it is + uncertain whether much has changed. Critics on the left + have declared that the end of the Reagan era signaled + the end of conservatism's brief resurgence. + + Undeniably the idea of capitalism, a central tenet + of conservatism, remains under constant assault, and + its detractors comprise a majority in our schools, our + media, and even our political and cultural leadership + communities. One faction we may dub the "anti- + capitalists," those who regard the redistribution of + wealth in the name of "economic justice" as the proper + goal of all economic activity. They claim that modern + capitalism began with the Industrial Revolution and + heralded child labor, wage slavery, urban squalor and a + Hobbesian existence for the working class. The late + 20th century, they insist, is still an era of + exploitation. + + A second group, however, focuses less on + capitalism's evils than its supposed inadequacies. It + is all right to defend free enterprise, so the + reasoning goes, but today there are simply too many + demands on the system--too many poor, too many + problems, too many inequities--for individuals or the + free market to handle. Government must, therefore, step + in and act as the problem-solver. Far more people + belong to this group than the first. They have accepted + the need for intervention even though they may harbor + no hostility to capitalism. + + Both groups are obsessively results-oriented. They + begin with the premise that the world is perfectible + and that man possesses the means to perfect it through + his own reason and through man-made institutions. + Capitalism simply cannot fulfill their expectations. + Yet no amount of intellect and no economic system--no + man-made system at all, for that matter--can cure every + ill the world produces; it probably can't even cure + half of them. Sadly, the false notion persists that + some other system, some other grand vision, can achieve + the impossible. + + The central idea of capitalism does not lie in the + miracle of the market or even the ingenuity of the + entrepreneur. It rests, rather, on the fundamental + principle of freedom. One of the great sources of + strength for America has been our commitment to + economic, political, and religious freedom. Within our + open society, individuals are free to provide for + themselves and their families, to compete with others + and to join with them in voluntary associations. We + have been free to support those professions, + businesses, schools, hospitals, churches, and cultural + institutions which best meet our individual needs and + preferences. In other words, we have prospered with + competition and voluntary association in the private + sector. The American economy, despite its ups and downs + and the serious threats it faces from over regulation, + the deficit, and the other problems of our times, has + worked beautifully--beyond the wildest dreams of the + utopian social planners. But it has worked precisely + because we have allowed individuals to act freely on + their own. + + Self-transcendence is the ability to rise above + the merely animal, merely physical self and freely + choose the conditions and terms of our own existence, + to decide what is of ultimate importance and act upon + it whether or not other people understand, whether or + not it is dangerous, whether or not it makes us rich. + Only human beings have that capacity. Only you and I + do. We have the capacity to rise above our merely + physical selves. + + Self-transcendence, based on individual choice, + touches every aspect of our lives. If economic + transactions were based on the immediate cave man rip- + off--the idea that I want to grab all I can get, and I + want to get it right now, and I will not honor any + obligation that interferes with this--no long-term + economic planning would be possible. No investment, + nothing of what we call a capital structure, could ever + come into existence, unless legal contracts were + honored. That necessitates self-transcending people, + people willing to honor their commitments. + + That is the leadership commitment we are + discussing. All civilization is based upon the + integrity of the self-responsible individual, directed + by a view of justice, of restraint, and of + responsibility. + + There was a time when this country of ours valued + such an idea. It placed its faith in the responsible + individual and the institutional structure, giving form + to our lives. And it is the erosion of that faith which + today destroys us from within. I submit to you that + unless we recover it, all the methods in the world to + do something better economically, technologically, or + socially are just so much spitting in the wind. + + We must insist upon a return to a hierarchy of + values which gives primacy to the dignity of the + individual and to the instructional forms which + guarantee that dignity. + + It is here that the free market, private property, + private institutions--that whole private sector idea-- + has special validity, because it does leave people free + to build their own voluntary associations, to be + uniquely self-transcending, to get on with the dignity + of leading their own lives. + + Remember, then, when we as leaders are talking + about the private sector, that we are committed to it + not because it works, though it works very well. All + kinds of economic arguments demonstrate that the free + market provides prosperity. It solves social problems. + It works. But that is not the argument that we should + advance. People are not inspired by the argument that + they will have more refrigerators if they are free men. + Our message must not be that the free market is good + because it works, but rather that it works because it + is good--because it has the fundamentally proper view + of human nature. + + This is what capitalism offers for our American + future. Together we can invest our resources and + energies in a system which provides a level of + prosperity and personal dignity unheralded in the + history of the world. Its legacy of freedom, passed + from one generation to the next, is now ours to defend + for our children, and for all who will follow. + + + --------------------------------------------- + + George Roche has served as president of Hillsdale + College since 1971 and in the last two decades has + attracted international attention for his battle to + protect the school from federal intrusion. (Despite the + fact that Hillsdale has never accepted federal funds, + the Supreme Court has challenged Hillsdale's + independence.) Firing Line, the MacNeil-Lehrer News + Hour, News-week, the New York Times, Reader's Digest, + Time, Today, the Wall Street Journal, and scores of + other television, radio, magazine, and newspaper + sources have chronicled his efforts. + + Formerly the presidentially-appointed chairman of + the National Council on Educational Research, the + director of seminars at the Foundation of Economical + Education in New York, a professor of history at the + Colorado School of Mines, and a U.S. Marine, George + Roche is also the author of 10 books on education, + history, philosophy, and government, including America + by the Throat: The Stranglehold of Federal Bureaucracy + (1985), Going Home (1986), A World Without Heroes: The + Modern Tragedy (1987), A Reason for Living (1989), and + One by One: Preserving Values and Freedom in Heartland + America (1990). + ### + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + End of this special edition of Imprimis, On Line; + Information about the electronic publisher, + Applied Foresight, Inc., is in the file, IMPR_BY.TXT + + For the November 1993 issue, there is the normal issue + of Imprimis issued by Hillsdale College. + See the file, IMPR9311.TXT + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/spend$.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/spend$.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8814b31c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/spend$.txt @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + CUSTOM COMPUTING + 6815 DICKINSON COURT + TAMPA FLORIDA 33634-4707 + CIS: 71327,1251 + +Sat 07-31-1993 + + CLINTON'S NEW MATH + +Following are some excerpts from a Wall Street Journal column by Tom Bethell. +It discloses some interesting revelations about Clinton's so-called +"Deficit Reduction Budget." This guy and his Liberal lemmings in +Congress are the biggest accumulation of liars one could ever imagine +in his wildest dreams. Remember now, these guys say they are "cutting" +spending. Yeah, right. [Uploader comments in square brackets] + +============================================================================ + +"On April 8, the Office of Management and Budget [now headed by Mr. +Panetta] released the 1994 federal budget." + +"On April 9, major newspapers published stories on the budget, but all +failed to publish the outlay and revenue totals shown below." + +" --------------------------------------------------------- + |CLINTON'S BUDGET TOTALS | + |in billions of dolars, rounded | + | | + | 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998| + |=========================================================| + |Outlays $1,468 1,515 1,574 1,625 1,690 1,781| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Receipts $1,146 1,251 1,328 1,413 1,476 1,531| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Deficit $322 264 246 212 214 250| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Defense | + |Outlays $277 264 258 252 234 239| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Source: Office of Management and Budget | + --------------------------------------------------------- " + +[SPENDING CUTS??? YEAH, IN DEFENSE] + +"The Washington press corps has permitted Clinton to talk of "spending +cuts without exposing the absurdity of his claim." + +"Spending totals increase from $1.468 billion to $1.781 billion in +five years despite real reductions in military spending." + +"In Washington parlance, the phrase "spending cuts" means merely +reductions in planned increases. John Cognan, deputy director of +OMB in 1988-1989, says that "the Ways and Means and Finance committees +deliberately legislate future spending increases that they have no intention +of granting, so that they can later reduce them and say they have 'cut +the budget.'" + +======================================================================= + +[FROM THE UPLOADER: I don't know about those who read this, but, I +get fed up with the way the mainstream media condone these 'dirty +little secrets' the Liberals keep from the American public. To anyone +who doesn't have TV cable, the privilege of watching C-SPAN is worth +the price of basic cable. C-SPAN and C-SPAN II provide live coverage +of the floor activities in the House and Senate, but, in off-hours, +they cover a lot of other activities of political interest. One of +the most enlightening was coverage of the gay rally in Washington in +April. + +While we're talking about facts, I have to reiterate some facts about +the national debt, the annual budget deficit, and the bald-faced lies +this guy Clinton and his henchmen have foisted on us since he started +his campaign in 1991. All we heard about was the evil and greedy 12 +years of Reagan-Bush. They were (and still are) totally supported by +the visible media people from Sam Donaldson to Bryant Gumbel. I won't +bore you with all the details, but, here are a couple summaries. + +By the way, I don't put up anything here that is not verifiable. + +Ronald Reagan took office Jan. 20, 1981, and left office Jan. 20, 1989. +Government receipts (income) in 1991 were $599 billion and outlays +(spending) were $678 billion. In 1989, income was $991 billion, and +spending was $1,143 billion (that means 1.143 TRILLION). The budget +deficit wasn't exacerbated by lack of revenues. It was caused by +congressional spending that was out of control. And, I don't want to +hear any more of this drivel from the Liberals that, "We authorized +less than any budget sent to us by Reagan." + +Now comes the really heinous part. Remember the 1989 figures: Income - +$991 billion, spending - $1,143 billion. In 1992, these were the +actual numbers: Income - $1,092 billion, Spending - $1,382 billion. + +It doesn't make any difference how much money comes into the government +piggy bank. Congress will spend more. Also, remember this: ALL +SPENDING legislation originates in the House Ways and Means committee. +What the President sends up is relatively meaningless, except when the +White House is controlled by the same people who control congress. + +Please do us one favor. Go back and read the Income/Spending numbers +once more. And, don't forget. The entire House is up for re-election +in '94. Thirty-four Senate seats are up. Of those, 20 are held by +Democrats, 12 are held by Republicans, and two will simply be vacant. +Metzenbaum (D-OH) and Danforth (R-MO) have announced they will not +seek re-election. + +Thanks for reading. UPLOADED BY: Vern Semrad + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/splitcia b/textfiles.com/politics/splitcia new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9bc87b0d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/splitcia @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ + + + *[ Split the CIA in Two Parts! ]* + + +Marchetti: (continued) + One, the good CIA so to speak, would collect and analyze + information. The other part, in the dirty tricks business, + would be very small and very tightly controlled by Congress and + the White House, and if possible, some kind of a public board so + that it didn't get out of control. + + My theory is, and I've proved it over and over again along + with other people, is that the basic reason for secrecy is not + to keep the enemy from knowing what you're doing. + + He knows what you're doing because he's the target of it, and + he's not stupid. The reason for the CIA to hide behind secrecy + is to keep the public, and in particular the American public, + from knowing what they're doing. + + This is done so that the President can deny that we were + responsible for sabotaging some place over in Lebanon where a lot + of people were killed. So that the President can deny, period. + + Here is a good example: + + President Eisenhower denied we were involved in attempts to + overthrow the Indonesian government in 1958 until the CIA guys + got caught and the Indonesians produced them. He looked like + a fool. So did the N.Y. Times and everybody else who believed + him. That is the real reason for secrecy. + + There is a second reason for secrecy. That is that if the public + doesn't know what you are doing you can lie to them because they + don't know what the truth is. + + This is a very bad part of the CIA because this is where you + get not only propaganda on the American people but actually + disinformation, which is to say lies and falsehoods, peddled to + the American public as the truth and which they accept as gospel. + + That's wrong. It's not only wrong, its a lie and it allows the + government and those certain elements of the government that can + hide behind secrecy to get away with things that nobody knows about. + + If you carefully analyze all of these issues that keep coming up in + Congress over the CIA, this is always what is at the heart of it: + + That the CIA lied about it, or that the CIA misrepresented something, + or the White House did it, because the CIA and the White House + work hand in glove. + + The CIA is not a power unto itself. It is an instrument of power. + + A tool. A very powerful tool which has an influence on + whoever is manipulating it. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/spook.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/spook.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..939c8a33 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/spook.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@ +From zeug@noel.pd.orgTue Nov 22 07:52:38 1994 +Date: Mon, 21 Nov 1994 13:29:00 -0500 (EST) +From: robert cheatham +To: synners@noel.pd.org +Subject: Spook Paranoia (fwd) + + + +robert cheatham +Domain: zeug@pd.org +UUCP: ...!emory!pd.org!zeug + +---------- Forwarded message ---------- +Date: Mon, 21 Nov 1994 10:07:56 -0700 (MST) +From: Captain Privacy +To: Cyber Mind +Subject: Spook Paranoia + + +-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- + + National Security Agency Employee Manual + +Security Guidelines + +This handbook is designed to introduce you to some of the basic +security principles and procedures with which all NSA employees must comply. +It highlights some of your security responsibilities, and provides guidelines +for answering questions you may be asked concerning your association with this +Agency. Although you will be busy during the forthcoming weeks learning your +job, meeting co-workers, and becoming accustomed to a new work environment, you +are urged to become familiar with the security information contained in this +handbook. Please note that a listing of telephone numbers is provided at the +end of this handbook should you have any questions or concerns. + +Introduction + +In joining NSA you have been given an opportunity to participate in the +activities of one of the most important intelligence organizations of the United +States Government. At the same time, you have also assumed a trust which +carries with it a most important individual responsibility--the safeguarding of +sensitive information vital to the security of our nation. + +While it is impossible to estimate in actual dollars and cents the value of the +work being conducted by this Agency, the information to which you will have +access at NSA is without question critically important to the defense of the +United States. Since this information may be useful only if it is kept secret, +it requires a very special measure of protection. The specific nature of this +protection is set forth in various Agency security regulations and directives. +The total NSA Security Program, however, extends beyond these regulations. It +is based upon the concept that security begins as a state of mind. The program +is designed to develop an appreciation of the need to protect information vital +to the national defense, and to foster the development of a level of awareness +which will make security more than routine compliance with regulations. + +At times, security practices and procedures cause personal inconvenience. They +take time and effort and on occasion may make it necessary for you to +voluntarily forego some of your usual personal perogatives. But your +compensation for the inconvenience is the knowledge that the work you are +accomplishing at NSA, within a framework of sound security practices, +contributes significantly to the defense and continued security of the United +States of America. + +I extend to you my very best wishes as you enter upon your chosen career or +assignment with NSA. + +Philip T. Pease +Director of Security + + +INITIAL SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES + +Anonymity + +Perhaps one of the first security practices with which new NSA personnel should +become acquainted is the practice of anonymity. In an open society such as ours +this practice is necessary because information which is generally available to +the public is available also to hostile intelligence. Therefore, the Agency +mission is best accomplished apart from public attention. Basically, anonymity +means that NSA personnel are encouraged not to draw attention to themselves nor +to their association with this Agency. NSA personnel are also cautioned neither +to confirm nor deny any specific questions about NSA activities directed to them +by individuals not affiliated with the Agency. + +The ramifications of the practice of anonymity are rather far reaching, and its +success depends on the cooperation of all Agency personnel. Described below you +will find some examples of situations that you may encounter concerning your +employment and how you should cope with them. Beyond the situations cited, your +judgement and discretion will become the deciding factors in how you respond to +questions about your employment. + +Answering Questions About Your Employment + +Certainly, you may tell your family and friends that you are employed at or +assigned to the National Security Agency. There is no valid reason to deny them +this information. However, you may not disclose to them any information +concerning specific aspects of the Agency's mission, activities, and +organization. You should also ask them not to publicize your association with +NSA. + +Should strangers or casual acquaintances question you about your place of +employment, an appropriate reply would be that you work for the Department of +Defense. If questioned further as to where you are employed within the +Department of Defense, you may reply, "NSA." When you inform someone that you +work for NSA (or the Department of Defense) you may expect that the next +question will be, "What do you do?" It is a good idea to anticipate this +question and to formulate an appropriate answer. Do not act mysteriously about +your employment, as that would only succeed in drawing more attention to +yourself. + +If you are employed as a secretary, engineer, computer scientist, or in a +clerical, administrative, technical, or other capacity identifiable by a general +title which in no way indicates how your talents are being applied to the +mission of the Agency, it is suggested that you state this general title. If +you are employed as a linguist, you may say that you are a linguist, if +necessary. However, you should not indicate the specific language(s) with which +you are involved. + +The use of service specialty titles which tend to suggest or reveal the nature +of the Agency's mission, or specific aspects of their work. These professional +titles, such as cryptanalyst, signals collection officer, and intelligence +research analyst, if given verbatim to an outsider, would likely generate +further questions which may touch upon the classified aspects of your work. +Therefore, in conversation with outsiders, it is suggested that such job titles +be generalized. For example, you might indicate that you are a "research +analyst." You may not, however, discuss the specific nature of your analytic +work. + +Answering Questions About Your Agency Training + +During your career or assignment at NSA, there is a good chance that you will +receive some type of job-related training. In many instances the nature of the +training is not classified. However, in some situations the specialized +training you receive will relate directly to sensitive Agency functions. In +such cases, the nature of this training may not be discussed with persons +outside of this Agency. + +If your training at the Agency includes language training, your explanation for +the source of your linguistic knowledge should be that you obtained it while +working for the Department of Defense. + +You Should not draw undue attention to your language abilities, and you may not +discuss how you apply your language skill at the Agency. + +If you are considering part-time employment which requires the use of language +or technical skills similar to those required for the performance of your NSA +assigned duties, you must report (in advance) the anticipated part-time work +through your Staff Security Officer (SSO) to the Office of Security's Clearance +Division (M55). + +Verifying Your Employment + +On occasion, personnel must provide information concerning their employment to +credit institutions in connection with various types of applications for credit. +In such situations you may state, if you are a civilian employee, that you are +employed by NSA and indicate your pay grade or salary. Once again, generalize +your job title. If any further information is desired by persons or firms with +whom you may be dealing, instruct them to request such information by +correspondence addressed to: Director of Civilian Personnel, National Security +Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland 20755-6000. Military personnel should +use their support group designator and address when indicating their current +assignment. + +If you contemplate leaving NSA for employment elsewhere, you may be required to +submit a resume/job application, or to participate in extensive employment +interviews. In such circumstances, you should have your resume reviewed by the +Classification Advisory Officer (CAO) assigned to your organization. Your CAO +will ensure that any classified operational details of your duties have been +excluded and will provide you with an unclassified job description. Should you +leave the Agency before preparing such a resume, you may develop one and send it +by registered mail to the NSA/CSS Information Policy Division (Q43) for review. +Remember, your obligation to protect sensitive Agency information extends +beyond your employment at NSA. + +The Agency And Public News Media + +- From time to time you may find that the agency is the topic of reports or +articles appearing in public news media--newspapers, magazines, books, radio +and TV. The NSA/CSS Information Policy Division (Q43) represents the Agency in +matters involving the press and other media. This office serves at the +Agency's official media center and is the Director's liaison office for public +relations, both in the community and with other government agencies. The +Information Policy Division must approve the release of all information for and +about NSA, its mission, activities, and personnel. In order to protect the +aspects of Agency operations, NSA personnel must refrain from either confirming +or denying any information concerning the Agency or its activities which may +appear in the public media. If you are asked about the activities of NSA, the +best response is "no comment." You should the notify Q43 of the attempted +inquiry. For the most part, public references to NSA are based upon educated +guesses. The Agency does not normally make a practice of issuing public +statements about its activities. + +GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES + +Espionage And Terrorism + +During your security indoctrination and throughout your NSA career you will +become increasingly aware of the espionage and terrorist threat to the United +States. Your vigilance is the best single defense in protecting NSA +information, operations, facilities and people. Any information that comes to +your attention that suggests to you the existence of, or potential for, +espionage or terrorism against the U.S. or its allies must be promptly reported +by you to the Office of Security. + +There should be no doubt in your mind about the reality of the threats. You +are now affiliated with the most sensitive agency in government and are +expected to exercise vigilance and common sense to protect NSA against these +threats. + +Classification + +Originators of correspondence, communications, equipment, or documents within +the Agency are responsible for ensuring that the proper classification, +downgrading information and, when appropriate, proper caveat notations are +assigned to such material. (This includes any handwritten notes which contain +classified information). The three levels of classification are Confidential, +Secret and Top Secret. The NSA Classification Manual should be used as +guidance in determining proper classification. If after review of this document +you need assistance, contact the Classification Advisory Officer (CAO) assigned +to your organization, or the Information Policy Division (Q43). + +Need-To-Know + +Classified information is disseminated only on a strict "need-to-know" basis. +The "need-to-know" policy means that classified information will be +disseminated only to those individuals who, in addition to possessing a proper +clearance, have a requirement to know this information in order to perform +their official duties (need-to-know). No person is entitled to classified +information solely by virtue of office, position, rank, or security clearance. + +All NSA personnel have the responsibility to assert the "need-to-know" policy +as part of their responsibility to protect sensitive information. +Determination of "need-to-know" is a supervisory responsibility. This means +that if there is any doubt in your mind as to an individual's "need-to-know," +you should always check with your supervisor before releasing any classified +material under your control. + +For Official Use Only + +Separate from classified information is information or material marked "FOR +OFFICIAL USE ONLY" (such as this handbook). This designation is used to +identify that official information or material which, although unclassified, is +exempt from the requirement for public disclosure of information concerning +government activities and which, for a significant reason, should not be given +general circulation. Each holder of "FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY" (FOUO) information +or material is authorized to disclose such information or material to persons +in other departments or agencies of the Executive and Judicial branches when it +is determined that the information or material is required to carry our a +government function. The recipient must be advised that the information or +material is not to be disclosed to the general public. Material which bears +the "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" caveat does not come under the regulations +governing the protection of classified information. The unauthorized +disclosure of information marked "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" does not constitute an +unauthorized disclosure of classified defense information. However, Department +of Defense and NSA regulations prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of +information designated "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY." Appropriate administrative +action will be taken to determine responsibility and to apply corrective and/or +disciplinary measures in cases of unauthorized disclosure of information which +bears the "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" caveat. Reasonable care must be exercised in +limiting the dissemination of "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" information. While you +may take this handbook home for further study, remember that is does contain +"FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" information which should be protected. + +Prepublication Review + +All NSA personnel (employees, military assignees, and contractors) must submit +for review any planned articles, books, speeches, resumes, or public statements +that may contain classified, classifiable, NSA-derived, or unclassified +protected information, e.g., information relating to the organization, mission, +functions, or activities of NSA. Your obligation to protect this sensitive +information is a lifetime one. Even when you resign, retire, or otherwise end +your affiliation with NSA, you must submit this type of material for +prepublication review. For additional details, contact the Information Policy +Division (Q43) for an explanation of prepublication review procedures. + +Personnel Security Responsibilities + +Perhaps you an recall your initial impression upon entering an NSA facility. +Like most people, you probably noticed the elaborate physical security +safeguards--fences, concrete barriers, Security Protective Officers, +identification badges, etc. While these measures provide a substantial degree +of protection for the information housed within our buildings, they represent +only a portion of the overall Agency security program. In fact, vast amounts +of information leave our facilities daily in the minds of NSA personnel, and +this is where our greatest vulnerability lies. Experience has indicated that +because of the vital information we work with at NSA, Agency personnel may +become potential targets for hostile intelligence efforts. Special safeguards +are therefore necessary to protect our personnel. + +Accordingly, the Agency has an extensive personnel security program which +establishes internal policies and guidelines governing employee conduct and +activities. These policies cover a variety of topics, all of which are +designed to protect both you and the sensitive information you will gain +through your work at NSA. + +Association With Foreign Nationals + +As a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and by virtue of your access to +sensitive information, you are a potential target for hostile intelligence +activities carried out by or on behalf of citizens of foreign +countries. A policy concerning association with foreign nationals has been +established by the Agency to minimize the likelihood that its personnel might +become subject to undue influence or duress or targets of hostile activities +through foreign relationships. + +As an NSA affiliate, you are prohibited from initiating or maintaining +associations (regardless of the nature and degree) with citizens or officials +of communist-controlled, or other countries which pose a significant threat to +the security of the United States and its interests. A comprehensive list of +these designated countries is available from your Staff Security Officer or the +Security Awareness Division. Any contact with citizens of these countries, no +matter how brief or seemingly innocuous, must be reported as soon as possible +to your Staff Security Officer (SSO). (Individuals designated as Staff +Security Officers are assigned to every organization; a listing of Staff +Security Officers can be found at the back of this handbook). + +Additionally, close and continuing associations with any non-U.S. citizens which +are characterized by ties of kinship, obligation, or affection are prohibited. +A waiver to this policy may be granted only under the most exceptional +circumstances when there is a truly compelling need for an individual's +services or skills and the security risk is negligible. + +In particular, a waiver must be granted in advance of a marriage to or +cohabitation with a foreign national in order to retain one's access to NSA +information. Accordingly, any intent to cohabitate with or marry a non-U.S. +citizen must be reported immediately to your Staff Security Officer. If a +waiver is granted, future reassignments both at headquarters and overseas may +be affected. + +The marriage or intended marriage of an immediate family member (parents, +siblings, children) to a foreign national must also be reported through your +SSO to the Clearance Division (M55). + +Casual social associations with foreign nationals (other than those of the +designated countries mentioned above) which arise from normal living and +working arrangements in the community usually do not have to be reported. +During the course of these casual social associations, you are encouraged to +extend the usual social amenities. Do not act mysteriously or draw attention +to yourself (and possibly to NSA) by displaying an unusually wary attitude. + +Naturally, your affiliation with the Agency and the nature of your work should +not be discussed. Again, you should be careful not to allow these associations +to become close and continuing to the extent that they are characterized by +ties of kinship, obligation, or affection. + +If at any time you feel that a "casual" association is in any way suspicious, +you should report this to your Staff Security Officer immediately. Whenever +any doubt exists as to whether or not a situation should be reported or made a +matter of record, you should decided in favor of reporting it. In this way, +the situation can be evaluated on its own merits, and you can be advised as to +your future course of action. + +Correspondence With Foreign Nationals + +NSA personnel are discouraged from initiating correspondence with individuals +who are citizens of foreign countries. Correspondence with citizens of +communist-controlled or other designated countries is prohibited. Casual +social correspondence, including the "penpal" variety, with other foreign +acquaintances is acceptable and need not be reported. If, however, this +correspondence should escalate in its frequency or nature, you should report +that through your Staff Security Officer to the Clearance Division (M55). + +Embassy Visits + +Since a significant percentage of all espionage activity is known to be +conducted through foreign embassies, consulates, etc., Agency policy +discourages visits to embassies, consulates or other official establishments of +a foreign government. Each case, however, must be judged on the circumstances +involved. Therefore, if you plan to visit a foreign embassy for any reason +(even to obtain a visa), you must consult with, and obtain the prior approval +of, your immediate supervisor and the Security Awareness Division (M56). + +Amateur Radio Activities + +Amateur radio (ham radio) activities are known to be exploited by hostile +intelligence services to identify individuals with access to classified +information; therefore, all licensed operators are expected to be familiar +with NSA/CSS Regulation 100-1, "Operation of Amateur Radio Stations" (23 +October 1986). The specific limitations on contacts with operators from +communist and designated countries are of particular importance. If you are +an amateur radio operator you should advise the Security Awareness Division +(M56) of your amateur radio activities so that detailed guidance may be +furnished to you. + +Unofficial Foreign Travel + +In order to further protect sensitive information from possible compromise +resulting from terrorism, coercion, interrogation or capture of Agency +personnel by hostile nations and/or terrorist groups, the Agency has +established certain policies and procedures concerning unofficial foreign +travel. + +All Agency personnel (civilian employees, military assignees, and contractors) +who are planning unofficial foreign travel must have that travel approved by +submitting a proposed itinerary to the Security Awareness Division (M56) at +least 30 working days prior to their planned departure from the United States. +Your itinerary should be submitted on Form K2579 (Unofficial Foreign Travel +Request). This form provides space for noting the countries to be visited, +mode of travel, and dates of departure and return. Your immediate supervisor +must sign this form to indicate whether or not your proposed travel poses a +risk to the sensitive information, activities, or projects of which you may +have knowledge due to your current assignment. + +After your supervisor's assessment is made, this form should be forwarded to +the Security Awareness Director (M56). Your itinerary will then be reviewed in +light of the existing situation in the country or countries to be visited, and +a decision for approval or disapproval will be based on this assessment. The +purpose of this policy is to limit the risk of travel to areas of the world +where a threat may exist to you and to your knowledge of classified Agency +activities. + +In this context, travel to communist-controlled and other hazardous activity +areas is prohibited. A listing of these hazardous activity areas is +prohibited. A listing of these hazardous activity areas can be found in Annex +A of NSA/CSS Regulation No. 30-31, "Security Requirements for Foreign Travel" +(12 June 1987). From time to time, travel may also be prohibited to certain +areas where the threat from hostile intelligence services, terrorism, criminal +activity or insurgency poses an unacceptable risk to Agency employees and to +the sensitive information they possess. Advance travel deposits made without +prior agency approval of the proposed travel may result in financial losses by +the employee should the travel be disapproved, so it is important to obtain +approval prior to committing yourself financially. Questions regarding which +areas of the world currently pose a threat should be directed to the Security +Awareness Division (M56). + +Unofficial foreign travel to Canada, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Mexico does not +require prior approval, however, this travel must still be reported using Form +K2579. Travel to these areas may be reported after the fact. + +While you do not have to report your foreign travel once you have ended your +affiliation with the Agency, you should be aware that the risk incurred in +travelling to certain areas, from a personal safety and/or counterintelligence +standpoint, remains high. The requirement to protect the classified +information to which you have had access is a lifetime obligation. + +Membership In Organizations + +Within the United States there are numerous organizations with memberships +ranging from a few to tens of thousands. While you may certainly participate +in the activities of any reputable organization, membership in any international +club or professional organization/activity with foreign members should be +reported through your Staff Security Officer to the Clearance Division (M55). +In most cases there are no security concerns or threats to our employees or +affiliates. However, the Office of Security needs the opportunity to research +the organization and to assess any possible risk to you and the information to +which you have access. + +In addition to exercising prudence in your choice of organizational +affiliations, you should endeavor to avoid participation in public activities +of a conspicuously controversial nature because such activities could focus +undesirable attention upon you and the Agency. NSA employees may, however, +participate in bona fide public affairs such as local politics, so long as such +activities do not violate the provisions of the statutes and regulations which +govern the political activities of all federal employees. Additional +information may be obtained from your Personnel Representative. + +Changes In Marital Status/Cohabitation/Names + +All personnel, either employed by or assigned to NSA, must advise the Office of +Security of any changes in their marital status (either marriage or divorce), +cohabitation arrangements, or legal name changes. Such changes should be +reported by completing NSA Form G1982 (Report of Marriage/Marital Status +Change/Name Change), and following the instructions printed on the form. + +Use And Abuse Of Drugs + +It is the policy of the National Security Agency to prevent and eliminate the +improper use of drugs by Agency employees and other personnel associated with +the Agency. The term "drugs" includes all controlled drugs or substances +identified and listed in the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, as amended, +which includes but is not limited to: narcotics, depressants, stimulants, +cocaine, hallucinogens ad cannabis (marijuana, hashish, and hashish oil). +The use of illegal drugs or the abuse of prescription drugs by persons employed +by, assigned or detailed to the Agency may adversely affect the national +security; may have a serious damaging effect on the safety and the safety of +others; and may lead to criminal prosecution. Such use of drugs either within +or outside Agency controlled facilities is prohibited. + +Physical Security Policies + +The physical security program at NSA provides protection for classified +material and operations and ensures that only persons authorized access to the +Agency's spaces and classified material are permitted such access. This +program is concerned not only with the Agency's physical plant and facilities, +but also with the internal and external procedures for safeguarding the +Agency's classified material and activities. Therefore, physical security +safeguards include Security Protective Officers, fences, concrete barriers, +access control points, identification badges, safes, and the +compartmentalization of physical spaces. While any one of these safeguards +represents only a delay factor against attempts to gain unauthorized access to +NSA spaces and material, the total combination of all these safeguards +represents a formidable barrier against physical penetration of NSA. Working +together with personnel security policies, they provide "security in depth." + +The physical security program depends on interlocking procedures. The +responsibility for carrying out many of these procedures rests with the +individual. This means you, and every person employed by, assign, or detailed +to the Agency, must assume the responsibility for protecting classified +material. Included in your responsibilities are: challenging visitors in +operational areas; determining "need-to-know;" limiting classified +conversations to approved areas; following established locking and checking +procedures; properly using the secure and non-secure telephone systems; +correctly wrapping and packaging classified data for transmittal; and placing +classified waste in burn bags. + +The NSA Badge + +Even before you enter an NSA facility, you have a constant reminder of +security--the NSA badge. Every person who enters an NSA installation is +required to wear an authorized badge. To enter most NSA facilities your badge +must be inserted into an Access Control Terminal at a building entrance and you +must enter your Personal Identification Number (PIN) on the terminal keyboard. +In the absence of an Access Control Terminal, or when passing an internal +security checkpoint, the badge should be held up for viewing by a Security +Protective Officer. The badge must be displayed at all times while the +individual remains within any NSA installation. + +NSA Badges must be clipped to a beaded neck chain. If necessary for the safety +of those working in the area of electrical equipment or machinery, rubber +tubing may be used to insulate the badge chain. For those Agency personnel +working in proximity to other machinery or equipment, the clip may be used to +attach the badge to the wearer's clothing, but it must also remain attached to +the chain. + +After you leave an NSA installation, remove your badge from public view, thus +avoiding publicizing your NSA affiliation. Your badge should be kept in a safe +place which is convenient enough to ensure that you will be reminded to bring it +with you to work. A good rule of thumb is to afford your badge the same +protection you give your wallet or your credit cards. DO NOT write your +Personal Identification Number on your badge. + +If you plan to be away from the Agency for a period of more than 30 days, your +badge should be left at the main Visitor Control Center which services your +facility. + +Should you lose your badge, you must report the facts and circumstances +immediately to the Security Operations Center (SOC) (963-3371s/688-6911b) so +that your badge PIN can be deactivated in the Access Control Terminals. In the +event that you forget your badge when reporting for duty, you may obtain a +"non-retention" Temporary Badge at the main Visitor Control Center which serves +your facility after a co-worker personally identifies your and your clearance +has been verified. + +Your badge is to be used as identification only within NSA facilities or other +government installations where the NSA badge is recognized. Your badge should +never be used outside of the NSA or other government facilities for the purpose +of personal identification. You should obtain a Department of Defense +identification card from the Civilian Welfare Fund (CWF) if you need to +identify yourself as a government employee when applying for "government +discounts" offered at various commercial establishments. + +Your badge color indicates your particular affiliation with NSA and your level +of clearance. Listed below are explanations of the badge colors you are most +likely to see: + + Green (*) Fully cleared NSA employees and certain military + assignees. + + Orange (*) (or Gold) Fully cleared representative of other + government agencies. + + Black (*) Fully cleared contractors or consultants. + + Blue Employees who are cleared to the SECRET level while + awaiting completion of their processing for full + (TS/SI) clearance. These Limited Interim Clearance + (LIC) employees are restricted to certain activities + while inside a secure area. + + Red Clearance level is not specified, so assume the holder + is uncleared. + +* - Fully cleared status means that the person has been cleared to the Top +Secret (TS) level and indoctrinated for Special Intelligence (SI). + +All badges with solid color backgrounds (permanent badges) are kept by +individuals until their NSA employment or assignment ends. Striped badges +("non-retention" badges) are generally issued to visitors and are returned to +the Security Protective Officer upon departure from an NSA facility. + +Area Control + +Within NSA installations there are generally two types of areas, +Administrative and Secure. An Administrative Area is one in which storage of +classified information is not authorized, and in which discussions of a +classified nature are forbidden. This type of area would include the +corridors, restrooms, cafeterias, visitor control areas, credit union, barber +shop, and drugstore. Since uncleared, non-NSA personnel are often present in +these areas, all Agency personnel must ensure that no classified information is +discussed in an Administrative Area. + +Classified information being transported within Agency facilities must be +placed within envelopes, folders, briefcases, etc. to ensure that its contents +or classification markings are not disclosed to unauthorized persons, or that +materials are not inadvertently dropped enroute. + +The normal operational work spaces within an NSA facility are designated Secure +Areas. These areas are approved for classified discussions and for the storage +of classified material. Escorts must be provided if it is necessary for +uncleared personnel (repairmen, etc.) to enter Secure Areas, an all personnel +within the areas must be made aware of the presence of uncleared individuals. +All unknown, unescorted visitors to Secure Areas should be immediately +challenged by the personnel within the area, regardless of the visitors' +clearance level (as indicated by their badge color). + +The corridor doors of these areas must be locked with a deadbolt and all +classified information in the area must be properly secured after normal +working hours or whenever the area is unoccupied. When storing classified +material, the most sensitive material must be stored in the most secure +containers. Deadbolt keys for doors to these areas must be returned to the key +desk at the end of the workday. + +For further information regarding Secure Areas, consult the Physical Security +Division (M51) or your staff Security Officer. + +Items Treated As Classified + +For purposes of transportation, storage and destruction, there are certain +types of items which must be treated as classified even though they may not +contain classified information. Such items include carbon paper, vu-graphs, +punched machine processing cards, punched paper tape, magnetic tape, computer +floppy disks, film, and used typewriter ribbons. This special treatment is +necessary since a visual examination does not readily reveal whether the items +contain classified information. + +Prohibited Items + +Because of the potential security or safety hazards, certain items are +prohibited under normal circumstances from being brought into or removed from +any NSA installation. These items have been groped into two general classes. +Class I prohibited items are those which constitute a threat to the safety and +security of NSA/CSS personnel and facilities. Items in this category include: + + a. Firearms and ammunition + b. Explosives, incendiary substances, radioactive materials, highly + volatile materials, or other hazardous materials + c. Contraband or other illegal substances + d. Personally owned photographic or electronic equipment including + microcomputers, reproduction or recording devices, televisions or + radios. + +Prescribed electronic medical equipment is normally not prohibited, but +requires coordination with the Physical Security Division (M51) prior to being +brought into any NSA building. + +Class II prohibited items are those owned by the government or contractors +which constitute a threat to physical, technical, or TEMPEST security. +Approval by designated organizational officials is required before these items +can be brought into or removed from NSA facilities. Examples are: + + a. Transmitting and receiving equipment + b. Recording equipment and media + c. Telephone equipment and attachments + d. Computing devices and terminals + e. Photographic equipment and film + +A more detailed listing of examples of Prohibited Items may be obtained from +your Staff Security Officer or the Physical Security Division (M51). + +Additionally, you may realize that other seemingly innocuous items are also +restricted and should not be brought into any NSA facility. Some of these +items pose a technical threat; others must be treated as restricted since a +visual inspection does not readily reveal whether they are classified. These +items include: + + a. Negatives from processed film; slides; vu-graphs + b. Magnetic media such as floppy disks, cassette tapes, and VCR + videotapes + c. Remote control devices for telephone answering machines + d. Pagers + +Exit Inspection + +As you depart NSA facilities, you will note another physical security +safeguard--the inspection of the materials you are carrying. This inspection +of your materials, conducted by Security Protective Officers, is designed to +preclude the inadvertent removal of classified material. It is limited to any +articles that you are carrying out of the facility and may include letters, +briefcases, newspapers, notebooks, magazines, gym bags, and other such items. +Although this practice may involve some inconvenience, it is conducted in your +best interest, as well as being a sound security practice. The inconvenience +can be considerably reduced if you keep to a minimum the number of personal +articles that you remove from the Agency. + +Removal Of Material From NSA Spaces + +The Agency maintains strict controls regarding the removal of material from its +installations, particularly in the case of classified material. + +Only under a very limited and official circumstances classified material be +removed from Agency spaces. When deemed necessary, specific authorization is +required to permit an individual to hand carry classified material out of an NSA +building to another Secure Area. Depending on the material and circumstances +involved, there are several ways to accomplish this. + +A Courier Badge authorizes the wearer, for official purposes, to transport +classified material, magnetic media, or Class II prohibited items between NSA +facilities. These badges, which are strictly controlled, are made available by +the Physical Security Division (M51) only to those offices which have specific +requirements justifying their use. + +An Annual Security Pass may be issued to individuals whose official duties +require that they transport printed classified materials, information storage +media, or Class II prohibited items to secure locations within the local area. +Materials carried by an individual who displays this pass are subject to spot +inspection by Security Protective Officers or other personnel from the Office +of Security. It is not permissible to use an Annual Security Pass for personal +convenience to circumvent inspection of your personal property by perimeter +Security Protective Officers. + +If you do not have access to a Courier Badge and you have not been issued an +Annual Security Pass, you may obtain a One-Time Security Pass to remove +classified materials/magnetic media or admit or remove prohibited items from an +NSA installation. These passes may be obtained from designated personnel +in your work element who have been given authority to issue them. The issuing +official must also contact the Security Operations Center (SOC) to obtain +approval for the admission or removal of a Class I prohibited item. + +When there is an official need to remove government property which is not +magnetic media, or a prohibited or classified item, a One-Time Property Pass is +used. This type of pass (which is not a Security Pass) may be obtained from +your element custodial property officer. A Property Pass is also to be used +when an individual is removing personal property which might be reasonably be +mistaken for unclassified Government property. This pass is surrendered to the +Security Protective Officer at the post where the material is being removed. +Use of this pass does not preclude inspection of the item at the perimeter +control point by the Security Protective Officer or Security professionals to +ensure that the pass is being used correctly. + +External Protection Of Classified Information + +On those occasions when an individual must personally transport classified +material between locations outside of NSA facilities, the individual who is +acting as the courier must ensure that the material receives adequate +protection. Protective measures must include double wrapping and packaging of +classified information, keeping the material under constant control, ensuring +the presence of a second appropriately cleared person when necessary, and +delivering the material to authorized persons only. If you are designated as a +courier outside the local area, contact the Security Awareness Division (M56) +for your courier briefing. + +Even more basic than these procedures is the individual security responsibility +to confine classified conversations to secure areas. Your home, car pool, and +public places are not authorized areas to conduct classified discussions--even +if everyone involved in he discussion possesses a proper clearance and +"need-to-know." The possibility that a conversation could be overheard by +unauthorized persons dictates the need to guard against classified discussions +in non-secure areas. + +Classified information acquired during the course of your career or assignment +to NSA may not be mentioned directly, indirectly, or by suggestion in personal +diaries, records, or memoirs. + +Reporting Loss Or Disclosure Of Classified Information + +The extraordinary sensitivity of the NSA mission requires the prompt reporting +of any known, suspected, or possible unauthorized disclosure of classified +information, or the discovery that classified information may be lost, or is not +being afforded proper protection. Any information coming to your attention +concerning the loss or unauthorized disclosure of classified information should +be reported immediately to your supervisor, your Staff Security Officer, or the +Security Operations Center (SOC). + +Use Of Secure And Non-Secure Telephones + +Two separate telephone systems have been installed in NSA facilities for use in +the conduct of official Agency business: the secure telephone system (gray +telephone) and the outside, non-secure telephone system (black telephone). All +NSA personnel must ensure that use of either telephone system does not +jeopardize the security of classified information. + +The secure telephone system is authorized for discussion of classified +information. Personnel receiving calls on the secure telephone may assume that +the caller is authorized to use the system. However, you must ensure that the +caller has a "need-to-know" the information you will be discussing. + +The outside telephone system is only authorized for unclassified official +Agency business calls. The discussion of classified information is not +permitted on this system. Do not attempt to use "double-talk" in order to +discuss classified information over the non-secure telephone system. + +In order to guard against the inadvertent transmission of classified +information over a non-secure telephone, and individual using the black +telephone in an area where classified activities are being conducted must +caution other personnel in the area that the non-secure telephone is in use. +Likewise, you should avoid using the non-secure telephone in the vicinity of a +secure telephone which is also in use. + +HELPFUL INFORMATION + +Security Resources + +In the fulfillment of your security responsibilities, you should be aware that +there are many resources available to assist you. If you have any questions or +concerns regarding security at NSA or your individual security +responsibilities, your supervisor should be consulted. Additionally, Staff +Security Officers are appointed to the designated Agency elements to assist +these organizations in carrying out their security responsibilities. There is +a Staff Security Officer assigned to each organization; their phone numbers are +listed at the back of this handbook. Staff Security Officers also provide +guidance to and monitor the activities of Security Coordinators and Advisors +(individuals who, in addition to their operational duties within their +respective elements, assist element supervisors or managers in discharging +security responsibilities). + +Within the Office of Security, the Physical Security Division (M51) will offer +you assistance in matters such as access control, security passes, clearance +verification, combination locks, keys, identification badges, technical +security, and the Security Protective Force. The Security Awareness Division +(M56) provides security guidance and briefings regarding unofficial foreign +travel, couriers, special access, TDY/PCS, and amateur radio activities. The +Industrial and Field Security Division (M52) is available to provide security +guidance concerning NSA contractor and field site matters. + +The Security Operations Center (SOC) is operated by two Security Duty Officers +(SDOs), 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The SDO, representing the Office of +Security, provides a complete range of security services to include direct +communications with fire and rescue personnel for all Agency area facilities. +The SDO is available to handle any physical or personnel problems that may +arise, and if necessary, can direct your to the appropriate security office +that can assist you. After normal business hours, weekends, and holidays, the +SOC is the focal point for all security matters for all Agency personnel and +facilities (to include Agency field sites and contractors). The SOC is located +in Room 2A0120, OPS 2A building and the phone numbers are 688-6911(b), +963-3371(s). + +However, keep in mind that you may contact any individual or any division +within the Office of Security directly. Do not hesitate to report any +information which may affect the security of the Agency's mission, information, +facilities or personnel. + +Security-Related Services + +In addition to Office of Security resources, there are a number of +professional, security-related services available for assistance in answering +your questions or providing the services which you require. + +The Installations and Logistics Organization (L) maintains the system for the +collection and destruction of classified waste, and is also responsible for the +movement and scheduling of material via NSA couriers and the Defense Courier +Service (DCS). Additionally, L monitors the proper addressing, marking, and +packaging of classified material being transmitted outside of NSA; maintains +records pertaining to receipt and transmission of controlled mail; and issues +property passes for the removal of unclassified property. + +The NSA Office of Medical Services (M7) has a staff of physicians, clinical +psychologists and an alcoholism counselor. All are well trained to help +individuals help themselves in dealing with their problems. Counseling +services, with referrals to private mental health professionals when +appropriate, are all available to NSA personnel. Appointments can be obtained +by contacting M7 directly. When an individual refers himself/herself, the +information discussed in the counseling sessions is regarded as privileged +medical information and is retained exclusively in M7 unless it pertains to the +national security. + +Counselling interviews are conducted by the Office of Civilian Personnel (M3) +with any civilian employee regarding both on and off-the-job problems. M3 is +also available to assist all personnel with the personal problems seriously +affecting themselves or members of their families. In cases of serious +physical or emotional illness, injury, hospitalization, or other personal +emergencies, M3 informs concerned Agency elements and maintains liaison with +family members in order to provide possible assistance. Similar counselling +services are available to military assignees through Military Personnel (M2). + +GUIDE TO SECURITY + +M51 PHYSICAL SECURITY 963-6651s/688-8293b (FMHQ) +968-8101s/859-6411b (FANX) + +CONFIRM and badges Prohibited Items +(963-6611s/688-7411b) +Locks, keys, safes and alarms SOC (963-3371s/688-6911b) +Security/vehicle passes NSA facility protection and compliance +Visitor Control +Inspections +Red/blue seal areas New Construction +Pass Clearances (963-4780s/688-6759b) + +M52 INDUSTRIAL AND FIELD SECURITY +982-7918s/859-6255b + +Security at contractor field site facilities +Verification of classified mailing addresses for contractor facilities + +M53 INVESTIGATIONS 982-7914s/859-6464b + +Personnel Interview Program (PIP) Reinvestigations +Military Interview Program (MIP) Special investigations + +M54 COUNTERINTELLIGENCE 982-7832s/859-6424b + +Security counterintelligence analysis Security compromises + +M55 CLEARANCES 982-7900s/859-4747b + +Privacy Act Officer (For review of security files) Continued SCI access +Contractor/applicant processing Military access + +M56 SECURITY AWARENESS 963-3273s/688-6535b + +Security indoctrinations/debriefings Embassy visits +Associations with foreign nationals Briefings (foreign travel, +Security Week ham radio, courier, +Security posters, brochures, etc. LIC, PCS, TDY, + special access, etc.) +Foreign travel approval +Military contractor orientation +Special Access Office (963-5466s/688-6353b) + +M57 POLYGRAPH 982-7844s/859-6363b + +Polygraph interviews + +M509 MANAGEMENT AND POLICY STAFF 982-7885s/859-6350b + +STAFF SECURITY OFFICERS (SSOs) + +Element Room Secure/Non-Secure +A 2A0852B 963-4650/688-7044 +B 3W099 963-4559/688-7141 +D/Q/J/N/U 2B8066G 963-4496/688-6614 +E/M D3B17 968-8050/859-6669 +G 9A195 963-5033/688-7902 +K 2B5136 963-1978/688-5052 +L SAB4 977-7230/688-6194 +P 2W091 963-5302/688-7303 +R B6B710 968-4073/859-4736 +S/V/Y/C/X C2A55 972-2144/688-7549 +T 2B5040 963-4543/688-7364 +W 1C181 963-5970/688-7061 + +GUIDE TO SECURITY-RELATED SERVICES + +Agency Anonymity 968-8251/859-4381 +Alcohol Rehabilitation Program 963-5420/688-7312 +Cipher Lock Repair 963-1221/688-7119 +Courier Schedules (local) 977-7197/688-7403 +Defense Courier Service 977-7117/688-7826 +Disposal of Classified Waste + - Paper only 972-2150/688-6593 + - Plastics, Metal, Film, etc 963-4103/688-7062 +Locksmith 963-3585/688-7233 +Mail Dissemination and Packaging 977-7117/688-7826 +Medical Center (Fort Meade) 963-5429/688-7263 + (FANX) 968-8960/859-6667 + (Airport Square) 982-7800/859-6155 +NSA/CSS Information Policy Division 963-5825/688-6527 +Personnel Assistance + - Civilian 982-7835/859-6577 + - Air Force 963-3239/688-7980 + - Army 963-3739/688-6393 + - Navy 963-3439/688-7325 +Property Passes (unclassified material) 977-7263/688-7800 +Psychological Services 963-5429/688-7311 + +FREQUENTLY USED ACRONYMS/DESIGNATORS + +ARFCOS Armed Forces Courier Service (now known as DCS) +AWOL Absent Without Leave +CAO Classification Advisory Officer +COB Close of Business +CWF Civilian Welfare Fund +DCS Defense Courier Service (formerly known as ARFCOS) +DoD Department of Defense +EOD Enter on Duty +FOUO For Official Use Only +M2 Office of Military Personnel +M3 Office of Civilian Personnel +M5 Office of Security +M7 Office of Medical Services +NCS National Cryptologic School +PCS Permanent Change of Station +PIN Personal Identification Number +Q43 Information Policy Division +SDO Security Duty Officer +SOC Security Operations Center +SPO Security Protective Officer +SSO Staff Security Officer +TDY Temporary Duty +UFT Unofficial Foreign Travel + +A FINAL NOTE + +The information you have just read is designed to serve as a guide to assist +you in the conduct of your security responsibilities. However, it by no means +describes the extent of your obligation to protect information vital to the +defense of our nation. Your knowledge of specific security regulations is part +of a continuing process of education and experience. This handbook is designed +to provide the foundation of this knowledge and serve as a guide to the +development of an attitude of security awareness. + +In the final analysis, security is an individual responsibility. As a +participant in the activities of the National Security Agency organization, you +are urged to be always mindful of the importance of the work being accomplished +by NSA and of the unique sensitivity of the Agency's operations. + + +-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- +Version: 2.3a + +iQCVAgUBLa9Y1V/ScHuGXWgVAQHkeQQAkpMGm/PbkTuHwc4scPN4lQMMzUbuWd8K +vgogfVK7XO/QlcILCdaxG8GiGmLdZ/YqR28gpw0CKVkO7f8wr9cl7W1JCyKuGM2q +ojNRdruU2o2c9nSy6oq+QjdAbMOoO4YfPVcsYFTfBhp8CLGXJAwBUFc3C+5GNHH7 +sTQbSgSsk0M= +=l735 +-----END PGP SIGNATURE----- +-- +"When cryptography is outlawed, bayl bhgynjf jvyy unir cevinpl!" JPB + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/spooks.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/spooks.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bc457d74 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/spooks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ + THE DAY THE SPOOKS STEPPED ON MA BELL + By: Donald E. Kimberlin + + There's nothing in Bell advertising to dissuage the public +of its common notion that Bell runs the entire realm of +telecommunications worldwide. The extent of this misapprehension +shows in items like the widespread news report that bombing of +the telephone building in Baghdad was "the AT&T building" proves +our press knows no better than to continue to mislead the public. +AT&T isn't about to help, either, when it publicizes its +placement of earth stations in the Gulf War zone, never telling +the public it rented them from Alascom, a firm with no ownership +by AT&T. + But people in other nations know AT&T doesn't rule the roost +of telecommunications. Sometimes they just have to let yet +another stubborn Yank learn the hard way, one more lesson at a +time. Sometimes that stubborn Yank is one like me. + My lesson occurred in 1963, while employed by AT&T in one of +the three shortwave radio operations they ever built. It was in +Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the plant operation providing the +communications channels they public used to Central America and +the Caribbean. + Few today even give a thought to how they got telephone +connections to other countries in a time before there were +satellites and underseas telephone cables. To the outside world, +no one knew a crew of us was on the scene behind what they heard +was the "Miami Overseas Operator." That operator just pushed +plug into a jack on a switchboard and spoke to an operator in the +other country. That jack was just wired to us at Fort Lauderdale, +where we launched the voices off to bounce from the ionosphere +via high-powered transmitters and rhombic antennas to other +nations. In the other nation, the operation and people all +belonged to the telephone company of that nation ... independent +and soveriegn in their domain as Bell is within its domain. + The independent other nation in this story was Costa Rica, +and its international operation was Compania Radiografica +Costarricense, a nationalized descendant of the "banana republic" +era operations started there by Tropical Fruit Company of Boston +before World War I. Radiografica was one of the best, most +stable points we worked, and even if one had the notion of +talking via "shortwave radio," their operations with us were so +good that most of the time, you'd never know it. + For many years, we had only two channels to San Jose from +the U.S., and Radiografica also operated links to other Latin +American nations such as Mexico. These were, of course, multiple- +channel independent sideband radios, so two channels meant we +were interested only in having clear radio spectrum "space" only +three kiloHertz above and below the carrier frequency. We would +have to change carrier frequency two or three times a day, to +higher frequencies in the daytime and lower frequencies at night. +One of the best frequencies we enjoyed with San Jose was 15580 +kHz, a spot now used by international shortwave broadcasters. It +was assigned the call letters TIW 55 to Radiografica by the Costa +Rican government. + In that summer of 1963, Radiografica opened up two +additional channels with us. This meant that the added channels +would occupy radio spectrum "space" out to 6 kHz either side of +15580 when TIW 55 was on the air. by and large, this was clear +space and we had two added channels all day free of any noise or +interference. + Except ... the day we started using the additional space, a +Morse code transmission popped up low into the new Channel Four. +It just called somewhere else over and over, sending, "JW de IQ," +or something of the sort. It was about 1 kHz inside our channel, +producing very clear Morse code in the telephone circuit between +San Jose toward Miami. Every afternoon, for a couple of hours, +it continued on and on. It never sent anything else; it never +seemed to make contact with whoever was on its other end. + I often was assigned to the group of channels that included +Costa Rica, and we enjoyed excellent relations with our +coordinates there. They spoke perfect English for our benefit, +and it seemed there were things they knew that we didn't know, at +least in this case. We of course, could not use the interfered- +with channel for a public telephone circuit, so we would cut it +off, waiting for the interference to clear, leaving the other +three for the Miami operators to use. But, since the traffic was +so heavy, Miami wanted the circuit. Our alternative, to shut +down all four momentarily and use some other frequency that might +produce four channels, but noisier, was not attractive. + Whenever there was interference, we performed an +"observation" of who it was. We had all the good tools - elegant +receivers, radio direction finder, spectrum analyzers and +demodulators for every kind of telegraph and facsimile. There +wasn't much we couldn't identify and pin down to its source. + And, there's a whole system of rationalization for settling +territorial disputes on radio between countries. It's called the +International Frequency Registration Board, a function of the +Comite Consultatif Internationale des Radio (obviously not a French +name for our francophone readers - it's a modern Swiss +bastardization of French), an arm of the International +Telecommunications Union. Drawing its authority from treaties +all United Nations members sign, the IFRB is the repository of +registrations each nation sends to Geneva, with seniority claims +of use, so interference complaints between nations can be +arbitrated when they occur. Our "tool" was a copy of the multi- +volume International Frequency Register, IFRB's computer printout +of every radio transmitter licensed by every nation in the world +... except for military, intelligence and clandestine operations. + The source of my problem, even though it could be clearly +heard, was of course not listed in the IFRB books. I made out a +report each day, and it didn't go away. I asked our San Jose +colleagues, and they immediately showed signs of knowing it was +there, but offered no information about who it was. I asked if +they could contact it, as my direction finder had showed it was +coming from somewhere near their direction, and all San Jose +would say was they "would try." Nothing happened, and we +continued to lose a couple of hours on that channel each day. I +suggested to the San Jose staff that if they knew who it was, if +they would just slide down the band about a kilohertz, they would +fall in between our channels and we could co-exist with them. +San Jose said they "would try." Nothing changed, and we kept +losing channel time. + Finally, my Yankee sense of fairness and my short temper +combined to make decide to take some definitive action. That was +to make a complaint via official channels, in this case the FCC +Field Monitoring station (then) at Fort Lauderdale. Because AT&T +is not in charge of the world, any officially-registered +complaint through IFRB channels has to be observed by them, and +forwarded by them. We talked to the FCC monitoring station with +fair regularity, so it only took a local phone call. + Again, somebody else knew more about the interloper than did +I or Ma Bell. As soon as I mentioned the frequency and the call +signs, the FCC duty officer replied, "Oh them? Are you really +certain you want to file a complaint?" I asked what was wrong +with doing so, and he said, "Oh....nothing, I guess. But maybe +you don't really want to make a complaint." He certainly knew +who it was, but he wasn't going to tell me, nor would he advise me +there was any adverse result to doing so. I insisted, so pressed +on to file a complaint. + Nothing happened for a couple of days. We used TIW 55 daily +for many hours, except for the couple of hours interference to +that one channel each afternoon. Then, on the third day, at +about 9 or 10 AM, I asked San Jose to change frequency to TIW 55, +I found out what had happened. + Just 48 hours after my going on record with the FCC, my +colleague in San Jose said, "I'm sorry to tell you the Costa +Rican government has cancelled our license to operate on TIW 55. +You'll have to choose another channel, Old Man." + The spooks indeed stepped on Ma Bell that day. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/spy-waco.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/spy-waco.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ebaef4ee --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/spy-waco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +The Sunday Times, London, 21 March 1993 + + FBI BRINGS OUT SECRET ELECTRONIC WEAPONS AS WACO SIEGE DRAGS ON + + Behind the glare of television cameras a silent, secret war +is being waged in Waco, Texas. By day federal agents conduct +tortuous negotiations with David Koresh, the 33-year-old leader of +the Branch Davidian cult who claims to be the new Messiah. By +night they mount a sophisticated surveillance operation. + + It is an electronic war to prepare for the unthinkable: a new +armed assault on the compound should the cult disciples decide to +commit mass suicide or stage a violent breakout. Three weeks after +a bloody shoot-out that left four federal agents dead, Koresh and +his followers appear unhurried. The only hopeful indication came +last week when Koresh said astrological events showed he was close +to receiving a sign from God. + + The impasse has incensed the American authorities, still +smarting after their disastrous daylight assault on the ranch in +an attempt to arrest Koresh on arms charges. At one stage William +Sessions, the FBI director, wanted to fly down to Texas to rally +his men but his aides argued it would only disrupt their strategy +to end a siege that has already outlasted the Alamo. + + Instead of seeking confrontation, the FBI decided to apply +stealth. Using the latest technology, security forces have been +quietly penetrating the compound to build up a complete picture of +what is going on inside. + + Aircraft flying overhead can pick up conversations between +cult members and pinpoint their position using infra-red devices +that lock on to hear sources. The walls, air vents and chimneys +are all places where tiny fibre-optic microphones and cameras have +been inserted to relay audio and visual images back to the control +centre. + + "They need to know exactly who is in which room, what morale +is like, what they are saying to each other, where the guards are," +said an SAS veteran who was involved in the storming of the Iranian +embassy in London in 1980. "If you have to go in, you don't want +any surprises." + + Two weeks ago, the FBI requested that special surveillance +plane fly down to Waco. The multi-sensor aircraft is made by +Pilatus Britten-Norman on the aisle of WIght and is a conversion +of their civilian Islander. Equipped with a forward looking infra- +red radar and a low-light television camera, it can pick up and +track targets in all weather. + + Other equipment has been adapted from the hospital operating +theatre. Fibre-optic cables which can be inserted into walls and +down chimneys are identical to the cameras used to explore +patients' arteries and organs. At Waco, they relay a full-colour +picture of a whole room from a lens measuring no more than an +eighth of an inch. + + Even before the raid last month, the compound had been +infiltrated by undercover agents worried by the growing arsenal of +weapons. While the agents were inside, normal telephones are +believed to have been replaced by converted sets which double as +microphones to relay all conversation inside a room. + + But the technology is not all on the government side. The +cult is believed to have powerful thermal-imaging night sights in +its armoury, which includes machineguns and anti-tank weapons. To +counter that threat, federal agents have mounted powerful arc +lights, ready to blind those inside. + + The siege has become a focal point for the world's special +forces eager to see the latest equipment being applied in a real +crisis. OBserver teams from the American Delta Force and British +SAS have already visited Waco. + + Last week negotiations continued without any sign of progress. +At one stage, it seemed 30 of the 105 cult members remaining in the +compound might be about to leave and three buses were driven up to +the gates. Then Koresh broke off negotiations saying he had to go +to the lavatory. He did not return. + + The federal agents hope that an assault will not be necessary. +They are putting their faith in the motto of the New York police +hostage rescue team: "We Bore Them to Death." But unless Koresh +gets his sign from God it could be a long wait: the cult has enough +food and water to last at least a year. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/spyplane.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/spyplane.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ba049e32 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/spyplane.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + SPY PLANE USED AT WACO + + The Islander was conceived in the early 1960s by the original +Britten-Norman company founded by John Britten and Desmond Norman, +in an effort to produce a very simple, light twin-engined transport +for third-level and commuter airlines. The company had a 25 per +cent interest in Cameroon Air Transport and the BN-2, as the new +twin was designated, was designed specifically to meet the needs +of that company, which was regarded as typical of many through t +the world which needed an aircraft with 6-10 seats, good take-off +performance, low purchase cost, low operating costs and easy +maintenance. Featuring a high-mounted, untapered and strutted +wing, fixed landing gear and unusual 'wall-to-wall' seating in the +fuselage, with three access doors (two to port and one to +starboard), the BN-2 prototype was powered by a pair of 210hp +(157kW) Continental IO-360-B engines and flew on 13 June 1865. +With a span of 45ft (13.7m) and gross weight of 4,750lb (2,155kg), +it was later fitted with 260hp (194kW) Lycoming )-540-E engines, +with which it flew on 17 December 1965, the span then being +increased to 49ft (14.9m) and gross weight to 5,700lb (2,585kg). +A production prototype to similar specification flew on 20 August +1966. After it had encountered financial difficulties in 1972, the +Britten-Norman company was acquired by the Fairey Group, but the +latter also went into receivership in 1977, whereafter the Britten- +Norman designs and facilities at Bembridge in the Isle of Wight +were acquired by Pilatus, part of the Swiss Oerlikon-Bhrle +manufacturing group. + + +VARIANTS + + The first production standard of Islander, as the BN-2, was +similar to the prototype in its modified form, the first aircraft +flying on 24 April 1967. In June 1969, the production standard +became the BN-2A, with a number of product improvements, a further +change to BN-2B being made in 1978 with higher landing weight and +improved interior design. Both the BN-2A and BN-2B were made +available in a number of subvariants, the most significant options +being [one line missing] flown on 30 April 1970): Riley-Rajay +superchargers on standard O-540 engines; extended-span wing tips +containing extra fuel tankage; and a long-nosed BN-2S with two more +seats in the cabin, replacing baggage stowage space that was +provided, instead, in the nose (first flown 22 August 1972). A +series of suffix numbers added to the Bn-2A and BN-2B designations +indicated these and other options, such as revised wing leading- +edge camber to meet US certification requirements, drooped flaps +for better single-engined climb, and (the -20 series) a higher +gross weight. On 6 April 1977, the BN-2A-40 prototype flew with +600shp (448kW) Lycoming LTP [one line missing] Islander. The BN- +2T prototype first flew on 2 August 1950 and many of the previously +described options are also available on this model. Specifically +military versions are known as Defenders. + + +SERVICE USE + + The BN-2 Islander received British certification on 10 August +1967 and first deliveries were made on 13 and 15 August +respectively, to Glosair and Loganair. FAA approval on 19 December +1967 was followed by first deliveries to the USA in January 1968. +The BN-2T Turbine Islander obtained UK certification in May 1981 +and US approval (to FAR Pt 23) on 15 July 1982. + + +[Box} +SPECIFICATION +(BN-2T Turbine Islander) + +Power Plant: Two Allison 250-B17C turboprops each rated at 400shp +(298kW) thermal capacity and flat-rated at 320 shp (238.5kW) with +Hartzell three-blade constant-speed, fully-feathering propellers +of 6ft 8in (2.03m) diameter. Fuel capacity, standard, 108 Imp gal +(492l). + +Performance: MAx operating speed, 152kts (315km/h) at 10,000ft +(3,050m) and 154kts (285km/h) at sea level; cruising speed at 72 +per cent power, 150kts (278km/h) at 10,000ft (3,050m) and 142kts +(283km/h) at 5,000ft (1,525m); Initial rate of climb, 1,050 ft/min +(5.3m/sec); service ceiling, over 25,000ft (7,620m); take-off +distance to 50ft (15.2m), 1,250ft (380m); landing distance from +50ft (15.2m), 1,115ft (340m); range with max payload, no reserves, +141 naut mls (261km); range with max fuel, IFR reservers, 590 naut +mls. + +Weights: Empty equipped weight, 4,040lb (1,832kg); max payload, +2,454lb (1,113kg); payload with max fuel, 1,340lb (608kg); max +take-off weight, 7,000lb (3,175kg); max landing weight, 6,800lb +(3,084kg); max zero-fuel weight, 6,200lb (2,857kg). + +Dimensions: Span, standard tips, 49ft 0in (14.9m) or, extended +tips with fuel tankage 53ft 0in (16.15m); overall length, standard +nose, 35ft 7 3/4 in (10.87m) or, with weather radar nose, 36ft 3 +3/4 in (11.07m); overall height, 13ft 8 3/4in (4.18m); sweepback, +nil; wing area, standard tips, 325.0 sq ft (30.19sq m) or, with +extended tips, 337.0sq ft (31.31 sq m). + +Accommodation: Cabin length, 10ft 0in (3.05m), max width 3 ft 7in +(1.09m); max height, 4ft 2in (1.27m). Accommodation for up to 10 +occupants (including pilot), on two individual side-by-side seats +and four bench-type seats, with no aisle. Access to seat row +through individual doors. Up to 49cu ft (1.39 cu m) of baggage +volume, plus optional nose compartment with 22 cu ft (0.62cu m) +capacity; maximum cabin freight capacity (no passenger seats), 166 +cu ft (4.70cu m). + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sr-71.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sr-71.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf6a1405 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sr-71.txt @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + +The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird +---------------------------- + +Perhaps one of the most ellegant aircraft of recent times is the +Lockheed SR- 71A Blackbird. It's unique shape means that it is easily +identifiable, if it is seen that is. With altitude records of 85,000 +ft, and a top speed of Mach 3.17 means that people rarely have the +chance to see it. + +It should be noted however that the Blackbird is far from a new plane, +the initial contract was awarded to Lockheed in 1954, as a successor +to the ageing U-2. The project was financed greater after the need +for a replacement was emphasized by the shooting down of Francis Gary +Powers on Mayday 1960 over central Russia. The design team headed by +Kelly Johnson knew that conventional aluminium couldn't be used for +this plane as it wouldn't withstand the stresses and temperatures +envolved with sustained Mach 3 flight. Indeed over the engine fins, +the temperature can rise to an amazing 1050 degrees Fahrenheit. It +was decided to use titanium, which at the time was very difficult to +extract and very expensive. However this didn't discourage the design +team. Firstly the plane was designed as an interceptor, but on +further design work it was found improbable to carry weapons with the +amount of fuel required for long fast flights. Power is supplied to +the Blackbird by the innovative J-58 Pratt & Whitney continous bleed +turbojet engines. These in themselves were an engineering feat. +Specially designed nacelles and highly complex fuel system lead to +these engines developing an incredible 32,500 lbs thrust with full +afterburn, which is used on the majority of flights. However this +doesn't come cheap and the Blackbird eats 8,000 gallons an hour of +special JP-7 high temperature fuel. The Blackbird is effectively a +flying fuel tank with the most sophisticated spying computers in +existence. As it flys by at Mach 3+ it certainly isn't difficult to +spot the Blackbird. + +On account of its capabilities the Blackbird is said to have been used +on many of the worlds flare points including Greek/Turkish conflict, +and Vietnam. These planes will continue to prove very useful to the +U.S.A.F, even if it is just in its capacity as a showpiece. It +doesn't blend in with the rest at airshows. Certainly the Blackbird +is a technical achievement perhaps unmatched in military aircraft +since the Spitfire. Also it is relatively hidden to enemy radar, at +its top speed of Mach 3.17, it only occasionally occurs on a radar +screen as a fast moving dot, or maybe it is identified by the +occasional sonic boom. However with the introduction of infra-red +radar and very high speed missiles, the Blackbird is under greater +threat, but these systems are so expensive and relatively useless that +the Blackbird will certainly be around for a few years to come. The +'stealth' project in development at the moment is unlikely to knock +the SR- 71 out of service in the near future, because the technology +it needs to use is still somewhat in the future and completely +untested. + +Some of the more interesting facts about the plane have occured from +the Mach 3 flight that it endures: + +The pilots are all volunteers, and have to wear space suits similar to +those worn by space shuttle crews and valued at around $100,000. They +are internally refrigerated. The length of the Blackbird increases by +1 foot when in flight at Mach 3+. + +The engines are removed and cleaned after every 200 hours flying. The +fuel tanks are cleaned and re-sealed after 200 hours, and despite this +they still leak when they are cold. The oil used to lubricate the +engine, is solid for a good deal of the early flight, and only becomes +liquid after the temperature reaches 84 F. Also the cockpit window +gets so hot, that the crew can heat tubes of food against the window +by holding it there, the temperature can reach 400 F. The tyres are +inflated to 400 psi with nitrogen to avoid bursting due to the heat +changes. While at sustained Mach 3 flight, the end of the fuesalage +glows red hot continuously. + +The Blackbirds operate on occasion from Kadena, Okinawa, U.S.A and +Mildenhall, Suffolk, England, and they have an individual hangar at +Beale Airforce base in California, where they are all based. The +number of Blackbirds isn't known exactly, but is thought to be about +24. This'll certainly give a new meaning to the saying: + +'Four and twenty Blackbirds.......' + +-----**The End**----- + +An insight into one of the wonders of Aerospace, written by Micro Brat +(c) 1987. The SR-71A usually makes an appearance at the Farnborough +and Mildenhall airshows in England each year. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sr71book.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71book.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cfbba43d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71book.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ + + +Here is a list all the books and magazines I have that contain articles on +the Blackbirds. Most of these books are available at hobby stores or from +Aerofax, Inc (817-261-1905), Zenith Books (800-826-6600) and Historical +Aviation (800-225-5575) mailorder book stores. A few were obtained at the +AF Museum and the National Air and Space Museum. I'll try to list them in +order of which ones Ifeel provide the most info (hopefully also most accurate +info). This list was last updated on December 6, 1991. +. +SR-71/YF-12/A-12 BLACKBIRD - Jay Miller - Aerofax Minigraph 1 +. +LOCKHEED SR-71 BLACKBIRD - Paul F Crickmore - Osprey Air Combat +. +LOCKHEED BLACKBIRDS - Anthony Thornborough & Peter Davies. +. +SR-71 BLACKBIRD - Paul F Crickmore - Osprey Air Combat +. +SR-71 INSIDE LOCKHEED'S BLACKBIRD - Michael O'Leary and Eric Schulzinger +. +WINGS Magazine - October 1986 (still available from Sentry Books) +. +BLACK MAGIC AMERICA'S SPYPLANES: SR-71 and U-2 - Michael O'Leary + and Eric Schulzinger - Motorbooks International +. +AMERICAN SPYPLANES - Mike Spick - Osprey Combat Aircraft Series +. +US SKY SPIES SINCE WORLD WAR 1 - Michael O'Leary +. +BLACKBIRD IN ACTION - Lou Drendel Squadron/Signal Publications +. +SPYPLANES AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE AIRCRAFT - Bill Gunston - ARCO +. +POPULAR MECHANICS - June 1991 +. +AIR COMBAT - May 1990 - Volune 18 Number 4 +. +AERIAL ESPIONAGE - Dick van der Aart - ARCO/Prentice Hall Press +. +POPULAR SCIENCE - November 1988 - (Speculation on AURORA Plane) +. +AIR & SPACE Smithsonian - October/November 1990 +. +SPYPLANE - David Donald - Motorbooks International +. +AEROPHILE - Volune 1 Number 5 - August 1978 +. +AIR COMBAT - June 1981 - Volune 9 Number 4 +. +VAN SICKLE'S MODERN AIRMANSHIP 5TH EDITION - John F. Welch - TAB +. +SPORT AVIATION (EAA Magazine) - December 1989 +. +SCALE MODELER - January 1977 - Volune 12 Number 1 +. +AIRPOWER - Volune 20 Number 3 - May 1990 +. +There must be dozens of SR-71 articles in Aviation Week & Space Technology. +I haven't collected many of these yet so I'm not listing any of them. Others +are urged to list which issues have articles. Also I'm sure I left out a few +entries here and there. I have taken many color photos of SR-71 64-17976 which +is on display at the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio. I could make them +available for a nominal fee if anyone is interested. Also willing to trade +some for pictures of the F-117! My address: Albert H. Dobyns, 717 Wehrli Drive, +Naperville, IL 60540. Home phone number is 708-369-0206. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sr71list.mmo b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71list.mmo new file mode 100644 index 00000000..288dc1ab --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71list.mmo @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + Location of current A-12, YF-12, and SR-71 Blackbirds: . + . + serial # location . + -------- -------- . + 60-6924 Blackbird Airpark, Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, CA . + (A-12 prototype aircraft) . + 60-6925 Deck of USS Intrepid, New York City . + (First production A-12 aircraft) . + 60-6927 Cal. Museum of Science and Industry, Los Angeles, CA . + (Two-seat trainer model nicknamed "Titanium Goose") . + 60-6930 U.S. Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama . + 60-6931 Minnesota Air National Guard Museum, St. Paul, MN . + (Being prepared for display - no date yet) . + 60-6933 San Diego Aerospace Museum, San Diego, CA . + 60-6935 U.S. Air Force Museum, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH . + (Sole surviving YF-12A) . + 60-6937 Incomplete aircraft stored at Edwards AFB, CA . + 60-6938 U.S.S. Alabama Battleship Museum, Mobile, AL . + 60-6940 Seattle Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA . + (Only surviving A-12 converted for use in launching . + the D-21 drone - has fixed mounting pylon above . + empennage. Scheduled for display on December 14. The. + museum may also receive a D-21 drone for display!) . + . + 64-17951 Pima Air Museum, Tuscon, AZ . + 64-17955 Edwards AFB, CA (Being prepared for display) . + 64-17956 NASA Ames/Dryden Flight Research Facility . + (Last surviving original SR-71B two-seat model) . + 64-17958 Robins AFB Museum of Aviation, Warner Robins, GA . + 64-17959 Air Force Armament Museum, Eglin AFB, FL . + 64-17960 Castle Air Museum, Castle AFB, CA . + 64-17961 Beale AFB, CA . + 64-17962 Blackbird Airpark, Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, CA . + 64-17963 Beale AFB, CA . + 64-17964 Strategic Air Command Museum, Bellevue, NE . + 64-17967 Beale AFB, CA . + 64-17968 Blackbird Airpark, Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, CA . + 64-17971 NASA Ames/Dryden Flight Research Facility . + 64-17972 Smithsonian Museum, Washington, DC . + (Set new speed record of 2112.52 mph on 6 March 1990.. + Awaiting restoration at Dulles International Airport). + 64-17973 Blackbird Airpark, Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, CA . + 64-17975 March Field Museum, March AFB, CA . + 64-17976 U.S. Air Force Museum, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH . + 64-17979 Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX . + 64-17980 NASA Ames/Dryden Flight Research Facility . + 64-17981 Hill AFB, UT . + (Only SR-71C. Hybrid aircraft from salvaged parts . + of YF-12A, 60-6934 (rear half) and functional . + engineering mockup of the SR-71A forward fuselage) . + . + Feel free to advise me of any changes and/or corrections to this . + list so I can keep it current. If anyone takes a picture of any . + of these planes, please send a copy to me! I will send you a . + photo of the SR-71 I took at the U.S. Air Force Museum. My home . + address is Al Dobyns, 717 Wehrli Drive, Naperville, IL 60540-6723. + Home phone number is 708-369-0206. Many thanks in advance! . + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sr71loss.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71loss.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e9859e72 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71loss.txt @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ + If you've ever wondered about the Lockheed A-12, YF-12, SR-71 + planes that were lost, this list is for you! The information + in this list is a combination of information in three books: + Jay Miller's Aerofax Minigraph 1 SR-71 (A-12/YF-12/D-21), Paul + F Crickmore's Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, and Lockheed Blackbirds + by Anthony Thornborough and Peter Davies. The A-12's have Air + Force serial numbers from 60-6924 through 60-6941 with the + exception of 60-6934, 60-6935, and 60-6936 which are YF-12A's. + Serial numbers 64-17950 through 64-17981 are SR-71's. 12/8/91 + + 60-6926 This was the second A-12 to fly but the first to crash. + On 24 May 1963, CIA pilot Ken Collins was flying an inertial + navigation system test mission. After entering clouds, frozen + water fouled the pitot-static boom and prevented correct + information from reaching the standby flight instruments and + the Triple Display Indicator. The aircraft subsequently + entered a stall and control was lost completely followed by the + onset of an inverted flat spin. The pilot ejected safely. The + wreckage was recovered in two days, and persons at the scene + were indentified and requested to sign secrecy agreements. A + cover story for the press described the accident as occurring to + a F-105, and is still listed in this way on official records. + + 60-6928 This aircraft was lost on 5 January 1967 during a + training sortie flown from Groom Lake. Following the onset of + a fuel emergency caused by a failing fuel guage, the aircraft + ran out of fuel only minutes before landing. CIA pilot Walter + Ray was forced to eject. Unfortunately the ejection seat + man-seat separation sequence malfunctioned, and Ray was killed + on impact with the ground, still strapped to his seat. + + 60-6929 This aircraft was lost on 28 December 1965 seven + seconds into an FCF (Functional Check Flight) from Groom Lake + performed by CIA pilot Mel Vojvodich. The SAS (Stability + Augmentation System) had been incorrectly wired up, and the + pilot was unable to control the aircraft 100 feet above the + runway. The pilot ejected safely. A similar accident occurred + when the first production Lockheed F-117 was flown on 20 April + 1982 by Bill Park. It's control system had been hooked up + incorrectly. Bill Park survived the accident but had injuries + serious enough to remove him from flight status. + + 60-6932 This aircraft was lost in the South China Sea on 5 June + 1968. CIA pilot Jack Weeks was flying what was to be the last + operational A-12 mission from the overseas A-12 base at Kadena + AB, Okinawa. The loss was due to an inflight emergency, and + the pilot did not survive. Once again the official news release + identified the lost aircraft as an SR-71 and security was main- + tained. A few days afterwards the two remaining planes on + Okinawa flew to the US and were stored with the remainder of the + OXCART family. + + 60-6934 This aircraft, the first YF-12A, was seriously damaged + during a landing accident at Edwards AFB (date unknown). The + rear half was later used to build the SR-71C (64-17981) which + flew for the first time on March 14 1969. + + 60-6936 This aircraft, the third YF-12A, was lost on 24 June + 1971 in an accident at Edwards AFB. The specific cause of the + accident is not listed in any of my reference material. + + 60-6939 This aircraft was lost on approach to Groom Lake on 9 + July 1964 following a Mach 3 check flight. On approach, the + flight controls locked up, and Lockheed test pilot Bill Park + was forced to eject at an altitude of 1500 feet in a 45 degree + bank angle! + + 60-6941 This was the second A-12 to be converted to an M-12 for + launching the D-21 reconnaissance drone. During its first + flight test on 30 July 1966 for launching the drone, the drone + pitched down and struck the M-12, breaking it in half. Pilot + Bill Park and LCO (Launch Control Officer) Ray Torick stayed + with the plane a short time before ejecting over the Pacific + Ocean. Both made safe ejections, but Ray Torick drowned before + he could be rescued. This terrible personal and professional + loss drove "Kelly" Johnson to cancel the M-12/D-21 program. + + 64-17950 The prototype SR-71 was lost on 10 January 1967 at + Edwards during an anti-skid braking system evaluation. The + main undercarriage tires blew out and the resulting fire in the + magnesium wheels spread to the rest of the aircraft as it ran + off the end of the runway. Lockheed test pilot Art Peterson + survived. + + 64-17952 This aircraft disintegrated on 25 January 1966 during + a high-speed, high-altitude test flight when it developed a + severe case of engine unstart. Lockheed test pilot Bill Weaver + survived although his ejection seat never left the plane! RSO + (Reconnaissance System Officer) Jim Zwayer died in a high-G + bailout. + + 64-17953 This aircraft was lost on 18 December 1969 after an + inflight explosion and subsequent high-speed stall. Lt Col Joe + Rogers and RSO Lt Col Garry Heidebaugh ejected safely. + + 64-17954 This aircraft was demoloshed on 11 April 1969 under + circumstance similar to 64-17950. New aluminum wheels and + stronger tires with a beefed up compound were retrofitted to + all SR-71's. Lt Col Bill Skliar and his RSO Major Noel Warner + managed to escape uninjured. + + 64-17957 This aircraft was the second SR-71B built for the Air + Force. It crashed on approach to Beale on 11 January 1968 when + instructor pilot Lt Col Robert G. Sowers and his "student" + Captain David E. Fruehauf were forced to eject about 7 miles + from Beale after all control was lost. The plane had suffered + a double generator failure exacerbated by a double flameout and + pancaked upside down in a farmer's field. + + 64-17974 This aircraft was lost on 21 April 1989 over the South + China Sea and is the last loss of any Blackbird as of December + 1991. Pilot Lt Col Dan House said the left engine blew up and + shrapnel from it hit the right-side hydraulic lines, causing a + loss of flight controls. House and RSO Blair Bozek ejected and + came down safely in the ocean. They had been able to broadcast + their position before abandoning the Blackbird, and rescue + forces were immediately on the way. However the crew were + rescued by native fisherman. The local chieftain's new throne + is Colonel House's ejection seat! + + 64-17977 This aircraft ended its career in flames by skidding + 1000 feet off the end of runway 14 at Beale on 10 October 1968. + The takeoff was aborted when a wheel assembly failed. Major + James A. Kogler was ordered to eject, but pilot Major Gabriel + Kardong elected to stay with the aircraft. Both officers + survived. + + (Last updated 27 December 1991) + ***** THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE LIST. MORE TO COME ***** + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sr71nasa.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71nasa.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cbe0a9a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71nasa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,352 @@ +Msg#:18489 *AVIATION* +01/25/92 22:44:00 (Read 0 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALBERT DOBYNS +Subj: SR-71 DATA + AD> I'm interested in seeing what the researcher's handbook has in it. + +OK, here is the best of what I have picked up... + + Lockheed SR-71 + Supersonic / Hypersonic Research Facility + Researcher's Handbook + Volume I Executive Summary + +This handbook provides information on use of the SR-71 for basic and applied +research, theoretical or applied development, testing and evaluation of +material or equipment, in any field of user interest in the supersonic/ +hypersonic arena. The purpose of this handbook is to provide an overview +of the capabilities and limitations of the SR-71 as a high altitude, high +Mach, research, development, and test and evaluation (RDT&E) platform + +Primary Function .................High Speed Test Platform +Speed ............................More Than 2,000 Miles Per Hour (Mach 3.2) +Altitude .........................Above 80,000 Feet +Number of Engines ................Two J-58 Turbojets with Afterburners +Range ............................More Than 2,000 Miles +Crew .............................Two: Pilot and Test Engineer + +Dimensions: + Span ...........................55.6 Feet + Length .........................107.4 Feet + Height (Parked) ................18.5 Feet + Weight .........................143,000 Pounds + +Flight Envelope + - Maximum Performance + Mach 3.2+, Altitude: Above 85,000 Feet + - Airspeeds + 310 - 450 KEAS (Normal) + 500 KEAS (Extended) + - Dynamic Pressure Range: 325 - 847 lbs/sq.ft + - Heat Soak: Over 600 F for 60 minutes + - Remain at Mach 3.00: Over 60 Minutes Per Sortie + +Flight Profile-Maximum Range + - Total Time: ~ 100 Mins + - Mach 3.0 Time: ~ 64 Mins + - T/O Gross Wt: 140,000 lbs + - T/O Fuel: 80,000 lbs + +Flight Profile - Maximum A/B Cruise + - Total Time: ~ 83 Mins + - Mach 3.0 Time: ~ 48 Mins + - T/O Gross Wt: 140,000 lbs + - T/O Fuel: 80,000 lbs + +Extended Flight Envelope - Development + - Beyond 3.2 + Thrust/Drag: Not An Immediate Limit + Inlet Temperature, Aerostability, and Hot Structure Considerations + Engineering/Flight Qualification Required + - Equivalent Airspeed Beyond 500 KEAS + Engineering/Flight Qualification Required + +Demonstrated Integration + - Lockheed Skunk Works Has Demonstrated Highly Successful Systems + Engineering/Integration On The SR-71 + Optical Film Cameras (Visual and IR) + Imaging Radar Systems + ELINT + Air-to-Ground Data Linking + Analog and Digital Recording Devices + Design of Real-Time Satellite Data Link + Design of a Global Position System (GPS) + Captive Test Of Radar For Reentry Vehicle + Laser Communication + +Successful Tests and Demonstrations + - Overland Sonic Boom Characterization + - Shuttle Re-Entry Flight Path Emulation + - Extended High-Heat Profile + - Digital Automatic Flight/Inlet Control Development + - Advanced Sensor/EW Interoperability + - High-Altitude Turbulence Characterization + - High-Temperature Structure And Thermal Protection Materials + +Other RDT&E Testing Potential + - CFD Code Validation + - Laminar Flow Control Experiments + - Upper Atmosphere Characterization + - Inlet/Engine Compatibility + - Sonic Boom Evaluation/Propagation + - High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) Component Evaluation + - Sensor/Processor Experiments + - Endothermic Fuel Testing + +Msg#:19737 *AVIATION* +01/28/92 16:27:52 (Read 0 Times) +From: ALBERT DOBYNS + To: DEAN ADAMS +Subj: REPLY TO MSG# 18489 (SR-71 DATA) +Great stuff!! Is there more? + +Msg#:19165 *AVIATION* +01/25/92 23:19:00 (Read 0 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALBERT DOBYNS +Subj: RE: NASA'S NEW NUMBERS + AD> to take a trip west: gotta get pictures of them with their new numbers! + +I just noticed a nice picture in the Jan 13 AW&ST (page 56), of the new +NASA #831 SR-71B refueling from KC-135 #53135 right over Edwards... + +Msg#: 9492 *AVIATION* +02/01/92 23:46:00 (Read 0 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALBERT DOBYNS +Subj: REPLY TO MSG# 4841 (SR-71 DATA) + AD> Great stuff!! Is there more? + +Yea, I picked up the second half of this data. + + Lockheed SR-71 + Supersonic / Hypersonic Research Facility + Researcher's Handbook + Volume I Executive Summary + +Internal Payload Provisions: + - Large Payload Compartments/Bays + Abundant Electrical Power: 60KVA, 115/220V, 400Hz + Abundant Cooling Air: More Than 30 Pounds Per Minute, 35 Deg F Air + More than 150 Liters LN2 Available + Accessible Through Large Doors/Hatches + Existing Payload Upload/Download Provisions + +Payload Bay Capacities: + Payload Vol (Cu ft) Typical payload Max Dims in Bay (inches) + Bay Each Bay Weight (Each Bay) - Typical Mounting + A (Nose) 23 550 lbs 30 X 30 X 75 + C 7.2 150 lbs 24 X 24 X 16 + D 12 230 lbs 11 X 17 X 80 + K & L 29.2/Bay 900 lbs 16 X 17 X 92 + M & N 21.7/Bay 200 lbs 18 X 18 X 49 + P & Q 32.0/Bay 340 lbs 18 X 18 X 90 + S & T 22.7/Bay 400 lbs 18 X 18 X 62 + +Internal Payload Deployment: + - High Altitude, High Mach Missile Launch + Demonstrated GAR-9 (Phoenix Type) Launches + Altitudes from 65,000 to 76,000 feet + Target Aircraft Was From 500 To 40,000 Feet + Internal Carriage + Piston Eject + All But One Of 7 Launches Successful + (Failure Caused By Missile Gyro Failure) + +Modification Potential: + - Aircraft Can Be Modified To Accomplish: + Internal Carriage: Free Flight Deployment + External Carriage: Captive Experiments + External Carriage: Free Flight Deployment + +External Carriage - Captive: + - Experiments Designed For SR-71 Integration + Suggest Potential Of Aircraft For Future + Experimental Payloads + Reentry Vehicle Sensor On Half Body + High-Altitude/High-Mach Air Particulate Sampler + Full Scale Supersonic Nacelle + +Air Particulate Sampler: + W1 W2 Filter Approach + Flow Rate Inlet Exit Velocity - Maximum + SCFM Width Width FPS + + 708 5.43 1.00 177 + 1000 7.68 1.71 258 + +Upper Surface Flow Field + Local Flow Conditions Are Uniform + Within A Large Region In The Expansion + Dominated Flow Above The Aircraft + +External payload Deployments + - D-21 Supersonic Drone. 5 Successfully Launched At Mach 3. + - Advanced Concepts - Hypersonic Research Vehicle. Studied But Not Developed + - Upper Or Lower Deployment Possible + +Msg#:11067 *AVIATION* +02/04/92 21:50:00 (Read 1 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALL +Subj: NASA SR-71/YF-12 DATA (1/2) +Here is a four page fact sheet I recently picked up at the Dryden PA office. +It has a lot of interesting information about current and past Blackbird +activities at NASA Ames-Dryden... +--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +NASA Facts +Ames Research Center +Dryden Flight Research Facility + + SR-71 + "The Blackbird" + +Three SR-71 aircraft have been loaned to NASA by the U.S. Air Force as +testbeds for high speed, high altitude aeronautical research. The aircraft, +two SR-71A's and the only SR-71B pilot trainer aircraft in operation, are +based at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif. + +Developed for the U.S. Air Force as a reconnaissance aircraft more than +27 years ago, SR-71's are still the world's fastest and highest-flying +production aircraft. + +The aircraft can fly more than 2200 mph (Mach 3+ or more than three times +the speed of sound) and at altitudes of over 85,000 feet. This operating +environment makes the aircraft excellent platforms to carry out research +and experiments in a variety of areas -- aerodynamics, propulsion, +structures, thermal protection materials, high-speed and high-temperature +instrumentation, and sonic boom characterization. + +Data from the SR-71 high speed research program will be used to aid +designers of future supersonic/hypersonic aircraft and propulsion +systems. Beneficiaries of this data include a future high speed civil +transport and the National Aero-Space Plane (NASP) program. + + + Program Management + +The SR-71 program at Dryden is part of NASA's overall high speed aeronautical +research program, and is expected to involve many NASA research centers, and +other government agencies. + +Project manager at Dryden is David P. Lux + + + NASA Flight Crews + +Each NASA crew consists of a pilot and a flight engineer. + +Currently assigned as SR-71 project pilots at Dryden are Stephen D. Ishmael +and Roger E. Smith. Flight engineers are Robert E. Meyer and Marta Bohn- +Meyer. The Meyers are the first husband-wife team of aeronautical engineers +on flight status at Dryden. + +Both pilot-engineer crews have trained for many hours in the SR-71 flight +simulator at Dryden to become thoroughly acquainted with aircraft systems +and operational procedures. The simulator is the same unit used by Air +Force personnel at Beale AFB, Calif., before the SR-71s were retired from +military service in 1990. + +As military aircraft, SR-71's had a crew of two -- a pilot and a +reconnaissance systems officer. + + + Mach 3 at Dryden + +Dryden has a decade of experience at sustained speeds above Mach 3. +Two YF-12 aircraft were flown at the facility between December 1969 and +November 1979 in a joint NASA/Air Force program to learn more about the +capabilities and limitations of high speed, high altitude flight. + +The YF-12s were prototypes of a planned interceptor aircraft based on a +design that later evolved into the SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft. + +Research information from the YF-12 program was used to validate analytical +theories and wind tunnel test techniques to help improve the design and +performance of future military and civil aircraft. The then-developing +American supersonic transport project would have benefited greatly from +YF-12 research data. + +The aircraft were a YF-12A (serial 935) and a YF-12C (serial 937). They +logged a combined total of 242 flights during the program. A third aircraft, +a YF-12A (serial 936), was flown by Air Force crews early in the program. +It was lost because of an inflight fire in June 1971. The crew was not hurt. + +The YF-12s were used for a wide range of experiments and research. Among the +areas investigated were aerodynamic loads, aerodynamic drag and skin +friction, heat transfer, thermal stresses, airframe and propulsion system +interactions, inlet control systems, high altitude turbulence, boundary layer +flow, landing gear dynamics, measurement of engine effluents for pollution +studies, noise measurements, and evaluation of a maintenance monitoring and +recording system. + +On many YF-12 flights medical researchers obtained information on the +physiological and biomedical aspects of crews flying at sustained high +speeds. + +From February 1972 until July 1973, the YF-12A was used for heat loads testing +in Dryden's High Temperature Loads Laboratory (now the Thermostructures +Research Facility). The data helped improve theoretical prediction methods +and computer models of that era dealing with structural loads, materials, and +heat distribution at up to 800 degrees (F), the same surface temperatures +reached during sustained speeds of Mach 3. + + + SR-71 Specifications & Performance + +The SR-71 is a delta-wing aircraft designed and built by Lockheed. They +are powered by two Pratt and Whitney J-58 axial-flow turbojets with +afterburners, each producing 32,500 pounds of thrust. + +Speed of the aircraft is announced at Mach 3.2 -- more than 2000 mph. They +have a range of more than 2000 miles and fly at altitudes of over 85,000 ft. + +As research platforms, the aircraft can cruise at Mach 3 for more than one +hour. For thermal experiments, this can produce heat soak temperatures of +more than 600 degrees (F). + +The aircraft are 107.4 feet long, have a wing span of 55.6 feet, and are +18.5 feet high (ground to top of rudders when parked). + +Gross takeoff weight is about 140,000 pounds, including a fuel weight of +80,000 pounds. + +The airframes are built almost entirely of titanium and titanium alloys to +withstand heat generated by sustained Mach 3 flight. + +Aerodynamic control surfaces consist of all-moving vertical tail surfaces +above each engine nacelle, ailerons on the outer wings, and elevators on +the trailing edges between the engine exhaust nozzles. + +The three SR-71's at Dryden have been assigned the following NASA tail numbers: +NASA 831 (B model), military serial 64-17956, manufactured in September 1965; +NASA 832 (A model), military serial 64-17971, manufactured in October 1966; +NASA 844 (A model), military serial 64-17980, manufactured in July 1967. + + + Development History + +The SR-71 was designed by a team of Lockheed personnel led by Clarence +"Kelly" Johnson, at that time vice president of the company's Advanced +Development Projects. The Advanced Development Projects is commonly +referred to as the "Skunk Works". + +The basic design of the SR-71 and YF-12 aircraft originated in secrecy in the +late 1950s with the aircraft designation of A-11. Its existence was publicly +announced by President Lyndon Johnson on Feb. 29, 1964, when he announced that +an A-11 had flown at sustained speeds of over 2000 mph during tests at +Edwards, Calif. + +Development of the SR-71's from the A-11 design, as strategic reconnaissance +aircraft, began in February 1963. First flights of an SR-71 was on Dec. 22, +1964. + +The YF-12's were experimental long-range interceptor versions of the same +airframe and were first displayed publicly at Edwards on Sept. 30, 1964. + + -nasa- +December 1991 + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/sr71xtra.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71xtra.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9d8112ce --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/sr71xtra.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Here is the info on the plaques at the Blackbird Airpark as read from +Paul Stahl's photos he sent me. Thanks again to Paul for sending them +to me. Please note that there are a few typos/spelling errors in this +information. I included them in the spirit of accurate reporting!? + + LOCKHEED + + SR-71A + +The SR-71A reached a speed of Mach 1.3 during its maiden flight from +Plant 42 on December 22, 1964. After extensive flight testing at +nearby Edwards AFB, the Blackbird entered operational service with the +Strategic Air Command (SAC) in January 1966 at Beale AFB, California. +Primary overseas operating locations were Kadena AB, Japan and RAF +Mildenhall, England. On March 6, 1990, an SR-71 set a transcontinental +coast to coast record, flying 2,404 statute miles in 68 minutes 17 +seconds. + + ************** + +This aircraft, #61-7973, was delivered to SAC in 1968. It served its +entire career in operational reconnaissance with the 9th SRW. It's +last flight was July 21, 1987 from Mildenhall to Plant 42. It has +1729.9 total flying hours. Restoration courtesy of Lockheed Advanced +Development Company. + + + SPECIFICATIONS + + Wing Span...........................55.6 ft + Wing Area.......................1,795 sq ft + Length (excluding pitot)...........103.8 ft + Height..............................18.5 ft + Empty Weight.....................67,500 lbs + Gross Takeoff Weight............152,000 lbs + Maximum Fuel Capacity............84,180 lbs + Engine.....2 Pratt & Whitney J-58 Turbojets + Static Thrust (each)...........32,500 lbs + Crew......................................2 + Sensor Payload....................3,500 lbs + + + PERFORMANCE + + Maximun Speed..........Mach 3.2 (2,112 mph) + at 85,000 ft (estimated) + Maximum Range (unrefuelled)........3,250 mi + Maximum Operational Ceiling.......85,000 ft + + + This aircraft is on loan from the USAF Museum Program + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ss_info2.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ss_info2.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ff12e5c0 Binary files /dev/null and b/textfiles.com/politics/ss_info2.txt differ diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ssnumber.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ssnumber.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..87bd5988 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ssnumber.txt @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +Archive-Name: ssn-privacy + + + What to do when they ask for your Social Security Number + + by Chris Hibbert + + Computer Professionals + for Social Responsibility + + + Many people are concerned about the number of organizations asking for their + Social Security Numbers. They worry about invasions of privacy and the + oppressive feeling of being treated as just a number. Unfortunately, I + can't offer any hope about the dehumanizing effects of identifying you with + your numbers. I *can* try to help you keep your Social Security Number from + being used as a tool in the invasion of your privacy. + + Surprisingly, government agencies are reasonably easy to deal with; private + organizations are much more troublesome. Federal law restricts the agencies + at all levels of government that can demand your number and a fairly + complete disclosure is required even if its use is voluntary. There are no + comparable Federal laws restricting the uses non-government organizations + can make of it, or compelling them to tell you anything about their plans. + Some states have recently regulations on collection of SSNs by private + | + entities. With private institutions, your main recourse is refusing to do + | + business with anyone whose terms you don't like. + + + Short History + + Social Security numbers were introduced by the Social Security Act of 1935. + They were originally intended to be used only by the social security + program, and public assurances were given at the time that use would be + strictly limited. In 1943 Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9397 which + required federal agencies to use the number when creating new record-keeping + systems. In 1961 the IRS began to use it as a taxpayer ID number. The + Privacy Act of 1974 required authorization for government agencies to use + SSNs in their data bases and required disclosures (detailed below) when + government agencies request the number. Agencies which were already using + SSN as an identifier before January 1, 1975 were allowed to continue using + it. The Tax Reform Act of 1976 gave authority to state or local tax, + welfare, driver's license, or motor vehicle registration authorities to use + the number in order to establish identities. The Privacy Protection Study + Commission of 1977 recommended that the Executive Order be repealed after + some agencies referred to it as their authorization to use SSNs. I don't + know whether it was repealed, but that practice has stopped. + + Several states use the SSN as a driver's license number, while others record + it on applications and store it in their database. Some states that + routinely use it on the license will make up another number if you insist. + According to the terms of the Privacy Act, any that have a space for it on + the application forms should have a disclosure notice. Many don't, and + until someone takes them to court, they aren't likely to change. (Though + New York recently agreed to start adding the notice on the basis of a letter + written by a reader of this blurb.) + + The Privacy Act of 1974 (5 USC 552a) requires that any federal, state, or + local government agency that requests your Social Security Number has to + tell you four things: + + 1: Whether disclosure of your Social Security Number is required or + optional, + + 2: What law authorizes them to ask for your Social Security Number, + + 3: How your Social Security Number will be used if you give it to them, + and + + 4: The consequences of failure to provide an SSN. + + In addition, the Act says that only Federal law can make use of the Social + Security Number mandatory. So anytime you're dealing with a government + institution and you're asked for your Social Security Number, just look for + the Privacy Act Statement. If there isn't one, complain and don't give your + number. If the statement is present, read it. If it says giving your + Social Security Number is voluntary, you'll have to decide for yourself + whether to fill in the number. + + Private Organizations + + The guidelines for dealing with non-governmental institutions are much more + tenuous. Most of the time private organizations that request your Social + Security Number can get by quite well without your number, and if you can + find the right person to negotiate with, they'll willingly admit it. The + problem is finding that right person. The person behind the counter is + often told no more than "get the customers to fill out the form completely." + + Most of the time, you can convince them to use some other number. Usually + the simplest way to refuse to give your Social Security Number is simply to + leave the appropriate space blank. One of the times when this isn't a + strong enough statement of your desire to conceal your number is when + dealing with institutions which have direct contact with your employer. + Most employers have no policy against revealing your Social Security Number; + they apparently believe that it must have been an unintentional slip that + you didn't give out your SSN. + + Public utilities (gas, electric, phone, etc.) are considered to be private + organizations under the laws regulating SSNs. Most of the time they ask for + an SSN, and aren't prohibited from asking for it, but they'll usually relent + if you insist. Ask to speak to a supervisor, insist that they document a + corporate policy requiring it, ask about alternatives, ask why they need it + and suggest alternatives. + + + Lenders and Borrowers (those who send reports to the IRS) + + Banks and credit card issuers and various others are required by the IRS to + report the SSNs of account holders to whom they pay interest or when they + charge interest and report it to the IRS. If you don't tell them your + number you will probably either be refused an account or be charged a + penalty such as withholding of taxes on your interest. + + Many Banks, Brokerages, and other financial institutions have started + implementing automated systems to let you check your balance. All too often, + they are using SSNs as the PIN that lets you get access to your personal + account information. If your bank does this to you, write them a letter + pointing out how many of the people you have financial business with know + your SSN. Ask them to change your PIN, and if you feel like doing a good + deed, ask them to stop using the SSN as a default identifier. Some + customers will believe that there's some security in it, and be + insufficiently protective of their account numbers. + + When buying (and possibly refinancing) a house, most banks will now ask for + your Social Security Number on the Deed of Trust. This is because the + Federal National Mortgage Association recently started requiring it. The + fine print in their regulation admits that some consumers won't want to give + their number, and allows banks to leave it out when pressed. [It first + recommends getting it on the loan note, but then admits that it's already on + various other forms that are a required part of the package, so they already + know it. The Deed is a public document, so there are good reasons to refuse + to put it there, even though all parties to the agreement already have + access to your number.] + + + Insurers, Hospitals, Doctors + + No laws require medical service providers to use your Social Security Number + as an ID number (except for Medicare, Medicaid, etc.) They often use it + because it's convenient or because your employer uses it to certify + employees to its groups health plan. In the latter case, you have to get + your employer to change their policies. Often, the people who work in + personnel assume that the employer or insurance company requires use of the + SSN when that's not really the case. When my current employer asked for my + SSN for an insurance form, I asked them to try to find out if they had to + use it. After a week they reported that the insurance company had gone + along with my request and told me what number to use. Blood banks also ask + for the number but are willing to do without if pressed on the issue. After + I asked politely and persistently, the blood bank I go to agreed that they + didn't have any use for the number. They've now expunged my SSN from their + database, and they seem to have taught their receptionists not to request + the number. + + Most insurance companies share access to old claims through the Medical + Information Bureau. If your insurance company uses your SSN, other + insurance companies will have a much easier time finding out about your + medical history. You can get a copy of the file MIB keeps on you by writing + to Medical Information Bureau, P.O. Box 105, Essex Station, Boston, MA + 02112. Their phone number is (617)426-3660. + + If an insurance agent asks for your Social Security Number in order to + "check your credit", point out that the contract is invalid if your check + bounces or your payment is late. They don't need to know what your credit + is like, just whether you've paid them. + + + Children + + The Family Support Act of 1988 (42 USC 1305, 607, and 602) apparently + requires states to require parents to give their Social Security Numbers in + order to get a birth certificate issued for a newborn. The law allows the + requirement to be waived for "good cause", but there's no indication of what + may qualify. + + The IRS requires taxpayers to report SSNs for dependents over one year of + age, but the requirement can be avoided if you're prepared to document the + existence of the child by other means if challenged. The law on this can be + found at 26 USC 6109. + + Universities and Colleges + + Universities that accept federal funds are subject to the Family Educational + Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (the "Buckley Amendment"), which prohibits + them from giving out personal information on students withses, and phone + numbers, and another exception for release of + information to the parents of minors. There is no exception for Social + Security Numbers, so covered Universities aren't allowed to reveal students' + numbers without their permission. In addition, state universities are bound + by the requirements of the Privacy Act, which requires them to provide the + disclosures mentioned above. If urity Numbers is a problem + + The Social Security Number doesn't work well as an identifier for several + reasons. The first reason is that it isn't at all secure; if someone makes + up a nine-digit number, it's quite likely that they've picked a number that + is assigned to someone. There are quite a few reasons why people would make + up a number: to hide their identity or the fact that they're dohat it makes it + hard to control access to personal information. Even assuming you want + someone to be able to find out some things about you, there's no reason to + believe that you want to make all records concerning yourself available. + When multiple record systems are all keyed by the same identifier, and all + are intended to be easily accessible to some users, it becomes difficult to + allow sh the passage of the Immigration reform law. While making up a number + is usually good enough to fool the public library, employers submit the number + to the IRS, which cross checks with its own and SSA's records. Because of the + checks, illegal workers need to know what name goes with the number so they + won't be caught as quickly. + + + What you can do to protect your number + + tion and expecting them to + understand and cooperate. If that doesn't work, there are several more + things to try: + + 1: Talk to people higher up in the organization. This often works + simply because the organization has a standard way of dealing + with requests not to use the SSN, and the first person you deal + with just hasn't been around long enough to know what it is. + o get back to your supervisor and + affect your job. + + 3: Threaten to complain to a consumer affairs bureau. Most newspapers + can get a quick response. Ask for their "Action Line" or + equivalent. If you're dealing with a local government agency, + look in the state or local government section of the phone book + under "consumer affairs." If it's a federal lp. + + 4: Insist that they document a corporate policy requiring the number. + When someone can't find a written policy or doesn't want to + push hard enough to get it, they'll often realize that they + don't know what the policy is, and they've just been following + tradition. + + 5: Ask what they need it for and suggest alternatives. If you're + talking to someyour number in order to have a + continuing relationship, you can choose to ignore the request + in hopes that they'll forget or find another solution before + you get tired of the interruption. + + If someone absolutely insists on getting your Social Security Number, you + may want to give a fake number. There is no legal penalty as long as you're + not doing it to get somethinds of new wallets sold in the 40's and 50's. It's + been used so widely that both the IRS and SSA recognize it immediately as + bogus, while most clerks haven't heard of it. + + There are several prefixes that have never been assigned, and which + therefore don't conflict with anyone's real number. They include the + following patterns: + + 1. Any field all zeroes (no field of zeroes is ever assigneut some have been + assigned to organizations and for other special purposes. The Social Security + Administration recommends that people showing Social Security cards in + advertisements use numbers in the range 987-65-4320 through 987-65-4329. + + If you're designing a database, and want to use numbers other than Social + Security Numbers, you'd be better off generating numbers that are shorter + thanepending on these unused patterns. + + The Social Security Administration recommends that you request a copy of + your file from them every few years to make sure that your records are + correct (your income and "contributions" are being recorded for you, and no + one else's are.) As a result of a recent court case, the SSA has agreed to + accept corrections of errors when there isn't any contradictorined two legal + cases concerning Social Security Numbers and privacy. One of them challenged + the IRS practice of printing Social Security Numbers on mailing labels when + they send out tax forms and related correspondence. The other challenged + Virginia's requirement of a Social Security Number in order to register to + vote. + + Dr. Peter Zilahy Ingerman filed suit against the IRS in Federal Distr. CPSR + plans to appeal. + + The Virginia case was filed by a resident of the state who refused to supply + a Social Security Number when registering to vote. When the registrar + refused to accept his registration, he filed suit. He is also challenging + the state of Virginia on two other bases: the registration form apparently + lacked a Privacy Act notice, and the voter lists the state publishes id them + to me at: + Chris Hibbert + hibbert@xanadu.com or Xanadu Operating Company + 550 California Ave, Suite 101 + Palo Alto, CA 94306 + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/stsanarc b/textfiles.com/politics/stsanarc new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b438cca1 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/stsanarc @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +Michael Elansky: Anarchist? +Copyright (c) 1993, Gage Steele +All rights reserved + + + + + + MICHAEL ELANSKY: ANARCHIST? + by Gage Steele + + + When does the "long arm of the law" extend too far? Michael Elansky, +of West Hartford, Connecticut, found out this summer. + + 22 year-old Michael (aka "The Ionizer") ran a BBS called The +Warehouse. He was also a member of the International Information +Retrieval Guild, a computer group very much concerned with freedom of +speech and freedom of information. Like the group with which he was +affiliated, Michael felt strongly about our First Amendment rights, and +it was this belief that ultimately led him to trouble. + Michael is currently in jail, unable to post his $500,000 bail. Says +the prosecutor, he created risk or injury to a minor and advocated +violence against law enforcement agents. Those are some mighty hefty +infringements, true, and carry a maximum of 10 years imprisonment if +convicted. + Police say a file found on Michael's system gave instructions on how +to build bombs and other explosives, and that having it on his BBS was in +conflict with the law. The text itself was written 4 years ago by "Deth +Vegetable" (who was a teen at the time of writing, and unable to be +reached for comment). It contained information similar to what you might +find in numerous publications, including highschool- and college-level +chemistry textbooks, and the infamous _Anarchists Cookbook_. All can be +purchased in many bookstores, as well as borrowed from most local +libraries, without fear of breaking the law. In fact, minors are able to +purchase or borrow the _Anarchists Cookbook_ itself, from numerous venues. + So, why, then, was it illegal for Michael to make a similar, +electronic version available to his users? This remains unanswered, as +do many aspects of this case. While researching, I came to numerous +inconclusive pieces of evidence, some possibly fact, some possibly +fiction. + + In Detective Richard Aniolowsky's unsworn officer's report, he +states: + + " That I, Richard Aniolowsky, am a member of the West + Hartford Police Department and have been for ten years + and 7 months and was promoted to Detective in September + 1990. + [...] + That it was on May 28, 1993 that Detective Goodrow of + the Hartford Police Department gained access to the + "Warehouse", a modem accessible computer + [...] + That Goodrow said the "Anarchy'" [sic] file he obtained + access to the Warehouse bulletin board through one of + the users systems. " + + Although Detective Aniolowsky's writing is somewhat difficult to +follow at times, mixed with typos and grammatical errors, this last +sentence does seem to read that Detective Goodrow used someone else's +account to log onto The Warehouse. This would be classified as a class +C felony under Connecticut General Statute 54-41 ("...Unauthorised or +illegal inception of wire communication of any person..."). + Also, when Michael's BBS LOG file was made available for inspection, +only two incidents were found of the file ever having been downloaded. +Neither incidents occured on May 28th, 1993, the date which Detectives +Aniolowsky and Goodrow contend they acquired it through download from The +Warehouse BBS. Both accesses of the file in question were made previous +to the May date. + Did the detectives investigating the case commit a crime? +Unfortunately, I was unable to reach either Aniolowsky or Goodrow for +comment. + + "Misguided Youth" (whose true name I cannot divulge, upon his +request), a user of The Warehouse BBS, had this to say when I spoke with +him on the telephone: + + " Detective Aniolowsky came to my house and made me sign + a statement saying I had seen anarchy and bomb-making + files on Warehouse and that I had spoken on the phone + with 'Ionizer' many times. + My parents only witnessed me signing. + But later it got changed to '...I had spoken on the + phone with 'Ionizer' many times about making bombs.' + I have never had an interest in anarchy files. I never + got any from 'Ionizer.' I have never cared to download + them. " + + Neither I, nor "Misguided Youth" could grasp the reasoning behind the +later alteration of the statement he had signed. He also seemed to feel +that the police pressured him in the situation. I found "Misguided Youth" +very pleasant to speak with, and do not understand why such apparent +"strongarm" tactics were used to ensure his signing of the statement. + + When I spoke with Michael Elansky on the telephone, he was sincere, +at ease, and very willing to talk with me. He did, however, have a bit of +information to add to the complexity of it all: + + " I was supposed to be arraigned in Hartford Court. + My lawyer was present when we went down. The + arrest warrant had the bond set at $20,000. But, + Detective Aniolowsky said that I needed to be + taken to the WEST Hartford Court to be booked. + So, my lawyer said 'okay,' and he waited at + Hartford. + So, Aniolowsky [took me to West Hartford Court] and + rushed through booking, prints, photo. Then he + took me upstairs where they proceeded to arraign me + - without my lawyer present! Aniolowsky made a + motion to set my bond at $500,000, which it was. + Of course it was! My lawyer wasn't even there to + say anything, and Aniolowsky knew he wasn't there + and knew he was waiting for us back at Hartford + Court. " + + From the way Michael was treated, it looks as though his right to +counsel was compleatly ignored. I don't want to pass judgement, but isn't +that... unjust? + I asked Michael about minors on his BBS, and what sort of files they +had access to. He assured me that no-one under 18 could look at the adult +areas. When I asked specifically about the text in question, he said: + + " No, no-one under 16 could even see that stuff. + Only one guy under 18 had access to it, he's 17, + but he's a member of the International Information + Retrieval Guild, and had to have access to it. " + + For clarity, that means this 17 year old had clout over Michael in +the hierarchy of the computer group. It was rather like part of the 17 +year-old's job description to ensure that Michael ran his system within +the guidelines of the group, and therefor required a very high level of +access to The Warehouse BBS. + Ever-optimistic, Michael also added this: + + " [There's] no way in hell I'd ever plead guilty to + these two charges, nor would I ever cop a deal + forcing me to plead guilty to these two charges. + I did nothing wrong. I am confident that the two + charges will be dismissed. " + + Meanwhile, pretrial hearings are filled with deliberation, and some +headway. And - Michael remains behind bars, waiting. + + The Elansky case could have staggering effects on electronic-based +media and publication. If the prosecutor finds Elansky guilty as charged, +maintains that the file is illegal and worthy of felony prosecution with +possible imprisonment, then the basis for attacking a BBS, but not a +bookstore or local library, is not defined. In fact, were Elansky to be +found guilty, it would seem that the prosecutor reneged all First +Amendment rights and protection under such simply because the text was +electronically bound and not paper bound. + + The Internationl Information Retrieval Guild and Michael Elansky +asked, as a favour, that I also include the following. The Elansky Family +is having a terrible time assuaging the cost of legal fees. Because of +this, a fund has been set up, and they are asking that anyone able, donate +whatever he/she can afford to his legal defense. + + Send what you can to: + + Free Ionizer + c/o David Elansky + 25 Maiden Lane + West Hartford, CT 06117 + + Make cheques or money orders payable to Michael Elansky. This way, +you are assured that all funds go directly to his defense. The bank's +account number for the fund should also be written on the cheque or money +order: 02-060-573652 + + + My thanks to: Dan, International Information Retrieval Guild; +David Elansky; "Misguided Youth;" and Michael Elansky. If it weren't +for them, this article could not have been written. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/studactv.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/studactv.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..76570366 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/studactv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +From ats5@internet01.comp.pge.com Thu Aug 4 15:11:16 1994 +Date: Wed, 3 Aug 94 23:47:14 PDT +From: Andy Smith +Subject: REFLECTIONS ON STUDENT ACTIVISM + + REFLECTIONS ON STUDENT ACTIVISM + Abbie Hoffman + + +Speech to the first National Student Convention, Rutgers University, + February 6, 1988 + + +I guess you can't see my button. It says, "I fought tuition." It's a +two part set, actually. The second button says, "And tuition +won." + +You should know that over 650 students have registered as +delegates here, representing over 130 different schools. You have +come despite freezing weather and hard economic times to do +something that I'm not sure anybody is yet ready to comprehend. +I'm absolutely convinced that you are making history just by +being here. You are proving that the image of the American +college student as a career-interested, marriage-interested, self +centered yuppie is absolutely outdated, that a new age is on the +rise, a new college student. + +There's been a lot of talk about comparing today to what went on +in the sixties. I would remind you that in 1960, when we started +the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to fight in the +South in the civil rights movement, less that 30 people came +together to begin it. The famous Students for a Democratic +Society, which we're all reading about, was formed in 1962 with +exactly 59 people. No one before this has done anything this +bold, imaginative, creative, and daring to bring together this +many different strains of people, who all believe in radical +change in our society. It is just an amazing feat. And I wish you +the best of luck today, and especially tomorrow, when you have to +decide whether to go forward or backward. I'd also like to take +this moment to salute our glorious actor-in chief: Happy Birthday +Ronald Reagan! I don't believe anyone in here believes its "Good +morning in America" tonight. + +I have a lot of speeches in my head: On the CIA, urine testing, +nuclear power, saving water -- that's my local battle. We're +fighting the Philadelphia Electric Company's attempt to steal the +waters of the Delaware River for yet another nuclear plant. A +local battle? I don't know. One out of ten Americans drink from +that river. I also speak on the modern history of the student +protest and on Central America, where I've been five times. Every +time I get before a microphone I'm extremely nervous that +chromosome damage and Alzheimer's will take their toll. I'll come +out foaming at the mouth, accusing the CIA of pissing in the +nuclear plants, to poison the water, to burn out the minds of +youth, so they'll be easy cannon fodder for the Pentagon's war in +Central America. Actually that's probably not a bad speech. + +On Tuesday I had to give a speech at the local grammar school to +nine year-olds. I said, "Go ahead, pick any subject you want." +They wanted to hear about hippies. My 16-year old kid, America, +heard me give this speech about how you can't have political and +social change without cultural change as well, and he said, +"Daddy, you're not gonna bring back the hippies are you? The +hippies go to Van Halen concerts, get drunk, throw up on their +sweatshirts and beat up all the punks in town." I said, "Okay, no +hippies." That was last year, this year he's changed his mind. +His mother and I were activists in the sixties, and he heard all +the anti-war stories over and over again, never believed any of +it. Then one night last spring he saw the documentary "Twenty +Years Ago Today" about the effect of the Beatles' Sergeant +Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band on us all. It's about the only +thing I'm ever going to recommend to anybody about the sixties, a +simply brilliant documentary. He sat there watching cops fight +with the young people in the streets, people put flowers at the +Pentagon in the soldiers' bayonets, and the Pentagon rise in the +air, he saw it move just like we said it did. Tears cam streaming +out his eyes, and he called up and said, "Daddy, why was I born +now? I should have been a hippie." + +When I went to college long ago there was a ritual that we all +had to go through at freshman induction. We were herded into a +big room and the dean of admissions came and gave us a famous +speech, "Look to your right, look to your left, one of you three +won't be here in four years when it comes time to graduate." I'm +going to say to you, "Look to your right, look to your left, two +of you three won't be here in four years." That's about the +attrition rate of the left. I'm sure that many of the people who +want to organize interplanetary space connections have got +everything worked out with Shirley MacLaine, and it's Okay with +me that they become moonies and yuppies and then borne-again +Mormons. They're not the ones who keep me up at night. But I +worry about the good organizers, the successful organizers. +You're the ones who know you can actually get better at this, +that you can get good at it. You know that being on the side of +the angels, being right, isn't enough. To succeed you also have +to work very hard with lots of cooperation from those around you. +You have your wits about you continuously, show up on time, and +follow through. These are the things that take place behind the +scenes that keep you aimed a goal, at victory, at success. And I +worry because somehow on the left, all too often, it's like three +people in a phone booth trying to get out. Two are really trying +to kick the third one out, and that's how they spend all their +time. The third one's always called some dirty name that ends in +an "ist." It's been a movement that devours its own. I look out +at you and I think of my comrades, not the people you saw in The +Big Chill, but people that were great movement organizers. You +know some of their names, and many others you don't know. They +risked not just their careers, marriage plans, and ostracism from +their family, but their lives. They faced mobs with chains and +brass knuckles, the clubs of the police, the dirty tricks and +infiltrations of the FBI, and the CIA, Army intelligence, Navy +intelligence, and local red squads all around the country. They +had pressure put on their families. They were prepared for all +this from the moment they decided to go against the grain and +take on the powers that be. They were not prepared for the +infighting. They were not prepared for a movement that devours +itself. That has got to cease. I remember a very free and open +democratic meeting in a room in New York City in 1971. All the +various strains were there. There was one group that disagreed +with the decision making structure that had been set up. They +wanted to settle their differences with the majority so they came +armed with baseball bats. I can't remember the groups name--it +was the National Labor Committee or Caucus-- but I do remember +the name of it's leader, Lynn Marcus, better known today as +Lyndon LaRouche. + +The movement has had its share of other problems. We are too +issue-oriented and not practical enough. We debate issues +endlessly, Deciding whose issue is more important than whose +other issue, and so letting the moment of opportunity in history +pass. By that time there's another issue There that's outstripped +the other two. We debate which "ism" is more important than which +other "ism", and I agree that all the isms lead to schisms which +lead to wasms. We need a new language as we enter the next +century. + +We need to be rid of the false dichotomies. There's been a big +discussion going on for the last couple of days here about +whether the organizing focus should be local, regional, national, +or interplanetary. I have never seen a national issue won that +wasn't based on grassroots organizing and support. On the other +hand, I have never seen a local issue won that didn't rely on +outside support and outside agitators. Another false dichotomy is +one that I call "In the system/out of the system." Between inside +the system and outside it is a semipermeable membrane. And +either-or is only a metaphysical question, not a practical +one. The correct stance, especially now in these times, is one +foot in the street-- the foot of courage, that gets off the +curbstone of indifference--and one foot in the system--the +intelligent foot, the one that learns how to develop strategies, +to build coalitions, to negotiate differences, to raise money, to +do mailing lists, to make use of the electronic media. You need +that foot too. The brave foot goes out into the street to strike +out against the enculturation process that says: "Stay indoors," +"Don't go out into the street," "You lose your job in the +street," "There's crime in the street,""You'll be homeless,""It's +terrible,""Yecch." Civil disobedience--blocking trucks, digging +up the soil, occupying the buildings, chaining yourself to fences +(I spent my summer vacation chained to a fence)--can be a +necessary act of courage, but it doesn't take a hell of a lot of +brains. + +Decision making has been a problem on the left. In the sixties +we always made decisions by consensus. By 1970, when you had 15 +people show up and three were FBI agents and six were +schizophrenics, universal agreement was getting to be a problem. +I call it "The Curse of Consensus Decision Making," because in +the end consensus decision making is rule of the minority: the +easiest form to manipulate, the easiest way to block any real +decision making. Trying to get everyone to agree takes forever. +Usually the people are broke, without alternatives, with no new +language, just competing to see who can burn the shit out of the +other the most. There must be a spirit of agreement and in this +way most decisions _are_ made by consensus, but there must also +be a format whereby you can express your differences. The +democratic parliamentary procedure--majority rule--is the toughest +to stack, because in order to really get your point across you've +got to go out and get more people to come in to have the votes +the next time around. + +My vision of America is not as cheery and optimistic as it might +be. I agree with Charles Dickens, "These are the worst of times, +these are the worst of times." Look at the institutions around us. +Financial institutions, bankrupt; religious institutions, +immoral; communications institutions don't communicate; +educational institutions don't educate. A poll yesterday showed +that 48% of Americans want someone else to run than the current +candidates. The last election in 1987 had the lowest turnout +since 1942. There are people that say to a gathering such as +this--students taking their proper role in the front lines of +social change in America, fighting for peace and justice-- that +this is not the time. This is not the time? You could never have +had a better time in history than right now. + +My fingers are crossed because I hope that you won't let the +internal difference divide you. I hope that you'll be able to +focus on the real enemies that are out there. In the late sixties +we were so fed up we wanted to destroy it all. That's when we +changed the name of America and stuck in the "k." The mood is +different today, and the language that will respond to todays +mood will be different. Things are so deteriorated in this society, +that it's not up to you to destroy America, it's up to you to go +out and save America. The same impulse that helped us fight our +way out of one empire 200 years ago must help us get free of the +Holy Financial Empire today. The transnationals--with their money +in Switzerland, headquarters in Luxembourg, ships in tax-free +Panama, natural resources all over the emerging world, and their +sleepy consumers in the United States--do not have the interest +of the United States at heart. Ronald Reagan and the CIA are +traitors to America, they have sold it to the Holy Financial +Empire. The enemy is out there, he's not in this room. People are +allowed to have different visions and different views, but you +have to have unity. + +You also have to communicate a message and to do that you have to +have a medium. We know television as the boob tube. We know +educational television as an oxymoron, a contradiction in terms. +We know it from reading fake intellectuals like Alan Bloom and +his _Closing of the American Mind_, or from reading good ones +like Neil Postman, whose _Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public +Discourse in the Age of Showbiz_ is a wonderful book. Bloom wants +us to shut off the t.v. and start reading the Bible, and Postman +just wants us to shut off the t.v. They are critics of t.v., but +they are not organizers. A lot of people say, "Abbie, you just +perform for the media, that's your duty, you manipulate," a lot +of things like that. This is a misconception. I have never in my +life done anything for the media.I'm speaking to you through a +microphone because my voice is soft, and I couldn't reach all of +you unless I used it. That's why I use the microphone. But my +words are not for this goddam microphone. If you want to reach +hundred of thousands or millions of people, you have to use the +media and television. Television has an immense impact on our +lives. We don't read, we just look at things. We don't gather +information in an intellectual way, we just want to keep in +touch. + +As bad as it is, television has the ability to penetrate our +fantasy world. That's why the images are at first quick and +action-packed, very short, very limited and very specific, and +afterwards vague, blurry and distorted. How can these images not +be very important? They determine our view of the world. We in +New England would not have known there was a civil rights +movement in the South. We would not have known racism existed, +that blacks were getting lynched, that blacks were not getting +service at a Woolworth counter, if it hadn't been for television. +We weren't taught it in our schools or churches. We had to see it +and feel it with our eyes. You have to use that medium to get +across that image that students have changed. YOu have to show it +to them. Let the world watch, just like we watch students in the +Gaza strip fight for their freedom and justice, students in +Johannesburg, in El Salvador, In Central America, In the +Phillipines fight for their freedom. + +One hundred and thirty schools represented here today out of +5,000 colleges and universities in America reminds us that going +against the grain at the University of South Dakota or Louisiana +Stat is a very tough, lonely job. You have to feel that you're +part of something bigger. You want to know that there's a +movement out there. That's where the role of a national student +organization becomes so important, giving hope and comfort to +people that are out there trying to make change at a grassroots +level. + +The student movement is a global movement. It is always the young +that make the change. You don't get these ideas when you're +middle-aged. Young people have daring, creativity, imagination +and personal computers. Above all, what you have as young +people that's vitally needed to make social change, is impatience. +You want it to happen now. There have to be enough people that +say, "We want it right now, in our lifetime." We want to see +apartheid in South Africa come down right now. We want to see the +war in Central America stop right now. We want the CIA off our +campus right now. We want an end to sexual harassment in our +community right now. This is your movement. This is you +opportunity. + +Be adventurists in the same sense of being bold and daring. Be +opportunists and seize this opportunity, this moment in history, +to go out and save our country. It's your turn now. Thank you. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/suncity.fun b/textfiles.com/politics/suncity.fun new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cafc4b1f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/suncity.fun @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +A:\TEXT\SUNCITY.TXT (Dec-85) 7-bit ASCII text/80 columns/200 lines +Reprinted, edited, and distributed for public reading by the anti-apartheid +people at VANC0 (Sunnyvale, Ca.) Re-edited for telecom by Karen A./Dec-85 + +"Apartheid? I thought they broke up..."-- Ron S. van Zuylen (16-Nov-85/20:15) + + SSSSSS LLL LLL AAA AAA VVVVVV EEE RRRRRRR YYY YYY +SSS LLL LLL AAAA AAA VVV EEE RRR YY YY Copyright (C) 1985 + SSSSS LLL LLL AAAAAAAA VVV EEE RRR YYY K.L.H.V. Inc. -- + SSS LLL LLL AAA AAAA VVV EEE RRR YYY All rights reserved +SSSSSS LLLLL AAA AAA VVVVVV EEE RRR YYY + +============================================================================= + +SOME FACTS ABOUT APARTHEID + +EDUCATION + + Education is free and compulsory for white children. For black children, it +is not compulsory and there is a special education tax. All public education is +racially segregated with racially differentiated curricula. Per Capita +Expenditure (1983): Whites - $692; Africans - $96 + +HEALTH + + Health services are extensive and advanced for whites. (The first heart +transplant was performed in South Africa.) The infant mortality rate for whites +is 13 per 1,000 live births; for rural Africans it is 240 per 1,000. Between 30 +and 50 percent of African children die before the age of five. + +EMPLOYMENT + + Average monthly industrial wages: Whites - $701; Africans - $186 + +ECONOMY + + South Africa is the world's leading producer of gold and gem diamonds. It is +a major producer of strategic minerals and ores like uranium. + +============================================================================= + + In August, 1985, President Ronald Reagan compared the South African system of +apartheid with earlier "racial segregation" policies in the United States. He +suggested that apartheid, like legislated segregation in our country, had been +"eliminated." + + A short while later, the President publicly apologized for his misleading and +inaccurate remarks. When even the President of the United States finds it +difficult to comprehend the reality of South Africa, how can the rest of us hope +to understand it? + + The story of apartheid in South Africa is the story of a white minority that +runs a government opposed to the legitimate needs of a majority of black people. +Blacks, who out-number the whites almost five to one are asking for justice and +the end of that country's racially organized political and economic system. +They are demanding the abolition of apartheid, not its reform. + + The strategy of apartheid is to divide and conquer - to keep Africans divided +along tribal lines and then to seperate them from other, more privileged racial +groups. 23 million Africans make up 74% of the population; 2.6 million people +of mixed-descent, called "coloureds," make up 8.5%, nearly a million people of +Asian descent, primarily Indians, make up 2.5%, and the 4.7 million whites make +up 14.5%. Not all South African whites support apartheid. + + 317 LAWS + + Africans are forbidden to vote, buy or sell land in most areas, or choose +where to live and work. They are deprived by law of any control over their +lives. There are 317 laws to enforce the subjugation of Africans. These laws +permit the jailing of the government's opponents and allow the police to operate +with impunity. But when you look at only the racial aspects of South African +apartheid - as shocking as they are - you only get part of the story. + + The reason? Apartheid is not only a system of racial domination - it's also a +system of economic exploitation. Apartheid is no more - or less - than a system +of modern slavery. Blacks are used as cheap labor to dig out the gold, +diamonds, and strategic minerals that have made white South Africans rich. This +low-cost, dependable, and controlled labor system has also made South Africa a +very attractive investment to foreign corporations and banks. United States +corporations, banks and individuals alone have more than fifteen billion dollars +invested in South African apartheid. + +HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS + + All Africans have been forced to register with the government and to carry +photo passbooks filled with an individual's work history and tax status. The +government decides where they can live and work. 87 percent of the land is for +whites only. The remaining 13 percent - the most barren and least usable land +in the country, is allocated for African people. Many live in township - huge, +impoverished ghettoes surrounded by military patrols like Soweto outside +Johannesburg - and are allowed to commute to work in the cities but not to live +there. + + If you are black in South Africa, and you are caught somewhere you are not +authorized to be, or if your pass is not in order, you are jailed. Such actions +by the police are commonplace. In fact, every `two-and-a- half minutes`, a +black South African is arrested for a crime that, by definition, a white South +African can never commit. Even if the pass system is modified, apartheid +controls are unlikely to lapse. + + In response to world-wide pressure, the South African government recently +indicated an intent to relax certain restrictions imposed by apartheid. Black +leaders have denounced these "reforms," saying "they polish our chains but won't +remove them." For example, talk of giving people "citizenship" without giving +them power over their lives is meaningless. + + Millions of South African blacks have been forced to live in ten isolated +"homelands" or `bantustans`. The South African government wants to regard these +"homelands" as independent countries, and has already declared four of them to +be so. But no other nation on earth recognizes their legitmacy. + + Many of the Africans now living in these homelands have been moved there +forcibly from the land they have lived on for generations. Eighty percent of +the families in the bantustans live at or under starvation levels. One of every +four children dies at birth. + + Each year, millions of male Africans leave the bantustans to work on contract +as low-paid migrant workers in the mines and industry. The women and children, +who are not allowed to go along, barely survive. The old, ill and infirm do not +survive at all. Families are seperated year after year by this system; they are +together at most for short visits at the end of each contract. + + SUN CITY + + One such artificial country created by the South African government is called +Bophuthatswane. Its showplace is Sun City, an internationally famous, Las +Vegas-like casino resort complex. Sun City caters to white South Africans and a +few wealthy blacks who travel from urban centers to indulge in gambling and +other forms of recreation such as concerts. + + Audiences are not officially segregated in Sun City, but few blacks can afford +the high cost of the tickets. To maintain the appearance of integration, hotel +owners have admitted giving blacks free tickets. Foreign performers and +athletes reap rich rewards for appearances at the luxury complex. Many of these +stars argue that they are not playing in the land of apartheid but to mixed +audiences in a separate nation. + + The United Nations has called for a cultural and sports boycott of all South +Africa including Sun City; that boycott is monitored by the Special Committee +Against Apartheid. Those who detest apartheid and have chosen to honor the U.N. +call know that Sun City was built to get around the boycott, as a way to win +back international favor and break South Africa's isolation. The $90 million +resort is an oasis for the rich and privileged in the middle of the vast rural +slum of surrounding Bopthuthatswana. + + Sun City is a symbol of apartheid. It tries to camouflage the reality of +South Africa and does more damage than good to the people of South Africa. Sun +City is controlled by political and economic interests that are part and parcel +of apartheid. + + Not all performers have succumbed to the large sums they are offered to +perform at Sun City. A growing list of sarts have refused lucrative contracts, +including Stevie Wonder, Toney Bennett, Ben Vereen, Gladys Knight and the Pips, +Roberta Flack, the Kool (Newport) Jazz Festival, and the Harlem Globetrotters. +Tennis player John McEnroe has twice refused million- dollar offers to play +there. As protests mount against those who do go to Sun City, the ranks of +those who choose conscience over dollars will also grow. + + --September 25, 1985 + +============================================================================= + +WHAT YOU CAN DO: + + * You can inform yourself and your friends about South Africa. + + * You can urge your elected representative to take a strong stand against +apartheid. + + * You can donate money to help meet the needs of those struggling in South +Africa, those forced into exile, and those organizing against apartheid. + + * You can send a tax-deducatible contribution to The Africa Fund, whose +address is available at the end of this text. + + * With your donation, ask for a list of publications and a roster of the many +organizations fighting against apartheid that need your help. + + * You can buy the album, single, or video of Artists United Against +Apartheid's SUN CITY, whose royalties will be donated to The Africa Fund. + + * One more thing: If you're asked, don't play Sun City, no matter how much +you want that money. + +============================================================================= + + The Africa Fund is a charitable trust established by the American Committee on +Africa in 1966 to aid Africans struggling for freedom and independence. The +fund is a registered nongovernment organization with the United Nations. The +income will benefit political prisoners and their families in South Africa, the +educational and cultural needs of South African exiles, and educational work of +anti-apartheid groups in the U.S. + +Contributions to further these projects may be sent to: + +- THE AFRICA FUND +- 198 Broadway +- New York, N.Y. 10038 +- (212) 962-1210 + +(This text is to be distributed as much as possible. The truth about + Sun City and South Africa needs to be told. In other words, upload (wow, + computer talk!) it everywhere. Thanks for reading.)-- K.A. (Dec-85) + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/swe_army.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/swe_army.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..18503f14 Binary files /dev/null and b/textfiles.com/politics/swe_army.txt differ diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/tabnomor.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/tabnomor.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a5550593 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/tabnomor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ + +"Taboo No More?" +by Ira Glasser, Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union + +from the Fall/Winter 1989 issue of "Civil Liberties" newsletter + +reproduced without permission +------------------------- + +At long last, judging from recent comments by public figures and +editorials in the mass media, Americans seem willing to at least begin +thinking about what was previously unthinkable: ending criminal +prohibitions against the use of drugs. + +Our nation's compulsive pursuit of the unattainable goal of a drug-free +society has been wedded to a policy of prohibition, aimed at eliminating +the use of certain drugs. Sadly, we would be much better off today if we +had pursued policies aimed at controlling, rather than eliminating, drug +use and reducing its harmful consequences. + +Today, consequences of "the drug problem" include the spread of AIDS, +high homicide rates, property crimes, the proliferation of criminal +cartels, corruption of public officials, paralysis of our criminal +justice system, and the steady erosion of our civil liberties. + +Ironically, almost all of these ills are enhanced by prohibition. For +example, our commitment to prohibition has prevented us from +establishing programs to combat the spread of AIDS by putting clean +needles in the hands of intravenous drug users. Foreign observers who +have described this obstinacy as genocidal are not far wrong. The steady +erosion of civil liberties is another ominous offshoot of prohibition. +Opinion polls show that large numbers of Americans, in the grip of +anti-drug hysteria generated by the gobernment, are ready to permit +warrantless searches of their apartments, inform on family members, ban +films that depict drug use, and allow the military to police their +neighborhoods. + +We've been led to believe that such measures are required to keep drugs, +especially crack (a smokable form of cocaine) from destroying our +society. But in fact, the vaunted "war on drugs" targets marijuana users +primarily. Federal statistics show that in the last few years, about +750,000 arrests have been made annually for drug law violations. About +three-quarters of these arrests are not for producing or selling drugs, +but for possession of an illicit substance, usually marijuana. + +After declaring a stepped-up "war on drugs" a few months ago, for +example, the federal government last October launched simultaneous raids +in 46 states on GARDEN SUPPLY STORES, seeking customer lists so they +could apprehend people who might be growing marijuana indoors! In the +1950's, it was dangerous to join a political organization for fear the +FBI would get your name and harass you. Today, tomato growers are in +danger. + +The traditional accompaniment to such official zeal has been the media +blitz, starring the image of a devil drug. The culprit substance is +always said to be so dangerous that even a single dose of it will entrap +a normal person into lifelong addiction and turn law-abiding citizens +into violent monsters. At different times in our history, we have been +bombarded by frightful images of "demon rum," "reefer madness," and the +"heroin dope fiend." All of these exaggerations turned out to be +scientifically false, but they were useful propaganda for manipulating a +fearful public into accepting prohibition. Today, it is happening again. + +The violence attending the use of cocaine is caused, we're told, by the +chemical effects of the drug itself. But a recent study of drug-related +homicides in New York showed that 87 percent of those involving cocaine +were caused, not by people under the influence, but by territorial +disputes, deals or debt collections gone awry, and other vagaries of the +criminalized drug trafficking system. Only 7.5 percent of the homicides +were related to the behavioral effects of a drug, and two-thirds of +those involved alcohol, not cocaine. + +We tolerate endless violence induced by alcohol - 54 percent of violent +crime offenders in the U.S. are under the influence of alcohol at the +time they committed the crimes - without being told that alcohol +prohibition must be restored. Relatively few people use crack - only +one-half of one percent of the population during the past year, +according to federal statistics. Yet we're constantly told that +crack-induced violence can be stamped out by a policy that appears to +create more violence than it stamps out. + +We are also told by some that cocaine use would increase significantly +if prohibition were ended, a claim for which there is no scientific +evidence. In the inner city, prohibition notwithstanding, crack is +accessible and cheap. So anyone likely to use it is already using it, +undeterred by the law. While decriminilization is not likely to affect +crack use much, it might well alleviate the deadly fallout - including +the sky-high rates of homicide and imprisonment. + +The fear that ending prohibition would substantially increase the spread +of drug addiction is also contradicted by the example of the +Netherlands, where marijuana use actually went down after legalization, +and where the percentage of the population using marijuana is no higher +than in the United States. Nothing is certain, of course, and more +research is needed. But studies of cocaine users in the Netherlands, as +well as in Australia, indicate that the barrier created by prohibition +is relatively small and the market relatively inelastic. + +Studies here and in other countries also mock the +instant-drug-enslavement propaganda, revealing that controlled use of +cocaine is possible and that no more than 20 percent of users carried +their habits to the point where adverse effects occurred - and most of +those users cut their indulgence back to lower levels. + +Norman Zinberg's research in this country established that addiction or +compulsive use of any drug, including alcohol, is a function of three +variables: the chemical effect of the drug, the state of mind of the +user, and the conditions under which the drug is used. Heroin used as a +painkiller in the hospital, for example, will often not have the same +addictive effect as heroin used by a street hustler in a criminalized +setting. + +This is important for projecting the likely effect, on the general +population, of ending prohibition. Generalizing about the effects of +cocaine and crack by looking only at pathological users is like trying +to infer the effects of alcohol on guests at a cocktail party from the +behavior of skid row alcoholics. Again, more research is needed, but +that need is being obscured by a din of nonsense about devil drugs and +their capacity to enslave us. + +The impossible dream of a drug-free nation must be challenged. +Abstinence makes as little sense in the drug context as it does in the +fight against AIDS. It's time to cool out the hysteria and talk +rationally about controlling the use of drugs through practical policies +that become us, rather than disgrace us, as a nation. + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/tactics.d b/textfiles.com/politics/tactics.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ccb9ddf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/tactics.d @@ -0,0 +1,391 @@ + 6 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + **** **** + + Pamphlets by Charles Watts, Vol. I. + + DISCREDITABLE TACTICS + OF + CHRISTIAN DISPUTANTS. + + by + Charles Watts + + Vice-President of the National Secular Society + + Watts & Co. 17, Johnson's Court, Fleet Street. + London, England. + + 1880? + + **** **** + + DISCREDITABLE TACTICS + OF + CHRISTIAN DISPUTANTS. + + By CHARLES WATTS. + + DURING the past thirty years I have met in public discussion +fifty Christian disputants, many of whom were fair in controversy. +But some of my opponents appeared to have peculiar views as to what +was right and horrorable in their dealings with Secularists. In +1872 I held a four nights' debate With the Rev. A. Stewart, of +Aberdeen, who, not content with publishing the debate as it was +taken down, added to the printed report a long list of notes, +either explaining the statements which he had made during the +discussion, or answering points that I had urged upon the platform, +and which the rev. gentleman had failed to answer at the time. On +ascertaining that he was doing this, I requested the same privilege +for myself; but it was not granted, upon the ground that the +Christian Committee, who were issuing the debate, could not +"publish new sceptical matter." The result was that the readers of +the debate had a one-sided report presented to them. Such is the +love of justice and fair play that is sometimes inspired by +Chriatiahity. Truly, "the tree is known by its fruits." The Rev. +Z.B. Woffendale, acted in a similarly discreditable manner in +reporting a debate he had with Mr. G.W. Foote. Christian disputants +evidently recognise, after the debate is over, their controversial +shortcomings, and try to cover their defects by replying to their +opponents when no rejoinder is allowed. + + The same kind of tactics was resorted to by Dr. A. Jamieson, +of Glasgow, with whom I debated in 1894. Several months after the +discussion took place the Doctor published a report of it, +accompanied by an Appendix of sixteen pages, wherein he manifests + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + DISCREDITABLE TACTICS + +a sad bitterness, of temper, and indicates his disappointment at +the part he played upon the platform. Here are a few specimens of +how he deals, in the Appendix, with my arguments, after having had +months of study to consider what he should say in reply to my +statement, that I believed in one existence which I called the +universe, the Doctor says: "The universe is not one, but is +composed of a multiplicity of diffrent existences, as the sun, +moon, stars, animals, plants, gold, silver, etc., each of which +has an existence of its own." Now, the Doctor ought to know that +the composition does not affect the unity. Its forms and +appearances -- in other words, its phenomena -- are numerous; but +its noumenon, which underlies all external aspects, is one, hence +its name. Why is it called the universe? The name is derived from +unus, One, and therefore implies all that I contend for. The +separate existences referred to by Dr. Jamieson such as suns, +stars, animals, plants, etc., are simply different modes of the one +existence. They are all phenomenal, and will pass away by changing +their forms; but the one existance, of which all things are simply +modes, must remain to all eternity, as it has been from all +eternity. Besides this there can be no other. This is the doctrine +of Monism, which is now every day becoming more and more widely +accepted by men of the profoundest intellect. Dr. Jamieson's +quibble about the impossibility of an infinite whole being made up +of finite parts goes to show what Sir W. Hamilton so clearly +pointed out, that no human conception can be formed of the infinite +at all, and hence any attempt to theorise about it will involve one +in a contradiction. + + During the debate I used the following argument, which the +late Mr. Charles Bradlaugh frequently employed, with the view of +showing that the universe could not have been created by an +intelligent power extraneous to itself: -- + + "The fact I start from is the fact that something exists. + Now, this existence is either infinite in duration -- that is, + unlimited in duration -- that is, eternal -- or else it has + been created or brought into existence. If created, then it + must have been by some existence the same as itself, or + different from it; but it cannot have been created by any + existence the same as itself, because that would have been but + a continuation of the same existence; and it cannot have been + created by any existence differing from itself, because things + which have nothing in common with each other cannot, be + conceived in relation to each other and cannot be the cause + of, or affect, one another." + +Not once throughout the discussion did Dr. Jamieson notice this, +but in his Appendix he elegantly remarks: -- + + "This argument (?) is not only weak, but it is supremely + silly, and by it it could be easily proved that Mr. Watts + himself is infinite, both in extent and duration, and, + consequently, that he himself is the 'one existence.' If we + substitute the words, Mr. Watts exists, for the phrase + 'something exists,' throughout the argument, we will at once + see the absurdity of which both Mr. Bradlaugh and Mr. Watts + are guilty. The argument would then read thus: The fact I + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + DISCREDITABLE TACTICS + + start from is, that Mr. Watts exists. This existence (Mr. + Watts) is either infinite in duration, which is unlimited in + duration -- that is, eternal -- or else he has been created or + brought into existence. If created, then it must have been by + some existence the same as himself, or different from himself; + but he cannot have been created by an existence the same as + himself, because that would have been but a continuation of + the same existence; and he cannot have been created by any + existence different from himself, because things which have + nothing in common with each other cannot be conceived as + having any relation to each other, and cannot be either the + cause or effect of each other. The argument carried out in the + same way with regard to extent would prove Mr. Watts to be + infinite in that respect as well. An argument that leads to + such an absurdity must itself be the very essence of + absurdity. In face of the statement quoted, I think I may + safely say that Mr. Watts's positron is 'gone.'" + + This is another of those sophisms which play so conspicuous a +part in the Doctor's reasoning. Can he not see that Mr. Watts was +not, and does not pretend to have been, "created," but to have been +formed out of preexistent material of the same nature as himself? +What possible analogy is there between this process of moulding or +forming and the calling into existedee of a material universe from +nothing? Mr. Watts was formed out of an existence the same as +himself, and which existence, in one of its phases, is continued in +him. The argument which I employed is irrefutable when applied to +a supposed creation as I applied it; but, of course, it has no +bearing upon the mere modification of things out of preexistent +material. It remains, therefore, in full force, and will remain +until a better reason than Dr. Jamieson has furnished is +forthcoming to set it aside. + + Dr. Jamieson prides himself on having produced a "new +argument," and no doubt he hopes to attain to a sort of immortality +as its inventor. Strange that so many centuries should have passed +before this marvellous proof of God's existence was made known to +the benighted world. Paley may now hide his diminished head, and +all the Bridgewater Treatises be consigned to oblivion, since a new +natural theologian has arisen with a brand-new argument, which must +silence all Atheists, Agnostics, and doubters of the Divine. Here +is this wonderful argument (?): "It is admitted that the universe +in whole or in part is cooling. It is also admitted that cooling +bodies contract. That which has contrarted occupies less space than +it once did. The material universe, in whole or in part, has +contracted, consequently it now occupies less space than it once, +did. It must then be finite in extent. If finite in one way, it +must be finite in all ways, and, consequently, in duration. If +finite in duration, it must have had a beginning, and consequently +a Cause. There must, then, be a Powerful Being distinct from the +material universe upon whom it depends for its existence." + + Such is this new argument (?), which the Doctor invites me to +answer. I do so by pronouncing it as being the very essence of +sophistry. The whole "argument" is based upon a mistake, and, upon +this mistake, certain "ifs" are stated, and then the imperative +there "must" have been "a powerful Being," etc., is assumed. This + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + DISCREDITABLE TACTICS + +is a fair sample of the Doctor's metaphysics. Now, what are the +facts? It is not true that cooling bodies always contract, for snow +and ice occupy more space than water, although the temperature of +the former is much lower than that of the latter. Cooling in this +case expands, instead of contracting, Mark the sophism of the +Doctor's. He says "the material universe in whole or in part has +contracted; consequently it [what? -- the whole or the part?] +occupies less space than it once did." If the whole has contracted, +no doubt that is so. But the Doctor does not venture to assert that +the whole has contracted, but that the contraction may have been in +part only. Yet the conclusion drawn is on the supposition that +there has been contraction of the entire mass. This is manifestly +illogical. What do we know of distant parts of the universe as to +whether the matter in existence there is cooling or not? In one +part the temperature falls, and in another it rises, leaving +probably the same amount of heat on the whole. No one can assert +that the entire universe is cooling, and, therefore, undergoing +contraction; hence the "new argument" that was to revolutionise the +Theistic philosophy is not worth the paper it is written on. + + Dr. Jamieson persists in his contention that "the effect can +never be superior to the cause," and upon this assumption he gives +what he terms "a fatal blow to the Atheistic hypothesis." In the +debate I quoted J.S. Mill, who said: "How vastly nobler and more +precious, for instance, are the vegetables and animals than the +soil and manure out of which they are raised up." "But," says the +Doctor, "the soil and the manure are not the cause either of +vegetables or animals," but the cause is "a living germ" which is +there. Granted; yet surely it will not be urged that this simple +unicellular germ is greater than the oak tree which springs from +it, or the animal -- perhaps man -- in which it developes. That +germ has no intelligence, yet from it comes a Milton, a Bacon, or +a Shakespeare. Was not the effect greater than the cause in such a +case? Take another illustration of an opposite character. A +baccilus, almost inconceivable in its minuteness, several millions +of which could pass at the same time through the eye of an ordinary +sewing-needle, enters the body of a strong man and sets up an +action which stops all the vital forces of the powerful and well- +knit organism. The cause here was this tiny thing, composed of just +a single cell; the result, the death of a man of great vigor of +body and strength of mind. Surely no one out of a lunatic asylum +will maintain in such a case as this that the effect was inferior +to the cause. + + Dr. Jamieson's statement, that life precedes organisation, is +so startling that one can hardly imagine it possible for anyone to +make it who is acquainted with the merest rudiments of biology. Can +we even imagine life apart from organisation? Will the Doctor tell +us where it is to be found, and what it is like? That organisation +and life are always found associated no one, we presume, will deny, +just as force is always found in connection with matter. But it +would be no less absurd to say that force was the cause of matter +than that life was the cause of organization. Most of the +quotations given by Dr. Jamieson from men of science are quite +beside the question, and only show that the writers held life to be +something distinct from organisation, which no more proves life to +have been the causc of organisation than the holding that + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + DISCREDITABLE TACTICS + +electricity is something distinct from the battery proves it to +have been the cause of the combination of metals and acids +employed. However, the quotations themselves are from books written +long ago. The one most in harmony with the views under +consideration is that from the 'Reign of Law' by the Duke of +Argyll. And this book was written nearly thirty years since, and +its author was certainly never considered an authority upon +questions of biology. Huxley most assuredly hild a view +diametricaiiy opposed to this, as any one can see who will take the +trouble to read his 'Physical Basis of Life.' In that discourse he +redoculed the notion that life is anything more than a result of +organisation, by comparing it with the old theory that acquaosity +was something added to the hydrogen and oxygen in the formation of +water. For instance, the Professor wrote: "It will be observed that +the existence of the matter of life depends on the pre-existence of +certain compounds -- namely, carbonic acid, water, and ammonia. +Withdraw any one of these three from the world, and all vital +phenomena come to an end. They are related to the protoplasm of the +plant, as the protoplasm of the plant is to that of the animal. +Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogon are all lifeless bodies. Of +these, carbon and oxygen unite in certain proportions, and under +certain conditions, to give rise to carbonic acid; hydrogen and +oxygen produce water; nitrogen and hydrogeyn give rise to ammonia. +These new compounds, like the elementary bodies of which they are +composed, are lifeless. But when they are brought together ander +certain conditions they give rise to the still more complex body, +protoplasm, and this protoplasm exhibits the phenomena of life" +("Physical Basis of Life," Lay Sermons, p. 135). + + In my debate with Dr. Jamieson upon the soul question I used +the phrase, "Diseased brain impaired thought." In reply to this the +Doctor, in his Appendix, gives a long string of authorities to +prove the contrary. But they do nothing of the kind. I am reminded +that Professor Ferrer said that "the half of the brain has been +diseased, and that the intellectual powers of the patient have not +been interfered with." Well, what of it? So a man may have a +disease in one eye or one ear, and yet see or hear very well with +the other. The brain is double, like the eye or the ear. There are +two hemispheres, and if one is affected with disease the other can +act bealthily. And it was to illustrate this very fact that Dr. +Ferrier introduced the case. Then there is a reference to cases in +which mental derangement has occurred, and after death no lesion of +the brain has been found. Doubtless; yet I suppose there is no +physiologist who does not believe but that there was some brain +disease which escaped detection, in consequence probably of its +minute character. But if the Doctor thinks differently, will he +kindly inform us what was diseased if the brain was not? Can the +immortal soul suffer from derangement? Is the immaterial spirit +liable to disease and decay? For, if so, would it not be a fair +deduction that death also might be the culminating point of such an +abnormal condition? Then, what would become of the supposed +immortality? + + Dr. T. Cromwell, in his work upon 'The Soul and a Future +Life,' says: "Immaterialists have dwelt much on cases of +considerable, though always partial, injury to the brain, with +which no perceptible mental disorder was associated. But to this + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + DISCREDITABLE TACTICS + +there are adequate replies. 'Many instances are on record in which +extensive disease has occurred in one hemisphere (of the cerebrum) +so as almost entirely to destroy it, without any obvious injury to +the mental powers, or any interruption of the influence of the mind +upon the body. But there is no case on record of any severe lesion +of both hemispheres, in which morbid phenomona were not evident +during life' (Carpenter's Human Physiology, p. 775). 'In every +instance where there exists any corresponding lesion or disease on +each side of the brain, there we are sure to find some express +injury or impairment of the mental functions' (Sir. H. Holland's +'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' p. 184). 'There are no cases on +record in which the mental faculties have remained undisturbed when +the disorganisation has extended to both sides of the brain' (Solly +on 'The Human Brai,' p. 349 1836). Dr. Maudsley, in his 'Physiology +of Mind, p. 126, observes that he has come to the assured +conviction that mind does not exist in nature apart from brain; all +his experience of it is in connection with brain. Lawrence, in his +'Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,' p. 112, says: 'I firmly believe +that the various forms of insanity, that all the affections +comprehended under the general term of mental derangement, are only +evidences of cerebral affections, disordirred manifestations of +those organs whose healthy action produces the phoriomena called +mental -- in short, symptoms of diseased brain'" (quoted by +Cromwell, p. 97). + + The Doctor accuses me of ignorance because, I spoke of scars +in connection with anatomy, which, he says, belong to the province +of physiology. Let me tell my learned opponent, who informs me that +he has "successfully passed examinations in two universities," that +it would have beed still more correct to have relegated sears to +the region of pathology, or the wound which caused the sear to the +domain of surgery. Anatomy is a general term applied to the human +body, and is not always limited to a cut-and-dried description of +the bones, muscles, nerves, etc. Strictly speaking, the word +anatomy is derived from a Greek word which signifies to cut up; but +it is used by all persons -- except, perhaps, first-year students +in a medical school -- in a much broader sense. And no man who is +not bent on hair-splitting would have accused me of ignorance in +consequence of my applying it to scars. Then we are told that +sometimes scars disappear. That is true, but not always, for I have +now a scar upon my forehead that has been visible for over forty +years. In my debate with the Doctor I gave scientific reasons why +scars could remain, notwithstanding the many changes the body +undergoes. But the disappearance of some scars does not in any way +prove the Doctor's contention. Ideas sometimes disappear, +especially late in life. Memory fails almost invariably at advanced +age, and even childishness supervenes. If that be not due to brain +decay, then to what is it due? + + PRICE ONE PENNY. + + Published by WATTS & CO, 17 Johnson's-court, Fleet-street, + + London; 1895. + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/takebbs.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/takebbs.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fcf0d46e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/takebbs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + +Well, now it appears that they are coming for the bbs's also. Well +they'll get mine when they pry the keyboard from my cold dead +fingers. + + + Communication Is Your Right + +The growing national and international outreach of computer bulletin +board systems (BBSs) and their effectiveness in reaching the masses +outside of the Establishment media were discussed on the October 7 +broadcast of The SPOTLIGHT's nightly call-in talk forum, Radio Free +America, with host Tom Valentine. + +The guest was veteran Washington-based investigative journalist +Patrick M. Clawson. He has worked for Cable News Network (CNN) and +NBC News and is now becoming active in the BBS industry, which, he +noted, is under fire from the gouernment. The SPOTLIGHT is also +involved in this new medium, through the LogoPlex BBS based in +Richmond, Virginia. + +An edited transcript of the interview follows. Valentine's questions +are in boldface. Clawson's comments are in regular text. [Clawson's +comments are in square brackets for this file] + +You've recently entered into a new communications endeavor. Could you +discuss that? + + [ I've been helping to organize a trade association, the National +On-Line Media Association. That is an organization of people who are +running computer bulletin boards around the country. The computer +bulletin boards have become quite a force. It's a great way of +getting your news outside of the traditional stream. Frankly, a lot +of the news you get through the BBS is a lot more accurate than the +stuff you read in the mainstream press. ] + + [ Many people around the country are getting onto BBSs. ] + + [ What's happening with this on-line media is quite exciting. It +really is going to upset the balance of media power in America. Lots +of people are very discouraged with the way the conventional news +media reports the news. I am, too, and I've been a member of the +Washington press corps for a long time. ] + + [ The thing that's interesting about this bulletin board +technology as it is proliferating across the country is that for the +first time in the history of the world any person can be a publisher +and can have their voice heard worldwide, on these computer networks.] + + [ Any person can report the news and put the word out worldwide to +any person who wants to read it. That's a tremendous change in the +balance of media power. It's going to liberate people. It's going +to give them a chance to report things and to dig out government +corruption in a way like they've never been able to do it before. ] + +Is the Establishment getting leery of the development of the computer +bulletin boards? + + [ What's happening to a computer bulletin board system based in +Boston is a very interesting story, and it has gotten no press play. +This is a clear sign of how the media industry is changing. ] + + [ There's a gentleman in Boston named Brian Miller. He and his +wife run a bulletin board, Channel 1 BBS. This is one of the largest +bulletin board systems in the country. They have built this system +up through hard work to the point that it's quite well known. ] + + [ The state of Massachusetts, in its infinite wisdom, has now +decided to reinterpret the state's tax laws on telecommunications to +try to make it retroactively fit this company. The state is using +this as a test case. The state has hit this company with a tax lien +of more than $150,000. This is a small business, and this lien could +shut this company down. ] + + [ Here you have a media voice in Boston that is being threatened +with silence, and it has gotten no national publicity at all. If the +U.S. government or the District of Columbia government moved against +the Washington Post with a major tax assessment in a clear effort to +shut them down, we would be hearing about it.] + + [ There have been several cases across the country where the FBI +and/or the local police have gone in and raided bulletin boards under +the pretext that the board may have transmitted pornography or +somebody might have posted somebody's credit card number on the +board. ] + + [ However, instead of taking some kind of carefully defined legal +action to deal with those issues, the law en-forcement people have +broken down doors and grabbed equipment and shut down these media +operations. ] diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/tax.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/tax.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..50100c17 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/tax.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +MUST YOU PAY INCOME TAX? +FOR INDIVIDUALS, INCOME TAX IS A VOLUNTARY TAX +. + The above statement makes many people skeptical when +tehy read it. However, the basic reason for the truth of +the statement is really very simple. +. +THE U.S. CONTITUTION F O R B I D S THE FEDERAL +GOVERNMENT TO IMPOSE ANY TAX DIRECTLY UPON +INDIVIDUALS. +. +INDIVIDUALS VOLUNTARILY IMPOSE AN INCOME TAX UPON +THEMSELVES WHEN THEY FILE AN INCOME TAX RETURN. +. + Read on and learn why. You will be glad you spent +a few minites to learn about these important facts. +. + AMERICANS ARE CONFUSED + AND DECEIVED +. + Before World War II, individuals' wages were not +considered to be subject to income taxes. During the war a +"Victory Tax" was imposed on wages as an emergency measure +to help pay for the war. The people did not realize that +government could not constitutionally impose any tax +directly on them, so they assumed that individuals and +their earnings could be taxed directly. + The Internal Revenue Service intentionally promoted this +misunderstanding of taxing power through clever wording +of its statements, publications and propaganda news +releases. Consequently, Americans have been deceived into +believing that they are required to pay an income tax which +is laid on them directly by govenment. However, when the +IRS's publications, U.S. Supreme Court decisions and the +Internal Revenue Code (income tax law) are studied +carefully, they show that for individuals, paying income +tax is voluntary and that the filing of tax forms is also +a voluntary action that is not required by law. +. + CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON + TAXING POWER +. + In order to understand why paying income tax and filing +tax forms are voluntay actions for individuals, it is +essential to understand the limitations on federal +taxation embodied in the United States Constitution.The +statemen who wrote the Constitution were fully aware of +the dangers to liberty allowing a central govenment to +impose taxes directly upon individuals or upon property. +. +Tyranny resulting from direct taxation of individuals had +led to the American Revolution only 12 years earlier when +all the taxes collected amounted to less than 5% of the +colonists earnings. This tyranny was referred to in the +Declaration of Independence where in describing the +reasons for the revolution, the founding fathers +stated:"He(King George III) has erected a multitude +of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers +to harass our people, and eat out their substance". +. + Because of the knowledge of these facts, the framers +of the Constitution include not one, but two limitations +in the Constitution that absolutely forbid the federal +government to impose any direct taxes upon individuals +or upon property. All direct taxes are required to be +"apportioned", which means that they must be laid upon +the state governments in proportion to earch state's +population. + The limitations forbidding direct taxation of individuals +are found first in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3, which +states:"Representative4s and direct Taxes shall be +apportioned among the several States which may be +included within this YUnion, according to their +respective numbers..", and again in Artical 1, Section 9, +Clause 4, which states: "No Capitation or other direct +Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or +Enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken." These +basic sections of the have never been repealed or +amended. The Constitution still forbids direct taxation +of individuals and property. +. + 16th AMENDMENT MISINTERPRETED + (DELIBERATELY) +. +call Bob Huebner for the rest of text. +His number is (602)954-8885. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/taxch.d b/textfiles.com/politics/taxch.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..79afbee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/taxch.d @@ -0,0 +1,1560 @@ + 24 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + **** **** +LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1502 +Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + By Joseph McCabe + + HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS + GIRARD, KANSAS + + Copyright, 1930, + Haldeman-Julius Company + + **** **** + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF + CHURCH PROPERTY + + A week or two ago I stood before the Cathedral of Notre Dame +at Paris, enjoying one more both the superb skill of the builders +an the joyous cynicism with which they had mingled piety and +impiety in the sculpture. Paris always has surprises for me but the +most singular was that a French woman of mature years, apparently +normal intelligence, an fair education came to me and asked: "Can +you tell me, sir, what church this is?" I had just been explaining +to a friend how the large island in the Seine in which the +cathedral stands was once Paris; how half of it had been occupied +by the spacious palace and the soaring cathedral, and the citizens +had Just tucked their dark little homes into such odd corners as +God and the king did not require. Sixty years ago the French booted +their last monarch across the frontier, and now, it seem some of +them have so far forgotten religion that they have to ask +foreigners the name of a church for which America would probably +pay a billion dollars. + + Few countries have advanced as rapidly as France, which is one +of the least sentimental and most logical of nations, but we have +all advanced so far that one-half of our life is anachronistic to +the other half. The exemption of churches from taxation is one of +the worst anachronisms. It meant originally that the church was a +state within the state, having its own law and deciding itself when +and in what measure it might, in times of pressure; contribute to +the public treasury. When this arrogant claim was disallowed, +church property still evaded taxation on the ground that it served +a high public purpose, like, charitable or educational +institutions, which were then entirely voluntary, and it ought +therefore, to have at least this subsidy of an exemption from +taxation. There was no need in those days to inquire very closely +into the soundness of the public service. Practically the whole +community used the churches and, if a tax were imposed on them, the +community would have to pay it. The church was exempt on pretty +much the same grounds as the civic hall. It was like transferring +your money from one pocket to another. Now considerably less than +half the adults of any Community use the churches, and the last +argument for exempting them from taxation is quite discredited. + 1 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + RICH AND EMPTY CHURCHES + + Church property in the United States is said to be worth about +four billion dollars, and it is increasing rapidly in value. Drive +round the fringes of any growing town or City and see how eligible +sites have been secured for the building of new churches; how old +sites that have risen ten or twenty fold in value are quietly sold; +how the clergy can hang on to city sites until the value is +colossal, while any other concern doing so little business would +have been driven out long ago by the fair incidence of taxation. In +the inner ring of large cities there are churches with fifty or a +hundred worshipers while business men pay appalling prices for the +land all around them. And the majority of us are supinely +protecting the business. Of the majority of church-users the great +bulk are women and children, and of the genuinely religious male +taxpayers the enormous majority live in the country or small towns. +We do not much miss the taxes on their Little Bethels. The +anachronism is that city property of immense value is used by only +about a tenth of the taxpayers of this city, yet the nine-tenths +lazily subsidize it by remitting taxation. Even business men seem +never to reflect that in remitting, say, a million dollars in +taxation on buildings which nine-tenths of them do not want they +are paying out of their own pockets a million dollars a year to the +people who do want them. + + Sometimes they tell us with an air of sweet reasonableness +that the churches are "doing good work" and that, after all, the +individual misses only a few dollars a year by agreeing to the +immunity. It is sheer mental laziness. If we taxed the churches, +and they then appealed to these non-churchgoers who appreciate +their good work to find the tax for them, probably none would +contribute a dollar. There would be a speedy revaluation of the +services of the churches. Take Paris. The total church-going +population is only about one-tenth of the entire community, and it +consists mainly of women and children. Now, no matter how much we +may admire the French woman, she is more rigorously excluded from +public life than woman is in any other advanced civilization. Yet +these men, nineteen of twenty of whom are not in the slightest +degree influenced by the churches, have, most particularly since +they ceased to go to church, purified the city of the last traces +of its ancient savagery. It is, proportionately, the law of the +world. There are two sets of men whom we would like to see +influenced, and we would not mind paying a few dollars for the +influence. They are the dishonest hypocrites and the honest +criminals. The churches flatly refuse to influence the first and +are quite incapable of touching the second class. + + SWEEP OUT MENTAL RUBBISH + + Amongst my many eccentric and utopian ideas there is one that +calls for a sort of mental sanitary service in a modern city. I +loathe the idea of compulsory education after the age of twenty, +yet in some form we ought to have a public service that will sweep +and dust our minds periodically and provide a very large +incinerator for the rubbish. Even the most cleanly-minded of us +occasionally. discover that we have for years harbored a piece of +mental junk. There lies on my desk, as I am writing, a little work + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + +on the Stoics by that very distinguished Hellenist, well-known +skeptic, and most nimble-minded and charming of men, Prof. Gilbert +Murray, and I open it to see if I can find any nonsense. Here it is +at once. Murray likens the Stoic "God' to a "Friend behind +phenomena," and he Says that we all have a "yearning" for this and +an "almost ineradicable instinctive convietton" of its existence. +I doubt if one man in a hundred who got beyond what one might call +the convalescent stage after recovering from religion has the least +trace of such a yearning and conviction. Murray is no man in the +street but a very distinguished scholar of particularly alert mind +and acquaintance with men. One can imagine how easily less clear- +headed men will let these illusions accumulate in their minds, +especially in connection with religion. + + We cannot, of course, get my intellectual sanitary service, +and so those of us who feel impatient about it must do the sweating +and dusting as we can. And one of the best and most promising +opportunities ought to be a public discussion of the immunity of +the churches from taxation. How many of us -- I do hot mean by "us" +the militant and vigilant folk who read the Haldeman-Julius +Publications, but modern men generally -- genuinely regard the +black-coated gentleman we meet in the street as so valuable a +person that we will pay his taxes for him? Very few, surely. Some +of us, it is true, listen to the periodical Bolshevik scare and +persuade ourselves that all chance of making a million dollars will +disappear with the church steeples, but it is a poor fallacy. My +Bolshevik friends, and they are numerous, are the last persons in +the world to listen to sermons, and any stockbroker who sends a +hundred dollars to the nearest church with the idea that he is +protecting Wall Street ought to sit down and think a little. A +Preacher in Fifth Avenue, where the danger of the spread of +Bolshevism is not acute, can most eloquently vindicate our present +economic order. But a preacher in a district where the workers show +some inclination to listen to radicalism either does not open his +mouth or he proves that Jesus was the forerunner of Lenin. + + PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS + + We ask people only to use common sense. The churches are today +private institutions in which certain people say prayers and sing +hymns and listen to dissertations on sin. It is a free country, and +even the Communist or the Fascist does not want to prevent them. +But why in the name of all that is wonderful should the rest of us +pay them some $200,000,000 a year for doing it? A moderate tax on +church property would raise that, so we are meantime funding it +ourselves. You may suggest that it is not very onerous for us +individually, but that is not the issue. The burden we bear is a +just charge of intellectual laziness, of docility to usurpers, of +a confusion of thought which, if we generally tolerated it, would +wreck our homes or businesses in six months. We smile at the ladies +who put on an extra foot of frock because some hidden mandarins of +fashion say that this is now "the thing." Most of us men are just +as bad. If it is the fashion to exempt churches from taxation we +acquiesce without even inquiring what the real motives or who the +real dictators are. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + To many of us, of course, a rigorous campaign for the taxation +of church property would mean immeasurably more than a financial +readjustment, just as the present immunity of the churches means to +them immeasurably more than the two hundred million dollars at +which the product of a tax is estimated. The immunity means that +they have state-sanction, which is supposed to be the sanction of +everybody except a few cranks, for their profession of rendering +valuable services. A very long stride will be taken in the +direction of rationalizing the country when we remove this public +endorsement of the claims of the churches. I do not suggest that +there will be a serious diminution of worshipers in a chapel when +they are told from the pulpit that in future they have to find a +new fund of a thousand dollars or so, but we shall meet them on +more equal terms, as one body of citizens differing from another. +The chief thing that prevents me from lapsing into that comfortable +mental sleepiness to which a man of my age is entitled, is the +stimulation of fighting the prosperity of humbugs, the way in which +the clergy and the aristocracy and all sorts of people with +improper privileges seem to smile at me. I dream occasionally, as +I smoke my last four pipes at night, of forming a League of Youths, +a Thundering Legion of young folk who will go out into the streets +with me looking for lies to scotch, for usurpers to dethrone, for +hypocrites to unmask, for injustices to set right... + + MAKE THIS A REAL FIGHT + + Dreams, of course, I am always dreaming. But it seems that my +energetic friend and colleague Haldeman-Julius is going to do +something of the kind and to begin with this valuable campaign to +rouse the nation to some sense of this absurd and anachronistic +immunity of church property. Let me urge those many readers whom I +have found in America not merely to support him but to make it a +real and live campaign. Never mind the size and wealth of the +churches, Never mind, the contrast between the forty million +perfectly drilled and organized and doped churchgoers and the sad +disorganization and scattering of the eighty million non- +churchgoers. Talk about it. Make people read about it. Teach people +the joy of fighting, of being a personality, of raising one's head +above the stream. It is as good an issue as any to start with, and +sooner or later the start has to be made. Get young folk to blot +out of their Birthday Books that pernicious maxim: Great is Truth +and it will prevail, Great is the average man -- if you can +persuade him to make a great nuisance of himself. A reader of my +Little Blue Books wrote to tell me how he propped one against the +cruet at his lunch-shop day after day, and how religious folk who +recognize those mischievous little explosives at twenty yards' +distance got the manager to ask him to go to some place of which I +forget the name. That's the spirit. My milkman asked my housekeeper +the other day on what subject I am writing at present. "On God," +she said, "and he guesses he'll knock him off his perch." The good +news spread in the dairy world. The girl at the circulating library +... + + In short, quite ordinary folk can, if they just know when to +be quiet and when to be noisy, when to be Polite and when to curse, +but to keep on doing whichever is advisable, help the world along. +The work depends more and more on such folk. Societies and leagues + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + +and associations either prosper and fatally degenerate, like some +on Which I have wasted decades, or reach too small a number. I +suggest that readers of the Haldeman-Julius Publications try the +experiment of making this a live campaign. Do not expect to convert +Mr. Hoover in the first month. That is not the Point. The idea is +that here is a chance of rousing great numbers of people to a sense +of one foolish anachronism that we tolerate in connection with +religion, and it will reverberate in the mind and make people +perceive a dozen others. Get out the figures, if you can, for your +own town. Look up the churches with hundred-thousand-dollar sites +and a hundred worshippers. let the press know that there are live +men and women reading it as well as Rip Van Winkles. Make editors +realize that in the majority of towns today the majority of readers +do not go to church and do not really care a cent about the work of +the churches. it might load to the disappearance of those Saturday +and Sunday features that linger from the days when America was a +Christian country, to a bolder note about encroachments on our +liberties, to real news about the thought-currents of the modern +world. Editors know quite well that the bulk of people are not +seriously interested today in church work, at least in any town +that is more than a mile in diameter, but they have to listen to +the noisy folk. Let them have a noise. Blessed are the peace-makers +for of such is the kingdom of heaven. Let them have it. Say rather: +Blessed are the fight-makers, for they shall possess the earth. + + A CAMPAIGN OF SANITY + + Seriously, a lively, rousing, country-wide discussion, the +sort of discussion that makes the editor of a daily call for a +symposium and the editor of a weekly or monthly wire off for the +opinion on the matter of Babe Ruth, Clara Bow, and Calvin Coolidge, +would be a good opening for a new campaign on behalf of sanity. The +pretext that we want to tax the house of God is hardly like to be +raised. It might provoke the Catholic to tell the Protestant, and +vice versa, what precisely he thinks of his preposterous claim that +God is in his church. The only argument that can plausibly be +raised against taxation is that the Churches do so much good that +civilization depends upon their exertions. Have Your machine-guns +ready for that. It is just the sort of plea we should like them to +set up. A good broadside of facts from history and about the +relation of modern progress and decay of religion, would open the +eyes of large bodies of readers whom we cannot ordinarily lure into +reading truthful statements. I wish I were in it, but a mere +foreigner could be bluffed into silence -- especially such a small +and modest foreigner -- and here in England the organizations that +ought to start a fight have dwindled into mutual admiration +societies and refuges for homeless mystics. + + Many will, no doubt, have recourse to the plausible cry that +we are stirring up sectarian strife. Do they mean that only +political strife is to be permitted in a prosperous community? Or +do they mean that dervishes shall be encouraged to roam the country +with frantic denunciations of science, and professors encouraged to +encourage them by prostituting their learning, and the rest of us +hold our tongues? Or do they mean that the only subject on which +people cannot behave themselves when they begin to dispute about it +is religion? We people who seriously hold that religion has nothing + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + +to do with the progress or maintenance of civilization are very +numerous today. But no one talked of sectarian bitterness and civic +strife when, quite recently, we were, apropos of the imaginary +atrocities in Russia, denounced violently from Boston to San +Francisco. Certainly we should smile if anybody suggests that we +must not mention a tax on churches for fear of stirring up +sectarian strife. On the contrary, we should see such sectarian +amity as has never before been seen on this planet. We should +probably see the Archbishop of Baltimore arm in arm with the +Fundamentalist leader, Bishop Manning linked with Aimee, leading a +great procession along Michigan Boulevard, and calling for the +lightning of the Lord upon these ruffianly people who want to make +them pay their own taxes. + + That is all that it amounts to. That particular ten million +dollars that the churches of the city would yield if they were +taxed is paid at present by the citizens, most of whom profit +neither directly nor indirectly in the work of the churches. The +threat might even drive them into making themselves useful. They +might cease to talk for a time about our wills and have a look at +our crimes. They might discover that it is not entirely +inconsistent with the principles of the Christian Church that its +ministers should unite to rid a city of its gunmen and dishonest +officials instead of talking picturesquely about them in the +pulpit. I see an endless prospect of good results. ... But I see +most clearly of all that this is a transparently just and sound +plea, one that could unite millions of men and women, one that can +enlist the sympathies of practical people, yet one that would be an +excellent beginning of teaching a nation to think seriously on the +new conditions of our age. + + OUR COMPLETE PROGRAM AGAINST CLERICALISM + + 1. We demand the taxation of ALL Church property. + + 2. We demand that church lobbying be resisted by free men as +one of the major evils that threaten the principles of secular +freedom, human rights and realistic Progress in government. + + 3. We demand that the Bible be kept out of the public schools +and that the public schools shall not join in any scheme of +religious propaganda. + + 4. We demand the complete rejection of the principle of +Christian morality -- religious dogma and doctrine -- in the making +of our laws, with special reference to the religiously inspired +intolerance of our laws concerning sex and censorship. + + 5. We demand the repeal of all anti-evolution laws and the +vigilant prevention of all attempts by clericalism to dictate, even +though under the treacherous guise of "democracy," the course of +teaching in our state schools and universities. + + 6. We demand the repeal of blue Sunday laws, and the absolute +rejection by government of the dogma that this day is sacred or +that it is to be dominated by preachers and pious zealots. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + 7. We demand the repeal of all blasphemy laws and all laws +prohibiting Atheists from testifying in court or from holding +public office. + + 8. We demand that government shall cease the employment of +chaplains in the national congress, in the state legislature. and +in state institutions. + + 9. We demand that government shall strictly refuse financial +aid to sectarian, religious institutions -- whether schools, +hospitals or whatnot -- and that religion, in all its enterprises, +shall pay its own way. + + 10. We demand the ending of all favoritism to religion or +recognition of religion by government -- that is, we demand the +complete secularization of government both in form and function. + + **** **** + + A PREACHER ADVOCATES CHURCH + TAXATION + + THE Rev. L.M. Birkhead + + (Minister, All Souls' Unitarian Church, Kansas City, mo.) + + One of the most amazing and paradoxical of modern Political +situations is that of the United States committed fundamentally to +the absolute divorce of church and state, and yet contributing +indirectly, by means of the exemption of church property from +taxation, more than $250,000,000 annually to the support of the +church. + + Theoretically in America we maintain that the aim of taxation +is "to secure the equal distribution of the burden of civil +society." Theoretically we maintain that our government is founded +on the principle of the separation of church and state. The +fundamental law of the land states explicitly that "Congress shall +make no laws respecting an establishment of religion, or +prohibiting the free exercise thereof." But it is pure hypocrisy to +maintain that we carry out these principles in practice. The +exemption of church property from taxation is a plain denial of +these principles. + + And Incidentally we might mention many other evidences of a +too close connection between Christianity and government in +America, as, for instance, the employment of chaplains in +legislative bodies, in the army, and in other government +institutions, the appropriation of public money for charitable and +educational institutions of a sectarian character, the compulsory +reading of the Christian Bible in the public schools of a number of +states, the appointment of religious festivals and holidays by the +President of the United States and governors of the various states, +laws compelling the keeping of Sunday as the Sabbath, and many +other such regulations. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + It is claimed for the church that it ought to be exempt from +taxation because of the, valuable social service which it renders +to human suffering. It is well just to keep in mind two facts: +first, that very few churches are actually engaged in ministering +to the poor (other agencies render such services much more +efficiently), and, second, that the churches so engaged never do so +from the highest motives; they are always thinking of winning +supporters and members. + + But granting that the church is a useful institution, " if you +were to exempt that which is useful," to quote the wisdom of +Ingersoll, "You would exempt every trade and every profession." Or, +to use the words of James F. Morton, Jr., In his recent book +'Exempting the Churches,' "Our great philanthropists, scientists, +inventors, and educators are not exempt from taxation on the ground +of the great good they are doing." + + The church contributes services to the state as a police power +more valuable than the mere pittance it might pay on its tax exempt +property, the friends of religion claim. But does it? I ask this +question in all sincerity. It may be there was a time when people +could be frightened into being good by the fear of hell. It may be +that Voltaire was right in his day when he said that he didn't +believe in hell, but he wanted his servants to believe in It. But +that time is gone, for hell has been abolished and the church has +lost its power (if it ever possessed it) to keep "bad people" in +order. It is illuminating in this connection to read the statistics +with respect to the religion of criminals confined in our +penitentiaries. + + To tax church property would put many churches out of +existence, the defenders of the exemption of church property say. +If an organization cannot pay its way, if it hasn't members and +friends who believe in it sufficiently to support it, why should +those of us who do not believe in it at all, who believe, in fact, +that it is a vicious, superstitious institution, be compelled to +support it? + + We all agree that there may be some excuse for exempting +schools, orphanages, and hospitals from taxation, for they are +performing functions the state would be obliged to perform. But +religion is another matter -- a very personal and private matter +which is no affair of the state. + + It cannot be said too frequently to the American people that +religion is a strictly private affair, and that it is never the +duty of the state to interest itself in either the life or death of +the church. The church is not a public institution in the sense +that it performs any duties which the state would have to perform +in the absence of the church, + + To tax church property is "robbery of God," we are told by the +defenders of the faith. But which God? The Methodist, Baptist, +Catholic, or Jewish, Fundamentalist, or Modernist? + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + Since the churches are subsidized by the whole community -- by +means of tax exemption -- one would suppose that they would be +community institutions. But such is not the case -- they are very +exclusive and are quick to deny their privileges to the public +except upon very exacting conditions. + + It is rather illuminating to note that, though all of the +states of the Union exempt church property. from taxation, there is +expressed in the legislation (pertaining to this matter of church +property) in many states a suspicion that religions institutions +might speculate in land or might use their buildings and property +for profit in the name of religion. + + in many states, limitations are placed upon the amount of +church property which can be exempted from taxation. In some +states, churches are limited to one acre (on which exemption can be +claimed) within the city, and to five acres a mile or more from the +city, + + In the state of New Hampshire, the amount of church property +exempt from taxation is limited to $150,000. In Iowa, church land +is exempt up to, but not exceeding, 160 acres; in North Dakota, the +limit is one acre. In Missouri, the exemption is restricted to one +acre within the municipality or within one mile of the +municipality, and to five acres if one or more miles from the +municipality. In Kansas, exemption applies only to buildings used +exclusively for religious purposes and "grounds not to exceed 10 +acres." Montana places the exemption of church property on the +following basis: "Such property as is used exclusively as places of +actual religious worship, but no more than is necessary for such +purposes." + + The state of Washington exempts all churches, built and +supported by donations, whose seats are free, and ground not +exceeding 120 feet by 200 feet, together with parsonage. and "the +area of unoccupied ground exempted in connection with both church +and parsonage shall not exceed 120 feet by 120 feet and the grounds +are to be used wholly for religious purposes." + + Some of the states place no limit on the property exempted if +the property is used exclusively for religious purposes. The +statutes in such states read; "all buildings and grounds, when used +solely and exclusively for religious purposes," or "when not used +for profit," or "when not held by way of investment." + + It would be interesting to investigate the enforcement of +these statutes, to discover, if possible, how law-abiding church +organizations (so loud in their defense of the 18th Amendment and +the Volstead Act) really are. I dare say that it would be very easy +to find many instances of religious organizations exceeding the +limit of church property exempt or evading taxes on property used +for other than religious purposes, + + What one of our leading weekly magazines called "saintly +profiteering" is quite common among religious organizations. Look +at New York City, for instance, where more than $500,000,000 worth +of church property is exempt from taxation! The Madison Avenue + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + +Methodist Episcopal Church of New York City recently made $650,000 +profit by selling its church property for an apartment house site. +A Jewish synagogue, Temple Emanu.El, made $1,000,000 clear from the +sale of its property a few years ago. St. Patrick's Cathedral, New +York City, is said to be located on property worth $10,000,000. The +fabulous wealth of Trinity Church, located at the head of Wall +Street, is familiar to everyone. But New York is not the only city +where such conditions prevail, though its case is extreme. There +is, for instance, the case of a great midwestern religious +organization which recently won from the Federal government the +right to have its income exempt from taxation -- and the income +involved in this contest with the government amounted to several +million dollars. I refer to the Unity society of Practical +Christianity with International headquarters in Kansas City, Mo. + + A commission on taxation reported to Governor Pinchot of +Pennsylvania a few years ago that in the city of Philadelphia, +14.77 percent of the total property was exempt from taxation, and +of this 14.25: percent consisted of churches, parochial schools, +and buildings for teachers of parochial schools. The commission +reported that it was convinced that this condition constitutes a +subtle and dangerous form of securing a state subsidy for religious +institutions. "However commendable the purposes of these +institutions may be," the committee recorded, "it is nevertheless +a fact that the rapid increase in welfare facilities and the +generous donations to welfare work are gradually creating a non- +taxed class of property which is increasing more rapidly than the +wealth of the community, thereby forcing additional tax burdens +upon the taxable wealth to an unfair degree." + + The commission recommended, therefore, that religious and +charitable institutions be required to pay taxes on their land +values, leaving improvements exempt. + + Very few of our political leaders have ever had the courage to +speak out on this matter of taxing church property. Be it said to +the glory of General Ulysses S. Grant that while he was President +he gave expression to prophetic wisdom in the following words +contained in a message to Congress (in 1875): + + I would call your attention to the importance of + correcting an evil, that if permitted to continue, will + probably lead to great trouble in our land before the close of + the nineteenth century. It is the acquisition of vast amounts + of untaxed church property. In 1850, I believe, the church + property of the United states which paid no taxes, municipal + or state, amounted to $87,000,000. in 1860 the amount had + doubled. In 1870 it was $354,483,587. BY 1900, without a + check, it is safe to say, this property will reach a sum + exceeding $3,000,000,000. So vast a sum, receiving all the + protection and benefits of a government, without bearing its + proportion of the burdens and expenses of the same, will not + be looked upon acquiescently by those who have to pay the + taxes. In a growing country, where real estate enhances so + rapidly with time, as in the United States, there is scarcely + a limit to the wealth that may be acquired by Corporations, + religious or otherwise, If allowed to retain real estate + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + without taxation. The contemplation of so vast a property as + here alluded to, without taxation, may lead to sequestration. + without constitutional authority, and through blood. I would + suggest the taxation of all property equally. + + It would be almost impossible to get any sort of a political, +intellectual or social leader of today to speak with such boldness +concerning the church and its failings. + + "One of the clearest and most audacious of the few recent +utterances on the taxation of church property has been made by +Professor Harry Elmor Barnes in his 'The Twilight of Christianity.' +If he is not severely punished by the church for so forthright a +condemnation of the church, then I am no prophet. Barnes wrote: + + One aspect of the economics of religion is the economic + waste connected with the maintenance of ecclesiastical + edifices and their operation. One could conceive of a type of + religion for which large expenditures would be economically + justifiable on the ground that the churches were rendering a + very valuable social, economic and ethical service to the + community, but the activities of orthodox churches in America + must be regarded as rather worse than useless. + + The hypothetical adjustment of man to an imaginary + supernatural world and the salvation of mankind from a non- + existent hell cannot be regarded as a service of any merit + whatever. The churches may incidentally offer some relief to + the poor, but it is a moot question as to whether, in the long + run, this sort of charity is not socially disastrous. + + By 1926, the annual expenditures of religious + organizations in America for salaries, repairs. payments on + debts and benevolence were $814,370,000. To this sum should be + added large donations to the cause of foreign missions. The + writer of these lines is well known to be a person of pacifist + leanings who earnestly deplores our present excessive + expenditures for modern armaments, but it is certainly more + justifiable to expend large sums of money to protect ourselves + against potential earthly enemies, than to appropriate + infinitely greater amounts to protect ourselves from wholly + imaginary enemies in the postulated spirit world. We may be in + no danger from Japan or Great Britain, but they certainly + menace us more than the devil. + + In 1926, the value of church edifices was $3,842,500,000. + These are free from taxation, though they benefit by all sorts + of public expenditures such as fire protection, transportation + facilities, police protection and the like. Probably no other + step would be allowed with such definite practical + consequences as the reasonable taxation of church property. + + In addition to the churches, we must consider the + parochial schools which are maintained at great expense by the + faithful, though in many cases parents can ill-afford to make + the necessary contributions. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + The annual expenditures in America today for this purpose + of adjusting Americans to supernatural powers certainly total + far more than a billion dollars. One can scarcely refrain from + remarking upon what might be done with this money if wisely + and directly expended for the secular betterment of mankind, + or even used to support modernized religious cults and + organizations whose aims are chiefly related to social + improvement and aesthetic appreciation. + + The present economic status of the American Church -- rightly +characterized as "a tax-dodging and tax-eating institution" -- +defies the courage and sagacity of liberals. As liberals -- +theists, atheists, agnostics, humanists -- we are contributing to +the support of religious institutions which are founded upon +superstition and whose influence is vicious. This is certainly a +violation of the fundamental human liberties and decencies. By no +sort of sophistry can we establish any significant difference +between appropriating money for a sect and relieving it of +taxation. The church at present is enjoying a form of legalized +graft, for it is in no sense rendering a service equal to the +benefits it enjoys under our liberal laws. The separation of church +and state is, so far, merely theoretical. The church is subsidized +to the extent of more than $250,000,000 annually by relief from +taxation. Its property has increased in value until today it totals +more than $6,000,000,000, though some conservative students put the +figure at $4 000,000,000. + + If the church hasn't the decency to come forward and confess +that it has been enjoying special privileges which it did not +deserve, and voluntarily give up these privileges, have we liberals +the courage to say that the church's abuses of our liberties must +cease? And have we the boldness and skill to put the church in its +proper place? + + This is one of the most challenging labors confronting +liberals today. + + **** **** + + WHY CHURCHES ARE EXEMPTED FROM + TAXATION + + A WEIRD LIST OF THE "USEFUL PUBLIC SERVICES" + PERFORMED BY THE TEMPLES OF SUPERSTITION + + PRESBYTERIAN -- Exempted from taxation for "useful public +service" of teaching the doctrine that God in the mystic beginning +of things settled the destination of each human being, scheduling +some of them inevitably to heaven and most of them unescapably to +hell. + + METHODIST -- Exempted from taxation for the "useful public +service" of teaching that all men are sinners, that Jesus Christ +died to Save from sin all men who believe in the Said Christ, that +such believers are "made new creatures in Jesus Christ" and thus, +according to the rule that things which mean nothing are equal to +anything else, are "adopted as the children of God." + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + BAPTIST -- Exempted from taxation for the "useful public +service" of teaching that baptism by means of total ducking is the +only device by which men can keep out of hell. + + CAMPBELLITE (Disciples of Christ) -- Exempted from taxation +for the "useful public service" of teaching that "while both Old +and New Testaments are equally inspired, both are not equally +binding upon Christians;" that "the old was God's will with +reference to the Jews, the New is his will with reference to +Christians." + + JEWISH -- Exempted from taxation for the "useful public +service" of teaching that the Old Testament is the only part of the +Bible that is the authentic word of God, that the true Christ is +yet to come, and that Jews alone are "the chosen people" of God. + + CATHOLIC -- Exempted from taxation for the "useful public +service" of teaching that priests can grant confession and +absolution of sins, that the sacramental wine and wafers are +magically turned into the blood and flesh of Christ, and that the +Pope is the supreme official representative of God. + + LUTHERAN -- Exempted from taxation for the "useful public +service" of teaching that the miraculous Christ of the New +Testament explains all the problems of man -- "creation, man, +faith, the Word of God, the sacraments, prayer, the Church, the law +and the gospel, sin and grace." + + EPISCOPAL -- Exempted from taxation for the "useful public +service" of teaching that the Nicene Creed, formulated by the early +Christian fanatics centuries before the modern age of science and +culture, is "the sufficient statement of the Christian faith" and +an explanation of the sacred mystery of mystical hocus-pocus; and +that great "spiritual" value flows in a sly and imperceptible +manner from "the two sacraments -- baptism and the supper of the +Lord -- ministered with unfailing use of Christ's words of +institution and of the elements ordained by Him. ..." + + CHRISTIAN SCIENCE -- Exempted from taxation for the "useful +public service" of teaching that the material world is an illusion, +that mind (completely divorced from reality) is the only reality, +and that all minds are in mortal error that do not agree with the +extravagant effusions from the mind of old "Mother" Eddy. + + The other churches -- countless, disputatious, futile and +intellectually obscure -- perform "public services" that are +equally "useful." intelligent Men and women should ask themselves +whether the dissemination of these foolish rags and tags of ancient +theology is entitled to the special sanction, favoritism and +amazing tax exemption granted by the state. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + THE CHURCH IS A BURDEN, + NOT A BENEFIT, IN SOCIAL LIFE + by + E. Haldeman-Julius + + I have no doubt that many persons -- a minority but a +zealously vociferous group -- would have so little feeling of humor +and anachronism as to claim that churches should be exempted from +taxation because they are "houses of God." It does seem that it +would be hard on a God, if any God there were, to learn a different +set of manners, beliefs and tricks in each of his denominational +"houses." But this "house of God" claim is not the reason generally +alleged for church tax exemption. The average man or woman, making +pretensions to intelligence and fairmindedness, would say that the +churches should be free from the obligation of taxes because they +have a communal usefulness of a moral and enlightening and refining +nature. Churches, these apologists would argue, have a vital place +in the social fabric and help hold men together in the texture of +civilized ethics and behavior. + + This claim on behalf of the churches is not really a thin +shade of a degree better than the claim of supernaturalism. It may +have an appearance or an intention of reason, but it is easily seen +to be untenable. We have only to inquire, with specific +seriousness, what the church (taking it in general as to the +institution of religion) contributes or has ever contributed to +civilization. In what field of life, for example, does the church +usefully instruct or guide men? + + It is not necessary to have a broad understanding of history +to realize that the church is the foe of knowledge. One realizes +this intellectual obscurantism and tyranny of the church more +vividly when one sees it against the background of dramatic +centuries; but, history aside, one can See this church antagonism +to knowledge operating today. The attacks upon the teaching of +evolution, culminating in several states in laws forbidding this +scientific instruction, show very clearly what the church thinks of +knowledge: it thinks that knowledge is very bad for religion and, +therefore, it sets all possible obstacles in the way of knowledge. +An uproar such as that occasioned by the sex questionnaire at the +University of Missouri reveals the hand of the church and the +influence of narrow church morality striking against the modern +scientific effort to learn soundly and sanely the art of living. +The church is compelled to compromise a good deal with the modern +spirit; but, given half an opportunity, it springs forth as the +enemy of culture. + + It would be impossible for any one to maintain with any show +of plausibility that the church is beneficial in the broader +cultural life of mankind. Whatever subject the church touches, that +subject the church inevitably obscures and corrupts and reduces to +nonsense. Concerning science, concerning history, concerning +ethics, concerning literature, concerning the affairs of government +-- in one field and in all fields, the church is engaged in the +promotion or the artificial bolstering up of decadent, empty, +luridly false notions. In every branch of learning, our gains have + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + +been made through secular agencies; and, naturally, this has been +so, for the church has never been interested in the development of +knowledge, regarding (in this showing its shrewdness of self- +interest, at least) the spread of culture and free thought and +realistic curiosity as unfavorable to the purposes of the church. + + As a moral influence, the church has been notoriously lacking +and indeed marred with definite viciousness and error. It has +supported all the social evils (monarchy, slavery, intolerance, the +oppression of women, and the like) that shame the record of man -- +and some of these evils the church has not merely supported but has +inaugurated: the appalling slaughter and vileness of bigotry and +the punishment of heretics must, as a red-splashed feature, be laid +at the door of the church. The moral notions of the church have +been at once brash and puerile. Ethics, in the view and preachment +of the church, have been subordinated to theology. No institution +has done less good and more harm in the moral sphere than has the +church. The student of history cannot avoid the conclusion that, +had it not been for the distorting influence of the church, mankind +would today be immeasurably farther advanced along the Path of a +progressive, humane, intelligent code of behavior. The church's +pronouncements on morality have always been corrupted (that is to +say, weakened and broken and rendered futile) by its refusal to +understand that morality is solely a consideration of human, social +adjustments and is, from first to last, a worldly concern. The +church's preoccupation with "sin" has disabled it from approaching +moral questions sensibly. + + The church has contributed nothing to civilization. It has +progressed somewhat, and it has become a little more decent, in +reflection of the movements of civilization that have taken place +outside of the church and usually in the face of the strong +opposition of the church. But the church has always resisted the +process of civilization. It has struggled to the last ditch, by +fair means and foul, to preserve as long as it could the vestiges +of ancient and medieval theology, with all the puerile moralities +and harsh customs and medieval styles of belief. + + Our gains in culture, in humanity, in social law, in +scientific achievement -- in all the practical and in all the +gentler sides of life -- have been impressively due to the efforts +of secular thinkers and workers laboring outside the church. The +church hasn't led in civilization. It has always lagged behind the +march of civilization. It has been a burden to mankind. It is a +burden today, so that to speak of its social usefulness is to +express notoriously the opposite of the truth. + + There is no valid, not even a faintly plausible basis, for any +sort of claim in defense of the exemption of churches from +taxation. When the last church disappears, civilization will be +relieved of a serious and sinister burden. Meanwhile, the churches +should be made to pay their honest share of the cost of public +services which they, now enjoy freely and to which they contribute +nothing. + + Why should an atheist pay more taxes so that a church which he +despises should pay no taxes? That's a fair question. How can the +apologists for the church exemption answer it? + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + A BIT OF CHURCH HISTORY + + John W. Gunn + + One thousand Years ago, the church (Roman Catholic) claimed +and, on the whole, effectually maintained supreme power in the +affairs of Europe. The church punished with torture and death those +who disagreed with its teachings. The church was the biggest +grafting Institution -- or, more plainly, robbing institution -- in +Europe, and it grew tremendously wealthy. The church admitted for +itself no obligations. It laid stern commands upon the people. It +was a vast machine of exploitation. + + With the growth of independent kingdoms and monarchs who ruled +genuinely and with no light hands within their own domains, the +church still held the major share of its original power. It +maintained its "spiritual" rule, which meant, in gigantic effect, +that all rival beliefs about religion were crushed and that the +masses were compelled to continue in their submission to +ecclesiastical robbery. The state and the church were closely +united machines of tyranny and exploitation. + + When secularism advanced (although it was far from complete) +and innumerable protestant sects came forth with new and strange +doctrines, established (state) churches were for long upheld both +in Protestant and Catholic countries and, frankly enough, these +churches were regarded as bulwarks of the oppressive governments +that patronized them. The church was not so powerful, but it was +still very powerful; and it was as greedy as ever. + + When religious toleration (for the various believers in +religion but not equally for, opponents of all religion) was won, +the church was less powerful, although it continued to be rich. In +countries (both Protestant and Catholic) where there were +established churches, those institutions were burdens upon the +state -- in other words, centers of graft and favoritism. They were +always taking from the state (which meant from the people) -- never +contributing to the public good. + + In the early days of American colonization, the church +maintained its privilege and power as it did in Europe. In +Virginia, for example, the Episcopal church (or Church of England) +was the ruling ecclesiastical machine, its doctrines absolutely +supreme and its financial demands supplied by taxation of the +citizens. In Massachusetts the sect of Calvinism held this strong, +favored position. In the early colonies, church and state were +practically the same, at any rate united in a close conspiracy of +oppression. + + After the American revolution and the legal separation of +church and state, the churches were all on an equal footing and +they did not directly control nor participate in the affairs of +government. But they were favored by tax exemption, blue laws +upholding religious bigotry were enforced (although they could not +be enforced regularly and consistently) and preachers retained a +very considerable, often a commanding influence upon the opinions +of the citizens. There was no strong opposition to the church; +religion held sway intellectually; and the argument that church and +state were mutually dependent and helpful was not disputed, insofar +as it implied special privilege, (though not political power) for +the church. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + Throughout the nineteenth century, the preachers were very +influential, but their actual power of creating or guiding opinion +slowly but certainly dwindled, as politicians and newspaper editors +grew more powerful and as secular affairs, beyond the control of +the church, grew in recognized importance. At the beginning of the +twentieth century, preachers still had a great deal of prestige and +influence, and the churches held on to their special privileges, +chief among these being the privilege of tax exemption. + + Science and liberalism have added, in the first decades of the +twentieth century, to the brilliancy and power of secular history. +The supremacy of religion per se has long since been overthrown: +that is to say, there are no professedly religious doctrines in +which we must believe and there is no professedly religious control +over our lives. However, the churches have turned to operating +under the guise of moral reform organizations; and such a group as +the Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition and Public Morals +wields a very alarming, though in many ways an indirect and +insidious, power in our government. Yet the majority of Americans +do not attend church, do not believe in church doctrines and are +not interested in supporting the church. Skepticism grows steadily. +Secular affairs are foremost. Religion is dying, although the +church flourishes as a social and business institution. + + And let students of history reflect that, after all these +centuries, during which the power and greed of the church have been +manifested in every conceivable shape -- after all these centuries +the church is still an institution of special privilege and it is +at its old game of taking money from our pockets. Throughout all +its hanging history the church has been distinguished by its two +ruling motives of bigotry and greed. The church is still demanding +laws to enforce its bigotry (though it now commonly calls such +bigotry moral rather than religious) and laws to uphold it in its +financial privileges. + + There has been a series of significant revolutions within ten +centuries; mainly within the past two centuries, the world has +progressed sensationally. This progress has been secular in +character. Our age, in all that is beneficent and hopeful and +civilized, is irreligious. But the fact remains -- the stern fact +-- that the necessity of war on clericalism is not ended. It is a +serious problem in this modern age and until it is solved, until +clericalism is deprived of all its powers and privileges (retaining +only its rights of private propaganda), civilization will not be +safe. + + **** **** + + THE RIGHTS OF MAN + + Among the clearest declarations in the historic rights of man +is the principle that all citizens shall be treated with equal +Justice and that no group of citizens shall be favored in any way +to the disadvantage of other groups. This means that no set of +private opinions shall be honored or subsidized by the state. It +means, logically and fairly, that the opinions of atheists are as +much entitled to respect and protection as the opinions of +Christians. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + Yet our governments, state and federal, violate amazingly this +clear principle of the rights of man. Special privileges are +extended to religion. Religious holiday proclamations are issued by +presidents and governors. Religious chaplains are employed in +legislative bodies, in the army and navy, and in other state +institutions. Public money, collected from the people in the form +of taxes, must pay for this gross favoritism that is shown to +religion. And the most flagrant injustice of all is the exemption +of church property from taxation. + + This exemption is doubly contrary to the principle of secular +freedom and equality of rights. It places a government sanction +upon the ideas of religion; it is an admission by government that +it favors the opinions of Christian citizens or citizens who +believe in religion and discriminates against the opinions of +atheists, agnostics, and all unbelievers in organized religion. +And, again, this tax exemption is not merely a moral sanction but +is a material aid given to the church. The state, in plain effect, +helps to pay for the upkeep of religion although, constitutionally, +church and state are supposed to be entirely apart and unrelated. + + The state helps to pay? What we should say is that millions of +non-religious citizens, millions of citizens who have no kind of +use for the church, are compelled to pay for this unjust +favoritism. As firm believers in the rights of man, as opponents of +inequality and tyranny in all forms, we demand the fair taxation of +all church property. + + STATE GIFTS TO RELIGION + + A Cleveland, Ohio, reader sends us a clipping from the Press +of his city which reflects the interest shown in the church +taxation question. It seems that there has been some argument in +the section of the Press devoted to letters from its readers and +one of the disputants, signing the initials V.F.P., has stressed +the old fallacy that churches do educational and charitable work +and for this reason should be exempted from the payment of public +taxes and rates. A secular-minded reader, W. Mortimer, answers that +fallacy very clearly, and capably in the following communication to +the Press: + + The thing that V.F.P. and other religionists do not seem + to grasp is the principle, of separation of Church and State. + The amount of money is not so important as the principle + involved. + + To say that because the parochial schools relieve the + burden on the public schools they are therefore entitled to + free water is indeed a flimsy argument. The secular authority + establishes certain public activities that are essential to + modern life, such as schools, libraries, police, parks, etc. + These are all owned and used in common. Every citizen is + justly required to contribute his or her share in support of + all public activities. + + The law does not prohibit me from owning my own private +library or sending my children to a private school, yet I do not +expect free water on that account. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + Some corporations and individuals maintain their own + police and fire depots. Yet they are not entitled to public + money because of it. V.F.P. and myself, being citizens of the + same country, must support the things we own in common. He or + she belong to the Christian church, while I am an atheist. + Neither of us can justly desire that the other financially + support our private opinions or institutions. If V.F.P. feels + the parochial schools are necessary to his or her well-being + V.F.P. is at liberty to support them, but I cannot be expected + to support a private institution in which I do not believe. + + By, non-payment of water and taxes, the churches are + receiving public money as surely as if a like amount had been + donated from the public treasury. + + + Exactly. Mr. Mortimer, didn't waste time on sophistry. He just +cut right through it with sharp common sense. This talk of the +educational and charitable work done by the churches is an evasion +of the real issue. Plainly the interest of the churches is in +maintaining the beliefs and worship of religion. Any other alleged +purpose is remotely secondary and in modern society, unnecessary. +Education and social justice (as it should be considered rather +than charity) are essentially secular activities. To let the +churches go tax-free is to make gifts to religion: it means that +the state is granting public support to one set of private opinions +and thus unjustly burdening those who hold contrary private +opinions. + + CHURCH AND PUBLIC + + The apologists for church tax exemption say that the church is +a public institution. Just what do they mean? The church is devoted +to the propaganda of religion, which is strictly a private and not +a public affair. It may be called public in the sense that anyone +may attend church meetings; but 80,000,000 out of the 120,000,000 +don't want to attend church meetings, so evidently the church is +not offering a public service that is even popular; it is +unnecessary and is wanted only by the minority of church members. + + If the church were, in another and more valid sense, a public +institution -- that is, a building for use of the people without +discrimination -- there might be something in the argument for tax +exemption. But this consideration runs up against facts that cancel +it entirely. In the first place, the Church is not available to the +community or to various groups of the community on equal terms. +Atheists, for example, would not be permitted to hold meetings in +a church. The church doors would not be opened to admit a mass +meeting of protest against blue Sunday laws. A demonstration of +public sentiment against Prohibition would not be permitted in a +church. Dances, band concerts and like public recreational +activities are not usually permitted in a church. + + On most nights, the church buildings are empty and are put to +no use whatever. They never serve as genuine community centers. +Their use is limited strictly to religious and propaganda and the +promotion of movements which have a pious, puritanical character. +Public questions are not discussed freely in the church, They are + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + +discussed from the narrow viewpoint of religious bigotry. Public +interests are not served by the church. The specific purpose of the +church is to serve the interest of religion and to gain support for +the particular creed of each church organization. + + Under these plain circumstances it is impossible to argue +convincingly that the church is a public institution. There is no +good reason why the public generally should be compelled to share +in the cost of maintaining church institutions. These institutions +are conducted in the narrow interests of sectarian groups and these +groups should entirely pay the cost of them, including fair +taxation of every bit of property owned by the church. + + Let those who use the church, let those who believe in the +purposes of the church, produce every penny for the upkeep of the +church. This is the demand of justice. + + Exemption of the church from taxation is a tyrannical +compulsion upon millions of citizens to pay for something in which +they are not interested, in which they do not believe, and to which +many are profoundly opposed. + + Here is a fraud that is outrageous on its face and in every +feature. It is indefensible. All Americans who have a real sense +of justice and who are candid enough to recognize the facts will +join in our demand that all church property shall be taxed. + + "HOLY" BEGGARS + + The churches are always begging money. And there is little +pretense that this money is wanted for a public purpose. It is +wanted for the propaganda of religion. It is used to maintain +temples of superstition. It is a form of beggary that is sometimes +called "holy" (and that, to be sure, is always defended by the +allegation of good purposes;) but that is really a continual, +exasperating nuisance. + + Many who contribute to the churches are unwilling but feel +that they dare not refuse: these are men who, for business or +professional reasons, fear to offend the church element, or any +element, and make a practice of being agreeable to all groups. +There are many others who do refuse the begging requests of the +churches but who are irritated again and again by the repetition of +such appeals for help. + + In their begging, the churches are a nuisance. Yet, legally, +they have the right to get money from all who are willing to give. +We don't object to the extortion of money by the churches. But we +do object to the extortion of money for these begging institutions. +A state tax exemption for churches is in reality a form of +extortion, taking money from millions of citizens without so much +as a "by your leave," + + The churches beg -- and if we don't give them money, why, they +take it anyway, forcibly, by means of this unjust state tax +exemption. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + IS THE STATE CONSISTENT IN SUBSIDIZING, + CHURCH ERRORS? + + One argument for the exemption of church property from +taxation is that religion is a socially valuable hind of activity +and that it is an instrument of righteousness which the state, as +a measure of public welfare, does rightly in subsidizing. + + Take a good look at that argument. It is really funny. +Religion is divided into many creeds. It is a patchwork of errors. +One sect contradicts another, and every church member is a heretic +in the view of members of other church organizations. What is it, +then, that the state can be sure of in religion to guide it in its +assumption that religion is useful? + + It cannot be a particular idea of God, for the religious sects +are sharply disagreed about the identity and the Character and the +opinions of God. It cannot be a particular notion of another life, +because the sects are luridly confused in their contradictory +notions of heaven or paradise or the hereafter or what you please +in the way of crude or fancy absurdity. It cannot be a particular +view of morality which the state thinks it publicly useful to +encourage by tax exemption -- for here, again, the sects are not in +agreement. Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Catholics, +Lutherans Episcopalians, Christian Scientists, Holy rollers, +Modernists and Fundamentalists all have their hotly different +notions about what constitutes righteousness. + + There is no clear, agreed, indisputable program of religious +morality. If there did exist such a program, it would be brazenly +tyrannical for the state to enforce or even encourage it -- such a +measure would be a flagrant repudiation of the terms of secular +freedom in government (and, remember, good people, that secular +freedom is a phrase not to be shortened -- secular freedom is the +only freedom, for religion in government means tyranny) But our +point at the moment is that the state cannot pretend that it is +favoring, in a definite and intelligent way, a theory of social +usefulness in religion. + + TO be logical in this argument, the state would have to single +out one religious, creed and favor it as being the true and useful +creed, As matters stand, the state favors, by tax exemption and +other means, a perfectly ridiculous stew of irreconcilable and +indigestible religious errors. It can't say what is true in +religion. It can't say what is useful in religion. The supporters +of the various religions can't say wherein they are right: but each +sect maintains that it is right and the others are, on important +points, very wrong. In exempting the churches from taxation, the +state is subsidizing, most inconsistently, a medley of errors and +aberrations that are socially distracting and confusing, rather +than socially useful. + + **** **** + + The only excuse for state favoritism would be an open +declaration of support for a particular state church, a particular +state creed, a particular state system of errors officially +proclaimed as the truth. A state church is inconceivable in this +modern age, and, aside from the higher principle of intellectual + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + +liberty, the fact is that the churches couldn't agree among +themselves, There is no sensible argument, then, of truth, or +usefulness which justifies the state in favoring religion. Let the +believers in religion pay for their ceremonies and controversies of +error. + + **** **** + + The churches can well afford to pay fair taxation. But +supposing they couldn't. Would not that be a very significant +evidence that the churches were not really wanted? + + **** **** + + How can a preacher talk with a straight face about political +graft? He is, himself, profiting by one of the most notorious +political grafts in this country. + + **** **** + + A free, secular government has and should have no interest in +the church. The church is interesting only to its partisans. They +should bear the whole cost of supporting the church. + + **** **** + + Why should the residence of a preacher be untaxed? Useful +citizens must pay taxes on their homes. Yet the Preacher -- +actually and notoriously the least useful member of the community +-- lives in a tax-free dwelling. + + **** **** + + "Would you tax God?" asks a defender of church tax exemption. +Well, if there were a God he should be able to pay his own way and +support his own business. If not, then he should do like other +business men and close up shop. + + **** **** + + Church tax exemption means that we all drop our money in the +collection boxes, whether we go to church or not and whether we are +interested in the church or not. It is systematic and complete +robbery, from which none of us escapes. + + **** **** + It is an absurd fiction that the churches are useful. They are +nothing more than propaganda centers for superstitious faiths and +doctrines. Church members have a right to believe in and propagate +their various doctrines. But they should pay every item of the +cost, of this propaganda, including fair taxation for all church +property. + + + + **** **** + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + When priest and king conspired in medieval tyranny, the church +did its bloodiest to suppress all freedom of thought. We live in +the modern age and we believe in liberty. We don't ask that the +churches be destroyed or religion suppressed. We ask only that the +churches be taxed fairly, as other property is taxed. In resisting +this very fair demand, the churches will only expose their motives +of greed and Injustice. + + **** **** + + Churches are private institutions. Their members should +support these churches out of their own private resources. + + **** **** + + Those who want the churches should pay for them. Nobody else +should be taxed, directly or indirectly, to support the churches. + + **** **** + + There can be no perfect freedom unless the church and state +are separated. But the church and state are not separated in +America so long as the state grants a subsidy to the church in the +form of tax exemption. + + **** **** + + It is surely enough that the clerical grafters are permitted +by law to drum up trade among many credulous victims. But it is +outrageously too much that the rest of us, who oppose the clerical +grafters, should have to pay for the maintenance of this graft. + + We think that men and women who pay for listening to sermons +are being cheated. But if they are satisfied, well enough. They can +spend their money as they please. The point is that we don't want +to continue paying for sermons that offend us with their bigotry +and non-sense. + + **** **** + + The American colonists fought against taxation without +representation. We are fighting against what is ironically much +worse, namely, taxation for the benefit of churches in which we +don't want to be represented and which are inimical to all the +civilized public purposes in which we do want to be represented. + + **** **** + + Is a church too small and too poor to pay taxes? That means +that not enough people want the church seriously enough to pay for +its upkeep. Then, why should such a church exist? Why should +atheists, agnostics and non-churchgoers be forced to maintain such +a useless, unwanted church by granting it tax exemption? + + **** **** + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + WHY I BELIEVE IN FAIR TAXATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY + + Religion is matter of private opinion. And, similarly, +religion should be a matter of private support, There is no good, +honest reason why it should have the sanction of the financial +favoritism of the government. Legally and in its fundamental policy +(as set forth in the Constitution) ours is not a religious +government and, therefore, it should not in any way subsidize +religion. + + **** **** + + It is a ludicrous notion -- ludicrous and outrageous -- that +the 80,000,000 Americans who don't go near the churches and who are +not interested in the churches should pay, in the form of state tax +exemption, so that the 40,000,000 of churchgoers can have houses in +which to play. After all, these 40,000,000 could do their praying +cheaply at home -- and it would do them no more and no less good. +If they want special houses of prayer, let them contribute all of +the money for this odd purpose. We object to paying a cent for +praying institutions which are ridiculous in our sight. + + **** **** + + Rev. John Haynes Holmes argues that the churches shouldn't pay +taxes because, amid the towering city skyscrapers, they afford +needful light and air. But now the churches are growing into +skyscrapers. And, anyway, parks and tennis courts and the like are +much better for light and air than churches are. To put it more +emphatically, the churches spread gloom and the air in and around +them is unbearably stuffy. + + **** **** + + "God hasn't quit" says a theological illogical professor. That +might be an interesting statement if there could be adduced the +tiniest bit of proof that God ever began anything, including +himself. What this professor means is that a few men, who have +worse than idle minds, haven't quit talking aimlessly about a +mythical God. + + **** **** + + "The atmosphere is literally charged with religion" says 'The +Literary Digest," referring to radio sermons. We should call it a +spreading of intellectually poisonous gas + + **** **** + + Martyrs have been sincere. And so have tyrants. Wise men have +been sincere. And so have fools. + + **** **** + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books, magazines, +newspapers, pamphlets, etc. please contact us, we need to give them +back to America. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/taz.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/taz.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2d965312 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/taz.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5574 @@ +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 1 +Message-ID: <1lf826INNpup@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:11:50 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 1018 + +T. A. Z. +The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic +Terrorism +Hakim Bey +Autonomedia +Anti-copyright, 1985, 1991. May be freely pirated & quoted-- +the author & publisher, however, would like to be informed at: +Autonomedia +P. O. Box 568 +Williamsburgh Station +Brooklyn, NY 11211-0568 +Book design & typesetting: Dave Mandl +Printed in the United States of America + +CONTENTS + +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, _vii_ + +CHAOS: THE BROADSHEETS OF ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHISM, _1_ +Chaos, _3_; Poetic Terrorism, _4_; Amour Fou, _6_; Wild +Children, _8_; Paganism, _9_; Art Sabotage, _11_; The +Assassins, _13_; Pyrotechnics, _14_; Chaos Myths, _15_; +Pornography, _19_; Crime, _21_; Sorcery, _22_; +Advertisement, _24_ + +COMMUNIQUES OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY, _25_ +Communique #1: I. Slogans & Mottos for Subway Graffiti & +Other Purposes, _27_; II. Some Poetic-Terrorist Ideas Still +Sadly Languishing in the Realm of "Conceptual Art," _28_; +Communique #2: The Kallikak Memorial Bolo & Chaos Ashram: A +Proposal, _30_; Communique #3: Haymarket Issue, _32_; +Communique #4: The End of the World, _33_; Communique #5: +"Intellectual S/M Is the Fascism of the Eighties--The Avant- +Garde Eats Shit and Likes It," _36_; Communique #6: I. Salon +Apocalypse: "Secret Theater," _39_; II. Murder--War--Famine- +-Greed, _41_; Communique #7: Psychic Paleolithism & High +Technology: A Position Paper, _43_; Communique #8: Chaos +Theory & the Nuclear Family, _47_; Communique #9: Double-Dip +Denunciations, _48_; Communique #10: Plenary Session Issues +New Denunciations--Purges Expected, _50_; Communique #11: +Special Holiday Season Food Issue Rant: Turn Off the Lite!, +_53_; Special Halloween Communique: Black Magic as +Revolutionary Action, _56_; Special Communique: A.O.A. +Announces Purges in Chaos Movement, _59_; Post-Anarchism +Anarchy, _61_; Black Crown & Black Rose: Anarcho-Monarchism +& Anarcho-Mysticism, _64_; Instructions for the Kali Yuga, +_72_; Against the Reproduction of Death, _75_; Ringing +Denunciation of Surrealism, _78_; For a Congress of Weird +Religions, _80_; Hollow Earth, _84_; Nietzsche & the +Dervishes, _86_; Resolution for the 1990's: Boycott Cop +Culture!!!, _90_ + +THE TEMPORARY AUTONOMOUS ZONE, _95_ +Pirate Utopias, _97_; Waiting for the Revolution, _99_; The +Psychotopology of Everyday Life, _102_; The Net and the Web, +_108_; "Gone to Croatan," _116_; Music as an Organizational +Principle, _124_; The Will To Power as Disappearance, _128_; +Ratholes in the Babylon of Information, _132_; Appendix A: +Chaos Linguistics, _135_; Appendix B: Applied Hedonics, +_137_; Appendix C: Extra Quotes, _138_ + +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + +_CHAOS:_THE_BROADSHEETS_OF_ONTOLOGICAL_ANARCHISM_ was first +published in 1985 by Grim Reaper Press of Weehawken, New +Jersey; a later re-issue was published in Providence, Rhode +Island, and this edition was pirated in Boulder, Colorado. +Another edition was released by Verlag Golem of Providence +in 1990, and pirated in Santa Cruz, California, by We Press. +"The Temporary Autonomous Zone" was performed at the Jack +Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics in Boulder, and on +WBAI-FM in New York City, in 1990. +Thanx to the following publications, current and defunct, in +which some of these pieces appeared (no doubt I've lost or +forgotten many--sorry!): _KAOS_ (London); _Ganymede_ +(London); _Pan_ (Amsterdam); _Popular_Reality_; +_Exquisite_Corpse_ (also _Stiffest_of_the_Corpse_, City +Lights); _Anarchy_ (Columbia, MO); _Factsheet_Five_; +_Dharma_Combat_; _OVO_; _City_Lights_Review_; +_Rants_and_Incendiary_Tracts_ (Amok); _Apocalypse_Culture_ +(Amok); _Mondo_2000_; _The_Sporadical_; _Black_Eye_; +_Moorish_Science_Monitor_; _FEH!_; _Fag_Rag_; _The_Storm!_; +_Panic_ (Chicago); _Bolo_Log_ (Zurich); _Anathema_; +_Seditious_Delicious_; _Minor_Problems_ (London); _AQUA_; +_Prakilpana_. +Also, thanx to the following individuals: Jim Fleming; James +Koehnline; Sue Ann Harkey; Sharon Gannon; Dave Mandl; Bob +Black; Robert Anton Wilson; William Burroughs; "P.M."; Joel +Birroco; Adam Parfrey; Brett Rutherford; Jake Rabinowitz; +Allen Ginsberg; Anne Waldman; Frank Torey; Andr Codrescu; +Dave Crowbar; Ivan Stang; Nathaniel Tarn; Chris Funkhauser; +Steve Englander; Alex Trotter. +--March, 1991 + +CHAOS: THE BROADSHEETS OF ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHISM +(Dedicated to Ustad Mahmud Ali Abd al-Khabir) + +Chaos + +CHAOS NEVER DIED. Primordial uncarved block, sole worshipful +monster, inert & spontaneous, more ultraviolet than any +mythology (like the shadows before Babylon), the original +undifferentiated oneness-of-being still radiates serene as +the black pennants of Assassins, random & perpetually +intoxicated. + +Chaos comes before all principles of order & entropy, it's +neither a god nor a maggot, its idiotic desires encompass & +define every possible choreography, all meaningless aethers +& phlogistons: its masks are crystallizations of its own +facelessness, like clouds. + +Everything in nature is perfectly real including +consciousness, there's absolutely nothing to worry about. +Not only have the chains of the Law been broken, they never +existed; demons never guarded the stars, the Empire never +got started, Eros never grew a beard. + +No, listen, what happened was this: they lied to you, sold +you ideas of good & evil, gave you distrust of your body & +shame for your prophethood of chaos, invented words of +disgust for your molecular love, mesmerized you with +inattention, bored you with civilization & all its usurious +emotions. + +There is no becoming, no revolution, no struggle, no path; +already you're the monarch of your own skin--your inviolable +freedom waits to be completed only by the love of other +monarchs: a politics of dream, urgent as the blueness of +sky. + +To shed all the illusory rights & hesitations of history +demands the economy of some legendary Stone Age--shamans not +priests, bards not lords, hunters not police, gatherers of +paleolithic laziness, gentle as blood, going naked for a +sign or painted as birds, poised on the wave of explicit +presence, the clockless nowever. + +Agents of chaos cast burning glances at anything or anyone +capable of bearing witness to their condition, their fever +of _lux_et_voluptas_. I am awake only in what I love & +desire to the point of terror--everything else is just +shrouded furniture, quotidian anaesthesia, shit-for-brains, +sub-reptilian ennui of totalitarian regimes, banal +censorship & useless pain. + +Avatars of chaos act as spies, saboteurs, criminals of amour +fou, neither selfless nor selfish, accessible as children, +mannered as barbarians, chafed with obsessions, unemployed, +sensually deranged, wolfangels, mirrors for contemplation, +eyes like flowers, pirates of all signs & meanings. + +Here we are crawling the cracks between walls of church +state school & factory, all the paranoid monoliths. Cut off +from the tribe by feral nostalgia we tunnel after lost +words, imaginary bombs. +The last possible _deed_ is that which defines perception +itself, an invisible golden cord that connects us: illegal +dancing in the courthouse corridors. If I were to kiss you +here they'd call it an act of terrorism--so let's take our +pistols to bed & wake up the city at midnight like drunken +bandits celebrating with a fusillade, the message of the +taste of chaos. + +Poetic Terrorism + +WEIRD DANCING IN ALL-NIGHT computer-banking lobbies. +Unauthorized pyrotechnic displays. Land-art, earth-works as +bizarre alien artifacts strewn in State Parks. Burglarize +houses but instead of stealing, leave Poetic-Terrorist +objects. Kidnap someone & make them happy. +Pick someone at random & convince them they're the heir to +an enormous, useless & amazing fortune--say 5000 square +miles of Antarctica, or an aging circus elephant, or an +orphanage in Bombay, or a collection of alchemical mss. +Later they will come to realize that for a few moments they +believed in something extraordinary, & will perhaps be +driven as a result to seek out some more intense mode of +existence. + +Bolt up brass commemorative plaques in places (public or +private) where you have experienced a revelation or had a +particularly fulfilling sexual experience, etc. + +Go naked for a sign. + +Organize a strike in your school or workplace on the grounds +that it does not satisfy your need for indolence & spiritual +beauty. + +Grafitti-art loaned some grace to ugly subways & rigid +public momuments--PT-art can also be created for public +places: poems scrawled in courthouse lavatories, small +fetishes abandoned in parks & restaurants, xerox-art under +windshield-wipers of parked cars, Big Character Slogans +pasted on playground walls, anonymous letters mailed to +random or chosen recipients (mail fraud), pirate radio +transmissions, wet cement... + +The audience reaction or aesthetic-shock produced by PT +ought to be at least as strong as the emotion of terror-- +powerful disgust, sexual arousal, superstitious awe, sudden +intuitive breakthrough, dada-esque angst--no matter whether +the PT is aimed at one person or many, no matter whether it +is "signed" or anonymous, if it does not change someone's +life (aside from the artist) it fails. + +PT is an act in a Theater of Cruelty which has no stage, no +rows of seats, no tickets & no walls. In order to work at +all, PT must categorically be divorced from all conventional +structures for art consumption (galleries, publications, +media). Even the guerilla Situationist tactics of street +theater are perhaps too well known & expected now. + +An exquisite seduction carried out not only in the cause of +mutual satisfaction but also as a conscious act in a +deliberately beautiful life--may be the ultimate PT. The +PTerrorist behaves like a confidence-trickster whose aim is +not money but CHANGE. + +Don't do PT for other artists, do it for people who will not +realize (at least for a few moments) that what you have done +is art. Avoid recognizable art-categories, avoid politics, +don't stick around to argue, don't be sentimental; be +ruthless, take risks, vandalize only what _must_ be defaced, +do something children will remember all their lives--but +don't be spontaneous unless the PT Muse has possessed you. + +Dress up. Leave a false name. Be legendary. The best PT is +against the law, but don't get caught. Art as crime; crime +as art. + +Amour Fou + +AMOUR FOU IS NOT a Social Democracy, it is not a Parliament +of Two. The minutes of its secret meetings deal with +meanings too enormous but too precise for prose. Not this, +not that--its Book of Emblems trembles in your hand. + +Naturally it shits on schoolmasters & police, but it sneers +at liberationists & ideologues as well--it is not a clean +well-lit room. A topological charlatan laid out its +corridors & abandoned parks, its ambush-decor of luminous +black & membranous maniacal red. + +Each of us owns half the map--like two renaissance +potentates we define a new culture with our anathematized +mingling of bodies, merging of liquids--the Imaginal seams +of our City-state blur in our sweat. + +Ontological anarchism never came back from its last fishing +trip. So long as no one squeals to the FBI, CHAOS cares +nothing for the future of civilization. Amour fou breeds +only by accident--its primary goal is ingestion of the +Galaxy. A conspiracy of transmutation. + +Its only concern for the Family lies in the possibility of +incest ("Grow your own!" "Every human a Pharoah!")--O most +sincere of readers, my semblance, my brother/sister!--& in +the masturbation of a child it finds concealed (like a +japanese-paper-flower-pill) the image of the crumbling of +the State. + +Words belong to those who use them only till someone else +steals them back. The Surrealists disgraced themselves by +selling amour fou to the ghost-machine of Abstraction--they +sought in their unconsciousness only power over others, & in +this they followed de Sade (who wanted "freedom" only for +grown-up whitemen to eviscerate women & children). + +Amour fou is saturated with its own aesthetic, it fills +itself to the borders of itself with the trajectories of its +own gestures, it runs on angels' clocks, it is not a fit +fate for commissars & shopkeepers. Its ego evaporates in the +mutability of desire, its communal spirit withers in the +selfishness of obsession. + +Amour fou involves non-ordinary sexuality the way sorcery +demands non-ordinary consciousness. The anglo-saxon post- +Protestant world channels all its suppressed sensuality into +advertising & splits itself into clashing mobs: hysterical +prudes vs promiscuous clones & former-ex-singles. AF doesn't +want to join anyone's army, it takes no part in the Gender +Wars, it is bored by equal opportunity employment (in fact +it refuses to work for a living), it doesn't complain, +doesn't explain, never votes & never pays taxes. + +AF would like to see every bastard ("lovechild") come to +term & birthed--AF thrives on anti-entropic devices--AF +loves to be molested by children--AF is better than prayer, +better than sinsemilla--AF takes its own palmtrees & moon +wherever it goes. AF admires tropicalismo, sabotage, break- +dancing, Layla & Majnun, the smells of gunpowder & sperm. + +AF is always illegal, whether it's disguised as a marriage +or a boyscout troop--always drunk, whether on the wine of +its own secretions or the smoke of its own polymorphous +virtues. It is not the derangement of the senses but rather +their apotheosis--not the result of freedom but rather its +precondition. _Lux_et_voluptas_. + +Wild Children + +THE FULL MOON'S UNFATHOMABLE light-path--mid-May midnight in +some State that starts with "I," so two-dimensional it can +scarcely be said to possess any geography at all--the beams +so urgent & tangible you must draw the shades in order to +think in words. + +No question of _writing_to_ Wild Children. They think in +images--prose is for them a code not yet fully digested & +ossified, just as for us never fully trusted. + +You may write _about_ them, so that others who have lost the +silver chain may follow. Or write _for_ them, making of +STORY & EMBLEM a process of seduction into your own +paleolithic memories, a barbaric enticement to liberty +(chaos as CHAOS understands it). + +For this otherworld species or "third sex," +_les_enfants_sauvages_, fancy & Imagination are still +undifferentiated. Unbridled PLAY: at one & the same time the +source of our Art & of all the race's rarest eros. + +To embrace disorder both as wellspring of style & voluptuous +storehouse, a fundamental of our alien & occult +civilization, our conspiratorial esthetic, our lunatic +espionage--this is the action (let's face it) either of an +artist of some sort, or of a ten- or thirteen-year-old. + +Children whose clarified senses betray them into a brilliant +sorcery of beautiful pleasure reflect something feral & +smutty in the nature of reality itself: natural ontological +anarchists, angels of chaos--their gestures & body odors +broadcast around them a jungle of presence, a forest of +prescience complete with snakes, ninja weapons, turtles, +futuristic shamanism, incredible mess, piss, ghosts, +sunlight, jerking off, birds' nests & eggs--gleeful +aggression against the groan-ups of those Lower Planes so +powerless to englobe either destructive epiphanies or +creation in the form of antics fragile but sharp enough to +slice moonlight. + +And yet the denizens of these inferior jerkwater dimensions +truly believe they control the destinies of Wild Children--& +_down_here_, such vicious beliefs actually sculpt most of +the substance of happenstance. + +The only ones who actually wish to _share_ the mischievous +destiny of those savage runaways or minor guerillas rather +than dictate it, the only ones who can understand that +cherishing & unleashing are the _same_act_--these are mostly +artists, anarchists, perverts, heretics, a band apart (as +much from each other as from the world) or able to meet only +as wild children might, locking gazes across a dinnertable +while adults gibber from behind their masks. + +Too young for Harley choppers--flunk-outs, break-dancers, +scarcely pubescent poets of flat lost railroad towns--a +million sparks falling from the skyrockets of Rimbaud & +Mowgli--slender terrorists whose gaudy bombs are compacted +of polymorphous love & the precious shards of popular +culture--punk gunslingers dreaming of piercing their ears, +animist bicyclists gliding in the pewter dusk through +Welfare streets of accidental flowers--out-of-season gypsy +skinny-dippers, smiling sideways-glancing thieves of power- +totems, small change & panther-bladed knives--we sense them +everywhere--we publish this offer to trade the corruption of +our own _lux_et_gaudium_ for their perfect gentle filth. + +So get this: our realization, our liberation depends on +_theirs_--not because we ape the Family, those "misers of +love" who hold hostages for a banal future, nor the State +which schools us all to sink beneath the event-horizon of a +tedious "usefulness"--no--but because _we_&_they_, the wild +ones, are images of each other, linked & bordered by that +silver chain which defines the pale of sensuality, +transgression & vision. + +We share the same enemies & our means of triumphant escape +are also the same: a delirious & obsessive _play_, powered +by the spectral brilliance of the wolves & their children. + +Paganism + +CONSTELLATIONS BY WHICH TO steer the barque of the soul. +"If the moslem understood Islam he would become an idol- +worshipper."--Mahmud Shabestari +Eleggua, ugly opener of doors with a hook in his head & +cowrie shells for eyes, black santeria cigar & glass of rum- +-same as Ganesh, elephant-head fat boy of Beginnings who +rides a mouse. +The organ which senses the numinous atrophies with the +senses. Those who cannot feel baraka cannot know the caress +of the world. + +Hermes Poimandres taught the animation of eidolons, the +magic in-dwelling of icons by spirits--but those who cannot +perform this rite on themselves & on the whole palpable +fabric of material being will inherit only blues, rubbish, +decay. + +The pagan body becomes a Court of Angels who all perceive +this place--this very grove--as paradise ("If there is a +paradise, surely it is _here_!"--inscription on a Mughal +garden gate).. +But ontological anarchism is too paleolithic for eschatology- +-things are real, sorcery works, bush-spirits one with the +Imagination, death an unpleasant vagueness--the plot of +Ovid's _Metamorphoses_--an epic of mutability. The personal +mythscape. + +Paganism has not yet invented laws--only virtues. No +priestcraft, no theology or metaphysics or morality--but a +universal shamanism in which no one attains real humanity +without a vision. +Food money sex sleep sun sand & sinsemilla--love truth peace +freedom & justice. Beauty. Dionysus the drunk boy on a +panther--rank adolescent sweat--Pan goatman slogs through +the solid earth up to his waist as if it were the sea, his +skin crusted with moss & lichen--Eros multiplies himself +into a dozen pastoral naked Iowa farm boys with muddy feet & +pond-scum on their thighs. + +Raven, the potlatch trickster, sometimes a boy, old woman, +bird who stole the Moon, pine needles floating on a pond, +Heckle/Jeckle totempole-head, chorus-line of crows with +silver eyes dancing on the woodpile--same as Semar the +hunchback albino hermaphrodite shadow-puppet patron of the +Javanese revolution. + +Yemaya, bluestar sea-goddess & patroness of queers--same as +Tara, bluegrey aspect of Kali, necklace of skulls, dancing +on Shiva's stiff lingam, licking monsoon clouds with her +yard-long tongue--same as Loro Kidul, jasper-green Javanese +sea-goddess who bestows the power of invulnerability on +sultans by tantrik intercourse in magic towers & caves. + +>From one point of view ontological anarchism is extremely +bare, stripped of all qualities & possessions, poor as CHAOS +itself--but from another point of view it pullulates with +baroqueness like the Fucking-Temples of Kathmandu or an +alchemical emblem book--it sprawls on its divan eating +loukoum & entertaining heretical notions, one hand inside +its baggy trousers. +The hulls of its pirate ships are lacquered black, the +lateen sails are red, black banners with the device of a +winged hourglass. + +A South China Sea of the mind, off a jungle-flat coast of +palms, rotten gold temples to unknown bestiary gods, island +after island, the breeze like wet yellow silk on naked skin, +navigating by pantheistic stars, hierophany on hierophany, +light upon light against the luminous & chaotic dark. + +Art Sabotage + +ART SABOTAGE STRIVES TO be perfectly exemplary but at the +same time retain an element of opacity--not propaganda but +aesthetic shock--apallingly direct yet also subtly angled-- +action-as-metaphor. + +Art Sabotage is the dark side of Poetic Terrorism--creation- +through-destruction--but it cannot serve any Party, nor any +nihilism, nor even art itself. Just as the banishment of +illusion enhances awareness, so the demolition of aesthetic +blight sweetens the air of the world of discourse, of the +Other. Art Sabotage serves only consciousness, +attentiveness, awakeness. + +A-S goes beyond paranoia, beyond deconstruction--the +ultimate criticism--physical attack on offensive art-- +aesthetic jihad. The slightest taint of petty ego-icity or +even of personal taste spoils its purity & vitiates its +force. A-S can never seek power--only _release_ it. + +Individual artworks (even the worst) are largely irrelevant- +-A-S seeks to damage institutions which use art to diminish +consciousness & profit by delusion. This or that poet or +painter cannot be condemned for lack of vision--but malign +Ideas can be assaulted through the artifacts they generate. +MUZAK is designed to hypnotize & control--its machinery can +be smashed. + +Public book burnings--why should rednecks & Customs +officials monopolize this weapon? Novels about children +possessed by demons; the _New_York_Times_ bestseller list; +feminist tracts against pornography; schoolbooks (especially +Social Studies, Civics, Health); piles of _New_York_Post_, +_Village_Voice_ & other supermarket papers; choice gleanings +of Xtian publishers; a few Harlequin Romances--a festive +atmosphere, wine-bottles & joints passed around on a clear +autumn afternoon. + +To throw money away at the Stock Exchange was pretty decent +Poetic Terrorism--but to _destroy_ the money would have been +good Art Sabotage. To seize TV transmission & broadcast a +few pirated minutes of incendiary Chaote art would +constitute a feat of PT--but simply to blow up the +transmission tower would be perfectly adequate Art Sabotage. +If certain galleries & museums deserve an occasional brick +through their windows--not destruction, but a jolt to +complacency--then what about BANKS? Galleries turn beauty +into a commodity but banks transmute Imagination into feces +and debt. Wouldn't the world gain a degree of beauty with +each bank that could be made to tremble...or fall? But how? +Art Sabotage should probably stay away from politics (it's +so boring)--but not from banks. + +Don't picket--vandalize. Don't protest--deface. When +ugliness, poor design & stupid waste are forced upon you, +turn Luddite, throw your shoe in the works, retaliate. Smash +the symbols of the Empire in the name of nothing but the +heart's longing for grace. + +The Assassins + +ACROSS THE LUSTER OF the desert & into the polychrome hills, +hairless & ochre violet dun & umber, at the top of a +dessicate blue valley travelers find an artificial oasis, a +fortified castle in saracenic style enclosing a hidden +garden. + +As guests of the Old Man of the Mountain Hassan-i Sabbah +they climb rock-cut steps to the castle. Here the Day of +Resurrection has already come & gone--those within live +outside profane Time, which they hold at bay with daggers & +poisons. + +Behind crenellations & slit-windowed towers scholars & +fedayeen wake in narrow monolithic cells. Star-maps, +astrolabes, alembics & retorts, piles of open books in a +shaft of morning sunlight--an unsheathed scimitar. + +Each of those who enter the realm of the _Imam-of-one's-own- +being_ becomes a sultan of inverted revelation, a monarch of +abrogation & apostasy. In a central chamber scalloped with +light and hung with tapestried arabesques they lean on +bolsters & smoke long chibouks of haschisch scented with +opium & amber. + +For them the hierarchy of being has compacted to a +dimensionless punctum of the real--for them the chains of +Law have been broken--they end their fasting with wine. For +them the outside of everything is its inside, its true face +shines through direct. But the garden gates are camouflaged +with terrorism, mirrors, rumors of assassination, trompe +l'oeil, legends. + +Pomegranate, mulberry, persimmon, the erotic melancholy of +cypresses, membrane-pink shirazi roses, braziers of meccan +aloes & benzoin, stiff shafts of ottoman tulips, carpets +spread like make-believe gardens on actual lawns--a pavilion +set with a mosaic of calligrammes--a willow, a stream with +watercress--a fountain crystalled underneath with geometry-- +the metaphysical scandal of bathing odalisques, of wet brown +cupbearers hide-&-seeking in the foliage--"water, greenery, +beautiful faces." + +By night Hassan-i Sabbah like a civilized wolf in a turban +stretches out on a parapet above the garden & glares at the +sky, conning the asterisms of heresy in the mindless cool +desert air. True, in this myth some aspirant disciples may +be ordered to fling themselves off the ramparts into the +black--but also true that some of them will learn to fly +like sorcerers. + +The emblem of Alamut holds in the mind, a _mandal_ or magic +circle lost to history but embedded or imprinted in +consciousness. The Old Man flits like a ghost into tents of +kings & bedrooms of theologians, past all locks & guards +with forgotten moslem/ninja techniques, leaves behind bad +dreams, stilettos on pillows, puissant bribes. + +The attar of his propaganda seeps into the criminal dreams +of ontological anarchism, the heraldry of our obsessions +displays the luminous black outlaw banners of the +Assassins...all of them pretenders to the throne of an +Imaginal Egypt, an occult space/light continuum consumed by +still-unimagined liberties. + +Pyrotechnics + +INVENTED BY THE CHINESE but never developed for war--a fine +example of Poetic Terrorism--a weapon used to trigger +aesthetic shock rather than kill--the Chinese hated war & +used to go into mourning when armies were raised--gunpowder +more useful to frighten malign demons, delight children, +fill the air with brave & risky-smelling haze. + +Class C Thunder Bombs from Kwantung, bottlerockets, +butterflies, M-80's, sunflowers, "A Forest In Springtime"-- +revolution weather--light your cigarette from the sizzling +fuse of a Haymarket-black bomb--imagine the air full of +lamiae & succubi, oppressive spirits, police-ghosts. +Call some kid with a smouldering punk or kitchen match-- +shaman-apostle of summer gunpowder plots--shatter the heavy +night with pinched stars & pumped stars, arsenic & antimony, +sodium & calomel, a blitz of magnesium & shrill picrate of +potash. + +Spur-fire (lampblack & saltpetre) portfire & iron filings-- +attack your local bank or ugly church with roman candles & +purple-gold skyrockets, impromptu & anonymous (perhaps +launch from back of pick-up truck..) + +Build frame-lattice lancework set-pieces on the roofs of +insurance buildings or schools--a kundalini-snake or Chaos- +dragon coiled barium-green against a background of sodium- +oxalate yellow--Don't Tread On Me--or copulating monsters +shooting wads of jizm-fire at a Baptists old folks home. + +Cloud-sculpture, smoke sculpture & flags = Air Art. +Earthworks. Fountains = Water Art. And Fireworks. Don't +perform with Rockefeller grants & police permits for +audiences of culture-lovers. Evanescent incendiary mind- +bombs, scary mandalas flaring up on smug suburban nights, +alien green thunderheads of emotional plague blasted by +orgone-blue vajra-rays of lasered _feux_d'artifice_. + +Comets that explode with the odor of hashish & radioactive +charcoal--swampghouls & will-o'-the-wisps haunting public +parks--fake St. Elmo's fire flickering over the architecture +of the bourgeoisie--strings of lady-fingers falling on the +Legislature floor--salamander-elementals attack well-known +moral reformers. + +Blazing shellac, sugar of milk, strontium, pitch, gum water, +gerbs of chinese fire--for a few moments the air is ozone- +sharp--drifting opal cloud of pungent dragon/phoenix smoke. +For an instant the Empire falls, its princes & governors +flee to their stygian muck, plumes of sulphur from elf- +flamethrowers burning their pinched asses as they retreat. +The Assassin-child, psyche of fire, holds sway for one brief +dogstar-hot night. + +Chaos Myths + +Unseen Chaos (po-te-kitea) +Unpossessed, Unpassing +Chaos of utter darkness +Untouched & untouchable +--Maori Chant + +Chaos perches on a sky-mountain: a huge bird like a yellow +bag or red fireball, with six feet & four wings--has no face +but dances & sings. + +Or Chaos is a black longhaired dog, blind & deaf, lacking +the five viscera. +Chaos the Abyss comes first, then Earth/Gaia, then +Desire/Eros. From these three proceed two pairs--Erebus & +old Night, Aether & Daylight. + +Neither Being nor Non-being +neither air nor earth nor space: +what was enclosed? where? under whose +protection? +What was water, deep, unfathomable? +Neither death nor immortality, day nor night-- +but ONE breathed by itself with no wind. +Nothing else. Darkness swathed in darkness, +unmanifest water. +The ONE, hidden by void, +felt the generation of heat, came into being +as Desire, first seed of Mind... +Was there an up or down? +There were casters of seed, there were powers: +energy underneath, impulse above. +But who knows for sure? +--_Rg_Veda_ + +Tiamat the Chaos-Ocean slowly drops from her womb Silt & +Slime, the Horizons, Sky and watery Wisdom. These offspring +grow noisy & bumptious--she considers their destruction. + +But Marduk the wargod of Babylon rises in rebellion against +the Old Hag & her Chaos-monsters, chthonic totems--Worm, +Female Ogre, Great Lion, Mad Dog, Scorpion Man, Howling +Storm--dragons wearing their glory like gods--& Tiamat +herself a great sea-serpent. + +Marduk accuses her of causing sons to rebel against fathers- +-she loves Mist & Cloud, principles of disorder. Marduk will +be the first to rule, to invent government. In battle he +slays Tiamat & from her body orders the material universe. +He inaugurates the Babylonian Empire--then from gibbets & +bloody entrails of Tiamat's incestuous son he creates the +human race to serve forever the comfort of gods--& their +high priests & anointed kings. + +Father Zeus & the Olympians wage war against Mother Gaia & +the Titans, those partisans of Chaos, the old ways of +hunting & gathering, of aimless wandering, androgyny & the +license of beasts. + +Amon-Ra (Being) sits alone in the primordial Chaos-Ocean of +NUN creating all the other gods by jerking off--but Chaos +also manifests as the dragon Apophis whom Ra must destroy +(along with his state of glory, his shadow & his magic) in +order that the Pharoah may safely rule--a victory ritually +re-created daily in Imperial temples to confound the enemies +of the State, of cosmic Order. + +Chaos is Hun Tun, Emperor of the Center. One day the South +Sea, Emperor Shu, & the North Sea, Emperor Hu (_shu_hu_ = +lightning) paid a visit to Hun Tun, who always treated them +well. Wishing to repay his kindness they said, "All beings +have seven orifices for seeing, hearing, eating, shitting, +etc.--but poor old Hun Tun has none! Let's drill some into +him!" So they did--one orifice a day--till on the seventh +day, Chaos died. + +But...Chaos is also an enormous chicken's egg. Inside it +P'an-Ku is born & grows for 18,000 years--at last the egg +opens up, splits into sky & earth, yang & yin. Now P'an-Ku +grows into a column that holds up the universe--or else he +_becomes_ the universe (breath-->wind, eyes-->sun & moon, +blood & humors-->rivers & seas, hair & lashes-->stars & +planets, sperm-->pearls, marrow-->jade, his fleas-->human +beings, etc.) + +Or else he becomes the man/monster Yellow Emperor. Or else +he becomes Lao Tzu, prophet of Tao. In fact, poor old Hun +Tun is the Tao itself. + +"Nature's music has no existence outside things. The various +apertures, pipes, flutes, all living beings together make up +nature. The "I" cannot produce things & things cannot +produce the "I," which is self-existent. Things are what +they are spontaneously, not caused by something else. +Everything is natural & does not know why it is so. The +10,000 things have 10,000 different states, all in motion as +if there were a True Lord to move them--but if we search for +evidence of this Lord we fail to find any." (Kuo Hsiang) + +Every realized consciousness is an "emperor" whose sole form +of rule is to do nothing to disturb the spontaneity of +nature, the Tao. The "sage" is not Chaos itself, but rather +a loyal child of Chaos--one of P'an-Ku's fleas, a fragment +of flesh of Tiamat's monstrous son. "Heaven and Earth," says +Chuang Tzu, "were born at the same time I was, & the 10,000 +things are one with me." + +Ontological Anarchism tends to disagree only with the +Taoists' total quietism. In our world Chaos has been +overthrown by younger gods, moralists, phallocrats, banker- +priests, fit lords for serfs. If rebellion proves impossible +then at least a kind of clandestine spiritual jihad might be +launched. Let it follow the war-banners of the anarchist +black dragon, Tiamat, Hun Tun. + +Chaos never died. + +Pornography + +IN PERSIA I SAW that poetry is meant to be set to music & +chanted or sung--for one reason alone--because it _works_. + +A right combination of image & tune plunges the audience +into a _hal_ (something between emotional/aesthetic mood & +trance of hyperawareness), outbursts of weeping, fits of +dancing--measurable physical response to art. For us the +link between poetry & body died with the bardic era--we read +under the influence of a cartesian anaesthetic gas. + +In N. India even non-musical recitation provokes noise & +motion, each good couplet applauded, "Wa! Wa!" with elegant +hand-jive, tossing of rupees--whereas we listen to poetry +like some SciFi brain in a jar--at best a wry chuckle or +grimace, vestige of simian rictus--the rest of the body off +on some other planet. + +In the East poets are sometimes thrown in prison--a sort of +compliment, since it suggests the author has done something +at least as real as theft or rape or revolution. Here poets +are allowed to publish anything at all--a sort of punishment +in effect, prison without walls, without echoes, without +palpable existence--shadow-realm of print, or of abstract +thought--world without risk or _eros_. + +So poetry is dead again--& even if the mumia from its corpse +retains some healing properties, auto-resurrection isn't one +of them. + +If rulers refuse to consider poems as crimes, then someone +must commit crimes that serve the function of poetry, or +texts that possess the resonance of terrorism. At any cost +re-connect poetry to the body. Not crimes against bodies, +but against Ideas (& Ideas-in-things) which are deadly & +suffocating. Not stupid libertinage but exemplary crimes, +aesthetic crimes, crimes for love. +In England some pornographic books are still banned. +Pornography has a measurable physical effect on its readers. +Like propaganda it sometimes changes lives because it +uncovers true desires. + +Our culture produces most of its porn out of body-hatred-- +but erotic art in itself makes a better vehicle for +enhancement of being/consciousness/bliss--as in certain +oriental works. A sort of Western tantrik porn might help +galvanize the corpse, make it shine with some of the glamor +of crime. + +America has freedom of speech because all words are +considered equally vapid. Only _images_ count--the censors +love snaps of death & mutilation but recoil in horror at the +sight of a child masturbating--apparently they experience +this as an invasion of their existential validity, their +identification with the Empire & its subtlest gestures. + +No doubt even the most poetic porn would never revive the +faceless corpse to dance & sing (like the Chinese Chaos- +bird)--but...imagine a script for a three-minute film set on +a mythical isle of runaway children who inhabit ruins of old +castles or build totem-huts & junk-assemblage nests--mixture +of animation, special-effects, compugraphix & color tape-- +edited tight as a fastfood commercial... + +...but weird & naked, feathers & bones, tents sewn with +crystal, black dogs, pigeon-blood--flashes of amber limbs +tangled in sheets--faces in starry masks kissing soft +creases of skin--androgynous pirates, castaway faces of +columbines sleeping on thigh-white flowers--nasty hilarious +piss jokes, pet lizards lapping spilt milk--nude break- +dancing--victorian bathtub with rubber ducks & pink boners-- +Alice on ganja... + +...atonal punk reggae scored for gamelan, synthesizer, +saxophones & drums--electric boogie lyrics sung by aetherial +children's choir--ontological anarchist lyrics, cross +between Hafez & Pancho Villa, Li Po & Bakunin, Kabir & Tzara- +-call it "CHAOS--the Rock Video!" +No...probably just a dream. Too expensive to produce, & +besides, who would see it? Not the kids it was meant to +seduce. Pirate TV is a futile fantasy, rock merely another +commodity--forget the slick gesamtkunstwerk, then. Leaflet a +playground with inflammatory smutty feuilletons-- +pornopropaganda, crackpot samizdat to unchain Desire from +its bondage. + +Crime + +JUSTICE CANNOT BE OBTAINED under any Law--action in accord +with spontaneous nature, action which is just, cannot be +defined by dogma. The crimes advocated in these broadsheets +cannot be committed against self or other but only against +the mordant crystallization of Ideas into structures of +poisonous Thrones & Dominations. + +That is, not crimes against nature or humanity but crimes by +legal fiat. Sooner or later the uncovering & unveiling of +self/nature transmogrifies a person into a brigand--like +stepping into another world then returning to this one to +discover you've been declared a traitor, heretic, exile. +The Law waits for you to stumble on a mode of being, a soul +different from the FDA-approved purple-stamped standard dead +meat--& as soon as you begin to act in harmony with nature +the Law garottes & strangles you--so don't play the blessed +liberal middleclass martyr--accept the fact that you're a +criminal & be prepared to act like one. + +Paradox: to embrace Chaos is not to slide toward entropy but +to emerge into an energy like stars, a pattern of +instantaneous grace--a spontaneous organic order completely +different from the carrion pyramids of sultans, muftis, +cadis & grinning executioners. + +After Chaos comes Eros--the principle of order implicit in +the nothingness of the unqualified One. Love is structure, +system, the only code untainted by slavery & drugged sleep. +We must become crooks & con-men to protect its spiritual +beauty in a bezel of clandestinity, a hidden garden of +espionage. + +Don't just survive while waiting for someone's revolution to +clear your head, don't sign up for the armies of anorexia or +bulimia--act as if you were already free, calculate the +odds, step out, remember the Code Duello--Smoke Pot/Eat +Chicken/Drink Tea. Every man his own vine & figtree +(_Circle_Seven_Koran_, Noble Drew Ali)--carry your Moorish +passport with pride, don't get caught in the crossfire, keep +your back covered--but take the risk, dance before you +calcify. +The natural social model for ontological anarchism is the +child-gang or the bank-robbers-band. Money is a lie--this +adventure must be feasible without it--booty & pillage +should be spent before it turns back into dust. Today is +Resurrection Day--money wasted on beauty will be +alchemically transmuted into elixir. As my uncle Melvin used +to say, stolen watermelon tastes sweeter. +The world is already re-made according to the heart's desire- +-but civilization owns all the leases & most of the guns. +Our feral angels demand we trespass, for they manifest +themselves only on forbidden grounds. High Way Man. The yoga +of stealth, the lightning raid, the enjoyment of treasure. + +Sorcery + +THE UNIVERSE WANTS TO PLAY. Those who refuse out of dry +spiritual greed & choose pure contemplation forfeit their +humanity--those who refuse out of dull anguish, those who +hesitate, lose their chance at divinity--those who mold +themselves blind masks of Ideas & thrash around seeking some +proof of their own solidity end by seeing out of dead men's +eyes. + +Sorcery: the systematic cultivation of enhanced +consciousness or non-ordinary awareness & its deployment in +the world of deeds & objects to bring about desired results. + +The incremental openings of perception gradually banish the +false selves, our cacophonous ghosts--the "black magic" of +envy & vendetta backfires because Desire cannot be forced. +Where our knowledge of beauty harmonizes with the +_ludus_naturae_, sorcery begins. + +No, not spoon-bending or horoscopy, not the Golden Dawn or +make-believe shamanism, astral projection or the Satanic +Mass--if it's mumbo jumbo you want go for the real stuff, +banking, politics, social science--not that weak blavatskian +crap. + +Sorcery works at creating around itself a psychic/physical +space or openings into a space of untrammeled expression-- +the metamorphosis of quotidian place into angelic sphere. +This involves the manipulation of symbols (which are also +things) & of people (who are also symbolic)--the archetypes +supply a vocabulary for this process & therefore are treated +as if they were both real & unreal, like words. Imaginal +Yoga. + +The sorcerer is a Simple Realist: the world is real--but +then so must consciousness be real since its effects are so +tangible. The dullard finds even wine tasteless but the +sorcerer can be intoxicated by the mere sight of water. +Quality of perception defines the world of intoxication--but +to sustain it & expand it to include _others_ demands +activity of a certain kind--sorcery. +Sorcery breaks no law of nature because there is no Natural +Law, only the spontaneity of _natura_naturans_, the tao. +Sorcery violates laws which seek to chain this flow-- +priests, kings, hierophants, mystics, scientists & +shopkeepers all brand the sorcerer _enemy_ for threatening +the power of their charade, the tensile strength of their +illusory web. + +A poem can act as a spell & vice versa--but sorcery refuses +to be a metaphor for mere literature--it insists that +symbols must cause events as well as private epiphanies. It +is not a critique but a re-making. It rejects all +eschatology & metaphysics of removal, all bleary nostalgia & +strident futurismo, in favor of a paroxysm or seizure of +_presence_. + +Incense & crystal, dagger & sword, wand, robes, rum, cigars, +candles, herbs like dried dreams--the virgin boy staring +into a bowl of ink--wine & ganja, meat, yantras & gestures-- +rituals of pleasure, the garden of houris & sakis--the +sorcerer climbs these snakes & ladders to a moment which is +fully saturated with its own color, where mountains are +mountains & trees are trees, where the body becomes all +time, the beloved all space. + +The tactics of ontological anarchism are rooted in this +secret Art--the goals of ontological anarchism appear in its +flowering. Chaos hexes its enemies & rewards its +devotees...this strange yellowing pamphlet, pseudonymous & +dust-stained, reveals all...send away for one split second +of eternity. + +Advertisement + +WHAT THIS TELLS YOU is not prose. It may be pinned to the +board but it's still alive & wriggling. It does not want to +seduce you unless you're extremely young & good-looking +(enclose recent photo). + +Hakim Bey lives in a seedy Chinese hotel where the +proprietor nods out over newspaper & scratchy broadcasts of +Peking Opera. The ceiling fan turns like a sluggish dervish- +-sweat falls on the page--the poet's kaftan is rusty, his +ovals spill ash on the rug--his monologues seem disjointed & +slightly sinister--outside shuttered windows the barrio +fades into palmtrees, the naive blue ocean, the philosophy +of tropicalismo. + +Along a highway somewhere east of Baltimore you pass an +Airstream trailer with a big sign on the lawn SPIRITUAL +READINGS & the image of a crude black hand on a red +background. Inside you notice a display of dream-books, +numbers-books, pamphlets on HooDoo and Santeria, dusty old +nudist magazines, a pile of _Boy's_Life_, treatises on +fighting-cocks...& this book, _Chaos_. Like words spoken in +a dream, portentous, evanescent, changing into perfumes, +birds, colors, forgotten music. + +This book distances itself by a certain impassibility of +surface, almost a glassiness. It doesn't wag its tail & it +doesn't snarl but it bites & humps the furniture. It doesn't +have an ISBN number & it doesn't want you for a disciple but +it might kidnap your children. + +This book is nervous like coffee or malaria--it sets up a +network of cut-outs & safe drops between itself & its +readers--but it's so baldfaced & literal-minded it +practically encodes itself--it smokes itself into a stupor. + +A mask, an automythology, a map without placenames--stiff as +an egyptian wallpainting nevertheless it reaches to caress +someone's face--& suddenly finds itself out in the street, +in a body, embodied in light, walking, awake, almost +satisfied. + +--NYC, May 1-July 4, 1984 + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 2 +Message-ID: <1lf83eINNq07@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:12:30 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 767 + + +COMMUNIQUES OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY + +COMMUNIQUE #1 (SPRING 1986) + +I. Slogans & Mottos for Subway Graffiti & Other Purposes +ROOTLESS COSMOPOLITANISM +POETIC TERRORISM +(for scrawling or rubberstamping on advertisements:) +THIS IS YOUR TRUE DESIRE +MARXISM-STIRNERISM +STRIKE FOR INDOLENCE & SPIRITUAL BEAUTY +YOUNG CHILDREN HAVE BEAUTIFUL FEET +THE CHAINS OF LAW HAVE BEEN BROKEN +TANTRIK PORNOGRAPHY +RADICAL ARISTOCRATISM +KIDS' LIB URBAN GUERILLAS +IMAGINARY SHIITE FANATICS +BOLO'BOLO +GAY ZIONISM +(SODOM FOR THE SODOMITES) +PIRATE UTOPIAS +CHAOS NEVER DIED + +Some of these are "sincere" slogans of the A.O.A.--others +are meant to rouse public apprehension & misgivings--but +we're not sure which is which. Thanx to Stalin, Anon., Bob +Black, Pir Hassan (upon his mention be peace), F. Nietzsche, +Hank Purcell Jr., "P.M.," & Bro. Abu Jehad al-Salah of the +Moorish Temple of Dagon. + +II. Some Poetic-Terrorist Ideas Still Sadly Languishing in +the Realm of "Conceptual Art" + +1. Walk into Citibank or Chembank computer customer service +area during busy period, take a shit on the floor, & leave. + +2. Chicago May Day '86: organize "religious" procession for +Haymarket "Martyrs"--huge banners with sentimental +portraits, wreathed in flowers & streaming with tinsel & +ribbon, borne by penitenti in black KKKatholic-style hooded +gowns--outrageous campy TV acolytes with incense & holy +water sprinkle the crowd--anarchists w/ash-smeared faces +beat themselves with little flails & whips--a "Pope" in +black robes blesses tiny symbolic coffins reverently carried +to Cemetery by weeping punks. Such a spectacle ought to +offend _nearly_everyone_. + +3. Paste up in public places a xerox flyer, photo of a +beautiful twelve-year-old boy, naked and masturbating, +clearly titled: THE FACE OF GOD. + +4. Mail elaborate & exquisite magickal "blessings" +_anonymously_ to people or groups you admire, e.g. for their +politics or spirituality or physical beauty or success in +crime, etc. Follow the same general procedure as outlined in +Section 5 below, but utilize an aesthetic of good fortune, +bliss or love, as appropriate. + +5. Invoke a terrible curse on a malign _institution_, such +as the _New_York_Post_ or the MUZAK company. A technique +adapted from Malaysian sorcerers: send the Company a package +containing a bottle, corked and sealed with black wax. +Inside: dead insects, scorpions, lizards or the like; a bag +containing graveyard dirt ("gris-gris" in American HooDoo +terminology) along with other noxious substances; an egg, +pierced with iron nails and pins; and a scroll on which an +emblem is drawn (see p. 57). + +(This _yantra_ or _veve_ invokes the Black Djinn, the Self's +dark shadow. Full details obtainable from the A.O.A.) An +accompanying note explains that the hex is sent against the +_institution_ & not against individuals--but unless the +institution itself _ceases_to_be_malign_, the curse (like a +mirror) will begin to infect the premises with noxious +fortune, a miasma of negativity. Prepare a "news release" +explaining the curse & taking credit for it in the name of +the American Poetry Society. Mail copies of this text to all +employees of the institution & to selected media. The night +before these letters arrive, wheatpaste the institutional +premises with xerox copies of the Black Djinn's emblem, +where they will be seen by all employees arriving for work +next morning. + +(Thanx to Abu Jehad again, & to Sri Anamananda--the Moorish +Castellan of Belvedere Weather Tower--& other comrades of +the Central Park Autonomous Zone, & Brooklyn Temple Number +1) + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #2 + +The Kallikak Memorial Bolo & Chaos Ashram: A Proposal + +NURSING AN OBSESSION FOR Airstream trailers--those classic +miniature dirigibles on wheels--& also the New Jersey Pine +Barrens, huge lost backlands of sandy creeks & tar pines, +cranberry bogs & ghost towns, population around 14 per sq. +mile, dirt roads overgrown with fern, brokenspine cabins & +isolated rusty mobile homes with burnt-out cars in the front +yards +land of the mythical Kallikaks--Piney families studied by +eugenicists in the 1920's to justify sterilization of rural +poor. Some Kallikaks married well, prospered, & waxed +bourgeois thanx to good genes--others however never worked +real jobs but lived off the woods--incest, sodomy, mental +deficiencies galore--photos touched up to make them look +vacant & morose--descended from rogue Indians, Hessian +mercenaries, rum smugglers, deserters--Lovecraftian +degenerates +come to think of it the Kallikaks might well have produced +secret Chaotes, precursor sex radicals, Zerowork prophets. +Like other monotone landscapes (desert, sea, swamp), the +Barrens seem infused with erotic power--not vril or orgone +so much as a languid disorder, almost a sluttishness of +Nature, as if the very ground & water were formed of sexual +flesh, membranes, spongy erectile tissue. We want to squat +there, maybe an abandoned hunting/fishing lodge with old +woodstove & privy--or decaying Vacation Cabins on some +disused County Highway--or just a woodlot where we park 2 or +3 Airstreams hidden back in the pines near creek or swimming +hole. Were the Kallikaks onto something good? We'll find out + +somewhere boys dream that extraterrestrials will come to +rescue them from their families, perhaps vaporizing the +parents with some alien ray in the process. Oh well. Space +Pirate Kidnap Plot Uncovered--"Alien" Unmasked As Shiite +Fanatic Queer Poet--UFOs Seen Over Pine Barrens--"Lost Boys +Will Leave Earth," Claims So-Called Prophet Of Chaos Hakim +Bey +runaway boys, mess & disorder, ecstasy & sloth, skinny- +dipping, childhood as permanent insurrection--collections of +frogs, snails, leaves--pissing in the moonlight--11, 12, 13- +-old enough to seize back control of one's own history from +parents, school, Welfare, TV--Come live with us in the +Barrens--we'll cultivate a local brand of seedless rope to +finance our luxuries & contemplation of summer's alchemy--& +otherwise produce nothing but artifacts of Poetic Terrorism +& mementos of our pleasures + +going for aimless rides in the old pickup, fishing & +gathering, lying around in the shade reading comics & eating +grapes--this is our economy. The suchness of things when +unchained from the Law, each molecule an orchid, each atom a +pearl to the attentive consciousness--this is our cult. The +Airstream is draped with Persian rugs, the lawn is profuse +with satisfied weeds + +the treehouse becomes a wooden spaceship in the nakedness of +July & midnight, half-open to the stars, warm with epicurean +sweat, rushed & then hushed by the breathing of the Pines. +(Dear _Bolo_Log_: You asked for a practical & feasible +utopia--here it is, no mere post-holocaust fantasy, no +castles on the moon of Jupiter--a scheme we could start up +tomorrow--except that every single aspect of it breaks some +law, reveals some absolute taboo in U.S. society, threatens +the very fabric of etc., etc. Too bad. This is our true +desire, & to attain it we must contemplate not only a life +of pure art but also pure crime, pure insurrection. Amen.) + +(Thanx to the Grim Reaper & other members of the Si Fan +Temple of Providence for YALU, GANO, SILA, & ideas) + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #3 + +Haymarket Issue + +"I NEED ONLY MENTION in passing that there is a curious +reappearance of the Catfish tradition in the popular +Godzilla cycle of films which arose after the nuclear chaos +unleashed upon Japan. In fact, the symbolic details in the +evolution of Godzilla filmic poplore parallel in a quite +surprising way the traditional Japanese and Chinese +mythological and folkloric themes of combat with an +ambivalent chaos creature (some of the films, like _Mothra_, +directly recalling the ancient motifs of the cosmic +egg/gourd/cocoon) that is usually tamed, after the failure +of the civilizational order, through the special and +indirect agency of children."--Girardot, +_Myth_&_Meaning_in_Early_Taoism:_The_Theme_of_Chaos__(hun- +t'un)_ + +In some old Moorish Science Temple (in Chicago or Baltimore) +a friend claimed to have seen a secret altar on which rested +a matched pair of six shooters (in velvet-lined case) & a +_black_ fez. Supposedly initiation to the inner circle +required the neophyte Moor to assassinate at least one cop. +/// What about Louis Lingg? Was he a precursor of +Ontological Anarchism? "I despise you"--one can't help but +admiring such sentiments. But the man dynamited himself aged +22 to cheat the gallows...this is not exactly our chosen +path. /// The IDEA of the POLICE like hydra grows 100 new +heads for each one cut off--and all these heads are +_live_cops_. Slicing off heads gains us nothing, but only +enhances the beast's power till it swallows us. /// First +murder the IDEA--blow up the monument _inside_us_--& then +perhaps...the balance of power will shift. When the last cop +in our brain is gunned down by the last unfulfilled desire-- +perhaps even the landscape around us will begin to +change.../// Poetic Terrorism proposes this +_sabotage_of_archetypes_ as the only practical +insurrectionary tactic for the present. But as Shiite +Extremists eager for the overthrow (by any means) of all +police, ayatollahs, bankers, executioners, priests, etc., we +reserve the option of venerating even the "failures" of +radical excess. /// A few days unchained from the Empire of +Lies might well be worth considerable sacrifice; a moment of +exalted realization may outweigh a lifetime of microcephalic +boredom & work. /// But this moment must _become_ours_--and +our ownership of it is seriously compromised if we must +commit suicide to preserve its integrity. So we mix our +veneration with irony--it's not martyrdom itself we propose, +but the courage of the dynamiter, the self-possession of a +Chaos-monster, the attainment of criminal & illegal +pleasures. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #4 + +The End of the World + +THE A.O.A. DECLARES ITSELF officially _bored_ with the End +of the World. The canonical version has been used since 1945 +to keep us cowering in fear of Mutual Assured Destruction & +in snivelling servitude to our super-hero politicians (the +only ones capable of handling deadly Green Kryptonite)... + +What does it mean that we have invented a way to destroy all +life on Earth? Nothing much. We have _dreamed_ this as an +escape from the contemplation of our own individual deaths. +We have made an emblem to serve as the mirror-image of a +discarded immortality. Like demented dictators we swoon at +the thought of taking it _all_ down with us into the Abyss. + +The unofficial version of the Apocalypse involves a +lascivious yearning for the End, & for a post-Holocaust Eden +where the Survivalists (or the 144,000 Elect of +_Revelations_) can indulge themselves in orgies of Dualist +hysteria, endless final confrontations with a seductive +evil... +We have seen the ghost of Rene Guenon, cadaverous & topped +with a fez (like Boris Karloff as Ardis Bey in _The_Mummy_) +leading a funereal No Wave Industrial-Noise rock band in +loud buzzing blackfly-chants for the death of Culture & +Cosmos: the elitist fetishism of pathetic nihilists, the +Gnostic self-disgust of "post-sexual" intellectoids. + +Are these dreary ballads not simply mirror-images of all +those lies & platitudes about Progress & the Future, beamed +from every loudspeaker, zapped like paranoid brain-waves +from every schoolbook & TV in the world of the Consensus? +The thanatosis of the Hip Millenarians extrudes itself like +pus from the false _health_ of the Consumers' & Workers' +Paradises. + +Anyone who can read history with both hemispheres of the +brain knows that a world comes to an end every instant--the +waves of time leave washed up behind themselves only dry +memories of a closed & petrified past--imperfect memory, +itself already dying & autumnal. And every instant also +gives birth to a world--despite the cavillings of +philosophers & scientists whose bodies have grown numb--a +present in which all impossibilities are renewed, where +regret & premonition fade to nothing in one presential +hologrammatical psychomantric gesture. + +The "normative" past or the future heat-death of the +universe mean as little to us as last year's GNP or the +withering away of the State. All Ideal pasts, all futures +which have not yet come to pass, simply obstruct our +consciousness of total vivid presence. + +Certain sects believe that the world (or "a" world) has +_already_come_to_an_end_. For Jehovah's Witnesses it +happened in 1914 (yes folks, we are living in the Book of +Revelations _now_). For certain oriental occultists, it +occurred during the Major Conjunction of the Planets in +1962. Joachim of Fiore proclaimed the Third Age, that of the +Holy Spirit, which replaced those of Father & Son. Hassan II +of Alamut proclaimed the Great Resurrection, the +immanentization of the eschaton, paradise on earth. Profane +time came to an end somewhere in the late Middle Ages. Since +then we've been living angelic time--only most of us don't +know it. + +Or to take an even more Radical Monist stance: Time never +started at all. Chaos never died. The Empire was never +founded. We are not now & never have been slaves to the past +or hostages to the future. + +We suggest that the End of the World be declared a +_fait_accompli_; the exact date is unimportant. The ranters +in 1650 knew that the Millenium comes _now_ into each soul +that wakes to itself, to its own centrality & divinity. +"Rejoice, fellow creature," was their greeting. "All is +ours!" + +I want no part of any other End of the World. A boy smiles +at me in the street. A black crow sits in a pink magnolia +tree, cawing as orgone accumulates & discharges in a split +second over the city...summer begins. I may be your +lover...but I spit on your Millenium. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #5 + +"Intellectual S/M Is the Fascism of the Eighties--The Avant- +Garde Eats Shit and Likes It" + +COMRADES! + +Recently some confusion about "Chaos" has plagued the A.O.A. +from certain revanchist quarters, forcing us (who despise +polemics) at last to indulge in a Plenary Session devoted to +denunciations _ex_cathedra_, portentous as hell; our faces +burn red with rhetoric, spit flies from our lips, neck veins +bulge with pulpit fervor. We must at last descend to flying +banners with angry slogans (in 1930's type faces) declaring +what Ontological Anarchy _is_not_. + +Remember, only in Classical Physics does Chaos have anything +to do with entropy, heat-death, or decay. In our physics +(Chaos Theory), Chaos identifies with tao, beyond both yin- +as-entropy & yang-as-energy, more a principle of continual +creation than of any _nihil_, void in the sense of +_potentia_, not exhaustion. (Chaos as the "sum of all +orders.") + +From this alchemy we quintessentialize an aesthetic theory. +Chaote art may act terrifying, it may even act +_grand_guignol_, but it can never allow itself to be +drenched in putrid negativity, thanatosis, _schadenfreude_ +(delight in the misery of others), crooning over Nazi +memorabilia & serial murders. Ontological Anarchy collects +no snuff films & is bored to tears with dominatrices who +spout french philosophy. ("Everything is hopeless & I knew +it before you did, asshole. Nyahh!") + +Wilhelm Reich was driven half mad & killed by agents of the +Emotional Plague; maybe half his work derived from sheer +paranoia (UFO conspiracies, homophobia, even his orgasm +theory), BUT on one point we agree wholeheartedly--_sexpol_: +sexual repression breeds death obsession, which leads to +_bad_politics_. A great deal of avant-garde Art is saturated +with Deadly Orgone Rays (DOR). Ontological Anarchy aims to +build aesthetic cloud-busters (OR-guns) to disperse the +miasma of cerebral sado-masochism which now passes for +slick, hip, new, fashionable. Self-mutilating "performance" +artists strike us as banal & stupid--their art makes +everyone _more_unhappy_. What kind of two-bit conniving +horseshit...what kind of cockroach-brained Art creeps cooked +up this apocalypse stew? + +Of course the avant-garde seems "smart"--so did Marinetti & +the Futurists, so did Pound & Celine. Compared to that kind +of intelligence we'd choose real stupidity, bucolic New Age +blissed-out inanity--we'd rather be pinheads than +_queer_for_death_. But luckily we don't have to scoop out +our brains to attain our own queer brand of satori. All the +faculties, all the senses belong to us as our property--both +heart & head, intellect & spirit, body & soul. Ours is no +art of mutilation but of excess, superabundance, amazement. + +The purveyors of pointless gloom are the Death Squads of +contemporary aesthetics--& we are the "disappeared ones." +Their make-believe ballroom of occult 3rd-Reich bric-a-brac +& child murder attracts the manipulators of the Spectacle-- +death looks better on TV than life--& we Chaotes, who preach +an insurrectionary joy, are edged out towards silence. + +Needless to say we reject all censorship by Church & State-- +but "after the revolution" we would be willing to take +individual & personal responsibility for burning all the +Death Squad snuff-art crap & running them out of town on a +rail. (Criticism becomes _direct_action_ in an anarchist +context.) _My_ space has room neither for Jesus & his lords +of the flies nor for Chas. Manson & his literary admirers. I +want no mundane police--I want no cosmic axe-murderers +either; no TV chainsaw massacres, no sensitive +poststructuralist novels about necrophilia. + +As it happens, the A.O.A. can scarcely hope to sabotage the +suffocating mechanisms of the State & its ghostly circuitry- +-but we just _might_ happen to find ourselves in a position +to do something about lesser manifestations of the DOR +plague such as the Corpse-Eaters of the Lower East Side & +other Art scum. We support artists who use _terrifying_ +material in some "higher cause"--who use loving/sexual +material of any kind, however shocking or illegal--who _use_ +their anger & disgust & their true desires to lurch toward +self-realization & beauty & adventure. "Social Nihilism," +yes--but not the dead nihilism of gnostic self-disgust. Even +if it's violent & abrasive, anyone with a vestigial 3rd eye +can _see_ the differences between revolutionary pro-life art +& reactionary pro-death art. DOR stinks, & the chaote nose +can sniff it out--just as it knows the perfume of +spiritual/sexual joy, however buried or masked by other +darker scents. Even the Radical Right, for all its horror of +flesh & the senses, occasionally comes up with a moment of +perception & consciousness-enhancement--but the Death +Squads, for all their tired lip service to fashionable +revolutionary abstractions, offer us about as much true +libertarian energy as the FBI, FDA, or the double-dip +Baptists. + +We live in a society which advertises its costliest +commodities with images of death & mutilation, beaming them +direct to the reptilian back-brain of the millions thru +alpha-wave-generating carcinogenic reality-warping devices-- +while certain images of life (such as our favorite, a child +masturbating) are banned & punished with incredible +ferocity. It takes no guts at all to be an Art Sadist, for +salacious death lies at the aesthetic center of our +Consensus Paradigm. "Leftists" who like to dress up & play +Police-&-Victim, people who jerk off to atrocity photos, +people who like to _think_ & intellectualize about splatter +art & highfalutin hopelessness & groovy ghoulishness & +_other_people's_misery_--such "artists" are nothing but +police-without-power (a perfect definition for many +"revolutionaries" too). We have a black bomb for these +aesthetic fascists--it explodes with sperm & firecrackers, +raucous weeds & piracy, weird Shiite heresies & bubbling +paradise-fountains, complex rhythms, pulsations of life, all +shapeless & exquisite. + +Wake up! Breathe! Feel the world's breath against your skin! +Seize the day! Breathe! Breathe! +(Thanx to J. Mander's +_Four_Arguments_for_the_Abolition_of_Television_; Adam Exit; +& the Moorish Cosmopolitan of Williamsburg) + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #6 + +I. Salon Apocalypse: "Secret Theater" + +AS LONG AS NO Stalin breathes down our necks, why not make +_some_ art in the service of...an insurrection? + +Never mind if it's "impossible." What else can we hope to +attain but the "impossible"? Should we wait for +_someone_else_ to reveal our true desires? + +If art has died, or the audience has withered away, then we +find ourselves free of two dead weights. Potentially, +everyone is now some kind of artist--& potentially every +audience has regained its innocence, its ability to _become_ +the art that it experiences. + +Provided we can escape from the museums we carry around +inside us, provided we can stop selling ourselves tickets to +the galleries in our own skulls, we can begin to contemplate +an art which re-creates the goal of the sorcerer: changing +the structure of reality by the manipulation of living +symbols (in this case, the images we've been "given" by the +organizers of this salon--murder, war, famine, & greed). + +We might now contemplate aesthetic actions which possess +some of the resonance of terrorism (or "cruelty," as Artaud +put it) aimed at the destruction of abstractions rather than +people, at liberation rather than power, pleasure rather +than profit, joy rather than fear. "Poetic Terrorism." +Our chosen images have the potency of darkness--but all +images are masks, & behind these masks lie energies we can +turn toward light & pleasure. + +For example, the man who invented _aikido_ was a samurai who +became a pacifist & refused to fight for Japanese +imperialism. He became a hermit, lived on a mountain sitting +under a tree.. +One day a former fellow-officer came to visit him & accused +him of betrayal, cowardice, etc. The hermit said nothing, +but kept on sitting--& the officer fell into a rage, drew +his sword, & struck. Spontaneously the unarmed master +disarmed the officer & returned his sword. Again & again the +officer tried to kill, using every subtle _kata_ in his +repertoire--but out of his empty mind the hermit each time +invented a new way to disarm him. + +The officer of course became his first disciple. Later, they +learned how to _dodge_bullets_. +We might contemplate some form of metadrama meant to capture +a taste of this performance, which gave rise to a wholly new +art, a totally non-violent way of fighting--war without +murder, "the sword of life" rather than death. + +A conspiracy of artists, anonymous as any mad bombers, but +aimed toward an act of gratuitous generosity rather than +violence--at the millennium rather than the apocalypse--or +rather, aimed at a _present_moment_ of aesthetic shock in +the service of realization & liberation. + +Art tells gorgeous lies that come true. + +Is it possible to create a SECRET THEATER in which both +artist & audience have completely disappeared--only to re- +appear on another plane, where life & art have become the +same thing, the pure giving of gifts? + +(Note: The "Salon Apocalypse" was organized by Sharon Gannon +in July, 1986.) + +II. Murder--War--Famine--Greed + +THE MANICHEES & CATHARS believed that the body can be +spiritualized--or rather, that the body merely contaminates +pure spirit & must be utterly rejected. The Gnostic +_perfecti_ (radical dualists) starved themselves to death to +escape the body & return to the pleroma of pure light. +So: to evade the evils of the flesh--murder, war, famine, +greed--paradoxically only one path remains: murder of one's +own body, war on the flesh, famine unto death, greed for +salvation. +The radical monists however (Ismailis, Ranters, Antinomians) +consider that body & spirit are one, that the same spirit +which pervades a black stone also infuses the flesh with its +light; that all lives & all is life. "Things are what they +are spontaneously...everything is natural...all in motion as +if there were a True Lord to move them--but if we seek for +evidence of this lord we fail to find any." (Kuo Hsiang) + +Paradoxically, the monist path also cannot be followed +without some sort of "murder, war, famine, greed": the +transformation of death into life (food, negentropy)--war +against the Empire of Lies--"fasting of the soul," or +renunciation of the Lie, of all that is not life--& greed +for life itself, the absolute power of desire. + +Even more: without knowledge of the darkness ("carnal +knowledge") there can exist no knowledge of the light +("gnosis"). The two knowledges are not merely complementary: +say rather _identical_, like the same note played in +different octaves. Heraclitus claims that reality persists +in a state of "war." Only clashing notes can make harmony. +("Chaos is the sum of all orders.") +Give each of these four terms a different mask of language +(to call the Furies "The Kindly Ones" is not mere euphemism +but a way of uncovering _yet_more_meaning_). Masked, +ritualized, realized as art, the terms take on their dark +beauty, their "Black Light." + +Instead of murder say _the_hunt_, the pure paleolithic +economy of all archaic and non-authoritarian tribal society- +-"venery," both the killing & eating of flesh & the way of +Venus, of desire. Instead of war say _insurrection_, not the +revolution of classes & powers but of the eternal rebel, the +dark one who uncovers light. Instead of greed say +_yearning_, unconquerable desire, mad love. And then instead +of famine, which is a kind of mutilation, speak of +wholeness, plenty, superabundance, generosity of the self +which spirals outward toward the Other. + +Without this dance of masks, nothing will be created. The +oldest mythology makes Eros the firstborn of Chaos. Eros, +the wild one who tames, is the door through which the artist +returns to Chaos, the One, and then re-returns, comes back +again, bearing one of the patterns of beauty. The artist, +the hunter, the warrior: one who is both passionate and +balanced, both greedy & altruistic to the utmost extreme. We +must be saved from all salvations which save us from +ourselves, from our _animal_ which is also our _anima_, our +very lifeforce, as well as our _animus_, our animating self- +empowerment, which may even manifest as anger & greed. +BABYLON has told us that our flesh is filth--with this +device & the promise of salvation it enslaved us. But--if +the flesh is already "saved," already _light_--if even +consciousness itself is a kind of flesh, a palpable & +simultaneous living aether--then we need no power to +intercede for us. The wilderness, as Omar says, is paradise +_even_now_. + +The true proprietorship of _murder_ lies with the Empire, +for only freedom is complete life. _War_ is Babylonian as +well--no free person will die for another's aggrandizement. +_Famine_ comes into existence _only_ with the civilization +of the saviors, the priest-kings--wasn't it Joseph who +taught Pharaoh to speculate in grain futures? _Greed_--for +land, for symbolic wealth, for power to deform others' souls +& bodies for their own _salvation_--greed too arises not +from "Nature nature-ing," but from the damming up & +canalization of all energies for the Empire's Glory. +Against all this, the artist possesses the dance of masks, +the total radicalization of language, the invention of a +"Poetic Terrorism" which will strike not at living beings +but at malign _ideas_, dead-weights on the coffin-lid of our +desires. The architecture of suffocation and paralysis will +be _blown_up_ only by our total celebration of everything-- +even darkness. + +--Summer Solstice, 1986 + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #7 + +Psychic Paleolithism & High Technology: A Position Paper + +JUST BECAUSE THE A.O.A. talks about "Paleolithism" all the +time, don't get the idea we intend to bomb ourselves back to +the Stone Age. + +We have no interest in going "back to the land" if the deal +includes the boring life of a shit-kicking peasant--nor do +we want "tribalism" if it comes with taboos, fetishes & +malnutrition. We have no quarrel with the concept of +_culture_--including _technology_; for us the problem begins +with _civilization_. + +What we like about Paleolithic life has been summed up by +the Peoples-Without-Authority School of anthropology: the +elegant laziness of hunter/gatherer society, the 2-hour +workday, the obsession with art, dance, poetry & +amorousness, the "democratization of shamanism," the +cultivation of perception--in short, culture. + +What we dislike about civilization can be deduced from the +following progression: the "Agricultural Revolution"; the +emergence of caste; the City & its cult of hieratic control +("Babylon"); slavery; dogma; imperialism ("Rome"). The +suppression of sexuality in "work" under the aegis of +"authority." "The Empire never ended." + +A _psychic_paleolithism_ based on High-Tech--post- +agricultural, post-industrial, "Zerowork," nomadic (or +"Rootless Cosmopolitan")--a Quantum Paradigm Society--this +constitutes the ideal vision of the future according to +Chaos Theory as well as "Futurology" (in the Robert Anton +Wilson-T. Leary sense of the term). + +As for the present: we reject all collaboration with the +Civilization of Anorexia & Bulimia, with people so ashamed +of never suffering that they invent hair shirts for +themselves & others--or those who gorge without compassion & +then spew the vomit of their suppressed guilt in great +masochistic bouts of jogging & dieting. All _our_ pleasures +& self-disciplines belong to us by Nature--we never deny +ourselves, we never give up anything; but some things have +given up on us & left us, because we are too large for them. +I am both caveman & starfaring mutant, con-man & free +prince. Once an Indian Chief was invited to the White House +for a banquet. As the food passed round, the Chief heaped +his plate to the max, not once but three times. At last the +honky sitting next to him says, "Chief, heh-heh, don't you +think that's a little too much?" "Ugh," the Chief replies, +"little too much _just_right_ for Chief!" + +Nevertheless, certain doctrines of "Futurology" remain +problematic. For example, even if we accept the liberatory +potential of such new technologies as TV, computers, +robotics, Space exploration, etc., we still see a gap +between potentiality & actualization. The banalization of +TV, the yuppification of computers & the militarization of +Space suggest that these technologies in themselves provide +no "determined" guarantee of their liberatory use. + +Even if we reject the Nuclear Holocaust as just another +Spectacular Diversion orchestrated to distract our attention +from _real_ problems, we must still admit that "Mutual +Assured Destruction" & "Pure War" tend to dampen our +enthusiasm for certain aspects of the High-Tech Adventure. +Ontological Anarchy retains its affection for Luddism as a +tactic: if a given technology, no matter how admirable +_in_potentia_ (in the future), is used to oppress me here & +now, then I must either wield the weapon of sabotage or else +seize the means of production (or perhaps more importantly +the means of _communication_). There is no humanity without +_techne_--but there is no _techne_ worth more than my +humanity. + +We spurn knee-jerk anti-Tech anarchism--for ourselves, at +least (there exist some who enjoy farming, or so one hears)- +-and we reject the concept of the Technological Fix as well. +For us all forms of determinism appear equally vapid--we're +slaves of neither our genes nor our machines. What is +"natural" is what we _imagine_&_create_. "Nature has no Laws- +-only habits." + +Life for us belongs neither to the Past--that land of famous +ghosts hoarding their tarnished grave- +goods--nor to the Future, whose bulbbrained mutant citizens +guard so jealously the secrets of immortality, faster-than- +light flight, designer genes & the withering of the State. +_Aut_nunc_aut_nihil_. Each moment contains an eternity to be +penetrated--yet we lose ourselves in visions seen through +corpses' eyes, or in nostalgia for unborn perfections. + +The attainments of my ancestors & descendants are nothing +more to me than an instructive or amusing tale--I will never +call them my betters, even to excuse my own smallness. I +print for myself a license to steal from them whatever I +need--psychic paleolithism or high-tech--or for that matter +the gorgeous detritus of civilization itself, secrets of the +Hidden Masters, pleasures of frivolous nobility & +_la_vie_boheme_. + +_La_decadence_, Nietzsche to the contrary notwithstanding, +plays as deep a role in Ontological Anarchy as health--we +take what we want of each. Decadent aesthetes do not wage +stupid wars nor submerge their consciousness in +microcephalic greed & resentment. They seek adventure in +artistic innovation & non-ordinary sexuality rather than in +the misery of others. The A.O.A. admires & emulates their +sloth, their disdain for the stupidity of normalcy, their +expropriation of aristocratic sensibilities. For us these +qualities harmonize paradoxically with those of the Old +Stone Age & its overflowing health, ignorance of hierarchy, +cultivation of _virtu_ rather than _Law_. We demand +decadence without sickness, & health without boredom! + +Thus the A.O.A. gives unqualified support to all indigenous +& tribal peoples in their struggle for complete autonomy--& +at the same time, to the wildest, most Spaced-out +speculations & demands of the Futurologists. The +paleolithism of the future (which for us, as mutants, +already exists) will be achieved on a grand scale only +through a massive technology of the Imagination, and a +scientific paradigm which reaches beyond Quantum Mechanics +into the realm of Chaos Theory & the hallucinations of +Speculative Fiction. + +As Rootless Cosmopolitans we lay claim to all the beauties +of the past, of the orient, of tribal societies--all this +must & can be ours, even the treasuries of the Empire: ours +to share. And at the same time we demand a technology which +transcends agriculture, industry, even the simultaneity of +electricity, a hardware that intersects with the wetware of +consciousness, that embraces the power of quarks, of +particles travelling backward in time, of quasars & parallel +universes. + +The squabbling ideologues of anarchism & libertarianism each +prescribe some utopia congenial to their various brands of +tunnel-vision, ranging from the peasant commune to the L-5 +Space City. We say, let a thousand flowers bloom--with no +gardener to lop off weeds & sports according to some +moralizing or eugenical scheme. The only true conflict is +that between the authority of the tyrant & the authority of +the realized self--all else is illusion, psychological +projection, wasted verbiage. + +In one sense the sons & daughters of Gaia have never left +the paleolithic; in another sense, all the perfections of +the future are already ours. Only insurrection will "solve" +this paradox--only the uprising against false consciousness +in both ourselves & others will sweep away the technology of +oppression & the poverty of the Spectacle. In this battle a +painted mask or shaman's rattle may prove as vital as the +seizing of a communications satellite or secret computer +network. + +Our sole criterion for judging a weapon or a tool is its +beauty. The means already _are_ the end, in a certain sense; +the insurrection already _is_ our adventure; Becoming IS +Being. Past & future exist within us & for us, alpha & +omega. There are no other gods before or after us. We are +free in TIME--and will be free in SPACE as well. + +(Thanx to Hagbard Celine the Sage of Howth & Environs) + +* * * * * + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 3 +Message-ID: <1lf847INNq1d@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:12:55 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 527 + + +COMMUNIQUE #8 + +Chaos Theory & the Nuclear Family + +SUNDAY IN RIVERSIDE PARK the Fathers fix their sons in +place, nailing them magically to the grass with baleful +ensorcelling stares of milky camaraderie, & force them to +throw baseballs back & forth for hours. The boys almost +appear to be small St Sebastians pierced by arrows of +boredom. + +The smug rituals of family fun turn each humid Summer meadow +into a Theme Park, each son an unwitting allegory of +Father's wealth, a pale representation 2 or 3 times removed +from reality: the Child as metaphor of Something-or-other. + +And here I come as dusk gathers, stoned on mushroom dust, +half convinced that these hundreds of fireflies arise from +my own consciousness--Where have they been all these years? +why so many so suddenly?--each rising in the moment of its +incandescence, describing quick arcs like abstract graphs of +the energy in sperm. + +"Families! misers of love! How I hate them!" Baseballs fly +aimlessly in vesper light, catches are missed, voices rise +in peevish exhaustion. The children feel sunset encrusting +the last few hours of doled-out freedom, but still the +Fathers insist on stretching the tepid postlude of their +patriarchal sacrifice till dinnertime, till shadows eat the +grass. + +Among these sons of the gentry one locks gazes with me for a +moment--I transmit telepathically the image of sweet +license, the smell of TIME unlocked from all grids of +school, music lessons, summer camps, family evenings round +the tube, Sundays in the Park with Dad--authentic time, +chaotic time. + +Now the family is leaving the Park, a little platoon of +dissatisfaction. But _that_one_ turns & smiles back at me in +complicity--"Message Received"--& dances away after a +firefly, buoyed up by my desire. The Father barks a mantra +which dissipates my power. + +The moment passes. The boy is swallowed up in the pattern of +the week--vanishes like a bare-legged pirate or Indian taken +prisoner by missionaries. The Park knows who I am, it stirs +under me like a giant jaguar about to wake for nocturnal +meditation. Sadness still holds it back, but it remains +untamed in its deepest essence: an exquisite disorder at the +heart of the city's night. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #9 + +Double-Dip Denunciations + +I. Xtianity + +AGAIN & AGAIN WE hope that attitudinizing corpse has finally +breathed its last rancorous sigh & floated off to its final +pumpkinification. Again & again we imagine the defeat of +that obscene flayed death-trip bogey nailed to the walls of +all our waiting rooms, never again to whine at us for our +sins... + +but again & again it resurrects itself & comes creeping back +to haunt us like the villain of some _n_th rate snuff-porn +splatter film--the thousandth re-make of +_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_--trailing its snail-track of +whimpering humiliation...just when you thought it was safe +in the unconscious...it's JAWS for JESUS. Look out! Hardcore +Chainsaw Baptists! + +and the Leftists, nostalgic for the Omega Point of their +dialectical paradise, welcome each galvanized revival of the +putrescent creed with coos of delight: Let's dance the tango +with all those marxist bishops from Latin America--croon a +ballad for the pious Polish dockworkers--hum spirituals for +the latest afro-Methodist presidential hopeful from the +Bible Belt... + +The A.O.A. denounces Liberation Theology as a conspiracy of +stalinist nuns--the Whore of Babylon's secret scarlet deal +with red fascism in the tropics. _Solidarnosc?_ The Pope's +Own Labor Union--backed by the AFL/CIO, the Vatican Bank, +the Freemason Lodge Propaganda Due, and the Mafia. And if we +ever voted we'd never waste that empty gesture on some Xtian +dog, no matter what its breed or color. + +As for the _real_ Xtians, those bored-again self-lobotomized +bigots, those Mormon babykillers, those Star Warriors of the +Slave Morality, televangelist blackshirts, zombie squads of +the Blessed Virgin Mary (who hovers in a pink cloud over the +Bronx spewing hatred, anathema, roses of vomit on the +sexuality of children, pregnant teenagers & queers)... + +As for the genuine death-cultists, ritual cannibals, +Armageddon-freaks--the Xtian Right--we can only pray that +the RAPTURE WILL COME & snatch them all up from behind the +steering wheels of their cars, from their lukewarm game +shows & chaste beds, take them all up into heaven & let _us_ +get on with _human_life_. + +II. Abortionists & Anti-abortionists + +REDNECKS WHO BOMB ABORTION clinics belong in the same +grotesque category of vicious stupidity as bishops who +prattle Peace & yet condemn all human sexuality. Nature has +no laws ("only habits"), & all law is unnatural. +_Everything_ belongs to the sphere of personal/imaginal +morality--even murder. + +However, according to Chaos Theory, it does not follow that +we are obliged to like & approve of murder--or abortion. +Chaos would enjoy seeing every bastard love-child carried to +term & birthed; sperm & egg alone are mere lovely +secretions, but combined as DNA they become potential +consciousness, negentropy, joy. + +If "meat is murder!" as the Vegans like to claim, what pray +tell is abortion? Those totemists who danced to the animals +they hunted, who meditated to become one with their living +food & share its tragedy, demonstrated values far more +humane than the average claque of "pro-Choice" feminoid +liberals. + +In every single "issue" cooked up for "debate" in the +patternbook of the Spectacle, _both_sides_ are invariably +full of shit. The "abortion issue" is no exception.. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #10 + +Plenary Session Issues New Denunciations--Purges Expected + +TO OFFSET ANY STICKY karma we might have acquired thru our +pulpit-thumping sermonette against Xtians & other end-of-the- +world creeps (see last ish) & just to set the record +straight: the A.O.A. also denounces all born-again knee-jerk +_atheists_ & their frowsy late-Victorian luggage of +scientistic vulgar materialism. ///// We applaud all anti- +Xtian sentiment, of course--& all attacks on _all_ organized +religions. But...to hear some anarchists talk you'd think +the sixties never happened and no one ever dropped LSD. +///// As for the scientists themselves, the Alice-like +madnesses of Quantum & Chaos Theory have driven the best of +them towards taoism & vedanta (not to mention dada)--& yet +if you read _The_Match_ or _Freedom_ you might imagine +science was embalmed with Prince Kropotkin--& "religion" +with Bishop Ussher. ///// Of course one despises the +Aquarian brownshirts, the kind of gurus lauded recently in +the _New_York_Times_ for their contributions to Big +Business, the franchise-granting yuppie zombie cults, the +anorexic metaphysics of New Age banality...but OUR +esotericism remains undefiled by these mediocre money- +changers & their braindead minions. ///// The heretics & +antinomian mystics of Orient & Occident have developed +systems based on _inner_liberation_. Some of these systems +are tainted with religious mysticism & even social reaction- +-others seem more purely radical or "psychological"--& some +even crystallize into revolutionary movements (millenarian +Levellers, Assassins, Yellow Turban Taoists, etc.) Whatever +their flaws they possess certain magical weapons which +anarchism sorely lacks: (1) A sense of the _meta-rational_ +("metanoia"), ways to go beyond laminated thinking into +smooth (or nomadic or "chaotic") thinking & perception; (2) +an actual definition of self-realized or liberated +consciousness, a positive description of its structure, & +techniques for approaching it; (3) a coherent archetypal +view of epistemology--that is, a way of knowing (about +history, for example) that utilizes hermeneutic +phenomenology to uncover patterns of _meaning_ (something +like the Surrealists' "Paranoia Criticism"); (4) a teaching +on sexuality (in the "tantrik" aspects of various Paths) +that assigns value to pleasure rather than self-denial, not +only for its own sake but as a vehicle of enhanced awareness +or "liberation"; (5) an attitude of celebration, what might +be called a "Jubilee concept," a cancelling of psychic debt +thru some inherent generosity in reality itself; (6) a +_language_ (including gesture, ritual, intentionality) with +which to animate & communicate these five aspects of +cognition; and (7) a silence. ///// It's no surprise to +discover how many anarchists are ex-Catholics, defrocked +priests or nuns, former altar boys, lapsed born-again +baptists or even ex-Shiite fanatics. Anarchism offers up a +black (& red) Mass to de-ritualize all spook-haunted brains- +-a secular exorcism--but then betrays itself by cobbling +together a High Church of its own, all cobwebby with Ethical +Humanism, Free Thought, Muscular Atheism, & crude +Fundamentalist Cartesian Logic. ///// Two decades ago we +began the project of becoming Rootless Cosmopolitans, +determined to sift the detritus of all tribes, cultures & +civilizations (including our own) for viable fragments--& to +synthesize from this mess of potsherds a living system of +our own--lest (as Blake warned) we become slaves to someone +else's. ///// If some Javanese sorcerer or Native American +shaman possesses some precious fragment I need for my own +"medicine pouch," should I sneer & quote Bakunin's line +about stringing up priests with bankers' guts? or should I +remember that anarchy knows no dogma, that Chaos cannot be +mapped--& help myself to anything not nailed down? ///// The +earliest definitions of anarchy are found in the +_Chuang_Tzu_ & other taoist texts; "mystical anarchism" +boasts a hoarier pedigree than the Greco-Rationalist +variety. When Nietzsche spoke of the "Hyperboreans" I think +he foretold _us_, who have gone beyond the death of God--& +the rebirth of the Goddess--to a realm where spirit & matter +are one. Every manifestation of that hierogamy, every +material thing & every life, becomes not only "sacred" in +itself but also symbolic of its own "divine essence." ///// +Atheism is nothing but the opiate of The Masses (or rather, +their self-chosen champions)--& not a very colorful or sexy +drug. If we are to follow Baudelaire's advice & "be always +intoxicated," the A.O.A. would prefer something more like +mushrooms, thank you. Chaos is the oldest of the gods--& +Chaos never died. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #11 + +Special Holiday Season Food Issue Rant: Turn Off the Lite! + +THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY calls for a boycott +of all products marketed under the Shibboleth of LITE--beer, +meat, lo-cal candy, cosmetics, music, pre-packaged +"lifestyles," whatever. + +The concept of LITE (in Situ-jargon) unfolds a complex of +symbolism by which the Spectacle hopes to recuperate all +revulsion against its commodification of desire. "Natural," +"organic," "healthy" produce is designed for a market sector +of mildly dissatisfied consumers with mild cases of future- +shock & mild yearnings for a tepid authenticity. A niche has +been prepared for _you_, softly illumined with the illusions +of simplicity, cleanliness, thinness, a dash of asceticism & +self-denial. Of course, it costs a little more...after all, +LITEness was not designed for poor hungry primitivos who +still think of food as nourishment rather than decor. It +_has_ to cost more--otherwise _you_ wouldn't buy it. + +The American Middle Class (don't quibble; you know what I +mean) falls naturally into opposite but complementary +factions: the Armies of Anorexia & Bulimia. Clinical cases +of these diseases represent only the psychosomatic froth on +a wave of cultural pathology, deep, diffused & largely +unconscious. The Bulimics are those yupped-out gentry who +gorge on margharitas & VCRs, then purge on LITE food, +jogging, or (an)aerobic jiggling. The Anorexics are the +"lifestyle" rebels, ultra-food-faddists, eaters of algae, +joyless, dispirited & wan--but smug in their puritanical +zeal & their designer hair-shirts. Grotesque junk food +simply represents the flip-side of ghoulish "health food":-- +nothing tastes like anything but woodchips or additives-- +it's all either boring or carcinogenic--or both--& it's all +incredibly _stupid_. + +Food, cooked or raw, cannot escape from symbolism. It _is_, +& also simultaneously _represents_ that which it is. All +food is soul food; to treat it otherwise is to court +indigestion, both chronic & metaphysical. + +But in the airless vault of our civilization, where nearly +every experience is mediated, where reality is strained +through the deadening mesh of consensus-perception, we lose +touch with food as _nourishment_; we begin to construct for +ourselves personae based on what we consume, treating +_products_ as projections of our yearning for the authentic. + +The A.O.A. sometimes envisions CHAOS as a cornucopia of +continual creation, as a sort of geyser of cosmic +generosity; therefore we refrain from advocating any +specific diet, lest we offend against the Sacred +Multiplicity & the Divine Subjectivity. We're not about to +hawk you yet another New Age prescription for perfect health +(only the dead are perfectly healthy); we interest ourselves +in _life_, not "lifestyles." + +True lightness we adore, & rich heaviness delights us in its +season. Excess suits us to perfection, moderation pleases +us, & we have learned that hunger can be the finest of all +spices. Everything _is_ light, & the lushest flowers grow +round the privy. We dream of phalanstery tables & bolo'bolo +cafes where every festive collective of diners will share +the individual genius of a Brillat-Savarin (that saint of +taste). + +Shaykh Abu Sa'id never saved money or even kept it overnight- +-therefore, whenever some patron donated a heavy purse to +his hospice, the dervishes celebrated with a gourmet feast; +& on other days, all went hungry. The point was to enjoy +both states, full & empty... + +LITE parodies spiritual emptiness & illumination, just as +McDonald's travesties the imagery of fullness & celebration. +The human spirit (not to mention _hunger_) can overcome & +transcend all this fetishism--joy can erupt even at Burger +King, & even LITE beer may hide a dose of Dionysus. But why +should we have to struggle against this garbagy tide of +cheap rip-off ticky-tack, when we could be drinking the wine +of paradise even now under our own vine & fig tree? + +Food belongs to the realm of everyday life, the primary +arena for all insurrectionary self-empowerment, all +spiritual self-enhancement, all seizing-back of pleasure, +all revolt against the Planetary Work Machine & its +imitation desires. Far be it from us to dogmatize; the +Native American hunter might fuel his happiness with fried +squirrel, the anarcho-taoist with a handful of dried +apricots. Milarepa the Tibetan, after ten years of nettle- +soup, ate a butter cake & achieved enlightenment. The +dullard sees no _eros_ in fine champagne; the sorcerer can +fall intoxicated on a glass of water. + +Our culture, choking on its own pollutants, cries out (like +the dying Goethe) for "More LITE!"--as if these +polyunsaturated effluents could somehow assuage our misery, +as if their bland weightless tasteless characterlessness +could protect us from the gathering dark. + +No! This last illusion finally strikes us as too cruel. We +are forced against our own slothful inclinations to take a +stand & protest. Boycott! Boycott! TURN OFF THE LITE! + +Appendix: Menu For An Anarchist Black Banquet (veg & non- +veg) + +Caviar & blinis; Hundred year old eggs; Squid & rice cooked +in ink; Eggplants cooked in their skins with black pickled +garlic; Wild rice with black walnuts & black mushrooms; +Truffles in black butter; Venison marinated in port, +charcoal grilled, served on pumpernickel slices & garnished +with roast chestnuts. Black Russians; Guiness-&-champagne; +Chinese black tea. Dark chocolate mousse, Turkish coffee, +black grapes, plums, cherries, etc. + +* * * * * + +SPECIAL HALLOWEEN COMMUNIQUE + +Black Magic as Revolutionary Action + +PREPARE AN INK OF pure & genuine saffron mixed with rose- +water, adding if possible some blood from a black rooster. +In a quiet room furnish an altar with a bowl of the ink, a +pen with an iron nib, 7 black candles, an incense burner, & +some benzoin. The charm may be written on virgin paper or +parchment. Draw the diagram at 4 p.m. on a Wednesday, facing +North. Copy the 7-headed diagram (see illustration) without +lifting the pen from the paper, in one smooth operation, +holding your breath & pressing your tongue to the roof of +your mouth. This is the _Barisan_Laksamana_, or King of the +Djinn. Then draw the Solomon's Seal (a star representing a 5- +headed djinn) & other parts of the diagram. Above Solomon's +Seal write the name of the individual or institution to be +cursed. Now hold the paper in the benzoin fumes, & invoke +the white & black djinn _within_yourself_: + +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim +as-salaam alikum +O White Djinn, Radiance of Mohammad +king of all spirits within me +O Black Djinn, shadow of myself +AWAY, destroy my enemy +--and if you do not +then be considered a traitor to Allah +--by virtue of the charm +La illaha ill'Allah + +Mohammad ar-Rasul Allah + +If the curse is to be aimed at an individual oppressor, a +wax doll may be prepared & the charm inserted (see +illustration). + +Seven needles are then driven downward into the top of the +head, thru the left & right armpits, left & right hips, & +thru the lips or nostrils. Wrap the doll in a white shroud & +bury it in the ground where the enemy is sure to walk over +it, meanwhile enlisting the aid of local earth spirits: + +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim +O Earth Djinn, Dirt-spirit +O Black Djinn living underground +listen, vampire of the soil +I order you to mark & destroy +the body & soul of _____________ +Heed my orders +for I am the true & original sorcerer +by virtue of the charm +la illaha ill'Allah + +Mohammad ar-Rasul Allah + +If however the curse is intended for an institution or +company, assemble the following items: a hard-boiled egg, an +iron nail, & 3 iron pins (stick nail & needles into egg); +dried scorpion, lizard &/or beetles; a small chamois bag +containing graveyard dirt, magnetized iron fillings, +asafoetida & sulphur, & tied with a red ribbon. Sew the +charm into yellow silk & seal it with red wax. Place all +these things in a wide-necked bottle, cork it, & seal it +with wax. + +The bottle may now be carefully packaged & sent by mail to +the target institution--for example a Xtian televangelist +show, the _New_York_Post_, the MUZAK company, a school or +college--along with a copy of the following statement (extra +copies may be mailed to individual employees, &/or posted +surreptitiously around the premises): + +Malay Black Djinn Curse + +_These_premises_have_been_cursed_by_black_sorcery._The_curse +_has_been_activated_according_to_correct_rituals._This_insti +tution_is_cursed_because_it_has_oppressed_the_Imagination_&_ +defiled_the_Intellect,_degraded_the_arts_toward_stupefaction +,_spiritual_slavery,_propaganda_for_State_&_Capital,_puritan +ical_reaction,_unjust_profits,_lies_&_aesthetic_blight_. +_The_employees_of_this_institution_are_now_in_danger._No_ind +ividual_has_been_cursed,_but_the_place_itself_has_been_infec +ted_with_ill_fortune_&_malignancy._Those_who_do_not_wake_up_ +&_quit,_or_begin_sabotaging_the_workplace,_will_gradually_fa +ll_under_the_effect_of_this_sorcery._Removing_or_destroying_ +the_implement_of_sorcery_will_do_no_good._It_has_been_seen_i +n_this_place,_&_this_place_is_cursed._Reclaim_your_humanity_ +&_revolt_in_the_name_of_the_Imagination-- +_or_else_be_judged_(in_the_mirror_of_this_charm)_an_enemy_of +_the_human_race_. + +We suggest "taking credit" for this action in the name of +some other offensive cultural institution, such as the +American Poetry Society or the Women's Anti-Porn Crusade +(give full address). +We also suggest, in order to counter-balance the effect on +yourself of calling up the personal black djinn, that you +send a _magical_blessing_ to someone or some group you love +&/or admire. Do this anonymously, & make the gift beautiful. +No precise ritual need be followed, but the imagery should +be allowed to spring from the well of consciousness in an +intuitive/spontaneous meditational state. Use sweet incense, +red & white candles, hard candy, wine, flowers, etc. If +possible include real silver, gold, or jewels in the gift. + +This how-to-do-it manual on the Malay Black Djinn Curse has +been prepared according to authentic & complete ritual by +the Cultural Terrorism Committee of the inner Adept Chamber +of the HMOCA ("Third Paradise"). We are Nizari-Ismaili +Esotericists; that is, Shiite heretics & fanatics who trace +our spiritual line to Hassan-i Sabbah through Aladdin +Mohammad III "the Madman," seventh & last Pir of Alamut (& +not through the line of the Aga Khans). We espouse radical +monism & pure antinomianism, & oppose _all_ forms of law & +authority, in the name of Chaos. + +At present, for tactical reasons, we do not advocate +violence or sorcery against individuals. We call for actions +against _institutions_ & _ideas_--art-sabotage & clandestine +propaganda (including ceremonial magic & "tantrik +pornography")--and especially against the poisonous media of +the Empire of Lies. The Black Djinn Curse represents only a +first step in the campaign of Poetic Terrorism which--we +trust--will lead to other less subtle forms of insurrection. + +* * * * * + +SPECIAL COMMUNIQUE + +A.O.A. Announces Purges in Chaos Movement + +CHAOS THEORY MUST OF course flow _impurely_. "Lazy yokel +plows a crooked furrow." Any attempt to precipitate a +crystal of ideology would result in flawed rigidities, +fossilizations, armorings & drynesses which we would like to +renounce, along with all "purity." Yes, Chaos revels in a +certain abandoned formlessness not unlike the erotic +messiness of those we love for their shattering of habit & +their unveiling of mutability. Nevertheless this looseness +does not imply that Chaos Theory must accept every leech +that attempts to attach itself to our sacred membranes. +Certain definitions or deformations of Chaos deserve +denunciation, & our dedication to divine disorder need not +deter us from trashing the traitors & rip-off artists & +psychic vampires now buzzing around Chaos under the +impression that it's trendy. We propose not an Inquisition +in the name of _our_ definitions, but rather a duel, a +brawl, an act of violence or emotional repugnance, an +exorcism. First we'd like to define & even name our enemies. +(1) All those death-heads & mutilation artists who associate +Chaos exclusively with misery, negativity & a joyless pseudo- +libertinism--those who think "beyond good & evil" means +doing evil--the S/M intellectuals, crooners of the +apocalypse--the new Gnostic Dualists, world-haters & ugly +nihilists. (2) All those scientists selling Chaos either as +a force for destruction (e.g. particle-beam weapons) or as a +mechanism for enforcing order, as in the use of Chaos math +in statistical sociology and mob control. An attempt will be +made to discover names and addresses in this category. (3) +All those who appropriate Chaos in the cause of some New Age +scam. Of course _we_ have no objection to your giving us all +your money, but we'll tell you up front: we'll use it to buy +dope or fly to Morocco. You can't sell water by the river; +Chaos is that _materia_ of which the alchemists spoke, which +fools value more highly than gold even tho it may be found +on any dungheap. The chief enemy in this category is Werner +Erhardt, founder of _est_, who is now bottling "Chaos" & +trying to franchise it to the Yuppoids. Second, we will list +some of our friends, in order to give an idea of the +disparate trends in Chaos Theory we enjoy: Chaotica, the +imaginal autonomous zone discovered by Feral Faun (a.k.a. +Feral Ranter); the Academy of Chaotic Arts of Tundra Wind; +Joel Birnoco's magazine _KAOS_; _Chaos_Inc._, a newsletter +connected to the work of Ralph Abraham, a leading Chaos +scientist; the Church of Eris; Discordian Zen; the Moorish +Orthodox Church; certain clenches of the Church of the +SubGenius; the Sacred Jihad of Our Lady of Perpetual Chaos; +the writers associated with "type-3 anarchism" & journals +like _Popular_Reality_; etc. The battle lines are drawn. +Chaos is not entropy, Chaos is not death, Chaos is not a +commodity. Chaos is continual creation. Chaos never died. + +* * * * * + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 4 +Message-ID: <1lf84sINNq21@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:13:16 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 738 + + +POST-ANARCHISM ANARCHY + +THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY gathers in conclave, +black turbans & shimmering robes, sprawled on shirazi +carpets sipping bitter coffee, smoking long chibouk & sibsi. +QUESTION: What's our position on all these recent defections +& desertions from anarchism (esp. in California-Land): +condemn or condone? Purge them or hail them as advance- +guard? Gnostic elite...or traitors? + +Actually, we have a lot of sympathy for the deserters & +their various critiques of anarchISM. Like Sinbad & the +Horrible Old Man, anarchism staggers around with the corpse +of a Martyr magically stuck to its shoulders--haunted by the +legacy of failure & revolutionary masochism--stagnant +backwater of lost history. + +Between tragic Past & impossible Future, anarchism seems to +lack a Present--as if afraid to ask itself, here & now, WHAT +ARE MY TRUE DESIRES?--& what can I DO before it's +_too_late_?...Yes, imagine yourself confronted by a sorcerer +who stares you down balefully & demands, "What is your True +Desire?" Do you hem & haw, stammer, take refuge in +ideological platitudes? Do you possess both Imagination & +Will, can you both dream & dare--or are you the dupe of an +impotent fantasy? + +Look in the mirror & try it...(for one of your masks is the +face of a sorcerer)... + +The anarchist "movement" today contains virtually no Blacks, +Hispanics, Native Americans or children...even tho +_in_theory_ such genuinely oppressed groups stand to gain +the most from any anti-authoritarian revolt. Might it be +that anarchISM offers no concrete program whereby the truly +deprived might fulfill (or at least struggle realistically +to fulfill) real needs & desires? + +If so, then this failure would explain not only anarchism's +lack of appeal to the poor & marginal, but also the +disaffection & desertions from within its own ranks. Demos, +picket-lines & reprints of 19th century classics don't add +up to a vital, daring conspiracy of self-liberation. If the +movement is to grow rather than shrink, a lot of deadwood +will have to be jettisoned & some risky ideas embraced. + +The potential exists. Any day now, vast numbers of americans +are going to realize they're being force-fed a load of +reactionary boring hysterical artificially-flavored _crap_. +Vast chorus of groans, puking & retching...angry mobs roam +the malls, smashing & looting...etc., etc. The Black Banner +could provide a focus for the outrage & channel it into an +insurrection of the Imagination. We could pick up the +struggle where it was dropped by Situationism in '68 & +Autonomia in the seventies, & carry it to the next stage. We +could have revolt in our times--& in the process, we could +realize many of our True Desires, even if only for a season, +a brief Pirate Utopia, a warped free-zone in the old +Space/Time continuum. + +If the A.O.A. retains its affiliation with the "movement," +we do so not merely out of a romantic predilection for lost +causes--or not entirely. Of all "political systems," +anarchism (despite its flaws, & precisely because it is +neither political nor a system) comes closest to our +understanding of reality, ontology, the nature of being. As +for the deserters...we agree with their critiques, but note +that they seem to offer no new powerful alternatives. So for +the time being we prefer to concentrate on changing +anarchism from within. Here's our program, comrades: + +1. Work on the realization that _psychic_racism_ has +replaced overt discrimination as one of the most disgusting +aspects of our society. Imaginative participation in other +cultures, esp. those we live with. + +2. Abandon all ideological purity. Embrace "Type-3" +anarchism (to use Bob Black's pro-tem slogan): neither +collectivist nor individualist. Cleanse the temple of vain +idols, get rid of the Horrible Old Men, the relics & +martyrologies. + +3. Anti-work or "Zerowork" movement extremely important, +including a radical & perhaps violent attack on Education & +the serfdom of children. + +4. Develop american samizdat network, replace outdated +publishing/propaganda tactics. +Pornography & popular entertainment as vehicles for radical +re-education. + +5. In music the hegemony of the 2/4 & 4/4 beat must be +overthrown. We need a new music, totally insane but life- +affirming, rhythmically subtle yet powerful, & we need it +NOW. + +6. Anarchism must wean itself away from evangelical +materialism & banal 2-dimensional 19th century scientism. +"Higher states of consciousness" are not mere SPOOKS +invented by evil priests. The orient, the occult, the tribal +cultures possess _techniques_ which can be "appropriated" in +true anarchist fashion. Without "higher states of +consciousness," anarchism ends & dries itself up into a form +of misery, a whining complaint. We need a practical kind of +"mystical anarchism," devoid of all New Age shit-&-shinola, +& inexorably heretical & anti-clerical; avid for all new +technologies of consciousness & metanoia--a democratization +of shamanism, intoxicated & serene. + +7. Sexuality is under assault, obviously from the Right, +more subtly from the avant-pseud "post-sexuality" movement, +& even more subtly by Spectacular Recuperation in media & +advertising. Time for a major step forward in SexPol +awareness, an explosive reaffirmation of the polymorphic +eros--(even & especially in the face of plague & gloom)--a +literal glorification of the senses, a doctrine of delight. +Abandon all world-hatred & shame. + +8. Experiment with new tactics to replace the outdated +baggage of Leftism. Emphasize practical, material & personal +benefits of radical networking. The times do not appear +propitious for violence or militancy, but surely a bit of +sabotage & imaginative disruption is never out of place. +Plot & conspire, don't bitch & moan. The Art World in +particular deserves a dose of "Poetic Terrorism." + +9. The despatialization of post-Industrial society provides +some benefits (e.g. computer networking) but can also +manifest as a form of oppression (homelessness, +gentrification, architectural depersonalization, the erasure +of Nature, etc.) The communes of the sixties tried to +circumvent these forces but failed. The question of _land_ +refuses to go away. How can we separate the concept of +_space_ from the mechanisms of _control_? The territorial +gangsters, the Nation/States, have hogged the entire map. +Who can invent for us a cartography of autonomy, who can +draw a map that includes our desires? + +AnarchISM ultimately implies anarchy--& anarchy is chaos. +Chaos is the principle of continual creation...& +_Chaos_never_died_. + +--A.O.A. Plenary Session + +March '87, NYC + +* * * * * + +BLACK CROWN & BLACK ROSE + +Anarcho-Monarchism & Anarcho-Mysticism + +IN SLEEP WE DREAM of only two forms of government--anarchy & +monarchy. Primordial root consciousness understands no +politics & never plays fair. A democratic dream? a socialist +dream? Impossible. + +Whether my REMs bring verdical near-prophetic visions or +mere Viennese wish-fulfillment, only kings & wild people +populate my night. Monads & nomads. + +Pallid day (when nothing shines by its own light) slinks & +insinuates & suggests that we compromise with a sad & +lackluster reality. But in dream we are never ruled except +by love or sorcery, which are the skills of chaotes & +sultans. + +Among a people who cannot create or play, but can only +_work_, artists also know no choice but +anarchy & monarchy. Like the dreamer, they must possess & +_do_ possess their own perceptions, & for this they must +sacrifice the merely social to a "tyrannical Muse." +Art dies when treated "fairly." It must enjoy a caveman's +wildness or else have its mouth filled with gold by some +prince. Bureaucrats & sales personnel poison it, professors +chew it up, & philosophers spit it out. Art is a kind of +byzantine barbarity fit only for nobles & heathens. +If you had known the sweetness of life as a poet in the +reign of some venal, corrupt, decadent, ineffective & +ridiculous Pasha or Emir, some Qajar shah, some King Farouk, +some Queen of Persia, you would know that this is what every +anarchist must want. How they loved poems & paintings, those +dead luxurious fools, how they absorbed all roses & cool +breezes, tulips & lutes! +Hate their cruelty & caprice, yes--but at least they were +human. The bureaucrats, however, who smear the walls of the +mind with odorless filth--so kind, so _gemutlich_--who +pollute the inner air with numbness--they're not even worthy +of hate. They scarcely exist outside the bloodless Ideas +they serve. + +And besides: the dreamer, the artist, the anarchist--do they +not share some tinge of cruel caprice with the most +outrageous of moghuls? Can genuine life occur without some +folly, some excess, some bouts of Heraclitan "strife"? We do +not rule--but we cannot & will not _be_ruled_. + +In Russia the Narodnik-Anarchists would sometimes forge a +_ukase_ or manifesto in the name of the Czar; in it the +Autocrat would complain that greedy lords & unfeeling +officials had sealed him in his palace & cut him off from +his beloved people. He would proclaim the end of serfdom & +call on peasants & workers to rise in His Name against the +government. + +Several times this ploy actually succeeded in sparking +revolts. Why? Because the single absolute ruler acts +metaphorically as a mirror for the unique and utter +absoluteness of the self. Each peasant looked into this +glassy legend & beheld his or her own freedom--an illusion, +but one that borrowed its magic from the logic of the dream. + +A similar myth must have inspired the 17th century Ranters & +Antinomians & Fifth Monarchy Men who flocked to the Jacobite +standard with its erudite cabals & bloodproud conspiracies. +The radical mystics were betrayed first by Cromwell & then +by the Restoration--why not, finally, join with flippant +cavaliers & foppish counts, with Rosicrucians & Scottish +Rite Masons, to place an occult messiah on Albion's throne? + +Among a people who cannot conceive human society without a +monarch, the desires of radicals may be expressed in +monarchical terms. Among a people who cannot conceive human +existence without a religion, radical desires may speak the +language of heresy. + +Taoism rejected the whole of Confucian bureaucracy but +retained the image of the Emperor-Sage, who would sit silent +on his throne facing a propitious direction, doing +absolutely nothing. +In Islam the Ismailis took the idea of the Imam of the +Prophet's Household & metamorphosed it into the Imam-of- +one's-own-being, the perfected self who is beyond all Law & +rule, who is atoned with the One. And this doctrine led them +into revolt against Islam, to terror & assassination in the +name of pure esoteric self-liberation & total realization. + +Classical 19th century anarchism defined itself in the +struggle against crown & church, & therefore on the waking +level it considered itself egalitarian & atheist. This +rhetoric however obscures what really happens: the "king" +becomes the "anarchist," the "priest" a "heretic." In this +strange duet of mutability the politician, the democrat, the +socialist, the rational ideologue can find no place; they +are deaf to the music & lack all sense of rhythm. Terrorist +& monarch are _archetypes_; these others are mere +functionaries. + +Once anarch & king clutched each other's throats & waltzed a +totentanz--a splendid battle. Now, however, both are +relegated to history's trashbin--has-beens, curiosities of a +leisurely & more cultivated past. They whirl around so fast +that they seem to meld together...can they somehow have +become one thing, a Siamese twin, a Janus, a freakish unity? +"The sleep of Reason..." ah! most desirable & desirous +monsters! + +Ontological Anarchy proclaims flatly, bluntly, & almost +brainlessly: yes, the two are now one. As a single entity +the anarch/king now is reborn; each of us the ruler of our +own flesh, our own creations--and as much of everything else +as we can grab & hold. + +Our actions are justified by fiat & our relations are shaped +by treaties with other autarchs. We make the law for our own +domains--& the chains of the law have been broken. At +present perhaps we survive as mere Pretenders--but even so +we may seize a few instants, a few square feet of reality +over which to impose our absolute will, our _royaume_. +_L'etat_,_c'est_moi_. + +If we are bound by any ethic or morality it must be one +which we ourselves have imagined, fabulously more exalted & +more liberating than the "moralic acid" of puritans & +humanists. "Ye are as gods"--"Thou art That." + +The words _monarchism_ & _mysticism_ are used here in part +simply _pour_epater_ those egalito-atheist anarchists who +react with pious horror to any mention of pomp or +superstition-mongering. No champagne revolutions for _them_! + +Our brand of anti-authoritarianism, however, thrives on +baroque paradox; it favors states of consciousness, emotion +& aesthetics over all petrified ideologies & dogma; it +embraces multitudes & relishes contradictions. Ontological +Anarchy is a hobgoblin for BIG minds. +The translation of the title (& key term) of Max Stirner's +magnum opus as _The_Ego_&_Its_Own_ has led to a subtle +misinterpretation of "individualism." The English-Latin word +_ego_ comes freighted & weighed with freudian & protestant +baggage. A careful reading of Stirner suggests that +_The_Unique_&_His_Own-ness_ would better reflect his +intentions, given that he never defines the ego +_in_opposition_to_ libido or id, or in opposition to "soul" +or "spirit." The Unique (_der_Einzige_) might best be +construed simply as the individual self. + +Stirner commits no metaphysics, yet bestows on the Unique a +certain absoluteness. In what way then does this _Einzige_ +differ from the Self of Advaita Vedanta? _Tat_tvam_asi_: +Thou (individual Self) art That (absolute Self). + +Many believe that mysticism "dissolves the ego." Rubbish. +Only death does that (or such at least is our Sadducean +assumption). Nor does mysticism destroy the "carnal" or +"animal" self--which would also amount to suicide. What +mysticism really tries to surmount is false consciousness, +illusion, Consensus Reality, & all the failures of self that +accompany these ills. True mysticism creates a "self at +peace," a self with power. The highest task of metaphysics +(accomplished for example by Ibn Arabi, Boehme, Ramana +Maharshi) is in a sense to self-destruct, to identify +metaphysical & physical, transcendent & immanent, as ONE. +Certain _radical_monists_ have pushed this doctrine far +beyond mere pantheism or religious mysticism. An +apprehension of the immanent oneness of being inspires +certain antinomian heresies (the Ranters, the Assassins) +whom we consider our ancestors. + +Stirner himself seems deaf to the possible spiritual +resonances of Individualism--& in this he belongs to the +19th century: born long after the deliquescence of +Christendom, but long before the discovery of the Orient & +of the hidden illuminist tradition in Western alchemy, +revolutionary heresy & occult activism. Stirner quite +correctly despised what he knew as "mysticism," a mere +pietistic sentimentality based on self-abnegation & world +hatred. Nietzsche nailed down the lid on "God" a few years +later. Since then, who has dared to suggest that +Individualism & mysticism might be reconciled & synthesized? + +The missing ingredient in Stirner (Nietzsche comes closer) +is a working concept of _nonordinary_consciousness_. The +realization of the unique self (or _ubermensch_) must +reverberate & expand like waves or spirals or music to +embrace direct experience or intuitive perception of the +uniqueness of reality itself. This realization engulfs & +erases all duality, dichotomy, & dialectic. It carries with +itself, like an electric charge, an intense & wordless sense +of _value_: it "divinizes" the self. + +Being/consciousness/bliss (_satchitananda_) cannot be +dismissed as merely another Stirnerian "spook" or "wheel in +the head." It invokes no exclusively transcendent principle +for which the _Einzige_ must sacrifice his/her own-ness. It +simply states that intense awareness of existence itself +results in "bliss"--or in less loaded language, "valuative +consciousness." The goal of the Unique after all is to +_possess_everything_; the radical monist attains this by +identifying self with perception, like the Chinese inkbrush +painter who "becomes the bamboo," so that "it paints +itself." +Despite mysterious hints Stirner drops about a "union of +Unique-ones" & despite Nietzsche's eternal "Yea" & +exaltation of life, their Individualism seems somehow shaped +by a certain _coldness_toward_the_other_. In part they +cultivated a bracing, cleansing chilliness against the warm +suffocation of 19th century sentimentality & altruism; in +part they simply despised what someone (Mencken?) called +"Homo Boobensis." + +And yet, reading behind & beneath the layer of ice, we +uncover traces of a fiery doctrine--what Gaston Bachelard +might have called "a Poetics of the Other." The _Einzige's_ +relation with the Other cannot be defined or limited by any +institution or idea. And yet clearly, however paradoxically, +the Unique depends for completeness on the Other, & cannot & +will not be realized in any bitter isolation. + +The examples of "wolf children" or _enfants_sauvages_ +suggest that a human infant deprived of human company for +too long will never attain conscious humanity--will never +acquire language. The Wild Child perhaps provides a poetic +metaphor for the Unique-one--and yet simultaneously marks +the precise point where Unique & Other must meet, coalesce, +unify--or else fail to attain & possess all of which they +are capable. + +The Other mirrors the Self--the Other is our _witness_. The +Other completes the Self--the Other gives us the key to the +perception of oneness-of-being. When we speak of being & +consciousness, we point to the Self; when we speak of bliss +we implicate the Other. + +The acquisition of language falls under the sign of Eros-- +all communication is essentially erotic, all relations are +erotic. Avicenna & Dante claimed that love moves the very +stars & planets in their courses--the _Rg_Veda_ & Hesiod's +_Theogony_ both proclaim Love the first god born after +Chaos. Affections, affinities, aesthetic perceptions, +beautiful creations, conviviality--all the most precious +possessions of the Unique-one arise from the conjunction of +Self & Other in the constellation of Desire. + +Here again the project begun by Individualism can be evolved +& revivified by a graft with mysticism--specifically with +tantra. As an esoteric _technique_ divorced from orthodox +Hinduism, tantra provides a symbolic framework ("Net of +Jewels") for the identification of sexual pleasure & non- +ordinary consciousness. All antinomian sects have contained +some "tantrik" aspect, from the families of Love & Free +Brethren & Adamites of Europe to the pederast sufis of +Persia to the Taoist alchemists of China. Even classical +anarchism has enjoyed its tantrik moments: Fourier's +Phalansteries; the "Mystical Anarchism" of G. Ivanov & other +fin-de-si cle Russian symbolists; the incestuous erotism of +Arzibashaev's _Sanine_; the weird combination of Nihilism & +Kali-worship which inspired the Bengali Terrorist Party (to +which my tantrik guru Sri Kamanaransan Biswas had the honor +of belonging)... + +We, however, propose a much deeper syncretism of anarchy & +tantra than any of these. In fact, we simply suggest that +Individual Anarchism & Radical Monism are to be considered +henceforth one and the same movement. + +This hybrid has been called "spiritual materialism," a term +which burns up all metaphysics in the fire of oneness of +spirit & matter. We also like "Ontological Anarchy" because +it suggests that being itself remains in a state of "divine +Chaos," of all-potentiality, of continual creation. + +In this flux only the _jiva_mukti_, or "liberated +individual," is self-realized, and thus monarch or owner of +his perceptions and relations. In this ceaseless flow only +desire offers any principle of order, and thus the only +possible society (as Fourier understood) is that of lovers. + +Anarchism is dead, long live anarchy! We no longer need the +baggage of revolutionary masochism or idealist self- +sacrifice--or the frigidity of Individualism with its +disdain for conviviality, of _living_together_--or the +vulgar superstitions of 19th century atheism, scientism, and +progressism. All that dead weight! Frowsy proletarian +suitcases, heavy bourgeois steamer-trunks, boring +philosophical portmanteaux--over the side with them! + +We want from these systems only their vitality, their life- +forces, daring, intransigence, anger, heedlessness--their +power, their _shakti_. Before we jettison the rubbish and +the carpetbags, we'll rifle the luggage for billfolds, +revolvers, jewels, drugs and other useful items--keep what +we like and trash the rest. Why not? Are we priests of a +cult, to croon over relics and mumble our martyrologies? + +Monarchism too has something we want--a grace, an ease, a +pride, a superabundance. We'll take these, and dump the woes +of authority & torture in history's garbage bin. Mysticism +has something we need--"self-overcoming," exalted awareness, +reservoirs of psychic potency. These we will expropriate in +the name of our insurrection--and leave the woes of morality +& religion to rot & decompose. + +As the Ranters used to say when greeting any "fellow +creature"--from king to cut-purse--"Rejoice! All is ours!" + +* * * * * + +INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE KALI YUGA + +THE KALI YUGA STILL has 200,000 or so years to play--good +news for advocates & avatars of CHAOS, bad news for +Brahmins, Yahwists, bureaucrat-gods & their runningdogs. + +I knew Darjeeling hid something for me soon as I heard the +name--_dorje_ling_--Thunderbolt City. In 1969 I arrived just +before the monsoons. Old British hill station, summer hdqrs +for Govt. of Bengal--streets in the form of winding wood +staircases, the Mall with a View of Sikkim & Mt Katchenhunga- +-Tibetan temples & refugees--beautiful yellow-porcelain +people called Lepchas (the real abo's)--Hindus, Moslems, +Nepalese & Bhutanese Buddhists, & decaying Brits who lost +their way home in '47, still running musty banks & tea- +shoppes. + +Met Ganesh Baba, fat white-bearded saddhu with overly- +impeccable Oxford accent--never saw anyone smoke so much +ganja, chillam after chillam full, then we'd wander the +streets while he played ball with shrieking kids or picked +fights in the bazaar, chasing after terrified clerks with +his umbrella, then roaring with laughter. + +He introduced me to Sri Kamanaransan Biswas, a tiny wispy +middleage Bengali government clerk in a shabby suit, who +offered to teach me Tantra. Mr Biswas lived in a tiny +bungalow perched on a steep pine-tree misty hillside, where +I visited him daily with pints of cheap brandy for puja & +tippling--he encouraged me to smoke while we talked, since +ganja too is sacred to Kali. +Mr Biswas in his wild youth was a member of the Bengali +Terrorist Party, which included both Kali worshippers & +heretic Moslem mystics as well as anarchists & extreme +leftists. Ganesh Baba seemed to approve of this secret past, +as if it were a sign of Mr Biswas's hidden tantrika +strength, despite his outward seedy mild appearance. + +We discussed my readings in Sir John Woodruffe ("Arthur +Avalon") each afternoon, I walked there thru cold summer +fogs, Tibetan spirit-traps flapping in the soaked breeze +loomed out of the mist & cedars. We practiced the Tara- +mantra and Tara-mudra (or Yoni-mudra), and studied the Tara- +yantra diagram for magical purposes. Once we visited a +temple to the Hindu Mars (like ours, both planet & war-god) +where he bought a finger-ring made from an iron horseshoe +nail & gave it to me. More brandy & ganja. + +Tara: one of the forms of Kali, very similar in attributes: +dwarfish, naked, four-armed with weapons, dancing on dead +Shiva, necklace of skulls or severed heads, tongue dripping +blood, skin a deep blue-grey the precise color of monsoon +clouds. Every day more rain--mud-slides blocking roads. My +Border Area Permit expires. Mr Biswas & I descend the slick +wet Himalayas by jeep & train down to his ancestral city, +Siliguri in the flat Bengali plains where the Ganges fingers +into a sodden viridescent delta. + +We visit his wife in the hospital. Last year a flood drowned +Siliguri killing tens of thousands. Cholera broke out, the +city's a wreck, algae-stained & ruined, the hospital's halls +still caked with slime, blood, vomit, the liquids of death. +She sits silent on her bed glaring unblinking at hideous +fates. Dark side of the goddess. He gives me a colored +lithograph of Tara which miraculously floated above the +water & was saved. + +That night we attend some ceremony at the local Kali-temple, +a modest half-ruined little roadside shrine--torchlight the +only illumination--chanting & drums with strange, almost +African syncopation, totally unclassical, primordial & yet +insanely complex. We drink, we smoke. +Alone in the cemetery, next to a half-burnt corpse, I'm +initiated into Tara Tantra. Next day, feverish & spaced-out, +I say farewell & set out for Assam, to the great temple of +Shakti's _yoni_ in Gauhati, just in time for the annual +festival. Assam is forbidden territory & I have no permit. +Midnight in Gauhati I sneak off the train, back down the +tracks thru rain & mud up to my knees & total darkness, +blunder at last into the city & find a bug-ridden hotel. +Sick as a dog by this time. No sleep. + +In the morning, bus up to the temple on a nearby mountain. +Huge towers, pullulating deities, courtyards, outbuildings-- +hundreds of thousands of pilgrims--weird saddhus down from +their ice-caves squatting on tiger skins & chanting. Sheep & +doves are being slaughtered by the thousands, a real +hecatomb--(not another white sahib in sight)--gutters +running inch-deep in blood--curve-bladed Kali-swords chop +chop chop, dead heads plocking onto the slippery +cobblestones. + +When Shiva chopped Shakti into 53 pieces & scattered them +over the whole Ganges basin, her cunt fell here. Some +friendly priests speak English & help me find the cave where +Yoni's on display. By this time I know I'm seriously sick, +but determined to finish the ritual. A herd of pilgrims (all +at least one head shorter than me) literally engulfs me like +an undertow-wave at the beach, & hurls me suspended down +suffocating winding troglodyte stairs into claustrophobic +womb-cave where I swirl nauseated & hallucinating toward a +shapeless cone meteorite smeared in centuries of ghee & +ochre. The herd parts for me, allows me to throw a garland +of jasmine over the yoni. + +A week later in Kathmandu I enter the German Missionary +Hospital (for a month) with hepatitis. A small price to pay +for all that knowledge--the liver of some retired colonel +from a Kipling story!--but I know _her_, I know Kali. Yes +absolutely the archetype of all that horror, yet for those +who know, she becomes the generous mother. Later in a cave +in the jungle above Rishikish I meditated on Tara for +several days (with mantra, yantra, mudra, incense, & +flowers) & returned to the serenity of Darjeeling, its +beneficent visions. + +Her age must contain horrors, for most of us cannot +understand her or reach beyond the necklace of skulls to the +garland of jasmine, knowing in what sense they are +_the_same_. To go thru CHAOS, to ride it like a tiger, to +embrace it (even sexually) & absorb some of its shakti, its +life-juice--this is the Path of Kali Yuga. Creative +nihilism. For those who follow it she promises enlightenment +& even wealth, a share of her temporal _power_. + +The sexuality & violence serve as metaphors in a poem which +acts directly on consciousness through the Image-ination--or +else in the correct circumstances they can be openly +deployed & enjoyed, embued with a sense of the holiness of +_every_thing_ from ecstasy & wine to garbage & corpses. + +Those who ignore her or see her outside themselves risk +destruction. Those who worship her as _ishta-devata_, or +divine self, taste her Age of Iron as if it were gold, +knowing the alchemy of her presence. + +* * * * * + +AGAINST THE REPRODUCTION OF DEATH + +ONE OF THE SIGNS of that End Time so many seem to anticipate +would consist of a fascination with all the most negative & +hateful detritus of that Time, a fascination felt by the +very class of thinkers who consider themselves most +perspicacious about the so-called apocalypse they warn us to +beware. I'm speaking of people I know very well--those of +the "spiritual right" (such as the neo-Guenonians with their +obsession for signs of decadence)--& those of the post- +philosophical left, the detached essayists of death, +connoisseurs of the arts of mutilation. + +For both these sets, all possible action in the world is +smeared out onto one level plain--all become equally +meaningless. For the Traditionalist, nothing matters but to +prepare the soul for death (not only its own but the whole +world's as well). For the "cultural critic" nothing matters +but the game of identifying yet one more reason for despair, +analyzing it, adding it to the catalogue. +Now the End of the World is an abstraction because it has +never happened. It has no existence in the real world. It +will cease to be an abstraction only when it happens--if it +happens. (I do not claim to know "God's mind" on the subject- +-nor to possess any scientific knowledge about a still non- +existent future). I see only a mental image & its emotional +ramifications; as such I identify it as a kind of ghostly +virus, a spook-sickness in myself which ought to be expunged +rather than hypochondriacally coddled & indulged. I have +come to despise the "End of the World" as an ideological +icon held over my head by religion, state, & cultural milieu +alike, as a reason for _doing_nothing_. + +I understand why the religious & political "powers" would +want to keep me quaking in my shoes. Since only _they_ offer +even a _chance_ of evading ragnarok (thru prayer, thru +democracy, thru communism, etc.), I will sheepishly follow +their dictates & dare nothing on my own. The case of the +enlightened intellectuals, however, seems more puzzling at +first. What power do _they_ derive from this telling-the- +beads of fear & gloom, sadism & hatred? + +Essentially they gain _smartness_. Any attack on them must +appear stupid, since they alone are clear-eyed enough to +recognize the truth, they alone daring enough to +_show_it_forth_ in defiance of rude shit-kicking censors & +liberal wimps. If I attack them as part of the very problem +they claim to be discussing objectively, I will be seen as a +bumpkin, a prude, a pollyanna. If I admit my hatred for the +_artifacts_ of their perception (books, artworks, +performances) then I may be dismissed as merely squeamish (& +so of course psychologically repressed), or else at the very +least lacking in seriousness. + +Many people assume that because I sometimes express myself +as an anarchist boy-lover, I must also be "interested" in +other ultra-postmodern ideas like serial child-murder, +fascist ideology, or the photographs of Joel P. Witkin. They +assume only two sides to any issue--the hip side & the unhip +side. A marxist who objected to all this death-cultishness +as anti-progressive would be thought as foolish as a Xtian +fundamentalist who believed it immoral. + +I maintain that (as usual) many sides exist to this issue +rather than only two. Two-sided issues (creationism vs +darwinism, "choice" vs "pro-life," etc.) are all without +exception _delusions_, spectacular lies. + +My position is this: I am all too well aware of the +"intelligence" which prevents action. I myself possess it in +abundance. Every once in a while however I have managed to +behave as if I were stupid enough to try to change my life. +Sometimes I've used dangerous stupifiants like religion, +marijuana, chaos, the love of boys. On a few occasions I +have attained some degree of success--& I say this not to +boast but rather to bear witness. By overthrowing the inner +icons of the End of the World & the Futility of all mundane +endeavor, I have (rarely) broken through into a state which +(by comparison with all I'd known) appeared to be one of +_health_. The images of death & mutilation which fascinate +our artists & intellectuals appear to me--in the remembered +light of these experiences--tragically inappropriate to the +real potential of existence & of _discourse_ about +existence. + +Existence itself may be considered an abyss possessed of no +meaning. I do not read this as a _pessimistic_ statement. If +it be true, then I can see in it nothing else but a +declaration of autonomy for my imagination & will--& for the +most beautiful act they can conceive with which to _bestow_ +meaning upon existence. + +Why should I emblemize this freedom with an act such as +murder (as did the existentialists) or with any of the +ghoulish tastes of the eighties? Death can only kill me once- +-till then I am free to express & experience (as much as I +_can_) a life & an art of life based on self-valuating "peak +experiences," as well as "conviviality" (which also +possesses its own reward). + +The obsessive replication of Death-imagery (& its +reproduction or even commodification) _gets_in_the_way_ of +this project just as obstructively as censorship or media- +brainwashing. It sets up negative feedback loops--it is bad +juju. It helps no one conquer fear of death, but merely +inculcates a _morbid_ fear in place of the healthy fear all +sentient creatures feel at the smell of their own mortality. + +This is not to absolve the world of its ugliness, or to deny +that truly fearful things exist in it. But some of these +things can be overcome--on the condition that we build an +_aesthetic_ on the overcoming rather than the fear. + +I recently attended a gay dance/poetry performance of +uncompromising hipness: the one black dancer in the troupe +had to pretend to fuck a dead sheep. + +Part of my self-induced stupidity, I confess, is to believe +(& even feel) that art can change me, & change others. +That's why I write pornography & propaganda--to cause +_change_. Art can never mean as much as a love affair, +perhaps, or an insurrection. But...to a certain extent...it +works. +Even if I'd given up all hope in art, however, all +expectation of exaltation, I would still refuse to put up +with art that merely exacerbates my misery, or indulges in +_schadenfreude_, "delight in the misery of others." I turn +away from certain art as a dog would turn away howling from +the corpse of its companion. I'd like to renounce the +sophistication which would permit me to sniff it with +detached curiosity as yet another example of post-industrial +decomposition. + +Only the dead are truly smart, truly cool. Nothing touches +them. While I live, however, I side with bumbling suffering +crooked life, with anger rather than boredom, with sweet +lust, hunger & carelessness...against the icy avant-guard & +its fashionable premonitions of the sepulcher. + +* * * * * + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 5 +Message-ID: <1lf85eINNq2a@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:13:34 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 603 + + +RINGING DENUNCIATION OF SURREALISM + +(For Harry Smith) + +AT THE SURREALIST FILM show, someone asked Stan Brakhage +about the media's use of surrealism (MTV, etc.); he answered +that it was a "damn shame." Well, maybe it is & maybe it +isn't (does popular kultur _ipso_facto_ lack all +inspiration?)--but granting that on some level the media's +appropriation of surrealism is a damn shame, are we to +believe that there was nothing in surrealism that allowed +this theft to occur? + +The return of the repressed means the return of the +paleolithic--not a return _to_ the Old Stone Age, but a +spiralling around on a new level of the gyre. (After all, +99.9999% of human experience is of hunting/gathering, with +agriculture & industry a mere oil slick on the deep well of +non-history.) Paleolithic equals pre-Work ("original leisure +society"). Post-Work (Zerowork) equals "Psychic +Paleolithism." + +All projects for the "liberation of desire" (Surrealism) +which remain enmeshed in the matrix of Work can only lead to +the commodification of desire. The Neolithic begins with +desire for commodities (agricultural surplus), moves on to +the production of desire (industry), & ends with the +implosion of desire (advertising). The Surrealist liberation +of desire, for all its aesthetic accomplishments, remains no +more than a subset of production--hence the wholesaling of +Surrealism to the Communist Party & its Work-ist ideology +(not to mention attendant misogyny & homophobia). Modern +leisure, in turn, is simply a subset of Work (hence its +commodification)--so it is no accident that when Surrealism +closed up shop, the only customers at the garage sale were +ad execs. + +Advertising, using Surrealism's colonization of the +unconscious to _create_ desire, leads to the final implosion +of Surrealism. It's not just a "damn shame & a disgrace," +not a simple appropriation. Surrealism was _made_ for +advertising, for commodification. Surrealism is in fact a +betrayal of desire. + +And yet, out of this abyss of meaning, desire still rises, +innocent as a new-hatched phoenix. Early Berlin dada (which +rejected the return of the art-object) for all its faults +provides a better model for dealing with the implosion of +the social than Surrealism could ever do--an anarchist +model, or perhaps (in anthro-jargon) a non-authoritarian +model, a destruction of all ideology, of all chains of law. +As the structure of Work/Leisure crumbles into emptiness, as +all forms of control vanish in the dissolution of meaning, +the Neolithic seems bound to vanish as well, with all its +temples & granaries & police, to be replaced by some return +of hunting/gathering on the psychic level--a re- +nomadization. Everything's imploding & disappearing--the +oedipal family, education, even the unconscious itself (as +Andr Codrescu says). Let's not mistake this for Armageddon +(let's resist the seduction of apocalypse, the +eschatological con)--it's not _the_world_ coming to an end-- +only the empty husks of the social, catching fire & +disappearing. + +Surrealism must be junked along with all the other beautiful +bric-a-brac of agricultural priestcraft & vapid control- +systems. No one knows what's coming, what misery, what +spirit of wildness, what joy--but the last thing we need on +our voyage is another set of commissars--popes of our dreams- +-daddies. Down with Surrealism... + +--Naropa, July 9, 1988 + +* * * * * + +FOR A CONGRESS OF WEIRD RELIGIONS + +WE'VE LEARNED TO DISTRUST the verb _to_be_, the word _is_-- +let's say rather: note the striking resemblance between the +concept SATORI & the concept REVOLUTION OF EVERYDAY LIFE--in +both cases: a perception of the "ordinary" with +extraordinary consequences for consciousness & action. We +can't use the phrase "is like" because both concepts (like +all concepts, all words for that matter) come crusted with +accretions--each burdened with all its psycho-cultural +baggage, like guests who arrive suspiciously overly well- +supplied for the weekend. + +So allow me the old-fashioned Beat-Zennish use of _satori_, +while simultaneously emphasizing--in the case of the +Situationist slogan--that one of the roots of its dialectic +can be traced to dada & Surrealism's notion of the +"marvelous" erupting from (or into) a life which only +_seems_ suffocated by the banal, by the miseries of +abstraction & alienation. I define my terms by making them +more vague, precisely in order to avoid the orthodoxies of +both Buddhism & Situationism, to evade their ideologico- +semantic traps--those broken-down language machines! Rather, +I propose we ravage them for parts, an act of cultural +bricolage. "Revolution" means just another turn of the crank- +-while religious orthodoxy of any sort leads logically to a +veritable government of cranks. Let's not idolize satori by +imagining it the monopoly of mystic monks, or as contingent +on any moral code; & rather than fetishize the Leftism of +'68 we prefer Stirner's term "insurrection" or "uprising," +which escapes the built-in implications of a mere change of +authority. + +This constellation of concepts involves "breaking rules" of +ordered perception to arrive at direct experiencing, +somewhat analogous to the process whereby chaos +spontaneously resolves into fractal nonlinear orders, or the +way in which "wild" creative energy resolves as play & +_poesis_. "Spontaneous order" out of "chaos" in turn evokes +the anarchist Taoism of the _Chuang_Tzu_. Zen may be accused +of lacking awareness of the "revolutionary" implications of +satori, while the Situationists can be criticized for +ignoring a certain "spirituality" inherent in the self- +realization & conviviality their cause demands. By +identifying satori with the r. of e.d.l. we're performing a +bit of a shotgun marriage fully as remarkable as the +Surrealists' famous mating of an umbrella & sewing machine +or whatever it was. Miscegenation. The race-mixing advocated +by Nietzsche, who was attracted, no doubt, by the sexiness +of the half-caste. + +I'm tempted to try to describe the way satori "is" like the +r. of e.d.l.--but I can't. Or to put it another way: nearly +all I write revolves around this theme; I would have to +repeat nearly everything in order to elucidate this single +point. Instead, as an appendix, I offer one more curious +coincidence or interpenetration of 2 terms, one from +Situationism again & the other this time from sufism. +The _d rive_ or "drift" was conceived as an exercise in +deliberate revolutionizing of everyday life--a sort of +aimless wandering thru city streets, a visionary urban +nomadism involving an openness to "culture as nature" (if I +grasp the idea correctly)--which by its sheer duration would +inculcate in the drifters a propensity to experience the +marvelous; not always in its beneficent form perhaps, but +hopefully always productive of insight--whether thru +architecture, the erotic, adventure, drink & drugs, danger, +inspiration, whatever--into the intensity of unmediated +perception & experience. +The parallel term in sufism would be "journeying to the far +horizons" or simply "journeying," a spiritual exercise which +combines the urban & nomadic energies of Islam into a single +trajectory, sometimes called "the Caravan of Summer." The +dervish vows to travel at a certain velocity, perhaps +spending no more than 7 nights or 40 nights in one city, +accepting whatever comes, moving wherever signs & +coincidences or simply whims may lead, heading from power- +spot to power-spot, conscious of "sacred geography," of +itinerary as meaning, of topology as symbology. +Here's another constellation: Ibn Khaldun, _On_the_Road_ +(both Jack Kerouac's & Jack London's), the form of the +picaresque novel in general, Baron Munchausen, _wanderjahr_, +Marco Polo, boys in a suburban summer forest, Arthurian +knights out questing for trouble, queers out cruising for +boys, pub-crawling with Melville, Poe, Baudelaire--or +canoeing with Thoreau in Maine...travel as the antithesis of +tourism, space _rather_than_ time. Art project: the +construction of a "map" bearing a 1:1 ratio to the +"territory" explored. Political project: the construction of +shifting "autonomous zones" within an invisible nomadic +network (like the Rainbow Gatherings). Spiritual project: +the creation or discovery of pilgrimages in which the +concept "shrine" has been replaced (or esotericized) by the +concept "peak experience." + +What I'm trying to do here (as usual) is to provide a sound +irrational basis, a strange philosophy if you like, for what +I call the Free Religions, including the Psychedelic & +Discordian currents, non-hierarchical neo-paganism, +antinomian heresies, chaos & Kaos Magik, revolutionary +HooDoo, "unchurched" & anarchist Christians, Magical +Judaism, the Moorish Orthodox Church, Church of the +SubGenius, the Faeries, radical Taoists, beer mystics, +people of the Herb, etc., etc. + +Contrary to the expectations of 19th century radicals, +religion has not gone away--perhaps we'd be better off if it +had--but has instead increased in power, seemingly in +proportion to the global increase in the realm of technology +& rational control. Both fundamentalism & the New Age derive +some force from deep & widespread dissatisfaction with the +System that works against all perception of the +marvelousness of everyday life--call it Babylon or the +Spectacle, Capital or Empire, Society of Simulation or of +soulless mechanism--what you wish. But these two religious +forces divert the very desire for the authentic toward +overpowering & oppressive new abstractions (morality in the +case of fundamentalism, commodification in the case of the +New Age), & for this reason can quite properly be called +"reactionary." + +Just as cultural radicals will seek to infiltrate & subvert +the popular media, & just as political radicals will perform +similar functions in the spheres of Work, Family, & other +social organizations, so there exists a need for radicals to +penetrate the institution of religion itself rather than +merely continue to mouth 19th century platitudes about +atheistic materialism. It's going to happen anyway--better +to approach it with consciousness, with grace & style. + +Having once lived near the Hdqrs of the World Council of +Churches, I like the possibility of a Free Churches parody +version--parody being one of our chief strategies (or call +it _d tournement_ or deconstruction or creative destruction)- +-a sort of loose network (I dislike that word; let's call it +a "webwork" instead) of weird cults & individuals providing +conversation & services for each other, out of which might +begin to emerge a trend or tendency or "current" (in magical +terms) strong enough to wreak some psychic havoc on the +Fundies & New Agers, even the ayatollahs & the Papacy, +convivial enough for us to disagree with each other & yet +still give great parties--or conclaves, or ecumenical +councils, or World Congresses--which we anticipate with +glee. +The Free Religions may offer some of the only possible +spiritual alternatives to televangelist stormtroopers & +pinhead crystal-channelers (not to mention the established +religions), & will thus become more & more important, more & +more vital in a future where the demand for the eruption of +the marvelous into the ordinary will become the most +ringing, poignant & tumultuous of all political demands--a +future which will begin (wait a minute, lemme check my +clock)...7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1...NOW. + +* * * * * + +HOLLOW EARTH + +SUBTERRANEAN REGIONS OF THE continent excavated in +cyclopaean caverns, cathedralspace fractal networks, +labyrinthine gargantuan tunnels, slow black underground +rivers, unmoving stygian lakes, pure & slightly +luminiferous, slim waterfalls plunging down watersmooth +rock, cataracting round petrified forests of stalactites & +stalagmites in spelunker-bewildering blind-fish complexity & +unfathomable vastness...Who dug this hollow earth beneath +the ice foreseen by Poe, by certain paranoid German +occultists, Shaverian UFO freaks? Was Earth once colonized +in the time of Gondwana or MU by some Elder Race? their +reptilian skeletons still mouldering in the farthest secret +mazes of the cavern system? Sluggish backwaters, dead-end +canals, stagnant pools far from the centers of civilization +like Little America, Transport City, or Nan Chi Han, down in +the dark recesses and boondocks of the Antarctic caves, +fungus & albino fern. We suspect them of mutations, +amphibian webbed fingers and toes, degenerate habits-- +Kallikaks of the Hollow Earth, Lovecraftian renegades, +hermits, skulking incestuous smugglers, runaway criminals, +anarchists forced into hiding after the Entropy Wars, +fugitives from Genetic Puritanism, dissident Chinese Tongs & +Yellow Turban fanatics, lascar cave-pirates, pale shiftless +whitetrash from the prolewarrens of the industrial domes +along Thwait's Tongue & the Walgreen Coast & Edsel-Ford-Land- +-the Trogs have kept alive for over 200 years the folk- +memory of the Autonomous Zone, the myth that someday it will +appear again...Taoism, libertine philosophy, Indonesian +sorcery, cult of the Cave Mother (or Mothers), identified by +some scholars with the Javanese sea/moon goddess Loro Kidul, +by others with a minor deity of the South Pole Star Sect, +the "Jade Goddess"...manuscripts (written in Bahasa Ingliss +the pidgin dialect of the deep caves) contain mangled +quotations from Nietzsche & Chuang Tzu...Trade consists of +occasional precious gems and cultivation of white poppy, +fungus, over a dozen different species of "magic" +mushrooms...Shallow Lake Erebus, 5 miles across, dotted with +stalagmitic islets choked with fern & kudzu & black dwarf +pine, held in a cave so vast it sometimes creates its own +weather...The town belongs officially to Little America but +most of the inhabitants are Trogs living off the Shiftless +Dole--& the deep-cave tribal country lies just across the +Lake. Riffraff, artists, drug addicts, sorcerers, smugglers, +remittance-men & perverts live in crumbling basalt-&- +synthplast hotels half-encrusted with pale green vines, +along the lakefront, an avenue of squalid cafes, gem emporia +guarded by armed ninjas, chinese krill-noodle shops, the +crystal-tinselled hall for slow fusion-gamelan dancers, boys +practicing their mudras on sleepy electronic dark blue +afternoons to the rippling of synthgongs and +metallophones...& below the pier perhaps a few desultory +bathers along the black beach, genuine low-budget tourists +gawking at the shrine behind the bazaar where pallid old +Trog pamongs tranced out on fungus drool & roll up their +eyes, breathe in the fumes of heavy incense, everything +seems suddenly menacingly bright, flickering with +significance...a few cases of webbed fingers but the rumors +of ritual promiscuity are true enough. I was living in a +Trog fishing village across the lake from Erebus in a rented +room above the baitshop...rural sloth & degenerate +superstitious rites of sensual abandon, the larval & +unhealthy mysteries of the chthonic mutant downtrodden +Trogs, lazy shiftless no-count hicks...Little America, so +christian & free of mutation, eugenic & orderly, where ev- +eryone lives jacked into the fleshless realm of ancient +software & holography, so euclidean, newtonian, clean & +patriotic--L.A. will never understand this innocent filth- +sorcery, this "spiritual materialism," this slavery to the +volcanic desires of secret cave-boy gangs like laughing +flowers jetting with dynamo erections pulsing up pure life +curved taut as bows, & the smell of water, pond-scum, +nightblooming white flowers, jasmine & datura, urine, +children's wet hair, sperm & mud...possessed by cave- +spirits, perhaps ghosts of ancient aliens now wandering as +demons seeking to renew long-lost pleasures of flesh & +substance. Or else the Zone has already been reborn, already +a nexus of autonomy, a spreading virus of chaos in its most +exuberant clandestine form, white toadstools springing up on +the spots where Trog boys have masturbated alone in the +dark... + +* * * * * + +NIETZSCHE & THE DERVISHES + +_RENDAN_, "THE CLEVER ONES." The sufis use a technical term +_rend_ (adj. _rendi_, pl. _rendan_) to designate one "clever +enough to drink wine in secret without getting caught": the +dervish version of "Permissible Dissimulation" (_taqiyya_, +whereby Shiites are permitted to lie about their true +affiliation to avoid persecution as well as advance the +purpose of their propaganda). + +On the plane of the "Path," the _rend_ conceals his +spiritual state (_hal_) in order to contain it, work on it +alchemically, enhance it. This "cleverness" explains much of +the secrecy of the Orders, altho it remains true that many +dervishes do literally break the rules of Islam (_shariah_), +offend tradition (_sunnah_), and flout the customs of their +society--all of which gives them reason for _real_ secrecy. + +Ignoring the case of the "criminal" who uses sufism as a +mask--or rather not sufism per se but _dervish_-ism, almost +a synonym in Persia for laid-back manners & by extension a +social laxness, a style of genial and poor but elegant +amorality--the above definition can still be considered in a +literal as well as metaphorical sense. That is: some sufis +do break the Law while still allowing that the Law exists & +will continue to exist; & they do so from spiritual motives, +as an exercise of will (_himmah_). + +Nietzsche says somewhere that the free spirit will not +agitate for the rules to be dropped or even reformed, since +it is only by breaking the rules that he realizes his will +to power. One must prove (to oneself if no one else) an +ability to overcome the rules of the herd, to make one's own +law & yet not fall prey to the rancor & resentment of +inferior souls which define law & custom in ANY society. One +needs, in effect, an individual equivalent of war in order +to achieve the becoming of the free spirit--one needs an +inert stupidity against which to measure one's own movement +& intelligence. + +Anarchists sometimes posit an ideal society without law. The +few anarchist experiments which succeeded briefly (the +Makhnovists, Catalan) failed to survive the conditions of +war which permitted their existence in the first place--so +we have no way of knowing empirically if such an experiment +could outlive the onset of peace. + +Some anarchists, however, like our late friend the Italian +Stirnerite "Brand," took part in all sorts of uprisings and +revolutions, even communist and socialist ones, because they +found in the moment of insurrection itself the kind of +freedom they sought. Thus while utopianism has so far always +failed, the individualist or existentialist anarchists have +succeeded inasmuch as they have attained (however briefly) +the realization of their will to power in war. + +Nietzsche's animadversions against "anarchists" are always +aimed at the egalitarian-communist narodnik martyr types, +whose idealism he saw as yet one more survival of post-Xtian +moralism--altho he sometimes praises them for at least +having the courage to revolt against majoritarian authority. +He never mentions Stirner, but I believe he would have +classified the Individualist rebel with the higher types of +"criminals," who represented for him (as for Dostoyevsky) +humans far superior to the herd, even if tragically flawed +by their obsessiveness and perhaps hidden motivations of +revenge. + +The Nietzschean overman, if he existed, would have to share +to some degree in this "criminality" even if he had overcome +all obsessions and compulsions, if only because his law +could never agree with the law of the masses, of state & +society. His need for "war" (whether literal or +metaphorical) might even persuade him to take part in +revolt, whether it assumed the form of insurrection or only +of a proud bohemianism. + +For him a "society without law" might have value only so +long as it could measure its own freedom against the +subjection of others, against their jealousy & hatred. The +lawless & short-lived "pirate utopias" of Madagascar & the +Caribbean, D'Annunzio's Republic of Fiume, the Ukraine or +Barcelona--these would attract him because they promised the +turmoil of becoming & even "failure" rather than the bucolic +somnolence of a "perfected" (& hence dead) anarchist +society. + +In the absence of such opportunities, this free spirit would +disdain wasting time on agitation for reform, on protest, on +visionary dreaming, on all kinds of "revolutionary +martyrdom"--in short, on most contemporary anarchist +activity. To be _rendi_, to drink wine in secret & not get +caught, to accept the rules in order to break them & thus +attain the spiritual lift or energy-rush of danger & +adventure, the private epiphany of overcoming all interior +police while tricking all outward authority--this might be a +goal worthy of such a spirit, & this might be his definition +of crime. +(Incidentally, I think this reading helps explain N's +insistence on the MASK, on the secretive nature of the proto- +overman, which disturbs even intelligent but somewhat +liberal commentators like Kaufman. Artists, for all that N +loves them, are criticized for _telling_secrets_. Perhaps he +failed to consider that--paraphrasing A. Ginsberg--this is +_our_ way of becoming "great"; and also that--paraphrasing +Yeats--even the truest secret becomes yet another mask.) + +As for the anarchist movement today: would we like just once +to stand on ground where laws are abolished & the last +priest is strung up with the guts of the last bureaucrat? +Yeah sure. But we're not holding our breath. There are +certain causes (to quote the Neech again) that one fails to +quite abandon, if only because of the sheer insipidity of +all their enemies. Oscar Wilde might have said that one +cannot be a gentleman without being something of an +anarchist--a necessary paradox, like N's "radical +aristocratism." + +This is not just a matter of spiritual dandyism, but also of +existential commitment to an underlying spontaneity, to a +philosophical "tao." For all its waste of energy, in its +very formlessness, anarchism alone of all the ISMs +approaches that one _type_ of form which alone can interest +us today, that strange attractor, the shape of _chaos_-- +which (one last quote) one must have within oneself, if one +is to give birth to a dancing star. + +--Spring Equinox, 1989 + +* * * * * + +RESOLUTION FOR THE 1990's: BOYCOTT COP CULTURE!!! + +IF ONE FICTIONAL FIGURE can be said to have dominated the +popcult of the eighties, it was the Cop. Fuckin' police ev- +erywhere you turned, worse than real life. What an +incredible bore. +Powerful Cops--protecting the meek and humble--at the +expense of a half-dozen or so articles of the Bill of Rights- +-"Dirty Harry." Nice human cops, coping with human +perversity, coming out sweet 'n' sour, you know, gruff & +knowing but still soft inside--_Hill_Street_Blues_--most +evil TV show ever. Wiseass black cops scoring witty racist +remarks against hick white cops, who nevertheless come to +love each other--Eddie Murphy, Class Traitor. For that +masochist thrill we got wicked bent cops who threaten to +topple our Kozy Konsensus Reality from within like Giger- +designed tapeworms, but naturally get blown away just in the +nick of time by the Last Honest Cop, Robocop, ideal amalgam +of prosthesis and sentimentality. + +We've been obsessed with cops since the beginning--but the +rozzers of yore played bumbling fools, Keystone Kops, +_Car_54_Where_Are_You_, booby-bobbies set up for Fatty +Arbuckle or Buster Keaton to squash & deflate. But in the +ideal drama of the eighties, the "little man" who once +scattered bluebottles by the hundred with that anarchist's +bomb, innocently used to light a cigarette--the Tramp, the +victim with the sudden power of the pure heart--no longer +has a place at the center of narrative. Once "we" were that +hobo, that quasi-surrealist chaote hero who wins thru _wu- +wei_ over the ludicrous minions of a despised & irrelevant +Order. But now "we" are reduced to the status of victims +_without_ power, or else criminals. "We" no longer occupy +that central role; no longer the heros of our own stories, +we've been marginalized & replaced by the Other, the Cop. + +Thus the Cop Show has only three characters--victim, +criminal, and policeperson--but the first two fail to be +fully human--only the pig is _real_. Oddly enough, human +society in the eighties (as seen in the other media) +sometimes appeared to consist of the same three +cliche/archetypes. First the victims, the whining minorities +bitching about "rights"--and who pray tell did _not_ belong +to a "minority" in the eighties? Shit, even cops complained +about their "rights" being abused. Then the criminals: +largely non-white (despite the obligatory & hallucinatory +"integration" of the media), largely poor (or else obscenely +rich, hence even more alien), largely perverse (i.e. the +forbidden mirrors of "our" desires). I've heard that one out +of four households in America is robbed every year, & that +every year nearly half a million of us are arrested just for +smoking pot. In the face of such statistics (even assuming +they're "damned lies") one wonders who is NOT either victim +or criminal in our police-state-of-consciousness. The fuzz +must mediate for _all_of_us_, however fuzzy the interface-- +they're only warrior-priests, however profane. +_America's_Most_Wanted_--the most successful TV game show of +the eighties--opened up for all of us the role of Amateur +Cop, hitherto merely a media fantasy of middleclass +resentment & revenge. Naturally the truelife Cop hates no +one so much as the vigilante--look what happens to poor &/or +non-white neighborhood self-protection groups like the +Muslims who tried to eliminate crack dealing in Brooklyn: +the cops busted the Muslims, the pushers went free. Real +vigilantes threaten the monopoly of enforcement, +_l se_majest _, more abominable than incest or murder. But +media(ted) vigilantes function perfectly within the +CopState; in fact, it would be more accurate to think of +them as _unpaid_ (not even a set of matched luggage!) +_informers_: telemetric snitches, electro-stoolies, ratfinks- +for-a-day. + +What is it that "America most wants"? Does this phrase refer +to criminals--or to crimes, to objects of desire in their +real presence, unrepresented, unmediated, literally stolen & +appropriated? America most wants...to fuck off work, ditch +the spouse, do drugs (because only drugs make you feel as +good as the people in TV ads appear to be), have sex with +nubile jailbait, sodomy, burglary, hell yes. What unmediated +pleasures are NOT illegal? Even outdoor barbecues violate +smoke ordinances nowadays. The simplest enjoyments turn us +against some law; finally pleasure becomes too stress- +inducing, and only TV remains--and the pleasure of revenge, +vicarious betrayal, the sick thrill of the tattletale. +America can't have what it most wants, so it has +_America's_Most_Wanted_ instead. A nation of schoolyard +toadies sucking up to an elite of schoolyard bullies. + +Of course the program still suffers from a few strange +reality-glitches: for example, the dramatized segments are +enacted cinema verit style by _actors_; some viewers are so +stupid they believe they're seeing actual footage of real +crimes. Hence the actors are being continually harassed & +even arrested, along with (or instead of) the real criminals +whose mugshots are flashed after each little documentoid. +How quaint, eh? No one really experiences anything--everyone +reduced to the status of ghosts--media-images break off & +float away from any contact with actual everyday life-- +PhoneSex--CyberSex. Final transcendence of the body: +cybergnosis. +The media cops, like televangelical forerunners, prepare us +for the advent, final coming or Rapture of the police state: +the "Wars" on sex and drugs: total control totally leached +of all content; a map with no coordinates in any known +space; far beyond mere Spectacle; sheer ecstasy ("standing- +outside-the-body"); obscene simulacrum; meaningless violent +spasms elevated to the last principle of governance. Image +of a country consumed by images of self-hatred, war between +the schizoid halves of a split personality, Super-Ego vs the +Id Kid, for the heavyweight championship of an abandoned +landscape, burnt, polluted, empty, desolate, unreal. +Just as the murder-mystery is always an exercise in sadism, +so the cop-fiction always involves the contemplation of +_control_. The image of the inspector or detective measures +the image of "our" lack of autonomous substance, our +transparency before the gaze of authority. Our perversity, +our helplessness. Whether we imagine them as "good" or +"evil," our obsessive invocation of the eidolons of the Cops +reveals the extent to which we have accepted the manichaean +worldview they symbolize. Millions of tiny cops swarm +everywhere, like the qlippoth, larval hungry ghosts--they +fill the screen, as in Keaton's famous two-reeler, +overwhelming the foreground, an Antarctic where nothing +moves but hordes of sinister blue penguins. + +We propose an esoteric hermeneutical exegesis of the +Surrealist slogan "_Mort_aux_vaches_!" We take it to refer +not to the deaths of individual cops ("cows" in the argot of +the period)--mere leftist revenge fantasy--petty reverse +sadism--but rather to the death of the _image_ of the +_flic_, the inner Control & its myriad reflections in the +NoPlace Place of the media--the "gray room" as Burroughs +calls it. Self-censorship, fear of one's own desires, +"conscience" as the interiorized voice of consensus- +authority. To assassinate these "security forces" would +indeed release floods of libidinal energy, but not the +violent running-amok predicted by the theory of Law 'n' +Order. + +Nietzschean "self-overcoming" provides the principle of +organization for the free spirit (as also for anarchist +society, at least in theory). In the police-state +personality, libidinal energy is dammed & diverted toward +self-repression; any threat to Control results in spasms of +violence. In the free-spirit personality, energy flows +unimpeded & therefore turbulently but gently--its chaos +finds its strange attractor, allowing new spontaneous orders +to emerge. + +In this sense, then, we call for a boycott of the image of +the Cop, & a moratorium on its production in art. In this +sense... + +MORT AUX VACHES! + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 6 +Message-ID: <1lf864INNq2i@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:13:56 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 459 + + +THE TEMPORARY AUTONOMOUS ZONE + +"...this time however I come as the victorious Dionysus, who +will turn the world into a holiday...Not that I have much +time..." + +--Nietzsche (from his last "insane" letter to Cosima Wagner) + +Pirate Utopias + +THE SEA-ROVERS AND CORSAIRS of the 18th century created an +"information network" that spanned the globe: primitive and +devoted primarily to grim business, the net nevertheless +functioned admirably. Scattered throughout the net were +islands, remote hideouts where ships could be watered and +provisioned, booty traded for luxuries and necessities. Some +of these islands supported "intentional communities," whole +mini-societies living consciously outside the law and +determined to keep it up, even if only for a short but merry +life. + +Some years ago I looked through a lot of secondary material +on piracy hoping to find a study of these enclaves--but it +appeared as if no historian has yet found them worthy of +analysis. (William Burroughs has mentioned the subject, as +did the late British anarchist Larry Law--but no systematic +research has been carried out.) I retreated to primary +sources and constructed my own theory, some aspects of which +will be discussed in this essay. I called the settlements +"Pirate Utopias." + +Recently Bruce Sterling, one of the leading exponents of +Cyberpunk science fiction, published a near-future romance +based on the assumption that the decay of political systems +will lead to a decentralized proliferation of experiments in +living: giant worker-owned corporations, independent +enclaves devoted to "data piracy," Green-Social-Democrat +enclaves, Zerowork enclaves, anarchist liberated zones, etc. +The information economy which supports this diversity is +called the Net; the enclaves (and the book's title) are +_Islands in the Net_. + +The medieval Assassins founded a "State" which consisted of +a network of remote mountain valleys and castles, separated +by thousands of miles, strategically invulnerable to +invasion, connected by the information flow of secret +agents, at war with all governments, and devoted only to +knowledge. Modern technology, culminating in the spy +satellite, makes this kind of _autonomy_ a romantic dream. +No more pirate islands! In the future the same technology-- +freed from all political control--could make possible an +entire world of _autonomous zones_. But for now the concept +remains precisely science fiction--pure speculation. + +Are we who live in the present doomed never to experience +autonomy, never to stand for one moment on a bit of land +ruled only by freedom? Are we reduced either to nostalgia +for the past or nostalgia for the future? Must we wait until +the entire world is freed of political control before even +one of us can claim to know freedom? Logic and emotion unite +to condemn such a supposition. Reason demands that one +cannot struggle for what one does not know; and the heart +revolts at a universe so cruel as to visit such injustices +on _our_ generation alone of humankind. + +To say that "I will not be free till all humans (or all +sentient creatures) are free" is simply to cave in to a kind +of nirvana-stupor, to abdicate our humanity, to define +ourselves as losers. + +I believe that by extrapolating from past and future stories +about "islands in the net" we may collect evidence to +suggest that a certain kind of "free enclave" is not only +possible in our time but also existent. All my research and +speculation has crystallized around the concept of the +TEMPORARY AUTONOMOUS ZONE (hereafter abbreviated TAZ). +Despite its synthesizing force for my own thinking, however, +I don't intend the TAZ to be taken as more than an _essay_ +("attempt"), a suggestion, almost a poetic fancy. Despite +the occasional Ranterish enthusiasm of my language I am not +trying to construct political dogma. In fact I have +deliberately refrained from defining the TAZ--I circle +around the subject, firing off exploratory beams. In the end +the TAZ is almost self-explanatory. If the phrase became +current it would be understood without +difficulty...understood in action. + +Waiting for the Revolution + +HOW IS IT THAT "the world turned upside-down" always manages +to _Right_ itself? Why does reaction always follow +revolution, like seasons in Hell? + +_Uprising_, or the Latin form _insurrection_, are words used +by historians to label _failed_ revolutions--movements which +do not match the expected curve, the consensus-approved +trajectory: revolution, reaction, betrayal, the founding of +a stronger and even more oppressive State--the turning of +the wheel, the return of history again and again to its +highest form: jackboot on the face of humanity forever. + +By failing to follow this curve, the _up-rising_ suggests +the possibility of a movement outside and beyond the +Hegelian spiral of that "progress" which is secretly nothing +more than a vicious circle. _Surgo_--rise up, surge. +_Insurgo_--rise up, raise oneself up. A bootstrap operation. +A goodbye to that wretched parody of the karmic round, +historical revolutionary futility. The slogan "Revolution!" +has mutated from tocsin to toxin, a malign pseudo-Gnostic +fate-trap, a nightmare where no matter how we struggle we +never escape that evil Aeon, that incubus the State, one +State after another, every "heaven" ruled by yet one more +evil angel. + +If History IS "Time," as it claims to be, then the uprising +is a moment that springs up and out of Time, violates the +"law" of History. If the State IS History, as it claims to +be, then the insurrection is the forbidden moment, an +unforgivable denial of the dialectic--shimmying up the pole +and out of the smokehole, a shaman's maneuver carried out at +an "impossible angle" to the universe. +History says the Revolution attains "permanence," or at +least duration, while the uprising is "temporary." In this +sense an uprising is like a "peak experience" as opposed to +the standard of "ordinary" consciousness and experience. +Like festivals, uprisings cannot happen every day--otherwise +they would not be "nonordinary." But such moments of +intensity give shape and meaning to the entirety of a life. +The shaman returns--you can't stay up on the roof forever-- +but things have changed, shifts and integrations have +occurred--a _difference_ is made. + +You will argue that this is a counsel of despair. What of +the anarchist dream, the Stateless state, the Commune, the +autonomous zone with _duration_, a free society, a free +_culture_? Are we to abandon that hope in return for some +existentialist _acte_gratuit_? The point is not to change +consciousness but to change the world. + +I accept this as a fair criticism. I'd make two rejoinders +nevertheless; first, _revolution_ has never yet resulted in +achieving this dream. The vision comes to life in the moment +of uprising--but as soon as "the Revolution" triumphs and +the State returns, the dream and the ideal are _already_ +betrayed. I have not given up hope or even expectation of +change--but I distrust the word _Revolution_. Second, even +if we replace the revolutionary approach with a concept of +_insurrection_blossoming_spontaneously_into_anarchist_ +culture_, our own particular historical situation is not +propitious for such a vast undertaking. Absolutely nothing +but a futile martyrdom could possibly result now from a head- +on collision with the terminal State, the megacorporate +information State, the empire of Spectacle and Simulation. +Its guns are all pointed at us, while our meager weaponry +finds nothing to aim at but a hysteresis, a rigid vacuity, a +Spook capable of smothering every spark in an ectoplasm of +information, a society of capitulation ruled by the image of +the Cop and the absorbant eye of the TV screen. + +In short, we're not touting the TAZ as an exclusive end in +itself, replacing all other forms of organization, tactics, +and goals. We recommend it because it can provide the +quality of enhancement associated with the uprising without +necessarily leading to violence and martyrdom. The TAZ is +like an uprising which does not engage directly with the +State, a guerilla operation which liberates an area (of +land, of time, of imagination) and then dissolves itself to +re-form elsewhere/elsewhen, _before_ the State can crush it. +Because the State is concerned primarily with Simulation +rather than substance, the TAZ can "occupy" these areas +clandestinely and carry on its festal purposes for quite a +while in relative peace. Perhaps certain small TAZs have +lasted whole lifetimes because they went unnoticed, like +hillbilly enclaves--because they never intersected with the +Spectacle, never appeared outside that real life which is +invisible to the agents of Simulation. + +Babylon takes its abstractions for realities; precisely +_within_ this margin of error the TAZ can come into +existence. Getting the TAZ started may involve tactics of +violence and defense, but its greatest strength lies in its +invisibility--the State cannot recognize it because History +has no definition of it. As soon as the TAZ is named +(represented, mediated), it must vanish, it _will_ vanish, +leaving behind it an empty husk, only to spring up again +somewhere else, once again invisible because undefinable in +terms of the Spectacle. The TAZ is thus a perfect tactic for +an era in which the State is omnipresent and all-powerful +and yet simultaneously riddled with cracks and vacancies. +And because the TAZ is a microcosm of that "anarchist dream" +of a free culture, I can think of no better tactic by which +to work toward that goal while at the same time experiencing +some of its benefits here and now. + +In sum, realism demands not only that we give up _waiting_ +for "the Revolution" but also that we give up _wanting_ it. +"Uprising," yes--as often as possible and even at the risk +of violence. The _spasming_ of the Simulated State will be +"spectacular," but in most cases the best and most radical +tactic will be to refuse to engage in spectacular violence, +to _withdraw_ from the area of simulation, to disappear. + +The TAZ is an encampment of guerilla ontologists: strike and +run away. Keep moving the entire tribe, even if it's only +data in the Web. The TAZ must be capable of defense; but +both the "strike" and the "defense" should, if possible, +evade the violence of the State, which is no longer a +_meaningful_ violence. The strike is made at structures of +control, essentially at ideas; the defense is +"invisibility," a _martial_art_, and "invulnerability"--an +"occult" art within the martial arts. The "nomadic war +machine" conquers without being noticed and moves on before +the map can be adjusted. As to the future--Only the +autonomous can _plan_ autonomy, organize for it, create it. +It's a bootstrap operation. The first step is somewhat akin +to _satori_--the realization that the TAZ begins with a +simple act of realization. + +(Note: See Appendix C, quote by Renzo Novatore) + +The Psychotopology of Everyday Life + +THE CONCEPT OF THE TAZ arises first out of a critique of +Revolution, and an appreciation of the Insurrection. The +former labels the latter a failure; but for us _uprising_ +represents a far more interesting possibility, from the +standard of a psychology of liberation, than all the +"successful" revolutions of bourgeoisie, communists, +fascists, etc. + +The second generating force behind the TAZ springs from the +historical development I call "the closure of the map." The +last bit of Earth unclaimed by any nation-state was eaten up +in 1899. Ours is the first century without +_terra_incognita_, without a frontier. Nationality is the +highest principle of world governance--not one speck of rock +in the South Seas can be left _open_, not one remote valley, +not even the Moon and planets. This is the apotheosis of +"territorial gangsterism." Not one square inch of Earth goes +unpoliced or untaxed...in theory. + +The "map" is a political abstract grid, a gigantic _con_ +enforced by the carrot/stick conditioning of the "Expert" +State, until for most of us the map _becomes_ the territory- +-no longer "Turtle Island," but "the USA." And yet because +the map is an abstraction it cannot cover Earth with 1:1 +accuracy. Within the fractal complexities of actual +geography the map can see only dimensional grids. Hidden +enfolded immensities escape the measuring rod. The map is +not accurate; the map _cannot_ be accurate. + +So--Revolution is closed, but insurgency is open. For the +time being we concentrate our force on temporary "power +surges," avoiding all entanglements with "permanent +solutions." + +And--the map is closed, but the autonomous zone is open. +Metaphorically it unfolds within the fractal dimensions +invisible to the cartography of Control. And here we should +introduce the concept of psychotopology (and -topography) as +an alternative "science" to that of the State's surveying +and mapmaking and "psychic imperialism." Only +psychotopography can draw 1:1 maps of reality because only +the human mind provides sufficient complexity to model the +real. But a 1:1 map cannot "control" its territory because +it is virtually identical with its territory. It can only be +used to _suggest_, in a sense _gesture_towards_, certain +features. We are looking for "spaces" (geographic, social, +cultural, imaginal) with potential to flower as autonomous +zones--and we are looking for times in which these spaces +are relatively open, either through neglect on the part of +the State or because they have somehow escaped notice by the +mapmakers, or for whatever reason. Psychotopology is the art +of _dowsing_ for potential TAZs. + +The closures of Revolution and of the map, however, are only +the negative sources of the TAZ; much remains to be said of +its positive inspirations. Reaction alone cannot provide the +energy needed to "manifest" a TAZ. An uprising must be _for_ +something as well. + +1. First, we can speak of a natural anthropology of the TAZ. +The nuclear family is the base unit of consensus society, +but not of the TAZ. ("Families!--how I hate them! the misers +of love!"--Gide) The nuclear family, with its attendant +"oedipal miseries," appears to have been a Neolithic +invention, a response to the "agricultural revolution" with +its imposed scarcity and its imposed hierarchy. The +Paleolithic model is at once more primal and more radical: +the _band_. The typical hunter/gatherer nomadic or semi- +nomadic band consists of about 50 people. Within larger +tribal societies the band-structure is fulfilled by clans +within the tribe, or by sodalities such as initiatic or +secret societies, hunt or war societies, gender societies, +"children's republics," and so on. If the nuclear family is +produced by scarcity (and results in miserliness), the band +is produced by abundance--and results in prodigality. The +family is _closed_, by genetics, by the male's _possession_ +of women and children, by the hierarchic totality of +agricultural/industrial society. The band is _open_--not to +everyone, of course, but to the affinity group, the +initiates sworn to a bond of love. The band is not part of a +larger hierarchy, but rather part of a horizontal pattern of +custom, extended kinship, contract and alliance, spiritual +affinities, etc. (American Indian society preserves certain +aspects of this structure even now.) + +In our own post-Spectacular Society of Simulation many +forces are working--largely invisibly--to phase out the +nuclear family and bring back the band. Breakdowns in the +structure of Work resonate in the shattered "stability" of +the unit-home and unit-family. One's "band" nowadays +includes friends, ex-spouses and lovers, people met at +different jobs and pow-wows, affinity groups, special +interest networks, mail networks, etc. The nuclear family +becomes more and more obviously a _trap_, a cultural +sinkhole, a neurotic secret implosion of split atoms--and +the obvious counter-strategy emerges spontaneously in the +almost unconscious rediscovery of the more archaic and yet +more post-industrial possibility of the band. + +2. The TAZ as _festival_. Stephen Pearl Andrews once +offered, as an image of anarchist society, the +_dinner_party_, in which all structure of authority +dissolves in conviviality and celebration (see Appendix C). +Here we might also invoke Fourier and his concept of the +senses as the basis of social becoming--"touch-rut" and +"gastrosophy," and his paean to the neglected implications +of smell and taste. The ancient concepts of jubilee and +saturnalia originate in an intuition that certain events lie +outside the scope of "profane time," the measuring-rod of +the State and of History. These holidays literally occupied +gaps in the calendar--_intercalary_intervals_. By the Middle +Ages, nearly a third of the year was given over to holidays. +Perhaps the riots against calendar reform had less to do +with the "eleven lost days" than with a sense that imperial +science was conspiring to close up these gaps in the +calendar where the people's freedoms had accumulated--a coup +d'etat, a mapping of the year, a seizure of time itself, +turning the organic cosmos into a clockwork universe. The +death of the festival. + +Participants in insurrection invariably note its festive +aspects, even in the midst of armed struggle, danger, and +risk. The uprising is like a saturnalia which has slipped +loose (or been forced to vanish) from its intercalary +interval and is now at liberty to pop up anywhere or when. +Freed of time and place, it nevertheless possesses a nose +for the ripeness of events, and an affinity for the +_genius_loci_; the science of psychotopology indicates +"flows of forces" and "spots of power" (to borrow occultist +metaphors) which localize the TAZ spatio-temporally, or at +least help to define its relation to moment and locale. + +The media invite us to "come celebrate the moments of your +life" with the spurious unification of commodity and +spectacle, the famous _non-event_ of pure representation. In +response to this obscenity we have, on the one hand, the +spectrum of _refusal_ (chronicled by the Situationists, John +Zerzan, Bob Black _et_al_.)--and on the other hand, the +emergence of a _festal_culture_ removed and even hidden from +the would-be managers of our leisure. "Fight for the right +to party" is in fact not a parody of the radical struggle +but a new manifestation of it, appropriate to an age which +offers TVs and telephones as ways to "reach out and touch" +other human beings, ways to "Be There!" + +Pearl Andrews was right: the dinner party is already "the +seed of the new society taking shape within the shell of the +old" (IWW Preamble). The sixties-style "tribal gathering," +the forest conclave of eco-saboteurs, the idyllic Beltane of +the neo-pagans, anarchist conferences, gay faery +circles...Harlem rent parties of the twenties, nightclubs, +banquets, old-time libertarian picnics--we should realize +that all these are already "liberated zones" of a sort, or +at least potential TAZs. Whether open only to a few friends, +like a dinner party, or to thousands of celebrants, like a +Be-In, the party is always "open" because it is not +"ordered"; it may be planned, but unless it "_happens_" it's +a failure. The element of spontaneity is crucial. + +The essence of the party: face-to-face, a group of humans +synergize their efforts to realize mutual desires, whether +for good food and cheer, dance, conversation, the arts of +life; perhaps even for erotic pleasure, or to create a +communal artwork, or to attain the very transport of bliss-- +in short, a "union of egoists" (as Stirner put it) in its +simplest form--or else, in Kropotkin's terms, a basic +biological drive to "mutual aid." (Here we should also +mention Bataille's "economy of excess" and his theory of +potlatch culture.) + +3. Vital in shaping TAZ reality is the concept of +_psychic_nomadism_ (or as we jokingly call it, "rootless +cosmopolitanism"). Aspects of this phenomenon have been +discussed by Deleuze and Guattari in +_Nomadology_and_the_War_Machine_, by Lyotard in _Driftworks_ +and by various authors in the "Oasis" issue of +_Semiotext(e)_. We use the term "psychic nomadism" here +rather than "urban nomadism," "nomadology," "driftwork," +etc., simply in order to garner all these concepts into a +single loose complex, to be studied in light of the coming- +into-being of the TAZ. +"The death of God," in some ways a de-centering of the +entire "European" project, opened a multi-perspectived post- +ideological worldview able to move "rootlessly" from +philosophy to tribal myth, from natural science to Taoism-- +able to see for the first time through eyes like some golden +insect's, each facet giving a view of an entirely other +world. + +But this vision was attained at the expense of inhabiting an +epoch where speed and "commodity fetishism" have created a +tyrannical false unity which tends to blur all cultural +diversity and individuality, so that "one place is as good +as another." This paradox creates "gypsies," psychic +travellers driven by desire or curiosity, wanderers with +shallow loyalties (in fact disloyal to the "European +Project" which has lost all its charm and vitality), not +tied down to any particular time and place, in search of +diversity and adventure...This description covers not only +the X-class artists and intellectuals but also migrant +laborers, refugees, the "homeless," tourists, the RV and +mobile-home culture--also people who "travel" via the Net, +but may never leave their own rooms (or those like Thoreau +who "have travelled much--in Concord"); and finally it +includes +"everybody," all of us, living through our automobiles, our +vacations, our TVs, books, movies, telephones, changing +jobs, changing "lifestyles," religions, diets, etc., etc. + +Psychic nomadism as a _tactic_, what Deleuze & Guattari +metaphorically call "the war machine," shifts the paradox +from a passive to an active and perhaps even "violent" mode. +"God"'s last throes and deathbed rattles have been going on +for such a long time--in the form of Capitalism, Fascism, +and Communism, for example--that there's still a lot of +"creative destruction" to be carried out by post-Bakuninist +post-Nietzschean commandos or _apaches_ (literally +"enemies") of the old Consensus. These nomads practice the +_razzia_, they are corsairs, they are viruses; they have +both need and desire for TAZs, camps of black tents under +the desert stars, +interzones, hidden fortified oases along secret caravan +routes, "liberated" bits of jungle and bad-land, no-go +areas, black markets, and underground bazaars. + +These nomads chart their courses by strange stars, which +might be luminous clusters of data in cyberspace, or perhaps +hallucinations. Lay down a map of the land; over that, set a +map of political change; over that, a map of the Net, +especially the counter-Net with its emphasis on clandestine +information-flow and logistics--and finally, over all, the +1:1 map of the creative imagination, aesthetics, values. The +resultant grid comes to life, animated by unexpected eddies +and surges of energy, coagulations of light, secret tunnels, +surprises. + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 7 +Message-ID: <1lf87aINNq3s@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:14:34 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 340 + + +The Net and the Web + +THE NEXT FACTOR CONTRIBUTING to the TAZ is so vast and +ambiguous that it needs a section unto itself. + +We've spoken of the _Net_, which can be defined as the +totality of all information and communication transfer. Some +of these transfers are privileged and limited to various +elites, which gives the Net a hierarchic aspect. Other +transactions are open to all--so the Net has a horizontal or +non-hierarchic aspect as well. Military and Intelligence +data are restricted, as are banking and currency information +and the like. But for the most part the telephone, the +postal system, public data banks, etc. are accessible to +everyone and anyone. Thus _within_the_Net_ there has begun +to emerge a shadowy sort of _counter-Net_, which we will +call the _Web_ (as if the Net were a fishing-net and the Web +were spider-webs woven through the interstices and broken +sections of the Net). Generally we'll use the term _Web_ to +refer to the alternate horizontal open structure of info- +exchange, the non-hierarchic network, and reserve the term +_counter-Net_ to indicate clandestine illegal and rebellious +use of the Web, including actual data-piracy and other forms +of leeching off the Net itself. Net, Web, and counter-Net +are all parts of the same whole pattern-complex--they blur +into each other at innumerable points. The terms are not +meant to define areas but to suggest tendencies. + +(Digression: Before you condemn the Web or counter-Net for +its "parasitism," which can never be a truly revolutionary +force, ask yourself what "production" consists of in the Age +of Simulation. What is the "productive class"? Perhaps +you'll be forced to admit that these terms seem to have lost +their meaning. In any case the answers to such questions are +so complex that the TAZ tends to ignore them altogether and +simply picks up what it can _use_. "Culture is our Nature"-- +and we are the thieving magpies, or the hunter/gatherers of +the world of CommTech.) + +The present forms of the unofficial Web are, one must +suppose, still rather primitive: the marginal zine network, +the BBS networks, pirated software, hacking, phone- +phreaking, some influence in print and radio, almost none in +the other big media--no TV stations, no satellites, no fiber- +optics, no cable, etc., etc. However the Net itself presents +a pattern of changing/evolving relations between subjects +("users") and objects ("data"). The nature of these +relations has been exhaustively explored, from McLuhan to +Virilio. It would take pages and pages to "prove" what by +now "everyone knows." Rather than rehash it all, I am +interested in asking how these evolving relations suggest +modes of implementation for the TAZ. + +The TAZ has a temporary but actual location in time and a +temporary but actual location in space. But clearly it must +also have "location" _in_the_Web_, and this location is of a +different sort, not actual but virtual, not immediate but +instantaneous. The Web not only provides logistical support +for the TAZ, it also helps to bring it into being; crudely +speaking one might say that the TAZ "exists" in information- +space as well as in the "real world." The Web can compact a +great deal of time, as data, into an infinitesimal "space." +We have noted that the TAZ, because it is temporary, must +necessarily lack some of the advantages of a freedom which +experiences _duration_ and a more-or-less fixed _locale_. +But the Web can provide a kind of substitute for some of +this duration and locale--it can _inform_ the TAZ, from its +inception, with vast amounts of compacted time and space +which have been "subtilized" as data. + +At this moment in the evolution of the Web, and considering +our demands for the "face-to-face" and the sensual, we must +consider the Web primarily as a support system, capable of +carrying information from one TAZ to another, of defending +the TAZ, rendering it "invisible" or giving it teeth, as the +situation might demand. But more than that: If the TAZ is a +nomad camp, then the Web helps provide the epics, songs, +genealogies and legends of the tribe; it provides the secret +caravan routes and raiding trails which make up the +flowlines of tribal economy; it even _contains_ some of the +very roads they will follow, some of the very dreams they +will experience as signs and portents. + +The Web does not depend for its existence on any computer +technology. Word-of-mouth, mail, the marginal zine network, +"phone trees," and the like already suffice to construct an +information webwork. The key is not the brand or level of +tech involved, but the openness and horizontality of the +structure. Nevertheless, the whole concept of the Net +_implies_ the use of computers. In the SciFi imagination the +Net is headed for the condition of Cyberspace (as in _Tron_ +or _Neuromancer_) and the pseudo-telepathy of "virtual +reality." As a Cyberpunk fan I can't help but envision +"reality hacking" playing a major role in the creation of +TAZs. Like Gibson and Sterling I am assuming that the +official Net will never succeed in shutting down the Web or +the counter-Net--that data-piracy, unauthorized +transmissions and the free flow of information can never be +frozen. (In fact, as I understand it, chaos theory +_predicts_ that any universal Control-system is impossible.) + +However, leaving aside all mere speculation about the +future, we must face a very serious question about the Web +and the tech it involves. The TAZ desires above all to avoid +_mediation_, to experience its existence as _immediate_. The +very essence of the affair is "breast-to-breast" as the +sufis say, or face-to-face. But, BUT: the very essence of +the Web is mediation. Machines here are our ambassadors--the +flesh is irrelevant except as a _terminal_, with all the +sinister connotations of the term. + +The TAZ may perhaps best find its own space by wrapping its +head around two seemingly contradictory attitudes toward Hi- +Tech and its apotheosis the Net: (1) what we might call the +_Fifth Estate_/Neo-Paleolithic Post-Situ Ultra-Green +position, which construes itself as a luddite argument +against mediation and against the Net; and (2) the Cyberpunk +utopianists, futuro-libertarians, Reality Hackers and their +allies who see the Net as a step forward in evolution, and +who assume that any possible ill effects of mediation can be +overcome--at least, once we've liberated the means of +production. + +The TAZ agrees with the hackers because it wants to come +into being--in part--through the Net, even through the +mediation of the Net. But it also agrees with the greens +because it retains intense awareness of itself as _body_ and +feels only revulsion for _CyberGnosis_, the attempt to +transcend the body through instantaneity and simulation. The +TAZ tends to view the Tech/anti-Tech dichotomy as +misleading, like most dichotomies, in which apparent +opposites turn out to be falsifications or even +hallucinations caused by semantics. This is a way of saying +that the TAZ wants to live in _this_ world, not in the idea +of another world, some visionary world born of false +unification (_all_ green OR _all_ metal) which can only be +more pie in the sky by-&-by (or as _Alice_ put it, "Jam +yesterday or jam tomorrow, but never jam today"). + +The TAZ is "utopian" in the sense that it envisions an +_intensification_ of everyday life, or as the Surrealists +might have said, life's penetration by the Marvelous. But it +cannot be utopian in the actual meaning of the word, +_nowhere_, or NoPlace Place. _The_TAZ_is_somewhere_. It lies +at the intersection of many forces, like some pagan power- +spot at the junction of mysterious ley-lines, visible to the +adept in seemingly unrelated bits of terrain, landscape, +flows of air, water, animals. But now the lines are not all +etched in time and space. Some of them exist only "within" +the Web, even though they also intersect with real times and +places. Perhaps some of the lines are "non-ordinary" in the +sense that no convention for quantifying them exists. These +lines might better be studied in the light of chaos science +than of sociology, statistics, economics, etc. The patterns +of force which bring the TAZ into being have something in +common with those chaotic "Strange Attractors" which exist, +so to speak, _between_ the dimensions. + +The TAZ by its very nature seizes every available means to +realize itself--it will come to life whether in a cave or an +L-5 Space City--but above all it will live, now, or as soon +as possible, in however suspect or ramshackle a form, +spontaneously, without regard for ideology or even anti- +ideology. It will use the computer because the computer +exists, but it will also use powers which are so completely +unrelated to alienation or simulation that they guarantee a +certain +_psychic_paleolithism_ to the TAZ, a primordial-shamanic +spirit which will "infect" even the Net itself (the true +meaning of Cyberpunk as I read it). Because the TAZ is an +intensification, a surplus, an excess, a potlatch, life +spending itself in living rather than merely _surviving_ +(that snivelling shibboleth of the eighties), it cannot be +defined either by Tech or anti-Tech. It contradicts itself +like a true despiser of hobgoblins, because it wills itself +to be, at any cost in damage to "perfection," to the +immobility of the final. + +In the Mandelbrot Set and its computer-graphic realization +we watch--in a fractal universe--maps which are embedded and +in fact hidden within maps within maps etc. to the limits of +computational power. What is it _for_, this map which in a +sense bears a 1:1 relation with a fractal dimension? What +can one do with it, other than admire its psychedelic +elegance? +If we were to imagine an _information_map_--a cartographic +projection of the Net in its entirety--we would have to +include in it the features of chaos, which have already +begun to appear, for example, in the operations of complex +parallel processing, telecommunications, transfers of +electronic "money," viruses, guerilla hacking and so on. + +Each of these "areas" of chaos could be represented by +topographs similar to the Mandelbrot Set, such that the +"peninsulas" are embedded or hidden within the map--such +that they seem to "disappear." This "writing"--parts of +which vanish, parts of which efface themselves--represents +the very process by which the Net is already compromised, +incomplete to its own view, ultimately un-Controllable. In +other words, the M Set, or something like it, might prove to +be useful in "plotting" (in all senses of the word) the +emergence of the counterNet as a chaotic process, a +"creative evolution" in Prigogine's term. If nothing else +the M Set serves as a _metaphor_ for a "mapping" of the +TAZ's interface with the Net as a +_disappearance_of_information_. Every "catastrophe" in the +Net is a node of power for the Web, the counter-Net. The Net +will be damaged by chaos, while the Web may thrive on it. + +Whether through simple data-piracy, or else by a more +complex development of actual rapport with chaos, the Web- +hacker, the cybernetician of the TAZ, will find ways to take +advantage of perturbations, crashes, and breakdowns in the +Net (ways to make information out of "entropy"). As a +bricoleur, a scavenger of information shards, smuggler, +blackmailer, perhaps even cyberterrorist, the TAZ-hacker +will work for the evolution of clandestine fractal +connections. These connections, and the _different_ +information that flows among and between them, will form +"power outlets" for the coming-into-being of the TAZ itself- +-as if one were to steal electricity from the energy- +monopoly to light an abandoned house for squatters. + +Thus the Web, in order to produce situations conducive to +the TAZ, will parasitize the Net--but we can also conceive +of this strategy as an attempt to build toward the +construction of an alternative and autonomous Net, "free" +and no longer parasitic, which will serve as the basis for a +"new society emerging from the shell of the old." The +counter-Net and the TAZ can be considered, practically +speaking, as ends in themselves--but theoretically they can +also be viewed as forms of struggle toward a different +reality. + +Having said this we must still admit to some qualms about +computers, some still unanswered questions, especially about +the Personal Computer. + +The story of computer networks, BBSs and various other +experiments in electro-democracy has so far been one of +_hobbyism_ for the most part. Many anarchists and +libertarians have deep faith in the PC as a weapon of +liberation and self-liberation--but no real gains to show, +no palpable liberty. + +I have little interest in some hypothetical emergent +entrepreneurial class of self-employed data/word processors +who will soon be able to carry on a vast cottage industry or +piecemeal shitwork for various corporations and +bureaucracies. Moreover it takes no ESP to foresee that this +"class" will develop its _under_class--a sort of lumpen +yuppetariat: housewives, for example, who will provide their +families with "second incomes" by turning their own homes +into electro-sweatshops, little Work-tyrannies where the +"boss" is a computer network. + +Also I am not impressed by the sort of information and +services proffered by contemporary "radical" networks. +Somewhere--one is told--there exists an "information +economy." Maybe so; but the info being traded over the +"alternative" BBSs seems to consist entirely of chitchat and +techie-talk. Is this an economy? or merely a pastime for +enthusiasts? OK, PCs have created yet another "print +revolution"--OK, marginal webworks are evolving--OK, I can +now carry on six phone conversations at once. But what +difference has this made in my ordinary life? + +Frankly, I already had plenty of data to enrich my +perceptions, what with books, movies, TV, theater, +telephones, the U.S. Postal Service, altered states of +consciousness, and so on. Do I really need a PC in order to +obtain yet more such data? You offer me _secret_ +information? Well...perhaps I'm tempted--but still I demand +_marvelous_ secrets, not just unlisted telephone numbers or +the trivia of cops and politicians. Most of all I want +computers to provide me with information linked to +_real_goods_--"the good things in life," as the IWW Preamble +puts it. And here, since I'm accusing the hackers and BBSers +of irritating intellectual vagueness, I must myself descend +from the baroque clouds of Theory & Critique and explain +what I mean by "real goods." + +Let's say that for both political and personal reasons I +desire good food, better than I can obtain from Capitalism-- +unpolluted food still blessed with strong and natural +flavors. To complicate the game imagine that the food I +crave is illegal--raw milk perhaps, or the exquisite Cuban +fruit _mamey_, which cannot be imported fresh into the U.S. +because its seed is hallucinogenic (or so I'm told). I am +not a farmer. Let's pretend I'm an importer of rare perfumes +and aphrodisiacs, and sharpen the play by assuming most of +my stock is also illegal. Or maybe I only want to trade word +processing services for organic turnips, but refuse to +report the transaction to the IRS (as required by law, +believe it or not). Or maybe I want to meet other humans for +consensual but illegal acts of mutual pleasure (this has +actually been tried, but all the hard-sex BBSs have been +busted--and what use is an underground with +_lousy_security_?). In short, assume that I'm fed up with +mere information, the ghost in the machine. According to +you, computers should already be quite capable of +facilitating my desires for food, drugs, sex, tax evasion. +So what's the matter? Why isn't it happening? + +The TAZ has occurred, is occurring, and will occur with or +without the computer. But for the TAZ to reach its full +potential it must become less a matter of spontaneous +combustion and more a matter of "islands in the Net." The +Net, or rather the counter-Net, assumes the promise of an +integral aspect of the TAZ, an addition that will multiply +its potential, a "quantum jump" (odd how this expression has +come to mean a _big_ leap) in complexity and significance. +The TAZ must now exist within a world of pure space, the +world of the senses. Liminal, even evanescent, the TAZ must +combine information and desire in order to fulfill its +adventure (its "happening"), in order to fill itself to the +borders of its destiny, to saturate itself with its own +becoming. + +Perhaps the Neo-Paleolithic School are correct when they +assert that all forms of alienation and mediation must be +destroyed or abandoned before our goals can be realized--or +perhaps true anarchy will be realized only in Outer Space, +as some futuro-libertarians assert. But the TAZ does not +concern itself very much with "was" or "will be." The TAZ is +interested in results, successful raids on consensus +reality, breakthroughs into more intense and more abundant +life. If the computer cannot be used in this project, then +the computer will have to be overcome. My intuition however +suggests that the counter-Net is already coming into being, +perhaps already exists--but I cannot prove it. I've based +the theory of the TAZ in large part on this intuition. Of +course the Web also involves non-computerized networks of +exchange such as samizdat, the black market, etc.--but the +full potential of non-hierarchic information networking +logically leads to the computer as the tool par excellence. +Now I'm waiting for the hackers to prove I'm right, that my +intuition is valid. Where are my turnips? + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 8 +Message-ID: <1lf888INNq4u@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:15:04 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 487 + + +"Gone to Croatan" + +WE HAVE NO DESIRE to define the TAZ or to elaborate dogmas +about how it _must_ be created. Our contention is rather +that it has been created, will be created, and is being +created. Therefore it would prove more valuable and +interesting to look at some TAZs past and present, and to +speculate about future manifestations; by evoking a few +prototypes we may be able to gauge the potential scope of +the complex, and perhaps even get a glimpse of an +"archetype." Rather than attempt any sort of encyclopaedism +we'll adopt a scatter-shot technique, a mosaic of glimpses, +beginning quite arbitrarily with the 16th-17th centuries and +the settlement of the New World. + +The opening of the "new" world was conceived from the start +as an _occultist_operation_. The magus John Dee, spiritual +advisor to Elizabeth I, seems to have invented the concept +of "magical imperialism" and infected an entire generation +with it. Halkyut and Raleigh fell under his spell, and +Raleigh used his connections with the "School of Night"--a +cabal of advanced thinkers, aristocrats, and adepts--to +further the causes of exploration, colonization and +mapmaking. _The_Tempest_ was a propaganda-piece for the new +ideology, and the Roanoke Colony was its first showcase +experiment. + +The alchemical view of the New World associated it with +_materia_prima_ or _hyle_, the "state of Nature," innocence +and all-possibility ("Virgin-ia"), a chaos or inchoateness +which the adept would transmute into "gold," that is, into +spiritual perfection _as_well_as_ material abundance. +But this alchemical vision is also informed in part by an +actual fascination with the inchoate, a sneaking sympathy +for it, a feeling of yearning for its formless form which +took the symbol of the "Indian" for its focus: "Man" _in_ +the state of nature, uncorrupted by "government." Caliban, +the Wild Man, is lodged like a virus in the very machine of +Occult Imperialism; the forest/animal/humans are invested +from the very start with the magic power of the marginal, +despised and outcaste. On the one hand Caliban is ugly, and +Nature a "howling wilderness"--on the other, Caliban is +noble and unchained, and Nature an Eden. This split in +European consciousness predates the Romantic/Classical +dichotomy; it's rooted in Renaissance High Magic. The +discovery of America (Eldorado, the Fountain of Youth) +crystallized it; and it precipitated in actual schemes for +colonization. + +We were taught in elementary school that the first +settlements in Roanoke failed; the colonists disappeared, +leaving behind them only the cryptic message "Gone To +Croatan." Later reports of "grey-eyed Indians" were +dismissed as legend. What really happened, the textbook +implied, was that the Indians massacred the defenseless +settlers. However, "Croatan" was not some Eldorado; it was +the name of a neighboring tribe of friendly Indians. +Apparently the settlement was simply moved back from the +coast into the Great Dismal Swamp and absorbed into the +tribe. And the grey-eyed Indians were real--they're +_still_there_, and they still call themselves Croatans. + +So--the very first colony in the New World chose to renounce +its contract with Prospero (Dee/Raleigh/Empire) and go over +to the Wild Men with Caliban. They dropped out. They became +"Indians," "went native," opted for chaos over the appalling +miseries of serfing for the plutocrats and intellectuals of +London. + +As America came into being where once there had been "Turtle +Island," Croatan remained embedded in its collective psyche. +Out beyond the frontier, the state of Nature (i.e. no State) +still prevailed--and within the consciousness of the +settlers the option of wildness always lurked, the +temptation to give up on Church, farmwork, literacy, taxes-- +all the burdens of civilization--and "go to Croatan" in some +way or another. Moreover, as the Revolution in England was +betrayed, first by Cromwell and then by Restoration, waves +of Protestant radicals fled or were transported to the New +World (which had now become a _prison_, a place of _exile_). +Antinomians, Familists, rogue Quakers, Levellers, Diggers, +and Ranters were now introduced to the occult shadow of +wildness, and rushed to embrace it. + +Anne Hutchinson and her friends were only the best known +(i.e. the most upper-class) of the Antinomians--having had +the bad luck to be caught up in Bay Colony politics--but a +much more radical wing of the movement clearly existed. The +incidents Hawthorne relates in "The Maypole of Merry Mount" +are thoroughly historical; apparently the extremists had +decided to renounce Christianity altogether and revert to +paganism. If they had succeeded in uniting with their Indian +allies the result might have been an +Antinomian/Celtic/Algonquin syncretic religion, a sort of +17th century North American _Santeria_. + +Sectarians were able to thrive better under the looser and +more corrupt administrations in the Caribbean, where rival +European interests had left many islands deserted or even +unclaimed. Barbados and Jamaica in particular must have been +settled by many extremists, and I believe that Levellerish +and Ranterish influences contributed to the Buccaneer +"utopia" on Tortuga. Here for the first time, thanks to +Esquemelin, we can study a successful New World proto-TAZ in +some depth. Fleeing from hideous "benefits" of Imperialism +such as slavery, serfdom, racism and intolerance, from the +tortures of impressment and the living death of the +plantations, the Buccaneers adopted Indian ways, +intermarried with Caribs, accepted blacks and Spaniards as +equals, rejected all nationality, elected their captains +democratically, and reverted to the "state of Nature." +Having declared themselves "at war with all the world," they +sailed forth to plunder under mutual contracts called +"Articles" which were so egalitarian that every member +received a full share and the Captain usually only 1 1/4 or +1 1/2 shares. Flogging and punishments were forbidden-- +quarrels were settled by vote or by the code duello. + +It is simply wrong to brand the pirates as mere sea-going +highwaymen or even proto-capitalists, as some historians +have done. In a sense they were "social bandits," although +their base communities were not traditional peasant +societies but "utopias" created almost ex nihilo in terra +incognita, enclaves of total liberty occupying empty spaces +on the map. After the fall of Tortuga, the Buccaneer ideal +remained alive all through the "Golden Age" of Piracy (ca. +1660-1720), and resulted in land-settlements in Belize, for +example, which was founded by Buccaneers. Then, as the scene +shifted to Madagascar--an island still unclaimed by any +imperial power and ruled only by a patchwork of native kings +(chiefs) eager for pirate allies--the Pirate Utopia reached +its highest form. + +Defoe's account of Captain Mission and the founding of +Libertatia may be, as some historians claim, a literary hoax +meant to propagandize for radical Whig theory--but it was +embedded in _The_General_History_of_the_Pyrates_ (1724-28), +most of which is still accepted as true and accurate. +Moreover the story of Capt. Mission was not criticized when +the book appeared and many old Madagascar hands still +survived. _They_ seem to have believed it, no doubt because +they had experienced pirate enclaves very much like +Libertatia. Once again, rescued slaves, natives, and even +traditional enemies such as the Portuguese were all invited +to join as equals. (Liberating slave ships was a major +preoccupation.) Land was held in common, representatives +elected for short terms, booty shared; doctrines of liberty +were preached far more radical than even those of +_Common_Sense_. + +Libertatia hoped to endure, and Mission died in its defense. +But most of the pirate utopias were meant to be temporary; +in fact the corsairs' true "republics" were their ships, +which sailed under Articles. The shore enclaves usually had +no law at all. The last classic example, Nassau in the +Bahamas, a beachfront resort of shacks and tents devoted to +wine, women (and probably boys too, to judge by Birge's +_Sodomy_and_Piracy_), song (the pirates were inordinately +fond of music and used to hire on bands for entire cruises), +and wretched excess, vanished overnight when the British +fleet appeared in the Bay. Blackbeard and "Calico Jack" +Rackham and his crew of pirate women moved on to wilder +shores and nastier fates, while others meekly accepted the +Pardon and reformed. But the Buccaneer tradition lasted, +both in Madagascar where the mixed-blood children of the +pirates began to carve out kingdoms of their own, and in the +Caribbean, where escaped slaves as well as mixed +black/white/red groups were able to thrive in the mountains +and backlands as "Maroons." The Maroon community in Jamaica +still retained a degree of autonomy and many of the old +folkways when Zora Neale Hurston visited there in the 1920's +(see _Tell_My_Horse_). The Maroons of Suriname still +practice African "paganism." + +Throughout the 18th century, North America also produced a +number of drop-out "tri-racial isolate communities." (This +clinical-sounding term was invented by the Eugenics +Movement, which produced the first scientific studies of +these communities. Unfortunately the "science" merely served +as an excuse for hatred of racial "mongrels" and the poor, +and the "solution to the problem" was usually forced +sterilization.) The nuclei invariably consisted of runaway +slaves and serfs, "criminals" (i.e. the very poor), +"prostitutes" (i.e. white women who married non-whites), and +members of various native tribes. In some cases, such as the +Seminole and Cherokee, the traditional tribal structure +absorbed the newcomers; in other cases, new tribes were +formed. Thus we have the Maroons of the Great Dismal Swamp, +who persisted through the 18th and 19th centuries, adopting +runaway slaves, functioning as a way station on the +Underground Railway, and serving as a religious and +ideological center for slave rebellions. The religion was +HooDoo, a mixture of African, native, and Christian +elements, and according to the historian H. Leaming-Bey the +elders of the faith and the leaders of the Great Dismal +Maroons were known as "the Seven Finger High Glister." + +The Ramapaughs of northern New Jersey (incorrectly known as +the "Jackson Whites") present another romantic and +archetypal genealogy: freed slaves of the Dutch poltroons, +various Delaware and Algonquin clans, the usual +"prostitutes," the "Hessians" (a catch-phrase for lost +British mercenaries, drop-out Loyalists, etc.), and local +bands of social bandits such as Claudius Smith's. + +An African-Islamic origin is claimed by some of the groups, +such as the Moors of Delaware and the Ben Ishmaels, who +migrated from Kentucky to Ohio in the mid-18th century. The +Ishmaels practiced polygamy, never drank alcohol, made their +living as minstrels, intermarried with Indians and adopted +their customs, and were so devoted to nomadism that they +built their houses on wheels. Their annual migration +triangulated on frontier towns with names like Mecca and +Medina. In the 19th century some of them espoused anarchist +ideals, and they were targeted by the Eugenicists for a +particularly vicious pogrom of salvation-by-extermination. +Some of the earliest Eugenics laws were passed in their +honor. As a tribe they "disappeared" in the 1920's, but +probably swelled the ranks of early "Black Islamic" sects +such as the Moorish Science Temple. +I myself grew up on legends of the "Kallikaks" of the nearby +New Jersey Pine Barrens (and of course on Lovecraft, a rabid +racist who was fascinated by the isolate communities). The +legends turned out to be folk-memories of the slanders of +the Eugenicists, whose U.S. headquarters were in Vineland, +NJ, and who undertook the usual "reforms" against +"miscegenation" and "feeblemindedness" in the Barrens +(including the publication of photographs of the Kallikaks, +crudely and obviously retouched to make them look like +monsters of misbreeding). + +The "isolate communities"--at least, those which have +retained their identity into the 20th century--consistently +refuse to be absorbed into either mainstream culture or the +black "subculture" into which modern sociologists prefer to +categorize them. In the 1970's, inspired by the Native +American renaissance, a number of groups--including the +Moors and the Ramapaughs--applied to the B.I.A. for +recognition as _Indian_tribes_. They received support from +native activists but were refused official status. If they'd +won, after all, it might have set a dangerous precedent for +drop-outs of all sorts, from "white Peyotists" and hippies +to black nationalists, aryans, anarchists and libertarians-- +a "reservation" for anyone and everyone! The "European +Project" cannot recognize the existence of the Wild Man-- +green chaos is still too much of a threat to the imperial +dream of order. + +Essentially the Moors and Ramapaughs rejected the +"diachronic" or historical explanation of their origins in +favor of a "synchronic" self-identity based on a "myth" of +Indian adoption. Or to put it another way, +_they_named_themselves_"Indians."_ If everyone who wished +"to be an Indian" could accomplish this by an act of self- +naming, imagine what a departure to Croatan would take +place. That old occult shadow still haunts the remnants of +our forests (which, by the way, have greatly increased in +the Northeast since the 18-19th century as vast tracts of +farmland return to scrub. Thoreau on his deathbed dreamed of +the return of "...Indians...forests...": the return of the +repressed). + +The Moors and Ramapaughs of course have good materialist +reasons to think of themselves as Indians--after all, they +have Indian ancestors--but if we view their self-naming in +"mythic" as well as historical terms we'll learn more of +relevance to our quest for the TAZ. Within tribal societies +there exist what some anthropologists call _mannenbunden_: +totemic societies devoted to an identity with "Nature" in +the act of shapeshifting, of _becoming_ the totem-animal +(werewolves, jaguar shamans, leopard men, cat-witches, +etc.). In the context of an entire colonial society (as +Taussig points out in +_Shamanism,_Colonialism_and_the_Wild_Man_) the shapeshifting +power is seen as inhering in the native culture as a whole-- +thus the most repressed sector of the society acquires a +paradoxical power through the myth of its occult knowledge, +which is feared and desired by the colonist. Of course the +natives really do have certain occult knowledge; but in +response to Imperial perception of native culture as a kind +of "spiritual wild(er)ness," the natives come to see +themselves more and more consciously in that role. Even as +they are marginalized, the _Margin_ takes on an aura of +magic. Before the whiteman, they were simply tribes of +people--now, they are "guardians of Nature," inhabitants of +the "state of Nature." Finally the colonist himself is +seduced by this "myth." Whenever an American wants to drop +out or back into Nature, invariably he "becomes an Indian." +The Massachusetts radical democrats (spiritual descendents +of the radical Protestants) who organized the Tea Party, and +who literally believed that governments could be abolished +(the whole Berkshire region declared itself in a "state of +Nature"!), disguised themselves as "Mohawks." Thus the +colonists, who suddenly saw themselves marginalized vis- - +vis the motherland, adopted the role of the marginalized +natives, thereby (in a sense) seeking to participate in +their occult power, their mythic radiance. From the Mountain +Men to the Boy Scouts, the dream of "becoming an Indian" +flows beneath myriad strands of American history, culture +and consciousness. + +The sexual imagery connected to "tri-racial" groups also +bears out this hypothesis. "Natives" of course are always +immoral, but racial renegades and drop-outs must be +downright polymorphous-perverse. The Buccaneers were +buggers, the Maroons and Mountain Men were miscegenists, the +"Jukes and Kallikaks" indulged in fornication and incest +(leading to mutations such as polydactyly), the children ran +around naked and masturbated openly, etc., etc. Reverting to +a "state of Nature" paradoxically seems to allow for the +practice of every "_un_natural" act; or so it would appear +if we believe the Puritans and Eugenicists. And since many +people in repressed moralistic racist societies secretly +desire exactly these licentious acts, they project them +outwards onto the marginalized, and thereby convince +themselves that they themselves remain civilized and pure. +And in fact some marginalized communities do really reject +consensus morality--the pirates certainly did!--and no doubt +actually act out some of civilization's repressed desires. +(_Wouldn't_you?_) Becoming "wild" is always an erotic act, +an act of nakedness. +Before leaving the subject of the "tri-racial isolates," I'd +like to recall Nietzsche's enthusiasm for "race mixing." +Impressed by the vigor and beauty of hybrid cultures, he +offered miscegenation not only as a solution to the problem +of race but also as the principle for a new humanity freed +of ethnic and national chauvinism--a precursor to the +"psychic nomad," perhaps. Nietzsche's dream still seems as +remote now as it did to him. Chauvinism still rules OK. +Mixed cultures remain submerged. But the autonomous zones of +the Buccaneers and Maroons, Ishmaels and Moors, Ramapaughs +and "Kallikaks" remain, or their stories remain, as +indications of what Nietzsche might have called "the Will to +Power as Disappearance." We must return to this theme. + +Music as an Organizational Principle + +MEANWHILE, HOWEVER, WE TURN to the history of classical +anarchism in the light of the TAZ concept. + +Before the "closure of the map," a good deal of anti- +authoritarian energy went into "escapist" communes such as +Modern Times, the various Phalansteries, and so on. +Interestingly, some of them were not intended to last +"forever," but only as long as the project proved +fulfilling. By Socialist/Utopian standards these experiments +were "failures," and therefore we know little about them. + +When escape beyond the frontier proved impossible, the era +of revolutionary urban Communes began in Europe. The +Communes of Paris, Lyons and Marseilles did not survive long +enough to take on any characteristics of permanence, and one +wonders if they were meant to. From our point of view the +chief matter of fascination is the _spirit_ of the Communes. +During and after these years anarchists took up the practice +of revolutionary nomadism, drifting from uprising to +uprising, looking to keep alive in themselves the intensity +of spirit they experienced in the moment of insurrection. In +fact, certain anarchists of the Stirnerite/Nietzschean +strain came to look on this activity as an end in itself, a +way of _always_occupying_an_autonomous_zone_, the interzone +which opens up in the midst or wake of war and revolution +(cf. Pynchon's "zone" in _Gravity's_Rainbow_). They declared +that if any socialist revolution _succeeded_, they'd be the +first to turn against it. Short of universal anarchy they +had no intention of ever stopping. In Russia in 1917 they +greeted the free Soviets with joy: _this_ was their goal. +But as soon as the Bolsheviks betrayed the Revolution, the +individualist anarchists were the first to go back on the +warpath. After Kronstadt, of course, _all_ anarchists +condemned the "Soviet Union" (a contradiction in terms) and +moved on in search of new insurrections. + +Makhno's Ukraine and anarchist Spain were meant to have +_duration_, and despite the exigencies of continual war both +succeeded to a certain extent: not that they lasted a "long +time," but they were successfully organized and could have +persisted if not for outside aggression. Therefore, from +among the experiments of the inter-War period I'll +concentrate instead on the madcap Republic of Fiume, which +is much less well known, and was _not_ meant to endure. +Gabriele D'Annunzio, Decadent poet, artist, musician, +aesthete, womanizer, pioneer daredevil aeronautist, black +magician, genius and cad, emerged from World War I as a hero +with a small army at his beck and command: the "Arditi." At +a loss for adventure, he decided to capture the city of +Fiume from Yugoslavia and _give_ it to Italy. After a +necromantic ceremony with his mistress in a cemetery in +Venice he set out to conquer Fiume, and succeeded without +any trouble to speak of. But Italy turned down his generous +offer; the Prime Minister called him a fool. +In a huff, D'Annunzio decided to declare independence and +see how long he could get away with it. He and one of his +anarchist friends wrote the Constitution, which declared +_music_to_be_the_central_principle_of_the_State_. The Navy +(made up of deserters and Milanese anarchist maritime +unionists) named themselves the _Uscochi_, after the long- +vanished pirates who once lived on local offshore islands +and preyed on Venetian and Ottoman shipping. The modern +Uscochi succeeded in some wild coups: several rich Italian +merchant vessels suddenly gave the Republic a future: money +in the coffers! Artists, bohemians, adventurers, anarchists +(D'Annunzio corresponded with Malatesta), fugitives and +Stateless refugees, homosexuals, military dandies (the +uniform was black with pirate skull-&-crossbones--later +stolen by the SS), and crank reformers of every stripe +(including Buddhists, Theosophists and Vedantists) began to +show up at Fiume in droves. The party never stopped. Every +morning D'Annunzio read poetry and manifestos from his +balcony; every evening a concert, then fireworks. This made +up the entire activity of the government. Eighteen months +later, when the wine and money had run out and the Italian +fleet _finally_ showed up and lobbed a few shells at the +Municipal Palace, no one had the energy to resist. + +D'Annunzio, like many Italian anarchists, later veered +toward fascism--in fact, Mussolini (the ex-Syndicalist) +himself seduced the poet along that route. By the time +D'Annunzio realized his error it was too late: he was too +old and sick. But Il Duce had him killed anyway--pushed off +a balcony--and turned him into a "martyr." As for Fiume, +though it lacked the _seriousness_ of the free Ukraine or +Barcelona, it can probably teach us more about certain +aspects of our quest. It was in some ways the last of the +pirate utopias (or the only modern example)--in other ways, +perhaps, it was very nearly the first modern TAZ. + +I believe that if we compare Fiume with the Paris uprising +of 1968 (also the Italian urban insurrections of the early +seventies), as well as with the American countercultural +communes and their anarcho-New Left influences, we should +notice certain similarities, such as:--the importance of +aesthetic theory (cf. the Situationists)--also, what might +be called "pirate economics," living high off the surplus of +social overproduction--even the popularity of colorful +military uniforms--and the concept of _music_ as +revolutionary social change--and finally their shared air of +impermanence, of being ready to move on, shape-shift, re- +locate to other universities, mountaintops, ghettos, +factories, safe houses, abandoned farms--or even other +planes of reality. No one was trying to impose yet another +Revolutionary Dictatorship, either at Fiume, Paris, or +Millbrook. Either the world would change, or it wouldn't. +Meanwhile keep on the move and _live_intensely_. + +The Munich Soviet (or "Council Republic") of 1919 exhibited +certain features of the TAZ, even though--like most +revolutions--its stated goals were not exactly "temporary." +Gustav Landauer's participation as Minister of Culture along +with Silvio Gesell as Minister of Economics and other anti- +authoritarian and extreme libertarian socialists such as the +poet/playwrights Erich M hsam and Ernst Toller, and Ret +Marut (the novelist B. Traven), gave the Soviet a distinct +anarchist flavor. Landauer, who had spent years of isolation +working on his grand synthesis of Nietzsche, Proudhon, +Kropotkin, Stirner, Meister Eckhardt, the radical mystics, +and the Romantic _volk_-philosophers, knew from the start +that the Soviet was doomed; he hoped only that it would last +long enough to be _understood_. Kurt Eisner, the martyred +founder of the Soviet, believed quite literally that poets +and poetry should form the basis of the revolution. Plans +were launched to devote a large piece of Bavaria to an +experiment in anarcho-socialist economy and community. +Landauer drew up proposals for a Free School system and a +People's Theater. Support for the Soviet was more or less +confined to the poorest working-class and bohemian +neighborhoods of Munich, and to groups like the Wandervogel +(the neo-Romantic youth movement), Jewish radicals (like +Buber), the Expressionists, and other marginals. Thus +historians dismiss it as the "Coffeehouse Republic" and +belittle its significance in comparison with Marxist and +Spartacist participation in Germany's post-War +revolution(s). Outmaneuvered by the Communists and +eventually murdered by soldiers under the influence of the +occult/fascist Thule Society, Landauer deserves to be +remembered as a saint. Yet even anarchists nowadays tend to +misunderstand and condemn him for "selling out" to a +"socialist government." If the Soviet had lasted even a +year, we would weep at the mention of its beauty--but before +even the first flowers of that Spring had wilted, the +_geist_ and the spirit of poetry were crushed, and we have +forgotten. Imagine what it must have been to breathe the air +of a city in which the Minister of Culture has just +predicted that schoolchildren will soon be memorizing the +works of Walt Whitman. Ah for a time machine... + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 9 +Message-ID: <1lf8a3INNq6h@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:16:03 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 565 + + +The Will to Power as Disappearance + +FOUCAULT, BAUDRILLARD, _ET_AL_. have discussed various modes +of "disappearance" at great length. Here I wish to suggest +that the TAZ is in some sense a _tactic_of_disappearance_. +When the Theorists speak of the disappearance of the Social +they mean in part the impossibility of the "Social +Revolution," and in part the impossibility of "the State"-- +the abyss of power, the end of the discourse of power. The +anarchist question in this case should then be: Why _bother_ +to confront a "power" which has lost all meaning and become +sheer Simulation? Such confrontations will only result in +dangerous and ugly spasms of violence by the emptyheaded +shit-for-brains who've inherited the keys to all the +armories and prisons. (Perhaps this is a crude american +misunderstanding of sublime and subtle Franco-Germanic +Theory. If so, fine; whoever said _understanding_ was needed +to make use of an idea?) + +As I read it, disappearance seems to be a very logical +radical option for our time, not at all a disaster or death +for the radical project. Unlike the morbid deathfreak +nihilistic interpretation of Theory, mine intends to _mine_ +it for useful strategies in the always-ongoing "revolution +of everyday life": the struggle that cannot cease even with +the last failure of political or social revolution because +nothing except the end of the world can bring an end to +everyday life, nor to our aspirations for the _good_things_, +for the Marvelous. And as Nietzsche said, if the world +_could_ come to an end, logically it would have done so; it +has not, so it _does_not_. And so, as one of the sufis said, +no matter how many draughts of forbidden wine we drink, we +will carry this raging thirst into eternity. + +Zerzan and Black have independently noted certain "elements +of Refusal" (Zerzan's term) which perhaps can be seen as +somehow symptomatic of a radical culture of disappearance, +partly unconscious but partly conscious, which influences +far more people than any leftist or anarchist _idea_. These +gestures are made _against_ institutions, and in that sense +are "negative"--but each negative gesture also suggests a +"positive" tactic to replace rather than merely refuse the +despised institution. + +For example, the negative gesture against _schooling_ is +"voluntary illiteracy." Since I do not share the liberal +worship of literacy for the sake of social ameliorization, I +cannot quite share the gasps of dismay heard everywhere at +this phenomenon: I sympathize with children who refuse books +along with the garbage in the books. There are however +positive alternatives which make use of the same energy of +disappearance. Home-schooling and craft-apprenticeship, like +truancy, result in an absence from the prison of school. +Hacking is another form of "education" with certain features +of "invisibility." + +A mass-scale negative gesture against politics consists +simply of not voting. "Apathy" (i.e. a healthy boredom with +the weary Spectacle) keeps over half the nation from the +polls; anarchism never accomplished as much! (Nor did +anarchism have anything to do with the failure of the recent +Census.) Again, there are positive parallels: "networking" +as an alternative to politics is practiced at many levels of +society, and non-hierarchic organization has attained +popularity even outside the anarchist movement, simply +because it _works_. (ACT UP and Earth First! are two +examples. Alcoholics Anonymous, oddly enough, is another.) + +Refusal of _Work_ can take the forms of absenteeism, on-job +drunkenness, sabotage, and sheer inattention--but it can +also give rise to new modes of rebellion: more self- +employment, participation in the "black" economy and +"_lavoro_nero_," welfare scams and other criminal options, +pot farming, etc.--all more or less "invisible" activities +compared to traditional leftist confrontational tactics such +as the general strike. + +Refusal of the _Church_? Well, the "negative gesture" here +probably consists of...watching television. But the positive +alternatives include all sorts of non-authoritarian forms of +spirituality, from "unchurched" Christianity to neo- +paganism. The "Free Religions" as I like to call them-- +small, self-created, half-serious/half-fun cults influenced +by such currents as Discordianism and anarcho-Taoism--are to +be found all over marginal America, and provide a growing +"fourth way" outside the mainstream churches, the +televangelical bigots, and New Age vapidity and consumerism. +It might also be said that the chief refusal of orthodoxy +consists of the construction of "private moralities" in the +Nietzschean sense: the spirituality of "free spirits." + +The negative refusal of _Home_ is "homelessness," which most +consider a form of victimization, not wishing to be _forced_ +into nomadology. But "homelessness" can in a sense be a +virtue, an adventure--so it appears, at least, to the huge +international movement of the squatters, our modern hobos. + +The negative refusal of the _Family_ is clearly divorce, or +some other symptom of "breakdown." The positive alternative +springs from the realization that life can be happier +without the nuclear family, whereupon a hundred flowers +bloom--from single parentage to group marriage to erotic +affinity group. The "European Project" fights a major +rearguard action in defense of "Family"--oedipal misery lies +at the heart of Control. Alternatives exist--but they must +remain in hiding, especially since the War against Sex of +the 1980's and 1990's. + +What is the refusal of _Art_? The "negative gesture" is not +to be found in the silly nihilism of an "Art Strike" or the +defacing of some famous painting--it is to be seen in the +almost universal glassy-eyed boredom that creeps over most +people at the very mention of the word. But what would the +"positive gesture" consist of? Is it possible to imagine an +aesthetics that does not _engage_, that removes itself from +History and even from the Market? or at least _tends_ to do +so? which wants to replace representation with _presence_? +How does presence make itself felt even in (or through) +representation? + +"Chaos Linguistics" traces a presence which is continually +disappearing from all orderings of language and meaning- +systems; an elusive presence, evanescent, _latif_ ("subtle," +a term in sufi alchemy)--the Strange Attractor around which +memes accrue, chaotically forming new and spontaneous +orders. Here we have an aesthetics of the borderland between +chaos and order, the margin, the area of "catastrophe" where +the breakdown of the system can equal enlightenment. (Note: +for an explanation of "Chaos Linguistics" see Appendix A, +then please read this paragraph again.) + +The disappearance of the artist IS "the suppression and +realization of art," in Situationist terms. But from where +do we vanish? And are we ever seen or heard of again? We go +to Croatan--what's our fate? All our art consists of a +goodbye note to history--"Gone To Croatan"--but where is it, +and what will we _do_ there? + +First: We're not talking here about literally vanishing from +the world and its future:--no escape backward in time to +paleolithic "original leisure society"--no forever utopia, +no backmountain hideaway, no island; also, no post- +Revolutionary utopia--most likely no Revolution at all!-- +also, no VONU, no anarchist Space Stations--nor do we accept +a "Baudrillardian disappearance" into the silence of an +ironic hyperconformity. I have no quarrel with any Rimbauds +who escape Art for whatever Abyssinia they can find. But we +can't build an aesthetics, even an aesthetics of +disappearance, on the simple act of _never_coming_back_. By +saying we're not an avant-garde and that there is no avant- +garde, we've written our "Gone To Croatan"--the question +then becomes, how to envision "everyday life" in Croatan? +particularly if we cannot say that Croatan exists in Time +(Stone Age or Post-Revolution) or Space, either as utopia or +as some forgotten midwestern town or as Abyssinia? Where and +when is the world of unmediated creativity? If it _can_ +exist, it _does_ exist--but perhaps only as a sort of +alternate reality which we so far have not learned to +perceive. Where would we look for the seeds--the weeds +cracking through our sidewalks--from this other world into +our world? the clues, the right directions for searching? a +finger pointing at the moon? + +I believe, or would at least like to propose, that the only +solution to the "suppression and realization" of Art lies in +the emergence of the TAZ. I would strongly reject the +criticism that the TAZ itself is "nothing but" a work of +art, although it may have some of the trappings. I do +suggest that the TAZ is the only possible "time" and "place" +for art to happen for the sheer pleasure of creative play, +and as an actual contribution to the forces which allow the +TAZ to cohere and manifest. + +Art in the World of Art has become a commodity; but deeper +than that lies the problem of _re-presentation_ itself, and +the refusal of all _mediation_. In the TAZ art as a +commodity will simply become impossible; it will instead be +a condition of life. Mediation is harder to overcome, but +the removal of all barriers between artists and "users" of +art will tend toward a condition in which (as A.K. +Coomaraswamy described it) "the artist is not a special sort +of person, but every person is a special sort of artist." + +In sum: disappearance is not necessarily a "catastrophe"-- +except in the mathematical sense of "a sudden topological +change." All the _positive_gestures_ sketched here seem to +involve various degrees of invisibility rather than +traditional revolutionary confrontation. The "New Left" +never really believed in its own existence till it saw +itself on the Evening News. The New Autonomy, by contrast, +will either infiltrate the media and subvert "it" from +within--or else never be "seen" at all. The TAZ exists not +only beyond Control but also beyond definition, beyond +gazing and naming as acts of enslaving, beyond the +understanding of the State, beyond the State's ability to +_see_. + +Ratholes in the Babylon of Information + +THE TAZ AS A CONSCIOUS radical tactic will emerge under +certain conditions: + +1. Psychological liberation. That is, we must realize (make +real) the moments and spaces in which freedom is not only +possible but _actual_. We must know in what ways we are +genuinely oppressed, and also in what ways we are self- +repressed or ensnared in a fantasy in which _ideas_ oppress +us. WORK, for example, is a far more actual source of misery +for most of us than legislative politics. Alienation is far +more dangerous for us than toothless outdated dying +ideologies. Mental addiction to "ideals"--which in fact turn +out to be mere projections of our resentment and sensations +of victimization--will never further our project. The TAZ is +not a harbinger of some pie-in-the-sky Social Utopia to +which we must sacrifice our lives that our children's +children may breathe a bit of free air. The TAZ must be the +scene of our present autonomy, but it can only exist on the +condition that we already know ourselves as free beings. + +2. The _counter-Net_ must expand. At present it reflects +more abstraction than actuality. Zines and BBSs exchange +information, which is part of the necessary groundwork of +the TAZ, but very little of this information relates to +concrete goods and services necessary for the autonomous +life. We do not live in CyberSpace; to dream that we do is +to fall into CyberGnosis, the false transcendence of the +body. The TAZ is a physical place and we are either in it or +not. All the senses must be involved. The Web is like a new +sense in some ways, but it must be _added_ to the others-- +the others must not be subtracted from it, as in some +horrible parody of the mystic trance. Without the Web, the +full realization of the TAZ-complex would be impossible. But +the Web is not the end in itself. It's a weapon. + +3. The apparatus of Control--the "State"--must (or so we +must assume) continue to deliquesce and petrify +simultaneously, must progress on its present course in which +hysterical rigidity comes more and more to mask a vacuity, +an abyss of power. As power "disappears," our will to power +must be disappearance. + +We've already dealt with the question of whether the TAZ can +be viewed "merely" as a work of art. But you will also +demand to know whether it is more than a poor rat-hole in +the Babylon of Information, or rather a maze of tunnels, +more and more connected, but devoted only to the economic +dead-end of piratical parasitism? I'll answer that I'd +rather be a rat in the wall than a rat in the cage--but I'll +also insist that the TAZ transcends these categories. + +A world in which the TAZ succeeded in _putting_down_roots_ +might resemble the world envisioned by "P.M." in his fantasy +novel _bolo'bolo_. Perhaps the TAZ is a "proto-bolo." But +inasmuch as the TAZ exists _now_, it stands for much more +than the mundanity of negativity or countercultural drop-out- +ism. We've mentioned the _festal_ aspect of the moment which +is unControlled, and which adheres in spontaneous self- +ordering, however brief. It is "epiphanic"--a peak +experience on the social as well as individual scale. + +Liberation is realized _in_ struggle--this is the essence of +Nietzsche's "self-overcoming." The present thesis might also +take for a sign Nietzsche's _wandering_. It is the precursor +of the _drift_, in the Situ sense of the _derive_ and +Lyotard's definition of _driftwork_. We can foresee a whole +new geography, a kind of pilgrimage-map in which holy sites +are replaced by peak experiences and TAZs: a _real_ science +of psychotopography, perhaps to be called "geo-autonomy" or +"anarchomancy." + +The TAZ involves a kind of _ferality_, a growth from +tameness to wild(er)ness, a "return" which is also a step +forward. It also demands a "yoga" of chaos, a project of +"higher" orderings (of consciousness or simply of life) +which are approached by "surfing the wave-front of chaos," +of complex dynamism. The TAZ is an art of life in continual +rising up, wild but gentle--a seducer not a rapist, a +smuggler rather than a bloody pirate, a dancer not an +eschatologist. + +Let us admit that we have attended parties where for one +brief night a republic of gratified desires was attained. +Shall we not confess that the politics of that night have +more reality and force for us than those of, say, the entire +U.S. Government? Some of the "parties" we've mentioned +lasted for two or three _years_. Is this something worth +imagining, worth fighting for? Let us study invisibility, +webworking, psychic nomadism--and who knows what we might +attain? + +--Spring Equinox, 1990 + +Appendix A. Chaos Linguistics + +NOT YET A SCIENCE but a proposition: That certain problems +in linguistics might be solved by viewing language as a +complex dynamical system or "Chaos field." + +Of all the responses to Saussure's linguistics, two have +special interest here: the first, "antilinguistics," can be +traced--in the modern period--from Rimbaud's departure for +Abyssinia; to Nietzsche's "I fear that while we still have +grammar we have not yet killed God"; to dada; to Korzybski's +"the Map is not the Territory"; to Burroughs' cut-ups and +"breakthrough in the Gray Room"; to Zerzan's attack on +language itself as representation and mediation. + +The second, Chomskyan Linguistics, with its belief in +"universal grammar" and its tree diagrams, represents (I +believe) an attempt to "save" language by discovering +"hidden invariables," much in the same way certain +scientists are trying to "save" physics from the +"irrationality" of quantum mechanics. Although as an +anarchist Chomsky might have been expected to side with the +nihilists, in fact his beautiful theory has more in common +with platonism or sufism than with anarchism. Traditional +metaphysics describes language as pure light shining through +the colored glass of the archetypes; Chomsky speaks of +"innate" grammars. Words are leaves, branches are sentences, +mother tongues are limbs, language families are trunks, and +the roots are in "heaven"...or the DNA. I call this +"hermetalinguistics"--hermetic and metaphysical. Nihilism +(or "HeavyMetalinguistics" in honor of Burroughs) seems to +me to have brought language to a dead end and threatened to +render it "impossible" (a great feat, but a depressing one)- +-while Chomsky holds out the promise and hope of a last- +minute revelation, which I find equally difficult to accept. +I too would like to "save" language, but without recourse to +any "Spooks," or supposed rules about God, dice, and the +Universe. + +Returning to Saussure, and his posthumously published notes +on anagrams in Latin poetry, we find certain hints of a +process which somehow escapes the sign/signifier dynamic. +Saussure was confronted with the suggestion of some sort of +"meta"-linguistics which happens _within_ language rather +than being imposed as a categorical imperative from +"outside." As soon as language begins to play, as in the +acrostic poems he examined, it seems to resonate with self- +amplifying complexity. Saussure tried to quantify the +anagrams but his figures kept running away from him (as if +perhaps nonlinear equations were involved). Also, he began +to find the anagrams _everywhere_, even in Latin prose. He +began to wonder if he were hallucinating--or if anagrams +were a natural unconscious process of _parole_. He abandoned +the project. + +I wonder: if enough of this sort of data were crunched +through a computer, would we begin to be able to model +language in terms of complex dynamical systems? Grammars +then would not be "innate," but would emerge from chaos as +spontaneously evolving "higher orders," in Prigogine's sense +of "creative evolution." Grammars could be thought of as +"Strange Attractors," like the hidden pattern which "caused" +the anagrams--patterns which are "real" but have "existence" +only in terms of the sub-patterns they manifest. If +_meaning_ is elusive, perhaps it is because consciousness +itself, and therefore language, is _fractal_. + +I find this theory more satisfyingly anarchistic than either +anti-linguistics or Chomskyanism. It suggests that language +can overcome representation and mediation, not because it is +innate, but _because_it_is_chaos_. It would suggest that all +dadaistic experimentation (Feyerabend described his school +of scientific epistemology as "anarchist dada") in sound +poetry, gesture, cut-up, beast languages, etc.--all this was +aimed neither at discovering nor destroying meaning, but at +_creating_ it. Nihilism points out gloomily that language +"arbitrarily" creates meaning. Chaos Linguistics happily +agrees, but adds that language can overcome language, that +language can create freedom out of semantic tyranny's +confusion and decay. + +Appendix B. Applied Hedonics + +THE BONNOT GANG WERE vegetarians and drank only water. They +came to a bad (tho' picturesque) end. Vegetables and water, +in themselves excellent things--pure zen really--shouldn't +be consumed as martyrdom but as an epiphany. Self-denial as +radical praxis, the Leveller impulse, tastes of millenarian +gloom--and this current on the Left shares an historical +wellspring with the neo-puritan fundamentalism and moralic +reaction of our decade. The New Ascesis, whether practiced +by anorexic health-cranks, thin-lipped police sociologists, +downtown straight-edge nihilists, cornpone fascist baptists, +socialist torpedoes, drug-free Republicans...in every case +the motive force is the same: _resentment_. + +In the face of contemporary pecksniffian anaesthesia we'll +erect a whole gallery of forebears, heros who carried on the +struggle against bad consciousness but still knew how to +party, a genial gene pool, a rare and difficult category to +define, great minds not just for Truth but for the +_truth_of_pleasure_, serious but not sober, whose sunny +disposition makes them not sluggish but sharp, brilliant but +not tormented. Imagine a Nietzsche with good digestion. Not +the tepid Epicureans nor the bloated Sybarites. Sort of a +spiritual hedonism, an actual Path of Pleasure, vision of a +good life which is both noble and _possible_, rooted in a +sense of the magnificent over-abundance of reality. + +Shaykh Abu Sa'id of Khorassan +Charles Fourier +Brillat-Savarin +Rabelais +Abu Nuwas +Aga Khan III +R. Vaneigem +Oscar Wilde +Omar Khayyam +Sir Richard Burton +Emma Goldman +add your own favorites + +Appendix C. Extra Quotes + +As for us, He has appointed the job of permanent +unemployment. +If he wanted us to work, after all, +He would not have created this _wine_. +With a skinfull of _this_, Sir, +would you rush out to commit economics? + +--Jalaloddin Rumi, _Diwan-e_Shams_ + +Here with a Loaf of Bread beneath the Bough, +A flask of Wine, A Book of Verse--and Thou +Beside me singing in the Wilderness-- +And Wilderness is Paradise enow. +Ah, my Beloved, fill the cup that clears +To-day of past Regrets and future Fears-- +_Tomorrow_?--Why, Tomorrow I may be +Myself with Yesterday's Sev'n Thousand Years. +Ah, Love! could thou and I with Fate conspire +To grasp this sorry Scheme of Things entire, +Would not we shatter it to bits--and then +Re-mould it nearer to the Heart's Desire! + +--Omar FitzGerald + +History, materialism, monism, positivism, and all the "isms" +of this world are old and rusty tools which I don't need or +mind anymore. My principle is life, my end is death. I wish +to live my life intensely for to embrace my life tragically. + +You are waiting for the revolution? My own began a long time +ago! When you will be ready (God, what an endless wait!) I +won't mind going along with you for awhile. But when you'll +stop, I shall continue on my insane and triumphal way toward +the great and sublime conquest of the nothing! +Any society that you build will have its limits. And outside +the limits of any society the unruly and heroic tramps will +wander, with their wild & virgin thoughts--they who cannot +live without planning ever new and dreadful outbursts of +rebellion! + +I shall be among them! + +And after me, as before me, there will be those saying to +their fellows: "So turn to yourselves rather than to your +Gods or to your idols. Find what hides in yourselves; bring +it to light; show yourselves!" + +Because every person; who, searching his own inwardness, +extracts what was mysteriously hidden therein; is a shadow +eclipsing any form of society which can exist under the sun! +All societies tremble when the scornful aristocracy of the +tramps, the inaccessibles, the uniques, the rulers over the +ideal, and the conquerors of the nothing resolutely +advances. +So, come on iconoclasts, forward! + +"Already the foreboding sky grows dark and silent!" + +--Renzo Novatore +Arcola, January, 1920 + +PIRATE RANT + +Captain Bellamy + +Daniel Defoe, writing under the pen name Captain Charles +Johnson, wrote what became the first standard historical +text on pirates, _A_General_History_of_the_Robberies_and_ +Murders_of_the_Most_Notorious_Pirates_. According to Patrick +Pringle's _Jolly_Roger_, pirate recruitment was most +effective among the unemployed, escaped bondsmen, and +transported criminals. The high seas made for an +instantaneous levelling of class inequalities. Defoe relates +that a pirate named Captain Bellamy made this speech to the +captain of a merchant vessel he had taken as a prize. The +captain of the merchant vessel had just declined an +invitation to join the pirates. + +I am sorry they won't let you have your sloop again, for I +scorn to do any one a mischief, when it is not to my +advantage; damn the sloop, we must sink her, and she might +be of use to you. Though you are a sneaking puppy, and so +are all those who will submit to be governed by laws which +rich men have made for their own security; for the cowardly +whelps have not the courage otherwise to defend what they +get by knavery; but damn ye altogether: damn them for a pack +of crafty rascals, and you, who serve them, for a parcel of +hen-hearted numbskulls. They vilify us, the scoundrels do, +when there is only this difference, they rob the poor under +the cover of law, forsooth, and we plunder the rich under +the protection of our own courage. Had you not better make +then one of us, than sneak after these villains for +employment? + +When the captain replied that his conscience would not let +him break the laws of God and man, the pirate Bellamy +continued: + +You are a devilish conscience rascal, I am a free prince, +and I have as much authority to make war on the whole world, +as he who has a hundred sail of ships at sea, and an army of +100,000 men in the field; and this my conscience tells me: +but there is no arguing with such snivelling puppies, who +allow superiors to kick them about deck at pleasure. + +THE DINNER PARTY + +The highest type of human society in the existing social +order is found in the parlor. In the elegant and refined +reunions of the aristocratic classes there is none of the +impertinent interference of legislation. The Individuality +of each is fully admitted. Intercourse, therefore, is +perfectly free. Conversation is continuous, brilliant, and +varied. Groups are formed according to attraction. They are +continuously broken up, and re-formed through the operation +of the same subtile and all-pervading influence. Mutual +deference pervades all classes, and the most perfect +harmony, ever yet attained, in complex human relations, +prevails under precisely those circumstances which +Legislators and Statesmen dread as the conditions of +inevitable anarchy and confusion. If there are laws of +etiquette at all, they are mere suggestions of principles +admitted into and judged of for himself or herself, by each +individual mind. + +Is it conceivable that in all the future progress of +humanity, with all the innumerable elements of development +which the present age is unfolding, society generally, and +in all its relations, will not attain as high a grade of +perfection as certain portions of society, in certain +special relations, have already attained? + +Suppose the intercourse of the parlor to be regulated by +specific legislation. Let the time which each gentleman +shall be allowed to speak to each lady be fixed by law; the +position in which they should sit or stand be precisely +regulated; the subjects which they shall be allowed to speak +of, and the tone of voice and accompanying gestures with +which each may be treated, carefully defined, all under +pretext of preventing disorder and encroachment upon each +other's privileges and rights, then can any thing be +conceived better calculated or more certain to convert +social intercourse into intolerable slavery and hopeless +confusion? + +--S. Pearl Andrews +_The Science of Society_ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/tbtms.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/tbtms.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bf6db08b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/tbtms.txt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ + +The following is a column taken from the April 26, 1994 San Francisco +Chronicle. The author's name is Scott Marley. + +Scott Marley +THE BIBLE TELLS ME SO + +--The `sin' that obsesses some Christians did not rate a mention by +Christ himself. + +Why do Christian fundamentalists hate gays? Because (so they tell +us) they believe the Bible is infallibly true. And the Bible (so +they tell us) condemns homosexuals. + +I've heard that over and over again all my life: The Bible condemns +homosexuals. And I accepted it without question -- until the last +couple of years when I've started reading the Bible for myself. And +I'm more than a little surprised at how little it actually says about +homosexuals -- and how much it says about those who condemn them. + +The Bible's alleged condemnation of homosexuals boils down pretty +much to three passages: the story of Sodom, two verses from +Leviticus, and the first chapter of Romans. + +The Sodom story is Genesis 19. Some angels came to Sodom to visit +Lot, and the men of Sodom gave the angels a hard time, so God +destroyed the city. If you think the word "know" in verse five means +"have carnal knowledge of" (which it occasionally does in the Bible, +though not nearly as often as people seem to think), then maybe the +men wanted to rape the angels, and I suppose that's a homosexual act +of a sort. + +But there are dozens of later references to Sodom, and not once is +any kind of sexual behavior mentioned. In Ezekiel 16:48-49, God +Himself even spells out the sins of Sodom. Homosexuality is not on +His list. And the Bible is infallibly true. + +Leviticus condemns homosexuality twice, in 18:22 and 20:13. It's +part of the Mosaic law, a long list of foods and acts that were +considered unclean, from eating shellfish to cursing your father. +And one of the big themes of the New Testament, I've been +discovering, is that Christians are not bound by Mosaic law. If the +Bible is infallibly true, then Christians may use their own judgment +in choosing whether to follow the Mosaic law, and should stop all +this fretting about those who choose differently. + +And there's the first chapter of Romans, where Paul describes people +who worship idols instead of God, "wherefore God also gave them up to +uncleanness," and they turned to homosexuality and a long list of +other wrongs running the gamut from murder and deceit to whispering. +I've never heard any of these fundamentalists quote this passage all +the way to its punch line: "Therefore art thou inexcusable, O man, +whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, +thou condemnest thyself." Paul isn't telling this story to condemn +the homosexuals: He's condemning the people who condemn the +homosexuals. + +Read Romans all the way through and its hard to miss Paul's point: +He's writing to a group of Jewish Christians who have been +criticising gentile Christians for not keeping the Mosaic law, and +Paul is telling them, politely but firmly, to knock it off. If the +Bible is infallibly true, it's wrong to use Leviticus as a basis for +condemning homosexuals. + +Jesus wasn't faced with AIDS, of course, so we can't be sure what he +would have said or done about it. But he did know another disease +much like AIDS, both in its incurability and in the way that society +shunned its victims. I've read the New Testament a couple of times +through, and I just haven't come across the passage where Jesus goes +to the funerals of lepers carrying a picket sign. + +So it seems to me that a real fundamentalist would be preaching that +it's wrong for a church to exclude people solely because they're gay, +and it seems to me that a real fundamentalist would be following +Jesus' example and trying to bring comfort to people with AIDS, and +perhaps even working toward a cure. The more I get to know the Bible +for myself, the less I think these so-called fundamentalists are any +such thing. I think they're wolves in Lamb of God's clothing. + +--Scott Marley is a writer and editor in the Bay Area. + +THE PRECEDING WAS A COLUMN WRITTEN BY SCOTT MARLEY AND PRINTED IN THE +SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE. IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEWS +AND OPINIONS OF THE PERSON WHO ENTERED IT IN THIS ECHO CONFERENCE. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/tendency.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/tendency.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c616907 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/tendency.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + + +RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARIES + +By Keith A. Gordon + + Along with such equally well-known peers as Black Flag, the Circle Jerks +and X, Suicidal Tendencies emerged from the early eighties L.A. music scene +as full-fledged punk legends, a mythological entity around which more +fiction than fact has been spun by the storytellers. + In reality, Suicidal Tendencies had little to do with the punks they were +often associated with. As equally metallic as punkish hardcore in their +musical orientation, S.T. ignored the local scene and forged a following all +of their own. Openly and accidentally political with their lyrics, S.T. +appealed to a multi-ethnic, lower class audience who were as alienated from +the trendy L.A. music scene as they were from society. + Formed in 1982 by frontman Mike Muir while he was still in high school, +Suicidal Tendencies soon took on a life of its own. "When I was younger," +says Muir, I never said that I wanted to be in a band, because I never did. +I never really liked people too much, so I never really wanted to be around +people. But I always liked music and got hooked up with some people and we +had ideas that we wanted to do...and we got into the situation of where we +are now, ten years later." + The band burst out of their hometown of Venice to become literal +overnight sensations. "We had a lot of songs," says Muir, "so we did the +first record and we were fortunate, we got kind of lucky with it." That 1983 +debut album, recorded in a mere twelve hour, moved an amazing quarter of a +million copies for the small Frontier indie label, spawned a classic song +and video in "Institutionalized" (the first hardcore video ever played on +MTV) and even led to a guest appearance on TV's MIAMI VICE. After that +initial success, however, the band disappeared... + Three years later, S.T. resurfaced as a purely metal band with Muir and +an entirely new line-up. "The second time around we realized that you've got +to learn from your mistakes," says Muir. "We tried to get a +major label deal, and it was really a negative situation. They didn't feel +the same way that we did about our potential, what the band could do." The +band eventually signed with Caroline Records, says Muir, "we did a second +record as an independent and got into the Top 100 in BILLBOARD, and then we +had all of these labels coming back." With eight labels vying to sign them, +S.T. went with Epic Records. + Two successful albums and an E.P. later, including their most recent, the +Grammy-nominated LIGHTS...CAMERA...REVOLUTION, have served to propel +Suicidal Tendencies into the metal mainstream. The band's material, with +lyrics penned by Muir and the whole band often pitching in on the music, are +sharp-edged maelstroms of energy and attitude, all fury and anger which owe +as much to early seventies metal as they do eighties hardcore. Much has +been said about the positive (and often overtly political) messages which +run through the band's material, but S.T. are reluctant revolutionaries. + "I wouldn't necessarily say that I try to bring a message," says Muir, +"obviously, we start out with the music, that's the most important thing. +Lyrically, if somebody gets something out of it, that's a bonus." Muir +incorporates a lot of himself into his songs, however, often bringing his +own struggle for self-awareness and attempt to cope with certain emotions to +his songs. "Certain things do have a lot of meaning to me. I couldn't just +get up there and start singing about a lot of +things that I don't know anything about." Muir's lyrics are based upon his +life, "and my life's not really any different than anybody elses," he says. +"I'm sure that most people go through a lot of the same things." + Last summer's world-wide "Clash Of The Titans" tour along with a recent +arena-level tour with Queensryche has brought the band an even greater +audience, though, ironically enough, they're all but banned from playing on +their home turf. It seems that the racially-mixed band draws an audience +which tends to scare the authorities. "We were bringing in a different crowd +than people were used to seeing," says Muir. Myths spread about the band's +alleged destruction of clubs, of murder and +mayhem commited by the band's diverse following of gang members, punk +rockers, rappers and metalheads. + "As time went on," says Muir, "stories spead, 'oh yeah, I heard that +people were killed at a Suicidal Tendencies show,' and those things never +happened." What did happen was that the band rapidly outgrew the local L.A. +club venues, and in order to play larger halls, they needed police +permits...which, partially because of the stories, weren't forthcoming. Even +a recent show in nearby Irvine, California, the band's first Southern Cal +appearance in six years, which drew 6,000 fans without incident, hasn't +changed the de facto L.A. ban for Suicidal Tendencies. + Poised, as they are, on the bring of superstardom, the band's name often +gets in the way of people's perceptions. "You can't judge a book by its +cover," says Muir. "When we say 'suicidal', the last thing that we're +thinking about is killing ourselves, it's the complete opposite!" As Muir +explains it, to be suicidal is to face life with a certain reckless abandon, +to be able to deal with anything that comes one's way. "To accomplish +anything worthwhile takes effort," says Muir, "and when we say 'suicidal' it +means 'go for it!'." + As Suicidal Tendencies continue to bring their unintentional message of +hope to larger audiences, Muir sums up the band's aspirations succinctly. "I +know that we're not great people," he says, "but we're trying to be, and +that's the most important thing." + + + 30-30-30-30 + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/texas-bb.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/texas-bb.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..44156f46 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/texas-bb.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Newsgroups: alt.privacy,alt.society.civil-liberty,talk.politics.drugs +From: whughes@lonestar.utsa.edu (William W. Hughes) +Subject: BIG BROTHER is watching you in Texas! + +From the Sunday, 10 October 1993 edition of the San Antonio Express-News, +page 8B. Reprinted without permission. All typos are mine. + + +LETTERS TO TARGET DRIVERS IN ALLEGED DRUG ZONES + +Associated Press + +GRAND PRAIRIE - Police say they plan to wite letters to businesses and +individuals whose vehicles are spotted in an allegedly drug-infested +neighborhood in the Dallas suburb of Grand Prairie. + + "Basically, what we'll do is send a friendly letter," said Joe Babina, +a police storefront officer in the neighborhood of Dalworth. "We're not +going to allege anything." + + The letters will inform people that police saw their vehicles on a +particular date in a pearticular time in a known drug area. + + "The majority of people who come through Dalworth, they come in here +to buy drugs," Babina said. "Why would you come down here if you don't live +here?" + + Babina said more than half of the people arrested in Dalworth for drug +offesnses are not from the town. Over the past six weeks, police have made +17 drug arrests in the 2-square-mile neighborhood. + + The letter-writing operation, praised by city leaders, has drawn fire +from the American Civil Liberties Union. The civil-rights group says +notifying companies that their vehicles drove through known drug areas +may put employees under undue suspicion. + + Police say they will send the letters to owners of vehicles that they think +have no legitimate reasons for driving through the neighborhood. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/theworld b/textfiles.com/politics/theworld new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6ef4b639 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/theworld @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ + + + *[ The World & the CIA ]* + + FD: Let's turn to world affairs for a moment. One of the events + of recent years that has always puzzled me is United States + support for the Vanaaka Party in what was once the New + Hebrides Islands. + + In the late '70s, before the New Hebrides achieved independence, + there were basically two factions fighting between themselves to + see who would maintain control when the colonial powers left. + + The British and the French had governed the New Hebrides under + a concept known as the condominium, and before independence, + the British and the labor movement in Australia threw their + support behind the ubiquitous socialist faction, in this case, + the Vanaaka Party. The French offered some behind-the-scenes + support to the second faction, which was basically pro-free + market and pro-West. The U.S. under Jimmy Carter went along + with the British. + + Do you have any idea why this might have been done? + +Marchetti: + Offhand, I don't. The CIA has learned over the years that you + sometimes cannot support the people you would prefer to support, + because they just do not have the popular power to gain control + or maintain control without a revolution and things of that sort. + + The classic example is West Berlin. Back in the '50s we were + contesting with the Russians for influence in Berlin. + + This was at a time when the Russians and East Germans were putting + tremendous pressure on to have West Berlin go almost voluntarily + into the Soviet bloc. The United States was struggling mightily + to keep West Berlin free. + + At that point in time the strong power in West Germany were the + Christian Democrats under Konrad Adenauer, and these were the + people that we were supporting. + + The Christian Democrats, however, just did not have the wherewithal + to save West Berlin. The situation was such that the Social + Democrats were the ones who could save West Berlin. + + Not getting into all of the whys and wherefores and policy positions, + the Social Democrats also had a very charismatic person named Willy + Brandt. So by backing Willy Brandt and the Social Democrats, instead + of putting all of our eggs in the Christian Democratic Party basket, + Brandt and the Social Democrats were able to maintain a free West + Berlin and we were able to achieve our goal. + + There were some people in the CIA who thought this was terrible, we + were not being ideologically pure, and one of them happens to be E. + Howard Hunt, who actually considered Willy Brandt a KGB spy. + + So there are times when you have to, I guess you would call it, + choose the lesser of two evils. + + It might have been a miscalculated gamble. + + I don't have all of the facts, but maybe the thinking was that + if we left the pro-West faction in power we may end up with + a goddamned civil war. + + FD: In retrospect, the Carter administration's decision seems + even more tragic and mistaken. + + Since coming to power, the Vanaaka Party has consolidated power + in the new country, now known as Vanuatu, and established + diplomatic relations with governments like Cuba and Vietnam. + + Socialist Vanuatu has now come to serve as a beacon of sorts for + other independence movements in that part of the world, such as the + Kanaks in New Caledonia, who have subsequently adopted socialism as + their ideology. + + When I asked Jimmy Carter about this during an interview recently + he said he was sorry, but he did not remember the episode. + + Is it possible that this may have been an incompetent blunder + on the part of the U.S. government? That somebody didn't do + their homework, and as a result those responsible for the + decision didn't have all of the facts? + +Marchetti: + Absolutely. Absolutely. Yes. Its not the kind of an issue that + draws the most attention in Washington. As you just pointed out, + Jimmy Carter doesn't even remember it. I'm sure that decision was + made pretty far down the line. + + If Carter ever had to make a decision he probably doesn't even + remember it because it was probably staffed down because it was + considered so inconsequential at the time by Carter and everyone + involved. They considered it so inconsequential that they don't + even remember it. It's something they signed off on. My guess + from what you have told me is that it was a mistake. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/thought.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/thought.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e5d7aa22 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/thought.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + + + + + + + A Thought + + If the World were a few feet in diameter, floating a few feet + above a field somewhere, people would come from everywhere to + marvel at it. + + People would walk around it, marvelling at it's big pools of + water, it's little pools of water and the way the water flowed + between the pools. + + People would marvel at the bumps on it and the holes in it, and + they would marvel at the very thin layer of gas surrounding it + and the water suspended in the gas. + + The people would marvel at all the creatures walking around on + the surface of the ball and at the creatures in the water. + + The people would declare it sacred because it was the only one, + and they would protect it so that it would not be hurt. The ball + would be the greatest wonder known, and the people would come to + pray to it, to be healed, to gain knowledge, to know the beauty + and to wonder how it could be. + + People would love it and defend it with their lives, their own + roundness, could be nothing without it. + + If the earth were a few feet in diameter. + + + From, Coyote Point Museum for Environmental Education + and Friends of The Earth. New Zealand + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/three.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/three.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9030337e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/three.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ + + THE HIGH COSTS OF DYING + + It is universally recognized that everyone dies + someday. Therefore, every individual is permitted to + plan for an orderly transfer of his or her assets to a + spouse, child(ren), and/or other loved ones. In + addition, depending upon your success during life, upon + death very substantial estate and inheritance taxes may + be levied upon your estate. It is within the context + of valid estate planning that ancillary lawsuit and + asset protection is available. No court will ever deny + a person the right to provided for their estate or to + take advantage of the estate tax allowances available + through trusts and other similar devices. + + Estate Tax Fundamentals + Every dollar left in an estate is subject to a + unified estate and gift tax. However, to eliminate the + burden of taxation from "small" estates, congress has + given every individual two loopholes: first, any + individual may give any other person $10,000 per year + estate/gift tax free and second, each person is given a + lifetime estate/gift tax credit that is the rough + equivalent of a $600,000 estate. In addition, a + surviving spouse may inherit any amount from his/her + spouse without paying tax until the death of the + surviving spouse. To reduce the taxes ultimately + attributable to one's estate, two techniques are + usually used. Special types of trusts (the A-B and A- + b/C trusts) are created that permit half of the estate + to bypass the surviving spouse, thus creating a total + exemption of about $1,200,000 from estate/gift taxes. + For larger estates, the most effective technique is to + give, over time, a large portion of the value of the + estate to its intended heirs. A major objection to + this technique is that it gives up control of the + assets before the testator has given up the ghost. + However, using this technique, a married couple can + each give $10,000 per person per year, and using + conduits such as other relative, this amount may be + multiplied and the process accelerated. + + Avoiding Probate + While you can't avoid dying you can avoid the high + costs of probate. There has never been a will written + that avoids probate. Probate costs include attorney + and accountancy fees. To avoid probate many improperly + use joint tenancy with the unwanted results described + above. To properly avoid these costs you may utilize a + fully funded revocable trust, also known as a "living + trust." The costs of probate for an estate that + exceeds the lifetime estate/gift tax credit may easily + exceed $10,000. Moreover, probate means delays in + transferring control of the assets and publicity + regarding the details of the decedent's affairs. Using + a living trust, you avoid these problems because you + have pre-positioned your assets to permit a seamless + transfer of control upon your death. While the Last + Will and Testament will be probated it will essentially + show no assets passing under its terms. For the twin + reasons described above, costs and control, the use of + the living trust is not only permissible but encouraged + by the law and the courts. + + For married couples, forming two funded revocable + living trusts is a good way to protect assets if one + spouse is more vulnerable to claims than the other. + Statutes in several states now provide that each spouse + is entitled to hold his or her own property. For + federal income tax purposes, the trust creators are + treated as the trust property owners and no separate + tax return for the trust need be filed. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/title.mag b/textfiles.com/politics/title.mag new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9e5b571b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/title.mag @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ + + + + + °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° + °° °° + °° °° + °° THE CHAOS ADVOCATE °° + °° °° + °° An Electronic Journal Advocating °° + °° Personal Freedom In All Things °° + °° °° + °° °° + °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° + + Copyright Mack Tanner 1992 + + All material appearing in THE CHAOS ADVOCATE is protected by + the copyright laws of the United States and by international + agreements. Nothing contained in this magazine may be + distributed in any format other than the electronic + publishing media without the permission of the authors. + + + THE SHARELIT CONCEPT + + SHARELIT is the literary sister of SHAREWARE. Like + SHAREWARE, anything appearing in SHARELIT format is protected + by copyright law and is not within the public domain. The + documents and text files contained in this computer file are + the original literary creations of the author or authors who + retain all property rights regarding the duplication, + distribution, sale, or publication in any format of this + material. + + Like SHAREWARE, copies of THE CHAOS ADVOCATE can be + freely distributed via modem or computer disk, or posted on + computer bulletin boards, provided they are no alterations, + deletions, nor additions. + + Permission is also granted to reformat the compressed + files containing THE CHAOS ADVOCATE into different + compression systems or into formats that can be read by + computers other than MS-DOS compatible machines, provided + that all original text files with the electronic magazine are + included and that the texts are not altered in any way. + + Readers who intend to keep a copy of this computer + document in the unpacked, readable format for their own + personal use or review for more than two days must pay a + SHARELIT fee by mailing $2.00 to + + Mack Tanner + 1234 Nearing Road + Moscow, ID 83843 + + Readers who have paid the SHARELIT fee have permission + to keep a readable copy of this issue as a computer file on a + computer disk for as long as they so desire, to make short + quotes or to refer to the issue in any speeches or writing, + and to print out copies of the document or portions of the + document for ease of reading, underlining or future + reference, provided that no such copies are distributed to + others in printed form. + + Nothing in THE CHAOS ADVOCATE can be distributed in + any published or electronic format for any compensation + without the permission of the publisher and the author of the + original material. + + Readers who would prefer to receive future copies of + THE CHAOS ADVOCATE on a disk can subscribe to the next four + issues by mailing a check to the above address in the amount + of $12. Please specify the size of the disk. Disk are only + available in MS-DOS format. Send $3.00 for the next single + issue. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/titlexix.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/titlexix.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9cb751fd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/titlexix.txt @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[From the Wall Street Journal] + +"A Mother Talks to Mrs. Clinton" +by Marianne M. Jennings + +[The author is a professor of legal and ethical studies in the College of +Business at Arizona State University and a columnist for the Arizona Republic, +a newspaper.] + + My husband and I have the privilege of raising a child with severe mental +and physical impairments. If you were to ask me the most difficult aspect of +rearing this unique little girl, the answer would not be the countless +hospitalizations, the equipment demands, the sleepless nights or the too-long +stares when we're in public. It would be the government bureaucracies we face +to provide for her, protect her, and help her tap her potential. + As I listen to Hillary Rodham Clinton tout the wonders of a national +health care plan, I want to say: "Come follow me, Mrs. Clinton. I can show +you what government does to those it sets out to help." + I would begin by introducing Mrs. Clinton to the five or so caseworkers +assigned to our Claire. One is from Arizona's Department of Development +Disability. Another is with Arizona Long Term Care. Another is with the +Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System. Another is with APIPA, and I +don't know what that stands for. I lost track of acronyms, agencies and +caseworkers long ago. + These caseworkers, assigned as advocates for my daughter's needs, come to +our house, one by one, once each year to conduct two-hour interviews and verify +in person that Claire, a child who is now six and has never spoken, has not +been the recipient of a miracle cure. + I don't know what caseworkers do beyond this interview, but two things +have occurred to me. First, burglars could just arrive at our door with a lot +of forms and an acronym and anyone in the household would let them in. Second, +there must be yet another contrived constitutional privacy right or some +insider trading rule that prohibits state and federal employees who work with +the same family from using one file, comparing notes, sharing information or +even carpooling for interviews. My favorite interview was last fall, when a +caseworker was assigned to re-do hundreds of interviews as part of a new total +quality management program. [That's "TQM", to those fortunate non-initiates -- +L.D.] + If I could introduce Mrs. Clinton to our five caseworkers, I would ask her +to pose a hypothetical question to them about Claire's coverage. Mrs. Clinton +would get five to eight different answers. The eight is because some of the +caseworkers who buy into the new TQM program would go beyond the call of duty +and give us two to three wrong possibilities. + I would then take Mrs. Clinton into the world of Title XIX, a federal +benefits program administered by the state for children under 19 who have +permanent disabilities. Theoretically, Title XIX means summer school, swimming +programs, respite care, therapy and a host of services that make it sound like +a luxury spa. Reality is quite another story. + Title XIX qualifies children on the basis of need (ie., income) or degree +of disability. Claire qualified on the basis of disability, but we are still +required once each year to submit to an in-office interview (with yet another +case worker) in which I must give copies of our car titles, house deed, bank +account statements, W2s, and the like. A sample caseworker comment from one +year's interview: "I see you have a new piano in your home. Claire doesn't +play this, does she?" I had to wonder why someone looking at a child who can't +sit, hold her head up or make any discernable voluntary movements felt +compelled to ask such a question. + One year we made the monumental mistake of adding Claire to our car title. + Claire must be on the car title in Arizona for us to have a handicapped +license plate. When we had only a moveable permit that was placed in the front +window, people yelled at us in parking lots. With our official plates, we were +saved from such grocery store skirmishes. But I had to face the glare of a +Title XIXer who said, "Is Claire driving this car?" I was required to sign a +witnessed statement that said our cortically blind kindergartner did not take +the Chevrolet Suburban out for spins. + During our income interview last year, a caseworker spotted our medical +expenses. They are our biggest expense even with insurance, exceeding our +house payments and food costs each month. The caseworker askes, "Why would you +pay medical bills?" I never know about trick questions in bureaucratic +territory, so I responded, "Because we owe them?" + She then explained -- the first government employee in four years to spot +the issue -- that Title XIX covered all of Claire's medical expenses not +covered by insurance. I asked, "How come no one ever told me this?" To which +she responded, "Because they didn't know?" + Once you're in Title XIX, it is Disney's Space Mountain -- dark and +twisted. In 1992 I began asking for summer school approval in April. I +received approval on July 22 -- three days before summer school ended. Last +year I began the summer school approval quest in February. I got it in April, +but someone forgot to put Claire's name on the registration list. I found this +out after a two-hour wait in the registration line. I paid for summer school +myself and have since learned the term "refund" is not part of Title XIX. + + I began using our newly discovered Title XIX medical benefits in August, +In just six weeks, I received authorization for a new wheelchair and a +scoliosis jacket. In October I got a call from a caseworker who informed me +that Claire's Title XIX benefits were being terminated as of that day. He had +discovered on the forms that I fill out for the financial interview that a +$1,600 bank account for Claire. It was a burial account within the $1,500 +limit allowed by statute, but it had earned interest. Claire had too much +income. I offered to close the account. "Too late," he said. Then he added, +"But you can always come down and reapply for Title XIX." It took me six +months to get qualified the first time. I should have us reinstated just in +time for summer school this year. + I am a lawyer who teaches and writes about administrative process. Yet +this system is beyond my expertise. How do parents with language barriers, +little or no knowledge of due process and noncompulsive personalities cope? + I can show Mrs. Clinton that programs like hers already exist. I can show +her the paperwork, the idiosyncratic rules, the insensitivity, the ill-trained +workers and a bureaucracy as deep as the Mississippi at St. Louis. I can show +her a system, that, much like her proposal, was intended to help. The reality +is that help rarely makes it to our Claire. + +[End] diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/totalism.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/totalism.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4c48ae93 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/totalism.txt @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ + + +TOTALITARIANISM + +by Chip Berlet + +(adapted from a forthcoming book) + +Totalitarianism is a zealous form of political +organization new to this century's mass +society. The style, strategies, +tactics, and internal organizing practices of the +totalitarian group were outlined by +historian-philosopher Hannah Arendt in her book +The Origins of Totalitarianism. + +In recent years there has been a revisionist +interpretation of Arendt's work, linking nazism +and communism as two sides of the same political +coin, or claiming that all communist or Marxist +movements are totalitarian, or that only Nazi and +communist ideologies can become totalitarian. +Arendt specifically repudiates this simplistic +interpretation of her work when she writes +"...ideologies of the nineteenth century are not +in themselves totalitarian," and that although +fascism and communism became "the decisive +ideologies of the twentieth century they were +not, in principle, any `more totalitarian' than +others." According to Arendt, the ideological +victory of fascism and communism over other +twentieth century belief structures was "decided +before the totalitarian movements took hold of +precisely these ideologies" as a vehicle for +seizing and holding state power. + +Under totalitarianism there is strict control of +all aspects of the life of the individual in the +group through the use of coericive measures, +physical or emotional. + +The allure of undeniably efficient and expedient +totalitarianism is what Stalin succumbed to in +his rush to create a socialist society. Not +totalitarianism as defined by cyncial +philosophical revisionists such as Jeane +Kirkpatrick and Henry Kissinger, but +totalitarianism in the original definition as an +organizational form characterised by centralized +control by an autocratic leader or hierarchy. + +Totalitarian groups are characterised by +centralized control by an autocratic leader and +surrounding hierarchy. + +Totalitarianism has left its mark on this +century--and the vast majority of progressives +around the world have learned an important lesson +from the disasterous consequences, and have +rejected the siren call of totalitarianism which +infected both Hitler and Stalin in their zealous +rush to power. Some elements of the NAP's +methodology and style mirror the early stages of +several European fascist movements in the 1930's. + +Totalitarian movements historically have shared a +number of similarites: + +*** A methodological link between the +psychological and the political which forms both +a theoretical world-view and a justification for +indoctrinating members in an effort to create a +new consciousness through a unique and exclusive +technique understood only by the group's leaders. + +*** Psychologically coercive techniques to +manipulate members' views and actions. + +*** Attempts to establish hegemonic relationships +with other similar political groups, and, failing +that, attempts to undermine the group and +establish parallel organizations. + +*** Virulent and unprincipled attacks on critics, +including insults, agent-baiting, threats by +attorneys and defamation lawsuits. + +*** Re-writing of the group's political and +organizational history to meet current needs. + +*** A closed and covert hierarchical internal +structure that is not necessarily congruent with +the public organizational structure. + +*** Differentiation between internal in-group and +external out-group reality, use of propoganda, +and implementation of a "secret-society" style. + +These similarities do not change the fact that +the totalitarian LaRouchite philosophy is +apparently neo-fascist while the totalitarian +Newman and Parente philosophies are apparently +left-progressive, but it does mean that +internally, all these groups have an +authoritarian hierarchy whose existence is +denied, they rely on psychologically-manipulative +practices to control core members. These +political groups match a cult paradigm and are +far from democratic, despite outward claims and +appearances. + +The propaganda and organizing techniques used by +the internally-authoritarian and +psychologically-manipulative cult groups run by +Lyndon LaRouche, Fred Newman, and Geno Parente +(and others) mirror totalitarianism. + +It is crucial to note the relationship of +LaRouche, Parente, and Newman during the early +1970's in light of their subsequent activities. +All three white male political leaders viewed +Marxist revolution through an egocentric prism +which pre-supposed the centrality of one special +individual's will in shaping history. All three +used psychologically manipulative techniques to +enforce obedience in the institutions they have +built--institutions which sought political +hegemony over other groups. All three groups +share many elements of the a totalitarian +movement which is correctly defined by its style, +structure and methods not by its stated or +apparent ideology. + +Arendt's theories were first published in the +1950's, long before people like LaRouche, Newman +and Parente arrived on the political scene, yet +her analysis reads as if it were a study of the +Executive Committee of the National Caucus of +Labor Committees (the secret core leadership of +the LaRouche network), the International Workers +Party (the secret core leadership of the New +Alliance Party, the Rainbow Lobby and the +Institutes for Social Therapy), and the Communist +Party (Provisional) (the secret core leadership +of the National Labor Federation and its related +fronts, the Eastern Service Workers, California +Homemakers, etc.). + +Arendt discusses how totalitarian movements are +built around a central fiction of a powerful +conspiracy, (in the case of the Nazis, a +conspiracy of Jews which dominates the world,) +that requires a secretive counter-conspiracy be +organized. Totalitarian groups organize the +counter-conspiracy in a hierarchical manner which +mimics the levels of membership and rituals of +social and religious secret societies. + +According to Arendt, most people get their first +glimpse of a totalitarian movement through its +front organizations: + +"Sympathisers, who are to all appearances still +innocuous fellow citizens in a nontotalitarian +society, can hardly be called single-minded +fanatics; through them, the movements make their +lies more generally acceptable, can spread their +propaganda in milder, more respectable forms, +until the whole atmosphere is poisoned with +totalitarian elements which are hardly +recognizable as such but appear to be normal +political reactions or opinions." (p. 367) + +LaRouche, Newman and Parente have spawned dozens +of front organizations, each designed around some +issue of mass appeal. For instance, LaRouche +followers used the front device of Proposition 64 +in California to take a generalized fear over the +spread of AIDS and steer it towards an acceptance +of authoritarian methods such as quarantine +isolation of suspected carriers and job +discrimination. + +Arendt also explains that different +constituencies react to propaganda messages from +totalitarian groups in different ways: + +"The whole hierarchical structure of +totalitarian movements, from naive +fellow-travellers to party members, elite +formations, and the intimate circle around the +Leader, and the Leader himself, could be +described in terms of a curiously varying mixture +of gullibility and cynicism with which each +member, depending upon his rank and standing in +the movement, is expected to react to the +changing lying statements of the leaders and the +central unchanging ideological fiction of the +movement." (p. 382) + +Arendt explains that average members of +totalitarian groups need not believe all the +statements made for public consumption, but they +do believe "all the more fervently the standard +cliches of ideological explanation." (p. 384) If +a lie is detected by the mass of people or even +the average member, it is dismissed as having +been a tactical necessity which only further +proves the cunning and wisdom of the leader. + +For the elite members, even the basic ideological +explanations of the group are not necessarily +believed, but are seen as "fabricated to answer a +quest for truth" among the lower ranking +followers. For the elite, facts are immaterial. +Their loyalty is to the leader who embodies +truth, and they require neither demonstration nor +explanation of the leader's assertions: + +"Their superiority consists in their ability to +dissolve every statement of fact into a +declaration of purpose. In distinction to the +mass membership which, for instance, needs some +demonstration of the inferiority of the Jewish +race before it can safely be asked to kill Jews, +the elite formations understand that the +statement, all Jews are inferior, means, all Jews +should be killed." (p. 385) + +At the top is "the intimate circle around the +Leader" for whom all statements are "mere devices +to organize the masses, and they feel no +compunction about changing them according to the +needs of circumstances." (p. 385) + +The ultimate goal of a totalitarian movement, of +course, is to propel the totalitarian leader +toward total, ruthless, world domination. +Political issues and positions are transitory +tactical tools that move the organization and its +leader toward power. Historically, when power is +attained, the political allies and issues are +betrayed. + +Leninist Democratic Centralism + totalitarianism = Stalinism + +Hitlerian Ultra-Racialist Fascism + totalitarianism = Nazism + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/toxix3w.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/toxix3w.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6b6e3fa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/toxix3w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + DUMPING OUR TOXIC WASTES ON THE THIRD WORLD + + Exporting hazardous and toxic wastes to Third World countries is + a growth industry. The exported material includes heavy metal residues + and chemical-contaminated wastes, pharmaceutical refuse, and municipal + sewage sludge and incinerator ash. The risks involved for countries + that accept our wastes range from contamination of groundwater and + crops to birth defects and cancer. + Traditionally, the majority of U.S. toxic waste exports have gone + to Canada where regulations are less stringent than in the U.S. But + now the most abrupt increase is in shipments to the Third World where + the regulations are either nonexistent or sketchily enforced. + Creating the search for new overseas markets is an explosion in + the volume of recorded hazardous wastes beng produced in the U.S. + According to the General Accounting Office, the amount rose from about + 9 million metric tons in 1970 to at least 247 million in 1984; other + experts place the current figure close to 400 millon metric tons. + U.S. officials, aware of the sensitive legal and foreign policy + questions involved, are reluctant to crack down on illegal dumpers + and, in fact, the government itself is reponsible for generating a + significant portion of the hazardous waste exports. One large illegal + operation broken up last year received more than half its toxic wastes + from various branches of the Federal government, mainly the military. + Some examples of what is happening as discovered by the authors + using court records, interviews, and the Freedom of Information Act: + Philadelphia is planning to ship 600,000 tons of ash residue a + year from its municipal incinerator to Panama which plans to use the + materials as landfill for roadbeds; + U.S. sludge may end up in the tiny British Caribbean colony of + Turks and Caicos Islands which proposes to use it as fertilizer; + L.P.T., a company with offices in American Samoa and California, + is seeking approval to build an incinerator in American Samoa to burn + U.S. wastes and export the ash to the Philippines where it would be + used as landfill; + Western Pacific Waste Repositories, based in Carson City, Nevada, + is poposing to build a hazardous waste storage and treatment plant on + Erikub atoll, an unhinhabited area of the Marshall Islands. + The key U.S. government officials responsible for monitoring + waste traffic claim they are powerless. "Under the federal system, we + only have control over what's in the country," says Wendy Grieder, an + official in the EPA's Office of International Activities. "Once it + leaves, we can't do anything about it." + Finally, exported wastes may return to haunt us in a very direct + way. "It's possible that we could send sludge to the Caribbean and + they might use it on, say, spinach or other vegetables," warned + Grieder. And since the Food and Drug Administation checks only a + small portion of foods and vegetables that come into the U.S., + exported hazardous wastes could easily end up on our dinner table. + + SOURCE: THE NATION, 10/3/87 "The Export of U.S. Toxic Wastes," by + Andrew Porterfield and David Weir, pp front cover, 341-344. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/trade.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/trade.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aae3202d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/trade.txt @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please post. + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON TRADE + + +To win in global markets, America needs an economic +growth plan that provides every person and every +firm with the means to be more productive. We need +a trade policy that puts people first by investing +in ourselves. Bill Clinton and Al Gore's Nations +Economic Strategy invest in the ongoing education +of the American people, in the productive equipment +that gives our workers the tools to compete, and in +the economic infrastructure that binds our markets +and our business together. It also recognizes that +America needs companies that invest in the future, +profit from change and treat their workers as full +partners. + +When our workers and firms do their part to be +competitive, we must have an Administration that +does its part to ensure that we have open markets +for their goods and services. We need a new trade +and competitiveness program. A Clinton/Gore +Administration will stand up for American workers +by standing up to countries that don't play by the +rules of free and fair trade. Given a chance, +American farmers, workers and businesses can +out-compete anybody. + + +The Clinton/Gore Plan + +Promote world growth + +To promote world growth policies in the post-Cold +War era, we must be economically strong at home. +President Bush's weak economic record has deprived +him of the authority he needs to insist that Japan +adopt expansionary policies to reduce its $100 +billion trade surplus, and to ensure that Germany's +high interest rates do not cripple growth +throughout Europe. A Clinton/Gore Administration +will hold all advanced countries accountable for +doing their part to promote world trade, end unfair +trade practices and open markets. + +Support a strong "Super 301" + +This is the provision of U.S. trade law that has +helped pry open foreign markets. Our competitors +must know that we won't stand for unfair trade +practices that prevent our farmers, workers and +businesses from selling products aborad and +creating jobs at home. We have had plenty of empty +promises on trade; what we need now are results. + +North American Free Trade Agreement + +Bill Clinton will support a free trade treaty with +Mexico, but only if it has adequate protection for +workers, health and the environment on both sides +of the border. A Clinton/Gore Administration will +support a free trade policy that puts people first. +We just have strong transition strategies that +ensure that workers benefit from a more open world +trading system. + + +General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) + +America needs leadership to break the logjam and +get the Uruguay Round finished. President Bush's +ill-fated trip to Japan and his poor performance at +the G-7 summit demonstrate that our trade policies +suffer from a lack of Presidential leadership. +Bill Clinton and Al Gore will ensure that the +Uruguay Round opens markets for agriculture, +services and in particular manufacturing; protects +our intellectual property; and takes a tough stand +against unfair trade practices. The United States +need to continue to promote free trade that aims to +raise - not lower - standards for health, safety, +and the environment. No trade agreement should +preclude the United States from enforcing +non-discriminatory laws and regulations affecting +health, worker safety and the environment. Bill +Clinton and Al Gore will not allow the Uruguay +round to alter U.S. laws and regulations through +the back door. + +Economic Security Council + +A Clinton/Gore Administration will create an +Economic Security Council, similar to the National +Security Council, to coordinate American +international economic policy. + +MFN with China + +The Bush Administration erred by extending Most +Favored Nation trade status to the People's +Republic of China before it achieved documented +progress on human rights. We should not reward +China with improved trade status when it has +continued to trade goods made by prison labor and +has failed to make sufficient progress on human +rights since the Tiananmen Square massacre. + +Reform the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative + +Bill Clinton will issue an executive order banning +trade negotiators from cashing in on their +positions by serving as representatives of foreign +corporations or governments. He will rededicate the +Office of the Trade Representative to serving the +country - not selling out for lucrative lobbying +paychecks from foreign competitors. + +Create a civilian DARPA + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore will create a civilian +advanced technology agency modelled on the Defense +Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). America +can no longer afford to get the Nobel Prizes while +our competitors get the profits. A civilian +technology agency will bring businesses and +universities together to develop cutting-edge +products and technologies, to move our ideas into +the marketplace where they can create jobs for our +people. The new agency will increase America's +commercial R&D spending, and focus its efforts in +crucial new technologies such as biotechnology, +robotics, high speed computing and environmental +technology. + +Incentives for manufacturing innovation + +* Provide a targeted investment tax credit to + encourage investment in the new plants and + productive equipment that we need here at home + to compete in the global economy. + +* Make permanent the research and development + tax credit to reward companies that invest in + ground-technologies. + +* Help small businesses and entrepreneurs by + offering a 50 percent tax exclusion to those + who take risks by making long-term investments + in new businesses. + +Standing up for America's workers + +* Require every employer to spend 1.5 percent of + payroll for continued education and training, + and make them provide the training to all + workers, not just executives. + +* Bring business, labor, and education leaders + together to develop a national apprenticeship + program that offers non-college bound students + training in valuable skills. + +* Provide all Americans with affordable, quality + health care. + +* Limit deductions for outrageous executive pay. + Companies will be allowed to deduct bonuses + for employee ownership and profit sharing for + all employees, no just executives. + +* End tax breaks for American companies that + shut down their plants here and ship American + jobs overseas. + + +The Record + +* From 1979 to 1991, there was 142 percent + increase in the number of Arkansas companies + exporting products. Nearly 75 percent of + those companies had less than 200 employees. + +* Bill Clinton made numerous trade missions to + Europe and Asia to negotiate expanded markets + for Arkansas products. + +* Senator Gore has insisted that other + governments dismantle barriers which unfairly + block access to their markets. + +* Gore does no believe the long-term solution to + our country's competitiveness problem is a + blanket policy of protectionism. Senator Gore + has fought to invest in the research and + development of new technologies, to rebuild + our crumbling infrastructure, to better + educate our children and to retrain our + workers. + +* Senator Gore introduced and steered into law + the High Performance Computing Act of 1990, to + create a national high- speed computers, and + making those computers accessible to people + who otherwise would not be able to take + advantage of their power and speed. It was + the result of more than a dozen years of work + by Gore. + +* Gore joined a number of his Senate colleagues + in June 1991 to introduce comprehensive + package of legislation to strengthen our + manufacturing base. They will help us + establish a federal manufacturing policy to + develop and commercialize critical + technologies and sharpen our ability to turn + inventions into affordable, usable products. + +* Gore supported the fast-track process for the + negotiation of a U.S. Mexico Free Trade + Agreement, but final approval of NAFTA is + dependent on its protection of American + workers and support of enforceable + environmental standards. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/transmit.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/transmit.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7eeaf1d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/transmit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ + LETTER OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION, TO THE + PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS, TRANSMITTING THE CONSTITUTION + + + + In Convention + September 17, 1787 + + +Sir, + + We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the +United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which +has appeared to us the most advisable. + + The friends of our country have long seen and desired, that +the power of making war, peace, and treaties, that of levying +money and regulating commerce, and the correspondent executive +and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested +in the general government of the Union: But the impropriety of +delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident +-- Hence results the necessity of a different organization. + + It is obviously impractical in the federal government of +these states, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty +to each, and yet provide for the interest and safety of all: +Individuals entering into society, must give up a share of +liberty to preserve the rest. The magnitude of the sacrifice +must depend as well on situation and circumstances, as on the +object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw +with precision the line between those rights which must be +surrendered, and those which may be reserved; and on the +present occasion this difficulty was encreased by a difference +among the several states as to their situation, extent, +habits, and particular interests. + + In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in +our view, that which appears to us the greatest interest of every +true American, the consolidation of our Union, in which is +involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, perhaps our national +existence. This important consideration, seriously and deeply +impressed on our minds, led each state in the Convention to be +less rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been +otherwise expected; and thus the Constitution, which we now +present, is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual +deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political +situation rendered indispensable. + + That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every +state is not perhaps to be expected; but each will doubtless +consider that had her interest been alone consulted, the +consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or +injurious to others; that it is liable to as few exceptions +as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and believe; +that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear +to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, is our most +ardent wish. + + With great respect, We have the honor to be, Sir, + Your Excellency's + most obedient and humble servants, + + George Washington, President + By unanimous Order of the Convention. + +His Excellency the President of Congress + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +VšR¥T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/treason.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/treason.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bf2cd1fa --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/treason.txt @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +From a standard reference: + +"Treason, a crime against the state to which allegiance is owed, +consists of attempting to overthrow the government or betraying +it into the hands of enemies intent on overthrowing it. Under +English law high treason was once so broad a term that it was +used until the 19th century to justify punishing all sorts of +persons who were judged as enemies of the monarch. + +The U.S. Constitution narrowly defines treason and specifically +declares: "No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the +Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on +Confession in open Court." This constitutional statement was +strictly followed by Chief Justice John Marshall in the 1807 +trial of Aaron Burr, who was charged with treason for allegedly +plotting to establish an independent republic in the Louisiana +Territory but who was acquitted because the prosecution could not +prove Burr guilty of "an overt act of levying war." + +Due to the unusually difficult burden of proof, less than 40 +federal prosecutions for treason have occurred, and +only once in its history has the U.S. Supreme Court sustained a +conviction for treason (Haupt v. United States, 1947). Many state +constitutions have treason provisions, but only two persons have +been successfully prosecuted by states: Thomas Dorr and John Brown. + +Dorr's Rebellion was an uprising in Rhode Island in 1842 to +secure constitutional reform. At that time the state was still +governed under the terms of the 1663 colonial charter, which +restricted voting rights to male property owners. In 1841 a +reform movement began, led by Thomas Wilson Dorr (1805-54). Dorr +called a convention (October 1841) which drafted a constitution +based on universal male suffrage. The state legislature countered +by drafting its own new constitution; but it was rejected in a +referendum, and Dorr's constitution was approved. + +Although state government ruled Dorr's constitution illegal, his +party nonetheless held elections, and as a result, Dorr +proclaimed himself governor in April 1842. The official +government then declared martial law, and after some armed +clashes Dorr fled the state. Later sentenced (1844) to life +imprisonment, he was released after one year. In the meantime, +Rhode Island legally adopted (1843) a new, liberalized +constitution." + +"The American abolitionist John Brown is remembered especially for +his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va., in 1859. +Born on May 9, 1800, in Torrington, Conn., he grew up in Ohio. +During most of his adult years Brown wandered from job to job. +Ill fortune, business reverses, and charges of illegal practices +followed him from the 1820s onward. By the 1850s, however, he had +become deeply interested in the slavery question. + +Brown envisioned emancipation by massive slave insurrection, but +he did not pursue that goal until the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry. +Before then, he and five of his sons became embroiled in the +struggle between proslavery and antislavery forces for control of +the territorial government in Kansas. By the spring of 1855, +civil strife had broken out in Kansas and Brown had assumed +command of local Free-Soil militia. Within a year, proslavery +forces had sacked the Free-Soil town of Lawrence, an event that +triggered a bloody retaliation by Brown. During the night of May +24, 1856, Brown, four of his sons, and two other followers +invaded the Pottawatomie River country and killed five helpless +settlers, hacking them with sabers. Brown, who was never caught, +took full responsibility for the act. + +From then on, Brown became even more preoccupied with abolition +by slave insurrection. Observers often remarked on his magnetic +ability to dominate and involve others in his designs. By 1858 he +had persuaded a number of the North's most prominent +abolitionists to finance his insurrectionary projects. After +protracted conspiracy, delay, and diversion, Brown finally chose +Harpers Fery as his point of attack, hoping to establish a base +in the mountains to which slaves and free blacks could flee. +Brown assembled an armed force of 21 men about five miles from +Harpers Ferry, and on Oct. 16, 1859, they seized the town and +occupied the federal arsenal. + +The town was soon surrounded by local militia, and federal troops +under Robert E. Lee arrived the next day. Ten of Brown's army +died in the ensuing battle, and Brown himself was wounded. +Arrested and charged with treason, Brown conducted himself with +great courage and displayed considerable skill in arousing +Northern sympathy. Many hailed him as a noble martyr, even as +Southern whites expresed deep outrage at his fanaticism. His +hanging, on Dec. 2, 1859, symbolically foreshadowed the violence +of the Civil War, which broke out two years later." diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/treaty_o.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/treaty_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..58e67302 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/treaty_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,528 @@ +THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE: + + + TREATY OF GREENVILLE + WYANDOTS, DELAWARES, ETC. + + [concluded August 3, 1795] + +A treaty of peace between the United States of America, +and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, +Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, +Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and +Kaskaskias. + + To put an end to a destructive war, to settle all +controversies, and to restore harmony and friendly +intercourse between the said United States and Indian +tribes, Anthony Wayne, major general commanding the +army of the United States, and sole commissioner for +the good purposes above mentioned, and the said tribes +of Indians, by their sachems, chiefs, and warriors, +met together at Greenville, the head quarters of the +said army, have agreed on the following articles, +which, when ratified by the President, with the +advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, +shall be binding on them and the said Indian tribes. + Art. 1: Henceforth all hostilities shall cease; +peace is hereby established, and shall be perpetual; +and a friendly intercourse shall take place between the +said United States and Indian tribes. + Art. 2: All prisoners shall, on both sides, be +restored. The Indians, prisoners to the United States, +shall be immediately set at liberty. The people of the +United States, still remaining prisoners among the +Indians, shall be delivered up in ninety days from the +date hereof, to the general or commanding officer at +Greenville, fort Wayne, or fort Defiance; and ten +chiefs of the said tribes shall remain at Greenville +as hostages, until the delivery of the prisoners shall +be effected. + Art. 3: The general boundary line between the +lands of the United States and the lands of the said +Indian tribes, shall begin at the mouth of Cayahoga +river, and run thence up the same to the portage, +between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the +Muskingum, thence down that branch to the crossing +place above fort Lawrence, thence westerly to a fork +of that branch of the Great Miami river, running into +the Ohio, at or near which fork stood Loromie's store, +and where commences the portage between the Miami of +the Ohio, and St. Mary's river, which is a branch of +the Miami which runs into lake Erie; thence a westerly +course to fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of +the Wabash; thence southwesterly in a direct line to +the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the +mouth of Kentucke or Cuttawa river. And in +consideration of the peace now established; of the +goods formerly received from the United States; of +those now to be delivered; and of the yearly delivery +of goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to +indemnify the United States for the injuries and +expenses they have sustained during the war, the said +Indian tribes do hereby cede and relinquish forever, +all their claims to the lands lying eastwardly and +southwardly of the general boundary line now described: +and these lands, or any part of them, shall never +hereafter be made a cause or pretence, on the part of +the said tribes, or any of them, of war or injury to +the United States, or any of the people thereof. + And for the same considerations, and as an +evidence of the returning friendship of the said Indian +tribes, of their confidence in the United States, and +desire to provide for their accommodations, and for +that convenient intercourse which will be beneficial to +both parties, the said Indian tribes do also cede to +the United States the following pieces of land, to +wit: 1) One piece of land six miles square, at or near +Loromie's store, before mentioned. 2) One piece two +miles square, at the head of the navigable water or +landing, on the St. Mary's river, near Girty's town. +3) One piece six miles square, at the head of the +navigable water of the Auglaize river. 4) One piece +six miles square, at the confluence of the Auglaize +and Miami rivers, where fort Defiance now stands. +5) One piece six miles square, at or near the +confluence of the rivers St. Mary's and St. Joseph's, +where fort Wayne now stands, or near it. 6) One piece +two miles square, on the Wabash river, at the end of +the portage from the Miami of the lake, and about +eight miles westward from fort Wayne. 7) One piece +six miles square, at the Ouatanon, or Old Wea towns, +on the Wabash river. 8) One piece twelve miles square, +at the British fort on the Miami of the lake, at the +foot of the rapids. 9) One piece six miles square, at +the mouth of the said river, where it empties into the +lake. 10) One piece six miles square, upon Sandusky +lake, where a fort formerly stood. 11) One piece two +miles square, at the lower rapids of Sandusky river. +12) The post of Detroit, and all the land to the +north, the west and the south of it, of which the +Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants +to the French or English governments: and so much more +land to be annexed to the district of Detroit, as +shall be comprehended between the river Rosine, on the +south, lake St. Clair on the north, and a line, the +general course whereof shall be six miles distant from +the west end of lake Erie and Detroit river. 13) The +post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the island +on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, +of which the Indian title has been extinguished by +gifts or grants to the Frewnch or English governments; +and a piece of land on the main to the north of the +island, to measure six miles, on lake Huron, or the +strait between lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend +three miles back from the water of the lake or strait; +and also, the Island De Bois Blane, being an extra and +voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation. 14) One piece +of land six miles square, at the mouth of Chikago +river, emptying into the southwest end of lake +Michigan, where a fort formerly stood. 15) One piece +twelve miles square, at or near the mouth of the +Illinois river, emptying into the Mississippi. 16) One +piece six miles square, at the old Piorias fort and +village near the south end of the Illinois lake, on +said Illinois river. And whenever the United States +shall think proper to survey and mark the boundaries +of the lands hereby ceded to them, they shall give +timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, +that they may appoint some of their wise chiefs to +attend and see that the lines are run according to the +terms of this treaty. + And the said Indian tribes will allow to the +people of the United States a free passage by land and +by water, as one and the other shall be found +convenient, through their country, along the chain of +posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the +commencement of the portage aforesaid, at or near +Loromie's store, thence along said portage to the St. +Mary's, and down the same to fort Wayne, and then down +the Miami, to lake Erie; again, from the commencement +of the portage at or near Loromie's store along the +portage from thence to the river Auglaize, and down the +same to its junction with the Miami at fort Defiance; +again, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, +to Sandusky river, and down the same to Sandusky bay +and lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the post which +shall be taken at or near the foot of the Rapids of +the Miami of the lake; and from thence to Detroit. +Again, from the mouth of Chikago, to the commencement +of the portage, between that river and the Illinois, +and down the Illinois river to the Mississippi; also, +from fort Wayne, along the portage aforesaid, which +leads to the Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the +Ohio. And the said Indian tribes will also allow to +the people of the United States, the free use of the +harbors and mouths of rivers along the lakes adjoining +the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats, +and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for +their safety. + Art. 4: In consideration of the peace now +established, and of the cessions and relinquishments +of lands made in the preceding article by the said +tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of +the United States, as the great means of rendering +this peace strong and perpetual, the United States +relinquish their claims to all other Indian lands +northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the +Mississippi, and westward and southward of the Great +Lakes and the waters, uniting them, according to the +boundary line agreed on by the United States and the +King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made +between them in the year 1783. But from this +relinquishment by the United States, the following +tracts of land are explicitly excepted: + 1st. The tract on one hundred and fifty thousand +acres near the rapids of the river Ohio, which has been +assigned to General Clark, for the use of himself and +his warriors. + 2nd. The post of St. Vincennes, on the River +Wabash, and the lands adjacent, of which the Indian +title has been extinguished. + 3rd. The lands at all other places in possession +of the French people and other white settlers among +them, of which the Indian title has been extinguished +as mentioned in the 3d article; and + 4th. The post of fort Massac towards the mouth of +the Ohio. To which several parcels of land so +excepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title and +claim which they or any of them may have. + And for the same considerations and with the same +views as above mentioned, the United States now deliver +to the said Indian tribes a quantity of goods to the +value of twenty thousand dollars, the receipt whereof +they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward every +year, forever, the United States will deliver, at +some convenient place northward of the river Ohio, +like useful goods, suited to the circumstances of the +Indians, of the value of nine thousand five hundred +dollars; reckoning that value at the first cost of the +goods in the city or place in the United States where +they shall be procured. The tribes to which those +goods are to be annually delivered, and the proportions +in which they are to be delivered, are the following: + 1st. To the Wyandots, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 2nd. To the Delawares, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 3rd. To the Shawanees, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 4th. To the Miamis, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 5th. To the Ottawas, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 6th. To the Chippewas, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 7th. To the Pattawatimas, the amount of one +thousand dollars, and + 8th. To the Kickapoo, Wea, Eel River, Piankeshaw, +and Kaskaskia tribes, the amount of five hundred +dollars each. + Provided, that if either of the said tribes shall +hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of the +goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity +should be furnished in domestic animals, implements of +husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, and +in compensation to useful artificers who may reside +with or near them, and be employed for their benefit, +the same shall, at the subsequent annual deliveries, +be furnished accordingly. + Art. 5: To prevent any misunderstanding about the +Indian lands relinquished by the United States in the +fourth article, it is now explicitly declared, that +the meaning of that relinquishment is this: the Indian +tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to +enjoy them, hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon, +so long as they please, without any molestation from +the United States; but when those tribes, or any of +them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, or any +part of them, they are to be sold only to the United +States; and until such sale, the United States will +protect all the said Indian tribes in the quiet +enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the +United States, and against all other white persons who +intrude upon the same. And the said Indian tribes +again acknowledge themselves to be under the protection +of the said United States, and no other power whatever. + Art. 6: If any citizen of the United States, or +any other white person or persons, shall presume to +settle upon the lands now relinquished by the United +States, such citizen or other person shall be out of +the protection of the United States; and the Indian +tribe, on whose land the settlement shall be made, may +drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as +they shall think fit; and because such settlements, +made without the consent of the United States, will be +injurious to them as well as to the Indians, the United +States shall be at liberty to break them up, and remove +and punish the settlers as they shall think proper, and +so effect that protection of the Indian lands herein +before stipulated. + Art. 7: The said tribes of Indians, parties to +this treaty, shall be at liberty to hunt within the +territory and lands which they have now ceded to the +United States, without hindrance or molestation, so +long as they demean themselves peaceably, and offer +no injury to the people of the United States. + Art. 8: Trade shall be opened with the said Indian +tribes; and they do hereby respectively engage to afford +protection to such persons, with their property, as +shall be duly licensed to reside among them for the +purpose of trade; and to their agents and servants; +but no person shall be permitted to reside among them +for the purpose of trade; and to their agents and +servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside at +any of their towns or hunting camps, as a trader, who +is not furnished with a license for that purpose, under +the hand and seal of the superintendent of the +department northwest of the Ohio, or such other person +as the President of the United States shall authorize +to grant such licenses; to the end, that the said +Indians may not be imposed on in their trade.* And if +any licensed trader shall abuse his privilege by unfair +dealing, upon complaint and proof thereof, his license +shall be taken from him, and he shall be further +punished according to the laws of the United States. +And if any person shall intrude himself as a trader, +without such license, the said Indians shall take and +bring him before the superintendent, or his deputy, to +be dealt with according to law. And to prevent +impositions by forged licenses, the said Indians shall, +at lease once a year, give information to the +superintendent, or his deputies, on the names of the +traders residing among them. + Art. 9: Lest the firm peace and friendship now +established, should be interrupted by the misconduct +of individuals, the United States, and the said Indian +tribes agree, that for injuries done by individuals on +either side, no private revenge or retaliation shall +take place; but instead thereof, complaint shall be +made by the party injured, to the other: by the said +Indian tribes or any of them, to the President of the +United States, or the superintendent by him appointed; +and by the superintendent or other person appointed by +the President, to the principal chiefs of the said +Indian tribes, or of the tribe to which the offender +belongs; and such prudent measures shall then be +taken as shall be necessary to preserve the said +peace and friendship unbroken, until the legislature +(or great council) of the United States, shall make +other equitable provision in the case, to the +satisfaction of both parties. Should any Indian tribes +meditate a war against the United States, or either of +them, and the same shall come to the knowledge of the +before mentioned tribes, or either of them, they do +hereby engage to give immediate notice thereof to the +general, or officer commanding the troops of the +United States, at the nearest post. + + *See, in relation to this licensed trade, the + "first explanatory article" of the treaty of + amity, commerce, and navigation, between the + United States and Great Britain, of the 19th of + November, 1974. + +And should any tribe, with hostile intentions against +the United States, or either of them, attempt to pass +through their country, they will endeavor to prevent +the same, and in like manner give information of +such attempt, to the general, or officer commanding, +as soon as possible, that all causes of mistrust and +suspicion may be avoided between them and the United +States. In like manner, the United States shall give +notice to the said Indian tribes of any harm that may +be meditated against them, or either of them, that +shall come to their knowledge; and do all in their +power to hinder and prevent the same, that the +friendship between them may be uninterrupted. + Art. 10: All other treaties heretofore made +between the United States, and the said Indian tribes, +or any of them, since the treaty of 1783, between the +United States and Great Britain, that come within the +purview of this treaty, shall henceforth cease and +become void. + In testimony whereof, the said Anthony Wayne, and +the sachems and war chiefs of the before mentioned +nations and tribes of Indians, have hereunto set their +hands and affixed their seals. + Done at Greenville, in the territory of the +United States northwest of the river Ohio, on the third +day of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety +five. + +WYANDOTS. + +Tarhe, or Crane, his x mark L.S. +J. Williams, jun. his x mark, L.S. +Teyyaghtaw, his x mark, L.S. +Haroenyou, or half king's son, his x mark, L.S. +Tehaawtorens, his x mark, L.S. +Awmeyeeray, his x mark, L.S. +Stayetah, his x mark L.S. +Shateyyaronyah, or Leather Lips, his x mark, L.S. +Daughshuttayah, his x mark L.S. +Shaawrunthe, his x mark L.S. + +DELAWARES. + +Tetabokshke, or Grand Glaize King, his x mark, L.S. +Lemantanquis, or Black King, his x mark, L.S. +Wabatthoe, his x mark, L.S. +Maghpiway, or Red Feather, his x mark, L.S. +Kikthawenund, or Anderson, his x mark, L.S. +Bukongehelas, his x mark, L.S. +Peekeelund, his x mark, L.S. +Wellebawkeelund, his x mark, L.S. +Peekeetelemund, or Thomas Adams, his x mark, L.S. +Kishkopekund, or Captain Buffalo, his x mark, L.S. +Amenahehan, or Captain Crow, his x mark, L.S. +Queshawksey, or George Washington, his x mark, L.S. +Weywinquis, or Billy Siscomb, his x mark, L.S. +Moses, his x mark, L.S. + +SHAWANEES. + +Misquacoonacaw, or Red Pole, his x mark, L.S. +Cutthewekasaw, or Black Hoof, his x mark, L.S. +Kaysewaesekah, his x mark, L.S. +Weythapamattha, his x mark, L.S. +Nianysmeka, his x mark, L.S. +Waytheah, or Long Shanks, his x mark, L.S. +Weyapiersenwaw, or Blue Jacket, his x mark, L.S. +Nequetaughaw, his x mark, L.S. +Hahgoosekaw, or Captain Reed, his x mark, L.S. + +OTTAWAS. + +Augooshaway, his x mark, L.S. +Keenoshameek, his x mark, L.S. +La Malice, his x mark, L.S. +Machiwetah, his x mark, L.S. +Thowonawa, his x mark, L.S. +Secaw, his x mark, L.S. + +CHIPPEWAS. + +Mashipinashiwish, or Bad Bird, his x mark, L.S. +Nahshogashe, (from Lake Superior), his x mark, L.S. +Kathawasung, his x mark, L.S. +Masass, his x mark, L.S. +Nemekass, or Little Thunder, his x mark, L.S. +Peshawkay, or Young Ox, his x mark, L.S. +Nanguey, his x mark, L.S. +Meenedohgeesogh, his x mark, L.S. +Peewanshemenogh, his x mark, L.S. +Weymegwas, his x mark, L.S. +Gobmaatick, his x mark, L.S. + +OTTAWA. + +Chegonickska, an Ottawa from Sandusky, +his x mark, L.S. + +PATTAWATIMAS OF THE RIVER ST. JOSEPH. + +Thupenebu, his x mark, L.S. +Nawac, for himself and brother Etsimethe, + his x mark, L.S. +Nenanseka, his x mark, L.S. +Keesass, or Run, his x mark, L.S. +Kabamasaw, for himself and brother Chisaugan, + his x mark, L.S. +Sugganunk, his x mark, L.S. +Wapmeme, or White Pigeon, his x mark, L.S. +Wacheness, for himself and brother Pedagoshok, + his x mark, L.S. +Wabshicawnaw, his x mark, L.S. +La Chasse, his x mark, L.S. +Meshegethenogh, for himself and brother, + Wawasek, his x mark, L.S. +Hingoswash, his x mark, L.S. +Anewasaw, his x mark, L.S. +Nawbudgh, his x mark, L.S. +Missenogomaw, his x mark, L.S. +Waweegshe, his x mark, L.S. +Thawme, or Le Blanc, his x mark, L.S. +Geeque, for himself and brother Shewinse, + his x mark, L.S. + +PATTAWATIMAS OF HURON. + +Okia, his x mark, L.S. +Chamung, his x mark, L.S. +Segagewan, his x mark, L.S. +Nanawme, for himself and brother A. Gin, + his x mark, L.S. +Marchand, his x mark, L.S. +Wenameac, his x mark, L.S. + +MIAMIS. +Nagohquangogh, or Le Gris, his x mark, L.S. +Meshekunnoghquoh, or Little Turtle, + his x mark, L.S. + +MIAMIS AND EEL RIVERS. + +Peejeewa, or Richard Ville, his x mark, L.S. +Cochkepoghtogh, his x mark, L.S. + +EEL RIVER TRIBE. + +Shamekunnesa, or Soldier, his x mark, L.S. + +MIAMIS. + +Wapamangwa, or the White Loon, his x mark, L.S. + +WEAS, FOR THEMSELVES AND THE PIANKESHAWS. + +Amacunsa, or Little Beaver, his x mark, L.S. +Acoolatha, or Little Fox, his x mark, L.S. +Francis, his x mark, L.S. + +KICKAPOOS AND KASKASKIAS. + +Keeawhah, his x mark, L.S. +Nemighka, or Josey Renard, his x mark, L.S. +Paikeekanogh, his x mark, L.S. + +DELAWARES OF SANDUSKY. + +Hawkinpumiska, his x mark, L.S. +Peyamawksey, his x mark, L.S. +Reyntueco, (of the Six Nations, living at + Sandusky), his x mark, L.S. + +H. De Butts, first A.D.C. and Sec'ry to Major Gen. +Wayne, +Wm. H. Harrison, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, +T. Lewis, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, +James O'Hara, Quartermaster Gen'l. +John Mills, Major of Infantry, and Adj. Gen'l. +Caleb Swan, P.M.T.U.S. +Gen. Demter, Lieut. Artillery, +Vigo, +P. Frs. La Fontaine, +Ast. Lasselle, Sworn interpreters. +H. Lasselle, Wm. Wells, +Js. Beau Bien, Jacques Lasselle, +David Jones, Chaplain U.S.S. M. Morins, +Lewis Beaufait, Bt. Sans Crainte, +R. Lachambre, Christopher Miller, +Jas. Pepen, Robert Wilson, +Baties Coutien, Abraham Williams, + his x mark +P. Navarre. Isaac Zane, his x mark + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Nancy Troutman (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa345) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +VšR¥T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/tribe.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/tribe.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..52bd11b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/tribe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,851 @@ +Laurence H. Tribe, "The Constitution in Cyberspace" +PREPARED REMARKS + +KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT THE +FIRST CONFERENCE ON COMPUTERS, FREEDOM & PRIVACY + +Copyright, 1991, Jim Warren & Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility + All rights to copy the materials contained herein are reserved, except as +hereafter explicitly licensed and permitted for anyone: + Anyone may receive, store and distribute copies of this ASCII-format +computer textfile in purely magnetic or electronic form, including on +computer networks, computer bulletin board systems, computer conferencing +systems, free computer diskettes, and host and personal computers, provided +and only provided that: +(1) this file, including this notice, is not altered in any manner, and +(2) no profit or payment of any kind is charged for its distribution, other + than normal online connect-time fees or the cost of the magnetic media, and +(3) it is not reproduced nor distributed in printed or paper form, nor on +CD ROM, nor in any form other than the electronic forms described above +without prior written permission from the copyright holder. + Arrangements to publish printed Proceedings of the First Conference on +Computers, Freedom & Privacy are near completion. Audiotape and videotape +versions are also being arranged. + A later version of this file on the WELL (Sausalito, California) will +include ordering details. Or, for details, or to propose other distribution +alternatives, contact Jim Warren, CFP Chair,345 Swett Rd., Woodside CA 94062; +voice:(415)851-7075; fax:(415)851-2814; e-mail:jwarren@well.sf.ca.us.[4/19/91] + +[ These were the author's *prepared* remarks. + A transcript of Professor Tribe's March 26th comments at the Conference +(which expanded slightly on several points herein) will be uploaded onto the +WELL as soon as it is transcribed from the audio tapes and proofed against +the audio and/or videotapes.] + + +"The Constitution in Cyberspace: +Law and Liberty Beyond the Electronic Frontier" + +by Laurence H. Tribe + +Copyright 1991 Laurence H. Tribe, +Tyler Professor of Constitutional Law, +Harvard Law School. + +Professor Tribe is the author, most recently, of +"On Reading the Constitution" (Harvard University Press, +Cambridge, MA, 1991). + + +Introduction + + My topic is how to "map" the text and structure of our +Constitution onto the texture and topology of "cyberspace". That's +the term coined by cyberpunk novelist William Gibson, which many +now use to describe the "place" -- a place without physical walls +or even physical dimensions -- where ordinary telephone +conversations "happen," where voice-mail and e-mail messages are +stored and sent back and forth, and where computer-generated +graphics are transmitted and transformed, all in the form of +interactions, some real-time and some delayed, among countless +users, and between users and the computer itself + Some use the "cyberspace" concept to designate fantasy worlds +or "virtual realities" of the sort Gibson described in his novel +*Neuromancer*, in which people can essentially turn their minds into +computer peripherals capable of perceiving and exploring the data +matrix. The whole idea of "virtual reality," of course, strikes a +slightly odd note. As one of Lily Tomlin's most memorable +characters once asked, "What's reality, anyway, but a collective +hunch?" Work in this field tends to be done largely by people who +share the famous observation that reality is overrated! + However that may be, "cyberspace" connotes to some users the +sorts of technologies that people in Silicon Valley (like Jaron +Lanier at VPL Research, for instance) work on when they try to +develop "virtual racquetball" for the disabled, computer-aided +design systems that allow architects to walk through "virtual +buildings" and remodel them *before* they are built, "virtual +conferencing" for business meetings, or maybe someday even "virtual +day care centers" for latchkey children. The user snaps on a pair +of goggles hooked up to a high-powered computer terminal, puts on +a special set of gloves (and perhaps other gear) wired into the +same computer system, and, looking a little bit like Darth Vader, +pretty much steps into a computer-driven, drug-free, 3-dimensional, +interactive, infinitely expandable hallucination complete with +sight, sound and touch -- allowing the user literally to move +through, and experience, information. + I'm using the term "cyberspace" much more broadly, as many +have lately. I'm using it to encompass the full array of +computer-mediated audio and/or video interactions that are already +widely dispersed in modern societies -- from things as ubiquitous +as the ordinary telephone, to things that are still coming on-line +like computer bulletin boards and networks like Prodigy, or like +the WELL ("Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link"), based here in San +Francisco. My topic, broadly put, is the implications of that +rapidly expanding array for our constitutional order. It is a +constitutional order that tends to carve up the social, legal, and +political universe along lines of "physical place" or "temporal +proximity." The critical thing to note is that these very lines, in +cyberspace, either get bent out of shape or fade out altogether. +The question, then, becomes: when the lines along which our +Constitution is drawn warp or vanish, what happens to the +Constitution itself? + + +Setting the Stage + + To set the stage with a perhaps unfamiliar example, consider +a decision handed down nine months ago, *Maryland v. Craig*, where +the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the power of a state to put an +alleged child abuser on trial with the defendant's accuser +testifying not in the defendant's presence but by one-way, +closed-circuit television. The Sixth Amendment, which of course +antedated television by a century and a half, says: "In all +criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to +be confronted with the witnesses against him." Justice O'Connor +wrote for a bare majority of five Justices that the state's +procedures nonetheless struck a fair balance between costs to the +accused and benefits to the victim and to society as a whole. +Justice Scalia, joined by the three "liberals" then on the Court +(Justices Brennan, Marshall and Stevens), dissented from that +cost-benefit approach to interpreting the Sixth Amendment. He +wrote: + + The Court has convincingly proved that the Maryland + procedure serves a valid interest, and gives the + defendant virtually everything the Confrontation Clause + guarantees (everything, that is, except confrontation). + I am persuaded, therefore, that the Maryland procedure is + virtually constitutional. Since it is not, however, + actually constitutional I [dissent]. + + Could it be that the high-tech, closed-circuit TV context, +almost as familiar to the Court's youngest Justice as to his even +younger law clerks, might've had some bearing on Justice Scalia's +sly invocation of "virtual" constitutional reality? Even if +Justice Scalia wasn't making a pun on "virtual reality," and I +suspect he wasn't, his dissenting opinion about the Confrontation +Clause requires *us* to "confront" the recurring puzzle of how +constitutional provisions written two centuries ago should be +construed and applied in ever-changing circumstances. + Should contemporary society's technology-driven cost-benefit +fixation be allowed to water down the old-fashioned value of direct +confrontation that the Constitution seemingly enshrined as basic? +I would hope not. In that respect, I find myself in complete +agreement with Justice Scalia. + But new technological possibilities for seeing your accuser +clearly without having your accuser see you at all -- possibilities +for sparing the accuser any discomfort in ways that the accuser +couldn't be spared before one-way mirrors or closed-circuit TVs +were developed -- *should* lead us at least to ask ourselves whether +*two*-way confrontation, in which your accuser is supposed to be made +uncomfortable, and thus less likely to lie, really *is* the core +value of the Confrontation Clause. If so, "virtual" confrontation +should be held constitutionally insufficient. If not -- if the +core value served by the Confrontation Clause is just the ability +to *watch* your accuser say that you did it -- then "virtual" +confrontation should suffice. New technologies should lead us to +look more closely at just *what values* the Constitution seeks to +preserve. New technologies should *not* lead us to react reflexively +*either way* -- either by assuming that technologies the Framers +didn't know about make their concerns and values obsolete, or by +assuming that those new technologies couldn't possibly provide new +ways out of old dilemmas and therefore should be ignored +altogether. + The one-way mirror yields a fitting metaphor for the task we +confront. As the Supreme Court said in a different context several +years ago, "The mirror image presented [here] requires us to step +through an analytical looking glass to resolve it." (*NCAA v. +Tarkanian*, 109 S. Ct. at 462.) The world in which the Sixth +Amendment's Confrontation Clause was written and ratified was a +world in which "being confronted with" your accuser *necessarily* +meant a simultaneous physical confrontation so that your accuser +had to *perceive* you being accused by him. Closed-circuit +television and one-way mirrors changed all that by *decoupling* those +two dimensions of confrontation, marking a shift in the conditions of +information-transfer that is in many ways typical of cyberspace. + What does that sort of shift mean for constitutional analysis? +A common way to react is to treat the pattern as it existed *prior* +to the new technology (the pattern in which doing "A" necessarily +*included* doing "B") as essentially arbitrary or accidental. Taking +this approach, once the technological change makes it possible to +do "A" *without* "B" -- to see your accuser without having him or her +see you, or to read someone's mail without her knowing it, to +switch examples -- one concludes that the "old" Constitution's +inclusion of "B" is irrelevant; one concludes that it is enough for +the government to guarantee "A" alone. Sometimes that will be the +case; but it's vital to understand that, sometimes, it won't be. + A characteristic feature of modernity is the subordination of +purpose to accident -- an acute appreciation of just how contingent +and coincidental the connections we are taught to make often are. +We understand, as moderns, that many of the ways we carve up and +organize the world reflect what our social history and cultural +heritage, and perhaps our neurological wiring, bring to the world, +and not some irreducible "way things are." A wonderful example +comes from a 1966 essay by Jorge Louis Borges, "Other +Inquisitions." There, the essayist describes the following +taxonomy of the animal kingdom, which he purports to trace to an +ancient Chinese encyclopedia entitled *The Celestial Emporium of +Benevolent Knowledge*: + + On those remote pages it is written that animals are + divided into: + (a) those belonging to the Emperor + (b) those that are embalmed + (c) those that are trained + (d) suckling pigs + (e) mermaids + (f) fabulous ones + (g) stray dogs + (h) those that are included in this classification + (i) those that tremble as if they were mad + (j) innumerable ones + (k) those drawn with a very fine camel's hair brush + (l) others + (m) those that have just broken a water pitcher + (n) those that, from a great distance, resemble flies + + Contemporary writers from Michel Foucault, in *The Archaeology +of Knowledge*, through George Lakoff, in *Women, Fire, and Dangerous +Things*, use Borges' Chinese encyclopedia to illustrate a range of +different propositions, but the *core* proposition is the supposed +arbitrariness -- the political character, in a sense -- of all +culturally imposed categories. + At one level, that proposition expresses a profound truth and +may encourage humility by combating cultural imperialism. At +another level, though, the proposition tells a dangerous lie: it +suggests that we have descended into the nihilism that so obsessed +Nietzsche and other thinkers -- a world where *everything* is +relative, all lines are up for grabs, all principles and +connections are just matters of purely subjective preference or, +worse still, arbitrary convention. Whether we believe that killing +animals for food is wrong, for example, becomes a question +indistinguishable from whether we happen to enjoy eating beans, +rice and tofu. + This is a particularly pernicious notion in a era when we pass +more and more of our lives in cyberspace, a place where, almost by +definition, our most familiar landmarks are rearranged or disappear +altogether -- because there is a pervasive tendency, even (and +perhaps especially) among the most enlightened, to forget that the +human values and ideals to which we commit ourselves may indeed be +universal and need not depend on how our particular cultures, or +our latest technologies, carve up the universe we inhabit. It was +my very wise colleague from Yale, the late Art Leff, who once +observed that, even in a world without an agreed-upon God, we can +still agree -- even if we can't "prove" mathematically -- that +"napalming babies is wrong." + The Constitution's core values, I'm convinced, need not be +transmogrified, or metamorphosed into oblivion, in the dim recesses +of cyberspace. But to say that they *need* not be lost there is +hardly to predict that they *will* not be. On the contrary, without +further thought and awareness of the kind this conference might +provide, the danger is clear and present that they *will* be. + The "event horizon" against which this transformation might +occur is already plainly visible: + Electronic trespassers like Kevin Mitnik don't stop with +cracking pay phones, but break into NORAD -- the North American +Defense Command computer in Colorado Springs -- not in a *WarGames* +movie, but in real life. + Less challenging to national security but more ubiquitously +threatening, computer crackers download everyman's credit history +from institutions like TRW; start charging phone calls (and more) +to everyman's number; set loose "worm" programs that shut down +thousands of linked computers; and spread "computer viruses" +through everyman's work or home PC. + It is not only the government that feels threatened by +"computer crime"; both the owners and the users of private +information services, computer bulletin boards, gateways, and +networks feel equally vulnerable to this new breed of invisible +trespasser. The response from the many who sense danger has been +swift, and often brutal, as a few examples illustrate. + Last March, U.S. Secret Service agents staged a surprise raid +on Steve Jackson Games, a small games manufacturer in +Austin, Texas, and seized all paper and electronic drafts of its +newest fantasy role-playing game, *GURPS[reg.t.m.] Cyberpunk*, +calling the game a "handbook for computer crime." + By last Spring, up to one quarter of the U.S. Treasury +Department's investigators had become involved in a project of +eavesdropping on computer bulletin boards, apparently tracking +notorious hackers like "Acid Phreak" and "Phiber Optik" through +what one journalist dubbed "the dark canyons of cyberspace." + Last May, in the now famous (or infamous) "Operation Sun Devil," +more than 150 secret service agents teamed up with state +and local law enforcement agencies, and with security personnel +from AT&T, American Express, U.S. Sprint, and a number of the +regional Bell telephone companies, armed themselves with over two +dozen search warrants and more than a few guns, and seized 42 +computers and 23,000 floppy discs in 14 cities from New York to +Texas. Their target: a loose-knit group of people in their teens +and twenties, dubbed the "Legion of Doom." + I am not describing an Indiana Jones movie. I'm talking about +America in the 1990s. + + +The Problem + + The Constitution's architecture can too easily come to seem +quaintly irrelevant, or at least impossible to take very seriously, +in the world as reconstituted by the microchip. I propose today to +canvass five axioms of our constitutional law -- five basic +assumptions that I believe shape the way American constitutional +scholars and judges view legal issues -- and to examine how they +can adapt to the cyberspace age. My conclusion (and I will try not +to give away too much of the punch line here) is that the Framers +of our Constitution were very wise indeed. They bequeathed us a +framework for all seasons, a truly astonishing document whose +principles are suitable for all times and all technological +landscapes. + + +Axiom 1: +There is a Vital Difference +*Between Government and Private Action* + + The first axiom I will discuss is the proposition that the +Constitution, with the sole exception of the Thirteenth Amendment +prohibiting slavery, regulates action by the *government* rather than +the conduct of *private* individuals and groups. In an article I +wrote in the Harvard Law Review in November 1989 on "The Curvature +of Constitutional Space," I discussed the Constitution's +metaphor-morphosis from a Newtonian to an Einsteinian and +Heisenbergian paradigm. It was common, early in our history, to +see the Constitution as "Newtonian in design with its carefully +counterpoised forces and counterforces, its [geographical and +institutional] checks and balances." (103 *Harv. L. Rev.* at 3.) + Indeed, in many ways contemporary constitutional law is still +trapped within and stunted by that paradigm. But today at least +some post-modern constitutionalists tend to think and talk in the +language of relativity, quantum mechanics, and chaos theory. This +may quite naturally suggest to some observers that the +Constitution's basic strategy of decentralizing and diffusing power +by constraining and fragmenting governmental authority in +particular has been rendered obsolete. + The institutional separation of powers among the three federal +branches of government, the geographical division of authority +between the federal government and the fifty state governments, the +recognition of national boundaries, and, above all, the sharp +distinction between the public and private spheres, become easy to +deride as relics of a simpler, pre-computer age. Thus Eli Noam, in +the First Ithiel de Sola Pool Memorial Lecture, delivered last +October at MIT, notes that computer networks and network +associations acquire quasi-governmental powers as they necessarily +take on such tasks as mediating their members' conflicting +interests, establishing cost shares, creating their own rules of +admission and access and expulsion, even establishing their own *de +facto* taxing mechanisms. In Professor Noam's words, "networks +become political entities," global nets that respect no state or +local boundaries. Restrictions on the use of information in one +country (to protect privacy, for example) tend to lead to export of +that information to other countries, where it can be analyzed and +then used on a selective basis in the country attempting to +restrict it. "Data havens" reminiscent of the role played by the +Swiss in banking may emerge, with few restrictions on the storage +and manipulation of information. + A tempting conclusion is that, to protect the free speech and +other rights of *users* in such private networks, judges must treat +these networks not as associations that have rights of their own +*against* the government but as virtual "governments" in themselves +-- as entities against which individual rights must be defended in +the Constitution's name. Such a conclusion would be misleadingly +simplistic. There are circumstances, of course, when +non-governmental bodies like privately owned "company towns" or +even huge shopping malls should be subjected to legislative and +administrative controls by democratically accountable entities, or +even to judicial controls as though they were arms of the state -- +but that may be as true (or as false) of multinational corporations +or foundations, or transnational religious organizations, or even +small-town communities, as it is of computer-mediated networks. +It's a fallacy to suppose that, just because a computer bulletin +board or network or gateway is *something like* a shopping mall, +government has as much constitutional duty -- or even authority -- +to guarantee open public access to such a network as it has to +guarantee open public access to a privately owned shopping center +like the one involved in the U.S. Supreme Court's famous *PruneYard +Shopping Center* decision of 1980, arising from nearby San Jose. + The rules of law, both statutory and judge-made, through which +each state *allocates* private powers and responsibilities themselves +represent characteristic forms of government action. That's why a +state's rules for imposing liability on private publishers, or for +deciding which private contracts to enforce and which ones to +invalidate, are all subject to scrutiny for their consistency with +the federal Constitution. But as a general proposition it is only +what *governments* do, either through such rules or through the +actions of public officials, that the United States Constitution +constrains. And nothing about any new technology suddenly erases +the Constitution's enduring value of restraining *government* above +all else, and of protecting all private groups, large and small, +from government. + It's true that certain technologies may become socially +indispensable -- so that equal or at least minimal access to basic +computer power, for example, might be as significant a +constitutional goal as equal or at least minimal access to the +franchise, or to dispute resolution through the judicial system, +or to elementary and secondary education. But all this means (or +should mean) is that the Constitution's constraints on government +must at times take the form of imposing *affirmative duties* to +assure access rather than merely enforcing *negative prohibitions* +against designated sorts of invasion or intrusion. + Today, for example, the government is under an affirmative +obligation to open up criminal trials to the press and the public, +at least where there has not been a particularized finding that +such openness would disrupt the proceedings. The government is +also under an affirmative obligation to provide free legal +assistance for indigent criminal defendants, to assure speedy +trials, to underwrite the cost of counting ballots at election +time, and to desegregate previously segregated school systems. But +these occasional affirmative obligations don't, or shouldn't, mean +that the Constitution's axiomatic division between the realm of +public power and the realm of private life should be jettisoned. + Nor would the "indispensability" of information technologies +provide a license for government to impose strict content, access, +pricing, and other types of regulation. *Books* are indispensable to +most of us, for example -- but it doesn't follow that government +should therefore be able to regulate the content of what goes onto +the shelves of *bookstores*. The right of a private bookstore owner +to decide which books to stock and which to discard, which books to +display openly and which to store in limited access areas, should +remain inviolate. And note, incidentally, that this needn't make +the bookstore owner a "publisher" who is liable for the words +printed in the books on her shelves. It's a common fallacy to +imagine that the moment a computer gateway or bulletin board begins +to exercise powers of selection to control who may be on line, it +must automatically assume the responsibilities of a newscaster, a +broadcaster, or an author. For computer gateways and bulletin +boards are really the "bookstores" of cyberspace; most of them +organize and present information in a computer format, rather than +generating more information content of their own. + + +Axiom 2: +The Constitutional Boundaries of Private Property +and Personality Depend on Variables Deeper Than +*Social Utility and Technological Feasibility* + + The second constitutional axiom, one closely related to the +private-public distinction of the first axiom, is that a person's +mind, body, and property belong *to that person* and not to the +public as a whole. Some believe that cyberspace challenges that +axiom because its entire premise lies in the existence of computers +tied to electronic transmission networks that process digital +information. Because such information can be easily replicated in +series of "1"s and "0"s, anything that anyone has come up with in +virtual reality can be infinitely reproduced. I can log on to a +computer library, copy a "virtual book" to my computer disk, and +send a copy to your computer without creating a gap on anyone's +bookshelf. The same is true of valuable computer programs, costing +hundreds of dollars, creating serious piracy problems. This +feature leads some, like Richard Stallman of the Free Software +Foundation, to argue that in cyberspace everything should be free +-- that information can't be owned. Others, of course, argue that +copyright and patent protections of various kinds are needed in +order for there to be incentives to create "cyberspace property" in +the first place. + Needless to say, there are lively debates about what the +optimal incentive package should be as a matter of legislative and +social policy. But the only *constitutional* issue, at bottom, isn't +the utilitarian or instrumental selection of an optimal policy. +Social judgments about what ought to be subject to individual +appropriation, in the sense used by John Locke and Robert Nozick, +and what ought to remain in the open public domain, are first and +foremost *political* decisions. + To be sure, there are some constitutional constraints on these +political decisions. The Constitution does not permit anything and +everything to be made into a *private commodity*. Votes, for +example, theoretically cannot be bought and sold. Whether the +Constitution itself should be read (or amended) so as to permit all +basic medical care, shelter, nutrition, legal assistance and, +indeed, computerized information services, to be treated as mere +commodities, available only to the highest bidder, are all terribly +hard questions -- as the Eastern Europeans are now discovering as +they attempt to draft their own constitutions. But these are not +questions that should ever be confused with issues of what is +technologically possible, about what is realistically enforceable, +or about what is socially desirable. + Similarly, the Constitution does not permit anything and +everything to be *socialized* and made into a public good available +to whoever needs or "deserves" it most. I would hope, for example, +that the government could not use its powers of eminent domain to +"take" live body parts like eyes or kidneys or brain tissue for +those who need transplants and would be expected to lead +particularly productive lives. In any event, I feel certain that +whatever constitutional right each of us has to inhabit his or her +own body and to hold onto his or her own thoughts and creations +should not depend solely on cost-benefit calculations, or on the +availability of technological methods for painlessly effecting +transfers or for creating good artificial substitutes. + + +Axiom 3: +*Government May Not Control Information Content* + + A third constitutional axiom, like the first two, reflects a +deep respect for the integrity of each individual and a healthy +skepticism toward government. The axiom is that, although +information and ideas have real effects in the social world, it's +not up to government to pick and choose for us in terms of the +*content* of that information or the *value* of those ideas. + This notion is sometimes mistakenly reduced to the naive +child's ditty that "sticks and stones may break my bones, but words +can never hurt me." Anybody who's ever been called something awful +by children in a schoolyard knows better than to believe any such +thing. The real basis for First Amendment values isn't the false +premise that information and ideas have no real impact, but the +belief that information and ideas are *too important* to entrust to +any government censor or overseer. + If we keep that in mind, and *only* if we keep that in mind, +will we be able to see through the tempting argument that, in the +Information Age, free speech is a luxury we can no longer afford. +That argument becomes especially tempting in the context of +cyberspace, where sequences of "0"s and "1"s may become virtual +life forms. Computer "viruses" roam the information nets, +attaching themselves to various programs and screwing up computer +facilities. Creation of a computer virus involves writing a +program; the program then replicates itself and mutates. The +electronic code involved is very much like DNA. If information +content is "speech," and if the First Amendment is to apply in +cyberspace, then mustn't these viruses be "speech" -- and mustn't +their writing and dissemination be constitutionally protected? To +avoid that nightmarish outcome, mustn't we say that the First +Amendment is *inapplicable* to cyberspace? + The answer is no. Speech is protected, but deliberately +yelling "Boo!" at a cardiac patient may still be prosecuted as +murder. Free speech is a constitutional right, but handing a bank +teller a hold-up note that says, "Your money or your life," may +still be punished as robbery. Stealing someone's diary may be +punished as theft -- even if you intend to publish it in book form. +And the Supreme Court, over the past fifteen years, has gradually +brought advertising within the ambit of protected expression +without preventing the government from protecting consumers from +deceptive advertising. The lesson, in short, is that +constitutional principles are subtle enough to bend to such +concerns. They needn't be broken or tossed out. + + +Axiom 4: +The Constitution is Founded on Normative +Conceptions of Humanity That Advances +*in Science and Technology Cannot "Disprove"* + + A fourth constitutional axiom is that the human spirit is +something beyond a physical information processor. That axiom, +which regards human thought processes as not fully reducible to the +operations of a computer program, however complex, must not be +confused with the silly view that, because computer operations +involve nothing more than the manipulation of "on" and "off" states +of myriad microchips, it somehow follows that government control or +outright seizure of computers and computer programs threatens no +First Amendment rights because human thought processes are not +directly involved. To say that would be like saying that +government confiscation of a newspaper's printing press and +tomorrow morning's copy has nothing to do with speech but involves +only a taking of metal, paper, and ink. Particularly if the seizure +or the regulation is triggered by the content of the information +being processed or transmitted, the First Amendment is of course +fully involved. Yet this recognition that information processing +by computer entails something far beyond the mere sequencing of +mechanical or chemical steps still leaves a potential gap between +what computers can do internally and in communication with one +another -- and what goes on within and between human minds. It is +that gap to which this fourth axiom is addressed; the very +existence of any such gap is, as I'm sure you know, a matter of +considerable controversy. + What if people like the mathematician and physicist Roger +Penrose, author of *The Emperor's New Mind*, are wrong about human +minds? In that provocative recent book, Penrose disagrees with +those Artificial Intelligence, or AI, gurus who insist that it's +only a matter of time until human thought and feeling can be +perfectly simulated or even replicated by a series of purely +physical operations -- that it's all just neurons firing and +neurotransmitters flowing, all subject to perfect modeling in +suitable computer systems. Would an adherent of that AI orthodoxy, +someone whom Penrose fails to persuade, have to reject as +irrelevant for cyberspace those constitutional protections that +rest on the anti-AI premise that minds are *not* reducible to really +fancy computers? + Consider, for example, the Fifth Amendment, which provides +that "no person shall be . . . compelled in any criminal case to +be a witness against himself." The Supreme Court has long held +that suspects may be required, despite this protection, to provide +evidence that is not "testimonial" in nature -- blood samples, for +instance, or even exemplars of one's handwriting or voice. Last +year, in a case called *Pennsylvania v. Muniz*, the Supreme Court +held that answers to even simple questions like "When was your +sixth birthday?" are testimonial because such a question, however +straightforward, nevertheless calls for the product of mental +activity and therefore uses the suspect's mind against him. But +what if science could eventually describe thinking as a process no +more complex than, say, riding a bike or digesting a meal? Might +the progress of neurobiology and computer science eventually +overthrow the premises of the *Muniz* decision? + I would hope not. For the Constitution's premises, properly +understood, are *normative* rather than *descriptive*. The philosopher +David Hume was right in teaching that no "ought" can ever be +logically derived from an "is." If we should ever abandon the +Constitution's protection for the distinctively and universally +human, it won't be because robotics or genetic engineering or +computer science have led us to deeper truths, but rather because +they have seduced us into more profound confusions. Science and +technology open options, create possibilities, suggest +incompatibilities, generate threats. They do not alter what is +"right" or what is "wrong." The fact that those notions are +elusive and subject to endless debate need not make them totally +contingent on contemporary technology. + + +Axiom 5: +Constitutional Principles Should Not +*Vary With Accidents of Technology* + + In a sense, that's the fifth and final constitutional axiom I +would urge upon this gathering: that the Constitution's norms, at +their deepest level, must be invariant under merely *technological* +transformations. Our constitutional law evolves through judicial +interpretation, case by case, in a process of reasoning by analogy +from precedent. At its best, that process is ideally suited to +seeing beneath the surface and extracting deeper principles from +prior decisions. At its worst, though, the same process can get +bogged down in superficial aspects of preexisting examples, +fixating upon unessential features while overlooking underlying +principles and values. + When the Supreme Court in 1928 first confronted wiretapping +and held in *Olmstead v. United States* that such wiretapping +involved no "search" or "seizure" within the meaning of the Fourth +Amendment's prohibition of "unreasonable searches and seizures," +the majority of the Court reasoned that the Fourth Amendment +"itself shows that the search is to be of material things -- the +person, the house, his papers or his effects," and said that "there +was no searching" when a suspect's phone was tapped because the +Constitution's language "cannot be extended and expanded to include +telephone wires reaching to the whole world from the defendant's +house or office." After all, said the Court, the intervening wires +"are not part of his house or office any more than are the highways +along which they are stretched." Even to a law student in the +1960s, as you might imagine, that "reasoning" seemed amazingly +artificial. Yet the *Olmstead* doctrine still survived. + It would be illuminating at this point to compare the Supreme +Court's initial reaction to new technology in *Olmstead* with its +initial reaction to new technology in *Maryland v. Craig*, the 1990 +closed-circuit television case with which we began this discussion. +In *Craig*, a majority of the Justices assumed that, when the 18th- +century Framers of the Confrontation Clause included a guarantee of +two-way *physical* confrontation, they did so solely because it had +not yet become technologically feasible for the accused to look his +accuser in the eye without having the accuser simultaneously watch +the accused. Given that this technological obstacle has been +removed, the majority assumed, one-way confrontation is now +sufficient. It is enough that the accused not be subject to +criminal conviction on the basis of statements made outside his +presence. + In *Olmstead*, a majority of the Justices assumed that, when the +18th-century authors of the Fourth Amendment used language that +sounded "physical" in guaranteeing against invasions of a person's +dwelling or possessions, they did so not solely because *physical* +invasions were at that time the only serious threats to personal +privacy, but for the separate and distinct reason that *intangible* +invasions simply would not threaten any relevant dimension of +Fourth Amendment privacy. + In a sense, *Olmstead* mindlessly read a new technology *out* of +the Constitution, while *Craig* absent-mindedly read a new technology +*into* the Constitution. But both decisions -- *Olmstead* and *Craig* -- +had the structural effect of withholding the protections of the +Bill of Rights from threats made possible by new information +technologies. *Olmstead* did so by implausibly reading the +Constitution's text as though it represented a deliberate decision +not to extend protection to threats that 18th-century thinkers +simply had not foreseen. *Craig* did so by somewhat more plausibly +-- but still unthinkingly -- treating the Constitution's seemingly +explicit coupling of two analytically distinct protections as +reflecting a failure of technological foresight and imagination, +rather than a deliberate value choice. + The *Craig* majority's approach appears to have been driven in +part by an understandable sense of how a new information technology +could directly protect a particularly sympathetic group, abused +children, from a traumatic trial experience. The *Olmstead* +majority's approach probably reflected both an exaggerated estimate +of how difficult it would be to obtain wiretapping warrants even +where fully justified, and an insufficient sense of how a new +information technology could directly threaten all of us. Although +both *Craig* and *Olmstead* reveal an inadequate consciousness about +how new technologies interact with old values, *Craig* at least seems +defensible even if misguided, while *Olmstead* seems just plain +wrong. + Around 23 years ago, as a then-recent law school graduate +serving as law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart, I +found myself working on a case involving the government's +electronic surveillance of a suspected criminal -- in the form of +a tiny device attached to the outside of a public telephone booth. +Because the invasion of the suspect's privacy was accomplished +without physical trespass into a "constitutionally protected area," +the Federal Government argued, relying on *Olmstead*, that there had +been no "search" or "seizure," and therefore that the Fourth +Amendment "right of the people to be secure in their persons, +houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and +seizures," simply did not apply. + At first, there were only four votes to overrule *Olmstead* and +to hold the Fourth Amendment applicable to wiretapping and +electronic eavesdropping. I'm proud to say that, as a 26-year-old +kid, I had at least a little bit to do with changing that number +from four to seven -- and with the argument, formally adopted by a +seven-Justice majority in December 1967, that the Fourth Amendment +"protects people, not places." (389 U.S. at 351.) In that +decision, *Katz v. United States*, the Supreme Court finally +repudiated *Olmstead* and the many decisions that had relied upon it +and reasoned that, given the role of electronic telecommunications +in modern life, the First Amendment purposes of protecting *free +speech* as well as the Fourth Amendment purposes of protecting +*privacy* require treating as a "search" any invasion of a person's +confidential telephone communications, with or without physical +trespass. + Sadly, nine years later, in *Smith v. Maryland*, the Supreme +Court retreated from the *Katz* principle by holding that no search +occurs and therefore no warrant is needed when police, with the +assistance of the telephone company, make use of a "pen register", +a mechanical device placed on someone's phone line that records all +numbers dialed from the phone and the times of dialing. The +Supreme Court, over the dissents of Justices Stewart, Brennan, and +Marshall, found no legitimate expectation of privacy in the numbers +dialed, reasoning that the digits one dials are routinely recorded +by the phone company for billing purposes. As Justice Stewart, the +author of *Katz*, aptly pointed out, "that observation no more than +describes the basic nature of telephone calls . . . . It is simply +not enough to say, after *Katz*, that there is no legitimate +expectation of privacy in the numbers dialed because the caller +assumes the risk that the telephone company will expose them to the +police." (442 U.S. at 746-747.) Today, the logic of *Smith* is +being used to say that people have no expectation of privacy when +they use their cordless telephones since they know or should know +that radio waves can be easily monitored! + It is easy to be pessimistic about the way in which the +Supreme Court has reacted to technological change. In many +respects, *Smith* is unfortunately more typical than *Katz* of the way +the Court has behaved. For example, when movies were invented, and +for several decades thereafter, the Court held that movie +exhibitions were not entitled to First Amendment protection. When +community access cable TV was born, the Court hindered municipal +attempts to provide it at low cost by holding that rules requiring +landlords to install small cable boxes on their apartment buildings +amounted to a compensable taking of property. And in *Red Lion v. +FCC*, decided twenty-two years ago but still not repudiated today, +the Court ratified government control of TV and radio broadcast +content with the dubious logic that the scarcity of the +electromagnetic spectrum justified not merely government policies +to auction off, randomly allocate, or otherwise ration the spectrum +according to neutral rules, but also much more intrusive and +content-based government regulation in the form of the so-called +"fairness doctrine." + Although the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts have +taken a somewhat more enlightened approach in dealing with cable +television, these decisions for the most part reveal a curious +judicial blindness, as if the Constitution had to be reinvented +with the birth of each new technology. Judges interpreting a late +18th century Bill of Rights tend to forget that, unless its *terms* +are read in an evolving and dynamic way, its *values* will lose even +the *static* protection they once enjoyed. Ironically, *fidelity* to +original values requires *flexibility* of textual interpretation. It +was Judge Robert Bork, not famous for his flexibility, who once +urged this enlightened view upon then Judge (now Justice) Scalia, +when the two of them sat as colleagues on the U.S. Court of Appeals +for the D.C. Circuit. + Judicial error in this field tends to take the form of saying +that, by using modern technology ranging from the telephone to the +television to computers, we "assume the risk." But that typically +begs the question. Justice Harlan, in a dissent penned two decades +ago, wrote: "Since it is the task of the law to form and project, +as well as mirror and reflect, we should not . . . merely recite . +. . risks without examining the *desirability* of saddling them upon +society." (*United States v. White*, 401 U.S. at 786). And, I would +add, we should not merely recite risks without examining how +imposing those risks comports with the Constitution's fundamental +values of *freedom*, *privacy*, and *equality*. + Failing to examine just that issue is the basic error I +believe federal courts and Congress have made: + + * in regulating radio and TV broadcasting without + adequate sensitivity to First Amendment values; + + * in supposing that the selection and editing of + video programs by cable operators might be less + than a form of expression; + + * in excluding telephone companies from cable and + other information markets; + + * in assuming that the processing of "O"s and "1"s + by computers as they exchange data with one + another is something less than "speech"; and + + * in generally treating information processed + electronically as though it were somehow less + entitled to protection for that reason. + + The lesson to be learned is that these choices and these +mistakes are not dictated by the Constitution. They are decisions +for us to make in interpreting that majestic charter, and in +implementing the principles that the Constitution establishes. + + +*Conclusion* + + If my own life as a lawyer and legal scholar could leave just +one legacy, I'd like it to be the recognition that the Constitution +*as a whole* "protects people, not places." If that is to come +about, the Constitution as a whole must be read through a +technologically transparent lens. That is, we must embrace, as a +rule of construction or interpretation, a principle one might call +the "cyberspace corollary." It would make a suitable +Twenty-seventh Amendment to the Constitution, one befitting the +200th anniversary of the Bill of Rights. Whether adopted all at +once as a constitutional amendment, or accepted gradually as a +principle of interpretation that I believe should obtain even +without any formal change in the Constitution's language, the +corollary I would propose would do for *technology* in 1991 what I +believe the Constitution's Ninth Amendment, adopted in 1791, was +meant to do for *text*. + The Ninth Amendment says: "The enumeration in the +Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or +disparage others retained by the people." That amendment provides +added support for the long-debated, but now largely accepted, +"right of privacy" that the Supreme Court recognized in such +decisions as the famous birth control case of 1965, *Griswold v. +Connecticut*. The Ninth Amendment's simple message is: The *text* +used by the Constitution's authors and ratifiers does not exhaust +the values our Constitution recognizes. Perhaps a Twenty-seventh +Amendment could convey a parallel and equally simple message: The +*technologies* familiar to the Constitution's authors and ratifiers +similarly do not exhaust the *threats* against which the +Constitution's core values must be protected. + The most recent amendment, the twenty-sixth, adopted in 1971, +extended the vote to 18-year-olds. It would be fitting, in a world +where youth has been enfranchised, for a twenty-seventh amendment +to spell a kind of "childhood's end" for constitutional law. The +Twenty-seventh Amendment, to be proposed for at least serious +debate in 1991, would read simply: + +"This Constitution's protections for the freedoms of +speech, press, petition, and assembly, and its +protections against unreasonable searches and seizures +and the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without +due process of law, shall be construed as fully +applicable without regard to the technological method or +medium through which information content is generated, +stored, altered, transmitted, or controlled." + + +[Note: The machine-readable original of this was provided by the +author on a PC diskette in WordPerfect. It was reformatted to +ASCII, appropriate for general network and computer access, by Jim Warren. +Text that was underlined or boldface in the original copy was delimited +by asterisks, and a registered trademark symbol was replaced by +"reg.t.m.". Other than that, the text was as provided by the author.] + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/trueanar.bgr b/textfiles.com/politics/trueanar.bgr new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8076ffa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/trueanar.bgr @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ + + ìThe Brotherhood of Gíds And Retards presentsì + +Anarchy- A nation at peace ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² +with it self and other ²² True Anarchism ²² Pain is temparay, +nations, with out any form ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² Glory is forever. +of laws present. ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± As Blood spills + ±± By Abigwar ±± Pride builds. + ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± Live strong, + And Live Free. + Abigwar '94 + °°°° + °° °° + °° °° +°°°°°°°°°° + °° °° +°° °° narchy is not being used in its proper form. Hundreds maybe even + thousands of people are using Anarchy as an excuse to vandalize + personal property of nice working and Lower-Middle class people. When + people claming to be anarchists run around and do personal damage people + get mad and become aginst the movement. This does not, as you may have + guessed, help us in the slightest bit. Anarchy is not a part time job. It + is a way of life. It is understood that only the mentaly strong support it, + Because if you are not strong in an anarchist socity, you will not survive. + This is also called Nihlism. The survival of the fitist. If you want to turn + heads our way, You have to help people in the name of anarchy. Sounds hard + huh? Well, It has to be. If you want support you have to earn it. + + Q: Is it not true that Anarchy is no government? Isnt that a contradiction? + A: Well that it is not true, Anarchism is a movement. + + Q: How is it possible to have no rules, and no laws? + A: The basis of anarchy is that every one can get along and not cause any + shit so there wont be a need for laws. + + Q: What about the weak people? + A: They will adapt or die. + + Q: Wont there be nothing but CHAOS? + A: Maby at first. But to be a true Anarchist Socity there will be only peace. + + Q: Why cant i beat up mail boxes with baseball bats, and burn down my next + door neighbors garage? + A: Because asshole, Our fight is with the government, Not its mind fucked + people. It isn't their fault they only know what the government wants them + to know. That is why it is our job to inform them, And if they don't want + to listen, some day they may change their minds if you never fucked them + up. + + Q: Abigwar, You write files on vandalism. Arn't you a hipocrit? + A: No, Because I don't relate vandalism and pranks with anarchy. I am not + saying that vandalism and pranks are bad. Just that they are not Anarchism. + + Q: What ever inspired you to write this file? + A: I D/Led a file called AANON4.ZIP.. And its not that i didn't like it. It + is just that the way they represnet anarchy. Anarchist Anymous seems to + be a good group, But they could fuck up anarchism more than it already is. + + Q: Are you afraid that you might offend AA with that last Q/A? + A: I am not out to offend them. But i am not going to apologize for saying + that either. Besides they seem tough. Im sure some positive critisism + wont hurt them to much. And if i get blacklisted by them and all their + boards, in my heart i know i did what is right. They may call me a lamer + but it would only prove there own ignorance if they do. + + Q: Is it true you are a skinhead or is it just a rumor. + A: Its true. And arn't we a little of topic? + + Q: What is your faviort terminal program? + A: Shut the fuck up man.. We are talking about Anarchism. + + Q: I am kindof new to the computer underground scene, But i have been a + supporter of true anarchism for years, When i try to support it, HPers + jump in and call me a lamer... Why? + A: Ignorance in my opinion. They where taught wrong, so they belive it is + diffrent. You where write to stand up for what you belive in. Some day + they will learn. You'll see. + +---(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===--- +Well, That about covers my part 1. Part 2 will be out soon. Also look for a +Martial Arts book By: ME comming to a BBS near you soon. If you want to bitch +me out, or complement me (yeah right) Email me on T.E.K.A.T. (ABIGWAR). + +Greets to: +AA= Ahem, I dont appricate you describing an skinhead uniform as an anarchial + uniform. But i will get over it. +CdC= Where the hell are you? +BGR= Lets go guys. +Jessy= Heheheheahahah Im waiting. +Skull Crusher= Get laid. +CHAOSS= What the hell is wrong with you guys? Fight others not each other. +CES= I hope your skinhead sunburns! :> +More Core Dorks= You guys are faggots. You got your name from brand of shirts. +UF= Keep-a-Rocking +Trever= Fuck the hell off pussy, You fuck with my friends your going to get + hurt. I dont care how tall you are. Im comming for you. +Chip= Lay off N.S. or im gonna hang you by your toe nails. +---(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===(^^^)===--- + +(C)opyright 1994 BGR productions + ABIGWAR +"Will molitolv cocktails ever reign?" + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/trylaw.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/trylaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fb991b68 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/trylaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ + + TRY THE LAW + + The scene is a somber federal court room. The lengthy + trial on a charge of weapons possession has just ended. + "Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, the testimony has + now concluded. We will take the time to determine the + innocence or guilt of Mr. John Watkins. + "You have heard all the testimony from the prosecution + and defense attorneys. You will soon retire to the jury + room for your deliberations. All the evidence presented at + this trial will be there with you for your examination and + use in reaching a verdict. + "During your deliberations, I charge you with determin- + ing the facts presented in this litigation and the facts + only. I will now instruct you on the law concerning this + case and under which Mr. Watkins has been tried." + "If you have any questions during your deliberations + concerning what I am about to instruct you, please make a + written request to the Court. Cite what you do not under- + stand. The Bailiff will bring your question into the Court + and I will answer it." + Now, in a usual monotonous voice, the judge will read + his interpretation of the laws involved. If you can stay + awake and understand a small part of what 'His Honor' is + saying consider yourself fortunate. + This whole setup is called 'Judicial Supremacy'. They + purposely constructed court rooms so the judge sits higher + than everyone else. That forces you to look up to him. He + lords it over everyone that he is only the person who has + any say-so on the law. + This is a lie . . . a real legal fairy tale. The + reason for a jury has been turned upside down. In past + years it bears no similarity to the true purpose of your + duty as a juror. + Your obligation is not only to determine the innocence + or guilt of the accused, it is also to examine the law! + Let's get back to basics and define a law. The + supremacy clause of our Constitution is explicit when it + says it and only laws made following its power and + restrictions are the supreme law of the land. + The key words are laws made following the power in the + document. If they pass a law beyond the permission we + granted, then what? It would NOT conform to the document + and is no law. And how would you know? + The first requirement is that you know something about + our Constitution. Without this knowledge, these legal + eagles will continue to make monkeys of you. It would be + ridiculous to memorize the document and no one expects that. + Nevertheless, the purpose of the jury is to safeguard other + citizens from an overzealous government. You should know + where to look to see if they have the authority to pass the + law under which they are accusing the person on trial. +  + There are only four crimes listed in our Constitution. + These are (1) counterfeiting of securities and current + coins, (Art I, Sec 8), (2) piracies and felonies committed + on the high seas, (Art I, Sec 8), (3) treason against the + United States (Art III, Sec 3) and (4) offenses against the + law of nations (Art I, Sec 8). That's it! We gave NO power + to Congress beyond these four to define a crime. Sounds + weird . . . but it's true. + + In 1821, Chief Justice John Marshall, of the United + States Supreme Court stated in an opinion, "Congress has a + right to punish murder in a fort, or other place within its + exclusive jurisdiction; but no general right to punish + murder committed within any of the States." Further, he + added, "It is clear, that Congress cannot punish felonies + generally;" (Cohen v Virginia, 4 Wheat (US) 264) (1821). + Unless you are a juror in a case (federal) charging + someone with a violation of one of the four listed crimes, + there is no criminal law. And you cannot judge the persons' + innocence or guilt. You have no right to convict. + That's a heavy statement. Let's see if it's true . . . + The determination of crimes and criminal acts were + designated as state functions. They are still state + functions today and of no concern to the federal government. + This is verified by the instructions in Art IV, Sec 2, + clause 2. + We have established repeatedly that our Constitution is + the supreme law of the land. Nowhere have we given Congress + the power to determine any act by a citizen to be a crime. + The document is full of 'thou shalt nots' directed at the + government. The consensus of some of our Founding Fathers + was that the powers given, limited as they are, were much + too dangerous. + The Tenth Amendment restates the 'thou shalt nots' . . + "The powers not delegated to the United States by the + Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are + reserved to the States respectively or to the People." It + is an absolute bar to the federales assuming any power we + did not grant to them. + For the sake of illustration, this trial was about the + possession of weapons. The Second Amendment prohibits the + Congress from passing ANY law which will infringe on the + right to keep and bear arms. And here the 'justice' dept + is after someone for possession of weapons? It's no good. + The law is a myth. + Hamilton makes it clear in Paper No. 83 that the 'thou + shalt nots' are there. Their powers are specific and + limited. These specific powers preclude all assumption of a + general legislative authority. Being specific, it would be + absurd as well as useless if a general authority was intend- + ed. (As before, all references to 'paper no.' are from The + Federalist Papers.) Where can Congress find the right to + assume power to define crimes if the permission were not +  + specifically granted by us? + For the past hundred or more years, Congress has been + busy writing all sorts of laws for which we gave no permis- + sion. The worse period for illegal and bad laws was during + the period of the 1930's. This was when the exercise of + control over the American people went wild. This is one + reason why the purpose of the jury is so important today. + The people who work for the government have a job as a + result of our Constitution. If it were not that we agreed + to government, their positions would not exist. There is no + other way to look at it. It is our right and our duty to + check on what they are doing. This of course includes the + laws they are passing. + And what do we check them against? The supremacy + clause holds the key. If they do not conform, they are no + good -- they are not laws. Can't make it any plainer. + Our Fifth Amendment guarantees you and I due process of + law. This is an extremely important statement. They cannot + take life, liberty or property unless this requirement for + due process is followed. Our basic law holds the preced- + ence. If the government does not obey a command of the + document, anything that comes as a result does NOT follow + due process. + It doesn't take a unanimous jury to say the law is no + good. It takes only one knowledgeable person to refuse to + convict and the law, for that instance at least, has been + neutralized. + This is jury nullification of laws. This was the + intent of our jury system from the beginnings of our system + of government. The Supreme Court has agreed with that + premise. (Georgia v Brailsford, 3 US 1) (1794) There are + decisions in law books which show the jury is to try both + law and fact. These were many years in our past. The drive + by federal judges to establish the judicial branch as the + most powerful branch of government has hidden this point. + Today the people believe only judges can tell the jury what + the law means. Surprised? This is legal fiction . . . + Buffalo chips! + A phrase nearly everyone is familiar with is ignorance + of the law is no excuse. What excuse does a judge have for + not knowing the law? (Or do you think perhaps he might?) + How about all the lawyers we have in Congress making laws? + What about the lawyers in that court room? If this + statement has any validity, it applies to everyone. + Now what would you do in a situation like this? Send a + note with the bailiff to the judge saying the law is no good + so you cannot vote for conviction? This would probably end + with you receiving a contempt citation from the judge and + off to jail you go without passing go! After all, the man + in the black robe has instructed you on the meaning of the + law. The alternative is to refuse to convict. No matter + what pressure you feel from the other jurors. Knowing the + national government has no power to define a criminal act, + how can you consider a persons guilt and perhaps ruin +  + someone's life? + Now your duty as a juror becomes paramount. The people + who are passing these laws and those who are enforcing them + are guilty of breaking the law. We have ordered each person + who works for government to swear to God they will support + our Constitution. Another command of the document which + Congress ignores in many instances. More hanky-panky. + The ease with which they do these unconstitutional + practices reflects on us. Sadly, we don't know what the + Constitution says. We have paid no attention to what the + government has been doing to our rights and with their + allotted powers. + The eternal vigilance recommended by Jefferson has gone + to sleep. We have not been watching our elected representa- + tives. I assure you these people who exceed their powers + know exactly what they're doing. They know good people are + reluctant to raise a fuss to make it stop. Those with a + lust for greed and power continue on their merry way. + Back to your duty as a juror. By simply resisting the + pressure of other members of the jury and refusing to + convict, the government will be denied a conviction. No + question this is an awkward position to be in. You may feel + this person is guilty of something. However, you can't bow + to pressure to find a person guilty when we denied the + federal government the power to establish the crime. + You can rest assured if the person is a criminal, he + will continue his criminal activity and be back in court + again. The next time perhaps in a state court and not a + federal court. + There has been an assumption in this country that a + person is innocent until proven guilty. The attitude in + courts today is frightening. Many people feel if the + government has gone through all the work and investigation, + the person must be guilty. Guilty until proven innocent? + That puts the cart before the horse. This position is + dangerous to the survival of our Republic and a task which + is nearly impossible to overcome in court. Don't let them + use you in this manner. That's exactly what they are doing. + Alexander Hamilton made this very point in Paper, No. + 65: "But juries are frequently influenced by the opinions of + judges. They are sometimes induced to find special + verdicts, which refer the main question to the decision of + the court. Who would be willing to stake his life and his + estate on the verdict of a jury acting under the guidance of + judges who had predetermined his guilt?" + What about grand juries? The only mention of them is + in the Fifth Amendment. This is the first hurdle the + government has to overcome to bring a person to trial. It + is the obligation of the Grand Jury to investigate allega- + tions on it's own. They should never simply accept what a + government attorney charges. + Grand Juries are completely independent bodies. They + do not belong to the Court system or the US Attorneys + office. The Court calls Grand Juries into session from +  + lists of names maintained by the US Attorneys office. Yet + they are independent! They have no right to determine + guilt. Their only duty is to see if US laws were violated + and if they were, to issue an indictment against an + individual. + Some Grand Juries have earned the name of "rubber- + stamp" juries. They have accepted what a US Attorney + charges against an individual without conducting an + investigation on their own. This is how badly the protec- + tion of our citizens has eroded in the past years. It's a + sad comment on American justice and proves how we have been + bamboozled by our public servants. + The first investigation conducted has the same require- + ment as for the petit jury. Does the law meet with the + requirements of our Constitution? Simply because a US + Attorney says the violation is of one of US laws doesn't + mean it's true. In legal circles this is called jury + manipulation. You are being used by the US Attorney to + indict a person simply on his word. Charges must be + investigated independently. + Do you know a US Attorney does not take an oath to + support the Constitution as required? He has no authority + to stand before the Grand Jury and make a charge against + anyone. + The requirement that all officers take an oath or + affirmation to support the Constitution includes the + executive branch. There are no exceptions. The US Attorney + works for the Justice Department, part of the executive + branch. Nonetheless, the US Attorney takes an oath only to + perform his duties faithfully. This is in section 544 of + the Judicial Code, Title 28, United States Code. + Do you see why the federales don't want anyone to know + that juries have the obligation to try the law also? If + there is no power to define a crime, you as a member of a + Grand Jury have no authority to issue an indictment. + How can anyone argue with this premise? The Constitu- + tion established that Congress can make no law which is + beyond their specified and granted powers. The jury system, + both petit and grand, is the basic protection for us as + citizens against overzealous government and agents. Jury + duties and functions have been very slowly curtailed by the + government. That way they can exercise control over the + people as they see fit. + One great man in history made the statement: "The more + corrupt the state, the more numerous the laws." (Cornelius + Tacitus, Roman senator and historian. A.D. c.56-c.115). + Congress has been busy for years writing laws for which we + gave no permission. We must get our ambitious public + officials back within the confines of our basic law. + Are we being led down the road to slavery like sheep? + Has this great country become a nation of wimps . . . + people who are afraid to challenge the government when it + breaks the law? Will we wake some fine morning to find we + are now a minor member of Bush's New World Order? It's +  + closer than any of us dare to imagine. Wake up, people! + What will it be like in this country for us, for our + children and grandchildren if we don't take control of the + government? Perhaps you or one of your children will be in + the same position as the man in this story. Your duty as a + juror is of the utmost importance in the guarantee of our + basic protections. + This same principle applies to state courts. All + states must obey the Constitution, either by ratification of + the document or on being granted statehood. The requirement + for officials to take an oath to support the document also + applies to state officials. Each reader should at least + know the authority the state has received from your + particular state constitution. Find a copy of it or write + your state representative and request a copy. Then you will + be able to familiarize yourself with its authority. + Our very survival depends on alert Americans. + Ignorance is NO defense! Languishing in prison on an + illegal conviction is a travesty. + You and I are the sovereigns. We must begin to act + like a sovereign. Otherwise, our birthright of life, + liberty and happiness will disappear like a puff of smoke. +  diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/tsongtxt.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/tsongtxt.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..443dff6d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/tsongtxt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4156 @@ + A Call to Economic Arms: The New American Mandate + + +[The following is an extended essay Paul Tsongas wrote in late + 1990, before deciding to run for President on the Democratic + ticket. It was subsequently reprinted as a campaign book, + and is being distributed on computer bulletin boards. For more + information, contact Tsongas for President, 2 Oliver Street, + Boston, MA, 02109, voice phone 617-422-0100.] + + + + Paul E. Tsongas + Foley, Hoag & Eliot + One Post Office Square + Boston, MA 02109 + (617) 482-1390 + + + + A Call to Economic Arms: The New American Mandate + + + + America is greatness. It is the pursuit of excellence and +the fulfillment of human capacity. America is not the casual +acceptance of economic decline and social disintegration. Yet, +that is what some are prepared to endure. We are better than +what we are being asked to be by our leaders. We are a nation of +goals, not a nation of limits. We must have leadership that is +committed to world pre-eminence in the strength of our economy, +in the cohesion of our society, and in the quality of our +environment. To accept anything less is to do violence to the +two centuries of our history. + + America is not just another country. It is not just another +place. It is the embrace of fundamental human values that define +what man can become. America is "We The People" as respectful +keepers of the sacred trust that was forged by the blood and +hardships of those who came before us. America has been be- +queathed to us. It is a living heritage meant for us to preserve +and then bequeath to other Americans, yet unborn and yet proven +to be worthy. + + Today, that heritage is under attack. + + Its restoration is the great challenge of our generation. + + This is the mandate to which we must now attend. + + America faces great economic peril as our standard of living +is threatened by Europe 1992 and the Pacific Rim. Once the +world's greatest economic power, we are selling off our national +patrimony as we sink ever deeper into national debt. The +Reagan-Bush years have seen us become the world's greatest debtor +nation. America is also witnessing the weakening of its social +fabric as more and more families dissolve under the onslaught of +a culture that glorifies the immediate and the shallow. As our +historic values are disregarded by today's society-in-a-hurry, +the civility of America has been lessened. Finally, America is +adrift as our leaders flinch from the difficult decisions that +will safeguard us from the energy and environmental threats that +confront us. This nation's will is not being called upon on the +home front because of a fear that our people are not ready for an +honest and forceful response to these threats. I strongly +disagree. + + The purposeful avoidance of difficult issues caused serious +erosion to our society in the eighties. The eighties, fortunate- +ly, are over. The icon of indulgence that we worshipped during +that decade has proven to be a false god. However, it has left +behind a legacy of comfort and ease and the pursuit of self. + + That legacy is not what America is all about. That legacy +contravenes the values of our ancestors. These forebears created +a nation with an enduring work ethic, a sense of personal +discipline, and an acute appreciation of the common good. They +had a sense of purpose that gave meaning to their lives and +strengthened their nation. They defined patriotism as what they +did, not what they avoided doing. + + They left that sense of purpose and that patriotism to our +keeping. We have set it aside. + + America is asking us to return to that purpose. The time +has come for a New American Mandate, based on the precious values +of the past but focused on a vision of the future. The New +American Mandate is a positive response to America under siege. +Saddam Hussein is an acknowledged threat, but he is not the only +one. Just as we deploy our men and women in the Persian Gulf, we +must deploy every American to stop our economic bleeding, to +restore our social fabric, and to meet head on the environmental +and energy threats to our well being. + + We must all be soldiers - everyone of us. Our men and women +in the armed forces demonstrate their love of country by facing +possible death in the sands of the Arabian peninsula. We must be +prepared to love our country as well in our every day deeds and +our every day commitments. + + America in 1991 needs our total devotion. This paper is +meant to provide the battle plan to deploy that devotion in a way +that will strengthen the nation we love. + + The mission of the Democratic Party in 1992 would normally +be to put one of its own in the White House. But these are not +normal times. + + What our country needs is not just a President - but a +President with the necessary mandate. In many respects the +mandate to correctly change our course is more critical than +which party will oversee that change from the White House. + + One thing is clear. Democrats must avoid, at all costs, +emulating the "Pledge of Allegiance/Willie Horton/Read My Lips" +campaign of George Bush. That campaign was designed to win in +November, not govern in January. There was no attempt to seek a +mandate except, of course, the one on taxes which everyone knew +was a cynical ruse. The rest was all hot button politics. It +was philosophy by polling data. + + So George Bush rules, and the nation is without a sense of +direction. His media consultants patted themselves on the back, +pleased with a victory that would enhance their professional +reputations. Having had no interest in creating a prevailing +wind, the White House now acts as a spinning weathervane. The +Persian Gulf is addressed but all else remains set aside. The +country looks for some sign of the "vision thing," but to no +avail. + + We Democrats, of course, could do the same thing. + + Winning would be thrilling as all victories are. But on +January 20th the issues would be no less real. Perhaps our +Democrat could be fortunate like Ronald Reagan and escape before +the consequences of his policies were fully realized. But if +that is our offering, why would the American people substitute +one army of "feel-good" salesmen for another? + + Let us use 1992 to articulate the cold challenges and the +real threats to America that came before Saddam Hussein and will +remain after Saddam Hussein. Let us seek to rally our nation to +forcefully address these issues. Let us create a mandate, a +mandate that will allow purposeful and effective governance. + + Without such a mandate, the White House will be a prison. +And the President will be captive to economic and social forces +he cannot control. With a mandate, the fortunes of America will +truly brighten because the people will be deployed with purpose. + + This is the New American Mandate we must create. + + It requires the re-emergence of America as the world's +pre-eminent economic power. It calls upon America to lead the +fight for world environmental equilibrium. It demands that, once +and for all, we achieve energy sufficiency. It seeks the +repairing of the American social fabric so that we are +spiritually one community. It positions America as the critical +partner in achieving world peace but based upon the principles of +true burden sharing. + + If we Democrats cause that to happen, we will have truly +served our country, no matter who wins the election. + + The White House and a mandate. Both or neither. Let's get +on with it. + + This paper will address six of the issues around which the +strength of our nation revolves. They are: + + Economic Survival + + Education + + Environment + + Energy + + Foreign Policy + + Our Cultural Fabric + + My views reflect my ten years on Capitol Hill, my +observations these past six years in the private sector, and my +earlier experiences living outside the United States. + + +I. Economic Survival: The Creation of National Wealth + + There is no reason why the United States should not be the +pre-eminent economic power on earth. No reason whatsoever. We +have the land, the resources and the people. What we lack is the +leadership. Our political leadership has chosen to ignore +difficult economic realities. It has, instead, decided to +finance short-term avoidance by placing the nation under crushing +and unsustainable debt. As a result, America is facing great +economic peril. We are daily witnessing this ever-mounting +national debt, the inexorable sale of America to foreign +interests, and the steady deterioration of our capacity to +compete in the global marketplace. + + Yet, the alarm remains unsounded. Washington is recession +proof. The rest of the country, however, is not. Washington +talk about "it's morning in America" rings hollow in communities +devastated by failing industries. To them it's high noon. +Bravado talk about "we can out-compete, out-produce and out-sell" +any country in the world without change in our national economic +policies is a self-serving delusion. + + Washington politicians should experience service on +corporate boards of companies that are trying to compete +internationally. They should have their financial survival +riding on a startup business struggling under the burden of the +high costs of American capital. They should have close relatives +seeking to manage companies under the quarterly gaze of Wall +Street vultures and getting battered by foreign companies whose +investors think in terms of years. They should watch a son or +daughter sell off technological genius to the Japanese or Germans +or Swiss because no American company is interested. + + This is what is happening outside the Beltway. + + America's manufacturing base is under attack and Washington +treats it as just another issue. + + It is not just another issue. It is the issue. This +problem is our collective kryptonite. An ever less competitive +manufacturing base inevitably means cataclysmic erosion of our +standard of living. If we are reduced to just flipping +hamburgers and exploiting our raw materials, we will have an +economy, but it will be a diminished economy of decline and +defeat. The American people would never stand for such a +prospect. As the recent MIT report on competitiveness put it, +"In order to live well, a country must produce well." This is +the slogan which should sit on the President's desk. + + It would perhaps be useful to put numbers on this concern. +There are three major indices that tell the tale - the number of +persons employed in manufacturing, our balance of trade and the +federal budget deficit. + + Manufacturing employment: The United States today has only +17% of its total workforce in manufacturing, down from 26% in +1970. If defense industries are removed, we have only 15%. The +Germans have 33% of their companies in manufacturing and the +Japanese have 28%. + + During the 1970's, the United States paid its production +workers the highest wages in the world and still maintained a +positive balance of trade. Today, nine other nations pay higher +wages, yet our trade balance is chronically negative. + + Over the past five years, our average trade balance has been +$133 billion negative while the Germans have averaged $61 billion +positive. Yet, the Germany average production wage and benefits +is $18.02 per hour compared with $13.92 in the United States. + + Overall productivity in this country grew at over 3% per +year from 1960 to 1973 but has risen by only 1% per year since +then. + + The average weekly earnings of the private nonagricultural +workforce grew (in 1984 dollars) from $262 in 1949 to $336 in +1959 to $387 in 1969. Since then, it has declined to $376 in 179 +and $335 in 1989. + + Balance of Trade: Hard as it may be to believe, the United +States used to be a net exporter. In 1960 we had a net balance +of trade surplus of $2.8 billion. In 1970 it was a surplus of +$2.3 billion. In 1980 it stood at a surplus of $1.1 billion. +The 1980's have seen deficits steadily grow. In 1990 our trade +deficit totalled over $95 billion. + + This deficit accumulation totals some $910 billion since +1980. What does this mean? It means that $910 billion of our +wealth has been transferred to someone else - either by resources +leaving this country or by foreigners buying up America. At the +current rate we will either be in total hock to the outside world +or the outside world will own us. + + In contrast, the same timeframe saw Japan net a balance of +trade surplus of $57 billion in 1989. (And this despite the fact +that it is far more dependent on imported oil than we are.) +Germany enjoyed a surplus in 1989 of $55 billion. These two +countries lost World War II but they are the clear victors in the +global economic wars of the present day. + + Again, this massive bleeding of America's economic base +should galvanize a fierce collective response with Washington in +the lead. Check your local newspapers to see when it was last +mentioned and on which page it was printed. This is avoidance +politics at its most destructive. + + Federal budget deficit: Someday, teachers of political +history will relate the rhetoric and reality of the Reagan-Bush +economic era. They will talk of two Republican conservatives who +successfully bashed Democrats as wild spenders. They will speak +of these two leaders adamantly calling for a Constitutional +Amendment to force a balanced federal budget. They will recall +the constant rhetoric of the need for the federal government to +match expenditures with incomes "like every American household." +The students will readily understand the sheer power of this +political approach. + + Then the teacher will provide numbers. + + All forty presidents before Reagan ran up a combined +national debt of $994.3 billion. Reagan-Bush alone added another +$2,623.5 billion. + + The much criticized Jimmy Carter ran an average budget +deficit of $57 billion. George Bush has averaged $245 billion. + + George Bush in the FY 1990 budget alone ran a deficit +greater than the deficits of Democratic Presidents Carter, +Johnson, Kennedy and Truman combined. + + The students will not believe the teacher. How could this +be, they will ask? How could Reagan and Bush have gotten away +with balanced-budget rhetoric at a time of massive budget deficit +realities? How could they lull the American people into +accepting such staggering debt without widespread revolt? + + More pointedly, they will ask, why did people allow this +enormous accumulation of debt which now burdens their generation? +This, of course, raises the pointed question of generational +morality. + + In FY 1991 the interest on the federal debt is $197 billion. +By the year 2000, it is expected to reach 25% of the entire +federal budget. This reality is morally reprehensible. It is +the record of the Reagan-Bush years. + + The Democratic response must, above all, seek to reestablish +our manufacturing capability at, or above, that of the Japanese. +The Republicans, of course, have carefully avoided the +articulation of any goals whatsoever. + + Some of them argue that the decline in our manufacturing +base is acceptable because it will be replaced by a service-based +economy. This is the avoidance politicians' drug of choice. +There is no such thing as being a major financial center in the +world without a vibrant competitive manufacturing sector. Again, +numbers tell the story. The largest American bank is Citicorp. +In 1970 it ranked 2nd worldwide. Chase Manhattan Bank was ranked +3rd. In 1980 they ranked 5th and 11th, respectively. Today, +they rank 24th and 54th. Sixteen Japanese banks rank ahead of +our biggest. In major financial transactions we are, in effect, +dropping from the radar screen. It is no accident that the +world's six largest banks are now Japanese. The Germans and +French also have major banking entities and they are resolute in +emphasizing manufacturing. A nation without a manufacturing base +is a nation heading toward third world status. So much for +morning in America. + + This economic silent spring is a disgrace. Yet, no word of +alarm escapes from George Bush. "Read my lips, add more debt." + + Our forefathers labored mightily to establish America as the +pre-eminent economic power on earth. We have allowed the fruits +of their labors to be sold off to foreign buyers, one national +treasure after another. We accept enormous trade deficits month +after month, year after year, with hardly a murmur. We treat the +staggering federal deficits as inevitable results of political +gridlock. It's time we faced up to our peril. + + This is where democracies rely upon the courage of their +elected leaders. The normal political instinct is to always +engage in happy talk. It is courage which allows a politician to +take a people beyond that. It takes toughness to lead a people +toward their preservation no matter how disquieting the journey +may be. For avoidance of unpleasant reality is simply part of +human nature. + + I learned that lesson once more in the aftermath of my +cancer diagnosis in 1983. I found myself wishing for soothing +reassurance, but what I needed was tough love. Not feeling ill, +I wanted to just go home and live a normal life and not deal with +the disease until I absolutely had to. For a while that's what I +did. And it was possible to push away the awareness of the +realities inside of me. + + By 1985, however, I was put on mild oral chemotherapy. This +was done in hopes of avoiding the more toxic intravenous drugs. +And I knew that after that would come radiation. And after that, +perhaps, would come the still experimental bone marrow +transplant. I even put myself on a macrobiotic diet in search of +an effortless deliverance. My doctor was not impressed. + + When the time came for my late fall checkup my doctor was +shocked at my deteriorated condition and upset with me for not +seeking him out earlier than my scheduled appointment. The +disease was voluminous in my body and was about to consume me. + + The next ten months contained no happy talk. Monthly +sessions of intravenous chemotherapy were followed by target +radiation. In late August, I was undergoing the bone marrow +transplant with its massive chemotherapy and whole body +radiation. For the next six weeks I was confined to a sterile +hospital room, attempting to recover from these assaults to my +body. These were weeks of fear and discomfort, of course, but +they were also weeks of slowly realizing that I was now able to +look at the monster full face. In early October I was released +from that room. I was back to work by mid-November, thin as a +rail, bald as a billiard ball and wondrous of my survival. + + I have often reflected back upon those ten months. I know +that my hard-nosed, no-margin-for-error doctors saved my life. +But I also know that I resented their tough approach during that +period. + + My story is my own but there are millions of Americans who +have had to learn the same lesson in countless other personal +crises. Avoidance of hard truths makes the inevitable dealing +with them all the more difficult. And what is true for +individuals is also true for nations. + + In 1991 there is a need for us to acknowledge that we must +get our financial house in order. The New American Mandate is, +above all, an economic imperative. It is committing ourselves to +the actions necessary to achieve full economic recovery and +unassailable competitive strength. This involves what we do +every day in the workplace and every day in the marketplace. It +is thinking about these daily events as expressions of economic +patriotism - as necessary prerequisites for the preservation of +our standard of living. + + Through the New American Mandate we will demand that our +leaders articulate the policies for this economic regeneration. +Not just the comfortable policies, but the difficult ones as +well. Not at some distant time when it will be politically +easier, but now, while we still have the capacity to control our +destiny. + + We need a national economic policy. What we have today is a +naive faith that our companies can compete without any public +sector help as they struggle against foreign companies linked to +governments with resolute industrial policies. Our companies are +going forth to do one-on-one battle and are being mugged. Their +competitors are aided by governments that aggressively seek out +the advantages of uneven playing fields whenever possible. + + The Reagan-Bush response to all this has been benign neglect +on a global basis. And the muggings continued unabated. We +Democrats must do better. We must level the playing field. + + There are many components to a national economic policy. +Let me list a few. + +Democratic and Republican Shibboleths + + Both political parties are going to have to abandon the +rusty core elements of their economic philosophies and head off +in new directions. These archaic old saws are much embraced by +party chieftains. The affection for them expressed by party +ideologues is matched only by our trading competitors' fervent +hope that they will never disappear. These nations benefit by +our politics of self-delusion. + +Democrats + + Democrats have always believed that their essential mission +is social and economic justice. And so it is. Look for such +advancements in the twentieth century and in almost every +instance a Democrat's hand has been at work. It is a noble +tradition. + + That tradition must never be abandoned. + + Underlying that mission, however, has been a rarely +acknowledged but enduring notion. Wealth would be created by +others and after its creation we Democrats would intervene to +preserve fairness by the equitable redistribution of that wealth. +During most of this century that may have been a logical battle +plan. Not so any more. + + There is today one glaring truth. You cannot redistribute +wealth that is never created. A party devoted to the purpose of +carving up the economic pie should be alarmed by the reality that +the pie is shrinking. Witness the devastation being visited upon +critical social programs by the shortfall in tax revenues in most +states in the country. + + Democrats are going to have to go back to the original act - +the creation of national wealth. They are going to have to sit +down with the business community and jointly establish policies +of wealth creation. It means giving up comfortable political +nuclear weapons - such as the marvelous boost gained from +routinely attacking corporate America and big business. Some +recent Democratic rhetoric presents itself as traditional +populism, an "us-them" view of the world where the "them" is +anyone in the manufacturing, service or banking industries. Wake +up, Democrats. Without viable manufacturing, service and banking +sectors, there is no country. A marriage - note the word is +marriage, not liaison - with corporate America is essential. +Corporate America must survive, indeed thrive, if our Democratic +social agenda is to have any hope of implementation. + + This does not mean that we put aside our concern about +social and economic justice. That standard must remain in the +forefront of our consciousness. But it must coexist with a +resolute determination that America must create wealth in order +to provide a decent standard of living for our people. + + To effectively deal with the problems of homelessness, of +AIDS, of affordable housing, of catastrophic health care for +everyone, of college scholarships, of all the human needs we care +about there must be revenue flow from which to secure the +necessary funds. The more we want to solve the great human +injustices in our society, the more we are going to need a full +throttle economic engine. One cannot exist without the other. + + Pro-business, some would call it. And so it is. +Aggressively so. But commonwealth is what it is as well. There +is a real political opening here for our party. Many in the +business community are quite alarmed by the economic decline of +America and want to fight back. They see an administration that +has always devoted its energies elsewhere and offers no real hope +that its disinterest will ever end. These business leaders, +however, view the Democrats with deep skepticism. They do truly +see us as "tax and spend" advocates who are instinctively hostile +to business interests. Our task is to convince them that we +really understand one simple reality. America's standard of +living is totally dependent upon their capacity to compete and be +profitable. It's about time we said so and acted accordingly. + + To me this is not an abstraction. My childhood was spent +experiencing the economic decline of my home city, Lowell, +Massachusetts. My father (a Republican) owned a dry cleaners and +the entire family worked in the business. My father worked from +6:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m., six days a week, 51 weeks a year. +Sundays were spent doing the books and repairing the machinery. +By any fair standard, this staggering workload should have +resulted in just rewards for him. It didn't. No matter how hard +he worked, no matter how conscientious he was, the forces of +Lowell's economic decline were too much to overcome. + + The remembrance of those days has left me with an inability +to view economic dislocation casually. Perhaps I have too good a +memory. But when I see our nation's economic indices, I have a +foreboding sense of not wanting these trends to run their course. +I want to determine my own fate. I believe the business world is +full of people who share this deep concern. We Democrats must +reach out to them. + +Republicans + + Whereas the Democrats must learn to embrace the world of +industrialists, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, +Republicans are going to have to alter their views as well. + + At the Republican core is the almost religious belief that +an unfettered free market is the best of all worlds. + + Industrial policy is seen as equivalent to child +pornography. It is seen as the domain of such reprobates as +Castro, the Sandinistas and the now discredited Communist +planners. + + This view is unschooled. Industrial policies presuppose a +market system. They show how to improve the competitiveness of +private firms through public policies. Since Communist central +planning systems have neither markets nor private companies, it +is by definition a contradiction in terms to refer to them as +having industrial policies. + + Republicans are going to have to refine their perspectives +to realize that to embrace any component of an industrial policy +is not to immediately be guilty of Soviet-style central planning +activities. + + Industrial policy is what Japan has. It is what Germany +has. It is what we must have as well. + + When I was involved with the Chrysler bill some eleven years +ago, the attitude of the purist laissez faire proponents was, +basically, "let it die." To argue the case for sustaining a +company with a viable future product line was difficult because +some felt it was government intervention. And it was. But if +the company had gone under would America have been better off? +Of course not. The government even made money on the deal when +it was all over. But I never heard anyone say that they would +have voted differently. An America with just two major auto +manufacturers is not an industrial policy. Saving Chrysler was +industrial policy. It worked and we should not be so quick to +forget that fact. + + Republicans are well trained to look at potential military +adversaries and demand weapon equivalence in defense of the +nation. If these adversaries have a particular military +capability, then by definition, we must put aside all other +considerations to make our military capability even bigger and +better. + + Today our economic enemies are our political friends. The +war they wage is in the marketplace, not on the battlefield. +America can be done away with by economic decay just as assuredly +as by foreign invasion. The implosion of the Warsaw Pact was +economic, political and social. It collapsed from its own +internal weaknesses, not by the force of outside military attack. +An ever diminishing standard of living in the United States will +cause us to battle each other over diminishing resources. We +will cease to be a major factor in world affairs as we focus only +upon our downward spiral. + + For the Republicans as well there should be one glaring +truth. American companies need the United States government as a +full partner if they are to have any hope of competing +internationally. That means an industrial policy. Take a deep +breath, my Republican friends. It's a brave new world out there. +Adam Smith was a marvelous man but he wouldn't know a +superconductor or memory chip if he tripped over one. + + Take another deep breath. The threat to America today is +not only a diminished Soviet Union. It is not just Saddam +Hussein. It is the threat of a different dimension. It is +Japanese, German, Taiwanese, Swiss, French, South Korean, etc. +Friends all. But just as capable of reducing us to impotence. +They have already begun. The adrenalin that Republicans would +call up at will to confront Soviets or Cubans or Sandinistas or +East Germans or North Koreans or the Iraqi Republican Guard must +be called up to confront our friends. + + This is war by another playwright. But it's still war. + + It doesn't take a genius to understand the post-Gulf War +era. The Japanese and Germans will have emerged as even more +formidable economic competitors. They chose to bypass the +conflict while we made it our foremost national purpose. It is +no accident that CNN and network coverage of the war was viewed +by Americans on Japanese TV sets and was interspersed with ads +from Japanese manufactured products. + + Republicans must acknowledge this and begin to mobilize +accordingly. This means opening up to aggressive and resolute +policies which will put the government in the foxhole with our +beleaguered American companies. Republicans who focus on +"defense strength" must be made to understand that such +capabilities come from government funds. Government funds come +from taxes. And taxes come from a vibrant economy. Kill the +economy and you have no "defense strength." + + If the New American Mandate requires Democrats to embrace +the creation of wealth, it also requires Republicans to see honor +in asking the question "what works" and to see dishonor in +slavish adherence to past economic dogma. + + For Democrats the political opportunity lies in the +likelihood that George Bush will not act any differently about +this than Ronald Reagan did. There are three reasons for this. + + First, the politics are an impediment. Avoidance politics +have always been, and will always be, powerfully seductive. +"Read my lips, no new taxes" was just the latest in a long line +of homage to false gods. The Reagan-Bush line has been to gloss +over the dangers ("morning in America") and simply ignore +fundamental economic trends. Their concern is the immediate +judgment of their electoral contemporaries not the judgment of +historians - even if that history is rapidly coming upon us. It +is my contention that the accumulation of hard data as to our +economic dilemma has provided a base for electoral realism in +1992. That base can only expand. The 1992 Democratic campaign +must take it on faith that Americans are prepared to wage this +economic battle ferociously. The Republicans will presume the +opposite and will continue their avoidance politics. + + Second, there is no sense of urgency. Most of the key +economic decision makers in the administration come from +circumstances of affluence. For them there will be financial +insulation no matter what happens. Their economic safety nets +are made of steel cables. There is no foreboding. There is no +perception that the economic ground beneath them can tremble. It +is just too removed from their own personal histories and +circumstances. This is not meant to suggest venality. It is +meant to suggest that perception of a particular threat is more +acute in those who have faced it before. + + Third, the trade deficit, the budget deficits and +manufacturing employment numbers listed above are all +Reagan-Bush. They occurred during their watch. They are the +party of record. + + To reverse course would be to acknowledge that their unaided +free market policies have been dysfunctional as we confront trade +competitors who have their public and private sectors in resolute +harmony. To reverse course is to admit error. It will never +happen. At best they will work around the margins. A full blown +frontal assault on the economic threat would require a +self-analysis of the past eleven years that will inevitably sully +the Reagan-Bush record. George Bush cannot, and will not, do +this. His course was set more than a decade ago when he +retreated from his declaration that Reagan's policies were +"voodoo economics." Once he capitulated to that Republican +realpolitik, his options were narrowed forever. + + We Democrats must insure that George Bush's dilemma is not +America's dilemma. + +Recognize the Peril + + This is step one. This is where America and George Bush +must part company. No one ever solved a problem he refused to +acknowledge. + + Yes, we are losing ground, particularly in high technology, +basic manufacturing, and financial services. + + Yes, it is the national crisis of the highest priority. + + Yes, it threatens to seriously reduce the American standard +of living. + + Yes, it will destroy the economic foundation of our military +national security. + + Yes, it will severely compromise our capability to play a +peacekeeping role in world affairs. + + Yes, we now believe that government must be an active +partner in this great challenge. + + Yes, America should be the pre-eminent manufacturing nation +on earth again. + + Yes, Americans are the equal of any workforce in the world. + + Good. Now let's get on with it. + +Be Prepared to Make Strategic Investments + + The notion of investing in the technologies necessary to +create the Star Wars program was hotly debated. But it became +national policy and billions were allocated to that purpose. + + Why? National security. + + What about investments in technologies that could impact our +economic national security? Horrors. That's central planning. + + In the long run would America be better off with hundreds of +billions invested in an improbable Star Wars system arrayed only +against an imploding Soviet Union or by developing an +insurmountable lead in ceramic engines, supercomputers and memory +chips? Indeed, without a thriving manufacturing capability in +these industries the economic base to fund military research can +not exist. Many anti-industrial policy Republicans would say +that the non-functionality of Star Wars against the Soviet Union +is an unfortunate but necessary price of eternal vigilance +against a foreign military threat. These people would also argue +against major governmental investments in strategic technologies +because, unlike the Japanese, "we can't pick winners and losers." +What about the economic foreign threat? + + Again, it's a matter of mindset. + + Washington has been focused on the Soviet challenge for the +entire adult years of most of its leaders. It rebels at the +notion that in the 1990's there are real dangers that do not +emanate from missiles or tanks or fighter aircraft. + + It must rethink threat. Threat can be venal such as a +Saddam Hussein. But threat can come from people who are friendly +and have no evil intent. + The threat to America is economic as well. We must think of +government and industry as partners with the same level of +enthusiasm, indeed patriotism, that the military-industrial +complex generates for its joint mission. Strategic investments +in emerging technologies is part of an industrial policy which +will result in some losers, yes, but will also result in some +critical winners as well. These winners will be a major part of +our economic future. Particularly now that American venture +capital has shrunk dramatically, government has a contributing +role to play in insuring that our push for technological +competitiveness has a fair chance at success. + +Promotion of Science and Research + + This is one area where the rhetoric is in place but not the +reality. The National Science Foundation, the National +Institutes of Health, NASA, the Departments of Energy and +Agriculture among others, are the mothers' milk of cutting edge +research investigations. We should not be satisfied with +marginal increases in these budgets. Again, its a matter of +mindset. The Manhattan Project. The Apollo program. The war in +the Persian Gulf. It's just a matter of recognizing the threat +and responding to it. There will be no manufacturing sector +without a powerful basic and applied research capability. Put +these agencies at the top of our funding priorities. + + In addition to the traditional areas of basic and applied +research, we must devote more attention to applied engineering +and manufacturing engineering. + + The economic war that we are losing is centered on process +technologies. The taking of new ideas, indeed, even old ideas, +and converting them to manufactured goods is the great trade +battle ground. The winners here are those who can take high and +low tech products and simply manufacture them better. It is the +process of manufacturing that should also be the recipient of +research monies since it is only the production of a technology +which creates wealth. The initial discovery and development of a +product are the stuff of Nobel Prizes and prideful articles in +trade journals. But that is not enough. + + The prior definition of success embraced those who could +conceive new product ideas. Today the definition of success +embraces those who can take those ideas, wherever they may +originate, and turn them into products quickly, efficiently, and +with great quality control. The Japanese takeover of the +American-originated VCR market is an obvious example. These are +the cash cows. These are the providers of employment for a +nation's people. They are equally worthy of intellectual inquiry +and investigation. + + The need here is to exalt science in all its dimensions. +There must be a White House effort to create an environment +wherein young Americans choose science (and engineering) as a +career. The society as a whole needs to acknowledge that we will +survive as a viable economy only by the fruits of the minds of +young American scientists. To have our best and brightest +heading to law schools and Wall Street is a gross misallocation +of resources. The best and the brightest should be in the +laboratories and in the production facilities. The best and the +brightest should be deployed to reinvigorate our manufacturing +sector. This will require a sea change away from the values of +the 1980's that drove our young away from occupations of +production and into the occupations of the paper chase. + + A society which pays its 29 year old science researchers +$25,000 a year and its 29 year old lawyers $100,000 a year and +its 29 year old investment bankers $200,000 a year and its 29 +year old left fielders $2 million a year is sending all the wrong +messages. It is a formula for unrelenting decline. The young +American scientist must be recognized as the fuel of any viable +economic engine. + +Change Anti-Trust Laws + + Current anti-trust laws prevent American companies from +joint venturing in almost any area including such critical ones +as research and development. The rationale for this policy is +rooted in America of years past, long before our companies faced +foreign corporate behemoths. We need to pool our resources to be +equal with our competition. We have to allow our companies to +muscle up. Joint venturing is the sine qua non of that +capability. It must become an everyday occurrence in order to +equip these companies to compete in the global marketplace. + + American companies should be released from anti-trust +constraints in areas which impact on their capabilities in +international trade. + + This is one area where our Japanese and German competitors +view us with great mirth. To them the concept of group +strategies is an obvious way of maximizing your strengths. +Seeing America hobbled by her own hand must seem to be a heaven- +sent advantage. + + Current American law pays homage to a period when all the +producers were American and thus cooperation between them was +clearly dangerous to the consuming public. Today most of the +producers are foreign and they threaten to eradicate American +producers. There must be a serious rethinking. The fact that +our anti-trust laws were not changed years ago speaks to the +absolute neglect of the cutting edge issues of competitiveness +while we engage endlessly in the rhetoric of promoting +competitiveness. Democrats are particularly vulnerable to this +criticism. We must give our companies a more level playing field +through policy changes that don't require massive federal +expenditures. + +Increase our savings rate + + Congress should pass laws which encourage savings over +consumption. This will create a capital pool which will begin to +match the resource base that countries with high savings rates +enjoy. The lack of a capital pool is the economic equivalent of +unilateral disarmament. + + The numbers here are staggering. Compare the United States, +Japan and Germany in years 1980, 1984 and 1988. Our national +savings as a percentage of GNP went from 18.8 to 17.0 to 15.1. + + Germany had rates of 21.7 to 21.7 to 24.5. + + Japan, of course, was in a class by itself. It had rates of +31.1 to 30.7 to 33.3. + + We need a dramatic improvement in our rate of savings in +order to provide the much needed capital base for investment. + + A much greater abundance of capital will serve two purposes. + First, it will reduce the cost of capital to U.S. companies. +Currently the cost of capital in America far exceeds that of +Japan and Germany. It renders corporate decision makers unable +to make investments whose payout is long term. This financial +barrier is lethal to the kinds of corporate strategies that are +necessary in order to compete. + + Second, it will reduce our current hazardous dependence on +outside sources of capital. These are sources which can quickly +evaporate when these nations decide they have other more pressing +uses for these funds: i.e. West Germany's current interest in +investing in the restoration of former East Germany. Being +dependent on foreign capital is not unlike being dependent on +foreign oil. You don't control your own destiny. Various +I.R.A.s for retirement, college expenses, home ownership are +examples of pro-savings incentives. Other ideas should be +aggressively explored. + + Finally, the savings ethic must be fully ingrained in the +American culture forever, not just to get us through this +difficult period. That means our children must be part of it. +Schools should work with banks to give each child a savings +account or some equivalent. No matter how small, such accounts +establish a thought process. Efforts should be made to allow the +pooling of funds into Childrens Mutual Funds, wherein school +groups could invest minor amounts of money at reduced service +fees. This would have the additional benefit of directly +involving children in learning about and caring about the +American economic system. These would be latter day Economic +Liberty Bonds. Young people would be taking a personal step in +helping to provide the capital necessary in America's battle for +economic survival. + + The secondary value of such participation by the young is +the early awareness of how dependent America is upon the actions +of individuals. Hopefully, this sense of personal relevance will +be reinforced by other actions and lead to a more contributory +attitude towards citizenship. Our people must perceive America's +economic vulnerability and see their own essential role in +safeguarding their nation. + +Investment Over Consumption + + There are a lot of indices that show the inevitable decline +of American economic fortunes compared to those of the Japanese +and Germans. Inevitable, that is, if these numbers are not +changed. + + Probably the most significant are the numbers which reflect +the differences in mindset relative to investment and +consumption. + + Consumption is today. + + Investment is tomorrow. + + It is seed corn consumed versus seed corn planted. Nothing +is more basic. + + Yet relative to our competitors, we are devoted to +consumption, and they are devoted to investment. + + Again raw numbers. The investment rates of the United +States, Japan and Germany. Public and private. Years 1970, 1980 +and 1988. + + United States: public 15.1 and 15.6 and 15.5. + private 2.5 and 1.8 and 1.6. + + Germany: public 20.9 and 19.1 and 17.5. + private 4.6 and 3.6 and 2.4. + + Japan: public 31.0 and 25.5 and 25.3. + private 4.5 and 6.1 and 5.2. + + The reasons for this are historical. Japan and Germany were +ravaged during World War II. Their leadership and their +populations had known the horrors of economic disequilibrium - +from runaway inflation to personal deprivation. Out of this +adversity came the intense Post-War determination to create +patterns of economic behavior that value future stability and +security over present day consumption. We saw the Post-War +period as the time to reap the fruits of our victory. Present +day consumption was seen as an earned reward eclipsing any +widespread sense of providing for the future. The 1980's were +the epitome of that mindset. It was assumed the future would +always be economically secure. That assumption was wrong. The +result of these national patterns if allowed to persist will be a +much lesser America. Fewer good jobs. More foreign ownership. +More social dislocation. Less world influence. More crushing +debt, both personal and national. The savers will dominate the +spenders. The investors will eclipse the consumers. The lean +and hungry will always prevail over the comfortable and +complacent. + + The problem here is not that all of this is not understood. +The problem is that being understood by economists is one thing. +Being understood by politicians is quite another. And +transforming understanding into action is more difficult still. + + The economists will say that investment and consumption are +like a seesaw. In order for investment to go up, consumption +must come down. Herein lies the political dilemma. But herein +also lies the opportunity for political leadership. + + Through the New American Mandate, our people will affirm +their commitment to a policy that defines the common good as the +promotion of investment over consumption. We need to create in +ourselves the kind of steely will to survive economically that +our Japanese and German counterparts still have. We must fashion +a political environment wherein a drumbeat for necessary economic +policies allows our elected officials to do what is right without +fear of immediate ouster. Voting for needed economic reform must +be demanded by the electorate. Continued avoidance of such +reform must be clearly identified as unacceptable pandering by +politicians who are putting their own re-election concerns above +the national interest. + + This involves choices, few of which will be easy. Yet +relative to the economic decisions being faced by countries like +Poland and the Soviet Union they are far less onerous. Far less. +It means looking at the entitlement programs, heretofore a +political never-never land in American politics. Would the +Congress support a policy of reducing the yearly increase in +entitlements by one percent below the cost of living? It's not a +great deal but it would establish a policy of economic response. +But politically it will not pass, even for those above a certain +income level, in the absence of a clear understanding as to the +nation's need for such a measure. It must be seen as patriotic +to rally all of us to this cause. The principle of shared +sacrifice for the common good must be advanced. This is the +"vision thing" that George Bush finds so hard to come to grips +with. + + The policy must be made clear to every American. We must +make the transition from a high consumption/low investment +country to a lesser consumption/high investment country. Japan +and Germany did so decades ago because adversity gave them no +choice. Can America do the same without having experienced such +deprivation? Can we act in time to lessen the impact of far more +painful decisions in the future? + I believe we can if the political leadership is prepared to +show the way. + +Reduce the capital gains tax for investments in appropriate +securities held for a long period of time + The current capital gains tax debate would only happen in a +political environment far removed from the pressures faced by +American companies. We don't need an across the board capital +gains reduction as President Bush fought so desperately for last +year. Encouraging people to invest in raw land or commercial +buildings or art collections adds nothing to our competitiveness. +They are simply less critical recipients of our capital. +Providing capital gains advantages to people who speculate in the +stock market is equally counterproductive since it rewards +short-term corporate horizons at the expense of long-term +corporate strategies. It also encourages our most talented to +seek their fortunes by speculative and manipulative paper +shuffling as opposed to production oriented careers. Michael +Milken at $500 million a year is very powerful career counseling +of the worse kind. + + We need to limit capital gains incentives to long-term +investments in corporate America. This signals that such +investments are our nation's top investment priority. To be +effective, this signal cannot be rhetoric, but must be pure +marketplace. Invest here and your returns will be maximized. +Very simple. Invest in an American company, hold that stock +rather than speculate with it, and you get a significantly lower +capital gains tax rate. The longer the stock is held, the lower +the tax rate. + + In addition, efforts should be made to define new +enterprises. While the focus of the capital gains tax +differential must be on corporate investments, it makes obvious +sense to give an added incentive to such new enterprises. The +growth of the American industrial base has always come from small +and emerging businesses. These are the entrepreneurs with the +greatest maneuverability. But they also have the greatest +vulnerability. Today with the shrinking of the venture capital +markets they are at even greater risk. There should be +differentials here large enough to attract serious investment +into those new ventures which will provide sources of fresh +employment in the years ahead. It is time for paying attention +to sunrise enterprises as well as sunset enterprises. + + It is this combination of criteria that should make the +capital gains reduction a central part of creating an America in +economic rebound. Such a program would channel capital towards +our industrial/manufacturing sector and would stretch out the +time horizons of investors. + + The obstacle here is party politics. Some Democrats oppose +any capital gains differential because supporting it prevents +them from using the "class warfare" argument against the +Republicans. Taking aggressive anti-business positions is second +nature to them. Class warfare is certainly good politics. But +it's good politics at the expense of the nation's industrial +base. Democrats should be concerned with what a targeted +capital gains tax would do for America and not be focused on a +myopic discourse about who benefits the most under such a system. +It is the common good that counts. + + I learned this lesson in 1975 in Lowell. My home city was +being crushed under double digit unemployment. The downtown was +a visually unattractive array of buildings that had not seen any +reinvestment for decades. Lowell was everyone's model of a +depressed mill city. + + As a new Congressman I proposed the creation of the Lowell +Financial and Development Corporation. This entity would be +funded by the local banks contributing one-twentieth of one +percent of their assets to it. The corporation would then +reinvest those funds in restoring the historic buildings of the +downtown. There was the expected resistance from some of the +bankers but eventually they agreed because they, in essence, +owned this devaluating property. + + What was not expected was the feeling by a few non-business +people that the corporation was inappropriate because it would +benefit some building owners that they considered unsavory. +These people don't deserve to receive financial rewards, they +argued, because they are responsible for letting these buildings +fall into disarray in the first place. + + I must admit that I felt some sympathy for this +righteousness but not enough to change my mind. The corporation +was created, and it and its organizational twin, the Lowell Plan, +have been very successful. Lowell has become a national model of +urban renaissance. + + Did the "unsavory" people benefit? They sure did. But so +did everyone else in a once-depressed mill city with what had +seemed a marginal future. So what. + +Provide for a Research & Development Tax Credit + + This should be self-explanatory. We can't compete long term +if we are not putting our earnings back into research and +development. Such reinvestment back into a company should be +viewed as the corporate investment of highest priority and taxed +accordingly. Farmers who consume their seed corn are never heard +from again. The same is true of companies. We have to help +American companies strengthen their prospects for the long term. + +Change the counterproductive short term U.S. corporate +perspective + + The U.S. system of corporate survival is strictly a short +term game. All of the forces in the marketplace reward the +shortsighted and penalize the wise. It cuts down the chief +executive officer (and his board of directors) who thinks long +term and is willing to put his money where his strategy is. For +example, CEO #1 and CEO #2 have similar companies with equivalent +earnings. CEO #1 takes 30% of his earnings and invests it in a +long term research project that he has faith in. CEO #2 shares +that faith but chooses to retain that 30% as an earnings dividend +to the shareholder. Company #1's stock, therefore, will be lower +than Company #2's because its earnings are lower. Company #1, +therefore, is more attractive to a takeover since its stock can +be acquired at a lower price and it has a long term technology +strategy. Company #2 is less attractive to a takeover for +exactly the opposite reasons - higher stock price and less long +term technological promise. Who is the better CEO? Who is the +safer CEO? These are questions that will yield two different +answers. This is especially true if company #2 uses its higher +stock price to acquire company #1 and then slashes the research +and development budget in order to help pay off the resultant +debt. This is the true American corporate nightmare. We must +enact fundamental changes to reverse this reality. It means +charting new waters but it must be done. + + The role of CEO must be redefined in accordance with the new +world economic realities. Historically the CEO was charged with +maximizing the short term value of the stockholder's holdings, no +more, no less. Any policy which veered from this approach was an +invitation to hostile shareholder lawsuits. + + The new definition must include the notion of the CEO as +keeper of the assets of the company. Those assets are +all-inclusive - human, technological, physical and financial. +The primary responsibility must be the advancement and growth of +those assets over the long term. It must prevail over the policy +of short term shareholder value that comes at the expense of the +nation's long term need to have growing vibrant companies. We +must get to the point where the pursuit of short term profits by +destroying assets, selling off assets, and ravaging research and +development budgets, will be seen as highly inappropriate. + + Unshackling a progressive CEO also demands that we redefine +the proper role for corporate directors as we attempt to be +internationally competitive. At issue here are the same concerns +- i.e. corporate strategies and corporate time horizons. But it +also involves the attendant issue of director exposure to +shareholder lawsuits where the shareholder's interest is +immediate cash-in value irrespective of management practices that +strengthen the company's future. Corporate board meetings are +generally focused on month-to-month or quarter-to-quarter +reporting of data, as opposed to exhaustive examination of long +term corporate strategies. We must implement ways for directors +to support long term horizon strategies that benefit the company +and the nation over the long haul and not have these directors +subject to instant legal liability. + I experienced this catch-22 while serving on the board of a +publicly-held company. The corporation had accumulated excess +cash as a result of divestitures and had to decide what to do +with this resource. The choices were pretty straightforward. +Keeping the cash on hand was an open invitation for a takeover +bid by someone seeking to buy the company, take the cash and just +dump the rest of the assets. This would weaken the remaining +company dramatically and we all knew that. + + Distribution of the cash as dividends and a possible +management buyout, etc. were a second possible approach. This +was the safest of director options since it would be well +received by the shareholders. The problem with it was simple. +The company would not have gained any new strength as it ventured +forth in the future. The cash would have been expended without +impact on our competitive capability. It would have created a +company with lesser viability over the long term. + + The final possibility was to use the cash to acquire a +complementary second company and end up with a larger +corporation. This would mean better market share, a broader +technology base and real economies of scale. It was a classic +example of technological synergy and corporation muscling up. An +easy decision? Hardly. It was the decision most likely to put +the directors at risk because we would be choosing to bet on long +term stock appreciation rather than immediate shareholder gain. + + There was a direct correlation between director legal +liability and preserving the company. Put another way, to +maximize our own personal legal security, we would have had to +vote to leave the company in a weakened position. + + We chose not to do so. We made the acquisition. The +company is now profitable and the stock is appreciating. + + That's all very nice but I vividly remember walking to my +car after the meeting wondering whether I had risked the +financial well-being of my family by deciding to make the company +as competitive as possible. What if the gamble had failed and I +had been sued? Would I have been able to convince my family that +their financial sacrifice was warranted? + + These dynamics are lethal to American competitiveness. +Unless directors are convinced that long term strategies will not +invite hostile takeovers, unless directors are convinced that +supporting long term strategies will not expose them to serious +legal exposure - unless these are the new realities in the +corporate board room, nothing will change no matter how +progressive corporate management wants to be. + + There is, admittedly, a very fine line here. The threat of +stockholder lawsuits has a real and valid function. Corporate +directors should fear a reckoning if they do not meet their +fiduciary responsibilities. But why should short term +shareholder value be considered more responsible by our legal +system than long term competitive viability? Why should the +de facto damaging of the nation's industrial capability be a +safeguard against lawsuits? Somehow the ground rules have to +change. We must seize the opportunity to step back and rethink +existing assumptions. This would entail changing the scope of +director responsibility to include the requirement that long term +competitive viability be a standard component of any decision +making process. Another would be a requirement that directors +annually review research and development budgets both as to the +percentage of the total corporate budget compared to competitors +and as to the particular research agenda. Boards should include +directors who possess relevant skills in the appropriate +technologies and not just financial and management expertise. + + Another counterproductive assumption is the one that holds +that every public corporation must release its financial data +every three months.. These quarterly reports define corporate +America today. Their release triggers instant response by Wall +Street and other like watchers. Nothing is as sacred as these +quarterly announcements. Nothing is as traditional and nothing +is as expected. + + Yet that doesn't make them necessarily valuable. Is it not +time to ponder the following? Neither Japan nor Germany has such +a practice. They rely upon annual reports. They are known to +have much longer corporate time horizons than we do. We should +explore the concept of stretching out quarterly reports to +semi-annual reports. Or indeed even to just annual reports. If +our very successful trading competitors do just nicely, thank +you, without quarterly reports, why are they essential here? I +would suggest that serving the gurus and traders and speculators +and raiders of Wall Street is far less important than serving +those within our companies who are trying to survive. + + Let the debate begin. The need is to stretch out corporate +horizons. Quarterly reports do just the opposite. + +Management-Labor Attitude Changes + + The rhetoric about management-labor cooperation is oft-heard +but needs a boost from the Presidential bully pulpit. + + Management must be encouraged to drop old attitudes about +workers being the "other side" and to engage workers in true +joint consultation and decision making. These are the only +avenues to the kind of productivity and quality control necessary +to have competitive products. There is a new awareness about the +need to change archaic management techniques but change comes +hard. Management of the old school still occupies too many +executive suites, buttressed by too many old bulls in the board +rooms. + + The President should give high and consistent visibility to +companies that are inclusive in their practices and progressive +in their techniques by visiting plants where these practices are +in place. + + By publicly holding out such companies as models, it will +help create an environment wherein regressive management +techniques will be more and more isolated over time. It will +bring about the kind of dialogue about management practices that +will accelerate progressive change. This dialogue will provoke +the kind of critical corporate self-analysis that too often +happens only after Chapter 11 has been filed and the golden +parachutes deployed. The need is for mid-course corrections, not +better corporate autopsies. + + Correspondingly, the unions (and non-unions) must change +more rapidly as well. Union officials should save their +ammunition to fight for issues like wage scale, health benefits +and worker safety. No effort should be expended trying to defend +illogical work rules that are nothing but feather bedding. The +common goal should be highest possible productivity at the +highest possible wage rates. Many union officials have been very +active in forging this new direction but if we are to be +competitive there needs to be near unanimous acceptance of this +perspective. A President, especially a Democratic President, +should give overt support to progressive union leaders while +being willing to criticize those who cling to outmoded views. + + This rationale applies equally to non-union work forces. +The New American Mandate means workers who proudly embrace their +responsibility to help their companies prosper. + + Companies saddled with management that distrusts its +workforce combined with workforce leadership which feels no +responsibility to maximize productivity are doomed. Such foolish +leadership causes job loss for innocent workers and GNP loss for +the country. Pick up any paper and you will read about such +lamentable situations every day in almost every industry. The +President has a role to play to guide management and labor away +from such destructive practices. + +Economic Loyalty + + This is one area where the political leadership in both +parties at every level has failed to call forth America's +capacity to promote its own self-interest. + + Economic loyalty to one's fellow countrymen is not a value +that is fashionable in America today. To raise the matter in a +public speech is to cause more seat squirming than a discourse on +safe sex. To suggest it to the generation of the 80's is to +invite barely concealed disdain. + + Yet, what is loyalty to one's country? What is loyalty to +one's fellow countryman? What is one's obligation to the larger +societal "family" in times of economic distress? + + If, during the last four decades, I had sent $100 to the +Soviet Union to aid them in their war effort against us I would +have been justly accused of treason. I would be vilified by both +conservatives and liberals as having aided and abetted a nation +which threatens my country. Properly so. + + If, at the same time, I had sent $40,000 to Japan or Germany +(or Great Britain, etc.) to aid them in their economic war effort +against us, however friendly, I would be totally ignored by +American conservatives. I would be the recipient of comments +about how nice my Mercedes or Lexus (or Jaguar or Audi or BMW, +etc.) looked. In addition, there would be absolutely no +suggestion from American liberals that the American auto worker +rendered unemployed by my car purchase decision should be of any +relevance to me. + + We are in the grip of a kind of 1980's loyalty, that is, +loyalty to one's self and one's image with no concern for the +common wealth. Indeed, to suggest a rethinking of our collective +responsibilities to each other is to encounter extreme +defensiveness. + + This 1980's loyalty is not confined to "Me-Generation" fast +trackers. + + The average corporate chief executive officer is often no +better. Chances are excellent that he or she drives to work in +an expensive foreign import, dressed to the nines in foreign +shoes and clothing, all the while lamenting the decline of +America's industrial base and the easy availability of capital in +other countries. + + This is where the New American Mandate would seek to change +attitudes. We used to think that patriotism was supporting our +troops in the Persian Gulf and buying a Mercedes on the same day. +The New American Mandate would be a lot more comprehensive. + + An American parable for the 1980's is as follows. A well +paid engineer working for an American company buys an Infiniti. +Six months later he/she gets a layoff notice because his/her +company can't compete with its Japanese counterpart. The +engineer drives home in a funk and never, never equates the two +events. + + This is not an argument for a mindless Buy America policy. +That approach suggested that we buy domestically produced items +irrespective of all other considerations - such as quality and +price. As the not-so proud owner of a Ford Pinto and Chevy Vega +in my time, I am all too fully aware of the downside of such a +policy. It promotes the laziness and inefficiency of any +protectionist policy. It is more compassionate but ultimately +leads to the same kind of inevitable manufacturing base +deterioration. The incentive to excel is seriously weakened. + + But there are harbors of logical refuge between mindless Buy +America and soulless 1980's non-loyalty. In between there are +cases where a consumer is faced with choices where the +distinctions are not so obvious. Economic loyalty is simply +opting to put one's capital towards the strengthening of America, +not the strengthening of another country. These are cases where +the benefit of the doubt tips the scales in favor of the American +product. + + The recent focus on quality control in American cars, for +example, clearly offers such opportunities today. + + Finally, it should be emphasized that this is not a call for +protectionism or foreign bashing. These two are the siren's +temptation. The former is nothing more than the acceptance of +full scale competitive retreat. It is a warm refuge but only +temporary and eventually fatal. Erecting protectionist barriers +is counterproductive. Our efforts should be focused on openness +elsewhere and full reciprocity in world trade. + + The latter is equally dangerous. It is quite appropriate to +criticize foreign countries when their policies are in error. +Certainly there is no shortage of selfish and irresponsible +practices carried out by our allies and trading partners. We +should not be hesitant about pointing these out and calling for +correction. + + Some politicians, however, go beyond this and seek to swim +in the murky waters of demagoguery. Blaming foreign nations for +our economic woes is standard fare for elected officials because +it is invariably well received - particularly in areas of high +unemployment. It is a lot more rewarding politically to bash +imports than to suggest that there may be fault in attitudes or +strategies here at home. This political tactic is avoidance +politics of a different kind. It allows people to walk away +resenting other nations when they should be demanding changes in +how we do things in America. By continuing to persist in denial +we put off the necessary self-examination and rethinking that +will lead to true competitiveness. Thus, the foreign basher +ultimately serves the interests of the foreigner by putting off +the critical day of our own renewal. + + But the issue here is not just economic. It is social as +well. A sense among consumers that we care about our fellow +countrymen and are willing to demonstrate economic loyalty in +their behalf strengthens the bonds between us. Imagine if a +neighbor owned a particular business and you needed to buy a +product sold by such a business. Is it not natural to want to +give the neighbor your business if at all possible? Well, this +is the same thing except your neighbor lives further away. + + The issue here is not about where productive economic +loyalty ends and counterproductive Buy America begins. The issue +is a collective recognition of the economic peril faced by our +country. It is incorporating that recognition into our daily +lives as a constant thought process. In the economic war we are +all by definition soldiers because we are consumers. The issue +is deciding which army we are part of. + + A final thought. This call for economic loyalty is in +response to our current economic dilemma. The point here is not +to despise foreign products. On the contrary, we all need a +viable global economy with the free flow of goods across borders. +The point is to calibrate our consumer decision making to the +economic conditions prevailing in the country we all call home. +In other times this would not be as relevant. In the happy +future it will not be as necessary either. But in today's +troubled conditions, it is very important. It is, ironically, +calling upon Americans to begin to think the way Japanese +corporate leaders and German consumers have acted for decades. +They have viewed this attitude as a kind of deep patriotism. +Hokey, isn't it? But who is buying up whose national treasures? +Their citizens understand economic loyalty instinctively. It's +about time we did the same. + + We are all part of one team. And we are tied to the +success, or lack thereof, of all the other members of our team. + + Today an American professor, for example, is paid less than +her German counterpart teaching the same subject matter and more +than her British counterpart. Since the skills are equivalent, +why are the salaries different? Very simple. The German "team" +is doing very well, the American "team" less well and the British +"team" even less well. The American professor is being dragged +down by the relative lack of success of her "team." Does that +professor ever think in these terms? Very doubtful. But we must +bring about that kind of awareness. + + The role here of our political leadership is to make +Americans aware that if one American worker is thrown overboard, +we are all dragged down just a bit. The more of our team members +that are cast overboard, the further down we all go. + + What it comes down to is this. I go to buy a product, let's +say an automobile. I live in a cold climate and want four-wheel +drive capability. My choice is narrowed to a Jeep and an Isuzu. + My judgment will involve issues like style and cost. But it +doesn't end there. When I see the Jeep I sense an American +autoworker who will remain employed if I buy it. I derive a +quiet pleasure knowing that my money will remain in our economy +and multiply. I instinctively understand that my economic +well-being will eventually be determined by the economic +well-being of every other American. I think like a Japanese +would. Or a German would. I think like an economic patriot. + + +II. Education - The Meeting House of Our Society + + America in the 1990's will rise or fall as our public +schools rise or fall. The health of our school systems is the +major building block determinant of our long term economic and +social viability. Knowledge is power. Work skills are power. +Real power. Real economic power. The lack of knowledge and work +skills is weakness. It is economic impotence. It is the +transition from greatness to irrelevance. + + Knowledge and work skills are also hope. They are the only +source of social mobility available to millions of our fellow +citizens. They are what turns despair into hope. Only they can +create true opportunity so that young people choose lives of +promise over lives of personal and societal destructiveness. + + Education is America's great calling. + + Education, ah, education. Everyone is for it. It is the +motherhood and apple pie issue of the 90's. Well, at least the +rhetoric would suggest so. The reality is quite different. + + Republicans talk about it. President Bush, during the +campaign, said that he wanted to be known as the education +President. No one would call him that two years later. Money +for the Persian Gulf and Star Wars and the Stealth bomber? Sure. +Money for serious funding of schools? Gee, that's really a local +and state issue. Money for serious skills training for +non-college bound students? Gee, that's not how we think in +America. + + Democrats love to talk about it as well. As with the +Republicans, the talk is not purposefully false. It is, in fact, +well intentioned. But improvements in education to many +Democrats only means a lot more money. It does not mean serious +structural reform. Cutting edge issues like merit pay and +teacher competence standards are offensive to some teacher unions +and as a result some Democrats oppose them. Controversial +experiments like Boston University's takeover of the Chelsea +schools, national testing of high school seniors, school choice, +magnet schools for young black male students, uniforms for public +school students, limiting bilingual education - all make +Democrats very nervous. This is not to argue that any of these +ideas is valid. This is to argue that new and radical concepts +need to be tested. We need an atmosphere where the search for +educational excellence is an objective undiluted by +considerations as to what some interest groups may oppose. + + Businessmen talk about education as well. They opine about +how critical a well-trained and educated workforce is to their +survival. Some business leaders - David Kearns of Xerox and John +Akers of IBM come to mind - have become national spokesmen in +behalf of public education. They have put this issue at the +forefront of their personal agendas and have rendered the nation +a great service by doing so. + + They, however, are not typical. + + Go to the corporate suites of your Fortune 1000 companies +and ask a very simple question of the chief executive officers +and members of the board of directors. When was the last time +you set foot in a public school classroom? The answers would +reveal the obvious. The issue of quality public education does +not enjoy the personal involvement of the very people who +proclaim its vital importance. And in some cases, they are even +putting their resources toward ballot initiatives that would +reduce taxes and devastate public education. + + Is public education the top priority in America? Is it the +vehicle to provide true opportunity for those who don't happen to +be affluent? Is it the only way of having a workforce capable of +competing against its international counterparts? Is it the +place where our societal values are reinforced, and, sadly, in +some cases, introduced for the first time? + + The answer to these questions must be a resolute "Yes!" +resounding from coast to coast. + + Yes, it means money. Real money. It means that when budget +crunches come, public education is not viewed as the obvious +candidate for slashing. + + Today it is. As chairman of the Massachusetts Board of +Regents, I saw a Democratic governor cut the public higher +education budget by 22% from 1988 to 1990 while state +appropriations as a whole increased 18%. Then, in 1991, we found +ourselves with a Republican governor whose staff was seeking ways +to actually close three to five campuses. Education, thus, has +been an equal opportunity candidate for bi-partisan attack. Why? +Well, in Massachusetts both governors were openly pro-education +in their public pronouncements. That did not prevent the +bloodletting. Political realities intruded. There is one +fundamental truth at work here. Students in K through 12 can't +vote. And students in public colleges often don't vote. Unless +these students are protected by their voting elders, in +particular the business community, they are vulnerable because +they have no counterattack capability. + + Making public education a top priority means openness to new +- even radical - notions of educational innovation. Let's +criticize bold ideas after they have been found to be flawed, +not before they are tested. + + This means structural reform. Merit pay and standards of +teacher competence. School based management. Uniform testing +standards for graduating seniors. Parental involvement in +choosing teachers. Parental and teacher involvement in choosing +principals. Longer school days. The powers that be in the +teacher unions must be leaders in bringing about these necessary +changes. Some already are. All must be. The same is true with +school officials, school committees, mayors and city councils. + + Finally, and most fundamentally, it means that all of +America must get to know what the inside of a classroom looks +like. + + Parents are going to have to invest their time in the +buildings where their children are fashioning the dimensions of +their lives. Teachers are going to have to be assisted. They +are going to have to be made to feel as important as their task +really is. They are also going to have to be scrutinized. +Parents are going to have to be able to know the differences in +teaching philosophies. They must learn to tell when a principal +is being creative and caring, and when a principal is just +playing out the string. Parents are also going to have to see +their role as nurturing children other than their own in these +classrooms. Parents should help involve retirees and +grandparents in this task as well. The public schools should +become the meeting houses of our society where all of our society +is walking through the school doors on a regular basis. This is +the New American Mandate. + + This approach must involve institutions as well as +individuals. I would suggest the following matrix. The public +schools (pre-K through 12) are at the center of the matrix. +Arranged around it are four centers of institutional capability +and energy. Each of the four focuses its efforts towards the +public school center. The four are public higher education, +private higher education, non-profit institutions (clergy, +hospitals, museums, foundations, performing arts, etc.) and the +business community. + + What this translates into is the rector, the priest, the +rabbi, the museum director, the lawyer, the executive vice +president, the faculty member, the college hockey coach, the +chief executive officer, the surgeon, the secretary, the shop +foreman, the researcher, the union organizer - all will be in the +classrooms, affirming by their very presence the criticality of +education. + + What do they do there? Anything. Everything. It will +range from a once-a-year reading to a third grade class to +once-a-month tutoring of a particular student. It will mean a +corporate funded day spent at a college campus to expose sixth +graders to the notion that college may be relevant to them. It +may mean mentoring a whole class and taking responsibility for +elevating their horizons, their career sightlines. + + Does this make a difference? That is no longer a question. +There are staggering examples of outsiders radically affecting +the lives of students whose classes they become part of. The Dr. +Eugene Lang intervention at his Bronx alma mater junior high +school is the most acclaimed example but there are countless +others. It works. Hopefully, we can get to the point where +every student in every classroom has someone beyond the +overloaded teacher caring about his or her future. That outside +person must attest to the basic truth that as goes public +education so goes America. + + The interface of these people and the classroom will, of +course, change things forever. Everyone investing his or her +time in a classroom will, by definition, become a committed +advocate for quality education. This will translate into real +political power in behalf of the educational system. It will +also translate into corporate and non-corporate resources being +funneled to the system. + + To educators, that is the good news. More threatening will +be the sense of overview, and the realization that these +outsiders will be rendering judgements about the performance of +teachers and administrators. Some will balk at this, unsure of +this brave new world. They cannot be allowed to prevail. + + These intervenors should be seen as a wonderful resource. +They can help seek out technical assistance relationships with +colleges and corporations, both as to teaching theories as well +as management techniques. + + It will be a different world. Committed, competent teachers +and administrators will welcome the respect and caring. The new +found availability of resources will strengthen their sense of +the relevance of their profession. + + The political leaders must by their personal actions bring +about this "meetinghouse of our society." That's how one becomes +the education President or the education Governor or the +education Congressman. The President must be willing to devote +considerable personal time to make this happen. It must be an +unrelenting theme. The President must be the Principal-In-Chief. +New Educational Needs + + There are two areas where the discussion on education has +finally begun to focus. + + First is the pre-kindergarten stage. More and more it is +becoming obvious that the experiences of a child at the youngest +ages predetermines his or her capacity to learn in a school +setting. Youngsters arriving at school from dysfunctional +families are immediately at a disadvantage. There is a much +greater likelihood of their academic efforts being rendered +futile before they even begin. + + We are going to have to focus resources on children from +difficult environments in the pre-kindergarten years (ala +Headstart) and during the after-school hours when these children +confront the reality of empty apartments and homes. + + The second area of new focus is skills training. There is +now a steady drumbeat from observers that the great shortfall in +American education involves not the student who goes to college +but the student who doesn't. It is the "non-college bound +post-secondary gap." + + The great economic challenge that we face will be fought in +the trenches of the workplace. It will be a competition of +skills. There will be a direct link between the skills of the +nation's workforce and the resultant standard of living of that +nation. Manufacturers will go where the workforce is the most +highly skilled, no matter where that may be. This is not a +matter of choice for them. It is a matter of being competitive. + + If our non-supervisory workers are less skilled than their +foreign counterparts they will be paid wages that reflect that +reality. Third world skills will command third world wages. +Highly paid jobs will move offshore and we will be left with the +unattractive residuals. + + And, if our workforce continues to experience deterioration +of wage scales the rest of the economy will deteriorate as well. +Thus, in this new world economic order it is not just the +capacity of the highly educated which determines our fate, it is +the skill levels of the basic worker as well. A skilled American +workforce will provide good jobs for educated managers and +professionals. An unskilled American workforce will not. The +whole system implodes together. + + Not surprisingly, our competitors have discovered this +already. In Japan, skills are learned in the companies because +the companies expect workers to remain with them for the duration +of their careers. In America, the reality of three year worker +turnover causes our companies to be wary of such an investment. +In Germany, the school system coordinates this effort and +students are in school/work situations at the age of sixteen. In +France, companies are taxed 1% on their sales. If they do worker +training they don't pay the tax. If they don't, they pay the tax +and the government does the training. + + Three models to achieve the same critical end. We have +allowed this need to escape serious attention until recently. I +believe the French model deserves consideration but adapted to +the American context with its vocational technical schools and +community colleges taking the lead. + + This is a constructive approach to a problem that confronts +us. For Democrats, it is far better to pursue this option than +to criticize companies for moving their operations offshore. +Such criticism will never have a beneficial effect. Companies +are never going to forego profitability and competitiveness in +order to placate Democratic outrage. These companies are not +being un-American, they are simply responding to a perceived +differential in the quality of the workforce. To forestall such +moves, we have only to provide a workforce that is equally +skilled. Certainly for reasons of logistics and management +control, any American company would prefer to have its operations +as close by as possible. And finally, it has been my experience +that American CEO's are more nationalistic than they are given +credit for. They want a stronger America. It's our job to help +them make the decision that's right for America without +diminishing the viability of their companies. + + +III. The Environment - Equilibrium With Earth + + There has always been an environmental constituency. Unlike +many interest groups its objective has historically not been its +own economic well-being. Its goal has been the preservation of +nature, a sense of being at one with the land and water and air +and all the creatures which co-inhabit this planet. + + That core environmental constituency has been a political +bedrock, hundreds of thousands, indeed, millions of people, +feeling very strongly about the legitimacy of their cause. + + What is different about this issue in the modern day is the +newly recruited battalions to the environmentalist army and the +breadth of their concerns. The historic group (begun in large +part by moderate Republicans) is sometimes dismissed as +"tree-huggers." (It is ironic that someone's love of a tree +could be viewed as a negative characteristic.) The modern +coalition, however, involves people whose interests are much +closer to home. It involves citizens who have been affected by +toxic dump sites or air pollution or have come to fear the +quality of the water they drink. These newly minted +conservationists are going to be no less committed to the cause +of environmental protection. Indeed, in many respects they bring +a kind of passion that has been sometimes absent. A despoiled +earth will not be tolerated by human beings dependent upon a +clean earth for survival. + + Now there is a third group in this coalition. + + This group is largely a time-of-being phenomenon. It is the +post-Cold War generation. If one sees generations in terms of +time frames and definitive events, the progression in recent +times arguably would be Depression/World War II, Cold War, and +Vietnam/Civil Rights/Nuclear War. + + When the Berlin Wall came crashing down, the spectre of +East-West nuclear confrontation was rendered highly improbable. +The young people now coming of age know, and will only know, the +return of democracy to Eastern Europe and the centrifugal forces +at play in a weakened Soviet Union. + + An era has passed and with it much of the fear of a +superpower caused nuclear winter. + + As this generation analyzes the world in which it will +mature and live out its years, it does not perceive a world of +calm and quietude. It perceives other dislocations. And one of +the most severe stems from the mindless abuse of our planet by +generations focused on other issues. This new generation sees a +world of possible climatic cataclysm, of a world buried in its +own excessive trash, a world where the air they will breath will +threaten the health of themselves and of the children they are +beginning to bear. They see virgin forests of antiquity falling +to greed. And they see population growth which threatens to turn +the future of mankind into an endless series of bloody clashes +over ever-limited resources. + + Simply put, they sense global disequilibrium. The earth is +not at peace with its inhabitants. We are consuming resources at +a rate which is not generationably sustainable. We see +population growth rendering third world cities dysfunctional. We +are despoiling this mother spaceship and will eventually render +it hostile to human well-being. + + Our young think differently than we do. As we get older the +time frame we think in shrinks because our remaining time on +earth has lessened. + + Not so the young. With their sense of their own immortality +they can look out and see forever. A planet in disequilibrium is +hazy to short-term focused adults. It is alarmingly clear to our +offspring. They know they will inherit the consequences. + + I learned this lesson soon after the Valdez oil spill in +Alaska. I was driving through Chatham on Cape Cod and noticed +that I needed gasoline. Without much thought I turned into the +nearest service station and pulled up next to the pumps. There +came an immediate howl from my three children. I had stopped at +an Exxon station. They demanded that I drive away. + + My response to them was that this particular gas station +owner had no responsibility for the oil spill. They rejected +that argument as irrelevant. I was patronizing a despoiler of +the environment. No more. No less. Their voices reached an +insistent crescendo of righteousness and I decided to drive off +to calm the din. + + The incident troubled me. As the Senate co-author of the +Alaska Lands Act, I have always seen myself as an ardent and +committed environmentalist. I always saw myself as the defender +of Alaska's wonders. My children, however, were beyond me in +their sensitivity. How different from what I thought about when +I was their age. They had become dedicated environmental +activists and I had never noticed. + + We should welcome their alarm. It calls us to a true +stewardship of our environment. And such a stewardship is +uniquely American. We are the continental nation. Descendants +of Teddy Roosevelt and Ansel Adams. We should see this calling +as returning home to what we are truly all about. + + Specifically what? + +International Leadership + + It is appalling that we were the most notable footdraggers +at the recent international convention on global warming. So +much for George Bush being the environmental President. We must +lead the charge for global conservationism. If not us, who? If +not now, when? + + Washington has true champions of the environment in the +House and Senate and in the EPA. Let the White House use its +influence to spread that commitment throughout the land and +across this globe. Let the New American Mandate establish the +principle that love of earth is mainstream America, a reflection +of the best of us in all of us. + + The vehicle for doing this would be to proclaim the goal of +global equilibrium. This means the pursuit of policies and +lifestyles that allow the consumption of resources to be +consistent with having an inhabitable planet over the +generations. + + The issues here are obvious. Global warming and the +depletion of the ozone layer are the most noted but they are +merely the tip of the melting iceberg. These two issues deserve +the highest level of attention and concern rather than the +jittery avoidance that has characterized the Reagan-Bush years. +I chaired the first hearings on global warming as a Congressman +in June, 1977. It was an issue that was obscure to some, but all +too relevant to those who testified. In the absence of any White +House or media concern the matter remained dormant until the very +hot summer of 1988. All of a sudden it was a topic of popular +discourse. That is not how serious issues should be confronted. +The White House needs to establish a national dialogue on the +scientific data. Pretending that these matters are secondary is +risking the lives of millions of people should they ever come to +pass. + +A recycling ethic + + Ancient history is often marked by great events that took +place at large feasts or simple small repasts. From the tales of +Homer in ancient Greece to the beginnings of the world's great +faiths, history was often made when people broke bread together. + The archeologists of today are unable to find virtually any +artifacts from those events. + + But the archeologists in the year 2991 will be able to +unearth artifacts of millions upon millions of meals consumed in +1991. They need only go to the local landfill and dig a bit. +There they will discover the true artifact of our time - the +disposable, once used, plastic utensil. In addition, they will +find all kinds of commodities specifically designed to be thrown +away rather than repaired when they are broken. + + The age of the disposable society must give way to the age +of recycling. + + Recycling must become as much an automatic personal habit as +brushing one's teeth. Again, here, as in other issues referred +to previously, it is a matter of mindset. + + Such a mindset already exists. But its existence is +inversely proportional to the age of the person. The young do +not thoughtlessly dispose of aluminum cans into trash cans as do +many of their parents. They want to collect them for recycling. + + There is great promise here. As a member of the Recycling +Advisory Council, I am struck at how willing corporate America is +to move in this direction. In many respects they are far ahead +of the politicians. Much is happening. Americans instinctively +want to be in harmony with their environment.. A clear call for +sustainable lifestyles will be received with great response. Let +us sound that call. + + Such a call has to be backed up by government procurement +policies at the local, state and federal level that give real +preference to recycled products. This will help to establish +markets that are now often fledgling and vulnerable. + + It means introducing a virgin materials fee. This would +give recycled commodities only a slight economic competitive +advantage over virgin products, but it would set a tone as to the +need for manufacturers to rethink procurement practices. The +proceeds from such a fee would be channeled to help with +recycling and disposal costs. + + It means setting up a commission to establish a consistent +standard for consumer guidance so that a "green" label or a +"recycling" label has specific meaning and consumers can express +their environmentalism with their pocketbooks. There can be no +doubt that environmental consumerism is the nuclear weapon of +recycling. It only needs specific guidelines in order to be +fully unleashed. Once this happens, the market will respond +accordingly. Only by having functioning markets for recycled +goods can we hope to achieve any worthwhile level of recycling. + + It means establishing product design standards to maximize +recyclability. + + It means policies that minimize waste materials in the +manufacturing processes of American companies. + + It means packaging standards that result in the least use of +throw-away materials and the greatest use of containers that are +earth friendly. + + The objective of all these policies should be to create a +mindset of avid consumer and governmental activism so that an +equilibrium lifestyle becomes a simple matter of every day habit +and behavior. + +Global Warming + + The issues here are well known. We need energy policies +which maximize the investment in conservation and renewables and +which minimize the burning of those fossil fuels which cause the +greatest emissions. On the cutting edge here are the utilities. +Federal and state regulatory policies should tie a utility's rate +of return to its commitment to energy conservation and the +encouragement of renewable energy sources. The loss of a +utility's revenue base caused by using less fossil fuel based +energy should result in a net plus in the utility's rate of +return. That rate of return should be above that which could be +achieved by the usual standards of proper financial and technical +management. Utilities must be put in a position to maximize +their shareholders' value by aggressively and relentlessly +pursuing policies consistent with the need to reduce global +warming. + + We also need policies which maximize the planting of carbon +dioxide consuming trees both in America and worldwide and which +minimize the need to cut down existing trees anywhere. There are +going to have to be serious discussions about how to save +tropical rain forests which are so vital to any effort to lessen +the buildup of carbon dioxide. Telling countries not to demolish +their forests is as effective as their telling us to reduce our +energy consumption. These countries will not adopt policies +which benefit mankind but go against their national economic self +interests. The developed world has to be prepared to tip the +economic scales in exchange for the obvious benefits it will +receive. This is an area where we can turn to the Japanese and +Germans and ask them to take the lead. They had all sorts of +reasons for bypassing the Persian Gulf war. We expended our +resources to safeguard their interests. Here is an opportunity +for them to do the same for all of us in preserving the great +forests in the developing world. A planet threatened by rising +oceans is in no less peril than one threatened by a Saddam +Hussein. This is a brave new world and quite uncomfortable. But +global warming isn't very comfortable either. + + Planting trees should be a national passion. It should be a +normal and recurring event at schools, in city parks, at +factories, in backyards and front yards. The President should +make this a standard ceremony when visiting various parts of the +country. It would be a ceremony with real moral purpose - a +purpose instinctively understood by our young. + + The earlier section on recycling is applicable here since it +is the use of wood products to make paper which consumes an +enormous number of trees. We must get to the point where the +paper we write on, the newspapers we read, and the circulars we +receive in the mail are all printed on recycled paper. + + One major obstacle here will be some in the press since the +commitment to environmentalism in the editorial department is +sometimes not matched by the vice-president of business +operations. The latter will go on for hours on why today's high +speed newspaper printing process cannot use recycled paper due to +lessened fiber strength. + + Come on, fourth estate. Let's see total leadership here. + +Land Use + + Loss of woodlands, open space and farm land is the result of +investment dollars being used for development. The implosion of +many of our urban centers is the result of an absence of +investment dollars being used for development. + + We deplore the loss of the natural landscape. + + We deplore the decline of our urban centers. + + Since neither has to occur, there must be a better way. + + Development dollars flow in very prescribed channels. As a +partner in a development company, I know this all too well. +Forming these channels are tax laws, zoning regulations, +investment incentives, and land use policies such as height +restrictions, green space requirements, and the like. Government +sets the channels and the market place responds accordingly. +Developers go where government tells them to go whether or not it +makes any sense. The battle over development pits +conservationists against developers. It should be +conservationists against government officials since the +developers are only building where and what the laws allow. + + The late 1980's saw this truth play itself out on Cape Cod. +As chairman of a state environmental task force I had proposed +the idea of a moratorium on development on the Cape. The notion +created a firestorm and I was vilified by developers and town +officials and state legislators. They deemed the idea +irresponsible and stated their strong belief that it would die of +its own illogic. No elected officials beyond a few isolated +selectmen came to my defense. The Boston political establishment +was nowhere to be found. + + Then a funny thing happened. The Boston Globe did a poll +and found that two-thirds of the Cape inhabitants supported the +concept and fully three-fourths endorsed the regional land use +planning proposal known as the Cape Cod Planning Commission. +This revelation raised the political stakes considerably. + + When I scheduled a hearing at Cape Cod Community College, I +was picketed and heckled at by hundreds of developers and +construction workers. In response, the Cape's conservationist +community began to organize in earnest and the battles lines were +drawn. Charges and countercharges were the order of the day and +soon no one was safe from the controversy. + + The issues were placed on the ballot and we won handily. In +a subsequent 1990 special election, the planning commission was +enacted into law despite a severe economic downturn that had seen +development come to a virtual halt. + + In the end, the developers saw me and the conservationists +as the enemy. The conservationists, in turn, saw the developers +as the enemy. I, however, did not blame the developers. They +were only trying to make a living. I blamed the elected town +officials who had determined the rules of the game. They were +the ones who had allowed unconstrained development that was at +variance with the wishes of their constituents. They could have +prevented the abuses by voting the appropriate safeguards. They +chose not to. As a result, the battle between developers and the +conservationist community was unavoidable. It could have been +otherwise. It should have been otherwise. + + It serves little purpose to constantly have these battles +over development issues. The end result is often exhaustion, +bitterness and/or bankruptcy. It would be far better to +establish land use guidelines that everyone understands and which +reflect a community's consensus. That is what political +leadership is paid to do. + + The reason that all this means something has to do with two +values. First, it is the preservation of the land that God gave +to us. There is a spirituality to our surroundings. Primitive +people understand this. Modernized people often don't. +Secondly, it is the retention of the unique character of all the +places which make up America. It is who we are as contrasted to +who everyone else in the world is. + + The role of the Federal government here is primarily to +articulate the importance of these values and to adopt policies +that support its position. These are essentially local and state +matters, but the feds should also look at their own approaches. +It should do a systematic analysis of existing federal tax laws +(such as the various depletion allowances) to see if they are +incompatible with these values . It should also reexamine the +adequacy of tax and funding policies which would direct +investment away from open space to our urban centers (such as +historic preservation tax credits, urban enterprise zones, UDAG +grants, etc.) + + It should further look for other opportunities to preserve +open space. The scheduled closure of some of our military bases +that was announced recently would be such an opportunity. + + Finally, it should encourage mayors and governors and +legislatures and city councils to consider the issue more +pointedly. Visits to places that have preserved land or retained +a sense of character should be high on the agenda of top +governmental officials, including the President and Vice +President. + + Again, as in previous sections, the above is not meant to be +exhaustive of policy initiatives but rather is suggestive of a +philosophy that would cause us to constantly think in terms of an +equilibrium with the earth. + +Population Control + + Nothing would serve the cause of environmental equilibrium +as much as population control. Nothing would insure +environmental disequilibrium as much as the world's population +growing uncontrollably. The same can be said relative to the +issues of energy use and world social order. + + The earth is simply not capable of accommodating endless +human expansion. We are increasing at a rate of 93 million +people a year. In 1830 there were one billion people. In 1990 +there are 5.3 billion. Within the next decade we will increase +population equivalent to all the inhabitants of Africa and South +America combined. Towns have become cities. And cities have +become megalopolises. It cannot continue. + + The dilemma is not food. We can produce enough to feed the +world's current population. People starve today because of +political instability and the failure of food distribution +systems. The starvation in Ethiopia and the Sudan is made even +more tragic by the fact that it need not be. + + The real dilemma of unconstrained population growth is +three-fold. + + First, while food stuffs can be produced every year into +infinity, fossil fuel energy cannot. The earth is energy +resource limited and those limits are very real. (More on this +in the next section.) + + Secondly, the world's burgeoning population is streaming +into the major cities, particularly in the third world, and +rendering those cities virtually unworkable. This is a formula +for great social and political upheaval in the wake of serious +degradation of even the most basic quality of life in those +cities. + + Thirdly, the growing consumption of, and demand for, natural +resources is virtually unsustainable. There is just so much +clean air. Just so much clean water. Just so many available +landfills. Just so many ways to dispose of hazardous wastes. +The land and the oceans are receiving unspeakable volumes of +waste each and every day. The earth was never meant to be a +giant waste disposal unit. To pretend that it can is to threaten +human survival. + + None of this is new. No one doubts the inevitable +consequences of unlimited population expansion. So why don't we +take it seriously? + + The reason, very simply, is domestic politics. The +Reagan-Bush years have been marked by open hostility to family +planning worldwide. While the Democrats supported such efforts +as quietly as possible hoping no one would notice, the +Republicans saw it as a clear opportunity to placate domestic +political interest groups. + + The Reagan-Bush approach has bought marvelous political +self-benefit at the expense of future social dislocation. And +they don't care one bit. + + We Democrats must care. Our obligation lies beyond the +Roger Ailes perspective. We will be judged in future years by +how well and how forcefully we began the drive for a stable +world population. In this regard the New American Mandate is a +moral imperative that is worldwide in its responsibility. + + +IV. Energy, Fossil Fuels - Someday There Won't Be Any + + There are two basic realities about energy facing Americans. +First, we have no national energy policy (presuming that +importing oil does not qualify as such a policy). Sadly, it took +the war in the Persian Gulf to again make this obvious. The +1980's decade of energy issue avoidance has hopefully come to an +end although the White House may be the last to acknowledge it. +Second, our energy use is based almost exclusively upon the +consumption of finite energy resources (particularly oil) and +that is, by definition, unsustainable over the long term. This +will eventually create ever-deepening crises of supply and cause +desperate and powerful nations to seek to acquire remaining oil +reserves by force. All of this was foreseen long ago by energy +and military analysts. Again, witness the Persian Gulf where the +world's dependence upon foreign oil reserves greatly raised the +stakes in the current confrontation. + + Put it another way. The earth has provided a finite amount +of fossil fuels for its inhabitants. The number of inhabitants +rises every year increasing total energy use. The per capita +consumption of these fossil fuels also increases as more and more +countries become industrialized and as more and more people enjoy +energy-intensive lifestyles. This dilemma will not be solved by +asking developing countries to forego comforts which we take for +granted. + + Every year the total energy use is subtracted from what the +earth started out with. Since supply is always heading downward +and use is always heading upward, sooner or later what the +nations need will not be available. At first, prices that are +confiscatory beyond measure will mean that the rich will have +energy resources and the poor will not. But even that inequity +will not be sustainable as each year drains more fossil fuels. +Eventually even supply at any price will not be possible. +Nations will continually go to war to survive. Today that is +self-evident. + + To make matters worse, most of the earth's readily +obtainable oil reserves are in one of the most unstable areas of +the world politically. Thus the prospect of war exists into the +future, long after Saddam Hussein has passed from the scene. + + The discussion of this issue reveals the limited capacity of +middle-aged decision makers to think in terms beyond their +expected lifespans. When 55 year oil experts talk in glowing +terms about a 50 year supply of that resource, that means they +are confident of supply during their expected natural lives. +That is reassuring. It is, however, less reassuring to their 25 +year old children who are not certain they will have died by the +age of 75. It is obviously not at all reassuring to their five +year old grandchildren. + + Let's up the estimate to 100 years. Nothing changes in +respect to our moral obligation not to visit certain calamity +upon future generations. This is where the issue of purpose +comes into play. This is where the New American Mandate comes +into play. + + If we are dealing with a finite resource; if we are +depleting that resource; and if we are not aggressively pursuing +policies to bring about energy use based on renewables; then we +are condemning a future generation to the unspeakable. Which +generation? Who knows? The next one or the one after that or +the one after that? The moral burden does not lift; our purpose +must be to assure the survival of those future generations. + + We need a national energy policy. + + Such a policy must view current use patterns as +unacceptable, particularly the return to overreliance upon +imported oil. + + It must view the long term goal as minimizing finite +resource use, again, especially oil. The future must be based +upon energy resources that are sustainable. + + One mission is to get from here to there in as smooth a +transition as possible. That will take decades, intense +investment, rethinking, and lifestyle modification. The +alternative is to request that God replace all the oil and gas +that we've consumed. That would certainly be a lot easier but in +case He chooses to let us resolve this matter by ourselves, an +energy policy will be required. + +Yearly Supply-Demand Report + + The reasons the country doesn't have an energy policy are +complex. But one reason stems from the fact that the general +public has little idea how much oil, gas and coal reserves we +have in this country. There are experts who know - or think they +know - but the average person is just never brought into the +discussion. + + There should be an annual Supply-Demand Report detailing the +best estimates of oil, gas and coal reserves. Such data +collection is already being done. But it is buried. This report +should be the subject of focused presidential attention and +annual Congressional hearings. + + The purpose here is simple. If there are actions required +to be taken in order to secure our energy future, they will only +be accepted if the people of this nation know the true facts. +During the 1980's we reverted back to extreme foreign oil +dependence but it was done silently. Few people in the Congress +or on Main Street were aware that oil imports in 1990 averaged +42%, their highest level since 1979 and up from 35% in 1973. Oil +from the Persian Gulf accounted for 24% of all U.S. oil imports +in 1989, up from 17% in 1987. The Reagan-Bush administrations +saw no need to make reference to or bring these facts forcefully +to the attention of the public. Avoidance politics prevailed +once more. + + Then, all of a sudden, we are at war in the Persian Gulf and +oil is a critical cause of our involvement. The yearly debate +over the Supply-Demand Report would educate both government +officials and the general public if it were given due notice when +it is released. + +Maximize Conservation + + This one is self-evident. Every barrel of oil not consumed +is a barrel of oil preserved for future generations. Every MCF +of gas not burned, every ton of coal - all are stored in loving +deference to our descendants. This is the New American Mandate +extended to those future Americans whose viability is in our +hands. Conservation has become more mainstream, largely free +from the early notions that it was somewhat "soft." In those +days real tough men produced energy. Conservation was the domain +of the timid little old tree hugger ladies and unwashed hippies. +Today it is the domain of corporate CEO's who see the savings to +their bottom lines. + + Mainstream, however, is not enough. It must become the +number one energy priority. This means a return to the debates +of yesteryear - efficiency standards, tax credits. It also means +higher rates of return for utilities that maximize their +commitment to conservation and load management and a lesser rate +of return for utilities that don't. Such a rate differential +should be significant enough to thoroughly incentivize utility +CEO's. These companies are our most effective energy army and +they are already deployed. Using them is far preferable to +devising new untested approaches using public employees. + + And it can be done. When I became a director of Boston +Edison in 1985 I was a committed conservationist coming into a +company that was known to be hostile to any of the so-called +demand side management options. + + The outside environmental community - and the state +Department of Public Utilities - had harshly criticized Boston +Edison for its attitude. I shared much of their perspective and +struggled inside the board to bring about change. This effort +led to much company turmoil and in the end to serious management +changes. + + Boston Edison is now a recognized leader in demand side +management. But the lesson here is not the obvious one. Yes, +there was inertia. Yes, there was resentment against policies +advocated by people who were always critical anyway. But I +believe the major resistance was pure market place. The +regulators and environmentalists were calling upon Edison to +pursue policies that were at variance with the cherished +principles of market share retention and resultant shareholder +value. They were being asked to use their resources to shrink +their revenue base. It was totally counter intuitive for people +who had spent their careers concerned about profitability. + + This fierce resistance can instantly become fierce support +if regulators just change the rules. To truly maximize +conservation we must make it in the economic self-interest of +utilities to become devoted conservationists. + + Conservation also means higher gasoline prices. As usual, +George Bush blanches when asked to do this by his energy policy +advisers. His recently announced energy policy is warmed over +Reagan with production taking center stage and conservation +belittled. It is a sad lesson of American politics that a +President would send troops to defend oil rich nations but not be +willing to take the tough political steps necessary to reduce +domestic oil demand. I understand the politics. It's just the +ethics that I can't fathom. Washington should have a predictable +policy of raising the Federal excise tax on gasoline. It should +be raised a certain amount each year, every year, so that +consumers can make sensible decisions about the cars they will +drive before the annual increases go into effect. Three to five +cents a year each year would be one possibility. Nothing, but +nothing, promotes the purchase of fuel efficient cars like +anticipated higher gas prices. That is an unavoidable fact of +life. It has been years since automobile ads spoke of fuel +efficiency. All of today's ads speak of acceleration and power +and mightiness. While this measure will not be well-received, a +three to five cents a year annual increase would not begin to +reach today's tax levels in virtually all other Western nations. +Japan, Germany and Italy, for example, have gas prices exceeding +$3 a gallon. They have faced the issue. We have only just +begun. The loss of American lives in the Persian Gulf is an +unacceptable price to pay for the once-understandable desire to +keep gas prices low. Our need to lessen oil import dependence +should no longer be a national objective supported by lofty +rhetoric but devoid of the meaningful actions needed to +accomplish that objective. + + It also means higher federal taxes on fuel inefficient +automobiles that are then rebated, dollar for dollar, to +purchasers of fuel efficient automobiles. The consumer buying a +car consistent with our national energy policy should be +subsidized by the consumer buying a car at variance with that +policy. + + Finally, it means greater investments in mass transit and +the rail system. These would be funded by the gas tax. Again, +those who use energy efficient means should be rewarded for such +use. It is astonishing to think that we are still debating how +much should be allocated to mass transit as opposed to new +highways. This debate can only happen in an atmosphere wherein +no national energy policy exists. + + These measures must be matched by all-out efforts to achieve +conservation internationally. The electricity and transportation +systems are particularly inefficient in many third world +countries. The United Nations must put this effort at the top of +their energy funding agenda. We must cause this to happen. + +Maximize Renewables + + This is the future. Solar, wind, hydro, etc. We were on +the road to making these technologies viable when the Reagan +administration blew away the funding for them. There is an +enormous amount of research and development necessary before some +of these technologies become truly affordable and operational. +But in terms of long-term national security interest, the Gulf +crisis should make it clear that energy dependence is no bargain. +Better to spend billions to make those technologies viable than +to spend many more billions funding the consequences of energy +dependence. + + Here again the utilities are prime-time players. Utilities +that aggressively promote these technologies should enjoy a +higher rate of return than those that don't. + + Finally, it should be noted that every dollar spent on +renewables (and conservation) remains in the economy and +multiplies. To the extent that American-based solutions exist, +they should be preferred over imported solutions in pursuit of +the simple goal of keeping U.S. dollars at home. Thus, a dollar +paid to an installer of insulation or invested in a wind energy +project stays here and circulates. The benefit of that over +sending a dollar overseas to purchase oil is not insignificant. + +Research into Nuclear Options + + This one is not self-evident. But it is necessary +nonetheless. Let's say we maximize conservation and renewables +tomorrow. Let's also agree that by doing so we have stretched +out the fossil fuel reserves by twenty, fifty, even one hundred +years. There's still a very real problem. We will never arrive +at a time of energy use based solely on renewables. + + There must be a major base load energy capability that is +sustainable. Inevitably that capability has to be nuclear. The +fact that this is an unhappy reality does not make it any less of +a reality. The other base-load alternative is massive reliance +on coal, and that is not possible in an era of real concern over +global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions. + + Every nuclear power plant operating in the world today +represents millions of barrels of oil not consumed. Indeed, one +can, ironically, argue that we have served our descendants by the +use of nuclear power since they will inherit the oil we did not +use. Each plant also represents tens of millions of dollars not +sent to OPEC but kept in the American economy. This call for +nuclear power, of course, goes against every instinct of most +environmentalists. It also offends those concerned with the +issue of nuclear safety and the attendant issue of the disposal +of nuclear waste. These concerns are very real and will never +disappear. + + When I was struggling with the issue of nuclear power as a +Congressman and Senator in the 1970's, there was furious debate +among my staff members and outside advisors. The split saw my +strong environmental supporters aligned with my political +advisors. The argument was clear. Environmentalists were +fiercely anti-nuclear. They were my most dedicated loyalists. +And they had valid concerns that were always being casually +dismissed by utilities and governments alike. Being anti-nuclear +would be substantively correct and politically beneficial. + + On the other side was my energy staff person. He was not +unsympathetic to the logic arrayed against him. He thought the +nuclear industry and the utilities had been mindless, stubborn +and reactionary. He thought that they had become their own worst +enemy for good reason. + + But, he asked, if you eliminate nuclear what do you put in +its stead? What exactly is the replacement process for shutting +down the nuclear option? Tell me specifically what substitutes +for what. + At first we provided the expected response about +conservation and renewables. But when you tried to put numbers +on them, there was a huge gap no matter how aggressively we +pushed these options. + + That left oil, gas and coal. All were finite and oil and +coal had particular problems if you overloaded the system with +them. While gas would be a clean energy source it would not +substitute for everything else. + + In the end, there were no open doors left. + + Accepting this was excruciating. Politically it was all +downside. It remains the most difficult and uncomfortable policy +position I have ever taken. But today, more than a decade later, +I still feel the same way. + + That doesn't eliminate the real problems with nuclear +energy. But they have to be viewed in context. + + It is much easier to have those concerns dominate our policy +since they are immediate, and the dire consequences that are the +focus of this paper may be decades away. My responsibility is to +today, of course, but it is even stronger to those who have not +lived the half century I have enjoyed. A policy that disregards +the viability of our descendants is a policy of no moral value. +This looking beyond ourselves is part of the return to purpose. + + Further, it should be noted that the greenhouse effect is a +compelling argument by itself for nuclear power. If the buildup +of carbon dioxide is indeed a threat to the world's climate, then +an energy source which produces no carbon dioxide should have +some currency. This is an extremely difficult divide for +environmentalists to cross. But the debate has begun. + + It's a matter of evaluating risks. The risk of a nuclear +accident is quite knowable. The risk of rising oceans has never +been experienced and thus elicits no strong fears. But one can +begin to imagine the dimensions of such a calamity. For me I +choose to take the greenhouse effect very seriously. I hope I'm +wrong. + + Finally, it is interesting to see how differently +governments have treated this issue of nuclear power. France is +a country ruled by the liberal Socialist Party yet is driving +toward virtually full dependence upon nuclear power. They see it +as freedom from oil dependence and an end to the financial +hemorrhaging of that dependence. + + Japan and South Korea are strong adherents of nuclear as +their electricity producer. + + Germany is ruled by the conservative Christian Democrats yet +has closed off the nuclear option. Others have as well. + + In the long run which countries will benefit? In my mind, +the French have done the most to secure their energy future. +They have decided upon a course which if followed by other +nations will render the Persian Gulf less critical and thereby +less likely to result in the kind of dilemma we now face there. +It will result in less oil demand, thereby reducing world oil +prices and thus lessening the dollars spent on such oil. +Finally, and most importantly, it results in oil never being +consumed as nuclear plants take the place of oil-fired units. +The savings herein are staggering. Oil Imports in 1989 accounted +for $45 billion of our $109 billion trade deficit. The 112 +nuclear plants operating that year in the U.S. saved 740,000 +barrels of oil per day. That cut our 1989 oil import bill by +$4.7 billion or about 10%. Since 1973, nuclear plants have +reduced our trade deficit by a total of $125 billion. As oil +prices increase over time the trade deficit reduction potential +of nuclear power will only increase. These are enormous economic +factors which cannot and should not be brushed aside, especially +by a nation with chronic and massive trade deficits, more than +one third of which is strictly due to oil imports. + + There are, however, two valid arguments against nuclear +power. First, it is just another avenue to avoid the +conservation and renewable policies that must come first. True. +Any nuclear option must follow conservation and renewables. Any +attempt to move to nuclear without recognizing this maxim is +properly doomed to failure. This reality has been told to the +nuclear industry for years but has had no impact as they continue +to view nuclear development as a sainted option and conservation +and renewables as latter-day appeasement of wooly headed +environmentalists. This attitude has served them very poorly +indeed. + + Secondly, the technologies appropriate for the future are +not in place. There is merit to this argument. The American +nuclear industry consists of scores of nuclear power plants, +virtually all of which are different from one another. The +inefficiencies and hazards of this reality are not to be taken +lightly. If every nuclear power plant is custom-made there will +always be problems since every plant has its own distinct +learning curve. + + The nuclear industry and the utilities have been foolish in +ignoring these legitimate criticisms. They refused to rethink +how the nuclear option could be perfected and instead chose to +defend and perpetuate past practices. They gave opponents no +reason to hope that critical self-analysis was possible. As a +result, today the industry lies in disarray. + + The new nuclear age will require technologies in nuclear +fission which allow for smaller, safer, modular power plants in +limited design options. Knowledge will have to be transferrable +so that talented personnel will be transferrable. + + There will not be any more 1200 megawatt power plants. They +are too costly and no utility in this day and age is going to +take the risk of building one. Nor should they. In this case, +smaller is indeed better. The future is in the 300-500 megawatt +range. What about cost? They will be expensive but the case for +nuclear is not its cost. It is preserving fossil fuels, +lessening the hazards of oil dependence, reducing the trade +deficit and minimizing carbon dioxide output. The federal +government is going to have to invest in developing these new +prototypes in concert with industry. There must be a sharing of +the financial risk in order to move rapidly. This joint venture +would seek the development of two or three prototype models based +on today's design and engineering capability rather than attempt +to add bells and whistles onto twenty to thirty year old +blueprints. + + What about the disposal of nuclear wastes? This is not a +simple matter since we are talking about materials that will long +outlive us. But the problem already exists. It exists outside +the nuclear power industry because of military uses primarily, +but also research and medical applications as well. Given the +choice of finding a technological solution to limited amounts of +nuclear waste and finding a technological solution to massive +quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, I will choose the +former. Not because its easy but because the latter is undoable. + + But the fact remains that the disposal issue has been +brushed aside. To advocate for nuclear must be to commit upfront +to the funding necessary to secure the disposal option. Neither +the nuclear industry nor the federal government has chosen to +face up to this. Until a disposal option is identified and +accepted, we will always be at a standstill. + + What about the concern for future generations if we leave +this nuclear waste behind? This is a serious argument. But +again a choice. Nuclear waste stored in deep salt mines versus a +world in conflict over diminishing fossil fuels. Once more I +choose the former. Not because it's easy but because the +consequences of the latter are all too knowable. + + The research community must also be funded to develop +non-fission alternatives. There are compelling reasons to push +aggressively for fusion options (or others not now known) that +may be much safer and more inexhaustible. We are talking about +an availability that stretches well into the 21st century. But +that is when its need will be most critical. This must be a kind +of mini-Manhattan Project of the future. A nuclear source that +can never turn into a Chernobyl. A nuclear source that can light +the darkness for those who come generations later without the +dilemma of waste disposal. This is the necessary technology for +us to develop in order to secure our safety and our descendants' +safety. + + Finally, it should be noted that there are other serious +economic consequences of the United States losing its +technological edge in nuclear power. If we let our capability +wither, as we are now doing, sooner or later there will not be an +American company able to build a nuclear power plant. All of the +know-how will be Japanese or French or whatever. And when the +world recognizes the need for non-fossil fuel base-load +generation and turns to nuclear we will again have lost our +competitive position. The trade implications of this are +obvious. But it also means loss of U.S. influence on issues such +as safety design and waste disposal. The role of the federal +government is critical here because only it can take the steps +necessary to coordinate the emergence of the new nuclear power +option. The President and Congress must jointly agree as to the +necessity for this option and then provide the leadership to work +with industry to make it happen. This will involve issues such +as funding, regulation and site selection. + +Fossil Fuels + + People who don't like to contemplate the nuclear option will +want to take refuge in the notion that we can always go back to +finding more fossil fuels. + + People who dismiss conservation and renewables will do the +same. + + Let's go out and extract more oil and gas. This is, in +essence, the current policy. + + The scarcity of oil reserves contrasts with the more +plentiful reserves of gas in North America so the two are not to +be seen as identical. But the prime weakness here is the obvious +- the more we find and extract, the less there will be. We +obviously do need a vibrant oil and gas drilling and production +capability. For the next few decades this capacity is absolutely +essential. + + But beyond the available U.S. oil reserves, particularly in +the Southwestern states, the options are less attractive. + + Take the Arctic Wildlife Refuge. There are two possible +approaches. First, go in, exploit it and secure the several +months at most supply said to possibly exist there. Whatever +environmental damage occurs, that is just the price that has to +be paid. + + Second, keep the oil in the ground, preserve the environment +and treat that oil (if it exists) as available to future +generations whose need will be much more acute than ours. +Obviously, the first approach offers greater current political +advantage. The second, however, offers greater fulfillment to +the generational responsibility. Guess which one George Bush +chose? + + But the second also offers strategic value as well. As we +face future crisis after future crisis occasioned by our +dependence upon foreign oil, are we not better positioned if we +have put into place alternatives and conservation and have the +maximum amount of fossil fuels still in the ground? Put another +way, does not a Drain America First approach maximize our +vulnerability? + + But beyond these arguments, the Bush proposal to open up the +Arctic Wildlife Refuge bespeaks of how much our oil addiction has +diminished all our other values. Alaska is not just another +place. It is the most beautiful and most preserved land on +earth. It is, by far, the grandest gesture we have made in +deference to God's wondrous creation. To seek to put the +wildlife refuge at risk while balking at a gasoline tax to +achieve the same net result is hypocrisy in the extreme for +someone who talked about wanting to be the environmental +president. The Democrats in 1992 should commit to veto any +effort to despoil this part of Alaska as a substitute for an +inevitable energy policy. In many respects, this issue is a +"defining moment" for our values as keepers of the land, +protectors of nature's wildlife and guardians of the energy needs +of our descendants. + + But even in the lower forty-eight states, the concern is +where the fossil fuels will come from. Once the relatively easy +oil and gas reserves are tapped you begin to get into some pretty +dicey alternatives. Drilling a hole to extract oil is one thing. +Crushing a mountain to extract oil shale is quite another. +Drilling a hole to extract gas is one thing. Mining arid regions +of the country for coal is quite another. + + This is not to argue against fossil fuel development. That +will happen and should happen in the decades of transition. +Indeed, the nation is looking to natural gas to step in and +substitute for oil in ways unexpected just a few years ago. + + This, combined with the development of ethanol, methanol and +other alternative fuels, offers real time hope of lessening our +Persian Gulf addiction. However, the fact remains that the +conservation/renewables/nuclear options should be put at the head +of the energy line. Only by doing that can we contemplate the +wonders of grandchildren and great grandchildren without the +burden of knowing we have sacrificed them for our own comfort and +convenience. + + +V. Foreign Policy - Time to Heal Thyself + + Since the end of World War II the United States has held the +Soviet Union at bay. The policy was called containment. It was +a test of American resolve and determination that has extended +for more than four decades. + + Today we have witnessed the triumph of that policy. By +containing communism, we allowed its inherent contradictions to +eventually cause its downfall. Communism did not fall to +invading armies or to an onslaught of nuclear warheads. Its +demise was the result of two internal phenomena. First, the +sense of injustice which fueled Marxist-Leninism soon gave way to +police states wherever communism was dominant. Freedom was the +first casualty of this "worker's paradise." Anyone crossing +through Checkpoint Charlie into East Berlin could not avoid the +heavy sense of oppression that characterized all of Eastern +Europe. Second, the allure of communism as a cureall for the +ills of capitalism came apart as more and more countries found +that communism equalled petty corruption, bureaucratic +inefficiency and economic stagnation. A system based on the +theory of noble common interest faltered upon the reality that +human beings need incentives that relate to themselves and their +families. There must be a causal relationship between hard work +and reward if there is to be hard work. Communism as an economic +system destroyed that relationship. The result was thus +inevitable. This inevitability, however, required time to +manifest itself. It was containment that bought that time. + + The price paid by America (and its allies to a much lesser +extent) was enormous. Thousands of lives were given to protect +freedom and trillions of dollars were expended as well. But the +wisdom of Harry Truman has been borne out by history. Contain +communism. Believe in the fundamental superiority of democracy +and the free enterprise system. Hold fast and eventually +people's yearning to be free and to provide their families with a +decent standard of living will prevail. He was right. It took +an awfully long time but it was accomplished without one nuclear +warhead being fired in anger. + + The collapse of the Berlin Wall brought the Cold War to an +end. It will take a decade to mop up the remains but they will +be mopped up. There will undoubtedly be setbacks as the Soviet +Union suffers through the terrible throes of transition. Even if +there were to be a new rightist regime in Moscow, it would be +unlike the Soviet Union of the past forty-five years. The reason +is quite simple. The Warsaw Pact is gone forever. + + The fearsome armies of East Germany are now but memories as +the Germanys have united in an emotional embrace that has turned +the faces of the East Germans toward the West. Elsewhere +throughout the Warsaw Pact, playwrights and union leaders have +become heads of state and freedom is savored as only it can be +tasted by the formerly enslaved. + + Within the Soviet Union as well the question is not one of a +possible Warsaw Pact army moving westward across Europe. The +question is whether various republics will remain as part of the +Soviet Union. And the answer is almost assuredly not. There +will be new nations based on old identities. Lithuania, Estonia +and Latvia are but the beginning of a long debate over what +constitutes a viable national state that can endure. + + And, finally, even within core Russia, the forces of freedom +and self-expression have been loosened. Each day adds to the +deeper rooting of expectations. The traditions of parliamentary +debate, of open citizen criticism, of religious observance, of +free market experimentation are all quite fragile. But they now +exist in the minds of the Soviet people reinforced by images of +the rampant freedom being experienced by their fellow citizens in +Eastern Europe. + + This is the joy of a great emancipation. But this is the +honeymoon. More difficult days will follow as the harsh +realities of transition set in. This is not a transition to be +marked in months or years. It will take decades. And the long +road will provide endless opportunities for demagogues to stake +their claim to leadership. The sheer amount of dashed +expectations will create mountains of bitterness and resentment +as the coming economic dislocations set in. + + Freedom is lovely. But chaos is frightening. And sooner or +later there will be those who will take advantage of the deep +instinctive fear of public disorder. One must understand that +the alternative to Mikhail Gorbachev is not just Boris Yeltsin.^ +It is the hardline military conservatives as well. The 1990's +will see events in the Soviet Union (and Eastern Europe) which +will not be pretty. + + It is essential here to understand two fundamental points. +First, a Soviet Union in transition will always pose a certain +danger to us but that danger is not the risk of advancing Warsaw +Pact armies preceding a carefully planned nuclear attack. It is +the danger of an unstable leadership which happens to be well +armed. It is the danger, not of miscalculation, but unbalanced +desperation. As long as nuclear weapons exist in such vast +numbers they cannot be allowed to drift from our consciousness. + + Second, it is in everyone's interest to make the Soviet +transition as smooth as possible. The less the economic chaos, +the less will be the risk of political extremism. The Western +nations must help demonstrate to the Soviet people that there is +a light at the end of the democratic tunnel. Economic +deprivation makes freedom less relevant to a people. We must +ensure that economic hope is not extinguished within the minds of +the Soviet citizenry. + + This means a coalition of North American, EEC and Pacific +Rim nations meeting at an economic summit with the Soviets (and +the East Europeans) and hammering out Marshall Plan II. This +will be a Marshall Plan not to contain communism but to keep it +in its grave (the hard view) or to enable a long suffering people +to enjoy the fruits of freedom at long last (the benign view). +Instead of arraying our forces of war against the East, let us +demonstrate the genius of democracy by unleashing the true +generosity inherent in free nations. This generosity will +involve the usual forms of assistance but it must include as well +the transfer of knowledge. The task here is to bring into being +the organizational infrastructure necessary for economic reforms +to succeed. This is not just a matter of letters of credit or +food aid. It is fundamentally a matter of providing skills and +experience and management. These are human talents that can only +be transferred by other human beings. It obviously involves the +deployment of various Western corporate and academic entities. +But it also means Western experts such as retired business +executives and consultants on leave devoting themselves to the +great task of the 1990's and beyond - the full integration of the +former Warsaw Pact into the commonwealth of nations. Such an +integration will also enable us to have a greater capability to +influence the outcome of the independence movements in the +republics. + + Finally, a thought about how we have been affected by our +relationship with this great Asian continental nation. Both the +USSR and the United States spent the latter part of this century +preparing for war against each other. This constant tension gave +us our worst risk of loss of civil liberties (McCarthyism), our +closest brush with annihilation (Cuban Missile Crisis) and our +most bitter foreign involvement (Vietnam). All those are past. +What is not is the economic price that both countries have paid. +We are both like muscle bound weight lifters who now have little +use for all the accumulated intercontinental muscle. The contest +now is not weight lifting but long distance running. All around +are the smaller, quicker nations who devoted themselves to +business while we were both focused on confrontation. As one +observer has noted "the Cold War is over and the Japanese won." + + Both the United States and the Soviet Union need to ramp +down their military machines to levels that provide true military +security without rendering them economically impotent. There +will be a lot of sorting out as we seek to find the appropriate +level. I would opt to reduce our troop commitments overseas and +retain the research and development capabilities. There is no +military might in a nation impoverished by an inability to +compete in the global marketplace. There is no sustainable +military might when the national economy is in decline. This +must be the most significant underpinning of the New American +Mandate. The Soviets face that reality now. But we face it +also. + +The New World Order + + Harken a new chapter of world peace and harmony? Sadly not. +But one must rejoice about the passing of the spectre of the +superpowers having at each other in a fit of nuclear +miscalculation. We have been delivered from the immediate threat +of nuclear winter. + + This deliverance, however, has given center stage to other +destructive forces as we have now witnessed in the extreme. They +are not the aftermath of the East-West confrontation. They are +local; they are regional; they are linguistic; they are +religious; they are ethnic; they are economic; they are tribal. + + The world seems capable of offering up an endless array of +bloody incidents on virtually every continent. The Persian Gulf +has our attention but it is only the latest crisis. El Salvador, +Ghana, Rumania, Argentina, South Africa, China, Panama, Liberia, +Kuwait, India, East Timor, Haiti, Afghanistan, Philippines, on +and on. A year from now there will be others. The overlay of +East versus West, of conflict based on capitalism versus +Marxist-Leninism, is gone. That context hid other determining +forces that are now free to roam at will across the landscape of +the lesser developed world. Many of these countries are not +rooted in centuries of jurisprudence and democratic institutions. +For some of them, their history as a country is measured only in +post World War II terms. Many of the boundaries of these +countries were artificially determined by outsiders to +accommodate foreign agendas. Often those boundaries cut across +natural groupings or put historically rival groupings in the same +nation. + + Creating a nation requires a great deal more than geography. +There must be a sense of people, a sense of common history. Many +of today's nations lack these essential attributes. They are +square pegs trying to fit into round holes carved by others. For +some, the future cannot hold as tribal or ethnic or religious +rivalries come roaring back from their bloody pasts. Added to +this basic disequilibrium is the communications technology +available worldwide which has raised expectations concerning +freedom, standards of living, health care and the like. Many of +these expectations will not be met. + + Thus, we have a world where possible mass annihilation by +nuclear warheads has given way to continuous individual and small +group death by machetes, AK-47's and tanks. + + What does the United States do in these situations? + +The End of Pax Americana + + It is clear that we cannot intercede in every case where +clashes have broken out. Most of these conflicts are going to +involve the loss of innocent life and the temptation is going to +be to go in and somehow make things all right. That temptation +is a snare and must be resisted. There is going to be a lot of +sorting out in the years ahead as groups go against groups in +countries where the institutional bonds are weaker than the bonds +of ethnicity or religion. And often they are weaker than the +acute remembrance of past injustices. Horrid affairs will take +place and we must try to contribute to their prevention as much +as possible. But no American blood should be casually spilled +taking sides in the internal affairs of woeful nations. Our good +offices, yes, but not our blood. The threshold of American +involvement must be raised to a level consistent with clear +national interests that are embraced by the American people. + + A clear example of this is Lebanon. In 1982 I stood on the +balcony of the American ambassador's residence in East Beirut and +watched Israeli planes bombing PLO positions in West Beirut. The +night sky was illuminated with flares. Nearby Christian gun +positions would occasionally fire in the direction of Moslem-held +West Beirut. The scene below me was so different from anything I +had ever seen before that it required an effort to believe that +it was real and that people were dying in buildings I could +barely discern. It was a scene out of Dante's inferno. + + The natural instinct was to somehow intervene to end the +bloodshed. But when I met with leaders from the various factions +during my stay it was clear that ethnic and religious differences +combined with past horrors were beyond any rational arbitration. +There were forces at play that were primal and they would not be +easily contained. Not by us, not by any western nation. Perhaps +not even by any nation. Today, almost a decade later, there +still is not peace. + + A more difficult situation arises where borders are at +stake. Herein there are other considerations that come into play +- considerations that speak to the essential concepts of national +sovereignty and non-aggression. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait is +such an example. It had to be addressed. + + In most instances the United States will not have great +national interests at stake. In some cases, such as the Persian +Gulf, the American dependence on imported oil raises the stakes +considerably. Our economic vital interests, caused by our almost +twenty year failure to bring about energy self-sufficiency, will +continue to make us vulnerable to whatever winds blow in that +part of the world. + + We cannot, however, allow ourselves to continually become +the policeman of the world sending our youth to areas of great +risk and pouring our national treasure into the fray. There must +be a police force in future instances but we should only be part +of the contingent. We must not be the whole contingent or even +the majority of the contingent. + + Efforts are going to have to be made to provide a United +Nations Security Force with real teeth. This will not happen +overnight and there are years of negotiations ahead to make it a +reality. But one thing is for sure. America no longer can +afford the role it has assumed since the end of World War II. +Pax Americana must give way to Heal Thyself. This is not +isolationism. It is participation in a new internationalism +truly based on the principle of collective security. This +principle has been articulated for decades but remains in the +realm of rhetoric not reality. The United States must cause it +to become the basis for a new Pax Mundi. True collective +security means true collective burden sharing. The effort in the +Persian Gulf is a step in that direction but the journey is by no +means complete. + + Other nations, especially those with great trade surpluses, +have enjoyed a free ride as we willingly take up causes around +the world. American blood is shed and we spend billions upon +billions of dollars that should be spent at home to reinvigorate +our economically depleted nation. We are seen as willing to +fight battles for everyone else and rarely insistent that other +nations truly participate up to their proportionate share. The +attitude used to be that we would never really push other nations +on these kind of issues so long as they were strong allies in +confronting the Soviets. Those days are over. + + There is a new world order, but we don't truly act that way. +We need our resources at home. We have a Herculean task to +steady our economic ship of state and to get out from under our +crushing national debt. This is the first priority and all the +other priorities come after it. Indeed, if we don't attend to +our economic peril, we won't be in a position to be of help to +anyone. + + The time has come to confront our allies with tough choices. +Either they have interests at stake here or they don't. If they +do, then they must either participate fully or be prepared to see +those interests adversely affected. This new order will come +hard to countries who have prospered under our military umbrella +and devoted their resources to build mighty economies. For them, +the message must be that the party is over. + + We have suffered our Vietnam. We have seen our Marines +killed in Beirut. Our troops in Saudi Arabia are the majority +force that contained the madness of Saddam Hussein, while not one +Japanese or German life was at risk. Yet Japan is the most +dependent upon Persian Gulf oil of all the industrialized nations +in the world. They had enormous economic interests at stake. +Yet the Japanese say that their constitution, unfortunately, +prevents their involvement. The Germans sold all kinds of +weaponry to Iraq including those necessary for chemical warfare. +They even sold goods to Iraq after the embargo had been imposed. +Rather than participate with other Europeans, however, the Bonn +government chose to play the role of bystander. The Germans say +that they want to devote their resources to reincorporating East +Germany. We should say enough! They have vital interests here. +They cannot be allowed to obviate their clear responsibilities by +hesitantly providing contributory funds under duress. They are +doing only what they have to in order to quell American public +outrage. + + There will not be a new world order until and unless other +major countries are prepared to invest the blood of their sons +and daughters and the wealth of their treasuries in the duties of +the peacekeeper. Our actions must force this new world order. +We must not delay it by pretending we have unlimited young +soldiers and unlimited resources to spend all over the world. + + There are three choices before us: + 1. Allow military aggression across borders to go +unchecked. + 2. Deploy American troops, alone if necessary, as each new +world trouble spot erupts. + 3. Put into place the new world order of multi-national +peacekeeping where the United States is a major player but only +in reasonable proportion to its allies. + + Option #1 will lead to world chaos. There is no viable +recourse for America that removes us from the responsibilities of +a great global nation. Our military strength and our democratic +values are world resources. The issue is not whether to be +involved but how to be involved. To some Americans the +temptation is to embrace a kind of latter day isolationism. But +it will never be. We are the hub around which allied democratic +nations revolve. That reality cannot be ignored. Iraq could not +have been allowed to conquer Kuwait with impunity. + + Option #2 will bankrupt America and cause undue personal +grief to the families of our servicemen and women. This is the +policy that our allies desperately wish us to continue. They +must be made to understand that an economically crippled and +divided America serves no one's interest over the long term. +Japan and Germany are not safer with an America in economic +receivership. It is truly galling that these nations have +managed to secure the safety of their youth while their interests +were defended by American men and women. + + Option #3 must be the basis of our foreign policy. Only Pax +Mundi can call upon American military resources in a manner +consistent with our prevailing national needs. We are but five +percent of the world's population. We are the greatest debtor +nation the world has ever known. We suffered about 60% of the +coalition casualties in the Persian Gulf. These are facts. +Let's have a foreign policy that recognizes these facts and +establishes the new world order in practice as well as in theory. +We may be the most important policeman in the international +police force and we can accept that. But we should never allow +ourselves to become the latter day paid soldiers for nations who +feel no moral obligation to sacrifice their own citizens. + +The Third World + + There is a pattern to our travails abroad. When it comes to +dealing with a superpower we are reasonably comfortable that we +know our enemy. The Russians have been more European than not in +their 20th century history and mannerisms. We have a good sense +of how they think and what motivates them. + + The same is true with our NATO allies and the Warsaw Pact +nations. East-West we know. All of our decision makers were +groomed in the school of East-West relations. It is where we +have the "touch" that allows policies to have some hope of +success. By contrast virtually none of our leaders came of age +in the North-South context. They then must rely on position +papers prepared by others unaided by their own personal "feel" +for such matters. + + The Third World is very different. And we don't truly +understand it. In Vietnam we imposed an East-West overlay on the +Third World. It was assumed that ideological dynamics were the +same everywhere. The domino theory drove our decisions there but +Vietnam fell and the predicted onrush of Communist triumphs +around the world never materialized. What happened? Who knows? +No one ever felt it was important enough to hold Congressional +hearings on the reason why the conceptual centerpiece of our +rationale turned out to be in error. The war was over and no one +had the stomach to try and figure out how the best and brightest +could not understand what was happening inside the minds of +friends and foe alike. An unhappy chapter. So much sacrifice. +Let's put it behind us. It was just too painful. + + We never tried to figure out what we didn't know. + + Many hotspots of the future will be in the Third World. +These potential conflicts will arise most probably over resource +questions or attempts to "remedy" colonially-imposed, artificial +borders. How can we deal with these as they come upon us? The +resolution of these potential crises cannot be endless military +engagement. There are just too many disputed borders, ethnic +rivalries and unbalanced heads of state. These non-U.S.-Soviet +confrontations must be the business of the world community but +there is a limit to the capacity and willingness of countries to +be militarily involved. These confrontations call for a new +commitment to the rule of law in conflict mediation. Such +mediation should be by entities that are perceived to be as third +world in their composition as reasonably possible. + + This means the strengthening of existing multilateral +institutions. It means the creation of new mechanisms with +sufficient muscle to enforce the principle of peaceful resolution +of disputes. The old adage of speak softly and carry a big stick +remains relevant today. + + When territorial and/or resource disputes do arise, such +disputes should be forced into binding and timely international +arbitration. The objective here is to create a moral and legal +process that is created by the entire world community and not by +the usual Western players alone. If the dispute is not resolved +satisfactorily, the World Court should be given in reality what +it has only been given in theory throughout the Cold War era, +namely the power to adjudicate the remedy. + + Should a potential aggressor refuse to seek a remedy through +binding arbitration or the World Court, or ignore the ruling of +such bodies, then economic sanctions as the primary enforcement +tool should be implemented swiftly and completely. And they +should be kept in place until shown to be inadequate. The world +community has demonstrated that strict sanctions can be +implemented effectively, witness the global response to the Iraqi +invasion of Kuwait. Should sanctions fail the capability must +exist to exercise the military option under United Nations +auspices. + + Herein it is essential that any future military actions +clearly have the appearance and substance of United Nations +supervision. This will require a great deal of rethinking +because the current United Nations peacekeeping structure would +not have been able to counter Saddam Hussein in time to prevent +his possible invasion of Saudi Arabia, let alone evict him from +Kuwait. The world's nations are going to have to sit down and +decide how to give the United Nations effective military +capability consistent with the concept of national sovereignty. +It will require extensive negotiations obviously. But the world +will be better served if the Saddam Hussein wannabes of the +future have less room to miscalculate world reaction to +unacceptable endeavors. And we in the West will be better served +if such military responses are not perceived by third world +peoples as Western actions against non-Westerners. + + Finally, it's urgent that we spend the time necessary to +understand how Third World nations think. They are not mini +copies of Western nations. They are different peoples with +different cultures - cultures no less worthy of our respect and +understanding. They all need to be thought of as separate and +sovereign. If we can do this we can avoid some of the quagmires +that we have experienced in the past. + + The nations of the Third World have a vastly different +perspective than we do. Some are consumed with fears and +resentments about the former colonial powers. Some have an +inherent uneasiness with nations that are mostly white and +Western. Many of them deal from feelings of insecurity and +non-acceptance. They don't act as we in the West would expect +because their cultures and histories and institutions are not the +same as ours. Fundamentally, many of them do not believe that we +respect them. And, sadly, they are often correct. We think that +human history and the Judeo-Christian tradition are the same +thing. Perhaps we can see how offensive that is to the billions +of people who don't share that tradition. The Persian Gulf war +has demonstrated this dilemma. Saddam Hussein was able to tap +into reserves of sympathy in the Moslem world when the bombing of +Iraq occurred. This despite the obvious lawlessness and +brutality of his invasion of Kuwait. How could these people +support such a dictator who had savagely killed other Arab +people? The answer lies not in rationality but in the perception +that this was Iraq versus the United States and a handful of +Western allies. It is said that war is politics by other means. +True. Future military actions must carefully calibrate the long +term political implications of our strategic decision making. + + It is in the self-interest of the United States to encourage +our colleges and universities to focus more effort on the history +and mores of non-Western cultures. We need to understand the +thinking of Islam. We need to know the legacy of American +involvement with regimes in Latin America. We need to be aware +of the many cultures that determine the thinking of Asian and +African nations just as thoroughly as they seek to understand the +West. + + We cannot presume that the rest of the world thinks that way +we do. There are powerful factors at work that cause nations and +peoples to have particular lenses through which they view events +around them. + + While this may sound self-evident I can attest to how easy +it is not to see it. + + I vividly recall how much my perspective changed during my +two years as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Ethiopia. I lived in a +town/village called Wolisso and taught in the local school. + + In the summer between school years I remained in Wolisso to +work on a building project. For that period of time I was the +only Peace Corps Volunteer there. I found myself beginning to +think like an Ethiopian for the first time. I also found myself +looking at non-Ethiopians through Ethiopian eyes. + + Since Wolisso was on the road from the capital city of Addis +Ababa to the provincial capital of Jimma there was occasional +traffic through the town. Often they came at dangerously high +speeds given the fact that the road was usually full of people, +including children, and various kinds of livestock. + + One day, while walking along the road towards the building +site, I had to jump off of the side of the road as a car +barrelled past. The driver of the large car was an Ethiopian. +My reaction and that of the Ethiopians near me was clear +irritation. Another arrogant upper-class Ethiopian. But it was +soon dismissed as how things unfortunately were. + + Just as we had returned to the road to continue on our way, +another car came at us at a similarly irresponsible speed. +Again, we all had to jump into the shallow gully at the side of +the road. + + As the car sped by with the horn blaring we all noticed that +the driver was white - either an American or a European. My +reaction was not merely irritation but anger. Real anger. I +wanted to chase after the culprit and pummel him. The Ethiopians +responded even more strongly. They began to shout to each other +about the cursed "ferengi" (foreigner). + + Both drivers had committed the same act. Both had +jeopardized the same people. But there the sameness ended. +History and perception and culture and nationalism came into play +and caused the reaction of the Ethiopians to each miscreant to be +radically different. Even I was rendering separate judgments. +In the year that followed, I became acutely aware of this +dichotomy and had no difficulty in seeing it in other +circumstances. + + It serves no purpose to argue that all of this is illogical. +Logic and politics are not the same thing. And if we are going +to be players in the non-Western world, we'd better understand +the hearts and minds of its people. + + But recourse to isolationism is not possible. + + It is inevitable that we will be involved in other Third +World crises after Kuwait. It is then imperative that such +involvements only occur based on a true understanding of the +political and cultural forces at play and not just an assessment +of military capabilities. + + The evolution to Pax Mundi is going to require a great deal +more knowledge than we now have. We are always going to be a +major player on the world scene, perhaps the dominant player. +With American lives at risk, we have the moral duty to know what +we are getting into. + + +VI. The Culture of America: The Essential Need + + Much of what has been written herein deals with policies and +rationalities. I have attempted to analyze issues as objectively +as possible and to put forth real world solutions. The effort +has been to cast off excessive dogma and to confront what is +coldly before us. For some, this paper should now end at Chapter +V. + + What follows will seem somewhat ephemeral compared to the +previous chapters. It will deal in matters less concrete but, to +me, at least as relevant. It is the realm that has been mostly +ignored just because it doesn't lend itself to hard data or +legislative initiatives or regulatory changes. + + But there is more to America's renewal than policies and +programs and realities. There is also the wondrous matter of +human will. And there is the wondrous matter of societal +cohesion. + + There is no rational explanation for excellence and +achievement if one depends only upon predictions based on +quantitative data. Potential is not performance. Capacity is +not output. There is a much deeper dimension. That dimension is +the will of particular human beings to excel. It is their +unrelenting drive to reach beyond. That dimension is also the +capacity of a people to act in united purpose and to achieve +greatness by reasons of their cohesion. + + Where do these characteristics come from? Why do some +individuals and some peoples have them despite serious +shortcomings and others not have them despite every advantage? +How do you foster them? How do you extend them throughout a +society? How do you cause a society to properly value them? I +believe that the single greatest determinant of human will and +societal cohesion is the culture that embraces and sustains a +people. Culture is what gives us lift and what, in its absence, +can render us pitiable. + + To be part of a culture is to be truly blessed. It provides +a sense of lineage - a knowing that one is part of something that +reaches far into the past, a reassurance that one is part of a +continuum, a strength that comes from bonding with one's +ancestors as well as with one's contemporaries. One is never +alone because one is woven into a larger fabric with other people +and with shared values. + + Not to be part of a culture is a curse. There is only the +present, only the temporal. Values and morals are ad hoc, a +sorting out on a day-to-day basis. There is no spiritual frame +of reference. One floats through life in search of a sense of a +larger belonging that, if found, is merely grafted on, not +brought up from within. + + The great nations of history have many differences. But +they have one commonality - strong, vibrant, inclusive cultures. + + So it is with any human grouping. It is true for families, +providing its members with a capacity to begin to answer the +inevitable inquiry "Who am I?" + + The mere grouping of individuals does not, by itself, make a +family. There must be a strong sense of mutual concern and a +common purpose. Correspondingly, the mere grouping of multitudes +does not, by itself, make a nation. There must be the glue that +holds these multitudes firmly in a common embrace. There must be +a culture that speaks to the people. + + Occasionally individuals not blessed with a coherent culture +will rise above their circumstances and achieve greatness. + + Nations never do. + + A nation's fate is inescapably a function of the strength of +its culture. History certainly shows us that. Coherent binding +cultures create great nations for good or for ill. Centrifugal +national cultures create dissolution and disarray, always for +ill. + + Why does history record great advances by a people in a +particular era and no advances by a different people in precisely +the same era? Why do a people advance in one time period and +then seem to regress in another? + + The answer does not lie in factors like natural resources, +geography or political systems alone. + + Often, the difference is culture. + + Will, discipline, dedication, commitment, patriotism, +togetherness, caring, reaching out - these are the manifestations +of a culture. + + How one defines culture is, of course, an endless debate. +For me, it involves the values that emerge in the person. It +defines what constitutes a life of worth and what constitutes +one's obligations beyond self. It involves the sense of being +part of a clearly defined society which readily accepts you and +whose mores you honor deeply. It demands that we view our fellow +countrymen as brothers and sisters whose condition and fate is of +true importance to us. It is the fusion of scores of different +ethnic lineages into a vibrant continental nation. It is E +Pluribus Unum. Not only in legal and constitutional terms but in +the truest sense of a people bonded together. + + The role of the New American Mandate is to strengthen our +commonality. We have to mold our many diverse cultures here in +America into a more cohesive "national family" where the emphasis +is put on such intangibles as self-esteem, inclusion, work +ethic, education, pride in quality products, commitment to +learning, caring for each other. We have to talk about and +debate and ponder how we can reinforce the cohesiveness that +connects us to each other and reinforces our sense of attachment. +We must understand the constant need to nurture community. For +it is this community which allows us to share goals. And it +enables us to sense collective danger and to respond to that +danger as a whole people. To compete with societies with strong +cultures requires an equally strong culture. It's that simple. +This is not commonality for the sake of commonality. It's +knowing that while commonality is critical in creating a noble +society, it is, more importantly, the sine qua non of having a +viable economic future. It is the necessary prerequisite. + + There are many parts to this discussion. What follows are +examples of an attitude. The fundamental point here, however, is +straightforward. Our leaders, both public and private, must, +above all, commit to strengthening our national culture and to +make mighty the spiritual bonds that make us a people. + + A. Minorities - Racial, Ethnic, Religious, Economic. + + Whose country is this anyway? Whose history is it? Are the +founding fathers the ancestors of all of us? Or just some of us? +When a young black child sees a picture of George Washington, +what are the feelings compared to when he sees a picture of +Martin Luther King? Does a child of Greek immigrants feel more +connected to Thomas Paine or to Aristotle? Do Cambodian refugees +from the killing fields feel true kinship with 18th century +Yankee farmers? Does an American Jew at worship feel more linked +to the Puritans or to those who suffered in the Holocaust? How +does a Mexican-American sort out his feelings about the Alamo? +And do Native Americans really think that the history of America +began with Christopher Columbus? + + We are a diverse people. Unlike many other countries, our +national history and most of our family histories do not +coincide. Some Americans are descendants of those who crossed +the Bering land mass. Others arrived yesterday by jet from +Bulgaria. As we trace our national history most of us come to a +time when our families were not here. They were part of the +history of another place. So which history is relevant? Both? +Only one? If only one, which one? + + The magical bond created by hundreds, even thousands, of +years of one people in one place is not available to us. Our +history is much shorter. Our family roots spread out all over +the world. We must work resolutely at nurturing cultural +cohesiveness because it is not given to us in the same fashion +that it has been given to some others. + + The absence of such cohesiveness is alienation. + + Many of our people sense an otherness. They sense that +there is an inner circle in America and they are not part of it. + + The problem is not statutory. We have passed the +appropriate laws. The obstacles are not institutional. Most +companies and institutions actively seek diversity in the work +force. The obstacles are less tangible. They exist in the minds +of both the established and the disestablished. It is very +powerful for something so subtle. + + The laws and the principles embodied in the Declaration of +Independence and the Constitution opened the gates to a glorious +land of equal opportunity. But nirvana remains elusive. + + Equal opportunity, we have learned, is more than an open +gate. It is the appropriate complement of skills and fundamental +self-esteem that makes the open gate meaningful. To just open +the gate is to engage in cruel gesture no matter how innocently +it is done. + + The nation must address the non-statutory needs of our +fellow countrymen and countrywomen. It's not just money. It's +creating a culture of true inclusivity. It's sending out the +message that we will go out of our way to make sure that skills +and self-esteem are part of the package. Not just government +programs. It's one-on-one, human being to human being, +volunteerism and private institutional outreach. + + Mentoring in the public schools as described earlier is an +example but it's more than that. It is a way of thinking. It's +white, male America truly pondering what its like to be a woman +or a person of color and trying to break through to acceptance. +It's recognizing that the presumptions of equal opportunity taken +for granted by well-educated and affluent white males are not +possible for those who every day cannot rest in the assurance +that they are automatically esteemed. + + That esteem must be established. + + If it is not, we will always have a lesser society. We will +also always have an underclass. And it will be increasingly +alienated. It will be an unending source of violence to itself +and to others. And it will serve as a monstrously heavy burden +on our society as we seek to compete with societies free of such +inner turmoil. Indeed, it will preclude any hope of competing +successfully. + + B. Diversity - The Wonders and The Limits + + There is no more perfect American portrait than a schoolyard +of children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. It is +the vision, the inspiration of what America can be. A diverse +America in harmony with itself is equipped to be the greatest +social and economic nation on this multicultural planet. + + The national discussion about diversity has included its +glorification and its damnation. Some see it as a Godsend, some +see it as the devil's work. + + The challenge here is to understand that diversity gives us +composite strength, but that strength can only exist within a +commonality that holds us together. I believe there are +unavoidable components to that commonality. + + First is language. An America with scores of different +languages is truly rich in its texture. In a multilingual world +such fluency is not only charming, it is also an enormous +advantage. The appreciation of other languages, particularly +those spoken by significant numbers of immigrants in the locality +should be part of the curriculum at the earliest grades in our +schools. + + All this, however, must rest upon one, and only one, +foundation - English. As the language of the vast majority of +our citizens, as the language of assimilation for millions of our +immigrants, as the language of our government and commerce, +English is, and must remain, the core language of America. Had +history been different there might have been a different language +that would have united us. But our history is our history. And +English is the only possible common tongue at this point of our +national life. This is not to argue for the superiority of +English but for the reality of it. Well-intentioned efforts to +provide pockets of other language existence is to doom those +pockets to be forever outside the commonality of America. A +nation based on more than one language will always be inherently +in tension. This is obviously true around the world where +language differences that coincide with ethnic or racial +differences are breeding grounds for never ending violence. But +it is also true where language divides societies which seem on +the surface to be rock solid. Witness today's non-violent but +separatist debate by the Province of Quebec in Canada. It poses +great risk to an otherwise very cohesive nation. + + Children who do not speak English at home must be brought to +English proficiency as rapidly as possible. Due respect should +be paid to their native tongue. Efforts should be made to +provide adequate transition time. But the message must be +unmistakable that in order to make American culture cohesive and +all-inclusive America must be English-speaking at its core. We +want you to join us in that commonality and we will help you +achieve proficiency. + + Linguistic diversity is a strength. A Tower of Babel is a +crippling weakness. We must know where the former ends and the +latter begins. + + The second component of our commonality is education. As +stated earlier, it has always been America's great equalizer. +But this road to opportunity has not been uniformly embraced by +various groups. Education is truly honored in some groups - from +the early Yankee settlers to the Jewish immigrants at the turn of +the century to today's Asian newcomers. The pursuit of knowledge +and intellect was and is seen as the source of genuine esteem and +respect. Many immigrant groups have had the same attitude in the +first and second generations and some seem to lose it +subsequently. There is a latent anti-intellectualism in America +that seems to overcome this early appreciation of learning. +Pride in being a top student sometimes gives way to fear of being +thought a bookworm - or even worse, a "geek." + + Here is where some serious soul searching must be done by +community leaders and the media. What are we honestly saying to +our young? What values are we really conveying? Does becoming +an educated person truly mean anything in the last analysis? + + The objective here involves the simple truth that the desire +to learn is fundamentally as critical as the opportunity to +learn. Desire flows from children believing that learning +matters. As a volunteer in the Peace Corps I taught students who +were desperately poor by our standards. We used outdated or +inappropriate textbooks and the "facilities" were de minimus. +The students were 9th and 10th graders almost all living away +from home and thus removed from the support of parents and +family. + But they learned. And learned very well despite every +conceivable disadvantage. Because they wanted to. Because they +valued it. And because it was truly valued in their culture. + + No American classroom I ever entered was as resource poor as +my classrooms in Ethiopia. But as I began to appreciate how the +will to be educated conquered all these obstacles, I would recall +the stories of Abraham Lincoln reading by candlelight. I would +also remember how driven my father and his siblings were to learn +despite their immigrant backgrounds. + + These experiences left me a firm believer that society +creates learning by simply valuing it. No amount of money, no +accumulation of technological equipment, can overcome a child's +sense that learning really doesn't matter that much. We have +sent those signals and we have to change them. + + The conveying of values occurs every day. The conveyors are +the leaders of America, the leaders of its subgroups and the +lords of the media. Each must commit to sending a pro-learning, +pro-intellect, pro-education message. How? The best example in +my mind is Bill Cosby. The Huxtable family, whatever the +criticisms of it, promotes a set of values with respect for +learning (and family) at the core. It demonstrates how to retain +one's identity within a context that maximizes opportunity. A +second example is Cosby himself. He gave $20 million to Spelman +College, a powerful message of deep commitment to education - in +this case the education of blacks. This is how people convey a +value system. This is how learning is elevated to its rightful +and necessary status. American philanthropists, foundations, +corporations, and everyday citizens would do well to see this as +a worthy road to travel. + + The same centrality of education must be promoted by the +local press. A student who can throw an accurate forward pass is +certain in his mind that press adulation will follow. A student +with very high scores in the SAT's never thinks that it will be +worthy of press coverage. Yet, which is more important? The +print media, radio and television should have education reporters +that systematically and regularly report on what is happening in +the classroom as well as what is happening on the athletic +fields. Some are already moving in this direction. It must +become a stampede. + + The third component is equality of opportunity. + + In the great economic global competition, a nation's team +must be made up of all its diverse members. As we face the +challenges of this global economy and as we face the challenges +of a threatened environment, every American contributes to our +response. Positively or negatively. + + We will not become a world economic competitor using only +some of America. + + We will not become a society at peace with its natural +environment if whole sections of the population feel that they +have no stake in that society. + + By its sheer composition, America must be resolutely +inclusive. Every person is part of the solution or, if not, will +be part of the problem. Everyone will either be a rower or an +anchor. We can have some effect on which they will be. + + The laws for the most part are in place. + + The task is the emotional acceptance, indeed, the emotional +embrace of the founding principle "All Men Are Created Equal." +This basic belief has to empower people in all the modern forms. +Those forms include race, sex, age and sexual preference. + + The battles of the past have been bitter. We must put them +behind us and not tolerate the continued attempts to undermine +the progress we have made. + + This guarding against encroachments is a constant struggle +in the area of civil rights, women's rights and affirmative +action. It's not just the laws but the messages those laws send +that are important. + + Human rights has to do with how we regard each other. +Diminution of that regard lessens all of us. And as a nation we +are made less viable if part of our human potential goes +unrealized. + + America is where "Be all you can be" was chosen as a slogan +for its armed forces. For good reason. Because in America more +than anywhere else, those five words are the cornerstone of what +we believe. + + The role of the President here is the constant and +unrelenting reaffirmation of that cornerstone. We have to arrive +at the day when we truly look at each other as family. Not just +because it would be nice. But because the cohesiveness it will +provide will ensure our sustainability. + + C. Giving + + 'Tis more blessed to give than to receive. Now there's a +shopworn bromide if there ever was one. Just the kind of homily +intended to lull the innocent into patterns of behavior that the +more worldly know to avoid. + + Except that it's true. It is better to give. Giving takes +time and it takes money. But look at givers, and then look at +takers. Who is really happier? + + Giving is Americana. Thousands of colleges, hospitals, +museums and theaters exist because of the philanthropy of +individuals. Tithing is an honored - and expected - part of some +religious traditions. + + Yet giving in America is very uneven. Some people of wealth +recognize their responsibility back to society and are quite +generous. Others feel no such responsibility and lavish upon +themselves and their friends every conceivable indulgence. The +latter are hailed by the media which eagerly covers every last +gaudy detail. The former will never have a program to compete +with "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous." + + So it is with corporate America. Some companies are +extremely committed to being a good corporate neighbor. They +recognize the need to give back to the community and seek to lend +personnel and financial resources to aid local and national +causes. Other companies have a culture which, frankly, doesn't +give a damn about what's happening outside its office window or +factory gate. + + There is little to no public recognition of the good +corporate citizen. There is absolutely no incentive, beyond +their own personal values, for company presidents and boards of +directors to engage in corporate giving. + + The President can change this. There should be a Blue +Ribbon Committee of prominent individuals created to establish +voluntary guidelines for corporate giving. Standards can be set. +It has been done in Minneapolis. Companies can choose to honor +them, ignore them, or something in between. And every year a +list should be compiled as to who gave what, and that listing +should be made public. Finally, the media should consider this +listing as important news and report on it extensively. + + Companies that care should be publicly acknowledged. +Companies that don't should be open to scrutiny and criticism. +The President should establish Presidential Medals for Corporate +and Individual Philanthropy. The point here is to establish a +culture of giving, an embrace of giving, as an esteemed - and +expected - value for corporate America. This notion, hopefully, +will then create an environment wherein Americans of all economic +means will find themselves more open to the same principle. If +this were to happen the bonds between us all would be +strengthened. Now, tell the truth. If Donald Trump had endowed +chairs at Howard University instead of buying that yacht wouldn't +Howard be better off? Wouldn't the country be better off? And +truly, wouldn't Donald Trump be better off? + + Let's deglorify indulgence and return giving to the place it +enjoyed when great people made this country. + + D. Culture as part of a Culture. + + Civilizations are measured by their art and cultural +achievements. Sometimes it's architecture, sometimes it's music, +sometimes it's paintings and sometimes it's literature. + + These storehouses of human creativity and inspiration mark +the high water marks of what we are. They are the places and +events which can uplift the soul - especially the soul of the +young. How do you measure the impact on a young child of being +exposed to a performance of the Nutcracker Suite or the Messiah +in December? Or the impact on an adolescent being taken to a +matinee performance of "Les Miserables?" Or a summers night +listening to a local orchestra perform? Or a periodic visit to a +sculptor as she works on a piece of public art? Or the chance to +see live theater instead of just another movie? + + We would all acknowledge these occurrences as valuable. But +whose children have these experiences? Generally it is the +children of the already educated or appreciative. That's fine, +but the impact would be greater upon children of modest +circumstances who otherwise would not be so exposed. These +children need a spiritual booster shot. Some of them need it +desperately. They need one spark, one glimmer to light the way +or to suggest a new direction. This is where you change lives. + + In the absence of this, they will receive their values only +from the street and from the spiritual emptiness of television +programming. + + Investing in community cultural events is part of creating a +society that is intact and vibrant. During budget crises, +government funds for the arts and humanities are always a +first-cut priority. The reverse should be true. During economic +crises the need is greater. + + The United States government must undertake to prioritize +funding of the arts and humanities, particularly for communities +outside the major urban centers. The amounts here are de minimus +in the overall budgetary scheme of things. It should be seen as +an investment in the personal horizons of its citizens, +particularly the young. Not simply for the sake of supporting +cultural activities although that alone should be enough. But +also in the understanding that we are competing with nations that +already value such activities. Our increased embrace of them +will strengthen our people and help establish an increasingly +viable and functional American culture. + + E. Spirituality. + + Separation of church and state is fundamental to freedom in +America. This principle was adamantly proclaimed by the Founding +Fathers. + + They did not, however, dismiss spirituality. Indeed, belief +in a higher order was part and parcel of the early Americans - +both the first Indian nations and the early European settlers. + + That spirituality is not unique to America, of course. +There never was a great sustaining nation that was aspiritual. +In our modern technological age with its impersonalness, the +search for larger purpose is no less felt. That search for a +deeper meaning can exhibit itself in destructive ways, such as +drug and alcohol abuse, as well as other behavioral asymmetry. +It need not be. + + The overt quest for spirituality has been seen politically +as a valuable electoral advantage by some on the right and a bit +too unsophisticated by some on the left. Neither is appropriate. +We all seek God in our own way. We are all engaged in the search +for understanding of our place in the great order of things. A +public acknowledgement of that search and a stated respect for +wherever that search may lead are not improper activities for the +political leadership of this nation. + + F. The Land and the Buildings. + + The culture of a people is not separable from the physical +surroundings of that people. We are of the earth. + + The preservation of the beauty of open spaces should be +pursued not only for the environmental reasons stated earlier, it +should be pursued for its capacity to renew the spirit and to +lend harmony to our culture. + + The same is true within the land that we occupy. There is a +character to a place. That character is defining. Too often in +America the inhabited land all begins to look alike. What is +unique about a locale is lost under the onslaught of sameness. + + A mall is a mall is a mall. A commercial strip is a +commercial strip is a commercial strip. A highway is a highway +is a highway. + + Care and attention should be paid to preserving the +character of the different parts of America. The President is +uniquely positioned to encourage Americans to contemplate these +matters. Although it is a predominately local matter, there are +federal roles such as historic preservation grants and UDAG-like +programs to keep urban centers viable. Many of these cities are +already well on their way to implosion. But beyond that, there +is the bully pulpit as Prince Charles has so aptly demonstrated +in Great Britain. He cares about how his country resonates with +its surroundings. Our leaders should do so as well. + + G. Public Order. + + There is no way to talk about American culture in 1991 +without addressing the issue of crime and public order. There is +a darker side to the way we interact with each other. Sadly, the +rise in crime in our country has been a constant theme for +decades. This is especially true in our cities. + + It is impossible to achieve a viable American culture in the +midst of uncontrolled violence. Citizens will simply not value +their membership in a society where they lack a sense of +reasonable physical security. The fear of crime erodes the bond +between the citizen and the society. Many of our inner cities +are cauldrons of acultural behavior. Innocent people are unable +to escape the downdraft of this activity. + + How do we address this issue? For years we have had a great +deal of law and order rhetoric from Richard Nixon's unleashing of +Spiro Agnew to the Willie Horton issue in 1988. Congress has +passed tougher crime legislation and the death penalty has become +an all-too-common occurrence. + + But the goal of "safe streets" remains elusive. We now have +a greater percentage of our citizenry behind bars than any nation +on earth. That must be a sobering realization since it has not +significantly affected the citizenry's perception of physical +security. + + There are approaches to crime that deal with prevention. +Obviously education, a sense of community, self-esteem - all +these are ingredients essential to minimizing the likelihood that +someone would engage in criminal behavior. These matters have +been addressed earlier in this paper and are worthy of +reemphasis. + + There are other approaches that deal with punishment and the +certainty of that punishment. These are equally important and, +as referenced above, the Congress has passed laws to accomplish +this. + + So what else can be done? + + There are two areas that I believe are left unaddressed. +Neither is new. Neither is easy. The first involves getting +guns off our streets and the second involves recognizing that +wholesale drug trafficking should qualify for capital punishment. + + H. Gun Control + + There is no greater hypocrisy than the prototypical +Republican position of tough on crime and easy on AK-47's. The +rationale for this is pure politics. Appeal to the millions who +worry about their safety but don't antagonize the National Rifle +Association. + + The availability of all kinds of weapons in America is no +accident. The right to bear arms is seen by some as the only +absolute right granted by the constitution. We have freedom of +speech but you can't yell "fire" in a movie theatre. We have +freedom of the press but go too far and you'll be sued for libel. + + The two-facedness of the Republican posture is reflected in +the bizarre dilemma faced by many police, particularly urban +police. Whom do you support? The candidate who has the tougher +posture on crime but protects the rights of criminals to have +assault weapons? Or the candidate who would ban assault weapons? + + I would suggest that our times requires a toughness in +dealing with crime, but combined with aggressive commitment to +get guns out of the hands of those who shouldn't have them. + + This extends beyond AK-47's. The right to bear arms is not +a blanket purchase order for anyone to buy anything. The ease of +killing with a gun stands in sharp contrast to the difficulty of +accomplishing the same end with a knife or other such weapon. + + Guns don't kill people. People kill people. True. But +people without guns have a harder time doing it. Guns should be +available for self-protection by those who choose to have them. +They should not be available, however, for those whose motives +are injurious to social stability. The Brady bill to finally +bring about effective gun control should be passed immediately. +It is tragic that George Bush has chosen not to endorse it. + + A serious, non-ideological commitment to return to a +sustainable sense of public order is needed. Too many Americans +perceive a kind of anarchy in the streets and that cannot be +tolerated. These guns must be taken off the streets. + + I. Capital Crimes Against Society. + + Crime in America today falls into two categories in my mind. +The first is the level of crime inherent in any society. There +will always be a criminal element and there will always be crimes +of passion. + + The second is crime that is drug-related. And this is not a +level of criminal activity that should be acceptable. It is a +threat to our very being. + + This threat does not result from guns or bombs or knives. +This threat results from commerce. It is entrepreneurial. Yet +it kills. It kills in massive numbers. Some of the people it +kills die. Others live but in a larger sense they die as well. +This is not your every day one-on-one street crime. Or your +crime of passion. This is a methodical, planned, knowing +slaughter of the many in pursuit of money. Massive amounts of +money. And this slaughter is today the greatest threat to our +domestic common security. + + It is the threat of big-time drug dealing. + + How can we tolerate this dissipation of our collective +strength? Drugs are overwhelming us. No society ravaged by +drugs is going to compete with anybody. Yet those who engage in +and profit from this trade are considered lesser criminals by the +criminal code. I kill one person in a fit of passion and I am a +murderer. I kill thousands of people by methodical drug +trafficking and I am not a murderer. By what standard of logic? +By what definition of true threat? + + Who truly kills the drug user found in an alley with a +needle in his arm? Who truly kills the store owner murdered by a +drug user in search of quick money for a drug purchase? Who +truly kills the intravenous drug user who contracts AIDS? Who +truly kills the victim of an automobile crash caused by drug use? +Who truly kills the newborn cocaine dependent baby? + + The major drug trafficker does. Yet in states that impose +the death penalty he is immune. I repeat. By what definition of +real threat? By what recognition of actual damage to our +societal core? + + If the death penalty is society's way of identifying the +greatest threat, it must look past the one-on-one crime of +passion or criminal intent. It must concentrate on those who +would destroy all of us. It must focus on the trafficker and, +once and for all, declare a war on drugs that is a war on drugs. +Billions upon billions for defense against fading foreign threats +embodied by the Soviets and only hesitance in addressing the true +angels of death within our borders. Unless drug dealing is +significantly reduced, we will never be a viable nation. We will +never compete. We will be dragged down by our fellow citizens +lost in the demonic caverns of drug dependence. + + J. Conclusion. + + We will be what our culture empowers us to be. To +strengthen our common culture must be our common mission. +Recognition of, and dedication to, that mission is the mandate of +our leadership. It doesn't lend itself to ten point programs and +quarterly reviews. It will be a discussion that will never end. +It should never end. The journey to renew America's spiritual +base will take us back through our history to harvest the wisdom +of that history. + + We will revisit our ancestors' thinking and learn once again +to pay homage to the basic values that made America. Those +values, long since articulated, will then serve as our safe +passage to the future. + + In our collective veins flows the blood of those who crossed +the Bering Land bridge. Of those who endured deprivation during +the winter in Plymouth. Of those who suffered in the holds of +slave ships and on the decks of immigrant ships. Vietnamese boat +people. Hungarian freedom fighters. Salvadoran refugees. On +and on. + + Above all, there flows the blood of those who died for +America. For our freedom. Not so we could be cynical, or +uncaring or second best. But in the belief that we would be +worthy of their sacrifice in how we lived our lives and how we +honored our country. This is the New American Mandate. + + +VII. Return to Purpose + + Adversity tests the character of individuals. It also tests +the character of a people. We are now being challenged by +outside forces that seek to erode our standard of living and by +others that portend environmental and energy cataclysm. In +addition, we are challenged by internal forces that are +undermining the fabric of our social order. + + What would our ancestors have done? Simple. They would +have accepted the challenges and pushed ahead secure in the +knowledge that their destiny was within their control. Avoidance +was not what they were all about. + + So it must be with us. + + Facing our challenges forthrightly is how we honor the +labors of our forebears. It is our moral imperative. + + But, more importantly, it is the source of our hope. We are +a blessed America. It is our will and determination that will +deliver us. Let us, again, unleash the spirit of the American +people and again secure our future and the future of our +descendents. + + Let us return to purpose. + + # # # + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/typh0002.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/typh0002.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..31d56d6c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/typh0002.txt @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + THE OKLAHOMA BOMBING + ******************** + by + ** + TYPHON + ****** + + + No, don't jump to conclusions, I am not claiming responsibility +for one of the most horrific acts of terrorism on American soil. A +bombing which also happens to have been one of the most awesome +explosions documented of recent times. + On the 20th of April, 1995, a truck, packed with high explosives, +had been left parked in front of a U.S. federal building. When the bomb +was detonated it did so with enough force to destroy every floor of the +building, compacting them. The second floor, which housed a child day +care centre, ended up in the basement. The structural damage caused to +buildings nearby has resulted in the necessity for them to be demolished +as well, yet nearby trees remained standing. + I was intrigued as to what kind of explosive was used, but the +first article I saw gave no clues as to what it might be, though there +was no doubt that it was a high explosive. The evening news showed only +on-the-scene reports and part of a speech by President Clinton. All +information on the explosive was that it was about 1,000 lbs (450 kg) +worth, that's how much explosives there was, not how much force it +produced. + Later I watched the late night news, part of which showed a +representative of the F.B.I. (or some investigative agency) talking +about how forensic and bomb experts would be able to ascertain who made +the bomb based on analysis of bomb fragments. One of the things she +said was that one of the major ingredients in the explosive was ammonium +nitrate. + On the mid-morning news the following day hope was waning for +more survivors being found, sketches of two men thought to be +responsible were shown and mention of a $2,000,000 reward for the +capture (or information leading to the capture) of the perpetrators. +Also mentioned briefly was that the bomb was made of "fertilizer and +fuel oil." This clicked for me, the fertilizer was obviously the +ammonium nitrate mentioned earlier and the fuel oil was probably petrol. + The bomb was a thousand pounds of A.N.F.O.S. (Ammonium Nitrate +Fuel Oil Solution) in the back of a rented truck and detonated by a time +delay. The actual compounds of the detonator are unknown at this time. +This file is more concerned with identifying the high explosive used, +not teaching people how to blow up Jeff Kennett's tree house (though I +wouldn't mind if someone did). + As it happens A.N.F.O.S. is probably one of the easiest, +cheapest and, most importantly, safest high explosives to manufacture. +There are only two ingredients, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (petrol or +kerosene). Both of these are very easy to obtain just about anywhere in +the world. Below I have included part of one of those "how to" files on +manufacturing A.N.F.O.S. + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + The following information was retrieved from Stealth Research +Industries' Book of Terror and originated from Gunzenbomz +Pyro-Technologies' Terrorist's Handbook: + +3.341 AMMONIUM NITRATE + + Ammonium nitrate could be made by a terrorist according to the hap- +hazard method in section 2.33, or it could be stolen from a construction +site, since it is usually used in blasting, because it is very stable and +insensitive to shock and heat. A terrorist could also buy several Instant +Cold-Paks from a drug store or medical supply store. The major disadvantage +with ammonium nitrate, from a terrorist's point of view, would be detonating +it. A rather powerful priming charge must be used, and usually with a +booster charge. The diagram below will explain. + + _________________________________________ + | | | + ________| | | + | | T.N.T.| ammonium nitrate | + | primer |booster| | + |________| | | + | | | + |_______|_______________________________| + + The primer explodes, detonating the T.N.T., which detonates, sending +a tremendous shockwave through the ammonium nitrate, detonating it. + + +3.342 ANFOS + + ANFO is an acronym for Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil Solution. An ANFO +solves the only other major problem with ammonium nitrate: its tendency to +pick up water vapor from the air. This results in the explosive failing to +detonate when such an attempt is made. This is rectified by mixing 94% (by +weight) ammonium nitrate with 6% fuel oil, or kerosene. The kerosene keeps +the ammonium nitrate from absorbing moisture from the air. An ANFO also +requires a large shockwave to set it off. + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + There are already enough anarchy/terrorist files around telling +people how to make bombs powerful enough to blow up a U.S. federal +building. What we need to see now is files on the results of the use of +some of these explosives. As far as new anarchy files are concerned the +only things that really need to be expanded upon at this point are more +things on blasting caps & detonators, and ways of obtaining chemicals in +countries other than America. + If anyone actually does get around to making A.N.F.O.S. I would +be interested to know the results. In fact, if anyone tries their hand +at bomb making of any kind (just try not to lose it) I'm interested in +hearing the results, and tell us what it was you used and any variations +on the given recipes you used. + I can be contacted through a friend of mine, Khayman, at +Vapourware BBS on 429 8510. + + Later, + Typhon + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/ukact.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/ukact.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a255a0d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/ukact.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +(from The New York Times, 5/9/89, p. C4) + +BRITISH URGE RAPID ACTION [ON WARMING] + +By Paul Lewis +Special to The New York Times + +UNITED NATIONS, May 8 -- Britain today called for the rapid +drafting of a new international convention to deal with the +problem of global warming, saying rising temperatures could lead +to disruption of normal life, political tension and war. + +The British Government suggested in a statement to the United +Nations that countries should agree as soon as possible on a +convention that would set out broad "guidelines for good climatic +behavior." + +More specific binding protocols dealing with the global warming +problem could then be approved as scientific understanding +advances and a consensus develops on what action is needed. + +Britain's position was outlined by its Permanent Representative +at the United Nations, Sir Crispin Tickell, in a speech to the +United Nations Economic and Social Council. He said his +Government decided to press for rapid action on global warming +after a daylong seminar organized on April 26 by Prime Minister +Margaret Thatcher at her official residence and attended by +ministers, scientists and industrialists. + +Sir Crispin said that even though great uncertainties still exist +about global warming, the Downing Street meeting concluded that +there was no time to waste in planning international action to +cope with a problem of such scale and complexity which could +disrupt "the intricate web of life on a scale now hard to +imagine." + +At a news conference, Sir Crispin warned that rising world +temperatures and climatic change threaten world peace because +they could lead to disputes and wars over fresh water and arable +land and create a whole new class of "environmental refugees" +fleeing land that could no longer sustain them. +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/un-chrtr.923 b/textfiles.com/politics/un-chrtr.923 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a3c008b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/un-chrtr.923 @@ -0,0 +1,1255 @@ + CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS + + + + We the people of United Nations determined to save succeeding +generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime +has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and + To reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity +and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women +and of nations large and small, and + To establish conditions under which justice and respect for +the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of +international law can be maintained, and + To promote social progress and better standards of life in +larger freedom, and for these ends + To practice tolerance and live together in peace with one +another as good neighbors, and + To unite our strength to maintain international peace and +security, and + To ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the +institutions of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save +in the common interest, and + To employ international machinery for the promotion of the +economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to +combine our efforts to accomplish these aims. + Accordingly, our respective Governments, through +representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have +exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have +agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby +establish an international organization to be known as the United +Nations. + + CHAPTER I + + Purposes And Principles + Article I + The purposes of the United Nations are: + 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that +end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and +removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of +aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by +peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice +and international law, adjustment or settlement of international +disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; + 2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on +respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of +peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen +universal peace; + 3. To achieve international cooperation in solving +international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or +humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect +for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without +distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and + 4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in +the attainment of these common ends. + + Article 2 + The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes +stated in Article I, shall act in accordance with the following +Principles: + 1. The Organization is based on the principle of the +sovereign equality of all its Members. + 2. All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights +and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith +the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present +Charter. + 3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by +peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and +security, and justice, are not endangered. + 4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations +from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity +or political independence of any state, or in any other manner +inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. + 5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance +in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and +shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the +United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action. + 6. The Organization shall ensure that states which are not +Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these +Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of +international peace and security. + 7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize +the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially +within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the +Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present +Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of +enforcement measures under Chapter VII. + + CHAPTER II + + Membership + + Article 3 + The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states +which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on +International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously +signed the Declaration by United Nations of January 1, 1942, sign +the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. + + Article 4 + 1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other +peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the +present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able +and willing to carry out these obligations. + 2. The admission of any such state to membership in the +United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General +Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. + + Article 5 + A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or +enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be +suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of +membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the +Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may +be restored by the Security Council. + + Article 6 + A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated +the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled +from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the +recommendation of the Security Council. + + CHAPTER III + + Organs + + Article 7 + 1. There are established as the principal organs of the +United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an +Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an +International Court of Justice, and a Secretariat. + 2. Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be +established in accordance with the present Charter. + + Article 8 + The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the +eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and +under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary +organs. + + + CHAPTER IV + + The General Assembly + Composition + + Article 9 + 1. The General Assembly shall consist of all the members of +the United Nations. + 2. Each Member shall have not more than five representatives +in the General Assembly. + + Functions And Powers + Article 10 + The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters +within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers +and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, +and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to +the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to +both on any such questions or matters. + + Article 11 + 1. The General Assembly may consider the general principles +of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and +security, including the principles governing disarmament and the +regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard +to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to +both. + 2. The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to +the maintenance of international peace and security brought before +it by any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, +or by a state which is not a Member of the United Nations, in +accordance with Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in +Article 12, may make recommendations with regard to any such +question to the state or states concerned or to the Security +Council or to both. Any such question on which action is necessary +shall be referred to the Security Council by the General Assembly +either before or after discussion. + 3. The General Assembly may call the attention of the +Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger +international peace and security. + 4. The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this +Article shall not limit the general scope of Article 10. + + Article 12 + 1. While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any +dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present +Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendations +with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security +Council so requests. + 2. The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security +Council, shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any +matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and +security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and +shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the +United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, +immediately the Security Council ceases to deal with such matters. + + Article 13 + 1. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make +recommendations for the purpose of: + (a) promoting international cooperation in the political +field and encouraging the progressive development of international +law and its codification; + (b) promoting international cooperation in the economic, +social, cultural, educational, and health fields, and assisting in +the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all +without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. + 2. The further responsibilities, functions and powers of the +General Assembly with respect to matters mentioned in paragraph 1 +(b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X. + + Article 14 + Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly +may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any +situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair +the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, including +situations resulting from the present Charter setting forth the +Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. + + Article 15 + The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and +special reports from the Security Council; these reports shall +include an account of the measures that the Security Council has +decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security. + 2. The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports +from the other organs of the United Nations. + + Article 16 + The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect +to the international trusteeship system as are assigned to it under +Chapters XII and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship +agreements for areas not designated as strategic. + + Article 17 + 1. The General Assembly shall consider and approve the budget +of the Organization. + 2. The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the +Members as apportioned by the General Assembly. + 3. The General Assembly shall consider and approve any +financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies +referred to in Article 57 and shall examine the administrative +budgets of such specialized agencies with a view to making +recommendations to the agencies concerned. + + Voting + Article 18 + 1. Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote. + 2. Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions +shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and +voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with +respect to maintenance of international peace and security, the +election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the +election of members of the Economic and Social Council, the +election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with +paragraph 1 (c) of Article 86, the admission of new Members to the +United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of +membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the +operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions. + 3. Decisions on other questions, including the determination +of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds +majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and +voting. + + Article 19 + A Member of the United Nations which is in arrears in the +payment of its financial contributions to the Organization shall +have no vote in the General Assembly if the amount of its arrears +equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for +the preceding two full years. The General Assembly may, +nevertheless, permit such a Member to vote if it is satisfied that +the failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the +Member. + + Procedure + Article 20 + The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and +in such special sessions as occasion may require. Special sessions +shall be convoked by Secretary-General at the request of the +Security Council or of a majority of the Members of the United +Nations. + + Article 21 + The General Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure. +It shall elect its President for each session. + + Article 22 + The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as +it deems necessary for the performance of its functions. + + CHAPTER V + + The Security Council + Composition + + Article 23 + 1. The Security Council shall consist of eleven Members of +the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of +Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and +Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be +permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly +shall elect six other Members of the United Nations to be +nonpermanent members of the Security Council, due regard being +specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of +members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international +peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, +and also to equitable geographical distribution. + 2. The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be +elected for a term of two years. In the first election of the non- +permanent members, however, three shall be chosen for a term of one +year. A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re- +election. + 3. Each member of the Security Council shall have one +representative. + + Functions And Powers + Article 24 + 1. In order to insure prompt and effective action by the +United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary +responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and +security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this +responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf. + 2. In discharging these duties that Security Council shall +act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United +Nations. The specific powers granted to the Security Council for +the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters VI, VII, +VIII, and XII. + 3. The Security Council shall submit annual and, when +necessary, special reports to the General Assembly for its +consideration. + + Article 25 + The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry +out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the +present Charter. + + Article 26 + In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of +international peace and security with the least diversion for +armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the Security +Council shall be responsible for formulating, with the assistance +of the Military Staff Committee referred to in Article 7, plans to +be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the +establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments. + + Voting + Article 27 + 1. Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote. + 2. Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters +shall be made by an affirmative vote of seven members. + 3. Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters +shall be made by an affirmative vote of seven members including the +concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in +decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a +party to a dispute shall abstain from voting. + + Procedure + Article 28 + 1. The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able +to function continuously. Each member of the Security Council +shall for this purpose be represented at all times at the seat of +the Organization. + 2. The Security Council shall hold periodic meetings at which +each of its members may, if it so desires, be represented by a +member of the government or by some order specially designated +representative. + 3. The Security Council may hold meetings at such places +other than the seat of the Organization as in its judgment will +best facilitate its work. + + Article 29 + The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as +it deems necessary for the performance of its functions. + + Article 30 + The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, +including the method of selecting its President. + + Article 31 + Any member of the United Nations which is not a member of the +Security Council may participate, without vote, in the discussion +of any question brought before the Security Council whenever the +latter considers that the interests of that Member are specially +affected. + + Article 32 + Any member of the United Nations which is not a member of the +Security Council or any state which is not a Member of the United +Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under consideration by the +Security Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in +the discussion relating to the dispute. The Security Council shall +lay down such conditions as it deems just for the participation of +a state which is not a Member of the United Nations. + + + CHAPTER VI + + Pacific Settlement Of Disputes + + Article 33 + 1. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is +likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and +security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, +enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, +resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful +means of their own choice. + 2. The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call +upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means. + + Article 34 + The Security Council may investigate any dispute, or any +situation which might lead to international friction or give rise +to a dispute, in order to determine whether the continuance of the +dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of +international peace and security. + + Article 35 + 1. Any Member of the United Nations may bring any dispute, or +any situation of the nature referred to in Article 34 to the +attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly. + 2. A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may +bring to the attention of the Security Council or of the General +Assembly any dispute to which it is a party if it accepts in +advance, for the purposes of the dispute, the obligations of +pacific settlement provided in the present Charter. + 3. The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect of +matters brought to its attention under this Article will be subject +to the provisions of Articles 11 and 12. + + Article 36 + 1. The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute of the +nature referred to in Article 33 or of a situation of like nature, +recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment. + 2. The Security Council should take into consideration any +procedure of the settlement of the dispute which have already been +adopted by the parties. + 3. In making recommendations under this Article the Security +Council should also take into consideration the legal disputes +should as a general rule be referred by the parties to the +International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of +the Statute of the Court. + + Article 37 + 1. Should the parties to a dispute of the nature referred to +in Article 33 fail to settle it by the means indicated in that +Article, they shall refer it to the Security Council. + 2. If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the +dispute is in fact likely to endanger the maintenance of +international peace and security, it shall decide whether to take +action under Article 36 or to recommend such terms of settlement as +it may consider appropriate. + + CHAPTER VII + + Action With Respect To Threats To The + Peace, Breaches Of The Peace, And + Acts Of Aggression + + Article 39 + The Security Council shall determine the existence of any +threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and +shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken +in accordance with Article 41 and 42, to maintain or restore +international peace and security. + + Article 40 + In order to prevent an aggravation of the situation, the +Security Council may, before making the recommendations or deciding +upon the measures provided for in Article 39, call upon the parties +concerned to comply with such provisional measures as it deems +necessary or desirable. Such provisional measures shall be without +prejudice to the rights claims, or position of the parties +concerned. The Security Council shall duly take account of failure +to comply with such provisional measures. + + Article 41 + The Security Council may decide what measures not involving +the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its +decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations +to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial +interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, +telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the +severance of diplomatic relations. + + Article 42 + Should the Security Council consider that measures provided +for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be +inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as +may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and +security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and +other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the +United Nations. + + Article 43 + 1. All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute +to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake +to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in +accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed forces, +assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary +for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security. + 2. Such agreement or agreements shall govern the numbers and +types of forces, their degree of readiness and general location, +and the nature of the facilities and assistance to be provided. + 3. The agreement or agreements shall be negotiated as soon as +possible on the initiative of the Security Council. They shall be +concluded between the Security Council and Members or between the +Security Council and groups of Members and shall be subject to +ratification by the signatory states in accordance with their +respective constitutional processes. + + Article 44 + When The Security Council has decided to use force it shall, +before calling upon a Member not represented on it to provide armed +forces in fulfillment of the obligations assumed under Article 43, +invite that Member, if the Member so desires, to participate in the +decisions of the Security Council concerning the employment of +contingents of that Member's armed forces. + + Article 45 + In order to enable the United Nations to take urgent military +measures, Members shall hold immediately available national +air-force contingents for combined international enforcement +action. The strength and degree of readiness of these contingents +and plans for their combined action shall be determined, within the +limits laid down in the special agreement or agreements referred to +in Article 43, by the Security Council with the assistance of the +Military Staff Committee. + + Article 46 + Plans for the application of armed force shall be made by the +Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff +Committee. + + Article 47 + 1. There shall be established a Military Staff Committee to +advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to +the Security Council's military requirements for the maintenance of +international peace and security, the employment and command of +forces placed at its disposal, the regulation of armaments, and +possible disarmament. + 2. The Military Staff Committee shall consist of the Chiefs +of Staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their +representatives. Any Member of the United Nations not permanently +represented on the Committee shall be invited by the Committee to +be associated with it when the efficient discharge of the +Committee's responsibilities requires the participation of that +Member in its work. + 3. The Military Staff Committee shall be responsible under +the Security Council for the strategic direction of any armed +forces placed at the disposal of the Security Council. Questions +relating to the command of such forces shall be worked out +subsequently. + 4. The Military Staff Committee, with the authorization of +the Security Council and after consultation with appropriate +regional agencies, may establish regional subcommittees. + + Article 48 + 1. The action required to carry out the decisions of the +Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and +security shall be taken by all the Members of the United Nations or +by some of them, as the Security Council may determine. + 2. Such decisions shall be carried out by the Members of the +United Nations directly and through their action in the appropriate +international agencies of which they are members. + + Article 49 + The Members of the United Nations shall join in affording +mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the +Security Council. + + Article 50 + If preventive or enforcement measures against any state are +taken by the Security Council, any other state, whether a Member of +the United Nations or not, which finds itself confronted with +special economic problems arising from the carrying out of those +measures shall have the right to consult the Security Council with +regard to a solution of those problems. + + Article 51 + Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right +of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs +against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council +has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and +security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right +of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security +Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action +as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international +peace and security. + + CHAPTER VIII + + Regional Arrangements + + Article 52 + 1. Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of +regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters +relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as +are appropriate for regional action, provided that such +arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with +the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. + 2. The Members of the United Nations entering into such +arrangements or constituting such agencies shall make every effort +to achieve pacific settlements of local disputes through such +regional arrangements or by such regional agencies before referring +them to the Security Council. + 3. The Security Council shall encourage the development of +pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional +arrangements or by such regional agencies either on the initiative +of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council. + 4. This Article in no way impairs the application of Article +34 and 35. + + Article 53 + 1. The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize +such regional arrangements or agencies of enforcement action under +its authority. But no enforcement action shall be taken under +regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the +authorization of the Security Council, with the exception of +measures against any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of this +Article, provided for pursuant to Article 107 or in regional +arrangements directed against renewal of aggressive policy on the +part of any such state, until such time as the Organization may, on +request of the Governments concerned, be charged with the +responsibility for preventing further aggression by such a state. + 2. The term enemy states as used in paragraph 1 of this +Article applies to any state which during the Second World War has +been an enemy of any signatory of the present Charter. + + Article 54 + The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed +of activities undertaken or in contemplation under regional +arrangements or by regional agencies for the maintenance of +international peace and security. + + CHAPTER IX + + International Economic And Social + Cooperation + + Article 55 + With a view to the certain of conditions of stability and +well-being are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among +nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and +self-determination of peoples, the United Nations shall promote: + (a) higher standards of living, full employment, and +conditions of economic and social progress and development; + (b) solutions of international economic, social, health, and +related problems; and international cultural and educational +cooperation; and + (c) universal respect for, and observance of, human rights +and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, +sex, language, or religion. + + Article 56 + All Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate +action in cooperation with the Organization for the achievement of +the purposes set forth in Article 55. + + Article 57 + 1. The various specialized agencies, established by +intergovernmental agreement and having wide international +responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in +economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related +fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations +in accordance with the provisions of Article 63. + 2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship for the +coordination of the policies and activities of the specialized +agencies. + + Article 58 + The Organization shall make recommendations for the +coordination of the policies and activities of the specialized +agencies. + + Article 59 + The Organization shall, where appropriate, initiate +negotiations among the states concerned for the creation of any new +specialized agencies required for the accomplishment of the +purposes set forth in Article 55. + + Article 60 + Responsibility for the discharge of the functions of the +Organization set forth in this Chapter shall be vested in the +General Assembly and, under the authority of the General Assembly, +in the Economic and Social Council, which shall have for this +purpose the powers set forth in Chapter X. + + CHAPTER X + + Economic And Social Council + Composition + + Article 61 + 1. The Economic and Social Council shall consist of eighteen +Members of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly. + 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, six members of +the Economic and Social Council shall be elected each year for a +term of three years. A retiring member shall be eligible for +immediate reelection. + 3. At the first election, eighteen members of the Economic +and Social Council shall be chosen. The term of office of six +members so chosen shall expire at the end of one year, and of six +other members at the end of two years, in accordance with +arrangements made by the General Assembly. + 4. Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have +one representative. + + Functions And Powers + Article 62 + 1. The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate +studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, +cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make +recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General +Assembly, to the Members of the United Nations, and to the +specialized agencies concerned. + 2. It may make recommendations for the purpose of promoting +respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental +freedoms for all. + 3. It may prepare draft conventions for submission to the +General Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its +competence. + 4. It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by +the United Nations, international conferences on matters falling +within its competence. + + Article 63 + 1. The Economic and Social Council may enter into agreements +with any of the agencies referred to in Article 57, defining the +terms on which the agency concerned shall be brought into +relationship with the United Nations. Such agreements shall be +subject to approval by the General Assembly. + 2. It may coordinate the activities of the specialized +agencies through consultation with and recommendations to such +agencies and through recommendations to the General Assembly and to +the Members of the United Nations. + + Article 64 + 1. The Economic and Social Council may take appropriate steps +to obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies. It may +make arrangements with the Members of the United Nations and with +the specialized agencies to obtain reports on the steps taken to +give effect to its own recommendations and to recommendations on +matters falling with its competence made by the General Assembly. + 2. It may communicate its observations on these reports to +the General Assembly. + + Article 65 + + The Economic and Social Council may furnish information to the +Security Council and shall assist the Security Council upon its +request. + + Article 66 + 1. The Economic And Social Council shall perform such +functions as fall within its competence in connection with the +carrying out of the recommendations of the General Assembly. + 2. It may, with the approval of the General Assembly, perform +services at the request of Members of the United Nations and at the +request of specialized agencies. + 3. It shall perform such other functions as are specified +elsewhere in the present Charter or as may be assigned to it by the +General Assembly. + + Voting + Article 67 + 1. Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have +one vote. + 2. Decisions of the Economic and Social Council shall be made +by a majority of the members present and voting. + + Procedure + Article 68 + The Economic and Social Council shall set up commissions in +economic and social fields and for the promotion of human rights, +and such other commissions as may be required for the performance +of its functions. + + Article 69 + The Economic and Social Council shall invite any Members of +the United Nations to participate, without vote, in its +deliberations on any matter of particular concern to that Member. + + Article 70 + The Economic and Social Council may make arrangements for +representatives of the specialized agencies to participate, without +vote, in its deliberations and in those of the commissions +established by it, and for its representatives to participate in +the deliberations of the specialized agencies. + + Article 71 + The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements +for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are +concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements +may be made with international organizations and, where +appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with +the Member of the United Nations concerned. + + Article 72 + 1. The Economic and Social Council shall adopt its own rules +of procedure, including the method of selecting its President. + 2. The Economic and Social Council shall meet as required in +accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the +convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members. + + CHAPTER XI + + Declaration Regarding Non-Self- + Governing Territories + + Article 73 + Members of the United Nations which have or assume +responsibilities for the administration of territories whose +peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government +recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of +these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the +obligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of +international peace and security established by the present +Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, +and, to this end: + (a) to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the +peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and +educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection +against abuses; + (b) to develop self-government, to take due account of the +political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the +progressive development of their free political institutions, +according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its +peoples and their varying stages of advancement; + (c) to further international peace and security; + (d) to promote constructive measures of development, to +encourage research, and to cooperate with one another and, when and +where appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a +view to the practical achievement of the social, economic, and +scientific purposes set forth in this Article; and + (e) to transmit regularly to the Secretary-General for +information purposes, subject to such limitation as security and +constitutional considerations may require, statistical and other +information of a technical nature relating to economic, social, and +educational conditions in the territories for which they are +respectively responsible other than those territories to which +Chapters XII and XIII apply. + + Article 74 + Members of the United Nations also agree that their policy in +respect of the territories to which this Chapter applies, no less +than in respect of their metropolitan areas, must be based on the +general principle of good-neighborliness, due account being taken +of the interests and well-being of the rest of the world, in +social, economic, and commercial matters. + + CHAPTER XII + International Trusteeship System + + Article 75 + The United Nations shall establish under its authority an +international trusteeship system for the administration and +supervision of such territories as may be placed there-under by +subsequent individual agreements. These territories are +hereinafter referred to as trust territories. + + Article 76 + The basic objectives of the trusteeship system, in accordance +with the Purposes of the United Nations laid down in Article 1 of +the present Charter, shall be: + (a) to further international peace and security; + (b) to promote the political, economic, social, and +educational advancement of the inhabitants of the trust +territories, and their progressive development towards +self-government or independence as may be appropriate to the +particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and the +freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned, and as may be +provided by the terms of each trusteeship agreement; + (c) to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental +freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or +religion, and to encourage recognition of the interdependence of +the peoples of the world; and + (d) to ensure equal treatment in social, economic, and +commercial matters for all Members of the United Nations and their +nationals, and also equal treatment for the latter in the +administration of justice, without prejudice to the attainment of +the foregoing objectives and subject to the provisions of Article +80. + + Article 77 + 1. The trusteeship system shall apply to such territories in +the following categories as may be placed thereunder by means of +trusteeship agreements: + (a) territories now held under mandate; + (b) territories which may be detached from enemy states as a +result of the Second World War; and + (c) territories voluntarily placed under the system by states +responsible for their administration. + 2. It will be a matter for subsequent agreement as to which +territories in the foregoing categories will be brought under the +trusteeship system and upon what terms. + + Article 78 + The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which +have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which +shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality. + + Article 79 + The terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under +the trusteeship system, including any alteration or amendment, +shall be agreed upon by the states directly concerned, including +the mandatory power in the case of territories held under mandate +by a Member of the United Nations, and shall be approved as +provided for in Articles 83 and 85. + + Article 80 + 1. Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship +agreements, made under Articles 77, 79, and 81, placing each +territory under the trusteeship systems, and until such agreements +have been concluded, nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in +or of itself to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any +states or any peoples or the terms of existing international +instruments to which Members of the United Nations may respectively +by parties. + 2. Paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be interpreted as +giving grounds for delay or postponement of the negotiation and +conclusion of agreements for placing mandated and other territories +under the trusteeship system as provided for in Article 77. + + Article 81 + The trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the terms +under which the trust territory will be administered and designate +the authority which will exercise the administrations of the trust +territory. Such authority, hereinafter called the administering +authority, may be one or more states or the Organization itself. + + Article 82 + There may be designated, in any trusteeship agreement, a +strategic area or areas which may include part or all of the trust +territory to which the agreement applies, without prejudice to any +special agreement or agreements made under Article 43. + + Article 83 + 1. All functions of the United Nations relating to strategic +areas, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship +agreements and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised +by the Security Council. + 2. The basic objectives set forth in Article 76 shall be +applicable to the people of each strategic area. + 3. The Security Council shall, subject to the provisions of +the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to security +considerations, avail itself of the assistance of the trusteeship +Council to perform those functions of the United Nations under the +trusteeship system relating to political, economic, social, and +educational matters in the strategic areas. + + Article 84 + It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure +that the trust territory shall play its part in the maintenance of +international peace and security. To this end the administering +authority may make use of volunteer forces, facilities, and +assistance from the trust territory in carrying out the obligations +towards the Security Council undertaken in this regard by the +administering authority, as well as for local defense and the +maintenance of law and order within the trust territory. + + Article 85 + 1. The functions of the United Nations with regard to +trusteeship agreements for all areas not designated as strategic, +including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements +and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the +General Assembly. + 2. The Trusteeship Council, operating under the authority of +the General Assembly, shall assist the General Assembly in carrying +out these functions. + + CHAPTER XIII + + The Trusteeship Council Composition + + Article 86 + 1. The Trusteeship Council shall consist of the following +Members of the United Nations: + (a) those Members administering trust territories; + (b) such of these Members mentioned by name in Article 23 as +are not administering trust territories; and + (c) as many other Members elected for three-year terms by the +General Assembly as may be necessary to ensure that the total +number of members of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided +between those Members of the United Nations which administer trust +territories and those which do not. + 2. Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall designate one +specially qualified person to represent it therein. + + Functions And Powers + Article 87 + The General Assembly and, under its authority, the Trusteeship +Council, in carrying out their functions, may: + (a) consider reports submitted by the administering +authority: + (b) accept petitions and examine them in consultation with +the administering authority; + (c) provide for periodic visits to the respective trust +territories at times agreed upon with the administering authority; +and + (d) take these and other actions in conformity with the terms +of the trusteeship agreements. + + Article 88 + The Trusteeship Council shall formulate a questionnaire on the +political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the +inhabitants of each trust territory, and the administering +authority for each trust territory within the competence of the +General Assembly shall make an annual report to the General +Assembly upon the basis of such questionnaire. + + Voting + Article 89 + 1. Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall have one +vote. + 2. Decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall be made by a +majority of the members present and voting. + + Procedure + Article 90 + 1. The Trusteeship Council shall adopt its own rules of +procedure, including the method of selecting its President. + 2. The Trusteeship Council shall meet as required in +accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the +convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members. + + Article 91 + The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, avail itself +of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the +specialized agencies in regard to matters with which they are +respectively concerned. + + CHAPTER XIV + + The International Court of Justice + Article 92 + The International Court of Justice shall be the principal +judicial organ of the United Nations. It shall function in +accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the +Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms +an integral part of the present Charter. + + Article 93 + 1. All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties +to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. + 2. A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may +become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice +on condition to be determined in each case by the General Assembly +upon the recommendation of the Security Council. + + Article 94 + 1. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply +with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case +to which it is a party. + 2. If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations +incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other +party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it +deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be +taken to give effect to the judgment. + + Article 95 + Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the +United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to +other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existence or +which may be concluded in the future. + + Article 96 + 1. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request +the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on +any legal question. + 2. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized +agencies, which may at any time be so authorized by the General +Assembly, may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal +questions arising within the scope of their activities. + + CHAPTER XV + + The Secretariat + Article 97 + The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such +staff as the Organization may require. The Secretary-General shall +be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendations of +the Security Council. He shall be the Chief administrative officer +of the Organization. + + Article 98 + The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in all +meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the +Economic and Social Council, and of the Trusteeship Council, and +shall perform such other functions as are entrusted to him by these +organs. The Secretary-General shall make an annual report to the +General Assembly on the work of the Organization. + + Article 99 + The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the +Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the +maintenance of international peace and security. + + Article 100 + 1. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General +and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any +government or from any other authority external of the +Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might +reflect on their position as international officials responsible +only to the Organization. + 2. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect +the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of +the Security-General and the staff and not to seek to influence +them in the discharge of their responsibilities. + + Article 101 + 1. The staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General +under regulations established by the General Assembly. + 2. Appropriate staffs shall be permanently assigned to the +Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and, as +required, to other organs of the United Nations. These staffs +shall form a part of the Secretariat. + 3. The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff +and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the +necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, +competence, and integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the +importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis +as possible. + + CHAPTER XVI + + Miscellaneous Provisions + + Article 102 + 1. Every treaty and every international agreement entered +into by any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter +comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the +Secretariat and published by it. + 2. No party to any such treaty or international agreement +which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of +paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement +before any organ of the United Nations. + + Article 103 + + In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the +Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their +obligations under any other international agreement, their +obligations under the present Charter shall prevail. + + Article 104 + The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its +Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of +its functions and the fulfillment of its purposes. + + Article 105 + 1. The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of +its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the +fulfillment of its purposes. + 2. Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and +officials of the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges +and immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of +their functions in connection with the Organization. + 3. The General Assembly may make recommendations with a view +to determining the details of the application of paragraphs 1 and +2 of this Article or may propose conventions to the Members of the +United Nations for this purpose. + + CHAPTER XVII + + Transitional Security Arrangements + Article 106 + Pending the coming into force of such special agreements +referred to in Article 43 as in the opinion of the Security Council +enable it to begin the exercise of its responsibilities under +Article 42, the parties to the Four-Nation Declaration, signed at +Moscow, October 30, 1943, and France, shall, in accordance with the +provisions of paragraph 5 of that Declaration, consult with one +another and, as occasion requires with other Members of the United +Nations with a view to such joint action on behalf of the +Organization as may be necessary for the purpose of maintaining +international peace and security. + + Article 107 + Nothing in the present Charter shall invalidate or preclude +action, in relation to any state which during the Second World War +has been an enemy of any signatory to the present Charter, taken or +authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having +responsibility for such action. + + CHAPTER XVIII + + Amendments + + Article 108 + Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for +all Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a +vote of two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly and +ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional +processes by two-thirds of the Members of the United Nations, +including all the permanent members of the Security Council. + + Article 109 + 1. A General Conference of the Members of the United Nations +for the purpose of reviewing the present Charter may be held at a +date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of any seven +members of the Security Council. Each Member of the United Nations +shall have one vote in the conference. + 2. Any alteration of the present Charter recommended by a +two-thirds vote of the Conference shall take effect when ratified +in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by +two-thirds of the Members of the United Nations including all the +permanent members of the Security Council. + 3. If such a conference has not been held before the tenth +annual session of the General Assembly following the coming into +force of the present Charter, the proposal to call such a +conference shall be placed on the agenda of that session of the +General Assembly, and the conference shall be held if so decided by +a majority vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a +vote of any seven members of the Security Council. + + CHAPTER XIX + + Ratification And Signature + + Article 110 + 1. The present Charter shall be ratified by the signatory +states in accordance with their respective constitutional +processes. + 2. The ratifications shall be deposited with the Government +of the United States of America, which shall notify all the +signatory states of each deposit as well as the Secretary-General +of the Organization when he has been appointed. + 3. The present Charter shall come into force upon the deposit +of ratifications by the Republic of China, France, the Union of +Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and +Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, and by a +majority of the other signatory states. A protocol of the +ratifications deposited shall thereupon be drawn up by the +Government of the United States of America which shall communicate +copies thereof to all the signatory states. + 4. The states signatory to the present Charter which ratify +it after it has come into force will become original Members of the +United Nations on the date of the deposit of their respective +ratifications. + + Article 111 + The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, +English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain +deposited in the archives of the Governments of the other signatory +states. + IN FAITH WHEREOF the representatives of the Government of the +United Nations have signed the present Charter. + DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of +June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five. + +********************************************************* + +This document was provided by David Scott of Port Arthur, TX +* Origin: BackStage PRN/Texas (176:200/9) + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/unbelief.d b/textfiles.com/politics/unbelief.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8ac4bffc --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/unbelief.d @@ -0,0 +1,780 @@ + 12 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + **** **** + +The Thinker's Library, NO. 4 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN + FROM UNBELIEF + + and Other Selections + from the Works of + + CHARLES BRADLAUGH + + WITH PREFATORY NOTE BY HIS DAUGHTER + HYPATIA BRADLAUGH BONNER + + LONDON: + + WATTS & CO: + + 5 & 6 JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C.4 + + **** **** + + INTRODUCTORY NOTE + + THROWN on his own resources as a boy, with every man's hand +against him, my father was both essentially and by force of +circumstances a man of action, and his writings were usually +inspired by the need of the time. His pen and his tongue were +servants to be used to further the causes he had at heart: weapons +with which he sought to overcome the dragons of intolerance and +superstition, Most of his writings appeared in his weekly journal, +the 'National Reformer,' or were issued in pamphlet form. There +are, unfortunately, few books to his credit; for these demanded +more time than he was able to give. + + The essay, "Humanity's Gain from Unbelief," which gives the +title to the present selection, was prepared at the request of +Allen Thorndike Rice for the 'North American Review' of March, +1889. Although written less than two years before his death and +when disease had already begun to sap his fine physique, the paper +shows no sign of failing vigor in style or argument. In the opening +sentences, commenting on the continuous modification in the dogma +and practice of religion, he used the phrase, "None sees a religion +die," which has been quoted again and again down to quite recent +times, While acknowledging the good done by individual Christians, +he contended that the special services rendered to human progress +by these exceptional men were not in consequence of their adhesion +to Christianity, but in spite of it, and in direct opposition to +Biblical enactments. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + + This essay was immediately reprinted in various parts of +America and Australia as well as here in England, and at once gave +rise to a storm of controversy. Sermons were preached in +refutation, and discussions took place in the provincial press. +The 'Newcastle Weekly Chronicle,' in particular, opened its columns +to a lengthy discussion of the subject; and, as a consequence, in +the following June Mr. Bradlaugh received an invitation from the +Rev. Marsden Gibson, a Newcastle vicar, to substantiate in debate +the statements he had made. This debate took place in September, +and caused much excitement in and around Newcastle. People came +from long distances to hear it, and the hall proved too small to +accommodate the crowds who desired to attend, so that large numbers +were turned away on each of the two nights. Years afterwards some +pitmen in a Durham mining village, talking to me of that occasion, +recalled with pride and delight how they had clubbed together to +hire a break to take them to Newcastle and back, and how they never +went to bed that night but stayed up going over the points raised +in the debate until the hour of their morning shift came round. +Such was the enthusiasm of yester-year. + + The word "Atheist" has always been used as a term of obloquy +by Christians, even by educated Christians who have not the excuse +of ignorance. Misapprehension and deliberate misrepresentation of +Atheism have been constant, and indeed are not unknown at the +present day. In the late seventies of the last century my father +wrote "A Plea for Atheism," a brief but careful examination of what +Atheism really is and what it is not. He wrote this, he said, in +the hope of removing some of the many prejudices against Atheists. +In comparing Atheism with Theism he gave special consideration to +the Baird lectures upon Theism, then recently delivered by +Professor Flint. + + The "Doubts in Dialogue," of which some are included in this +selection, were written from time to time between 1884 and January, +1891 -- the month in which my father died. The "Doubts " dealt with +were either put to him personally by letter or by spoken word, or +were suggested by some book he had been reading. They represent the +opinions upon religious questions held by him up to the very hour +of his death. + + Just recently the Rev. R.J. Campbell declared that "it is not +Romanism, but secularism, that is the most dangerous enemy of true +religion to-day." What "true religion" is is a perennial matter of +dispute among religionists, but I presume that at the time of +writing the Rev. R.J. Campbell believed it was to be found in the +Church of England. In any case, these selections from the works of +my father are issued in order that they may play their part in +promoting the cause of "secularism" in the future as they have done +in the past. Now, as always, the open discussion of questions which +concern the welfare of humanity is a fundamental principle of +Rationalism. + + HYPATIA BRADLAUGH BONNER. + + January, 1929. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + + CONTENTS + (of origional book) + PAGE +HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF 1 +A PLEA FOR ATHEISM 23 +WHO WAS JESUS CHRIST, AND WHAT DID HE TEACH? 59 +DOUBTS IN DIALOGUE 90 + (These titles are in other files in this computer series.) + **** **** + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + by + Charles Bradlough + + AS an unbeliever, I ask leave to plead that humanity has been +a real gainer from skepticism, and that the gradual and growing +rejection of Christianity -- like the rejection of the faiths which +preceded it -- has in fact added, and will add, to man's happiness +and well-being. I maintain that in physics science is the outcome +of skepticism, and that general progress is impossible without +skepticism on matters of religion. I mean by religion every form of +belief which accepts or asserts the supernatural. I write as a +Monist, and use the word "nature" as meaning all phenomena, every +phenomenon, all that is necessary for the happening of any and +every phenomenon. Every religion is constantly changing, and at any +given time is the measure of the civilization attained by what +Guizot described as the "juste milieu" of those who profess it. +Each religion is slowly but certainly modified in its dogma and +practice by the gradual development of the peoples amongst whom it +is professed. Each discovery destroys in whole or part some +theretofore cherished belief. No religion is suddenly rejected by +any people; it is rather gradually outgrown. None sees a religion +die; dead religions are like dead languages and obsolete customs: +the decay is long and -- like the glacier march -- is perceptible +only to the careful watcher by comparisons extending over long +periods. A superseded religion may often be traced in the +festivals, ceremonies, and dogmas of the religion which has +replaced it. Traces of obsolete religions may often be found in +popular customs, in old wives' stories, and in children's tales. + + It is necessary, in order that my plea should be understood, +that I should explain what I mean by Christianity; and in the very +attempt at this explanation there will, I think, be found strong +illustration of the value of unbelief. Christianity in practice may +be gathered from its more ancient forms, represented by the Roman +Catholic and the Greek Churches, or from the various Churches which +have grown up in the last few centuries. Each of these Churches +calls itself Christian. Some of them deny the right of the others +to use the word Christian. Some Christian Churches treat, or have +treated, other Christian Churches as heretics or unbelievers. The +Roman Catholics and the Protestants in Great Britain and Ireland +have in turn been terribly cruel one to the other; and the +ferocious laws of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, enacted +by the English Protestants against English and Irish Papists, are +a disgrace to civilization. These penal laws, enduring longest in +Ireland, still bear fruit in much of the political mischief and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + +agrarian crime of to-day. It is only the tolerant indifference of +skepticism that, one after the other, has repealed most of the laws +directed by the Established Christian Church against Papists and +Dissenters, and also against Jews and heretics. Church of England +clergymen have in the past gone to great lengths in denouncing +nonconformity; and even in the present day an effective sample of +such denounciatory bigotry may be found in a sort of orthodox +catechism written by the Rev. F.A. Gace, of Great Barling, Essex, +the popularity of which is vouched by the fact that it has gone +through ten editions. This catechism for little children teaches +that "Dissent is a great sin," and that Dissenters "worship God +according to their own evil and corrupt imaginations, and not +according to his revealed will, and therefore their worship is +idolatrous." Church of England Christians and Dissenting +Christians, when fraternizing amongst themselves, often publicly +draw the line at Unitarians, and positively deny that these have +any sort of right to call themselves Christians. + + In the first half of the seventeenth century Quakers were +flogged and imprisoned in England as blasphemers; and the early +Christian settlers in New England, escaping from the persecution of +Old World Christians, showed scant mercy to the followers of Fox +and Penn. It is customary, in controversy, for those advocating the +claims of Christianity, to include all good men in nominally +Christian countries, as if such good were the result of +Christianity. while they contend that evil which exists prevails in +spite of Christianity. I shall try to make out that the +ameliorating march of the last few centuries has been initiated by +the heretics of each age, though I quote concede that the men and +women denounced and persecuted as infidels by the pious of one +century are frequently claimed as saints by the pious of a later +generation. + + What, then, is Christianity? As a system or scheme of +doctrine, Christianity may, I submit, not unfairly be gathered from +the Old and New Testaments. It is true that some Christians to-day +desire to escape from submission to portions, at any rate, of the +Old Testament; but this very tendency seems to me to be part of the +result of the beneficial heresy for which I am pleading. Man's +humanity has revolted against Old Testament barbarism, and +therefore he has attempted to dissociate the Old Testament from +Christianity. Unless Old and New Testaments are accepted as God's +revelation to man, Christianity has no higher claim than any other +of the world's many religions, if no such claim can be made out for +it apart from the Bible. And though it is quite true that some who +deem themselves Christians put the Old Testament completely in the +background, this is, I allege, because they are out-growing their +Christianity. Without the doctrine of the atoning sacrifice of +Jesus, Christianity, as a religion, is naught; but unless the story +of Adam's fall is accepted, the redemption from the consequences of +that fall cannot be believed. Both in Great Britain and in the +United States the Old and New Testaments are forced on the people +as part of Christianity; for it is blasphemy at common law to deny +the scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be of divine +authority; and such denial is punishable with fine and +imprisonment, or even worse. The rejection of Christianity intended +throughout this paper is therefore the rejection of the Old and New + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + +Testaments as being of divine revelation. It is the rejection alike +of the authorized teachings of the Church of Rome and of the Church +of England, as these may be found in the Bible, the creeds, the +encyclicals, the prayer book, the canons and homilies of either or +both of these Churches. It is the rejection of the Christianity of +Luther, of Calvin, and of Wesley. + + A ground frequently taken by Christian theologians is that the +progress and civilization of the world are due to Christianity; and +the discussion is complicated by the fact that many eminent +servants of humanity have been nominal Christians, of one or other +of the sects. My allegation will be that the special services +rendered to human progress by these exceptional men have not been +in consequence of their adhesion to Christianity, but in spite of +it, and that the specific points of advantage to human kind have +been in ratio of their direct opposition to precise Biblical +enactments. + + A.S. Farrar says [Farrar's "Critical History of Free +Thought."] that Christianity "asserts authority over religious +belief in virtue of being a supernatural communication from God, +and claims the right to control human thought in virtue of +possessing sacred books, which are at once the record and the +instrument of the communication, written by men endowed with +supernatural inspiration." Unbelievers refuse to submit to the +asserted authority, and deny this claim of control over human +thought; they allege that every effort at freethinking must provoke +sturdier thought. + + Take one clear gain to humanity consequent on unbelief -- +i.e., in the abolition of slavery in some countries, in the +abolition of the slave trade in most civilized countries, and in +the tendency to its total abolition, I am unaware of any religion +in the world which in the past forbade slavery. The professors of +Christianity for ages supported it; the Old Testament repeatedly +sanctioned it by special laws; the New Testament has no repealing +declaration. Though we are at the close of the nineteenth century +of the Christian era, it is only during the past three-quarters of +a century that the battle for freedom has been gradually won. It is +scarcely a quarter of a century since the famous emancipation +amendment was carried to the United States Constitution. And it is +impossible for any well-informed Christian to deny that the +abolition movement in North America was most steadily and bitterly +a opposed by the religious bodies in the various States. Henry +Wilson, in his "Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America"; +Samuel J. May, in his "Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict"; +and J. Greenleaf Whittier, in his poems, alike are witnesses that +the Bible and pulpit, the Church and its great influence, were used +against abolition and in favor of the slave-owner. I know that +Christians in the present day often declare that Christianity had +a large share in bringing about the abolition of slavery, and this +because men professing Christianity were abolitionists. I plead +that these so-called Christian abolitionists were men and women +whose humanity, recognizing freedom for all, was in this in direct +conflict with Christianity. It is not yet fifty years since the +European Christian powers jointly agreed to abolish the slave +trade. What of the effect of Christianity on these powers in the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + +centuries which had preceded? The heretic Condorcet pleaded +powerfully for freedom whilst Christian France was still slave- +holding. For many centuries Christian Spain and Christian Portugal +held slaves. Porto Rico freedom is not of long date: and Cuban +emancipation is even yet newer. It was a Christian King, Charles V, +and a Christian friar, who founded in Spanish America the slave +trade between the Old World and the New. For some 1800 years, +almost, Christians kept slaves, bought slaves, sold slaves, bred +slaves, stole slaves. Pious Bristol and godly Liverpool less than +100 years ago openly grew rich on the traffic. During the ninth +century Greek Christians sold slaves to the Saracens. In the +eleventh century prostitutes were publicly sold as slaves in Rome, +and the profit went to the Church. + + It is said that William Wilberforce, the abolitionist, was a +Christian. But at any rate his Christianity was strongly diluted +with unbelief. As an abolitionist he did not believe Leviticus xxv. +44-6; he must have rejected Exodus xxi. 2-6; he could not have +accepted the many permissions and injunctions by the Bible deity to +his chosen people to capture and hold slaves. In the House of +Commons on 18th February, 1796, Wilberforce reminded that Christian +assembly that infidel and anarchic France had given liberty to the +Africans, whilst Christian and monarchic England was "obstinately +continuing a system of cruelty and injustice." + + Wilberforce, whilst advocating the abolition of slavery, found +the whole influence of the English Court, and the great weight of +the Episcopal Bench, against him. George III, a most Christian +king, regarded abolition theories with abhorrence, and the +Christian House of Lords was utterly opposed to granting freedom to +the slave. When Christian missionaries some sixty-two years ago +preached to Demerara negroes under the rule of Christian England, +they were treated by Christian judges, holding commission from +Christian England, as criminals for so preaching. A Christian +commissioned officer, member of the Established Church of England, +signed the auction notices for the sale of slaves as late as the +year 1824. In the evidence before a Christian court-martial, a +missionary is charged with having tended to make the negroes +dissatisfied with their condition as slaves, and with having +promoted discontent and dissatisfaction amongst the slaves against +their lawful masters. For this the Christian judges sentenced the +Demerara abolitionist missionary to be hanged by the neck till he +was dead. The judges belonged to the Established Church; the +missionary was a Methodist. In this the Church of England +Christians in Demerara were no worse than Christians of other +sects; their Roman Catholic Christian brethren in St. Domingo +fiercely attacked the Jesuits as criminals because they treated +negroes as though they were men and women, in encouraging "two +slaves to separate their interest and safety from that of the +gang," whilst orthodox Christians let them couple promiscuously and +breed for the benefit of their owners like any other of their +plantation cattle. In 1823 the 'Royal Gazette' (Christian) of +Demerara said: "We shall not suffer you to enlighten our slaves, +who are bylaw our property, till you can demonstrate that when they +are made religious and knowing they will continue to be our +slaves." + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + + When William Lloyd Garrison, the pure-minded and most earnest +abolitionist, delivered his first anti-slavery address in Boston, +Massachusetts, the only building he could obtain, in which to +speak, was the infidel hall owned by Abner Kneeland, the "infidel" +editor of the 'Boston investigator,' who had been sent to gaol for +blasphemy. Every Christian sect had in turn refused Mr. Lloyd +Garrison the use of the buildings they severally controlled. Lloyd +Garrison told me himself how honored deacons of a Christian Church +joined in an actual attempt to hang him. + + When abolition was, advocated in the United States in 1790, +the representative from South Carolina was able to plead that the +Southern clergy did not condemn either slavery or the slave trade +and Mr. Jackson, the representative from Georgia, pleaded that +"from Genesis to Revelation" the current was favorable to slavery. +Elias Hicks, the brave Abolitionist Quaker, was denounced as an +Atheist, and less than twenty years ago a Hicksite Quaker was +expelled from one of the Southern American Legislatures, because of +the reputed irreligion of these abolitionist "Friends." + + When the Fugitive Slave Law was under discussion in North +America, large numbers of clergymen of nearly every denomination +were found ready to defend this infamous law. Samuel James May, the +famous abolitionist, was driven from the pulpit as irreligious, +solely because of his attacks on slave-holding. Northern clergymen +tried to induce "silver tongued" Wendell Phillips to abandon his +advocacy of abolition. Southern pulpits rang with praises for the +murderous attack on Charles Sumner. The slayers of Elijah Lovejoy +were highly reputed Christian men. + + Guizot, notwithstanding that he tries to claim that the Church +exerted its influence to restrain slavery, says ("European +Civilization," vol. i., p.110)" "It has often been repeated that +the abolition of slavery among modem people is entirely due to +Christians. That, I think, is saying too much. Slavery existed for +a long period in the heart of Christian society, without its being +particularly astonished or irritated. A multitude of causes, and a +great development in other ideas and principles of civilization, +were necessary for the abolition of this iniquity of all +iniquities." And my contention is that this "development in other +ideas and principles of civilization" was long retarded by +Governments in which the Christian Church was dominant. The men who +advocated liberty were imprisoned, racked, and burned, so long as +the Church was strong enough to be merciless. + + The Rev. Francis Minton, Rector of Middlewich, in his recent +earnest volume ["Capital and Wages," p. 19] on the struggles of +labor, admits that "a few centuries ago slavery was acknowledged +throughout Christendom to have the divine sanction. ... Neither the +exact cause, nor the precise time of the decline of the belief in +The righteousness of slavery, can be defined. It was doubtless due +to a combination of causes, one probably being as indirect as the +recognition of the greater economy of free labor. With the decline +of the belief the abolition of slavery took place." + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + + The institution of slavery was actually existent in Christian +Scotland in the seventeenth century, where the white coal workers +and salt workers of East Lothian were chattels, as were their negro +brethren in the Southern States thirty years since; they "went to +those who succeeded to the property of the works, and they could be +sold, bartered, or pawned." ["Perversion of Scotland," p. 197.] +"There is," says J.M. Robertson, "no trace that the Protestant +clergy of Scotland ever raised a voice against the slavery which +grew up before their eyes. And it was not until 1799, after +republican and irreligious France had set the example, that it was +legally abolished." + + Take further the gain to humanity consequent on the unbelief, +or rather disbelief, in witchcraft and wizardry. Apart from the +brutality by Christians towards, those suspected of witchcraft, the +hindrance to scientific initiative or experiment was incalculably +great so long as belief in magic obtained. The inventions of the +past two centuries, and especially those of the eighteenth century, +might have benefitted mankind much earlier and much more largely, +but for the foolish belief in witchcraft and the shocking ferocity +exhibited against those suspected of necromancy. After quoting a +large number of cases of trial and punishment for witchcraft from +official records in Scotland, J.M. Robertson says: "The people seem +to have passed from cruelty to cruelty precisely as they became +more and more fanatical, more and more devoted to their Church, +till after many generations the slow spread of human science began +to counteract the ravages, of superstition, the clergy resisting +reason and humanity to the last." + + The Rev. Mr. Minton ["Capital and Wages," pp. 15, 16.] +concedes that it is "the advance of knowledge which has rendered +the idea of Satanic agency through the medium of witchcraft +grotesquely ridiculous." He admits that "for more than 1,500 years +the belief in witchcraft was universal in Christendom," and that +"the public mind was saturated with the idea of Satanic agency in +the economy of nature." He adds: "If we ask why the world now +rejects what was once so unquestioningly believed, "we can only +reply that advancing knowledge has gradually undermined the +belief." + + In a letter recently sent to the 'Pall Mall Gazette' against +modem Spiritualism, Professor Huxley declares "that the older form +of the same fundamental delusion -- the belief in possession and in +witchcraft -- gave rise in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and +seventeenth centuries to persecutions by Christians of innocent +men, women, and children, more extensive, more cruel, and more +murderous than any to which the Christians of the first three +centuries were subjected by the authorities of pagan Rome." And +Professor Huxley adds: "No one deserves much blame for being +deceived in these matters. We are all intellectually handicapped in +youth by the incessant repetition of the stories about possession +and witchcraft in both the Old and the New Testaments. The majority +of us are taught nothing which will help us to observe accurately +and to interpret observations with due caution." + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + + The English Statute Book under Elizabeth and under James was +disfigured by enactments against witchcraft passed under pressure +from the Christian Churches, which Acts have been repealed only in, +consequence of the disbelief in the Christian precept, "Thou shalt +not suffer a witch to live." The statute I James 1, C. 12, +condemned to death "all persons invoking any evil spirits, or +consulting, covenanting with, entertaining, employing, feeding, or +rewarding any evil spirit," or generally practicing any "infernal +arts." This was not repealed until the eighteenth century was far +advanced. Edison's phonograph would 280 years ago have ensured +martyrdom for its inventor; the utilization of electric force to +transmit messages around the world would have been clearly the +practice of an infernal art. At least we may plead that unbelief +has healed the bleeding feet of Science, and made the road free for +her upward march. + + Is it not also fair to urge the gain to humanity which has +been apparent in the wiser treatment of the insane, consequent on +the unbelief in the Christian doctrine that these unfortunates were +examples either of demoniacal possession or of special visitation +of deity? For centuries under Christianity mental disease was most +ignorantly treated. Exorcism, shackles, and the whip were the +penalties rather than the curatives for mental maladies. From the +heretical departure of Pinel at the close of the last century to +the position of Maudsley to-day, every step illustrates the march +of unbelief. Take the gain to humanity in the unbelief not yet +complete, but now largely preponderant, in the dogma that sickness, +pestilence, and famine were manifestations of divine anger, the +results of which could neither be avoided nor prevented. The +Christian Churches have done little or nothing to dispel this +superstition. The official and authorized prayers of the principal +denominations, even to-day, reaffirm it. Modern study of the laws +of health, experiments in sanitary improvements, more careful +applications of medical knowledge, have proved more efficacious in +preventing or diminishing plagues and pestilence than have the +intervention of the priest or the practice of prayer. Those in +England who hold the old faith that prayer will suffice to cure +disease are to-day termed "peculiar people," and are occasionally +indicted for manslaughter when their sick children die, because the +parents have trusted to God instead of appealing to the resources +of science. + + It is certainly a clear gain to astronomical science that the +Church which tried to compel Galileo to unsay the truth has been +overborne by the growing unbelief of the age, even though our +little children are yet taught that Joshua made the sun and moon +stand still, and that for Hezekiah the sun-dial reversed its +record. As Buckle, arguing for the morality of skepticism, says: +["History of Civilization," vol. 1, p. 345.] "As long as men refer +the movements of the comets to the immediate finger of God, and as +long as they believe that an eclipse is one of the modes by which +the deity expresses his anger, they will never be guilty of the +blasphemous presumption of attempting to predict such supernatural +appearances. Before they could dare to investigate the causes of +these mysterious phenomena, it is necessary that they should +believe, or at all events that they should suspect, that the +phenomena themselves were capable of being explained by the human +mind." + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + + As in astronomy so in geology, the gain of knowledge to +humanity has been almost solely in measure of the rejection of the +Christian theory. A century since it was almost universally held +that the world was created 6,000 years ago, or, at any rate, that +by the sin of the first man, Adam, death commenced about that +period. Ethnology and Anthropology have only been possible in so +far as, adopting the regretful words of Sir, W. Jones, "intelligent +and virtuous persons are inclined to doubt the authenticity of the +accounts delivered by Moses concerning the primitive world." + + Surely it is clear gain to humanity that unbelief has sprung +up against the divine right of kings, that men no longer believe +that the monarch is "God's anointed" or that "the powers that be +are ordained of God." In the struggles for political freedom the +weight of the Church was mostly thrown on the side of the tyrant. +The homilies of the Church of England, declare that "even the +wicked rulers have their power and authority from God," and that +"such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their +princes disobey God and procure their own damnation." It can +scarcely be necessary to argue to the citizens of the United States +of America that the origin of their liberties was in the rejection +of faith in the divine right of George III. + + Will any one, save the most bigoted, contend, that it is not +certain gain to humanity to spread unbelief in the terrible +doctrine that eternal torment is the probable fate of the great +majority of the human family? Is it not gain to have diminished the +faith that it was the duty of the wretched and the miserable to be +content with the lot in life which providence had awarded them? + + If it stood alone it would be almost sufficient to plead as +justification for heresy the approach towards equality and liberty +for the utterance of all opinions achieved because of growing +unbelief. At one period in Christendom each Government acted as +though only one religious faith could be true, and as though the +holding, or at any rate the making known, any other opinion was a +criminal act deserving punishment. Under the one word "infidel," +even as late as Lord Coke, were classed together all who were not +Christians, oven though they were Mohammedans, Brahmins, or Jews. +All who did not accept the Christian faith were sweepingly +denounced as infidels and therefore 'hors de la loi.' One hundred +and forty-five years since, the Attorney-General, pleading in our +highest court, said: [Omychund v. Barker, I Atkyns 29.] "What is +the definition of an infidel? Why, one who does not believe in the +Christian religion. Then a Jew is an infidel." And English history +for several centuries prior to the Commonwealth shows how +habitually and most atrociously Christian kings, Christian courts, +and Christian churches persecuted and harassed these infidel Jews. +There was a time in England when Jews were such infidels that they +were not even avowed to be sworn as witnesses. In 1740 a legacy +left for establishing an assembly for the reading of the Jewish +scriptures was held to be void [D'Costa v. D'Pays, Amb. 228.] +because it was "for the propagation of the Jewish law in +contradiction to the, Christian religion." It is only in very +modern times that municipal rights have been accorded in England to +Jews. It is barely thirty years since they have been allowed to sit +in Parliament. In 1851 the late Mr. Newdegate in debate [3 Hansard + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + +cxvi. 381.] objected "that they should have sitting in that House +an individual who regarded our Redeemer as an impostor." Lord +Chief. Justice Raymond has shown [1 Lord Raymond's records 282, +Wells v. Williams.] how it was that Christian intolerance was +gradually broken down. "A Jew may sue at this day, but heretofore +he could not; for then they were looked upon as enemies, but now +commerce has taught the world more humanity." + + Lord Coke treated the infidel as one who in law had no right +of any kind, with whom no contract need be kept, to whom no debt +was payable. The plea of alien infidel as answer to a claim was +actually pleaded in court as late as 1737. [Ramkissenseat v. +Barker, 1 Atkyus, 51.] In a solemn judgment, Lord Coke says [7 +Coke's reports, Calvin's case.]: "All infidels are in law Perpetui +inimici; for between them, as with the devils whose subjects they +be, and the Christian, there is perpetual hostility.". Twenty years +ago the law of England required the writer of any periodical +publication or pamphlet under sixpence in price to give sureties +for 800 pounds against the publication of blasphemy. I was the last +person prosecuted in 1868 for non-compliance with that law, which +was repealed by Mr. Gladstone in 1869. Up till the 23rd December, +1888, an infidel in Scotland was allowed to enforce any legal claim +in court only on condition that, if challenged, he denied his +infidelity. If he lied and said he was a Christian, he was +accepted, despite his lying. If he told the truth and said he was +an unbeliever, then he was practically an outlaw, incompetent to +give evidence for himself or for any other. Fortunately all this +was changed by the Royal assent to the Oaths Act on 24th December. +Has not humanity clearly gained a little in this struggle through +unbelief? + + For more than a century and a half the Roman Catholic had in +practice harsher measure dealt out to him by the English Protestant +Christian than was even during that period the fate of the Jew or +the unbeliever. If the Roman Catholic would not take the oath of +abnegation, which to a sincere Romanist was impossible, he was in +effect an outlaw, and the "jury packing" so much complained of +to-day in Ireland is one of the habit survivals of the old bad time +when Roman Catholics were thus by law excluded from the jury box. + + The 'Scotsman' of January 5th, 1889, notes that in 1860 the +Rev. Dr. Robert Lee, of Greyfriars, gave a course of Sunday evening +lectures on Biblical Criticism, in which he showed the absurdity +and untenableness of regarding every word in the Bible as inspired: +and it adds: "We well remember the awful indignation such opinions +inspired, and it is refreshing to contrast them with the calmness +with which they are now received. Not only from the pulpits of the +city, but from the press (misnamed religious) were his doctrines +denounced. And one eminent U.P. minister went the length of +publicly praying for him, and for the students under his care. It +speaks volumes for the progress made since then, when we think in +all probability Dr. Charteris, Dr. Lee's successor in the chair, +differs in his teaching from the Confession of Faith much more +widely than Dr. Lee ever did, and yet he is considered supremely +orthodox, whereas the stigma of heresy was attached to the other +all his life." + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + HUMANITY'S GAIN FROM UNBELIEF + + And this change and gain to humanity is due to the gradual +progress of unbelief, alike inside and outside the Churches. Take +from differing Churches two recent illustrations: The late +Principal Dr. Lindsay Alexander, a strict Calvinist, in his +important work on "Biblical Theology," claims that "all the +statements of Scripture are alike to be deferred to as presenting +to us the mind of God." Yet the Rev. Dr. of Divinity also says: "We +find in their writings [i.e., in the writings of the sacred +authors] statements which no ingenuity can reconcile with what +modem research has shown to be the scientific truth -- i.e., we +find in them statements which modern science proves to be +erroneous." + + At the last Southwell Diocesan Church of England Conference at +Derby, the Bishop of the Diocese presiding, the Rev. J.G. +Richardson said of the Old Testament that "it was no longer honest +or even safe to deny that this noble literature, rich in all the +elements of moral or spiritual grandeur, given -- so the Church had +always taught, and would always teach -- under the inspiration of +Almighty God, was sometimes mistaken in its science, was sometimes +inaccurate in its history, and sometimes only relative and +accommodatory in its morality. It assumed theories of the physical +world which science had abandoned and could never resume; it +contained passages of narrative which devout and temperate men +pronounced discredited, both by external and internal evidence; it +praised, or justified, or approved, or condoned, or tolerated, +conduct which the teaching of Christ and the conscience of the +Christian alike condemned." + + Or, as I should urge, the gain to humanity by unbelief is that +"the teaching of Christ" has been modified, enlarged, widened, and +humanized, and that "the conscience of the Christian is in quantity +and quality made fitter for human progress by the ever-increasing +additions of knowledge of these later and more heretical days. + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books, magazines, +newspapers, pamphlets, etc. please send us a list that includes +Title, Author, publication date, condition and price desired, and +we will give them back to America. + + **** **** + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/uniright.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/uniright.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..936642ff --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/uniright.txt @@ -0,0 +1,276 @@ + +THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS + + WHEREAS recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and +inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation +of freedom, justice and peace in the world, + + WHEREAS disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in +barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the +advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech +and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the +highest aspiration of the common people, + + WHEREAS, it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have +recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and +oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, + + WHEREAS it is essential to promote the development of friendly +relations between nations, + + WHEREAS the peoples of the United Nations have in their Charter +reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and +worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and +have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life +in larger freedoms, + + WHEREAS Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in +cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect +for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, + + WHEREAS a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of +the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, + + NOW, THEREFORE, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY PROCLAIMS this Universal +Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all +peoples and all nations, to that end that every individual and every +organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall +strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights +and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, +to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, +both among the peoples of Member states themselves and among the +peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. + +ARTICLE 1. + All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They +are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one +another in a spirit of brotherhood. + +ARTICLE 2. + Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in +this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, +colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national +or social origin, property, birth, or other status.Furthermore, no +distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional +or international status of the country or territory to which a person +belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under +any other limitation of sovereignty. + +ARTICLE 3. + Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. + +ARTICLE 4. + No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave +trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. + +ARTICLE 5. + No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or +degrading treatment or punishment. + +ARTICLE 6. + Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before +the law. + +ARTICLE 7. + All are created equal before the law and are entitled without any +discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to +equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this +Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. + +ARTICLE 8. + Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent +national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted +him by the constitution or by law. + +ARTICLE 9. + No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile. + +ARTICLE 10. + Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing +by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his +rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. + +ARTICLE 11. + (1) Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be +presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public +trail at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. + (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of +any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense , under +national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor +shall a heavier penalty be imposed than one that was applicable at the +time the penal offense was committed. + +ARTICLE 12. + No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his +privacy, family, or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and +reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against +such interference or attacks. + +ARTICLE 13. + (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence +within the borders of each state. + (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, +and to return to his country. + +ARTICLE 14. + (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy, in other countries, +asylum from persecution. + (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions +genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to +the purposes and principles of the United Nations. + +ARTICLE 15. + (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. + (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor +denied the right to change his nationality. + +ARTICLE 16. + (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, +nationality, or religion, have the right to marry and found a family. +They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and +at its dissolution. + (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free will and full +consent of the intending spouses. + (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society +and is entitled to protection by society and the State. + +ARTICLE 17. + (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in +association with others. + (2) No one shall arbitrarily be deprived of his property. + +ARTICLE 18. + Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and +religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, +and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or +private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, +worship and observance. + +ARTICLE 19. + Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this +right includes to hold opinions without interference and to seek, +receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and +regardless of frontiers. + +ARTICLE 20. + (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and +association. + (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. + +ARTICLE 21. + (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his +county, directly or through freely chosen representatives. + (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his +country. + (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of +government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine +elections which shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free +voting procedures. + +ARTICLE 22. + Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security +and is entitled to realization, through national effort and +international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and +resources of each State, of the economic, social, and cultural rights +indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his +personality. + +ARTICLE 23. + (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to +just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against +unemployment. + (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay +for equal work. + (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable +remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of +human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social +protection. + (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the +protection of his interests. + +ARTICLE 24. + Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable +limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. + +ARTICLE 25. + (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the +health and well being of himself and of his family, including food, +clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and +to the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, +disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in +circumstances beyond his control. + (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and +assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall +enjoy the same social protection. + +ARTICLE 26. + (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at +least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education +shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made +generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to +all on the basis of merit. + (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human +personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and +fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and +friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall +further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of +peace. + (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that +shall be given to their children. + +ARTICLE 27. + (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural +life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific +advancement and its benefits. + (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and +material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic +production of which he is the author. + +ARTICLE 28. + Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which +the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully +realized. + +ARTICLE 29. + (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and +full development of his personality is possible. + (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be +subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for +the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and +freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, +public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. + (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary +to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. + +ARTICLE 30. + Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any +State, group or person and right to engage in any activity or to +perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and +freedoms set forth herein. + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 408-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/unsupres.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/unsupres.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b2fb1278 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/unsupres.txt @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ + + Heavy Metal: The Unsuppressable Voice of Truth + =============================================== + + Copyright 1987 Robert E. Szekely 76276,1026 + + This article is being written to refute some of what, I +feel, are glaring inaccuracies in Al McAnespy's article of July +1985; as well as addressing some of the accusations opponents of +Heavy Metal have directed at it. + + Since Mr. McAnespy's article was written, the bands he named +as being the true spirit of Heavy Metal have indeed come of age. +What were the struggling, hungry spirits of 1985 have become the +lucrative commercial commodites of 1987. + + However, calling the forefathers of Heavy Metal such as +Zeppelin, Sabbath et. al., "charlatans", or in contemporary +usage, "poseurs", is analogous in its implication to building a +house from the roof down. + + As Robert Plant was once quoted as saying, "You can't escape +your roots." The 'roots' that Led Zeppelin's lead vocalist spoke +of are the only indigenous American musical form: The Blues; the +Roots of Rock and Roll. + + Rock and roll was spawned in the Missippi Delta; and among +its grandfathers, men such as 'Blind' Lemon Jefferson and Albert +King; these Delta Bluesmen and their peers were the humbled +descendants of proud African men and women who had been shanghied +and enslaved by our forefathers. Their ancestors, pressed into +service as slaves. No respect for their dignity or +rights as human beings for the most part. So as they worked in +the fields, cultivating the cotton crops, they sang of their +misery. They sang as a catharsis, to cleanse their souls of +'the blues'; the pain of being persecuted and oppressed. Sad and +yet beautiful, they spontaneously broke into song; a music crying +out to the heavens. In this music, they found a voice that could +cry out pain in song, and so release it. From deep inside their +hurt and their inner beings, the black american slaves sang their +pentatonic melodies, rich and soulfully expressive of their +feelings in their chromatic inflections. Melodies which evolved +from the music of the deeply spiritual tribal chants of their +homeland; from the African Tribes, to whom religion and their +relationship with God was the focus of their lives. A religion to +which music was inextricably linked. It imparted to their +culture a strong sense of community, order and purpose; as well +as giving them strength to go on in times of need. Times such as +the black slaves faced almost daily; often whipped and treated +virtually like animals, their voices sang out their pain to God, +loud and clear, to apply the salve to soothe their aching souls. + + + To imply that Punk and Metal are kindred spirits is in +effect saying that Jesus and Lucifer are soul brothers. A +tenuous association at best, and highly inaccurate due to its +vague generality. True, they do exhibit the same adrenalin- +powered fervor in their music but overall, their intents are +polarized 180 degrees opposite each other. + + It is the cursory analyses of Heavy Metal, which result +in often unsubstantiated accusations of the music causing social +degeneration and ultimately destruction, which I reject. These +ill-conceived accusations are a product of an ill-conceived, +half-assed mode of thinking which amounts to a doctor performing +circumcision on an infant boy with an axe. Too many can see +either only black OR white, but no grey. + + + The true spirit of HM, at its best, is the clarion call +of victory over seemingly insurmountable odds. If you don't +believe that, read some of Black Sabbath's lyrics from their +'Master of Reality' album. + + True Punk Rock espouses nihilism. 'The System sucks!' says +the Punker. So what does he offer as a solution? 'Destroy it!' +So then what does the Punker suggest to replace what he wants to +destroy? Not a damn thing. + + We'e known since the 1960's that music can often be a +powerful social influence. The fatalistic philosphy of the +hardcore Punker is social suicide; they are the Kamikaze +revolutionaries whose party line is the annihilation of +all order and civilization. + + Heavy Metal is the princely scion of the most visceral +music; the purest contemporary form of blues. It is +sincere and in touch with reality and the times. Listen to it, +even softly...what do you hear? The soulful cries of blues +guitars pumped up louder and faster than Ol' Father Blues; so +their cries of "Let My Voice Be Heard!" can pierce the din of +strife, deception and corruption which are manyfold more +deafening and occuring at much a faster pace than just two +generations ago. They simply have to be louder and faster than +previous generations in order to be heard above the maddening +noise of current society. + + No, HM is not above reproach. There are those desperate +fools who cash in the current commercial marketability of the +concepts of degeneration and decay. The pathetic popularity of +the themes of Death, Doom, Destruction and Damnation make for a +high return on investment at present: a large profit made in a +short amount of time, with minimal investments of time, effort +and money. + + And our youth desperately reaches out for a voice to guide +them through the confusion; latching on and hanging tightly to +the first thing that sounds remotely like a message of guidance. +Fearing nothing better can come along, they make the most of +trying to form values from the thematic and lyrical bullshit of +groups like Mercyful Fate and their ilk; the purveyors of 'Black +Metal'. The only sin of the audience of Black Metal is their +injudicious choice of filling the brains with dangerous garbage, +and modeling a lifestyle of deadly fantasy upon it. + + But the answer here is not suppression. The more you try to +hide or run away from something, the more doggedly it pursues +you. The more you try to ignore it, the stronger it grows; until +finally, it overwhelms you, completely. Then, it's too late. + + By the same token, to fall victim to the fallacy of this +common sweeping generalization, "All Rock and Roll/Heavy Metal +is evil/Devil music.", is as bad as saying that all Jews are +cheap, all Germans are Nazis, all Italians are Mafia and all +Puerto Ricans are thieves. It is IGNORANT and DANGEROUS to think +that way. Because in fact, with those so-called 'views', you +ACTUALLY ARE NOT thinking at all: you've heard or repeated the +epithet so many times that now you're brainwashed into believing +it. But if you honestly sit down and ask yourself why you +'believe' it, or how you arrived at that point of view, you +either go blank, or start mechanically spouting some more +dogmatic cliches in order 'rationalize' 'your point of view'. +WHICH WASN'T YOUR POINT OF VIEW TO BEGIN WITH! + + And that's the point I argue in favor of True Heavy Metal. +Music doesn't damn people; people's actions do. Ignorance and +clever deception the semantic sleight-of-hand are the dangerous +influences we should all be on the watch for. True Heavy Metal's +saving grace is its unrelenting candor; we calls 'em as we sees +'em. So if things really look bad we're gonna tell ya, loud and +clear, just how bad they are, so we can make sure that you get +the message, so together, we can all do something about making it +better. Heavy Metal, in its pure, true form; as it's meant to be, +carries a sincere, crystal-clear message to all, singing it +voice loud hard and fast, to ring out over all the interference +Der ScheissMeisters through in its path to try to prevent truth +from being heard and acted upon. + + In conclusion, it is the promoters of Black Metal and their +allies who are the true "poseurs"; they are the danger, or put +more succinctly, the idiots. But suppression and eradication is +not a solution. Education is. Knowledge is power; and only +knowledge of what is and what isn't true can give us the power to +fend off the negative influence of Black Metal, Hardcore Punk AND +THEIR KIN. + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/uscen90.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/uscen90.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f6f50a2c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/uscen90.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5455 @@ + + + THE 1990 UNITED STATES CENSUS + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alabama + + Total population...................................... 4,040,587 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,936,162 + Female................................................... 2,104,425 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 283,295 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 775,493 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 205,557 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 237,778 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,232,067 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 419,421 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 183,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 180,310 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 301,218 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 173,264 + 85 years and over........................................ 48,507 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,058,788 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.2 +65 years and over........................................... 522,989 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,506,790 + Family households (families)............................. 1,103,835 + Married-couple families............................... 858,327 + Percent of total households........................ 57.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 44,288 + Other family, female householder...................... 201,220 + Nonfamily households..................................... 402,955 + Percent of total households........................ 26.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 358,078 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 154,191 + Persons living in households............................. 3,948,185 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 92,402 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,583 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 40,819 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,975,797 + Black.................................................... 1,020,705 + Percent of total population........................... 25.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 16,506 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 21,797 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 5,782 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 24,629 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alabama + + Total housing units................................... 1,670,379 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,061,897 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 444,893 + Vacant housing units..................................... 163,589 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 35,609 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.44 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,927 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,133,927 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 31,943 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 96,104 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 66,413 + 10 or more units......................................... 102,462 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 239,530 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 753,827 + Less than $50,000..................................... 343,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 310,737 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,459 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 20,129 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,264 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,384 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 386,179 + Less than $250........................................ 214,363 + $250 to $499.......................................... 155,027 + $500 to $749.......................................... 14,380 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,594 + $1,000 or more........................................ 815 + Median (dollars)...................................... 229 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + White................................................. 1,159,263 + Black................................................. 334,513 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 22.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,288 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,373 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alaska + + Total population...................................... 550,043 +SEX + Male..................................................... 289,867 + Female................................................... 260,176 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,897 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 117,447 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 22,934 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 32,913 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,062 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 53,929 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 16,595 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 12,897 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 15,548 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 5,570 + 85 years and over........................................ 1,251 + Median age............................................... 29.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 172,344 + Percent of total population.............................. 31.3 +65 years and over........................................... 22,369 + Percent of total population.............................. 4.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 188,915 + Family households (families)............................. 132,837 + Married-couple families............................... 106,079 + Percent of total households........................ 56.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,529 + Other family, female householder...................... 18,229 + Nonfamily households..................................... 56,078 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,826 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 5,737 + Persons living in households............................. 529,342 + Persons per household.................................... 2.80 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,701 + Institutionalized persons............................. 4,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,127 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 415,492 + Black.................................................... 22,451 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 85,698 + Percent of total population........................... 15.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 19,728 + Percent of total population........................... 3.6 + Other race............................................... 6,674 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 17,803 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alaska + + Total housing units................................... 232,608 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + Owner occupied........................................ 105,989 + Percent owner occupied............................. 56.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,926 + Vacant housing units..................................... 43,693 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,991 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 4.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.97 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.58 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,201 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 124,185 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 15,963 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,358 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,171 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,229 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 24,702 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 77,527 + Less than $50,000..................................... 10,989 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,862 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,012 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,528 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,210 + $300,000 or more...................................... 926 + Median (dollars)...................................... 94,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 70,579 + Less than $250........................................ 5,785 + $250 to $499.......................................... 29,167 + $500 to $749.......................................... 23,750 + $750 to $999.......................................... 8,455 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,422 + Median (dollars)...................................... 503 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + White................................................. 153,215 + Black................................................. 6,927 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 22,305 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,674 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + Other race............................................ 1,794 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arizona + + Total population...................................... 3,665,228 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,810,691 + Female................................................... 1,854,537 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 292,859 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 688,260 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 172,063 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 220,617 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,163,607 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 349,516 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 146,658 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 152,874 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 290,044 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 151,013 + 85 years and over........................................ 37,717 + Median age............................................... 32.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 981,119 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.8 +65 years and over........................................... 478,774 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,368,843 + Family households (families)............................. 940,106 + Married-couple families............................... 747,806 + Percent of total households........................ 54.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 49,980 + Other family, female householder...................... 142,320 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,737 + Percent of total households........................ 31.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 337,681 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 119,287 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,545 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 80,683 + Institutionalized persons............................. 41,508 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,963,186 + Black.................................................... 110,524 + Percent of total population........................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 203,527 + Percent of total population........................... 5.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 55,206 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 332,785 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 688,338 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arizona + + Total housing units................................... 1,659,430 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,561 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 490,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 290,587 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 96,104 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 15.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.46 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 101,636 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 867,884 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 109,989 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 88,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 61,111 + 10 or more units......................................... 257,208 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 274,867 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 668,718 + Less than $50,000..................................... 98,705 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 372,653 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 118,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 40,638 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 23,902 + $300,000 or more...................................... 13,975 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 456,937 + Less than $250........................................ 73,866 + $250 to $499.......................................... 290,538 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,518 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,461 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,554 + Median (dollars)...................................... 370 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + White................................................. 1,177,349 + Black................................................. 37,140 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 49,894 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 15,934 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 88,526 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 184,942 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arkansas + + Total population...................................... 2,350,725 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,133,076 + Female................................................... 1,217,649 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 164,667 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 456,464 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 109,879 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 127,177 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 685,748 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 243,337 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 105,811 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 107,584 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 195,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 118,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 35,216 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 621,131 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 350,058 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 891,179 + Family households (families)............................. 651,555 + Married-couple families............................... 527,358 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,273 + Other family, female householder...................... 98,924 + Nonfamily households..................................... 239,624 + Percent of total households........................ 26.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 213,778 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 103,386 + Persons living in households............................. 2,292,393 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 58,332 + Institutionalized persons............................. 34,223 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 24,109 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,944,744 + Black.................................................... 373,912 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,773 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 12,530 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,766 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 19,876 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arkansas + + Total housing units................................... 1,000,667 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + Owner occupied........................................ 619,938 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 271,241 + Vacant housing units..................................... 109,488 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 18,224 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.61 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.48 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 33,197 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 708,751 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 18,175 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 60,820 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 27,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 44,454 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 141,443 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 427,676 + Less than $50,000..................................... 235,586 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,865 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,328 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,810 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,519 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,568 + Median (dollars)...................................... 46,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 227,643 + Less than $250........................................ 129,535 + $250 to $499.......................................... 90,452 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,204 + $750 to $999.......................................... 895 + $1,000 or more........................................ 557 + Median (dollars)...................................... 230 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + White................................................. 760,287 + Black................................................. 121,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,539 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,228 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 5,350 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** California + + Total population...................................... 29,760,021 +SEX + Male..................................................... 14,897,627 + Female................................................... 14,862,394 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 2,397,715 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 5,353,010 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 1,411,200 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 2,001,057 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 10,325,692 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 2,902,569 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 1,133,907 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 1,099,319 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,857,221 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 979,224 + 85 years and over........................................ 299,107 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 7,750,725 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.0 +65 years and over........................................... 3,135,552 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 10,381,206 + Family households (families)............................. 7,139,394 + Married-couple families............................... 5,469,522 + Percent of total households........................ 52.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 477,692 + Other family, female householder...................... 1,192,180 + Nonfamily households..................................... 3,241,812 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 2,429,867 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 818,520 + Persons living in households............................. 29,008,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.79 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 751,860 + Institutionalized persons............................. 376,374 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 375,486 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 20,524,327 + Black.................................................... 2,208,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 242,164 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,845,659 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + Other race............................................... 3,939,070 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 7,687,938 + Percent of total population........................... 25.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** California + + Total housing units................................... 11,182,882 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 5,773,943 + Percent owner occupied............................. 55.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 4,607,263 + Vacant housing units..................................... 801,676 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 195,385 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.84 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.74 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 1,275,377 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 6,119,265 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 811,684 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 966,355 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 705,704 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,899,934 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 679,940 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 4,690,264 + Less than $50,000..................................... 119,023 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 636,643 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 812,098 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 851,540 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,150,992 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,119,968 + Median (dollars)...................................... 195,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 4,400,105 + Less than $250........................................ 330,342 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,385,013 + $500 to $749.......................................... 1,692,456 + $750 to $999.......................................... 668,470 + $1,000 or more........................................ 323,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 561 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + White................................................. 7,871,635 + Black................................................. 751,563 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 78,848 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 777,913 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.5 + Other race............................................ 901,247 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,836,989 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Colorado + + Total population...................................... 3,294,394 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,631,295 + Female................................................... 1,663,099 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 252,893 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 608,373 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,197 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 187,328 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,179,936 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 336,671 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 130,193 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 121,360 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 194,527 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 101,963 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,953 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 861,266 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.1 +65 years and over........................................... 329,443 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,282,489 + Family households (families)............................. 854,214 + Married-couple families............................... 690,292 + Percent of total households........................ 53.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,353 + Other family, female householder...................... 124,569 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,275 + Percent of total households........................ 33.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 340,962 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 95,849 + Persons living in households............................. 3,214,922 + Persons per household.................................... 2.51 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 79,472 + Institutionalized persons............................. 35,976 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 43,496 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,905,474 + Black.................................................... 133,146 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 27,776 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 59,862 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 168,136 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 424,302 + Percent of total population........................... 12.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Colorado + + Total housing units................................... 1,477,349 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + Owner occupied........................................ 798,277 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 484,212 + Vacant housing units..................................... 194,860 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 63,814 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 884,431 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 87,437 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 89,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 63,855 + 10 or more units......................................... 249,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 102,269 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 637,629 + Less than $50,000..................................... 84,061 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 363,091 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 122,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 37,447 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,930 + $300,000 or more...................................... 10,255 + Median (dollars)...................................... 82,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,881 + Less than $250........................................ 88,745 + $250 to $499.......................................... 271,347 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,533 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,937 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,319 + Median (dollars)...................................... 362 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + White................................................. 1,154,983 + Black................................................. 49,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 8,959 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,099 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Other race............................................ 52,193 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 130,704 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Connecticut + + Total population...................................... 3,287,116 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,592,873 + Female................................................... 1,694,243 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 228,356 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 521,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 145,274 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 200,159 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,094,878 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 356,042 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 147,022 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 148,253 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 256,237 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 142,677 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,993 + Median age............................................... 34.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 749,581 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.8 +65 years and over........................................... 445,907 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,230,479 + Family households (families)............................. 864,493 + Married-couple families............................... 684,660 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,448 + Other family, female householder...................... 140,385 + Nonfamily households..................................... 365,986 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 297,161 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 121,918 + Persons living in households............................. 3,185,949 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,167 + Institutionalized persons............................. 48,424 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 52,743 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,859,353 + Black.................................................... 274,269 + Percent of total population........................... 8.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 6,654 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 50,698 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 96,142 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 213,116 + Percent of total population........................... 6.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Connecticut + + Total housing units................................... 1,320,850 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + Owner occupied........................................ 807,481 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 422,998 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,371 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,428 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 28,237 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 748,626 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 66,681 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 243,600 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 75,497 + 10 or more units......................................... 155,492 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 30,954 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 643,500 + Less than $50,000..................................... 4,582 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 36,715 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 165,331 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 188,019 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 150,321 + $300,000 or more...................................... 98,532 + Median (dollars)...................................... 177,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 401,254 + Less than $250........................................ 56,694 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,109 + $500 to $749.......................................... 152,144 + $750 to $999.......................................... 38,238 + $1,000 or more........................................ 19,069 + Median (dollars)...................................... 510 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + White................................................. 1,096,812 + Black................................................. 90,882 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,383 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,558 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Other race............................................ 26,844 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 61,580 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Delaware + + Total population...................................... 666,168 +SEX + Male..................................................... 322,968 + Female................................................... 343,200 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 48,824 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 114,517 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 33,586 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 42,647 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 217,981 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 68,114 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,861 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 29,903 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 49,596 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 23,997 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,142 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 163,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.5 +65 years and over........................................... 80,735 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 247,497 + Family households (families)............................. 175,867 + Married-couple families............................... 137,983 + Percent of total households........................ 55.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,565 + Other family, female householder...................... 29,319 + Nonfamily households..................................... 71,630 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 57,451 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 21,566 + Persons living in households............................. 646,097 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,071 + Institutionalized persons............................. 8,662 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 535,094 + Black.................................................... 112,460 + Percent of total population........................... 16.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,019 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,057 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Other race............................................... 7,538 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,820 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Delaware + + Total housing units................................... 289,919 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + Owner occupied........................................ 173,813 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 73,684 + Vacant housing units..................................... 42,422 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 19,328 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 5,624 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 156,013 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 40,161 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 13,919 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,148 + 10 or more units......................................... 32,612 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 37,066 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 137,526 + Less than $50,000..................................... 11,847 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 56,838 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 38,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,640 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,479 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,259 + Median (dollars)...................................... 100,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 68,249 + Less than $250........................................ 12,669 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,047 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,687 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,835 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,011 + Median (dollars)...................................... 425 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + White................................................. 204,968 + Black................................................. 37,229 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 15.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 773 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,538 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 1,989 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,497 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** District of Columbia + + Total population...................................... 606,900 +SEX + Male..................................................... 282,970 + Female................................................... 323,930 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 37,351 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 79,741 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 35,291 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 47,267 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,472 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,031 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 25,441 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 25,459 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 44,553 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 25,447 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,847 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 117,092 + Percent of total population.............................. 19.3 +65 years and over........................................... 77,847 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 249,634 + Family households (families)............................. 122,087 + Married-couple families............................... 63,110 + Percent of total households........................ 25.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,402 + Other family, female householder...................... 48,575 + Nonfamily households..................................... 127,547 + Percent of total households........................ 51.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 103,626 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 27,237 + Persons living in households............................. 565,183 + Persons per household.................................... 2.26 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 41,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,070 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 27,647 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 179,667 + Black.................................................... 399,604 + Percent of total population........................... 65.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,466 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 11,214 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 14,949 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,710 + Percent of total population........................... 5.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** District of Columbia + + Total housing units................................... 278,489 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + Owner occupied........................................ 97,108 + Percent owner occupied............................. 38.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 152,526 + Vacant housing units..................................... 28,855 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 1,575 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.50 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.12 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 20,587 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 34,602 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 71,321 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,699 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,783 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,237 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 2,847 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 71,532 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,680 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 25,247 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 15,000 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,859 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 14,374 + Median (dollars)...................................... 123,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 148,553 + Less than $250........................................ 23,897 + $250 to $499.......................................... 65,510 + $500 to $749.......................................... 37,629 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,668 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,849 + Median (dollars)...................................... 441 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + White................................................. 88,295 + Black................................................. 152,356 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 61.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 612 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,070 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 4,301 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 10,455 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Florida + + Total population...................................... 12,937,926 +SEX + Male..................................................... 6,261,719 + Female................................................... 6,676,207 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 849,596 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,016,641 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 522,755 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 692,902 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,927,400 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,291,611 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 588,552 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 679,038 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,369,652 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 789,669 + 85 years and over........................................ 210,110 + Median age............................................... 36.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,866,237 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.2 +65 years and over........................................... 2,369,431 + Percent of total population.............................. 18.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 5,134,869 + Family households (families)............................. 3,511,825 + Married-couple families............................... 2,791,734 + Percent of total households........................ 54.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 171,535 + Other family, female householder...................... 548,556 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,623,044 + Percent of total households........................ 31.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,309,954 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 591,468 + Persons living in households............................. 12,630,465 + Persons per household.................................... 2.46 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 307,461 + Institutionalized persons............................. 173,637 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 133,824 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,749,285 + Black.................................................... 1,759,534 + Percent of total population........................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 36,335 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 154,302 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 238,470 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 1,574,143 + Percent of total population........................... 12.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Florida + + Total housing units................................... 6,100,262 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,452,160 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,682,709 + Vacant housing units..................................... 965,393 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 417,670 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.49 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 297,557 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 3,032,769 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 335,798 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 462,438 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 320,580 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,127,629 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 821,048 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,378,207 + Less than $50,000..................................... 433,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,239,055 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 381,899 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 151,452 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 100,648 + $300,000 or more...................................... 72,032 + Median (dollars)...................................... 77,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,591,461 + Less than $250........................................ 261,349 + $250 to $499.......................................... 892,383 + $500 to $749.......................................... 355,636 + $750 to $999.......................................... 49,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 32,665 + Median (dollars)...................................... 402 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + White................................................. 4,457,493 + Black................................................. 553,561 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,088 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 42,895 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 67,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 510,849 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Georgia + + Total population...................................... 6,478,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,144,503 + Female................................................... 3,333,713 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 495,535 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,231,768 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 325,159 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 413,425 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,190,594 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 668,951 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 259,735 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 238,779 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 388,051 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 208,975 + 85 years and over........................................ 57,244 + Median age............................................... 31.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,727,303 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 654,270 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,366,615 + Family households (families)............................. 1,713,072 + Married-couple families............................... 1,306,756 + Percent of total households........................ 55.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 76,675 + Other family, female householder...................... 329,641 + Nonfamily households..................................... 653,543 + Percent of total households........................ 27.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 537,702 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 185,027 + Persons living in households............................. 6,304,583 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 173,633 + Institutionalized persons............................. 87,266 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 86,367 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,600,148 + Black.................................................... 1,746,565 + Percent of total population........................... 27.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,348 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 75,781 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 42,374 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 108,922 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Georgia + + Total housing units................................... 2,638,418 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,536,759 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 829,856 + Vacant housing units..................................... 271,803 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 33,637 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.76 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.49 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 95,828 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,638,847 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 73,412 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 198,036 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 167,552 + 10 or more units......................................... 232,683 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 327,888 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,138,775 + Less than $50,000..................................... 314,490 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 531,167 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 163,205 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 66,878 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,949 + $300,000 or more...................................... 23,086 + Median (dollars)...................................... 71,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 759,499 + Less than $250........................................ 251,826 + $250 to $499.......................................... 361,984 + $500 to $749.......................................... 127,415 + $750 to $999.......................................... 13,143 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,131 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + White................................................. 1,756,916 + Black................................................. 574,113 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 24.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,812 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,279 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 10,495 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,873 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Hawaii + + Total population...................................... 1,108,229 +SEX + Male..................................................... 563,891 + Female................................................... 544,338 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 83,223 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 196,903 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 48,549 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 72,636 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 379,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 108,775 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 45,375 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 48,728 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 78,653 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 35,955 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,397 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 280,126 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.3 +65 years and over........................................... 125,005 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 356,267 + Family households (families)............................. 263,456 + Married-couple families............................... 210,468 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 15,579 + Other family, female householder...................... 37,409 + Nonfamily households..................................... 92,811 + Percent of total households........................ 26.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,985 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 20,933 + Persons living in households............................. 1,070,597 + Persons per household.................................... 3.01 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,632 + Institutionalized persons............................. 7,805 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 29,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 369,616 + Black.................................................... 27,195 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,099 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 685,236 + Percent of total population........................... 61.8 + Other race............................................... 21,083 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 81,390 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Hawaii + + Total housing units................................... 389,810 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + Owner occupied........................................ 191,911 + Percent owner occupied............................. 53.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 164,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,543 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,806 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 0.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.19 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.78 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,708 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,990 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,041 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 24,182 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 22,258 + 10 or more units......................................... 100,238 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 6,101 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 144,431 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,339 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 13,111 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 16,706 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 21,119 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,679 + $300,000 or more...................................... 50,477 + Median (dollars)...................................... 245,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 139,266 + Less than $250........................................ 15,119 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,779 + $500 to $749.......................................... 43,763 + $750 to $999.......................................... 25,164 + $1,000 or more........................................ 18,441 + Median (dollars)...................................... 599 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + White................................................. 138,425 + Black................................................. 7,787 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 202,518 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 56.8 + Other race............................................ 5,951 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 20,176 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Idaho + + Total population...................................... 1,006,749 +SEX + Male..................................................... 500,956 + Female................................................... 505,793 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 80,193 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 228,212 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,064 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 51,183 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 301,968 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 98,907 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 39,407 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 38,550 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 69,755 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,112 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,398 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 308,405 + Percent of total population.............................. 30.6 +65 years and over........................................... 121,265 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 360,723 + Family households (families)............................. 263,194 + Married-couple families............................... 224,198 + Percent of total households........................ 62.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,113 + Other family, female householder...................... 28,883 + Nonfamily households..................................... 97,529 + Percent of total households........................ 27.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,800 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,939 + Persons living in households............................. 985,259 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,490 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,478 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,012 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 950,451 + Black.................................................... 3,370 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,780 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,365 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 29,783 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 52,927 + Percent of total population........................... 5.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Idaho + + Total housing units................................... 413,327 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + Owner occupied........................................ 252,734 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 107,989 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,604 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 24,252 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.51 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 15,199 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 285,885 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,102 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,151 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 11,701 + 10 or more units......................................... 17,242 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 60,246 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 177,333 + Less than $50,000..................................... 66,830 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 89,406 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 14,237 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 3,739 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,963 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,158 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 92,907 + Less than $250........................................ 42,967 + $250 to $499.......................................... 44,092 + $500 to $749.......................................... 4,599 + $750 to $999.......................................... 938 + $1,000 or more........................................ 311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + White................................................. 345,484 + Black................................................. 1,095 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,082 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,602 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 7,460 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,464 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Illinois + + Total population...................................... 11,430,602 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,552,233 + Female................................................... 5,878,369 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 848,141 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,098,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 531,971 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 680,979 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,693,329 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,166,727 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 485,581 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 489,104 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 821,940 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 467,056 + 85 years and over........................................ 147,549 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,946,366 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,436,545 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,202,240 + Family households (families)............................. 2,924,880 + Married-couple families............................... 2,271,962 + Percent of total households........................ 54.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 147,173 + Other family, female householder...................... 505,745 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,277,360 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,081,113 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 423,740 + Persons living in households............................. 11,143,646 + Persons per household.................................... 2.65 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 286,956 + Institutionalized persons............................. 149,842 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 137,114 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 8,952,978 + Black.................................................... 1,694,273 + Percent of total population........................... 14.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,836 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 285,311 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + Other race............................................... 476,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 904,446 + Percent of total population........................... 7.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Illinois + + Total housing units................................... 4,506,275 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,699,182 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,503,058 + Vacant housing units..................................... 304,035 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,056 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.81 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.37 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 166,805 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,557,169 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 157,771 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 648,275 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 290,519 + 10 or more units......................................... 663,448 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 189,093 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,084,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 525,054 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 786,610 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 403,218 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 183,679 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 114,529 + $300,000 or more...................................... 71,618 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,416,273 + Less than $250........................................ 352,318 + $250 to $499.......................................... 703,816 + $500 to $749.......................................... 283,237 + $750 to $999.......................................... 53,525 + $1,000 or more........................................ 23,377 + Median (dollars)...................................... 369 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + White................................................. 3,447,865 + Black................................................. 550,311 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,438 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 80,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + Other race............................................ 115,955 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 229,993 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Indiana + + Total population...................................... 5,544,159 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,688,281 + Female................................................... 2,855,878 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 398,656 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,057,308 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 279,864 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 325,018 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,734,270 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 570,791 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 239,692 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 242,364 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 402,041 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 222,404 + 85 years and over........................................ 71,751 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,455,964 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.3 +65 years and over........................................... 696,196 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,065,355 + Family households (families)............................. 1,480,351 + Married-couple families............................... 1,202,020 + Percent of total households........................ 58.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,703 + Other family, female householder...................... 217,628 + Nonfamily households..................................... 585,004 + Percent of total households........................ 28.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 496,841 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 208,437 + Persons living in households............................. 5,382,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 161,992 + Institutionalized persons............................. 81,686 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 80,306 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,020,700 + Black.................................................... 432,092 + Percent of total population........................... 7.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,720 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 37,617 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 41,030 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 98,788 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Indiana + + Total housing units................................... 2,246,046 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,450,898 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 614,457 + Vacant housing units..................................... 180,691 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 36,945 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 45,376 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,574,160 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,445 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 170,801 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 99,836 + 10 or more units......................................... 167,718 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 176,086 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,137,766 + Less than $50,000..................................... 514,285 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 484,025 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 92,829 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 26,991 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 13,675 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,961 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 554,678 + Less than $250........................................ 204,414 + $250 to $499.......................................... 310,071 + $500 to $749.......................................... 33,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,434 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 291 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + White................................................. 1,889,853 + Black................................................. 149,055 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,519 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 11,075 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 27,571 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Iowa + + Total population...................................... 2,776,755 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,344,802 + Female................................................... 1,431,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 193,203 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 525,677 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 131,299 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 152,414 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 823,940 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 274,428 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 122,335 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 127,353 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 226,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,890 + 85 years and over........................................ 55,255 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 718,880 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 426,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,064,325 + Family households (families)............................. 740,819 + Married-couple families............................... 629,893 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 85,141 + Nonfamily households..................................... 323,506 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 275,466 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 130,964 + Persons living in households............................. 2,677,235 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 99,520 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,841 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,679 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,683,090 + Black.................................................... 48,090 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 7,349 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 25,476 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 12,750 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,647 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Iowa + + Total housing units................................... 1,143,669 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + Owner occupied........................................ 745,377 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 318,948 + Vacant housing units..................................... 79,344 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 14,644 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,009 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 852,993 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,735 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,956 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,745 + 10 or more units......................................... 76,761 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,479 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 566,559 + Less than $50,000..................................... 317,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 209,703 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 27,708 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,959 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,338 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,070 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 268,439 + Less than $250........................................ 125,112 + $250 to $499.......................................... 129,124 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,343 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,287 + $1,000 or more........................................ 573 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + White................................................. 1,036,774 + Black................................................. 15,741 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,157 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,287 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 3,366 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,926 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kansas + + Total population...................................... 2,477,574 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,214,645 + Female................................................... 1,262,929 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 188,390 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 473,224 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 113,717 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 140,776 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 774,499 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 235,388 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 103,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 105,188 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 184,664 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 115,666 + 85 years and over........................................ 42,241 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 661,614 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 342,571 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 944,726 + Family households (families)............................. 658,600 + Married-couple families............................... 552,495 + Percent of total households........................ 58.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 24,672 + Other family, female householder...................... 81,433 + Nonfamily households..................................... 286,126 + Percent of total households........................ 30.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 245,156 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 104,297 + Persons living in households............................. 2,394,809 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 82,765 + Institutionalized persons............................. 42,896 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,869 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,231,986 + Black.................................................... 143,076 + Percent of total population........................... 5.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,965 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,750 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + Other race............................................... 48,797 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,670 + Percent of total population........................... 3.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kansas + + Total housing units................................... 1,044,112 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + Owner occupied........................................ 641,762 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 302,964 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,386 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,336 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.64 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 23,690 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 747,318 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,868 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,100 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 34,720 + 10 or more units......................................... 74,710 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 78,396 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 500,628 + Less than $50,000..................................... 237,988 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 199,619 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 41,114 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,348 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,431 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 52,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 270,761 + Less than $250........................................ 108,024 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,967 + $500 to $749.......................................... 22,396 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,744 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,630 + Median (dollars)...................................... 285 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + White................................................. 867,644 + Black................................................. 48,365 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,974 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,357 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 13,386 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 25,606 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kentucky + + Total population...................................... 3,685,296 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,785,235 + Female................................................... 1,900,061 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 250,871 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 703,223 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 182,178 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 217,811 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,159,182 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 382,366 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 162,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 159,999 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 268,226 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 152,252 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,367 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 954,094 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 466,845 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,379,782 + Family households (families)............................. 1,015,998 + Married-couple families............................... 816,732 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,606 + Other family, female householder...................... 159,660 + Nonfamily households..................................... 363,784 + Percent of total households........................ 26.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 321,247 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 142,045 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,120 + Persons per household.................................... 2.60 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,176 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,609 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 53,567 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,391,832 + Black.................................................... 262,907 + Percent of total population........................... 7.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,769 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 17,812 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,976 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 21,984 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kentucky + + Total housing units................................... 1,506,845 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + Owner occupied........................................ 960,469 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 419,313 + Vacant housing units..................................... 127,063 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,962 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.6 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.69 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 35,873 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,010,860 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 25,285 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,291 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 65,348 + 10 or more units......................................... 96,494 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 199,567 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 662,174 + Less than $50,000..................................... 326,862 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 260,534 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 47,479 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,851 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,041 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,407 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 351,165 + Less than $250........................................ 175,280 + $250 to $499.......................................... 160,392 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,875 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,499 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,119 + Median (dollars)...................................... 250 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + White................................................. 1,278,806 + Black................................................. 92,639 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,108 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,634 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,595 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 6,220 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Louisiana + + Total population...................................... 4,219,973 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,031,386 + Female................................................... 2,188,587 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 334,650 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 892,619 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,010 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 254,501 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,309,858 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 406,440 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 171,927 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 170,977 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 275,008 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 150,350 + 85 years and over........................................ 43,633 + Median age............................................... 31.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,227,269 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.1 +65 years and over........................................... 468,991 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,499,269 + Family households (families)............................. 1,089,882 + Married-couple families............................... 803,282 + Percent of total households........................ 53.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,471 + Other family, female householder...................... 234,129 + Nonfamily households..................................... 409,387 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 356,060 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 137,596 + Persons living in households............................. 4,107,395 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 112,578 + Institutionalized persons............................. 67,276 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 45,302 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,839,138 + Black.................................................... 1,299,281 + Percent of total population........................... 30.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 18,541 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,099 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + Other race............................................... 21,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,044 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Louisiana + + Total housing units................................... 1,716,241 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + Owner occupied........................................ 987,919 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 511,350 + Vacant housing units..................................... 216,972 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,333 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.83 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.57 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 89,268 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,083,921 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 79,002 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 152,060 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 58,819 + 10 or more units......................................... 124,916 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 217,523 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 733,914 + Less than $50,000..................................... 289,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 344,457 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,958 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,800 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,450 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,077 + Less than $250........................................ 211,769 + $250 to $499.......................................... 213,862 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,781 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,209 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,456 + Median (dollars)...................................... 260 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + White................................................. 1,069,650 + Black................................................. 406,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 27.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,686 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 6,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,990 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maine + + Total population...................................... 1,227,928 +SEX + Male..................................................... 597,850 + Female................................................... 630,078 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 85,722 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 223,280 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 56,232 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 67,540 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 398,580 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 124,751 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,216 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 54,234 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 91,600 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 53,547 + 85 years and over........................................ 18,226 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 309,002 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.2 +65 years and over........................................... 163,373 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 465,312 + Family households (families)............................. 328,685 + Married-couple families............................... 270,565 + Percent of total households........................ 58.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,760 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 136,627 + Percent of total households........................ 29.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 108,474 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 48,257 + Persons living in households............................. 1,190,759 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,169 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,136 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,033 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,208,360 + Black.................................................... 5,138 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,998 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 6,683 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,749 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 6,829 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maine + + Total housing units................................... 587,045 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + Owner occupied........................................ 327,888 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 137,424 + Vacant housing units..................................... 121,733 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 88,039 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.20 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,998 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 378,413 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,753 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,077 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 28,553 + 10 or more units......................................... 26,230 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,019 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 214,663 + Less than $50,000..................................... 37,489 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 95,187 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 49,286 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 18,040 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,995 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,666 + Median (dollars)...................................... 87,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 122,972 + Less than $250........................................ 30,198 + $250 to $499.......................................... 68,579 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,902 + $1,000 or more........................................ 845 + Median (dollars)...................................... 358 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + White................................................. 460,110 + Black................................................. 1,458 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,860 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,503 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 381 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maryland + + Total population...................................... 4,781,468 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,318,671 + Female................................................... 2,462,797 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 357,818 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 804,423 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 208,411 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 296,962 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,677,104 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 521,801 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 202,170 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 195,297 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 314,491 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 156,495 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,496 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,162,241 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 517,482 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,748,991 + Family households (families)............................. 1,245,814 + Married-couple families............................... 948,563 + Percent of total households........................ 54.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 65,362 + Other family, female householder...................... 231,889 + Nonfamily households..................................... 503,177 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 394,572 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 135,318 + Persons living in households............................. 4,667,612 + Persons per household.................................... 2.67 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 113,856 + Institutionalized persons............................. 62,760 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,096 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,393,964 + Black.................................................... 1,189,899 + Percent of total population........................... 24.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,972 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 139,719 + Percent of total population........................... 2.9 + Other race............................................... 44,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 125,102 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maryland + + Total housing units................................... 1,891,917 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,137,296 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 611,695 + Vacant housing units..................................... 142,926 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 42,268 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.45 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 53,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 938,514 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 393,185 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 104,332 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 105,530 + 10 or more units......................................... 294,364 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 55,992 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 970,864 + Less than $50,000..................................... 87,334 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 300,852 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 274,242 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 139,611 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 103,274 + $300,000 or more...................................... 65,551 + Median (dollars)...................................... 116,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 574,109 + Less than $250........................................ 88,093 + $250 to $499.......................................... 223,038 + $500 to $749.......................................... 196,835 + $750 to $999.......................................... 50,950 + $1,000 or more........................................ 15,193 + Median (dollars)...................................... 473 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + White................................................. 1,293,894 + Black................................................. 401,460 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 23.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,406 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,062 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + Other race............................................ 11,169 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 34,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Massachusetts + + Total population...................................... 6,016,425 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,888,745 + Female................................................... 3,127,680 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 412,473 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 940,602 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 302,128 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 406,971 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,019,817 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 600,095 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 253,458 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 261,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 459,881 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 267,194 + 85 years and over........................................ 92,209 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,353,075 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 819,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,247,110 + Family households (families)............................. 1,514,746 + Married-couple families............................... 1,170,275 + Percent of total households........................ 52.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 73,548 + Other family, female householder...................... 270,923 + Nonfamily households..................................... 732,364 + Percent of total households........................ 32.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 580,774 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 243,334 + Persons living in households............................. 5,802,118 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 214,307 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,345 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 129,962 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,405,374 + Black.................................................... 300,130 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,241 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 143,392 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 155,288 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 287,549 + Percent of total population........................... 4.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Massachusetts + + Total housing units................................... 2,472,711 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,331,493 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 915,617 + Vacant housing units..................................... 225,601 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 90,367 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,700 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,237,786 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 88,746 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 597,143 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 159,332 + 10 or more units......................................... 338,585 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 51,119 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,004,573 + Less than $50,000..................................... 9,481 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,514 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 310,792 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 298,303 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 196,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 96,111 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 879,173 + Less than $250........................................ 164,904 + $250 to $499.......................................... 265,621 + $500 to $749.......................................... 308,154 + $750 to $999.......................................... 98,604 + $1,000 or more........................................ 41,890 + Median (dollars)...................................... 506 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + White................................................. 2,061,948 + Black................................................. 99,402 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,728 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.7 + Other race............................................ 42,824 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 81,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Michigan + + Total population...................................... 9,295,297 +SEX + Male..................................................... 4,512,781 + Female................................................... 4,782,516 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 702,554 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,756,211 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 449,966 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 554,561 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,980,702 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 948,119 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 392,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 401,936 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 655,838 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 345,716 + 85 years and over........................................ 106,907 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,458,765 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,108,461 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 3,419,331 + Family households (families)............................. 2,439,171 + Married-couple families............................... 1,883,143 + Percent of total households........................ 55.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 113,789 + Other family, female householder...................... 442,239 + Nonfamily households..................................... 980,160 + Percent of total households........................ 28.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 809,449 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 317,659 + Persons living in households............................. 9,083,605 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 211,692 + Institutionalized persons............................. 112,903 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 98,789 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 7,756,086 + Black.................................................... 1,291,706 + Percent of total population........................... 13.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 55,638 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 104,983 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 86,884 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 201,596 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Michigan + + Total housing units................................... 3,847,926 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,427,643 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 991,688 + Vacant housing units..................................... 428,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 223,549 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 90,551 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,673,184 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 130,583 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 267,767 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 150,831 + 10 or more units......................................... 336,721 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 288,840 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,916,143 + Less than $50,000..................................... 737,217 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 814,496 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 219,195 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 79,313 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 45,953 + $300,000 or more...................................... 19,969 + Median (dollars)...................................... 60,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 925,304 + Less than $250........................................ 232,954 + $250 to $499.......................................... 536,905 + $500 to $749.......................................... 128,873 + $750 to $999.......................................... 17,827 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,745 + Median (dollars)...................................... 343 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + White................................................. 2,907,741 + Black................................................. 441,984 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 12.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 17,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 23,693 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,798 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Minnesota + + Total population...................................... 4,375,099 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,145,183 + Female................................................... 2,229,916 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 336,800 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 829,983 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 192,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 250,000 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,445,827 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 428,460 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 173,066 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 171,220 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 294,522 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 183,577 + 85 years and over........................................ 68,835 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,166,783 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 546,934 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,647,853 + Family households (families)............................. 1,130,683 + Married-couple families............................... 942,524 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 46,605 + Other family, female householder...................... 141,554 + Nonfamily households..................................... 517,170 + Percent of total households........................ 31.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 413,531 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 167,001 + Persons living in households............................. 4,257,478 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 117,621 + Institutionalized persons............................. 63,279 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 54,342 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,130,395 + Black.................................................... 94,944 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 49,909 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 77,886 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 21,965 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 53,884 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Minnesota + + Total housing units................................... 1,848,445 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,183,673 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 464,180 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,592 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 105,122 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.08 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 34,126 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,230,561 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 69,267 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 115,347 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 45,190 + 10 or more units......................................... 276,475 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 111,605 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 894,345 + Less than $50,000..................................... 204,921 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 482,307 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 138,209 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 38,579 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,091 + $300,000 or more...................................... 9,238 + Median (dollars)...................................... 74,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 431,301 + Less than $250........................................ 103,986 + $250 to $499.......................................... 217,401 + $500 to $749.......................................... 93,630 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,480 + Median (dollars)...................................... 384 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + White................................................. 1,579,722 + Black................................................. 31,201 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 14,168 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,198 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 5,564 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 14,039 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Mississippi + + Total population...................................... 2,573,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,230,617 + Female................................................... 1,342,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 195,365 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 551,396 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 141,847 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 151,499 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 749,584 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 247,745 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 107,784 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 106,712 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 180,149 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 108,800 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,335 + Median age............................................... 31.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 746,761 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.0 +65 years and over........................................... 321,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 911,374 + Family households (families)............................. 674,378 + Married-couple families............................... 498,240 + Percent of total households........................ 54.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 30,917 + Other family, female householder...................... 145,221 + Nonfamily households..................................... 236,996 + Percent of total households........................ 26.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 212,949 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 98,180 + Persons living in households............................. 2,503,499 + Persons per household.................................... 2.75 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 69,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 29,733 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,984 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,633,461 + Black.................................................... 915,057 + Percent of total population........................... 35.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,525 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 13,016 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,157 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,931 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Mississippi + + Total housing units................................... 1,010,423 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + Owner occupied........................................ 651,587 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 259,787 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,049 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,002 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.65 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 710,298 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,060 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 56,813 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 35,675 + 10 or more units......................................... 41,322 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 149,255 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 441,821 + Less than $50,000..................................... 249,302 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,081 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 24,236 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,571 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,590 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 214,289 + Less than $250........................................ 126,942 + $250 to $499.......................................... 80,106 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,222 + $750 to $999.......................................... 588 + $1,000 or more........................................ 431 + Median (dollars)...................................... 215 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + White................................................. 623,470 + Black................................................. 281,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 30.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,329 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 857 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,745 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Missouri + + Total population...................................... 5,117,073 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,464,315 + Female................................................... 2,652,758 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 369,244 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 945,582 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 234,368 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 282,823 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,586,813 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 523,177 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 228,556 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 228,829 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 394,202 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 242,262 + 85 years and over........................................ 81,217 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,314,826 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.7 +65 years and over........................................... 717,681 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,961,206 + Family households (families)............................. 1,368,334 + Married-couple families............................... 1,104,723 + Percent of total households........................ 56.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,436 + Other family, female householder...................... 208,175 + Nonfamily households..................................... 592,872 + Percent of total households........................ 30.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 510,684 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 221,516 + Persons living in households............................. 4,971,676 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 145,397 + Institutionalized persons............................. 80,854 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 64,543 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,486,228 + Black.................................................... 548,208 + Percent of total population........................... 10.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,835 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,277 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 21,525 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 61,702 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Missouri + + Total housing units................................... 2,199,129 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,348,746 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 612,460 + Vacant housing units..................................... 237,923 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,492 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 48,264 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,489,661 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,345 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 212,483 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 85,323 + 10 or more units......................................... 172,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 181,957 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,005,407 + Less than $50,000..................................... 385,051 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 452,582 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 101,957 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 33,635 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 20,275 + $300,000 or more...................................... 11,907 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 548,587 + Less than $250........................................ 223,902 + $250 to $499.......................................... 275,787 + $500 to $749.......................................... 40,831 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,290 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,777 + Median (dollars)...................................... 282 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + White................................................. 1,747,422 + Black................................................. 188,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,298 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 11,584 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 6,049 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 18,444 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Montana + + Total population...................................... 799,065 +SEX + Male..................................................... 395,769 + Female................................................... 403,296 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 59,257 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 162,847 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 32,703 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,308 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 249,826 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 82,306 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 34,005 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 34,316 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 60,884 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,937 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,676 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 222,104 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.8 +65 years and over........................................... 106,497 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 306,163 + Family households (families)............................. 211,666 + Married-couple families............................... 176,526 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,743 + Other family, female householder...................... 26,397 + Nonfamily households..................................... 94,497 + Percent of total households........................ 30.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,491 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,208 + Persons living in households............................. 775,318 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 23,747 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,125 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,622 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 741,111 + Black.................................................... 2,381 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 47,679 + Percent of total population........................... 6.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 4,259 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,635 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 12,174 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Montana + + Total housing units................................... 361,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + Owner occupied........................................ 205,899 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 100,264 + Vacant housing units..................................... 54,992 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,481 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.65 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.28 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,886 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 237,533 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 8,432 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,327 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,376 + 10 or more units......................................... 16,931 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 58,556 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 132,419 + Less than $50,000..................................... 52,306 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 68,279 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 8,398 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 2,142 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,018 + $300,000 or more...................................... 276 + Median (dollars)...................................... 56,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 85,542 + Less than $250........................................ 42,446 + $250 to $499.......................................... 40,278 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,389 + $750 to $999.......................................... 199 + $1,000 or more........................................ 230 + Median (dollars)...................................... 251 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + White................................................. 290,030 + Black................................................. 760 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,230 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,040 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,103 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,374 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Nevada + + Total population...................................... 1,201,833 +SEX + Male..................................................... 611,880 + Female................................................... 589,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 92,217 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 204,731 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,863 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 71,082 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 414,292 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 136,000 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,681 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 53,336 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,785 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,383 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,463 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 296,948 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 127,631 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 466,297 + Family households (families)............................. 307,400 + Married-couple families............................... 239,573 + Percent of total households........................ 51.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,318 + Other family, female householder...................... 47,509 + Nonfamily households..................................... 158,897 + Percent of total households........................ 34.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 119,627 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 33,244 + Persons living in households............................. 1,177,633 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,200 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,550 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 10,650 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,012,695 + Black.................................................... 78,771 + Percent of total population........................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,637 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 38,127 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + Other race............................................... 52,603 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 124,419 + Percent of total population........................... 10.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Nevada + + Total housing units................................... 518,858 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + Owner occupied........................................ 255,388 + Percent owner occupied............................. 54.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 210,909 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,561 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 11,258 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 235,912 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 26,819 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 49,889 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,757 + 10 or more units......................................... 89,864 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 75,617 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 183,816 + Less than $50,000..................................... 8,415 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,325 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 51,329 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 16,038 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,115 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,594 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 202,782 + Less than $250........................................ 19,063 + $250 to $499.......................................... 111,139 + $500 to $749.......................................... 62,940 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,587 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,053 + Median (dollars)...................................... 445 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + White................................................. 407,859 + Black................................................. 26,485 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,564 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,875 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.3 + Other race............................................ 14,514 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 35,658 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Hampshire + + Total population...................................... 1,109,252 +SEX + Male..................................................... 543,544 + Female................................................... 565,708 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 84,565 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 194,190 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 52,399 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,203 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 387,455 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 112,215 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 44,703 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 43,493 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 71,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,272 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,286 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 278,755 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.1 +65 years and over........................................... 125,029 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 411,186 + Family households (families)............................. 292,601 + Married-couple families............................... 245,307 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,517 + Other family, female householder...................... 34,777 + Nonfamily households..................................... 118,585 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 90,364 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 34,522 + Persons living in households............................. 1,077,101 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 32,151 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,466 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 20,685 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,087,433 + Black.................................................... 7,198 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,134 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,343 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 3,144 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 11,333 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Hampshire + + Total housing units................................... 503,904 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + Owner occupied........................................ 280,372 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 130,814 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,718 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 57,135 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 6,610 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 297,777 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,072 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 68,105 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 26,985 + 10 or more units......................................... 46,022 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,943 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 199,358 + Less than $50,000..................................... 6,262 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 45,594 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 79,905 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 39,937 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,572 + Median (dollars)...................................... 129,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 121,779 + Less than $250........................................ 14,724 + $250 to $499.......................................... 51,960 + $500 to $749.......................................... 45,058 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 479 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + White................................................. 404,832 + Black................................................. 2,322 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 764 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,421 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 847 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Jersey + + Total population...................................... 7,730,188 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,735,685 + Female................................................... 3,994,503 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 532,637 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,266,825 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 326,079 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 453,105 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,557,310 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 843,009 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 355,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 363,521 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 610,192 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 326,286 + 85 years and over........................................ 95,547 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,799,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.3 +65 years and over........................................... 1,032,025 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,794,711 + Family households (families)............................. 2,021,346 + Married-couple families............................... 1,578,702 + Percent of total households........................ 56.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 104,189 + Other family, female householder...................... 338,455 + Nonfamily households..................................... 773,365 + Percent of total households........................ 27.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 646,171 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 273,736 + Persons living in households............................. 7,558,820 + Persons per household.................................... 2.70 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 171,368 + Institutionalized persons............................. 92,670 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 78,698 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 6,130,465 + Black.................................................... 1,036,825 + Percent of total population........................... 13.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,970 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 272,521 + Percent of total population........................... 3.5 + Other race............................................... 275,407 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 739,861 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Jersey + + Total housing units................................... 3,075,310 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,813,381 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 981,330 + Vacant housing units..................................... 280,599 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 100,591 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.87 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.40 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 108,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,637,129 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 234,829 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 526,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 146,396 + 10 or more units......................................... 453,254 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 76,705 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,466,270 + Less than $50,000..................................... 45,471 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 241,369 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 348,781 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 367,285 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 301,468 + $300,000 or more...................................... 161,896 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 942,141 + Less than $250........................................ 106,627 + $250 to $499.......................................... 321,775 + $500 to $749.......................................... 381,923 + $750 to $999.......................................... 92,517 + $1,000 or more........................................ 39,299 + Median (dollars)...................................... 521 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + White................................................. 2,307,810 + Black................................................. 333,782 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,105 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 73,840 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + Other race............................................ 74,174 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 215,526 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Mexico + + Total population...................................... 1,515,069 +SEX + Male..................................................... 745,253 + Female................................................... 769,816 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 125,878 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 320,863 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 68,168 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 83,656 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 484,466 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 147,448 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 62,038 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 59,490 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 97,607 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 51,223 + 85 years and over........................................ 14,232 + Median age............................................... 31.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 446,741 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.5 +65 years and over........................................... 163,062 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 542,709 + Family households (families)............................. 391,487 + Married-couple families............................... 303,789 + Percent of total households........................ 56.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 23,143 + Other family, female householder...................... 64,555 + Nonfamily households..................................... 151,222 + Percent of total households........................ 27.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 124,883 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 42,964 + Persons living in households............................. 1,486,262 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 28,807 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,024 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 14,783 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,146,028 + Black.................................................... 30,210 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 134,355 + Percent of total population........................... 8.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 14,124 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 190,352 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 579,224 + Percent of total population........................... 38.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Mexico + + Total housing units................................... 632,058 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,965 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.4 + Renter occupied....................................... 176,744 + Vacant housing units..................................... 89,349 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,862 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 42,810 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 387,830 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 28,352 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 38,833 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,434 + 10 or more units......................................... 48,239 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 112,370 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 262,309 + Less than $50,000..................................... 73,491 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 128,214 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 37,324 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,822 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 7,176 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,282 + Median (dollars)...................................... 70,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 157,095 + Less than $250........................................ 49,767 + $250 to $499.......................................... 88,292 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,096 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,951 + $1,000 or more........................................ 989 + Median (dollars)...................................... 312 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + White................................................. 435,810 + Black................................................. 10,377 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 33,489 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,733 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 59,300 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 178,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 32.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New York + + Total population...................................... 17,990,455 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,625,673 + Female................................................... 9,364,782 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,255,764 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,003,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 839,066 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,114,358 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,862,873 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,913,920 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 811,857 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 825,110 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,348,279 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 767,270 + 85 years and over........................................ 248,173 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,259,549 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.7 +65 years and over........................................... 2,363,722 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,639,322 + Family households (families)............................. 4,489,312 + Married-couple families............................... 3,315,845 + Percent of total households........................ 49.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 254,201 + Other family, female householder...................... 919,266 + Nonfamily households..................................... 2,150,010 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,806,263 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 700,016 + Persons living in households............................. 17,445,190 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 545,265 + Institutionalized persons............................. 267,122 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 278,143 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 13,385,255 + Black.................................................... 2,859,055 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 62,651 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 693,760 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + Other race............................................... 989,734 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 2,214,026 + Percent of total population........................... 12.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New York + + Total housing units................................... 7,226,891 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,464,436 + Percent owner occupied............................. 52.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 3,174,886 + Vacant housing units..................................... 587,569 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 212,625 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.86 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 431,733 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,929,333 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 301,794 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 1,320,073 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 374,858 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,998,074 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 302,759 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,387,606 + Less than $50,000..................................... 243,817 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 674,377 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 431,629 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 438,992 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 380,997 + $300,000 or more...................................... 217,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 131,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 3,059,911 + Less than $250........................................ 529,128 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,387,210 + $500 to $749.......................................... 764,656 + $750 to $999.......................................... 223,110 + $1,000 or more........................................ 155,807 + Median (dollars)...................................... 428 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + White................................................. 5,184,827 + Black................................................. 947,597 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 20,375 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 201,644 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + Other race............................................ 284,879 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 665,079 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Carolina + + Total population...................................... 6,628,637 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,214,290 + Female................................................... 3,414,347 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 458,955 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,147,194 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 348,346 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 432,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,151,486 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 698,705 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 295,739 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 291,164 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 483,105 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 251,267 + 85 years and over........................................ 69,969 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,606,149 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.2 +65 years and over........................................... 804,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,517,026 + Family households (families)............................. 1,812,053 + Married-couple families............................... 1,424,206 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 77,971 + Other family, female householder...................... 309,876 + Nonfamily households..................................... 704,973 + Percent of total households........................ 28.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 596,959 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 226,384 + Persons living in households............................. 6,404,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 224,470 + Institutionalized persons............................. 83,400 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 141,070 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,008,491 + Black.................................................... 1,456,323 + Percent of total population........................... 22.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 80,155 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 52,166 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 31,502 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 76,726 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Carolina + + Total housing units................................... 2,818,193 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,711,817 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 805,209 + Vacant housing units..................................... 301,167 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 98,714 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,635 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,830,229 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 74,318 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 177,700 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 130,801 + 10 or more units......................................... 150,986 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 454,159 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,217,975 + Less than $50,000..................................... 382,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 575,677 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 155,158 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 56,252 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 33,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 15,019 + Median (dollars)...................................... 65,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 709,716 + Less than $250........................................ 288,186 + $250 to $499.......................................... 360,735 + $500 to $749.......................................... 52,038 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,888 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,869 + Median (dollars)...................................... 284 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + White................................................. 1,977,594 + Black................................................. 492,214 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 25,528 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 7,984 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 21,533 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Dakota + + Total population...................................... 638,800 +SEX + Male..................................................... 318,201 + Female................................................... 320,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 47,845 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 127,540 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 30,750 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,103 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 194,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,084 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 26,268 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 27,120 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 47,541 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 32,274 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,240 + Median age............................................... 32.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 175,385 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.5 +65 years and over........................................... 91,055 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 240,878 + Family households (families)............................. 166,270 + Married-couple families............................... 142,374 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,373 + Other family, female householder...................... 17,523 + Nonfamily households..................................... 74,608 + Percent of total households........................ 31.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 63,953 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 28,021 + Persons living in households............................. 614,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,234 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 13,660 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 604,142 + Black.................................................... 3,524 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 25,917 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,462 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,755 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,665 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Dakota + + Total housing units................................... 276,340 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + Owner occupied........................................ 157,950 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,928 + Vacant housing units..................................... 35,462 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,236 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.18 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,762 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 172,938 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 10,286 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 21,127 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 12,011 + 10 or more units......................................... 30,362 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 29,616 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 103,702 + Less than $50,000..................................... 50,617 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 46,313 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 5,057 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,087 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 522 + $300,000 or more...................................... 106 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 69,800 + Less than $250........................................ 31,355 + $250 to $499.......................................... 35,647 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,476 + $750 to $999.......................................... 227 + $1,000 or more........................................ 95 + Median (dollars)...................................... 266 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + White................................................. 231,488 + Black................................................. 1,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,998 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 879 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 436 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,138 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Ohio + + Total population...................................... 10,847,115 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,226,340 + Female................................................... 5,620,775 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 785,149 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,014,595 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 511,421 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 624,997 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,411,043 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,113,443 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 482,526 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 496,980 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 828,028 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 440,903 + 85 years and over........................................ 138,030 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,799,744 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,406,961 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,087,546 + Family households (families)............................. 2,895,223 + Married-couple families............................... 2,294,111 + Percent of total households........................ 56.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 123,042 + Other family, female householder...................... 478,070 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,192,323 + Percent of total households........................ 29.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,020,450 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 416,352 + Persons living in households............................. 10,585,664 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 261,451 + Institutionalized persons............................. 152,331 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 109,120 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 9,521,756 + Black.................................................... 1,154,826 + Percent of total population........................... 10.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 20,358 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 91,179 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 58,996 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 139,696 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Ohio + + Total housing units................................... 4,371,945 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,758,149 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,329,397 + Vacant housing units..................................... 284,399 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 37,324 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.27 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 71,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,896,826 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 147,651 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 461,286 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 204,074 + 10 or more units......................................... 415,589 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 246,519 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,241,277 + Less than $50,000..................................... 734,006 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,102,762 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 260,464 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 80,808 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 42,921 + $300,000 or more...................................... 20,316 + Median (dollars)...................................... 63,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,231,515 + Less than $250........................................ 431,181 + $250 to $499.......................................... 692,202 + $500 to $749.......................................... 87,843 + $750 to $999.......................................... 11,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 296 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + White................................................. 3,621,244 + Black................................................. 415,670 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,688 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 26,824 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 16,120 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 41,119 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oklahoma + + Total population...................................... 3,145,585 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,530,819 + Female................................................... 1,614,766 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 226,523 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 610,484 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,115 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 173,274 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 961,560 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 322,975 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 141,214 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 137,227 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 235,135 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,230 + 85 years and over........................................ 45,848 + Median age............................................... 33.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 837,007 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.6 +65 years and over........................................... 424,213 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,206,135 + Family households (families)............................. 855,321 + Married-couple families............................... 695,961 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 33,891 + Other family, female householder...................... 125,469 + Nonfamily households..................................... 350,814 + Percent of total households........................ 29.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 309,369 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 131,237 + Persons living in households............................. 3,051,908 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 93,677 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,211 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 42,466 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,583,512 + Black.................................................... 233,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 252,420 + Percent of total population........................... 8.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,563 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 42,289 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 86,160 + Percent of total population........................... 2.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oklahoma + + Total housing units................................... 1,406,499 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + Owner occupied........................................ 821,188 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 384,947 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,364 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,169 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.59 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.41 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 39,941 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,005,020 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,851 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 69,010 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 56,306 + 10 or more units......................................... 99,611 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 143,701 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 616,290 + Less than $50,000..................................... 323,678 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 235,557 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 36,815 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,934 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,055 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,251 + Median (dollars)...................................... 48,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 341,131 + Less than $250........................................ 159,710 + $250 to $499.......................................... 162,583 + $500 to $749.......................................... 15,568 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,037 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 259 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + White................................................. 1,027,966 + Black................................................. 79,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 77,846 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 9,439 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 11,681 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 23,481 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oregon + + Total population...................................... 2,842,321 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,397,073 + Female................................................... 1,445,248 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 201,421 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 522,709 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 119,327 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 148,201 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 926,395 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 296,595 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 116,011 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 120,338 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 224,438 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 128,071 + 85 years and over........................................ 38,815 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 724,130 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.5 +65 years and over........................................... 391,324 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,103,313 + Family households (families)............................. 750,844 + Married-couple families............................... 613,297 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 35,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 101,762 + Nonfamily households..................................... 352,469 + Percent of total households........................ 31.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 278,716 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 108,579 + Persons living in households............................. 2,776,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 66,205 + Institutionalized persons............................. 33,378 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 32,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,636,787 + Black.................................................... 46,178 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 38,496 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 69,269 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 51,591 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 112,707 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oregon + + Total housing units................................... 1,193,567 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + Owner occupied........................................ 695,957 + Percent owner occupied............................. 63.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 407,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,254 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,200 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 40,135 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 764,258 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,355 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 46,847 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,592 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 145,144 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 511,829 + Less than $50,000..................................... 133,255 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 281,213 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,663 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,504 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,456 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,738 + Median (dollars)...................................... 67,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 378,482 + Less than $250........................................ 82,356 + $250 to $499.......................................... 241,786 + $500 to $749.......................................... 44,473 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,444 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,423 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + White................................................. 1,043,711 + Black................................................. 15,385 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,923 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,008 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 12,286 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Pennsylvania + + Total population...................................... 11,881,643 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,694,265 + Female................................................... 6,187,378 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 797,058 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,997,752 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 551,216 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 675,559 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,657,323 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,213,845 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 552,378 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 607,406 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,070,021 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 587,249 + 85 years and over........................................ 171,836 + Median age............................................... 35.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,794,810 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,829,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,495,966 + Family households (families)............................. 3,155,989 + Married-couple families............................... 2,502,072 + Percent of total households........................ 55.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 146,909 + Other family, female householder...................... 507,008 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,339,977 + Percent of total households........................ 29.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,150,694 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 526,264 + Persons living in households............................. 11,533,219 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 348,424 + Institutionalized persons............................. 174,210 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 174,214 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,520,201 + Black.................................................... 1,089,795 + Percent of total population........................... 9.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,733 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 137,438 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 119,476 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 232,262 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Pennsylvania + + Total housing units................................... 4,938,140 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,176,121 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,319,845 + Vacant housing units..................................... 442,174 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 144,359 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.72 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.19 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 82,518 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,636,631 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 909,676 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 507,488 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 171,041 + 10 or more units......................................... 393,091 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 320,213 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,581,261 + Less than $50,000..................................... 829,226 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,017,795 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 395,881 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 180,618 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 109,080 + $300,000 or more...................................... 48,661 + Median (dollars)...................................... 69,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,216,440 + Less than $250........................................ 397,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 601,609 + $500 to $749.......................................... 174,432 + $750 to $999.......................................... 28,834 + $1,000 or more........................................ 14,553 + Median (dollars)...................................... 322 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + White................................................. 4,045,430 + Black................................................. 376,034 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 8.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,353 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 37,362 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 31,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 65,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Rhode Island + + Total population...................................... 1,003,464 +SEX + Male..................................................... 481,496 + Female................................................... 521,968 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 66,969 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 158,721 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 54,930 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,428 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 321,241 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 96,425 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 42,077 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 47,126 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,616 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,915 + 85 years and over........................................ 16,016 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 225,690 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 150,547 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 377,977 + Family households (families)............................. 258,886 + Married-couple families............................... 202,283 + Percent of total households........................ 53.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,261 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,342 + Nonfamily households..................................... 119,091 + Percent of total households........................ 31.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 99,111 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 44,627 + Persons living in households............................. 964,869 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 38,595 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,801 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,794 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 917,375 + Black.................................................... 38,861 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 4,071 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 18,325 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 24,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 45,752 + Percent of total population........................... 4.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Rhode Island + + Total housing units................................... 414,572 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + Owner occupied........................................ 224,792 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 153,185 + Vacant housing units..................................... 36,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,037 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.23 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,676 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 218,776 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,188 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,460 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 23,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 43,280 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 8,844 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 176,494 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,037 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,045 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 78,439 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 35,562 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,426 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,985 + Median (dollars)...................................... 133,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,347 + Less than $250........................................ 30,696 + $250 to $499.......................................... 69,365 + $500 to $749.......................................... 38,510 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,709 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,067 + Median (dollars)...................................... 416 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + White................................................. 352,749 + Black................................................. 12,445 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,339 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,471 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 6,973 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,092 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Carolina + + Total population...................................... 3,486,703 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,688,510 + Female................................................... 1,798,193 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 256,337 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 663,870 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 185,514 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 221,012 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,114,643 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 355,610 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 148,762 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 144,020 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 246,305 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 119,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 30,749 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 920,207 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 396,935 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,258,044 + Family households (families)............................. 928,206 + Married-couple families............................... 710,089 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 41,913 + Other family, female householder...................... 176,204 + Nonfamily households..................................... 329,838 + Percent of total households........................ 26.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 281,347 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 109,012 + Persons living in households............................. 3,370,160 + Persons per household.................................... 2.68 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 116,543 + Institutionalized persons............................. 44,134 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 72,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,406,974 + Black.................................................... 1,039,884 + Percent of total population........................... 29.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,246 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 22,382 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 9,217 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 30,551 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Carolina + + Total housing units................................... 1,424,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,704 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 379,340 + Vacant housing units..................................... 166,111 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 49,843 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.75 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 51,061 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 898,161 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 33,891 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 91,572 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 67,091 + 10 or more units......................................... 80,065 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 253,375 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 615,434 + Less than $50,000..................................... 225,745 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 280,127 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 63,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 23,718 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 14,812 + $300,000 or more...................................... 7,569 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 332,473 + Less than $250........................................ 145,105 + $250 to $499.......................................... 161,649 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,732 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,691 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,296 + Median (dollars)...................................... 276 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + White................................................. 923,440 + Black................................................. 323,878 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 25.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,747 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 5,599 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 2,380 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Dakota + + Total population...................................... 696,004 +SEX + Male..................................................... 342,498 + Female................................................... 353,506 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,504 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 143,958 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 31,014 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,099 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 204,629 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,669 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,218 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 30,582 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 54,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,517 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,343 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 198,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 102,331 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 259,034 + Family households (families)............................. 180,306 + Married-couple families............................... 152,519 + Percent of total households........................ 58.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 7,076 + Other family, female householder...................... 20,711 + Nonfamily households..................................... 78,728 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,308 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 31,560 + Persons living in households............................. 670,163 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 25,841 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,305 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,536 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 637,515 + Black.................................................... 3,258 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 50,575 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,123 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,533 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 5,252 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Dakota + + Total housing units................................... 292,436 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + Owner occupied........................................ 171,161 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 87,873 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,402 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 8,391 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.34 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,660 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,166 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 5,249 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 19,166 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,642 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 34,210 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 113,057 + Less than $50,000..................................... 64,245 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 42,448 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 4,619 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,034 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 533 + $300,000 or more...................................... 178 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 72,810 + Less than $250........................................ 38,086 + $250 to $499.......................................... 31,425 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,955 + $750 to $999.......................................... 270 + $1,000 or more........................................ 74 + Median (dollars)...................................... 242 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + White................................................. 244,847 + Black................................................. 987 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 12,053 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 712 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 435 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,321 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Tennessee + + Total population...................................... 4,877,185 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,348,928 + Female................................................... 2,528,257 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 333,415 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 883,189 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 238,948 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 288,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,553,309 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 526,210 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 220,952 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 213,637 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 357,423 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 202,601 + 85 years and over........................................ 58,794 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,216,604 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.9 +65 years and over........................................... 618,818 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,853,725 + Family households (families)............................. 1,348,019 + Married-couple families............................... 1,059,569 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,751 + Other family, female householder...................... 232,699 + Nonfamily households..................................... 505,706 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 442,129 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,077 + Persons living in households............................. 4,748,056 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 129,129 + Institutionalized persons............................. 65,389 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 63,740 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,048,068 + Black.................................................... 778,035 + Percent of total population........................... 16.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 10,039 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,839 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 9,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,741 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Tennessee + + Total housing units................................... 2,026,067 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,261,118 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 592,607 + Vacant housing units..................................... 172,342 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 23,389 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 50,767 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,358,124 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 55,399 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 145,992 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 92,936 + 10 or more units......................................... 166,172 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,444 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 938,366 + Less than $50,000..................................... 371,768 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 416,401 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 91,498 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 32,230 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 17,793 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,676 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 524,172 + Less than $250........................................ 228,983 + $250 to $499.......................................... 260,056 + $500 to $749.......................................... 29,370 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,742 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,021 + Median (dollars)...................................... 273 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + White................................................. 1,576,161 + Black................................................. 262,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 3,771 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,797 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 2,491 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 9,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Texas + + Total population...................................... 16,986,510 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,365,963 + Female................................................... 8,620,547 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,390,054 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,445,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 836,698 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,054,146 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,625,196 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,628,634 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 661,590 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 627,831 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 998,239 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 551,732 + 85 years and over........................................ 166,605 + Median age............................................... 30.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,835,839 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,716,576 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,070,937 + Family households (families)............................. 4,343,878 + Married-couple families............................... 3,435,540 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 206,512 + Other family, female householder...................... 701,826 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,727,059 + Percent of total households........................ 28.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,452,936 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 472,029 + Persons living in households............................. 16,593,063 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 393,447 + Institutionalized persons............................. 221,272 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 172,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 12,774,762 + Black.................................................... 2,021,632 + Percent of total population........................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 65,877 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 319,459 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 1,804,780 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,339,905 + Percent of total population........................... 25.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Texas + + Total housing units................................... 7,008,999 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,695,115 + Percent owner occupied............................. 60.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 2,375,822 + Vacant housing units..................................... 938,062 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 151,919 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 13.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.55 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 494,578 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 4,388,813 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 215,201 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 390,675 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 343,049 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,040,600 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 630,661 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,949,089 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,151,228 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,261,075 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 314,811 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 111,266 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 66,470 + $300,000 or more...................................... 44,239 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 2,192,550 + Less than $250........................................ 573,792 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,321,160 + $500 to $749.......................................... 239,984 + $750 to $999.......................................... 36,426 + $1,000 or more........................................ 21,188 + Median (dollars)...................................... 328 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + White................................................. 4,800,925 + Black................................................. 684,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 23,482 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 91,141 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + Other race............................................ 471,134 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,158,010 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Utah + + Total population...................................... 1,722,850 +SEX + Male..................................................... 855,759 + Female................................................... 867,091 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 169,633 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 457,811 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 90,245 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 109,741 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 499,570 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 138,481 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,930 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 52,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 88,187 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,160 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,611 + Median age............................................... 26.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 627,444 + Percent of total population.............................. 36.4 +65 years and over........................................... 149,958 + Percent of total population.............................. 8.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 537,273 + Family households (families)............................. 410,862 + Married-couple families............................... 348,029 + Percent of total households........................ 64.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,756 + Other family, female householder...................... 49,077 + Nonfamily households..................................... 126,411 + Percent of total households........................ 23.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 101,640 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 38,320 + Persons living in households............................. 1,693,802 + Persons per household.................................... 3.15 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 29,048 + Institutionalized persons............................. 12,739 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,309 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,615,845 + Black.................................................... 11,576 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 24,283 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,371 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 37,775 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 84,597 + Percent of total population........................... 4.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Utah + + Total housing units................................... 598,388 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,979 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 171,294 + Vacant housing units..................................... 61,115 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,023 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.38 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.67 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,577 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 393,374 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,702 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 57,715 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,503 + 10 or more units......................................... 62,050 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,044 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 303,724 + Less than $50,000..................................... 61,055 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 188,574 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 35,185 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,641 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 5,727 + $300,000 or more...................................... 2,542 + Median (dollars)...................................... 68,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 161,608 + Less than $250........................................ 46,261 + $250 to $499.......................................... 101,235 + $500 to $749.......................................... 11,278 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,144 + $1,000 or more........................................ 690 + Median (dollars)...................................... 300 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + White................................................. 508,404 + Black................................................. 3,770 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,841 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,582 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 10,676 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 22,720 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Vermont + Total population.................................... 562,758 +SEX + Male..................................................... 275,492 + Female................................................... 287,266 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 41,261 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 101,822 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 29,671 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 33,495 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 187,689 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,389 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 22,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 22,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 37,072 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 21,568 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,523 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 143,083 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.4 +65 years and over........................................... 66,163 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 210,650 + Family households (families)............................. 144,895 + Married-couple families............................... 118,905 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,630 + Other family, female householder...................... 19,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 65,755 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 49,366 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 19,648 + Persons living in households............................. 541,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,642 + Institutionalized persons............................. 6,161 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 15,481 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 555,088 + Black.................................................... 1,951 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,696 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,215 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 808 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 3,661 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Vermont + Total housing units................................. 271,214 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + Owner occupied........................................ 145,368 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 65,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 60,564 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 45,405 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.22 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 3,595 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 168,272 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,367 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 40,864 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 13,742 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,376 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 28,593 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 89,157 + Less than $50,000..................................... 7,850 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 41,304 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 25,549 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 8,361 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 4,398 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,695 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 57,846 + Less than $250........................................ 11,239 + $250 to $499.......................................... 34,117 + $500 to $749.......................................... 10,390 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 605 + Median (dollars)...................................... 378 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + White................................................. 208,607 + Black................................................. 557 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 591 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 718 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 177 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Virginia + + Total population...................................... 6,187,358 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,033,974 + Female................................................... 3,153,384 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 443,155 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,061,583 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 308,105 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 411,626 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,132,444 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 663,332 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 257,207 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 245,436 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 400,622 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 204,139 + 85 years and over........................................ 59,709 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,504,738 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 664,470 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,291,830 + Family households (families)............................. 1,629,490 + Married-couple families............................... 1,302,219 + Percent of total households........................ 56.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 72,165 + Other family, female householder...................... 255,106 + Nonfamily households..................................... 662,340 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 523,770 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,575 + Persons living in households............................. 5,978,058 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 209,300 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,292 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 125,008 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,791,739 + Black.................................................... 1,162,994 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 15,282 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 159,053 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + Other race............................................... 58,290 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 160,288 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Virginia + + Total housing units................................... 2,496,334 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,519,521 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 772,309 + Vacant housing units..................................... 204,504 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 41,742 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.43 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 65,042 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,531,857 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 216,199 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 143,530 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 135,833 + 10 or more units......................................... 286,815 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 182,100 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,192,077 + Less than $50,000..................................... 206,663 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 466,155 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 203,911 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 132,759 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 116,547 + $300,000 or more...................................... 66,042 + Median (dollars)...................................... 91,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 698,751 + Less than $250........................................ 150,635 + $250 to $499.......................................... 297,353 + $500 to $749.......................................... 165,383 + $750 to $999.......................................... 60,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 24,952 + Median (dollars)...................................... 411 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + White................................................. 1,839,325 + Black................................................. 391,280 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 41,199 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 14,521 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 43,756 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Washington + + Total population...................................... 4,866,692 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,413,747 + Female................................................... 2,452,945 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 366,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 894,607 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 277,730 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,658,951 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 501,543 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 191,602 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 189,382 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 336,034 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 182,953 + 85 years and over........................................ 56,301 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,261,387 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 575,288 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,872,431 + Family households (families)............................. 1,264,934 + Married-couple families............................... 1,029,267 + Percent of total households........................ 55.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,145 + Other family, female householder...................... 175,522 + Nonfamily households..................................... 607,497 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 476,320 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 162,520 + Persons living in households............................. 4,746,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 120,531 + Institutionalized persons............................. 55,313 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 65,218 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,308,937 + Black.................................................... 149,801 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 81,483 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 210,958 + Percent of total population........................... 4.3 + Other race............................................... 115,513 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 214,570 + Percent of total population........................... 4.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Washington + + Total housing units................................... 2,032,378 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,171,580 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 700,851 + Vacant housing units..................................... 159,947 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,832 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.68 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,798 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,272,721 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 48,086 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 138,785 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 91,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 274,586 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,197 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 896,436 + Less than $50,000..................................... 123,958 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 371,298 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 192,748 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 101,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 67,790 + $300,000 or more...................................... 39,601 + Median (dollars)...................................... 93,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 655,701 + Less than $250........................................ 122,103 + $250 to $499.......................................... 373,552 + $500 to $749.......................................... 130,901 + $750 to $999.......................................... 21,321 + $1,000 or more........................................ 7,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 383 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + White................................................. 1,708,223 + Black................................................. 51,645 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 24,699 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 59,205 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.2 + Other race............................................ 28,659 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** West Virginia + + Total population...................................... 1,793,477 +SEX + Male..................................................... 861,536 + Female................................................... 931,941 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 106,659 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 336,918 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 87,263 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 92,728 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 532,807 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 191,318 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 85,265 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 91,622 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 155,743 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 87,703 + 85 years and over........................................ 25,451 + Median age............................................... 35.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 443,577 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 268,897 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 688,557 + Family households (families)............................. 500,259 + Married-couple families............................... 406,105 + Percent of total households........................ 59.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,627 + Other family, female householder...................... 73,527 + Nonfamily households..................................... 188,298 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 168,735 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 84,405 + Persons living in households............................. 1,756,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 36,911 + Institutionalized persons............................. 19,469 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 17,442 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,725,523 + Black.................................................... 56,295 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,458 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 7,459 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,742 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 8,489 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** West Virginia + + Total housing units................................... 781,295 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + Owner occupied........................................ 510,058 + Percent owner occupied............................. 74.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 178,499 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,738 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 22,403 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 13,123 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 546,165 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,415 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 46,445 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,179 + 10 or more units......................................... 28,923 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 128,168 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 350,059 + Less than $50,000..................................... 185,276 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 136,802 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 18,904 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 5,391 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 2,807 + $300,000 or more...................................... 879 + Median (dollars)...................................... 47,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,057 + Less than $250........................................ 88,872 + $250 to $499.......................................... 53,411 + $500 to $749.......................................... 3,312 + $750 to $999.......................................... 267 + $1,000 or more........................................ 195 + Median (dollars)...................................... 221 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + White................................................. 664,100 + Black................................................. 20,941 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 965 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 404 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 2,785 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wisconsin + + Total population...................................... 4,891,769 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,392,935 + Female................................................... 2,498,834 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 360,730 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 928,252 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 225,390 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 286,936 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,546,832 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 478,882 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 204,647 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 208,879 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 358,419 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 218,509 + 85 years and over........................................ 74,293 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,288,982 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 651,221 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,822,118 + Family households (families)............................. 1,275,172 + Married-couple families............................... 1,048,010 + Percent of total households........................ 57.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,632 + Other family, female householder...................... 174,530 + Nonfamily households..................................... 546,946 + Percent of total households........................ 30.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 443,673 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 192,072 + Persons living in households............................. 4,758,171 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 133,598 + Institutionalized persons............................. 71,288 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 62,310 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,512,523 + Black.................................................... 244,539 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 39,387 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 53,583 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 41,737 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,194 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wisconsin + + Total housing units................................... 2,055,774 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,215,350 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.7 + Renter occupied....................................... 606,768 + Vacant housing units..................................... 233,656 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 150,601 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.26 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,340 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,342,230 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 50,380 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 277,221 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 81,331 + 10 or more units......................................... 175,285 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 129,327 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 916,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 287,197 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 492,163 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 95,292 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 24,660 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 12,286 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,110 + Median (dollars)...................................... 62,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 560,465 + Less than $250........................................ 146,221 + $250 to $499.......................................... 343,580 + $500 to $749.......................................... 61,539 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,780 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,345 + Median (dollars)...................................... 331 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + White................................................. 1,712,217 + Black................................................. 75,441 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 12,284 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 10,661 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 24,165 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wyoming + + Total population...................................... 453,588 +SEX + Male..................................................... 227,007 + Female................................................... 226,581 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 34,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 100,745 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 20,025 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 21,361 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 148,495 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 45,497 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 17,893 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 17,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 27,759 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 14,886 + 85 years and over........................................ 4,550 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 135,525 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.9 +65 years and over........................................... 47,195 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 168,839 + Family households (families)............................. 119,825 + Married-couple families............................... 100,800 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 5,035 + Other family, female householder...................... 13,990 + Nonfamily households..................................... 49,014 + Percent of total households........................ 29.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,287 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 14,431 + Persons living in households............................. 443,348 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 10,240 + Institutionalized persons............................. 5,434 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 4,806 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 427,061 + Black.................................................... 3,606 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 9,479 + Percent of total population........................... 2.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,806 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 10,636 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 25,751 + Percent of total population........................... 5.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wyoming + + Total housing units................................... 203,411 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + Owner occupied........................................ 114,544 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 54,295 + Vacant housing units..................................... 34,572 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 9,468 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,702 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 129,197 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 6,212 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 15,645 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 6,084 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,418 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 35,855 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 78,414 + Less than $50,000..................................... 25,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 43,796 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 6,243 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,473 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 680 + $300,000 or more...................................... 368 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 46,728 + Less than $250........................................ 20,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 24,085 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,368 + $750 to $999.......................................... 165 + $1,000 or more........................................ 98 + Median (dollars)...................................... 270 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + White................................................. 160,879 + Black................................................. 1,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,630 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 772 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 3,350 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,662 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.5 + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/uscen902.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/uscen902.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2e294987 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/uscen902.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5571 @@ + + THE 1990 UNITED STATES CENSUS + +These are the REGIONS commonly referred to in the US Census: + +NORTHEAST (NE) 9 states (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT, NY, PA, NJ) +Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, +Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey + +SOUTH (S) 16 states +(DE, MD, WV, VA, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, KY, AR, LA, TX, OK) +Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, +South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, +Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma + +MIDWEST (MW) 12 states +(MI, OH, IN, IL, WI, MN, IA, MO, ND, SD, NE, KS) +Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, +Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, + +WEST (W) 13 states +(WA, OR, CA, NV, ID, UT, AZ, MT, WY, CO, NM, HI, AK) +Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, +Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Hawaii, Alaska + + +November 7, 1991 release date: +1990 POPULATION FOR ALL PERSONS + +United States +Regions and Divisions +States +------------------------------------- + +United States 248,709,873 + + Northeast Region 50,809,229 + New England Div. 13,206,943 + Middle Atlantic Div. 37,602,286 + + Midwest Region 59,668,632 + East North Central 42,008,942 + West North Central 17,659,690 + + South Region 85,445,930 + South Atlantic Div. 43,566,853 + East South Central 15,176,284 + West South Central 26,702,793 + + West Region 52,786,082 + Mountain Division 13,658,776 + Pacific Division 39,127,306 + +Maine 1,227,928 +New Hampshire 1,109,252 +Vermont 562,758 +Massachusetts 6,016,425 +Rhode Island 1,003,464 +Connecticut 3,287,116 +New York 17,990,455 +New Jersey 7,730,188 + +Pennsylvania 11,881,643 +Ohio 10,847,115 +Indiana 5,544,159 +Illinois 11,430,602 +Michigan 9,295,297 +Wisconsin 4,891,769 +Minnesota 4,375,099 +Iowa 2,776,755 +Missouri 5,117,073 + +North Dakota 638,800 +South Dakota 696,004 +Nebraska 1,578,385 +Kansas 2,477,574 +Delaware 666,168 +Maryland 4,781,468 +District of Columbia 606,900 +Virginia 6,187,358 +West Virginia 1,793,477 + +North Carolina 6,628,637 +South Carolina 3,486,703 +Georgia 6,478,216 +Florida 12,937,926 +Kentucky 3,685,296 +Tennessee 4,877,185 +Alabama 4,040,587 +Mississippi 2,573,216 +Arkansas 2,350,725 + +Louisiana 4,219,973 +Oklahoma 3,145,585 +Texas 16,986,510 +Montana 799,065 +Idaho 1,006,749 +Wyoming 453,588 +Colorado 3,294,394 +New Mexico 1,515,069 +Arizona 3,665,228 + +Utah 1,722,850 +Nevada 1,201,833 +Washington 4,866,692 +Oregon 2,842,321 +California 29,760,021 +Alaska 550,043 +Hawaii 1,108,229 + + + THE 1990 UNITED STATES CENSUS + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alabama +Total population............................................ 4,040,587 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,936,162 + Female................................................... 2,104,425 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 283,295 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 775,493 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 205,557 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 237,778 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,232,067 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 419,421 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 183,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 180,310 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 301,218 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 173,264 + 85 years and over........................................ 48,507 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,058,788 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.2 +65 years and over........................................... 522,989 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,506,790 + Family households (families)............................. 1,103,835 + Married-couple families............................... 858,327 + Percent of total households........................ 57.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 44,288 + Other family, female householder...................... 201,220 + Nonfamily households..................................... 402,955 + Percent of total households........................ 26.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 358,078 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 154,191 + Persons living in households............................. 3,948,185 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 92,402 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,583 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 40,819 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,975,797 + Black.................................................... 1,020,705 + Percent of total population........................... 25.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 16,506 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 21,797 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 5,782 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 24,629 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alabama +Total housing units......................................... 1,670,379 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,061,897 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 444,893 + Vacant housing units..................................... 163,589 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 35,609 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.44 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,927 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,133,927 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 31,943 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 96,104 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 66,413 + 10 or more units......................................... 102,462 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 239,530 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 753,827 + Less than $50,000..................................... 343,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 310,737 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,459 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 20,129 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,264 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,384 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 386,179 + Less than $250........................................ 214,363 + $250 to $499.......................................... 155,027 + $500 to $749.......................................... 14,380 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,594 + $1,000 or more........................................ 815 + Median (dollars)...................................... 229 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + White................................................. 1,159,263 + Black................................................. 334,513 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 22.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,288 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,373 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alaska +Total population.............................................. 550,043 +SEX + Male..................................................... 289,867 + Female................................................... 260,176 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,897 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 117,447 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 22,934 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 32,913 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,062 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 53,929 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 16,595 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 12,897 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 15,548 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 5,570 + 85 years and over........................................ 1,251 + Median age............................................... 29.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 172,344 + Percent of total population.............................. 31.3 +65 years and over........................................... 22,369 + Percent of total population.............................. 4.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 188,915 + Family households (families)............................. 132,837 + Married-couple families............................... 106,079 + Percent of total households........................ 56.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,529 + Other family, female householder...................... 18,229 + Nonfamily households..................................... 56,078 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,826 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 5,737 + Persons living in households............................. 529,342 + Persons per household.................................... 2.80 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,701 + Institutionalized persons............................. 4,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,127 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 415,492 + Black.................................................... 22,451 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 85,698 + Percent of total population........................... 15.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 19,728 + Percent of total population........................... 3.6 + Other race............................................... 6,674 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 17,803 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alaska +Total housing units......................................... 232,608 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + Owner occupied........................................ 105,989 + Percent owner occupied............................. 56.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,926 + Vacant housing units..................................... 43,693 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,991 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 4.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.97 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.58 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,201 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 124,185 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 15,963 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,358 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,171 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,229 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 24,702 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 77,527 + Less than $50,000..................................... 10,989 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,862 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,012 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,528 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,210 + $300,000 or more...................................... 926 + Median (dollars)...................................... 94,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 70,579 + Less than $250........................................ 5,785 + $250 to $499.......................................... 29,167 + $500 to $749.......................................... 23,750 + $750 to $999.......................................... 8,455 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,422 + Median (dollars)...................................... 503 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + White................................................. 153,215 + Black................................................. 6,927 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 22,305 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,674 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + Other race............................................ 1,794 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arizona +Total population............................................ 3,665,228 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,810,691 + Female................................................... 1,854,537 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 292,859 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 688,260 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 172,063 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 220,617 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,163,607 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 349,516 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 146,658 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 152,874 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 290,044 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 151,013 + 85 years and over........................................ 37,717 + Median age............................................... 32.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 981,119 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.8 +65 years and over........................................... 478,774 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,368,843 + Family households (families)............................. 940,106 + Married-couple families............................... 747,806 + Percent of total households........................ 54.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 49,980 + Other family, female householder...................... 142,320 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,737 + Percent of total households........................ 31.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 337,681 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 119,287 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,545 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 80,683 + Institutionalized persons............................. 41,508 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,963,186 + Black.................................................... 110,524 + Percent of total population........................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 203,527 + Percent of total population........................... 5.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 55,206 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 332,785 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 688,338 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arizona +Total housing units......................................... 1,659,430 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,561 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 490,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 290,587 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 96,104 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 15.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.46 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 101,636 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 867,884 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 109,989 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 88,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 61,111 + 10 or more units......................................... 257,208 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 274,867 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 668,718 + Less than $50,000..................................... 98,705 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 372,653 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 118,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 40,638 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 23,902 + $300,000 or more...................................... 13,975 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 456,937 + Less than $250........................................ 73,866 + $250 to $499.......................................... 290,538 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,518 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,461 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,554 + Median (dollars)...................................... 370 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + White................................................. 1,177,349 + Black................................................. 37,140 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 49,894 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 15,934 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 88,526 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 184,942 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arkansas +Total population............................................ 2,350,725 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,133,076 + Female................................................... 1,217,649 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 164,667 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 456,464 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 109,879 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 127,177 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 685,748 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 243,337 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 105,811 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 107,584 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 195,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 118,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 35,216 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 621,131 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 350,058 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 891,179 + Family households (families)............................. 651,555 + Married-couple families............................... 527,358 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,273 + Other family, female householder...................... 98,924 + Nonfamily households..................................... 239,624 + Percent of total households........................ 26.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 213,778 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 103,386 + Persons living in households............................. 2,292,393 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 58,332 + Institutionalized persons............................. 34,223 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 24,109 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,944,744 + Black.................................................... 373,912 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,773 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 12,530 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,766 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 19,876 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arkansas +Total housing units......................................... 1,000,667 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + Owner occupied........................................ 619,938 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 271,241 + Vacant housing units..................................... 109,488 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 18,224 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.61 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.48 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 33,197 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 708,751 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 18,175 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 60,820 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 27,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 44,454 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 141,443 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 427,676 + Less than $50,000..................................... 235,586 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,865 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,328 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,810 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,519 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,568 + Median (dollars)...................................... 46,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 227,643 + Less than $250........................................ 129,535 + $250 to $499.......................................... 90,452 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,204 + $750 to $999.......................................... 895 + $1,000 or more........................................ 557 + Median (dollars)...................................... 230 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + White................................................. 760,287 + Black................................................. 121,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,539 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,228 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 5,350 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** California +Total population............................................ 29,760,021 +SEX + Male..................................................... 14,897,627 + Female................................................... 14,862,394 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 2,397,715 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 5,353,010 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 1,411,200 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 2,001,057 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 10,325,692 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 2,902,569 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 1,133,907 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 1,099,319 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,857,221 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 979,224 + 85 years and over........................................ 299,107 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 7,750,725 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.0 +65 years and over........................................... 3,135,552 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 10,381,206 + Family households (families)............................. 7,139,394 + Married-couple families............................... 5,469,522 + Percent of total households........................ 52.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 477,692 + Other family, female householder...................... 1,192,180 + Nonfamily households..................................... 3,241,812 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 2,429,867 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 818,520 + Persons living in households............................. 29,008,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.79 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 751,860 + Institutionalized persons............................. 376,374 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 375,486 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 20,524,327 + Black.................................................... 2,208,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 242,164 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,845,659 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + Other race............................................... 3,939,070 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 7,687,938 + Percent of total population........................... 25.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** California +Total housing units......................................... 11,182,882 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 5,773,943 + Percent owner occupied............................. 55.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 4,607,263 + Vacant housing units..................................... 801,676 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 195,385 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.84 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.74 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 1,275,377 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 6,119,265 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 811,684 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 966,355 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 705,704 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,899,934 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 679,940 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 4,690,264 + Less than $50,000..................................... 119,023 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 636,643 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 812,098 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 851,540 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,150,992 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,119,968 + Median (dollars)...................................... 195,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 4,400,105 + Less than $250........................................ 330,342 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,385,013 + $500 to $749.......................................... 1,692,456 + $750 to $999.......................................... 668,470 + $1,000 or more........................................ 323,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 561 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + White................................................. 7,871,635 + Black................................................. 751,563 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 78,848 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 777,913 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.5 + Other race............................................ 901,247 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,836,989 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Colorado +Total population............................................ 3,294,394 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,631,295 + Female................................................... 1,663,099 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 252,893 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 608,373 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,197 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 187,328 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,179,936 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 336,671 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 130,193 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 121,360 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 194,527 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 101,963 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,953 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 861,266 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.1 +65 years and over........................................... 329,443 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,282,489 + Family households (families)............................. 854,214 + Married-couple families............................... 690,292 + Percent of total households........................ 53.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,353 + Other family, female householder...................... 124,569 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,275 + Percent of total households........................ 33.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 340,962 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 95,849 + Persons living in households............................. 3,214,922 + Persons per household.................................... 2.51 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 79,472 + Institutionalized persons............................. 35,976 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 43,496 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,905,474 + Black.................................................... 133,146 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 27,776 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 59,862 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 168,136 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 424,302 + Percent of total population........................... 12.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Colorado +Total housing units......................................... 1,477,349 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + Owner occupied........................................ 798,277 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 484,212 + Vacant housing units..................................... 194,860 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 63,814 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 884,431 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 87,437 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 89,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 63,855 + 10 or more units......................................... 249,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 102,269 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 637,629 + Less than $50,000..................................... 84,061 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 363,091 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 122,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 37,447 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,930 + $300,000 or more...................................... 10,255 + Median (dollars)...................................... 82,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,881 + Less than $250........................................ 88,745 + $250 to $499.......................................... 271,347 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,533 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,937 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,319 + Median (dollars)...................................... 362 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + White................................................. 1,154,983 + Black................................................. 49,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 8,959 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,099 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Other race............................................ 52,193 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 130,704 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Connecticut +Total population............................................ 3,287,116 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,592,873 + Female................................................... 1,694,243 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 228,356 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 521,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 145,274 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 200,159 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,094,878 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 356,042 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 147,022 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 148,253 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 256,237 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 142,677 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,993 + Median age............................................... 34.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 749,581 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.8 +65 years and over........................................... 445,907 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,230,479 + Family households (families)............................. 864,493 + Married-couple families............................... 684,660 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,448 + Other family, female householder...................... 140,385 + Nonfamily households..................................... 365,986 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 297,161 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 121,918 + Persons living in households............................. 3,185,949 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,167 + Institutionalized persons............................. 48,424 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 52,743 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,859,353 + Black.................................................... 274,269 + Percent of total population........................... 8.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 6,654 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 50,698 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 96,142 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 213,116 + Percent of total population........................... 6.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Connecticut +Total housing units......................................... 1,320,850 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + Owner occupied........................................ 807,481 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 422,998 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,371 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,428 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 28,237 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 748,626 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 66,681 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 243,600 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 75,497 + 10 or more units......................................... 155,492 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 30,954 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 643,500 + Less than $50,000..................................... 4,582 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 36,715 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 165,331 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 188,019 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 150,321 + $300,000 or more...................................... 98,532 + Median (dollars)...................................... 177,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 401,254 + Less than $250........................................ 56,694 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,109 + $500 to $749.......................................... 152,144 + $750 to $999.......................................... 38,238 + $1,000 or more........................................ 19,069 + Median (dollars)...................................... 510 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + White................................................. 1,096,812 + Black................................................. 90,882 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,383 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,558 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Other race............................................ 26,844 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 61,580 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Delaware +Total population............................................ 666,168 +SEX + Male..................................................... 322,968 + Female................................................... 343,200 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 48,824 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 114,517 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 33,586 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 42,647 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 217,981 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 68,114 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,861 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 29,903 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 49,596 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 23,997 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,142 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 163,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.5 +65 years and over........................................... 80,735 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 247,497 + Family households (families)............................. 175,867 + Married-couple families............................... 137,983 + Percent of total households........................ 55.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,565 + Other family, female householder...................... 29,319 + Nonfamily households..................................... 71,630 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 57,451 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 21,566 + Persons living in households............................. 646,097 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,071 + Institutionalized persons............................. 8,662 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 535,094 + Black.................................................... 112,460 + Percent of total population........................... 16.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,019 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,057 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Other race............................................... 7,538 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,820 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Delaware +Total housing units......................................... 289,919 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + Owner occupied........................................ 173,813 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 73,684 + Vacant housing units..................................... 42,422 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 19,328 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 5,624 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 156,013 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 40,161 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 13,919 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,148 + 10 or more units......................................... 32,612 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 37,066 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 137,526 + Less than $50,000..................................... 11,847 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 56,838 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 38,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,640 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,479 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,259 + Median (dollars)...................................... 100,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 68,249 + Less than $250........................................ 12,669 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,047 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,687 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,835 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,011 + Median (dollars)...................................... 425 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + White................................................. 204,968 + Black................................................. 37,229 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 15.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 773 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,538 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 1,989 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,497 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** District of Columbia +Total population............................................ 606,900 +SEX + Male..................................................... 282,970 + Female................................................... 323,930 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 37,351 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 79,741 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 35,291 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 47,267 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,472 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,031 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 25,441 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 25,459 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 44,553 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 25,447 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,847 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 117,092 + Percent of total population.............................. 19.3 +65 years and over........................................... 77,847 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 249,634 + Family households (families)............................. 122,087 + Married-couple families............................... 63,110 + Percent of total households........................ 25.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,402 + Other family, female householder...................... 48,575 + Nonfamily households..................................... 127,547 + Percent of total households........................ 51.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 103,626 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 27,237 + Persons living in households............................. 565,183 + Persons per household.................................... 2.26 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 41,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,070 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 27,647 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 179,667 + Black.................................................... 399,604 + Percent of total population........................... 65.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,466 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 11,214 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 14,949 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,710 + Percent of total population........................... 5.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** District of Columbia +Total housing units......................................... 278,489 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + Owner occupied........................................ 97,108 + Percent owner occupied............................. 38.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 152,526 + Vacant housing units..................................... 28,855 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 1,575 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.50 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.12 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 20,587 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 34,602 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 71,321 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,699 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,783 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,237 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 2,847 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 71,532 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,680 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 25,247 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 15,000 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,859 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 14,374 + Median (dollars)...................................... 123,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 148,553 + Less than $250........................................ 23,897 + $250 to $499.......................................... 65,510 + $500 to $749.......................................... 37,629 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,668 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,849 + Median (dollars)...................................... 441 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + White................................................. 88,295 + Black................................................. 152,356 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 61.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 612 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,070 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 4,301 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 10,455 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Florida +Total population............................................ 12,937,926 +SEX + Male..................................................... 6,261,719 + Female................................................... 6,676,207 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 849,596 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,016,641 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 522,755 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 692,902 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,927,400 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,291,611 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 588,552 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 679,038 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,369,652 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 789,669 + 85 years and over........................................ 210,110 + Median age............................................... 36.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,866,237 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.2 +65 years and over........................................... 2,369,431 + Percent of total population.............................. 18.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 5,134,869 + Family households (families)............................. 3,511,825 + Married-couple families............................... 2,791,734 + Percent of total households........................ 54.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 171,535 + Other family, female householder...................... 548,556 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,623,044 + Percent of total households........................ 31.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,309,954 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 591,468 + Persons living in households............................. 12,630,465 + Persons per household.................................... 2.46 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 307,461 + Institutionalized persons............................. 173,637 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 133,824 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,749,285 + Black.................................................... 1,759,534 + Percent of total population........................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 36,335 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 154,302 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 238,470 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 1,574,143 + Percent of total population........................... 12.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Florida +Total housing units......................................... 6,100,262 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,452,160 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,682,709 + Vacant housing units..................................... 965,393 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 417,670 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.49 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 297,557 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 3,032,769 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 335,798 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 462,438 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 320,580 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,127,629 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 821,048 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,378,207 + Less than $50,000..................................... 433,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,239,055 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 381,899 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 151,452 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 100,648 + $300,000 or more...................................... 72,032 + Median (dollars)...................................... 77,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,591,461 + Less than $250........................................ 261,349 + $250 to $499.......................................... 892,383 + $500 to $749.......................................... 355,636 + $750 to $999.......................................... 49,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 32,665 + Median (dollars)...................................... 402 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + White................................................. 4,457,493 + Black................................................. 553,561 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,088 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 42,895 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 67,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 510,849 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Georgia +Total population............................................ 6,478,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,144,503 + Female................................................... 3,333,713 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 495,535 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,231,768 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 325,159 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 413,425 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,190,594 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 668,951 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 259,735 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 238,779 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 388,051 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 208,975 + 85 years and over........................................ 57,244 + Median age............................................... 31.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,727,303 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 654,270 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,366,615 + Family households (families)............................. 1,713,072 + Married-couple families............................... 1,306,756 + Percent of total households........................ 55.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 76,675 + Other family, female householder...................... 329,641 + Nonfamily households..................................... 653,543 + Percent of total households........................ 27.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 537,702 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 185,027 + Persons living in households............................. 6,304,583 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 173,633 + Institutionalized persons............................. 87,266 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 86,367 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,600,148 + Black.................................................... 1,746,565 + Percent of total population........................... 27.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,348 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 75,781 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 42,374 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 108,922 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Georgia +Total housing units......................................... 2,638,418 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,536,759 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 829,856 + Vacant housing units..................................... 271,803 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 33,637 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.76 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.49 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 95,828 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,638,847 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 73,412 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 198,036 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 167,552 + 10 or more units......................................... 232,683 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 327,888 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,138,775 + Less than $50,000..................................... 314,490 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 531,167 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 163,205 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 66,878 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,949 + $300,000 or more...................................... 23,086 + Median (dollars)...................................... 71,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 759,499 + Less than $250........................................ 251,826 + $250 to $499.......................................... 361,984 + $500 to $749.......................................... 127,415 + $750 to $999.......................................... 13,143 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,131 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + White................................................. 1,756,916 + Black................................................. 574,113 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 24.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,812 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,279 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 10,495 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,873 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Hawaii +Total population............................................ 1,108,229 +SEX + Male..................................................... 563,891 + Female................................................... 544,338 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 83,223 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 196,903 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 48,549 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 72,636 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 379,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 108,775 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 45,375 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 48,728 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 78,653 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 35,955 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,397 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 280,126 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.3 +65 years and over........................................... 125,005 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 356,267 + Family households (families)............................. 263,456 + Married-couple families............................... 210,468 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 15,579 + Other family, female householder...................... 37,409 + Nonfamily households..................................... 92,811 + Percent of total households........................ 26.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,985 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 20,933 + Persons living in households............................. 1,070,597 + Persons per household.................................... 3.01 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,632 + Institutionalized persons............................. 7,805 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 29,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 369,616 + Black.................................................... 27,195 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,099 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 685,236 + Percent of total population........................... 61.8 + Other race............................................... 21,083 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 81,390 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Hawaii +Total housing units......................................... 389,810 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + Owner occupied........................................ 191,911 + Percent owner occupied............................. 53.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 164,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,543 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,806 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 0.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.19 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.78 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,708 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,990 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,041 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 24,182 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 22,258 + 10 or more units......................................... 100,238 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 6,101 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 144,431 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,339 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 13,111 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 16,706 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 21,119 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,679 + $300,000 or more...................................... 50,477 + Median (dollars)...................................... 245,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 139,266 + Less than $250........................................ 15,119 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,779 + $500 to $749.......................................... 43,763 + $750 to $999.......................................... 25,164 + $1,000 or more........................................ 18,441 + Median (dollars)...................................... 599 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + White................................................. 138,425 + Black................................................. 7,787 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 202,518 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 56.8 + Other race............................................ 5,951 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 20,176 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Idaho +Total population............................................ 1,006,749 +SEX + Male..................................................... 500,956 + Female................................................... 505,793 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 80,193 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 228,212 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,064 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 51,183 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 301,968 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 98,907 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 39,407 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 38,550 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 69,755 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,112 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,398 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 308,405 + Percent of total population.............................. 30.6 +65 years and over........................................... 121,265 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 360,723 + Family households (families)............................. 263,194 + Married-couple families............................... 224,198 + Percent of total households........................ 62.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,113 + Other family, female householder...................... 28,883 + Nonfamily households..................................... 97,529 + Percent of total households........................ 27.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,800 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,939 + Persons living in households............................. 985,259 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,490 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,478 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,012 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 950,451 + Black.................................................... 3,370 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,780 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,365 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 29,783 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 52,927 + Percent of total population........................... 5.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Idaho +Total housing units......................................... 413,327 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + Owner occupied........................................ 252,734 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 107,989 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,604 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 24,252 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.51 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 15,199 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 285,885 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,102 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,151 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 11,701 + 10 or more units......................................... 17,242 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 60,246 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 177,333 + Less than $50,000..................................... 66,830 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 89,406 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 14,237 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 3,739 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,963 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,158 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 92,907 + Less than $250........................................ 42,967 + $250 to $499.......................................... 44,092 + $500 to $749.......................................... 4,599 + $750 to $999.......................................... 938 + $1,000 or more........................................ 311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + White................................................. 345,484 + Black................................................. 1,095 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,082 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,602 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 7,460 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,464 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Illinois +Total population............................................ 11,430,602 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,552,233 + Female................................................... 5,878,369 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 848,141 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,098,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 531,971 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 680,979 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,693,329 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,166,727 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 485,581 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 489,104 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 821,940 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 467,056 + 85 years and over........................................ 147,549 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,946,366 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,436,545 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,202,240 + Family households (families)............................. 2,924,880 + Married-couple families............................... 2,271,962 + Percent of total households........................ 54.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 147,173 + Other family, female householder...................... 505,745 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,277,360 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,081,113 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 423,740 + Persons living in households............................. 11,143,646 + Persons per household.................................... 2.65 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 286,956 + Institutionalized persons............................. 149,842 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 137,114 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 8,952,978 + Black.................................................... 1,694,273 + Percent of total population........................... 14.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,836 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 285,311 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + Other race............................................... 476,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 904,446 + Percent of total population........................... 7.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Illinois +Total housing units......................................... 4,506,275 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,699,182 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,503,058 + Vacant housing units..................................... 304,035 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,056 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.81 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.37 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 166,805 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,557,169 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 157,771 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 648,275 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 290,519 + 10 or more units......................................... 663,448 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 189,093 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,084,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 525,054 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 786,610 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 403,218 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 183,679 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 114,529 + $300,000 or more...................................... 71,618 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,416,273 + Less than $250........................................ 352,318 + $250 to $499.......................................... 703,816 + $500 to $749.......................................... 283,237 + $750 to $999.......................................... 53,525 + $1,000 or more........................................ 23,377 + Median (dollars)...................................... 369 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + White................................................. 3,447,865 + Black................................................. 550,311 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,438 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 80,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + Other race............................................ 115,955 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 229,993 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Indiana +Total population............................................ 5,544,159 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,688,281 + Female................................................... 2,855,878 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 398,656 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,057,308 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 279,864 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 325,018 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,734,270 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 570,791 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 239,692 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 242,364 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 402,041 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 222,404 + 85 years and over........................................ 71,751 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,455,964 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.3 +65 years and over........................................... 696,196 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,065,355 + Family households (families)............................. 1,480,351 + Married-couple families............................... 1,202,020 + Percent of total households........................ 58.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,703 + Other family, female householder...................... 217,628 + Nonfamily households..................................... 585,004 + Percent of total households........................ 28.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 496,841 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 208,437 + Persons living in households............................. 5,382,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 161,992 + Institutionalized persons............................. 81,686 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 80,306 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,020,700 + Black.................................................... 432,092 + Percent of total population........................... 7.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,720 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 37,617 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 41,030 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 98,788 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Indiana +Total housing units......................................... 2,246,046 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,450,898 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 614,457 + Vacant housing units..................................... 180,691 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 36,945 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 45,376 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,574,160 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,445 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 170,801 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 99,836 + 10 or more units......................................... 167,718 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 176,086 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,137,766 + Less than $50,000..................................... 514,285 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 484,025 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 92,829 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 26,991 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 13,675 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,961 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 554,678 + Less than $250........................................ 204,414 + $250 to $499.......................................... 310,071 + $500 to $749.......................................... 33,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,434 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 291 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + White................................................. 1,889,853 + Black................................................. 149,055 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,519 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 11,075 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 27,571 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Iowa +Total population............................................ 2,776,755 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,344,802 + Female................................................... 1,431,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 193,203 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 525,677 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 131,299 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 152,414 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 823,940 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 274,428 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 122,335 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 127,353 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 226,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,890 + 85 years and over........................................ 55,255 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 718,880 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 426,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,064,325 + Family households (families)............................. 740,819 + Married-couple families............................... 629,893 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 85,141 + Nonfamily households..................................... 323,506 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 275,466 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 130,964 + Persons living in households............................. 2,677,235 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 99,520 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,841 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,679 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,683,090 + Black.................................................... 48,090 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 7,349 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 25,476 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 12,750 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,647 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Iowa +Total housing units......................................... 1,143,669 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + Owner occupied........................................ 745,377 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 318,948 + Vacant housing units..................................... 79,344 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 14,644 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,009 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 852,993 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,735 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,956 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,745 + 10 or more units......................................... 76,761 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,479 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 566,559 + Less than $50,000..................................... 317,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 209,703 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 27,708 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,959 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,338 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,070 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 268,439 + Less than $250........................................ 125,112 + $250 to $499.......................................... 129,124 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,343 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,287 + $1,000 or more........................................ 573 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + White................................................. 1,036,774 + Black................................................. 15,741 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,157 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,287 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 3,366 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,926 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kansas +Total population............................................ 2,477,574 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,214,645 + Female................................................... 1,262,929 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 188,390 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 473,224 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 113,717 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 140,776 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 774,499 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 235,388 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 103,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 105,188 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 184,664 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 115,666 + 85 years and over........................................ 42,241 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 661,614 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 342,571 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 944,726 + Family households (families)............................. 658,600 + Married-couple families............................... 552,495 + Percent of total households........................ 58.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 24,672 + Other family, female householder...................... 81,433 + Nonfamily households..................................... 286,126 + Percent of total households........................ 30.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 245,156 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 104,297 + Persons living in households............................. 2,394,809 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 82,765 + Institutionalized persons............................. 42,896 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,869 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,231,986 + Black.................................................... 143,076 + Percent of total population........................... 5.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,965 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,750 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + Other race............................................... 48,797 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,670 + Percent of total population........................... 3.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kansas +Total housing units......................................... 1,044,112 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + Owner occupied........................................ 641,762 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 302,964 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,386 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,336 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.64 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 23,690 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 747,318 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,868 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,100 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 34,720 + 10 or more units......................................... 74,710 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 78,396 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 500,628 + Less than $50,000..................................... 237,988 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 199,619 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 41,114 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,348 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,431 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 52,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 270,761 + Less than $250........................................ 108,024 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,967 + $500 to $749.......................................... 22,396 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,744 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,630 + Median (dollars)...................................... 285 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + White................................................. 867,644 + Black................................................. 48,365 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,974 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,357 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 13,386 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 25,606 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kentucky +Total population............................................ 3,685,296 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,785,235 + Female................................................... 1,900,061 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 250,871 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 703,223 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 182,178 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 217,811 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,159,182 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 382,366 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 162,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 159,999 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 268,226 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 152,252 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,367 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 954,094 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 466,845 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,379,782 + Family households (families)............................. 1,015,998 + Married-couple families............................... 816,732 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,606 + Other family, female householder...................... 159,660 + Nonfamily households..................................... 363,784 + Percent of total households........................ 26.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 321,247 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 142,045 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,120 + Persons per household.................................... 2.60 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,176 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,609 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 53,567 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,391,832 + Black.................................................... 262,907 + Percent of total population........................... 7.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,769 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 17,812 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,976 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 21,984 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kentucky +Total housing units......................................... 1,506,845 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + Owner occupied........................................ 960,469 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 419,313 + Vacant housing units..................................... 127,063 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,962 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.6 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.69 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 35,873 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,010,860 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 25,285 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,291 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 65,348 + 10 or more units......................................... 96,494 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 199,567 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 662,174 + Less than $50,000..................................... 326,862 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 260,534 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 47,479 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,851 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,041 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,407 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 351,165 + Less than $250........................................ 175,280 + $250 to $499.......................................... 160,392 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,875 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,499 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,119 + Median (dollars)...................................... 250 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + White................................................. 1,278,806 + Black................................................. 92,639 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,108 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,634 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,595 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 6,220 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Louisiana +Total population............................................ 4,219,973 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,031,386 + Female................................................... 2,188,587 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 334,650 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 892,619 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,010 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 254,501 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,309,858 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 406,440 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 171,927 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 170,977 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 275,008 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 150,350 + 85 years and over........................................ 43,633 + Median age............................................... 31.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,227,269 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.1 +65 years and over........................................... 468,991 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,499,269 + Family households (families)............................. 1,089,882 + Married-couple families............................... 803,282 + Percent of total households........................ 53.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,471 + Other family, female householder...................... 234,129 + Nonfamily households..................................... 409,387 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 356,060 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 137,596 + Persons living in households............................. 4,107,395 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 112,578 + Institutionalized persons............................. 67,276 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 45,302 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,839,138 + Black.................................................... 1,299,281 + Percent of total population........................... 30.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 18,541 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,099 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + Other race............................................... 21,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,044 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Louisiana +Total housing units......................................... 1,716,241 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + Owner occupied........................................ 987,919 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 511,350 + Vacant housing units..................................... 216,972 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,333 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.83 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.57 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 89,268 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,083,921 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 79,002 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 152,060 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 58,819 + 10 or more units......................................... 124,916 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 217,523 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 733,914 + Less than $50,000..................................... 289,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 344,457 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,958 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,800 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,450 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,077 + Less than $250........................................ 211,769 + $250 to $499.......................................... 213,862 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,781 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,209 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,456 + Median (dollars)...................................... 260 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + White................................................. 1,069,650 + Black................................................. 406,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 27.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,686 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 6,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,990 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maine +Total population............................................ 1,227,928 +SEX + Male..................................................... 597,850 + Female................................................... 630,078 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 85,722 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 223,280 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 56,232 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 67,540 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 398,580 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 124,751 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,216 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 54,234 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 91,600 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 53,547 + 85 years and over........................................ 18,226 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 309,002 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.2 +65 years and over........................................... 163,373 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 465,312 + Family households (families)............................. 328,685 + Married-couple families............................... 270,565 + Percent of total households........................ 58.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,760 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 136,627 + Percent of total households........................ 29.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 108,474 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 48,257 + Persons living in households............................. 1,190,759 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,169 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,136 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,033 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,208,360 + Black.................................................... 5,138 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,998 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 6,683 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,749 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 6,829 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maine +Total housing units......................................... 587,045 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + Owner occupied........................................ 327,888 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 137,424 + Vacant housing units..................................... 121,733 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 88,039 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.20 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,998 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 378,413 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,753 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,077 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 28,553 + 10 or more units......................................... 26,230 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,019 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 214,663 + Less than $50,000..................................... 37,489 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 95,187 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 49,286 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 18,040 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,995 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,666 + Median (dollars)...................................... 87,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 122,972 + Less than $250........................................ 30,198 + $250 to $499.......................................... 68,579 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,902 + $1,000 or more........................................ 845 + Median (dollars)...................................... 358 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + White................................................. 460,110 + Black................................................. 1,458 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,860 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,503 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 381 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maryland +Total population............................................ 4,781,468 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,318,671 + Female................................................... 2,462,797 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 357,818 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 804,423 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 208,411 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 296,962 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,677,104 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 521,801 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 202,170 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 195,297 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 314,491 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 156,495 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,496 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,162,241 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 517,482 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,748,991 + Family households (families)............................. 1,245,814 + Married-couple families............................... 948,563 + Percent of total households........................ 54.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 65,362 + Other family, female householder...................... 231,889 + Nonfamily households..................................... 503,177 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 394,572 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 135,318 + Persons living in households............................. 4,667,612 + Persons per household.................................... 2.67 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 113,856 + Institutionalized persons............................. 62,760 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,096 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,393,964 + Black.................................................... 1,189,899 + Percent of total population........................... 24.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,972 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 139,719 + Percent of total population........................... 2.9 + Other race............................................... 44,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 125,102 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maryland +Total housing units......................................... 1,891,917 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,137,296 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 611,695 + Vacant housing units..................................... 142,926 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 42,268 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.45 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 53,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 938,514 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 393,185 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 104,332 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 105,530 + 10 or more units......................................... 294,364 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 55,992 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 970,864 + Less than $50,000..................................... 87,334 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 300,852 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 274,242 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 139,611 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 103,274 + $300,000 or more...................................... 65,551 + Median (dollars)...................................... 116,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 574,109 + Less than $250........................................ 88,093 + $250 to $499.......................................... 223,038 + $500 to $749.......................................... 196,835 + $750 to $999.......................................... 50,950 + $1,000 or more........................................ 15,193 + Median (dollars)...................................... 473 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + White................................................. 1,293,894 + Black................................................. 401,460 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 23.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,406 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,062 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + Other race............................................ 11,169 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 34,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Massachusetts +Total population............................................ 6,016,425 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,888,745 + Female................................................... 3,127,680 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 412,473 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 940,602 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 302,128 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 406,971 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,019,817 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 600,095 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 253,458 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 261,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 459,881 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 267,194 + 85 years and over........................................ 92,209 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,353,075 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 819,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,247,110 + Family households (families)............................. 1,514,746 + Married-couple families............................... 1,170,275 + Percent of total households........................ 52.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 73,548 + Other family, female householder...................... 270,923 + Nonfamily households..................................... 732,364 + Percent of total households........................ 32.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 580,774 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 243,334 + Persons living in households............................. 5,802,118 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 214,307 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,345 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 129,962 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,405,374 + Black.................................................... 300,130 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,241 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 143,392 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 155,288 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 287,549 + Percent of total population........................... 4.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Massachusetts +Total housing units......................................... 2,472,711 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,331,493 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 915,617 + Vacant housing units..................................... 225,601 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 90,367 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,700 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,237,786 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 88,746 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 597,143 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 159,332 + 10 or more units......................................... 338,585 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 51,119 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,004,573 + Less than $50,000..................................... 9,481 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,514 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 310,792 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 298,303 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 196,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 96,111 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 879,173 + Less than $250........................................ 164,904 + $250 to $499.......................................... 265,621 + $500 to $749.......................................... 308,154 + $750 to $999.......................................... 98,604 + $1,000 or more........................................ 41,890 + Median (dollars)...................................... 506 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + White................................................. 2,061,948 + Black................................................. 99,402 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,728 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.7 + Other race............................................ 42,824 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 81,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Michigan +Total population............................................ 9,295,297 +SEX + Male..................................................... 4,512,781 + Female................................................... 4,782,516 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 702,554 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,756,211 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 449,966 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 554,561 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,980,702 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 948,119 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 392,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 401,936 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 655,838 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 345,716 + 85 years and over........................................ 106,907 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,458,765 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,108,461 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 3,419,331 + Family households (families)............................. 2,439,171 + Married-couple families............................... 1,883,143 + Percent of total households........................ 55.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 113,789 + Other family, female householder...................... 442,239 + Nonfamily households..................................... 980,160 + Percent of total households........................ 28.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 809,449 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 317,659 + Persons living in households............................. 9,083,605 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 211,692 + Institutionalized persons............................. 112,903 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 98,789 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 7,756,086 + Black.................................................... 1,291,706 + Percent of total population........................... 13.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 55,638 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 104,983 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 86,884 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 201,596 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Michigan +Total housing units......................................... 3,847,926 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,427,643 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 991,688 + Vacant housing units..................................... 428,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 223,549 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 90,551 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,673,184 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 130,583 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 267,767 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 150,831 + 10 or more units......................................... 336,721 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 288,840 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,916,143 + Less than $50,000..................................... 737,217 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 814,496 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 219,195 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 79,313 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 45,953 + $300,000 or more...................................... 19,969 + Median (dollars)...................................... 60,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 925,304 + Less than $250........................................ 232,954 + $250 to $499.......................................... 536,905 + $500 to $749.......................................... 128,873 + $750 to $999.......................................... 17,827 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,745 + Median (dollars)...................................... 343 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + White................................................. 2,907,741 + Black................................................. 441,984 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 12.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 17,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 23,693 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,798 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Minnesota +Total population............................................ 4,375,099 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,145,183 + Female................................................... 2,229,916 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 336,800 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 829,983 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 192,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 250,000 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,445,827 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 428,460 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 173,066 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 171,220 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 294,522 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 183,577 + 85 years and over........................................ 68,835 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,166,783 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 546,934 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,647,853 + Family households (families)............................. 1,130,683 + Married-couple families............................... 942,524 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 46,605 + Other family, female householder...................... 141,554 + Nonfamily households..................................... 517,170 + Percent of total households........................ 31.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 413,531 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 167,001 + Persons living in households............................. 4,257,478 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 117,621 + Institutionalized persons............................. 63,279 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 54,342 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,130,395 + Black.................................................... 94,944 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 49,909 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 77,886 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 21,965 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 53,884 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Minnesota +Total housing units......................................... 1,848,445 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,183,673 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 464,180 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,592 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 105,122 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.08 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 34,126 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,230,561 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 69,267 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 115,347 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 45,190 + 10 or more units......................................... 276,475 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 111,605 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 894,345 + Less than $50,000..................................... 204,921 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 482,307 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 138,209 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 38,579 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,091 + $300,000 or more...................................... 9,238 + Median (dollars)...................................... 74,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 431,301 + Less than $250........................................ 103,986 + $250 to $499.......................................... 217,401 + $500 to $749.......................................... 93,630 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,480 + Median (dollars)...................................... 384 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + White................................................. 1,579,722 + Black................................................. 31,201 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 14,168 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,198 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 5,564 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 14,039 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Mississippi +Total population............................................ 2,573,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,230,617 + Female................................................... 1,342,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 195,365 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 551,396 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 141,847 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 151,499 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 749,584 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 247,745 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 107,784 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 106,712 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 180,149 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 108,800 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,335 + Median age............................................... 31.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 746,761 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.0 +65 years and over........................................... 321,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 911,374 + Family households (families)............................. 674,378 + Married-couple families............................... 498,240 + Percent of total households........................ 54.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 30,917 + Other family, female householder...................... 145,221 + Nonfamily households..................................... 236,996 + Percent of total households........................ 26.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 212,949 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 98,180 + Persons living in households............................. 2,503,499 + Persons per household.................................... 2.75 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 69,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 29,733 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,984 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,633,461 + Black.................................................... 915,057 + Percent of total population........................... 35.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,525 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 13,016 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,157 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,931 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Mississippi +Total housing units......................................... 1,010,423 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + Owner occupied........................................ 651,587 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 259,787 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,049 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,002 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.65 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 710,298 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,060 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 56,813 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 35,675 + 10 or more units......................................... 41,322 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 149,255 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 441,821 + Less than $50,000..................................... 249,302 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,081 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 24,236 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,571 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,590 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 214,289 + Less than $250........................................ 126,942 + $250 to $499.......................................... 80,106 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,222 + $750 to $999.......................................... 588 + $1,000 or more........................................ 431 + Median (dollars)...................................... 215 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + White................................................. 623,470 + Black................................................. 281,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 30.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,329 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 857 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,745 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Missouri +Total population............................................ 5,117,073 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,464,315 + Female................................................... 2,652,758 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 369,244 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 945,582 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 234,368 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 282,823 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,586,813 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 523,177 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 228,556 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 228,829 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 394,202 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 242,262 + 85 years and over........................................ 81,217 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,314,826 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.7 +65 years and over........................................... 717,681 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,961,206 + Family households (families)............................. 1,368,334 + Married-couple families............................... 1,104,723 + Percent of total households........................ 56.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,436 + Other family, female householder...................... 208,175 + Nonfamily households..................................... 592,872 + Percent of total households........................ 30.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 510,684 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 221,516 + Persons living in households............................. 4,971,676 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 145,397 + Institutionalized persons............................. 80,854 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 64,543 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,486,228 + Black.................................................... 548,208 + Percent of total population........................... 10.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,835 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,277 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 21,525 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 61,702 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Missouri +Total housing units......................................... 2,199,129 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,348,746 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 612,460 + Vacant housing units..................................... 237,923 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,492 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 48,264 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,489,661 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,345 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 212,483 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 85,323 + 10 or more units......................................... 172,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 181,957 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,005,407 + Less than $50,000..................................... 385,051 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 452,582 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 101,957 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 33,635 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 20,275 + $300,000 or more...................................... 11,907 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 548,587 + Less than $250........................................ 223,902 + $250 to $499.......................................... 275,787 + $500 to $749.......................................... 40,831 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,290 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,777 + Median (dollars)...................................... 282 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + White................................................. 1,747,422 + Black................................................. 188,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,298 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 11,584 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 6,049 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 18,444 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + 1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Montana +Total population............................................ 799,065 +SEX + Male..................................................... 395,769 + Female................................................... 403,296 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 59,257 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 162,847 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 32,703 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,308 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 249,826 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 82,306 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 34,005 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 34,316 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 60,884 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,937 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,676 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 222,104 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.8 +65 years and over........................................... 106,497 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 306,163 + Family households (families)............................. 211,666 + Married-couple families............................... 176,526 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,743 + Other family, female householder...................... 26,397 + Nonfamily households..................................... 94,497 + Percent of total households........................ 30.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,491 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,208 + Persons living in households............................. 775,318 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 23,747 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,125 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,622 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 741,111 + Black.................................................... 2,381 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 47,679 + Percent of total population........................... 6.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 4,259 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,635 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 12,174 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Montana +Total housing units......................................... 361,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + Owner occupied........................................ 205,899 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 100,264 + Vacant housing units..................................... 54,992 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,481 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.65 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.28 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,886 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 237,533 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 8,432 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,327 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,376 + 10 or more units......................................... 16,931 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 58,556 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 132,419 + Less than $50,000..................................... 52,306 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 68,279 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 8,398 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 2,142 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,018 + $300,000 or more...................................... 276 + Median (dollars)...................................... 56,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 85,542 + Less than $250........................................ 42,446 + $250 to $499.......................................... 40,278 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,389 + $750 to $999.......................................... 199 + $1,000 or more........................................ 230 + Median (dollars)...................................... 251 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + White................................................. 290,030 + Black................................................. 760 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,230 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,040 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,103 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,374 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Nebraska + +Total population............................................ 1,578,385 +SEX + Male..................................................... 769,439 + Female................................................... 808,946 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 119,606 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 309,406 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 70,495 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 85,392 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 486,020 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 149,389 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 67,281 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 67,728 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 117,643 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 76,223 + 85 years and over........................................ 29,202 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 429,012 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.2 +65 years and over........................................... 223,068 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 602,363 + Family households (families)............................. 415,427 + Married-couple families............................... 350,514 + Percent of total households........................ 58.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 14,738 + Other family, female householder...................... 50,175 + Nonfamily households..................................... 186,936 + Percent of total households........................ 31.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 159,671 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 69,640 + Persons living in households............................. 1,530,832 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 47,553 + Institutionalized persons............................. 25,620 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 21,933 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,480,558 + Black.................................................... 57,404 + Percent of total population........................... 3.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,410 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 12,422 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 15,591 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 36,969 + Percent of total population...................................2.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Nebraska + +Total housing units......................................... 660,621 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 602,363 + Owner occupied........................................ 400,394 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 201,969 + Vacant housing units..................................... 58,258 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 10,978 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.68 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.27 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 10,512 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 479,124 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 15,767 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 39,656 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 24,959 + 10 or more units......................................... 59,058 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 42,057 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 314,363 + Less than $50,000..................................... 155,328 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 132,438 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 18,540 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 4,659 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 2,425 + $300,000 or more...................................... 973 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 174,052 + Less than $250........................................ 69,594 + $250 to $499.......................................... 91,576 + $500 to $749.......................................... 10,966 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,188 + $1,000 or more........................................ 728 + Median (dollars)...................................... 282 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 602,363 + White................................................. 571,603 + Black................................................. 19,720 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 3,342 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,264 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 4,434 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 10,517 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Nevada +Total population............................................ 1,201,833 +SEX + Male..................................................... 611,880 + Female................................................... 589,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 92,217 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 204,731 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,863 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 71,082 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 414,292 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 136,000 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,681 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 53,336 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,785 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,383 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,463 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 296,948 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 127,631 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 466,297 + Family households (families)............................. 307,400 + Married-couple families............................... 239,573 + Percent of total households........................ 51.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,318 + Other family, female householder...................... 47,509 + Nonfamily households..................................... 158,897 + Percent of total households........................ 34.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 119,627 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 33,244 + Persons living in households............................. 1,177,633 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,200 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,550 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 10,650 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,012,695 + Black.................................................... 78,771 + Percent of total population........................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,637 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 38,127 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + Other race............................................... 52,603 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 124,419 + Percent of total population........................... 10.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Nevada +Total housing units......................................... 518,858 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + Owner occupied........................................ 255,388 + Percent owner occupied............................. 54.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 210,909 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,561 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 11,258 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 235,912 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 26,819 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 49,889 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,757 + 10 or more units......................................... 89,864 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 75,617 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 183,816 + Less than $50,000..................................... 8,415 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,325 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 51,329 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 16,038 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,115 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,594 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 202,782 + Less than $250........................................ 19,063 + $250 to $499.......................................... 111,139 + $500 to $749.......................................... 62,940 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,587 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,053 + Median (dollars)...................................... 445 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + White................................................. 407,859 + Black................................................. 26,485 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,564 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,875 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.3 + Other race............................................ 14,514 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 35,658 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Hampshire +Total population............................................ 1,109,252 +SEX + Male..................................................... 543,544 + Female................................................... 565,708 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 84,565 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 194,190 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 52,399 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,203 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 387,455 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 112,215 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 44,703 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 43,493 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 71,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,272 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,286 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 278,755 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.1 +65 years and over........................................... 125,029 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 411,186 + Family households (families)............................. 292,601 + Married-couple families............................... 245,307 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,517 + Other family, female householder...................... 34,777 + Nonfamily households..................................... 118,585 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 90,364 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 34,522 + Persons living in households............................. 1,077,101 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 32,151 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,466 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 20,685 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,087,433 + Black.................................................... 7,198 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,134 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,343 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 3,144 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 11,333 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Hampshire +Total housing units......................................... 503,904 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + Owner occupied........................................ 280,372 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 130,814 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,718 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 57,135 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 6,610 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 297,777 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,072 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 68,105 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 26,985 + 10 or more units......................................... 46,022 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,943 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 199,358 + Less than $50,000..................................... 6,262 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 45,594 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 79,905 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 39,937 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,572 + Median (dollars)...................................... 129,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 121,779 + Less than $250........................................ 14,724 + $250 to $499.......................................... 51,960 + $500 to $749.......................................... 45,058 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 479 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + White................................................. 404,832 + Black................................................. 2,322 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 764 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,421 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 847 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Jersey +Total population............................................ 7,730,188 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,735,685 + Female................................................... 3,994,503 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 532,637 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,266,825 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 326,079 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 453,105 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,557,310 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 843,009 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 355,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 363,521 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 610,192 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 326,286 + 85 years and over........................................ 95,547 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,799,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.3 +65 years and over........................................... 1,032,025 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,794,711 + Family households (families)............................. 2,021,346 + Married-couple families............................... 1,578,702 + Percent of total households........................ 56.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 104,189 + Other family, female householder...................... 338,455 + Nonfamily households..................................... 773,365 + Percent of total households........................ 27.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 646,171 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 273,736 + Persons living in households............................. 7,558,820 + Persons per household.................................... 2.70 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 171,368 + Institutionalized persons............................. 92,670 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 78,698 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 6,130,465 + Black.................................................... 1,036,825 + Percent of total population........................... 13.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,970 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 272,521 + Percent of total population........................... 3.5 + Other race............................................... 275,407 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 739,861 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Jersey +Total housing units......................................... 3,075,310 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,813,381 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 981,330 + Vacant housing units..................................... 280,599 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 100,591 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.87 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.40 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 108,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,637,129 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 234,829 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 526,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 146,396 + 10 or more units......................................... 453,254 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 76,705 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,466,270 + Less than $50,000..................................... 45,471 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 241,369 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 348,781 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 367,285 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 301,468 + $300,000 or more...................................... 161,896 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 942,141 + Less than $250........................................ 106,627 + $250 to $499.......................................... 321,775 + $500 to $749.......................................... 381,923 + $750 to $999.......................................... 92,517 + $1,000 or more........................................ 39,299 + Median (dollars)...................................... 521 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + White................................................. 2,307,810 + Black................................................. 333,782 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,105 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 73,840 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + Other race............................................ 74,174 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 215,526 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Mexico +Total population............................................ 1,515,069 +SEX + Male..................................................... 745,253 + Female................................................... 769,816 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 125,878 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 320,863 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 68,168 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 83,656 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 484,466 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 147,448 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 62,038 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 59,490 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 97,607 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 51,223 + 85 years and over........................................ 14,232 + Median age............................................... 31.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 446,741 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.5 +65 years and over........................................... 163,062 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 542,709 + Family households (families)............................. 391,487 + Married-couple families............................... 303,789 + Percent of total households........................ 56.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 23,143 + Other family, female householder...................... 64,555 + Nonfamily households..................................... 151,222 + Percent of total households........................ 27.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 124,883 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 42,964 + Persons living in households............................. 1,486,262 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 28,807 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,024 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 14,783 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,146,028 + Black.................................................... 30,210 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 134,355 + Percent of total population........................... 8.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 14,124 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 190,352 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 579,224 + Percent of total population........................... 38.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Mexico +Total housing units......................................... 632,058 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,965 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.4 + Renter occupied....................................... 176,744 + Vacant housing units..................................... 89,349 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,862 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 42,810 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 387,830 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 28,352 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 38,833 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,434 + 10 or more units......................................... 48,239 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 112,370 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 262,309 + Less than $50,000..................................... 73,491 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 128,214 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 37,324 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,822 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 7,176 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,282 + Median (dollars)...................................... 70,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 157,095 + Less than $250........................................ 49,767 + $250 to $499.......................................... 88,292 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,096 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,951 + $1,000 or more........................................ 989 + Median (dollars)...................................... 312 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + White................................................. 435,810 + Black................................................. 10,377 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 33,489 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,733 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 59,300 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 178,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 32.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New York +Total population............................................ 17,990,455 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,625,673 + Female................................................... 9,364,782 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,255,764 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,003,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 839,066 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,114,358 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,862,873 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,913,920 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 811,857 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 825,110 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,348,279 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 767,270 + 85 years and over........................................ 248,173 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,259,549 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.7 +65 years and over........................................... 2,363,722 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,639,322 + Family households (families)............................. 4,489,312 + Married-couple families............................... 3,315,845 + Percent of total households........................ 49.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 254,201 + Other family, female householder...................... 919,266 + Nonfamily households..................................... 2,150,010 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,806,263 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 700,016 + Persons living in households............................. 17,445,190 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 545,265 + Institutionalized persons............................. 267,122 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 278,143 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 13,385,255 + Black.................................................... 2,859,055 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 62,651 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 693,760 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + Other race............................................... 989,734 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 2,214,026 + Percent of total population........................... 12.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New York +Total housing units......................................... 7,226,891 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,464,436 + Percent owner occupied............................. 52.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 3,174,886 + Vacant housing units..................................... 587,569 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 212,625 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.86 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 431,733 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,929,333 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 301,794 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 1,320,073 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 374,858 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,998,074 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 302,759 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,387,606 + Less than $50,000..................................... 243,817 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 674,377 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 431,629 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 438,992 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 380,997 + $300,000 or more...................................... 217,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 131,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 3,059,911 + Less than $250........................................ 529,128 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,387,210 + $500 to $749.......................................... 764,656 + $750 to $999.......................................... 223,110 + $1,000 or more........................................ 155,807 + Median (dollars)...................................... 428 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + White................................................. 5,184,827 + Black................................................. 947,597 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 20,375 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 201,644 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + Other race............................................ 284,879 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 665,079 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Carolina +Total population............................................ 6,628,637 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,214,290 + Female................................................... 3,414,347 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 458,955 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,147,194 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 348,346 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 432,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,151,486 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 698,705 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 295,739 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 291,164 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 483,105 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 251,267 + 85 years and over........................................ 69,969 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,606,149 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.2 +65 years and over........................................... 804,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,517,026 + Family households (families)............................. 1,812,053 + Married-couple families............................... 1,424,206 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 77,971 + Other family, female householder...................... 309,876 + Nonfamily households..................................... 704,973 + Percent of total households........................ 28.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 596,959 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 226,384 + Persons living in households............................. 6,404,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 224,470 + Institutionalized persons............................. 83,400 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 141,070 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,008,491 + Black.................................................... 1,456,323 + Percent of total population........................... 22.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 80,155 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 52,166 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 31,502 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 76,726 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Carolina +Total housing units......................................... 2,818,193 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,711,817 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 805,209 + Vacant housing units..................................... 301,167 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 98,714 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,635 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,830,229 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 74,318 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 177,700 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 130,801 + 10 or more units......................................... 150,986 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 454,159 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,217,975 + Less than $50,000..................................... 382,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 575,677 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 155,158 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 56,252 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 33,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 15,019 + Median (dollars)...................................... 65,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 709,716 + Less than $250........................................ 288,186 + $250 to $499.......................................... 360,735 + $500 to $749.......................................... 52,038 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,888 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,869 + Median (dollars)...................................... 284 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + White................................................. 1,977,594 + Black................................................. 492,214 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 25,528 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 7,984 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 21,533 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Dakota +Total population............................................ 638,800 +SEX + Male..................................................... 318,201 + Female................................................... 320,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 47,845 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 127,540 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 30,750 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,103 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 194,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,084 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 26,268 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 27,120 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 47,541 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 32,274 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,240 + Median age............................................... 32.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 175,385 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.5 +65 years and over........................................... 91,055 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 240,878 + Family households (families)............................. 166,270 + Married-couple families............................... 142,374 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,373 + Other family, female householder...................... 17,523 + Nonfamily households..................................... 74,608 + Percent of total households........................ 31.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 63,953 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 28,021 + Persons living in households............................. 614,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,234 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 13,660 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 604,142 + Black.................................................... 3,524 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 25,917 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,462 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,755 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,665 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Dakota +Total housing units......................................... 276,340 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + Owner occupied........................................ 157,950 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,928 + Vacant housing units..................................... 35,462 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,236 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.18 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,762 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 172,938 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 10,286 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 21,127 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 12,011 + 10 or more units......................................... 30,362 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 29,616 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 103,702 + Less than $50,000..................................... 50,617 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 46,313 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 5,057 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,087 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 522 + $300,000 or more...................................... 106 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 69,800 + Less than $250........................................ 31,355 + $250 to $499.......................................... 35,647 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,476 + $750 to $999.......................................... 227 + $1,000 or more........................................ 95 + Median (dollars)...................................... 266 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + White................................................. 231,488 + Black................................................. 1,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,998 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 879 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 436 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,138 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Ohio +Total population............................................ 10,847,115 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,226,340 + Female................................................... 5,620,775 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 785,149 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,014,595 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 511,421 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 624,997 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,411,043 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,113,443 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 482,526 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 496,980 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 828,028 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 440,903 + 85 years and over........................................ 138,030 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,799,744 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,406,961 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,087,546 + Family households (families)............................. 2,895,223 + Married-couple families............................... 2,294,111 + Percent of total households........................ 56.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 123,042 + Other family, female householder...................... 478,070 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,192,323 + Percent of total households........................ 29.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,020,450 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 416,352 + Persons living in households............................. 10,585,664 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 261,451 + Institutionalized persons............................. 152,331 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 109,120 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 9,521,756 + Black.................................................... 1,154,826 + Percent of total population........................... 10.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 20,358 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 91,179 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 58,996 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 139,696 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Ohio +Total housing units......................................... 4,371,945 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,758,149 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,329,397 + Vacant housing units..................................... 284,399 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 37,324 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.27 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 71,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,896,826 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 147,651 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 461,286 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 204,074 + 10 or more units......................................... 415,589 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 246,519 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,241,277 + Less than $50,000..................................... 734,006 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,102,762 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 260,464 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 80,808 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 42,921 + $300,000 or more...................................... 20,316 + Median (dollars)...................................... 63,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,231,515 + Less than $250........................................ 431,181 + $250 to $499.......................................... 692,202 + $500 to $749.......................................... 87,843 + $750 to $999.......................................... 11,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 296 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + White................................................. 3,621,244 + Black................................................. 415,670 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,688 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 26,824 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 16,120 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 41,119 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oklahoma +Total population............................................ 3,145,585 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,530,819 + Female................................................... 1,614,766 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 226,523 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 610,484 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,115 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 173,274 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 961,560 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 322,975 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 141,214 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 137,227 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 235,135 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,230 + 85 years and over........................................ 45,848 + Median age............................................... 33.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 837,007 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.6 +65 years and over........................................... 424,213 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,206,135 + Family households (families)............................. 855,321 + Married-couple families............................... 695,961 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 33,891 + Other family, female householder...................... 125,469 + Nonfamily households..................................... 350,814 + Percent of total households........................ 29.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 309,369 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 131,237 + Persons living in households............................. 3,051,908 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 93,677 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,211 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 42,466 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,583,512 + Black.................................................... 233,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 252,420 + Percent of total population........................... 8.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,563 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 42,289 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 86,160 + Percent of total population........................... 2.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oklahoma +Total housing units......................................... 1,406,499 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + Owner occupied........................................ 821,188 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 384,947 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,364 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,169 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.59 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.41 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 39,941 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,005,020 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,851 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 69,010 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 56,306 + 10 or more units......................................... 99,611 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 143,701 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 616,290 + Less than $50,000..................................... 323,678 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 235,557 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 36,815 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,934 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,055 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,251 + Median (dollars)...................................... 48,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 341,131 + Less than $250........................................ 159,710 + $250 to $499.......................................... 162,583 + $500 to $749.......................................... 15,568 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,037 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 259 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + White................................................. 1,027,966 + Black................................................. 79,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 77,846 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 9,439 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 11,681 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 23,481 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oregon +Total population............................................ 2,842,321 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,397,073 + Female................................................... 1,445,248 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 201,421 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 522,709 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 119,327 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 148,201 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 926,395 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 296,595 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 116,011 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 120,338 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 224,438 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 128,071 + 85 years and over........................................ 38,815 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 724,130 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.5 +65 years and over........................................... 391,324 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,103,313 + Family households (families)............................. 750,844 + Married-couple families............................... 613,297 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 35,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 101,762 + Nonfamily households..................................... 352,469 + Percent of total households........................ 31.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 278,716 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 108,579 + Persons living in households............................. 2,776,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 66,205 + Institutionalized persons............................. 33,378 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 32,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,636,787 + Black.................................................... 46,178 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 38,496 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 69,269 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 51,591 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 112,707 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oregon +Total housing units......................................... 1,193,567 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + Owner occupied........................................ 695,957 + Percent owner occupied............................. 63.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 407,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,254 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,200 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 40,135 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 764,258 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,355 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 46,847 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,592 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 145,144 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 511,829 + Less than $50,000..................................... 133,255 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 281,213 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,663 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,504 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,456 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,738 + Median (dollars)...................................... 67,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 378,482 + Less than $250........................................ 82,356 + $250 to $499.......................................... 241,786 + $500 to $749.......................................... 44,473 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,444 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,423 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + White................................................. 1,043,711 + Black................................................. 15,385 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,923 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,008 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 12,286 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Pennsylvania +Total population............................................ 11,881,643 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,694,265 + Female................................................... 6,187,378 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 797,058 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,997,752 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 551,216 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 675,559 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,657,323 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,213,845 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 552,378 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 607,406 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,070,021 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 587,249 + 85 years and over........................................ 171,836 + Median age............................................... 35.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,794,810 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,829,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,495,966 + Family households (families)............................. 3,155,989 + Married-couple families............................... 2,502,072 + Percent of total households........................ 55.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 146,909 + Other family, female householder...................... 507,008 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,339,977 + Percent of total households........................ 29.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,150,694 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 526,264 + Persons living in households............................. 11,533,219 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 348,424 + Institutionalized persons............................. 174,210 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 174,214 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,520,201 + Black.................................................... 1,089,795 + Percent of total population........................... 9.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,733 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 137,438 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 119,476 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 232,262 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Pennsylvania +Total housing units......................................... 4,938,140 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,176,121 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,319,845 + Vacant housing units..................................... 442,174 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 144,359 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.72 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.19 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 82,518 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,636,631 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 909,676 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 507,488 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 171,041 + 10 or more units......................................... 393,091 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 320,213 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,581,261 + Less than $50,000..................................... 829,226 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,017,795 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 395,881 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 180,618 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 109,080 + $300,000 or more...................................... 48,661 + Median (dollars)...................................... 69,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,216,440 + Less than $250........................................ 397,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 601,609 + $500 to $749.......................................... 174,432 + $750 to $999.......................................... 28,834 + $1,000 or more........................................ 14,553 + Median (dollars)...................................... 322 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + White................................................. 4,045,430 + Black................................................. 376,034 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 8.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,353 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 37,362 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 31,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 65,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Rhode Island +Total population............................................ 1,003,464 +SEX + Male..................................................... 481,496 + Female................................................... 521,968 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 66,969 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 158,721 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 54,930 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,428 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 321,241 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 96,425 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 42,077 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 47,126 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,616 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,915 + 85 years and over........................................ 16,016 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 225,690 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 150,547 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 377,977 + Family households (families)............................. 258,886 + Married-couple families............................... 202,283 + Percent of total households........................ 53.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,261 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,342 + Nonfamily households..................................... 119,091 + Percent of total households........................ 31.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 99,111 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 44,627 + Persons living in households............................. 964,869 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 38,595 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,801 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,794 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 917,375 + Black.................................................... 38,861 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 4,071 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 18,325 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 24,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 45,752 + Percent of total population........................... 4.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Rhode Island +Total housing units......................................... 414,572 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + Owner occupied........................................ 224,792 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 153,185 + Vacant housing units..................................... 36,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,037 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.23 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,676 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 218,776 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,188 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,460 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 23,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 43,280 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 8,844 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 176,494 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,037 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,045 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 78,439 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 35,562 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,426 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,985 + Median (dollars)...................................... 133,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,347 + Less than $250........................................ 30,696 + $250 to $499.......................................... 69,365 + $500 to $749.......................................... 38,510 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,709 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,067 + Median (dollars)...................................... 416 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + White................................................. 352,749 + Black................................................. 12,445 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,339 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,471 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 6,973 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,092 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Carolina +Total population............................................ 3,486,703 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,688,510 + Female................................................... 1,798,193 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 256,337 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 663,870 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 185,514 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 221,012 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,114,643 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 355,610 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 148,762 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 144,020 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 246,305 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 119,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 30,749 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 920,207 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 396,935 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,258,044 + Family households (families)............................. 928,206 + Married-couple families............................... 710,089 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 41,913 + Other family, female householder...................... 176,204 + Nonfamily households..................................... 329,838 + Percent of total households........................ 26.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 281,347 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 109,012 + Persons living in households............................. 3,370,160 + Persons per household.................................... 2.68 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 116,543 + Institutionalized persons............................. 44,134 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 72,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,406,974 + Black.................................................... 1,039,884 + Percent of total population........................... 29.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,246 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 22,382 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 9,217 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 30,551 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Carolina +Total housing units......................................... 1,424,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,704 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 379,340 + Vacant housing units..................................... 166,111 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 49,843 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.75 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 51,061 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 898,161 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 33,891 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 91,572 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 67,091 + 10 or more units......................................... 80,065 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 253,375 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 615,434 + Less than $50,000..................................... 225,745 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 280,127 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 63,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 23,718 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 14,812 + $300,000 or more...................................... 7,569 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 332,473 + Less than $250........................................ 145,105 + $250 to $499.......................................... 161,649 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,732 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,691 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,296 + Median (dollars)...................................... 276 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + White................................................. 923,440 + Black................................................. 323,878 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 25.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,747 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 5,599 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 2,380 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Dakota +Total population............................................ 696,004 +SEX + Male..................................................... 342,498 + Female................................................... 353,506 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,504 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 143,958 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 31,014 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,099 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 204,629 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,669 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,218 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 30,582 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 54,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,517 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,343 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 198,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 102,331 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 259,034 + Family households (families)............................. 180,306 + Married-couple families............................... 152,519 + Percent of total households........................ 58.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 7,076 + Other family, female householder...................... 20,711 + Nonfamily households..................................... 78,728 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,308 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 31,560 + Persons living in households............................. 670,163 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 25,841 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,305 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,536 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 637,515 + Black.................................................... 3,258 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 50,575 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,123 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,533 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 5,252 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Dakota +Total housing units......................................... 292,436 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + Owner occupied........................................ 171,161 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 87,873 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,402 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 8,391 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.34 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,660 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,166 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 5,249 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 19,166 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,642 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 34,210 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 113,057 + Less than $50,000..................................... 64,245 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 42,448 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 4,619 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,034 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 533 + $300,000 or more...................................... 178 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 72,810 + Less than $250........................................ 38,086 + $250 to $499.......................................... 31,425 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,955 + $750 to $999.......................................... 270 + $1,000 or more........................................ 74 + Median (dollars)...................................... 242 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + White................................................. 244,847 + Black................................................. 987 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 12,053 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 712 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 435 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,321 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Tennessee +Total population............................................ 4,877,185 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,348,928 + Female................................................... 2,528,257 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 333,415 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 883,189 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 238,948 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 288,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,553,309 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 526,210 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 220,952 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 213,637 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 357,423 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 202,601 + 85 years and over........................................ 58,794 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,216,604 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.9 +65 years and over........................................... 618,818 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,853,725 + Family households (families)............................. 1,348,019 + Married-couple families............................... 1,059,569 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,751 + Other family, female householder...................... 232,699 + Nonfamily households..................................... 505,706 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 442,129 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,077 + Persons living in households............................. 4,748,056 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 129,129 + Institutionalized persons............................. 65,389 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 63,740 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,048,068 + Black.................................................... 778,035 + Percent of total population........................... 16.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 10,039 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,839 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 9,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,741 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Tennessee +Total housing units......................................... 2,026,067 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,261,118 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 592,607 + Vacant housing units..................................... 172,342 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 23,389 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 50,767 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,358,124 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 55,399 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 145,992 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 92,936 + 10 or more units......................................... 166,172 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,444 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 938,366 + Less than $50,000..................................... 371,768 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 416,401 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 91,498 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 32,230 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 17,793 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,676 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 524,172 + Less than $250........................................ 228,983 + $250 to $499.......................................... 260,056 + $500 to $749.......................................... 29,370 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,742 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,021 + Median (dollars)...................................... 273 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + White................................................. 1,576,161 + Black................................................. 262,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 3,771 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,797 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 2,491 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 9,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Texas +Total population............................................ 16,986,510 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,365,963 + Female................................................... 8,620,547 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,390,054 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,445,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 836,698 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,054,146 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,625,196 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,628,634 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 661,590 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 627,831 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 998,239 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 551,732 + 85 years and over........................................ 166,605 + Median age............................................... 30.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,835,839 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,716,576 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,070,937 + Family households (families)............................. 4,343,878 + Married-couple families............................... 3,435,540 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 206,512 + Other family, female householder...................... 701,826 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,727,059 + Percent of total households........................ 28.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,452,936 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 472,029 + Persons living in households............................. 16,593,063 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 393,447 + Institutionalized persons............................. 221,272 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 172,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 12,774,762 + Black.................................................... 2,021,632 + Percent of total population........................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 65,877 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 319,459 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 1,804,780 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,339,905 + Percent of total population........................... 25.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Texas +Total housing units......................................... 7,008,999 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,695,115 + Percent owner occupied............................. 60.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 2,375,822 + Vacant housing units..................................... 938,062 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 151,919 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 13.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.55 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 494,578 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 4,388,813 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 215,201 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 390,675 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 343,049 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,040,600 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 630,661 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,949,089 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,151,228 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,261,075 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 314,811 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 111,266 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 66,470 + $300,000 or more...................................... 44,239 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 2,192,550 + Less than $250........................................ 573,792 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,321,160 + $500 to $749.......................................... 239,984 + $750 to $999.......................................... 36,426 + $1,000 or more........................................ 21,188 + Median (dollars)...................................... 328 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + White................................................. 4,800,925 + Black................................................. 684,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 23,482 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 91,141 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + Other race............................................ 471,134 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,158,010 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Utah +Total population............................................ 1,722,850 +SEX + Male..................................................... 855,759 + Female................................................... 867,091 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 169,633 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 457,811 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 90,245 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 109,741 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 499,570 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 138,481 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,930 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 52,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 88,187 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,160 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,611 + Median age............................................... 26.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 627,444 + Percent of total population.............................. 36.4 +65 years and over........................................... 149,958 + Percent of total population.............................. 8.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 537,273 + Family households (families)............................. 410,862 + Married-couple families............................... 348,029 + Percent of total households........................ 64.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,756 + Other family, female householder...................... 49,077 + Nonfamily households..................................... 126,411 + Percent of total households........................ 23.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 101,640 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 38,320 + Persons living in households............................. 1,693,802 + Persons per household.................................... 3.15 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 29,048 + Institutionalized persons............................. 12,739 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,309 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,615,845 + Black.................................................... 11,576 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 24,283 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,371 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 37,775 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 84,597 + Percent of total population........................... 4.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Utah +Total housing units......................................... 598,388 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,979 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 171,294 + Vacant housing units..................................... 61,115 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,023 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.38 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.67 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,577 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 393,374 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,702 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 57,715 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,503 + 10 or more units......................................... 62,050 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,044 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 303,724 + Less than $50,000..................................... 61,055 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 188,574 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 35,185 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,641 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 5,727 + $300,000 or more...................................... 2,542 + Median (dollars)...................................... 68,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 161,608 + Less than $250........................................ 46,261 + $250 to $499.......................................... 101,235 + $500 to $749.......................................... 11,278 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,144 + $1,000 or more........................................ 690 + Median (dollars)...................................... 300 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + White................................................. 508,404 + Black................................................. 3,770 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,841 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,582 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 10,676 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 22,720 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Vermont +Total population............................................ 562,758 +SEX + Male..................................................... 275,492 + Female................................................... 287,266 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 41,261 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 101,822 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 29,671 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 33,495 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 187,689 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,389 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 22,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 22,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 37,072 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 21,568 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,523 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 143,083 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.4 +65 years and over........................................... 66,163 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 210,650 + Family households (families)............................. 144,895 + Married-couple families............................... 118,905 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,630 + Other family, female householder...................... 19,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 65,755 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 49,366 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 19,648 + Persons living in households............................. 541,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,642 + Institutionalized persons............................. 6,161 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 15,481 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 555,088 + Black.................................................... 1,951 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,696 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,215 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 808 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 3,661 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Vermont +Total housing units......................................... 271,214 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + Owner occupied........................................ 145,368 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 65,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 60,564 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 45,405 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.22 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 3,595 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 168,272 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,367 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 40,864 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 13,742 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,376 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 28,593 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 89,157 + Less than $50,000..................................... 7,850 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 41,304 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 25,549 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 8,361 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 4,398 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,695 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 57,846 + Less than $250........................................ 11,239 + $250 to $499.......................................... 34,117 + $500 to $749.......................................... 10,390 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 605 + Median (dollars)...................................... 378 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + White................................................. 208,607 + Black................................................. 557 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 591 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 718 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 177 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Virginia +Total population............................................ 6,187,358 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,033,974 + Female................................................... 3,153,384 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 443,155 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,061,583 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 308,105 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 411,626 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,132,444 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 663,332 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 257,207 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 245,436 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 400,622 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 204,139 + 85 years and over........................................ 59,709 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,504,738 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 664,470 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,291,830 + Family households (families)............................. 1,629,490 + Married-couple families............................... 1,302,219 + Percent of total households........................ 56.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 72,165 + Other family, female householder...................... 255,106 + Nonfamily households..................................... 662,340 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 523,770 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,575 + Persons living in households............................. 5,978,058 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 209,300 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,292 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 125,008 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,791,739 + Black.................................................... 1,162,994 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 15,282 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 159,053 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + Other race............................................... 58,290 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 160,288 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Virginia +Total housing units......................................... 2,496,334 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,519,521 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 772,309 + Vacant housing units..................................... 204,504 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 41,742 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.43 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 65,042 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,531,857 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 216,199 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 143,530 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 135,833 + 10 or more units......................................... 286,815 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 182,100 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,192,077 + Less than $50,000..................................... 206,663 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 466,155 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 203,911 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 132,759 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 116,547 + $300,000 or more...................................... 66,042 + Median (dollars)...................................... 91,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 698,751 + Less than $250........................................ 150,635 + $250 to $499.......................................... 297,353 + $500 to $749.......................................... 165,383 + $750 to $999.......................................... 60,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 24,952 + Median (dollars)...................................... 411 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + White................................................. 1,839,325 + Black................................................. 391,280 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 41,199 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 14,521 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 43,756 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Washington +Total population............................................ 4,866,692 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,413,747 + Female................................................... 2,452,945 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 366,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 894,607 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 277,730 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,658,951 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 501,543 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 191,602 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 189,382 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 336,034 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 182,953 + 85 years and over........................................ 56,301 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,261,387 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 575,288 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,872,431 + Family households (families)............................. 1,264,934 + Married-couple families............................... 1,029,267 + Percent of total households........................ 55.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,145 + Other family, female householder...................... 175,522 + Nonfamily households..................................... 607,497 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 476,320 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 162,520 + Persons living in households............................. 4,746,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 120,531 + Institutionalized persons............................. 55,313 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 65,218 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,308,937 + Black.................................................... 149,801 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 81,483 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 210,958 + Percent of total population........................... 4.3 + Other race............................................... 115,513 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 214,570 + Percent of total population........................... 4.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Washington +Total housing units......................................... 2,032,378 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,171,580 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 700,851 + Vacant housing units..................................... 159,947 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,832 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.68 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,798 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,272,721 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 48,086 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 138,785 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 91,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 274,586 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,197 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 896,436 + Less than $50,000..................................... 123,958 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 371,298 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 192,748 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 101,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 67,790 + $300,000 or more...................................... 39,601 + Median (dollars)...................................... 93,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 655,701 + Less than $250........................................ 122,103 + $250 to $499.......................................... 373,552 + $500 to $749.......................................... 130,901 + $750 to $999.......................................... 21,321 + $1,000 or more........................................ 7,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 383 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + White................................................. 1,708,223 + Black................................................. 51,645 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 24,699 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 59,205 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.2 + Other race............................................ 28,659 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** West Virginia +Total population............................................ 1,793,477 +SEX + Male..................................................... 861,536 + Female................................................... 931,941 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 106,659 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 336,918 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 87,263 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 92,728 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 532,807 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 191,318 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 85,265 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 91,622 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 155,743 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 87,703 + 85 years and over........................................ 25,451 + Median age............................................... 35.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 443,577 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 268,897 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 688,557 + Family households (families)............................. 500,259 + Married-couple families............................... 406,105 + Percent of total households........................ 59.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,627 + Other family, female householder...................... 73,527 + Nonfamily households..................................... 188,298 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 168,735 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 84,405 + Persons living in households............................. 1,756,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 36,911 + Institutionalized persons............................. 19,469 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 17,442 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,725,523 + Black.................................................... 56,295 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,458 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 7,459 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,742 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 8,489 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** West Virginia +Total housing units......................................... 781,295 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + Owner occupied........................................ 510,058 + Percent owner occupied............................. 74.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 178,499 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,738 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 22,403 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 13,123 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 546,165 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,415 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 46,445 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,179 + 10 or more units......................................... 28,923 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 128,168 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 350,059 + Less than $50,000..................................... 185,276 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 136,802 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 18,904 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 5,391 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 2,807 + $300,000 or more...................................... 879 + Median (dollars)...................................... 47,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,057 + Less than $250........................................ 88,872 + $250 to $499.......................................... 53,411 + $500 to $749.......................................... 3,312 + $750 to $999.......................................... 267 + $1,000 or more........................................ 195 + Median (dollars)...................................... 221 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + White................................................. 664,100 + Black................................................. 20,941 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 965 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 404 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 2,785 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wisconsin +Total population............................................ 4,891,769 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,392,935 + Female................................................... 2,498,834 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 360,730 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 928,252 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 225,390 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 286,936 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,546,832 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 478,882 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 204,647 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 208,879 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 358,419 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 218,509 + 85 years and over........................................ 74,293 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,288,982 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 651,221 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,822,118 + Family households (families)............................. 1,275,172 + Married-couple families............................... 1,048,010 + Percent of total households........................ 57.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,632 + Other family, female householder...................... 174,530 + Nonfamily households..................................... 546,946 + Percent of total households........................ 30.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 443,673 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 192,072 + Persons living in households............................. 4,758,171 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 133,598 + Institutionalized persons............................. 71,288 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 62,310 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,512,523 + Black.................................................... 244,539 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 39,387 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 53,583 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 41,737 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,194 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wisconsin +Total housing units......................................... 2,055,774 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,215,350 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.7 + Renter occupied....................................... 606,768 + Vacant housing units..................................... 233,656 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 150,601 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.26 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,340 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,342,230 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 50,380 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 277,221 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 81,331 + 10 or more units......................................... 175,285 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 129,327 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 916,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 287,197 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 492,163 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 95,292 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 24,660 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 12,286 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,110 + Median (dollars)...................................... 62,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 560,465 + Less than $250........................................ 146,221 + $250 to $499.......................................... 343,580 + $500 to $749.......................................... 61,539 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,780 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,345 + Median (dollars)...................................... 331 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + White................................................. 1,712,217 + Black................................................. 75,441 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 12,284 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 10,661 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 24,165 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wyoming +Total population............................................ 453,588 +SEX + Male..................................................... 227,007 + Female................................................... 226,581 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 34,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 100,745 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 20,025 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 21,361 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 148,495 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 45,497 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 17,893 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 17,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 27,759 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 14,886 + 85 years and over........................................ 4,550 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 135,525 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.9 +65 years and over........................................... 47,195 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 168,839 + Family households (families)............................. 119,825 + Married-couple families............................... 100,800 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 5,035 + Other family, female householder...................... 13,990 + Nonfamily households..................................... 49,014 + Percent of total households........................ 29.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,287 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 14,431 + Persons living in households............................. 443,348 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 10,240 + Institutionalized persons............................. 5,434 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 4,806 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 427,061 + Black.................................................... 3,606 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 9,479 + Percent of total population........................... 2.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,806 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 10,636 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 25,751 + Percent of total population........................... 5.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wyoming +Total housing units......................................... 203,411 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + Owner occupied........................................ 114,544 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 54,295 + Vacant housing units..................................... 34,572 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 9,468 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,702 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 129,197 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 6,212 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 15,645 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 6,084 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,418 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 35,855 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 78,414 + Less than $50,000..................................... 25,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 43,796 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 6,243 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,473 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 680 + $300,000 or more...................................... 368 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 46,728 + Less than $250........................................ 20,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 24,085 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,368 + $750 to $999.......................................... 165 + $1,000 or more........................................ 98 + Median (dollars)...................................... 270 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + White................................................. 160,879 + Black................................................. 1,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,630 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 772 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 3,350 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,662 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.5 + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/usconsti.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/usconsti.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0af492b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/usconsti.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@ + THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + + We the people of the United States, in order to form a more +perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, +provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and +secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, +do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States +of America. + +Article I + +Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be +vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist +of a Senate and House of Representatives. + +Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of +members chosen every second year by the people of the several +states, and the electors in each state shall have the +qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous +branch of the state legislature. + +No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained +to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen +of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an +inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. + +Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among +the several states which may be included within this union, +according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined +by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those +bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not +taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration +shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the +Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term +of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The +number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty +thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; +and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New +Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, +Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, +New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, +Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina +five, and Georgia three. + +When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, +the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election +to fill such vacancies. + +The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and +other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. + +Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed +of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature +thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. + +Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of +the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be +into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class +shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the +second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third +class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may +be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, +or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, +the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the +next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. + +No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the +age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United +States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that +state for which he shall be chosen. + +The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the +Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. + +The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a +President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, +or when he shall exercise the office of President of the +United States. + +The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. +When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or +affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, +the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted +without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. + +Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than +to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy +any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but +the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to +indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. + +Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections +for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each +state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any +time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the +places of choosing Senators. + +The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and +such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless +they shall by law appoint a different day. + +Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, +returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority +of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller +number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to +compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and +under such penalties as each House may provide. + +Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish +its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence +of two thirds, expel a member. + +Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from +time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in +their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the +members of either House on any question shall, at the desire +of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. + +Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without +the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor +to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. + +Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a +compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and +paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all +cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be +privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session +of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from +the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they +shall not be questioned in any other place. + +No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which +he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the +authority of the United States, which shall have been created, +or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such +time: and no person holding any office under the United States, +shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. + +Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the +House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur +with amendments as on other Bills. + +Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives +and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to +the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign +it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that +House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the +objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider +it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall +agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the +objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be +reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it +shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses +shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the +persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the +journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be +returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) +after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a +law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress +by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it +shall not be a law. + +Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of +the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary +(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to +the President of the United States; and before the same shall +take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by +him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of +Representatives, according to the rules and limitations +prescribed in the case of a bill. + +Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect +taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and +provide for the common defense and general welfare of the +United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall +be uniform throughout the United States; + +To borrow money on the credit of the United States; + +To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the +several states, and with the Indian tribes; + +To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform +laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; + +To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, +and fix the standard of weights and measures; + +To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities +and current coin of the United States; + +To establish post offices and post roads; + +To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing +for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right +to their respective writings and discoveries; + +To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; + +To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the +high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; + +To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and +make rules concerning captures on land and water; + +To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to +that use shall be for a longer term than two years; + +To provide and maintain a navy; + +To make rules for the government and regulation of the land +and naval forces; + +To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws +of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; + +To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, +and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the +service of the United States, reserving to the states +respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the +authority of training the militia according to the discipline +prescribed by Congress; + +To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over +such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by +cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, +become the seat of the government of the United States, and to +exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent +of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for +the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and +other needful buildings;--And + +To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for +carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other +powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the +United States, or in any department or officer thereof. + +Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any +of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall +not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand +eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such +importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. + +The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be +suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the +public safety may require it. + +No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. + +No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in +proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed +to be taken. + +No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. + +No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or +revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor +shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, +clear or pay duties in another. + +No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence +of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and +account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall +be published from time to time. + +No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: +and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, +shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any +present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, +from any king, prince, or foreign state. + +Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or +confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; +emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a +tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post +facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or +grant any title of nobility. + +No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any +imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be +absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection laws: and +the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state +on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of +the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the +revision and control of the Congress. + +No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty +of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter +into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a +foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in +such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. + +Article II + +Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a +President of the United States of America. He shall hold his +office during the term of four years, and, together with the +Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows: + +Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature +thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole +number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may +be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, +or person holding an office of trust or profit under the +United States, shall be appointed an elector. + +The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by +ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an +inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall +make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of +votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and +transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United +States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President +of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of +Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall +then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes +shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the +whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than +one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, +then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by +ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a +majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House +shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the +President, the votes shall be taken by States, the +representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for +this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two +thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall +be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of +the President, the person having the greatest number of votes +of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there +should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate +shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President. + +The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and +the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be +the same throughout the United States. + +No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the +United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, +shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any +person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained +to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a +resident within the United States. + +In case of the removal of the President from office, or of +his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers +and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the +Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the +case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the +President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall +then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, +until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. + +The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, +a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished +during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he +shall not receive within that period any other emolument from +the United States, or any of them. + +Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take +the following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear +(or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of +President of the United States, and will to the best of my +ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution +of the United States." + +Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the +Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the +several states, when called into the actual service of the +United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the +principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon +any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, +and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for +offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. + +He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the +Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators +present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice +and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other +public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and +all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are +not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established +by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of +such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President +alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. + +The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that +may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting +commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. + +Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress +information of the state of the union, and recommend to their +consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and +expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both +Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between +them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn +them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive +ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that +the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the +officers of the United States. + +Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers +of the United States, shall be removed from office on +impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other +high crimes and misdemeanors. + +Article III + +Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be +vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the +Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, +both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices +during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for +their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished +during their continuance in office. + +Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law +and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the +United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under +their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other +public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and +maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United +States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more +states;--between a state and citizens of another state;-- +between citizens of different states;--between citizens of +the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, +and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign +states, citizens or subjects. + +In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and +consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme +Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases +before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate +jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, +and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. + +The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall +be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the +said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed +within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as +the Congress may by law have directed. + +Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist +only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their +enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be +convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses +to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. + +The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of +treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption +of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person +attainted. + +Article IV + +Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state +to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every +other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the +manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be +proved, and the effect thereof. + +Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all +privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. + +A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other +crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another +state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state +from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state +having jurisdiction of the crime. + +No person held to service or labor in one state, under the +laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of +any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service +or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party +to whom such service or labor may be due. + +Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this +union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the +jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the +junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the +consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well +as of the Congress. + +The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all +needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other +property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this +Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims +of the United States, or of any particular state. + +Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in +this union a republican form of government, and shall protect +each of them against invasion; and on application of the +legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot +be convened) against domestic violence. + +Article V + +The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it +necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, +on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the +several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, +which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, +as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures +of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in +three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of +ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that +no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand +eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first +and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; +and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of +its equal suffrage in the Senate. + +Article VI + +All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the +adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the +United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. + +This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall +be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which +shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall +be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state +shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws +of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. + +The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the +members of the several state legislatures, and all executive +and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the +several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to +support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever +be required as a qualification to any office or public trust +under the United States. + +Article VII + +The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be +sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between +the states so ratifying the same. + +Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states +present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our +Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the +independence of the United States of America the twelfth. +In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, + +G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia + +New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman + +Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King + +Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman + +New York: Alexander Hamilton + +New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, +Jona: Dayton + +Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, +Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, +Gouv Morris + +Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, +Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom + +Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll + +Virginia: John Blair--, James Madison Jr. + +North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson + +South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, +Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler + +Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION IF THE UNITED STATES + + +Amendment I (1791) + +Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of +religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or +abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the +right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition +the government for a redress of grievances. + +Amendment II (1791) + +A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security +of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear +arms, shall not be infringed. + +Amendment III (1791) + +No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, +without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but +in a manner to be prescribed by law. + +Amendment IV (1791) + +The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, +papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, +shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon +probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and +particularly describing the place to be searched, and the +persons or things to be seized. + +Amendment V (1791) + +No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise +infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand +jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, +or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war +or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the +same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; +nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness +against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, +without due process of law; nor shall private property be +taken for public use, without just compensation. + +Amendment VI (1791) + +In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right +to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state +and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which +district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and +to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; +to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have +compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, +and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. + +Amendment VII (1791) + +In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall +exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be +preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise +reexamined in any court of the United States, than according +to the rules of the common law. + +Amendment VIII (1791) + +Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines +imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + +Amendment IX (1791) + +The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall +not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. + +Amendment X (1791) + +The powers not delegated to the United States by the +Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are +reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. + +Amendment XI (1798) + +The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed +to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted +against one of the United States by citizens of another state, +or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. + +Amendment XII (1804) + +The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote +by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at +least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with +themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person +voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person +voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct +lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons +voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for +each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit +sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, +directed to the President of the Senate;--The President of +the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of +Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall +then be counted;--the person having the greatest number of +votes for President, shall be the President, if such number +be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and +if no person have such majority, then from the persons having +the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those +voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall +choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing +the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the +representation from each state having one vote; a quorum +for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from +two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states +shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of +Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the +right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day +of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act +as President, as in the case of the death or other +constitutional disability of the President. The person +having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall +be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the +whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a +majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the +Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the +purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of +Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary +to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the +office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President +of the United States. + +Amendment XIII (1865) + +Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except +as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been +duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any +place subject to their jurisdiction. + +Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XIV (1868) + +Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, +and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the +United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state +shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges +or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any +state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without +due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction +the equal protection of the laws. + +Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several +states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole +number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But +when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors +for President and Vice President of the United States, +Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers +of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied +to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one +years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way +abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, +the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the +proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear +to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age +in such state. + +Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in +Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold +any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under +any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member +of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a +member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial +officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United +States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against +the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But +Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove +such disability. + +Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, +authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of +pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection +or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United +States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation +incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United +States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; +but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held +illegal and void. + +Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by +appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. + +Amendment XV (1870) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote +shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any +state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XVI (1913) + +The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on +incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment +among the several states, and without regard to any census +of enumeration. + +Amendment XVII (1913) + +The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two +Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for +six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors +in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for +electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. + +When vacancies happen in the representation of any state in the +Senate, the executive authority of such state shall issue writs +of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the +legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof +to make temporary appointments until the people fill the +vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. + +This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the +election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes +valid as part of the Constitution. + +Amendment XVIII (1919) + +Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this +article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating +liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation +thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the +jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. + +Section 2. The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent +power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. + +Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, +within seven years from the date of the submission hereof +to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XIX (1920) + +The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not +be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on +account of sex. + +Congress shall have power to enforce this article by +appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XX (1933) + +Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall +end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of +Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, +of the years in which such terms would have ended if this +article had not been ratified; and the terms of their +successors shall then begin. + +Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every +year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of +January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. + +Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term +of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice +President elect shall become President. If a President shall not +have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his +term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, +then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a +President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law +provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a +Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall +then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act +shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until +a President or Vice President shall have qualified. + +Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the +death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives +may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have +devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the +persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever +the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. + +Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day +of October following the ratification of this article. + +Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within +seven years from the date of its submission. + +Amendment XXI (1933) + +Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the +Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. + +Section 2. The transportation or importation into any state, +territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or +use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws +thereof, is hereby prohibited. + +Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by +conventions in the several states, as provided in the +Constitution, within seven years from the date of the +submission hereof to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XXII (1951) + +Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the +President more than twice, and no person who has held the +office of President, or acted as President, for more than two +years of a term to which some other person was elected President +shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. +But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office +of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, +and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office +of President, or acting as President, during the term within +which this article becomes operative from holding the office of +President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. + +Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven +years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XXIII (1961) + +Section 1. The District constituting the seat of government +of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the +Congress may direct: + +A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to +the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to +which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in +no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in +addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be +considered, for the purposes of the election of President and +Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they +shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided +by the twelfth article of amendment. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XXIV (1964) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote +in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, +for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or +Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by +the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any +poll tax or other tax. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XXV (1967) + +Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office +or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall +become President. + +Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the +Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President +who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of +both Houses of Congress. + +Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President +pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of +Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to +discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he +transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, +such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice +President as Acting President. + +Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of +either the principal officers of the executive departments +or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, +transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the +Speaker of the House of Representatives their written +declaration that the President is unable to discharge the +powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall +immediately assume the powers and duties of the office +as Acting President. + +Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro +tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of +Representatives his written declaration that no inability +exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office +unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal +officers of the executive department or of such other body as +Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the +President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the +House of Representatives their written declaration that the +President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his +office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling +within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. +If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the +latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, +within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, +determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President +is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, +the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as +Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the +powers and duties of his office. + +Amendment XXVI (1971) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who +are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or +abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +--------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +VšR¥T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/uscr1976.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/uscr1976.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eabf7c4f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/uscr1976.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3941 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Copyright Act of 1976 + +Source: Title 17, United States Code, Sections 101-810. + +[Sections 106, 107, and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act are of particular +interest to the projected user community of this information. However, +in order to have the convenience of access to the complete act available +it is provided here in its entirety.] + + +Section 101. Definitions. + + As used in this title, the following terms and their variant forms +mean the following: + + An "anonymous work" is a work on the copies or phonorecords of + which no natural person is identified as author. + + "Audiovisual works" are works that consist of a series of related + images which are intrinsically intended to be shown by the use of + machines or devices such as projectors, viewers, or electronic + equipment, together with accompanying sounds, if any, regardless of + the nature of the material objects, such as films or tapes, in which + the works are embodied. + + The "best edition" of a work is the edition, published in the United + States at any time before the date of deposit, that the Library of + Congress determines to be most suitable for its purposes. + + A person's "children" are that person's immediate offspring, + whether legitimate or not, and any children legally adopted by that + person. + + A "collective work" is a work, such as a periodical issue, + anthology, or encyclopedia, in which a number of contributions, + constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are + assembled into a collective whole. + + A "compilation" is a work formed by the collection and assembling + of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or + arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes + an original work of authorship. The term "compilation" includes + collective works. + + A "computer program" is a set of statements or instructions to be + used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a + certain result. + + "Copies" are material objects, other than phonorecords, in which a + work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from + which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise + communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or + device. The term "copies" includes the material object, other than a + phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed. + + "Copyright owner," with respect to any one of the exclusive rights + comprised in a copyright, refers to the owner of that particular + right. + + A work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for + the first time; where a work is prepared over a period of time, the + portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes + the work as of that time, and where the work has been prepared in + different versions, each version constitutes a separate work. + + A "derivative work" is a work based upon one or more preexisting + works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, + fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art + reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a + work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of + editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications + which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a + "derivative work." + + A "device," "machine," or "process" is one now known or later + developed. + + To "display" a work means to show a copy of it, either directly or + by means of a film, slide, television image, or any other device or + processor, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to + show individual images nonsequentially. + + A work is "fixed" in a tangible medium of expression when its + embodiment in a copy or phonorecord, by or under the authority of the + author, is sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be + perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of + more than transitory duration. A work consisting of sounds, images, or + both, that are being transmitted, is "fixed for purposes of this title if + a fixation of the work is being made simultaneously with its + transmission. + + The terms "including" and "such as" are illustrative and not + limitative. + + A "joint work" is a work prepared by two or more authors with the + intention that their contributions be merged into inseparable or + interdependent parts of a unitary whole. + + "Literary works" are works, other than audiovisual works, + expressed in words, numbers, or other verbal or numerical symbols or + indicia, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as + books, periodicals, manuscripts, phonorecords, film, tapes, disks, or + cards, in which they are embodied. + + "Motion pictures: are audiovisual works consisting of a series of + related images which, when shown in succession, impart an + impression of motion, together with accompanying sounds, if any. + + To "perform" a work means to recite, render, play, dance, or act it, + either directly or by means of any device or process or, in the case of a + motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its images in any + sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible. + + "Phonorecords" are material objects in which sounds, other than + those accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, are + fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which + the sounds can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, + either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term + "phonorecords" includes the material object in which the sounds are + first fixed. + + "Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works" include two- + dimensional and three-dimensional works of fine, graphic, and + applied art, photographs, prints and art reproductions, maps, globes, + charts, technical drawings, diagrams, and models. Such works shall + include works of artistic craftsmanship insofar as their form but not + their mechanical or utilitarian aspects are concerned; the design of a + useful article, as defined in this section, shall be considered a + pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent + that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural + features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of + existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article. + + A "pseudonymous work" is a work on the copies or phonorecords of + which the author is identified under a fictitious name. + + "Publication" is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work + to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, + lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to + a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public + performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public + performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute + publication. + + To perform or display a work "publicly" means- + + (1) to perform or display it at a place open to the public or + at any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a + normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; + or, + + (2) to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or + display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the + public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of + the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive + it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or + at different times. + + "Sound recordings" are works that result from the fixation of a + series of musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not including the sounds + accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, regardless + of the nature of the material objects, such as disks, tapes, or other + phonorecords, in which they are embodied. + + "State" includes the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth + of Puerto Rico, and any territories to which this title is made + applicable by an Act of Congress. + + A "Transfer of copyright ownership" is an assignment, mortgage, + exclusive license, or any other conveyance, alienation, or + hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights + comprised in a copyright, whether or not it is limited in time or place + of effect, but not including a nonexclusive license. + + A "transmission program" is a body of material that, as an + aggregate, has been produced for the sole purpose of transmission to + the public in sequence and as a unit. + + To "transmit" a performance or display is to communicate it by any + device or process whereby images or sounds are received beyond the + place from which they are sent. + + The "United States," when used in a geographical sense, comprises + the several States, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth + of Puerto Rico, and the organized territories under the jurisdiction of + the United States Government. + + A "useful article" is an article having an intrinsic utilitarian + function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or + to convey information. An article that is normally a part of a useful + article is considered a "useful article." + + The author's "widow" or "widower" is the author's surviving + spouse under the law of the author's domicile at the time of his or + her death, whether or not the spouse has later remarried. + + A "work of the United States Government" is a work prepared by + any officer or employee of the United States Government as part of + that person's official duties. + + A "work made for hire" is- + + (1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or + her employment; or + + (2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a + contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or + other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary work, + as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as answer + material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly agree + in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be + considered a work made for hire. For the purpose of the foregoing + sentence, a "supplementary work" is a work prepared for + publication as a secondary adjunct to a work by another author for + the purpose of introducing, concluding, illustrating, explaining, + revising, commenting upon, or assisting in the use of the other work, + such as forewords, afterwords, pictorial illustrations, maps, + charts, tables, editorial notes, musical arrangements, answer + material for tests, bibliographies, appendixes, and indexes, and an + "instructional text" is a literary, pictorial, or graphic work + prepared for publication and with the purpose of use in systematic + instructional activities. + + +Section 102. Subject matter of copyright: In general. + + (a) Copyright protection subsists, in accordance with this title, in +original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of +expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be +perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or +with the aid of a machine or device. Works of authorship include the +following categories: + + (1) literary works: + (2) musical works, including any accompanying words; + (3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music; + (4) pantomimes and choreographic works; + (5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; + (6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works; and + (7) sound recordings. + + (b) In no case does copyright protection for an original work of +authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of +operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in +which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work. + + +Section 103. Subject matter of copyright: Compilations and derivative works. + + (a) The subject matter of copyright as specified by section 102 +includes compilations and derivative works, but protection for a work +employing preexisting material in which copyright subsists does not +extend to any part of the work in which such material has been used +unlawfully. + + (b) The copyright in a compilation or derivative work extends only +to the material contributed by the author of such work, as +distinguished from the preexisting material employed in the work, and +does not imply any exclusive right in the preexisting material. The +copyright in such work is independent of, and does not affect or enlarge +the scope, duration, ownership, or subsistence of, any copyright +protection in the preexisting material. + + +Section 104. Subject matter of copyright: National origin. + + (a) Unpublished Works.--The works specified by sections 102 and +103, while unpublished, are subject to protection under this title +without regard to the nationality or domicile of the author. + + (b) Published Works.-- The works specified by section 102 and 103, +when published, are subject to protection under this title if- + + (1) on the date of first publication, one or more of the authors + is a national or domiciliary of the United States, or is a + national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a foreign + nation that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the + United States is also a party, or is a stateless person, wherever + that person may be domiciled; or + + (2) the work is first published in the United States or in a + foreign nation that, on the date of first publication, is a party + to the Universal Copyright Convention; or + + (3) the work is first published by the United Nations or any + of its specialized agencies, or by the Organization of American + States; or + + (4) the work comes within the scope of a Presidential + proclamation. Whenever the President finds that a particular + foreign nation extends, to works by authors who are nationals + or domiciliaries of the United States or to works that are first + published in the United States, copyright protection on + substantially the same basis as that on which the foreign + nation extends protection to works of its own nationals and + domiciliaries and works first published in that nation, the + President may by proclamation extend protection under this + title to works of which one or more of the authors is, on the + date of first publication, a national, domiciliary, or sovereign + authority of that nation, or which was first published in that + nation. The President may revise, suspend, or revoke any such + proclamation or impose any conditions or limitations on + protection under a proclamation. + + +Section 105. Subject matter of copyright: United States Government works. + + Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of +the United States Government, but the United States Government is not +precluded from receiving and holding copyrights transferred to it by +assignment, bequest, or otherwise. + + +Section 106. Exclusive rights in copyrighted works. + + Subject to sections 107 through 118, the owner of copyright under this +title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the +following: + + (1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; + + (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; + + (3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to + the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, + or lending; + + (4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic + works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, + to perform the copyrighted work publicly; and + + (5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic + works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, + including the individual images of a motion picture or other + audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted publicly. + + +Section 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use. + + Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, the fair use of a +copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or +phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for +purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including +multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an +infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a +work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered +shall include- + + (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such + use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; + + (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; + + (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation + to the copyrighted word as a whole; and + + (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of + the copyrighted work. + + +Section 108. Limitations on exclusive rights: Reproduction by libraries and +archives. + + (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a library or archives, or any of its employees +acting within the scope of their employment, to reproduce no more than one +copy or phonorecord of a work, or to distribute such copy or phonorecord, +under the conditions specified by this section, if- + + (1) the reproduction or distribution is made without any purpose of + direct or indirect commercial advantage; + + (2) the collections of the library or archives are + + (i) open to the public, or + + (ii) available not only to researchers affiliated with the + library or archives or with the institution of which it is a part, + but also to other persons doing research in a specialized field; and + + (3) the reproduction or distribution of the work includes a notice of + copyright. + + (b) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply +to a copy or phonorecord of any unpublished work duplicated in facsimile form +solely for purposes of preservation and security or for deposit for research +use in another library or archives of the type described by clause (2) of +subsection (a), if the copy or phonorecord reproduced is currently in the +collections of the library or archives. + + (c) The right of reproduction under this section applies to a copy or +phonorecord of a published work duplicated in facsimile form solely for the +purpose of replacement of a copy or phonorecord that is damaged, deteriorating, +lost, or stolen, if the library or archives has, after a reasonable effort, +determined that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price. + + (d) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply +to a copy, made from the collection of a library or archives where the user +makes his or her request or from that of another library or archives, of no +more than one article or other contribution to a copyrighted collection or +periodical issue, or to a copy or phonorecord of a small part of any other +copyrighted work if- + + (1) the copy or phonorecord becomes the property of the user, and + the library or archives has had no notice that the copy or phonorecord + would be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or + research; and + + (2) the library or archives displays prominently, at the place where + orders are accepted, and includes on its order form, a warning of + copyright in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights + shall prescribe by regulation. + + (e) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply +to the entire work, or to a substantial part of it, made from the collection +of a library or archives where the user makes his or her request or from that +of another library or archives, if the library or archives has first +determined, on the basis of a reasonable investigation, that a copy or +phonorecord of the copyrighted work cannot be obtained at a pair (sic) +prices, if- + + (1) the copy or phonorecord becomes the property of the user, and + the library or archives has had no notice that the copy or phonorecord + would be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or + research; and + + (2) the library or archives displays prominently, at the place + where orders are accepted, and includes on its order form, a warning of + copyright in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights + shall prescribe by regulation. + + (f) Nothing in this section- + + (1) shall be construed to impose liability for copyright infringement + upon a library or archives or its employees for the unsupervised use of + reproducing equipment located on its premises: Provided, That such + equipment displays a notice that the making of a copy may be subject to + the copyright law; + + (2) excuses a person who uses such reproducing equipment or who + requests a copy or phonorecord under subsection (d) from liability for + copyright infringement for any such act, or for any later use of such + copy or phonorecord, if it exceeds fair use as provided by section 107; + + (3) shall be construed to limit the reproduction and distribution + by lending of a limited number of copies and excerpts by a library or + archives of an audiovisual new program, subject to clauses (1), (2), and + (3) of subsection (a); or + + (4) in any way affects the rights of fair use as provided by section + 107, or any contractual obligations assumed at any time by the library + or archives when it obtained a copy or phonorecord of a work in its + collections. + + (g) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section extend +to the isolated and unrelated reproduction or distribution of a single copy or +phonorecord of the same material on separate occasions, but do not extend to +cases where the library or archives, or its employee- + + (1) is aware or has substantial reason to believe that it is + engaging in the related or concerted reproduction or distribution of + multiple copies or phonorecords of the same material, whether made on + one occasion or over a period of time, and whether intended for + aggregate use by one or more individuals or for separate use by the + individual members of a group; or + + (2) engages in the systematic reproduction or distribution of single + or multiple copies or phonorecords of material described in subsection + (d): Provided, That nothing in this cause prevents a library or archives + from participating in interlibrary arrangements that do not have as their + purpose or effect, that the library or archives receiving such copies or + phonorecords for distribution does so in such aggregate quantities as to + substitute for a subscription to or purchase of such work. + + (h) The rights of reproduction and distribution under the section do not +apply to a musical work, a pictorial, graphic or sculptural work, or a motion +picture or other audiovisual work other than an audiovisual work dealing with +news, except that no such limitation shall apply with respect to right granted +by subsections (b) and (c), or with respect to pictorial or graphic works +published as illustrations, diagrams, or similar adjuncts to works of which +copies are reproduced or distributed in accordance with subsections (d) and +(e). + + (i) Five years from the effective date of this Act, and at five-year +intervals thereafter, the Register of Copyrights, after consulting with +representatives of authors, book and periodical publishers, and other owners +of copyrighted materials, and with representatives of library users and +librarians, shall submit to the Congress a report setting forth the extent +to which this section has achieved the intended statutory balancing of the +rights of creators, and the needs of users. The report should also describe +any problems that may have arisen, and present legislative or other +recommendations, if warranted. + + +Section 109. Limitations on exclusive rights: Effect of transfer of +particular copy or phonorecord. + + (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106(3), the owner of a +particular copy or phonorecord lawfully made under this title, or any +person authorized by such owner, is entitled, without the authority of +the copyright owner, to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of +that copy or phonorecord. + + (b) + (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), unless +authorized by the owners of copyright in the sound recording and in the +musical works embodied therein, the owner of a particular phonorecord +may not, for purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage, +dispose of, or authorize the disposal of, the possession of that +phonorecord by rental, lease, or lending, or by any other act or practice +in the nature of rental, lease, or lending. Nothing in the preceding +sentence shall apply to the rental, lease, or lending of a phonorecord for +nonprofit purposes by a nonprofit library or nonprofit educational +institution. + + (2) Nothing in this subsection shall affect any provision of the +antitrust laws. For purposes of the preceding sentence, "antitrust laws" +has the meaning given that term in the first section of the Clayton Act +and includes section 5 or the Federal Trade Commission Act to the +extent that section relates to unfair methods of competition. + + (3) Any person who distributes a phonorecord in violation of clause +(1) is an infringer of copyright under section 501 of this title and is +subject to the remedies set forth in sections 502, 503, 504, 505, and 509. +Such violation shall not be a criminal offense under section 506 or cause +such person to be subject to the criminal penalties set forth in section +2319 of title 18. + + (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106(5), the owner of a +particular copy lawfully made under this title, or any person +authorized by such owner, is entitled, without the authority of the +copyright owner, to display that copy publicly, either directly or by +the projection of no more than one image at a time, to viewers present at +the place where the copy is located. + + (d) The privileges prescribed by subsections (a) and (b) [so as +amended, should be "(a) and (c)"] do not, unless authorized by the +copyright owner, extend to any person who has acquired possession of +the copy or phonorecord from the copyright owner, by rental, lease, +loan, or otherwise, without acquiring ownership of it. + + +Section 110. Limitations on exclusive rights: Exemption of certain +performances and displays. + + Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, the following are not +infringements of copyright: + + (1) performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the + course of face-to-face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational + institution, in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction, + unless, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, the + performance, or the display of individual images, is given by means of + a copy that was not lawfully made under this title, and that the person + responsible for the performance knew or had reason to believe was not + lawfully made; + + (2) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or + display of a work, by or in the course of a transmission, if- + + (A) the performance or display is a regular part of the + systematic instructional activities of a governmental body or a + nonprofit educational institution; and + + (B) the performance or display is directly related and of + assistance to the teaching content of the transmission; and + + (C) the transmission is made primarily for- + + (i) reception in classrooms or similar places normally to + instruction, or + + (ii) reception by persons to whom the transmission is + because their disabilities or other special circumstances + prevent their attendance in classrooms or similar places + normally devoted to instruction, or + + (iii) reception by officers or employees of governmental + bodies as a part of their official duties or employment; + + (3) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or of a + dramatico-musical work of a religious nature, or display of a work in + the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly; + + (4) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work + otherwise than in a transmission to the public, without any purpose of + direct or indirect commercial advantage and without payment of any + fee or other compensation for the performance to any of its performers, + promoters, or organizers, if- + + (A) there is no direct or indirect admission charge; or + + (B) the proceeds, after deducting the reasonable costs of + producing the performance, are used exclusively for educational, + religious, or charitable purposes and not for private financial gain, + except where the copyright owner has served notice of objection to + the performance under the following conditions; + + (i) the notice shall be in writing and signed by the + copyright owner or such owner's duly authorized agent; and + + (ii) the notice shall be served on the person responsible + for the performance at least seven days before the date of the + performance, and shall state the reasons for the objection; and + + (iii) the notice shall comply, in form, content, and + manner of service, with requirements that the Register of + Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation; + + (5) communication of a transmission embodying a performance or + display of a work by the public reception of the transmission on a single + receiving apparatus of a kind commonly used in private homes, unless- + + (A) a direct charge is made to see or hear the transmission; or + + (B) the transmission thus received is further transmitted to the + public; + + (6) performance of a nondramatic musical work by a governmental + body or a nonprofit agricultural or horticultural organization, in the + course of an annual agricultural or horticultural fair or exhibition + conducted by such body or organization; the exemption provided by this + clause shall extend to any liability for copyright infringement that + would otherwise be imposed on such body or organization, under + doctrines of vicarious liability or related infringement, for a + performance by a concessionaire, business establishment, or other person + at such fair or exhibition, but shall not excuse any such person from + liability for the performance; + + (7) performance of a nondramatic musical work by a vending + establishment open to the public at large without any direct or indirect + admission charge, where the sole purpose of the performance is to + promote the retail sale of copies or phonorecords of the work, and the + performance is not transmitted beyond the place where the + establishment is located and is within the immediate area where the + sale is occurring; + + (8) performance of a nondramatic literary work, by or in the course + of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily directed to + blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read normal + printed material as a result of their handicap, or deaf or other + handicapped persons who are unable to hear the aural signals + accompanying a transmission of visual signals, if the performance is + made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantages + and its transmission is made through the facilities of: + + (i) a governmental body; or + + (ii) a noncommercial educational broadcast station (as + defined in section 397 of title 47); or + + (iii) a radio subcarrier authorization (as defined in 47 + CFR 73.293-73.295 and 73.593-73.595); or + + (iv) a cable system (as defined in section 111(f)); + + (9) performance on a single occasion of a dramatic literary work + published at least ten years before the date of the performance, by or in + the course of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily + directed to blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read + normal printed material as a result of their handicap, if the + performance is made without any purpose of direct or indirect + commercial advantage and its transmission is made through the + facilities of a radio subcarrier authorization referred to in clause + (8)(iii), Provided, That the provisions of this clause shall not be + applicable to more than one performance of the same work by the same + performers or under the auspices of the same organization. + + (10) notwithstanding paragraph 4 above, the following is not an + infringement of copyright: performance of a nondramatic literary or + musical work in the course of a social function which is organized and + promoted by a nonprofit veterans' organization or a nonprofit fraternal + organization to which the general public is not invited, but not + including the invitees of the organizations, if the proceeds from the + performance, after deducting the reasonable costs of producing the + performance, are used exclusively for charitable purposes and not for + financial gain. For purposes of this section the social functions of any + college or university fraternity or sorority shall not be included unless + the social function is held solely to raise funds for a specific + charitable purpose. + + +Section 111. Limitations on exclusive rights: Secondary transmissions. + + (a) Certain Secondary Transmissions Exempted. - The secondary +transmission of a primary transmission embodying a performance or +display of a work is not an infringement of copyright if - + + (1) the secondary transmission is not made by a cable system, and + consists entirely of the relaying, by the management of a hotel, + apartment house, or similar establishment, or signals transmitted + by a broadcast station licensed by the Federal Communications + Commission, within the local service area of such station, to the + private lodgings of guests or residents of such establishment, and no + direct charge is made to see or hear the secondary transmission; or + + (2) the secondary transmission is made solely for the purpose and + under the conditions specified by clause (2) of section 110; or + + (3) the secondary transmission is made by any carrier who has no + direct or indirect control over the content or selection of the primary + transmission or over the particular recipients of the secondary + transmission, and whose activities with respect to the secondary + transmission consist solely of providing wires, cables, or other + communications channels for the use of others: Provided, That the + provisions of this clause extend only to the activities of said carrier + with respect to secondary transmissions and do not exempt from + liability the activities of others with respect to their own primary + or secondary transmissions; or + + (4) the secondary transmission is not made by a cable system but + is made by a governmental body, or other nonprofit organization, + without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage, and + without charge to the recipients of the secondary transmission other + than assessments necessary to defray the actual and reasonable costs + of maintaining and operating the secondary transmission service. + + (b) Secondary Transmission of Primary Transmission to Controlled +Group. -Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (c), the +secondary transmission to the public of a primary transmission +embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act of +infringement under section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies +provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509, if the primary +transmission is not made for reception by the public at large but is +controlled and limited to reception by particular members of the public; +Provided, however, That such secondary transmission is not actionable +as an act of infringement if - + + (1) the primary transmission is made by a broadcast station + licensed by the Federal Communication; and + + (2) the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary + transmission is required under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission; and + + (3) the signal of the primary transmitter is not altered or changed + in any way by the secondary transmitter. + + (c) Secondary Transmissions by Cable Systems - + + (1) Subject to the provisions of clauses (2), (3), and (4) of this + subsection, secondary transmissions to the public by a cable system of + a primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by the + Federal Communications Commission or by an appropriate + governmental authority of Canada or Mexico and embodying a + performance or display of a work shall be subject to compulsory + licensing upon compliance with the requirements of subsection (d) + where the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary + transmission is permissible under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission. + + (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (1) of this subsection, + the willful or repeated secondary transmission to the public by a + cable system of a primary transmission made by a broadcast station + licensed by the Federal Communications Commission or by an + appropriate governmental authority of Canada or Mexico and + embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act + of infringement under section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies + provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509, in the following cases: + + (A) where the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary + transmission is not permissible under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission; or + + (B) where the cable system has not recorded the notice + specified by subsection (d) and deposited the statement of account + and royalty fee required by subsection (d). + + (3) Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (1) of this subsection + and subject to the provisions of subsection (e) of this section, the + secondary transmission to the public by a cable system of a primary + transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by the Federal + Communications Commission or by an appropriate governmental + authority of Canada or Mexico and embodying a performance or + display of a work is actionable as an act of infringement under + section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies provided by sections + 502 through 506 and sections 509 and 510, if the content of the + particular program in which the performance or display is + embodied, or any commercial advertising or station announcements + transmitted by the primary transmitter during, or immediately + before or after, the transmission of such program, is in any way + willfully altered by the cable system through changes, deletions, or + additions, except for the alteration, deletion, or substitution of + commercial advertising market research: *Provided*, That the + research company has obtained the prior consent of the advertiser + who has purchased the original commercial advertisement, the + television station broadcasting that commercial advertisement, and + the cable system performing the secondary transmissions: + + *And provided further*, That such commercial alteration, deletion, + or substitution is not performed for the purpose of deriving income + from the sale of that commercial time. + + (4) Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (1) of this subsection, + the secondary transmission to the public by a cable system of a + primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by an + appropriate governmental authority of Canada or Mexico and + embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act + of infringement under section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies + provided by sections 502 through 506 and section 509, if (A) with + respect to Canadian signals, the community of the cable system is + located more than 150 miles for the United States-Canadian border + and is also located south of the forty-second parallel of latitude, or + (B) with respect to Mexican signals, the secondary transmission is + made by a cable system which received the primary transmission by + means other than direct interception of a free space radio wave + emitted by such broadcast television station, unless prior to April + 15, 1976, such cable system was actually carrying, or was + specifically authorized to carry, the signal of such foreign station on + the system pursuant to the rules, regulations, or authorizations of + the Federal Communications Commission. + + (d) Compulsory License for Secondary Transmissions by Cable +Systems- + + (1) For any secondary transmission to be subject to compulsory + licensing under subsection (c), the cable system shall, at least one + month before the date of the commencement of operations of the + cable system or within one hundred and eighty days after the + enactment of this Act, whichever is later, and thereafter within + thirty days after each occasion on which the ownership or control or + the signal carriage complement of the cable system changes, record + in the Copyright Office a notice including a statement of identity + and address of the person who owns or operates the secondary + transmission service or has power to exercise primary control over it, + together with the name and location of the primary transmitter or + primary transmitters whose signals are regularly carried by the + cable system, and thereafter, from time to time, such further + information as the Register of Copyrights, after consultation with + the Copyright Royalty Tribunal (if and when the Tribunal has been + constituted), shall prescribe by regulation to carry out the purpose of + this clause. + + (2) A cable system whose secondary transmissions have been subject + to compulsory licensing under subsection (c) shall, on a semiannual + basis, deposit with the Register of Copyrights, in accordance with + requirements that the Register shall, after consultation with the + Copyright Royalty Tribunal (if and when the Tribunal has been + constituted), prescribe by regulation- + + (A) a statement of account, covering the six months next + preceding, specifying the number of channels on which the cable + system made secondary transmissions to its subscribers, the names + and locations of all primary transmitters whose transmissions to + its subscribers, the names and locations of all primary + transmitters whose transmissions were further transmitted by + the cable system, the total number of subscribers, the gross + amounts paid to the cable system for the basic service of + providing secondary transmissions of primary broadcast + transmitters, and such other data as the Register of Copyrights + may, after consultation with the Copyright Royalty Tribunal (if + and when the Tribunal has been constituted), from time to time + prescribe by regulation. Such statement shall also include a + special statement of account covering any nonnetwork television + programming that was carried by the cable system in whole or in + part beyond the local service area of the primary transmitter, + under rules, regulations, or authorizations of the Federal + Communications Commission permitting the substitution or + addition of signals under certain circumstances, together with + logs showing the times, dates, stations, and programs involved in + such substituted or added carriage; and + + (B) except in the case of a cable system whose royalty is + specified in subclause (C) or (D), a total royalty fee for the period + covered by the statement, computed on the basis of specified + percentages of the gross receipts from subscribers to the cable service + during said period for the basic service of providing secondary + transmissions of primary broadcast transmitters, as follows: + + (i) 0.675 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for the + privilege of further transmitting any nonnetwork programing of + a primary transmitter in whole or in part beyond the local + service area of such primary transmitter, such amount to be + applied against the fee, if any, payable pursuant to + paragraphs (ii) through (iv); + + (ii) 0.675 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for the + first distant signal equivalent; + + (iii) 0.425 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for + each of the second, third, and fourth distant signal + equivalents; + + (iv) 0.2 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for the + fifth distant signal equivalent and each additional distant + signal equivalent thereafter; and in computing the amounts + payable under paragraph (ii) through (iv), above, any fraction + of a distant signal equivalent shall be computed at its + fractional value and, in the case of any cable system located + partly within and partly without the local service area of a + primary transmitter, gross receipts shall be limited to those + gross receipts derived from subscribers located without the + local service area of such primary transmitter; and + + (C) if the actual gross receipts paid by subscribers to a cable + system for the period covered by the statement for the basic + service of providing secondary transmissions of primary + broadcast transmitters total $80,000 or less, gross receipts of the + cable system for the purpose of this subclause shall be computed + by subtracting from such actual gross receipts the amount by + which $80,000 exceeds such actual gross receipts, except that in + no case shall a cable system's gross receipts be reduced to less + that $3,000. The royalty fee payable under this subclause shall + be 0.5 of 1 per centum, regardless of the number of distant signal + equivalents, if any; and + + (D) if the actual gross receipts paid by subscribers to a cable + system for the period covered by the statement, for the basic + service of providing secondary transmissions of primary + broadcast transmitters, are more than $80,000 but less than + $160,000, the royalty fee payable under this subclause shall be + (i) 0.5 of 1 per centum of any gross receipts up to $80,000; and (ii) + 1 per centum of any gross receipts in excess of $80,000 but less + than $160,000, regardless of the number of distant signal + equivalents, if any. + + (3) The Register of Copyrights shall receive all fees deposited + under this section and, after deducting the reasonable costs incurred + by the Copyright Office under this section, shall deposit the + balance in the Treasury of the United States, in such manner as the + Secretary of the Treasury directs. All funds held by the Secretary of + the Treasury shall be invested in interest-bearing United States + securities for later distribution with interest by the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal as provided by this title. The Register shall + submit to the Copyright royalty Tribunal, on a semiannual basis, a + compilation of all statements of account covering the relevant six- + month period provided by clause (2) of this subsection. + + (4) The royalty fees thus deposited shall, in accordance with the + procedures provided by clause (5), be distributed to those among the + following copyright owners who claim that their works were the + subject of secondary transmissions by cable systems during the + relevant semiannual period: + + (A) any such owner whose work was included in a secondary + transmission made by a cable system of a nonnetwork television + program in whole or in part beyond the local service area of the + primary transmitter; and + + (B) any such owner whose work was included in a secondary + transmission identified in a special statement of account + deposited under clause (2)(A); and + + (C) any such owner whose work was included in nonnetwork + programing consisting exclusively of aural signals carried by a + cable system in whole or in part beyond the local service area of + the primary transmitter of such programs. + + (5) The royalty fees thus deposited shall be distributed in + accordance with the following procedures: + + (A) During the month of July in each year, every person claiming + to be entitled to compulsory license fees for secondary + transmissions shall file a claim with the Copyright Royalty + Tribunal, in accordance with requirements that the Tribunal + shall prescribe by regulation. Notwithstanding any provisions of + the antitrust laws, for purposes of this clause any claimants may + agree among themselves as to the proportionate division of + compulsory licensing fees among them, may lump their claims + together and file them jointly or as a single claim, or may + designate a common agent to receive payment on their behalf. + + (B) After the first day of August of each year, the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal shall determine whether there exists a + controversy concerning the distribution of royalty fees. If the + Tribunal determines that no such controversy exists, it shall, + after deducting its reasonable administrative costs under this + section, distribute such fees to the copyright owners entitled, or + to their designated agents. If the Tribunal finds the existence of + a controversy, it shall, pursuant to chapter 8 of this title, conduct + a proceeding to determine the distribution of royalty fees. + + (C) During the pendency of any proceeding under this subsection, + the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall withhold from + distribution an amount sufficient to satisfy all claims with + respect to which a controversy exists, but shall have discretion + to proceed to distribute any amounts that are not in controversy. + + (e) Nonsimultaneous Secondary Transmissions by Cable Systems.- + + (1) Notwithstanding those provisions of the second paragraph of + subsection + + (f) relating to nonsimultaneous secondary transmissions by a cable +system, any such transmissions are actionable as an act of infringement +under section 501, and are fully subject to the remedies provided by +sections 502 through 506 and sections 509 and 510, unless- + + (A) the program on the videotape is transmitted no more than + one time to the cable system's subscribers; and + + (B) the copyrighted program, episode, or motion picture + videotape, including the commercials contained within such + program, episode, or picture, is transmitted without deletion or + editing; and + + (C) an owner or officer of the cable system + + (i) prevents the duplication of the videotape while in the + possession of the system, + + (ii) prevents unauthorized duplication while in the + possession of the facility making the videotape for the + system if the system owns or controls the facility, or takes + reasonable precautions to prevent such duplication if it does + not own or control the facility, + + (iii) takes adequate precautions to prevent duplication + while the tape is being transported, and + + (iv) subject to clause (2), erases or destroys, or causes + the erasure or destruction of, the videotape; and + + (D) within forty-five days after the end of each calendar + quarter, an owner or officer of the cable system executes an + affidavit attesting (i) to the steps and precautions taken to + prevent duplication of the videotape, and (ii) subject to clause + (2), to the erasure or destruction of all videotapes made or used + during such quarter; and + + (E) such owner or officer places or causes each such affidavit, + and affidavits received pursuant to clause (2) (C), to be placed in + a file, open to public inspection, at such system's main office in + the community where the transmission is made or in the nearest + community where such system maintains an office; and + + (F) the nonsimultaneous transmission is one that the cable + system would be authorized to transmit under the rules, + regulations, and authorizations of the Federal Communications + Commission in effect at the time of the nonsimultaneous + transmission if the transmission had been made simultaneously, + except that this subclause shall not apply to inadvertent or + accidental transmissions. + + (2) If a cable system transfers to any person a videotape of a + program nonsimultaneously transmitted by it, such transfer is + actionable as an act of infringement under section 501, and is fully + subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509, + except that, pursuant to a written, nonprofit contract providing for + the equitable sharing of the costs of such videotape and its transfer, + a videotape nonsimultaneously transmitted by it, in accordance + with clause (1), may be transferred by one cable system in Alaska to + another system in Alaska, by one cable system in Hawaii permitted + to make such nonsimultaneous transmissions to another such cable + system in Hawaii, or by one cable system in Guam, the Northern + Mariana Islands, or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, to + another cable system in any of those three territories, if- + + (A) each such contract is available for public inspection in the + offices of the cable systems involved, and a copy of such contract + is filed, within thirty days after such contract is entered into, + with the Copyright Office (which Office shall make each such + contract available for public inspection); and + + (B) the cable system to which the videotape is transferred + complies with clause (1)(A), (B), (C)(i), (iii), and (iv), and (D) + through (F); and + + (C) such system provides a copy of the affidavit required to be + made in accordance with clause (1)(D) to each cable system + making a previous nonsimultaneous transmission of the same + videotape. + + (3) This subsection shall not be construed to supersede the + exclusivity protection provisions of any existing agreement, or any + such agreement hereafter entered into, between a cable system and a + television broadcast station in the area in which the cable system is + located, or a network with which such station is affiliated. + + (4) As used in this subsection, the term "videotape," and each of + its variant forms, means the reproduction of the images and sounds + of a program or programs broadcast station licensed by the Federal + Communications Commission, regardless of the nature of the + material objects, such as tapes or films, in which the reproduction is + embodied. + + (f) Definitions. - As used in this section, the following terms and +their variant forms mean the following: + + A "primary transmission" is a transmission made to the public by + the transmitting facility whose signals are being received and + further transmitted by the secondary transmission service, + regardless of where or when the performance or display was first + transmitted. + + A "secondary transmission" is the further transmitting of a + primary transmission simultaneously with the primary + transmission, or nonsimultaneously with the primary transmission if + by a "cable system" not located in whole or in part within the + boundary of the forty-eight contiguous States, Hawaii, or Puerto + Rico: Provided, however, That a nonsimultaneous further + transmission by a cable system located in Hawaii of a primary + transmission shall be deemed to be a secondary transmission if the + carriage of the television broadcast signal comprising such further + transmission is permissible under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission. + + A "cable system" is a facility, located in any State, Territory, + Trust Territory, or Possession, that in whole or in part receives + signals transmitted or programs broadcast by one or more television + broadcast stations licensed by the Federal Communications + Commission, and makes secondary transmission of such signals or + programs by wires, cables, or other communications channels to + subscribing members of the public who pay for such service. For + purposes of determining the royalty fee under subsection (d)(2), two + or more cable systems in contiguous communities under common + ownership or control or operating from one headend shall be + considered as one system. + + The "local service area of a primary transmitter" in the case of a + television broadcast station, comprises the area in which such + station is entitled to insist upon its signal being retransmitted by a + cable system pursuant to the rules, regulation, and authorizations of + the Federal Communications Commission in effect on April 15, 1976, + or in the case of a television broadcast station licensed by an + appropriate governmental authority of Canada or Mexico, the area + in which it would be entitled to insist upon its signal being + retransmitted if it were a television broadcast station subject to such + rules, regulations, and authorizations. + + The "local service area of a primary transmitter," in the case of a + radio broadcast station, comprises the primary service area of such + station pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Federal + Communications Commission. + + "In the case of a low power television station, as defined by the + rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, + the 'local service area of a primary transmitter' comprises the area + within 35 miles of the transmitter site, except that in the case of + such a station located in a standard metropolitan statistical area + which has one of the 50 largest populations of all standard + metropolitan statistical areas (based on the 1980 decennial census of + population taken by the Secretary of Commerce), the number of + miles shall be 20 miles." + + A "distant signal equivalent" is the value assigned to the + secondary transmission of any nonnetwork television programing + carried by a cable system in whole or in part beyond the local + service area of the primary transmitter of such programing. It is + computed by assigning a value of one to each independent station + and a value of one-quarter to each network station and + noncommercial educational station for the nonnetwork programing so + carried pursuant to the rules, regulations, and authorizations of the + Federal Communications Commission. The foregoing values for + independent, network, and noncommercial educational stations are + subject, however, to the following exceptions and limitations. + Where the rules and regulations of the Federal Communications + Commission require a cable system to omit the further transmission + of a particular program and such rules and regulations also permit + the substitution of another program embodying a performance or + display of a work in place of the omitted transmission, or where + such rules and regulations in effect on the date of enactment of this + Act permit a cable system, at its election, to effect such deletion and + substitution of a non-live program or to carry additional programs + not transmitted by primary transmitters within whose local service + area the cable system is located, no value shall be assigned for the + substituted or additional program; where the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission in effect + on the date of enactment of this Act permit a cable system, at its + election, to omit the further transmission of a particular program + and such rules, regulations, or authorizations also permit the + substitution of another program embodying a performance or display + of a work in place of the omitted transmission, the value assigned + for the substituted or additional program shall be, in the case of a + live program, the value of one full distant signal equivalent + multiplied by a fraction that has as its numerator the number of + days in the year in which such substitution occurs and as its + denominator the number of days in the year. In the case of a station + carried pursuant to the late-night or specialty programing rules of + the Federal Communications Commission, or a station carried on a + part-time basis where full-time carriage is not possible because the + cable system lacks the activated channel capacity to retransmit on a + full-time basis all signals which it is authorized to carry, the + values for independent, network, and noncommercial educational + stations set forth above, as the case may be, shall be multiplied by a + fraction which is equal to the ratio of the broadcast hours of such + station carried by the cable system to the total broadcast hours of + the station. + + A "network station" is a television broadcast station that is owned + or operated by, or affiliated with, one or more of the television + networks in the United States providing nationwide transmissions, + and that transmits a substantial part of the programing supplied by + such networks for a substantial part of that station's typical + broadcast day. + + An "independent station" is a commercial television broadcast + station other than a network station. + + A "noncommercial educational system" is a television station that + is a noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in + section 397 of title 47. + + +Section 112. Limitations on exclusive rights: Ephemeral recordings. + + (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, and except in the +case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a transmitting organization entitled to +transmit to the public a performance or display of a work, under a +license or transfer of the copyright or under the limitations on exclusive +rights in sound recordings specified by section 114(a), to make no more +than one copy or phonorecord of a particular transmission program +embodying the performance or display, if- + + (1) the copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the + transmitting organization that made it, and no further copies or + phonorecords are reproduced from it; and + + (2) the copy or phonorecord is used solely for the transmitting + organization's own transmissions within its local service area, or for + purposes of archival preservation or security; and + + (3) unless preserved exclusively for archival purposes, the copy or + phonorecord is destroyed within six months from the date the + transmission program was first transmitted to the public. + + (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit +organization entitled to transmit a performance or display of a work, +under section 110(2) or under the limitations on exclusive rights in sound +recordings specified by section 114(a), to make no more than thirty +copies or phonorecords of a particular transmission program embodying +the performance or display, if- + + (1) no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from the copies + or phonorecords made under this clause; and + + (2) except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved + exclusively for archival purposes, the copies or phonorecords are + destroyed within seven years from the date the transmission program + was first transmitted to the public. + + (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit +organization to make for distribution no more than one copy or +phonorecord, for each transmitting organization specified in clause (2) +of this subsection, of a particular transmission program embodying a +performance of a nondramatic musical work of a religious nature, or of a +sound recording of such a musical work, if- + + (1) there is no direct or indirect charge for making or distributing + any such copies or phonorecords; and + + (2) none of such copies or phonorecords is used for any performance + other than a single transmission to the public by a transmitting + organization entitled to transmit to the public a performance of the + work under a license or transfer of the copyright; and + + (3) except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved + exclusively for archival purposes, the copies or phonorecords are all + destroyed within one year from the date the transmission program + was first transmitted to the public. + + (d) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit +organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under section +110(8) to make more than ten copies or phonorecords embodying the +performance, or to permit the use of any such copy or phonorecord by any +governmental body or nonprofit organization entitled to transmit a +performance of a work under section 110(8), if- + + (1) any such copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the + organization that made it, or by a governmental body or nonprofit + organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under + section 110(8), and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced + from it; and + + (2) any such copy or phonorecord is used solely for transmissions + authorized under section 110(8), or for purposes or archival + preservation or security; and + + (3) the governmental body or nonprofit organization permitting any + use of any such copy or phonorecord by any governmental body or + nonprofit organization under this subsection does not make any charge + for such use. + + (e) The transmission program embodied in a copy or phonorecord +made under this section is not subject to protection as derivative work +under this title except with the express consent of the owners of +copyright in the preexisting works employed in the program. + + +Section 113. Scope of exclusive rights in pictorial, graphic, and +sculptural work. + + (a) Subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section, +the exclusive right to reproduce a copyrighted pictorial, graphic, or +sculptural work in copies under section 106 includes the right to +reproduce the work in or on any kind of article, whether useful or +otherwise. + + (b) This title does not afford, to the owner of copyright in a work that +portrays a useful article as such, any greater or lesser rights with +respect to the making, distribution, or display of the useful article so +portrayed than those afforded to such works under the law, whether +title 17 or the common law or statutes of a State, in effect on December +31, 1977, as held applicable and construed by a court in an action +brought under this title. + + (c) In the case of a work lawfully reproduced in useful articles that +have been offered for sale or other distribution to the public, copyright +does not include any right to prevent the making, distribution, or +display of pictures or photographs of such articles in connection with +advertisements or commentaries related to the distribution or display +of such articles, or in connection with news reports. + + +Section 114. Scope of exclusive rights in sound recordings. + + (a) The exclusive rights of the owner of copyright in a sound recording +are limited to the rights specified by clauses (1), (2), and (3) of section +106, and do not include any right of performance under section 106(4). + + (b) The exclusive right of the owner of copyright in a sound recording +under clause (1) of section 106 is limited to the right to duplicate the +sound recording in the form of phonorecords, or of copies of motion +pictures and other audiovisual works, that directly or indirectly +recapture the actual sounds fixed in the recording. The exclusive right +of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under clause (2) of section +106 is limited to the right to prepare a derivative work in which the +actual sounds fixed in the sound recording are rearranged, remixed, or +otherwise altered in sequence or quality. The exclusive rights of the +owner of copyright in a sound recording under clauses (1) and (2) of +section 106 do not extend to the making or duplication of another sound +recording that consists entirely of an independent fixation of other +sounds, even though such sounds imitate or simulate those in the +copyrighted sound recording. The exclusive rights of the owner of +copyright in a sound recording under clauses (1), (2), and (3) of section +106 do not apply to sound recordings included in educational television +and radio programs (as defined in section 397 of title 47) distributed or +transmitted by or through public broadcasting entities (as defined by +section 118(g): Provided, That copies or phonorecords of said programs +are not commercially distributed by or through public broadcasting +entities to the general public. + + (c) This section does not limit or impair the exclusive right to perform +publicly, by means of a phonorecord, any of the works specified by +section 106(4). + + (d) On January 3, 1978, the Register of Copyrights, after consulting +with representatives of owners of copyrighted materials, +representatives of the broadcasting, recording, motion picture, +entertainment industries, and arts organizations, representatives of +organized labor and performers of copyrighted materials, shall submit +to the Congress a report setting forth recommendations as to whether +this section should be amended to provide for performers and copyright +owners of copyrighted material any performance rights in such +material. The report should describe the status of such rights in foreign +countries, the views of major interested parties, and specific legislative +or other recommendations, if any. + + +Section 115. Scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works: +Compulsory license for making and distributing phonorecords. + + In the case of nondramatic musical works, the exclusive rights +provided by clauses (1) and (3) of section 106, to make and to distribute +phonorecords of such works, are subject to compulsory licensing under the +conditions specified by this section. + + (a) Availability and Scope of Compulsory License.- + + (1) When phonorecords of a nondramatic musical work have been + distributed to the public in the United States under the authority + of the copyright owner, any other person may, by complying with + the provisions of this section, obtain a compulsory license only if + his or her primary purpose in making phonorecords is to distribute + them to the public for private use. A person may obtain a + compulsory license for use of the work in the making of + phonorecords duplicating a sound recording fixed by another, + unless: (i) such sound recording was fixed lawfully; and (ii) the + making of the phonorecords was authorized by the owner of + copyright in the sound recording or, if the sound recording was fixed + before February 15, 1972, by any person who fixed the sound + recording pursuant to an express license from the owner of the + copyright in the musical work or pursuant to a valid compulsory + license for use of such work in a sound recording. + + (2) A compulsory license includes the privilege of making a + musical arrangement of the work to the extent necessary to conform + it to the style or manner of interpretation of the performance + involved, but the arrangement shall not change the basic melody or + fundamental character of the work, and shall not be subject to + protection as a derivative work under this title, except with the + express consent of the copyright owner. + + (b) Notice of Intention to Obtain Compulsory License.- + + (1) Any person who wishes to obtain a compulsory license under + this section shall, before or within thirty days after making and + before distributing any phonorecords of the work, serve notice of + intention to do so on the copyright owner. If the registration or + other public records of the Copyright Office do not identify the + copyright owner and include an address at which notice can be + served, it shall be sufficient to file the notice of intention in the + Copyright Office. The notice shall comply, in form, content, and + manner of service, with requirements that the Register of + Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation. + + (2) Failure to serve or file the notice required by clause(1) + forecloses the possibility of a compulsory license and, in the + absence of a negotiated license, renders the making and distribution + of phonorecords actionable as acts of infringement under section 501 + and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through + 506 and 509. + + (c) Royalty Payable Under Compulsory Licence - + + (1) To be entitled to receive royalties under a compulsory + license, the copyright owner must be identified in the registration + or other public records of the Copyright Office. The owner is + entitled to royalties for phonorecords made and distributed after + being so identified, but is not entitled to recover for any + phonorecords previously made and distributed. + + (2) Except as provided by clause (1), the royalty under a + compulsory license shall be payable for every phonorecord made + and distributed in accordance with the license. For this purpose, a + phonorecord is considered "distributed" if the person exercising the + compulsory license has voluntarily and permanently parted with + its possession. With respect to each work embodied in the + phonorecord, the royalty shall be either two and three-fourths + cents, or one-half of one cent per minute of playing time or fraction + thereof, which amount is larger. + + (3) A compulsory license under this section includes the right + of the maker of a phonorecord of a nondramatic musical work under + subsection (a)(1) to distribute or authorize distribution of such + phonorecord by rental, lease, or lending (or by acts or practices in + the nature of rental, lease, or lending). In addition to any royalty + payable under clause (2) and chapter 8 of this title, a royalty shall + be payable by the compulsory licensee for every act of distribution + of a phonorecord by or in the nature of rental, lease, or lending, by + or under the authority of the compulsory licensee. With respect to + each nondramatic musical work embodied in the phonorecord, the + royalty shall be a proportion of the revenue received by the + compulsory licensee from every such act of distribution of the + phonorecord under this clause equal to the proportion of the + revenue received by the compulsory licensee from distribution of + the phonorecord under clause (2) that is payable by a compulsory + licensee under that clause and under chapter 8. The Register of + Copyrights shall issue regulations to carry out the purpose of this + clause. + + (4) Royalty payments shall be made on or before the twentieth + day of each month and shall include all royalties for the month + next preceding. Each monthly payment shall be made under oath + and shall comply with requirements that the Register of + Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation. The Register shall also + prescribe regulations under which detailed cumulative annual + statements of account, certified by a certified public accountant, + shall be filed for every compulsory license under this section. The + regulations covering both the monthly and the annual statements + of account shall prescribe the form, content, and manner of + certification with respect to the number of records made and the + number of records distributed. + + (5) If the copyright owner does not receive the monthly payment + and the monthly and annual statements of account when due, the + owner may give written notice to the licensee that, unless the + default is remedied within thirty days from the date of the notice, + the compulsory license will be automatically terminated. Such + termination renders either the making or the distribution, or both, + of all phonorecords for which the royalty has not been paid, + actionable as acts of infringement under section 501 and fully + subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509. + + +Section 116. Scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works: +Public performances by means of coin-operated phonorecord players. + + (a) Limitation on Exclusive Right.- In the case of a nondramatic +musical work embodied in a phonorecord, the exclusive right under +clause (4) of section 106 to perform the work publicly by means of a coin- +operated phonorecord player is limited as follows: + + (1) The proprietor of the establishment in which the public + performance takes place is not liable for infringement with respect to + such public performance unless- + + (A) such proprietor is the operator of the phonorecord player; + or + + (B) such proprietor refuses or fails, within one month after + receipt by registered or certified mail of a request, at a time + during which the certificate required by clause (1)(C) of subsection + (b) is not affixed to the phonorecord player, by the copyright owner, + to make full disclosure, by registered or certified mail, of the + identity of the operator of the operator of the phonorecord player. + + (2) The operator of the coin-operated phonorecord player may + obtain a compulsory license to perform the work publicly on that + phonorecord player by filing the application, affixing the + certificate, and paying the royalties provided by subsection (b). + + (b) Recordation of Coin-Operated Phonorecord Player, Affixation of +Certificate, and Royalty Payable under Compulsory License.- Any +operator who wishes to obtain a compulsory license for the public +performance of works on a coin-operated phonorecord player shall +fulfill the following requirements: + + (A) Before or within one month after such performances are made + available on a particular phonorecord player, and during the month + of January in each succeeding year that such performances are made + available on that particular phonorecord player, the operator shall + file in the Copyright Office, in accordance with requirements that + the Register of Copyrights, after consultation with the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal (if and when the Tribunal has been constituted), + shall prescribe by regulation, an application containing the name and + address of the operator of the phonorecord player and the + manufacturer and serial number or other explicit identification of the + phonorecord player, and deposit with the Register of Copyrights a + royalty fee for the current calendar year of $8 for that particular + phonorecord player. If such performances are made available on a + particular phonorecord player for the first time after July 1 of any + year, the royalty fee to be deposited for the remainder of that year + shall be $4. + + (B) Within twenty days of receipt of an application and a royalty + fee pursuant to subclause (A), the Register of Copyrights shall issue + to the applicant a certificate for the phonorecord player. + + (C) On or before March 1 of the year in which the certificate + prescribed by subclause (B) of this clause is issued, or within ten days + after the date of issue of the certificate, the operator shall affix to + the particular phonorecord player, in a position where it can be + readily examined by the public, the certificate, issued by the + Register of Copyrights under subclause (B) of the latest application + made by such operator under subclause (A) of this clause with respect + to that phonorecord player. + + (2) Failure to file the application, to affix the certificate, or to + pay royalty required by clause (1) of this subsection renders the + public performance actionable as an act of infringement under section + 501 and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through + 506 and 509. + + (c) Distribution of Royalties -. + + (1) The Register of Copyrights shall receive all fees deposited + under this section and, after deducting the reasonable costs incurred + by the Copyright Office under this section, shall deposit the balance + in the Treasury of the United States, in such manner as the Secretary + of the Treasury directs. All funds held by the Secretary of the + Treasury shall be invested in interest-bearing United States + securities for later distribution with interest by the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal as provided by this title. The Register shall submit + to the Copyright Royalty Tribunal,on an annual bases, a detailed + statement of account covering all fees received for the relevant period + provided by subsection(b). + + (2) During the month of January in each year, every person + claiming to be entitled to compulsory license fees under this section + for performances during the preceding twelve-month period shall + file a claim with the Copyright Royalty Tribunal, in accordance + with requirements that the Tribunal shall prescribe by regulation. + Such claim shall include an agreement to accept as final, except as + provided in section 810 of this title, the determination of the + Copyright Royalty Tribunal in any controversy concerning the + distribution of royalty fees deposited under subclause (A) of + subsection (b)(1) of this section to which the claimant is a party. + Notwithstanding any provisions of the antitrust laws, for purposes of + this subsection any claimants may agree among themselves as to the + proportionate division of compulsory licensing fees among them, may + lump their claims together and file them jointly or as a single claim, + or may designate a common agent to receive payment on their behalf. + + (3) After the first day of October of each year, the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal shall determine whether there exists a controversy + concerning the distribution of royalty fees deposited under subclause + (A) of subsection (b)(1). If the Tribunal determines that no such + controversy exists, it shall, after deducting its reasonable + administrative costs under this section, distribute such fees to the + copyright owners entitled, or to their designated agents. If it finds + that such a controversy exists, it shall, pursuant to chapter 8 of this + title, conduct a proceeding to determine the distribution of royalty + fees. + + (4) The fees to be distributed shall be divided as follows: + + (A) to every copyright owner not affiliated with a performing + rights society, the pro rata share of the fees to be distributed to + which such copyright owner proves entitlement. + + (B) to the performing rights societies, the remainder of the + fees to be distributed in such pro rata shares as they shall by + agreement stipulate among themselves, or, if they fail to agree, the + pro rate share to which such performing rights societies prove + entitlement. + + (C) during the pendency of any proceeding under this section, + the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall withhold from distribution an + amount sufficient to satisfy all claims with respect to which a + controversy exists, but shall have discretion to proceed to + distribute any amounts that are not in controversy. + + (5) The Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall promulgate regulations + under which persons who can reasonably be expected to have claims + may, during the year in which performances take place, without + expense to or harassment of operators or proprietors of establishments + in which phonorecord players are located, have such access to such + establishments and to the phonorecord players located therein and + such opportunity to obtain information with respect thereto as may + be reasonably necessary to determine, by sampling procedures or + otherwise, the proportion of contribution of the musical works of each + such person to the earnings of the phonorecord players for which fees + shall have been deposited. Any person who alleges that he or she + has been denied the access permitted under the regulations prescribed + by the Copyright Royalty Tribunal may bring an action in the United + States District Court for the District of Columbia for the cancellation + of the compulsory license of the phonorecord player to which such + access has been denied, and the court shall have the power to declare + the compulsory license thereof invalid from the date of issue thereof. + + (d) Criminal Penalties.-Any person who knowingly makes a false +representation of a material fact in an application filed under clause +(1)(A)of subsection (b), or who knowingly alters a certificate issued +under clause (1)(B) of subsection (b) or knowingly affixes such +certificate to a phonorecord player other than the one it covers, shall +be fined not more than $2,500. + + (e) Definitions.-As used in this section, the following terms and their +variant forms mean the following: + + (1) A "coin-operated phonorecord player" is a machine or device + that- + + (A) is employed solely for the performance of non-dramatic + musical works by means of phonorecords upon being activated by + insertion of coins, currency, tokens, or other monetary units or + their equivalent; + + (B) is located in an establishment making no direct or indirect + charge for admission; + + (C) is accompanied by a list of titles of all the musical works + available for performance on it, which list is affixed to the + phonorecord player or posted in the establishment in a prominent + position where it can be readily examined by the public; and + + (D) affords a choice of works available for performance and + permits the choice to be made by the patrons of the establishment + in which it is located. + + (2) An "operator" is any person who, alone or jointly with others: + + (A) owns a coin-operated phonorecord player; or + + (B) has the power to make a coin-operated phonorecord player + available for placement in an establishment for purposes of public + performance; or + + (C) has the power to exercise primary control over the selection + of the musical works made available for public performance on a + coin-operated phonorecord player. + + (3) A "performing rights society" is an association or corporation + that licenses the public performance of nondramatic musical works on + behalf of the copyright owners, such as the American Society of + Composers, Authors and Publishers, Broadcast Music, Inc., and SE- + SAC, Inc. + + +Section 117. Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs. + + Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or +authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer +program provided: + + (1) that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential + step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a + machine and that it is used in no other manner, or + + (2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only + and that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that + continued possession of the computer program should cease to be + rightful. Any exact copies prepared in accordance with the + provisions of this section may be leased, sold, or otherwise + transferred, along with the copy from which such copies were + prepared, only as part of the lease, sale, or other transfer of all + rights in the program. Adaptations so prepared may be transferred + only with the authorization of the copyright owner. + + +Section 118. Scope of exclusive rights: Use of certain works in connection +with noncommercial broadcasting. + + (a) The exclusive rights provided by section 106 shall, with respect +to the works specified by subsection (b) and the activities specified by +subsection (d), be subject to the conditions and limitations prescribed by +this section. + + (b) Not later than thirty days after the Copyright Royalty Tribunal +has been constituted in accordance with section 802, the Chairman of +the Tribunal shall cause notice to be published in the Federal Register +of the initiation of proceedings for the purpose of determining +reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments for the activities +specified by subsection (d) with respect to published nondramatic +musical works and published pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works +during a period beginning as provided in clause (3) of this subsection and +ending on December 31, 1982. Copyright owners and public broadcasting +entities shall negotiate and agree upon the terms and rates of royalty +payments and the proportionate division of fees paid among various +copyright owners, and may designate common agents to negotiate, agree +to, pay, or receive payments. + + (1) Any owner of copyright in a work specified in this subsection or + any public broadcasting entity may, within one hundred and twenty + days after publication of the notice specified in this subsection, + submit to the Copyright Royalty Tribunal proposed licenses covering + such activities with respect to such works. The Copyright Royalty + Tribunal shall proceed on the basis of the proposals submitted to it as + well as any other relevant information. The Copyright Royalty + Tribunal shall permit any interested party to submit information + relevant to such proceedings. + + (2) License agreements voluntarily negotiated at any time between + one or more copyright owners and one or more public broadcasting + entities shall be given effect in lieu of any determination by the + Tribunal: Provided, That copies of such agreements are filed in the + Copyright Office within thirty days of execution in accordance with + regulations that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe. + + (3) Within six months, but not earlier than one hundred and twenty + days, from the date of publication of the notice specified in this + subsection the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall make a + determination and publish in the Federal Register a schedule of rates + and terms which, subject to clause (2) of this subsection, shall be + binding on all owners of copyright in works specified by this + subsection and public broadcasting entities, regardless of whether or + not such copyright owners and public broadcasting entities have + submitted proposals to the Tribunal. In establishing such rates and + terms the Copyright Royalty Tribunal may consider the rates for + comparable circumstances under voluntary license agreements + negotiated as provided in clause (2) of this subsection. The + Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall also establish requirements by + which copyright owners may receive reasonable notice of the use of + their works under this section, and under which records of such use + shall be kept by public broadcasting entities. + + (4) With respect to the period beginning on the effective date of + this title and ending on the date of publication of such rates and + terms, this title shall not afford to owners of copyright or public + broadcasting entities any greater or lesser rights with respect to the + activities specified in subsection (d) as applied to works specified in + this subsection than those afforded under the law in effect on + December 31, 1977, as held applicable and construed by a court in an + action brought under this title. + + (c) The initial procedure specified in subsection (b) shall be repeated +and concluded between June 30 and December 31, 1982, and at five-year +intervals thereafter, in accordance with regulations that the +Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall prescribe + + (d) Subject to the transitional provisions of subsection (b)(4), and to +the terms of any voluntary license agreements that have been +negotiated as provided by subsection (b)(2), a public broadcasting entity +may, upon compliance with the provisions of this section, including the +rates and terms established by the Copyright Royalty Tribunal under +subsection (b)(3), engage in the following activities with respect to +published nondramatic musical works and published pictorial, +graphic, and sculptural works: + + (1) performance or display of a work by or in the course of a + transmission made by a noncommercial educational broadcast station + referred to in subsection (g); and + + (2) production of a transmission program, reproduction of copies or + phonorecords, where such production, reproduction, or distribution is + made by a nonprofit institution or organization solely for the purpose + of transmission specified in clause (1); and + + (3) the making of reproductions by a governmental body or a + nonprofit institution of a transmission program simultaneously with + its transmission as specified in clause (1), and the performance or + display of the contents of such program under the conditions specified + by clause (1) of section 110, but only if the reproductions are used for + performances or displays for a period of no more than seven days from + the date of the transmission specified in clause (1), and are destroyed + before or at the end of such period. No person supplying, in + accordance with clause (2), a reproduction of a transmission program + to governmental bodies or nonprofit institutions under this clause + shall have any liability as a result of failure of such body or + institution to destroy such reproduction: Provided, That it shall have + notified such body or institution of the requirement for such + destruction pursuant to this clause: And provided further, That if + such body or institution itself fails to destroy such reproduction it + shall be deemed to have infringed. + + (e) Except as expressly provided in this subsection, this section shall +have no applicability to works other than those specified in subsection (b). + + (1) Owners of copyright in nondramatic literary works and public + broadcasting entities may, during the course of voluntary + negotiations, agree among themselves, respectively, as to the terms + and rates of royalty payments without liability under the antitrust + laws. Any such terms and rates of royalty payments shall be + effective upon filing in the Copyright Office, in accordance with + regulations that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe. + + (2) On January 3, 1980, the Register of Copyrights, after consulting + with authors and other owners of copyright in nondramatic literary + works and their representatives, and with public broadcasting + entities and their representatives, shall submit to the Congress a + report setting forth the extent to which voluntary licensing + arrangements have been reached with respect to the use of + nondramatic literary works by such broadcast stations. The report + should also describe any problems that may have arisen, and present + legislative or other recommendations, if warranted. + + (f) Nothing in this section shall be construed to permit, beyond the +limits of fair use as provided by section 107, the unauthorized +dramatization of a nondramatic musical work, the production of a +transmission program drawn to any substantial extent from a published +compilation of pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, or the +unauthorized use of any portion of an audiovisual work. + + (g) As used in this section, the term "public broadcasting entity" +means a noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in +section 397 of title 47 and any nonprofit institution or organization +engaged in the activities described in clause (2) of subsection (d). + + + +CHAPTER 2--COPYRIGHT OWNERSHIP AND TRANSFER. +Analysis + +Sec. +201. Ownership of copyright. +202. Ownership of copyright as distinct from ownership of material object. +203. Termination of transfers and licenses granted by the author. +204. Execution of transfers of copyright ownership. +205. Recordation of transfers and other documents. + +Section 201. Ownership of copyright. + + (a) Initial ownership. -- Copyright in a work protected under this +title vests initially in the author or authors of the work. The authors +of a joint work are co-owners of copyright in the work. + + (b) Works Made for Hire. -- In the case of a work made for hire, the +employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered +the author for purposes of this title, and, unless the parties have +expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them, +owns all of the rights comprised in the copyright. + + (c) Contributions to Collective Works. -- Copyright in each separate +contribution to a collective work is distinct from copyright in the +collective work as a whole, and vests initially in the author of the +contribution. In the absence of an express transfer of the copyright or of +any rights under it, the owner of copyright in the collective work is +presumed to have acquired only the privilege of reproducing and +distributing the contribution as part of that particular collective work, +any revision of that collective work, and any later collective work in +the same series. + + (d) Transfer of Ownership. -- + + (1) The ownership of a copyright may be transferred in whole or in + part by any means of conveyance or by operation of law, and may be + bequeathed by will or pass as personal property by the applicable + laws of intestate succession. + + (2) Any of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright, including + any subdivision of any of the rights specified by section 106, may be + transferred as provided by clause (1) and owned separately. The + owner of any particular exclusive right is entitled, to the extent of + that right, to all of the protection and remedies accorded to the + copyright owner by this title. + + (e) Involuntary Transfer. -- When an individual author's ownership +of a copyright, or of any of the exclusive rights under a copyright, has +not previously been transferred voluntarily by that individual author, +no action by any governmental body or other official or organization +purporting to seize, expropriate, transfer, or exercise rights of +ownership with respect to the copyright, or any of the exclusive rights +under a copyright, shall be give effect under this title except as +provided under Title 11. + + +Section 202. Ownership of copyright as distinct from ownership of +material object. + + Ownership of a copyright, or of any of the exclusive rights under a +copyright, is distinct from ownership of any material object in which +the work is embodied. Transfer of ownership of any material object, +including the copy or phonorecord in which the work is first fixed, does +not of itself convey any rights in the copyrighted work embodied in the +object; nor, in the absence of an agreement, does transfer of ownership of +a copyright or of any exclusive rights under a copyright convey +property rights in any material object. + + +Section 203. Termination of transfers and licenses granted by the +author. + + (a) Conditions for Termination. -- In the case of any work other than +a work made for hire, the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or +license of copyright or of any right under a copyright, executed by the +author on or after January 1, 1978, otherwise than be will, is subject to +termination under the following conditions: + + (1) In the case of a grant executed by one author, termination of the + grant may be effected by that author or if the author is dead, by the + person or persons who, under clause (2) of this subsection, own and are + entitled to exercise a total of more than one-half of that author's + termination interest. In the case of a grant executed by two or more + authors who executed it; if any of such authors is dead, the + termination interest of any such author may be exercised as a unit by + the person or persons who, under clause (2) of this subsection, own and + are entitled to exercise a total of more than one-half of that author's + interest. + + (2) Where an author is dead, his or her termination interest is + owned, and may be exercised, by his widow or her widower and his or + her children or grandchildren as follows: + + (A) the widow or widower owns the author's entire termination + interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren of + the author, in which case the widow or widower owns one-half of + the author's interest; + + (B) the author's surviving children, and the surviving children + of any dead child of the author, own the author's entire + termination interest unless there is a widow or widower, in which + case the ownership of one-half of the author's interest is divided + among them; + + (C) the rights of the author's children and grandchildren are in + all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes basis + according to the number of such author's children represented; the + share of the children of a dead child in a termination interest can + be exercised only by the action of a majority of them. + + (3) Termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a + period of five years beginning at the end of thirty-five years from + the date of publication of the work under the grant or at the end of + forty years from the date of execution of the grant, whichever term + ends earlier. + + (4) The termination shall be effected by serving an advance notice + in writing, signed by the number and proportion of owners of + termination interests required under clauses (1) and (2) of this + subsection, or by their duly authorized agents, upon the grantee or the + grantee's successor in title. + + (A) The notice shall state the effective date of the + termination, which shall fall within the five-year period specified + by clause (3) of this subsection, and the notice shall be served not + less than two or more than ten years before that date. A copy of + the notice shall be recorded in the Copyright Office before the + effective date of termination, as a condition to its taking effect. + + (B) The notice shall comply, in form, content, and manner of + service, with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall + prescribe by regulation. + + (5) Termination of the grant may be effected notwithstanding any + agreement to the contrary, including an agreement to make a will or + to make any future grant. + + (b) Effect of Termination. -- Upon the effective date of termination, +all rights under this title that were covered by the terminated grants +revert to the author, authors, or other persons owning termination +interests under clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a), including those +owners who did not join in signing the notice of termination under clause +(4) of subsection (a), but with the following limitations: + + (1) A derivative work prepared under authority of the grant + become its termination may continue to be utilized under the terms of + the grant after its termination, but this privilege does not extend to + the preparation after the termination of other derivative works + based upon the copyrighted work covered by the terminated grant. + + (2) The future rights that will revert upon termination of the grant + before vested on the date the notice of termination has been served as + provided by clause (4) of subsection (a). The rights vest in the + author, authors, and other persons named in, and in the proportionate + shares provided by, clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a). + + (3) Subject to the provisions of clause (4) of this subsection, a + further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of any right + covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is signed by the same + number and proportion of the owners, in whom the right has vested + under clause (2) of this subsection, as are required to terminate the + grant under clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a). Such further grant or + agreement is effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the + right it covers has vested under clause (2) of this subsection, including + those who did not join in signing it. If any person dies after rights + under a terminated grant have vested in him or her, that person's + legal representatives, legatees, or heirs at law represent him or her + for purposes of this clause. + + (4) A further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of any + right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is made after + the effective date of the termination. As an exception, however, an + agreement for such a further grant may be made between the persons + provided by clause (3) of this subsection and the original grantee or + such grantee's successor in title, after the notice of termination has + been served as provided by clause (4) of subsection (a). + + (5) Termination of a grant under this section affects only those + rights covered by the grants that arise under this title. and in no way + affects rights arising under any other Federal, State, or foreign laws. + + (6) Unless and until termination is effected under this section, the + grant, if it does not provide otherwise, continues in effect for the term + of copyright provided by this title. + + +Section 204. Execution of transfers of copyright ownership. + + (a) A transfer of copyright ownership, other than by operation of +law, is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance, or a note or +memorandum of the transfer, is in writing and signed by the owner of +the rights conveyed or such owner's duly authorized agent. + + (b) A certificate of acknowledgement is not required for the validity +of a transfer, but is prima facie evidence of the execution of the transfer +if- + + (1) in the case of a transfer executed in the United States, the + certificate is issued by a person authorized to administer oaths + within the United States; or + + (2) in the case of a transfer executed in a foreign country, the + certificate is issued by a diplomatic or consular officer of the United + States, or by a person authorized to administer oaths whose + authority is proved by a certificate of such an officer. + + +Section 205. Recordation of transfers and other documents. + + (a) Conditions for Recordation. -- Any transfer of copyright +ownership or other document pertaining to a copyright may be recorded +in the Copyright Office if the document filed for recordation bears the +actual signature of the person who executed it, or if it is accompanied by +a sworn or official certification that it is a true copy of the original, +signed document. + + (b) Certificate of Recordation. -- The register of Copyrights shall, +upon receipt of a document as provided by subsection (a) and of the fee +provided by section 708, record the document and return it with a +certificate of recordation. + + (c) Recordation as Constructive Notice. -- Recordation of a document +in the Copyright Office gives all persons constructive notice of the facts +stated in the recorded document, but only if- + + (1) the document, or material attached to it, specifically identifies + the work to which it pertains so that, after the document is indexed + by the Register of Copyrights, it would be revealed by a reasonable + search under the title or registration number of the work; and + + (2) registration has been made for the work. + + (d) Recordation as Prerequisite to Infringement Suit. -- No person +claiming by virtue of a transfer to be the owner of copyright or of any +exclusive right under a copyright is entitled to institute an infringement +action under this title until the instrument of transfer under which such +person claims has been recorded in the Copyright Office, but suit may +be instituted after such recordation on a cause of action that arose before +recordation. + + (e) Priority Between Conflicting Transfers. -- As between two +conflicting transfers, the one executed first prevails if it is recorded, in +the manner required to give constructive notice under subsection (c), +within one month after its execution in the United States, or at any +time before recordation in such manner of the later transfer. Otherwise +the later transfer prevails if recorded first in such manner, and if taken +in good faith, for valuable consideration or on the basis of a binding +promise to pay royalties, and without notice of the earlier transfer. + + (f) Priority Between Conflicting Transfer of Ownership and +Nonexclusive License. -- A nonexclusive license, whether recorded or +not, prevails over a conflicting transfer of copyright ownership if the +license is evidenced by a written instrument signed by the owner of the +rights licensed or such owner's duly authorized agent, and if - + + (1) the license was taken before execution of the transfer; or + + (2) the license was taken in good faith before recordation of the + transfer and without notice of it. + + + +CHAPTER 3 - DURATION OF COPYRIGHT. Analysis. + +Sec. +301. Preemption with respect to other laws. +302. Duration of copyright: Works created on or after January 1, 1978. +303. Duration of copyright: Works created but not published or + copyrighted before January 1, 1978. +304. Duration of copyright: Subsisting copyrights. +305. Duration of copyright: Terminal date. + +Section 301. Preemption with respect to other laws. + + (a) On and after January 1, 1978, all legal or equitable rights that are +equivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of +copyright as specified by section 106 in works of authorship that are +fixed in a tangible medium of expression and come within the subject +matter of copyright as specified by sections 102 and 103, whether +created before or after that date and whether published or +unpublished, are governed exclusively by this title. Thereafter, no +person is entitled to any such right or equivalent right in any such work +under the common law or statutes of any State. + + (b) Nothing in this title annuls or limits any rights or remedies under +the common law or statutes or any state with respect to- + + (1) subject matter that does not come within the subject matter of + copyright as specified by sections 102 and 103, including works of + authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression; or + + (2) any cause of action arising from undertakings commenced before + January 1, 1978; or + + (3) activities violating legal or equitable rights that are not + equivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of + copyright as specified by section 106. + + (c) With respect to sound recordings fixed before February 15, 1972, +any rights or remedies under the common law or statutes of any State +shall not be annulled or limited by this title until February 15, 2047. +The preemptive provisions of subsection (a) shall apply to any such +rights and remedies pertaining to any cause of action arising from +undertakings commenced on and after February 15, 2047. +Notwithstanding the provisions of section 303, no sound recording fixed +before February 15, 1972, shall be subject to copyright under this title +before, on, or after February 15, 2047. + + (d) Nothing in this title annuls or limits any rights or remedies under +any other Federal statute. + + +Section 302. Duration of copyright: Works created on or after January 1, +1978. + + (a) In General. -- Copyright in a work created on or after January 1, +1978, subsists from its creation and, except as provided by the following +subsections, endures for a term consisting of the life of the author and +fifty years after the author's death. + + (b) Joint Works. -- In the case of a joint work prepared by two or more +authors who did not work for hire, the copyright endures for a term +consisting of the life of the last surviving author and fifty years after +such last surviving author's death. + + (c) Anonymous Works, Pseudonymous Works, and Works Made for +Hire. -- In the case of an anonymous work, a pseudonymous work, or a +work made for hire, the copyright endures for a term of seventy-five +years for the year of its first publication, or a term of one hundred years +from the year of its creation, whichever expires first. If, before the end +of such term, the identity of one or more of the authors of an anonymous +or pseudonymous work is revealed in the records of a registration made +for that work under subsections (a) or (d) of section 408, or in the records +provided by this subsection, the copyright in the work endures for the +term specified by subsection (a) or (b), based on the life of the author or +authors whose identity has been revealed. Any person having an +interest in the copyright in an anonymous or pseudonymous work may at +any time record, in records to be maintained by the Copyright Office for +that purpose, a statement identifying one or more authors of the work; +the statement shall also identify the person filing it, the nature of that +person's interest, the source of the information recorded, and the +particular work affected, and shall comply in form and content with +requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by +regulation. + + (d) Records Relating to Death of Authors. -- Any person having an +interest in a copyright may at any time record in the Copyright Office +a statement of the date of death of the author of the copyrighted work, +or a statement that the author is still living on a particular date. The +statement shall identify the person filing it, the nature of that person's +interest, and the source of the information recorded, and shall comply +in form and content with requirements that the Register of Copyrights +shall prescribe by regulation. The Register shall maintain current +records of information relating to the death of authors of copyrighted +works, based on such recorded statements and, to the extent the Register +considers practicable, on data contained in any of the records of the +Copyright Office or in other reference sources. + + (e) Presumption as to Author's Death. -- After a period of seventy- +five years from the year of first publication of a work, or a period of one +hundred years from the year of its creation, whichever expires first, +any person who obtains from the Copyright Office a certified report +that the records provided by subsection (d) disclose nothing to indicate +that the author of the work is living, or died less than fifty years +before, is entitled to the benefit of a presumption that the author has +been dead for at least fifty years. Reliance in food faith upon this +presumption shall be a complete defense to any action for infringement +under this title. + + +Section 303. Duration of copyright: Works created but not published or +copyrighted before January 1, 1978. + + Copyright in a work created before January 1, 1978, but not +theretofore in the public domain or copyrighted, subsists from January +1, 1978, and endures for the term provided by section 302. In no case, +however, shall the term of copyright in such a work expire before +December 31, 2002; and, if the work is published on or before December +31, 2002, the term of copyright shall not expire before December 31, +2027. + + +Section 304. Duration of copyright: Subsisting copyrights. + + (a) Copyrights in Their First Term on January 1, 1978. -- Any +copyright, the first term of which is subsisting on January 1, 1978, shall +endure for twenty-eight years from the date it was originally secured: +Provided, That in the case of any posthumous work or of any periodical, +cyclopedic, or other composite work upon which the copyright was +originally secured by the proprietor thereof, or of any work +copyrighted by a corporate body (otherwise than as assignee or licensee +of the individual author) or by an employer for whom such work is +made for hire, the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a +renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further +term of forty-seven years when application for such renewal and +extension shall have been made to the Copyright Office and duly +registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the +original term of copyright: And provided further, That in the case of +any other copyrighted work, including a contribution by an individual +author to a periodical or to a cyclopedic or other composite work, the +author of such work, if still living, or the widow, widower, or children +of the author, if the author be not living, or if such author, widow, +widower, or children be not living, then the author's executors, or in the +absence of a will, his or her next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal +and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of forty- +seven years when application for such renewal and extension shall +have been made to the Copyright Office and duly registered therein +within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of +copyright: And provided further, That in default of the registration of +such application for renewal and extension, the copyright in any work +shall terminate at the expiration of twenty-eight years from the date +copyright was originally secured. + + (b) Copyrights in Their Renewal Term or Registered for Renewal +Before January 1, 1978. -- The duration of any copyright, the renewal +term of which is subsisting at any time between December 31, 1976, and +December 31, 1977, inclusive, or for which renewal registration is made +between December 31, 1976, and December 31, 1977, inclusive, is +extended to endure for a term of seventy-five years from the date +copyright was originally secured. + + (c) Termination of Transfers and Licenses Covering Extended Renewal +Term. -- In the case of any copyright subsisting in either its first or +renewal term on January 1, 1978, other than a copyright in a work made +for hire, the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of +the renewal copyright or any right under it, executed before January 1, +1978, by any of the persons designated by the second proviso of +subsection (a) of this section, otherwise than by will, is subject to +termination under the following conditions: + + (1) In the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than + the author, termination of the grant may be effected by the + surviving person or persons who executed it. In the case of a grant + executed by one or more of the authors of the work, termination of + the grant may be effected, to the extent of a particular author's + share in the ownership of the renewal copyright, by the author who + executed it, or, if such author is dead, the person or persons who, + under clause (2) of this subsection, own and are entitled to exercise a + total of more than one-half of that author's termination interest. + + (2) Where an author is dead, his or her termination interest is + owned, and may be exercised, by his widow or her widower and his + or her children or grandchildren as follows: + + (A) the widow or widower owns the author's entire termination + interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren + of the author, in which case the widow or widower owns one- + half of the author's interest; + + (B) the author's surviving children, and the surviving children + of any dead child of the author, own the author's entire + termination interest unless there is a widow or widower, in + which case the ownership of one-half of the author's interest is + divided among them; + + (C) the rights of the author's children and grandchildren are in + all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes basis + according to the number of such author's children represented; + the share of the children of a dead child in a termination + interest can be exercised only by the action of a majority of them. + + (3) Termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a + period of five years beginning at the end of fifty-six years from the + date copyright was originally secured, or beginning on January 1, + 1978, whichever is later. + + (4) The termination shall be effected by serving an advance notice + in writing upon the grantee or the grantee's successor in title. In the + case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author, + the notice shall be signed by all of those entitled to terminate the + grant under clause (1) of this subsection, or by their duly authorized + agents. In the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors + of the work, the notice as to any one author's share shall be signed + by that author or his or her duly authorized agent or, if that author + is dead, by the number and proportion of the owners of his or her + termination interest required under clauses (1) and (2) of this + subsection, or by their duly authorized agents. + + (A) The notice shall state the effective date of the + termination, which shall fall within the five-year period specified + by clause (3) of this subsection, and the notice shall be served not + less than two or more than ten years before that date. A copy of + the notice shall be recorded in the Copyright Office before the + effective date of termination, as a condition to its taking effect. + + (B) The notice shall comply, in form, content, and manner of + service, with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall + prescribe by regulation. + + (5) Termination of the grant may be effected notwithstanding any + agreement to the contrary, including an agreement to make a will or + to make any future grant. + + (6) In the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than + the author, all rights under this title that were covered by the + terminated grant revert, upon the effective date of termination, to + all of those entitled to terminate the grant under clause (1) of this + subsection. In the case of a grant executed by one or more of the + authors of the work, all of a particular author's rights under this + title that were covered by the terminated grant revert, upon the + effective date of termination, to that author or, if that author is + dead, to the persons owning his or her termination interest under + clause (2) of this subsection, including those owners who did not join + in signing the notice of termination under clause (4) of this + subsection. In all cases the reversion of rights is subject to the + following limitations: + + (A) A derivative work prepared under authority of the grant + before its termination may continue to be utilized under the terms + of the grant after its termination, but this privilege does not + extend to the preparation after the termination of other + derivative works based upon the copyrighted work covered by + the terminated grant. + + (B) The future rights that will revert upon termination of the + grant become vested on the date the notice of termination has + been served as provided by clause (4) of this subsection. + + (C) Where the author's rights revert to two or more persons + under clause (2) of this subsection, they shall vest in those + persons in the proportionate shares provided by that clause. In + such a case, and subject to the provisions of subclause (D) of this + clause, a further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of a + particular author's share with respect to any right covered by a + terminated grant is valid only if it is signed by the same number + and proportion of the owners, in whom the right has vested + under this clause, as are required to terminate the grant under + clause (2) of this subsection. Such further grant or agreement is + effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the right it + covers has vested under this subclause, including those who did + not join in signing it. If any person dies after rights under a + terminated grant have vested in him or her, that person's legal + representatives, legatees, or heirs at law represent him or her + for purposes of this subclause. + + (D) A further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of + any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is made + after the effective date of the termination. As an exception, + however, an agreement for such a further grant may be made + between the author or any of the persons provided by the first + sentence of clause (6) of this subsection, or between the persons + provided by subclause (C) of this clause, and the original grantee + or such grantee's successor in title, after the notice of termination + has been served as provided by clause (4) of this subsection. + + (E) Termination of a grant under this subsection affects only + those rights covered by the grant that arise under this title, and + in no way affects rights arising under any other Federal, State, or + foreign laws. + + (F) Unless and until termination is effected under this + subsection, the grant, if it does not provide otherwise, continues + in effect for the remainder of the extended renewal term. + + +Section 305. Duration of copyright: Terminal date. + + All terms of copyright provided by sections 302 through 304 run to the +end of the calendar year in which they would otherwise expire. + + + +CHAPTER 4--COPYRIGHT NOTICE, DEPOSIT, AND REGISTRATION. Analysis. + +Sec. +401. Notice of copyright: Visually perceptible copies. +402. Notice of copyright: Phonorecords of sound recordings. +403. Notice of copyright: Publications incorporating United States + Government works. +404. Notice of copyright: Contributions to collective works. +405. Notice of copyright: Omission of notice. +406. Notice of copyright: Error in name or date. +407. Deposit of copies or phonorecords for Library of Congress. +408. Copyright registration in general. +409. Application for copyright registration. +410. Registration of claim and issuance of certificate. +411. Registration as prerequisite to infringement suit. +412. Registration as prerequisite to certain remedies for infringement. + +Section 401. Notice of copyright: Visually perceptible copies. + + (a) General Requirement. -- Whenever a work protected under this +title is published in the United States or elsewhere by authority of the +copyright owner, a notice of copyright as provided by this section shall +be placed on all publicly distributed copies from which the work can be +visually perceived, either directly or with the aid of a machine or +device. + + (b) Form of Notice. -- The notice appearing on the copies shall consist +of the following three elements: + + (1) the symbol of a small letter "c" inside of a circle, or the word + "Copyright," or the abbreviation "Copr."; and + + (2) the year of first publication of the work; in the case of + compilations or derivative work is sufficient. The year date may be + omitted where a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with + accompanying text matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards + postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful articles; and + + (3) the name of the owner of copyright in the work, or an + abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally + known alternative designation of the owner. + + (c) Position of Notice. -- The notice shall be affixed to the copies in +such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of +copyright. + +The Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation, as examples, +specific methods of affixation and positions of the notice on various +types of works that will satisfy this requirement, but these +specifications shall not be considered exhaustive. + + +Section 402. Notice of copyright: Phonorecords of sound recordings. + + (a) General Requirement. -- Whenever a sound recording protected +under this title is published in the United States or elsewhere by +authority of the copyright owner, a notice of copyright as provided by +this section shall be placed on all publicly distributed phonorecords of +the sound recording. + + (b) Form of Notice.- The notice appearing on the phonorecords shall +consist of the following three elements: + + (1) the symbol of a small letter "p" inside of a circle; and + + (2) the year of first publication of the sound recording; and + + (3) the name of the owner of copyright in the sound recording, or an + abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally + known alternative designation of the owner; if the producer of the + sound recording is named on the phonorecord labels or containers, and + if no other name appears in conjunction with the notice, the producer's + name shall be considered a part of the notice. + + (c) Position of Notice. -- The notice shall be placed on the surface of +the phonorecord, or on the phonorecord label or container, in such +manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of +copyright. + + +Section 403. Notice of copyright: Publications incorporating United +States Government works. + + Whenever a work is published in copies or phonorecords consisting +preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government, +the notice of copyright provided by sections 401 or 402 shall also +include a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, +those portions of the copies or phonorecords embodying any work or +works protected under this title. + + +Section 404. Notice of copyright: Contributions to collective works. + + (a) A separate contribution to a collective work may bear its own +notice of copyright, as provided by sections 401 through 403. However, +a single notice applicable to the collective work as a whole is sufficient +to satisfy the requirements of sections 401 through 403 with respect to +the separate contributions it contains (not including advertisements +inserted on behalf of persons other than the owner of copyright in the +collective work), regardless of the ownership of copyright in the +contributions and whether or not they have been previously published. + + (b) Where the person named in a single notice applicable to a +collective work as a whole is not the owner of copyright in a separate +contribution that does not bear its own notice, the case is governed by +the provisions of section 406(a). + + +Section 405. Notice of copyright: Omission of notice. + + (a) Effect of Omission on Copyright. -- The omission of the copyright +notice prescribed by sections 401 through 403 from copies or +phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner +does not invalidate the copyright in a work if- + + (1) the notice has been omitted from no more than a relatively + small number of copies or phonorecords distributed to the public; to + + (2) registration for the work has been made before or is made + within five years after the publication without notice, and a + reasonable effort is made to add notice to all copies or phonorecords + that are distributed to the public in the United States after the + omission has been discovered; or + + (3) the notice has been omitted in violation of an express + requirement in writing that, as a condition of the copyright owner's + authorization of the public distribution of copies or phonorecords, + they bear the prescribed notice. + + (b) Effect of Omission on Innocent Infringers. -- Any person who +innocently infringes a copyright, in reliance upon an authorized copy or +phonorecord from which the copyright notice has been omitted, incurs +no liability for actual or statutory damages under section 504 for any +infringing acts committed before receiving actual notice that +registration for the work has been made under section 408, if such person +proves that he or she was misled by the omission of notice. In a suit for +infringement in such a case the court may allow or disallow recovery of +any of the infringer's profits attributable to the infringement, and may +enjoin the continuation of the infringing undertaking or may require, as +a condition or [sic] permitting the continuation of the infringing +undertaking, that the infringer pay the copyright owner a reasonable +license fee in an amount and on terms fixed by the court. + + (c) Removal of Notice. -- Protection under this title is not affected by +the removal, destruction, or obliteration of the notice, without the +authorization of the copyright owner, from any publicly distributed +copies or phonorecords. + + +Section 406. Notice of copyright: Error in name or date. + + (a) Error in Name. -- Where the person named in the copyright notice +on copies or phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the +copyright owner is not the owner of copyright, the validity and +ownership of the copyright are not affected. In such a case, however, +any person who innocently begins an undertaking that infringes the +copyright has a complete defense to any action for such infringement if +such person proves that he or she was misled by the notice and began +the undertaking in good faith under a purported transfer or license from +the person named therein, unless before the undertaking was begun- + + + (1) registration for the work had been made in the name of the + owner of copyright; or + + (2) a document executed by the person named in the notice and + showing the ownership of the copyright had been recorded. The + person named in the notice is liable to account to the copyright owner + for all receipts from transfers or licenses purportedly made under the + copyright by the person named in the notice. + + (b) Error in Date. -- When the year date in the notice on copies or +phonorecords distributed by authority of the copyright owner is earlier +than the year in which publication first occurred, any period computed +from the year of first publication first occurred, the work is considered +to have been published without any notice and is governed by the +provisions of section 405. + + (c) Omission of Name or Date. -- Where copies or phonorecords +publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner contain no +name or no date that could reasonably be considered a part of the notice, +the work is considered to have been published without any notice and is +governed by the provisions of section 405. + + +Section 407. Deposit of copies or phonorecords for Library of Congress. + + (a) Except as provided by subsection (c), and subject to the provisions +of subsection (e), the owner of copyright or of the exclusive right of +publication in a work published with notice of copyright in the United +States shall deposit, within three months after the date of such +publication- + + (1) two complete copies of the best edition; or + + (2) if the work is a sound recording, two complete phonorecords of + the best edition, together with any printed or other visually + perceptible material published with such phonorecords. Neither + the deposit requirements of this subsection nor the acquisition + provisions of subsection (e) are conditions of copyright protection. + + (b) The required copies or phonorecords shall be deposited in the +Copyright Office for the use or disposition of the Library of Congress. +The Register of Copyrights shall, when requested by the depositor and +upon payment of the fee prescribed by section 708, issue a receipt for the +deposit. + + (c) The Register of Copyrights may be regulation exempt any +categories of material from the deposit requirements of this section, or +require deposit of only one copy or phonorecord with respect to any +categories. Such regulations shall provide either for complete +exemption from the deposit requirements of this section, or for +alternative forms of deposit aimed at providing a satisfactory +archival record of a work without imposing practical or financial +hardships on the depositor, where the individual author is the owner +of copyright in a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work and (i) less than +five copies of the work have been published, or (ii) the work has been +published in a limited edition consisting of numbered copies the +monetary value of which would make the mandatory deposit of two +copies of the best edition of the work burdensome, unfair, or +unreasonable. + + (d) At any time after publication of a work as provided by subsection +(a), the Register of Copyrights may make written demand for the +required deposit of any of the persons obligated to make the deposit +under subsection (a). Unless deposit is made within three months after +the demand is received, the person or persons on whom the demand was +made are liable- + + (1) to a fine of not more than $250 for each work; and + + (2) to pay into a specially designated fund in the Library of + Congress the total retail price of the copies or phonorecords + demanded, or, if no retail price has been fixed, the reasonable cost of + the Library of Congress of acquiring them; and + + (3) to pay a fine of $2,500, in addition to any fine or liability + imposed under clauses (1) and (2), if such person willfully or + repeatedly fails or refuses to comply with such a demand. + + (e) With respect to transmission programs that have been fixed and +transmitted to the public in the United States but have not been +published, the Register of Copyrights shall, after consulting with the +Librarian of Congress and other interested organizations and officials, +establish regulation governing the acquisition, through deposit or +otherwise, of copies or phonorecords of such programs for the collections +of the Library of Congress. + + (1) The Librarian of Congress shall be permitted, under the + standards and conditions set forth in such regulations to make a + fixation of a transmission program directly from a transmission to the + public, and to reproduce one copy or phonorecord from such fixation + for archival purposes. + + (2) Such regulations shall also provide standards and procedures + by which the Register of Copyrights may make written demand, + upon the owner of the right of transmission in the United States, for + the deposit of a copy or phonorecord of a specific transmission + program. Such deposit may, at the option of the owner of the right of + transmission in the United States, be accomplished by gift, by loan + for purposes of reproduction, or by sale at a price not to exceed the + cost of reproducing and supplying the copy or phonorecord. The + regulations established under this clause shall provide reasonable + periods of not less than three months for compliance with a demand, + and shall allow for extensions of such periods and adjustments in the + scope of the demand or the methods for fulfilling it, as reasonably + warranted by the circumstances. Willful failure or refusal to comply + with the conditions prescribed by such regulations shall subject the + owner to the right of transmission in the United States to liability + for an amount, not to exceed the cost of reproducing and supplying the + copy or phonorecord in question, to be paid into a specially + designated fund in the Library of Congress. + + (3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require the + making or retention, for purposes of deposit, of any copy or + phonorecord of an unpublished transmission program, the + transmission of which occurs before the receipt of a specific written + demand as provided by clause (2). + + (4) No activity undertaken in compliance with regulations + prescribed under clauses (1) or (2) of this subsection shall result in + liability if intended solely to assist in the acquisition of copies or + phonorecords under this subsection. + + +Section 408. Copyright registration in general. + + (a) Registration Permissive. -- At any time during the subsistence of +copyright in any published or unpublished work, the owner of +copyright or of any exclusive right in the work may obtain registration +of the copyright claim by delivering to the Copyright Office the +deposit specified by this section, together with the application and fee +specified by sections 409 and 708. Subject to the provisions of section +405(a), such registration is not a condition of copyright protection. + + (b) Deposit for Copyright Registration. -- Except as provided by +subsection + + (c) The material deposited for registration shall include- + + (1) in the case of an unpublished work, one complete copy or + phonorecord; + + (2) in the case of the published work, two complete copies or + phonorecords of the best edition; + + (3) in the case of a work first published outside the United States, + one complete copy or phonorecord as so published; + + (4) in the case of a contribution to a collective work, one complete + copy or phonorecord of the best edition of the collective work. Copies + or phonorecords deposited for the Library of Congress under section + 407 may be used to satisfy the deposit provisions of this section, if + they are accompanied by the prescribed application and fee, and by + any additional identifying material that the Register may, by + regulation, require. The Register shall also prescribe regulations + establishing requirements under which copies or phonorecords + acquired for the Library of Congress under subsection (e) of section 407, + otherwise than by deposit, may be used to satisfy the deposit + provisions of this section. + + + (c) Administrative Classification and Optional Deposit.- + + (1) The Register of Copyrights is authorized to specify by + regulation the administrative classes into which works are to be + placed for purposes of deposit and registration, and the nature of the + copies or phonorecords to be deposited in the various classes + specified. The regulations may require or permit, for particular + classes, the deposit of identifying material instead of copies or + phonorecords, the deposit of only one copy or phonorecord where two + would normally be required, or a single registration for a group of + related works. This administrative classification of works has no + significance with respect to the subject matter of copyright or the + exclusive rights provided by this title. + + (2) Without prejudice to the general authority provided under + clause (1), the Register of Copyrights shall establish regulations + specifically permitting a single registration for a group of works by + the same individual author, all first published as contributions to + periodicals, including newspapers, within a twelve-month period, on + the basis of a single deposit, application, and registration fee, under + all of the following conditions- + + (A) if each of the works as first published bore a separate + copyright notice, and the name of the owner of copyright in the + work, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a + generally known alternative designation of the owner was the + same in each notice; and + + (B) if the deposit consists of one copy of the entire issue of + the periodical, or of the entire section in the case of a newspaper, + in which each contribution was first published; and + + (C) if the application identifies each work separately, + including the periodical containing it and its date of first + publication. + + (3) As an alternative to separate renewal registrations under + subsection (a) of section 304, a single renewal registration may be + made for a group of works by the same individual author, all first + published as contributions to periodicals, including newspapers, upon + the filing of a single application and fee, under all of the following + conditions: + + (A) the renewal claimant or claimants, and the basis of claim or + claims under section 304(a), is the same for each of the works; and + + (B) the works were all copyrighted upon their first publication, + either through separate copyright notice and registration or by + virtue of a general copyright notice in the periodical issue as a + whole; and + + (C) the renewal application and fee are received not more than + twenty-eight or less than twenty-seven years after the thirty-first + day of December of the calendar year in which all of the works + were first published; and + + (D) the renewal application identifies each work separately, + including the periodical containing it and its date of first + publication + + (d) Corrections and Amplifications. -- The register may also +establish, by regulation, formal procedures for the filing of an +application for supplementary registration, to correct an error in a +copyright registration or to amplify the information given in a +registration. Such application shall be accompanied by the fee +provided by section 708, and shall clearly identify the registration to +be corrected or amplified. The information contained in a +supplementary registration augments but does not supersede that +contained in the earlier registration. + + (e) Published Edition of Previously Registered Work. -- Registration +for the first published edition of a work previously registered in +unpublished form may be made even though the work as published is +substantially the same as the unpublished version. + + +Section 409. Application for copyright registration. + + The application for copyright registration shall be made on a form +prescribed by the Register of Copyrights and shall include- + + (1) the name and address of the copyright claimant; + + (2) in the case of a work other than an anonymous or pseudonymous + work, the name and nationality or domicile of the author or authors, + and, if one or more of the authors is dead, the dates of their deaths; + + (3) if the work is anonymous or pseudonymous, the nationality or + domicile of the author or authors; + + (4) in the case of a work made for hire, a statement to this effect; + + (5) if the copyright claimant is not the author, a brief statement of + how the claimant obtained ownership of the copyright; + + (6) the title of the work, together with any previous or alternative + titles under which the work can be identified; + + (7) the year in which creation of the work was completed; + + (8) if the work has been published, the date and nation of its first + publication; + + (9) in the case of a compilation or derivative work, an + identification of any preexisting work or works that it is based on or + incorporates, and a brief, general statement of the additional + material covered by the copyright claim being registered; + + (10) in the case of a published work containing material of which + copies are required by section 601 to be manufactured in the United + States, the names of the persons or organizations who performed the + processes specified by subsection (c) of section 601 with respect to that + material, and the places where those processes were performed; and + + (11) any other information regarded by the Register of Copyrights + as bearing upon the preparation or identification of the work or the + existence, ownership, or duration of the copyright. + + +Section 410. Registration of claim and issuance of certificate. + + (a) When, after examination, the Register of Copyrights determines +that, in accordance with the provisions of this title, the material +deposited constitutes copyrightable subject matter and that the other +legal and formal requirements of this title have been met, the Register +shall register the claim and issue to the applicant a certificate of +registration under the seal of the Copyright Office. The certificate +shall contain the information given in the application, together with +the number and effective date of the registration. + + (b) In any case in which the Register of Copyrights determines that, +in accordance with the provisions of this title, the material deposited +does not constitute copyrightable subject matter or that the claim is +invalid for any other reason, the Register shall refuse registration and +shall notify the applicant in writing of the reasons for such refusal. + + (c) In any judicial proceedings the certificate of a registration made +before or within five years after first publication of the work shall +constitute prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright and of +the facts stated in the certificate. The evidentiary weight to be +accorded the certificate of a registration made thereafter shall be +within the discretion of the court. + + (d) The effective date of a copyright registration is the day on which +an application, deposit, and fee, which are later determined by the +Register of Copyrights or by a court of competent jurisdiction to be +acceptable for registration, have all been received in the Copyright +Office. + + +Section 411. Registration as prerequisite to infringement suit. + + (a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (b), no action for +infringement of the copyright in any work shall be instituted until +registration of the copyright claim has been made in accordance with +this title. In any case, however, where the deposit, application, and +fee required for registration have been delivered to the Copyright +Office in proper form and registration has been refused, the applicant is +entitled to institute an action for infringement if notice thereof, with a +copy of the complaint, is served on the Register of Copyrights. the +Register may, at his or her option, become a party to the action with +respect to the issue of registrability of the copyright claim by entering +an appearance within sixty days after such service, but the Register's +failure to become a party shall not deprive the court of jurisdiction to +determine that issue. + + (b) In the case of a work consisting of sounds, images, or both, the first +fixation of which is made simultaneously with its transmission, the +copyright owner may, either before or after such fixation takes place, +institute an action for infringement under section 501, fully subject to the +remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and sections 509 and 510, +if, in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights +shall prescribe by regulation, the copyright owner- + + (1) serves notice upon the infringer, not less than ten or more than + thirty days before such fixation, identifying the work and the + specific time and source of its first transmission, and declaring an + intention to secure copyright in the work; and, + + (2) makes registration for the work within three months after its + first transmission. + + +Section 412. Registration as prerequisite to certain remedies for +infringement. + + In any action under this title, other than an action instituted under +section 411(b), no award of statutory damages or of attorney's fees, as +provided by sections 504 and 505, shall be made for- + + (1) any infringement of copyright in an unpublished work + commenced before the effective date of its registration; or + + (2) any infringement of copyright commenced after first publication + of the work and before the effective date of its registration, unless + such registration is made within three months after the first + publication of the work. + + + +CHAPTER 5 - COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT AND REMEDIES. Analysis. + +Sec. +501. Infringement of copyright. +502. Remedies for infringement: Injunctions. +503. Remedies for infringement: Impounding and disposition of + infringing articles. +504. Remedies for infringement: Damages and profits. +505. Remedies for infringement: Costs and attorney's fees. +506. Criminal offenses. +507. Limitations on actions. +508. Notification of filing and determination of actions. +509. Seizure forfeiture. +510. Remedies for alteration of programing by cable systems. + + +Section 501. Infringement of copyright. + + (a) Anyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of the copyright +owner as provided by section 106 through 118, or who imports copies or +phonorecords into the United States in violation of section 602, is an +infringer of the copyright. + + (b) The legal or beneficial owner of an exclusive right under a +copyright is entitled, subject to the requirements of sections 205(d) and +411, to institute an action for any infringement of that particular right +committed while he or she is the owner of it. The court may require +such owner to serve written notice of the action with a copy of the +complaint upon any person shown, by the records of the Copyright +Office or otherwise, to have or claim an interest in the copyright, and +shall require that such notice be served upon any person whose interest +is likely to be affected by a decision in the case. The court may require +the joiner, and shall permit the intervention, of any person having or +claiming an interest in the copyright. + + (c) For any secondary transmission by a cable system that embodies a +performance or a display of a work which is actionable as an act of +infringement under subsection (c) of section 111, a television broadcast +station holding a copyright or other license to transmit or perform the +same version of that work shall, for purposes of subsection (b) of this +section, be treated as a legal or beneficial owner if such secondary +transmission occurs within the local service area of that television +station. + + (d) For any secondary transmission by a cable system that is +actionable as an act of infringement pursuant to section 111(c)(3), the +following shall also have standing to sue: (i) the primary transmitter +whose transmission has been altered by the cable system; and (ii) any +broadcast station within whose local service area the secondary +transmission occurs. + + +Section 502. Remedies for infringement: Injunctions. + + (a) Any court having jurisdiction of a civil action arising under this +title may, subject to the provisions of section 1498 of title 28, grant +temporary and final injunctions on such terms as it may deem reasonable +to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright. + + (b) Any such injunction may be served anywhere in the United States +on the person enjoined; it shall be operative throughout the United +States and shall be enforceable, by proceedings in contempt or +otherwise, by any United States court having jurisdiction of that +person. The clerk of the court granting the injunction shall, when +requested by any other court a certified copy of all the papers in the +case on file in such clerk's office. + + +Section 503. Remedies for infringement: Impounding and disposition of +infringing articles. + + (a) At any time while an action under this title is pending, the court +may order the impounding, on such terms as it may deem reasonable, of +all copies or phonorecords claimed to have been made or used in +violation of the copyright's owner's exclusive rights, and of all plates, +molds, matrices, masters, tapes, film negative, or other articles by +means of which such copies or phonorecords may be reproduced. + + (b) As part of a final judgment or decree, the court may order the +destruction or other reasonable disposition of all copies or phonorecords +found to have been made or used in violation of the copyright owner's +exclusive rights, and of all plates, molds, matrices, masters, tapes, film +negatives, or other articles by means of which such copies or +phonorecords may be reproduced. + + +Section 504. Remedies for infringement: Damages and profits. + + (a) In General. -- Except as otherwise provided by this title, an +infringer of copyright is liable for either- + + (1) the copyright owner's actual damages and any additional + profits of infringer, as provided by subsection (b); or + + (2) statutory damages, as provided by subsection (c). + + (b) Actual Damages and Profits. -- The copyright owner is entitled to +recover the actual damages suffered by him or her as a result of the +infringement, and any profits of the infringer that are attributable to +the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual +damages. In establishing the infringer's profits, the copyright owner is +required to present proof only of the infringer's gross revenue, and the +infringer is required to prove his or her deductible expenses and the +elements of profit attributable to factors other than the copyrighted +work. + + (c) Statutory Damages. -- + + (1) Except as provided by clause (2) of this subsection, the + copyright owner may elect, at any time before final judgment is + rendered, to recover instead of actual damages and profits, an award + of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, + with respect to any one work, for which any one infringer is liable + individually, or for which any two or more infringers are liable + jointly and severally, in a sum of not less than $250 or more than + $10,000 as the court considers just. For the purposes of this + subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work + constitute one work. + + (2) In a case where the copyright owner sustains the burden of + proving, and the court finds, that infringement was committed + willfully, the court in its discretion may increase the award of + statutory damages to a sum of not more than $50,000. In a case where + the infringer sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that + such infringer was not aware and had no reason to believe that his + or her acts constituted an infringement of copyright, the it [sic] its + discretion may reduce the award of statutory damages to a sum of + not less than $100. The court shall remit statutory damages in any + case where an infringer believed and had reasonable grounds for + believing that his or her use of the copyrighted work was a fair use + under section 107, if the infringer was: (i) an employee or agent of a + nonprofit educational institution, library, or archives acting within + the scope of his or her employment who, or such institution, library, + or archives itself, which infringed by reproducing the work in copies + or phonorecords; or (ii) a public broadcasting entity which or a + person who, as a regular part of the nonprofit activities of a public + broadcasting entity (as defined in subsection (g) of section 118) + infringed by performing a published nondramatic literary work or + by reproducing a transmission program embodying a performance of + such a work. + + +Section 505. Remedies for infringement: Costs and attorney's fees. + + In any civil action under this title, the court in its discretion may +allow the recovery of full costs by or against any party other than the +United States or an officer thereof. Except as otherwise provided by +this title, the court may also award a reasonable attorney's fee to the +prevailing party as part of the costs. + + +Section 506. Criminal offenses. + + (a) Criminal infringement. -- Any person who infringes a copyright +willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private +financial gain shall be punished as provided in section 2319 of title 18. + + (b) Forfeiture and Destruction. -- When any person is convicted of any +violation of subsection (a), the court in its judgment of conviction shall, +in addition to the penalty therein prescribed, order the forfeiture and +destruction or other disposition of all infringing copies or phonorecords +and all implements, devices, or equipment used in the manufacture of +such infringing copies or phonorecords. + + (c) Fraudulent Copyright Notice. -- Any person who, with fraudulent +intent, places on any article a notice of copyright or words of the same +purport that such person knows to be false, or who, with fraudulent +intent, publicly distributes or imports for public distribution any article +bearing such notice or words that such person knows to be false, shall be +fined not more than $2,500. + + (d) Fraudulent Removal of Copyright Notice. -- Any person who, +with fraudulent intent, removes or alters any notice of copyright +appearing on a copy of a copyrighted work shall be fined not more than +$2,500. + + +Section 507. Limitations on actions. + + (a) Criminal Proceedings. -- No criminal proceeding shall be +maintained under the provisions of this title unless it is commenced +within three years after the cause of action arose. + + (b) Civil Actions. -- No civil action shall be maintained under the +provisions of this title unless it is commenced within three years after +the claim accrued. + + +Section 508. Notification of filing and determination of action. + + (a) Within one month after the filing of any action under this title, +the clerks of the courts of the United States shall send written +notification to the Register of Copyrights setting forth, as far as is +shown by the papers filed in the court, the names and addresses of the +parties and the title, author, and registration number of each work +involved in the action. If any other copyrighted work is later included +in the action by amendment, answer, or other pleading, the clerk shall +also send a notification concerning it to the Register within one month +after the pleading is filed. + + (b) Within one month after any final order or judgment is issued in +the case, the clerk of the court shall notify the Register of it, sending +with the notification a copy of the order or judgment together with the +written opinion, if any, of the court. + + (c) Upon receiving the notifications specified in this section, the +Register shall make them a part of the public records of the Copyright +Office. + + +Section 509. Seizure and forfeiture. + + (a) All copies or phonorecords manufactured, reproduced, distributed, +sold or otherwise used, intended for use, or possessed with intent to use +in violation of section 506(a), and all plates, molds, matrices, masters, +tapes, film negatives, or other articles by means of which such copies or +phonorecords may be reproduced, and all electronic, mechanical, or +other devises for manufacturing, reproducing, or assembling such copies +or phonorecords may be seized and forfeited to the United States. + + (b) The applicable procedures relating to (i) the seizure, summary +and judicial forfeiture, and condemnation of vessels, vehicles, +merchandise, and baggage for violations of the customs laws contained +in title 19, (ii) the disposition of such vessels, vehicles, merchandise, +and baggage or the proceeds from the sale thereof, (iii) the remission or +mitigation of such forfeiture, (iv) the compromise of claims, and (v) the +award of compensation to informers in respect of such forfeitures, shall +apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been +incurred, under the provisions of this section, insofar as applicable and +not inconsistent with the provisions of this section; except that such +duties as are imposed upon any officer or employee of the Treasury +Department or any other person with respect to the seizure and +forfeiture of vessels, vehicles, merchandise, and baggage under the +provisions of the customs laws contained in title 19 shall be performed +with respect seizure and forfeiture of all articles described in subsection +(a) by such officers, agents, or other persons as may be authorized or +designated for that purpose by the Attorney General. + + +Section 510. Remedies for alteration of programing by cable systems. + + (a) In any action filed pursuant to section 111(c)(3), the following +remedies shall be available; + + (1) Where an action is brought by a party identified in subsections + (b) or (c) of section 501, the remedies provided by sections 502 + through 505, and the remedy provided by subsection (b) of this + section; and + + (2) When an action is brought by a party identified in subsection + (d) of section 501, the remedies provided by sections 502 and 505, + together with any actual damages suffered by such party as a result + of the infringement, and the remedy provided by subsection (b) of + this section. + + (b) In any action filed pursuant to section 111(c)(3), the court may +decree that, for a period not to exceed thirty days, the cable system +shall be deprived of the benefit of a compulsory license for one or more +distant signals carried by such cable system. + + + +CHAPTER 6 - MANUFACTURING REQUIREMENTS AND IMPORTATION. Analysis. + +Sec. +601. Manufacture, importation, and public distribution of certain + copies. +602. Infringing importation of copies or phonorecords. +603. Importation prohibitions: Enforcement and disposition of excluded + articles. + + +Section 601. Manufacture, importation, and public distribution of +certain copies. + + (a) Prior to July 1, 1986, and except as provided by subsection (b), the +importation into or public distribution in the United States of copies of +a work consisting preponderantly of nondramatic [sic] literary material +that is in the English language and is protected under this title is +prohibited unless the portions consisting of such material have been +manufactured in the United States or Canada. + + (b) The provisions of subsection (a) do not apply- + + (1) where on the date when importation is sought or public + distribution in the United States is made, the author of any + substantial part of such material is neither a national nor a + domiciliary of the United States or, if such author is a national of + the United States, he or she has been domiciled outside the United + States for a continuous period of at least one year immediately + preceding that date; in the case of a work made for hire, the + exemption provided by this clause does not apply unless a + substantial part of the work was prepared for an employer or other + person who is not a national or domiciliary of the United States or a + domestic corporation or enterprise; + + (2) where the United States Customs Service is presented with an + import statement issued under the seal of the Copyright Office, in + which case a total of no more than two thousand copies of any one + such work shall be allowed entry; the import statement shall be + issued upon request to the copyright owner or to a person designated + by such owner at the time of registration for the work under section + 408 or at any time thereafter; + + (3) where importation is sought under the authority or for the use, + other than in schools, of the Government of the United States or of + any State or political subdivision of a State; + + (4) where importation, for use and not for sale, is sought- + + (A) by any person with respect to no more than one copy of any + work at any one time; + + (B) by any person arriving from outside the United States, with + respect to copies forming part of such person's personal baggage; + or + + (C) by an organization operated for scholarly, educational, or + religious purposes and not for private gain, with respect to copies + intended to form a part of its library; + + (5) where the copies are reproduced in raised characters for the use + of the blind; or + + (6) where, in addition to copies imported under clauses (3) and (4) + of this subsection, no more than two thousand copies of any one such + work, which have not been manufactured in the United States or + Canada, are publicly distributed in the United States; or + + (7) where, on the date when importation is sought or public + distribution in the United States is made- + + (A) the author of any substantial part of such material is an + individual and receives compensation for the transfer or license + of the right to distribute the work in the United States; and + + (B) the first publication of the work has previously taken place + outside the United States under a transfer or license granted by + such author to a transferee or licensee who was not a national or + domiciliary of the United States or domestic corporation or + enterprise; and + + (C) there has been no publication of an authorized edition of the + work of which the copies were manufactured in the United + States; and + + (D) the copies were reproduced under a transfer or license + granted by such author or by the transferee or licensee of the + right of first publication as mentioned in subclause (B), and the + transferee or the licensee of the right of reproduction was not a + national or domiciliary of the United States or a domestic + corporation or enterprise. + + (c) The requirement of this section that copies be manufactured in the +United States or Canada is satisfied if- + + (1) in the case where the copies are printed directly from type that + has been set, or directly from plates made from such type, the + setting of the type and the making of the plates have been + performed in the United States or Canada; and + + (2) in the case where the making of plates by a lithographic or + photoengraving process is a final or intermediate step preceding the + printing of the copies, the making of the plates has been performed + in the United States or Canada. + + (3) in any case, the printing or other final process of producing + multiple copies and any binding of the copies have been performed + in the United States or Canada. + + (d) Importation or public distribution of copies in violation of this +section does not invalidate protection for a work under this title. +However, in any civil action or criminal proceeding for infringement of +the exclusive rights to produce and distribute copies of the work, the +infringer has a complete defense with respect to all of the nondramatic +literary material comprised in the work and any other parts of the +work in which the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute copies +are owned by the same person who owns such exclusive rights in the +nondramatic literary material, if the infringer proves- + + (1) that copies of the work have been imported into or publicly + distributed in the United States in violation of this section by or + with the authority of the owner of such exclusive rights; and + + (2) that the infringing copies were manufactured in the United + States or Canada in accordance with the provisions of subsection (c); + and + + (3) that the infringement was commenced before the effective date + of registration for an authorized edition of the work, the copies of + which have been manufactured in the United States or Canada in + accordance with the provisions of subsection (c). + + (e) In any action for infringement of the exclusive rights to reproduce +and distribute copies of a work containing material required by this +section to be manufactured in the United States or Canada, the +copyright owner shall set forth in the complaint the names of the +persons or organizations who performed the processes specified by +subsection (c) with respect to that material, and the places where those +processes were performed. + + +Section 602. Infringing importation of copies or phonorecords. + + (a) Importation into the United States, without the authority of the +owner of copyright under this title, of copies or phonorecords of a work +that have been acquired outside the United States is an infringement of +the exclusive right to distribute copies of phonorecords under section +406, actionable under section 501. This subsection does not apply to- + + (1) importation of copies or phonorecords under the authority or for + the use of the Government of the United States or of any State or + political subdivision of a State, but not including copies or + phonorecords for purposes other than archival use; + + (2) importation, for the private use of the importer and not for + distribution, by any person with respect to no more than one copy or + phonorecord of any one work at any one time, or by any person + arriving from outside the United States with respect to copies or + phonorecords forming part of such person's personal baggage; or + + (3) importation by or for an organization operated for scholarly, + educational, or religious purposes and not for private gain, with + respect to no more than one copy of an audiovisual work solely for its + archival purposes, and no more than five copies or phonorecords of + any other work for its library lending or archival purposes, unless + the importation of such copies or phonorecords is part of an activity + consisting of systematic reproduction or distribution, engaged in by + such organization in violation of the provisions of section 108(g)(2). + + (b) In a case where the making of the copies or phonorecords would +have constituted an infringement of copyright if this title had been +applicable, their importation is prohibited. In a case where the copies +or phonorecords were lawfully made, the United States Customs service +has no authority to prevent their importation unless the provisions of +section 601 are applicable. In either case, the Secretary of the Treasury +is authorized to prescribe, by regulation, a procedure under which any +person claiming an interest in the copyright in a particular work may, +upon payment of a specified fee, be entitled to notification by the +Customs Service of the importation of articles that appear to be copies +of phonorecords of the work. + + +Section 603. Importation prohibitions: Enforcement and disposition of +excluded articles. + + (a) The Secretary of the Treasury and the United States Postal +Service shall separately or jointly make regulations for the +enforcement of the provisions of this title prohibiting importation. + + (b) These regulations may require, as a condition for the exclusion of +articles under section 602- + + (1) that the person seeking exclusion obtain a court order enjoining + importation of the articles; or + + (2) that the person seeking exclusion furnish proof, of a specified + nature and in accordance with prescribed procedures, that the + copyright in which such person claims an interest is valid and that + the importation would violate the prohibition in section 602; the + person seeking exclusion may also be required to post a surety bond + for any injury that may result if the detention or exclusion of the + articles proves to be unjustified. + + (c) Articles imported in violation of the importation prohibitions of +this title are subject to seizure and forfeiture in the same manner as +property imported in violation of the customs revenue laws. Forfeited +articles shall be destroyed as directed by the Secretary of the Treasury +of the court, as the case may be; however, the articles may be returned +to the country of export whenever it is shown to the satisfaction of the +Secretary of the Treasury that the importer had no reasonable grounds +for believing that his or her acts constituted a violation of law. + + + +CHAPTER 7 - COPYRIGHT OFFICE. Analysis. + +Sec. +701. The Copyright Office: General responsibilities and organization. +702. Copyright Office regulations. +703. Effective date of actions in Copyright Office. +704. Retention and disposition of articles deposited in Copyright + Office. +705. Copyright Office records; Preparation, maintenance, public + inspection, and searching. +706. Copies of Copyright Office records. +707. Copyright Office forms and publications. +708. Copyright Office fees. +709. Delay in delivery caused by disruption of postal or other services. +710. Reproduction for use of the blind and physically handicapped: + Voluntary licensing forms and procedures. + + +Section 701. The Copyright Office: General responsibilities and +organization. + + (a) All administrative functions and duties under this title, except as +otherwise specified, are the responsibility of the Register of +Copyrights as director of the Copyright Office of the Library of +Congress. The Register of Copyrights, together with the subordinate +officers and employees of the Copyright Office, shall be appointed by +the Librarian of Congress, and shall act under the Librarian's general +direction and supervision. + + (b) The Register of Copyrights shall adopt a seal to be used on and +after January 1, 1978, to authenticate all certified documents issued by +the Copyright Office. + + (c) The Register of Copyrights shall make an annual report to the +Librarian of Congress of the work and accomplishments of the +Copyright Office during the previous fiscal year. The annual report of +the Register of Copyrights shall be published separately and as a part +of the annual report of the Librarian of Congress. + + (d) Except as provided by section 706(b) and the regulations issued +thereunder, all actions taken by the Register of Copyrights under this +title are subject to the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act +of June 11, 1946, as amended (c. 324, 60 Stat. 237, title 5, United States +Code, Chapter 5, Subchapter II and Chapter 7). + + +Section 702. Copyright Office regulations. + + The Register of Copyrights is authorized to establish regulations not +inconsistent with law for the administration of the functions and duties +made the responsibility of the Register under this title. All +regulations established by the Register under this title are subject to +the approval of the Librarian of Congress + + +Section 703. Effective date of actions in Copyright Office. + + In any case in which time limits are prescribed under this title for +the performance of an action in the Copyright Office, and in which the +last day of the prescribed period falls on a Saturday, Sunday, holiday, +or other nonbusiness day within the District of Columbia or the Federal +Government, the action may be taken on the next succeeding business +day, and is effective as of the date when the period expired. + + +Section 704. Retention and disposition of articles deposited in +Copyright Office. + + (a) Upon their deposit in the Copyright Office under section 407 and +408, all copies, phonorecords, and identifying material, including those +deposited in connection with claims that have been refused +registration, are the property of the United States Government. + + (b) In the case of published works, all copies, phonorecords, and +identifying material deposited are available to the Library of +Congress for its collections, or for exchange or transfer to any other +library. In the case of unpublished works, the Library is entitled, under +regulations that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe, to select +any deposits for its collections or for transfer to the National Archives +of the United States or to a Federal records center, as defined in section +2901 of title 44. + + (c) The Register of Copyrights is authorized, for specific or general +categories of works, to make a facsimile reproduction of all or any part +of the material deposited under section 408, and to make such +reproduction a part of the Copyright Office records of the registration, +before transferring such material to the Library of Congress as provided +by subsection (b), or before destroying or otherwise disposing of such +material as provided by subsection (d). + + (d) Deposits not selected by the Library under subsection (b), or +identifying portions or reproductions of them, shall be retained under +the control of the Copyright Office, including retention in Government +storage facilities, for the longest period considered practicable and +desirable by the Register of Copyrights and the Librarian of Congress. +After that period it is within the joint discretion of the Register and +the Librarian to order their destruction or other disposition; but, in the +case of unpublished works, no deposit shall be knowingly or +intentionally destroyed or otherwise disposed of during its term of +copyright unless a facsimile reproduction of the entire deposit has been +made a part of the Copyright Office records as provided by subsection (c). + + (e) The depositor of copies, phonorecords, or identifying material +under section 408, or the copyright owner of record, may request +retention, under the control of the Copyright Office, of one or more of +such articles for the full term of copyright in the work. The Register of +Copyrights shall prescribe, by regulation, the conditions under which +such requests are to be made and granted, and shall fix the fee to be +charged under section 708(a)(11) if the request is granted. + + +Section 705. Copyright Office records: Preparation, maintenance, +public inspection, and searching. + + (a) The Register of Copyrights shall provide and keep in the +Copyright Office records of all deposits, registrations, recordations, +and other actions taken under this title, and shall prepare indexes of +all such records. + + (b) Such records and indexes, as well as the articles deposited in +connection with completed copyright registrations and retained under +the control of the Copyright Office, shall be open to public inspection. + + (c) Upon request and payment of the fee specified by section 708, the +Copyright Office shall make a search of its public records, indexes, and +deposits, and shall furnish a report of the information they disclose +with respect to any particular deposits, registrations, or recorded +documents. + + +Section 706. Copies of Copyright Office records. + + (a) Copies may be made of any public records or indexes of the +Copyright Office; additional certificates of copyright registration and +copies of any public records or indexes may be furnished upon request +and payment of the fees specified by section 708. + + (b) Copies or reproductions of deposited articles retained under the +control of the Copyright Office shall be authorized or furnished only +under the conditions specified by the Copyright Office regulation. + + +Section 707. Copyright Office forms and publication. + + (a) Catalog of Copyright Entries -- The Register of Copyrights shall +compile and publish at periodic intervals catalogs of all copyright +registrations. These catalogs shall be divided into parts in accordance +with the various classes of works, and the Register has discretion to +determine, on the basis of practicability and usefulness, the form and +frequency of publication of each particular part. + + (b) Other Publication -- The Register shall furnish, free of charge +upon request, application forms for copyright registration and general +informational material in connection with the functions of the +Copyright Office. The Register also has the authority to publish +compilations of information, bibliographies, and other material he or +she considers to be of value to the public. + + (c) Distribution of Publications. -- All publications of the Copyright +Office shall be furnished to depository libraries as specified under +section 1905 of title 44, and, aside from those furnished free of charge, +shall be offered for sale to the public at prices based on the cost of +reproduction and distribution. + + +Section 708. Copyright Office fees. + + (a) The following fees shall be paid to the Register of Copyrights: + + (1) on filing each application for registration of a copyright claim + or a supplementary registration under section 408, including the + issuance of a certificate of registration if registration is made, $10; + + (2) on filing each application for registration of a claim to renewal + of a subsisting copyright in its first term under section 304(a), + including the issuance of a certificate of registration if registration + is made, $6; + + (3) for the issuance of a receipt for a deposit under section + 407, $2; + + (4) for the recordation, as provided by section 205, of a transfer + of copyright ownership or other document of six pages or less, covering + no more than one title; $10; for each page over six and each title + over one, 50 cents additional; + + (5) for the filing, under section 115(b), of a notice of intention + to make phonorecords, $6; + + (6) for the recordation, under section 302(c), of a statement + revealing the identity of an author of an anonymous or + pseudonymous work, or for the recordation, under section 302(d), of a + statement relating to the death of an author, $10 for a document of + six pages or less, covering no more than one title; for each page over + six and for each title over one, $1 additional; + + (7) for the issuance, under section 601, of an import statement, $3; + + (8) for the issuance, under section 706, of an additional certificate + of registration, $4; + + (9) for the issuance of any other certification, $4; the Register of + Copyrights has discretion, on the basis of their cost, to fix the fees + for preparing copies of Copyright Office records, whether they are + to be certified or not; + + (10) for the making and reporting of a search as provided by section + 705, and for any related services, $10 for each hour or fraction of an + hour consumed; + + (11) for any other special services requiring a substantial amount of + time or expense, such fees as the Register of Copyrights may fix on + the basis of the cost of providing the service. + + (b) The fees prescribed by or under this section are applicable to the +United States Government and any of its agencies, employees, or +officers, but the Register of Copyrights has discretion to waive the +requirement of this subsection in occasional or isolated cases involving +relatively small amounts. + + (c) All fees received under this section shall be deposited by the +Register of Copyrights in the Treasury of the United States and shall +be credited to the appropriation for necessary expenses of the +Copyright Office. The Register may, in accordance with regulations +that he or she shall prescribe, refund any sum paid by mistake or in +excess of the fee required by this section. + + +Section 709. Delay in delivery caused by disruption of postal or other +services. + + In any case in which the Register of Copyrights determines, on the +basis of such evidence as the Register may by regulation require, that a +deposit, application, fee, or any other material to be delivered to the +Copyright Office by a particular date, would have been received in the +Copyright Office in due time except for a general disruption or +suspension of postal or other transportation or communications services, +the actual receipt of such material in the Copyright Office within one +month after the date on which the Register determines that the +disruption or suspension of such services has terminated, shall be +considered timely. + + +Section 710. Reproduction for use of the blind and physically +handicapped: Voluntary licensing forms and procedures. + + The Register of Copyrights shall, after consultation with the Chief +of the Division for the Blind and Physically Handicapped and other +appropriate officials of the Library of Congress, establish by +regulation standardized forms and procedures by which, at the time +applications covering certain specified categories of nondramatic +literary works are submitted for registration under section 408 of this +title, the copyright owner may voluntarily grant to the Library of +Congress a license to reproduce the copyrighted work by means of +Braille or similar tactile symbols, or by fixation of a reading of the +work in a phonorecord, or both, and to distribute the resulting copies or +phonorecords solely for the use of the blind and physically +handicapped and under limited conditions to be specified in the +standardized forms. + + + +CHAPTER 8 - COPYRIGHT ROYALTY TRIBUNAL. Analysis. + +Sec. +801. Copyright Royalty Tribunal: Establishment and purpose. +802. Membership of the Tribunal. +803. Procedures of the Tribunal. +804. Institution and conclusion of proceedings. +805. Staff of the Tribunal. +806. Administrative support of the Tribunal. +807. Deduction of costs of proceedings. +808. Reports. +809. Effective date of final determinations. +810. Judicial review. + + +Section 801. Copyright Royalty Tribunal: Establishment and purpose. + + (a) There is hereby an independent Copyright Royalty Tribunal in +the legislative branch. + + (b) Subject to the provisions of this chapter, the purposes of the +Tribunal shall be- + + (1) to make determinations concerning the adjustment of reasonable + copyright royalty rates as provided in sections 115 and 116, and to + make determinations as to reasonable terms and rates of royalty + payments as provided in section 118. The rates applicable under + sections 115 and 116 shall be calculated to achieve the following + objectives. + + (A) To maximize the availability of creative works to the + public; + + (B) To afford the copyright owner a fair return for his creative + work and the copyright user a fair income under existing + economic conditions; + + (C) To reflect the relative roles of the copyright owner and the + copyright user in the product made available to the public with + respect to relative creative contribution, technological + contribution, capital investment, cost, risk, and contribution to + the opening of new markets for creative expression and media for + their communication; + + (D) To minimize any disruptive impact on the structure of the + industries involved and on generally prevailing industry + practices. + + (2) to make determinations concerning the adjustment of copyright + royalty rates in section 111 solely in accordance with the following + provisions: + + (A) The rates established by section 111(d)(2)(B) may be + adjusted to reflect (i) national monetary inflation or deflation or + (ii) changes in the average rates charged cable subscribers for + the basic service of providing secondary transmissions to + maintain the real constant dollar level of the royalty fee per + subscriber which existed as of the date of enactment of this Act: + Provided, That if the average rates charged cable system + subscribers for the basic service of providing secondary + transmissions are changed so that the average rates exceed + national monetary inflation, no change in the rates established + by section 111(d)(2)(B) shall be permitted: And provided + further, That no increase in the royalty fee shall be permitted + based on any reduction in the average number of distant signal + equivalents per subscriber. The Commission may consider all + factors relating to the maintenance of such level of payments + including, as an extenuating factor, whether the cable industry + has been restrained by subscriber rate regulating authorities from + increasing the rates for the basic service of providing secondary + transmissions. + + (B) In the event that the rules and regulations of the Federal + Communications Commission are amended at any time after + April 15, 1976, to permit the carriage by cable systems of + additional television broadcast signals beyond the local service + area of the primary transmitters of such signals, the royalty + rates established by section 111(d)(2)(B) may be adjusted to + insure that the rates for the additional distant signal + equivalents resulting from such carriage are reasonable in the + light of the changes effected by the amendment to such rules and + regulations. In determining the reasonableness of rates proposed + following an amendment of Federal Communications Commission + rules and regulations, the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall + consider, among other factors, the economic impact on copyright + owners and users: Provided, That no adjustment in royalty rates + shall be made under this subclause with respect to any distant + signal equivalent or fraction thereof represented by (i) carriage + of a signal of the same type (that is, independent, network, or + noncommercial educational) substituted for such permitted + signal, or (ii) a television broadcast signal first carried after + April 15, 1976, pursuant to an individual waiver of the rules and + regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, as such + rules and regulations were in effect on April 14, 1976. + + (C) In the event of any change in the rules and regulations of + the Federal Communications Commission with respect to syndicated + and sports program exclusivity after April 15, 1976, the rates + established by section 111(d)(2)(B) may be adjusted to assure + that such rates are reasonable in light of the changes to such + rules and regulations, but any such adjustment shall apply only + to the affected television broadcast signals carried on those + systems affected by the change. + + (D) The gross receipts limitations established by section + 111(d)(2)(C) and (D) shall be adjusted to reflect national + monetary inflation or deflation or changes in the average rates + charged cable system subscribers for the basic service of + providing secondary transmissions to maintain the real constant + dollar value of the exemption provided by such section; and the + royalty rate specified therein shall not be subject to adjustment; + and + + (3) As soon as possible after the date of enactment of this Act, and + no later than six months following such date, the President shall + publish a notice announcing the initial appointments provided in + section 802, and shall designate an order of seniority among the + initially-appointed commissioners for purposes of section 802(b). + + +Section 802. Membership of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Tribunal shall be composed of five commissioners appointed +by the President with the advise and consent of the Senate for a term of +seven years each; of the first five members appointed, three shall be +designated to serve for seven years from the date of the notice specified +in section 801(C), and two shall be designated to serve for five years +from such date, respectively. Commissioners shall be compensated at +the highest rate now or hereafter prescribe sic for grade 18 of the +General Schedule pay rates (5 U.S.C. 5332). + + (b) Upon convening the commissioners shall elect a chairman from +among the commissioners appointed for a full seven-year term. Such +chairman shall serve for a term of one year. Thereafter, the most senior +commissioner who has not previously served as chairman shall serve as +chairman for a period of one year, except that, if all commissioners +have served a full term as chairman, the most senior commissioner who +has served the least number of terms as chairman shall be designated +as chairman. + + (c) Any vacancy in the Tribunal shall not affect its powers and shall +be filed, for the unexpired term of the appointment, in the same manner +as the original appointment was made. + + +Section 803. Procedures of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Tribunal shall adopt regulations, not inconsistent with law, +governing procedure and methods of operation. Except as otherwise +provided in this chapter, the Tribunal shall be subject to the provisions +of the Administrative Procedure Act of June 11, 1946, as amended (c. 324, +60 Stat. 237, title 5, United States Code, chapter 5, subchapter II and +chapter 7). + + +Section 804. Institution and conclusion of proceedings. + + (a) With respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(1) concerning the +investment of royalty rates as provided in sections 115 and 116, and +with respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(2)(A) and (D)- + + (1) on January 1, 1980, the Chairman of the Tribunal shall cause to + be published in the Federal Register notice of commencement of + proceedings under this chapter; and + + (2) during the calendar years specified in the following schedule, + any owner or user of a copyrighted work whose royalty rates are + specified by this title, or by a rate established by the Tribunal, may + file a petition with the Tribunal declaring that the petitioner + requests an adjustment of the rate. The Tribunal shall make a + determination as to whether the applicant has a significant interest + in the royalty rate in which an adjustment is requested. If the + Tribunal determines that the petitioner has a significant interest, + the Chairman shall cause notice of this determination, with the + reasons therefor, to be published in the Federal Register, together + with notice of commencement of proceedings under this chapter. + + (A) In proceedings under section 801(b)(2)(A) and (D), such + petition may be filed during 1985 and in each subsequent fifth + calendar year. + + (B) In proceedings under section 801(b)(1) concerning the + adjustment of royalty rates as provided in section 115, such petition + may be filed in 1987 and in each subsequent tenth calendar year. + + (C) In proceedings under section 801(b)(1) concerning the + adjustment of royalty rates under section 116, such petition may be + filed in 1990 and in each subsequent tenth calendar year. + + (b) With respect to proceedings under subclause (B) or (C) of section +(_)(2), following an event described in either of those subsections, any +____ or user of a copyrighted work whose royalty rates are specified by +section ____ by a rate established by the Tribunal, may, within twelve +months, file a ___on with the Tribunal declaring that the petitioner +requests an adjustment of the rate. In this event the Tribunal shall +proceed as in subsection (a)(2), above. Any change in royalty rates made +by the Tribunal pursuant to this subsection may be reconsidered in 1980, +1985, and each fifth calendar year thereafter, in accordance with the +provisions in section 801(b)(2)(B) or (C), as the case may be. + + (c) With respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(1), concerning the +determination of reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments as +provided in section 118, the Tribunal shall proceed when and as +provided by that section. + + (d) With respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(3), concerning the +distribution of royalty fees in certain circumstances under sections 111 or +116, the Chairman of the Tribunal shall, upon determination by the +Tribunal that a controversy exists concerning such distribution, cause to +be published in the Federal Register notice of commencement of +proceedings under this chapter. + + (e) All proceedings under this chapter shall be initiated without +delay following publication of the notice specified in this section, and +the Tribunal shall render its final decision in any such proceeding with +one year from the date of such publication. + + +Section 805. Staff of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Tribunal is authorized to appoint and fix the compensation of +such employees as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this +chapter, and to prescribe their functions and duties. + + (b) The Tribunal may procure temporary and intermittent services to +the same extent as is authorized by section 3109 of title 5. + + +Section 806. Administrative support of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Library of Congress shall provide the Tribunal with +necessary administrative services, including those related to budgeting, +accounting, financial reporting, travel, personnel, and procurement. The +Tribunal shall pay the Library for such services, either in advance or +by reimbursement from the funds of the Tribunal, at amounts to be +agreed upon between the Librarian and the Tribunal. + + (b) The Library of Congress is authorized to disburse funds for the +Tribunal, under regulations prescribed jointly by the Librarian of +Congress and the Tribunal and approved by the Comptroller General. +Such regulations shall establish requirements and procedures under +which every voucher certified for payment by the Library of Congress +under this chapter shall be supported with a certification by a duly +authorized officer or employee of the Tribunal, and shall prescribe the +responsibilities and accountability of said officers and employees of +the Tribunal with respect to such certifications. + + +Section 807. Deduction of costs of proceedings. + + Before any funds are distributed pursuant to a final decision in a +proceeding involving distribution of royalty fees, the Tribunal shall +assess the reasonable costs of such proceeding. + + +Section 808. Reports. + + In addition to its publication of the reports of all final +determinations as provided in section 803(b), the Tribunal shall make +an annual report to the President and the Congress concerning the +Tribunal's work during the preceding fiscal year, including a detailed +fiscal statement of account. + + +Section 809. Effective date of final determinations. + + Any final determination by the Tribunal under this chapter shall +become effective thirty days following its publication in the Federal +Register as provided in section 803(b), unless prior to that time an +appeal has been filed pursuant to section 810, to vacate, modify, or +correct such determination, and notice of such appeal has been served on +all parties who appeared before the Tribunal in the proceeding in +question. Where the proceeding involves the distribution of royalty +fees under sections 111 or 116, the Tribunal shall, upon the expiration of +such thirty-day period, distribute any royalty fees not subject to an +appeal filed pursuant to section 810. + + +Section 810. Judicial review. + + Any final decision of the Tribunal in a proceeding under section 801(b) +may be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals, within thirty +days after its publication in the Federal Register by an aggrieved +party. The judicial review of the decision shall be had, in accordance +with chapter 7 of title 5, on the basis of the record before the Tribunal. +No court shall have jurisdiction to review a final decision of the +Tribunal except as provided in this section. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/uscrbasi.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/uscrbasi.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eb0add7e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/uscrbasi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,928 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Copyright Office +Library of Congress +Washington, DC 20559 +202-479-0700 + +Source: Copyright Basics, Circular 1, Copyright Office, Library +of Congress, Washington, DC, January 1991 + + +What Copyright Is + +Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the +United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of "original works of +authorship" including literary, dramatic, musical, +artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is +available to both published and unpublished works. Section 106 of the +Copyright Act generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive +right to do and to authorize others to do the following: + +- To reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; + +- To prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; + +- To distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted +work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by +rental, lease, or lending; + +- To perform the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of +literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, +pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, +and + +- To display the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of +literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, +pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, +including the individual images of a motion picture or other +audiovisual work. + +It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by +the Act to the owner of copyright. These rights, however, are not +unlimited in scope. Sections 107 through 119 of the Copyright Act +establish limitations on these rights. In some cases, these limitations +are specified exemptions from copyright liability. One major +limitation is the doctrine of "fair use," which is given a statutory basis +in section 107 of the Act. In other instances, the limitation takes the +form of a "compulsory license" under which certain limited uses of +copyrighted works are permitted upon payment of specified royalties +and compliance with statutory conditions. For further information +about the limitations of any of these rights, consult the Copyright Act +or write to the Copyright Office. + + +Who Can Claim Copyright + +Copyright protection subsists from the time the work is created +in fixed form; that is, it is an incident of the process of authorship. +The copyright in the work of authorship immediately becomes the property +of the author who created it. Only the author or those deriving their +rights through the author can rightfully claim copyright. + +In the case of works made for hire, the employer and not the +employee is presumptively considered the author. Section 101 of the +copyright statute defines a "work made for hire" as: + +(1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of +his or her employment; or + +(2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a +contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or +other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary +work, as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as +answer material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly +agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall +be considered a work made for hire . . . . + +The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the +work, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. + +Copyright in each separate contribution to a periodical or other +collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a +whole and vests initially with the author of the contribution. + +Two General Principles + +- Mere ownership of a book, manuscript, painting, or any +other copy or phonorecord does not give the possessor the +copyright. The law provides that transfer of ownership of any +material object that embodies a protected work does not of itself +convey any rights in the copyright. + +- Minors may claim copyright, but state laws may +regulate the business dealings involving copyrights owned by +minors. For information on relevant state laws, consult an +attorney. + + +Copyright and National Origin of the Work + +Copyright protection is available for all unpublished works, +regardless of the nationality or domicile of the author. + +Published works are eligible for copyright protection in the +United States if any one of the following conditions is met: + +- On the date of first publication, one or more of the +authors is a national or domiciliary of the United States or is a +national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a foreign nation +that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the United States +is also a party, or is a stateless person wherever that person may +be domiciled; or + +- The work is first published in the United States or in a +foreign nation that, on the date of first publication, is a party to +the Universal Copyright Convention; or the work comes within +the scope of a Presidential proclamation; or + +- The work is first published on or after March 1, 1989, in +a foreign nation that on the date of first publication, is a party to +the Berne Convention; or if the work is not first published in a +country party to the Berne Convention, it is published (on or after +March 1, 1989) within 30 days of first publication in a country +that is party to the Berne Convention; or the work, first +published on or after March 1, 1989, is a pictorial, graphic, or +sculptural work that is incorporated in a permanent structure +located in the United States; or, if the work, first published on or +after March 1, 1989, is a published audiovisual work, all the +authors are legal entries with headquarters in the United +States. + + +What Works Are Protected + +Copyright protects "original works of authorship" that are +fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need not directly +perceptible, so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a +machine or device. Copyrightable works include the following +categories: + +(1) literary works; +(2) musical works, including any accompanying words; +(3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music; +(4) pantomimes and choreographic works; +(5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; +(6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works; +(7) sound recordings; and +(8) architectural works. + +These categories should be viewed quite broadly; for example, +computer programs and most "compilations" are registrable as "literary +works"; maps and architectural plans are registrable as "pictorial, +graphic, and sculptural works." + +What is Not Protected by Copyright + +Several categories of material are generally not eligible for +statutory copyright protection. These include among others: + +- Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of +expression. For example: choreographic works that have not +been notated or recorded, or improvisational speeches or +performances that have not been written or recorded. + +- Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar +symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic +ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients +or contents. + +- Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, +principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a +description, explanation, or illustration. + +- Works consisting entirely of information that is common +property and containing no original authorship. For example: +standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures +and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or +other common sources. + + +How to Secure a Copyright + +Copyright Secured Automatically Upon Creation +The way in which copyright protection is secured under the +present law is frequently misunderstood. No publication or registration +or other action in the Copyright Office is required to secure copyright. +There are, however, certain definite advantages to registration. + +Copyright is secured automatically when the work is created, +and a work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for the +first time. "Copies" are material objects from which a work can be read +or visually perceived either directly or with the aid of a machine or +device, such as books, manuscripts, sheet music, film, videotape, or +microfilm. "Phonorecords" are material objects embodying fixations of +sounds (excluding, by statutory definition, motion picture soundtracks), +such as audio tapes and phonograph disks. Thus, for example, a song +(the "work") can be fixed in sheet music ("copies") or in phonograph +disks ("phonorecords"), or both. + +If a work is prepared over a period of time, the part of the work +existing in fixed form on a particular date constitutes the created work +as of that date. + +Publication + +Publication is no longer the key to obtaining statutory copyright +as it was under the Copyright Act of 1909. However, publication +remains important to copyright owners. + +The Copyright Act defines publication as follows: + +"Publication" is the distribution of copies or phonorecords +of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or +by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or +phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further +distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes +publication. A public performance or display of a work does not +of itself constitute publication. + +A further discussion of the definition of "publication" can be +found in the legislative history of the Act. The legislative reports +define "to the public" as distribution to persons under no explicit or +implicit restrictions with respect to disclosure of the contents. The +reports state that the definition makes it clear that the sale of +phonorecords constitutes publication of the underlying work, for +example, the musical, dramatic, or literary work embodied in a +phonorecord. The reports also state that it is clear that any form of +dissemination in which the material object does not change hands, for +example, performances or displays on television, is not a publication no +matter how many people are exposed to the work. However, when +copies or phonorecords are offered for sale or lease to a group of +wholesalers, broadcasters, or motion picture theaters, publication does +not take place if the purpose is further distribution, public performance, +or public display. + +Publication is an important concept in the copyright law for +several reasons: + +- When a work is published, it may bear a notice of +copyright to identify the year of publication and the name of the +copyright owner and to inform the public that the work is +protected by copyright. Works published before March 1, 1989, +must bear the notice or risk loss of copyright protection. (See +discussion "notice of copyright" below.) + +- Works that are published in the United States are +subject to mandatory deposit with the Library of Congress. (See +discussion below on "mandatory deposit.") + +- Publication of a work can affect the limitations on the +exclusive rights of the copyright owner that are set forth in +sections 107 through 119 of the law. + +- The year of publication may determine the duration of +copyright protection for anonymous and pseudonymous works +(when the author's identity is not revealed in the records of the +Copyright Office) and for works made for hire. + +- Deposit requirements for registration of published works +differ from those for registration of unpublished works. (See +discussion below on "copyright registration" procedures.) + + +Notice of Copyright + +For works first published on and after March 1, 1989, use of the +copyright notice is optional, though highly recommended. Before +March 1, 1989, the use of the notice was mandatory on all published +works, and any work first published before that date must bear a notice +or risk loss of copyright protection. + +Use of the notice is recommended because it informs the public +that the work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright +owner, and shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the +event that a work is infringed, if the work carries a proper notice, the +court will not allow a defendant to claim "innocent infringement"--that +is, that he or she did not realize that the work is protected. (A +successful innocent infringement claim may result in a reduction in +damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive.) + +The use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the +copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or +registration with, the Copyright Office. + +Form of Notice for Visually Perceptible Copies + +The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all of +the following three elements: + +1. The symbol © (the letter C in a circle), or the word +"Copyright," or the abbreviation "Copr."; and + +2. The year of first publication of the work. In the case of +compilations or derivative works incorporating previously +published material, the year date of first publication of the +compilation or derivative work is sufficient. The year date may +be omitted where a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with +accompanying textual matter, if any, is reproduced in or on +greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any +useful article; and + +3. The name of the owner of copyright in the work, or an +abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a +generally known alternative designation of the owner. + + Example: (c© 1991 John Doe + +The "C in a circle" notice is used only on "visually perceptible +copies." Certain kinds of works -- for example, musical, dramatic, and +literary works -- may be fixed not in "copies" but by means of sound in an +audio recording. Since audio recordings such as audio tapes and +phonograph disks are "phonorecords" and not "copies," the "C in a +circle" notice is not used to indicate protection of the underlying +musical, dramatic, or literary work that is recorded. + + +Form of Notice for Phonorecords of Sound Recordings + +The copyright notice for phonorecords of sound recordings has +somewhat different requirements. The notice appearing on +phonorecords should contain the following three elements: + +1. The symbol (the letter P in a circle); and + +2. The year of first publication of the sound recording; and + +3. The name of the owner of copyright in the sound +recording, or an abbreviation by which the name can be +recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the +owner. If the producer of the sound recording is named on the +phonorecord labels or containers, and if no other name appears in +conjunction with the notice, the producer's name shall be +considered a part of the notice. + +Example: (the letter P in a circle) 1991 A.B.C., Inc. + +NOTE: Since questions may arise from the use of variant forms of +the notice, any form of the notice other than those given here +should not be used without first seeking legal advice. + +Position of Notice + +The notice should be affixed to copies or phonorecords of the +work in such an manner and location as to "give reasonable notice on the +claim of copyright." The notice on phonorecords may appear on the +surface of the phonorecord or on the phonorecord label or container, +provided the manner of placement and location give reasonable notice +of the claim. The three elements of the notice should ordinarily +appear together on the copies or phonorecords. The Copyright Office +has issued regulations concerning the form and position of the copyright +notice in the Code of Federal Regulations (37 C.F.R. Part 201). For more +information, request Circular 3. + +Publications Incorporating United States Government Works + +Works by the United States Government are not eligible for +copyright protection. For works published on and after March 1, 1989, +the previous notice requirement for works consisting primarily of one or +more U.S. Government works has been eliminated. However, use of the +copyright notice for these works is still strongly recommended. Use of a +notice on such a work will defeat a claim of innocent infringement as +previously described provided the notice also includes a statement that +identifies one of the following: those portions of the work in which +copyright is claimed or those portions that constitute U.S. Government +material. An example is: + +Copr. 1991 Jane Brown. Copyright claimed in Chapters 7-10, exclusive of +U.S. Government maps. + +Works published before March 1, 1989, that consist primarily of +one or more works of the U.S. Government must bear a notice and the +identifying statement. + +Unpublished Works + +To avoid an inadvertent publication without notice, the author +or other owner of copyright may wish to place a copyright notice on any +copies or phonorecords that leave his or her control. + +Effect of Omission of the Notice or of Error in the Name or Date + +The Copyright Act, in sections 405 and 406, provides procedures +for correcting errors and omissions of the copyright notice on works +published on or after January 1, 1978 and before March 1, 1989. + +In general, if a notice was omitted or an error was made on copies +distributed between January 1, 1978, and March 1, 1989, the copyright +was not automatically lost. Copyright protection may be maintained if +registration for the work has been made before or is made within 5 +years after the publication without notice, and a reasonable effort is +made to add the notice to all copies or phonorecords that are +distributed to the public in the United States after the omission has +been discovered. For more information request Circular 3. + +How Long Copyright Protection Endures Works Originally + +Copyrighted on or After January 1, 1978 + +A work that is created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) +on or after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment +of its creation, and is ordinarily given a term enduring for the author's +life, plus an additional 50 years after the author's death. In the case of +"a joint work prepared by two or more authors who did not work for +hire," the term lasts for 50 years after the last surviving author's +death. For works made for hire, and for anonymous and pseudonymous +works (unless the author's identity is revealed in Copyright Office +records), the duration of copyright will be 75 years from publication or +100 years from creation, whichever is shorter. + +Works that were created but not published or registered for +copyright before January 1, 1978, have been automatically brought +under the statute and are now given Federal copyright protection. The +duration of copyright in these works will generally be computed in the +same way as for works created on or after January 1, 1978: the life-plus- +50 or 75/100-year terms will apply to them as well. The law provides +that in no case will the term of copyright for works in this category +expire before December 31, 2002, and for works published on or before +December 31, 2002, the term of copyright will not expire before +December 31, 2027. + +Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978 + +Under the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either +on the date a work was published, or on the date of registration if the +work was registered in unpublished form. In either case, the copyright +endured for a first term of 28 years from the date it was secured. During +the last (28th) year of the first term, the copyright was eligible for +renewal. The current copyright law has extended the renewal term +from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were subsisting on January 1, +1978, making these works eligible for a total term of protection of 75 +years. However, the copyright must be timely renewed to receive the +47-year period of added protection. This is accomplished by filing a +properly completed form RE accompanied by a $12 filing fee in the +Copyright Office before the end of the 28th calendar year of the +original term. + +For more detailed information on the copyright term, write to +the Copyright Office and request Circulars 15a and 15t. For +information on how to search the Copyright Office records concerning +the copyright status of a work, ask for Circular 22. + +Transfer of Copyright + +Any or all of the exclusive rights, or any subdivision of those +rights, of the copyright owner may be transferred, but the transfer of +exclusive rights is not valid unless that transfer is in writing and signed +by the owner of the rights conveyed (or such owner's duly authorized +agent). Transfer of a right on a nonexclusive basis does not require a +written agreement. + +A copyright may also be convened by operation of law and may +be bequeathed by will or pass as personal property by the applicable +laws of intestate succession. + +Copyright is a personal property right, and it is subject to the +various state laws and regulations that govern the ownership, +inheritance, or transfer of personal property as well as terms of +contracts or conduct of business. For information about relevant state +laws, consult an attorney. + +Transfers of copyright are normally made by contract. The +Copyright Office does not have or supply any forms for such transfers. +However, the law does provide for the recordation in the Copyright +Office of transfers of copyright ownership. Although recordation is not +required to make a valid transfer between the parties, it does provide +certain legal advantages and may be required to validate the transfer +as against third parties. For information on recordation of transfers and +other documents related to copyright, request Circular 12. + +Termination of Transfers + +Under the previous law, the copyright in a work generally +reverted to the author, if living, or if the author was not living, to +other specified beneficiaries, provided a renewal claim was registered +in the 28th year of the original term. The present law drops the +renewal feature except for works already in the first term of statutory +protection when the present law took effect. Instead, the present law +generally permits termination of a grant of rights after 35 years under +certain conditions by serving written notice on the transferee within +specified time limits. + +For works already under statutory copyright protection before +1978, the present law provides a similar right of termination covering +the newly added years that extended the former maximum term of the +copyright from 56 to 75 years. For further information, request Circulars +15a and 15t. + +International Copyright Protection + +There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that will +automatically protect an author's writings throughout the entire +world. Protection against unauthorized use in a particular country +depends, basically, on the national laws of that country. However, +most countries do offer protection to foreign works under certain +conditions, and these conditions have been greatly simplified by +international copyright treaties and conventions. For a list of countries +which maintain copyright relations with the United States, request +Circular 38a. + +The United States belongs to both global, multilateral copyright +treaties--the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) and the Berne +Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The +United States was a founding member of the UCC, which came into +force on September 16, 1955. Generally, a work by a national or +domiciliary of a country that is a member of the UCC or a work first +published in a UCC country may claim protection under the UCC. If the +work bears the notice of copyright in the form and position specified by +the UCC, this notice will satisfy and substitute for any other +formalities a UCC member country would otherwise impose as a +condition of copyright. A UCC notice should consist of the symbol "C in +a circle" accompanied by the name of the copyright proprietor and the +year of first publication of the work. + +By joining the Berne Convention on March 1, 1989, the United +States gained protection for its authors in all member nations of the +Berne Union with which the United States formerly had either no +copyright relations or had bilateral treaty arrangements. Members of +the Berne Union agree to a certain minimum level of copyright +protection and agree to treat nationals of other member countries like +their own nationals for purposes of copyright. A work first published in +the United Sates or another Berne Union country (or first published in a +non-Berne country, followed by publication within 30 days in a Berne +Union country) is eligible for protection in all Berne member countries. +There are no special requirements. For information on the legislation +implementing the Berne Convention, request Circular 93 from the +Copyright Office. + +An author who wishes protection for his or her work in a +particular country should first find out the extent of protection of +foreign works in that country. If possible, this should be done before the +work is published anywhere, since protection may often depend on the +facts existing at the time of first publication. + +If the country in which protection is sought is a party to one of +the international copyright conventions, the work may generally be +protected by complying with the conditions of the convention. Even if +the work cannot be brought under an international convention, +protection under the specific provisions of the country's national laws +may still be possible. Some countries, however, offer little or no +copyright protection for foreign works. + + +Copyright Registration + +In general, copyright registration is a legal formality intended +to make a public record of the basic facts of a particular copyright. +However, except in two specific situations, registration is not a +condition of copyright protection. Even though registration is not +generally a requirement for protection, the copyright law provides +several inducements or advantages to encourage copyright owners to +make registration. Among these advantages are the following: + +- Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim; + +- Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, +registration is necessary for works of U.S. origin and for foreign +works not originating in a Berne Union country. (For more +information on when a work is of U.S. origin, request Circular 93); + +- If made before or within 5 years of publication, +registration will establish prima facie evidence in court of the +validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the +certificate; and + +- If registration is made within 3 months after publication +of the work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory +damages and attorney's fees will be available to the copyright +owner in court actions. Otherwise, only an award of actual +damages and profits is available to the copyright owner. + +Registration may be made at any time within the life of the +copyright. Unlike the law before 1978, when a work has been registered +in unpublished form, it is not necessary to make another registration +when the work becomes published (although the copyright owner may +register the published edition, if desired). + +Registration Procedures + +In General + +A. To register a work, send the following three elements +in the same envelope of package to the Register of Copyrights, +Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20559: +(see section What Happens If the Three Elements Are Not +Received Together.) + +1. A properly completed application form; + +2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $20 for each application; + +3. A nonreturnable deposit of the work being +registered. The deposit requirements vary in particular +situations. The general requirements follow. Also note +the information under "Special Deposit Requirements" +immediately following this section. + +- If the work is unpublished, one complete copy or phonorecord. + +- If the work was first published in the +United States on or after January 1, 1978, two +complete copies or phonorecords of the best edition. + +- If the work was first published in the +United States before January 1, 1978, two complete +copies or phonorecords of the work as first +published. + +- If the work was first published outside the +United States, whenever published, one complete +copy or phonorecord of the work as first published. + +B. To register a renewal, send: + +1. A properly completed RE application form; and + +2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $12 for each work. + +NOTE: Complete the Application Form Using Black Ink Pen or +Typewriter. You may photocopy the application forms if the +forms you submit to the Office are clear, legible, on a good grade +of white paper, and printed head-to-head (so that when you +turn the sheet over, the top of page 2 is directly behind the top of +page 1). Because the certificates of registration are reproduced +directly from the application forms, it is vital the forms meet +the stated requirements. Forms not meeting these requirements +will be returned. + +Special Deposit Requirements + +Special deposit requirements exist for many types of work. In +some instances, only one copy is required for published works, in other +instances only identifying material is required, and in still other +instances, the deposit requirement may be unique. The following are +three prominent examples of exceptions to the general deposit +requirements: + +- If the work is a motion picture, the deposit requirement +is one complete copy of the unpublished or published motion +picture and a separate written description of its contents, such as +a continuity, press book, or synopsis. + +- If the work is a literary, dramatic or musical work +published only on phonorecord, the deposit requirement is one +complete copy of the phonorecord. + +- If the work is an unpublished or published computer +program, the deposit requirement is one visually perceptible +copy in source code of the first and last 25 pages of the program. +For a program of less than 50 pages, the deposit is a copy of the +entire program. (For more information on computer program +registration, including deposits for revised programs and special +relief for trade secrets, request Circular 61.) +In the case of works reproduced in three-dimensional copies, +identifying material such as photographs or drawings is ordinarily +required. Other examples of special deposit requirements (but by no +means an exhaustive list) include many works of the visual arts, such as +greeting cards, toys, fabric, oversized material (request Circular 40a); +video games and other machine-readable audiovisual works (request +Circular 61 and ML-387); automated databases (request Circular 65); +and contributions to collective works. + +If you are unsure of the deposit requirement for your work, write +or call the Copyright Office and describe the work you wish to register. + +Unpublished Collections + +A work may be registered in unpublished form as a "collection," +with one application and one fee, under the following conditions: + +- The elements of the collection are assembled in an +orderly form; + +- The combined elements bear a single title identifying +the collection as a whole; + +- The copyright claimant in all the elements and in the +collection as a whole is the same; and + +- All of the elements are by the same author, or, if they +are by different authors, at least one of the authors has +contributed copyrightable authorship to each element. +An unpublished collection is indexed in the Catalog of Copyright +Entries only under the collection title. + +Corrections and Amplifications of Existing Registrations + +To correct an error in a copyright registration or to amplify the +information given in a registration, file a supplementary registration +form--Form CA--with the Copyright Office. The information in a +supplementary registration augments but does not supersede that +contained in the earlier registration. Note also that a supplementary +registration is not a substitute for an original registration, for renewal +registration, or for recording a transfer of ownership. For further +information about supplementary registration, request Circular 8. + +Mandatory Deposit for Works Published in the United States + +Although a copyright registration is not required, the Copyright +Act establishes a mandatory deposit requirement for works published +in the United States (see definition of "publication" on page 4 of +Circular 1). In general, the owner of copyright, or the owner of the +exclusive right of publication in the work, has a legal obligation to +deposit in the Copyright Office, within 3 months of publication in the +United States, 2 copies (or, in the case of sound recordings, 2 +phonorecords) for the use of the Library of Congress. Failure to make +the deposit can result in fines and other penalties, but does not affect +copyright protection. + +Certain categories of works are exempt entirely from the +mandatory deposit requirements, and the obligation is reduced for +certain other categories. For further information about mandatory +deposit, request Circular 7d. + +NOTE: Library of Congress Catalog Card Numbers. A Library of +Congress Catalog Card Number is different from a copyright +registration number. The Cataloging in Publication (CIP) Division of +the Library of Congress is responsible for assigning LC Catalog Card +Numbers and is operationally separate from the Copyright Office. A +book may be registered in or deposited with the Copyright Office but +not necessarily cataloged and added to the Library's collections. For +information about obtaining an LC Catalog Card Number, contact the +CIP Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540. For +information on International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN), write +to: ISBN Agency, R.R. Bowker Company, 245 West 17th Street, New +York, N.Y. 10011. For information on International Standard Serial +Numbering (ISSN), write to: Library of Congress, National Serials +Data Program, Washington, D.C. 20540. + +Use of Mandatory Deposit to Satisfy Registration Requirements + +For works published in the United States the Copyright Act +contains a provision under which a single deposit can be made to satisfy +both the deposit requirements for the Library and the registration +requirements. In order to have this dual effect, the copies or +phonorecords must be accompanied by the prescribed application and +filing fee. + +Who May File an Application Form + +The following persons are legally entitled to submit an +application form: + +- The author. This is either the person who actually +created the work, or, if the work was made for hire, the +employer or other person for whom the work was prepared. + +- The copyright claimant. The copyright claimant is +defined in Copyright Office regulations as either the author of +the work or a person or organization that has obtained +ownership of all the rights under the copyright initially +belonging to the author. This category includes a person or +organization who has obtained by contract the right to claim +legal title to the copyright in an application for copyright +registration. + +- The owner of exclusive right(s). Under the law, any of +the exclusive rights that go to make up a copyright and any +subdivision of them can be transferred and owned separately, +even though the transfer may be limited in time or place of +effect. The term "copyright owner" with respect to any one of +the exclusive rights contained in a copyright refers to the owner +of that particular right. Any owner of an exclusive right may +apply for registration of a claim in the work. + +- The duly authorized agent of such author, other +copyright claimant, or owner of exclusive right(s). Any person +authorized to act on behalf of the author, other copyright +claimant, or owner of exclusive rights may apply for +registration. +There is no requirement that applications be prepared or filed by an +attorney. + +Application Forms + +For Original Registration + +Form TX: for published and unpublished nondramatic literary works + +Form SE: for serials, works issued or intended to be issued in +successive parts bearing numerical or chronological +designations and intended to be continued indefinitely +(periodicals, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, +annuals, journals, etc.) + +Short Form/SE and Form SE/GROUP: specialized SE forms for use +when certain requirements are met + +Form PA: for published and unpublished works of the performing +arts (musical and dramatic works, pantomimes and +choreographic works, motion pictures and other +audiovisual works) + +Form VA: for published and unpublished works of the visual arts +(pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works including +architectural works) + +Form SR: for published and unpublished sound recordings + + +For Renewal Registration + +Form RE: for claims to renewal copyright in works copyrighted +under the law in effect through December 31, 1977 (1909 +Copyright Act) + + +For Corrections and Amplifications + +FORM CA: for supplementary registration to correct or amplify +information given in the Copyright Office record of an +earlier registration + +For a Group of Contributions to Periodicals + +Form GR/CP: an adjunct application to be used for registration of a +group of contributions to periodicals in addition to an application +Form TX, PA, or VA + +Free application forms are supplied by the Copyright Office. + + +Copyright Office Hotline +NOTE: Requestors may order application forms and circulars at any +time by telephoning 202-707-9100. Orders will be recorded +automatically and filled as quickly as possible. + +Mailing Instructions + +All applications and materials related to copyright registration +should be addressed to the Register of Copyrights, Copyright Office, +Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20559. + +The application, nonreturnable deposit (copies, phonorecords, or +identifying material), and nonrefundable filing fee should be mailed in +the same package. + +What Happens If the Three Elements Are Not Received Together + +Applications and fees received without appropriate copies, +phonorecords, or identifying material will not be processed and will +ordinarily be returned. Unpublished deposits without applications or +fees will ordinarily be returned, also. In most cases, published deposits +received without applications and fees can be immediately transferred +to the collections of the Library of Congress. This practice is in +accordance with section 408 of the law which provides that the +published deposit required for the collections of the Library of Congress +may be used for registration only if the deposit is "accompanied by the +prescribed application and fee...." + +After the deposit is received and transferred to another +department of the Library for its collections or other disposition, it is no +longer available to the Copyright Office. If you wish to register the +work, you must deposit additional copies or phonorecords with your +application and fee. + +Fees + +Do not send cash. A fee sent to the Copyright Office should be in +the form of a money order, check, or bank draft payable to the Register +of Copyrights; it should be securely attached to the application. A +remittance from outside the United States should be payable in U.S. +dollars and should be in the form of an international money order or a +draft drawn on a U.S. bank. Do not send a check drawn on a foreign +bank. + +Effective Date of Registration + +A copyright registration is effective on the date of receipt in the +Copyright Office receives all of the required elements in acceptable +form, regardless of how long it then takes to process the application +and mail the certificate of registration. The time the Copyright Office +requires to process an application varies, depending on the amount of +material the Office is receiving and the personnel available. It must +also be kept in mind that it may take a number of days for mailed +material to reach the Copyright Office and for the certificate of +registration to reach the recipient after being mailed by the Copyright +Office. + +If you are filing an application for copyright registration in the +Copyright Office, you will not receive an acknowledgement that your +application has been received, but you can expect: + +- A letter or telephone call from a copyright examiner if +further information is needed; + +- A certificate of registration to indicate the work has +been registered, or + +- If the application cannot be made, a letter explaining +why it has been refused. +Please allow 120 days to receive a letter or certificate of registration. + +If you want to know when the Copyright Office receives your +material, you should send it by registered or certified mail and request +a return receipt from the post office. Allow at least 3 weeks for the +return of your receipt. + + +Search of Copyright Office Records + +The records of the Copyright Office are open for inspection and +searching by the public. Moreover, on request, the Copyright Office +will search its records at the statutory rate of $20 for each hour or +fraction of an hour. For information on searching the Office records +concerning the copyright status or ownership of a work, request +Circulars 22 and 23. + +Available Information + +This circular attempts to answer some of the questions that are +frequently asked about copyright. For a list of other material +published by the Copyright Office, request Circular 2, "Publications on +Copyright." Any requests for Copyright Office publications or special +questions relating to copyright problems not mentioned in this circular +should be addressed to the Copyright Office, LM 455, Library of +Congress, Washington, D.C. 20559. To speak to a Copyright +Information Specialist, call 202-479-0700. + +The Copyright Office is not permitted to give legal advice. If +you need information or guidance on matters such as disputes over the +ownership of a copyright, suits against possible infringers, the +procedure for getting a work published, or the method of obtaining +royalty payments, it may be necessary to consult an attorney. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/usdeplib.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/usdeplib.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..00f56243 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/usdeplib.txt @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Depository Library Program + +United States Government Printing Office +Washington, DC 20401 + +Source: Chapter 19, Title 44, U.S. Code, Volume Eighteen, 1988 +Edition, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, +1989, pages 557-561. + + +Section + +1901. Definition of Government publication. + +1902. Availability of Government publications through +Superintendent of Documents; lists of publications not +ordered from Government Printing Office. + +1903. Distribution of publications to depositories; notice to Government +components; costs of printing and binding. + +1904. Classified list of Government publications for selection by +depositories. + +1905. Distribution to depositories; designation of additional libraries; +justification; authorization for certain designations. + +1906. Land-grant colleges constituted depositories. + +1907. Libraries of executive departments, service academies, and +independent agencies constituted depositories; certifications of need; +disposal of unwanted publications. + +1908. American Antiquarian Society to receive certain publications. + +1909. Requirements of depository libraries; reports on conditions; +investigations; termination; replacement. + +1910. Designations of replacement depositories; limitations on +numbers; conditions. + +1911. Free use of Government publications in depositories; disposal of +unwanted publications. + +1912. Regional depositories; designation; functions; disposal of +publications. + +1913. Appropriations for supplying depository libraries; restriction. + +1914. Implementation of depository library program by Public Printer. + +1915. Highest State appellate court libraries as depository libraries. + +1916. Designation of libraries of accredited law schools as depository +libraries. + + +Amendments + +1978--Pub. L. 95-261, Section 2, Apr. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 199, added item +1916. + +1972--Pub. L. 92-368, Section 1(b), Aug. 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 507, added item +1915. + + +Federal Records Management Provisions Without Effect on Chapter + +Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or +repealed by Federal Records Management Amendments of 1976, see +section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94-575, set out as a note under section 2901 +of this title. + + +Chapter Referred to in Other Sections +This chapter is referred to in section 3317 of this title. + + +Section 1901. Definition of Government publication. + +"Government publication" as used in this chapter, means +informational matter which is published as an individual document as +Government expense, or as required by law. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283.) + + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 81a (Pub. L. 87-579, +Section 1, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 352). + + + +Section 1902. Availability of Government publications through +Superintendent of Documents; lists of publications not ordered from +Government Printing Office. + +Government publications, except those determined by their +issuing components to be required for official use only or for strictly +administrative or operational purposes which have no public interest +or educational value and publications classified for reasons of national +security, shall be made available to depository libraries through the +facilities of the Superintendent of Documents for public information. +Each component of the Government shall furnish the Superintendent of +Documents a list of such publications it issued during the previous +month, that were obtained from sources other than the Government +Printing Office. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283) + + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 81b (Pub. L. 87-579, +Section 1, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat 352). + + + +Section 1903. Distribution of publications to depositories; notice to +Government components; cost of printing and binding. + +Upon request of the Superintendent of Documents, components of +the Government ordering the printing of publications shall either +increase or decrease the number of copies of publications furnished for +distribution to designated depository libraries and State libraries so +that the number of copies delivered to the Superintendent of Documents +is equal to the number of libraries on the list. The number thus +delivered may not be restricted by any statutory limitation in force on +August 9, 1962. Copies of publications furnished the Superintendent of +Documents for distribution to designated depository libraries shall +include--the journals of the Senate and House of Representatives; all +publications, not confidential in character, printed upon the requisition +of a congressional committee; Senate and House public bills and +resolutions; and reports on private bills, concurrent or simple +resolutions; but not so-called cooperative publications which must +necessarily be sold in order to be self-sustaining. + +The Superintendent of Documents shall currently inform the +components of the Government ordering printing of publications as to +the number of copies of their publications required for distribution to +depository libraries. The cost of printing and binding those +publications distributed to depository libraries obtained elsewhere +than from the Government Printing Office, shall be borne by components +of the Government responsible for their issuance; those requisitioned +from the Government Printing Office shall be charged to +appropriations provided the Superintendent of Documents for that +purpose. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283.) + + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 85 (part) (Mar.1, 1907, +ch. 2284, Section 4, 34 Stat. 1014; June 25, 1938, ch. 708, 52 Stat. 1206; +Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, Section 5, 76 Stat. 354.) + +The last paragraph of former section 85 will be found in section +1906 of the revision. + + + +Section 1904. Classified list of Government publications for selection by +depositories. + +The Superintendent of Documents shall currently issue a +classified list of Government publications in suitable form, containing +annotations of contents and listed by item identification numbers to +facilitate the selection of only those publications needed by depository +libraries. The selected publications shall be distributed to depository +libraries in accordance with regulations of the Superintendent of +Documents, as long as they fulfill the conditions provided by law. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed. Section 83 (R.S. Section 502; Jan. +12, 1895, ch. 23, Sections 53, 61, 28 Stat. 608, 610; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87- +579, Section 3, 76 Stat. 353.) + + + +Section 1905. Distribution to depositories; designation of additional +libraries; justification; authorization for certain designations. + +The Government publications selected from lists prepared by the +Superintendent of Documents, and when requested from him, shall be +distributed to depository libraries specifically designated by law and +to libraries designate Senators, Representatives, and the Resident +Commissioner from Puerto Rico, by the Commissioner of the District of +Columbia, and by the Governors of Guam, American Samoa, and the +Virgin Islands, respectively. Additional libraries within areas served +by Representatives or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico may +be designated by them to receive Government publications to the extent +that the total number of libraries designated by them does not exceed +two within each area. Not more than two additional libraries within +a State may be designated by each Senator from the State. Before an +additional library within a State, congressional district or the +Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is designated as a depository for +Government publications, the head of that library shall furnish his +Senator, Representative, or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto +Rico, as the case may be, with justification of the necessity for the +additional designation. The justification, which shall also include a +certification as to the need for the additional depository library +designation, shall be signed by the head of every existing depository +library within the congressional district or the Commonwealth of +Puerto Rico or by the head of the library authority of the State or the +Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, within which the +additional depository library is to be located. The justification for +additional depository library designations shall be transmitted to the +Superintendent of Documents by the Senator, Representative, or the +Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, as the case may be. The +Commissioner of the District of Columbia may designate two +depository libraries in the District of Columbia, the Governor of Guam +and the Governor of American Samoa may each designate one +depository library in Guam and American Samoa, respectively, and the +Governor of the Virgin Islands may designate one depository library on +the island of Saint Thomas and one on the island of Saint Croix. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.) +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 82 (R.S. Section 501; Mar. +1, 1907, ch. 2284, Section 4, 34 Stat. 1014; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, +Section 2, 76 Stat. 353). + +Transfer of Functions + +The office of Commissioner of the District of Columbia, as +established under Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1967, eff. Nov. 3, 1967 (in part), +32 F.R. 11669, 81 Stat. 948, was abolished as of noon Jan. 2, 1975, by Pub. +L. 93-198, title VII, Section 711, Dec. 24, 1973, 87 Stat. 818, and replaced +by the office of Mayor of the District of Columbia by section 421 of Pub. +L. 93-198, classified to section 1-241 of the District of Columbia Code. + +District of Columbia Public Library as Depository + +Act Sept. 28, 1943, ch. 243, 57 Stat. 568, provided: "That the +Public Library of the District of Columbia is hereby constituted a +designated depository of governmental publications, and the +Superintendent of Documents shall supply to such library one copy of +each such publication, in the same form as supplied to other designated +depositories." + +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 1910 of this title; title 17 +section 707. + + + +Section 1906. Land-grant colleges constituted depositories. + +Land-grant colleges are constituted depositories to receive +Government publications subject to the depository laws. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.) +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 85 (part) (Mar. 1, 1907, +ch. 2284, Section 4, 34 Stat. 1014; June 25, 1938, ch. 708, 52 Stat. 1206; +Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, 76 Stat. 354). + +This section is from the last paragraph of former section 85; the +remainder of that section will be found in section 1903 of the revision. + + + +Section 1907. Libraries of executive departments, service academies, +and independent agencies constituted depositories; certifications of +need; disposal of unwanted publications. + +The libraries of the executive departments of the United States +Military Academy, of the United States Naval Academy, of the +United States Air Force Academy, of the United States Coast Guard +Academy, and of the United States Merchant Marine Academy are +designated depositories of Government publications. A depository +library within each independent agency may be designated upon +certification of need by the head of the independent agency to the +Superintendent of Documents. Additional depository libraries within +executive departments and independent agencies may be designated to +receive Government publications to the extent that the number so +designated does not exceed the number of major bureaus or divisions of +the departments and independent agencies. These designations may be +made only after certification by the head of each executive department +or independent agency to the Superintendent of Documents as to the +justifiable need for additional depository libraries. Depository +libraries within executive departments and independent agencies may +dispose of unwanted Government publications after first offering them +to the Library of Congress and the Archivist of the United States. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1285.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 87 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, +Section 98, 28 Stat. 624; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, section 7, 76 Stat. +355). + + +Archivist of the United States + +References to Archivist of the United States deemed to refer to +Archivist appointed under section 2103 of this title with respect to +functions transferred by Pub. L. 98-497 or an amendment made by Pub. L. +98-497 and exercised after Apr. 1, 1985, see sections 106 and 108 of Pub. L. +98-497, set out as notes under section 2102 of this title. + + + +Section 1908. American Antiquarian Society to receive certain +publications. + +One copy of the public journals of the Senate and of the House of +Representatives, and of the documents published under the orders of +the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, shall be +transmitted to the Executive of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts +for the use and benefit of the American Antiquarian Society of the +Commonwealth. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1285.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 88 (Dec. 1, 1814, No. 7, 3 +Stat. 248). + + + +Section 1909. Requirements of depository libraries; reports on +conditions; investigations; termination; replacement. + +Only a library able to provide custody and service for depository +materials and located in an area where it can best serve the public +need, served by existing depository libraries may be designated by +Senators, Representatives, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto +Rico, the Commissioner of the District of Columbia, or the Governors of +Guam, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands as a depository of +Government publications. The designated depository libraries shall +report to the Superintendent of Documents at least every two years +concerning their condition. + +The Superintendent of Documents shall make firsthand +investigation of conditions for which need is indicated and include the +results of investigations in his annual report. When he ascertains that +the number of books in a depository library is below ten thousand, other +than Government publications, or it has ceased to be maintained so as to +be accessible to the public , or that the Government publications which +have been furnished the library have not been properly maintained, he +shall delete the library from the list of depository libraries if the +library fails to correct the unsatisfactory conditions within six months. +The Representative or the Resident commissioner from Puerto Rico in +whose area the library is located or the Senator who made the +designation, or a successor of the Senator, and, in the case of a library in +the District of Columbia, the Commissioner of the District of Columbia, +and, in the case of the library in Guam, American Samoa, or the Virgin +Islands, the Governor, shall be notified to designate another library +within the area served by him, which shall meet the conditions herein +required, but which may not be in excess of the number of depository +libraries authorized by laws within the State, district, territory, or +the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as the case may be. +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S.Code, 1964 ed., Section 86 (January 12, 1895), ch. +23, Section 70, 28 Stat. 612; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, Section 6, 76 +Stat. 354). + +Transfer of Functions + +The office of Commissioner of the District of Columbia, as +established under Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1967, eff. Nov. 3, 1967 (in part), +32 F.R. 11669, 81 Stat. 948, was abolished as of noon Jan. 2, 1975, by Pub. +L. 93-198, title VII, Section 711, Dec. 24, 1973, 87 Stat. 818, and replaced +by the office of Mayor of the District of Columbia by section 421 of Pub. +L. 93-198, classified to section 1-241 of the District of Columbia Code. +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 1916 of this title. + + + +Section 1910. Designation of replacement depositories; limitations on +numbers; conditions. + +The designation of a library to replace a depository library, +other than a depository library specifically designated by law, may be +made only within the limitations on total numbers specified by section +1905 of this title, and only when the library to be replaced ceases to +exist, or when the library voluntarily relinquishes its depository +status, or when the Superintendent of Documents determines that it no +longer fulfills the conditions provided by law for depository libraries. + +(Pub.L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 84 (June 23, 1913, ch. 3, +section 5, 38 Stat. 75; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, section 4, 76 +Stat. 353). + + + +Section 1911. Free use of Government publications in depositories; +disposal of unwanted publications. + +Depository libraries shall make Government publications +available for the free use of the general public, and may dispose of +them after retention for five years under section 1912 of this title, if the +depository library is served by a regional depository library. +Depository libraries not served by a regional depository library, or +that are regional depository libraries themselves, shall retain +Government publications permanently in either printed form or in +microfacsimile form, except superseded publications or those issued +later in bound form which may be discarded as authorized by the +Superintendent of Documents. + +(Pub.L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 92 (part) (Jan. 12, 1895, +ch. 23, section 74, 28 Stat. 620; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title VII, section 11, +49 Stat. 1552; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, section 8, 76 Stat. 355). +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 19156 of this title. + + + +Section 1912. Regional depositories; designation; functions; disposal of +publications. + +Not more than two depository libraries in each State and the +Commonwealth of Puerto Rico may be designated as regional +depositories, and shall receive from the Superintendent of Documents +copies of all new and revised Government publications authorized for +distribution to depository libraries. Designation of regional depository +libraries may be made by a Senator or the Resident Commissioner from +Puerto Rico within the areas served by them, after approval by the +head of the library authority of the State or the Commonwealth of +Puerto Rico, as the case may be, who shall first ascertain from the head +of the library to be so designated that the library will, in addition to +fulfilling the requirements for depository libraries, retain at least one +copy of all Government publications either in printed or microfacsimile +form (except those authorized to be discarded by the Superintendent of +Documents); and within the region served will provide interlibrary +loan, reference service, and assistance for depository libraries in the +disposal of unwanted Government publications. The agreement to +function as a regional depository library shall be transmitted to the +Superintendent of Documents by the Senator or the Resident +Commissioner from Puerto Rico when the designation is made. + +The libraries designated as regional depositories may permit +depository libraries, within the areas served by them, to dispose of +Government publications which they have retained for five years after +first offering them to other depository libraries within their areas, +then to other libraries. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 84a (Pub. L. 87-579, +section 9, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 355.) + +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 1911 of this title. + + + +Section 1913. Appropriations for supplying depository libraries; +restriction. + +Appropriations available for the Office of Superintendent of +Documents may not be used to supply depository libraries documents, +books, or other printed matter not requested by them, and their requests +shall be subject to approval by the Superintendent of Documents. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 85a (June 27, 1956, ch. 453, +section 101, 70 Stat. 369.) + + + +Section 1914. Implementation of depository library program by Public +Printer. + +The Public Printer, with the approval of the Joint Committee on +Printing, as provided by section 103 of this title, may use any measures +he considers necessary for the economical and practical implementation +of this chapter. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1287.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 81c (Pub. L. 87-579, +section 10, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 356.) + + + +Section 1915. Highest State appellate court libraries as depository +libraries. + +Upon the request of the highest appellate court of a State, the +Public Printer is authorized to designate the library of that court as a +depository library. The provisions of section 1911 of this title shall not +apply to any library so designated. + +(Added Pub. L. 92-368, section 1(a), Aug. 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 507.) + + + +Section 1916. Designation of libraries of accredited law schools as +depository libraries. + +(a) Upon the request of any accredited law school, the Public +Printer shall designate the library of such law school as a depository +library. The Public Printer may not make such designation unless he +determines that the library involved meets the requirements of this +chapter, other than those requirements of the first undesignated +paragraph of section 1909 of this title which relate to the location of +such library. + +(b) For purposes of this section, the term "accredited law school" +means any law school which is accredited by a nationally recognized +accrediting agency or association approved by the Commissioner of +Education for such purpose or accredited by the highest appellate court +of the State in which the law school is located. + +(Added Pub. L. 95-261, section 1, Apr. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 199.) + +Effective Date + +Section 3 of Pub. L. 95-261 provided that: "The amendments +made by this Act [enacting this section] shall take effect on October 1, +1978." diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/usgovadd.inf b/textfiles.com/politics/usgovadd.inf new file mode 100644 index 00000000..03be7965 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/usgovadd.inf @@ -0,0 +1,661 @@ + + US GOVERNMENT ADDRESSES + + 1 February 1993 + + +The White House +=== ===== ===== + +President Bill Clinton +1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW +Washington, DC 20500 + +(202) 456-1414 Switchboard +(202) 456-1111 Comment line +(202) 456-2883 FAX 1 +(202) 456-2461 FAX 2 + +75300.3115@compuserve.com EMail + + +First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton +1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW +Washington, DC 20500 + +(202) 456-6266 + + +Vice President Albert Gore +Old Executive Office Building +Washington, DC 20500 + +(202) 456-2326 + +The Cabinet +=== ======= + +Commerce +-------- + Department of Commerce + 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW + Washington, DC 20230 + + (202) 482-4901 + +Defense +------- + Department of Defense + The Pentagon + Washington, DC 20301 + + (703) 697-5737 + +State +----- + Department of State + 2201 C Street, NW + Washington, DC 20520 + + (202) 647-6575 + (202) 647-7120 FAX + +Justice +------- + Attorney General + Department of Justice + 10th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW + Washington, DC 20530 + + (202) 514-2007 + (202) 514-5331 FAX + +Treasury +-------- + Department of the Treasury + 1500 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW + Washington, DC 20220 + + (202) 622-2960 + (202) 622-1999 FAX + +Federal Information Center +------- ----------- ------ + + + +US Senate, 103rd Congress phone and fax numbers +=============================================== + + Information from US Congress Yellow Book, January 1993 + +p st name phone fax += == ======================== ============== ============== +R AK Murkowski, Frank H. 1-202-224-6665 1-202-224-5301 +R AK Stevens, Ted 1-202-224-3004 1-202-224-1044 +D AL Heflin, Howell T. 1-202-224-4124 1-202-224-3149 +D AL Shelby, Richard C. 1-202-224-5744 1-202-224-3416 +D AR Bumpers, Dale 1-202-224-4843 1-202-224-6435 +D AR Pryor, David 1-202-224-2353 na +D AZ DeConcini, Dennis 1-202-224-4521 1-202-224-2302 +R AZ McCain, John 1-202-224-2235 na +D CA Boxer, Barbara 1-202-225-5161 na +D CA Feinstein, Diane 1-202-224-3841 na +D CO Campbell, Ben N. 1-202-225-4761 1-202-225-0228 +R CO Brown, Henry 1-202-224-5941 na +D CT Dodd, Christopher J. 1-202-224-2823 na +D CT Lieberman, Joseph I. 1-202-224-4041 1-202-224-9750 +D DE Biden Jr., Joseph R. 1-202-224-5042 na +R DE Roth Jr., William V. 1-202-224-2441 1-202-224-2805 +D FL Graham, Robert 1-202-224-3041 na +R FL Mack, Connie 1-202-224-5274 1-202-224-8022 +D GA Nunn, Samuel 1-202-224-3521 1-202-224-0072 +R GA Coverdell, Paul 1-202-224-3643 na +D HI Akaka, Daniel K. 1-202-224-6361 1-202-224-2126 +D HI Inouye, Daniel K. 1-202-224-3934 1-202-224-6747 +D IA Harkin, Thomas 1-202-224-3254 1-202-224-7431 +R IA Grassley, Charles E. 1-202-224-3744 na +R ID Craig, Larry E. 1-202-224-2752 1-202-224-2573 +R ID Kempthorne, Dirk 1-202-224-6142 1-202-224-5893 +D IL Moseley-Braun, Carol 1-202-224-2854 na +D IL Simon, Paul 1-202-224-2152 1-202-224-0868 +R IN Coats, Daniel R. 1-202-224-5623 1-202-224-8964 +R IN Lugar, Richard G. 1-202-224-4814 na +R KS Dole, Robert 1-202-224-6521 1-202-224-8952 +R KS Kassebaum, Nancy L. 1-202-224-4774 1-202-224-3514 +D KY Ford, Wendell H. 1-202-224-4343 na +R KY McConnell, Mitch 1-202-224-2541 1-202-224-2499 +D LA Breaux, John B. 1-202-224-4623 na +D LA Johnston, J. Bennett 1-202-224-5824 na +D MA Kennedy, Edward M. 1-202-224-4543 1-202-224-2417 +D MA Kerry, John F. 1-202-224-2742 na +D MD Mikulski, Barbara A. 1-202-224-4654 1-202-224-8858 +D MD Sarbanes, Paul S. 1-202-224-4524 1-202-224-1651 +D ME Mitchell, George J. 1-202-224-5344 na +R ME Cohen, William S. 1-202-224-2523 1-202-224-2693 +D MI Levin, Carl 1-202-224-6221 na +D MI Riegle Jr., Donald 1-202-224-4822 1-202-224-8834 +D MN Wellstone, Paul 1-202-224-5641 1-202-224-8438 +R MN Durenberger, David 1-202-224-3244 na +R MO Bond, Christopher S. 1-202-224-5721 1-202-224-8149 +R MO Danforth, John C. 1-202-224-6154 na +R MS Cochran, Thad 1-202-224-5054 na +R MS Lott, Trent 1-202-224-6253 1-202-224-2262 +D MT Baucus, Max 1-202-224-2651 na +R MT Burns, Conrad R. 1-202-224-2644 1-202-224-8594 +R NC Faircloth, D. M. 1-202-224-3154 1-202-224-7406 +R NC Helms, Jesse 1-202-224-6342 na +D ND Conrad, Kent 1-202-224-2043 na +D ND Dorgan, Byron L. 1-202-225-2611 1-202-225-9436 +D NE Exon, J. J. 1-202-224-4224 na +D NE Kerrey, Joseph R. 1-202-224-6551 1-202-224-7645 +R NH Gregg, Judd 1-202-224-3324 na +R NH Smith, Robert 1-202-224-2841 1-202-224-1353 +D NJ Bradley, William 1-202-224-3224 1-202-224-8567 +D NJ Lautenberg, Frank R. 1-202-224-4744 1-202-224-9707 +D NM Bingaman, Jeff 1-202-224-5521 na +R NM Domenici, Pete V. 1-202-224-6621 1-202-224-7371 +D NV Bryan, Richard H. 1-202-224-6244 na +D NV Reid, Harry 1-202-224-3542 1-202-224-7327 +D NY Moynihan, Daniel P. 1-202-224-4451 1-202-224-9293 +R NY D'Amato, Alfonse M. 1-202-224-6542 1-202-224-5871 +D OH Glenn, John 1-202-224-3353 na +D OH Metzenbaum, Howard 1-202-224-2315 1-202-224-6519 + +D OK Boren, David L. 1-202-224-4721 na +R OK Nickles, Donald 1-202-224-5754 1-202-224-6008 +R OR Hatfield, Mark O. 1-202-224-3753 na +R OR Packwood, Robert 1-202-224-5244 na +D PA Wofford, Harris 1-202-224-6324 1-202-224-4161 +R PA Specter, Arlen 1-202-224-4254 na +D RI Pell, Claiborne 1-202-224-4642 1-202-224-4680 +R RI Chafee, John H. 1-202-224-2921 na +D SC Hollings, Ernest F. 1-202-224-6121 na +R SC Thurmond, Strom 1-202-224-5972 1-202-224-1300 +D SD Daschle, Thomas A. 1-202-224-2321 1-202-224-2047 +R SD Pressler, Larry 1-202-224-5842 1-202-224-1630 +D TN Mathews, Harlan 1-202-224-1036 1-202-228-3679 +D TN Sasser, James 1-202-224-3344 na +D TX Krueger, Robert 1-202-224-5922 na +R TX Gramm, Phil 1-202-224-2934 na +R UT Bennett, Robert 1-202-224-5444 na +R UT Hatch, Orrin G. 1-202-224-5251 1-202-224-6331 +D VA Robb, Charles S. 1-202-224-4024 1-202-224-8689 +R VA Warner, John W. 1-202-224-2023 1-202-224-6295 +D VT Leahy, Patrick J. 1-202-224-4242 na +R VT Jeffords, James M. 1-202-224-5141 na +D WA Murray, Patty 1-202-224-2621 1-202-224-0238 +R WA Gorton, Slade 1-202-224-3441 1-202-224-9393 +D WI Feingold, Russell 1-202-224-5323 na +D WI Kohl, Herbert H. 1-202-224-5653 na +D WV Byrd, Robert C. 1-202-224-3954 1-202-224-4025 +D WV Rockefeller, John D. 1-202-224-6472 1-202-224-1689 +R WY Simpson, Alan K. 1-202-224-3424 1-202-224-1315 +R WY Wallop, Malcolm 1-202-224-6441 1-202-224-3230 + + +103rd Congress phone and fax numbers +==================================== + +The following information is from the US Congress "Yellow Book," Jan. 1993. +Four seats were vacant at that time, in CA, MS, OH, and WI. The list +below of 436 people includes 5 non-voting members, from Guam (GU), Puerto +Rico (PR), Samoa (SA), Virgin Islands (VI), and DC. (some of those +abbreviations may be wrong) + +Corrections welcome. + +p st representative phone fax += == ============================= ============== ============== +R AK Young, Donald 1-202-225-5765 1-202-225-5765 +D AL Bevill, Thomas 1-202-225-4876 1-202-225-0842 +D AL Browder, Glen 1-202-225-3261 1-202-225-9020 +D AL Cramer Jr, Robert E. 1-202-225-4801 na +D AL Hilliard, Earl F. 1-202-225-2665 na +R AL Bachus, Spencer 1-202-225-4921 na +R AL Callahan, H. L. 1-202-225-4931 1-202-225-0562 +R AL Everett, Terry 1-202-225-2901 na +D AR Lambert, Blanche 1-202-225-4076 na +D AR Thornton, Raymond 1-202-225-2506 1-202-225-9273 +R AR Dickey, Jay 1-202-225-3772 1-202-225-8646 +R AR Hutchinson, Tim 1-202-225-4301 na +D AZ Coppersmith, Sam 1-202-225-2635 1-202-225-2607 +D AZ English, Karan 1-202-225-2190 1-202-225-8819 +D AZ Pastor, Ed 1-202-225-4065 1-202-225-1655 +R AZ Kolbe, James T. 1-202-225-2542 1-202-225-0378 +R AZ Kyl, Jon L. 1-202-225-3361 na +R AZ Stump, Robert 1-202-225-4576 1-202-225-6328 +D CA Becerra, Xavier 1-202-225-6235 1-202-225-2202 +D CA Beilenson, Anthony 1-202-225-5911 na +D CA Berman, Howard L. 1-202-225-4695 na +D CA Brown Jr., George E. 1-202-225-6161 1-202-225-8671 +D CA Condit, Gary 1-202-225-6131 1-202-225-0819 +D CA Dellums, Ronald V. 1-202-225-2661 1-202-225-9817 +D CA Dixon, Julian C. 1-202-225-7084 1-202-225-4091 +D CA Dooley, Calvin M. 1-202-225-3341 1-202-225-9308 +D CA Edwards, Donald 1-202-225-3072 1-202-225-9460 +D CA Eshoo, Anna G. 1-202-225-8104 na +D CA Fazio, Vic 1-202-225-5716 1-202-225-0354 +D CA Filner, Bob 1-202-225-8045 na +D CA Hamburg, Dan 1-202-225-3311 na +D CA Harman, Jane 1-202-225-8220 na +D CA Lantos, Thomas 1-202-225-3531 na +D CA Lehman, Richard H. 1-202-225-4540 na +D CA Martinez, Matthew G. 1-202-225-5464 1-202-225-4467 +D CA Matsui, Robert T. 1-202-225-7163 1-202-225-0566 +D CA McCandless, Alfred 1-202-225-5330 1-202-226-1040 +D CA Miller, George 1-202-225-2095 1-202-225-5609 +D CA Mineta, Norman Y. 1-202-225-2631 na +D CA Pelosi, Nancy 1-202-225-4965 1-202-225-8259 +D CA Roybal-Allard, Lucille 1-202-225-1766 1-202-226-0350 +D CA Schenk, Lynn 1-202-225-2040 1-202-225-2042 +D CA Stark, Fortney H. 1-202-225-5065 na +D CA Torres, Esteban E. 1-202-225-5256 na +D CA Tucker III, Walter R. 1-202-225-7924 1-202-225-7926 +D CA Waters, Maxine 1-202-225-2201 na +D CA Waxman, Henry A. 1-202-225-3976 1-202-225-4099 +D CA Woolsey, Lynn 1-202-225-5161 na +R CA Baker, Bill 1-202-225-1880 1-202-225-2150 +R CA Calvert, Ken 1-202-225-1986 na +R CA Cox, Christopher 1-202-225-5611 1-202-225-9177 +R CA Cunningham, Randy 1-202-225-5452 1-202-225-2558 +R CA Doolittle, John T. 1-202-225-2511 1-202-225-5444 +R CA Dornan, Robert K. 1-202-225-2965 1-202-225-3694 +R CA Dreier, David 1-202-225-2305 1-202-225-4745 +R CA Gallegly, Elton 1-202-225-5811 na +R CA Herger, Walter W. 1-202-225-3076 1-202-225-1609 +R CA Horn, Steve 1-202-225-6676 na +R CA Huffington, Michael 1-202-225-3601 na +R CA Hunter, Duncan L. 1-202-225-5672 1-202-225-0235 +R CA Kim, Jay C. 1-202-225-3201 1-202-226-1485 +R CA Lewis, Jerry 1-202-225-5861 1-202-225-6498 +R CA McKeon, Howard P. 1-202-225-1956 1-202-226-0683 +R CA Moorhead, Carlos J. 1-202-225-4176 1-202-226-1279 +R CA Packard, Ronald 1-202-225-3906 1-202-225-0134 +R CA Pombo, Richard 1-202-225-1947 1-202-226-0861 +R CA Rohrabacher, Dana 1-202-225-2415 1-202-225-7067 +R CA Royce, Ed 1-202-225-4111 na +R CA Thomas, Bill 1-202-225-2915 na +D CO Schroeder, Patricia 1-202-225-4431 1-202-225-5842 +D CO Skaggs, David E. 1-202-225-2161 na +R CO Allard, Wayne 1-202-225-4676 1-202-225-8630 +R CO Hefley, Joel 1-202-225-4422 1-202-225-1942 +R CO McInnis, Scott 1-202-225-4761 1-202-226-0622 +R CO Schaefer, Daniel 1-202-225-7882 1-202-225-7885 +D CT DeLauro, Rosa 1-202-225-3661 1-202-225-4890 +D CT Gejdenson, Samuel 1-202-225-2076 1-202-225-4977 +D CT Kennelly, Barbara B. 1-202-225-2265 1-202-225-1031 +R CT Franks, Gary 1-202-225-3822 1-202-225-5085 +R CT Johnson, Nancy L. 1-202-225-4476 1-202-225-4488 +R CT Shays, Christopher 1-202-225-5541 1-202-225-9629 +D DC Norton, Eleanor Holmes 1-202-225-8050 1-202-225-3002 +R DE Castle, Michael N. 1-202-225-4165 1-202-225-2291 +D FL Bacchus, James 1-202-225-3671 1-202-225-9039 +D FL Brown, Corrine 1-202-225-0123 1-202-225-2256 +D FL Deutsch, Peter 1-202-225-7931 1-202-225-8456 +D FL Gibbons, Samuel M. 1-202-225-3376 na +D FL Hastings, Alcee L. 1-202-225-1313 1-202-225-0690 +D FL Hutto, Earl 1-202-225-4136 1-202-225-5785 +D FL Johnston II, Harry 1-202-225-3001 1-202-225-8791 +D FL Meek, Carrie 1-202-225-4506 1-202-226-0777 +D FL Peterson, Peter 1-202-225-5235 1-202-225-1586 +R FL Bilirakis, Michael 1-202-225-5755 1-202-225-4085 +R FL Canady, Charles T. 1-202-225-1252 na +R FL Diaz-Balart, Lincoln 1-202-225-4211 1-202-225-8576 +R FL Fowler, Tillie 1-202-225-2501 na +R FL Goss, Porter J. 1-202-225-2536 1-202-225-6820 +R FL Lewis, Thomas 1-202-225-5792 1-202-225-1860 +R FL McCollum, William 1-202-225-2176 na +R FL Mica, John L. 1-202-225-4035 1-202-226-0821 +R FL Miller, Dan 1-202-225-5015 1-202-226-0828 +R FL Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana 1-202-225-3931 1-202-225-5620 +R FL Shaw Jr., E. C. 1-202-225-3026 1-202-225-8398 +R FL Stearns, Clifford B. 1-202-225-5744 1-202-225-3973 +R FL Thurman, Carol L. 1-202-225-1002 1-202-226-0329 +R FL Young, C. W. 1-202-225-5961 1-202-225-9764 +D GA Bishop, Sanford 1-202-225-3631 1-202-225-2203 +D GA Darden III, George 1-202-225-2931 na +D GA Deal, Nathan 1-202-225-5211 1-202-225-8272 +D GA Johnson, Don 1-202-225-4101 1-202-226-1466 +D GA Lewis, John 1-202-225-3801 1-202-225-0351 +D GA McKinney, Cynthia 1-202-225-1605 1-202-226-0691 +D GA Rowland, J. R. 1-202-225-6531 na +R GA Collins, Mac 1-202-225-5901 1-202-225-2515 +R GA Gingrich, Newt 1-202-225-4501 1-202-225-4656 +R GA Kingston, Jack 1-202-225-5831 1-202-226-2269 +R GA Linder, John 1-202-225-4272 na +D GU Underwood, Robert A. 1-202-225-1188 1-202-226-0341 +D HI Abercrombie, Neil 1-202-225-2726 na +D HI Mink, Patsy T. 1-202-225-4906 1-202-225-4987 +D IA Smith, Neal 1-202-225-4426 na +R IA Grandy, Fred 1-202-225-5476 na +R IA Leach, James 1-202-225-6576 1-202-226-1278 +R IA Lightfoot, James R. 1-202-225-3806 1-202-225-6973 +R IA Nussle, James Allen 1-202-225-2911 1-202-225-9129 +D ID LaRocco, Larry 1-202-225-6611 na +R ID Crapo, Michael D. 1-202-225-5531 na +D IL Collins, Cardiss 1-202-225-5006 1-202-225-8396 +D IL Costello, Jerry F. 1-202-225-5661 1-202-225-0285 +D IL Durbin, Richard J. 1-202-225-5271 1-202-225-0170 +D IL Evans, Lane 1-202-225-5905 1-202-225-5396 +D IL Lipinski, William O. 1-202-225-5701 1-202-225-1012 +D IL Poshard, Glendal W. 1-202-225-5201 1-202-225-1541 +D IL Reynolds, Mel 1-202-225-0773 na +D IL Rostenkowski, Daniel 1-202-225-4061 na +D IL Rush, Bobby L. 1-202-225-4372 1-202-226-0333 +D IL Sangmeister, George 1-202-225-3635 1-202-225-4447 +D IL Yates, Sidney R. 1-202-225-2111 1-202-225-3493 +R IL Crane, Philip M. 1-202-225-3711 na +R IL Ewing, Thomas 1-202-225-2371 1-202-225-8071 +R IL Fawell, Harris W. 1-202-225-3515 1-202-225-9420 +R IL Gutierrez, Luis V. 1-202-225-8203 1-202-225-7810 +R IL Hastert, J. D. 1-202-225-2976 1-202-225-0697 +R IL Hyde, Henry J. 1-202-225-4561 1-202-226-1240 +R IL Manzullo, Donald 1-202-225-5676 1-202-225-5284 + +R IL Michel, Robert H. 1-202-225-6201 1-202-225-9461 +R IL Porter, John E. 1-202-225-4835 1-202-225-0157 +D IN Buyer, Steve 1-202-225-5037 na +D IN Hamilton, Lee H. 1-202-225-5315 1-202-225-1101 +D IN Jacobs Jr., Andrew 1-202-225-4011 na +D IN Long, Jill 1-202-225-4436 na +D IN McCloskey, Frank 1-202-225-4636 1-202-225-4688 +D IN Roemer, Timothy 1-202-225-3915 1-202-225-6798 +D IN Sharp, Philip R. 1-202-225-3021 na +D IN Visclosky, Peter J. 1-202-225-2461 1-202-225-2493 +R IN Burton, Daniel 1-202-225-2276 1-202-225-0016 +R IN Myers, John T. 1-202-225-5805 na +D KS Glickman, Daniel 1-202-225-6216 na +D KS Slattery, James 1-202-225-6601 1-202-225-1445 +R KS Meyers, Jan 1-202-225-2865 1-202-225-0554 +R KS Roberts, Pat 1-202-225-2715 1-202-225-5375 +D KY Baesler, Scotty 1-202-225-4706 na +D KY Barlow, Tom 1-202-225-3115 1-202-225-2169 +D KY Mazzoli, Romano L. 1-202-225-5401 na +D KY Natcher, William H. 1-202-225-3501 na +R KY Bunning, James 1-202-225-3465 1-202-225-0003 +R KY Rogers, Harold 1-202-225-4601 1-202-225-0940 +D LA Fields, Cleo 1-202-225-8490 1-202-225-8959 +D LA Hayes, James A. 1-202-225-2031 1-202-225-1175 +D LA Jefferson, William 1-202-225-6636 1-202-225-1988 +D LA Tauzin, W. 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J. 1-202-225-4865 na +D TX Sarpalius, Bill 1-202-225-3706 1-202-225-6142 +D TX Stenholm, Charles W. 1-202-225-6605 1-202-225-2234 +D TX Tejeda, Frank 1-202-225-1640 na +D TX Washington, Craig A. 1-202-225-3816 na +D TX Wilson, Charles 1-202-225-2401 1-202-225-1764 +D TX de la Garza, E 1-202-225-2531 1-202-225-2534 +R TX Archer, William 1-202-225-2571 1-202-225-4381 +R TX Armey, Richard K. 1-202-225-7772 1-202-225-7614 +R TX Barton, Joseph 1-202-225-2002 1-202-225-3052 +R TX Bonilla, Henry 1-202-225-4511 na +R TX Combest, Larry 1-202-225-4005 na +R TX DeLay, Thomas 1-202-225-5951 na +R TX Fields, Jack 1-202-225-4901 na +R TX Johnson, Sam 1-202-225-4201 na +R TX Smith, Lamar S. 1-202-225-4236 1-202-225-8628 +D UT Orton, William H. 1-202-225-7751 1-202-226-1223 +D UT Shepherd, Karen 1-202-225-3011 1-202-226-0354 +R UT Hansen, James V. 1-202-225-0453 1-202-225-5857 +D VA Boucher, Rick 1-202-225-3861 na +D VA Byrne, Leslie L. 1-202-225-1492 na +D VA Moran Jr., James P. 1-202-225-4376 1-202-225-0017 +D VA Payne Jr., Lewis F. 1-202-225-4711 1-202-226-1147 +D VA Pickett, Owen B. 1-202-225-4215 1-202-225-4218 +D VA Scott, Robert C. 1-202-225-8351 1-202-225-3854 +D VA Sisisky, Norman 1-202-225-6365 1-202-226-1170 +R VA Bateman, Herbert H. 1-202-225-4261 1-202-225-4382 +R VA Bliley Jr., Thomas J. 1-202-225-2815 na +R VA Goodlatte, Robert W. 1-202-225-5431 1-202-225-9681 +R VA Wolf, Frank R. 1-202-225-5136 na +D VI de Lugo, Ron 1-202-225-1790 1-202-225-9392 +I VT Sanders, Bernard 1-202-225-4115 1-202-225-6790 +D WA Cantwell, Maria 1-202-225-6311 1-202-225-2286 +D WA Dicks, Norman D. 1-202-225-5916 na +D WA Foley, Thomas S. 1-202-225-2006 na +D WA Inslee, Jay 1-202-225-5816 1-202-226-1137 +D WA Kreidler, Mike 1-202-225-8901 1-202-226-2361 +D WA McDermott, James A. 1-202-225-3106 1-202-225-9212 +D WA Swift, Al 1-202-225-2605 1-202-225-2608 +D WA Unsoeld, Jolene 1-202-225-3536 1-202-225-9095 +R WA Dunn, Jennifer 1-202-225-7761 na +D WI Barrett, Thomas M. 1-202-225-3571 na +D WI Gunderson, Steve 1-202-225-5506 1-202-225-6195 +D WI Kleczka, Gerald D. 1-202-225-4572 na +D WI Obey, David R. 1-202-225-3365 na +R WI Klug, Scott 1-202-225-2906 na +R WI Petri, Thomas E. 1-202-225-2476 1-202-225-2356 +R WI Roth, Toby 1-202-225-5665 1-202-225-0087 +R WI Sensenbrenner, F. J. 1-202-225-5101 1-202-225-3190 +D WV Mollohan, Alan B. 1-202-225-4172 1-202-225-7564 +D WV Rahall II, Nick Joe 1-202-225-3452 1-202-225-9061 +D WV Wise Jr., Robert E. 1-202-225-2711 1-202-225-7856 +R WY Thomas, Craig 1-202-225-2311 1-202-225-0726 + +--- +fee@cxf111.rh.psu.edu when they pry them from my cold, dead hands. + + PGP Key Fingerprint = C3 4E 72 EB 8A 3C 24 B3 54 08 34 89 2F 37 C2 AD + +Path: channel1!uupsi!psinntp!uunet!usc!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!hamblin.math.byu.edu!yvax.byu.edu!cunyvm!psuvm!cxf111 +From: Charles Fee +Newsgroups: alt.privacy,alt.security,comp.org.eff.talk +Subject: President, Congressional Phone + Fax numbers (long) +Message-ID: <93108.220344CXF111@psuvm.psu.edu> +Date: Sun, 18 Apr 1993 22:03:44 EDT +Organization: The Syd Barrett Appreciation Society +Lines: 678 diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/usroytri.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/usroytri.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f7f403f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/usroytri.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Copyright Royalty Tribunal + +Copyright Royalty Tribunal +Suite 450 +1111 Twentieth Street, NW., +Washington, DC 20036 +202-653-5175. + +Source: U.S. Government Manual, Washington, DC, 1990/91, page 64. + + +The Copyright Royalty Tribunal was established by act of October 19, +1976 (17 U.S.C. 801). The Tribunal is composed of five Commissioners +appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. + +The Tribunal adjusts copyright royalty rates for cable retransmission of +broadcast signals in recording new versions of previously recorded songs +and for noncommercial educational stations that broadcast musical, pictorial, +graphic, and sculptural works. + +The Tribunal also has stand-by authority to adjust the rates for jukeboxes +and satellite retransmission of broadcast signals to satellite homedish +owners if the parties are unable to reach voluntary agreements among +themselves. In addition, the Tribunal distributes the royalty fees +deposited with the Copyright Office by cable operators and satellite +carriers to the proper copyright owners. + +In making its distribution determinations, the Tribunal considers the +harm incurred by the copyright owners, the benefit to the cable satellite +user, the marketplace value of the work, the time the work was aired, and +the quality of the broadcast. + +[Actual legislation appears in the Copyright Act of 1976.] diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/usunicpy.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/usunicpy.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4f7f98c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/usunicpy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1114 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Universal Copyright Convention + +Source: International Copyright Conventions Circular 38c, +Copyright Office, Washington, DC, pages 23-35. + +Notes: Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris, 1971. +Convention and protocols done at Paris July 24, 1971; Ratification +advised by the Senate of the United States of America August 14, 1972; +Ratified by the President of the United States of America August 28, +1972; Ratification of the United States of America deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization September 18, 1972; Proclaimed by the President +of the United States of America July 18, 1974; Entered into force July 10, +1974. + + +BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + +A PROCLAMATION + +CONSIDERING THAT: + +The Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on July +24, 1971, together with two related protocols, the text of which, as +certified by the Director, Office of International Standards and Legal +Affairs, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural +Organization, in the French, English and Spanish languages, is hereto +annexed; + +The Senate of the United States of America by its resolution of +August 14, 1972, two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein, +gave its advice and consent to ratification of the Convention as revised, +together with the two related protocols; + +The President of the United States of America ratified the +Convention as revised, together with the two related protocols on +August 28, 1972, in pursuance of the advice and consent of the Senate; + +The instrument of ratification by the United States of America was +deposited with the Director-General of the United Nations +Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on September 18, +1972, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article VIII of the Convention +as revised; + +It is provided in paragraph 1 of Article IX of the Convention as +revised that it shall come into force three months after the deposit of +twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession; + +It is provided in paragraph 2(b) of each of the protocols that it +shall enter into force in respect of each State on the date of deposit of +the instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession of the State +concerned or on the date of entry into force of the 1971 Convention with +respect to such State, whichever is the later; and + +Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article IX of the +Convention as revised and paragraph 2(b) of each of the two related +protocols, the Convention as revised, together with the two related +protocols, entered into force on July 10, 1974. + +NOW, THEREFORE, be it known that I, Richard Nixon, President of the +United States of America, proclaim and make public the Convention as +revised, together with the two related protocols, to the end that they +shall be observed and fulfilled with good faith by the United States of +America and by the citizens of the United States of America and all other +persons subject to the jurisdiction thereof. + +IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have signed this proclamation +and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed. + +DONE at the city of Washington this eighteenth day of July in the +year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred seventy-four and of +the independence of [SEAL] the United States of America the one +hundred ninety-ninth. + +Richard Nixon + + +By the President: HENRY A. KISSINGER, Secretary of State + +The Contracting States. + +Moved by the desire to ensure in all countries copyright +protection of literary, scientific and artistic works, + +Convinced that a system of copyright protection appropriate to +all nations of the world and expressed in a +universal convention, additional to, and without impairing +international systems already in force, will ensure respect for the rights +of the individual and encourage the development of literature, the +sciences and the arts, + +Persuaded that such a universal copyright system will facilitate +a wider dissemination of works of the human mind and increase +international understanding, + +Have resolved to revise the Universal Copyright Convention as +signed at Geneva on 6 September 1952 (hereinafter called "the 1952 +Convention"), and consequently, + +Have agreed as follows: + +ARTICLE I + +Each Contracting State undertakes to provide for the adequate +and effective protection of the rights of authors and other copyright +proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, +musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, +engravings and sculpture. + +ARTICLE II + +1. Published works of nationals of any Contracting State and +works first published in that State shall enjoy in each other +Contracting State the same protection as that other State accords to +works of its nationals first published in its own territory, as well as the +protection specially granted by this Convention. + +2. Unpublished works of nationals of each Contracting State +shall enjoy in each other Contracting State the same protection as that +other State accords to unpublished works of its own nationals, as well +as the protection specially granted by this Convention. + +3. For the purposed of this Convention any Contracting State +may, by domestic legislation, assimilate to its own nationals any +person domiciled in that State. + +ARTICLE III + +1. Any Contracting State which, under its domestic law, requires +as a condition of copyright, compliance with formalities such as +deposit, registration, notice notarial certificates, payment of fees or +manufacture or publication in that Contracting State, shall regard +these requirements as satisfied with respect to all works protected in +accordance with this Convention and first published outside its +territory and the author of which is not one of its nationals, if from the +time of the first publication all the copies of the work published with +the authority of the author or other copyright proprietor bear the +symbol of a lower case "c" inside of a circle accompanied by the name of +the copyright proprietor and the year of first publication placed in +such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of claim of +copyright. + +2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any +Contracting State from requiring formalities or other conditions for the +acquisition and enjoyment of copyright in respect of works first +published in its territory or works of its nationals wherever published. + +3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any +Contracting State from providing that a person seeking judicial relief +must, in bringing the action, comply with procedural requirements, such +as that the complainant must appear through domestic counsel or that +the complainant must deposit with the court or an administrative +office, or both, a copy of the work involved in the litigation; provided +that failure to comply with such requirements shall not affect the +validity of the copyright, nor shall any such requirement be imposed +upon a national of another Contracting State if such requirement is not +imposed on nationals of the State in which protection is claimed. + +4. In each Contracting State there shall be legal means of +protecting without formalities the unpublished work of nationals of +other Contracting States. + +5. If a Contracting State grants protection for more than one term +of copyright and the first term is for a period longer than one of the +minimum periods prescribed in Article IV, such State shall not be +required to comply with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article in +respect of the second or any subsequent term of copyright. + +ARTICLE IV + +1. The duration of protection of a work shall be governed, in +accordance with the provisions of Article II and this Article, by the +law of the Contracting State in which protection is claimed. + +2. (a) The term of protection for works protected under this +Convention shall not be less that the life of the author and twenty- +five years after his death. However, any Contracting State which, +on the effective date of this Convention in that State, has limited +this term for certain classes of works to a period computed from this +first publication of the work, shall be entitled to maintain these +exceptions and to extend them to other classes of works. For all +these classes the term of protection shall not be less than twenty- +five years from the date of first publication. + +(b) Any Contracting State which, upon the effective date of +this Convention in that State, does not compute the term of +protection upon the basis of the life of the author, shall be entitled +to compute the term of protection from the date of the first +publication of the work or from its registration prior to publication, +as the case may be, provided the term of protection shall not be less +than twenty-five years from the date of first publication or from its +registration prior to publication, as the case may be. + +(c) If the legislation of a Contracting State grants two or +more successive terms of protection, the duration of the first term +shall not be less than one of the minimum periods specified in +subparagraphs (a) and (b). + +3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not apply to +photographic works or to works of applied art; provided, however, +that the term of protection in those Contracting States which protect +photographic works, or works of applied art in so far as they are +protected as artistic works, shall not be less than ten years for each of +said classes of works. + +4. (a) No Contracting State shall be obliged to grant +protection to a work for a period longer than that fixed for the +class of works to which the work in question belongs, in the case +of unpublished works by the law of the Contracting State of +which the author is a national, and in the case of published +works by the law of the Contracting State in which the work +has been first published. + +(b) For the purposes of the application of subparagraph (a), +if the law of any Contracting State grants two or more +successive terms of protection, the period of protection of that +State shall be considered to be the aggregate of those terms. +However, if a specified work is not protected by such State +during the second or any subsequent term for any reason, the +other Contracting States shall not be obliged to protect it during +the second or any subsequent term. + +5. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, the work +of a national of a Contracting State, first published in a non- +Contracting State, shall be treated as though first published in the +Contracting State of which the author is a national. + +6. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, in case of +simultaneous publication in two or more Contracting States, the work +shall be treated as though first published in the State which affords +the shortest term; any work published in two or more Contracting States +within thirty days of its first publication shall be considered as having +been published simultaneously in said Contracting States. + +ARTICLE IVbis + +1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the basic +rights ensuring the author's economic interests, including the exclusive +right to authorize reproduction by any means, public performance and +broadcasting. The provisions of this Article shall extend to works +protected under this Convention either in their original form or in any +form recognizably derived from the original. + +2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic +legislation, make exceptions that do not conflict with the spirit and +provisions of this Convention, to the rights mentioned in paragraph 1 of +this Article. Any State whose legislation so provides, shall +nevertheless accord a reasonable degree of effective protection to each +of the rights to which exception has been made. + +ARTICLE V + +1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the exclusive +right of the author to make, publish and authorize the making and +publication of translations of works protected under this Convention. + +2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic +legislation, restrict the right of translation of writings, but only subject +to the following provisions: + +(a) If, after the expiration of a period of seven years from +the date of the first publication of a writing, a translation of +such writing has not been published in a language in general use +in the Contracting State, by the owner of the right of +translation or with his authorization, any national of such +Contracting State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the +competent authority thereof to translate the work into that +language and publish the work so translated. + +(b) Such national shall in accordance with the procedure of +the State concerned, establish either that he has requested, +and been denied, authorization by the proprietor of the right to +make and publish the translation, or that, after due diligence +on his part, he was unable to find the owner of the right. A +licence may also be granted on the same conditions if all +previous editions of a translation in a language in general use in +the Contracting State are out of print. + +(c) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, +then the applicant for a licence shall send copies of his +application to the publisher whose name appears on the work +and, if the nationality of the owner of the right of translation +is known, to the diplomatic or consular representative of the +State of which such owner is a national, or to the organization +which may have been designated by the government of that +State. The licence shall not be granted before the expiration of +a period of two months from the date of the dispatch of the +copies of the application. + +(d) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to +ensure to the owner of the right of translation a compensation +which is just and conforms to international standards, to ensure +payment and transmittal of such compensation, and to ensure a +correct translation of the work. + +(e) The original title and the name of the author of the +work shall be printed on all copies of the published +translation. The licence shall be valid only for publication of +the translation in the territory of the Contracting State where +it has been applied for. Copies so published may be imported +and sold in another Contracting State if a language in general +use in such other State is the same language as that into which +the work has been so translated, and if the domestic law in such +other State makes provision for such licenses and does not +prohibit such importation and sale. Where the foregoing +conditions do not exist, the importation and sale of such copies +in a Contracting State shall be governed by its domestic law +and its agreements. The licence shall not be transferred by the +licensee. + +(f) The licence shall not be granted when the author has +withdrawn from circulation all copies of the work. + +ARTICLE Vbis + +1. Any Contracting State regarded as a developing country in +conformity with the established practice of the General Assembly of +the United Nations may, by a notification deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization (hereinafter called "the Director-General") at +the time of its ratification, acceptance or accession or thereafter, avail +itself of any or all of the exceptions provided for in Articles Vter and +Vquater. + +2. Any such notification shall be effective for ten years from the +date of coming into force of this Convention, or for such part of that ten- +year period as remains at the date of deposit of the notification, and +may be renewed in whole or in part for further periods of ten years each +if, not more than fifteen or less than three months before the expiration +of the relevant ten-year period, the contracting State deposits a further +notification with the Director-General. Initial notifications may also +be made during these further periods of ten years in accordance with +the provisions of this Article. + +3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, a +Contracting State that has ceased to be regarded as a developing +country as referred to in paragraph 1 shall no longer be entitled to +renew its notification made under the provisions of paragraph 1 or 2, +and whether or not it formally withdraws the notification such State +shall be precluded from availing itself of the exceptions provided for in +Articles Vter and Vquater at the end of the current ten-year period, or +at the end of three years after it has ceased to be regarded as a +developing country, whichever period expires later. + +4. Any copies of a work already made under the exceptions +provided for in Articles Vter and Vquater may continue to be +distributed after the expiration of the period for which notifications +under this Article were effective until their stock is exhausted. + +5. Any Contracting State that has deposited a notification in +accordance with Article XIII with respect to the application of this +Convention to a particular country or territory, the situation of which +can be regarded as analogous to that of the States referred to in +paragraph 1 of this Article, may also deposit notifications and renew +them in accordance with the provisions of this Article with respect to +any such country or territory. During the effective period of such +notifications, the provisions of Articles Vter and Vquater may be +applied with respect to such country or territory. The sending of copies +from the country or territory to the Contracting State shall be +considered as export within the meaning of Articles Vter and Vquater. + + +ARTICLE Vter + +1. (a) Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies +may substitute for the period of seven years provided for in +Article V(2) a period of three years or any longer period +prescribed by its legislation. However, in the case of a +translation into a language not in general use in one or more +developed countries that are party to this Convention or only +the 1952 Convention, the period shall be one year instead of +three. + +(b) A Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies +may, with the unanimous agreement of the developed countries +party to this Convention or only the 1952 Convention and in +which the same language is in general use, substitute, in the +case of translation into that language, for the period of three +years provided for in sub-paragraph (a) another period as +determined be such agreement but not shorter than one year. +However, this sub-paragraph shall not apply where the +language in question is English, French or Spanish. +Notification of any such agreement shall be made to the +Director-General. + +(c) The licence may only be granted if the applicant, in +accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, +establishes either that he has requested, and been denied, +authorization by the owner of the right of translation, or that, +after due diligence on his part, he was unable to find the owner +of the right. At the same time as he makes his request he shall +inform either the International Copyright Information Centre +established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization or any national or regional information +centre which may have been designated in a notification to +that effect deposited with the Director-General by the +government of the State in which the publisher is believed to +have his principal place of business. + +(d) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, +the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered airmail, +copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears +on the work and to any national or regional information centre +as mentioned in sub-paragraph (c). If no such centre is notified +he shall also send a copy to the international copyright +information centre established by the United Nations +Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. + +2. (a) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be +granted under this Article until a further period of six months +has elapsed and licenses obtainable after one year until a +further period of nine months has elapsed. The further period +shall begin either from the date of the request for permission to +translate mentioned in paragraph 1 (c) or, if the identity or +address of the owner of the right of translation is not known, +from the date of dispatch of the copies of the application for a +licence mentioned in paragraph 1(d). + +(b) Licenses shall not be granted if a translation has been +published by the owner of the right of translation or with his +authorization during the said period of six or nine months. + +3. Any licence under this Article shall be granted only for the +purpose of teaching, scholarship or research. + +4. (a) Any licence granted under this Article shall not extend +to the export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in +the territory of the Contracting State where it has been +applied for. + +(b) Any copy published in accordance with a licence granted +under this Article shall bear a notice in the appropriate +language stating that the copy is available for distribution +only in the Contracting State Granting the licence. If the +writing bears the notice specified in Article III (1) the copies +shall bear the same notice. + +(c) The prohibition of export provided for in sub-paragraph (a) +shall not apply where a governmental or other public entity +of a State which has granted a licence under this Article to +translate a work into a language other than English, French or +Spanish sends copies of a translation prepared under such +licence to another country if: + +(i) the recipients are individuals who are nationals of +the Contracting State granting the licence, or organizations +grouping such individuals; + +(ii) the copies are to be used only for the purpose of +teaching, scholarship or research; + +(iii) the sending of the copies and their subsequent +distribution to recipients is without the object of +commercial purpose; and + +(iv) the country to which the copies have been sent has +agreed with the Contracting State to allow the receipt, +distribution or both and the Director-General has been +notified of such agreement by any one of the governments +which have concluded it. + +5. Due provision shall be made at the national level to ensure: + +(a) that the licence provides for just compensation that is +consistent with standards of royalties normally operating in +the case of licenses freely negotiated between persons in the two +countries concerned; and + +(b) payment and transmittal of the compensation; however, +should national currency regulations intervene, the competent +authority shall make all efforts, by the use of international +machinery, to ensure transmittal in internationally convertible +currency or its equivalent. + +6. Any licence granted by a Contracting State under this Article +shall terminate if a translation of the work in the same language with +substantially the same content as the edition in respect of which the +licence was granted is published in the said State by the owner of the +right of translation or with his authorization, at a price reasonably +related to that normally charged in the same State for comparable +works. Any copies already made before the licence is terminated may +continue to be distributed until their stock is exhausted. + +7. For works which are composed mainly of illustrations a +licence to translate the text and to reproduce the illustrations may be +granted only if the conditions of Article Vquater are also fulfilled. + +8. (a) A licence to translate a work protected under this +Convention, published in printed or analogous forms of +reproduction, may also be granted to a broadcasting +organization having its headquarters in a Contracting State to +which Article Vbis (1) applies, upon an application made in +that State by the said organization under the following +conditions: + +(i) the translation is made from a copy made and +acquired in accordance with the laws of the Contracting +State; + +(ii) the translation is for use only in broadcasts +intended exclusively for teaching or for the dissemination +of the results of specialized technical or scientific research +to experts in a particular profession; + +(iii) the translation is used exclusively for the purposes +set out in condition (ii), through broadcasts lawfully made +which are intended for recipients on the territory of the +Contracting State, including broadcasts made through the +medium of sound or visual recordings lawfully and +exclusively made for the purpose of such broadcasts; + +(iv) sound or visual recordings of the translation may be +exchanged only between broadcasting organizations having +their headquarters in the Contracting State granting the +licence; and + +(v) all uses made of the translation are without any +commercial purpose. + +(b) Provided all of the criteria and conditions set out in +subparagraph (a) are met, a licence may also be granted to a +broadcasting organization to translate any text incorporated in +an audio-visual fixation which was itself prepared and +published for the sole purpose of being used in connexion with +systematic instructional activities. + +(c) Subject to sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), the other +provisions of this Article shall apply to the grant and exercise +of the licence. + +9. Subject to the provisions of this Article, any licence granted +under this Article shall be governed by the provisions of Article V, and +shall continue to be governed by the provisions of Article V and of this +Article, even after the seven-year period provided for in Article V (2) +has expired. However, after the said period has expired, the licensee +shall be free to request that the said licence be replaced by a new +licence governed exclusively by the provisions of Article V. + +ARTICLE Vquater + +1. Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies may +adopt the following provisions: + +(a) If, after the expiration of (i) the relevant period +specified in sub-paragraph (c) commencing from the date of +first publication of a particular edition of a literary, scientific +or artistic work referred to in paragraph 3, or (ii) any longer +period determined by national legislation of the State, copies +of such edition have not been distributed in that State to the +general public or in connexion with systematic instructional +activities at a price reasonably related to that normally +charged in the State for comparable works, by the owner of the +right of reproduction or with his authorization, any national of +such State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the +competent authority to publish such edition at that or a lower +price for use in connexion with systematic instructional +activities. The licence may only be granted if such national, in +accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, +established either that he has requested, and been denied, +authorization by the proprietor of the right to publish such +work, or that, after due diligence on his part, he was unable to +find the owner of the right. At the same time as he makes his +request he shall inform either the international copyright +information centre established by the United Nations +Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization or any +national or regional information centre referred to in sub- +paragraph (d). + +(b) A licence may also be granted on the same conditions if, +for a period of six months, no authorized copies of the edition in +question have been on sale in the State concerned to the general +public or in connexion with systematic instructional activities +at a price reasonably related to that normally charged in the +State for comparable works. + +(c) The period referred to in sub-paragraph (a) shall be +five years except that: + +(i) for works of the natural and physical sciences, +including mathematics, and of technology, the period shall +be three years; + +(ii) for works of fiction, poetry, drama and music, and +for art books, the period shall be seven years. + +(d) If the owner of the right of reproduction cannot be found, +the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered air mail, +copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears +on the work and to any national or regional information centre +identified as such in a notification deposited with the +Director-General by the State in which the publisher is +believed to have his principal place of business. In the absence +of any such notification, he shall also send a copy to the +international copyright information centre established by the +United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural +Organization. The licence shall not be granted before the +expiration of a period of three months from the date of +dispatch of the copies of the application. + +(e) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be +granted under this Article: + +(i) until a period of six months has elapsed from the +date of the request for permission referred to in sub- +paragraph (a) or, if the identity or address of the owner of +the right of reproduction is unknown, from the date of the +dispatch of the copies of the application for a licence +referred to in sub-paragraph (d); + +(ii) if any such distribution of copies of the edition as is +mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) has taken place during +that period. + +(f) The name of the author and the title of the particular +edition of the work shall be printed on all copies of the +published reproduction. The licence shall not extend to the +export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in the +territory of the Contracting State where it has been applied +for. The licence shall not be transferable by the licensee. + +(g) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to +ensure an accurate reproduction of the particular edition in +question. + +(h) A licence to reproduce and publish a translation of a +work shall not be granted under this Article in the following +cases: + +(i) where the translation was not published by the +owner of the right of translation or with his authorization; + +(ii) where the translation is not in a language in +general use in the State with power to grant the licence. + +2. The exceptions provided for in paragraph 1 are subject to the +following additional provisions: + +(a) Any copy published in accordance with a licence +granted under this Article shall bear a notice in the +appropriate language stating that the copy is available for +distribution only in the Contracting State to which the said +licence applies. If the edition bears the notice specified in +Article III (1), the copies shall bear the same notice. + +(b) Due provision shall be made at the national level to +ensure: + +(i) that the licence provides for just compensation that +is consistent with standards of royalties normally +operating in the case licenses freely negotiated between +persons in the two countries concerned; and + +(ii) payment and transmittal of the compensation; +however, should national currency regulations intervene, +the competent authority shall make all efforts, by the use +of international machinery, to ensure transmittal in +internationally convertible currency or its equivalent. + +(c) Whenever copies of an edition of a work are distributed +in the Contracting State to the general public or in connexion +with systematic instructional activities, by the owner of the +right of reproduction or with his authorization, at a price +reasonably related to that normally charged in the State for +comparable works, any licence granted under this Article shall +terminate if such edition is in the same language and is +substantially the same in content as the edition published +under the licence. Any copies already made before the licence +is terminated may continue to be distributed until their stock is +exhausted. + +(d) No licence shall be granted when the author has +withdrawn from circulation all copies of the edition in +question. + +3. (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the literary, scientific or +artistic works to which this Article applies shall be limited to +works published in printed or analogous forms of reproduction. + +(b) The provisions of this Article shall also apply to +reproduction in audio-visual form of lawfully made audio- +visual fixations including any protected works incorporated +therein and to the translation of any incorporated text into a +language in general use in the State with power to grant the +licence; always provided that the audio-visual fixations in +question were prepared and published for the sole purpose of +being used in connexion with systematic instructional activities. + +ARTICLE VI + +"Publication", as used in this Convention, means the +reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public +of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually +perceived. + +ARTICLE VII + +This Convention shall not apply to works or rights in works +which, at the effective date of this Convention in a Contracting State +where protection is claimed, are permanently in the public domain in +the said Contracting State. + +ARTICLE VIII + +1. This Convention, which shall bear the date of 24 July 1971, +shall be deposited with the Director-General and shall remain open +for signature by all States party to the 1952 Convention for a period of +120 days after the date of this Convention. It shall be subject to +ratification or acceptance by the signatory States. + +2. Any State which has not signed this Convention may accede +thereto. + +3. Ratification, acceptance or accession shall be effected by the +deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Director-General. + +ARTICLE IX + +1. This Convention shall come into force three months after the +deposit of twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession. + +2. Subsequently, this Convention shall come into force in respect +of each State three months after that State has deposited its +instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession. + +3. Accession to this Convention by a State not party to the 1952 +Convention shall also constitute accession to that Convention; however, +if its instrument of accession is deposited before this Convention comes +into force, such State may make its accession to the 1952 Convention +conditional upon the coming into force of this Convention. After the +coming into force of this Convention, no State may accede solely to the +1952 Convention. + +4. Relations between States party to this Convention and States +that are party only to the 1952 Convention, shall be governed by the +1952 Convention. However, any State party only to the 1952 Convention +may, by a notification deposited with the Director-General, declare +that it will admit the application of the 1971 Convention to works of +its nationals or works first published in its territory by all States party +to this Convention. + +ARTICLE X + +1. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance +with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the +application of this Convention. + +2. It is understood that at the date this Convention comes into +force in respect of any State, that State must be in a position under its +domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention. + +ARTICLE XI + +1. An Intergovernmental Committee is hereby established with +the following duties: + +(a) to study the problems concerning the application and +operation of the Universal Copyright Convention; + +(b) to make preparation for periodic revisions of this +Convention; + +(c) to study any other problems concerning the international +protection of copyright, in co-operation with the various +interested international organizations, such as the United +Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the +International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic +Works and the Organization of American States; + +(d) to inform States party to the Universal Copyright +Convention as to its activities. + +2. The Committee shall consist of the representatives of +eighteen States party to this Convention or only to the 1952 Convention. + +3. The Committee shall be selected with due consideration to a +fair balance of national interests on the basis of geographical location, +population, languages and stage of development. + +4. The Director-General of the United Nations Educational, +Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Director-General of the +World Intellectual Property Organization and the Secretary-General +of the Organization of American States, or their representatives, may +attend meetings of the Committee in an advisory capacity. + +ARTICLE XII + +The Intergovernmental Committee shall convene a conference +for revision whenever it deems necessary, or at the request of at least +ten States party to this Convention. + +ARTICLE XIII + +1. Any Contracting State may, at the time of deposit of its +instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any time +thereafter, declare by notification addressed to the Director-General +that this Convention shall apply to all or any of the countries or +territories for the international relations of which it is responsible and +this Convention shall thereupon apply to the countries or territories +named in such notification after the expiration of the term of three +months provided for in Article IX. In the absence of such notification, +this Convention shall not apply to any such country or territory. + +2. However, nothing in this Article shall be understood as +implying the recognition or tacit acceptance by a Contracting State of +the factual situation concerning a country or territory to which this +Convention is made applicable by another Contracting State in +accordance with the provisions of this Article. + +ARTICLE XIV + +1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention in its +own name or on behalf of all or any of the countries or territories with +respect to which a notification has been given under Article XIII. The +denunciation shall be made by notification addressed to the Director- +General. Such denunciation shall also constitute denunciation of the +1952 Convention. + +2. Such denunciation shall operate only in respect of the State +or of the country or territory on whose behalf it was made and shall not +take effect until twelve months after the date of receipt of the +notification. + +ARTICLE XV + +A dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning +the interpretation or application of this Convention, not settled by +negotiation, shall, unless the States concerned agree on some other +method of settlement, be brought before the International Court of +Justice for determination by it. + +ARTICLE XVI + +1. This Convention shall be established in English, French, and +Spanish. The three texts shall be signed and shall be equally +authoritative. + +2. Official texts of this Convention shall be established by the +Director-General, after consultation with the governments concerned, in +Arabic, German, Italian, and Portuguese. + +3. Any Contracting State or group of Contracting States shall be +entitled to have established by the Director-General other texts in the +language of its choice by arrangement with the Director-General. + +4. All such texts shall be annexed to the signed texts of this +Convention. + +ARTICLE XVII + +1. This Convention shall not in any way affect the provisions of +the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works +or membership in the Union created by that Convention. + +2. In application of the foregoing paragraph, a declaration has +been annexed to the present Article. This declaration is an integral +part of this Convention for the States bound by the Berne Convention on +1 January 1951, or which have or may become bound to it at a later date. +The signature of this Convention by such States shall also constitute +signature of the said declaration, and ratification, acceptance or +accession by such States shall include the declaration, as well as this +Convention. + +ARTICLE XVIII + +This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral +copyright conventions or arrangements that are or may be in effect +exclusively between two or more American Republics. In the event of +any difference either between the provisions of such existing +conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this Convention, or +between the provisions of this Convention and those of any new +convention or arrangement which may be formulated between two or +more American Republics after this Convention comes into force, the +convention or arrangement most recently formulated shall prevail +between the parties thereto. Rights in works acquired in any +Contracting State under existing conventions or arrangements before the +date this Convention comes into force in such State shall not be +affected. + +ARTICLE XIX + +This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral +conventions or arrangements in effect between two or more Contracting +States. In the event of any difference between the provisions of such +existing conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this +Convention, the provisions of this Convention shall prevail. Rights in +works acquired in any Contracting State under existing conventions or +arrangements before the date on which this Convention comes into force +in such State shall not be affected. Nothing in this Article shall affect +the provisions of Articles XVII and XVIII. + +ARTICLE XX + +Reservations to this Convention shall not be permitted. + +ARTICLE XXI + +1. The Director-General shall send duly certified copies of this +Convention to the States interested and to the Secretary-General of the +United Nations for registration by him. + +2. He shall also inform all interested States of the +ratifications, acceptances, accessions which have been deposited, the +date on which this Convention comes into force, the notifications under +this Convention and denunciations under Article XIV. + +APPENDIX DECLARATION RELATING TO ARTICLE XVII + +The States which are members of the International Union for +the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (hereinafter called "the +Berne Union") and which are signatories of this Convention, + +Desiring to reinforce their mutual relations on the basis of the +said Union and to avoid any conflict which might result from the +coexistence of the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright +Convention, + +Recognizing the temporary need of some States to adjust their +level of copyright protection in accordance with their stage of cultural, +social and economic development, + +Have, by common agreement, accepted the terms of the +following declaration: + +(a) Except as provided by paragraph (b), works which, +according to the Berne Convention, have as their country of +origin a country which has withdrawn from the Berne Union +after 1 January 1951, shall not be protected by the Universal +Copyright Convention in the countries of the Berne Union; + +(b) Where a Contracting State is regarded as a developing +country in conformity with the established practice of the +General Assembly of the United Nations, and has deposited +with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, +Scientific and Cultural Organization, at the time of its +withdrawal from the Berne Union, a notification to the effect +that it regards itself as a developing country, the provisions of +paragraph (a) shall not be applicable as long as such State +may avail itself of the exceptions provided for by this +Convention in accordance with Article Vbis; + +(c) The Universal Copyright Convention shall not be +applicable to the relationships among countries of the Berne +Union in so far as it relates to the protection of works having as +their country of origin, within the meaning of the Berne +Convention, a country of the Berne Union. + + +RESOLUTION CONCERNING ARTICLE XI + +The Conference for Revision of the Universal Copyright +Convention, Having considered the problems relating to the +Intergovernmental Committee provided for in Article XI of this +Convention, to which this resolution is annexed, + +Resolves that: + +1. At its inception, the Committee shall include representative +of the twelve States members of the Intergovernmental Committee +established under Article XI of the 1952 Convention and the resolution +annexed to it, and, in addition, representatives of the following States: +Algeria, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Senegal and Yugoslavia. + +2. Any States that are not party to the 1952 Convention and +have not acceded to this Convention before the first ordinary session of +the Committee following the entry into force of this Convention shall +be replaced by other States to be selected by the Committee at its first +ordinary session in conformity with the provisions of Article XI (2) and +(3). + +3. As soon as this Convention comes into force the Committee as +provided for in paragraph 1 shall be deemed to be constituted in +accordance with Article XI of this Convention. + +4. A session of the Committee shall take place with one year +after the coming into force of this Convention; thereafter the +Committee shall meet in ordinary session at intervals of not more than +two years. + +5. The Committee shall elect its Chairman and two Vice- +Chairmen. It shall establish its Rules of Procedure having regard to +the following principles: + +(a) The normal duration of the term of office of the members +represented on the Committee shall be six years with one-third +retiring every two years, it being however understood that, of +the original terms of office, one-third shall expire at the end of +the Committee's second ordinary session which will follow the +entry into force of this Convention, a further third at the end of +its third ordinary session, and the remaining third at the end of +its fourth ordinary session. + +(b) The rules governing the procedure whereby the +Committee shall fill vacancies, the order in which terms of +membership expire, eligibility for reelection, and election +procedures, shall be based upon a balancing of the needs for +continuity of membership and rotation of representation, as +well as the considerations set out in Article XI (3). + +Expresses the wish that the United Nations Educational, +Scientific and Cultural Organization provide its Secretariat. + +In faith whereof the undersigned, having deposited their +respective full powers, have signed this Convention. + +DONE at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in a single copy. + + +PROTOCOL 1 + +Annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at +Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to +works of Stateless persons and refugees + +The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal +Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter +called "the 1971 Convention"), + +Have accepted the following provisions: + +1. Stateless persons and refugees who have their habitual +residence in a State party to this Protocol shall, for the purposes of the +1971 Convention, be assimilated to the nationals of that State. + +2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to +ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the +provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied +hereto. + +(b) This Protocol shall enter into force in respect of each +State, on the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, +acceptance or accession of the State concerned or on the date of +entry into force of the 1971 Convention with respect to such +State, whichever is the later. + +(c) On the entry into force of this Protocol in respect of a +State not party to Protocol 1 annexed to the 1952 Convention, +the latter Protocol shall be deemed to enter into force in respect +of such State. + +In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized +thereto, have signed this Protocol. + +Done at Paris this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the +English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally +authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization. The Director-General shall send certified +copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the +United Nations for registration. + +PROTOCOL 2 + +Annexed to the Universal Copyright convention as revised at +Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to +the works of certain international organizations + +The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal +Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter +called "the 1971 Convention"), + +Have accepted the following provisions: + +1. (a) The protection provided for in Article II (1) of the 1971 +Convention shall apply to works published for the first time by +the United Nations by the Specialized Agencies in +relationship therewith, or by the Organization of American +States. + +(b) Similarly, Article II (2) of the 1971 Convention shall +apply to the said organization or agencies. + +2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to +ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the +provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied +hereto. + +(b) This Protocol shall enter into force for each State on the +date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance or +accession of the State concerned or on the date of entry into force +of the 1971 Convention with respect to such State, whichever is +the later. + +In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized +thereto, have signed this Protocol. + +Done at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the +English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally +authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization. The Director-General shall send certified +copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the +United Nations for registration. + +Certified a true and complete copy of the original of the +Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971, of +the Protocol 1 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as +revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that +Convention to works of Stateless persons and refugees and of the +Protocol 2 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at +Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to +the works of certain international organizations. + +Paris, 24. 12. 1971 Claude Lussier. + +Director, Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs, +United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/veep b/textfiles.com/politics/veep new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ebf1bd25 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/veep @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ + + The Veep and the Baby Shower + (c)1992 by Lois B. Laulicht + + +One could really enjoy snapping Quayle's garter and suggest that he was +annoyed that neither he nor Marilyn were invited to the Murphy Brown +event. We could escalate this ridiculous vein and assert with great +certainty that folks in high places don't work late, or chase women but +secretly watch TV in order to update their reality check. I bow to the +greater power of the pundits among us. Do it and enjoy! + +Some folks will never learn and for this, we have only ourselves to +blame. Ross Perot accurately described this orchestrated event when +he said, "Only in America would a TV show become a political issue." He +also went on to say that he thought it was goofy. It depends on what +he means by goofy. + +They're trying to do it again! The Republican establishment defined +the standards of patriotism, the flag, and anti-communism for too many +years. This time they attempt to unfurl the banner of the fictitious +American family! When one looks at the American family and the admini- +stration's position on questions of abortion and public assistance, this +is a blatant attempt to corner political ownership of the virtues of +a story book family. Implicit in this tactic is blaming social ills +upon a new family structure ignoring that the single parent middle +class family is creating traditions of its own. It's a long leap to +equate the problems of divorce which is a middle and upper class luxury +with deep problems of structural poverty within poor urban neighborhoods. +This latest attempt takes the questionable prize for the politics of +race to an all time moral low. If the Republican attempt is successful, +the Democrats are again caught on their ineffectual me-too dime as was +Mr. Clinton when asked for his reaction to the Quayle speech. + +Again we find the Republican leadership looking for villains by +playing upon the fears of the many and targeting the most +vulnerable...the poor female head of household. Indeed, the problem of +unmarried and unschooled babies raising babies and the problems this +social phenomena creates for the rest of us are huge. The legitimate +means for families to make it - no jobs for them - leaves a population +with little to lose. President Bush in the Notre Dame commencement +address dwelled upon social disintegration as a response to the +Los Angeles riots consistent with his recent campaign speeches. + +It is my conviction that this bait and switch tactic attempts to focus +upon these ills to protect the Admnistration from the unrelaenting glare +of the damning indictment of fraud, waste, and priviledge. These very same +sanctimonious social magicians with their political sleight of hand offer +no believable explanation for the Republican Iraq affair, the Savings and +Loan affair, or the Republican federal deficit. We still need answers of +substance to the Republican Iran-Contra deception, multi-national +(American?) corporate profits and subsidy, export of American jobs, and +wholesale corruption and fraud within the defense industry. The final +straw is the arrogant display that our interests are only important in +an election year while those of special interests are always front and +center. We see again the old shell game which this group of people uses +so successfully. + +It becomes very apparent that this response to the recent riots in +South Los Angeles will be the cornerstone of the Republican election +campaign. It is another Willie Horton symbol! Much less crude but +delivering much the same message. The media masters watch TV too and +this is THEIR response to the American dream. The cynical leadership +within the Republican power structure is only interested in +maintaining the status quo and it is easier with one of their own in +the White House. They believe that this symbol, the Ozzie and Harriet +cache, will cover in the thirty second pre-election TV advertising +slot, the issues of abortion, fear of another racial out break in your +town and on your street, the latent and not so latent racism in +America, and finally, the virtues of keeping the tried and true white +establishment priorities in power. + +The failed attempt of some weeks back to smear the efforts of those of +us who worked in the anti-poverty agencies of the sixties and early +seventies was an ineffectual cheap shot. The Republican party is +bankcrupt. Their only viable issue until the the collapse of the cold +war was that of anti-communism. They are a party in search of an +agenda and under this leadership, thoughtful and honest conservatives +are not allowed to function. Jack Kemp only now has entree to the White +House because he is probably the only sitting cabinet member who has +even thought about the problems of the poor and the problems of +legal options for this segment of the population. The Democratic +establishment in this country is little better. Both political parties +mouth platitudes and then go along with the moral and financial rape +of our greatest resource -- our people. + +No political party is going to successfully turn back the clock on the +role of women in this society. No political party can return to the +days when women and children were chattels primarily because +they really don't want to. Not for good, pure and beautiful reasons +but for pragmatic hard economic and political reasons. If all +married women quit their jobs and stayed at home the impact upon the +economy would be catostrophic. Wages have fallen across the board +because the power structure knows that it is possible for a family to +make it with both parents working. The recession has been bearable for +many because the wife can and does work. Given all that has happened to +this country fiscally these last twelve years, there has been an +implicit assumption based upon the premise of a two income household +that has kept us solvent and made us credit worthy. + +To suggest that single, unmarried females of color created the problems +of the inner cities and that we as a nation have no responsibility for +their loss of hope and stability is a shoking indictment of us all. +That these nasties would try and expect to be successful using this +kind of a ploy is not surprising. What is very frightneing to me at +least, is that it has taken too long for the public to respond even +from within the very safe context of Candace Bergen's Murphy Brown. I +had to wonder what her father would have said with his Charlie McCarthy +voice and how safe from his barbs would have been this bunch in power. +Quayle, the messenger, got what he needed, finally, a bit of public +notice. The administration has sent up another trial ballon in search of +an issue. + +Perhaps the raging clatter will reveal the inconsistencies in our +avowed public values and pragmatic family values. Those of us, both +men and women, who have had emotional and financial responsibility know +that those glorified days of Harriet and Ozzie existed only in the +imagination of the well healed on their way from boarding school to +the country club. Their perceptions of the American family was white, +middle class, Protestant, and average. The melting pot of the turn of +the century was European and mostly white. The reality checks of TV +no longer work. That's why CBS has become a sports network and FOX +more in keeping of what we may be, somewhat blue comedy and a racial +blend. + +There is a simple and fundamental statement which has to made +publicly. It is to the advantage of those who want power and wish to +stay in power to short change our kids and our schools. A half +literate society doesn't have the intellectual tools to deal with these +sleazy PR events. Until poor people have the same access to jobs, +education, and health care they will be made the villains every four +years when someone decides to take control of the White House. + + + + +Internet: lois.laulicht@channel1.com + RIME: ->Channel1 + ILINK: ->Channel1 + +CCC of WV...Valley Head,WV;26294 + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/vets.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/vets.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9c9cb726 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/vets.txt @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please distribute. + + + CLINTON/GORE ON ISSUES OF CONCERN TO VETERANS + + + +For decades Americans struggled and sacrificed to +defend freedom and democracy and to win the Cold +War. Our nation owes a great debt of gratitude to +the soldiers, sailors, Marines, airmen and airwomen +whose talent and dedication led to our victory. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore have consistently +supported veterans. They deeply appreciate the +sacrifices of those who were called to serve our +country and fight for the ideals for which it +stands. Our veterans deserve the best we have. + +A Clinton/Gore Administration will work to improve +health services at VA hospitals and preserve them +strictly for veterans. We must ensure that men and +women in the armed services and defense industries +have opportunities to shift their talents to the +civilian sector. Bill Clinton and Al Gore have +offered a detailed plan to utilize the talents and +energies of those who have served in the military +to meet many of our pressing needs at home in the +fields of medicine, education, law enforcement and +industrial technology. + +The Clinton/Gore Plan + +Health care + +* Appoint a Secretary of Veterans Affairs who + understands the real problems facing veterans + and can go directly to the President to cut + through bureaucracy and improve services for + our veterans. + +* Ensure the VA receives the funding it needs + to provide excellent, timely care to veterans + and oppose opening VA hospitals up to + non-veterans. + +* Cut bureaucracy at the VA to decrease waiting + periods for outpatient services and to ensure + that benefits arrive on time. + +* Ensure advance notification of any changes in + benefits packages and programs for disabled + veterans. + +* Fund programs to deal with the common mental + health problems of veterans, such as + Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome. + +Employment in a post-Cold War economy + +* Gradually scale down our military forces by + shifting military personnel from active duty + to the National Guard and reserves and + gradually limit recruitment and reenlistment + efforts. + +* Provide early retirement incentives, with a + pro-rated pension for military personnel with + 15 to 20 years of service to encourage + voluntary down-sizing. + +* Work with states to provide alternative + certification programs for military personnel + who retire to take jobs in critical + professions like education, health care or law + enforcement, and increase their military + credit by one year for each year of such + employment. + +* Train military personnel for critical + civilian professions by allowing them to take + a one-year educational leave of absence with + pay before officially beginning their + retirement. + +Taking care of our soldiers + +* Expand Veterans Centers to help veterans, + their spouses, children and other family + members learn to deal with the scars of war. + +* Assist homeless veterans by converting closed + military bases to homeless shelters, with + priority for veterans. These centers should + provide medical care, job training, and job + counseling. + +* Make resolution of the POW/MIA issue a + national priority by insisting on a full + accounting of all POWs and MIAs before + normalizing relations with Vietnam; working + with the Russian government to reveal any + information it has on Americans held; and + declassifying pertinent government documents. + +* Reevaluate the discharge process, + particularly as it affects Vietnam veterans + and the enforcement of the statute of + limitations. + + +The Record + +Veterans affairs + +* Under Bill Clinton, Arkansas has ranked first + nationwide three years in a row in per capita + veteran reimbursement by the U.S. Department + of Agriculture. + +* Strongly supported the budgets and + initiatives of the Arkansas Department of + Veterans Affairs and Arkansas Veterans Home. + +* Appointed directors who ensured the agency is + represented by strong veterans advocates; + these directors are valuable advisors on + Governor Clintons staff. + +* The Governors Task Force on Veterans Affairs + ensures that all veterans have a voice in + issues that concern them. + +* Governor Clinton has shown unwavering support + of the County Veterans Service Officer + program, the backbone of a statewide veterans + assistance program. + +* Signed executive orders in 1983, 1989 and + 1990 to ensure that there is a veterans + preference in state hiring. + +* Senator Gore has opposed President Bush's + efforts to open VA hospitals to non-civilians. + He recently wrote a letter to President Bush + criticizing his inadequate funding for + veterans health. + +* Opposed attempts to reduce the travel + allowance for veterans needing VA medical + care. + +* Supported legislation to improve veterans' + health care with two cost-of-living increases + in service-connected disabilities and + compensation + +* Supported the Agent Orange Act of 1991. + +* Supported full funding for the Homeless + Veterans Reintegration Program, which is + tremendously successful at locating and + helping homeless veterans by teaching them + important job skills. + +Honoring veterans + +* Bill Clinton was the first donor to three + non-profit corporations established to expand + the three national cemeteries in Arkansas, two + of which were in imminent danger of closing. + +* Strongly supported a bill to provide a + $25,000 state appropriation to each fund drive + and signed legislation into law. + +National Guard and Reserve + +* Authorized and supported the Arkansas + National Guard's deployment to overseas + locations for training purposes. + +* Directed the formation of family support + groups in every location from which the 7,000 + Arkansas Reserve and National Guard men and + women were deployed for active duty in Desert + Storm. + +* Oversaw Operation Welcome Home , which was + the third largest troop appreciation parade in + the nation. Veterans of every conflict + participated in the parade. + +* Formed the Arkansas POW/MIA Verification Task + Force to investigate the presently unknown + fates of 26 Arkansans. Governor Clinton + appointed members to the force based on their + record of involvement with veterans. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/vietnam.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/vietnam.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c4d42d5d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/vietnam.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57864 @@ +0:The Wall | AADLAND GERALD L: +0:The Wall | AALUND JAMES DOWNING: +0:The Wall | AAMOLD DANIEL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | AARDE JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | AARON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | AARON EUGENE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | AARON MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | AARON RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | AARON THOMAS MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | AARONSON WILLIAM F IV: +0:The Wall | AASEN DAVID KIM: +0:The Wall | ABARA JOSE GENE: +0:The Wall | ABBATE RICHARD CLARK: +0:The Wall | ABBATE ROSARIO RUSSEL: +0:The Wall | ABBATEMARCO JOHN BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | ABBIE DONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT CARROLL DAVID: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT DENIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT EDWARD DONALD: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT GUY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT HAROLD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT JAMES TERRY: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT JOHN: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT PAUL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT RAYMOND LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT ROBERT ESTEN JR: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT STEVEN GLENN: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT TERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT WALLACE ADRION: +0:The Wall | ABDELLAH BRUCE ALLYN: +0:The Wall | ABDULLAH GHALIB AHMED: +0:The Wall | ABEL ARNOLD GORDON: +0:The Wall | ABEL CHARLES SEABORN: +0:The Wall | ABENE CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ABERNATHY DANIEL OWEN: +0:The Wall | ABERNATHY JIMMY EDD: +0:The Wall | ABERNATHY ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ABERNATHY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ABERNETHY REGINALD JOE: +0:The Wall | ABERNETHY WILLIAM FORMAN: +0:The Wall | ABEY GEORGE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ABEYTA ERNEST: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | AGUILAR OSCAR: +0:The Wall | AGUILAR PEDRO RAMIREZ: +0:The Wall | AGUILAR REIMUNDO: +0:The Wall | AGUILAR ROBERT: +0:The Wall | AGUILAR RUDOLPH RENE: +0:The Wall | AGUILERA DANIEL: +0:The Wall | AGUILLON FELIZARDO CUENCA: +0:The Wall | AGUILLON JOSE JESUS: +0:The Wall | AGUIRRE ARTHUR CECILIO: +0:The Wall | AGUIRRE CARLOS CRUZ: +0:The Wall | AGUIRRE FIDEL JOE: +0:The Wall | AGUIRRE FILBERTO JR: +0:The Wall | AGUIRRE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | AGUIRRE JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | AGUIRRE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | AGUON JOSE QUINATA: +0:The Wall | AHART WILLIAM JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | AHERN BRIAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | AHERN JOHN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | AHERN RAYMOND JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | AHERN ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | AHINZOW TONY: +0:The Wall | AHLBERG THOMAS OLIVER: +0:The Wall | AHLFIELD ALAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | AHLMEYER HEINZ JR: +0:The Wall | AHLSTROM ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | AHLUM WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | AHOUSE WILLIAM C: +0:The Wall | AHRENDSEN DENNIS LYNN: +0:The Wall | 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BRUCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ALLEN CHANNING JR: +0:The Wall | ALLEN CHARLES DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | ALLEN CHARLES DELMAR JR: +0:The Wall | ALLEN CHARLES ERVIN: +0:The Wall | ALLEN CHARLES FRANKLIN II: +0:The Wall | ALLEN CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DALE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DAN S III: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DAN STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DANIEL WEBSTER JR: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DAVID MARTIN: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DEAN BROOKS: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DONALD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ALLEN DOUGLAS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | ALLEN EARNEST JR: +0:The Wall | ALLEN EDDIE HUGH: +0:The Wall | ALLEN EDDIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | ALLEN EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | ALLEN EDWIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ALLEN ELVIN L: +0:The Wall | ALLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ALLEN EVERETT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ALLEN FRANCIS MONROE JR: +0:The Wall | ALLEN FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ALLEN 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ALFRED ELI JR: +0:The Wall | ALVEY RONALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ALVIS DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | ALVIS ROY GENE: +0:The Wall | ALVORD RONNIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ALWAN HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ALWAY HARRY L: +0:The Wall | ALWINE RAY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | ALY LESLIE MORGAN: +0:The Wall | ALYEA WALTER JOHN: +0:The Wall | AMADOR DIEGO: +0:The Wall | AMADOR ERNEST BALDONADO: +0:The Wall | AMADOR RAYNALD JIMENZ: +0:The Wall | AMADOR SEVERIANO: +0:The Wall | AMANN MARK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | AMANTEA SAMUEL DONALD: +0:The Wall | AMARAL MATTHEW PERRY III: +0:The Wall | AMATO DENNIS FLOYD: +0:The Wall | AMATO EDWARD MATHEW: +0:The Wall | AMATO MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | AMATO RICHARD C: +0:The Wall | AMBROGI ALLEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | AMBROSE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | AMBROSE GREGORY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | AMBROSE JAMES WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | AMBROSE LOUIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | AMBROSINI JOHN STEVEN: +0:The Wall | AMBROSIO FRANK CARL: +0:The Wall | AMBROSIO JOSEPH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | ANDERSON JOHN H JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN KEITH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN PERRY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHNNY MAC: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JR DELOSS W: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JULIAN RAYE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JUSTIN KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON KENNETH TERRY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON KENT STUART: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LANNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEE DAVID: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEE E: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEON JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEWIS CARL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LUCIUS JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LYNN DENNIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARCUS PETER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARLYN RONALD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MELVIN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MEREDITH GLENN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MILLARD RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MITCHELL LESTER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON NORMAN RALPH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON OLIVER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON PETER NEWELL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON PHILLIP RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RAL JEFRO JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RALPH TOMMY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RANDALL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD GUNNAR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD MERIDITH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD WILBUR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT KEITH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT RALPH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROGER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROGER WILBUR JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONALD CARLIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONALD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONNIE COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROY JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROY L: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEPHEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEVE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEVEN RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEVEN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON TERRANCE WESLEY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON THOMAS LESLIE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VERNON RAY JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VICTOR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VINCENT CRAIG: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VON STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WALTER EVAN JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WALTER GILMORE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WALTER H: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WARREN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WARREN LEROY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WARREN LESTER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WAYNE MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WAYNE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WENDELL WARREN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM ALLISON: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM MARK: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM OLIN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM THEODORE: +0:The Wall | ANDERTON SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDINO NELSON: +0:The Wall | ANDLER MARION BRYAN: +0:The Wall | ANDO CURTIS TADASHI: +0:The Wall | ANDRADA WILFREDO BALAGOT: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE ELISEO A JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE JOHN DUTRA: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE KENNETH SOARES: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE ROBERT D: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE ROBERT SOARES: +0:The Wall | ANDRE CARL VAL: +0:The Wall | ANDRE DOUGLAS VERNON: +0:The Wall | ANDRE HOWARD VINCIENT JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREASEN ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDREASSI CIRO JOHN: +0:The Wall | ANDREOTTA GLENN URBAN: +0:The Wall | ANDREOZZI VICTOR PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ANDRES KEITH JOHN: +0:The Wall | ANDRESEN HAAKON WILLY: +0:The Wall | ANDRESEN SCOTT FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ANDRESEN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDREW DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDREW JOSEPH CARLISLE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ALAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS CLIFTON BISHOP: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS COLEY L: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS DALE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS DENNIS DEE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS FRED EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS HORACE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS HOWARD RIVERS JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS JOHN MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS LAWRENCE THEODORE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS OTIS ELIZA: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ROBERT P: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ROBERT WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS RONALD L: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS STUART MERRILL: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS VAUN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WALTER EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILBERT ISOM: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIAM ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIAM LARRY: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIS NORWOOD: +0:The Wall | ANDREYKA THEODORE E JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRISANO FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS FLOYD EDWARD III: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDRY HILAIRE ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRYSIAK FRANCIS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDUHA HOWARD J: +0:The Wall | ANDUJAR CHARLES MANUEL: +0:The Wall | ANELI JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ANELLA JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | ANELLO BRUCE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANGE CARMELLO JR: +0:The Wall | ANGE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGEL MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANGEL TOMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | ANGELIDES JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANGELL ALAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANGELL MARSHALL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANGELL VAUGHN MARVIN: +0:The Wall | ANGELLEY GERALD DWAIN: +0:The Wall | ANGERMAN DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGERMILLER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANGERSTEIN MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGERT PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGLE PETER JASON: +0:The Wall | ANGLIM ADRIAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANGLIM PATRICK EMMETT: +0:The Wall | ANGLIN GEORGE LARRY: +0:The Wall | ANGLIN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | ANGRISANI CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANGSTADT RALPH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ANGUIANO RUBEN: +0:The Wall | ANGUIANO TONY: +0:The Wall | ANGUS CLARENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | ANGUS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANKNEY SAMUEL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ANKROM EVERETT LEE: +0:The Wall | ANKRUM GLENN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANNABLE JEFFREY DALE: +0:The Wall | ANNIS CHARLES DOUGALS: +0:The Wall | ANNIS ROBIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANNIS THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | ANNOS GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANSELL JOHN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | ANSELMO WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | ANSLOW WALTER HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ANSPACH ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANTE JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ANTEAU KARL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ANTER ALBERT GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY ASHER AUBREY: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY BENJAMIN JONES: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY BOBBY DEAN: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY CAREY C: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY CARL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY CHARLIE C: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY DAVID MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY GERALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY JOSEPH ROY: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY LIONEL S: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY RAYMOND F JR: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY WARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | ANTILL MICHAEL EVAN: +0:The Wall | ANTLE MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ANTOGNINI JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | ANTOINE DENNIS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ANTOL DAVID: +0:The Wall | ANTOLINI JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | ANTON TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | ANTONACE JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ANTONE FRANK GEORGE: +0:The Wall | ANTONELLI JOSEPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | ANTONELLY CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANTONIO CATALINO B JR: +0:The Wall | ANTONIO JOHNNIE JR: +0:The Wall | ANTONITIS GEORGE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ANTONOVICH RICHARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ANTRIM TOMMY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANTU JUAN: +0:The Wall | ANTUNANO GREGORY ALFRED: +0:The Wall | ANTWINE RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ANZALDUA ALBERTO TORRES: +0:The Wall | ANZALDUA OSCAR: +0:The Wall | ANZELONE PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | APELLIDO RAYMOND HUGH: +0:The Wall | APEROCHO REGALADO M D: +0:The Wall | APLAND RICHARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | APODACA JACK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | APODACA PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | APODACA VICTOR JOE JR: +0:The Wall | APOLINAR FORTINO JAMES: +0:The Wall | APONTE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | APPELHANS RICHARD DUANE: +0:The Wall | APPERSON GERALD FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | APPLE GLENN WILSON: +0:The Wall | APPLEBURY MELVIN LYNN: +0:The Wall | APPLEBY IVAN DALE: +0:The Wall | APPLEBY RICKEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | APPLEGATE DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | APPLEGATE JOSEPH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | APPLEGATE KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | APPLEGATE NEWELL F SR: +0:The Wall | APPLEGATE PAUL ORBEN: +0:The Wall | APPLEGATE ROSS: +0:The Wall | APPLETON DANNY ELBERT: +0:The Wall | APPLETON JOHN BURDETTE: +0:The Wall | APPOLONIA JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | APRILLIANO ANJELO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | APUTEN LESLIE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | AQUINO RAYMOND JOHN: +0:The Wall | ARAGON ALONSO JR: +0:The Wall | ARAGON HENRY T: +0:The Wall | ARAGON JOSE RUBEN: +0:The Wall | ARAGON JOSEPH MANUEL: +0:The Wall | ARAGON RUEBEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ARAKAKI WAYNE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ARAMBULA PAUL TEJEDA: +0:The Wall | ARANDA EUGENE LEONARD: +0:The Wall | ARANDA ISMAEL BENITO: +0:The Wall | ARANDA JUAN FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | ARANDA-SANTOS EDUARDO: +0:The Wall | ARANN RICHARD MAXWELL: +0:The Wall | ARAUJO ABELARDO: +0:The Wall | ARAUJO ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ARAUJO RUDOLPH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | ARB FRANCIS LOREN: +0:The Wall | ARBEIT MARTIN IRVING: +0:The Wall | ARBOGAST CARL FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | ARBOGAST RANDALL: +0:The Wall | ARBUTHNOT JAMES MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | ARCAND DONALD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | ARCENEAUX HERBERT JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ARCHBOLD JOHN CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | ARCHER ALLEN H: +0:The Wall | ARCHER DAN WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | ARCHER DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | ARCHER JESSE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ARCHER RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ARCHER SANFORD KIM: +0:The Wall | ARCHIBALD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | ARCHIBALD GARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ARCHULETA JESUS MAGIN: +0:The Wall | ARCHULETA JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ARCHULETA RODOLFO JOSE: +0:The Wall | ARCHULETTA RAY ADAM: +0:The Wall | ARD BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | ARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | ARD HOWARD CARLTON: +0:The Wall | ARD RANDOLPH JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | ARDENEAUX GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | ARDIS JOHN COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | ARDOIN ROBERT GLEN: +0:The Wall | ARELLANO ANTHONY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ARELLANO LE ROY FRED: +0:The Wall | ARENAS MANUEL V JR: +0:The Wall | ARENAS REYNALDO: +0:The Wall | ARENS DAVID LE ROY: +0:The Wall | ARENS FREDERICK V JR: +0:The Wall | ARENS TIMOTHY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | ARENT KENNETH JACOB: +0:The Wall | AREY WILLIAM NOVAK: +0:The Wall | ARGENTA ALLEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ARGENTI ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | ARGENZIO NESTOR LORENZO: +0:The Wall | ARGY EDWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ARIAS LUCIANO: +0:The Wall | ARIAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ARIAS WILLIAM CIP JR: +0:The Wall | ARIAZ EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ARIENS RICKY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ARIMENTO JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | ARIZMENDEZ DANIEL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ARKIE VALLANCE GALEN: +0:The Wall | ARKOETTE PETER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | ARLENTINO DUDNEY NELSON: +0:The Wall | ARLINE SOLOMAN DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | ARMATO SALVATORE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ARMBRUSTER ANTHONY CLARK: +0:The Wall | ARMENDAREZ MIKE: +0:The Wall | ARMENIO ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ARMENTA HERIBERTO: +0:The Wall | ARMENTA RUBEN MAXIMO: +0:The Wall | ARMENTO FRANKLIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ARMENTROUT CHARLES F: +0:The Wall | ARMENTROUT RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | ARMENTROUT STANLEY WILLIA: +0:The Wall | ARMES BOBBY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ARMES REXIE LEO: +0:The Wall | ARMIJO FRANK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ARMITAGE ROBERT LAYMON: +0:The Wall | ARMITAGE THOMAS LEON: +0:The Wall | ARMITSTEAD STEVEN RAY: +0:The Wall | ARMLIN LOREN AARON: +0:The Wall | ARMOND ROBERT LAURENCE: +0:The Wall | ARMOR LOYDE DEAN: +0:The Wall | ARMS JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | ARMS WILLIE DEWITT: +0:The Wall | ARMSTEAD GREGORY VAN: +0:The Wall | ARMSTEAD JAMES DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | ARMSTEAD LOUIS ELTON: +0:The Wall | ARMSTEAD ROCKY D: +0:The Wall | ARMSTRONG ATWELL ASBELL: +0:The Wall | ARMSTRONG BARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ARMSTRONG BILLY CARL: +0:The Wall | ARMSTRONG BILLY STANLEY: 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ARROYO-SIERRA FELIX JR: +0:The Wall | ARRUDA RICHARD HATHAWAY: +0:The Wall | ARSENAULT RICHARD ROLAND: +0:The Wall | ARSENEAU GALEN LEROY: +0:The Wall | ARTAVIA JOSEPH GREGORY: +0:The Wall | ARTEAGA JOHN J: +0:The Wall | ARTHINGTON MARVIN S: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR ALLEN LEE: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR GREGORY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR JESSE JAMES III: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR LAWRENCE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR RICHARD THORNTON: +0:The Wall | ARTHUR WILLIAM PRESCOTT: +0:The Wall | ARTIS HERBERT J: +0:The Wall | ARTIS VERNON DARYLE: +0:The Wall | ARTKOP ARTHUR JAMES: +0:The Wall | ARTMAN GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | ARTMAN JAMES BOYD: +0:The Wall | ARTMAN TIMOTHY HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ARVESETH BRENT LARSEN: +0:The Wall | ARVIDSON JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | ARVIDSON KENNETH ARVID: +0:The Wall | ARVIN CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ARVISO HERBERT: +0:The Wall | ARVIZU XAVIER AMADO: +0:The Wall | ARWOOD LARRY RANDALL: +0:The Wall | ARZUAGA JOAQUIN: +0:The Wall | ASADA RONALD KAZUO: +0:The Wall | ASANOMA FRANCISCO M: +0:The Wall | ASBECK GREGORY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ASBRIDGE LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | ASBURY BENTON FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ASBURY DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ASBURY DONNIE DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | ASCHENBRENER ERVIN G JR: +0:The Wall | ASCHENBRENNER DENNIS DALE: +0:The Wall | ASCHER JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | ASEP MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ASH EDWARD GARLAND JR: +0:The Wall | ASH FREDERIC NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | ASH JOHN SILVY: +0:The Wall | ASH PAUL ENGLISH JR: +0:The Wall | ASH PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ASH ROBERT EVERETT: +0:The Wall | ASH RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | ASH RONNIE EDWARDS: +0:The Wall | ASHALL ALAN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ASHBROOK DELMER VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | ASHBURN JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ASHBURN RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ASHBY CLAYBORN WILLIS JR: +0:The Wall | ASHBY DONALD ROBERTS SR: +0:The Wall | ASHBY JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | ASHBY JEDD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ASHCRAFT 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ASHTON CURTIS MORRIS: +0:The Wall | ASHTON DONALD MILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | ASHTON JAMES ODELL: +0:The Wall | ASHTON NORMAND JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | ASIP EDWARD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | ASIRE DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | ASKAM ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ASKEW THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | ASKIN JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ASLETT ALLAN THEO: +0:The Wall | ASMUSSEN GLENN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ASMUTH ROBERT LABUDDE JR: +0:The Wall | ASP FRANK WALTER: +0:The Wall | ASPER IVAN RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | ASPEY DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ASPINALL WILLIAM ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ASPLUND MARCUS RAY: +0:The Wall | ASQUITH WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ASSELIN LEO ROGER: +0:The Wall | ASSELTA CHARLES CARL: +0:The Wall | AST STEVEN VINCENT: +0:The Wall | ASTLEY JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ASTON BLAKE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ASTON JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ASTON JAY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ASTON LYLE GLENN: +0:The Wall | ASUNCION HENRY FRANCE: +0:The Wall | ATCHER HAROLD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ATCHISON 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FRANK JOHN: +0:The Wall | AUGUSTINAS WALTER PETER: +0:The Wall | AUGUSTINE FRANK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | AUGUSTUS DAVID RYAN: +0:The Wall | AUKLAND LEO CURTIS: +0:The Wall | AULD ROGER MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | AULETTI PETER PAUL: +0:The Wall | AULL EARL DUBOIS: +0:The Wall | AULT DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | AULTMAN GREGORY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | AUMAN ERVIN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | AUMILLER AARON BUCKLEY: +0:The Wall | AURADY MICHAEL VICTOR: +0:The Wall | AUSBERN JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | AUSBORN DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | AUSBROOKS RICHARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | AUSMUS ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | AUSTERMANN RAYMOND A JR: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN ALBERT DELGADO JR: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN CARL BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN EDDIE PAUL: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN EDWARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN ELLIS ERNEST: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN GLENN FREDERIC: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN JOSEPH CLAIR: +0:The Wall | AUSTIN 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JR: +0:The Wall | BAILEY ALLEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BAILEY ARTHUR WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BAILEY BERNARD PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BAILEY BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | BAILEY BYRLE BENNETT: +0:The Wall | BAILEY CARROLL JAMES: +0:The Wall | BAILEY CHARLES CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BAILEY DAVID ORIN: +0:The Wall | BAILEY DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BAILEY DERWIN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BAILEY DONALD G: +0:The Wall | BAILEY DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BAILEY DOUGLAS GRANT: +0:The Wall | BAILEY ELLIS MILLER: +0:The Wall | BAILEY EVERETTE ROLAND: +0:The Wall | BAILEY FLOYD CLARK: +0:The Wall | BAILEY FRED EARL: +0:The Wall | BAILEY FRED MCKINLEY: +0:The Wall | BAILEY GENE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAILEY GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BAILEY GEORGE LEROY: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JAMES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JAMES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JESSE THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JOHN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JOHN J: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JOHN SPENCER JR: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JON: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JOSEPH DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BAILEY JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAILEY KENNETH DEAN: +0:The Wall | BAILEY KENNETH NORMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BAILEY LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BAILEY LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BAILEY LELAND ALSTON: +0:The Wall | BAILEY LORING M JR: +0:The Wall | BAILEY MICHAEL A: +0:The Wall | BAILEY MICHAEL WILSON: +0:The Wall | BAILEY RAE ARVID: +0:The Wall | BAILEY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BAILEY ROBERT BENTON: +0:The Wall | BAILEY ROY DEE: +0:The Wall | BAILEY SCOTT JAY: +0:The Wall | BAILEY TERRY JOE: +0:The Wall | BAILEY THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | BAILEY THOMAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BAILEY TOLLIE: +0:The Wall | BAILEY WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BAILEY WILSON PAUL: +0:The Wall | BAILY PHILLIP RAY: +0:The Wall | BAIN BRUCE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BAIN THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BAINES TOMMIE: +0:The Wall | BAINTER NEAL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BAIR CHARLES JACOB: +0:The Wall | BAIR DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BAIR ROBERT VOLNIE: +0:The Wall | BAIRD ALBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BAIRD JACKIE RANDLE: +0:The Wall | BAIRD JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BAIRD JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BAIRD MICHAEL HARRY: +0:The Wall | BAIRD ROBERT STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BAIRD RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BAITINGER DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | BAIZ LEE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAIZE GARY CECIL: +0:The Wall | BAJIN ENVER: +0:The Wall | BAKA JAMES ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | BAKER ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BAKER ALTON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BAKER AQUILA: +0:The Wall | BAKER ARTHUR DALE: +0:The Wall | BAKER BARRY JAY: +0:The Wall | BAKER BERNARD GERALD: +0:The Wall | BAKER BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | BAKER BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | BAKER BOBBY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BAKER BRUCE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BAKER CHARLES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BAKER CHARLES OAKES II: +0:The Wall | BAKER CLARENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BAKER CURTIS EVERETT: +0:The Wall | BAKER CURTIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BAKER DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | BAKER DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BAKER DAVID WALLACE: +0:The Wall | BAKER DAVID: +0:The Wall | BAKER DENNIS RALPH: +0:The Wall | BAKER DON CARTER: +0:The Wall | BAKER DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BAKER DONALD: +0:The Wall | BAKER DUANE SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BAKER EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER EDWARD GLEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER EDWARD JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | BAKER ELBERT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER ELDON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER ELWOOD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BAKER ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | BAKER ERNEST AUSTIN JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER EVERDENE JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER FRANKIE GUY: +0:The Wall | BAKER FREDERICK NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BAKER GARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BAKER GARY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BAKER GARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BAKER GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BAKER GEORGE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BAKER GERALD D: +0:The Wall | BAKER GERALD OTIS: +0:The Wall | BAKER HARRY E JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER HARVEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BAKER HOWARD RANOLD: +0:The Wall | BAKER ISIAH III: +0:The Wall | BAKER JACK AMOS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JACK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BAKER JACK MARVIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER JAMES HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BAKER JERALD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BAKER JERRY SCRUGGS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JERRY: +0:The Wall | BAKER JESSE RUTLEDGE: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOHN HOUSTON: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOHN WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER JON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER JON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOSEPH WRIGHT: +0:The Wall | BAKER KENNETH ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER KENNETH EARL JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER LA BROSSIE LUCIEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BAKER LINWOOD LEE: +0:The Wall | BAKER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BAKER MICHAEL O'BRIEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | BAKER MICHEAL ROGER: +0:The Wall | BAKER PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BAKER PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BAKER PHILIP KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BAKER PHILIP LOU: +0:The Wall | BAKER RAFTKEITH EROS: +0:The Wall | BAKER RAYMOND DELMAR: +0:The Wall | BAKER RAYMOND JOHN: +0:The Wall | BAKER REGINALD: +0:The Wall | BAKER RENNIE JOE JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BAKER RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAKER ROBERT BENTON JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BAKER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BAKER ROBERT NELSON: +0:The Wall | BAKER ROBERT OLIVER JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER RONALD BOYSEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BAKER RONALD: +0:The Wall | BAKER RUSTON LEE: +0:The Wall | BAKER SAMUEL J: +0:The Wall | BAKER SAMUEL THEODORE: +0:The Wall | BAKER SAMUEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAKER STANLEY LOYD: +0:The Wall | BAKER STANLEY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER STANLEY WELLINGTON: +0:The Wall | BAKER STEVEN DEWITT: +0:The Wall | BAKER THOMAS HARRY: +0:The Wall | BAKER THOMAS HUGH: +0:The Wall | BAKER THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BAKER TONY ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | BAKER VERNON HOWARD II: +0:The Wall | BAKER VERNON R: +0:The Wall | BAKER VINCENT B: +0:The Wall | BAKER WALLACE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER WAYNE ROLAND: +0:The Wall | BAKER WILLIAM EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | BAKER WILLIAM S: +0:The Wall | BAKER WILLIE CECIL: +0:The Wall | BAKER WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BAKER WILLY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BAKEWELL RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BAKKE LARRY NEIL: +0:The Wall | BAKKE TONY LEE: +0:The Wall | BAKKEN WILLIAM DONALD: +0:The Wall | BAKKIE DONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | BALADES DAVID ZAVALA: +0:The Wall | BALAI ANDRES: +0:The Wall | BALAMOTI MICHAEL DIMITRI: +0:The Wall | BALAZY GEORGE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BALBIRNIE JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BALCH JAMES IVERSON: +0:The Wall | BALCOE CHARLES WALTER DEW: +0:The Wall | BALCOM JOEL ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BALCOM RALPH CAROL: +0:The Wall | BALDAUF FREDERICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BALDAUF RAYMOND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BALDERA BARTOLOME ALFONSO: +0:The Wall | BALDINI MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BALDINO FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BALDIZON-IZQUIERDO CARLOS A: +0:The Wall | BALDON RUDY LEE: +0:The Wall | BALDONADO SECUNDINO: +0:The Wall | BALDONI LINDSAY DAVID: +0:The Wall | BALDRIDGE JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN CHARLES LEROY: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN CLARENCE JAY: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN CLIFTON ADAIR: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN HENRY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN JOHN FRANK: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN KENNETH MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN LARRY GLENN: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN NELLO JR: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN NORMAN EARL: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN ORVAL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN PETER NELSON: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN ROBERT LANOUE: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN SANDERS RAY: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN SCOTT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN TERRY LYMAN: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN WILLIAM CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN WILLIAM MCKINLEY: +0:The Wall | BALDWIN WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BALENTINE ROLAND JR: +0:The Wall | BALES CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BALES RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BALES RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BALES SHAREL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BALFOUR DENNIS R: +0:The Wall | BALFOUR WILLIAM JAY: +0:The Wall | BALISTERI CODY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BALITCHIK MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BALITSARIS JOHN BOMAR: +0:The Wall | BALKIT DONALD: +0:The Wall | BALL ALBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BALL ARTHUR WYMAN: +0:The Wall | BALL CHARLES HOMER: +0:The Wall | BALL CLYDE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BALL DAVID MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BALL DWIGHT HERBERT: +0:The Wall | BALL EDWARD MEARL: +0:The Wall | BALL GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BALL HARRISON BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BALL JAMES EDWARD III: +0:The Wall | BALL JAMES MARVIN: +0:The Wall | BALL JIMMY REX: +0:The Wall | BALL JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BALL LESLIE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BALL LUTHER EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BALL MERLIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BALL MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BALL MICHAEL HENRY: +0:The Wall | BALL MICHAEL ROGER: +0:The Wall | BALL ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BALL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BALL ROSCOE WILLET JR: +0:The Wall | BALL THOMAS ELROY JR: +0:The Wall | BALL THOMAS LESLIE SNIDER: +0:The Wall | BALLANCE EDMOND TELLO: +0:The Wall | BALLANCE ELBERT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BALLANCE NORMAN L III: +0:The Wall | BALLAND ERNEST CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | BALLANGER ENOCH ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BALLANTINE RICHARD REED: +0:The Wall | BALLARD ADAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | BALLARD CARL HERSHEL: +0:The Wall | BALLARD EDWARD HARDING: +0:The Wall | BALLARD GERALD ROY: +0:The Wall | BALLARD GILBERT FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BALLARD JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BALLARD MEL ROY: +0:The Wall | BALLARD MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BALLARD NORMAN CASEY: +0:The Wall | BALLARD PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BALLARD ROBERT IRVING: +0:The Wall | BALLARD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BALLARD RONNIE EDSEL: +0:The Wall | BALLAUF CHARLES ALAN: +0:The Wall | BALLAY JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BALLENGER CARL AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | BALLEW ARTHUR CLAY: +0:The Wall | BALLEW CHESTER LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BALLEW HENRY HERSCHEL: +0:The Wall | BALLEW HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BALLEW PATRICK DEWEY: +0:The Wall | BALLEW ROLAND LEE: +0:The Wall | BALLHEIM RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BALLIN JOE MAGDALENO JR: +0:The Wall | BALLINGER JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BALLINGER TIMOTHY J: +0:The Wall | BALLINGER WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BALLOU CHARLES DAVISON: +0:The Wall | BALLOU DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BALLREE EMMETT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BALMER ROBERT OLIVER: +0:The Wall | BALMER WAYNE ASHLEY: +0:The Wall | BALOG LOUIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BALSLEY ROBERT F JR: +0:The Wall | BALTERS STEPHEN A JR: +0:The Wall | BALTEZORE THEODORE ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BALTHAZOR RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | BALUKONIS RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BALZARINI DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BALZER MICHAEL ARLIN: +0:The Wall | BAMBRICK RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BAMFORD GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BAMFORD THOMAS CAMPBELL: +0:The Wall | BAMVAKAIS JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BAN HERMAN HALEMANU: +0:The Wall | BANAGA SALVADOR M L JR: +0:The Wall | BANAR MARVIN DALE: +0:The Wall | BANASZYNSKI RICHARD MICHA: +0:The Wall | BANCROFT PHILIP SEAN: +0:The Wall | BANCROFT STEPHEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BANCROFT WILLIAM W JR: +0:The Wall | BANDA MACARIO S: +0:The Wall | BANDELIER HOWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BANDY CURTIS ELBERT: +0:The Wall | BANDY LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BANDY MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | BANDY RAYMOND DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BANEK LAWRENCE BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | BANEY CHARLES LYNN: +0:The Wall | BANEY WILLIAM GERALD JR: +0:The Wall | BANG JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BANGERT BYRON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BANGERT ROGER CARL: +0:The Wall | BANGERT STEPHEN RAY: +0:The Wall | BANGLOS GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | BANGS CHRISTOPHER DELBERT: +0:The Wall | BANGS LAWRENCE GENE: +0:The Wall | BANISTER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BANKOWSKI ALFONS ALOYZE: +0:The Wall | BANKOWSKI JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BANKS DAVID LENOX: +0:The Wall | BANKS DINGUS JR: +0:The Wall | BANKS FLOYD JACKSON: +0:The Wall | BANKS HENRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | BANKS IRVIN SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | BANKS JAMES C: +0:The Wall | BANKS JAMES R: +0:The Wall | BANKS JOHN LAWRENCE III: +0:The Wall | BANKS LARRY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | BANKS LAVINE JOHN: +0:The Wall | BANKS MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BANKS RAY CARROL: +0:The Wall | BANKS RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BANKS RICHARD ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | BANKS RICHARD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | BANKS ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | BANKS ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BANKS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BANKS STERLING CLARK: +0:The Wall | BANKS VINCENT NORVELL: +0:The Wall | BANKSTON RONALD NEIL: +0:The Wall | BANNA WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | BANNACH GERALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BANNER STEVE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BANNING JAMES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BANNING TERRY L: +0:The Wall | BANNISTER HOWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BANNISTER RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BANNISTER RUSSELL REID: +0:The Wall | BANNON GARY CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BANNON PAUL WEDLAKE: +0:The Wall | BANNON WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BANOVEZ MICHAEL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BANSAVAGE JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BANTA LANNY WILSON: +0:The Wall | BANTA MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BANUELOS ALBERT A JR: +0:The Wall | BAPP RONALD DALE: +0:The Wall | BAPTISTA PAUL ALIPIO: +0:The Wall | BAPTISTE MICHAEL BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | BARAN BRUNO: +0:The Wall | BARANCZYK ALBIN ANTON: +0:The Wall | BARANOSKI JOHN FRANK: +0:The Wall | BARANOWSKI BISHOP SKIP: +0:The Wall | BARASH LOUIS ABBEY: +0:The Wall | BARB MANVILLE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BARBA PHILLIP JOSE: +0:The Wall | BARBARE JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARBARIA LOUIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARBARINO ANTHONY ADAMS: +0:The Wall | BARBEE FRANK LEROY: +0:The Wall | BARBEE GARRY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BARBEE JERRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARBEE JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BARBEE LARRY HULAN: +0:The Wall | BARBEE RICHARD LORDY: +0:The Wall | BARBEE THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARBEE WILBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BARBER BARRY MORRIS: +0:The Wall | BARBER BOB: +0:The Wall | BARBER BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | BARBER BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER CHADWICK MC FALL: +0:The Wall | BARBER CHRISTOPHER JAMES: +0:The Wall | BARBER DAVID EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BARBER DAVID LEON: +0:The Wall | BARBER DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARBER ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER ERNEST McDONALD: +0:The Wall | BARBER FLOYD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARBER GEORGE L III: +0:The Wall | BARBER HARRY ADELBERT: +0:The Wall | BARBER HENRY EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BARBER JOHNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | BARBER LONNIE: +0:The Wall | BARBER MANNIE ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BARBER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BARBER MORRIE CURTISS: +0:The Wall | BARBER RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARBER ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BARBER ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER SIDNEY EMERY: +0:The Wall | BARBER THOMAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARBERA PETER: +0:The Wall | BARBERY ROBERT NELSON: +0:The Wall | BARBIERE CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARBOLLA RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARBOSA ALVARO: +0:The Wall | BARBOSA-OYOLA EUGENIO: +0:The Wall | BARBOSA-VILLAFANE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | BARBOUR JAMES C JR: +0:The Wall | BARBOUR JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BARBOUR JOHN RAMAGE: +0:The Wall | BARBRE SAMUEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARBURY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BARCA JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BARCALOW RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BARCELONA RALPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARCENA BOBBY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BARCHAK JOHNNIE F JR: +0:The Wall | BARCKLOW LAWRENCE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARCLAY FREDERICK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARDACH ALAN JENSEN: +0:The Wall | BARDACH ROBERT ERLE: +0:The Wall | BARDEN ARNOLD WINFIELD JR: +0:The Wall | BARDEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARDEN HOWARD LEROY: 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| BARILI PETER LINO: +0:The Wall | BARILLO JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARISIC LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARKER BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARKER DANA RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BARKER ELVIS GORDON: +0:The Wall | BARKER FLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER FRANK AKELEY JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARKER GREG ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARKER HOWARD CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | BARKER JACK LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BARKER JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BARKER JEDH COLBY: +0:The Wall | BARKER JEFFREY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BARKER JERRY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BARKER JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARKER KENNETH MONROE: +0:The Wall | BARKER LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | BARKER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARKER OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER PAUL LEROY: +0:The Wall | BARKER RAY MILTON: +0:The Wall | BARKER ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER STEPHEN PETER: +0:The Wall | BARKER WILLIAM GAYLAND: +0:The Wall | BARKFELT DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY EARL DUANE: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY JESSE LOUIS: 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BARNER LARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BARNES AARON ANDRE JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALLAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALLEN ROY: +0:The Wall | BARNES BARRIE VANE: +0:The Wall | BARNES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES BRUCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARNES CEPHAS JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES CHARLES PETER: +0:The Wall | BARNES CHARLES RONALD: +0:The Wall | BARNES CLARENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES DANNY CLEON: +0:The Wall | BARNES DARRYL VERDUE: +0:The Wall | BARNES DAVID GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BARNES DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BARNES DONALD ALBON: +0:The Wall | BARNES DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARNES ERIC MARVIN: +0:The Wall | BARNES FRANCIS ARCHER: +0:The Wall | BARNES GALE LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARNES GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNES GARY LESTER: +0:The Wall | BARNES GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNES HAROLD DUANE: +0:The Wall | BARNES HERBERT SPENCER: +0:The Wall | BARNES ISIAH JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES JACKSON DILLON: +0:The Wall | BARNES JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNES JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BARNES JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES JIMMY ONEAL: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOE WILSON: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN ANDREW III: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN LUMSDEN: +0:The Wall | BARNES LAURIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNES LAWRENCE MERRIDITH: +0:The Wall | BARNES LEROY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BARNES LEROY: +0:The Wall | BARNES MARK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BARNES MARVIN DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARNES MERRILL: +0:The Wall | BARNES MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARNES MITCHELL ODELL: +0:The Wall | BARNES RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | BARNES RICHARD LEIGH: +0:The Wall | BARNES RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT CROZIER JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT SEWELL: +0:The Wall | BARNES RODGER GLYNN: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BARNES SHELDON ORA: +0:The Wall | BARNES STEPHEN WESTLEY: +0:The Wall | BARNES THOMAS JACKSON JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNES WALTER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES WALTER FRASIER: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIAM ACKER: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIAM CAREL JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BARNETT ALAN LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT BILLIE JOE JR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CARL TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CLIFFORD C JR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARNETT DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT EUGENE MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT GARY JOE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT GARY KEITH: +0:The Wall | BARNETT GLENDON ROMAN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT IRIA DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JEFF THOMAS SR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JIMMY DALTON: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JOHN DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JOHN FRANK: +0:The Wall | BARNETT KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT MELVIN DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARNETT MEREDITH LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT ROBERT RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BARNETT SAMUEL HOYT: +0:The Wall | BARNETT STEVEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARNETT STUART LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT THOMAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT TONEY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARNETTE FRED EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNETTE ROY GRANT: +0:The Wall | BARNETTE WALLACE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARNEY ALEXANDER LORENZO: +0:The Wall | BARNEY LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BARNEY TERENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNHART BEVERLY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNHART CARL RAY: +0:The Wall | BARNHART EARL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BARNHART JACK ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | BARNHART JOHN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARNHART OTTO PHILIP: +0:The Wall | BARNHART ROGER ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL GLEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL LARRY M: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNHOLDT TERRY JOE: +0:The Wall | BARNHOUSE DARREL EMERSON: +0:The Wall | BARNICK CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNITZ DOUGLAS WANNER: +0:The Wall | BARNS LAWRENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | BARNUM GARY LANE: +0:The Wall | BARNUM WAYNE ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNWELL JACKIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARNWELL RAY MAX: +0:The Wall | BARON DOUGLAS KEN: +0:The Wall | BARON FRANCIS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BARON FRANTZ MARIO: +0:The Wall | BARONE SANDRO NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | BARONOWSKI MICHAEL ALEXAN: +0:The Wall | BAROTT WILLIAM CHAUNCEY: +0:The Wall | BAROVETTO JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BARR ALLAN VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | BARR EDWARD NASUESAK: +0:The Wall | BARR ELMER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARR JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARR JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BARR JUNIOR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARR MICHAEL MCKEE: +0:The Wall | BARR ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BARR ROBERT H: +0:The Wall | BARR TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARR THOMAS M: +0:The Wall | BARR WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | BARR WILMA J: +0:The Wall | BARRAGAN REYNALDO LEON JR: +0:The Wall | BARRAGY WILLIAM JOSEPH: 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FOSTER: +0:The Wall | BARRETT STANLEY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BARRETT STEPHEN CLARK: +0:The Wall | BARRETT THOMAS A: +0:The Wall | BARRETT THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | BARRETT WILLIAM KATHMAN: +0:The Wall | BARRICK BENJAMIN LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BARRICK HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARRIGA ARTURO: +0:The Wall | BARRIMOND ERROL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARRINGER ARDREY WATTS JR: +0:The Wall | BARRINGTON ALVIS T JR: +0:The Wall | BARRINGTON PAUL V JR: +0:The Wall | BARRIOS BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BARRIOS JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BARRIOS MARCELLO NUNEZ: +0:The Wall | BARRITT WILLIAM EMMETT: +0:The Wall | BARRITT WILLIAM STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BARRON DANNY LANCE: +0:The Wall | BARRON FLORENTINO CIPRIAN: +0:The Wall | BARRON JEFFREY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARRON JOHN ELDREW: +0:The Wall | BARRON ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BARROW ERIC B JR: +0:The Wall | BARROW MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARROW THOMAS MELVIN JR: +0:The Wall | BARROWS IRVING DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARRS SHELTON FERRELL: 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WILLIAM J JR: +0:The Wall | BARTHELME ALBERT LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | BARTHOL JEFFREY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW CHARLES RICKY: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW DAVE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW DAVID RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW HARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW MICHAEL M: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW RICHARD D JR: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW ROGER JAY: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW TILMEN VERGES: +0:The Wall | BARTHOLOMEW WILLIAM H JR: +0:The Wall | BARTKOWSKI GREGORY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARTLE BARRY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BARTLE RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARTLEBAUGH DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT ARTHUR FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT ARTHUR WAYNE SR: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT BRUCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT CHARLES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT DONALD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT DONNIE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT JAMES B: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT JOHN REX: +0:The Wall | BARTLETT LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY DON LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY HOWARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY KENNETH LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY RALPH GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY WALTER CARL JR: +0:The Wall | BARTLING TERRY NOBLE: +0:The Wall | BARTLOW GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARTLOW RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BARTMAN STEVEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BARTMESS GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARTOCCI JOHN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARTOCK DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARTOLF NOEL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARTOLINA ERNEST E JR: +0:The Wall | BARTON ALAN KEITH: +0:The Wall | BARTON DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARTON DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARTON HAROLD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES RAYBON: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BARTON JERE ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARTON JIM ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BARTON JIMMIE WOODROW: +0:The Wall | BARTON LANCE BRYAN: +0:The Wall | BARTON LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BARTON MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BARTON NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BARTON ROBERT JAMESON: +0:The Wall | BARTON ROBERT W JR: +0:The Wall | BARTON VAL E: +0:The Wall | BARTON VIRGIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARTON WILL PAGE II: +0:The Wall | BARTONE JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BARTRAM FORREST LA WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARTRAM GERALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARTZ GARY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARTZ ROGER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BARUTH DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BARUZZI MARCO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARZAN JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BASALLA DONALD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BASCO HARVEY LEE: +0:The Wall | BASCO JOSEPH FLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | BASDEN DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | BASDEN JERRY DON: +0:The Wall | BASEHORE HAROLD EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BASEY DWIGHT LEROY: +0:The Wall | BASHAM EDWARD RAY: +0:The Wall | BASHAM HAROLD LAWTON: +0:The Wall | BASHAM JAMES DARRYL: +0:The Wall | BASHAW DAVID: 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Wall | BATCHELDER WILLIAM KIMBAL: +0:The Wall | BATCHELDER WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BATCHELOR CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BATCHELOR JOHN ELSEY JR: +0:The Wall | BATCHELOR MARTIN T JR: +0:The Wall | BATCHELOR MAX WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BATCHER LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN JAMES AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN JAMES TERENCE: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN JESSIE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN MARK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN NEIL ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BATEMAN WILLARD THURMAN: +0:The Wall | BATES BRIAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BATES CARL CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | BATES GLEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BATES HARRY E: +0:The Wall | BATES JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BATES JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | BATES JAMES LEON: +0:The Wall | BATES LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BATES MELVIN CARROLL JR: +0:The Wall | BATES NORMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BATES PAUL JENNINGS JR: +0:The Wall | BATES RICHARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BATES ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BATES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BATES ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BATES ROBERT W: +0:The Wall | BATES RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BATES TERRY HOYTE: +0:The Wall | BATES VIRGIL JAY JR: +0:The Wall | BATES WAYNE SHERWOOD: +0:The Wall | BATESEL DENNIS GORDON: +0:The Wall | BATH ELDRIDGE JACK: +0:The Wall | BATH JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BATISTA-RODRIGUEZ JORGE L: +0:The Wall | BATISTE CLEVELAND JR: +0:The Wall | BATISTE JOHN MILLIAN: +0:The Wall | BATOR WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | BATOZYNSKI CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | BATSON JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BATSON MICHAEL OLAN: +0:The Wall | BATSON ROBERT FILMORE: +0:The Wall | BATSON WAYLAND JESS: +0:The Wall | BATT DARYLE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BATT MICHAEL LERO: +0:The Wall | BATT ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BATTAGLIA AUGUST THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BATTAGLIA CHRISTOPHER PAU: +0:The Wall | BATTAGLIA PHILIP J JR: +0:The Wall | BATTEL ANTHONY BRIAN: +0:The Wall | BATTEN JAMES EARNEST: +0:The Wall | BATTERSON JOHN PEDDIE JR: 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CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BAUER JAMES NEIL: +0:The Wall | BAUER JAMES PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BAUER JOSEPH FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | BAUER KAROL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BAUER KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | BAUER LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BAUER LEO ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BAUER LEONARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BAUER RICHARD GENE: +0:The Wall | BAUER ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | BAUER ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BAUER STEVEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BAUER TIMOTHY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BAUER WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | BAUER WILLIAM LYLE: +0:The Wall | BAUERLE FREDRICK E III: +0:The Wall | BAUGH CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | BAUGH FRED OTIS JR: +0:The Wall | BAUGH LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BAUGHMAN JOHN OLIVER: +0:The Wall | BAUGHMAN RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | BAUGHMAN WESLEY GENE: +0:The Wall | BAUGHN PHILIP WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BAUM DAVID MICHALE: +0:The Wall | BAUM DOUGLAS BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BAUM MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BAUM MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | BAUM RORY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | 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COLON: +0:The Wall | BAXTER JERRY: +0:The Wall | BAXTER JOHN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BAXTER KENNETH CARL: +0:The Wall | BAXTER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BAXTER PETER WALTER: +0:The Wall | BAXTER ROGER BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BAXTER TERRY DON: +0:The Wall | BAXTER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BAY RONALD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BAYES THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BAYLES GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BAYLES STEPHEN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | BAYLISS PAUL M: +0:The Wall | BAYLOR ARTHUR JEROME: +0:The Wall | BAYLOR HAROLD BOOKER T: +0:The Wall | BAYNE JAMES TERENCE: +0:The Wall | BAYNE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BAYNES ERNEST JOHN: +0:The Wall | BAYONET THOMAS WYLIE: +0:The Wall | BAYRON BENEDICTO PIOSALAN: +0:The Wall | BAYS LEE R: +0:The Wall | BAYS PAUL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BAYSINGER DONALD FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | BAZA JOSEPH CRUZ: +0:The Wall | BAZAN ISIDRO SIGFREDO: +0:The Wall | BAZAR PAUL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAZEL MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BAZELL FRANK DAVID: +0:The Wall | BAZEMORE EARL SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | BAZEMORE THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BAZEMORE WILLIAM HODGES: +0:The Wall | BAZULTO SALVADOR: +0:The Wall | BAZZINOTTI CHARLES A: +0:The Wall | BAZZLE DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BEACH ARTHUR JAMES: +0:The Wall | BEACH DEAN L: +0:The Wall | BEACH FLOYD IRVY: +0:The Wall | BEACH HAROLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | BEACH LEO ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BEACH MYRON STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | BEACH SAM FESTIS JR: +0:The Wall | BEACHAM EDWARD EARL: +0:The Wall | BEACHAM WARREN LEE: +0:The Wall | BEADLE HARRY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BEADNELL WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | BEAGLE FRANCIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BEAGLE HOWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEAL GEORGE WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | BEALE GEORGE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEALE MILLS III: +0:The Wall | BEALE ROBERT BOUGHTON: +0:The Wall | BEALIN TROY: +0:The Wall | BEALL CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BEALL ROGER CLOYCE: +0:The Wall | BEALL TYSON VANCE: +0:The Wall | BEALL WILLIAM EARNEST JR: +0:The Wall | BEALS ALLEN MACY: +0:The Wall | BEALS CHARLES ELBERT: +0:The Wall | BEALS LAWRENCE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BEALS MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BEALS RONNIE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | BEALS STEPHEN CARL: +0:The Wall | BEAM EARNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | BEAM ERNEST EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEAM JACK EVAN: +0:The Wall | BEAM RAYMOND GLENN: +0:The Wall | BEAM RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BEAM ROGER LEROY: +0:The Wall | BEAMAN ROBERT JON: +0:The Wall | BEAMAN RONALD RALPH: +0:The Wall | BEAMON THEODORE M: +0:The Wall | BEAMON THOMAS KEITH: +0:The Wall | BEAMS JAMES WOODSON: +0:The Wall | BEAN CHRISTOPHER JOHN: +0:The Wall | BEAN DAVID ELTON: +0:The Wall | BEAN DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BEAN EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BEAN GEORGE TYRUS: +0:The Wall | BEAN GUY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BEAN JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BEAN JIMMY DALE: +0:The Wall | BEAN JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BEAN KENYON ELROY: +0:The Wall | BEAN LARRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | BEAN RICHARD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BEAN STEPHEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BEANE HAROLD GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall 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HUTCHINSON: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY JAMES OTIS: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY JAMES TERRY: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY JOHNNIE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY LUZON: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY MERRILL VAN: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY MICHAEL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY ODELL DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY PERCY JR: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY PHILIP ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY ROY CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | BEASLEY WILLIAM RONALD: +0:The Wall | BEATON ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BEATTIE DAVID ROWLAND: +0:The Wall | BEATTIE ERICK WALTER: +0:The Wall | BEATTY DEWEY LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BEATTY DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BEATTY FREDERICK LEE: +0:The Wall | BEATTY JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BEATTY JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BEATTY LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | BEATTY THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BEATTYS LAWRENCE VICK: +0:The Wall | BEATY ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | BEATY JEFFREY LANDIS: +0:The Wall | BEAUBIEN WILLIAM ALEXIS: +0:The Wall | BEAUCHAMP ALBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BEAUCHAMP ERNEST MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BEAUCHAMP JOHN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BEAUCHAMP KEVIN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BEAUCHAMP RAYMOND FREDERI: +0:The Wall | BEAUDETTE LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BEAUDOIN GAETAN JEAN GUY: +0:The Wall | BEAUFORD SAMUEL P: +0:The Wall | BEAUFORD WILLIS JR: +0:The Wall | BEAULIEU LEO VERNON: +0:The Wall | BEAULIEU NORMAND LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BEAUMONT HERBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BEAUMONT ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEAUMONT WARREN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BEAUPRE GILBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BEAUREGARD KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BEAUREGARD RICHARD MAURIC: +0:The Wall | BEAUREGARD SILVESTER: +0:The Wall | BEAVER HEARNE W: +0:The Wall | BEAVER JAMES CLARKE: +0:The Wall | BEAVER JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BEAVER JOHN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BEAVER MAX RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BEAVER MICHAEL HUGH: +0:The Wall | BEAVER ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | BEAVER WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BEAVERS CHARLES EVAN: +0:The Wall | BEAVERS CHRISTOPHER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BEAVERS FRANK ARVIS: +0:The Wall | BEAVERS JAMES DAVID: 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Wall | BECK PATRICK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BECK RICHARD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BECK RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BECK ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | BECK ROBERT MILTON: +0:The Wall | BECK STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | BECK TERRENCE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BECK TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BECK WINFIELD WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BECKER CHARLES WARNER: +0:The Wall | BECKER GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BECKER HARRY MATHIAS: +0:The Wall | BECKER HOWARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BECKER JAMES CHRISTOF: +0:The Wall | BECKER JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BECKER JOHN BERTRAM: +0:The Wall | BECKER JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BECKER JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BECKER LESTER ERWIN: +0:The Wall | BECKER MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | BECKER THOMAS ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | BECKER THOMAS LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BECKER TOMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | BECKER WALTER WARD: +0:The Wall | BECKER WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | BECKERMANN FRED B JR: +0:The Wall | BECKERS JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BECKETT JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BECKETT RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BECKHAM JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BECKLEY GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BECKMAN DOUGLAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BECKMAN KENNETH BRYANT: +0:The Wall | BECKMAN ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | BECKMAN ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BECKMANN LOUIS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BECKMEYER FREDRICK HALL: +0:The Wall | BECKNER JAMES MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | BECKSTED RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BECKWITH EDWARD COE: +0:The Wall | BECKWITH HARRY MEDFOR III: +0:The Wall | BECKWITH RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | BECKWITH WALTER LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BECKWITH WILLIAM ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BECKWITH WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | BECKWORTH HARLEY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BEDAL ARTHUR EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEDARD BARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BEDDINGFIELD GEORGE CLYDE: +0:The Wall | BEDDOE PAUL MELVIN JR: +0:The Wall | BEDELL JAMES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BEDFORD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BEDFORD WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BEDGOOD JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BEDGOOD JIMMY: +0:The Wall | BEDIENT ROSS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | 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GEORGE HENRY: +0:The Wall | BELANGER GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BELANGER JOSEPH KENNETH L: +0:The Wall | BELANGER PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BELARDE BENJAMIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BELARSKI RONALD DALE: +0:The Wall | BELASCO CHARLES THEODORE: +0:The Wall | BELCHAK PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BELCHER FRANK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BELCHER FRED ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BELCHER GLENN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BELCHER HERBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BELCHER JORDAN: +0:The Wall | BELCHER ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BELCHER ROBERT WINSLOW: +0:The Wall | BELCHER ROLAND: +0:The Wall | BELCHER STEPHEN EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BELCHER TED: +0:The Wall | BELCHER TOMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | BELCHER VERNON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BELDEN LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BELDING CARL FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | BELEW GREG BLAINE: +0:The Wall | BELEY JERRY: +0:The Wall | BELFIELD ANDREW LEE: +0:The Wall | BELFLOWER JAMES H: +0:The Wall | BELFORD JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BELICOSE RICHARD J: +0:The Wall | BELINGE RICHARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | 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CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BERTOMEN NARCISO JR: +0:The Wall | BERTRAM DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BERTSCH BRENT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BERTSCH KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BERTSCHINGER DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BERTULLI ALFRED LEON: +0:The Wall | BERUBE KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BERUBE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BERUMEN JUAN BOSCO: +0:The Wall | BERWEGER ALLAN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BERWERT PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BERZINEC WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BESCH ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | BESCHEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BESKE WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BESS BENNY DALE: +0:The Wall | BESS CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | BESS SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BESSENT SAMUEL ALONZO: +0:The Wall | BESSON LAWRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BESSOR BRUCE CARLTON: +0:The Wall | BEST ANDREW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BEST ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BEST BILLY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BEST CAREY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BEST CHARLES HYMAN: +0:The Wall | BEST GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BEST HUGH ELROY III: +0:The Wall | BEST HUGH VICTOR: +0:The Wall | BEST NEAL IRA: +0:The Wall | BEST OLIVER ADRIAN JR: +0:The Wall | BEST PATRICK WALLACE: +0:The Wall | BEST RICHARD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BEST RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BEST THOMAS EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | BESTMANN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BESZE GYORGY JANOS: +0:The Wall | BETANCOURT GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | BETANCOURT JAMES: +0:The Wall | BETANCOURT-MOJICA CARLOS: +0:The Wall | BETCHEL DAVID BROOKS: +0:The Wall | BETEBENNER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BETHARDS EDWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BETHEA CHARLES DUNCAN: +0:The Wall | BETHEA HENRY: +0:The Wall | BETHEA JIMMY CARLTON: +0:The Wall | BETHEA LUTHER JR: +0:The Wall | BETHEA RAYMOND LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BETHEA TROY: +0:The Wall | BETHEA WILLIAM HENRY III: +0:The Wall | BETHEL JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | BETHUNE ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BETLEYOUN GOLA CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BETTELYOUN PERCY JR: +0:The Wall | BETTENCOURT DANIEL F JR: +0:The Wall | BETTENCOURT DANIEL STEPHE: +0:The Wall | BETTENCOURT JOHN FRANCIS: 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Wall | BEY NELSON: +0:The Wall | BEYDA IRWIN: +0:The Wall | BEYER EDWARD HUGO: +0:The Wall | BEYER THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BEYER WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BEYERLING JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | BEYL DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BEYRAND JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BEZEAU RICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BEZECNY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BEZEGA MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BEZENSKI STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BEZOLD STEVEN NEIL: +0:The Wall | BIA MICHAEL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BIAGINI MARK FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BIALKOWSKI JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIANCHINI MICHAEL LINN: +0:The Wall | BIANCONI NICHOLAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIAS CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BIBBS LEONARD JEROME: +0:The Wall | BIBBS WARREN LARRY: +0:The Wall | BIBBS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BIBBY JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BIBER GERALD MACK: +0:The Wall | BIBER JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | BIBERDORF DENNIS FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BIBEY DWAIN LEE: +0:The Wall | BIBLER WILSON E JR: +0:The Wall | BICE DOUGLAS WYATT: +0:The Wall | BICE JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | BICE QUINTON MORGAN: +0:The Wall | BICKEL BARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BICKEL ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BICKFORD RALPH NEVIN: +0:The Wall | BICKFORD RICHARD OLIVER: +0:The Wall | BICKFORD THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BICKLE JIMBOB: +0:The Wall | BICKLEY WILSON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIDART DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BIDDLE DANIEL ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BIDDLE JOSEPH LENORD: +0:The Wall | BIDDULPH THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BIDWELL BARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | BIEBER EDWARD L: +0:The Wall | BIEDIGER LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BIEDRON ANDREW ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BIEDRON MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | BIEGEL ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIEGERT RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BIEHL GARY LADD: +0:The Wall | BIEHL JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BIEHL LESTER OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | BIEHL OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | BIEHN MAURICE JOHN: +0:The Wall | BIEKER CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIELEK RUDOLPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BIELICKI GREGORY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | BIEMERET ARTHUR THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BIENEMAN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIENKOWSKI WALTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIERBAUM LAWRENCE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BIERLEIN PATRICK M R: +0:The Wall | BIERLINE THOMAS RALPH: +0:The Wall | BIERMA LYNN SEATON: +0:The Wall | BIERMAN CARROLL MONROE JR: +0:The Wall | BIERNACKI JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BIEROWSKI REINER WALTER: +0:The Wall | BIES EDWARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BIESANTZ HOWARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BIESER KARL ROY: +0:The Wall | BIESIADA RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BIEVER WILLIAM DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BIFARETI JOHN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | BIFFLE JOE LESLIE JR: +0:The Wall | BIFFLE WILLIAM CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BIFOLCHI CHARLES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW LAWRENCE CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW PAUL LEE: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW RALPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW RONNIE O: +0:The Wall | BIGGER CALVIN HART: +0:The Wall | BIGGERS LEWIS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BIGGERSTAFF HENRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIGGS DAVID OWEN: +0:The Wall | BIGGS EARL ROGER: +0:The Wall | BIGGS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BIGGS JIMMY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BIGHAM CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BIGHAM THEODORE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BIGLEY CHRISTOPHER JOHN: +0:The Wall | BIGLEY GEORGE CARL: +0:The Wall | BIGLEY RICHARD RAY: +0:The Wall | BIGLIENI CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BIGTREE JAMES VICTOR: +0:The Wall | BIHLMEYER JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | BILBO WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BILBREY EDMOND DAVID: +0:The Wall | BILDEN HARLAN TILPHER: +0:The Wall | BILDUCIA CONRADO FRANCISC: +0:The Wall | BILENSKI JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BILES CALVIN WEBB: +0:The Wall | BILES MICHAEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | BILKO TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BILLEAUD WAYNE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BILLEAUD WILLIS J JR: +0:The Wall | BILLER HAROLD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BILLERO MICHAEL JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BILLHIMER GARY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BILLIE LARRY ROGERS: +0:The Wall | BILLINGHAM FREDERICK A JR: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS DAVID VERN: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS JAMES ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS KEMPER SWANSON: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS TERRENCE ROY: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS WILL DANNY: +0:The Wall | BILLINGSLEA DAMON EARL: +0:The Wall | BILLINGSLEY RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BILLINGSLY LEE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BILLIOT RUDOLPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | BILLIPP NORMAN KARL: +0:The Wall | BILLS KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | BILLS LYLE PRESTON: +0:The Wall | BILLS RUFUS WILSON: +0:The Wall | BILMER KRIS: +0:The Wall | BILONTA LARRY KILITO: +0:The Wall | BILOTTA RICHARD GALE: +0:The Wall | BILSIE EDWARD ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | BILY WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BINA THOMAS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BINDER CALVIN WILLIAM II: +0:The Wall | BINDER FREDRICK MARLTON: +0:The Wall | BINDER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BINDER PAUL LAROY: +0:The Wall | BINDER QUENTIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BINEGAR BENJAMIN H JR: +0:The Wall | BINGAMON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BINGENHEIMER JAMES: +0:The Wall | BINGER GERALD A: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM CHESTER ELMEARL: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM KLAUS YRURGEN: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM ORAN LOTHIER: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM TONY RAY: +0:The Wall | BINGLEY JOHN LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BINGMAN PETER RUBEN: +0:The Wall | BINGMAN RONALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BINION CURTIS ESTILL: +0:The Wall | BINION THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BINK JAMES CLEVELAND JR: +0:The Wall | BINKLEY STEVEN RAY: +0:The Wall | BINKLEY STUART MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | BINKO GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BINKOWSKI RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | BINNS DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BINNS GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BINSTOCK PETER JR: +0:The Wall | BINTLIFF RONNIE HANKINS: +0:The Wall | BIONDI JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BIONDILLO JOHN CARL: +0:The Wall | BIONDO MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BIRCH DANIEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BIRCH JOEL RAY: +0:The Wall | BIRCH JOHN MACY: +0:The Wall | BIRCH LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BIRCH THOMAS H: +0:The Wall | BIRCHAK FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIRCHIM JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BIRCO JOSE GOTERA: +0:The Wall | BIRD CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BIRD DANNIE LEON: +0:The Wall | BIRD GEORGE ALLISON III: +0:The Wall | BIRD HAROLD ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BIRD JACKIE DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | BIRD JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BIRD KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BIRD KIM SOVEREEN: +0:The Wall | BIRD LEONARD ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | BIRD MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | BIRD MICHAEL DE VERNE: +0:The Wall | BIRD THOMAS ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | BIRDEN LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | BIRDSALL THOMAS EDDY: +0:The Wall | BIRDSELL GEORGE DAVID: +0:The Wall | BIRDSELL GORDON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BIRDWELL GEORGE ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BIRDWELL MICHAEL DEL: +0:The Wall | BIRELEY KENNETH PAUL: +0:The Wall | BIRENBAUM BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BIRKET SCOTT LEE: +0:The Wall | BIRKHOLZ ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | BIRKLAND WILEY COLE: +0:The Wall | BIRKS JAMES P: +0:The Wall | BIRKY HAROLD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BIRMINGHAM EDWARD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BIRMINGHAM TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISCAILUZ ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | BISCAMP MARVIN LYNN: +0:The Wall | BISCHOF WOLFRAM WALTHER: +0:The Wall | BISCHOFF EDWARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BISCHOFF JOHN MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | BISCHOFF JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BISE ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BISH LEONARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BISHOP DALE ALAN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | BISHOP EDGAR LEE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP EDWARD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JOSEPH ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP MARK RONALD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RICHARD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP ROGER EARL: +0:The Wall | BISHOP ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RONALD BURK: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RONNIE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP ROSTEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RUSSELL LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP TED JASON: +0:The Wall | BISHOP THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP WILLIAM BUEL II: +0:The Wall | BISHOP WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP WOODROW WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | BISJAK HOWARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BISONETT LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BISSAILLON FRANCIS HENRY: +0:The Wall | BISSELL WILLIAM RONALD: +0:The Wall | BISSEN HOWARD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | BISZ RALPH CAMPION: +0:The Wall | BITEL BEN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BITNER DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BITTENBENDER DAVID FRITZ: +0:The Wall | BITTING JACK: +0:The Wall | BITTINGER ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BITTLE DOUGLAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BITTNER DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | BITTNER ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BITTON GARY W: +0:The Wall | BIVENS FREDERICK WOOD JR: +0:The Wall | BIVENS HERNDON ARRINGTON: +0:The Wall | BIVETTO CHARLES FRED: +0:The Wall | BIXBY JACK DENTON: +0:The Wall | BIXBY THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BIXBY VIRGIL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BIXEL KENNETH BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BIXEL MICHAEL SARGENT: +0:The Wall | BIXLER MARTIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BIZZELL RAYMOND ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BJERKE GLEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BJORKE ERLE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLAAUW JAMES EVART: +0:The Wall | BLACK CHARLES DUFFY: +0:The Wall | BLACK DAVID FORREST: +0:The Wall | BLACK DE WAYNE RODNEY: +0:The Wall | BLACK DENNIS BEDELLE: +0:The Wall | BLACK DENNIS WALTER: +0:The Wall | BLACK HARRY ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | BLACK HARVEY: +0:The Wall | BLACK JIMMY P: +0:The Wall | BLACK JOHN ENOCH: +0:The Wall | BLACK LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLACK LEWIS DAVIS: +0:The Wall | BLACK MARK RYAN: +0:The Wall | BLACK MARK STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BLACK NOLAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLACK PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK PAUL VERNON: +0:The Wall | BLACK PERRY GRAY: +0:The Wall | BLACK RALPH ROLAND: +0:The Wall | BLACK ROBERT DENNIS JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK ROBERT JACOB: +0:The Wall | BLACK ROBERT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK RODNEY JOE: +0:The Wall | BLACK RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACK VICTOR LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACK WALTER CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK WILLIAM RAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN EDMOND SMITH JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN ELBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN FREDDIE ANDRAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN HARRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN HUGH FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN JERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN RICHARD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN WILLIAM ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN WILLIAM KENDALL: +0:The Wall | BLACKERBY RALPH W: +0:The Wall | BLACKFORD JOHN MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BLACKFOX ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN DAVID RAWSON III: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON DAVID OTIS: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON DENNIS GLENN: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON EDWARD GEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON JAMES WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON WILLIAM B JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKMOND PHILLIP CORNELI: +0:The Wall | BLACKNER CRAIG SLADE: +0:The Wall | BLACKSHEAR JAMES GUY: +0:The Wall | BLACKSMITH RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKSTEN BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | BLACKSTEN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKSTON DONALD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BLACKWATER DWIGHT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELDER KIT: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL FREDERIC DELANO: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL JAMES LISMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL JOHN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL JOSEPH CARLTON: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL KENNETH G: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL KENNETH HORACE: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL MILTON: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL ROY JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLACKWOOD GORDON BYRON: +0:The Wall | BLADEK JOHN EMERY: +0:The Wall | BLADES THOMAS NELSON: +0:The Wall | BLADES WILLIAM CEACON III: +0:The Wall | BLAESE RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLAGDON EDWIN ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BLAGG PATRICK EARL: +0:The Wall | BLAHA THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLAIN DENNIS KNUTE: +0:The Wall | BLAIN JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLAINE JAMES GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | BLAIR ALAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR ANTHONY BURDETTE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BLAIR CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLAIR DONALD D: +0:The Wall | BLAIR DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLAIR GERALD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BLAIR IVY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BLAIR JOSEPH R L: +0:The Wall | BLAIR KENNETH NEAL: +0:The Wall | BLAIR KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BLAIR PATRICK LYNN: +0:The Wall | BLAIR ROCKY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR RONNIE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLAIR THOMAS GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | BLAIR WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | BLAIR WILLIAM WEBB JR: +0:The Wall | BLAIS ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLAKE ARMIN JOCHAIM: +0:The Wall | BLAKE DALE ADAMS: +0:The Wall | BLAKE DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAKE EDWARD ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | BLAKE JACK PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BLAKE JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLAKE JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BLAKE L C: +0:The Wall | BLAKE RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLAKE ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAKE RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | BLAKE TIMOTHY MORGAN: +0:The Wall | BLAKE WAYNE VALGEEN: +0:The Wall | BLAKE WILLIAM H JR: +0:The Wall | BLAKELEY ROY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY BRUCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY JOSSLYN F JR: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY MARTIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY MELFORD KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLAKENEY GREGORY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLAKESLEE THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLAKEY HOWELL FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLAKEY MICHAEL ARCHIE: +0:The Wall | BLAKLEY EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | BLAKLEY JAMES AUBREY: +0:The Wall | BLALACK JIMMY DALE: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK GHERALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK HARRY LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK JAMES TERRELL: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK JOHN HILTON: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK WALTER ROGERS: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD ANDRUS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD DAVID MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD JAMES A: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETT STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETTE GUY ANDRE: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETTE MICHAEL R: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETTE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BLANCHFIELD MICHAEL R: +0:The Wall | BLANCHFIELD RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLANCO CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLANCO HERIBERTO: +0:The Wall | BLANCO JOHN ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | BLAND GARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLAND ISAAC: +0:The Wall | BLANDEN JAMES D: +0:The Wall | BLANDIN RAYMOND WELLINGTO: +0:The Wall | BLANDING AARON: +0:The Wall | BLANDING HENRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLANDING JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BLANDINO HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BLANDON GILBERT: +0:The Wall | BLANEY THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLANK FRANK HUFFORD: +0:The Wall | BLANK ROBERT GERDES: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP CHARLES HERMA: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP CLAYTON MITCH: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP DENCIL RAY: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP EDGAR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP GODFRED: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JAMES ARLIA: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JAMES ORIS: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JEWELL C: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP LARRY J: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP LEROY IRVIN: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP OVIE EARCIL: +0:The Wall | BLANKS CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BLANKS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANKS TONY PAGE: +0:The Wall | BLANKSMA GERRIT LYNN: +0:The Wall | BLANN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BLANSCET MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLANTIN ERIC GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON BILL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLANTON BURTON ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | BLANTON CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | BLANTON CLARENCE F: +0:The Wall | BLANTON JAMES LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLANTON JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLANTON KENNETH GENE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON MICHAEL MERLE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON RICHARD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BLANTON RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON WALTER CLAY: +0:The Wall | BLAS ANTHONY MARTIN M: +0:The Wall | BLAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLASEN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLASINGAME NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BLASKIS JAMES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLASKO JAMES DEE: +0:The Wall | BLASKO PETER PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BLASKOVICH STEVE JR: +0:The Wall | BLASKOWSKI RICHARD L: +0:The Wall | BLASSIE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLATNICK RODGER ALAN: +0:The Wall | BLATTEL DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BLATZ RUSSELL KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLATZ THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAUT ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BLAUVELT RALPH LEIGH: +0:The Wall | BLAUWKAMP ARLYN JAY: +0:The Wall | BLAVAT JAMES NORBERT: +0:The Wall | BLAYLOCK BERYL STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BLAZ JAMES LUJAN: +0:The Wall | BLAZONIS PETER VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BLEA MICHAEL DELANO: +0:The Wall | BLEA ROBERT DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BLEACHER RONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLEDSOE DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLEDSOE HOWARD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BLEDSOE MILARD LUTHER E: +0:The Wall | BLEEKER LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BLEIGH ALFRED HARLEN JR: +0:The Wall | BLEND CLIFFORD CRAIG JR: +0:The Wall | BLENKINSOP WILLIAM DARWIN: +0:The Wall | BLESSING LYNN: +0:The Wall | BLESSING WILLIAM STANTON: +0:The Wall | BLESSMAN WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | BLETSCH WILLIAM PETE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS ANTHONY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS DANNY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS FRANK LEE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS HIRIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS HOWARD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS HUGH BRADLEY JR: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS LURAL LEE III: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS RICHARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS THOMAS A K: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS THOMAS LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLEWETT ROY ROGER: +0:The Wall | BLEWITT WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | BLEXRUDE GORDON H: +0:The Wall | BLEYTHING LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BLICKENSTAFF JOSEPH W JR: +0:The Wall | BLINDER RICHARD BART: +0:The Wall | BLINER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLISARD REX WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLISS BENJAMIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BLISS THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLISSETT JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | BLISSETT ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLITCH BERNARD L: +0:The Wall | BLOCHER RUSSELL GLEN: +0:The Wall | BLOCK WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLOCKER MURRIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BLODGETT DAVID WILMER: +0:The Wall | BLODGETT DOUGLAS RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BLOEMHARD ANTON D: +0:The Wall | BLOHM RONALD ROY: +0:The Wall | BLOMFELT DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLOMSTROM WAYNE ALDEN: +0:The Wall | BLONDIN MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BLOODSWORTH LARRY WILL: +0:The Wall | BLOODWORTH DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BLOOM DARL RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BLOOM LAWRENCE CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BLOOM RICHARD MCAULIFFE: +0:The Wall | BLOOM RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLOOM RONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BLOOM STEVEN GARY: +0:The Wall | BLOOMER DONALD HUGH: +0:The Wall | BLOOMER JERRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLOOMER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD HARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD NORMAN HUBERT: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | BLOSCHICHAK JOHN RODMAN: +0:The Wall | BLOSKY GENE ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | BLOSSER ROBERT KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLOSSEY RAYMOND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLOSSOM STEVEN CARL: +0:The Wall | BLOTTENBERGER MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | BLOTZER EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLOUGH DAVID ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BLOUGH ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT GARY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT JOHNIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT ROBERT LARRY: +0:The Wall | BLOW JAMES LYNELL JR: +0:The Wall | BLOWERS RICHARD LYLE: +0:The Wall | BLOYER SHELDON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLUBAUGH THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLUDWORTH MICHAEL VERNON: +0:The Wall | BLUE JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | BLUE JONATHAN JR: +0:The Wall | BLUE RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BLUME DALE L: +0:The Wall | BLUME GERARD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BLUMER EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLUMER KRIS: +0:The Wall | BLUMER WILFORD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLUNKALL EARL JEROME: +0:The Wall | BLUNN DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BLUNT PAUL BOREN JR: +0:The Wall | BLUNT SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BLY PERCY EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BLY ROBERT TILDON: +0:The Wall | BLYSTONE THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BLYTHE TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOADO EMIL E: +0:The Wall | BOAL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | BOAN JIMMY E: +0:The Wall | BOARD STEPHEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN DAVIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN EDWARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN MICHAEL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BOAT MICHAEL TERRY: +0:The Wall | BOATMAN ELMER LEE: +0:The Wall | BOATMAN LARRY NEAL: +0:The Wall | BOATRIGHT WILLIAM ARVEL: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT GEORGE OLIVER: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT JACKLIN MEGGS: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT RAYMOND LAVOY: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOAZ DONALD JOE: +0:The Wall | BOAZ KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BOB CHESTER: +0:The Wall | BOBANICH JOSEPH A JR: +0:The Wall | BOBB JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT GARLAND CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT JERRY KEITH: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT WILLIAM E G: +0:The Wall | BOBE RAYMOND EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOBIAN RALPH DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BOBKOVICH STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOBLETT MACK CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BOBO CHARLES GLEN: +0:The Wall | BOBO EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BOBO JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BOBO LEON NELSON: +0:The Wall | BOBO WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOBOWSKI JAN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BOBULA JEFFREY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BOCANEGRA FELIX RAMON: +0:The Wall | BOCANEGRA HUGO ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOCANEGRA ROJELIO: +0:The Wall | BOCEK LEONARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOCHE GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BOCHNEWETCH SHERMAN II: +0:The Wall | BOCK JERRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOCK JIMMIE VAN: +0:The Wall | BOCKBRADER JERRY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BOCKEWITZ CARL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOCOOK RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BODA JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BODAHL JON KEITH: +0:The Wall | BODAMER MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BODDEN TIMOTHY ROY: +0:The Wall | BODDIE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BODE ROBERT RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BODELL KENNETH A: +0:The Wall | BODELL LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BODENSCHATZ JOHN EUGEN JR: +0:The Wall | BODIN ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BODIN DANIEL ROGER: +0:The Wall | BODINE ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BODISH JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BODISON JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BODNAR GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BODNAR JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | BODZICK WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOECK GARY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BOEGLI STEVEN WARREN: +0:The Wall | BOEHLER JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BOEHM ALLEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BOEHM BRADLEY WAINWRIGHT: +0:The Wall | BOEHM LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | BOEHM RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | BOEHM WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BOEHM WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOEHNE STEPHEN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BOEING RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | BOELZNER ROBERT CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BOESE ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BOESHART RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOESKOOL ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BOETCHER HAROLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOETJE WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BOETS PETER QUIRINUS JR: +0:The Wall | BOETTCHER WALTER R JR: +0:The Wall | BOETTGER TERRI MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BOEVER DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BOFFMAN ALAN BRENT: +0:The Wall | BOGACZ JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | BOGARD JACK CROSBY: +0:The Wall | BOGARD LONNIE PAT: +0:The Wall | BOGART CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOGER RHINE HART: +0:The Wall | BOGGESS EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOGGESS RALPH M III: +0:The Wall | BOGGS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOGGS CHARLES WILSON: +0:The Wall | BOGGS CLIFFORD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BOGGS DAVID LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BOGGS DONNIE REX: +0:The Wall | BOGGS IRA C JR: +0:The Wall | BOGGS JIMMIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BOGGS PASCHAL GLENN: +0:The Wall | BOGGS ROBERT SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | BOGGUESS MAURICE: +0:The Wall | BOGIAGES CHRISTOS C JR: +0:The Wall | BOGLE DENNIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | BOGUE JEFFREY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BOGUSKI PAUL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOHAN PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | BOHANNON EDWARD JEAN: +0:The Wall | BOHANNON JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BOHANNON RONALD: +0:The Wall | BOHLER ROBERT RONALD: +0:The Wall | BOHLIG JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BOHLSCHEID CURTIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BOHMER ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOHN DAVID J: +0:The Wall | BOHNER LEONARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BOHNSACK JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOHNWAGNER PETER PAUL: +0:The Wall | BOHON RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BOHRER LEROY PRESTON: +0:The Wall | BOHRMAN MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BOICE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOICOURT JESS BURTON JR: +0:The Wall | BOICOURT ROBERT C: +0:The Wall | BOIS CLAIRE RONALD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BOIS RENE ARMAND: +0:The Wall | BOIS RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOISE RICHARD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BOIVIN EDWARD J: +0:The Wall | BOJANEK ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOJARSKI GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOJORQUEZ SISTO BOJORQUEZ: +0:The Wall | BOKINA ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BOLAK THEODORE NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | BOLAN EDWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOLAN ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BOLAND DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BOLAND JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOLAND MELVIN LYNN: +0:The Wall | BOLAND WILLIAM JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BOLDEN CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BOLDEN DANIEL HYMAN: +0:The Wall | BOLDEN ROLLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BOLDING BENJAMIN FOREST: +0:The Wall | BOLDING EDGAR LEE: +0:The Wall | BOLDING LANNY ROSS: +0:The Wall | BOLDT CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | BOLDUC DANIEL ALPHONSE: +0:The Wall | BOLEN FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | BOLEN JACKIE EVERRETT JR: +0:The Wall | BOLES FLETCHER W II: +0:The Wall | BOLES HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOLES JOEY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOLES ROBERT MADISON: +0:The Wall | BOLES WARREN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOLEY RONALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BOLGER LAWRENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOLHOUSE DEAN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BOLICH KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOLIN DANNY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BOLIN DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOLIN FORREST LEE: +0:The Wall | BOLINDER ARNOLD LEE: +0:The Wall | BOLING CHARLES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BOLING CHARLES L: +0:The Wall | BOLING LESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | BOLLINGER ARTHUR RAY: +0:The Wall | BOLLINGER NEAL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BOLLMAN DONALD WARREN: +0:The Wall | BOLLMAN ROBERT NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BOLLMAN ROBERT VINSON: +0:The Wall | BOLMAN DENNIS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BOLSON JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOLSTER CHRISTOPHER ORAN: +0:The Wall | BOLSTER DAN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOLT AUGUST FERREL: +0:The Wall | BOLTE WAYNE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BOLTER KENT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOLTON ANDERSON DON: +0:The Wall | BOLTON BILLY CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BOLTON DAN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | BOLTON DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOLTON DENNIS LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BOLTON DENNIS OPAL: +0:The Wall | BOLTON JESSE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOLTON MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BOLTON WAYNE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BOLTON WILLIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOLTZ RICHARD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BOLTZE BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOLYARD LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOMAR FRANK WILLIS: +0:The Wall | BOMBERRY GREGORY LEE: +0:The Wall | BONACCI LAWRENCE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BONANNO FREDERICK M: +0:The Wall | BONAPART PAUL: +0:The Wall | BOND DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOND FRANCIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOND GEORGE ALAN: +0:The Wall | BOND LAWRENCE FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | BOND RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOND RONALD DALE: +0:The Wall | BOND RONALD LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BOND THEODORE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOND WILLIAM ROSS: +0:The Wall | BONDERER THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BONDI CHARLES NICK: +0:The Wall | BONDROWSKI DARREL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BONDS BYRON DEAN: +0:The Wall | BONDS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BONDS MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | BONE LOSSIE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BONE ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | BONEBRIGHT ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BONERT RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BONESTEEL DAVID LARRY: +0:The Wall | BONESTROO KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BONETTI FREDDIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BONETTI PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BONEY ALLEN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BONEY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BONEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BONGARTZ CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BONGO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BONHAM THEODORE R JR: +0:The Wall | BONIFANT SAMUEL HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BONIFAZI GERARD REX: +0:The Wall | BONILLA HERMINIO AMELIO: +0:The Wall | BONILLA-VIERA FELIPE: +0:The Wall | BONILLAS GUILLERMO TRUJIL: +0:The Wall | BONIN BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | BONINE THOMAS MARVIN: +0:The Wall | BONJOUR KEVIN EARL: +0:The Wall | BONKO DONALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BONNARENS FRANK OWEN: +0:The Wall | BONNEAU DEAN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BONNELL GEORGE H III: +0:The Wall | BONNELL LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BONNELL WILLIAM LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BONNER CHARLES LARRY: +0:The Wall | BONNER DON W: +0:The Wall | BONNER FREDERICK NEIL: +0:The Wall | BONNER IKE OTHEL: +0:The Wall | BONNER JOHN SIDNEY JR: +0:The Wall | BONNER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BONNER ROGER LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BONNER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BONNER WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BONNET CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | BONNETT EUGENE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BONNETT GEORGE FABIAN: +0:The Wall | BONNETT SHERL KENT: +0:The Wall | BONNETTE PAUL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BONNEY ALAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BONNEY JOHN CLAIR: +0:The Wall | BONNICI ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BONNIE LEWIS ELI: +0:The Wall | BONO BEN DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | BONVENTRE THOMAS S: +0:The Wall | BONZO JOHN CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | BOOBAR LARRY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BOOCHKO VICTOR: +0:The Wall | BOOE GARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BOOKER ALBERT N: +0:The Wall | BOOKER HARVEY WATKINS: +0:The Wall | BOOKER JERRY LABORN: +0:The Wall | BOOKER JIMMY: +0:The Wall | BOOKER JOSEPH OTIS: +0:The Wall | BOOKER TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BOOKER THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOOKOUT CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BOOKS JAY KARL: +0:The Wall | BOOLIN CLARENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | BOOMSMA ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BOON MURLIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BOONE ALAN RANSOM: +0:The Wall | BOONE DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOONE DENNIS CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | BOONE JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOONE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BOONE RANDOLPH ERNELL: +0:The Wall | BOONE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOONE WILLIAM EDWARD IV: +0:The Wall | BOONE WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOOR ALAN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BOORAS PETER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOORMAN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOOTH EMMETT LEE: +0:The Wall | BOOTH GARY PRESTON: +0:The Wall | BOOTH HERBERT W JR: +0:The Wall | BOOTH JAMES ERVIN: +0:The Wall | BOOTH JOHN BINGHAM: +0:The Wall | BOOTH JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOOTH LAWRENCE RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BOOTH ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOOTH STEPHEN FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BOOTH TERRY LYLE: +0:The Wall | BOOTH WALTER CLAY: +0:The Wall | BOOTH WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BOOTHE 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BORDUAS RAYMOND ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOREN JIMMY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BOREN TOM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BORENSTEIN BORIS FRANZ M: +0:The Wall | BOREY DAVID CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | BORG JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BORG MICHAEL ROYCE: +0:The Wall | BORGEN CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | BORGENS JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BORGER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BORGES JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BORGES MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BORGMAN NORRIS RAY: +0:The Wall | BORGMAN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BORICK JOSEPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | BORIEO RICHARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | BORJA DOMINGO R S: +0:The Wall | BORJA JUAN SANTOS: +0:The Wall | BORKHOLDER JERRY M: +0:The Wall | BORLAND DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BORMAN JERALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BORNEMAN DEAN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BORNHEIMER RICHARD IRVING: +0:The Wall | BORNMAN DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BORNSTEIN ANTON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BOROMISSZA CSABA FERENC: +0:The Wall | BORON DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BORONSKI JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOROSKI ANTON WALTER: +0:The Wall | BOROSS LASZLO JR: +0:The Wall | BOROVICK RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | BOROWICZ KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BOROWSKI JOHN C: +0:The Wall | BOROWSKI RAYMOND JOHN: +0:The Wall | BOROWSKI TADEUSZ JAN: +0:The Wall | BOROWSKI WAYNE ROY: +0:The Wall | BOROWSKY CHARLES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BORQUEZ LAWRENCE GABE: +0:The Wall | BORR JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | BORREGO ANTHONY J: +0:The Wall | BORREGO EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BORREGO LUIS CARLOS JR: +0:The Wall | BORREGO-RUIZ FRANCISCO J: +0:The Wall | BORRELL CLIFFORD GLENN: +0:The Wall | BORRERO-SANCHEZ JOSE LUIS: +0:The Wall | BORROUSCH DEAN WALTER: +0:The Wall | BORRUSO JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BORS JOSEPH CHESTER: +0:The Wall | BORSAY PETER SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BORSCHEL LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BORST LEROY J JR: +0:The Wall | BORT HARRY JULIAN: +0:The Wall | BORTLE JONATHAN R: +0:The Wall | BORTON ROBERT CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | BORYSZEWSKI STEPHEN J: +0:The Wall | BORZYCH DAVID RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BOSBERY DONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOSCH ERIC ALAN: +0:The Wall | BOSCH JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOSCO FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOSENBARK SAMUEL GAROLD: +0:The Wall | BOSH ANTHONY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOSHEERS JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | BOSKO MICHAEL JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BOSLEY JAMES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | BOSOWSKI MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | BOSS CHARLES FREDRIC: +0:The Wall | BOSS ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | BOSSE LAURIER GERARD: +0:The Wall | BOSSER JOHNNY STEVE: +0:The Wall | BOSSIE KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOSSIO GALILEO FRED: +0:The Wall | BOSSMAN PETER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOSSOM JOHN AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | BOSSONG FRANK W: +0:The Wall | BOST MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOSTICK BENJAMIN R IV: +0:The Wall | BOSTOCK JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOSTON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOSTON DONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | BOSTON GROVER WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BOSTON HARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOSTON JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BOSTON JOHNNY B: +0:The Wall | BOSTON KENNETH DEAN: +0:The Wall | BOSTON LEO SYDNEY: +0:The Wall | BOSTON RONALD: +0:The Wall | BOSWELL BRADLEY LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BOSWELL DAVID HENRY: +0:The Wall | BOSWELL JOE ROSCOE: +0:The Wall | BOSWELL JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BOSWELL RICHARD WELDON JR: +0:The Wall | BOSWELL WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | BOSWORTH DAVID RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BOSWORTH RAYMOND PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BOSWORTH RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BOSWORTH TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOTELLO JUAN JOSE: +0:The Wall | BOTES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BOTHWELL WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | BOTT RUSSELL PETER: +0:The Wall | BOTTAN DANIEL JACQUES: +0:The Wall | BOTTESCH JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BOTTOM A J: +0:The Wall | BOTTOMS HAROLD GENE: +0:The Wall | BOTTS DAVID MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BOTTS ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BOTTS THOMAS H: +0:The Wall | BOUCHARD MICHAEL LORA: +0:The Wall | BOUCHARD MICHAEL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | BOUCHARD PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOUCHARD RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BOUCHARD ROGER HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BOUCHARD 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Wall | BOWDEN RICKY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BOWDERN ROBERT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BOWDISH KEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BOWDLER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOWDREN JAMES IGNATIUS JR: +0:The Wall | BOWE ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOWE THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BOWELL TERRANCE LEE: +0:The Wall | BOWEN ARCHIE SHERROD: +0:The Wall | BOWEN BILLY ROY: +0:The Wall | BOWEN CLIFTON LEE: +0:The Wall | BOWEN DONALD: +0:The Wall | BOWEN DUANE CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BOWEN GROVER CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | BOWEN GROVER: +0:The Wall | BOWEN HAMMETT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BOWEN HARVEY LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | BOWEN HOWARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BOWEN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BOWEN JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BOWEN LARRY HANSEN: +0:The Wall | BOWEN LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOWEN MARVIN WHITNER: +0:The Wall | BOWEN MATTHEW ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | BOWEN RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOWEN RAYMOND LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | BOWEN ROLAND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BOWEN STANLEY E: +0:The Wall | BOWEN THOMAS RAY: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | BROWER PATRICK EARL: +0:The Wall | BROWER RALPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALEXANDER CAMERON: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ANDREW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ANTHONY BARTOW: +0:The Wall | BROWN ARLO FRANK: +0:The Wall | BROWN ARTHUR DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN ARTHUR LEROY SR: +0:The Wall | BROWN AUBREY SHAWN: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRETT CHAMBERLAND: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN BENJAMIN FREEMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN BENTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN BILLY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN BILLY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRIAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRIAN DALE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRUCE GILBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRUCE 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DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONNIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARL CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARNEST CAESAR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARNEST WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDDIE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDDIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDGAR CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD WALLACE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWIN FAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ELMER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN ELYVIN LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EMMETT RUBEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ERNEST JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN ERNEST LYKURGUS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EUGENE ONEIL: +0:The Wall | BROWN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRANK LESTER: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRANK MONROE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRED EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRED JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN GALE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN GALEN 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Wall | BROWN JAMES THARPE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES TRULY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN JEFFREY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BROWN JIMMIE DONOVAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JIMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOE DAVID: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOE HENRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOE MAC: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOEL KENTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN ALPHONZO: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN MARSHALL III: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN JONATHAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH CLINTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH GORDON: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH L JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH M: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH MARTIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH WHELTON III: +0:The Wall | BROWN JULIUS LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BROWN KARL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BROWN KARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH HYRUM: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY DONALD: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN LAURENCE GORDON: +0:The Wall | BROWN LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LAWRENCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN LESTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LONNIE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN MANCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARC ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARCUS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARION C: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARK LARRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARSHALL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARSHALL JASON: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARVIN H: +0:The Wall | BROWN MAX EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN MELVIN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN MERLE DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL R: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL WADE: +0:The Wall | BROWN NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN NED RAYBURN: +0:The Wall | BROWN NEIL SHIPP: +0:The Wall | BROWN NICHOLSON: +0:The Wall | BROWN NORMAN DALE: +0:The Wall | BROWN OWEN DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN PAUL O'NEAL: +0:The Wall | BROWN PETER H: +0:The Wall | BROWN RALPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN RAYMOND EARL: +0:The Wall | BROWN RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN REX LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD GORDON: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICK SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT ALLON: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT ALVA II: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT GUY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT IRWIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT JAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT MACK: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT MAURICE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT MAXWELL JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT NUGENT: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER CLINTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER DAVID: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD A: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROSS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BROWN RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN SAMUEL JUNIOUS: +0:The Wall | BROWN SHERRILL VANCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN STANLEY ALTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN STEVEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN STEVEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN STEVEN MERLE: +0:The Wall | BROWN SYLVESTER LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN SYRES MATTSON: +0:The Wall | BROWN TANNER MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN TERRANCE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN THAL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BROWN THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN THEODORE: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS TAD: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN TIMOTHY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BROWN TOM WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BROWN TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BROWN VAUGHN LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER EVANS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER OTHO JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER STONEMAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN FRED: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN GENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN KEITH: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WAYNE GORDON II: +0:The Wall | BROWN WENDELL LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WERNER CURT II: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILBUR RONALD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM B: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM ERNEST: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM LENNINGTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM LEO: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM LEROY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM THEODORE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLMATT: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILSON BOYD: +0:The Wall | BROWN-BEY LANCASTER: +0:The Wall | BROWNE EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BROWNE EDWARD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWNE FRANK HAROLD II: +0:The Wall | BROWNE GORDON FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BROWNE RAY BURMASTER: +0:The Wall | BROWNE RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BROWNE ROBERT GODWIN: +0:The Wall | BROWNE WALTER D: +0:The Wall | BROWNFELD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | BROWNING BILL GWINN: +0:The Wall | BROWNING CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | BROWNING DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWNING FRANK LEON: +0:The Wall | BROWNING GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWNING GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWNING GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWNING JOHN C: +0:The Wall | BROWNING LEROY JACK: +0:The Wall | BROWNING MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWNING PERRY NATHAN: +0:The Wall | BROWNING RAYMOND VENSON: +0:The Wall | BROWNING ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWNING WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE KENNETH DUANE: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE ROBERT WALLACE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWNLOW ERNEST R III: +0:The Wall | BROWNOTTER LAWRENCE DEAN: +0:The Wall | BROXTON ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | BROYER CLIFTON LEE: +0:The Wall | BROYLES ALVIN KLASON JR: +0:The Wall | BROYLES FREDERICK PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BROYLES IVAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BROYLES LANHAM ODELL: +0:The Wall | BROYLES RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROZ GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BROZICH ANTHONY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER HAROLD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER JOSEPH HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER MAX L: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER NORMAN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DANIEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DENNY LOWELL: +0:The Wall | BRUCE HENRY McDONALD: +0:The Wall | BRUCE JEFFREY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BRUCE LEE RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCE RICHARD BERT: +0:The Wall | BRUCE RICHARD PETER: +0:The Wall | BRUCE ROBERT GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | BRUCE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUCE RONALD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BRUCE SAMMY BRYAN: +0:The Wall | BRUCE SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCE WILLIAM JACK: +0:The Wall | BRUCH DONALD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCHER ANDREW CARL: +0:The Wall | BRUCHER JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BRUCK DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRUCK THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BRUCKART DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUCKER LESLIE L JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCKNER DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BRUCKNER HOWARD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BRUCKNER PATRICK LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BRUDER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUDERER STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUE EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRUECK RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRUESKE HARRY DIETRICH: +0:The Wall | BRUGGEMAN DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BRUGMAN PAUL FRANK: +0:The Wall | BRUHN GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRUHN JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRUIN JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRULE GORDON JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BRULE RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BRULL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRULTE ROBERT FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | BRUM PETER: +0:The Wall | BRUMAGEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BRUMBAUGH JOHN LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | BRUMET ROBERT NEWTON: +0:The Wall | BRUMFIELD RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | BRUMFIELD STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRUMLEY BOB GENE: +0:The Wall | BRUMLEY JOHNNY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUMLEY MERRELL EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BRUMMER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUMMET PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BRUNAT MICHAEL F: +0:The Wall | BRUNCKHORST ROBERT L JR: +0:The Wall | BRUNDAGE MICHAEL LESTER: +0:The Wall | BRUNDRETTE RICHARD E JR: +0:The Wall | BRUNELLE JOSEPH E: +0:The Wall | BRUNER DAVID: +0:The Wall | BRUNER MARK LEROY: +0:The Wall | BRUNET ELDRIDGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRUNGARD GUY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNING DAVID KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BRUNKE RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNN CHRIS FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | BRUNN RICHARD CONRAD: +0:The Wall | BRUNN WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER DONALD RALPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER HANS WOLFGANG: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER MICHAEL CARL: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER O D: +0:The Wall | BRUNNOW RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUNO EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUNO PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNO ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUNO VITO VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BRUNS ROBERT HARRIS: +0:The Wall | BRUNS VERLYN CARL: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON GAZZETT BEN JR: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON JACK WALTER: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON LANCE DUNHAM: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON ROBERT WADE: +0:The Wall | BRUNT ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUNTON STEPHEN CORNELL: +0:The Wall | BRUPBACHER ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRUSH RICHARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BRUSKE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUSO RICHARD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BRUST GLENN ROY: +0:The Wall | BRUSTER WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | BRUSTMAN DOUGLAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BRUTON CARL LEON: +0:The Wall | BRUTON JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUTSCHER RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRUX GARY H: +0:The Wall | BRUYERE PETER NORBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUZNACK NICHOLAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRYAN AUBREY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRYAN BLACKSHEAR M JR: +0:The Wall | BRYAN CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRYAN CLIFFORD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRYAN DAN E: +0:The Wall | BRYAN DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BRYAN DAVID GRADEY: +0:The Wall | BRYAN FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | BRYAN HECTOR WARREN: +0:The Wall | BRYAN JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRYAN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRYAN JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRYAN LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRYAN LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BRYAN LIONEL JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BRYAN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BRYAN ROBERT LAMARR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT ALVIA GRADY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT CEASAR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT CHARLIE PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | BRYANT CREED LORENZIO: +0:The Wall | BRYANT CULLIE WILSON: +0:The Wall | BRYANT DAVID ALTON: +0:The Wall | BRYANT DAVID BANKS: +0:The Wall | BRYANT DAVID EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRYANT DAVID THEODORE: +0:The Wall | BRYANT DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT EMMETT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRYANT FRANCIS LEON: +0:The Wall | BRYANT FREDDIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRYANT GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JAMES CLINTON: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JERRY HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JERRY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JOHN DARRALL: +0:The Wall | BRYANT JOHNNY LEON: +0:The Wall | BRYANT KENNETH MARK: +0:The Wall | BRYANT LARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BRYANT MAURICE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | BRYANT MELVIN GENE: +0:The Wall | BRYANT MICHAEL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | BRYANT NELTON RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BRYANT PELLUM JR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT PHILIP SHERWOOD: +0:The Wall | BRYANT RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRYANT ROBERT ELMER: +0:The Wall | BRYANT ROGER JERREL: +0:The Wall | BRYANT ROGER SMITH: +0:The Wall | BRYANT RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRYANT ROSCOE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRYANT RUSSELL DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT SAMUEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRYANT SIDNEY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT SOLOMON HERBERT: +0:The Wall | BRYANT THOMAS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BRYANT TINSLEY: +0:The Wall | BRYANT WALTER TARVER: +0:The Wall | BRYANT WILLIAM J JR: +0:The Wall | BRYANT WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | BRYANT WILLIAM MAUD: +0:The Wall | BRYAR JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRYDUN BOHDAN PETER: +0:The Wall | BRYNELSEN THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRYSON JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | BRYSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRYSON TERRY ADAM: +0:The Wall | BRZEZINSKI BERNARD FRANCI: +0:The Wall | BUAN LEE BJARNE: +0:The Wall | BUBALA RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BUBAR RICHARD PERLEY: +0:The Wall | BUCCILLE RICHARD GARY: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN BENJAMIN JOHN J: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN CHARLES C: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN CHARLES DON: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN ELMER LEVERNE: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN GILBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN HERMAN DALE: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN JACK LYNN: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN JAMES ELSON: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN JEFFREY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN JOHN GARY: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN ROBERT BUTLER: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN ROGER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN RONALD IVAN: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN ROY OTIS: +0:The Wall | BUCHANAN WAVERIE HUGH: +0:The Wall | BUCHECK ROBERT MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BUCHER BERNARD LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | BUCHER HARRY LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BUCHNER JAMES IRVING: +0:The Wall | BUCHY JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BUCIOR ANDREW ZBIGNIEW: +0:The Wall | BUCK ARTHUR CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUCK FRANK HENRY: +0:The Wall | BUCK HOLLIS WINFIELD: +0:The Wall | BUCK JAMES MARION: +0:The Wall | BUCK PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BUCK ROBERT RONALD: +0:The Wall | BUCK WILLIAM ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | BUCKA WALTER HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BUCKELEW EARNEST JACK: +0:The Wall | BUCKHOLDT LEO BUDDY: +0:The Wall | BUCKINGHAM KEITH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUCKLER TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES RICHARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEW DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY CARL DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY FRANCIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY JAMES ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY JIMMY LEE: 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BUELL NORMAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUENDIA JUAN VILLEGAS: +0:The Wall | BUENTELLO LEONEL: +0:The Wall | BUERK WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | BUESCHER JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BUFF CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BUFF WILLIAM REINHART: +0:The Wall | BUFFIN NICHOLAS JAY: +0:The Wall | BUFFINGTON FRED: +0:The Wall | BUFFINGTON LARRY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BUFFINGTON SAMMY: +0:The Wall | BUFORD ALPHA LEE: +0:The Wall | BUFORD LARRY GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | BUFORD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUFORD RALPH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUGAJSKY KERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUGAR JOSEPH EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BUGARIN BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | BUGGER CURTIS BURKE: +0:The Wall | BUGGS NATHANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | BUGMAN DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUGNI FLORIAN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | BUGOSH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUHOLTZ TONY LEE: +0:The Wall | BUHR THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BUILAERT FRANCOIS JOSEPHI: +0:The Wall | BUIS DALE R: +0:The Wall | BUJALSKI DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BUKALA DANIEL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BUKER BRIAN LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUKOVINSKY ANDREW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUKOWSKI DAVID FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BUKOWSKI RONALD: +0:The Wall | BULGER JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | BULIFANT ROGER DEAN: +0:The Wall | BULIN JERRALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BULKLEY DAVID JUSTUS: +0:The Wall | BULL BILLY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BULL KENNETH R: +0:The Wall | BULL ROBERT GEORGE II: +0:The Wall | BULLA ROBERT FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | BULLARD ALLEN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | BULLARD CHARLES DORIAN: +0:The Wall | BULLARD CURTIS HERMAN: +0:The Wall | BULLARD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BULLARD KARL LEE: +0:The Wall | BULLARD KENNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BULLARD STEPHEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BULLARD THOMAS C: +0:The Wall | BULLARD VICTOR WALKER JR: +0:The Wall | BULLARD WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | BULLEN LAWRENCE RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BULLER RENE ALDO: +0:The Wall | BULLERDICK GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BULLIN VERNON TERRY: +0:The Wall | BULLINGTON FREDERICK CURT: +0:The Wall | BULLINGTON JAMES ALLEN: 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JR: +0:The Wall | BUONAIUTO JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUONO MATTHEW JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BURBACH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BURBAGE RAYMOND DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BURBEY EUGENE LEROY: +0:The Wall | BURCH CLIFFORD GARLAND: +0:The Wall | BURCH DAVID CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BURCH DAVID FELIX: +0:The Wall | BURCH HENRY: +0:The Wall | BURCH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURCH JAMES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BURCH KENNETH EDWARD RAY: +0:The Wall | BURCH KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BURCH STEVEN RALPH: +0:The Wall | BURCHARD MARK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURCHELL EDGAR BROWER III: +0:The Wall | BURCHETT GEORGE ELMER: +0:The Wall | BURCHETT LONNIE MORRIS: +0:The Wall | BURCHETT TIMOTHY GORDON: +0:The Wall | BURCHFIELD JIMMY FRED: +0:The Wall | BURCHFIELD JOE STUART: +0:The Wall | BURCHWELL ASHLAND FREDERI: +0:The Wall | BURCIAGA ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BURCIAGA ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURCK WILFRIED: +0:The Wall | BURD DOUGLAS GLENN: +0:The Wall | BURD GEORGE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURD HARMON CHARLES: 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| BURGESS ALEX LEROY: +0:The Wall | BURGESS CLEATIS LYNN: +0:The Wall | BURGESS DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | BURGESS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BURGESS GARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BURGESS JOHN B: +0:The Wall | BURGESS JOHN HARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | BURGESS JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BURGESS JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | BURGESS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BURGESS LAWRENCE DEAN: +0:The Wall | BURGESS RAYMOND ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BURGESS RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BURGESS ROBERT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BURGESS RUBEN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BURGESS RUSSELL DAVID: +0:The Wall | BURGESS SCOTT M: +0:The Wall | BURGESS STANLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURGESS TITUS LEVEN: +0:The Wall | BURGESS WILLIAM C JR: +0:The Wall | BURGETT BOYCE DALE: +0:The Wall | BURGETT JOSEPH SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BURGOON WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | BURGOS JUAN R: +0:The Wall | BURGOS-CRUZADO ANGEL LUIS: +0:The Wall | BURGOS-TORRES BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | BURGOYNE JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BURIAN DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURICH JOHN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | BURINDA JOSEPH FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | BURINGRUD RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURK JIMMY REA: +0:The Wall | BURK TERRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BURKART CHARLES KENTON JR: +0:The Wall | BURKART CHARLES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BURKE CHARLES MORRIS: +0:The Wall | BURKE DAVID MOY JR: +0:The Wall | BURKE DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURKE EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BURKE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BURKE HOWARD D: +0:The Wall | BURKE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURKE JAMES FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | BURKE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURKE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BURKE JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BURKE JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BURKE JOHN ROLAND: +0:The Wall | BURKE JOHN WALTER: +0:The Wall | BURKE JOSEPH SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BURKE KEVIN GAIL: +0:The Wall | BURKE LARRY ERWIN: +0:The Wall | BURKE MARION McCLAIN: +0:The Wall | BURKE MARSHALL JR: +0:The Wall | BURKE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BURKE PATRICK KEVIN: +0:The Wall | BURKE ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURKE ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BURKE ROGER VINCENT PAUL: +0:The Wall | BURKE ROY JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | BURKE THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BURKE THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURKE WALTER FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BURKE WALTER LAVERTE: +0:The Wall | BURKE WILLIAM DAVIDSON JR: +0:The Wall | BURKE WILLIAM ERVIN III: +0:The Wall | BURKE WILLIAM GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BURKE WILLIAM JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BURKELL GENE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BURKES BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURKES DAVID E: +0:The Wall | BURKES DAVID RONALD JR: +0:The Wall | BURKES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BURKETT CLOYCE ORAL JR: +0:The Wall | BURKETT CURTIS EARL: +0:The Wall | BURKETT EDWARD DALE: +0:The Wall | BURKETT ELIJAH WALLACE: +0:The Wall | BURKETT GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BURKETT HAROLD ELMER: +0:The Wall | BURKETT JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BURKETT SCOTT McCLELLAND: +0:The Wall | BURKETT WILLIAM OMER: +0:The Wall | BURKEY KERMIT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURKHALTER RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | BURKHARDT LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall 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BURNS JAMES LYNN: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES T: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN D JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURNS JUNIOR R: +0:The Wall | BURNS KEN DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BURNS LEONARD WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BURNS LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BURNS MARTIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURNS MARVIN MELTON: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHEAL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURNS MORRIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BURNS RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROCKY AUGUST: +0:The Wall | BURNS RONDAL LEE: +0:The Wall | BURNS STEVEN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BURNS THOMAS 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THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BURTON THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BURTON WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BURTON WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | BURWELL LANGDON GATES: +0:The Wall | BURZAWA JOHN ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | BUSBY CHARLES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BUSBY MONTE REX: +0:The Wall | BUSBY RICHARD CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | BUSBY RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUSBY SAM WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUSBY STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSBY WILLIAM LEON: +0:The Wall | BUSBY WILLIAM RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BUSCEMI ANTHONY PETER: +0:The Wall | BUSCH ELWIN HARRY: +0:The Wall | BUSCH ERIC PETER: +0:The Wall | BUSCH JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSCH JON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUSCH THOMAS LEOPOLD III: +0:The Wall | BUSCHKE JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BUSCHLEITER WALTER DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BUSCHMANN JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUSEN JAMES LOA: +0:The Wall | BUSENLEHNER RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUSH CECIL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BUSH EDWARD L: +0:The Wall | BUSH ELBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUSH FRANK KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BUSH GILBERT BYRON: +0:The Wall | BUSH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSH JAMES HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BUSH JAMES: +0:The Wall | BUSH JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BUSH JOSEPH KERR JR: +0:The Wall | BUSH LEE RANDALL: +0:The Wall | BUSH MARK JOEL: +0:The Wall | BUSH MILTON JACKSON: +0:The Wall | BUSH NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | BUSH OTIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSH PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUSH PEARL: +0:The Wall | BUSH ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSH ROBERT IRA: +0:The Wall | BUSH STEVEN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BUSH THOMAS BURKE: +0:The Wall | BUSH THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSHARD WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUSHAY BYRON HALEY: +0:The Wall | BUSHEY FRANK HARRY: +0:The Wall | BUSHEY PETER B: +0:The Wall | BUSHEY WILLIAM TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | BUSHNELL BRIAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSHONG DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUSICK LARRY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BUSINDA CHARLES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BUSKEY ORRIE JULIUS: +0:The Wall | BUSS ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSS RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | BUSSE DANIEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUSSE DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | BUSSELMAN DUANE LORENZ: +0:The Wall | BUSSEY JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSSEY MARVIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE GILBERTO: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE MICHAEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE PAUL: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE STANLEY R JR: +0:The Wall | BUSTLE MACK C JR: +0:The Wall | BUSTOS CANDELARIO PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BUSTOS GREGORIO C: +0:The Wall | BUSTOS MIKE GARCIA: +0:The Wall | BUSUTTIL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUSWELL ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER DAVID AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER DAVIS CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER DEWEY FRANK: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER GALE W JR: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER JOHN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER LARRY R: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER REUBEN: +0:The Wall | BUTE DONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUTGEREIT LARRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | BUTKUS ALAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ALBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ALLEN LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER BENNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER CHARLES GILMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER CHARLES KING: +0:The Wall | BUTLER CHARLES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DEWEY RENEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DOYLE LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER EARLIE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER EDWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ELMO LARRY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER FRED III: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GERALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GERALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GORDON: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GREGORY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUTLER HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUTLER HENRY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JAMES CLIFFORD JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JIMMIE JOE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JOHNNIE ELMER: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JOSEPH MILTON: +0:The Wall | BUTLER KENNETH ALLAN JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER KENNETH DORAN: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LAWRENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LINNELL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LIONEL SR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER MERLE FLOYD II: +0:The Wall | BUTLER PETER MARK: +0:The Wall | BUTLER RANDOLPH TODD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT D: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER RUSSEL E: +0:The Wall | BUTLER STEVEN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BUTLER TERRENCE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BUTLER THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER THOMAS LYNN: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WILBERT RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WILLIAM GRANT JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WILLIAM SANFORD JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WINSTON JR: +0:The Wall | BUTOROVIC STEVE: +0:The Wall | BUTSKO ALBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUTT GARY: +0:The Wall | BUTT HERBERT HAMBLY JR: +0:The Wall | BUTT RICHARD LEIGH: +0:The Wall | 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RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BYRD ALTON DOYLE: +0:The Wall | BYRD ARTHUR MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | BYRD BILLIE: +0:The Wall | BYRD BOBBY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BYRD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BYRD CLIFFORD LAMONT: +0:The Wall | BYRD DOUGLAS EVERETT: +0:The Wall | BYRD EATTERSON JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD ELMER DON: +0:The Wall | BYRD GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BYRD GEORGE BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD GEORGE ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BYRD GUY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BYRD HUGH MCNEIL JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES CARMEN: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BYRD LONNIE VERNON: +0:The Wall | BYRD NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | BYRD NOLAN DARYL: +0:The Wall | BYRD NORMAN CECIL: +0:The Wall | BYRD RALPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BYRD RALPH: +0:The Wall | BYRD REGINALD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BYRD VINSON: +0:The Wall | BYRD WALTER FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD WILLIAM LARRY: +0:The Wall | BYRNE CONAL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JEFFREY R: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JOSEPH HENRY: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JOSEPH LEON JR: +0:The Wall | BYRNE PAUL RANDOLPHE: +0:The Wall | BYRNE WAYNE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BYRNES RALPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BYRNES ROBERT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BYRNES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BYRNES ROBERT SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BYRNS GERALD WINSTON JR: +0:The Wall | BYRON MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BYRUM DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BYSTEDT DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | BYUM FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | BYUS ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | CAAMANO LEONARD OLGUIN: +0:The Wall | CABALA DUANE JACOB: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO DAVID JOE: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO GILBERTO JR: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO HENRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO JOSE LUIS: +0:The Wall | CABANA JOHN BISHOP JR: +0:The Wall | CABANAYAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CABANO GEORGE ANGELO JR: +0:The Wall | CABARUBIO JAMES: +0:The Wall | CABBAGESTALK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CABE DENNIS STEWART: +0:The Wall | CABE JOHNNY DWAIN: +0:The Wall | CABE PAUL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | CABELL DARRELL LEE: +0:The Wall | CABLE RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CABLES GORDON LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CABNESS DERRICK CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | CABOT ANTHONY JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | CABRAL ANIBAL SYLVIA JR: +0:The Wall | CABRAL JAMES ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | CABRAL JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CABRAL PAUL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CABRERA ANDY ANASTACIO: +0:The Wall | CABRERA EDWARD A: +0:The Wall | CABRERA JOAQUIN PALACIOS: +0:The Wall | CABRERA JOHN WAIKANE: +0:The Wall | CABRERA LOUIS XAVIER JR: +0:The Wall | CABRERA-RODRIGUEZ CANDIDO: +0:The Wall | CABRERA-RODRIGUEZ MARCELI: +0:The Wall | CABRINI JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CABY BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | CACCIA CARL HENRY: +0:The Wall | CACCIOLA DOMENICO: +0:The Wall | CACCIOTTOLO NEIL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CACCIUTTOLO MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CACERES ADALBERTO: +0:The Wall | CACERES EDGARDO: +0:The Wall | CACIOPPO JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CADE BRUCE WAYMAN: +0:The Wall | CADEAU ROBERT KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CADELL ERNEST WOODY JR: +0:The Wall | CADENHEAD RANDALL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CADENHEAD THEODORE L: +0:The Wall | CADIEUX THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | CADILLE FREDERICK FRANK: +0:The Wall | CADORETTE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | CADWALLADER PATRICK A: +0:The Wall | CADWELL ANTHONY BLAKE: +0:The Wall | CADY BRIAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CADY DOUGLAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CADY GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CADY MICHAEL MORRIS: +0:The Wall | CADY STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CAFFARELLI CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAFFERY HOWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CAFFEY MICHAEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CAFIERO LESTER VINCENT JR: +0:The Wall | CAFRELLI ALFRED BENNETT: +0:The Wall | CAGLE ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CAGLE RANDY GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | CAGLEY JAMES NELSON: +0:The Wall | CAGNACCI JOSEPH MARIO: +0:The Wall | CAGUIMBAL PEPITO: +0:The Wall | CAHALANE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAHALL EDWIN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CAHALL JAMES WARREN: 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ROBERT KEITH II: +0:The Wall | CAIN RODGER KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CAIN WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CAINES FREDERICK ALFRED: +0:The Wall | CAIQUEP JOSE: +0:The Wall | CAIRES CLYDE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAIRNS ROBERT ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CALABRIA DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CALAMIA JACK: +0:The Wall | CALANDRINO MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CALDERON CESARIO: +0:The Wall | CALDERON FELIX ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | CALDERON JULIO ALFREDO: +0:The Wall | CALDERON LOUIS OSCAR: +0:The Wall | CALDERON RICHARD TORRES: +0:The Wall | CALDERON-PACHECO JOSE A: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL ALLEN HAYES: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL CHARLES WARREN E: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL DONALD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL EDWARD CLARK III: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL EVERETTE BRENT: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL FLOYD DEAN: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL GARY LESLIE: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL HUGH PINSON JR: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL JAMES BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL JOE: +0:The Wall | CALDWELL LARRY EUGENE: 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JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CALKINS BYRON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CALKINS CODY RAY: +0:The Wall | CALKINS DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | CALKINS VIRGIL ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | CALL DANA ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CALL GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CALL JIMMY OWEN: +0:The Wall | CALL JOHN GRANVILLE: +0:The Wall | CALL JOHN HENRY III: +0:The Wall | CALL RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CALLAGHAN DENNIS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CALLAGHAN THOMAS LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAM JOHN MARSHALL JR: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN BILL D: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN CHARLES L III: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN CLIFTON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN CLYDE: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN DANIEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN DAVID FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN DAVID PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN MARSHALL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN PATRICK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN RAYMOND W JR: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CALLAHAN WELBORN A JR: 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LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | CALLOWAY PORTER EARL: +0:The Wall | CALLOWAY RONALD DUANE: +0:The Wall | CALLWOOD GLADSTON: +0:The Wall | CALMESE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CALP ALBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CALPH GENE ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | CALTON DENNIS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CALVERLEY ANTHONY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | CALVILLO ROBERT JESS: +0:The Wall | CALVIN GLENN HENRY: +0:The Wall | CALVIN STANLEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | CALVITTI DAVID: +0:The Wall | CALZIA FRANK VINCENT: +0:The Wall | CAMA DENNIS ROCCO: +0:The Wall | CAMACHO DAVID BITANGA: +0:The Wall | CAMACHO GREGORIO MENO: +0:The Wall | CAMACHO RODRIGUEZ PEDRO J: +0:The Wall | CAMARENA-SALAZAR EDUARDO: +0:The Wall | CAMARGO JUAN HIPOLITO: +0:The Wall | CAMARILLO FELIPE DURAN: +0:The Wall | CAMARILLO FERNANDO JR: +0:The Wall | CAMAROTE MANFRED FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CAMBAS VICTOR BYRON: +0:The Wall | CAMBRELEN JAIME: +0:The Wall | CAMBRON JOSEPH TERRY: +0:The Wall | CAMBY STEVE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CAMDEN FRANCIS EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CAMDEN 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BERTRAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARR CLINT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | CARR DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | CARR DANNIE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CARR DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARR DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | CARR ERNEST RAY: +0:The Wall | CARR FREEMAN ABRAHAM: +0:The Wall | CARR GEORGE DARE: +0:The Wall | CARR GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARR GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | CARR GERALD REID: +0:The Wall | CARR GREGORY VERNON: +0:The Wall | CARR HAROLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARR JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARR JAMES OTIS: +0:The Wall | CARR JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARR JOHN PARM III: +0:The Wall | CARR LEN E: +0:The Wall | CARR LON GALE: +0:The Wall | CARR MARTIN CODY: +0:The Wall | CARR MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | CARR ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | CARR ROBERT HARDY: +0:The Wall | CARR ROBERT HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CARR ROGER JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARR STEPHEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CARR WILLIAM LEE JR: +0:The Wall | CARRA ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARRANO JACKIE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CARRANZA HORACIO: +0:The Wall | CARRANZA MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CARRASCO ARTHURO: +0:The Wall | CARRASCO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | CARRASCO RALPH: +0:The Wall | CARRASQUILLO SOLTERO REINALDO: +0:The Wall | CARRASQUILLO-DENTON ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | CARRATURO FREDERICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARRELL LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | CARRICARTE LOUIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARRICO CHESTER CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | CARRICO CLYDE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARRICO DAVID AARON: +0:The Wall | CARRIER ALBERT JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | CARRIER DANIEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CARRIERE OSCAR ROLAND: +0:The Wall | CARRIKER GRADY ISIAIAH JR: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO ARNOLDO LEONEL: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO GEORGE J JR: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JOE JR: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JOSE CASTANEDA: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JUAN: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO MELVIN: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARRINGTON FRED EMERY: +0:The Wall | CARRINGTON THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARRION JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | CARRIZALES DIONISIO G: +0:The Wall | CARROLA EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL BAXTER COLIDGE: +0:The Wall | CARROLL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CARROLL DWIGHT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARROLL FERGUS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL FRANK JEROME: +0:The Wall | CARROLL GERALD FORD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JAMES NATHAN III: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOE DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOHN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOSEPH KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL KENNETH AUTRY: +0:The Wall | CARROLL KEVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARROLL LARRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL LARRY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MANUEL LEROY: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MAX EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARROLL PATRICK HENRY: +0:The Wall | CARROLL PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARROLL PETER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL RAYMOND FRANK: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROGER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROGER WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL SAMUEL T JR: +0:The Wall | CARROLL THOMAS J: +0:The Wall | CARROLL TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARROLL WALTER JACKSON: +0:The Wall | CARROLL WESLEY WOMBLE III: +0:The Wall | CARROLL WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARRUTH DAVE SCOTT JR: +0:The Wall | CARRUTHERS EDWARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARSON ALAN DALE: +0:The Wall | CARSON BRADLEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARSON CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | CARSON CHAD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CARSON CHARLES N JR: +0:The Wall | CARSON CLARENCE JASPER JR: +0:The Wall | CARSON DAVID RICKEY: +0:The Wall | CARSON EDWIN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | CARSON JOHN HARVEY: +0:The Wall | CARSON LAWRENCE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CARSON MERVYN MAURICE: +0:The Wall | CARSON OMER PRICE: +0:The Wall | CARSON PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARSON PAUL ROLAND: +0:The Wall | CARSON RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARSON RICHARD RAY: +0:The Wall | CARSON RUSSELL BERTON: +0:The Wall | CARSON TYRONE BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CARSON WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | CARSTARPHEN HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | CARSTENS GARY AMOS: +0:The Wall | CARSTENS THOMAS HENRY: +0:The Wall | CARSTENS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTAGENA-ACOSTA MOISES: +0:The Wall | CARTER ALAN GLEN: +0:The Wall | CARTER ANDERSON JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER ARDON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER BRUCE LANDON: +0:The Wall | CARTER BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARTER CHARLES IRA: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLIFFORD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLYDE ELMER JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLYDE RAY JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLYDE WALTER: +0:The Wall | CARTER D C: +0:The Wall | CARTER DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARTER DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | CARTER DONALD ODELL: +0:The Wall | CARTER DONALD SUMINGUIT: +0:The Wall | CARTER DUANE ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | CARTER EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARTER ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | CARTER ERNEST MACK: +0:The Wall | CARTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARTER FRANKIE NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | CARTER FRED DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER FRED JOSHUA: +0:The Wall | CARTER FREDERICK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARTER GARY DON: +0:The Wall | CARTER GARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARTER GEORGE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER GERALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | CARTER GILL LESTER: +0:The Wall | CARTER GLENN: +0:The Wall | CARTER GREG ROY: +0:The Wall | CARTER GREGORY: +0:The Wall | CARTER HAMP JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER HAROLD E: +0:The Wall | CARTER HARRY GIBSON: +0:The Wall | CARTER HARVEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER HUBERT CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | CARTER JACK DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARTER JACKIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES BASIL: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES DEVRIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER JERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARTER JERRY DONALD: +0:The Wall | CARTER JERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | CARTER JIMMY EARL: +0:The Wall | CARTER JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOE EDDIE: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOHN E JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOHNNIE JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER L C: +0:The Wall | CARTER LARRY REAUMAINE: +0:The Wall | CARTER LEONARD ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CARTER LEONARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTER LESLIE DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER LESLIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER LINWOOD CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER MARK JERALD: +0:The Wall | CARTER MERLE KEITH: +0:The Wall | CARTER MICHAEL BOYD: +0:The Wall | CARTER MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | CARTER MILFORD DONAVIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER NATHANIEL EARL III: +0:The Wall | CARTER OTIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER PAUL C JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER PAUL DEAN: +0:The Wall | CARTER PAUL LAMAR: +0:The Wall | CARTER RALPH DWAIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER RALPH WINFIELD: +0:The Wall | CARTER REGINALD F JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER RICHARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CARTER RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT JEROME: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT LESTER: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT NEL: +0:The Wall | CARTER RODNEY BALAAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROY LYNN: +0:The Wall | CARTER SHELBY M: +0:The Wall | CARTER STANLEY ALAN: +0:The Wall | CARTER STEVE DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARTER TERREL ELBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER TERRY ALFRED: +0:The Wall | CARTER THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARTER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTER THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | CARTER THURL GUY III: +0:The Wall | CARTER TIMOTHY GENE: +0:The Wall | CARTER VERNON THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER WALLACE SPERGON: +0:The Wall | CARTER WALTER CORBIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER WENDELL LOUIL: +0:The Wall | CARTER WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARTER WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARTER ZANE AUBRY: +0:The Wall | CARTHAGE OTIS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTIER VICTOR JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARTLAND DONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | CARTLEDGE ALBERT J III: +0:The Wall | CARTNEY PATRICK CYRIL: +0:The Wall | CARTONIA CARMEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | CARTRETTE HARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT BILLIE JACK: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JOHN STANBOROU: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT MICHEAL GLENN: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT PATRICK G: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT RALPH WINDALL: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT RICHARD CORTEZ: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT THOMAS CLARK: +0:The Wall | CARUOLO RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARUSO DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CARUSO THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARUTHERS THOMAS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CARVAJAL FRANCISCO TERONI: +0:The Wall | CARVAJAL JOSEPH CARLOS: +0:The Wall | CARVALHO GILBERT: +0:The Wall | CARVALLO CESAR EDUARDO: +0:The Wall | CARVEN RUPERT SADLER III: +0:The Wall | CARVER BILLY KAY: +0:The Wall | CARVER BOBBY DON: +0:The Wall | CARVER HAROLD LEROY: +0:The Wall | CARVER HARRY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CARVER JERRY DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARVER JERRY LEON: +0:The Wall | CARVER RANDALL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARVER RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | CARVILLE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARWITHEN ALBERT MORGAN: +0:The Wall | CARY WILLIE B: +0:The Wall | CASALE JAMES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CASALETTO EDWIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CASARES MANUEL: +0:The Wall | CASAREZ RAUL: +0:The Wall | CASAS BONNIE PATALINGHUNG: +0:The Wall | CASE CHARLES CECIL: +0:The Wall | CASE DANIEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CASE DAVID DUANE: +0:The Wall | CASE EDWIN HARRY: +0:The Wall | CASE GLENN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CASE JAMES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | CASE JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | CASE ORSON HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CASE ROBERT DON: +0:The Wall | CASE THOMAS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CASE THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CASE THURLE EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | CASEBOLT HENRY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | CASERIO CHARLES DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | CASEY DANIEL GENE: +0:The Wall | CASEY DANNY CURTIS: +0:The Wall | CASEY DANNY VANN: +0:The Wall | CASEY DAVID WARRINGTON: +0:The Wall | CASEY DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | CASEY DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CASEY EDDY RAY: +0:The Wall | CASEY FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CASEY GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASEY JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CASEY JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CASEY JOHNNY DALE: +0:The Wall | CASEY LEO CARL JR: +0:The Wall | CASEY LIAM SOUEPH: +0:The Wall | CASEY MAURICE ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | CASEY MICHAEL DALE: +0:The Wall | CASEY MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CASEY PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASEY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASEY ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CASEY THOMAS JEROME JR: +0:The Wall | CASEY THOMAS MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | CASEY TOM GAYLE: +0:The Wall | CASH BENNY DALE: +0:The Wall | CASH DAVID MANFRED: +0:The Wall | CASH JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | CASH JERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CASH JOHN HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | CASH MORRIS ELTON: +0:The Wall | CASHDOLLAR GLENN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CASHLEY JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CASHMAN CORNELIUS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CASHMAN HAROLD EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CASIANO JUAN: +0:The Wall | CASIAS CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | CASIAS HENRY ELOY: +0:The Wall | CASILLA-VAZQUEZ MANUEL JR: +0:The Wall | CASILLO CARMINE: +0:The Wall | CASINO JOSEPH WALTER: +0:The Wall | CASLER JOSEPH DUANE: +0:The Wall | CASNER LEWIS EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | CASON DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | CASON GEORGE GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | CASON WILLIAM ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CASP MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CASPER FREDERICK RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CASPER RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CASPER RONALD JEROME DENT: +0:The Wall | CASPERSEN ROBERT P II: +0:The Wall | CASPOLE RALPH WARREN: +0:The Wall | CASS ANTHONY MAC: +0:The Wall | CASS FRANK LEE: +0:The Wall | CASS WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | CASSANO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | CASSANO RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CASSATA ORRIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CASSEL KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CASSEL RONALD ROY: +0:The Wall | CASSELL KEVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | CASSELL ROBIN BERN: +0:The Wall | CASSELL RONALD BRETT: +0:The Wall | CASSELMAN RODNEY WILLARD: +0:The Wall | CASSERLY JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY DAVID ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY DONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY JEFFREY TYRONE: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY JOSEPH J JR: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY MICHAEL OLIVER: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY PATRICK CHRISTIAN: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY RAYMOND SENTER: +0:The Wall | CASSIDY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CASSIN FRANK ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | CASSIN RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CASSMEYER VICTOR PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | CASSUBE RICHARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | CAST THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CASTAGNA JOSEPH PHILIP: +0:The Wall | CASTALDI JAMES: +0:The Wall | CASTALDO CLEMENT SAM: +0:The Wall | CASTANEDA BENJAMIN BELTRAN: +0:The Wall | CASTANEDA BENJAMIN FRANK: +0:The Wall | CASTANEDA EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CASTANEDA HUGO CARLOS: +0:The Wall | CASTANON ALFREDO: +0:The Wall | CASTEEL JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CASTELDA ANDREW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CASTELLANO SAMUEL RODGER: +0:The Wall | CASTELLANOS JUAN CARLOS: +0:The Wall | CASTELLANOS SANTOS JR: +0:The Wall | CASTELOT ROBERT SHEEHAN: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO ANTONIO GONZALES: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO APOLINAR JR: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO ARTHUR JOHN: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO CHARLES MIKE: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO DANIEL SANDUAL: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO DAVID RIVAS: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO ERASMO CAMARGO: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO GEORGE RALPH: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO GREGORIO PEDRO: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO JOSE JAIME: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO JOSE: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO LEONARD BALDOMIR: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO MANOLITO WISCO: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO MANUEL ANGEL: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO MANUEL GRIJALVA: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CASTILLO-LIMA BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | CASTLE HAL CUSHMAN JR: +0:The Wall | CASTLE LARRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | CASTLE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CASTLE ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CASTLE RUSSELL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CASTLE VIRGIL LEE: +0:The Wall | CASTLEBERRY BILLIE MAC: +0:The Wall | CASTLEBERRY JAMES ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CASTLEBERRY JIMMIE LYNN: +0:The Wall | CASTLEBERRY ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | CASTLEMAN RICKEY DON: +0:The Wall | CASTO CLARENCE LEROY: +0:The Wall | CASTON JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CASTOR JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASTRO ALFONSO ROQUE: +0:The Wall | CASTRO ERNESTO F JR: +0:The Wall | CASTRO JESSE ROMERO: +0:The Wall | CASTRO JOAQUIN: +0:The Wall | CASTRO JOE: +0:The Wall | CASTRO JORGE ARTURO: +0:The Wall | CASTRO JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | CASTRO JUAN JOSE: +0:The Wall | CASTRO JUAN PASCUAL R: +0:The Wall | CASTRO LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CASTRO REINALDO ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | CASTRO-CARRASQUILLO MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | CASTRO-MORALES RAMON: +0:The Wall | CASTRO-RAMOS JUSTINO ENRI: +0:The Wall | CASWELL EDWIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CASWELL EUGENE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASWELL KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | CASWELL RAYMOND M: +0:The Wall | CASWELL ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | CATALANO GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CATALANO SAM JR: +0:The Wall | CATANZARITI RONNIE S: +0:The Wall | CATE WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | CATELLI CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | CATES GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | CATES NORMAN GENE: +0:The Wall | CATES NORMAN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CATES ROBERT MATHEW JR: +0:The Wall | CATES WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | CATHER TERRENCE JAY: +0:The Wall | CATHERMAN ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | CATHEY J B: +0:The Wall | CATINO STEVEN LYNN: +0:The Wall | CATLIN NORMAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CATLIN THOMAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | CATLING ROBERT PHILIP: +0:The Wall | CATLING WILLIE B: +0:The Wall | CATO HERBERT HUGO III: +0:The Wall | CATO ROBERT O'NEAL: +0:The Wall | CATO WILLIE FRED: +0:The Wall | CATOIR JOSEPH GEORGE P JR: +0:The Wall | CATON GERALD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CATON LEONARD ROGER: +0:The Wall | CATRON GARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CATT JOSEPH FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | CATTERSON RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | CATTON JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | CAUBLE ARTURO ALVARADO: +0:The Wall | CAUCCI STEVEN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CAUDILL BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | CAUDILL DONNIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CAUDILL ELMON C II: +0:The Wall | CAUDILL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CAUDILL ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | CAUDILL ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | CAUDILLO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAUDILLO PEDRO JAIME: +0:The Wall | CAUGHEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CAUGHMAN McKINLEY JR: +0:The Wall | CAULDER DURWOOD: +0:The Wall | CAULEY AUBREY: +0:The Wall | CAULEY EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | CAULEY ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | CAULTON WILLIE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CAUSEY BEN ELMORE JR: +0:The Wall | CAUSEY DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CAUSEY JOHN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CAUSEY WILLIAM HARVEY: +0:The Wall | CAUTHEN CALDWELL M JR: +0:The Wall | CAUTHEN FRANK REGINALD: +0:The Wall | CAUTHEN HENRY CLAY SR: +0:The Wall | CAUTHERN ROGER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CAUTHRON R G: +0:The Wall | CAVALARATOS GEORGE ANASTA: +0:The Wall | CAVALLI ANTHONY FRANK: +0:The Wall | CAVALLIN LESTER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | CAVANAGH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CAVANAGH MICHAEL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CAVANAUGH EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAVANAUGH JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | CAVANAUGH JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CAVANAUGH RICHARD FRED: +0:The Wall | CAVANAUGH THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CAVANAUGH WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CAVAROCCHI JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAVARZAN DUANE EARL: +0:The Wall | CAVAZOS DANIEL GUTIERREZ: +0:The Wall | CAVAZOS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CAVAZOS REYNALDO ROY: +0:The Wall | CAVAZOS RONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CAVENDER JIM RAY: +0:The Wall | CAVER JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CAVICCHI JAMES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | CAVIN DOUGLAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CAVIN STEVEN IKE: +0:The Wall | CAVINEE RONALD C: +0:The Wall | CAVINS SAMUEL McARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CAVIS DAVID JUDE: +0:The Wall | CAWLEY JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CAWLEY PATRICK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CAWLEY RICHARD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CAWLEY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CAWLEY WILLIAM BRACE JR: +0:The Wall | CAWTHORNE WILLIAM BAYLES: +0:The Wall | CAYCE JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | CAYEY EDWARD CECIL JR: +0:The Wall | CAYFORD PHILLIP J JR: +0:The Wall | CAYLOR RANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | CAYSON ALVIN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | CAYWOOD GARY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | CAZANAS-DIAZ EDWARDO ENRI: +0:The Wall | CAZARES JAMES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | CAZIN RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | CEARNEL HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CECH LEROY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CECIL ALAN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CECIL JACK WILSON: +0:The Wall | CECIL ROBERT RANDALL: +0:The Wall | CECIL ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | CEDERLUND RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CEDERSTROM DAVID ORIN: +0:The Wall | CEGIELSKI RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CELANO FRANK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CELESTE RAYMOND: +0:The 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ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CHARTERS GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | CHARTIER RAYMOND ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CHARVET PAUL CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | CHASE CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CHASE CLARENCE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | CHASE CURTIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CHASE FREDDIE NICKLYS: +0:The Wall | CHASE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | CHASE JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CHASE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CHASE JOHN LENWOOD: +0:The Wall | CHASE LEO CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | CHASE MARK RICHARDSON: +0:The Wall | CHASE MICHAEL LYN: +0:The Wall | CHASE OLIVER C JR: +0:The Wall | CHASE RAYMOND HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CHASE ROBERT KENDRICK: +0:The Wall | CHASE RUSSELL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CHASE TERRY A: +0:The Wall | CHASE VERNON GLENN: +0:The Wall | CHASE VICTOR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CHASE WALTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CHASIN STEPHEN C: +0:The Wall | CHASON THEODORE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CHASSER RAYMOND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CHASSION PHILIP RONALD: +0:The Wall | CHASTAIN DONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | CHASTAIN GERALD EDWARD: 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CHEEK RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | CHEEK ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CHEEK ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | CHEEKS JOHN HERBERT: +0:The Wall | CHEESEMAN ALAN B: +0:The Wall | CHEIVES CALVIN L: +0:The Wall | CHEMIS CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CHENAULT ROBERT GLEN: +0:The Wall | CHENAULT THOMAS DUDLEY: +0:The Wall | CHENEY DANIEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CHENEY DAVID PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | CHENEY RICHARD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | CHENEY WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CHENIS MARK CONSTANT: +0:The Wall | CHENOWETH AUSTIN RAY: +0:The Wall | CHENOWETH IRVING S III: +0:The Wall | CHEPELY GENE E: +0:The Wall | CHERNEY PETER FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | CHEROFF MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CHERRICK JAMES WESTON: +0:The Wall | CHERRSTROM RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | CHERRY ALLEN SHELDON: +0:The Wall | CHERRY CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CHERRY DANIEL PARKS: +0:The Wall | CHERRY DAVID EARL JR: +0:The Wall | CHERRY ERVIN BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | CHERRY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CHERRY JAMES L: +0:The Wall | CHERRY 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| COLLINS JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES FREW: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES WILFORD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JEROME LISTON: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JONATHAN III: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JULIUS JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS LARRY ELBERT: +0:The Wall | COLLINS LARRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MARK PAINE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MARSHALL BARB: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS NOBLE JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RALPH RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RAY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RICHARD GLEN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ROBERT KNAPP: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ROBERT ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RODNEY D: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RODNEY RAY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ROSS WILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THEOTHIS: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THOMAS RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THOMAS TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS TOBY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | COLLINS VERNEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WALTER MONROE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLARD MARION: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLIAM ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLIAM ELICE JR: +0:The Wall | COLLIS GERALD ALAN: +0:The Wall | COLLISTER JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | COLLOPY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COLLUM WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLUMS BOBBY G: +0:The Wall | COLLYER DALE ELWYN: +0:The Wall | COLN RAY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COLOMBERO JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | COLOMBO GARY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | COLON ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | COLON HARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COLON LUIS ANGEL: +0:The Wall | COLON-DIAZ JUAN: +0:The Wall | COLON-MOTAS ESTEBAN: +0:The Wall | COLON-PEREZ ABRAHAM LINCO: +0:The Wall | COLON-RIVERA JOSE RAMON: +0:The Wall | COLON-RODRIGUEZ GOLGUIS: +0:The Wall | COLON-SANTOS RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | COLONE RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COLONNA PHILIP GEORGE: +0:The Wall | COLOPY STEPHEN LYNN: +0:The Wall | COLORIO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COLOSANTI NORMAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLOTTI JOSEPH LEONARD: +0:The Wall | COLQUHOUN TED D: +0:The Wall | COLSON BRUCE NORMAN: +0:The Wall | COLSON DONALD REGINALD: +0:The Wall | COLSON RONALD SANDERS: +0:The Wall | COLSTON EDWARD JEROME: +0:The Wall | COLSTON LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | COLTER KENNY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COLTMAN WILLIAM CLARE: +0:The Wall | COLTON MICHAEL NORRIS: +0:The Wall | COLUNGA GEORGE: +0:The Wall | COLVIN DAVID: +0:The Wall | COLVIN GENE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COLVIN GERALD SELAH: +0:The Wall | COLVIN PAUL SILVEY: +0:The Wall | COLVINS RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | COLWELL KEITH: +0:The Wall | COLWELL PAUL: +0:The Wall | COLWELL RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | COLWELL WILLIAM KEVIN: +0:The Wall | COLWYE JAMES LEON: +0:The Wall | COLYEAR CURTIS CRAIG: +0:The Wall | COLYER WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | COMACHO PETER FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | COMBER DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COMBEST JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COMBS ALFRED HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | COMBS ALLAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COMBS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COMBS CLIFFORD DALE: +0:The Wall | COMBS DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | COMBS DENNIS ALAN: +0:The Wall | COMBS EDWARD ALTON: +0:The Wall | COMBS FARRISH: +0:The Wall | COMBS JACKIE RANDALL: +0:The Wall | COMBS JAMES MILES: +0:The Wall | COMBS JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | COMBS JOHN ASHER: +0:The Wall | COMBS JOHN BEECHLY: +0:The Wall | COMBS KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | COMBS LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | COMBS LOWELL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COMBS PAUL REX: +0:The Wall | COMBS PHILLIP EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COMBS THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COMBS TYRONE: +0:The Wall | COMBS VIRGIL CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | COMEAUX JOSEPH BERNILLE: +0:The Wall | COMER HOWARD BRISBANE JR: +0:The Wall | COMER WILLIAM MARVIN JR: +0:The Wall | COMFORT RAY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COMIS LARRY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | COMLY WILLIAM ALVIN: +0:The Wall | COMPA JOSEPH JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | COMPTON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | COMPTON FRANK RAY: +0:The Wall | COMPTON JOHNNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COMPTON LORN DAVID: +0:The Wall | COMPTON MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COMPTON ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COMPTON WILLIAM EDGAR III: +0:The Wall | COMSTOCK ARTHUR EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | COMSTOCK ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONANT GREGORY C: +0:The Wall | CONAWAY GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | CONAWAY LAWRENCE YERGES: +0:The Wall | CONAWAY LONDON: +0:The Wall | CONAXIS NICHOLAS S: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON FRANCIS BRYANT: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON JAMES P JR: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON RICHARD NEIL: +0:The Wall | CONCEPCION FRANCISCO JR: +0:The Wall | CONCEPCION-CHAPMAN JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CONCEPCION-NIEVES DAVID: +0:The Wall | CONCHOLA BENITO: +0:The Wall | CONDE-FALCON FELIX M: +0:The Wall | CONDIT DOUGLAS CRAIG: +0:The Wall | CONDIT WILLIAM HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CONDON FRANK ALLOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | CONDON JAMES GREGORY III: +0:The Wall | CONDON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONDON RUSSELL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONDREAY ERVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | CONDREY GEORGE THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | CONDY LADD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CONE JOHN MILTON: +0:The Wall | CONE LEROY: +0:The Wall | CONE LLOYD ALFORD: +0:The Wall | CONE RALPH A: +0:The Wall | CONE REGINALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CONELLY MITCHELL PAULLIS: +0:The Wall | CONEY LAWRENCE NELSON: +0:The Wall | CONFER MICHAEL STEELE: +0:The Wall | CONGER JOHN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CONGIARDO THOMAS DEAN: +0:The Wall | CONGLETON ROY ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | CONKEL THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONKLE JOE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN JOSEPH PETER: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN RICHARD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN RONALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CONKRIGHT JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONLAN BRIAN DALY JR: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ALEX BOYD: +0:The Wall | CONLEY BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | CONLEY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | CONLEY EUGENE OGDEN: +0:The Wall | CONLEY GERALD DONALD: +0:The Wall | CONLEY GREEN: +0:The Wall | CONLEY JAMES GRADY: +0:The Wall | CONLEY LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | CONLEY MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CONLEY MONROE JASON: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ROBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | CONLEY RONALD CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | CONLEY SYLVESTER E JR: +0:The Wall | CONLEY TERRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CONLEY THEODORE R JR: +0:The Wall | CONLEY WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONLIN JEFFREY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CONLIN PETER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONLIN RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONLON JOHN FRANCIS III: +0:The Wall | CONN DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CONN DONALD WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | CONN FRANKLIN L: +0:The Wall | CONN JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CONN RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | CONNACHER RONNIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONNEL DAVID ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CONNELL CHARLES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CONNELL EDWIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CONNELL JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNELL JOHN ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CONNELL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNELL OSCAR ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CONNELL THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CONNELL VAUGHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY EDWARD WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY PATRICK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY SAMUEL GERALD: +0:The Wall | CONNER DAVID LELAND: +0:The Wall | CONNER DONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | CONNER EDWIN RAY: +0:The Wall | CONNER EUGENE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNER GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONNER IDUS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONNER JACK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONNER JEROME: +0:The Wall | CONNER JESSIE WENDELL: +0:The Wall | CONNER KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | CONNER LORENZA: +0:The Wall | CONNER MELVIN HUBBARD JR: +0:The Wall | CONNER MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | CONNER PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CONNER PAUL ALLAN: +0:The Wall | CONNER ROGER LEROY: +0:The Wall | CONNER STEPHEN GRANT: +0:The Wall | CONNER THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | CONNERS LEE ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CONNERS RALPH WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | CONNEVEY LAYNE HALE: +0:The Wall | CONNIFF THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNOLLY GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONNOLLY KEVIN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONNOLLY MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CONNOLLY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CONNOLLY TERRENCE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CONNOLLY THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CONNOLLY VINCENT JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONNOR CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CONNOR FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNOR GLENN MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | CONNOR JAMES FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | CONNOR JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CONNOR JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | CONNOR PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONNOR PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CONNOR PETER SPENCER: +0:The Wall | CONNORS DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONNORS FERGUS FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | CONNORS JACK LEE: +0:The Wall | CONNORS PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONOLLY SIDNEY MCLEAN JR: +0:The Wall | CONOVER CHARLES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CONRAD ANDREW CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | CONRAD CARLOS WADE: +0:The Wall | CONRAD GEORGE DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | CONRAD HARRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | CONRAD JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONRAD MARTIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONRAD PAUL LEWIN: +0:The Wall | CONRAD ROY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONRADY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONRARDY RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONROY MICHEAL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONROY PATRICK J: +0:The Wall | CONROY PAUL AMES JR: +0:The Wall | CONROY RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CONRY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CONRY JOHN TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | CONSAVAGE RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONSOLVO JOHN WADSWORT JR: +0:The Wall | CONSTANDE DONALD: +0:The Wall | CONSTANTINE MICHAEL EUGEN: +0:The Wall | CONSTANTINI FRANK J JR: +0:The Wall | CONSTANTINO CLIFFORD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONSTIEN JOHN RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | CONTARINO DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CONTESTABILE DANIEL J: +0:The Wall | CONTI ANTHONY NOAH: +0:The Wall | CONTI ROBERT FREW: +0:The Wall | CONTINO RAYMOND FRANK: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS BENITO JR: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS JOHN JENARO: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS JUAN LEONARDO: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS MIGUEL ZARAGOZA: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS PABLO GUERECA: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS RICHARD AGUIRRE: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS VALERIANO DAVID: +0:The Wall | CONTREROS ALBERT D JR: +0:The Wall | CONVERSE PHILIP HOWELL: +0:The Wall | CONVERSON TYRONE: +0:The Wall | CONVERY JOSEPH FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | CONWAY EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JAMES BENNETT: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JAMES THADDEUS: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JASPER RAY: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JOSEPH QUINTON: +0:The Wall | CONWAY LEROY: +0:The Wall | CONWAY RAYMOND LESTER: +0:The Wall | CONWAY RAYMOND TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | CONWAY TERRY MIKEL: +0:The Wall | COODY GEORGE LA FAYETTE: +0:The Wall | COOK ALBERT ELMORE: +0:The Wall | COOK AUDREY JULIUS: +0:The Wall | COOK AUSTIN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COOK BERNARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COOK BILLY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOK CALVIN LEON: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES HERMAN: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COOK CHRISTOPHER CORWIN: +0:The Wall | COOK CLINTON ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | COOK CURTIS KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | COOK DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK DAVID SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | COOK DELFIN HILARIO: +0:The Wall | COOK DELMAR FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | COOK DENNIS LYNN: +0:The Wall | COOK DENNIS PHILIP: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD ESTEL: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD GILBERT: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD WARREN: +0:The Wall | COOK DOUGLAS ALEX: +0:The Wall | COOK DWIGHT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOK EARL LLOYD: +0:The Wall | COOK GARRY KENDELL: +0:The Wall | COOK GEORGE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | COOK GLENN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK HAROLD CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | COOK JAMES BLACK: +0:The Wall | COOK JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | COOK JAY ALAN: +0:The Wall | COOK JERRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOK JIMMIE DEE: +0:The Wall | COOK JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOK JOEL LESLIE: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN DALE: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN I: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN W: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | COOK JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COOK KELLY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COOK KENNETH LYNN: +0:The Wall | COOK LARRY DAVIDSON: +0:The Wall | COOK LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | COOK LESTER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COOK LEWIS COLLIN: +0:The Wall | COOK MARLIN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | COOK MARVIN JR: +0:The Wall | COOK MELVIN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COOK MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOK MICHAEL FRANK: +0:The Wall | COOK MILTON: +0:The Wall | COOK NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | COOK PATRICK HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | COOK PETER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | COOK PETER BROWN JR: +0:The Wall | COOK PETER EVERETT: +0:The Wall | COOK RANDALL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | COOK RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT EMERY: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT WILKINSON: +0:The Wall | COOK ROGER JOHN: +0:The Wall | COOK RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | COOK SCOTT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK THOMAS RAY JR: +0:The Wall | COOK THOMAS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | COOK TIMOTHY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | COOK WEYMAN TERRY: +0:The Wall | COOK WILLIAM DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | COOK WILLIAM HAROLD: +0:The Wall | COOK WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK WILMER PAUL: +0:The Wall | COOK WILSON LEE: +0:The Wall | COOKE CALVIN COOLIDGE JR: +0:The Wall | COOKE CALVIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOKE CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COOKE DOUGLAS RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | COOKE EDDIE BOYD JR: +0:The Wall | COOKE ERNEST FRISSELL JR: +0:The Wall | COOKE HAROLD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COOKE LARRY HOUSTON: +0:The Wall | COOKE PAUL DONALD: +0:The Wall | COOKE ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COOKE ROBERT MORRIS: +0:The Wall | COOKS MELVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COOKSON ROBERT MERLE: +0:The Wall | COOL MARK DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | COOLER SIDNEY HOMER: +0:The Wall | COOLEY DAVID LEO: +0:The Wall | COOLEY DICKEY LARUE: +0:The Wall | COOLEY HARVEY LYNN: +0:The Wall | COOLEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOLEY LOUIS NEWTON JR: +0:The Wall | COOLEY MONTE RAY: +0:The Wall | COOLEY OCIE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | COOLEY ORVILLE DALE: +0:The Wall | COOLEY ROBERT KARL: +0:The Wall | COOLEY RONALD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | COOLEY SHELBY EMERSON: +0:The Wall | COOLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOLS JAMES HARVEY: +0:The Wall | COOMBS DAN L F III: +0:The Wall | COOMER RICHARD ROSS: +0:The Wall | COOMES JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | COOMES WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COON CALVIN KERMIT: +0:The Wall | COON DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COON JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COON JESSE JAMES: +0:The Wall | COON JOHN LEMOINE: +0:The Wall | COON KEITH DAVID ED WILL: +0:The Wall | COON MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | COONE GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | COONEY JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | COONEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | COONEY PHILLIP BERNARD: +0:The Wall | COONEY THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COONON DANIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | COONROD ARNOLD LEE: +0:The Wall | COONROD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | COONS CHESTER LEROY: +0:The Wall | COONS CLIFFORD KENT: +0:The Wall | COONS GREGORY MAC: +0:The Wall | COONS HENRY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | COONS PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COONS RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COONS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | COOPER ANDREW JONES: +0:The Wall | COOPER ARCHIE LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER AVERY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER CALVIN EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | COOPER CARL DALTON: +0:The Wall | COOPER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOPER CURTIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER DANIEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | COOPER DAVID H II: +0:The Wall | COOPER DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COOPER DONALD NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | COOPER DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | COOPER EDWARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COOPER EDWIN EARL: +0:The Wall | COOPER FAY KENNY: +0:The Wall | COOPER GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | COOPER GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOPER GEORGE GRADY: +0:The Wall | COOPER GERALD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER HERMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER HOWARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | COOPER IRA DAUNETTE: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES ENNIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES RALPH: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOPER JEFFREY LANCE: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOE: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOHN OLIN III: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOHN RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOSEPH HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOPER LEONARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER MAURICE ALAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER MICHAEL LINN: +0:The Wall | COOPER MILES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER NAPOLEN KELLY: +0:The Wall | COOPER OSCAR EDMOND: +0:The Wall | COOPER OTIS JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER RICHARD WALLER JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT GEAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT WESLEY: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROCKY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROY ELDON: +0:The Wall | COOPER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER TOMMY DALE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ULYSSES CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIAM MORRIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIE A: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIE GENE: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | COOPERWOOD JACK J III: +0:The Wall | COOREMAN RAYMOND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOTS JACKIE: +0:The Wall | COPACK JOSEPH BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | COPAS ARDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COPE CHARLES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | COPE CHARLES RICKY: +0:The Wall | COPE ROBERT JOE: +0:The Wall | COPE STANLEY SMITH JR: +0:The Wall | COPELAND ARTHUR PERRY: +0:The Wall | COPELAND DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | COPELAND EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JAMES RANDALL: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JERRY DON: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JOE MIKEL: +0:The Wall | COPELAND LARRY ODELL: +0:The Wall | COPELAND MELVIN: +0:The Wall | COPELAND NORMAN OTTIS: +0:The Wall | COPELAND RALPH A: +0:The Wall | COPELAND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COPELAND SAMUEL CHAMPION: +0:The Wall | COPELAND WILLIAM E II: +0:The Wall | COPENHAVER GREGORY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | COPLEY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COPLEY HENRY EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | COPLEY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COPLIN SCOTT RONDAL: +0:The Wall | COPP BARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | COPP THOMAS ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | COPPAGE GEORGE HERMAN III: +0:The Wall | COPPEDGE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COPPERNOLL DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COPPLE RAMON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COPPO PATRICK BRIAN: +0:The Wall | CORBETT DONALD JUNE: +0:The Wall | CORBETT ISAAC JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORBETT LINWOOD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CORBETT MARK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CORBETT THOMAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CORBIERE AUSTIN MORRIS: +0:The Wall | CORBIN ANDREW PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | CORBIN DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CORBIN NORMAND ALFRED: +0:The Wall | CORBIN RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORBIN RUSSELL BIGBEE JR: +0:The Wall | CORBIN THOMAS BERRY: +0:The Wall | CORBIN WILLIAM JENNINGS: +0:The Wall | CORBITT DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORBITT GILLAND WALES: +0:The Wall | CORBITT WALLACE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORBO AL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN BRUCE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN EDWARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN KEVIN: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CORDEAU EDWARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CORDELL RALPH DURWARD: +0:The Wall | CORDELL TERRY DENVER: +0:The Wall | CORDER JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | CORDERO JULIAN GARZA: +0:The Wall | CORDERO WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CORDIA MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORDINER DUANE GORDON: +0:The Wall | CORDLE CHARLES LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | CORDLE DONALD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CORDON RALPH BRENT: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA CHRIS B: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA JAMES THOMAS H: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA JOHN BARELAS: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA OSCAR: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA RICHARD JOE: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA RUTILIO PROFIRIO: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA SAM GARY: +0:The Wall | CORE DERRICK: +0:The Wall | CORE JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CORES THOMAS RICHARD II: +0:The Wall | COREY GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COREY JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COREY WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | CORFIELD STAN LEROY: +0:The Wall | CORFMAN DARYL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CORK CLIFFORD MARKWOOD: +0:The Wall | CORK RAYMOND LEE JR: +0:The Wall | CORKERN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORKILL ROBERT ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CORL FRANKLIN MATTHEW JR: +0:The Wall | CORLE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORLETT GERALD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CORLEW ROY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CORLEY CLARENCE ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | CORLEY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORLEY JOHN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | CORLEY ROBERT HAL: +0:The Wall | CORLEY THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CORMIER EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORMIER EUGENE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CORMIER FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORMIER MELVIN GLENN: +0:The Wall | CORMIER RONALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CORMIER WILLIS: +0:The Wall | CORN JACK ALVIN: +0:The Wall | CORNEJO ALFRED JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORNELISON JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CORNELIUS JOHNNIE CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | CORNELIUS MERLIN G JR: +0:The Wall | CORNELIUS SAMUEL BLACKMAR: +0:The Wall | CORNELL DONALD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | CORNELL EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CORNELL RICKY LYNN: +0:The Wall | CORNELL ROBERT LESLIE: +0:The Wall | CORNELL STEVEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORNETT CARLOS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORNETT CHARLES RANDELL: +0:The Wall | CORNETT DONALD C: +0:The Wall | CORNETT GREGORY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CORNETT JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | CORNETT ROGER LARRY: +0:The Wall | CORNISH LARRY IRVING: +0:The Wall | CORNISH RUSSELL HUBARD: +0:The Wall | CORNMAN CHARLES NORMAN: +0:The Wall | CORNS BOBBY LARRY: +0:The Wall | CORNS RONALD FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL HARRY JAY: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL JOHN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL LEON LAWRENCE JR: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL LEROY JASON III: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL THOMAS GLENN: +0:The Wall | CORO BERNARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CORONA DOMINIC ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CORONA FRANK RODRIQUEZ: +0:The Wall | CORONA JOEL: +0:The Wall | CORONA RUDOLPH RALPH III: +0:The Wall | CORONADO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CORONIS MARTIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORP JERRY MARSH: +0:The Wall | CORPUS DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORR CLIFFORD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORR JOHN GEYER: +0:The Wall | CORR PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | CORRALES RICHARD MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | CORREA ANGEL MERESI: +0:The Wall | CORREA LUIS FELIPE: +0:The Wall | CORREA MICHAEL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | CORREA-MORALES FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | CORREIA DA SILVA HELDER A: +0:The Wall | CORRELL JOSEPH CLAIR: +0:The Wall | CORRELLO SCOTT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CORRIE GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CORRIE MARK LANE: +0:The Wall | CORRIGAN DANNY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORRIGAN MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORRIVEAU GERARD: +0:The Wall | CORRIVEAU RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORRY CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CORSI BOBBY GLYNN: +0:The Wall | CORSINO EDDIE NELSON: +0:The Wall | CORSON RICHARD P: +0:The Wall | CORSON TERRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CORTES-CASTILLO JUAN: +0:The Wall | CORTES-ROSA RAMON: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ ALBERT ROMERO: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ ALBERTO GUTIERREZ: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ JOSE G: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ JUAN ESQUIVEL: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CORTOR FRANCIS EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | CORWIN EDWIN HUGH: +0:The Wall | CORWIN FRANCIS HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | CORWIN JOHN JAMES II: +0:The Wall | CORWIN MICHAEL HARRY: +0:The Wall | CORYELL MICHAEL NOBLE: +0:The Wall | CORZINE BOBBY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COSBY DAVID FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | COSGRAVE GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COSGRIFF PAUL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | COSGROVE CHESTER: +0:The Wall | COSGROVE COURTNEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | COSOM LEVERN: +0:The Wall | COSSA WILLIAM EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | COSSEY JOHN DWANE: +0:The Wall | COSSEY RICKY FAY: +0:The Wall | COSSINS JACK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COSSON WILBUR LYNN: +0:The Wall | COSTA MARIO: +0:The Wall | COSTA ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COSTA WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | COSTANTINO RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COSTANZA KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | COSTANZO RALPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO GEORGE SIMONDS: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO JEREMIAH FREDERI: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO LAWRENCE R: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO RUSSELL RALPH: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO STEPHEN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | COSTIN CHARLES GREY: +0:The Wall | COSTLEY LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | COSTNER JOHNNY PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | COSTON RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTA ERNEST KENO: +0:The Wall | COTE DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COTE ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COTE ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | COTES MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COTHRAN CURTIS EDGAR: +0:The Wall | COTNER MORRISON AUTHER: +0:The Wall | COTNEY ELMER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COTTEN JAMES L JR: +0:The Wall | COTTEN LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COTTEN OLLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COTTEN ROBERT BRYAN: +0:The Wall | COTTENIER ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COTTER JOHN REDMOND: +0:The Wall | COTTER KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTTER RICHARD LANE: +0:The Wall | COTTERELL JACK PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COTTERILL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COTTERMAN HARRY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | COTTET DUANE LEE: +0:The Wall | COTTIN LELAND RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COTTINGHAM DUANE ROGER: +0:The Wall | COTTINGHAM JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COTTMAN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | COTTO MODESTO JR: +0:The Wall | COTTON CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COTTON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COTTON MOSES M: +0:The Wall | COTTON THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | COTTON THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL DUANE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL JOHN NELSON: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL SIDNEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL THOMAS LEWIS: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTTRILL GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | COUCH FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | COUCH GAYLORD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | COUCH GEORGE M: +0:The Wall | COUCH HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COUCH JACKY RAY: +0:The Wall | COUCH JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COUCH JULIAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COUCH LESLIE CRAIG: +0:The Wall | COUCH MICHAEL ALFRED: +0:The Wall | COUCH ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COUCH ROY EVERETT: +0:The Wall | COUCH STEVEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COUGHLIN ARTHUR RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | COUGHLIN JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | COUGHLIN PATRICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COUICK ROGER LYNN: +0:The Wall | COUILLARD BRUCE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | COUK KARL HENRY: +0:The Wall | COULOMBE FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COULON JOHN GERARD JR: +0:The Wall | COULSON THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COULT GERRY DON: +0:The Wall | COULTER DONALD CLAY: +0:The Wall | COULTER ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | COULTHART GERALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | COUNCILL ARTHUR COBY III: +0:The Wall | COUNIHAN MICHAEL BRENDAN: +0:The Wall | COUNTAWAY JOHN ALDEN JR: +0:The Wall | COURCHANE DALE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | COURSON CHARLES TRUITT: +0:The Wall | COURTEAU EDWARD GERARD: +0:The Wall | COURTEMANCHE CALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY ALLEN WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY JAMES IRA: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY JIMMY DARRELL: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY JOE RAY JR: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY RONNIE: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY TERENCE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COURTRIGHT MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COURVILLE ROGER MARVIN: +0:The Wall | COUSAR WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | COUSETTE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COUSIN MOSES JAMES: +0:The Wall | COUSIN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | COUSINEAU HENRY CONRAD: +0:The Wall | COUSINS MERRITT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COUTO JIMMIE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COUTRAKIS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | COUTU RENE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | COUTURE JOHN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | COUTURIAUX EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | COVARRUBIAS JUAN ALONSO: +0:The Wall | COVELLA JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COVENY DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | COVER BOBBY CECIL: +0:The Wall | COVER LAWRENCE LEROY: +0:The Wall | COVERT RICHARD DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | COVEY CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COVEY ELWOOD D JR: +0:The Wall | COVEY GENE TRACY: +0:The Wall | COVEY JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | COVEY JERRY K: +0:The Wall | COVEY LAWRENCE LAVERN: +0:The Wall | COVEY WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON CLAUDE HENRY: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON DARELL LEE: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON DONALD LINCOLN: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON HOBART EARL: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON HOPSON: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON LAWRENCE CORNEL: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON RORY ARN: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | COWAN AARON DAVIS: +0:The Wall | COWAN ALPHONSO DEDRICK: +0:The Wall | COWAN DANNY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COWAN DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COWAN HARLEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COWAN HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COWAN JAMES ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | COWAN JOHN R: +0:The Wall | COWAN PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COWAN ROBERT LE RHEA III: +0:The Wall | COWAN SAMUEL PAIGE JR: +0:The Wall | COWART DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COWART JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COWDELL MELVIN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COWDEN LESLIE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COWDRICK HORACE W JR: +0:The Wall | COWELL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COWELL RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | COWELL ROBERT BLANCO: +0:The Wall | COWEN CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | COWEN HAROLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COWLES GARY TWYMAN: +0:The Wall | COWLEY BENNYE WARREN: +0:The Wall | COWLEY JEFFRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COWLEY THOMAS REGINALD: +0:The Wall | COWSERT KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COX ALLAN LAMAR: +0:The Wall | COX CARL: +0:The Wall | COX CHARLES CLAYBOURN: +0:The Wall | COX CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COX CHARLES STANLEY: +0:The Wall | COX CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COX CHESTER GARVIS: +0:The Wall | COX CLAUDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | COX DANIEL FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | COX DANIEL RONEN: +0:The Wall | COX DAVID AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | COX DAVID LEE JR: +0:The Wall | COX EARNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | COX EDWARD ERLIN JR: +0:The Wall | COX EDWARD JAN: +0:The Wall | COX ELBERT ELISAH JR: +0:The Wall | COX EUGENE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COX EVERETT FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | COX FRANCIS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COX FRANK WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | COX FREDDIE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | COX FREDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COX GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COX GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | COX GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | COX GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COX GEORGE JOSE: +0:The Wall | COX GEORGE MARION II: +0:The Wall | COX GEORGE TOLLOVAR: +0:The Wall | COX GERALD WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | COX GREGORY ELLIS: +0:The Wall | COX HAROLD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | COX HENRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COX HOWARD MAX: +0:The Wall | COX JACKSON ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | COX JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | COX JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COX JAMES BLAINE: +0:The Wall | COX JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COX JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COX JEHU JUNIS JR: +0:The Wall | COX JIMMIE DON: +0:The Wall | COX JIMMY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COX JOHN DAVIES JR: +0:The Wall | COX JOHN DENNIS II: +0:The Wall | COX JOSEPH LEE: +0:The Wall | COX JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COX LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COX LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | COX LEON DAVID: +0:The Wall | COX LESTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COX LEWIS EARL: +0:The Wall | COX MACK CECIL: +0:The Wall | COX MARTIN: +0:The Wall | COX MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | COX MICHAEL LOU JR: +0:The Wall | COX MICHAEL MILTON: +0:The Wall | COX MITCHELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COX NATHANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | COX OMMIE TRUMAN JR: +0:The Wall | COX RAYMOND PRATER: +0:The Wall | COX RICHARD LEIGH: +0:The Wall | COX RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | COX ROBERT IVAN: +0:The Wall | COX ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | COX ROY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COX RUBE ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | COX SHERBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | COX STANLEY GILBERT: +0:The Wall | COX STERLING EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COX TIMOTHY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COX WILLIAM GAYLE: +0:The Wall | COX WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COY BEN: +0:The Wall | COY BENJAMIN D JR: +0:The Wall | COY DWIGHT CLIFFORD JR: +0:The Wall | COY JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | COY JESSIE EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | COYE ROGER HERBERT: +0:The Wall | COYLE GARRY: +0:The Wall | COYLE GARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COYLE GERALD A: +0:The Wall | COYLE GERARD: +0:The Wall | COYLE HUGH: +0:The Wall | COYLE JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COYLE JOHN: +0:The Wall | COYLE LAVERNE DARTON: +0:The Wall | COYLE RICHARD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | COYMAN PETER R: +0:The Wall | COYNE KEVIN MARK: +0:The Wall | COYNE WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COZAD JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | COZAD WILLIAM MORRIS: +0:The Wall | COZART ROBERT GORDON JR: +0:The Wall | CRABB BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CRABB WINFORD R: +0:The Wall | CRABBE FRANK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRABBE ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE GEORGE RONALD: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE HARVEY C JR: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE JAMES OTIS: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE MICHAEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE RANDALL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE ROBERT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE STEPHEN C: +0:The Wall | CRABTREE VARISE HELTON JR: +0:The Wall | CRADDOCK CARY: +0:The Wall | CRADDOCK FRED BURKETT JR: +0:The Wall | CRADDOCK RANDALL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CRADEUR DOUGLAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRAFT CLAYTON ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CRAFT EZRA DELANO: +0:The Wall | CRAFT GRAYSON: +0:The Wall | CRAFT HARLAN MERDEAN: +0:The Wall | CRAFT HAROLD GLEN: +0:The Wall | CRAFT JAMES ADOLPH: +0:The Wall | CRAFT JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | CRAFT JAMES: +0:The Wall | CRAFT JOSEPH RODNEY: +0:The Wall | CRAFT ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAFT TOMMY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CRAFT WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAFTON JAMES J: +0:The Wall | CRAGAR JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | CRAGG GERALD: +0:The Wall | CRAGHEAD THOMAS JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | CRAGIN ROBERT STUART JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG BRUCE KEITH: +0:The Wall | CRAIG CHARLES OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG CLAYTON GEROME: +0:The Wall | CRAIG DAVID III: +0:The Wall | CRAIG DEAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | CRAIG DICKEY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRAIG EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG GARY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CRAIG HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JAMES LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JIMMY LEON: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JOHN PHILIP: +0:The Wall | CRAIG MERLIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRAIG MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CRAIG ODELL: +0:The Wall | CRAIG PHILIP CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CRAIG REX LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG ROBERT MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | CRAIG ROGER GENE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAIG THOMAS RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WAIN PERRY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WAYNE SHELBY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLARD D: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLIAM ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLIAM HOVER JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIGE AMOS MARK: +0:The Wall | CRAIGHEAD TERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | CRAIGMYLE FLOYD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRAIN CARROLL OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIN CHARLES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CRAIN JOSEPH DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIN ROBERT VICTOR: +0:The Wall | CRAIN RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAIN TRAVIS GLEN: +0:The Wall | CRAM ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CRAMBLET HOWARD EARL: +0:The Wall | CRAMER DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CRAMER DONALD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | CRAMER DONALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CRAMER HARRY G: +0:The Wall | CRAMER HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAMER JAMES WALLACE: 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| CRAWFORD CHARLES HUGH: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CHARLES J JR: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CHARLES MARION: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CLAUDE LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CURTIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD DAVID WESLEY: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD DOUGLAS JAY: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD GALE VERNON: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD HAROLD JEROME: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES J: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JOHN NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD LAWRENCE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD LAWRENCE JOE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD LOWELL LAVAIN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD REMBERT JR: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD STANLEY WENDEL: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD STEPHEN EARL: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WALTER NORMAN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WILLIAM DON: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CRAWLEY LAWRENCE ERWIN: +0:The Wall | CRAWLEY ROBERT LEO: +0:The Wall | CRAWN RONALD MARCEL: +0:The Wall | CRAWSHAW STEEVE ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CRAYNE KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRAYTHORNE ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | CREAGER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CREAGHEAD CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | CREAL CARL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CREAMER ALBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CREAMER CHARLES FORAK III: +0:The Wall | CREAMER FRANCIS P: +0:The Wall | CREAMER JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CREAR WILLIS CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CREASON JESS WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | CREASON RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | CREASON W K UTAH: +0:The Wall | CREASY JERRY N: +0:The Wall | CREECH BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | CREECH PHILLIP GENE: +0:The Wall | CREECH ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | 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B: +0:The Wall | CREWS CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CREWS JOHN DIVINE JR: +0:The Wall | CREWS JOHN HUNTER III: +0:The Wall | CREWS JOHN W JR: +0:The Wall | CREWS PHILIP MARVIN: +0:The Wall | CREWS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CREWS THOMAS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CRIBB EDWARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CRIBB FLOYD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CRIBBS JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | CRIBBS MARTIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRIBELAR MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | CRICHTON CHARLES FREDERIC: +0:The Wall | CRICHTON ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | CRICK DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRICKENBERGER RICHARD WAY: +0:The Wall | CRIDER JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | CRIDER RUSSELL DUANE: +0:The Wall | CRIGGER HENRY GLEAVES: +0:The Wall | CRIGGER RELL JR: +0:The Wall | CRIKELAIR JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CRILLY DAVID ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CRIM CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | CRIPE DENNIS WRAY: +0:The Wall | CRIPE JACK LESTER: +0:The Wall | CRIPE MERL L: +0:The Wall | CRIPE TOMMIE MAX: +0:The Wall | CRIPPS GEORGE WARREN: +0:The Wall | 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MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | CROMWELL EARL LEE: +0:The Wall | CROMWELL ROBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | CRON JODY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CRONE CARL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CRONE DONALD EVERETT: +0:The Wall | CRONE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | CRONIN BRIAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | CRONIN DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CRONIN JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | CRONIN JOHN EARL: +0:The Wall | CRONIN WILLIAM BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CRONK PAUL MARVIN JR: +0:The Wall | CRONK RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRONKHITE CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | CRONKRITE CHARLES LIGON: +0:The Wall | CRONKRITE WOODROW CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CRONRATH STEVEN MARK: +0:The Wall | CROOK ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | CROOK JAMES PEYTON: +0:The Wall | CROOK JIMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | CROOK OREN LEE: +0:The Wall | CROOK THOMAS HARRY: +0:The Wall | CROOK THOMAS HIRAM: +0:The Wall | CROOK WILLIAM FELTON JR: +0:The Wall | CROOKS DOUGLAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CROOKS EDWARD TAUL: +0:The Wall | CROOKS LESTER LOIS: +0:The Wall | CROOKS RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | DEL VALLE SANCHEZ ALEJO: +0:The Wall | DELA CRUZ FREDERICO V: +0:The Wall | DELA HOUSSAYE ARTHUR J JR: +0:The Wall | DELACERDA ANTONIO H JR: +0:The Wall | DELACROIX WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | DELANEY ALBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DELANEY DONNEY: +0:The Wall | DELANEY HERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DELANEY JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DELANEY JAMES PERRY: +0:The Wall | DELANEY JOHN PATRICK III: +0:The Wall | DELANEY KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | DELANEY RICHARD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DELANEY THOMAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | DELANEY WARREN C: +0:The Wall | DELANGE FREDERIC R: +0:The Wall | DELANO DARWIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | DELANO HENRY HARRISON: +0:The Wall | DELANO JIMMY LYNN: +0:The Wall | DELANO MERWIN A JR: +0:The Wall | DELANO PETER FRANK: +0:The Wall | DELANO THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DELAPHIANO JOE B: +0:The Wall | DELAPLAINE DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | DELAPLANE JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DELASANDRO DENNIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DELCAMBRE TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DELEHANT THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DELEIDI RICHARD AGUSTINE: +0:The Wall | DELGADO CARLOS MARTINEZ: +0:The Wall | DELGADO CHRISTOPHER GEORG: +0:The Wall | DELGADO FRANCISCO H: +0:The Wall | DELGADO FRANCISCO PENA: +0:The Wall | DELGADO GILBERT TREVINIO: +0:The Wall | DELGADO JOHN PEDRO: +0:The Wall | DELGADO JOSE ALEJANDRO: +0:The Wall | DELGADO LE ROY FRED JR: +0:The Wall | DELGADO MICHAEL JULIAN JR: +0:The Wall | DELGADO RAY: +0:The Wall | DELGADO RAYMOND RODRIGUEZ: +0:The Wall | DELGADO REINALDO LUIS: +0:The Wall | DELGADO RICHARD FALCON: +0:The Wall | DELGADO ROBERT MONTOLVE: +0:The Wall | DELGADO RUBEN: +0:The Wall | DELGADO-CLASS LUIS: +0:The Wall | DELGADO-MARIN ARTURO: +0:The Wall | DELIKAT EDWARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | DELISLE RODNEY JEROME: +0:The Wall | DELL GEORGE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DELL KENNETH JOHN: +0:The Wall | DELL THOMAS CARL: +0:The Wall | DELL'ANGELO DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DELL'ARENA RICHARD M: +0:The Wall | DELLAMANDOLA GREGORY JOHN: +0:The Wall | DELLAPINA CHRISTOPHER L: +0:The Wall | DELLECKER HENRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | DELLINGER CHARLES AVERY: +0:The Wall | DELLINGER CHARLES HILTON: +0:The Wall | DELLINGER ROBERT LARRY: +0:The Wall | DELLOS SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | DELLVON WILLIAM GRANT: +0:The Wall | DELLWO THOMAS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DELMARK FRANCIS JOHN DUNC: +0:The Wall | DELMONT JAMES LOVES: +0:The Wall | DELONG JOE LYNN: +0:The Wall | DELOZIER DAVID VINCENT: +0:The Wall | DELOZIER JOHN ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | DELP KENNETH HARVEY: +0:The Wall | DELP RONALD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | DELPH JERRY: +0:The Wall | DELPH SCOTT CLAYMON: +0:The Wall | DELPHIN BARRY RONAL: +0:The Wall | DELRIE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DELUCA GEORGE ABRAHAM: +0:The Wall | DELVERDE RONALD LEON: +0:The Wall | DELY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DEMALINE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DEMALINE PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DEMARA JUAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DEMARCO BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | DEMARCO MICHAEL GREGORY: +0:The Wall | DEMATTEIS DAVID KELL: +0:The Wall | DEMBOSKI STANLEY T: +0:The Wall | DEMBY GEORGE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DEMERJIAN STEPHEN HAIG: +0:The Wall | DEMERS ARTHUR EMILE JR: +0:The Wall | DEMERS RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DEMERS RICHARD WILFRED: +0:The Wall | DEMERSON JOE EDDIE: +0:The Wall | DEMETRIS VASILIOS: +0:The Wall | DEMGEN ROBERT NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | DEMINGS DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DEMKO LEONARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DEMMON DAVID STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DEMOND DONALD ALLEN R: +0:The Wall | DEMORE MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DEMOREST DAVID KEITH: +0:The Wall | DEMOROW ALAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DEMORY RAYMOND FRANK: +0:The Wall | DEMPS HENRY VAN: +0:The Wall | DEMPSEY GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | DEMPSEY JACK ISHUM: +0:The Wall | DEMPSEY JACK TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | DEMPSEY RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DEMPSEY THERON SPENCER: +0:The Wall | DEMPSEY WARREN LEIGH: +0:The Wall | DEMSEY WALTER EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | DENCY KARL PETER: +0:The Wall | DENEEN EARL MERRILL: +0:The Wall | DENEEN JOHN FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | DENGLER JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | DENHAM GAIL JR: +0:The Wall | DENHAM JAMES VIRL: +0:The Wall | DENHOFF ALAN BRIAN: +0:The Wall | DENHOFF THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DENHOFF WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DENIG JOSEPH HENRY: +0:The Wall | DENIPAH DANIEL DEE: +0:The Wall | DENISOWSKI STANLEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DENKINS FRED JR: +0:The Wall | DENLEY BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DENLINGER DAVID WOOD: +0:The Wall | DENMAN WILLIAM LUTHER: +0:The Wall | DENMARK ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DENNA DAVID RAMIRO: +0:The Wall | DENNANY JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DENNARD MACK JR: +0:The Wall | DENNEY ALAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DENNEY DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | DENNEY JIMMIE BRYSON: +0:The Wall | DENNEY TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DENNEY WILLIAM HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | DENNING DWIGHT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DENNING NEAL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DENNING THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DENNIS BLAIR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DENNIS BOBBIE JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | DENNIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DENNIS DAN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DENNIS DANIEL MAURICE: +0:The Wall | DENNIS DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | DENNIS DELMAR CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | DENNIS DOUGLASS J: +0:The Wall | DENNIS HAYVARD JR: +0:The Wall | DENNIS JAMES WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | DENNIS JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DENNIS JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DENNIS LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DENNIS MARK V: +0:The Wall | DENNIS PAUL JONES: +0:The Wall | DENNIS PAUL LESLIE: +0:The Wall | DENNIS RICHARD LESTER: +0:The Wall | DENNIS RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | DENNIS THADDEUS: +0:The Wall | DENNIS WALTER KENON: +0:The Wall | DENNIS WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | DENNIS WILLIAM R III: +0:The Wall | DENNIS WILLIAM ROY: +0:The Wall | DENNIS WILLIE ROSS: +0:The Wall | DENNISON CORTLAND ELLIS: +0:The Wall | DENNISON JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DENNISON RICHARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | DENNISON TERRY ARDEN: +0:The Wall | DENNULL EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DENNY CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DENNY DAVID LESTER: +0:The Wall | DENNY JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DENNY JERRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | DENNY LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DENNY RICHARD EMERSON JR: +0:The Wall | DENNY ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DENSLOW GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DENSON FLOYD CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | DENSON JERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DENT BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | DENT BRUCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | DENT GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | DENT MICHAEL EARL: +0:The Wall | DENT WILLIAM LORANCE: +0:The Wall | DENTINO MERLE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DENTON ARTHUR GERALD: +0:The Wall | DENTON BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | DENTON DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DENTON DENNIS ALAN: +0:The Wall | DENTON GREGORY JOHN D: +0:The Wall | DENTON GUY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DENTON MANUEL REYES: +0:The Wall | DENTON NORRIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | DENTON RANDALL MORRIS: +0:The Wall | DENTON ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DENTON SIDNEY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DEOCAMPO GREGORIO MANESE: +0:The Wall | DEORIO WILLIAM JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DEPAUL MICHAEL JOSEPH S: +0:The Wall | DEPP CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DEPREO WALLACE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DERAGON MICHAEL HENRY: +0:The Wall | DERBY EARL LEE: +0:The Wall | DERBY PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | DERBYSHIRE JAMES WILBERT: +0:The Wall | DERDA JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DERENBURGER RONALD HAL: +0:The Wall | DERHEIM KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | DERIG PATRICK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DERKSEMA WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DERMONT DONALD EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | DEROCHER FREDERICK GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DEROSIER LAURIER DON: +0:The Wall | DEROSIER MICHAEL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DEROSIER RICHARD TERRANCE: +0:The Wall | DEROSIER THOMAS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DERRICK ALVIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DERRICK BRUNSON A SR: +0:The Wall | DERRICK RANDY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DERRICK ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DERRICKSON THOMAS G II: +0:The Wall | DERRICO JACK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DERRIG MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | DERRILL CARROLL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DERRINGTON EARMON RAY: +0:The Wall | DERRITT EDDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | DERRY DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DERRYBERRY ABRAHAM R III: +0:The Wall | DERVISHIAN SARKIS: +0:The Wall | DES LAURIERS PHILIP GENE: +0:The Wall | DES ROCHERS JAMES BRIAN: +0:The Wall | DESCHAINE NORMAND CAMILLE: +0:The Wall | DESCHAMPS RAMON: +0:The Wall | DESCHENES JAMES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DESCHENES MICHAEL HUBERT: +0:The Wall | DESCHENES THOMAS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DESCO DENNIS A: +0:The Wall | DESCOTEAUX MAURICE CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | DESILETS WILLIAM J: +0:The Wall | DESILLIER RICHARD GILL: +0:The Wall | DESKINS RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | DESMARAIS DONALD ROGER: +0:The Wall | DESMARAIS GEORGE PHILIP: +0:The Wall | DESMOND JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DESMOND RAY GLEN: +0:The Wall | DESMORE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DESO BERTRAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DESOCIO DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DESORMEAUX HARRY HENRY: +0:The Wall | DESPARD JEROLD VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | DESPER RICHARD LINCOLN: +0:The Wall | DESROCHERS ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | DESSELLE RICHARD JUDE: +0:The Wall | DESSELLE THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DETERS DAVID STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DETMER DONALD GARY: +0:The Wall | DETOMASO CHARLES PHILIP: +0:The Wall | DETREMPE BARRY VICTOR: +0:The Wall | DETRICK DONALD GLEN: +0:The Wall | DETRICK GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | DETRICK ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DETRIXHE JAMES B W: +0:The Wall | DETWILER LAWRENCE R JR: +0:The Wall | DEUEL CHARLES FRANK: +0:The Wall | DEUEL WILLIAM TOWNSLEY: +0:The Wall | DEUERLING WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DEUSEBIO FRANK CESARE: +0:The Wall | DEUSO CARROLL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DEUTER RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | DEUTSCH BERNARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DEUTSCH HENRY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DEVANEY BRIAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | DEVANEY JAMES PRICE: +0:The Wall | DEVERALL GEORGE NOBLE: +0:The Wall | DEVEREAUX REESE: +0:The Wall | DEVERS DAVID RONALD SR: +0:The Wall | DEVERS LESLIE ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | DEVERS PAUL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DEVIK DAVID RALF: +0:The Wall | DEVINCENT EDWARD J JR: +0:The Wall | DEVINE CAMERON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DEVINE DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DEVINE FRANCIS STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | DEVINE JOHN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | DEVINE RICHARD DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | DEVINE RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DEVINE THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DEVINS RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DEVLIN JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DEVLIN THOMAS ROGER: +0:The Wall | DEVNEY JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DEVOE DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DEVOE DOUGLAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DEVOR KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | DEVORE CRAIG JESSE: +0:The Wall | DEVORE KENNETH ROY: +0:The Wall | DEVORE RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | DEVORE WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DEW EDWARD EARL: +0:The Wall | DEW HENRY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DEW JAMES JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | DEW PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DEW ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | DEWANE RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DEWAR JAMES CRAIG: +0:The Wall | DEWBERRY JERRY DON: +0:The Wall | DEWEESE BILLY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | DEWEY DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | DEWEY ERIC MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DEWEY JAMES ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | DEWEY LARRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DEWINE ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | DEWITT DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DEWLEN MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | DEWVEALL JERALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | DEWYEA RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DEXTER BENNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DEXTER HERBERT J: +0:The Wall | DEXTER RICHARD AUGUSTINE: +0:The Wall | DEXTER RONALD CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | DEXTER RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | DEXTER VAUGHN LEROY: +0:The Wall | DEXTRAZE RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | DEYERMOND WARREN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DEYNEKA CARL: +0:The Wall | DEYO ROBERT WILBUR JR: +0:The Wall | DI ANTONIO MARTIN M JR: +0:The Wall | DI BARI LOUIS SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DI BARTOLOMEO RONALD J: +0:The Wall | DI BERARDINO PERRY: +0:The Wall | DI CAPRIO PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DI CAVALLUCCI VICTOR: +0:The Wall | DI DOMIZIO JOHN: +0:The Wall | DI FATE RALPH DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DI FIGLIA FRANK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DI FINIZIO LOUIS CARL: +0:The Wall | DI GENNO MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DI GREGORIO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DI GUARDIA ALEXANDER NICH: +0:The Wall | DI LANDRO JOSEPH JOHN: 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Wall | DICKENS DAVID RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | DICKENS DELMA ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DICKENS ELMER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DICKENS FREDDIE DALE: +0:The Wall | DICKENS JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DICKENS JAMES AARON: +0:The Wall | DICKENS ODELL: +0:The Wall | DICKENS PHIL JACKSON: +0:The Wall | DICKENS RUSSELL W: +0:The Wall | DICKENSON LLEWELLYN PAUL: +0:The Wall | DICKERHOFF TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON BERNARD W JR: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON CHARLES C JR: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON DAVID DOWNING: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON DOUGLAS R JR: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON GEORGE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON HAROLD: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON JAMES CAROL: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON JAMES EGBERT: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON JOHN GREEN III: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON OMER PAUL: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON RICCARDO BURTON: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON ROBERT BOLT III: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON STANLEY HEMAN: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON THOMAS GERALD: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON TOMMY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON WILLIAM CLINT: 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MARK LANE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON RONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DICKUS MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DICUS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | DIDAMO RALPH ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | DIDASKALOU GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DIDIER JOHN PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | DIDURYK MYRON: +0:The Wall | DIEBALL DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | DIECKMAN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | DIECKMANN JOHN E: +0:The Wall | DIEDERICH JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | DIEDRICH JAMES NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | DIEDRICH ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | DIEDRICKSEN ALAN LEE: +0:The Wall | DIEFENBACH LARRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DIEFENDERFER THOMAS EDWAR: +0:The Wall | DIEFFENBACH ROBERT W JR: +0:The Wall | DIEHL DANA EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DIEHL HARRY G: +0:The Wall | DIEHL PATRICK REGAN: +0:The Wall | DIEHL ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DIEHL STANLEY GENE: +0:The Wall | DIEHL WILLIAM CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | DIEKEMA ARNOLD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DIEMLER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | DIERS RICHARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | DIERYCK JAMES LEO: +0:The Wall | DIETZ DIETER WALTER: +0:The Wall | DIETZ DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DIETZ GARY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | DIETZ LAWRENCE ALFRED II: +0:The Wall | DIETZ LEWIS RAY: +0:The Wall | DIETZ WALLACE JAMES: +0:The Wall | DIETZ WOLF-DIETER: +0:The Wall | DIEU GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DIEUDONNE CARROLL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DIEZ ISAAC ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | DIFFENDERFER TERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DIGGS JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DIGGS MICHAEL RONELL: +0:The Wall | DIGGS WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DIGSBY LEROY: +0:The Wall | DIKEMAN LARRY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DIKER GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | DILALLO JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DILBECK LONNIE ADKEN: +0:The Wall | DILE STEVEN ORLANDO: +0:The Wall | DILGER HERBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | DILIBERTO KIM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DILL GARVIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DILL JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DILLARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | DILLARD DONALD GARY: +0:The Wall | DILLARD HAROLD JEROME: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JAMES BRYAN: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JAMES L III: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JOHN ALBERT B JR: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DILLARD TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DILLARD THOMAS MANUEL: +0:The Wall | DILLENDER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DILLENSEGER BERNARD GUY J: +0:The Wall | DILLER JAY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DILLETT LENO RENALDO: +0:The Wall | DILLEY DANA ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DILLINDER RANDY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DILLMAN ROGER L: +0:The Wall | DILLMAN WAYNE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DILLON DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DILLON DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | DILLON DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | DILLON DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DILLON FRANCIS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DILLON GEORGE ALFRED CHED: +0:The Wall | DILLON JACK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | DILLON JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | DILLON PATRICK MAURICE: +0:The Wall | DILLON RAYMOND LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DILLON RICHARD HALL JR: +0:The Wall | DILLON WILLIAM JERRY: 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JOE: +0:The Wall | DINGWALL JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DINKINS MICHAEL GARY: +0:The Wall | DION LAURENT NORBERT: +0:The Wall | DION THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | DIONNE DONALD THOMAS SR: +0:The Wall | DIONNE ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | DIORIO MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | DIPACE RALPH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DIPERT MARVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | DIPHILLIPO ROCCO: +0:The Wall | DIPOLO ROLAND FORREST: +0:The Wall | DIREEN KEVEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DIRICKSON MARION LEE: +0:The Wall | DIRNBERGER LAWRENCE ANDRE: +0:The Wall | DISCEPOLO ANTHONY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DISCHERT JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DISCHHAUSER DIETER HERBER: +0:The Wall | DISHEROON BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DISHMAN DOUGLAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DISHMAN JERRY: +0:The Wall | DISHMAN WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DISMAYA EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | DISMUKE ALBERT ROYCE: +0:The Wall | DISMUKES RAYMOND KYLE: +0:The Wall | DISON EDWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | DISPENSIERO DOUGLAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DISRUD DAVID A: +0:The Wall | DISSELKOEN DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | DISSINGER GARY FRANK: +0:The Wall | DISTEFANO FERDINANDO: +0:The Wall | DITCH DAVID KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DITORO WILLIAM FENTON: +0:The Wall | DITSON LYMAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DITTMER DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DITTMER LEWIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DITZFELD BOBBIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DIVENS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DIVES THOMAS LAMONTE JR: +0:The Wall | DIX CRAIG MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | DIX DONALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DIX STANLEY WESLEY: +0:The Wall | DIXON ALONZO LENORD: +0:The Wall | DIXON CARL DEAN: +0:The Wall | DIXON CARLTON LEO: +0:The Wall | DIXON CECIL F: +0:The Wall | DIXON CHARLES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | DIXON CORDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DIXON DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DIXON DAVID ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DIXON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | DIXON DAVID LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DIXON DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DIXON FRAZIER THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DIXON GALE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DIXON JAMES C: +0:The Wall | DIXON JESSE JAMES: +0:The Wall | DIXON JOHN ALANSON: +0:The Wall | DIXON JOHN HENERY: +0:The Wall | DIXON JOHN T: +0:The Wall | DIXON JR CHARLES O: +0:The Wall | DIXON LEE ARTICE: +0:The Wall | DIXON LEE CHRIS: +0:The Wall | DIXON LELAND FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DIXON LEO CHESTER: +0:The Wall | DIXON LINDEN BROOK: +0:The Wall | DIXON LOUIS KRIMMIT: +0:The Wall | DIXON MARK HANNAY: +0:The Wall | DIXON MICHAEL KENNETH L: +0:The Wall | DIXON MIKLE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DIXON MORRIS FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | DIXON PATRICK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DIXON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | DIXON ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | DIXON ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DIXON STEPHEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DIXON TERRENCE GLADE: +0:The Wall | DIXON TOMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | DIXON WARREN MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | DIXON WILLIAM ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | DIXON WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DIZE GEORGE HARLAND: +0:The Wall | DLUGOKINSKI EDMUND VALENT: +0:The Wall | DLUZAK DAVID MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DOADES FLOYD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DOAK STANLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOAK TOMMY ALLEN: 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| DOBY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOBYNES JOSEPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOBYNS RUSSELL MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | DOCK RAYMOND LEE JR: +0:The Wall | DOCKERY ROOSEVELT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DOCKERY STEVE JULIUS: +0:The Wall | DOCKSTADER RANDELL L: +0:The Wall | DOCTOR GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | DODD BILLY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DODD CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | DODD DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | DODD EDDIE LEROY: +0:The Wall | DODD JAMES ERWIN: +0:The Wall | DODD JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DODD JOSEPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | DODD LAWRENCE ADDINSON: +0:The Wall | DODD LAWRENCE RUDIN: +0:The Wall | DODD RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DODD RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DODDS LARRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | DODDY VICTOR LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DODE FRED RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DODGE EDWARD RAY: +0:The Wall | DODGE GREGORY ALEXIS: +0:The Wall | DODGE JEFFREY BRUNS: +0:The Wall | DODGE JEWELL FLETCHER: +0:The Wall | DODGE MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | DODGE RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DODGE WARD KENT: +0:The Wall | DODSON BILLY: +0:The Wall | DODSON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | DODSON DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | DODSON ERNEST DEAN: +0:The Wall | DODSON FREDDY DEAN: +0:The Wall | DODSON JACK LEROY: +0:The Wall | DODSON JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DODSON JOHN LARRY: +0:The Wall | DODSON LEONARD: +0:The Wall | DODSON PAUL ALONZO SR: +0:The Wall | DODSON ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | DODSON SEAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | DODSON WESLEY ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | DODSON WILLIAM NEAL JR: +0:The Wall | DODSWORTH ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DOEBERT PHILLIP RAY: +0:The Wall | DOEDEN NICOLAUS AUGUST: +0:The Wall | DOELGER-LANDIVAR HERMANN: +0:The Wall | DOERING LLOYD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DOERING ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOERRMAN CHARLES ELLSWORT: +0:The Wall | DOEZEMA FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DOGGETT EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOGGETT RONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DOHERTY GUY WOODS: +0:The Wall | DOHERTY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOHERTY MARTIN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DOIG DOUGLAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOIKE JOHN TOSHIO: +0:The Wall | DOILEY ARTHUR LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | DOIRON WILFRED ALCIDE: +0:The Wall | DOKE JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DOKES CHARLES WILLIE: +0:The Wall | DOLAN DAVID PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DOLAN HASKELL JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | DOLAN JAMES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | DOLAN JIMMY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DOLAN THOMAS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DOLAN THOMAS WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | DOLAN WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | DOLBOW BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOLBY MELVIN LESTER: +0:The Wall | DOLEN JIMMIE ALAN: +0:The Wall | DOLIBER EDGAR SNOW: +0:The Wall | DOLIK PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOLIM STEVEN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOLIN DANNY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOLL JEROME NORMAN: +0:The Wall | DOLLAR EUGENE DOYCE: +0:The Wall | DOLLARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOLLENS HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | DOLOUGHTY JAMES CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | DOLVIN JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DOMAN BENJAMIN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | DOMAN HAROLD ARTHER: +0:The Wall | DOMBROSKI DARRYL TOD: +0:The Wall | DOMER GLENN WILSON: +0:The Wall | DOMIAN EDWARD THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | DOMIANO PETER PAUL: +0:The Wall | DOMINE MANUEL DE LEON: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ CARLOS: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ ERNESTO: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ FRANK L: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ JOE REINI: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ MICHAEL GENE: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ-CORTES ELIEZER: +0:The Wall | DOMINIAK HOWARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DOMINIAK MARIAN J JR: +0:The Wall | DOMINICK CHARLIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | DOMINIQUE GARY MARK: +0:The Wall | DOMINKOWITZ MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DOMKE PAUL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DONA BIENVENIDO GENIZA: +0:The Wall | DONAGHY EDGAR STOMS: +0:The Wall | DONAHE WARREN LEE: +0:The Wall | DONAHOE DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE CHRISTOPHER C: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JAMES T JR: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE MORGAN JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE RICHARD EARLE: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE ROBERT WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE WELLINGTON MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DONALD HARMON ODELL JR: +0:The Wall | DONALD HOWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DONALD ROBERT CYRILL: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON EVERETTE LEROY: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON HERBERT C JR: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON LAWRENCE GERARD: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON ROBERT D: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON STEVEN ELLIS: +0:The Wall | DONATHAN RICHARD PETE: +0:The Wall | DONATIELLO JERRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DONATO PAUL NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | DONAVAN TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DONAWAY ROBERT HUGHES: +0:The Wall | DONDERO ROBERT ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DONER PATRICK RALPH: +0:The Wall | DONESKI HENRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONICS WILLIAM CALDWELL: +0:The Wall | DONKER LEO MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONLAN RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONLON MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DONNAL JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DONNELL JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DONNELL LAWRENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | DONNELL PETER FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DONNELL ROBERT A II: +0:The Wall | DONNELLAN DANIEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY ALAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY DAVID: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY JAMES VOELKEL: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY JAMES WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY JOHN JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY RAYMOND PETER: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY VERNE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DONOHO WILFORD LYNN: +0:The Wall | DONOHOE CHARLES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE FRANCIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE FRANCIS DAVID: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE RONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE STEPHEN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE WILLIAM EDMOND: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN ARTHUR EDMUND: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN DENNIS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN JOHN DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN LEROY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN MICHAEL G III: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN MICHAEL LEO: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN PAMELA DOROTHY: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN ROBERT MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN THOMAS STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN TOMMY CLAYTON II: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DONSTAD JAMES MARVIN: +0:The Wall | DOODY ALBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOODY DOUGLAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOODY THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY DENNIS LYNN: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY MARVIN L: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY MICHAEL BANION: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY ROBERT ELLIS: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE JON HILIARE: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE RONALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOOM CHARLES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | DOORNBOS DON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DOOSE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | DOPP GARY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | DOPP RICHARD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DORAN JAMES DONALD: +0:The Wall | DORAN PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DORAN SEAN TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DORAN THOMAS E: +0:The Wall | DORAN TIMOTHY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DORAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DORCHAK GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DORE GARY AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | DORFMAN WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | DORIA ALDO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DORIA RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DORING LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DORIO JOHN WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DORITY RICHARD CLAIR: +0:The Wall | DORMAN CHARLES DUDLEY: +0:The Wall | DORMAN DANIEL GENE: +0:The Wall | DORMAN DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | DORMAN DONALD RALPH: +0:The Wall | DORMAN GEORGE STANTON: +0:The Wall | DORMAN MICHAEL RODNEY: +0:The Wall | DORN MICHAEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | DORN PHILIP KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DORNAK LEONARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DORNBERGH WILLIAM L JR: +0:The Wall | DORNELLAS RICHARD ALLISON: +0:The Wall | DORNER ROBERT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DORNON CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DORONZO PAUL FRANK: +0:The Wall | DOROUGH JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DORR GERALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DORR GERALD BRIAN: +0:The Wall | DORRIES CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DORRIS CLAUDE HESSON: +0:The Wall | DORRIS CURTIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DORRIS DAVID WALTER: +0:The Wall | DORSCH RICHARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DORSE ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | DORSETT HARRY CLINTON: +0:The Wall | DORSETT ROY GEREAD: +0:The Wall | DORSEY CARLITO LADORES: +0:The Wall | DORSEY CECIL EVERETT: +0:The Wall | DORSEY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DORSEY EDWARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DORSEY GARDNER: +0:The Wall | DORSEY GEORGE HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | DORSEY HARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DORSEY JAMES R JR: +0:The Wall | DORSEY JAMES VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | DORSEY LEWIS R G: +0:The Wall | DORSEY ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DORSEY ROGER: +0:The Wall | DORSEY WILLIAM BANFIELD: +0:The Wall | DORSEY WILLIAM TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DORSHAK ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOSECK RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DOSS HAROLD CONWAY JR: +0:The Wall | DOSS LARRY DONNELL: +0:The Wall | DOSS LUTHER JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | DOSS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DOSS ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOSSETT JAMES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | DOSSETT JOHN ADRIAN JR: +0:The Wall | DOSTAL THOMAS JEROME: +0:The Wall | DOSTER HENRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOTEN ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | DOTSON DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOTSON DONALD LUTHER: +0:The Wall | DOTSON EUGENE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | DOTSON JEFFERSON SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DOTSON MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | DOTSON MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOTSON RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOTSON WILLIAM THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | DOTTER EDWIN EARL: +0:The Wall | DOTY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOTY CLAIR DUANE: +0:The Wall | DOTY JAMES MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | DOTY LOYAL BARON: +0:The Wall | DOTY VAUGHN ORMON: +0:The Wall | DOTY WESLEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DOUBERLY JAMES ODEN: +0:The Wall | DOUCET LEON NORMAND: +0:The Wall | DOUCET WILLIAM BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | DOUD NORMAN KENT: +0:The Wall | DOUGAN CHARLES GARVIN: +0:The Wall | DOUGAN MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOUGANS EMMETT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DOUGHER THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY JOHN CHRISTIAN: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY KIRBY JON: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY LON JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY THEODORE ALOYIS: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTIE CARL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTIE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTY JAMES ALDEN: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTY ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS CARL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS CHARLES MAC: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS CLARK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS DELBERT: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS DONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS DWIGHT SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS FRANK FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS HARVEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JOHNNIE LAMAR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS LESLIE FORREST JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS PAUL MELVYN: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS THOMAS EVAN: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS WILLIAM LOWELL JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLASS GERALD TYLER JR: +0:The Wall | DOUILLETTE WILLIAM R JR: +0:The Wall | DOUSE JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOVE JACK PARIS SR: +0:The Wall | DOVER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DOVER JOHNNY LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOW ROBERT MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DOWD CARTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOWD FRANCIS JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DOWD JOHN ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | DOWD LAWRENCE KENT: +0:The Wall | DOWD THOMAS BROWN: +0:The Wall | DOWD THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOWD WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | DOWDELL MARVIN: +0:The Wall | DOWDELL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DOWDS ROBERT RAOUL: +0:The Wall | DOWDY JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | DOWDY MITCHEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DOWDY RUFUS JOHN: +0:The Wall | DOWDY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOWELL GARY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOWELL GILBERT: +0:The Wall | DOWJOTAS GERALD JAY: +0:The Wall | DOWLING CLIFFORD FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DOWLING FRANCIS ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | DOWLING JEAN PIERRE: +0:The Wall | DOWLING JESSE WILLARD: +0:The Wall | DOWLING JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOWLING ROBERT MOFFETT: +0:The Wall | DOWLING WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNARD CLYDE DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY CHARLES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY CLAY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY EARL GARLAND: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY EDWARD FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY EDWARD JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY GERALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY MICHAEL WAKEFIELD: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY PATRICK H: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY STEPHEN WOOD: +0:The Wall | DOWNIN RAYMOND CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOWNING DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DOWNING DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOWNING DUANE AULDON: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JAMES LESLIE: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JOSEPH HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNING LESTER EARL: +0:The Wall | DOWNING MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOWNING WILLIAM KELLY: +0:The Wall | DOWNS ARTHUR MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | DOWNS CARL LESTER: +0:The Wall | DOWNS CHARLES MILTON: +0:The Wall | DOWNS EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOWNS EDWIN ALFAY: +0:The Wall | DOWNS JACK DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DOWNS JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | DOWNS JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOWNS LLOYD J: +0:The Wall | DOWNS VERNON LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNS WILLIAM GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | DOXEY JAN DEAN: +0:The Wall | DOYE RICKY LEE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE ALBERT BARCINAS: +0:The Wall | DOYLE DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE HOWARD L: +0:The Wall | DOYLE JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DOYLE JOSEPH CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE LARRY R: +0:The Wall | DOYLE MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOYLE MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | DOYLE MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOYLE PATRICK LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DOYLE RAYMOND E JR: +0:The Wall | DOYLE REX WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE ROBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | DOYON PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DOZIER DEBROW: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JERALD LEON: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JOBIE CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JOHN TILLMAN II: +0:The Wall | DOZIER WILLIE CLAY: +0:The Wall | DRABY LEROY JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | DRAEGER WALTER FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DRAEMER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DRAGONE JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | DRAGOSAVAC DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAGOTI JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DRAHER CLIFFORD EARL: +0:The Wall | DRAIN HOWARD ELMER: +0:The Wall | DRAK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DRAKE CARL WILSON: +0:The Wall | DRAKE CLANCY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAKE DAVID LAWRENCE JR: +0:The Wall | DRAKE DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRAKE DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DRAKE EARLE AVON: +0:The Wall | DRAKE GLENN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DRAKE JOHN DE WITT: +0:The Wall | DRAKE JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | DRAKE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRAKE MICHAEL LEON: +0:The Wall | DRAKE MICHEAL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DRAKE RICHARD GUY: +0:The Wall | DRAKE RICHARD KENNETH JR: +0:The Wall | DRAKE RODNEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAKE ROGER KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DRAKE STEVEN COLE: +0:The Wall | DRAKE TIMOTHY CALVIN: +0:The Wall | DRAKEN OTTO JAMES: +0:The Wall | DRAKES CLARENCE EARL: +0:The Wall | DRANE JOHN WILBUR: +0:The Wall | DRANE WILBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | DRAPER CLIFFORD ARVIN: +0:The Wall | DRAPER MARION LEON: +0:The Wall | DRAPER MARK GREGORY: +0:The Wall | DRAPER ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | DRAPER WILFRED: +0:The Wall | DRAPER WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DRAPER WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DRAPP ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAUGHN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DRAUGHON ISAAC RAY: +0:The Wall | DRAUT CHARLES BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | DRAVES LARRY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | DRAVIS JAMES STEVENS JR: +0:The Wall | DRAWDY RYLAND WHITNEY: +0:The Wall | DRAY DONALD BARRY: +0:The Wall | DRAZBA CAROL ANN ELIZABET: +0:The Wall | DRAZER THOMAS STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DREA TERRANCE LEE: +0:The Wall | DREHER RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | DREIER MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | DRENNEN NILS ARDEN: +0:The Wall | DRESHER HARRY EVERETT JR: +0:The Wall | DRESSEL KENNETH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | DRESSEN DOUGLAS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DRESSLER EMMETT L: +0:The Wall | DREW EDWARD JOSEPH II: +0:The Wall | DREW JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | DREW JOSEPH LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DREW KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | DREW ROBERT DEARHART: +0:The Wall | DREW THEODORE GLENN: +0:The Wall | DREW THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DREWES RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DREWICZ ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DREWRY NOLAN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DREYER THEODORE HENRY: +0:The Wall | DRIGGERS ARTHUR M JR: +0:The Wall | DRIGGERS JERRY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | DRIGGERS VESTIE TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DRINKARD DANNY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRINKHOUSE JOHN WATTS: +0:The Wall | DRINNON BEDFORD LEE: +0:The Wall | DRINSKI DAREN LEE: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL FRANCIS MURTAUGH: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL JOHN RAYMOND III: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL VICTOR MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DRISKELL LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | DRISKILL JERYL FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DRIVER DALLAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | DRIVER JOHN CECIL: +0:The Wall | DRIVERE RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRIZA STANLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DROB DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DROBENA MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | DROHOSKY EDWARD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | DROIGK MARTIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DROSD WALTER LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DROSZCZ DANIEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DROUGHT DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | DROUHARD PETER AUGUST: +0:The Wall | DROWN DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | DROWN LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | DROWN LYLE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DROWN SAMUEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DROWN TERRY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DROZ DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | DROZDZ STANISLAW JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRUM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DRUMMOND AUSTIN LEON: +0:The Wall | DRUMMOND EMANUEL FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DRUMMOND PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DRURY JACKY LEE: +0:The Wall | DRUSCHEL WILLIAM LENORD: +0:The Wall | DRUZINSKI KARL WALTER: +0:The Wall | DRY MELVIN SPENCE: +0:The Wall | DRYDEN MICHAEL THEODORE: +0:The Wall | DRYDEN RALPH MARION JR: +0:The Wall | DRYE JACK LEE: +0:The Wall | DRYER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DRYNAN ARTHUR W: +0:The Wall | DRYOEL DONALD L: +0:The Wall | DRYSDALE CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DU BEAU GERALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DU BOIS GREG ALAN: +0:The Wall | DU BOIS RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DU BOSE LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DU CHARM PAUL MEDORE: +0:The Wall | DU LONG FRANKLIN ROOSEVEL: +0:The Wall | DU MOND ROLAND DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DU PLESSIS RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | DU PONT JAMES CAMIL: +0:The Wall | DU PONT RALPH PETER JR: +0:The Wall | DU VALL DEAN ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | DUART BILLIE D: +0:The Wall | DUARTE GERALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUARTE JOHN FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DUARTE JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUBACH GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | DUBB DEWAIN V: +0:The Wall | DUBBELD ORIE JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | DUBBS RAYMOND ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DUBE ANDRE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DUBE PETER LEE: +0:The Wall | DUBIA LAWRENCE NORMOND: +0:The Wall | DUBIEL PETER PHILIP: +0:The Wall | DUBOSE DOUGLAS SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DUBOSE FRED CLINTON III: +0:The Wall | DUCAT BRUCE CHALMERS: +0:The Wall | DUCAT PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUCE ROGER L: +0:The Wall | DUCHARME RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUCHNOWSKI JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUCK CURTIS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | DUCK WILLIAM WHITBY: +0:The Wall | DUCKER RONALD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT ARLEN JACKSON JR: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT CURTIS LEE: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT JOSEPH L JR: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT LARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT RONALD WARREN: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT THOMAS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUCKWORTH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUCOMMUN RONALD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DUCOTE LONNIE JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DUDASH JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUDDY CHARLES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | DUDEK JOSEPH WALTER: +0:The Wall | DUDEK RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY BRUCE WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY CARL DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY CHARLES GLENDON: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY DONALD KIETH: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY FOREST EDD: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY HARVEY JR: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY JOHN MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY LAWRENCE WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | DUEL EDWARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DUELK JOSEPH DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | DUELLMAN HENRY RALPH: +0:The Wall | DUEMAN MERLE L: +0:The Wall | DUEMLING RALPH NELSON: +0:The Wall | DUENAS JOSE BAMBA: +0:The Wall | DUENAS JUAN LEON GUERRERE: +0:The Wall | DUENAS ROBERTO CERVANTES: +0:The Wall | DUENSING JAMES ALLYN: +0:The Wall | DUER THOMAS WADE: +0:The Wall | DUESSENT CHARLES PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUFAULT JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DUFAULT JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DUFAULT PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUFF BARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUFF JACK CECIL JR: +0:The Wall | DUFF PHILLIP RANDALL: +0:The Wall | DUFF ROBERT DARREL: +0:The Wall | DUFFER ERIC THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUFFETT EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DUFFETT JAMES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFEY GERALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUFFEY JERRY NORMAN: +0:The Wall | DUFFIELD JOHN DAVID LOCKW: +0:The Wall | DUFFIN REY L: +0:The Wall | DUFFNER WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | DUFFORD PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY DANIEL BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY DANIEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | DUFFY DONALD RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUFFY JAMES PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY JOHN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | DUFFY JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUFFY KEITH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUFFY LAWRENCE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY MICHAEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY PATRICK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY THOMAS BENEDICT JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY THOMAS KNOWLES: +0:The Wall | DUFFY VINCENT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUFRESNE WILLARD J JR: +0:The Wall | DUGAN BEN GOOLMAN: +0:The Wall | DUGAN EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUGAN JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUGAN JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DUGAN KEVIN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | DUGAN KEVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUGAN PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | DUGAN THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUGAS JOSEPH GERALD: +0:The Wall | DUGAS MICHAEL JEAN: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN WILLIAM YOUNG: +0:The Wall | DUGGER ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DUGGER DOUGLAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | DUGGER JAMES DOWEL JR: +0:The Wall | DUGNESS PETER: +0:The Wall | DUHE BYRON RANDALL: +0:The Wall | DUHY HARVEY ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DUKE ALAN RAY: +0:The Wall | DUKE BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUKE DOUGLAS OVYLE: +0:The Wall | DUKE GEORGE G: +0:The Wall | DUKE LARRY WADE: +0:The Wall | DUKE THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUKEHART STEPHEN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DUKELOW CORNELIOUS P II: +0:The Wall | DUKES ARTHUR ROGER JR: +0:The Wall | DUKES GEORGE BENNIE: +0:The Wall | DUKES PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DUKES ROY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DUKES THOMAS LESTER: +0:The Wall | DULAC MALCOLM CYRIL: +0:The Wall | DULAK RAYMOND ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DULAY SALVADOR REDILLA: +0:The Wall | DULEBOHN DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | DULEN RENDLE: +0:The Wall | DULIK THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DULIN ZETTIE J C: +0:The Wall | DULL EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | DULLEY KENNETH LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DULYEA BARRY H: +0:The Wall | DUMAS DAVID DONALD: +0:The Wall | DUMAS LONNIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUMAS OLIVER DEWITT: +0:The Wall | DUMAS SAMUEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | DUMAS WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DUMDEI CHARLES MARION: +0:The Wall | DUMIN PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUMKE ALLEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUMOND DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUMONT ROGER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUNAGAN JIMMY LYN: +0:The Wall | DUNAGAN MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DUNAJ WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DUNAWAY GORDON HERBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNAWAY JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNAWAY ROBERT LEON JR: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ALLEN SEVARN: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR CLARENCE WILSON: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR DOYLE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ROBERT SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ROY WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ANDREW MCARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN BENJAMIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN BOYCE LOWRANCE JR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN EDWARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN GALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN GARY BERYL: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN GLENN CHRISTIE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN HERMAN DERL: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JOSEPH WILLIE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN KURT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN LEON TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN LLOYD ALVAN: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN MITCHELL JEROME: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ONNIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN RICHARD WINERFRED: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ROBERT LEE: 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WESLEY: +0:The Wall | DUNN LARRY: +0:The Wall | DUNN LAURENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUNN LESSELL JR: +0:The Wall | DUNN MERL THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | DUNN MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUNN MICHAEL ROY: +0:The Wall | DUNN MORRIS GORDON: +0:The Wall | DUNN RALPH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUNN RALPH GERALD: +0:The Wall | DUNN RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNN ROBERT TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | DUNN ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUNN TEDDY REX: +0:The Wall | DUNN WAYLAND JR: +0:The Wall | DUNNAVANT JAMES M JR: +0:The Wall | DUNNE GERARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUNNE PAUL HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DUNNEBACK MICHAEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DUNNING DENNIS GYMAN: +0:The Wall | DUNNING JR ALLAN L: +0:The Wall | DUNNING TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DUNNING WILLIAM MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DUNSING DENNIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUNSMORE FRANK MELVIN JR: +0:The Wall | DUNSMORE LEO PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUNTON JAMES G: +0:The Wall | DUNTZ RONALD DE VERE: +0:The Wall | DUNYON DAVID PHERRAL: +0:The Wall | DUPELL ROBERT JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DUPERE EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUPERE JOSEPH RENE: +0:The Wall | DUPERE PAUL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DUPERRY PETER ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DUPLAGA JOHN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DUPLECHAIN ANDRUS FLOYD: +0:The Wall | DUPLESSIE ALEXANDER WILLI: +0:The Wall | DUPLESSIS GEORGE LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DUPONT ERNEST THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUPONT KENNETH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUPRE CHARLES VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | DUPRE LARRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | DUPRE NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | DUPREE BENNY RAY: +0:The Wall | DUPREE BILL JAKE: +0:The Wall | DUPREE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DUPREE WILBERT SHELBY JR: +0:The Wall | DUPREY ARTHUR RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DUPREY DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | DUPUIS CLEMENT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DURALL ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DURAN ALFONSO MARQUEZ: +0:The Wall | DURAN AMIE JACOB: +0:The Wall | DURAN ELOY: +0:The Wall | DURAN ERNEST LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DURAN IGNACIO: +0:The Wall | DURAN JUAN CHAIRES JR: +0:The Wall | DURAN PABLO: +0:The Wall | DURAN RICHARD LOSOYA: +0:The Wall | DURAN SALVADOR GUTIERREZ: +0:The Wall | DURAN STEVE GONZALES: +0:The Wall | DURANCEAU DAVID MARIUS: +0:The Wall | DURAND DENNIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DURAND PAUL LIONEL: +0:The Wall | DURANT FORBIS PIPKIN JR: +0:The Wall | DURANT RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | DURANT WILLIE: +0:The Wall | DURBIN ROBERT VERNON: +0:The Wall | DURBIN RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DURBIN THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DURDEN TROY: +0:The Wall | DURELL ALGER EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | DURFLINGER ROLLAND LEON: +0:The Wall | DURHAM DAVID TERRELL: +0:The Wall | DURHAM DWIGHT MONTGOMERY: +0:The Wall | DURHAM GEORGE RAY: +0:The Wall | DURHAM HAROLD BASCOM JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JAMES CLAUDE JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JOHN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JOHN MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DURHAM OLIVER EARL: +0:The Wall | DURHAM RHONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DURHAM SAMUEL RAY: +0:The Wall | DURHAM THOMAS WYATT: +0:The Wall | DURHAM VAN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | DURHAM WILLARD DUANE JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | DURKIN JOSEPH WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DURLIN JOHN STEWART: +0:The Wall | DURLING JOSEPH A III: +0:The Wall | DURO IGNACIO ESCOBAR: +0:The Wall | DUROY ALLEN JACQUES: +0:The Wall | DURR BRIAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DURR LAVALL: +0:The Wall | DURRETT THADDEUS: +0:The Wall | DURRWACHTER HERMAN K JR: +0:The Wall | DURST JOHN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | DURST LARRY BLAINE: +0:The Wall | DURTKA GERALD WILBERT: +0:The Wall | DURYEA ARNOLD MAX: +0:The Wall | DUSART KENNETH WALTER: +0:The Wall | DUSBABEK GLENN HENRY: +0:The Wall | DUSBABEK JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUSCH GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUSCH PARIS DALE: +0:The Wall | DUSCHEK RUDI HERMANN: +0:The Wall | DUSING CHARLES GALE: +0:The Wall | DUSSEAU ALBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUSSEAU JERRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DUSSEAU RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | DUSZYNSKI ANDREW JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUTCHER JIMIE DALE: +0:The Wall | DUTCHER LEONARD EARL: +0:The Wall | DUTCHES WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DUTHU ROY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DUTKIEWICZ ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUTRA ROBERT LEONARD: +0:The Wall | DUTRO RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUTTON BERNARD F JR: +0:The Wall | DUTTON CHARLES MATHEW: +0:The Wall | DUTY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DUTY CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | DUTY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUTY MELVIN DAROLD: +0:The Wall | DUVAL MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUVALL GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | DUVALL RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | DVORATCHEK THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DWIGGINS DONALD HOMER JR: +0:The Wall | DWIGHT WILLIAM LAMAR: +0:The Wall | DWORACZYK WALLACE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DWORNIK VALENTINE MARION: +0:The Wall | DWYER ALFRED THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DWYER DALE DON: +0:The Wall | DWYER LAWRENCE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | DWYER MATTHEW MURICE JR: +0:The Wall | DWYER MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DWYER PATRICK PETER: +0:The Wall | DWYER PATRICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DWYER ROBERT KEEFE: +0:The Wall | DWYER ROBERT MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DWYER THOMAS D: +0:The Wall | DWYER THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYBVIG NED TURNER: +0:The Wall | DYCE DONALD MYRON: +0:The Wall | DYCHES CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | DYCKS RONALD KING: +0:The Wall | DYCUS RICKEY DALE: +0:The Wall | DYCZKOWSKI ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DYDYNSKI STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DYE DANIEL GROVER: +0:The Wall | DYE DANIEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DYE DANNY DAVID: +0:The Wall | DYE DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | DYE EDWARD PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | DYE HENRY ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DYE JAMES CLETUS: +0:The Wall | DYE JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | DYE LARRY CLAY: +0:The Wall | DYE MELVIN CARNILLS: +0:The Wall | DYE RALPH VICTOR JR: +0:The Wall | DYE RONALD HARVEY: +0:The Wall | DYE TIMOTHY ELDEN: +0:The Wall | DYER ALLEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | DYER BLENN COLBY: +0:The Wall | DYER BRUCE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | DYER DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DYER DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | DYER FREDERICK LEE: +0:The Wall | DYER GLENN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DYER HARRY GORDON: +0:The Wall | DYER IRBY III: +0:The Wall | DYER JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYER JAY CEE: +0:The Wall | DYER JEFFERY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DYER JOSEPH FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DYER LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DYER MARTIN BARRY JR: +0:The Wall | DYER ORRIN LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | DYER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYER TERRY BROOKS: +0:The Wall | DYER WILLFORD LEON: +0:The Wall | DYER WILLIE GENE: +0:The Wall | DYKE CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | DYKE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DYKE ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DYKE STANTON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYKEMA ROSS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DYKES CLEVELAND E: +0:The Wall | DYKES FRANK FAYETE: +0:The Wall | DYKES LONNIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DYKES MONTE DALE: +0:The Wall | DYKES RICHARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | DYKES ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | DYKES WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | DYMERSKI ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | DYRDAHL RAYMOND ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DYRESON DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DYSON CHARLES E JR: +0:The Wall | DYSON LESLIE MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | DYVIG ARTHUR HARRIS JR: +0:The Wall | DZIARCAK WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | DZIEDZIC MARK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DZIENCILOWSKI JAMES: +0:The Wall | DZIENGEL MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | DZIWISZ FRANK EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | EADDY ISHMELL: +0:The Wall | EADE RAYMOND FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | EADEN WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | EADIE GORDON PATTERSON: +0:The Wall | EADS DENNIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | EADS JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EADS RUSSELL WADE: +0:The Wall | EADS WALTER TASMAN: +0:The Wall | EAGLESON ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EAGLIN JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | EAKER DENNIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | EAKIN HOWARD MAXWELL JR: +0:The Wall | EAKIN SHELTON LEE: +0:The Wall | EAKINS CHARLES ADRAIN: +0:The Wall | EAKINS MARION TROY: +0:The Wall | EAKINS MELVIN WARREN: +0:The Wall | EALEY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EALEY WILLIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EALUM CARREL GORUM: +0:The Wall | EALY CARL: +0:The Wall | EALY WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | EAMICK BRUCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | EANS LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | EARICK JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | EARL MICHAEL RANDALL: +0:The Wall | EARLE JOHN STILES: +0:The Wall | EARLENBAUGH DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | EARLES ARTHUR JAMES: +0:The Wall | EARLES FRED THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EARLEY CLARENCE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | EARLEY JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EARLEY WILEY B: +0:The Wall | EARLL DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | EARLS LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | EARLY HOWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | EARLY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EARLY WILLIAM DAIL: +0:The Wall | EARLYWINE GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EARNEST CHARLES M: +0:The Wall | EARNEST JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | EARNEST JUNIOR BARNETT: +0:The Wall | EARNEST WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | EARNESTY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EARNHARDT CLIFFORD JERRY: +0:The Wall | EARP BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EARP MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | EASLEY DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | EASLEY DENNIS BOYD: +0:The Wall | EASLEY LEONARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EASLEY ODELL: +0:The Wall | EASLEY SAMUEL HARRISON II: +0:The Wall | EASLEY TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | EASON DOUGLAS DUKE: +0:The Wall | EASON EDWIN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | EASON JOSEPH MILTON: +0:The Wall | EASON JOSHUA WAY: +0:The Wall | EAST FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | EAST JAMES BOYD JR: +0:The Wall | EAST LEON NELSON: +0:The Wall | EAST MELVIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EAST VERNON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EASTER DENNY RAY: +0:The Wall | EASTERLING EARL K: +0:The Wall | EASTERN JOE BUTLER: +0:The Wall | EASTHAM MARTIN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN ALLAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN EVERETT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN JESSE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN THOMAS DELL: +0:The Wall | EASTON DAVID EVERETT: +0:The Wall | EASTON DAVID STEARNS: +0:The Wall | EASTON JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EASTON ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | EATMAN EARNEST JR: +0:The Wall | EATMON EDDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | EATMON JAMES LARKIN: +0:The Wall | EATON BOBBY LYNN: +0:The Wall | EATON BRUCE HORACE: +0:The Wall | EATON CLIFFORD LYMAN: +0:The Wall | EATON CURTIS ABBOT: +0:The Wall | EATON DAVID LEE: 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YGNACIO: +0:The Wall | ECHEVARRIA JOSE ANIBAL JR: +0:The Wall | ECHEVARRIA RAYMOND LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS ALVIN: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | ECKELL JOHN W: +0:The Wall | ECKENROAD RONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ECKENRODE DANIEL EDNEY: +0:The Wall | ECKENRODE DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | ECKENRODE MARCUS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ECKER ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ECKER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ECKERDT CHRISTIAN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ECKERFELD MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | ECKERT HAROLD LEE JR: +0:The Wall | ECKERT RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | ECKES WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | ECKHART LEON DELBERT: +0:The Wall | ECKHART RUSS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ECKL THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ECKLE STEPHEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | ECKLES JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ECKLEY WAYNE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | ECKLUND ARTHUR GENE: +0:The Wall | ECKMAN KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ECKOFF DALE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | ECKSTEIN RODGER DEAN: +0:The Wall | ECKVALL RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ECONOMOUS GEORGE J JR: +0:The Wall | ECTON HARRY LEON: +0:The Wall | ECTOR JERRY: +0:The Wall | EDDEN GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EDDLEMAN ROYCE EDSEL: +0:The Wall | EDDY EDMUND FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | EDDY GARRETT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EDDY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EDDY JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EDDY JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | EDDY RICHARD NELSON: +0:The Wall | EDDY THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | EDELMAN IRWIN LEON: +0:The Wall | EDELSTEIN ROY L: +0:The Wall | EDEN CHESTER WADE: +0:The Wall | EDENFIELD RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | EDENTON HIRAM EURIAS JR: +0:The Wall | EDER ROBERT OTTO: +0:The Wall | EDER WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | EDGAR ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | EDGAR TERRECE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EDGE DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EDGE JAMES HAMPTON: +0:The Wall | EDGE PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EDGEMON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EDGERLY JOHN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | EDGERTON ARTHUR DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | EDGERTON WILLIAM T JR: 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EDWARDS BILLY MARCUS: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS BOBBY BRANCE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES M: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DANIEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DANIEL WINSLOW JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DENNETTE A III: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DONALD MAC: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DOUGLAS GLYN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS EDWIN RAY: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS FREDDIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS FREDFOR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GARY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GEORGE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GEORGE RAY FAYFIE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GILBERT: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS HARRY JEROME: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS HARRY SANFORD JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JAMES MERTON: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JERRALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHN H JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHN JAY: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHN NEWT: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHNNY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS KENNETH MILES: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS KINNETH GLENN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS LEON GEORGE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS R V: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS RANDOLPH A: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS RICHARD LYON: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS ROBERT THEODORE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS RODNEY CLINTON: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS ROY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS STEVEN FRANK: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS TED LAVERN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS TED WILLIS: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS THOMAS CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS THOMAS RAY: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS WILLIAM EDGAR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDSON DAVID R: +0:The Wall | EFAW ROBERT T: +0:The Wall | EFIRD FRANKLIN D ROOSEVEL: +0:The Wall | EGAN DONALD JASON JR: +0:The Wall | EGAN EDWARD THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | EGAN FRANCIS XAVIER: +0:The Wall | EGAN JAMES THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | EGAN STANLEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EGAN TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EGAN WILLIAM PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EGBERT DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EGGE ERIC CRAIG: +0:The Wall | EGGENBERGER WILLIAM GARY: +0:The Wall | EGGER JOHN CULBERTSON JR: +0:The Wall | EGGER WALTER JACOB: +0:The Wall | EGGERS CHARLES RONALD: +0:The Wall | EGGERT RUSSELL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EGGERT SAM: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON HARRY H: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON RODNEY LEE: +0:The Wall | EGLIN CHARLES WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | EGLINSDOERFER LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EGLY SHELLY: +0:The Wall | EGOLF CARL M: 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GEDIMINAS JUST: +0:The Wall | EIGHMIE RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EILAND GRADY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | EILER LINDEN DALE JR: +0:The Wall | EILERS ANTHONY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EILERS DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | EINARSON LOWELL GREEMER: +0:The Wall | EISAMAN DALE LEON: +0:The Wall | EISCHEID THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | EISENACHER CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | EISENBEISZ ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EISENBERGER GEORGE JOE BU: +0:The Wall | EISENBRAUN DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | EISENBRAUN WILLIAM FORBES: +0:The Wall | EISENHART GUY LEE: +0:The Wall | EISENHOUR DWIGHT DAVID: +0:The Wall | EISENHOUR GLENN R: +0:The Wall | EISENHOUR JAMES DOYLE: +0:The Wall | EISENHOWER WILLIAM JACK: +0:The Wall | EISERT HAROLD BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | EISMAN JAMES FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | EISNER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EISTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EITEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | EITEL JACK ORVAL: +0:The Wall | EKART PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | EKLOFE SAMUEL ALVIN: +0:The Wall | EKLUND MARK JAMES: +0:The Wall | EKLUND PAUL HERBERT: +0:The Wall | EKSTADT JOHN MILTON: +0:The Wall | EKWELL THOMAS JANES: +0:The Wall | EL HONDAH DOVE: +0:The Wall | ELA ALAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | ELAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ELAM WALTER ALAN: +0:The Wall | ELAND JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ELBEN MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELBERT GEORGE STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ELBERT JOE A: +0:The Wall | ELBRACHT WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ELCHERT JAMES MELVIN: +0:The Wall | ELDER ALLEN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | ELDER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ELDER GRADY LEE: +0:The Wall | ELDER HOWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | ELDER JAMES BRYAN JR: +0:The Wall | ELDER WILLARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ELDERS ERNEST FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ELDRED ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE JAMES WILBUR: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE ROBERT BURCH: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE THOMAS FARRELL: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE WETZEL LONNIE: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ELENBAAS JACK: 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+0:The Wall | ELLARD CLAUDE ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | ELLEDGE DON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ELLEDGE KEITH O'NEIL: +0:The Wall | ELLEDGE MICHAEL STEWART: +0:The Wall | ELLEDGE WAYNE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | ELLEFSON DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | ELLEN WADE LYNN: +0:The Wall | ELLENBERGER CAREY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ELLENDER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLENSON JEROME WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELLENWOOD STEPHEN A JR: +0:The Wall | ELLER CHARLES LEROY: +0:The Wall | ELLER JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ELLER LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELLERBE JIMMIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ELLERBE LONNIE JR: +0:The Wall | ELLERBROCK MARVIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ELLERD CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ELLERMAN GARRY RONALD: +0:The Wall | ELLING ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELLINGER FRANKLIN MAX: +0:The Wall | ELLINGER VICTOR LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLINGSON JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | ELLINGSON JOEL ARDEN: +0:The Wall | ELLINGTON HERBERT L: +0:The Wall | ELLINGTON KENNETH JULIAN: +0:The Wall | ELLIOT ARTHUR JAMES II: +0:The Wall | ELLIOT ROBERT MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ANDREW JOHN: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ANTHONY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ARTHUR FLOYD: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT BILLY RONALD: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT BROCK DENNIS: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT CHARLES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT DONALD LYLE: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT EDWIN ELLIS: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT FRANK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT GEORGE L III: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT JERRY W: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT JULIUS R: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT LARRY WILBERT: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT LAVAUGHN: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT LEROY: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT NORMAN JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT RAYMOND LESTER: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ROBERT JOE: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ROBERT THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT THAROLD WASHINGTO: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT THOMAS MCCLURE: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT TOMMY GENE: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT VANDERBILT JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIOTT WILLIAM KARL: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ADOLPHUS: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ALDWIN ARDEAN JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ALTON LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ALTON STARLING: +0:The Wall | ELLIS BAXTER HARRISON: +0:The Wall | ELLIS BENNEL: +0:The Wall | ELLIS BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS CHARLES PAUL: +0:The Wall | ELLIS CHARLES WESTLEY JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS CLARENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ELLIS CONEY: +0:The Wall | ELLIS DENNIS FLOYD: +0:The Wall | ELLIS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | ELLIS EARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS FRANK JOSEPH G JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS FRED MILTON: +0:The Wall | ELLIS GENE HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS GEORGE LEMUEL: +0:The Wall | ELLIS GEORGE WALTER: +0:The Wall | ELLIS HARRY JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | ELLIS HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JAMES LEE JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JAMES MARION: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JERRY NORMAN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JESSE LEONARD: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JOE HENRY: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ELLIS JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ELLIS KENNETH WARREN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS MAURICE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS MELVIN RUPERT: +0:The Wall | ELLIS MICHAEL LE ROY: +0:The Wall | ELLIS OTIS RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS PRESTON HENRY: +0:The Wall | ELLIS RANDALL LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS RANDALL SHELLEY: +0:The Wall | ELLIS RAYMOND DEAN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ELLIS RICHARD LEIALOHA K: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS RUSSELL HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ELLIS STEVEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | ELLIS WALTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ELLIS WALTER GENE MERVIN: +0:The Wall | ELLIS WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ELLIS WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ELLIS WILLIAM WALTER III: +0:The Wall | ELLISON ALTON LEON: +0:The Wall | ELLISON CHARLIE MELVIN: +0:The Wall | ELLISON GREG BENSON: +0:The Wall | ELLISON JASPER JR: +0:The Wall | ELLISON JESSE ROGER: +0:The Wall | ELLISON JOHN COOLEY: +0:The Wall | ELLISON NEVADA LARRY: +0:The Wall | ELLISON RICHARD WRIGHT: +0:The Wall | ELLISON ROBERT LOOMIS: +0:The Wall | ELLISON WAYNE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | ELLISON WILBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ELLISON WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | ELLMAN JOSEPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ELLSWORTH ELMER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ELLSWORTH JAMES OLIVER: +0:The Wall | ELLSWORTH LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | ELLSWORTH MARK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ELLSWORTH NEIL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ELLSWORTH RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ELLSWORTH ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ELLWOOD EUGENE LEE: +0:The Wall | ELLYSON ARCHIE MERLIN: +0:The Wall | ELMAN DAVID HERBERT: +0:The Wall | ELMANDORF ARTHUR DEWEY: +0:The Wall | ELMORE ALLAN LADD: +0:The Wall | ELMORE CLAUDE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ELMORE DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ELMORE GARY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | ELMORE HUGH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELMORE KENNETH GLENN: +0:The Wall | ELMORE LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ELMORE ROBERT LOVIS: +0:The Wall | ELMORE WILLIAM H JR: +0:The Wall | ELMY MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | ELROD DAVID LAMAR: +0:The Wall | ELROD JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ELROD JIMMY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ELROD WAYMON CLAY: +0:The Wall | ELROD WILLIAM CARROLL JR: +0:The Wall | ELSBERND DAVID DUANE: +0:The Wall | ELSENBURG WILLIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ELSENRATH JOHN JOE: +0:The Wall | ELSHIRE TERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ELSON JEFFREY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ELSTEN WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | ELSTON JACKIE LINDELL: +0:The Wall | ELSTON ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ELSTON ROY DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | ELSWICK JAMES TIPTON JR: +0:The Wall | ELSWICK LEX: +0:The Wall | ELSWICK ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ELTING STEVEN VERNON: +0:The Wall | ELTRINGHAM WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | ELWART PAUL DEAN: +0:The Wall | ELWELL DONOVAN KEITH: +0:The Wall | ELWELL MICHAEL REID: +0:The Wall | ELY DANIEL GERARD: +0:The Wall | ELYEA SIDNEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | ELZA RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | ELZINGA LARRY LA VERN: +0:The Wall | ELZINGA RICHARD GENE: +0:The Wall | ELZY JOHN CALVIN III: +0:The Wall | EMANUEL WILLIAM FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | EMBREE RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EMBREY DAVID NORMAN: +0:The Wall | EMBREY GRADY KEITH: +0:The Wall | EMBREY RALPH CURTIS II: +0:The Wall | EMBREY RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | EMBRY WILLIAM ESSIE: +0:The Wall | EMBRY WILLIAM ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | EMCH JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | EMEIGH MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | EMERINE JERRY OWEN: +0:The Wall | EMERLING JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EMERSON ERVIN JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | EMERSON JAMES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EMERSON PHILIP BLAINE: +0:The Wall | EMERSON ROBERT LOYD: +0:The Wall | EMERSON STEWART CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EMERSON TOM: +0:The Wall | EMERSON WAYNE HERSCHEL: +0:The Wall | EMERSON WILLIAM: 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MARK NIGGOL: +0:The Wall | ENBODY MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ENCARNACION-BETENCOURT JESUS: +0:The Wall | ENCARNACION-COLON JESUS M: +0:The Wall | ENCINAS ESEQUIEL MARTINEZ: +0:The Wall | ENCZI RAYMOND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ENDERBY ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ENDERIZ VICTOR ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ENDERLE CLYDE WILSON: +0:The Wall | ENDICOTT DANNY G: +0:The Wall | ENDICOTT FRANKLIN DAVID: +0:The Wall | ENDICOTT MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | ENDICOTT RICHARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | ENDRESS WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | ENDSLEY KENNETH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ENEDY ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | ENFINGER KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | ENGBERSON ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | ENGEBRETSON GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | ENGEBRETSON LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | ENGEDAL JOHN: +0:The Wall | ENGEL ALLEN NORBERT: +0:The Wall | ENGEL GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ENGEL GREGORY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ENGEL HARVEY LEROY: +0:The Wall | ENGEL MEIR: +0:The Wall | ENGEL RODNEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ENGEL TERENCE DEAN: 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Wall | ETSITTY VAN: +0:The Wall | ETTEL HENRY C JR: +0:The Wall | ETTER PAUL QUAMMEN: +0:The Wall | ETTZ MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EUBANK CHARLES HORTON: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS CARL MARCUS: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS DEWEY MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS GEORGE F: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS JOE WOFFORD: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS RAYMOND CARL JR: +0:The Wall | EUCKER FRANKLIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EUDALY F M: +0:The Wall | EUKEL DAVID DEAN: +0:The Wall | EULER MICHAEL DAN: +0:The Wall | EULITT LEONARD ELZY: +0:The Wall | EUNICE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | EUSTACE ARTHUR BARNETT JR: +0:The Wall | EUSTAQUIO JOSEPH MARTIN: +0:The Wall | EUTSLER JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | EUTSLER JOHNNY NEIL: +0:The Wall | EVANCHO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EVANGELISTA FRANK PAUL: +0:The Wall | EVANOFF ALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | EVANS ALFRED KINDELL: +0:The Wall | EVANS ALONZA: +0:The Wall | EVANS ANDREW C: +0:The Wall | EVANS BENNETT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EVANS BILLY KENNEDY JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS CECIL VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS CHARLES JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EVANS CHRIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLARENCE LOVICE: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLEVELAND JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLIFFRED MELVIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLIVE LEROY: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLYDE SAMPSON: +0:The Wall | EVANS CURTIS NEIL: +0:The Wall | EVANS DANNY LEO: +0:The Wall | EVANS DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | EVANS DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD JERRY: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD WARD JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS DOUGLAS McARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EVANS EDWARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | EVANS ERIC WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EVANS ERNEST: +0:The Wall | EVANS FREEMON: +0:The Wall | EVANS GARFIELD: +0:The Wall | EVANS GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GEORGE AUGUSTA: +0:The Wall | EVANS GEORGE FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | EVANS GERALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GORDON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EVANS GREGORY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS HAYDN: +0:The Wall | EVANS HENRY ELMER: +0:The Wall | EVANS HENRY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS HERMAN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EVANS JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | EVANS JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EVANS JEFFERY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EVANS JEFFREY ALAN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JERRY BRIAN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JERRY DEWAIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JERRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOE: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN HARPER JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN R: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN TROY: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOSEPH GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LARRY EDGAR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LLOYD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LONEY JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LONNIE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | EVANS LONNIE DALE: +0:The Wall | EVANS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EVANS MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EVANS NORMAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | EVANS PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EVANS PAUL OLYNN: +0:The Wall | EVANS PAUL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | EVANS RAY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | EVANS RAYMOND E: +0:The Wall | EVANS RICHARD ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EVANS ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | EVANS ROBERT DILLON: +0:The Wall | EVANS RODNEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | EVANS RONALD D: +0:The Wall | EVANS RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS RUSSELL IRWIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | EVANS SAMMY GRAY: +0:The Wall | EVANS SAMUEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS C: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS VANCE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS WADDEL: +0:The Wall | EVANS WALTER C: +0:The Wall | EVANS WARD CECIL: +0:The Wall | EVANS WILLARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | 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GERALD: +0:The Wall | EVERTS DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | EVERTS JACK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EVILSIZER DAVID NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | EVILSIZOR RALPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | EVITT WAYNE LEE: +0:The Wall | EWALD RICHARD CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | EWALD ROBERT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | EWALD WOODROW JOHNSEN JR: +0:The Wall | EWALT DONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EWART JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | EWING ARTHUR RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EWING DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | EWING JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | EWING JERRY LEW: +0:The Wall | EWING KENNETH GENE: +0:The Wall | EWING LON BARRY: +0:The Wall | EWING MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | EWING RONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EWING TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | EWOLDT ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | EX DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | EXNER FRED ANTONY III: +0:The Wall | EXPOSE HENRY RAY: +0:The Wall | EXUM EDMUND GARDNER JR: +0:The Wall | EXUM EZEKEIL THEODORE: +0:The Wall | EXUM NEIL HARRIS: +0:The Wall | EYER KENNETH JONES JR: +0:The Wall | EYLER ALLAN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EYNON JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EYRING KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | EYSTER GEORGE SENSENY JR: +0:The Wall | EZELL BURLEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | EZELL DONNIE D: +0:The Wall | EZELL WILLIAM BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | FABACHER SAZIN DALE: +0:The Wall | FABER THOMAS WALTER: +0:The Wall | FABIAN WILLIAM HILRIC: +0:The Wall | FABRIS CHRIS FRANK: +0:The Wall | FABRISI PAUL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FABRIZIO JAMES: +0:The Wall | FACCHINI STEPHEN DALE: +0:The Wall | FACCIO ROBERT DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FACER RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FACKRELL CLINTON BLAIR: +0:The Wall | FACONDINI RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FACTORA DOUGLAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | FACULAK GARY J: +0:The Wall | FAEHNRICH DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | FAGE ROBERT FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | FAGERLIND MERLE KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | FAGGETT CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | FAHEY JOSEPH MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | FAHEY WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | FAHRENBRUCH RICHARD L: +0:The Wall | FAHRENHORST THOMAS KENNET: +0:The Wall | FAHRNI DALE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FAIDLEY JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FAILS EDWARD LEE JR: +0:The Wall | FAIN GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | FAIN JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FAIR RONALD: +0:The Wall | FAIRBOTHAM ROBERT LAWRENC: +0:The Wall | FAIRCHILD DAVID ACEL: +0:The Wall | FAIRCHILD DENNIS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH ARTHUR CRAIG: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH ELLIS LOVINE: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH HENRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH JOHNNIE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH JULIUS CLYDE: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH RICHARD DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | FAIRES ROBERT DON: +0:The Wall | FAIRFIELD DENNIS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | FAISON EARL JR: +0:The Wall | FAISON EVERSON BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | FAITH WALTER DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FAKIN ZLATKO M: +0:The Wall | FAKO JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | FALARDEAU JOSEPH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | FALATO JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FALCK CARL LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | FALCO ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | FALCON ANIBAL: +0:The Wall | FALCONBURY EARL FERN: +0:The Wall | FALCONE JOHN PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | FALDERMEYER HAROLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | FALEAFINE SISIFO: +0:The Wall | FALER ALLEN LEE: +0:The Wall | FALES PHILIPPE B: +0:The Wall | FALK DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | FALK FREDERICK JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | FALK GARY DAVID: +0:The Wall | FALK RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FALK THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FALKENAU ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FALKNER RUFUS PERRY JR: +0:The Wall | FALLER JOEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FALLON MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | FALLON PATRICK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | FALLON THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | FALLOON EDWIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FALLOWS ROBERT LANE: +0:The Wall | FALLSTICH JAMES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | FALWELL DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FAMILIARE ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | FANCHER JIMMIE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | FANELLA LAWRENCE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FANFA ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | FANIS GEORGE NICHOLAS JR: +0:The Wall | FANKBONER DANIEL ROSS: +0:The Wall | FANKHAUSER CARROLL E: +0:The Wall | FANN DANNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FANNIN BRYANT D: +0:The Wall | FANNIN CLAYTON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FANNING EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FANNING HUGH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FANNING JOSEPH PETER: +0:The Wall | FANNING MARTIN VINCENT: +0:The Wall | FANNING MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FANNING RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | FANNING THOMAS F JR: +0:The Wall | FANNING THOMAS GARRET: +0:The Wall | FANT LAWRENCE L: +0:The Wall | FANT RUSSELL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FANTE ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | FANTLE SAMUEL III: +0:The Wall | FANUA FIAPAI JR: +0:The Wall | FARAN DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FARAWELL GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FARBRO MILLARD WADE: +0:The Wall | FARDEN KENNETH ROY: +0:The Wall | FARELLI LAWRENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | FAREWELL ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FARHAT ALAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | FARINARO GUIDO: +0:The Wall | FARLEY ANDREW SIMMONS JR: +0:The Wall | FARLEY DAVID LITTLEHALE: +0:The Wall | FARLEY GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | FARLEY JAMES CABELL: +0:The Wall | FARLEY JOHN HARLAND: +0:The Wall | FARLEY MARSHALL COLIN: +0:The Wall | FARLEY MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | FARLEY MICHAEL MARION: +0:The Wall | FARLEY PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FARLEY ROBERT JERRY SR: +0:The Wall | FARLEY WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FARLOW CRAIG LEE: +0:The Wall | FARLOW GARY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | FARLOW RANDALL LEE: +0:The Wall | FARMER BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | FARMER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FARMER CHARLIE WILL JR: +0:The Wall | FARMER HARRY EARL: +0:The Wall | FARMER JAMES BRYON II: +0:The Wall | FARMER JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | FARMER JAMES GORDON: +0:The Wall | FARMER JOSEPH LYLE: +0:The Wall | FARMER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | FARMER MICHAEL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | FARMER NEIL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | FARMER THOMAS HOYT: +0:The Wall | FARMER THOMAS LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FARMER WILLIAM HOKE JR: +0:The Wall | FARMER WILLIAM NIAL: +0:The Wall | FARMER WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | FARNER JON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FARNHAM ALLEN STEARNS: +0:The Wall | FARNHAM ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | FARNOW JERE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FARNSWORTH JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | FARNSWORTH NEVIN O JR: +0:The Wall | FARO JAMES ELLIS: +0:The Wall | FARR DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | FARR DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | FARR JACK GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | FARRAR ERROLD RUFUS: +0:The Wall | FARRAR JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | FARRELL ALBERT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | FARRELL BRUCE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FARRELL DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FARRELL GERALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | FARRELL KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FARRELL WILLIAM PETER: +0:The Wall | FARREN MARK: +0:The Wall | FARRIER GERALD WYATTE: +0:The Wall | FARRINGTON HERBERT L III: +0:The Wall | FARRINGTON ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | FARRIOR BILLY RANDY: +0:The Wall | FARRIS BLAKE WILEY JR: +0:The Wall | FARRIS DALE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FARRIS DENNIS BARRY: +0:The Wall | FARRIS DENNIS CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | FARRIS GARY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | FARRIS GEORGE K: +0:The Wall | FARRIS MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | FARRIS NORMAN CARL: +0:The Wall | FARRIS WILLIAM FARRELL: +0:The Wall | FARRO STANLEY DALE: +0:The Wall | FARROW DAVID ASHBY: +0:The Wall | FARROW FRANKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | FARROW JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FARTO CARLOS ANGEL: +0:The Wall | FARVOUR WILLIAM HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FASCHING LEROY JAMES: +0:The Wall | FASNACHT DAVID ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FASSEL GARY CARL: +0:The Wall | FASSITT ERIC RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FAST ROGER THEODORE: +0:The Wall | FASTH KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | FATICA ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FAUCETT GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | FAUGHN ISSAC DAVID: +0:The Wall | FAUGHT DAVID LAWERANCE: +0:The Wall | FAUGHT FRANK EDWIN: +0:The Wall | FAUGHT WILLIAM AVENER JR: +0:The Wall | FAUL KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FAULCONER DAVID ROSS: +0:The Wall | FAULK PAUL: +0:The Wall | FAULK THEODORE ALPHONSE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER ARNOLD JOE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER CHARLES LONG: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER EARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER ELMER LEE JR: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER LARRY FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER MAURICE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER RICHARD J: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER TROY DAVID: +0:The Wall | FAULKS DANIEL CLYDE JR: +0:The Wall | FAULKS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | FAULL CLIFFORD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FAUSER RUSSELL JAY JR: +0:The Wall | FAUST TIMOTHY RAY: +0:The Wall | FAVATA SAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FAVERTY ALVIS RAY JR: +0:The Wall | FAVOR JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | FAVOR ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FAVORS BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | FAVOURITE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | FAVROTH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FAVUZZA LOUIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FAWBUSH STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | FAWCETT DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | FAWKS ERNEST EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FAY MICHAEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FAY PATRICK DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FAY RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FAY ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FAZZAH GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FAZZINO JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FEAGAN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | FEARN GUY VICTOR: +0:The Wall | FEARNO JOSEPH BARNETT: +0:The Wall | FEARS THOMAS JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | FEASTER WILLIAM NEWCOMER: +0:The Wall | FEATHERSTON CLIO C JR: +0:The Wall | FEATHERSTON FIELDING W III: +0:The Wall | FEATHERSTONE RICHARD ALLI: +0:The Wall | FEBO-BETANCOURT IVAN ROBE: +0:The Wall | FEBUS OCTAVIO: +0:The Wall | FECK DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FECTEAU GENE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FECTEAU RALPH BARNARD JR: +0:The Wall | FEDASCH PETER: +0:The Wall | FEDDEMA CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | FEDDER FRED ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | FEDELE JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FEDER LLOYD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FEDERLINE AUDLEY M JR: +0:The Wall | FEDEROWSKI ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | FEDLER BRUCE JEROME: +0:The Wall | FEDOR ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FEDOR TERRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FEDOROFF ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | FEDRO JAMES RAY SR: +0:The Wall | FEE DONALD FRED: +0:The Wall | FEE EDWARD FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | FEE PHILYAW: +0:The Wall | FEEHERY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FEELEY EUGENE JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | FEEMAN JAMES OSCAR: +0:The Wall | FEEMSTER COLINNA: +0:The Wall | FEENEY JAMES TERRANCE: +0:The Wall | FEENEY JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FEESER JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | FEEZEL HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FEEZELL DAN GUINN: +0:The Wall | FEEZER JOHN HARVEY: +0:The Wall | FEGAN ROBERT MATHEW: +0:The Wall | FEGAN RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | FEGATELLI PETER FRANK: +0:The Wall | FEGELY TERRY GRANT: +0:The Wall | FEHRENBACH THERON CARL II: +0:The Wall | FEIERABEND PETER MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | FEIGENBUTZ TERRENCE R: +0:The Wall | FEINAUER WAYNE OWEN: +0:The Wall | FEIRO RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | FEISTNER STEPHEN ELY: +0:The Wall | FEIT CHRISTIAN FRANZ III: +0:The Wall | FEKETE JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FELAND THEODORE GLEN: +0:The Wall | FELCH ARLEIGH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FELD RAYMOND GENE: +0:The Wall | FELDEN ANTHONY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELDER JESSE CLARANCE: +0:The Wall | FELDHAUS JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FELDHAUS THOMAS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | FELDMANN BARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FELICIANO GILBERT: +0:The Wall | FELICIANO NOEL JESUS: +0:The Wall | FELIX-TORRES JUAN RAMON: +0:The Wall | FELKAMP RONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FELKER GREGORY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELKINS WILBURN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FELKNER DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FELL CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FELL DANIEL BOONE: +0:The Wall | FELL DAVID GLEASON: +0:The Wall | FELL EDWARD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | FELL GEORGE FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | FELLENZ CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FELLER DAVID KENT: +0:The Wall | FELLERS ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELLINGER WILLIAM G JR: +0:The Wall | FELLOWS ALLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FELLOWS DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FELLOWS ROBERT DAWYNE: +0:The Wall | FELLS WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | FELSHAW JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FELSHER JOHN ALFRED: +0:The Wall | FELT DAVID LEVANT: +0:The Wall | FELT RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELTER ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FELTNER GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | FELTON GARLAND PARIS: +0:The Wall | FELTON MELVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | FELTON RUBY EDWARD III: +0:The Wall | FELTON THOMAS MOODY: +0:The Wall | FELTON WALTER: +0:The Wall | FELTS DAN OWEN: +0:The Wall | FELTS EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | FELTY JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | FELTY ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | FELTZ KEITH A: +0:The Wall | FELVER GALE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | FENCEROY LOUIS EARL: +0:The Wall | FENCEROY WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FENDLEY JOEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | FENECH EMMANUEL SALVATORE: +0:The Wall | FENELEY FRANCIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | FENENGA TERRY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | FENKO STEVE BRIAN: +0:The Wall | FENN DANIEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FENN MELVIN B: +0:The Wall | FENNELL ALTON JIMMY: +0:The Wall | FENNELL ROBERT HARRY: +0:The Wall | FENNELL WALTER HENRY: +0:The Wall | FENNELL WILLIAM ERVIN: +0:The Wall | FENNER MARK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FENNER STANLEY STEWART: +0:The Wall | FENNESSEY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | FENNEWALD DANIEL FRANK: +0:The Wall | FENNEY DOUGLAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | FENNIMORE GREGORY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FENSTERMACHER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | FENTER CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | FENTON JAMES WILLIARD: +0:The Wall | FENTON ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FENTON WILLIAM CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | FENTRESS LEON AUBREY: +0:The Wall | FENUSH THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | FERA JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FERBOS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | FERDIG RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FERDIG RUSSELL NORMAN: +0:The Wall | FERENCE EDWARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | FERENCE MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON AARON FLOYD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON BENNY HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON BLAINE M: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DENNIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DEWEY LINDON: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DONALD PORTER: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DOUGLAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON EARL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON EDWARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON GARY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JAMES DONAHUE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JAMES P: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JERRY ROGER: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON KEVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LATNEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LEROY: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LOWELL VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LYNN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MARION FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MARK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MERL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MICHAEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MICHAUEL DON: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON PETER CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RALPH: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RANDALL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RICHARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RONALD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON TED SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON THOMAS ALTON: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON THOMAS BERNARD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WARREN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WAYNE ARDELL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WHITNEY T III: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM BOYD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM GLEN JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM GLEN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIE C JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSSON ROBERT C L: +0:The Wall | FERN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FERNAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ EARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ EUGENIO E JR: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ GARY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ JORGE L: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MANUEL ANSELMO: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MANUEL FORTUNATO: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MARGARITO JR: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MAXIMO PAULITE: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ RENE: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ REYNALDO SALINE: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ ROBERT SANCHEZ: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ SANTANA S JR: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ WILLIAM MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ XAVIER: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ-LESTON ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | FERNHOFF CURTISS: +0:The Wall | FERO RONALD MILLER: +0:The Wall | FEROUGE RONALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | FERRA-FLORES PEDRO: +0:The Wall | FERRALEZ RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FERRANTE GILBERT: +0:The Wall | FERRARA MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | FERRARI ARNOLD JAY: +0:The Wall | FERRARO DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FERRAZZANO JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | FERREBEE RUSSELL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | FERRELL BILLY: +0:The Wall | FERRELL CHARLES ELTON: +0:The Wall | FERRELL CHARLES REGINALD: +0:The Wall | FERRELL HUGH JAMES: +0:The Wall | FERRELL JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | FERRELL JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | FERRELL MARK JR: +0:The Wall | FERRELL TENNIS CRISPIAN: +0:The Wall | FERRELL WALTER LARRY: +0:The Wall | FERRELL WILLIAM ALFORD: +0:The Wall | FERRELLI ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FERREN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERRIL JOHN HENRY II: +0:The Wall | FERRIS DELMER LEE: +0:The Wall | FERRIS ROBERT CLARK: +0:The Wall | FERRO JAMES: +0:The Wall | FERRO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FERRO PHILIP ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FERRON FRANCIS RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | FERRUGGIA RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | FERRULLA ROBERT SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | FERRY DANIEL SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | FERRY DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | FERRY RAY LEONARD III: +0:The Wall | FERZACCA MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FESER JEFFERY EVAN: +0:The Wall | FESKEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FESPERMAN HAROLD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | FESSENDEN ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FETHEROLF JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | FETHEROLF LARRY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | FETNER HAROLD EVERETT: +0:The Wall | FETT DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | FETTER KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | FETTERMAN GLENN LEROY: +0:The Wall | FETTKETHER GERALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FETTUCCIA FRANK: +0:The Wall | FETTY CLARENCE 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FIELDS JULIAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FIELDS KELLY: +0:The Wall | FIELDS KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FIELDS LLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS LONNIE DALE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | FIELDS PETER WHITMAN: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ROBERT LOUIS III: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS RONALD CLARK: +0:The Wall | FIELDS RONALD ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | FIELDS SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS SHERMAN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FIELDS WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS WILLIE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | FIELLER RICHARD BURDICK: +0:The Wall | FIERRO ALEJANDRO FRANCISC: +0:The Wall | FIESLER ROBERT NATHAN: +0:The Wall | FIESTER GLEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | FIESZEL CLIFFORD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FIFE JAMES HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | FIFFE JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FIFFE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | FIGUEREDO CARLOS: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ADAN: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ALBERT MARTINEZ: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ANGELO: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ANTHONY H JR: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA CABALLERO FERNANDO: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA FERNANDO: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA FRANK NUNEZ: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA JAVIER PUENTES: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA JOSE JUAN: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA JUAN JAVIER: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA MICHAEL ANGEL: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA-MELENDEZ EFRAIN: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA-PEREZ CRISTOBAL: +0:The Wall | FIKE ARTHUR HARRY: +0:The Wall | FIKE DANIEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FIKE ROGER WESLEY: +0:The Wall | FIKE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FIKE ROSS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FIKE RUSSELL LARRY: +0:The Wall | FIKE THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FILES ALBERT CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | FILIBERTI RUSSELL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | FILIPIAK PETER JAN: +0:The Wall | FILIPPELLI ALFRED ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FILIPPELLI JOHN MARIO: +0:The Wall | FILIPPI GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FILIPPI JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FILKINS RONALD MARION: +0:The Wall | FILLERS DONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | FILLIATOR RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FILLINGIM THURMAN ELBY: +0:The Wall | FILLION WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | FILLMAN WALTER CHARLES SR: +0:The Wall | FILLMORE RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FILPI JOHN TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | FINA RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | FINAN ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FINCH FORDHAM E JR: +0:The Wall | FINCH JOHN WEBSTER: +0:The Wall | FINCH LAMONT WILKERSON: +0:The Wall | FINCH MELVIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FINCH MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FINCH PATRICK DALE: +0:The Wall | FINCH TERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | FINCHAM WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FINCHER CECIL FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | FINCHER DONALD B: +0:The Wall | FINCHER JULIAN A JR: +0:The Wall | FINCHER LARRY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FINCHUM JACK WILLARD: +0:The Wall | FINDLAY ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | FINDLAY WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FINDLEY ROBERT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FINDLEY ROBERT GAYLORD: +0:The Wall | FINE NORMAN ELLSWORTH JR: +0:The Wall | FINERTY MICHAEL ROY: +0:The Wall | FINGER DAVID HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FINGER SANFORD IRA: +0:The Wall | FINK CHARLES K: +0:The Wall | FINK HUBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FINK PHILIP RUSH: +0:The Wall | FINK RICHARD ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | FINK ROBERT ALTON: +0:The Wall | FINK WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FINKE STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | FINKEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FINKEL KENNETH IAN: +0:The Wall | FINKEL WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FINLAY EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FINLEY CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FINLEY DICKIE WAINE: +0:The Wall | FINLEY GUY MARVIN: +0:The Wall | FINLEY LELAND PATRICK: +0:The Wall | FINLEY MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | FINLEY NICK ALLISON: +0:The Wall | FINLEY RAYMOND PATRICK: +0:The Wall | FINLEY VALARIAN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | FINLEY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FINN ALBERT MAURICE: +0:The Wall | FINN JAMES NORMAN: +0:The Wall | FINN MICHAEL BLAKE: +0:The Wall | FINN WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | FINNEGAN DAVID GARTH: +0:The Wall | FINNEGAN DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FINNEGAN JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FINNEGAN ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FINNERTY FRANCIS M JR: +0:The Wall | FINNEY ARTHUR THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FINNEY BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | FINNEY CHARLES ELBERT: +0:The Wall | FINNEY HAROLD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | FINNEY JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | FINNEY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | FINNICUM JOHN OTIS: +0:The Wall | FINSTERWALDER RICHARD KEI: +0:The Wall | FINTER GEORGE AIKMAN: +0:The Wall | FINZEL JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | FINZER BENJAMIN B: +0:The Wall | FIORENTIN JOHN VELCO: +0:The Wall | FIPPS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FIRAK ANTHONY MARIAN: +0:The Wall | FIREBAUGH ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FIRKUS JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | FIRMIN MITCHELL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | FIRMNECK ALLAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | FIRST MICHAEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | FIRTH ALLEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FIRTH CHARLES VERNON: +0:The Wall | FIRTH THOMAS ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | FISCH DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | FISCHBACH ALLAN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | FISCHER ADAM: +0:The Wall | FISCHER DONALD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | FISCHER GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FISCHER GEORGE WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | FISCHER GREGORY JAMES: +0:The Wall | FISCHER GREGORY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FISCHER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | FISCHER JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FISCHER JOSEPH DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FISCHER KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FISCHER LOUIS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FISCHER NORMAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FISCHER RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FISCHER ROBERT PHILIP: +0:The Wall | FISCHER ROY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FISCHER THEODORE LAUER: +0:The Wall | FISCHER WAYNE HENRY: +0:The Wall | FISCHIO JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FISER DIETER JAMES: +0:The Wall | FISH FRED KEITH: +0:The Wall | FISH GEORGE WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | FISH GLENN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FISH GORDON ALIDEAN: +0:The Wall | FISH JOSEPH KENNETH: +0:The Wall | FISH WILLIAM ARRON: +0:The Wall | FISHBACK WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FISHBECK JAY JOHN: +0:The Wall | FISHENDEN ARTHUR ERIC: +0:The Wall | FISHER ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FISHER CARL NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | FISHER CARROLL DEAN: +0:The Wall | FISHER DALE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FISHER DANNY JAY: +0:The Wall | FISHER DARRELD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FISHER DAVID FRANCOIS: +0:The Wall | FISHER DAVID HERBERT: +0:The Wall | FISHER DAVID LUTHER: +0:The Wall | FISHER DAVID R: +0:The Wall | FISHER DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FISHER DENNIS FAY: +0:The Wall | FISHER DENNIS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | FISHER DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FISHER DONALD ELLIS: +0:The Wall | FISHER DONALD GARTH: +0:The Wall | FISHER DONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | FISHER DUAINE KARL: +0:The Wall | FISHER EDWARD STEPHAN: +0:The Wall | FISHER EDWIN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | FISHER ERIC ANDERS: +0:The Wall | FISHER FRANK CLARK: +0:The Wall | FISHER HARRY: +0:The Wall | FISHER HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | FISHER JAMES ELTON: +0:The Wall | FISHER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | FISHER JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | FISHER JAMES TED: +0:The Wall | FISHER JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | FISHER JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FISHER LA MARR: +0:The Wall | FISHER MARSHALL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FISHER OTIS SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | FISHER RANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | FISHER RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | FISHER RICHARD OTIS: +0:The Wall | FISHER RICKIE DAVIS: +0:The Wall | FISHER ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | FISHER ROBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | FISHER RONALD EZELL: +0:The Wall | FISHER RONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | FISHER ROYAL CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | FISHER THOMAS GAYLON: +0:The Wall | FISHER THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FISHER WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | FISHLEIGH ROBERT JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | FISK BARRY KEVIN: +0:The Wall | FISK RICHARD OWEN: +0:The Wall | FITCH DANNIE: +0:The Wall | FITCH DELLWYN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FITCH EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | FITCH GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | FITCH PHILIP: +0:The Wall | FITCH RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | FITCH RONALD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | FITCH WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FITCHETT REGINALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FITEZ HARRY SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | FITTON CROSLEY JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | FITTS CHARLES MILTON: 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ROBERT: +0:The Wall | FLASHNER KENNETH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FLASKAMP JOHN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FLATLEY THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FLATTERY RICHARD T JR: +0:The Wall | FLAVIN PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | FLECK GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | FLECK GREGORY LAMAR: +0:The Wall | FLECK ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | FLECK WILBERT CLEMENS: +0:The Wall | FLEEK CHARLES CLINTON: +0:The Wall | FLEENER NICK ULYSSES: +0:The Wall | FLEER ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | FLEETWOOD DONALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | FLEISCHER DAVID ABRAM: +0:The Wall | FLEISCHMANN DALE FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | FLEISCHMANN MARTIN A: +0:The Wall | FLEITMAN GLENN RAY: +0:The Wall | FLEMING BERNARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | FLEMING CHARLES ROGER: +0:The Wall | FLEMING DENNIS K: +0:The Wall | FLEMING DUNCAN HARTWELL: +0:The Wall | FLEMING HORACE HIGLEY III: +0:The Wall | FLEMING JAMES MARTIN: +0:The Wall | FLEMING JERRY: +0:The Wall | FLEMING JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | FLEMING JOHN J: +0:The Wall | FLEMING JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | FLEMING 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| GORE KENNETH ALRIC: +0:The Wall | GORE PAUL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | GORE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | GOREE CARLTON TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | GOREE WILLIE VANN: +0:The Wall | GORGES RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | GORHAM MARC CHARLES: +0:The Wall | GORHAM RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | GORHAM WALTER PRESTON: +0:The Wall | GORMAN EDWARD T III: +0:The Wall | GORMAN HENRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | GORMAN KEVIN TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | GORMAN PAUL JAMES: +0:The Wall | GORMICAN DAVID C: +0:The Wall | GORMLEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | GORMLEY PAUL LEO JR: +0:The Wall | GORNEY JERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | GOROSPE LEONARD GORDON: +0:The Wall | GORRELL DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | GORRERA GEORGE MEDFORD JR: +0:The Wall | GORRILL THOMAS ROY: +0:The Wall | GORSCHBOTH ROLAND ALLEN: +0:The Wall | GORSICH JAMES TONY: +0:The Wall | GORSKE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | GORSLENE TERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | GORSUCH WILLIAM DALE: +0:The Wall | GORTON DAVID ATOIGUE: +0:The Wall | GORTON GARY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | GORTON JACK BURT: +0:The Wall | GORTON RALPH SHOUP III: +0:The Wall | GORTON THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | GORVAD PETER LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | GORVET WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | GOSCH LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | GOSCH THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | GOSCHKA LARRY HERMAN: +0:The Wall | GOSE ELVIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | GOSELIN ROBERT MARTIN: +0:The Wall | GOSEN LAWRENCE DEAN: +0:The Wall | GOSHORN EDWARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | GOSHORN WALTER L: +0:The Wall | GOSLIN GREGG MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | GOSNELL JACK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | GOSNELL ODIS LEON: +0:The Wall | GOSNEY DURWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | GOSS BERNARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | GOSS CLARENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | GOSS DANNY LEON: +0:The Wall | GOSS HEZEKIAH JR: +0:The Wall | GOSS JACK EUGENE II: +0:The Wall | GOSS JAMES SPURGEON: +0:The Wall | GOSS JEFFERY ALAN: +0:The Wall | GOSS JEFFREY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | GOSS LARRY JO: +0:The Wall | GOSS RICHARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | GOSS WARREN JUDGE: +0:The Wall | GOSSAGE DOUGLAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | GOSSARD DAVID 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HARRY: +0:The Wall | GOUGH LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | GOUGH STANFORD MORRIS: +0:The Wall | GOUGH WILLIAM LYLE: +0:The Wall | GOULD CARLTON EDGAR: +0:The Wall | GOULD CARLYLE LEROY: +0:The Wall | GOULD EDWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | GOULD FRANK ALTON: +0:The Wall | GOULD JOHNNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | GOULD WARREN LEE: +0:The Wall | GOULD WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | GOULD WILLIAM C JR: +0:The Wall | GOULD WILLIAM IRVING: +0:The Wall | GOULDIN THOMAS MILTON: +0:The Wall | GOULET RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | GOULET RONALD MARCEL: +0:The Wall | GOURDINE LARRY RONALD: +0:The Wall | GOURLAY BRUCE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | GOURLEY LAURENT LEE: +0:The Wall | GOVAN ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | GOWER WILLIAM RAY: +0:The Wall | GOWERS THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | GOWIN HARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | GOYNE ALLEN BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | GOZDAN MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | GRABBE JOHN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | GRABER GARY DAVID: +0:The Wall | GRABER JOHN ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | GRABER SCOTT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | 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JR: +0:The Wall | GRANILLO HENRY: +0:The Wall | GRANNAN MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | GRANOFF ROBERT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | GRANSBURY GERALD ARLEN: +0:The Wall | GRANT ANDREW CARL: +0:The Wall | GRANT ARTHUR JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | GRANT BENJAMIN DAVIS: +0:The Wall | GRANT BILL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | GRANT CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | GRANT CREIGHTON ROONEY: +0:The Wall | GRANT DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | GRANT DENNIS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | GRANT ED NATHAN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | GRANT GENE TYNDALL: +0:The Wall | GRANT GOLLIE LEO: +0:The Wall | GRANT HERBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | GRANT HOUSTON JR: +0:The Wall | GRANT JACKYA KEDERIS: +0:The Wall | GRANT JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | GRANT JAMES WOOD: +0:The Wall | GRANT JERRY: +0:The Wall | GRANT JOHNNIE: +0:The Wall | GRANT JOSEPH XAVIER: +0:The Wall | GRANT KELLUM WARREN: +0:The Wall | GRANT MELVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | GRANT NORMAN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | GRANT PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | GRANT PHILO DERRICK III: +0:The Wall | GRANT ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | GRANT ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | GRANT ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | GRANT STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | GRANT STEPHEN MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | GRANT THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | GRANT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | GRANT WARREN HARVEY JR: +0:The Wall | GRANT WAYNE AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | GRANT WESLEY ONEAL: +0:The Wall | GRANT WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | GRANT WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | GRANTHAM ELY JR: +0:The Wall | GRANTHAM JOSEPH M III: +0:The Wall | GRANTHAM ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | GRANTHAM ROY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | GRANVILLE RONALD LESTER: +0:The Wall | GRASER JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | GRASS LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | GRASSER ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | GRASSER HAROLD PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | GRASSI CLEMENT JOHN: +0:The Wall | GRASSI ERNEST JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | GRASSI LAWRENCE GARY: +0:The Wall | GRASSIA JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | GRASSL KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | GRASSO ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | GRASSO JOHN M JR: +0:The Wall | GRASSO PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | GRASSO PAUL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | GRATEN FREDERICK DUNHAM: +0:The Wall | GRAU ANTONIO AMBROSIO: +0:The Wall | GRAUERT HANS HERBERT: +0:The Wall | GRAUSTEIN ROBERT STEWART: +0:The Wall | GRAVEL BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | GRAVELINE RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | GRAVER RAYMOND CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | GRAVES CARTER LEE: +0:The Wall | GRAVES DONALD LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | GRAVES EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | GRAVES FRANK: +0:The Wall | GRAVES GARY EVERETT: +0:The Wall | GRAVES GEORGE W III: +0:The Wall | GRAVES HAROLD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | GRAVES JAMES EDDIE: +0:The Wall | GRAVES JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | GRAVES JEHOVAH: +0:The Wall | GRAVES JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | GRAVES LARRY: +0:The Wall | GRAVES LEONARD OLSEN: +0:The Wall | GRAVES MICHAEL LEROY: +0:The Wall | GRAVES RANDOLPH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | GRAVES RICHARD CAMPBELL: +0:The Wall | GRAVES STANLEY EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | GRAVES TERRENCE COLLINSON: +0:The Wall | GRAVES THOMAS LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | GRAVES WILLIAM BOYD: +0:The Wall | GRAVES 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Wall | HAGEN JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HAGEN JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HAGEN JEROME ALFRED: +0:The Wall | HAGEN LOREN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HAGEN RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | HAGEN THOMAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | HAGER HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HAGER JACK LEONARD: +0:The Wall | HAGER ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | HAGER THOMAS GARY: +0:The Wall | HAGERICH WILLIAM CLYDE: +0:The Wall | HAGERMAN ROBERT WARREN: +0:The Wall | HAGERTY PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HAGERTY WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HAGEY CLARENCE E: +0:The Wall | HAGGARD DARRELL LYNN: +0:The Wall | HAGGARD THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HAGGARD WILLIAM ELMER: +0:The Wall | HAGGERTY EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HAGIE MICHAEL WADE: +0:The Wall | HAGINS GREY LYNN: +0:The Wall | HAGL EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HAGLAGE ANDREW MARTIN: +0:The Wall | HAGLUND VICTOR MILFORD JR: +0:The Wall | HAGMAN RICHARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | HAGOOD JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HAGSTROM RONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | HAGUE GERALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HAGY JOSEPH ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | HAHN BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HAHN DENNIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HAHN GARY GORDON: +0:The Wall | HAHN HARLAN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | HAHN JEFFREY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HAHN LEON HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | HAHN MICHAEL DUANE: +0:The Wall | HAHN PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HAHN RAYMOND GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | HAHNER GEORGE LAWRENCE JR: +0:The Wall | HAIDER JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HAIDER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HAIDER MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HAIFLEY MICHAEL FIRESTONE: +0:The Wall | HAIGHT STEPHEN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | HAIGLER CECIL MORRIS: +0:The Wall | HAIL WILLIAM WARREN: +0:The Wall | HAILE DONALD JACK: +0:The Wall | HAILE RICHARD GUSTAVE JR: +0:The Wall | HAILEY JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | HAILEY JOSEPH CARLTON: +0:The Wall | HAILEY MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | HAILEY ODDIE C: +0:The Wall | HAIN GEORGE ANTON: +0:The Wall | HAIN ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | HAINES ADHERENE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HAINES CRAIG WARD: +0:The Wall | HAINES 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Wall | HALEY JACK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HALEY JERRY RANKIN: +0:The Wall | HALEY JOHN MATTHEW JR: +0:The Wall | HALEY PATRICK LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | HALEY TOMMY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HALFMAN BLAKE HENRY: +0:The Wall | HALFORD CALVIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HALFORD CHARLES E: +0:The Wall | HALFORD MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | HALGREN RICHARD L: +0:The Wall | HALGRIMSON MARLOYE KEITH: +0:The Wall | HALIBURTON MICHAEL R: +0:The Wall | HALIBURTON NATHANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | HALL ACIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | HALL ADOLPHUS JR: +0:The Wall | HALL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | HALL ALFRED FLOYD: +0:The Wall | HALL ARVEL HUGH: +0:The Wall | HALL BILLIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HALL BLUCHER RAY: +0:The Wall | HALL BOYCE LEE: +0:The Wall | HALL BROWNIE: +0:The Wall | HALL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | HALL BYRON ROYCE: +0:The Wall | HALL CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HALL CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HALL CHARLES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | HALL CHAUNCEY IKE: +0:The Wall | HALL CHESTER GENE: +0:The Wall | HALL CLARENCE JAY: 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JR: +0:The Wall | HALL WILLIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | HALL WILLIS R: +0:The Wall | HALL WORLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HALLADAY JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | HALLAM DURWOOD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HALLAS JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HALLBERG CARL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | HALLBERG ROGER C: +0:The Wall | HALLENBECK TED B: +0:The Wall | HALLER LEROY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | HALLETT ROBERT J: +0:The Wall | HALLEY RUSSELL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HALLEY WILSON FITZGERALD: +0:The Wall | HALLIDAY GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | HALLMAN PAUL TRUVILLE: +0:The Wall | HALLOCK DOUGLAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | HALLOCK WILBUR LEWIS J JR: +0:The Wall | HALLOW DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HALLOWELL ALBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | HALLOWS DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | HALLSTROM CHARLES MAURY: +0:The Wall | HALMAN JOHN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | HALPENNY JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | HALPIN DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | HALPIN MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | HALPIN RICHARD CONROY: +0:The Wall | HALPIN WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HALSELL JOHN EDMOND: +0:The Wall | HALSEY JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | HALSEY MacDONALD BROOKE: +0:The Wall | HALSTEAD BENNY RAY: +0:The Wall | HALSTEAD LEE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HALSTEAD MICHAEL CLAY: +0:The Wall | HALSTEAD STEPHEN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | HALSTEAD WAYNE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | HALT ARDON: +0:The Wall | HALVERSON ALVIN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | HALVERSON GARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HALVORSEN DONALD KELCEY: +0:The Wall | HALVORSON ERNEST JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HAM GEOFFREY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | HAM TERRELL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HAM WOODROW WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | HAMACHER WILLIAM BERNARD: +0:The Wall | HAMBLETON BARRY N: +0:The Wall | HAMBLETON HARRY B III: +0:The Wall | HAMBLETON MARK EVAN: +0:The Wall | HAMBLETT ROBERT BRYANT: +0:The Wall | HAMBLIN RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | HAMBLIN RONALD B: +0:The Wall | HAMBRICK HAROLD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HAMBRICK JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | HAMBURG McARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HAMBY CLYDE RANDALL: +0:The Wall | HAMBY JACKIE DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | HAMBY JIMMY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HAMBY KIRBY LYNN: +0:The Wall | HAMBY LANNY MAYES: +0:The Wall | HAMBY PAUL CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | HAMEL TEDDY LEON: +0:The Wall | HAMEL WAYNE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HAMES BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | HAMES HENRY MC NEAL T JR: +0:The Wall | HAMES LAWRENCE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | HAMET DENNIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HAMIL LOUIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HAMILL WRIGHT BARTWYN: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON AMBERS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ANDREW LEROY: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON AUGUST FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON BERT ABNER JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON CHARLES GARY: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON CHARLES ODEAN: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON CHARLES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON DAVID KENNETH: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON DENNIS CLARK: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON DICK DALE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON DONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON DONALD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON DOUGLAS BLAKE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON EARLIE C JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON EDWARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON EUGENE DAVID: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON FLOYD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON FOSTER: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON GEORGE BARKER: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON GEORGE KIRTLAND: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON GERALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON GILBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON GLENN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JAMES LEON: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JAMES V: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JEFFREY GILES: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JOHN DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JOHN SMITH: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON KYLE STEVENS: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON LEON GONZA JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON MARCUS JAMES: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON MARK LELAND: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON MILBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON PAUL GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON RICHARD ELMER: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON RICHARD LENARD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ROBERT E LEE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ROBERT THEODORE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ROLAND CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON RONALD JOAQUINE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON RONALD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON THOMAS SCOTT: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON TIMOTHY MCKEE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON ULYS FORD: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON VIRGIL VERN: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON WALTER WADE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON WAYNE DAVID: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON WILLIE CHARLES L: +0:The Wall | HAMILTON WINSTON CLINTON: +0:The Wall | HAMLET BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | HAMLET JAMES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | HAMLETT BYRON DWAYNE: +0:The 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MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HARTER FRANCIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HARTER JAMES WILSON: +0:The Wall | HARTER ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HARTER WILLIAM AARON: +0:The Wall | HARTGEN WILLIAM CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | HARTIGAN LARRY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | HARTKEMEYER JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | HARTL JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HARTLAGE JOHN PETER III: +0:The Wall | HARTLAND CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | HARTLEY CHRISTOPHER ROBER: +0:The Wall | HARTLEY DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HARTLEY JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HARTLEY ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | HARTLEY ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HARTLEY WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN BENJAMIN C JR: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN BRUCE BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN DARRELL ELMER: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN DONALD OWEN: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN EUGENE WINFIELD: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN FRED ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN HENRY WILBURN: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN HOWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN MARVIN LEO: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN NICHOLAS MARK: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN RICHARD DANNER: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN VERNON LYNN JR: +0:The Wall | HARTMAN WILLIAM TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | HARTNELL RICHARD MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | HARTNESS AARON: +0:The Wall | HARTNESS DONALD HARRY: +0:The Wall | HARTNESS GREGG: +0:The Wall | HARTNESS ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | HARTNETT MICHAEL GERALD: +0:The Wall | HARTNEY JAMES CUTHBERT: +0:The Wall | HARTOGH DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HARTPENCE DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | HARTRY OTIS LAMONT: +0:The Wall | HARTSFIELD BILLY JACOB: +0:The Wall | HARTSOCK LONNIE D: +0:The Wall | HARTSOCK ROBERT WILLARD: +0:The Wall | HARTSOE DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | HARTSON STANLEY GERALD: +0:The Wall | HARTSUFF LEO FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HARTUNG CHARLES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | HARTUNG THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HARTWELL HAROLD JAMES: +0:The Wall | HARTWELL PATRICK ALAN: +0:The Wall | HARTWELL ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HARTWELL WILLIAM RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | HARTWICK BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HARTWICK FLOYD WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | HARTY DAVID LEWIS: +0:The Wall | HARTY THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | HARTZ JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HARTZEL GERALD LESTER: +0:The Wall | HARTZELL DONALD F JR: +0:The Wall | HARTZELL SAMMY LOWELL: +0:The Wall | HARTZHEIM JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HARVELL McKINLEY H JR: +0:The Wall | HARVELL RICHARD KENEFICK: +0:The Wall | HARVEY ALAN DARYL: +0:The Wall | HARVEY CARMEL BERNON JR: +0:The Wall | HARVEY CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HARVEY CLEVELAND RAY: +0:The Wall | HARVEY DARNELL: +0:The Wall | HARVEY EUGENE DAVID: +0:The Wall | HARVEY GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HARVEY JACK ROCKWOOD: +0:The Wall | HARVEY JEFFERY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | HARVEY LARRY DREW: +0:The Wall | HARVEY LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HARVEY LAWRENCE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | HARVEY MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | HARVEY MICHAEL GAIL: +0:The Wall | HARVEY NEIL EDWARD: +0:The 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DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | HASKINS HARRY DONALD: +0:The Wall | HASKINS JOHN MERLE: +0:The Wall | HASKINS MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HASKO RONALD JON: +0:The Wall | HASLAM ALBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HASLET THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | HASLINGER PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HASPER CHARLES MARTIN: +0:The Wall | HASS STEPHEN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | HASSELL NORMAN WINSTON: +0:The Wall | HASSELL ULYSSES C: +0:The Wall | HASSELL WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HASSELMAN WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | HASSENGER ARDEN KEITH: +0:The Wall | HASSETT JAMES PETER: +0:The Wall | HASSEY PAUL ELIAS: +0:The Wall | HASSLER CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | HASSLER FREDRICK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | HASSLER HARVEY JOE: +0:The Wall | HASTE RODGER DALE: +0:The Wall | HASTINGS ANDREW LALONE: +0:The Wall | HASTINGS BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | HASTINGS CARLETON PHILIP: +0:The Wall | HASTINGS DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | HASTINGS MICHAEL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | HASTINGS STEVEN MORRIS: +0:The Wall | HASTINGS THOMAS WILLIAM: 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JAMES CECIL: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JERRY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JIM HENRY: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JOHN HARRIS: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | HOLMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOLMES KEITH DANIEL: +0:The Wall | HOLMES LARRY LAMAR: +0:The Wall | HOLMES LEONARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | HOLMES LESTER EVAN: +0:The Wall | HOLMES LINWOOD MCCOY: +0:The Wall | HOLMES LONNIE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOLMES MICHAEL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HOLMES NATHAN: +0:The Wall | HOLMES NORMAN WARD: +0:The Wall | HOLMES PHILLIP HEASE JR: +0:The Wall | HOLMES ROBERT HAROLD: +0:The Wall | HOLMES ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HOLMES RODGER DALE: +0:The Wall | HOLMES RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOLMES SAM JR: +0:The Wall | HOLMES SAMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOLMES TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOLMES THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOLMES WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | HOLMGREN ROY JAY: +0:The Wall | HOLMON ALPHONZO JR: +0:The Wall | HOLOKA JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOLOVITS LASZLO: +0:The Wall | HOLROYD JAMES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | HOLSCLAW GARY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOLSINGER GARY OLSON: +0:The Wall | HOLSOMBACK FRANK NOLAN: +0:The Wall | HOLST FREDERICK AUGUST: +0:The Wall | HOLSTEIN JOHN L: +0:The Wall | HOLSTER TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | HOLSTIUS MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | HOLSTON ARVELL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | HOLSTON PAUL: +0:The Wall | HOLSWORTH JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOLT ALLEN LEE: +0:The Wall | HOLT BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | HOLT CLARENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | HOLT CLAY JR: +0:The Wall | HOLT CRAIG BARKER: +0:The Wall | HOLT DANIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOLT DAVID RODNEY: +0:The Wall | HOLT DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOLT EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOLT GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HOLT HERSCHEL CYLE: +0:The Wall | HOLT JACK ENGLISH: +0:The Wall | HOLT JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOLT JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HOLT JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOLT JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOLT JOHNNY SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | HOLT MARSHALL MYRON JR: +0:The Wall | HOLT MERRIL: +0:The Wall | HOLT RAYMOND CLYDE: +0:The Wall | HOLT RICHARD ANCIL: +0:The Wall | HOLT ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | HOLT RONALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | HOLTE BRENT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOLTE MARK DELANE: +0:The Wall | HOLTE ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HOLTHOFF WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | HOLTMAN JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HOLTOM MARK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HOLTON GARY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | HOLTON JOHN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | HOLTON LEON G: +0:The Wall | HOLTON LOUIS ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | HOLTON ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | HOLTON STANLEY GENE: +0:The Wall | HOLTORF DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOLTREY DANIEL PERRY: +0:The Wall | HOLTSCHNEIDER GEORGE ALEX: +0:The Wall | HOLTZ ALFRED JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | HOLTZ LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOLTZ MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | HOLTZ PAUL AUGUST: +0:The Wall | HOLTZCLAW GARY EARL: +0:The Wall | HOLTZCLAW PHILIP BRUCE: +0:The Wall | HOLTZCLAW THOMAS J III: 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Wall | HONAKER RALPH: +0:The Wall | HONAKER RAYMOND KERMIT JR: +0:The Wall | HONAKER WILLIE ELSWORTH H: +0:The Wall | HONAN JOSEPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | HONCHAROFF GENE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HONDA KAORU: +0:The Wall | HONDEL WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | HONEA STANLEY RAY: +0:The Wall | HONEK KENNETH JEROME: +0:The Wall | HONEY RICHARD LANCE: +0:The Wall | HONEYCUTT BENJAMIN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HONEYCUTT BLAINE LEROY: +0:The Wall | HONEYCUTT BURLON TALMAGE: +0:The Wall | HONEYCUTT DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HONEYCUTT JAMES DON: +0:The Wall | HONEYCUTT JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | HONLEY JIMMIE CARROL: +0:The Wall | HONNOLD STEPHEN JEFFRY: +0:The Wall | HONOUR CHARLES M JR: +0:The Wall | HONRATH JON ROY: +0:The Wall | HONSE GEORGE EMILE: +0:The Wall | HONSINGER TIMOTHY L: +0:The Wall | HOOD BUDD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOOD CARLTON HARVEY: +0:The Wall | HOOD CHARLES ALAN: +0:The Wall | HOOD CHARLES EARNEST: +0:The Wall | HOOD CHARLES PERRY JR: +0:The Wall | HOOD DALE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOOD DERALD JOE: +0:The Wall | HOOD DON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HOOD ERNEST ERVIN: +0:The Wall | HOOD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOOD JAMES GARY: +0:The Wall | HOOD JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOOD JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOOD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | HOOD RICHARD E JR: +0:The Wall | HOOD ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOOD RUFUS: +0:The Wall | HOOD TERRANCE LEE: +0:The Wall | HOOD WILLIAM WILLIS: +0:The Wall | HOOGTERP STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOOK CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOOK MARK LOREN: +0:The Wall | HOOK ROBERT W: +0:The Wall | HOOK WILLIAM FOSTER JR: +0:The Wall | HOOK WILLIAM WREN: +0:The Wall | HOOKER JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOOKER SANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOOKS DAYTON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOOKS DENNIS RAYE: +0:The Wall | HOOKS RALPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOOKS WILEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | HOOP ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | HOOPAUGH LONNIE ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | HOOPENGARNER BENJAMIN L JR: +0:The Wall | HOOPER BARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOOPER HENRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOOPER JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOOPER JULIAN R: +0:The Wall | HOOPER STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | HOOPER VINS RONALD: +0:The Wall | HOOPER WARD LAWRENCE JR: +0:The Wall | HOOPER WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | HOOPII BERNARD PALENPA JR: +0:The Wall | HOOPS FRANKLIN WERNER JR: +0:The Wall | HOOS WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | HOOSIER ROGER KEITH: +0:The Wall | HOOTS DOUGLAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOOTS RICHARD MAXWELL: +0:The Wall | HOOVER ALVIN R III: +0:The Wall | HOOVER EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | HOOVER GERALD DONALD: +0:The Wall | HOOVER GORDON WOOD: +0:The Wall | HOOVER JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOOVER MELVIN SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | HOOVER MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | HOOVER REX MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOOVER ROGER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOOVER THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOOVER THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | HOOVER WILLIAM CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | HOOVER WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | HOPE MICHAEL CLINT: +0:The Wall | HOPE RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOPE SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | HOPES GLENN CHALFANT: +0:The Wall | HOPEWELL DONALD CLEMENT: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS AARON MILTON: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS ALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS CHESTER LEE: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS IRVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS JACK MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS JAMES FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS JAMES HARRISON: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS JOSEPH LEE JR: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS MARION MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS MYLON RAY: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS PERRY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS ROBERT E: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS WALLACE W JR: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS WILLIAM KENIS: +0:The Wall | HOPKINS WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOPPE PATRICK BERT: +0:The Wall | HOPPER BARRY VORRATH: +0:The Wall | HOPPER DANIEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOPPER EARL PEARSON JR: +0:The Wall | HOPPER GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | HOPPER JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | HOPPER JOSEPH CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | HOPPER LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOPPER RICHARD WHAN: +0:The Wall | HOPPER WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | HOPPERS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOPPOUGH DENNIS KARL: +0:The Wall | HOPPS GARY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HOPSON FREDERICK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOPSON JAMES HARVEY: +0:The Wall | HOPSON ROE JR: +0:The Wall | HOPSON WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HORACE ALBERT C JR: +0:The Wall | HORAL THOMAS GLEN: +0:The Wall | HORAN JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HORAN LEO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HORCAJO ROBERT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | HORCHAR ANDREW ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | HORCHEM NELSON LEPORT JR: +0:The Wall | HORDERN DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | HORGAN DUANE FRANK: +0:The Wall | HORINEK BRIAN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | HORINEK DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HORLBACK FRANCIS D: +0:The Wall | HORN ALAN MURRAY: +0:The Wall | HORN ALEC HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORN CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORN DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HORN DAYMON DONALD: +0:The Wall | HORN DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HORN DOUGLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | HORN EDWARD ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | HORN EMMETT HARVEY: +0:The Wall | HORN JACOB ANDREW: +0:The Wall | HORN JERRY VERNE: +0:The Wall | HORN JOHN ELIA: +0:The Wall | HORN MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | HORN RAYMOND LEON: +0:The Wall | HORN RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | HORNADAY RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | HORNBACK RICHARD JERRY: +0:The Wall | HORNBAKER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HORNBROOK RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | HORNBUCKLE ALTON LEE: +0:The Wall | HORNBUCKLE CLARENCE E JR: +0:The Wall | HORNBURGER WILLIE ROGERS: +0:The Wall | HORNBY DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HORNBY THOMAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | HORNE AUSTIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | HORNE KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | HORNE LAMAR: +0:The Wall | HORNE STANLEY HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORNE WAYNE MORRIS: +0:The Wall | HORNELAS ISMAEL FERNANDO: +0:The Wall | HORNER ALBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | HORNER CARL NICHOLAS M: +0:The Wall | HORNER HERBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | HORNER LARRY MARK: +0:The Wall | HORNER MARK ROLAND: +0:The Wall | HORNER MICHAEL MERVIN: +0:The Wall | HORNER WALTER DENNIS: +0:The Wall | HORNER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HORNSBY JOHN R: +0:The Wall | HORNSTEIN EDMUND HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORNYAK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HORRELL GERALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HORRIDGE FREDERICK RAYMON: +0:The Wall | HORSKY ROBERT MILVOY: +0:The Wall | HORSLEY LA MONTE VAN: +0:The Wall | HORSLEY LARRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | HORSLEY RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HORSMAN GEORGE LESLIE II: +0:The Wall | HORSMAN JOSEPH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | HORSPOOL ROBERT KENT: +0:The Wall | HORST PHILLIP METZ: +0:The Wall | HORST ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HORTON ALBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | HORTON BARRY DEVERE: +0:The Wall | HORTON CHARLES BRENT: +0:The Wall | HORTON CHARLES RONALD: +0:The Wall | HORTON DANIEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HORTON DONALD MULLALY: +0:The Wall | HORTON DONNIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON FLOYD MONROE: +0:The Wall | HORTON FRED HOWARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON HARRY WADE JR: +0:The Wall | HORTON JAMES HARRISON: +0:The Wall | HORTON JOHN MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | HORTON JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON MARSHAL LYNN: +0:The Wall | HORTON ROBERT BERNARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON RUBEN LEE: +0:The Wall | HORTON STANLEY: +0:The Wall | HORVATH ANDREW: +0:The Wall | HORVATH CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HORVATH ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | HORVATH WAYNE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | HORVATH WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HORWITZ STANLEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HOSAKA ISAAC YOSHIRO: +0:The Wall | HOSE HERMAN BATER JR: +0:The Wall | HOSE JOHN WALLACE JR: +0:The Wall | HOSEA MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | HOSEA WILLIAM HADLEY: +0:The Wall | HOSEY SANDRA: +0:The Wall | HOSEY TOMMY BRYAN: +0:The Wall | HOSFORD LARRY DELANO: +0:The Wall | HOSKEN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOSKING CHARLES ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ALVIN: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS DANNY: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS DONALD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS GOMER DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS HAROLD ORION: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ROBERT SULLIVAN: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS SHELDON DALE: +0:The Wall | HOSKINSON HARRY RONALD: +0:The Wall | HOSKINSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOSKO GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | HOSLER FRANKLIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOSNANDER CARL E: +0:The Wall | HOSNEDLE ALAN ROGER: +0:The Wall | HOSTEN CLIFFORD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOSTETTER STUART GLEN: +0:The Wall | HOSTIKKA RICHARD AUGUST: +0:The Wall | HOSTUTTLER HERMON R: +0:The Wall | HOTALING DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOTCHKISS KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOTCHKISS LEROY CASE III: +0:The Wall | HOTCHKISS MICHAEL JENNING: +0:The Wall | HOTTELL JOHN A III: +0:The Wall | HOTTENROTH JAMES RANDALL: +0:The Wall | HOTTINGER FRED LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUCHIN DARCY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HOUCK ALLEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | HOUCK EARL FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | HOUCK LAWRENCE EMANUEL II: +0:The Wall | HOUCK STEPHEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOUDASHELT FRANCIS GERALD: +0:The Wall | HOUG DOUGLAS DUANE: +0:The Wall | HOUGH MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | HOUGH MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | HOUGHTALING FLOYD W III: +0:The Wall | HOUGHTION ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOUGHTON JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | HOULDITCH JULIUS C JR: +0:The Wall | HOULE DANNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOULE KIRK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOULE ROBERT KENNETH: +0:The Wall | HOULIHAN JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HOUNSHELL JEFFREY DAVID: +0:The Wall | HOURIGAN MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | HOURIGAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOUSE ALTON: +0:The Wall | HOUSE DOUGLAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOUSE GEORGE JONATHAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN ALEXANDER II: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN K: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSE OSCAR LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSE RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSE WILLIAM HANDSOME: +0:The Wall | HOUSE WILLIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HOUSEHOLDER RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOUSEHOLTER TERRY AUGUST: +0:The Wall | HOUSER CARL RAY: +0:The Wall | HOUSER CHARLES MILTON: +0:The Wall | HOUSER CLYDE RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | HOUSER DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOUSER DORIAN JAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSER JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSH ANTHONY FRANK: +0:The Wall | HOUSH RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | HOUSKER HAROLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSLEY CHARLES LARRY: +0:The Wall | HOUSLEY JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | HOUSMAN ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON ALEX RAY: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON BENNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON ELWOOD LAYTON: +0:The Wall | 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KAHANA SAMUEL KAULUHAIMAI: +0:The Wall | KAHKONEN EDWIN MATTI JR: +0:The Wall | KAHLA VICTOR DAVISON JR: +0:The Wall | KAHLER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KAHLER HAROLD: +0:The Wall | KAHLER LE LUND MORRIS: +0:The Wall | KAHLSTORF KEITH ALAN: +0:The Wall | KAHRE DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KAIL ROBERT MORTON: +0:The Wall | KAIRAITIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KAISER DENNIS DALE: +0:The Wall | KAISER FRANK MELVIN: +0:The Wall | KAISER HOWARD WALKER: +0:The Wall | KAISER LARRY KURT: +0:The Wall | KAISER RONALD HARRY: +0:The Wall | KAJIWARA JAMES TOSHI: +0:The Wall | KAKUK ALLEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KALANI CHARLES MANUWAHL: +0:The Wall | KALB LOUIS WILSON: +0:The Wall | KALB MICHAEL DALE: +0:The Wall | KALE MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KALEIKINI THEODORE K JR: +0:The Wall | KALEN JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KALER RICHARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | KALETTA BARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | KALFAS ALLAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KALHAGEN PHILIP ALFRED: +0:The Wall | KALIL JAMES NOBLE: +0:The Wall | KALILI MELVYN HAMANA: +0:The Wall | KALINA EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KALIS GERALD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | KALIVAS JOHN ANGELO: +0:The Wall | KALKA CHARLES CLINTON: +0:The Wall | KALLAHER CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KALSU JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KALTER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KALUA SOLOMON JR: +0:The Wall | KAMA FRED KAIMI NAAUAO: +0:The Wall | KAMALOLO JOEL KAHALEALOHA: +0:The Wall | KAMENICKY GEORGE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KAMINSKI EDWARD J: +0:The Wall | KAMINSKI JOSEPH M JR: +0:The Wall | KAMINSKI KENNETH: +0:The Wall | KAMINSKI RAYMOND DONALD: +0:The Wall | KAMINSKI RICHARD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KAMINSKY JOHN PERRY: +0:The Wall | KAMP THOMAS KEITH: +0:The Wall | KAMPH MICHAEL CLYDE: +0:The Wall | KAMRATH JACK HARLAN: +0:The Wall | KANAAR LOUIS KENNETH: +0:The Wall | KANACZET JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | KANAMAN KENNETH HARVEY: +0:The Wall | KANDEL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KANDLER TERRENCE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KANE BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KANE CHARLES FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | KANE CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KANE COLEMAN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KANE DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KANE FRANCIS XAVIER: +0:The Wall | KANE JOSEPH LEON: +0:The Wall | KANE LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KANE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KANE MOMI NUHI: +0:The Wall | KANE RICHARD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | KANE TERRANCE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KANE THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KANE THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KANE WILLIAM GERARD JR: +0:The Wall | KANEKO JULIO: +0:The Wall | KANESHIRO EDWARD NOBORU: +0:The Wall | KANESKI ROBERT ADAM: +0:The Wall | KANGAS ARTHUR NELSON: +0:The Wall | KANGAS CLIFFORD F D: +0:The Wall | KANGRO LAURI: +0:The Wall | KANNEL DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KANONCZYK RICHARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | KANOSH KENNARD KING: +0:The Wall | KANOSH WILBERT DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | KANSIK FREDERICK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | KANTER EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KAOPUIKI ALEXANDER A JR: +0:The Wall | KAPALU GEORGE KUAMOO: +0:The Wall | KAPAS PETER JR: +0:The Wall | KAPELUCK JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KAPETANOPOULOS KOSMAS PET: +0:The Wall | KAPLAFKA MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | KAPLAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KAPLAN DANIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KAPLON PHILLIP FELIX JR: +0:The Wall | KAPOUN TIMOTHY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KAPP JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KAPP PAUL LASLO: +0:The Wall | KAPP RICHARD WORRELL JR: +0:The Wall | KAPPMEYER PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KAPPMEYER THEODORE C: +0:The Wall | KAPSHA RICHARD RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | KAPUSTA EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | KARAMAN FRED: +0:The Wall | KARAS PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KARAS WALTER: +0:The Wall | KARAS WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | KARASCH WOLFGANG WERNER: +0:The Wall | KARAU RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KARDASH KENNETH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KARDELL DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KARDOS JAMES MARION: +0:The Wall | KARDOS JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KARES JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KARGER BARRY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KARGER GREGORY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KARGER RICHARD TILDON: +0:The Wall | KARI JARMO ANTERO: +0:The Wall | KARICKHOFF WILLIS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | KARINS JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KARLIN DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KARLSTROM SIGFRID R: +0:The Wall | KARN WAYNE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KARNEHM STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | KARNES LESLIE LEROY: +0:The Wall | KAROPCZYC STEPHEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KARPENSKE DALE RODNEY: +0:The Wall | KARPIAK MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | KARPY JOSEPH RUBEN: +0:The Wall | KARR CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | KARR DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | KARR GEORGE GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | KARR JOHN PRESTON: +0:The Wall | KARR ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KARRAS JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KARST CARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KARSZNIA LESZEK STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KASA KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KASAI THOMAS TARO: +0:The Wall | KASCH FREDERICK MORRISON: +0:The Wall | KASER RANDALL FRANK: +0:The Wall | KASHIEMER CARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KASIAH CLAUDE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KASKE RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | KASKI DONALD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KASNOW EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KASPAUL ALFRED AUGUST: 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RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | KAUFMAN DAVID MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | KAUFMAN DONACIANO FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KAUFMAN HAROLD JAMES: +0:The Wall | KAUFMAN JAY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KAUFMAN THOMAS JAY: +0:The Wall | KAUFMAN WAYNE ELDON: +0:The Wall | KAUGARS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KAUHAIHAO JOHN KUULEI: +0:The Wall | KAUHANE ELIAS MAULILI: +0:The Wall | KAULBACK PETER JON: +0:The Wall | KAUPP CURTIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KAUS HARRY LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | KAUS WLADISLAW: +0:The Wall | KAUSE WILLIAM RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | KAVICH ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | KAVULAK JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | KAWACHIKA ARTHUR KAORU: +0:The Wall | KAWAMURA GARY NOBORU: +0:The Wall | KAWAMURA ROBERT KIYOSHI: +0:The Wall | KAWAMURA TERRY TERUO: +0:The Wall | KAY BRYAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KAY WALTER THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | KAYE MARK SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | KAYGA WILLIAM DUANE: +0:The Wall | KAYS DAVID COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | KAYS JAMES G: +0:The Wall | KAYS JERRY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | KAYSER RUSSELL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KAZANOWSKI JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KAZEKEVICIOUS JOSEPH HENR: +0:The Wall | KAZIKOWSKI JEFFREY G: +0:The Wall | KAZMIERCZAK ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEA ANDREW MILLARD: +0:The Wall | KEA EDWARD KIKAU: +0:The Wall | KEAG ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KEAHEY CARL JOHN III: +0:The Wall | KEAHI GENE LUTHER: +0:The Wall | KEAL CLEVELAND JR: +0:The Wall | KEAN BILLIE ORR: +0:The Wall | KEANE PATRICK BRENDAN: +0:The Wall | KEAO JOHN K III: +0:The Wall | KEARBY JEAN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEARNEY CHARLES DARYL: +0:The Wall | KEARNEY DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KEARNEY DONALD BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KEARNEY ROBERT CURT: +0:The Wall | KEARNEY TIMOTHY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KEARNS BRENDAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEARNS JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KEARNS JOSEPH THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | KEARNS STEVEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEARSE JULIUS JOEY: +0:The Wall | KEARSLEY RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KEARSLEY TOMMY L: +0:The Wall | KEASLING ELMER LEO: +0:The Wall | KEATHLEY CHARLES BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KEATING ALLEN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KEATING DANIEL JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | KEATING RALPH AINSWORTH: +0:The Wall | KEATON DANNY GARTH: +0:The Wall | KEATON DAVID ROGER: +0:The Wall | KEATON EVERETT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KEATON JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | KEATS ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KEAVENEY THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEBERLINE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | KECK CARL RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | KECK FRANK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | KECK GARTH WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | KECK JAY LYNN: +0:The Wall | KECK RUSSELL FORREST: +0:The Wall | KECK WARREN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KECKLER ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | KEDENBURG JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | KEDROSKI ALBERT ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | KEE DANIEL PETER III: +0:The Wall | KEE JULIAN STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | KEE WILSON BEGAY: +0:The Wall | KEEBLE EDWIN AUGUSTUS JR: +0:The Wall | KEEFE DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KEEFE DENNIS WRIGHT: +0:The Wall | KEEFE DOUGLAS O'NEIL: +0:The Wall | KEEFE FLOYD MILTON: +0:The Wall | KEEFE MARTIN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KEEFE PAUL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KEEFE RICHARD CARLYSLE: +0:The Wall | KEEFER DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KEEFER KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | KEEGAN RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KEEHNER CARROL GENE: +0:The Wall | KEEL DAVID LATTIMORE: +0:The Wall | KEEL JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | KEELER BERT AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | KEELER DICKIE GAYLE: +0:The Wall | KEELER HARPER BROWN: +0:The Wall | KEELER JAMES EDMUND: +0:The Wall | KEELER LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | KEELER RALPH LEROY: +0:The Wall | KEELER WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KEELER WILLIAM GILBERT: +0:The Wall | KEELER WILLIAM HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KEELEY FREDDIE JOE: +0:The Wall | KEELING ARTHUR R: +0:The Wall | KEELING LARRY DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEELS MARLOWE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KEEN ALBERT MASON JR: +0:The Wall | KEEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEEN DARYL LA VERNE: +0:The Wall | KEEN EDWIN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KEEN JASPER LEE: +0:The Wall | KEENAN DENNIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEENAN DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEENAN JOHN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KEENAN LAWRENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEENAN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | KEENE DANIEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEENE GERALD BRICE: +0:The Wall | KEENE GLEN CAMERON JR: +0:The Wall | KEENE GRAT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEENE ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KEENE THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KEENE WALTER MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KEENER JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | KEENER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KEENER LAWTON ARVIL: +0:The Wall | KEENER ROBERT STEVEN: +0:The Wall | KEENER RONALD FLOYD: +0:The Wall | KEENEY GERALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEENEY JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | KEEP DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEEPNEWS JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEERAN WILLARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | KEESEE ARTHUR EARL: +0:The Wall | KEESEE JOSEPH TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | KEESLER STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEESLING GERALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEESLING JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEETER DONALD LARRY: +0:The Wall | KEETER MARVIN ROSS: +0:The Wall | KEETER MICHAEL YATES: +0:The Wall | KEETLE JEFFREY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KEETON TOMMIE: +0:The Wall | KEEVEN LOUIS FERDINAND: +0:The Wall | KEFER CHARLES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | KEFFALOS CHRIS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEGG DONNIE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KEGLEWITSCH WILHELM LUDWI: +0:The Wall | KEGLEY JOE DAVID: +0:The Wall | KEGLOVITS EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEGLOVITS RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEHOE DOUGLAS BERNARD: +0:The Wall | KEHOE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEHOE ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KEHRLI HERBERT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEIFER JOE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | KEIL DUANE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEIM JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEIN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEIPER GEORGE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KEIPER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KEIRNS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | KEISLING DERVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEISTER DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | KEISTER JOHN LOY: +0:The Wall | KEISTER LAWRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | KEITH CLYDE LEE: +0:The Wall | KEITH DANIEL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KEITH DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | KEITH DENNIS MEVES: +0:The Wall | KEITH JAMES KELLY III: +0:The Wall | KEITH JIMMIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KEITH KENNETH ARCHIBALD: +0:The Wall | KEITH LEE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEITH MASON ALAN: +0:The Wall | KEITH MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | KEITH RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | KEITH ROY BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | KEITH WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | KEITHLINE RICHARD WARD: +0:The Wall | KEITT CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEKAHUNA WILLIAM ANTONE: +0:The Wall | KEKEL JERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELBY WESLY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELEHER KEVIN REYNOLDS: +0:The Wall | KELL JAMES STEWART: +0:The Wall | KELL LYLE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KELLAM GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLAMS GLENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | KELLAR HARRY DAVID CHARLE: +0:The Wall | KELLAS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KELLEMS RAYMOND EARL: +0:The Wall | KELLENBENZ BARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KELLER BRUCE M: +0:The Wall | KELLER CHARLES HENRY II: +0:The Wall | KELLER CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLER DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLER DODD CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | KELLER FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KELLER GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | KELLER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLER GREG: +0:The Wall | KELLER JACK ELMER: +0:The Wall | KELLER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KELLER JAMES MASON: +0:The Wall | KELLER JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER KENNETH LAVERN: +0:The Wall | KELLER KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLER LAWRENCE OSWALD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER LEONARD: +0:The Wall | KELLER LEROY HENRY: +0:The Wall | KELLER NORMAN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | KELLER PETER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER RAYMOND E JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER RICHARD ALDEN: +0:The Wall | KELLER RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | KELLER ROBERT CRITCHLEY: +0:The Wall | KELLER ROGER PRESBORN: +0:The Wall | KELLER RONALD DALE: +0:The Wall | KELLER RONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | KELLER TIMOTHY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KELLER WAYNE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | KELLER WENDELL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLERMANN ALLAN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLETT DANIEL MACARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KELLETT JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY BERNARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DANA RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DANIEL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DANIEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DEWEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KELLEY EDDIE RALPH: +0:The Wall | KELLEY FRED ALLAN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY FREDDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | KELLEY GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELLEY GLENN HOWELL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY HARVEY PAUL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JAMES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JERRY CONRAD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOE C: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOHNNIE WOODROW: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOSEPH HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY KARL ELTON JR: +0:The Wall | KELLEY KENDRICK KING III: +0:The Wall | KELLEY LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY LARRY MILTON: +0:The Wall | KELLEY LOUIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY MAHLON LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KELLEY MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLEY NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY OWEN C: +0:The Wall | KELLEY PATRICK GENE: +0:The Wall | KELLEY PAUL GLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KELLEY RICHARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELLEY ROGER VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | KELLEY VERNE CARL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY VICTOR BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KELLEY VIRGIL KINNAIRD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLEY WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KELLEY WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELLISON DAVID GLENN: +0:The Wall | KELLOGG ALTON DELANEY: +0:The Wall | KELLOGG GREGORY JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLOGG PETER PATRICK W: +0:The Wall | KELLUM NORMAN WADE: +0:The Wall | KELLUMS DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY BARNEY JOE: +0:The Wall | KELLY BENJAMIN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY BRIAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY CARL EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHARLES L: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHARLES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | KELLY DENNIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | KELLY DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | KELLY DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | KELLY DOUGLAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KELLY DOUGLAS MILTON: +0:The Wall | KELLY EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY EDMUND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERIC MELVIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERIC STEVEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERNEST CALVIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY FATHIES JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY GEORGE THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | KELLY GERALD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY GLENN ERROLL: +0:The Wall | KELLY GREGORY PAUL: +0:The Wall | KELLY GREGORY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY HARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES KEVIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES MATHEW: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES RAYMOND III: +0:The Wall | KELLY JEROME RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOE DUSTIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOEL RAY: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOHN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOHN WILLIAM S G: +0:The Wall | KELLY LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLY LAWRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLY LEO JOHN III: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY PATRICK JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY PAUL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KELLY ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KELLY ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY SEEBER J: +0:The Wall | KELLY STEPHEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY STEPHEN GERE: +0:The Wall | KELLY STEPHEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLY TERRY LEON: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLARD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLIAM MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLIAM PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLIE J: +0:The Wall | KELM LARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELMAN WAYNE H: +0:The Wall | KELNHOFER JOSEPH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELPINE RANDALL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KELSALL BILLY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELSEY CLIFFORD EARL: +0:The Wall | KELSEY D J: +0:The Wall | KELSEY J C: +0:The Wall | KELSEY MILTON GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KELSEY RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | KELSEY STRAUGHAN D JR: +0:The Wall | KELSO JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KELSO THOMAS JOSH JR: +0:The Wall | KELSO TODD DUANE: +0:The Wall | KELTON RICHARD LANE: +0:The Wall | KEMBLE DONALD WILLIAM IV: +0:The Wall | KEMELMACHER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEMER ROBERT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KEMERER THOMAS BLAIR: +0:The Wall | KEMMERER DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEMMERLING JOE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KEMP CHARLIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEMP CLAYTON CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | KEMP EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEMP FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | KEMP FREDERICK DONALD: +0:The Wall | KEMP JERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEMP JIMMY: +0:The Wall | KEMP JOE MAC: +0:The Wall | KEMP JOHN ALDA: +0:The Wall | KEMP MARWICK LEROY: +0:The Wall | KEMP MITCHELL LYNN: +0:The Wall | KEMP ROBERT VICTOR: +0:The Wall | KEMP SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KEMP THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KEMPEL MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEMPER JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEMPF DENNIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEMPF DOUGLAS SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KEMPFF RONALD WARREN: +0:The Wall | KEMPKE SANTFORD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | KEMPKER PATRICK BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | KEMPKES ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KEMPLE GILBERT VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | KEMPNER MARION LEE: +0:The Wall | KEMSKI GARY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KENAGA GARY LYLE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL ALBIN LEE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL COLEY LEE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL GEORGE PERCY JR: +0:The Wall | KENDALL JAMES D: +0:The Wall | KENDALL KENNETH BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL NEIL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KENDLE RANDY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | KENDRA GEORGE JOHN: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK HOMER PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK RICHARD SMITH: +0:The Wall | KENDRICKS DOY RAY: +0:The Wall | KENEALLY CORNELIUS PAUL: +0:The Wall | KENEDY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENEIPP WARREN OWINGS JR: +0:The Wall | KENERLY WARREN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KENISON BENJAMIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KENNANN LARRY RUSSELL: 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Wall | KENNEDY ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY THOMAS JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY THOMAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY TIMOTHY JOEL: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY WILLIAM D III: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | KENNELL DANNY OWEN: +0:The Wall | KENNEY DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KENNEY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KENNEY ELMER FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KENNEY HARRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KENNEY JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KENNEY JOSEPH HAYDEN: +0:The Wall | KENNEY OTIS: +0:The Wall | KENNEY TERRY JOE: +0:The Wall | KENNINGTON BILLY DON: +0:The Wall | KENNON DONALD NEAL: +0:The Wall | KENNY JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | KENNY ROBERT W: +0:The Wall | KENNY RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENOFFEL STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENT DANIEL WILDER: +0:The Wall | KENT DOUGLAS BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KENT ERROL LYNN: +0:The Wall | KENT GREGORY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KENT JESSE PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | KENT KENNETH ROSS: +0:The Wall | KENT LLOYD HENRY: +0:The Wall | KENT ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | KENT RONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | KENT WAYNE LEE: +0:The Wall | KENT WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KENTER MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KENTON DONALD E: +0:The Wall | KENTON STANLEY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KENYON DALE DEAN: +0:The Wall | KEO DANIEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KEOGH MARTIN JEROME: +0:The Wall | KEOGH THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KEOWN BLAIR LOGAN: +0:The Wall | KEPCZYK TADEUSZ MARIAN: +0:The Wall | KEPHART RUSSELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEPPEN THOMAS ROGER: +0:The Wall | KEPPLER JOHN M: +0:The Wall | KEPSEL ELMER FRED: +0:The Wall | KERBL FRANK RONALD: +0:The Wall | KERBY MARTIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KERCHNER ROBERT BARD: +0:The Wall | KERCOUDE ANTHONY KONSTANT: +0:The Wall | KERCSMAR ROBERT CALVIN: +0:The Wall | KERI ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KERKHOFF RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KERKSTRA HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KERL MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KERLEY ROYD STEVE JR: +0:The Wall | KERLIN WILLIS EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KERN BRUCE ALAN: +0:The Wall | KERN DANIEL OLMSTEAD: +0:The Wall | KERN DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KERN DOUGLAS DUANE: +0:The Wall | KERN WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KERNAHAN GREGORY P JR: +0:The Wall | KERNAN MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KERNDL BRUCE EDGAR: +0:The Wall | KERNER RONALD BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KERNEY JOHN OSCAR: +0:The Wall | KERNS ARTHUR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KERNS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | KERNS FRED MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KERNS GLENN DIRK: +0:The Wall | KERNS JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KERNS ROGER RAY: +0:The Wall | KEROHER GAYLAND EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KERR CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | KERR CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | KERR EDWARD LEMOYNE: +0:The Wall | KERR ERNEST CLANEY JR: +0:The Wall | KERR EVERETT OSCAR: +0:The Wall | KERR GAYLORD GERALD: +0:The Wall | KERR J L JR: +0:The Wall | KERR JAMES CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | KERR JOHN CREIGHTON GILLE: +0:The Wall | KERR NORMAN THEODORE: +0:The Wall | KERR RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KERR ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KERR ROBERT WESLEY: +0:The Wall | KERR RONNIE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KERR STANLEY JESSE: +0:The Wall | KERR WESLEY SHEPPARD: +0:The Wall | KERSEY ARDEN ELLSWORTH JR: +0:The Wall | KERSEY J D WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KERSEY MAX DUANE: +0:The Wall | KERSEY WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | KERSTEN LESTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KERTIS HENRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | KERVIN JOEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KERWIN REVELRY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | KESHNER KEO JOE: +0:The Wall | KESKI KEITH: +0:The Wall | KESLER LAWRENCE DAVID: +0:The Wall | KESLING RAYMON DALE: +0:The Wall | KESLING RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KESSEL MICHAEL HENRY: +0:The Wall | KESSEL ROBERT LESTER: +0:The Wall | KESSELHON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KESSING THOMAS EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KESSINGER JOHN McFARLAND: +0:The Wall | KESSINGER KENNETH MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KESSLER JULIUS ALLEN III: +0:The Wall | KESSLER TIMOTHY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KESTER FRED DUANE: +0:The Wall | KESTER JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KESTER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KESTER THOMAS DUFAUX: +0:The Wall | KESTERSON CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KESTERSON DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KESTLER GARY LYLE: +0:The Wall | KESTLER JESSE LYNN: +0:The Wall | KETCH MICHAEL HAYWARD: +0:The Wall | KETCHIE SCOTT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KETCHUM WILLIAM ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | KETELAAR ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | KETELS FLOYD DALE: +0:The Wall | KETHE HENRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | KETNER HAROLD K JR: +0:The Wall | KETT RANDOLPH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KETTER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KETTERER JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | KETTERING ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | KETTMANN DANIEL RAY: +0:The Wall | KETTNER ALAN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KETZLER GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KEVER DWAYNE ELBERT: +0:The Wall | KEY ANDERSON HAROLD: +0:The Wall | KEY ANTHONY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEY HULUS EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | KEY LESTER: +0:The Wall | KEY RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEY ROGER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KEYER DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | KEYES ARNELL: +0:The Wall | KEYES DANIEL DUANE: +0:The Wall | KEYES SCOTTY LEE: +0:The Wall | KEYES WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KEYS MICHAEL HENRY: +0:The Wall | KIAHA RODNEY SIU: +0:The Wall | KIATKIN NIKOLAI: +0:The Wall | KIBBE GERRITH LOWELL: +0:The Wall | KIBBEY RICHARD ABBOTT: +0:The Wall | KIBEL CHARLEY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | KIBLER ALFRED JAMES: +0:The Wall | KICK DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KICKLITER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KIDD DENNIS CURTIS: +0:The Wall | KIDD DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KIDD DONNY RAMON: +0:The Wall | KIDD GEORGE R: +0:The Wall | KIDD JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | KIDD KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KIDD LEONARD WHITLEY: +0:The Wall | KIDD MELTON LAVONE: +0:The Wall | KIDD MICHAEL LOU: +0:The Wall | KIDD NORMAN RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | KIDD PETER ALAN: +0:The Wall | KIDD PHILLIP MERIDITH: +0:The Wall | KIDD RHEA MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | KIDD VICTOR ELDEN: +0:The Wall | KIDD WAYNE HUFFMAN: +0:The Wall | KIDWELL ROGER GENE: +0:The Wall | KIDWELL WAYNE MINOR: +0:The Wall | KIECKER PAUL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KIEFEL ERNST PHILIP JR: +0:The Wall | KIEFER STUART OTIS: +0:The Wall | KIEFFER WILLIAM LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | KIEFHABER ANDREW JOHN: +0:The Wall | KIEHL MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | KIEHNE JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | KIEL STEVEN TRACY: +0:The Wall | KIELLEY BYRON ALICK: +0:The Wall | KIELPIKOWSKI RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KIELY BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | KIEME BRUCE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KIENER KENNETH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KIER CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KIER LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | KIERNAN JOSEPH M JR: +0:The Wall | KIERZEK STANLEY P: +0:The Wall | KIERZNOWSKI TERRENCE E: +0:The Wall | KIES DAVID F: +0:The Wall | KIESELBURG GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KIESER CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | KIESLER RAYMOND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KIESLING GERALD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KIESTLER JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | KIESWETTER GERARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KIEWLEN FRANK JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KIEZKOWSKI EDWARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KIGAR LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KIGER DENNIS DELMAR: +0:The Wall | KIGER GEORGE ALAN: +0:The Wall | KIGER JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KIGER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KIGHT MICHAEL AARON: +0:The Wall | KIHL PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | KIHNLEY GEORGE MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | KIJOWSKI ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KIKER DOUGLAS HUGH: +0:The Wall | KIKKERT ROBERT MERRILL: +0:The Wall | KILBANE TERENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KILBANE TERRENCE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KILBUCK GEORGE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | KILBURN WILLIAM HUNTER: +0:The Wall | KILBY RAYMOND MORGAN: +0:The Wall | KILCULLEN THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KILDARE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | KILDERRY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KILDUFF MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | KILE JOHN TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | KILEY MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KILGORE CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KILGORE DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | KILGORE GARY BREWSTER: +0:The Wall | KILGORE LARRY WYATT: +0:The Wall | KILKENNY FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KILLABREW ROBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | KILLEN JOHN DEWEY III: +0:The Wall | KILLENS RICHARD: 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KIMBLER LAWRENCE RUTHERFO: +0:The Wall | KIMBLEY ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | KIMBRELL GORDON T JR: +0:The Wall | KIMBRELL LOUIS CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | KIMBROUGH GOLSBY JR: +0:The Wall | KIMBROUGH HAROLD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KIMES LOUIS D: +0:The Wall | KIMLING MILES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KIMM CLARENCE ALFRED: +0:The Wall | KIMMEL EUGENE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KIMMEL GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | KIMMEL LEWIS ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KIMMEL ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KIMMEL ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | KIMMEL STANLEY REGAN: +0:The Wall | KIMMELL GEORGE SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | KIMPEL PHILIP JOHN: +0:The Wall | KIMSEY DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KIMSEY WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | KIMURA KAY KAZU: +0:The Wall | KIMZEY JOHN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KINARD DIXON TALMADGE: +0:The Wall | KINARD LARRY VERGESS: +0:The Wall | KINARD LESTER STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | KINASZ MONTE CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | KINCAID BARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KINCAID PAUL EDDIE: +0:The Wall | KINCANNON RAYMOND OMER: +0:The Wall | KINCER ALFRED LEMUEL III: +0:The Wall | KINDEL JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | KINDER BRADLEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KINDER LARRY WADE: +0:The Wall | KINDER WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KINDLE WILLIAM DOYLE: +0:The Wall | KINDLE WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | KINDLEBERGER HAROLD PAUL: +0:The Wall | KINDRED LAWRENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KINDRED MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KINDRED RONNY KAY: +0:The Wall | KINDRICK BRYCE LEROY: +0:The Wall | KINDSVATTER WARREN EARL: +0:The Wall | KINDT THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KINES EDWARD WRAY: +0:The Wall | KING ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | KING ARGESTLAR JR: +0:The Wall | KING BILLY BROWN: +0:The Wall | KING BOBBY: +0:The Wall | KING BRADFORD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KING BRUCE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KING CARSON MILO: +0:The Wall | KING CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KING CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | KING CHARLES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KING CHARLES MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | KING CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | KING DANNY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KING DANNY RAYMOND: 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EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES ISRAEL: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES ROGERS: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | KING JAY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KING JOHN CHESTER: +0:The Wall | KING JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KING JOHN TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | KING JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | KING JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | KING JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | KING JON MARC: +0:The Wall | KING JOSEPH CEPHUS JR: +0:The Wall | KING JOSEPH DEWARD: +0:The Wall | KING JOSEPH ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KING KENNETH WALTER: +0:The Wall | KING LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KING LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KING LAUNEY E: +0:The Wall | KING LAURENCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KING LEE RAY: +0:The Wall | KING LEROY ALAN: +0:The Wall | KING LESLIE GENE: +0:The Wall | KING LESTER: +0:The Wall | KING LEWIS MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | KING LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KING LONNIE RALPH: +0:The Wall | KING LYELL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KING MICHAEL ELI: +0:The Wall | KING MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KING MONROE DEE: +0:The Wall | KING NORTON ZIGMUND: +0:The Wall | KING PATRICK WILLMER: +0:The Wall | KING PAUL CHESTER JR: +0:The Wall | KING RAYFORD HENRY: +0:The Wall | KING REGINALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | KING RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT D ORR: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LARRY: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT SHELTON JR: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD REED: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD RUNYAN: +0:The Wall | KING STEVEN ROSS: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS KEITH: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS PICKETT BYRD: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS RAY: +0:The Wall | KING VERLON DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | KING WOODROW WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | KING WYLIE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | KINGERY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KINGERY PAUL JAY: +0:The Wall | KINGHAMMER STEVE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KINGHORN STEPHEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KINGMAN BARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | KINGMAN DAN CHRISTIE JR: +0:The Wall | KINGREY EDWARD LEO: +0:The Wall | KINGSBURY DAVE ROYCE: +0:The Wall | KINGSLEY THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KINGSTON GEORGE HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | KINGSTON THOMAS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KINIRY ANDREW JOHN: +0:The Wall | KINIYALOCTS CHARLES M: +0:The Wall | KINK DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KINKADE WILLIAM LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KINKAID FRANK W JR: +0:The Wall | KINKEAD MAURICE HARRISON: +0:The Wall | KINKEADE RONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | KINKLE BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | KINMAN TERRY DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | KINNAMON SAMMY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KINNARD DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KINNARD DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | KINNARD JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KINNARD WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KINNE ALLEN GENE: +0:The Wall | 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DAVID BUTLER: +0:The Wall | KISER JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KISER LEON EMMANUEL: +0:The Wall | KISER ROBERT JESSE: +0:The Wall | KISER ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KISER WILLIAM BROOKS: +0:The Wall | KISH CARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KISH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | KISIELEWSKI JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KISNER THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | KISSAM EDWARD KNELL JR: +0:The Wall | KISSELL BERNARD F JR: +0:The Wall | KISSINGER HAROLD JAMES: +0:The Wall | KISSINGER NORMAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KISSINGER RONALD CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | KISSLING BENJAMIN KAON: +0:The Wall | KISTLER BERNARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KISTLER JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | KISTLER RUSSELL WILFORD: +0:The Wall | KISTNER GUY DALE: +0:The Wall | KISUCKY ANTHONY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN MICHAEL ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN ORVILLE EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN RUSSELL HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS FRANK M JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS HARRY MOSS: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS JOEL RHYNE: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS PERRY CASTELLION: +0:The Wall | KITE HARRY TURNER JR: +0:The Wall | KITNER RICHARD GRANVILLE: +0:The Wall | KITO DONALD HARRY: +0:The Wall | KITRILAKIS JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | KITSON JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KITTLE CECIL WILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KITTLE FREDRICK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KITTLE STEPHEN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | KITTLESON RANDY GENE: +0:The Wall | KITTLESON ROGER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KITTRELL LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | KITTS MARIO CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | KITZKE RONALD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KITZMILLER JOHN LESTER: +0:The Wall | KIVEL ELMER MARVIN: +0:The Wall | KIZER CARL SANFORD: +0:The Wall | KIZZIAH JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KIZZIE LEON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KJELLERSON MYRON DALE: +0:The Wall | KJOS TERENCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KLAAHSEN LAWRENCE JON: +0:The Wall | KLABUNDE ARTHUR JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KLABUNDE JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | KLAGES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLAIBER FRANCIS EARL: +0:The Wall | KLANCKE CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KLANIECKI EDWARD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | KLANN MARTIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KLAPAK JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KLARIC TERRANCE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KLARIK STEVE: +0:The Wall | KLASSEN FRANCIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KLAUS ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | KLAUS GEORGE PETER: +0:The Wall | KLAUSING RONALD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | KLAUSING THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KLAVES JEFFREY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLAWITTER WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KLCO JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KLEBER HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KLECKLEY FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | KLECZ STANLEY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | KLEFFMAN WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | KLEIBER GEORGE L JR: +0:The Wall | KLEIN DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KLEIN DENNIS W: +0:The Wall | KLEIN DON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GEORGE PAUL: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GERALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GLEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KLEIN HENRY IRVING JR: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JACK WEBB SR: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JAMES MORTON: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JEROME DON: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KLEIN MICHAEL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | KLEIN RUSSELL LEO: +0:The Wall | KLEIN STEPHEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KLEIN SZOLTON SIGMOND: +0:The Wall | KLEINAU CARL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KLEINBERG PETER SHELL: +0:The Wall | KLEINHANS LAWRENCE CHARLE: +0:The Wall | KLEINSMITH ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KLEINT WILLIAM STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KLEIV MANFORD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KLEMENCIC JOSEPH GORDON: +0:The Wall | KLEMM DONALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KLEMMER SYDNEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KLEMP THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLENDA DEAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KLENERT WILLIAM BLUE: +0:The Wall | KLENSKE HOWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KLEPPIN KENNETH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KLESTINEC ALBERT F JR: +0:The Wall | KLETINGER HANS: +0:The Wall | KLETT JOHN EARLE: +0:The Wall | KLEVENOWSKI ROBERT MICHAE: +0:The Wall | KLEVER MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KLIGAR JOHN JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | KLIMO JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KLIMPKE DENNIS 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JAMES DONALD: +0:The Wall | KLUGG JOSEPH RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KLUKAS BRADLEY WILFRED: +0:The Wall | KLUMP JOHN THEODORE: +0:The Wall | KLUSENDORF HAROLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLUTE JERRY CRAIG: +0:The Wall | KLUTE KARL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KLYNE JAMES ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | KMETYK JONATHAN PETER: +0:The Wall | KMETZ DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KMIEC JOHN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KMIT CHESTER JON: +0:The Wall | KNABB KENNETH KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | KNACK RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | KNADLE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KNADLER ROBERT STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KNAGGS JOHN CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | KNAKE LLOYD E: +0:The Wall | KNAPIC BERNARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNAPP DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KNAPP FREDRIC WOODROW: +0:The Wall | KNAPP HERMAN LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | KNAPP KENTON DON: +0:The Wall | KNAPP MARTIN C: +0:The Wall | KNAPP RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KNAPP RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNAPP TOMMY DUANE: +0:The Wall | KNAPPER EDWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNARIAN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | 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KNIGHT HENRY CLAY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT HUBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JOHN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JOHNNIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT KEVIN PETER: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT LARRY COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MACK ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MARTIN ROY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MICHAEL KAY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MICHAEL PERRY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ORVILLE LEE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT PETER STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RALPH MAX: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RAYMOND HENRY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RICHARD VINCENT JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RICK LEE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ROBERT LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RONALD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ROY ABNER JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT TERRY VASCAL: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT THOMAS WILFORD: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT TROY LEE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT WALTER GRANT: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTEN JACKEY VAN: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTON ELI WHITNEY JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTON HIRAM J JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTON PAUL GORDON: +0:The Wall | KNIPPEL LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | KNIPPELBERG IRVIN DALE: +0:The Wall | KNIPPERS WILLARD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KNISELY ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | KNISLEY RANDALL C: +0:The Wall | KNITTLE HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOBLES JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | KNOBLOCH CRAIG GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | KNOBLOCK GLEN LESTER: +0:The Wall | KNOBLOCK JOSEPH M JR: +0:The Wall | KNOCH DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNOCHEL CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KNOEFERL KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOLL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KNOLL RAY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KNOLL ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KNOLLMEYER MARK ALAN: +0:The Wall | KNOPF JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KNOPIK THOMAS ALLISON: +0:The Wall | KNOPPERT ANDRE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KNORR JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | KNOSKY RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOTT DAVID LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KNOTT DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | KNOTT DOUGLAS HUGH: +0:The Wall | KNOTT JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KNOTT KEITH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KNOUSE DAVID WALTER: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES CHARLES MILFORD: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES DAVID DU WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES JAMES D: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON BURNS WINSHIP JR: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON DON GLENN: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON GEORGE FRANK: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON PAUL DARYLL: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON WAYNE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KNOX BRUCE NEAL: +0:The Wall | KNOX DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KNOX DAVID: +0:The Wall | KNOX EDDIE L: +0:The Wall | KNOX IRVILLE J: +0:The Wall | KNOX JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNOX LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOX LEONARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOX MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOX WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KNUCKEY THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNUDSEN HAROLD EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KNUDSEN JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | KNUDSON KENNETH MAX: +0:The Wall | KNUDTSON ROGER DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KNUPP WAYNE WOOD: +0:The Wall | KNUTH LAWRENCE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KNUTSEN DONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON DENNIS CLARK: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON EARL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON FELIX DELANO: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON JAMES KEITH: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON VERNON G: +0:The Wall | KOBAYASHI ROY SHIGERU: +0:The Wall | KOBELIN JOHN WILLIAM II: +0:The Wall | KOBERLEIN CHARLES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | KOBOR FRANK LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KOCAK JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KOCANDA JERRY JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | KOCH DALE ROY: +0:The Wall | KOCH DARRYL JAY: +0:The Wall | KOCH DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | KOCH EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | KOCH FRANKLIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | KOCH JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KOCH KENNETH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KOCH KENNETH JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOCH LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOCH RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KOCH THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOCHENDORFER MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | KOCHENSPARGER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOCHER LAWRENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | KOCIPER ANTONINE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOCK EUGENE JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOCKRITZ JEFFRY LETSON: +0:The Wall | KOEBERNICK ALLAN FRED: +0:The Wall | KOEBKE JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOEFOD RODGER MAGNUS: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER JAMES KEVIN: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER NICKOLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER WALTER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER WILSON COUCH: +0:The Wall | KOEHN ARLIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KOEHN BRIAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KOEHNE RODNEY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KOELL DICKIE DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | KOELPER DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOENIG DAREN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOENIG DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KOENIG EDWIN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOENIG JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOENIG ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KOEPP DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOEPPE WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | KOEPPEN ERIC R: +0:The Wall | KOERNER FRANK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOERNER RODNEY LEE: +0:The Wall | KOESTER JOEL REDERICK: +0:The Wall | KOFLER SIEGFRIED: +0:The Wall | KOGER SIDNEY KEITH: +0:The Wall | KOHANKE LANCE JACK: +0:The Wall | KOHL DANIEL KAYE: +0:The Wall | KOHLAND RICHARD GLEN: +0:The Wall | KOHLBECK TERRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KOHLBECK VICTOR JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOHLER DELVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOHLER JOEL R: +0:The Wall | KOHLER LUDWIG PETER: +0:The Wall | KOHLER PAUL JEROME: +0:The Wall | KOHLER TERRY: +0:The Wall | KOHLMEIR GEORGE JOHN III: +0:The Wall | KOHLMYER FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOHLRUSCH WILLIAM FREDERI: +0:The Wall | KOHN ALAN SPENCE: +0:The Wall | KOHN ROBERT A: +0:The Wall | KOHN WAYNE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOHO WILLIAM HARMON: +0:The Wall | KOHR PAUL THEODORE: +0:The Wall | KOHR WILBUR LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | KOHUT ROGER SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KOITZSCH RONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | KOIVUPALO ROBERT W JR: +0:The Wall | KOJETIN ROGER JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOKALIS NICK: +0:The Wall | KOKESH ANDREW FRANK: +0:The Wall | KOKOSH GEORGE GERALD: +0:The Wall | KOLAKOWSKI HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | KOLAR JERRY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KOLAROV MICHAEL CAREY: +0:The Wall | KOLAS ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KOLB CALVIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KOLB LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | KOLB RONALD VICTOR: +0:The Wall | KOLBECK FRANZ JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOLEMAINEN MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | KOLENC WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOLENDA PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOLIBA HERBERT: +0:The Wall | KOLINSKI THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOLKA EDWARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KOLLENBERG CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KOLLER HAROLD JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | KOLLER MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOLLMANN GLENN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOLLMANN RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | KOLLMEYER CARL: +0:The Wall | KOLMSTAD RONNIE GENE: +0:The Wall | KOLSTAD THOMAS CARL: +0:The Wall | KOLTER BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KOLVEK MARK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | KOLWYCK JOHN A: +0:The Wall | KOLY ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | KOLZ JOHN JORDAN: +0:The Wall | KOMAN LAWRENCE RYLAND: +0:The Wall | KOMAROWSKI PETER MARK: +0:The Wall | KOMERS JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOMMENDANT AADO: +0:The Wall | KONECNY JAMES FRANK: +0:The Wall | KONEVAL ARTHUR PAUL: +0:The Wall | KONG BRIAN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | KONIGSFELD PHILIP LORNE: +0:The Wall | KONING DOUGLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | KONOFF KENNETH GLEN: +0:The Wall | KONOPA CARL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | KONOW MICHAEL JACOB: +0:The Wall | KONWINSKI RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KONYU WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOOB JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | KOOB THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOOI JAMES WILLARD: +0:The Wall | KOOMAN GARY ROGER: +0:The Wall | KOON ALBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KOON CHARLES MARION: +0:The Wall | KOON GEORGE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | KOONCE JEFFREY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KOONCE MICHAEL EARL: +0:The Wall | KOONCE ROBERT EDMUND: +0:The Wall | KOONCE TERRY TRELOAR: +0:The Wall | KOONE JACK RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KOONS DALE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KOONS MICHAEL BOMBERGER: +0:The Wall | KOONTZ NOBE RAY JR: +0:The Wall | KOOS NORMAN LAVERN: +0:The Wall | KOOSER KENNETH BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KOPACSKA JOHN CARL: +0:The Wall | KOPCINSKI STANLEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOPEC EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOPETSKI MICHAEL BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | KOPFER JOHN JEROME: +0:The Wall | KOPFLER JOSEPH STARNS III: +0:The Wall | KOPIK EDWARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KOPKA RICK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOPKE ROGER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOPP BARRY LORENZ: +0:The Wall | KOPP PATRICK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | KOPPEL REDLICK SIMS: +0:The Wall | KOPRIVA JOHN GAYLORD: +0:The Wall | KOPRIVNIKAR JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOPSENG JAMES CLAIRE: +0:The Wall | KORANDO OLIVER KASPER: +0:The Wall | KORB DONALD DUANE: +0:The Wall | KORDASIEWICZ HARRY JAY: +0:The Wall | KORDOSKY THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KORECKI EUGENE M: +0:The Wall | KOREL EMERY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KORINEK JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KORNICK FERDINAND J JR: +0:The Wall | KORNOVICH FRANK DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KORNS ROBERT O: +0:The Wall | KOROLZYK RALPH STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KOROM ALLAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | KORONA ALBERT III: +0:The Wall | KORPICS ANTHONY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KORPISZ ANTHONY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KORSMYER GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KORSON GERALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KORTESMAKI PATRICK LEO: +0:The Wall | KOS JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | KOS JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOSAKOWSKI GERALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KOSANKE PAUL JON: +0:The Wall | KOSAR RICHARD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KOSCHAL GREGORY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | KOSCHKE MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOSEBA DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KOSEL GENE MARLOW: +0:The Wall | KOSIK JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | KOSKI GENE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | KOSKI LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KOSKI RICHARD ARNE: +0:The Wall | KOSKO WALTER: +0:The Wall | KOSKOVICH MICHAEL L: +0:The Wall | KOSKY RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KOSKY WALTER HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | KOSLOSKY HOWARD MARK: +0:The Wall | KOSLOSKY WALTER NORMAN: +0:The Wall | KOSOVICH GEORGE C JR: +0:The Wall | KOSOWSKI KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOSS FREDERICK M: +0:The Wall | KOSSOWSKI DAVID STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KOSTANSKI STEPHEN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KOSTER ANTHONY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KOSTER JOHN KNOWLES: +0:The Wall | KOSTER KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | KOSTICH ROBERT BOZO JR: +0:The Wall | KOSTICK PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KOSTKA ROGER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOSTROSKI MARVIN DAVID: +0:The Wall | KOT MYRON: +0:The Wall | KOTARSKI VINCENT R JR: +0:The Wall | KOTEWA FLOYD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | KOTIK ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOTKE LEO LEROY: +0:The Wall | KOTNIK WILLIAM MAX: +0:The Wall | KOTORA JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KOTRC JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | KOTROUS EUDELL LEO: +0:The Wall | KOTT STEPHEN JAY: +0:The Wall | KOTTYAN GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOTULLA MICHAEL JERRARD: +0:The Wall | KOTYLUK KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KOUHNS DENNIS BEN: +0:The Wall | KOUPE GREGORY LANCE: +0:The Wall | KOVAC DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | KOVACEVICH THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KOVACH PETER FRANK: +0:The Wall | KOVACS FRANCIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | KOVACS ZOLTAN ALAJOS: +0:The Wall | KOVAL ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | KOVALCSIK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KOVALOFF JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KOVANDA JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KOVAR JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KOVARIK FRED GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOWAL BOHDAN: +0:The Wall | KOWALCZYK CZESLAW: +0:The Wall | KOWALESKI GREGORY STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KOWALEWSKI ZYGMUNT: +0:The Wall | KOWALK CHARLES NORBERT: +0:The Wall | KOWALSKI LEONARD J JR: +0:The Wall | KOWALSKI ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KOWALSKI ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOWITZ DAVID RALPH: +0:The Wall | KOWSKI EDWARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KOYL HARRY GLENN: +0:The Wall | KOZACH JOHN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KOZAI KENNETH BRUCE K: +0:The Wall | KOZAK DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOZDRON CHESTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOZEL PATRICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KOZIK RAYMOND JIM: +0:The Wall | KOZIOL JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KOZLOWSKI JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOZMA CARL NOEL: +0:The Wall | KOZUCH JOHN C: +0:The Wall | KRAABEL JOHN SPAULDING: +0:The Wall | KRAEMER FRED CHRIS: +0:The Wall | KRAEMER MAURICE PETER JR: +0:The Wall | KRAFT DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | KRAFT JERRY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | KRAFT LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KRAFT MICHAEL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KRAFT MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KRAFT NOAH MORRIS: +0:The Wall | KRAFT ROBERT LEO: +0:The Wall | KRAGE BRUCE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | KRAGE LANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | KRAJESKI STEPHEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KRAJEWSKI DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KRALICK KENNETH DONALD: +0:The Wall | KRALIK WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | KRALL ROBERT WILSON: +0:The Wall | KRALOWSKI JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KRAM HAROLD ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | KRAMER ARTHUR THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | KRAMER DENNIS DALE: +0:The Wall | KRAMER DOUGLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | KRAMER HOWARD MORRIS: +0:The Wall | KRAMER JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | KRAMER JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | KRAMER JOSEPH P: +0:The Wall | KRAMER KEVIN CLINTON: +0:The Wall | KRAMER LEON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KRAMER RAYMOND EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KRAMER ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | KRAMER STEPHEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KRANER DAVID STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KRANSHAN TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KRANSI RONALD T: +0:The Wall | KRANTZ FRANKLIN JOSHUA JR: +0:The Wall | KRANZ WILLIAM FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | KRASHES HAROLD DAVID: +0:The Wall | KRASNOFF ARNOLD ROSS: +0:The Wall | KRATZBERG JIMMIE LYNN: +0:The Wall | KRAUHS CURTIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KRAUS JEAN MASON: +0:The Wall | KRAUS KENNETH C: +0:The Wall | KRAUS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | KRAUS RONALD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | KRAUSE KENNETH J: +0:The Wall | KRAUSE MANFRED WALTER: +0:The Wall | KRAUSE RUSSELL EMIL: +0:The Wall | KRAUSMAN EDWARD L: +0:The Wall | KRAUSS RONALD IRWIN: +0:The Wall | KRAUSS WALTER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KRAUSSER ALBERT OTTO: +0:The Wall | KRAVCHAK MICHAEL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | KRAVITZ ARNOLD F: 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LA MORTE ARTHUR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LA NORE DENNIS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | LA PISH ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LA PLANT KURT ELTON: +0:The Wall | LA PLANTE WILLIAM ROY III: +0:The Wall | LA POINT LARRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | LA POINTE JOSEPH GUY JR: +0:The Wall | LA POINTE LARRY W: +0:The Wall | LA POINTE RAYMOND ROLAND: +0:The Wall | LA POLLA JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LA PORT LEONARD OSCAR: +0:The Wall | LA PORTE BRUCE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LA PORTE MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LA ROCCA VINCENT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LA ROCCO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LA ROCHE JOEL MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | LA ROCHELLE MARCEL ADELAR: +0:The Wall | LA ROCK REXFORD ADELBERT: +0:The Wall | LA ROSA MARION DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | LA ROSE JOSEPH RHUBEN: +0:The Wall | LA ROUCHE JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LA SALLE LAWRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | LA SCOLA VALENTINO J JR: +0:The Wall | LA TELLE RONALD LON: +0:The Wall | LA TORRE EDGARDO RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | LA VIGNE STEVEN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LA VOO JOHN ALLEN: +0:The 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JOHN: +0:The Wall | LAMA EDWARD BARTHOLOMEW: +0:The Wall | LAMA IVARS: +0:The Wall | LAMANNA JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LAMAR MELVIN STETTINIUS: +0:The Wall | LAMAR WILLIAM ERNEST: +0:The Wall | LAMAR WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | LAMARR WALTER LOREN: +0:The Wall | LAMAS RAUL RUBEN: +0:The Wall | LAMB BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAMB BRICEY ELROD: +0:The Wall | LAMB COLIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LAMB DONALD CAROL JR: +0:The Wall | LAMB EDWARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | LAMB ELWIN JAY: +0:The Wall | LAMB FLOYD WATSEL JR: +0:The Wall | LAMB GARY GRANT: +0:The Wall | LAMB HOWARD SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | LAMB LARRY NESBIT: +0:The Wall | LAMB MICHAEL HUGH: +0:The Wall | LAMB THEODORE: +0:The Wall | LAMB THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LAMB WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | LAMB WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | LAMBDIN DANIEL ALVEY: +0:The Wall | LAMBDIN MARVIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | LAMBERSON CARL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT DALE LEE: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT DENNIS MICHAEL: 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LAMITIE TYRONE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LAMKIN FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | LAMKIN LEWIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | LAMKIN STUART BASSETT: +0:The Wall | LAMM CECIL DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | LAMM JONATHAN LEE: +0:The Wall | LAMMERS DONALD GARY: +0:The Wall | LAMMERS WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LAMMEY LLOYD GENE: +0:The Wall | LAMN JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LAMON FRANCIS WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | LAMON ROY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LAMON WILLIAM CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | LAMONT PETER ALAN: +0:The Wall | LAMOREUX EDWARD DONALD: +0:The Wall | LAMOTHE GEORGE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | LAMOURT-TOSADO PEDRO LUIS: +0:The Wall | LAMP ARNOLD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | LAMPERT ARLYN LORANZ: +0:The Wall | LAMPHIER LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | LAMPLEY JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | LAMPLEY LEON PARNELL: +0:The Wall | LAMPMAN KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAMPRECHT MARK AUGUST: +0:The Wall | LAMS ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | LAMUSGA MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER DAVID CLYDE: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER EDDIE LYNN: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER JERRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER JOHN MANNING: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER RICHARD P JR: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER ROBERT WEST: +0:The Wall | LANCE ALFRED FRANK: +0:The Wall | LANCE JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | LANCE LARRY GAY: +0:The Wall | LANCE SAMUEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LANCTOT RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LAND CHARLES DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAND DAVID ALDEN: +0:The Wall | LAND DAVID ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LAND FRED EMERY: +0:The Wall | LAND LARRY ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | LAND LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | LAND RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | LAND SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | LANDER MARK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LANDERS BILLIE DWAINE: +0:The Wall | LANDERS BLAINE WILSON: +0:The Wall | LANDERS CHARLES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANDERS DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANDERS EDMOND JOHN: +0:The Wall | LANDERS JACKY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANDERS KEITH TERRELL: +0:The Wall | LANDERS KENNETH JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | LANDERS RICHARD RAY: +0:The Wall | LANDERS RONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | LANDERSHEIM LARRIE JOHN: +0:The Wall | LANDES DREK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LANDES VICTOR REID: +0:The Wall | LANDI GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANDIS BRUCE RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | LANDIS CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | LANDIS CLAUDE BRUCE II: +0:The Wall | LANDIS DUANE GERALD: +0:The Wall | LANDKAMER MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LANDMAN THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | LANDON GARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDON VINCENT P: +0:The Wall | LANDON WILLIAM GREGORY: +0:The Wall | LANDOR JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDRINGHAM ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LANDRUM JAMES ALFORD: +0:The Wall | LANDRUM THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LANDRY EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | LANDRY HOWARD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LANDRY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LANDRY JOSEPH RONALD: +0:The Wall | LANDRY PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDRY PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDRY ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LANDWEHR DUANE HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | LANE ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANE ALBERT LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | LANE ALLEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LANE AUSTIN CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | LANE BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | LANE CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | LANE DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANE DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANE DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LANE ERNEST EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | LANE FAMOUS LEE: +0:The Wall | LANE GERALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LANE GLEN OLIVER: +0:The Wall | LANE GLENN MCARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANE JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | LANE JAMES JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | LANE JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANE JOHN TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | LANE LEONARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANE LOUIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LANE MICHAEL D: +0:The Wall | LANE MICHAEL S: +0:The Wall | LANE MITCHELL SIM: +0:The Wall | LANE NORMAN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | LANE RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANE ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | LANE ROBERT HARRISON JR: +0:The Wall | LANE ROGER LEROY: +0:The Wall | LANE SHARON ANN: +0:The Wall | LANE SIDNEY DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | LANE STEPHEN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | LANE THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LANE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANE WARREN CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | LANELLI JACK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LANEY BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | LANEY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANG ANDREW ALPHONSO: +0:The Wall | LANG BENJAMIN GAINES: +0:The Wall | LANG CHARLES VANDERBILT: +0:The Wall | LANG DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LANG DEAN LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | LANG ERNEST ALPHONSO: +0:The Wall | LANG JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LANG JAMES L: +0:The Wall | LANG MAINOR DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | LANG MICKEY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LANG TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LANG WALTER ROBIN: +0:The Wall | LANG WILLIAM OTTO: +0:The Wall | LANGAN LARRY MILTON: +0:The Wall | LANGAUNET BRUCE MAGNUS: +0:The Wall | LANGE CONRAD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANGE DEAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LANGE HANS DIETRICK: +0:The Wall | LANGE KARL FERDINAND: +0:The Wall | LANGE RICHARD ROSS: +0:The Wall | LANGENFELD CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANGENFELD CHRISTIAN ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANGENHORST HERBERT CYRIL: +0:The Wall | LANGER ALAN KARL: +0:The Wall | LANGER FREDERICK PETER: +0:The Wall | LANGER MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | LANGERIO MICHAEL LUKE: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD ALVIN HUGH: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD JAMES MINTER: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD LEWIS NELSON: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD ROBERT CANDLER: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD ROGER LEO: +0:The Wall | LANGH THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | LANGHAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | LANGHAM HOLLAND IRWIN: +0:The Wall | LANGHAM WILLIAM C: +0:The Wall | LANGHORN GARFIELD M: +0:The Wall | LANGHORNE LENNART G: +0:The Wall | LANGLER STEPHEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY BILLY GUINN: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY FRANCIS LEE: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY JERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY JODY MAC: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY WASHINGTON MORRIS: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY WESTON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANGLINAIS JACK PETE: +0:The Wall | LANGLOIS JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANGMAN WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | LANGNEHS MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LANGROCK DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | LANGSJOEN RICHARD CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | LANGSLOW ROBERT MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON EVERETT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON JOHN ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON MARK MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON MELVIN DOYLE: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON MICHAEL GARY: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON ROBERT EBERT: +0:The Wall | LANGWORTHY JAMES SCOTT: +0:The Wall | LANHAM DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | LANIER CHARLIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LANIER DAYTON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANIER FRANKLIN MONROE: +0:The Wall | LANIER JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANIER JAMES PERRY: +0:The Wall | LANIER JAMMIE JAY: +0:The Wall | LANIER JERRY DON: +0:The Wall | LANIER LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | LANING JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LANINGER LEON LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | LANKASTER JOHN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD BILLY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD CHARLES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD EVELYN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD HENRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD ROBERT MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD WALTER MERL JR: +0:The Wall | LANMAN THOMAS DESMOND: +0:The Wall | LANNES SHERMAN DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | LANNING DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANNING HAROLD JAY: +0:The Wall | LANNING RONALD BARRY: +0:The Wall | LANNOM GARY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | LANNOM RICHARD CLIVE: +0:The Wall | LANNOM WADE ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | LANNON JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | LANNOYE NICHOLAS PIERRE: +0:The Wall | LANO LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | LANSDEN THOMAS JACK: +0:The Wall | LANSKI JOSEPH WALTER: +0:The Wall | LANTEIGNE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANTER KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANTER RAYMOND EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LANTER RODGER PAUL: +0:The Wall | LANTOS LESLIE JOHN: +0:The Wall | LANTRY MERRILL LAGENE: +0:The Wall | LANTZ CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | LANTZ CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANTZ GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | LANTZ PETER J: +0:The Wall | LANZARIN LEONARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LANZONE MARCHELLA RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LAPAN GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LAPARDO ANTHONY N: +0:The Wall | LAPE DAVID ALEN: +0:The Wall | LAPES DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAPHAM ROBERT GRANTHAN: +0:The Wall | LAPIERRE EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAPLANTE NOEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LAPORTE DAHL J: +0:The Wall | LAPP HERBERT: +0:The Wall | LAPP MELVIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LAPPIN DENNY RAY: +0:The Wall | LARA APIMENIO: +0:The Wall | LARA ARTURO MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | LARA CHEVO GARCIA: +0:The Wall | LARA HUMBERTO: +0:The Wall | LARA LARRY CALUISTUS: +0:The Wall | LARA SABINO JR: +0:The Wall | LARABEE BENJAMIN CARLTON: +0:The Wall | LARACUENTE ERNESTO LUIS: +0:The Wall | LARAWAY WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | LARCHER ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LARGE BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LARGE GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | LARGE GEORGE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LARGENT JOHN ALYN: +0:The Wall | LARGENT LOEL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | LARGENT WILLIAM ALAN: +0:The Wall | LARGO CALVIN DAVID: +0:The Wall | LARIMER KEITH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LARIMORE JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LARISON ROBERT WILBUR: +0:The Wall | LARKIN JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LARKIN SAMUEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | LARKIN THOMAS JOHN II: +0:The Wall | LARKIN WILLIAM RONALD: +0:The Wall | LARKINS CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | LARKINS VIRGIL LEE: +0:The Wall | LARMAN CHARLES WILLARD: +0:The Wall | LARMON TIMOTHY ELTON: +0:The Wall | LAROCHE ERNEST ALBERT: +0:The Wall | LAROCQUE LESLIE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | LARRABEE FLOYD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LARRABEE STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LARRAGA ANGELO GENTRY: +0:The Wall | LARREMORE PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LARRICK RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LARRY JOHN DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | LARSEN CHRIS JOHN III: +0:The Wall | LARSEN FREDRICK ELLIS: +0:The Wall | LARSEN GARY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | LARSEN JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | LARSEN JOE PAUL: +0:The Wall | LARSEN MICHAEL CONRAD: +0:The Wall | LARSEN STEPHEN EARL: +0:The Wall | LARSEN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LARSEN THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LARSON ANDREW MARTIN: +0:The Wall | LARSON BRUCE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | LARSON DALE K: +0:The Wall | LARSON DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LARSON DAVID NEIL: +0:The Wall | LARSON DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LARSON DUANE CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | LARSON EDWARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | LARSON FRED DUANE: +0:The Wall | LARSON GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LARSON GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | LARSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LARSON JEFFRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LARSON JOHN GILBERT: +0:The Wall | LARSON LARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LARSON LAWRENCE DONALD: +0:The Wall | LARSON LOREN HENRY: +0:The Wall | LARSON MARK ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LARSON MARVIN DEAN: +0:The Wall | LARSON PAUL NOBLE: +0:The Wall | LARSON PETER SWINNERTON: +0:The Wall | LARSON RANDOLPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LARSON RICHARD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | LARSON RICHARD KEMP: +0:The Wall | LARSON ROBERT DARREL: +0:The Wall | LARSON ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | LARSON ROBERT MERCHANT: +0:The Wall | LARSON ROGNER ANDRE: +0:The Wall | LARSON RONALD JOE: +0:The Wall | LARSON TERRANCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | LARSON THOMAS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | LARSON VERLE NORMAN: +0:The Wall | LARSON WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LARUE DONALD EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | LAS HERMES PHILIPPE LUC: +0:The Wall | LASATER LUTHER MCKIND III: +0:The Wall | LASCELLES DON HARRISON: +0:The Wall | LASCHE JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | LASER JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | LASH DALE A: +0:The Wall | LASHER ERNEST REGINALD JR: +0:The Wall | LASHER RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LASHINSKY STEPHEN M JR: +0:The Wall | LASITER LAWRENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | LASKAY DONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LASKEY JOHN BENNIE: +0:The Wall | LASKIN FRANK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | LASKOWSKI ANTHONY JAMES: +0:The Wall | LASKOWSKI JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LASLIE JOSEPH TAYLOR JR: +0:The Wall | LASSEN DAVID HENRY: +0:The Wall | LASSETER KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | LASSITER DAVID STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LASSITER HERMAN EARL: +0:The Wall | LASSITER JOHN ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LASSITER KENNEY EARL: +0:The Wall | LASSITER RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | LASSITER WILLIAM O III: +0:The Wall | LASSITTER JOHN IRVING: +0:The Wall | LAST DONALD ROY: +0:The Wall | LASTER ALVIN MACK JR: +0:The Wall | LASURE DANNY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | LASZLO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LATANOWICH THOMAS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LATESSA ANDRE ROLAND: +0:The Wall | LATHAM DANNY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LATHAM MICHAEL TERRY: +0:The Wall | LATHAM THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LATHAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LATHON JAMES: +0:The Wall | LATHROPE ROBERT M: +0:The Wall | LATIMER CLARENCE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | LATIMER RICHARD ELI JR: +0:The Wall | LATIMER ROBERT NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | LATIMER WILBUR DALE: +0:The Wall | LATIMER WILLIAM ROYCE: +0:The Wall | LATINI GERALD LEOPOLD: +0:The Wall | LATORIA DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LATOUR CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LATOURETTE PAUL E: +0:The Wall | LATRAILLE DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | LATSCH DAVID RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | LATSHAW HARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | LATTA CHARLES R: +0:The Wall | LATTIMORE CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | LATTIN JOHN H JR: +0:The Wall | LATTMAN DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAU CORNELIUS AFAI LAULII: +0:The Wall | LAU HOI TIN: +0:The Wall | LAU JOEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LAUBACHER ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LAUBER ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | LAUCHMAN MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | LAUCK ELMER DALE: +0:The Wall | LAUCK HARRY ELMER: +0:The Wall | LAUDERDALE ARTHUR LEON: +0:The Wall | LAUDERDALE RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | LAUDICINA JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | LAUER CHARLES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAUER CHARLES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | LAUER GENE A: +0:The Wall | LAUER JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LAUER MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LAUFFER BILLY LANE: +0:The Wall | LAUGERMAN LLOYD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LAUGHLIN THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | LAUGHLIN THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LAUINGER JOSEPH MARK: +0:The Wall | LAUREANO-LOPEZ ISMAEL: +0:The Wall | LAUREL DESIDERIO C JR: +0:The Wall | LAURENCE JOE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LAURENCE WILLIAM H JR: +0:The Wall | LAURIE MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | LAURITSEN DAVID WAYNE: 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LEMON JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LEMON JEFFREY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEMON JOE LEE: +0:The Wall | LEMONS BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | LEMONS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | LEMUS CHARLES RUIZ JR: +0:The Wall | LENARTOWICZ CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LENCHNER DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LENDERMAN WAYNE MORRIS: +0:The Wall | LENGYEL DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LENHARD HOWARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LENIO DALE JAMES: +0:The Wall | LENLEY JESSE LEE: +0:The Wall | LENNARD BENJAMIN EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | LENNER JACK RONALD: +0:The Wall | LENNON FREDERICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LENNON JERRY: +0:The Wall | LENNON MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LENOIR EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LENOVER WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LENTO STANLEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | LENTZ DAVID BURNETT: +0:The Wall | LENTZ DOUGLAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | LENTZ EDWARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | LENTZ JERRY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LENZ GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LENZ JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | LENZ LEE NEWLUN: +0:The Wall | LENZ THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LENZSCH ROLF FRED: +0:The Wall | LEO THEODORE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LEON DE JESUS EFRAIN: +0:The Wall | LEON FELIX JR: +0:The Wall | LEON GUERRERO KINNY SAN N: +0:The Wall | LEON MARIO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEON PEDRO JR: +0:The Wall | LEON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEONARD ARNOLD LEE JR: +0:The Wall | LEONARD BILLY: +0:The Wall | LEONARD CHARLES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LEONARD CHARLIE MURPHY: +0:The Wall | LEONARD EDWARD N: +0:The Wall | LEONARD HENRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JAMES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JERRY SMITH: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEONARD KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEONARD KENT ALAN: +0:The Wall | LEONARD LEROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEONARD LISTON RAPHEAL: +0:The Wall | LEONARD MARVIN MAURICE: +0:The Wall | LEONARD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | LEONARD OLIN JENNES: +0:The Wall | LEONARD PAUL AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | LEONARD RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | LEONARD ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LEONARD RONALD FRED: +0:The Wall | LEONARD SIDNEY LAMAR: +0:The Wall | LEONARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEONARDI JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LEONARDIS STEPHEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEONBERG ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEONE JOHN FRANK: +0:The Wall | LEONOR LEONARDO CAPISTRAN: +0:The Wall | LEOPARD JACK DAVID: +0:The Wall | LEOPOLD FREDERICK ERIC: +0:The Wall | LEOPOLD LESTER HAROLD: +0:The Wall | LEOPOLDINO LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | LEOS LEONARDO: +0:The Wall | LEOS NARCISO JR: +0:The Wall | LEPAGE REYNALD GERARD: +0:The Wall | LEPAK DONALD CHESTER: +0:The Wall | LEPPKE LYLE GORDON: +0:The Wall | LEPTRONE FRANK: +0:The Wall | LERCH EARL ROGER: +0:The Wall | LERCH JOHN CHRISTIAN JR: +0:The Wall | LERMA GERONIMO: +0:The Wall | LERMA GUADALUPE: +0:The Wall | LERMAN CONRAD: +0:The Wall | LERNER DAVID ATWOOD: +0:The Wall | LERNER IRWIN STUART: +0:The Wall | LERNER ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | LESAGE ARMAND PAUL: +0:The Wall | LESAINE JIMMY WILSON: +0:The Wall | LESANDO NICHOLAS PETER JR: +0:The Wall | LESCARBEAU GEORGE GERALD: +0:The Wall | LESH TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LESHEN LEE MYRL: +0:The Wall | LESKA ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | LESKY CHRISTOPHER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LESLIE PHILLIP WILLARD: +0:The Wall | LESLIE ROGER LAMAR: +0:The Wall | LESLIE WENDELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LESNIK WILLIAM ELGIE: +0:The Wall | LESS RANDALL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LESS REUBEN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LESSEG JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LESSIG DANIEL KEPNER: +0:The Wall | LESTAGE WILLIAM FRED: +0:The Wall | LESTELLE JOHN ANDREW II: +0:The Wall | LESTER EARL ROY JR: +0:The Wall | LESTER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LESTER GRADY RUDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | LESTER JAMES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | LESTER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LESTER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LESTER JIMMY DON: +0:The Wall | LESTER RODERICK BARNUM: +0:The Wall | LESTER THOMAS LYNN: +0:The Wall | LESTER WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LESTON THOMAS JEROME: +0:The Wall | LESURE ERNEST ESTELL: +0:The Wall | LESZCZYNSKI WITOLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | LETA DONALD: +0:The Wall | LETBETTER BOBBY WELDON: +0:The Wall | LETCHWORTH EDWARD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | LETENDRE GERALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LETENDRE RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LETMATE GEORGE CAROLL: +0:The Wall | LETOURNEAU EDWARD R JR: +0:The Wall | LETSCH ROBERT DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | LETSON GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LETTERMAN LAWRENCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LETTO ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEUNING VERNON LEE: +0:The Wall | LEUTENEGGER JOE CARL: +0:The Wall | LEUTHOLD DONALD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LEVAN ALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | LEVANG CLEO LARRY: +0:The Wall | LEVATO FRANK: +0:The Wall | LEVENDIS WILLIAM MCNAMARA: +0:The Wall | LEVERING EDWIN HARRY: +0:The Wall | LEVESQUE GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEVESQUE J B L: +0:The Wall | LEVESQUE ROLAND PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | LEVETT WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | LEVI LANE FATUTOA: +0:The Wall | LEVICKIS EUGENE JAMES: +0:The Wall | LEVIN ROBERT PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | LEVINE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEVINGS JAMES M: +0:The Wall | LEVINGSTON JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LEVINS FREDERICK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LEVINSON JAY BARRY: +0:The Wall | LEVINTHOL JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | LEVIS CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LEVIS DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LEVULIS JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LEVY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LEVY GERALD: +0:The Wall | LEVY NORMAN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | LEVY WALTER NEVILLE: +0:The Wall | LEW SAI GIN: +0:The Wall | LEW VICTOR WALTER: +0:The Wall | LEW VINCENT GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWALLEN JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWANDOWSKI LEONARD J JR: +0:The Wall | LEWANDOWSKY STANLEY ROBER: +0:The Wall | LEWELLEN WALTER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEWELLIN LAWRENCE FRANK: +0:The Wall | LEWER THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEWICKI STEVE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ADRON LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS AL RICKEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ALLEN LANUI: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ALLEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ANDREW LEON: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ARTHUR EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BENJAMIN F JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BENNY JOE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BOBBY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CALVIN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES HUGH JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES RATES: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLIE GRAY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CLARENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CLARENCE PAUL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CONVERSE RISING III: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DAVID HARRY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DAVID MARION: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DAVID: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DELBERT O: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONALD RANDELL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONNIE GORDON: +0:The Wall | LEWIS EARL LEROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS EARL LLOYD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ELTON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ERIC OAKLEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FLETCHER LEON: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FRANK FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FRANKLIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FREDERICK HARRY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GRADY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS HAROLD ST CLAIR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS HARVEY LEDREW: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES C RALPH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES ROBBINS JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES WIMBERLEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JERRY D: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JESSIE ROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN EDWIN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHNNY ELMER: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS KENNETH JERNIGAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LEONARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LESLIE A: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LESLIE ROSS: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MERRILL RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL KEITH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MOSES JOHN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS OTIS: +0:The Wall | LEWIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RAYMOND ROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RICHARD GARY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RICHARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RODGER DALE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROGER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS SINCLAIR BYRON JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STEPHEN HERMAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STEPHEN MIX: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS TEDD MCCLUNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS THOMAS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WALTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WAYNE EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIAM EWING: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIE GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | LEWTER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWTER STANLEY REED: +0:The Wall | LEX MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEYBA RAMON: +0:The Wall | LEYDE THEODORE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEYERLE BILLY BOB: +0:The Wall | LEYVA FRANK MONTANO: +0:The Wall | LEYVA RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LEYVA-PARRA-FRIAS FELIX F F: +0:The Wall | LEZAMA JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | LHOTA ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LIA NICHOLAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LIBBEE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LIBBEY MALCOLM PIERCE: +0:The Wall | LIBBY JOHN H: +0:The Wall | LIBERATI PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LIBERSKY WILLIAM BERTRAM: +0:The Wall | LIBERTY RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LICATE DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LICEA FRANCISCO XAVIER: +0:The Wall | LICHOTA DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LICHTE JACK ROWLEY JR: +0:The Wall | LICIAGA-CONCEPCION LUIS A: +0:The Wall | LICKEY MICHAEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | LICON FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | LIDDELL BENJAMIN F III: +0:The Wall | LIDDELL ROBERT MORGAN: +0:The Wall | LIDDYCOAT WILLIAM ROWLAND: +0:The Wall | LIDER FRED RODRIGUEZ: +0:The Wall | LIEBERMAN JAY LESLIE: +0:The Wall | LIEBERMAN MAX: +0:The Wall | LIEBERNECHT VON MILES: +0:The Wall | LIEBESPECK JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | LIEBHABER KENNETH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LIEBL DONALD ALVIN: +0:The Wall | LIEBNITZ JAMES TERRY: +0:The Wall | LIELMANIS ATIS KARLIS: +0:The Wall | LIEN JAMES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | LIESE TIMOTHY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LIESER ROBERT DARYL: +0:The Wall | LIEURANCE DAVEY ALAN: +0:The Wall | LIEWER RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LIFRIERI PAUL J: +0:The Wall | LIGAMMARI NICHOLAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | LIGGETT DURAND GARFIELD: +0:The Wall | LIGGINS CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | LIGHT EVERETT EARL: +0:The Wall | LIGHT GLEE ROY: +0:The Wall | LIGHT JERRY CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | LIGHT JOSEPH MARION: +0:The Wall | LIGHT WILLIAM MARVIN: +0:The Wall | LIGHTBOURNE RICHARD GREGO: +0:The Wall | LIGHTCAP JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LIGHTFOOT BELVIN: +0:The Wall | LIGHTFOOT JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LIGHTFORD WILLIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | LIGHTMAN SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | LIGHTSEY DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | LIGHTSEY JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | LIGONS DARYL LEE: +0:The Wall | LIGONS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LIKELY JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LIKELY RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LIKENS ARTHUR EMMITT: +0:The Wall | LIKENS BOBBY DALE: +0:The Wall | LIKENS BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | LIKKEL DUANE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LILE JOE CHARLES II: +0:The Wall | LILES EPHRIAM RUTLEDGE II: +0:The Wall | LILES LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | LILES ROBERT LEONEL JR: +0:The Wall | LILIENTHAL MARK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LILIENTHAL WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LILLA JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LILLEY DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LILLEY FRANK JOHN: +0:The Wall | LILLEY JOSEPH EMMETT: +0:The Wall | LILLEY THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LILLIE JOE HENRY: +0:The Wall | LILLIE RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LILLIS RICHARD NED: +0:The Wall | LILLUND WILLIAM ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LILLY CARROLL BAXTER: +0:The Wall | LILLY DAVID ROSE: +0:The Wall | LILLY JOSEPH DARRELL: +0:The Wall | LILLY LAWRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LILLY ROBERT C: +0:The Wall | LILLY WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LIMA KENNETH KAWIKA: +0:The Wall | LIMBACH HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LIMBACHER DURWARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LIMBERG DUANE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LIMBRICK ALLEN ISSAC: +0:The Wall | LIMERICK BOBBY FRANK: +0:The Wall | LIMINGA FREDERICK HUGO: +0:The Wall | LIMON ANDRES: +0:The Wall | LIMONES JESUS MARIO: +0:The Wall | LINAM MAXIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | LINCH LEE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LINCOLN GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | LIND FRED ANDREW: +0:The Wall | LIND JAMES JEROME: +0:The Wall | LIND MORTEN ARVID JR: +0:The Wall | LIND RALPH RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | LIND THOMAS REINO: +0:The Wall | LINDABERRY JOHN LANCE: +0:The Wall | LINDAHL JOHN CARL: +0:The Wall | LINDBERG BRIAN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | LINDBERG DALE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LINDBERG DAVID CARL: +0:The Wall | LINDBERG JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | LINDBERGH ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LINDBLOOM CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | LINDE RICHARD VICTOR: +0:The Wall | LINDECAMP HOWARD S JR: +0:The Wall | LINDEL JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LINDELL LARRY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | LINDEMANN JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LINDER GARRY HAROLD: +0:The Wall | LINDER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LINDER HERBERT III: +0:The Wall | LINDER JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | LINDERMAN MARK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LINDERMAN MICHAEL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | LINDEWALD CHARLES W JR: +0:The Wall | LINDGREN ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LINDHOLM DAN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | LINDLAND DONALD FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | LINDLER JESSIE RAY: +0:The Wall | LINDLEY BOBBY PAT: +0:The Wall | LINDLEY MARVIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | LINDLEY RONNIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | LINDNER JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LINDQUIST VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | LINDQUIST WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY BRUCE STUART: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY GREGORY THAYER: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY JAMES RICKEY: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY MICHAEL CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY PHILIP TRIESTE: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | LINDSAY WASH JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY ARTHUR DALE: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY DANIEL HINSON: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY DENNIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY EDWARD BYRON: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY ELMER R JR: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY JACK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY JAMES KAHILILAUIN: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY JOHNNY WARNER: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY LARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY MARVIN NELSON: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY REGINALD WALLACE: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY WILLIAM JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY WILLIAM ROYAL: +0:The Wall | LINDSLEY DONALD PETER: +0:The Wall | LINDSTROM PATRICK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LINDSTROM RONNIE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LINEBERGER HAROLD BENTON: +0:The Wall | LINEBERRY JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LINEBERRY RICHARD BRYAN: +0:The Wall | LINES RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LING WILLIAM CLIVE: +0:The Wall | LINGLE DALE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LINGLE JOSEPH M JR: +0:The Wall | LINGLE ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | LINGLEY NORMAN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | LININGER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | LINK DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | LINK FREDERICK BEARD: +0:The Wall | LINK GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LINK GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LINK JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LINK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LINK RAYMOND PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LINK ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LINK ROGER MARK: +0:The Wall | LINKS RICHARD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LINN DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LINN JOHN HOLMES: +0:The Wall | LINN ROBERT LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | LINNA STEVEN PAUL: 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Wall | MANELLO FRANK RONALD: +0:The Wall | MANEMANN RICHARD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MANER HOWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANESS ALAN CARSON: +0:The Wall | MANESS JAMES EMORY: +0:The Wall | MANESS MARTIN ROWLAND: +0:The Wall | MANESS STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANEY RALPH WARREN: +0:The Wall | MANFERDINI JOHN SEBASTIAN: +0:The Wall | MANGAN MICHAEL L: +0:The Wall | MANGAN MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MANGANELLO ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | MANGAT FREDRICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANGER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MANGIN MARK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MANGINO THOMAS ANGELO: +0:The Wall | MANGIOLARDO MICHAEL ANTHO: +0:The Wall | MANGOLD CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANGOLD LEO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANGRUM GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MANGRUM RICHARD GALE: +0:The Wall | MANGUAL JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | MANGUM ROBIN: +0:The Wall | MANGUM SAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | MANGUM THEODORE EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MANGUM WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MANGUS ARLIE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MANHEIM VERNON ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | MANIAS ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANIERE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MANIGO EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MANINGER RAYMOND MARCINE: +0:The Wall | MANINO SALVATORE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MANIS EDDIE: +0:The Wall | MANK ROYAL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANKA DOUGLAS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MANLEY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANLEY RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MANLY FREDERICK LEE: +0:The Wall | MANN CARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MANN CHARLES CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | MANN DANIEL MCCARTHY: +0:The Wall | MANN DAVID LYLE: +0:The Wall | MANN DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | MANN EDDIE MORRIS: +0:The Wall | MANN EDWARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MANN EDWARD LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | MANN GARLAND RAY: +0:The Wall | MANN GLENN DILL: +0:The Wall | MANN HAROLD VAN JR: +0:The Wall | MANN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANN JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MANN NATHAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANN ROBERT BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MANN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | MANN RUSSELL CLAIR: +0:The Wall | MANN THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANNEROW PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | MANNERS DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | MANNERS RALPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MANNERS VAN DYKE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MANNERY RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANNIE ROGER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MANNINA MICHAEL CARMELO: +0:The Wall | MANNING BRUCE K: +0:The Wall | MANNING CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNING DAVID KARL: +0:The Wall | MANNING DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MANNING DENNIS CARROL: +0:The Wall | MANNING DENNIS DEWAIN: +0:The Wall | MANNING GLENN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MANNING JAMES HOLDEN: +0:The Wall | MANNING JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANNING JERRY: +0:The Wall | MANNING JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNING JOHN WARREN: +0:The Wall | MANNING PATRICK PEARSE: +0:The Wall | MANNING RALPH E: +0:The Wall | MANNING RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNING ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MANNING RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANNING RONALD: +0:The Wall | MANNING THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | MANNING WILLIAM TERRY: +0:The Wall | MANNION AUGUST GORDIAN JR: +0:The Wall | MANNION DENNIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | MANNO MICHAEL RALPH: +0:The Wall | MANNS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNS EDWARD EMIL: +0:The Wall | MANNS ROGER D: +0:The Wall | MANNS ROY NANCE: +0:The Wall | MANOR JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANOS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MANOWSKI EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANRING CURTIS JOHNSON: +0:The Wall | MANRIQUE RAMIRO JR: +0:The Wall | MANSELLE EUGENE L III: +0:The Wall | MANSERGH WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD BRUCE ELWIN: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD CLAYTON JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD DONALD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD JOHN MONTAGUE: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD PATRICK LEROY: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD WILLIAM GRANVIL: +0:The Wall | MANSIR PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANSKE CHARLES JEROME: +0:The Wall | MANSKE DENNIS RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | MANSKE PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANSON DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANSON JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MANSON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANSOR THOMAS NICKOLAS: +0:The Wall | MANSTIS ANTHONY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANTERNACH MARVIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MANTHEI JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | MANTHEY BARRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MANTON BRUCE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MANTOOTH JIMMIE HUGH: +0:The Wall | MANTOOTH LEONARD HAYES JR: +0:The Wall | MANTOUVALES ANTHONY RALPH: +0:The Wall | MANUEL FRANCIS EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MANUEL JESSE STEPHEN JR: +0:The Wall | MANUEL LARRY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MANUEL ROLAND WILL: +0:The Wall | MANZ TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MANZANARES CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANZANARES JOSE ADORO: +0:The Wall | MANZANARES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MANZARO DANIEL VICTOR: +0:The Wall | MANZI JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | MAPE JOHN CLEMENT: +0:The Wall | MAPES EDDIE D: +0:The Wall | MAPLE ARCHIE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | MAPLE HOLLIS GARNELL: +0:The Wall | MAPLES FRANCIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | MAPLES PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MAQUILING LEONARD GIDEON: +0:The Wall | MARA JOSEPH P: +0:The Wall | MARABLE WALTER A JR: +0:The Wall | MARACZI ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARASCO JOSEPH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARASCO PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MARASCO WILLIAM FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MARASON JOHN EDGAR: +0:The Wall | MARATTA CRAIG: +0:The Wall | MARBUTT GARY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARCANO CARLOS ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | MARCANO WINSTON ELVETTE: +0:The Wall | MARCANO-DIAZ GAMALIEL: +0:The Wall | MARCANTEL ELBERT: +0:The Wall | MARCANTONI ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCANTONIO JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARCAURELE LIONEL LUCIEN: +0:The Wall | MARCAVAGE ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCEAUX ERASTE JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCELLO JOHN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MARCH DONALD GEROLD: +0:The Wall | MARCH FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | MARCH FREDERICK LUTHER: +0:The Wall | MARCHAND THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARCHAND WAYNE ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | MARCHANT PAUL LAFONTAINE: +0:The Wall | MARCHBANK LARRY OVERTON: +0:The Wall | MARCHBANKS R B JR: +0:The Wall | MARCHESE THOMAS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARCHESI JIMMY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARCHLEWICZ ARNOLD M: +0:The Wall | MARCHUT THOMAS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MARCIANO LOUIS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARCIN PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCIN WILLIAM KEITH: +0:The Wall | MARCO JERRY ROY: +0:The Wall | MARCO ROBERT DONALD: +0:The Wall | MARCOMBE STEVE GARY: +0:The Wall | MARCONI FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARCOTTE ANDRE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARCOTTE DENNIS WILFRED: +0:The Wall | MARCOULIER LEO RENE: +0:The Wall | MARCRUM RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARCUM ERNEST DELBERT: +0:The Wall | MARCUM GILBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MARCUM HAROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | MARCUM JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARCUM JIMMY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARCUM KENNETH: +0:The Wall | MARCUM LEONARD GERALD: +0:The Wall | MARCUM WALTER VERNON: +0:The Wall | MARCUM WALTER: +0:The Wall | MARCUS MICHAEL BOOTH: +0:The Wall | MARCUSSEN GLENNON: +0:The Wall | MARCY WILLIAM LINCOLN: +0:The Wall | MARDIS JAMES ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | MAREADY TERRY KAY: +0:The Wall | MARECK RAYMOND DONALD: +0:The Wall | MAREK JOSEPH PENN: +0:The Wall | MAREK PAUL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MARESH JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MAREZ FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MARFURT RICHARD AGUST JR: +0:The Wall | MARGARITIS SOTORIOS MILTO: +0:The Wall | MARGLE THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARGOLIS ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARGRAVE DANIEL W II: +0:The Wall | MARGRO JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARHEFKA DUANE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARIA CHARLES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARIANI JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | MARIANO JESUS ROSA: +0:The Wall | MARIER MAURICE JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARIK CHARLES WELDON: +0:The Wall | MARIN FRANCISCO SANDOVAL: +0:The Wall | MARIN JULIAN: +0:The Wall | MARIN-RAMOS HECTOR RAMON: +0:The Wall | MARINE DAVID HARLON: +0:The Wall | MARINELLI ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARINELLI ELMO: +0:The Wall | MARINO ARIEL: +0:The Wall | MARINO CARL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARINO NICHOLAS III: +0:The Wall | MARINSIC ALLEN HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARION CURTIS: +0:The Wall | MARION HARRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MARISKANISH CHARLES EDWAR: +0:The Wall | MARIT DONALD F: +0:The Wall | MARIZ ROBERT J: +0:The Wall | MARK RICHARD STRODE: +0:The Wall | MARK THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARKARIAN WILLIAM ARAM: +0:The Wall | MARKEL JAMES CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | MARKEL RONALD JOE: +0:The Wall | MARKEN JOHN PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | MARKER MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARKEVITCH ANTHONY G JR: +0:The Wall | MARKEY CHRISTOPHER HUGH: +0:The Wall | MARKEY JAMES PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | MARKHAM MARSHALL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARKHAM RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARKILLIE JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | MARKLAND DONALD P III: +0:The Wall | MARKLAND GERALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARKLAND JAMES HARRY: +0:The Wall | MARKLE WILLIAM CARL JR: +0:The Wall | MARKOS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MARKOSKI GERALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARKOVICH DOUGLAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARKOWSKI HENRY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MARKS ANTONE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MARKS DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | MARKS FRANK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARKS GEORGE ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | MARKS JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARKS MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARKS PHILLIP HADDON: +0:The Wall | MARKS RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARKS TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARKUM ROBERT BAILEY: +0:The Wall | MARKUNAS THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARKUS JERRY: +0:The Wall | MARKUS LARRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARKUSEN TOBIAS EARL: +0:The Wall | MARKWELL EUGENE LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARKWITH GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARLAND INNES LEE: +0:The Wall | MARLAR DONNIE JOE: +0:The Wall | MARLAR OLIN DEWEY III: +0:The Wall | MARLATT ROY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARLEY KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARLIN EARL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MARLIN ELLIS SANFORD: +0:The Wall | MARLIN LEONARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARLIN ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MARLIN WILLIAM LUNN JR: +0:The Wall | MARLING BILLIE JAYE: +0:The Wall | MARLOW DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | MARLOW JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARLOW JOHN P: +0:The Wall | MARLOWE DANIEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARLOWE JACK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARMIE ROBERT THEODORE: +0:The Wall | MAROON JAMES WILLMER: +0:The Wall | MAROSCHER ALBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MAROSITES BRUCE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARPLE REECE LESLIE: +0:The Wall | MARPLE TERRANCE DUANE: +0:The Wall | MARPO JOHN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MARQUARDT MERLIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARQUARDT WAYNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ EDUARDO JR: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ FLORENCIO Q: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ GERALDO: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ JULIAN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ RONALD O: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ VALENTINE: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ-LOPEZ LUIS MANUEL: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ-QUINONES RAIMUNDO: +0:The Wall | MARR GEORGE RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | MARR JOHN AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | MARR NOEL DON: +0:The Wall | MARRERO-BAEZ FLOR: +0:The Wall | MARRERO-ESTRADA HERIBERTO: +0:The Wall | MARRERO-RIOS JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | MARRIETTA HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARRINGTON CRAIG THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARRION JIMMIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARRON BRUCE ALEN: +0:The Wall | MARRONE JOSEPH VIETO: +0:The Wall | MARROQUIN ELADIO R JR: +0:The Wall | MARROQUIN PEDRO JR: +0:The Wall | MARROQUIN TOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MARRS CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARRS RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARRUFO RODNEY ELMER JR: +0:The Wall | MARSCHALL ALAN FREDERIC: +0:The Wall | MARSDEN ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARSDEN TYRONE CECIL: +0:The Wall | MARSH ALAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARSH BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARSH CLARK LYNWOOD: +0:The Wall | MARSH DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARSH EDWARD K: +0:The Wall | MARSH FREDERICK CURTIS: +0:The Wall | MARSH HAROLD CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | MARSH HERBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARSH JOHN A: +0:The Wall | MARSH JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSH LARRY GLENN: +0:The Wall | MARSH LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARSH LEE ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | MARSH RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSH RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARSH ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARSH RONALD ALTON: +0:The Wall | MARSH WILLIAM CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL BRIAN ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL CLIFFORD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DANNY G: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DENNIS CRAIG: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DENNIS HARDIE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DOC HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DONALD FISHER II: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL EDDIE LESTER: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL FREDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL HAROLD B: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JACKIE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES CONRAD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOHN GRADY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOHN KEITH: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOSEPH HENRY III: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOSEPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL LARRY HUNTER: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL LAWRENCE JAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL MARK DUANE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL MICHAEL ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RICHARD CARLTON: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL ROGER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL ROLAND TRENT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RONNIE SHINYA: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL SAMUEL THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL WILLARD DALE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL WILLIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | MARSHAND KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | MARSHMAN MICHAEL JON: +0:The Wall | MARSON RICKEY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTEL NORMAND RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARTELL GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTELL TERRY JACK: +0:The Wall | MARTENS STANLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTER EZRA BUDD: +0:The Wall | MARTHALER ROBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARTHE RANDOLPH LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTICH THOMAS MARK: +0:The Wall | MARTIE ERNEST RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALAN C: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALPHONSO S: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ANTHONY TONY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ARTHUR GLENN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ARTHUR JUSTILIEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ASA JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN AUBREY GRADY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BENNIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BILLY JOE RALPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BRUNO LEO: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BUDDY RAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CARL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES LEROY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CLAYTON ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CLIFFORD B JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CLYDE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DANNY GALE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DARRELL G: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVID LEE JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVIE JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DENNIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DENNIS PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DENNIS R: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONAIL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONALD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONNIE JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONNIE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DOUGLAS KENT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DUANE WHITNEY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EDWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EDWIN WOODS JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ELMER: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EMERSON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ERIE A JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ERNEST TYRONE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EUGENE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN FLOYD NEWTON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN FREDDIE KAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN FREDERICK L: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GEORGE PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GEORGE ROLAND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GEORGE WILLIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GERALD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GREGORY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GUY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HAROLD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HARRELD PIRTLE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HARRY PEMBERTON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HENRY CHARLEMONT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HENRY OLIN III: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HENRY RONALD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HOYLE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HUBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN IRVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES C JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES EMMETT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JEAN D: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JEFFREY LEA: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JERRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JIMMIE CARTER: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN ANTHONY III: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN BERNARD II: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN C: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN D: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN MAJOR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN MURRAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN SANFORD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN WARREN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHNNY COCHRAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOSEPH CRAIG: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOSEPH VENSON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LAWRENCE SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LEONARD RAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LINWOOD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LONNIE GENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MARVIN HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MERLE JAMES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL EMMETT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL PETER JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL TERRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN NAPOLEON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN PATRICK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN PAUL RIVERS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RALPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RAY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RAYMOND CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD D: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD JODY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD LE ROY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD M: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT ELMER: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT HARRISON JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT PHILLIPS JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT WILLIE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RUFUS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RUSSELL DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN SAMMY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN SAMUEL CALVIN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEPHAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVE LAIL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVEN LARRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN TONY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN VERNAL GLEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN VINCENT PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WALTER WESLEY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WAYNE OSCAR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM DAVIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM REYNOLDS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM TORBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTINDALE PAUL VAUGHAN: +0:The Wall | MARTINE JAY BARKLOW JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEAU MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ADOLFO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ADOLPH ALFRED: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ALEX EZEQUIEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ANGEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ANTHONY VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ARMANDO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ BILLY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ CHRIS RONALD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ DANIEL TIOFILIO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ DONALD LYNWOOD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EDDIE ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ERNESTO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ERNIE ROBLES: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EUGENE OSCAR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EVARISTO III: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EZEKIAL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ FLORENTINO JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GEORGE VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GILIVALDO A JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GUADALUPE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ISIDRO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ISRAEL JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JAKE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JESUS: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JIM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHNNY SALAS: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JORGE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOSEPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JUAN HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JUAN JOSE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JUAN PATRICIO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ LE ROY FELIX: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ LOUIS ALVARADO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MANUEL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MANUEL GODINE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MANUEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MARGARITO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MAURO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PAUL DINNES JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PEDRO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETER JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETER STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETER: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ REYNALDO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RICARDO RAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ROBERT R: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RODNEY DEAN: 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| MARTZ MELVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTZ MELVIN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTZ WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | MARVIN GREGORY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARVIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARVIN ROBERT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | MARVIN ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | MARX ROBERT GARRY: +0:The Wall | MARXMILLER GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARYFIELD WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARZENELL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MASADAS BEN OBSENIARES: +0:The Wall | MASCARENAS ALCADIO NORBER: +0:The Wall | MASCARENAS JOE LEO: +0:The Wall | MASCARENAS ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | MASCARI PHILLIP LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MASCHER BRENT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MASCIALE VINCENT TOMMY: +0:The Wall | MASDEN STEPHEN KNIGHT: +0:The Wall | MASEDA GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MASEDA ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MASHBURN RAYMOND T: +0:The Wall | MASHBURN TSCHANN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | MASHLYKIN KENNETH HENRY: +0:The Wall | MASILLO JUAN: +0:The Wall | MASIN MERRILL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MASINSKI JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MASK JOE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | MASKE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASLAK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MASLINSKI DWIGHT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MASLYN EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASNY BERNARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MASON ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | MASON ALPHONZA: +0:The Wall | MASON ALVIN PERNELL: +0:The Wall | MASON BENJAMIN H JR: +0:The Wall | MASON BOBBY G: +0:The Wall | MASON CHARLES BUCKLEY: +0:The Wall | MASON CHARLES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | MASON CHARLES JOSEPH L: +0:The Wall | MASON DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MASON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | MASON DENNIS RAE: +0:The Wall | MASON DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | MASON EARNEST LEE JR: +0:The Wall | MASON GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MASON GEORGE ARDEN: +0:The Wall | MASON HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | MASON HARRY STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | MASON JAMES PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | MASON JOHNNIE: +0:The Wall | MASON JOSEPH ANSON JR: +0:The Wall | MASON KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MASON LARRY JOE SR: +0:The Wall | MASON LARRY MAURICE: +0:The Wall | MASON RAYMOND LEROY: +0:The Wall | MASON RICHARD FLOYD: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT SCOTT JR: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MASON ROMAN GALE: +0:The Wall | MASON SVEN STERNING: +0:The Wall | MASON TERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | MASON THEODORE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MASON WILLIAM HENDERSON: +0:The Wall | MASON WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | MASOTTI JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MASSA DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | MASSA LUIS ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | MASSARI RICHARD D: +0:The Wall | MASSE RAYMOND GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MASSENGILL LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | MASSETH ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MASSEY HARRY: +0:The Wall | MASSEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASSEY JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MASSEY MICHAEL JAY: +0:The Wall | MASSEY MICHAEL SEAN: +0:The Wall | MASSEY RALPH LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MASSEY SCOTTIE SHELVEN: +0:The Wall | MASSIE GEORGE EDGAR: +0:The Wall | MASSIE LARRY GLEN: +0:The Wall | MASSINE RICHARD PETER: +0:The Wall | MASSO-PEREZ JULIO: +0:The Wall | MASSONE MICHAEL STACY: +0:The Wall | MASSUCCI MARTIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | MAST RANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | MASTELLER ALLAN DEAN: +0:The Wall | MASTEN ARMAND DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | MASTEN JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MASTER WILLIAM STANLEY: +0:The Wall | MASTERS EDWARD ULYSES: +0:The Wall | MASTERS JAMES MADISON JR: +0:The Wall | MASTERS WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON EDMUND MACEO: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MASTRAMICO PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MASTROIANNI THOMAS FRANCI: +0:The Wall | MASTROMATTEO FRANK JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASUDA ROBERT SUSUMU: +0:The Wall | MASUEN MICHAEL NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZI JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZO EVERETT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZO PETER DAVID: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZO STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MATAYOSHI WALLACE KENJI: +0:The Wall | MATCHETT JAMES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MATCHETT LESLIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | MATE DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MATEJA ALAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | MATEJECK WALTER LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MATEJOV JOSEPH ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MATEL RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MATELSKI LEONARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MATERN ROBERT SCHRACK: +0:The Wall | MATHEIS RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | MATHENY BOBBY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MATHENY LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | MATHENY RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | MATHER ALVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MATHER HARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MATHERN EDWARD GERARD: +0:The Wall | MATHERS STEVEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MATHES EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MATHESON DOUGLAS ROY: +0:The Wall | MATHEW CECIL LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS CHARLES DONALD: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS CHARLES L: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS CLAUDE WESLEY: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS CLYDE JR: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS FRANK JAMES: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS GROVER C JR: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS HAROLD JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS HENRY DON: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS PATRICK T: +0:The Wall | MATHEWS WILLIAM JEROME: +0:The Wall | MATHEWSON ROGER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MATHIAS JOSEPH VERNON: +0:The Wall | MATHIAS RANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | MATHIAS ROBERT P: +0:The Wall | MATHIAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MATHIAS STEVEN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MATHIESEN ERHARDT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MATHIS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | MATHIS BRENT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MATHIS DAVID LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | MATHIS DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MATHIS FOY MANION: +0:The Wall | MATHIS HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | MATHIS JAMES RUFUS: +0:The Wall | MATHIS JIMMY CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | MATHIS ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MATHIS RONNIE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MATHIS RUBIN II: +0:The Wall | MATHIS SAMUEL JUDSON: +0:The Wall | MATHIS WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | MATHISON BRIAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | MATHISON MICHAEL ALFRED: +0:The Wall | MATHISON MICHAEL K: +0:The Wall | MATIAS WENCESLAO ROSAS JR: +0:The Wall | MATIAS-SANTANA FEDERICO: +0:The Wall | MATIER CURTIS OWENS: +0:The Wall | MATIS WALTER FRANCIS E JR: +0:The Wall | MATLOCK JOHN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | MATLOCK McKENLEY ODIS: +0:The Wall | MATLOCK NELSON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MATLOCK WILLIAM TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | MATOCHA DONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | MATOS-CORREA JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | MATRANGA ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MATSON GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | MATSON HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MATSON HOWARD V JR: +0:The Wall | MATSON ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | MATSON WILLMER ARDEN: +0:The Wall | MATSUURA ALAN YUKIO: +0:The Wall | MATT JOSEPH WALTER: +0:The Wall | MATTA BRUCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MATTA MICHAEL ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MATTARO DONALD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | MATTAROCCHIA JOHN F JR: +0:The Wall | MATTE ALAN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MATTEI-SANTIAGO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MATTER MARK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MATTERA FRANK JOHN JOE: +0:The Wall | MATTERA GERALD: +0:The Wall | MATTERN CHARLES DUANE: +0:The Wall | MATTERN RICKY PALMER: +0:The Wall | MATTESON GLENN: +0:The Wall | MATTESON LYNN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MATTESON THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MATTHEI PETER KARL: +0:The Wall | MATTHEIS DENIS DUANE: +0:The Wall | MATTHEISEN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MATTHES PETER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MATTHEW HARRY ERIC: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS AITKEN L JR: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS ALAN LEE: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS ALFRED RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS BERNARD JULIAN: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS CALVIN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS CHARLES CROCKETT: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS CHARLES TONEY: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS EARL JR: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS EARL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS EDGAR DONALD: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS FLOYD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS GENE FLETCHER: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS GEORGE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS GEORGE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS GILBERT LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS GORDON BRUCE: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS HENRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS HOLLEY DEWITT: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS JAMES ERICH: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS JAMES NEWTON: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS JAMES WASHINGTON: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS KENT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS KERMIT LESLIE: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS MICHAEL FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS NATHANIAL CARL: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS RONNIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS ROY GIBSON: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS SETH HAYDEN III: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS THOMAS W JR: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS WILLIAM CLAY: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS WILLIAM L JR: +0:The Wall | MATTHEWS WILLIS ALANZO: +0:The Wall | MATTIE ANDREW MARION: +0:The Wall | MATTINGLY GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MATTINGLY HARRY ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | MATTINGLY JOHN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MATTINGLY LARRY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MATTINGLY OSBORNE JR: +0:The Wall | MATTINGLY TIMMY G: +0:The Wall | MATTIS WILLIAM CARROLL: +0:The Wall | MATTISON BENJAMIN FRANKLI: +0:The Wall | MATTOCK JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | 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LEE JR: +0:The Wall | MERRICK WALTER FORREST: +0:The Wall | MERRICKS ALVIN: +0:The Wall | MERRIHEW GLEN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MERRILL CHARLES LE ROY JR: +0:The Wall | MERRILL DAVID B: +0:The Wall | MERRILL DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MERRILL DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | MERRILL DOUGLAS CARROLL: +0:The Wall | MERRILL HUGH WALLACE: +0:The Wall | MERRILL JOSEPH ADELBERT: +0:The Wall | MERRILL LARRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MERRILL ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MERRILL WELDON BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MERRILL WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MERRIMAN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MERRIMAN JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MERRIMAN JOHN SARGENT: +0:The Wall | MERRIMAN MICHAEL GENE: +0:The Wall | MERRIMAN REGINALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | MERRIMAN THOMAS BRUCE: +0:The Wall | MERRITT ALLEN TWIGGS IV: +0:The Wall | MERRITT CHARLES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MERRITT EDWARD JEROME: +0:The Wall | MERRITT JOHN CLINTON: +0:The Wall | MERRITT TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MERRITT VERNON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MERRIWEATHER GENE OPERIE: +0:The Wall | MERRIWEATHER NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | MERRIWEATHER T Z: +0:The Wall | MERRY DONALD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MERRYMAN DENNIS GARY: +0:The Wall | MERSCHEL LAWRENCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | MERSCHMAN JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MERSCHROD LAWRENCE RICHAR: +0:The Wall | MERSHON DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | MERSHON STEVEN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | MERTELL JAMES RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | MERYS ROBERT KEITH: +0:The Wall | MERZ JAMES R JR: +0:The Wall | MESA JAMES GREGORY: +0:The Wall | MESA MANUEL E JR: +0:The Wall | MESA RICARDO: +0:The Wall | MESA TOMAS REYES: +0:The Wall | MESAROSH DONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | MESENBURG TERRANCE R: +0:The Wall | MESHIGAUD ANDREW HARRY: +0:The Wall | MESICH MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | MESOYEDZ HOWARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MESQUITA FERNANDO OLIVAS: +0:The Wall | MESSENGER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MESSENGER KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MESSER BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | MESSER DARRYL: +0:The Wall | MESSER EARLEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MESSER FERRELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MESSER JACK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MESSER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MESSER JON LAIRD: +0:The Wall | MESSER SIGURD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | MESSER THOMAS HUBERT: +0:The Wall | MESSERLI STEVEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MESSERSMITH DEAN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MESSICK JAMES AVERY: +0:The Wall | MESSING MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | MESSINO DAMIEN JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MESTAS PETER VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MESZAR FRANK III: +0:The Wall | METCALF CARL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | METCALF CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | METCALF CLAUDIE: +0:The Wall | METCALF EDWARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | METCALF GERALD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | METCALF HAROLD: +0:The Wall | METCALF JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | METCALF JIMMY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | METCALF LARRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | METCALF RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | METCALF TOM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | METOTT GERALD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | METOYER BRYFORD GLENN: +0:The Wall | METOYER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | METOYER MICHAEL ESPY: +0:The Wall | METROS CARL DEANE: 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PAUL: +0:The Wall | MEYER GREGORY LEO: +0:The Wall | MEYER JAMES FREDRICK JR: +0:The Wall | MEYER JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MEYER JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MEYER JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MEYER KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MEYER KENNETH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MEYER LEO ROLAND: +0:The Wall | MEYER LEWIS DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | MEYER LOWELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MEYER OTTO PAUL III: +0:The Wall | MEYER ROBERT JEROME: +0:The Wall | MEYER RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | MEYER RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MEYER TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | MEYER TERRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MEYER VAL GREGORY: +0:The Wall | MEYER VERLYN GWEN: +0:The Wall | MEYER WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MEYERKORD HAROLD DALE: +0:The Wall | MEYERS CHARLES CARTER: +0:The Wall | MEYERS DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | MEYERS GEORGE HENRY: +0:The Wall | MEYERS RAYMOND EILERT: +0:The Wall | MEYERS ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MEYERS VICTOR BERT: +0:The Wall | MEYHOFF MICHAEL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MEYSEMBOURG DANIEL LLOYD: +0:The Wall | MEZA JESUS JAMES: +0:The Wall | MEZERA TERRY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MEZZATESTA FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MEZZLES TOMMY: +0:The Wall | MICAN ALLEN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL DENNIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL DON LESLIE: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL LEO GENE: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL LLOYD DONALD: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL TIMOTHY SHAWN: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL VINFORD FRANKLYN: +0:The Wall | MICHAEL WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MICHAELIS JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MICHAELS JOHN JAY: +0:The Wall | MICHALAK WAYNE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MICHALIK WILLY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MICHALK ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | MICHALKE RUSSELL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MICHALOPOULOS RAYMOND WIL: +0:The Wall | MICHALOWICZ STANLEY JULUI: +0:The Wall | MICHALOWSKI RAYMOND JOHN: +0:The Wall | MICHALSKI JAMES: +0:The Wall | MICHALSKI JOHN MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | MICHALSKI JOHN STEVEN: 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| MICKNA JOHN RONALD: +0:The Wall | MICKO MICHAEL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MICLOSKEY KEN E: +0:The Wall | MICOLA DANA J: +0:The Wall | MICULS JANIS: +0:The Wall | MICUNEK MICHAEL MARK: +0:The Wall | MIDCALF THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MIDCAP DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MIDDLEBROOKS CARL MASON: +0:The Wall | MIDDLEBROOKS ROBERT NEAL: +0:The Wall | MIDDLEKAUFF DAVID: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON HOMER RAY: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON RONALD: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON STEVEN ALFRED: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON TEDDY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MIDDLETON WAYNE LEE: +0:The Wall | MIDGETT DEWEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MIDGETTE WILLIS LEANDREW: +0:The Wall | MIDGYETTE JOSEPH HARGROVE: +0:The Wall | MIDKIFF GARY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | MIDKIFF O L: +0:The Wall | MIDNIGHT FRANCIS BARNES: +0:The Wall | MIDTHUN ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MIDUSKI FRANCIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MIECZKOWSKI JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MIEDEMA MATTHEW GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MIEDZIELEC TIMOTHY R: +0:The Wall | MIELKE BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MIETUS JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MIFFLIN JOHN RAY: +0:The Wall | MIGLIERINA ROBERT LEO: +0:The Wall | MIGLIORE LUCIEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MIGNINI WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MIGUEL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MIHALAKIS ELLAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MIHALEK ADELBERT F IV: +0:The Wall | MIHALOVICH JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MIHORDIN DONALD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | MIKA STEPHEN ADAM: +0:The Wall | MIKA VICTOR GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MIKE STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MIKELS JAMES HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | MIKESELL RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MIKITIS MICHEAL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MIKOLAJCZYK DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | MIKOSZ WALTER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MIKRUT JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MIKULA CARL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | MIKULA EMERY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MIKULECKY DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | MILADIN RAYMOND EDWARD: 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Wall | MILES DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | MILES ELIJAH JR: +0:The Wall | MILES GALEN SPINKS: +0:The Wall | MILES GLENN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MILES HAROLD GENE: +0:The Wall | MILES JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MILES JOE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | MILES JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | MILES JOHN ELMER: +0:The Wall | MILES JOHN EMORY: +0:The Wall | MILES LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MILES LYNN LEROY: +0:The Wall | MILES MARK SCOTT: +0:The Wall | MILES MORRIS CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | MILES PALMER BEACH: +0:The Wall | MILES PATRICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MILES PHILLIP ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | MILES RAYMOND GENE: +0:The Wall | MILES RICHARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MILES ROBERT WAKE: +0:The Wall | MILES RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | MILES STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | MILES THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MILES WELDON JOHN: +0:The Wall | MILEY BRUCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MILEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MILEY FREDERICK JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | MILEY JOSEPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MILEY REUBEN JR: +0:The Wall | MILHORN LARRY DAYTON: +0:The Wall | MILICH JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | MILIKA GEORGE AUREL: +0:The Wall | MILIKIN RICHARD M III: +0:The Wall | MILIUS PAUL LLOYD: +0:The Wall | MILK ALLAN ARLYN: +0:The Wall | MILKS RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MILLAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MILLAN ROBERT DENNIS JR: +0:The Wall | MILLAR PETER EDMUND: +0:The Wall | MILLARD CHARLES WORTH: +0:The Wall | MILLARD KENNETH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MILLARD LARRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | MILLARD LOREN RAY: +0:The Wall | MILLAY CHARLES FRANCI: +0:The Wall | MILLE WALTER: +0:The Wall | MILLEDGE FREDERICK RAYMON: +0:The Wall | MILLENDER ROBERT CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | MILLER ALLEN PERDA: +0:The Wall | MILLER ALLEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MILLER ALVIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MILLER ANDREW J: +0:The Wall | MILLER ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MILLER ARLEN JAY: +0:The Wall | MILLER ARNEZ FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | MILLER ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | MILLER BENTON LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MILLER BERNHARDT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MILLER BERTMANN EARL: +0:The Wall | MILLER BILLY LEE: +0:The Wall | MILLER BURKE HOLBROOK: +0:The Wall | MILLER BURRNON ELIHUE: +0:The Wall | MILLER BURT EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MILLER CALVIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | MILLER CARL DEAN: +0:The Wall | MILLER CARL JEROME: +0:The Wall | MILLER CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MILLER CARL SOCRATES JR: +0:The Wall | MILLER CARLETON PIERCE JR: +0:The Wall | MILLER CARY DUANE: +0:The Wall | MILLER CECIL VERNON: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES D: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES EMIL: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES IRVIN: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES WILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHARLIE REUBEN JR: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHRISTOPHER A: +0:The Wall | MILLER CHRISTOPHER J J: +0:The Wall | MILLER CLARENCE ALVIE JR: +0:The Wall | MILLER CLARENCE DALE: 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GENE: +0:The Wall | MOSS ROY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MOSS THOMAS JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MOSS WELDON DALE: +0:The Wall | MOSS WILEY BARRY: +0:The Wall | MOSS WILLIAM VANCE: +0:The Wall | MOSSEAU LLOYD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MOSSER CHARLES DENVER: +0:The Wall | MOSSFORD GREGORY FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | MOSSGROVE ROBERT BOYD: +0:The Wall | MOSSMAN HARRY SEEBER: +0:The Wall | MOSSMAN JOE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | MOSSNER DAVID CAMPBELL: +0:The Wall | MOSSO ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | MOSTOWSKI THEODORE: +0:The Wall | MOTA PEDRO JUAN TOMAS: +0:The Wall | MOTE TERRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | MOTES CARL GILBERT: +0:The Wall | MOTES JAMES JACKSON: +0:The Wall | MOTLEY JOHN LARRY JR: +0:The Wall | MOTLEY LARRY KEITH: +0:The Wall | MOTLEY PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MOTON EDDIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | MOTSINGER JERRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MOTT BARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MOTT JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MOTT JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MOTT JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MOTT JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MOTT TERRY WARD: +0:The Wall | MOTT WILLIAM LARRY: +0:The Wall | MOTTE GEORGE D: +0:The Wall | MOTTISHAW RONALD GRANT: +0:The Wall | MOTTO THOMAS NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | MOTTOLA VINCENT ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | MOUDRY CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | MOUGIER JOHN EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | MOULDEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | MOULDER LARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MOULTINE CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | MOULTON LESTER NEAL: +0:The Wall | MOULTRIE CALVIN: +0:The Wall | MOULTRIE JOE DAVIS: +0:The Wall | MOULTRIE OXLEY CARRINGTON: +0:The Wall | MOUNCE BARRY MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | MOUNCE GEROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | MOUNT CHARLEY LE MEAR: +0:The Wall | MOUNT JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MOUNTS BOBBIE JOE: +0:The Wall | MOUNTS JERRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | MOURGELAS DENNIS W: +0:The Wall | MOURITZEN DONALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MOURTGIS ARTHUR C JR: +0:The Wall | MOUSEL WAYNE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MOUTARDIER ODES HERMAN: +0:The Wall | MOUTON WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MOVCHAN DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MOWBRAY DOUGLAS RONALD: +0:The Wall | MOWER GARY RUEL: +0:The Wall | MOWER JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MOWERY CARL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MOWERY ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MOWREY GLENN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MOWREY RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | MOXLEY RICHARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | MOYA HERMANDO SANCHEZ: +0:The Wall | MOYA JOE: +0:The Wall | MOYA RAMON JR: +0:The Wall | MOYE FLOYD: +0:The Wall | MOYE ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MOYER BARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MOYER CECIL GERALD JR: +0:The Wall | MOYER CHARLES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MOYER DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | MOYER DOUGLAS ISAAC: +0:The Wall | MOYER LAWRENCE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MOYER MERRHAGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MOYER ROBERT W: +0:The Wall | MOYER WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | MOYERS MURL ALVIN: +0:The Wall | MOYERS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | MOYERS RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MOYLAN DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | MOYLE WESLEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MOYNAHAN JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MOZDZEN DALE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MRAVAK THOMAS A: +0:The Wall | MRAZIK JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MRDJENOVICH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MROCZYNSKI RAYMOND CHARLE: +0:The Wall | MROSEWSKE ROY JAMES: +0:The Wall | MUCCI JOHN ROCCO: +0:The Wall | MUCHA HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | MUCHA HOWARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MUCHA LOUIS STEPHAN: +0:The Wall | MUCKLEROY JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MUDD LEROY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MUEHE MARK RONALD: +0:The Wall | MUEHLBERG RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MUELLENBACH ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MUELLER CARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MUELLER DAVID HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MUELLER JOSEPH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MUELLER KURT JR: +0:The Wall | MUELLER MARCO FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | MUELLER MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | MUELLER RALPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MUELLER RANDY ROY: +0:The Wall | MUELLER ROBERT GILBERT: +0:The Wall | MUELLER ROBERT STEPHAN: +0:The Wall | MUELLER STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MUELLER STEVEN AL: +0:The Wall | MUELLER STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MUELLER TOM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MUELLER WESLEY ERWIN: +0:The Wall | MUELLER WOODROW JOHN: +0:The Wall | MUENCH JOSEPH EARL: +0:The Wall | MUETING MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MUGAVIN MARTIN M: +0:The Wall | MUHICH CRAIG STANLEY: +0:The Wall | MUHM ANTON LEONARD: +0:The Wall | MUHR WARREN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MUIR JAMES: +0:The Wall | MUIR JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MUIR JOSEPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MUIR THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MUIR THOMAS WILSON: +0:The Wall | MUIR WILLIAM GUY: +0:The Wall | MUISENER JACK ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | MUKAI BRYAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MULARZ JOHN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | MULCAHY JOHN EDWIN CHARLE: +0:The Wall | MULCAHY JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | MULCAHY MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | MULDER RUSSELL WESLEY: +0:The Wall | MULDOVAN WILLIAM JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | MULDROW ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | MULFORD ALAN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | MULGREW KEVIN SPEAR: +0:The Wall | MULHAUSER HARVEY: +0:The Wall | MULHOLLAND ARNOLD LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | MULHOLLAND ROBERT ALTON: +0:The Wall | MULICK MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MULKEY HERBERT EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | MULKEY JEFF: +0:The Wall | MULKEY RALPH BUDDY JR: +0:The Wall | MULKEY TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MULL GERALD CRAWFORD: +0:The Wall | MULLAN CHARLES RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | MULLAN JOHN TURNER: +0:The Wall | MULLEAVEY QUINTEN EMILE: +0:The Wall | MULLEN CLIFFORD TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | MULLEN DANIEL JERRY: +0:The Wall | MULLEN ELVIS EARL: +0:The Wall | MULLEN FRANK: +0:The Wall | MULLEN FREDERICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MULLEN GILBERT GREGORY: +0:The Wall | MULLEN JOSEPH WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MULLEN LARRY DONALD: +0:The Wall | MULLEN LEO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MULLEN MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MULLEN WALTER STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | MULLEN WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MULLENS ROBERT JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MULLER ALLEN DONALD: +0:The Wall | MULLER DANIEL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | MULLER EDWARD JERRY: +0:The Wall | MULLER ERIC P: +0:The Wall | MULLER HAROLD BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | MULLER JAMES VAN NESS: +0:The Wall | MULLER STEPHEN PETER: +0:The Wall | MULLER WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | MULLERVY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MULLET STEVEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MULLIN GERALD CARL: +0:The Wall | MULLIN RICHARD ROCCO: +0:The Wall | MULLIN WAYNE WILSON: +0:The Wall | MULLINAX HOMER LAMAR: +0:The Wall | MULLINAX JAMES CARLTON JR: +0:The Wall | MULLINAX RONALD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MULLINEAUX BARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MULLINEAUX STEVEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | MULLINS ARTHUR BRENT: +0:The Wall | MULLINS DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | MULLINS EARNEST RANDALL: +0:The Wall | MULLINS EDWARD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MULLINS HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MULLINS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MULLINS JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MULLINS JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | MULLINS JIMMY MERYL: +0:The Wall | MULLINS LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MULLINS RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MULLINS STEPHEN RALPH: +0:The Wall | MULLINS WILLIAM DONALD: +0:The Wall | MULLINS WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | MULLIS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MULLIS JOHN BELK: +0:The Wall | MULLIS MARVIN BURNETT JR: +0:The Wall | MULROONEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MULTHAUPT JAMES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MULVANEY JAMES RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | MULVANEY MICHAEL TERENCE: +0:The Wall | MULVEY FRANCIS TRAINOR: +0:The Wall | MULVEY LAWRENCE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MULWEE ISAIAH JR: +0:The Wall | MUMFORD JIMMY EARL: +0:The Wall | MUMMEL MICHAEL JERRY: +0:The Wall | MUMMERT ALLEN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MUMMERT GEORGE LEONARD: +0:The Wall | MUMMERT ROBERT STERLING: +0:The Wall | MUNATONES JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | MUNCEY JAY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MUNCH MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MUNCY GILBERT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MUNCY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MUNDAY PHILLIP DEAN: +0:The Wall | MUNDELL GREGORY STAN: +0:The Wall | MUNDEN DONALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | MUNDEN STEVEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MUNDHENKE DOUGLAS O: +0:The Wall | MUNDT HENRY GERALD II: +0:The Wall | MUNDY GEORGE LINWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | MUNDY HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MUNDY REGINALD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MUNDY ROBERT HAL: +0:The Wall | MUNGER JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MUNGER RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MUNGIN LAWRENCE DAVID III: +0:The Wall | MUNIZ CARLOS NOBERTO: +0:The Wall | MUNIZ DANIEL HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MUNIZ-GARCIA LUIS ERNESTO: +0:The Wall | MUNN ALTON BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MUNN WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MUNNS WALTER EARL: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ CARLOS GARCIA: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ DAVID LOUIE: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ DAVID: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ DOMINGO: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ ERNEST CEDILLO: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ GUILLERMO: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ JESUS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ JOSE: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ JUAN: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ LARRY: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ LUIS R: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ PEDRO: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ ROJELIO OLIVAN II: +0:The Wall | MUNOZ RUDOLPH PINA: +0:The Wall | MUNRO IVAN HALL: +0:The Wall | MUNSEY CARL L: +0:The Wall | MUNSEY RALPH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MUNSON ALLEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MUNSON ALVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MUNSON CHRIS DELANO: +0:The Wall | MUNSON EDWARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MUNSON RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MUNTZ GIRAUD DOMENICO: +0:The Wall | MURACA PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | MURACO FRANCIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | MURCHISON JAMES EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | MURDEN STEPHEN BROOKS: +0:The Wall | MURDOCK CARL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MURDOCK JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | MURDOCK LARRY: +0:The Wall | MURDOCK MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MURDOCK STANLEY: +0:The Wall | MUREN THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MURFF WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MURNER PETER PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | MURPH SAMUEL ENNIS: +0:The Wall | MURPHEY DOUGLAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MURPHEY JR DOUGLAS W: +0:The Wall | MURPHREE IRA JEROME: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ALFRED WALKER: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ARTHUR PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY B L JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY BARRY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MURPHY BILLY DAN: +0:The Wall | MURPHY BOBBY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MURPHY CHARLES JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY CORNELIUS F JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DANIEL OWEN: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DENNIS GERARD: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MURPHY DONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | MURPHY EDWARD JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY EDWARD THEODORE: +0:The Wall | MURPHY FRANK MONROE: +0:The Wall | MURPHY FREDERICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MURPHY HERBERT BURGESS: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JESSE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN LYLE: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOSEPH PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MURPHY JOSEPH THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY LARRON DAVID: +0:The Wall | MURPHY LLOYD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MURPHY MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MURPHY MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MURPHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MURPHY PATRICK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MURPHY PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | MURPHY PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MURPHY PATRICK RONALD: +0:The Wall | MURPHY PATRICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MURPHY PAUL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY RALPH OLIVER III: +0:The Wall | MURPHY RAY: +0:The Wall | MURPHY RICHARD BRIAN: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ROBERT D JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ROBERT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ROBERT EMMETT JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | MURPHY RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MURPHY ROY LYNWOOD: +0:The Wall | MURPHY STEVEN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MURPHY TERENCE MEREDITH: +0:The Wall | MURPHY THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MURPHY THOMAS RALPH: +0:The Wall | MURPHY TIMOTHY FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | MURPHY TIMOTHY JOHN: +0:The Wall | MURPHY TIMOTHY XAVIER: +0:The Wall | MURPHY VINCENT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MURPHY VINCENT PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WALTER EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WALTER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WAYNE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WILLIAM CAMPBELL: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WILLIAM ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WILLIAM HENRY III: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WILLIAM PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MURPHY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MURR CLYDE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MURRAY ARTHUR JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MURRAY BERNARD PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | MURRAY BRIAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MURRAY BRUCE ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | MURRAY CAESAR: +0:The Wall | MURRAY CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MURRAY CECIL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | MURRAY CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MURRAY DARNELL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MURRAY DENNIS BRIAN: +0:The Wall | MURRAY DOUGLAS EARL: +0:The Wall | MURRAY GARY: +0:The Wall | MURRAY GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MURRAY GORDON CHESTER: +0:The Wall | MURRAY HARRY WALTER: +0:The Wall | MURRAY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MURRAY JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MURRAY JOHN BUTLER: +0:The Wall | MURRAY JOSEPH VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | MURRAY LARRY DONNELL: +0:The Wall | MURRAY LARRY: +0:The Wall | MURRAY LESLIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MURRAY MARVIN WINSTON: +0:The Wall | MURRAY MERRITT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MURRAY MICHAEL GARY: +0:The Wall | MURRAY MICHAEL VAN: +0:The Wall | MURRAY MICHIEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | MURRAY PATRICK PETER: +0:The Wall | MURRAY RICHARD LEMOYNE: +0:The Wall | MURRAY ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MURRAY STEPHEN BRIAN: +0:The Wall | MURRAY STEVEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MURRAY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MURRAY THOMAS E: +0:The Wall | MURRAY THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MURRAY THOMAS J: +0:The Wall | MURRAY VIRGIL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MURRAY WAYNE PAUL: +0:The Wall | MURRAY WILLIAM DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | MURRAY WILLIAM JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MURRELL AARON CRUSOE: +0:The Wall | MURRELL ERVIN JEROME: +0:The Wall | MURRELL JIMMY ROGER: +0:The Wall | MURREY TRACY HENRY: +0:The Wall | MURRIETTA FRANK A: +0:The Wall | MURRIN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MURRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MURRY WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | MURSCH JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MURTAUGH BARRY W: +0:The Wall | MURZIN WALTER ALECK: +0:The Wall | MUSA HENRY ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | MUSCARA CARMEN: +0:The Wall | MUSCH DAVID IRA: +0:The Wall | MUSCO VINCENT JAMES: +0:The Wall | MUSCYNSKI FRANK: +0:The Wall | MUSE EDWARD GRADY: +0:The Wall | MUSE MARIO FOWLER JR: +0:The Wall | MUSE MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | MUSER LOUIS CHARLES II: +0:The Wall | MUSETTI JOSEPH TONY JR: +0:The Wall | MUSGROVE JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MUSGUIRE GLEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | MUSICH JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | MUSICK FRANK FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MUSICK MORRIS OLEN JR: +0:The Wall | MUSICK RAYMOND EARL JR: +0:The Wall | MUSICK THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MUSIL CLINTON ALLEN SR: +0:The Wall | MUSKETT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MUSS GLENN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MUSSELMAN DONALD L: +0:The Wall | MUSSELMAN HAROLD EARL: +0:The Wall | MUSSELMAN JAMES KEVIN: +0:The Wall | MUSSELMAN JOSEPH HENRY: +0:The Wall | MUSSELMAN ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MUSSELMAN STEPHEN OWEN: +0:The Wall | MUSSENDEN GEORGE ADOLFO: +0:The Wall | MUSSER RICHARD LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | MUSSIN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | MUSSMAN DENNIS ERVIN: +0:The Wall | MUSTAIN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MUSTIN LARRY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MUSTO RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | MUSZALSKI GREGORY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MUSZYNSKI MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MUTH JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | MUTSCHLER JOHN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | MUTTER ALVIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MUTZ DENNIS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MUVICH DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MUZZEY CHARLES EDMOND: +0:The Wall | MYATT JOHN CARNUL: +0:The Wall | MYCKA TONEY FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | MYERS ALBERT C: +0:The Wall | MYERS BILLY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MYERS CHARLES DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | MYERS CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | MYERS CHARLES LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | MYERS CHESTER ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | MYERS DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MYERS DANIEL LEROY: +0:The Wall | MYERS DAVID GEPHART: +0:The Wall | MYERS DAVID ROSS: +0:The Wall | MYERS DAVID WENDELL: +0:The Wall | MYERS DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MYERS EDWARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MYERS GARY FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | MYERS GENE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MYERS GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MYERS GEORGE LAXLEY: +0:The Wall | MYERS GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | MYERS GEORGE LESTER JR: +0:The Wall | MYERS GEORGE NERVIN: +0:The Wall | MYERS GORDON E: +0:The Wall | MYERS GRAT G: +0:The Wall | MYERS HAROLD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | MYERS HOMER JULIUS: +0:The Wall | MYERS JAMES ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | MYERS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MYERS JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MYERS JEFFERY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MYERS JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | MYERS JOHN EARL: +0:The Wall | MYERS JOHN MAURICE: +0:The Wall | MYERS JOHN SAMUELS: +0:The Wall | MYERS LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | MYERS LAWRENCE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MYERS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | MYERS OLIVER WENDELL: +0:The Wall | MYERS PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | MYERS PAUL JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | MYERS PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MYERS PEARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MYERS R C: +0:The Wall | MYERS RICHARD VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | MYERS RICKY ALAN: +0:The Wall | MYERS ROBERT LESLIE: +0:The Wall | MYERS THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MYERS TONY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MYERS WALTER HARVEY JR: +0:The Wall | MYERS WAYNE CHESTER: +0:The Wall | MYERS WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | MYERS WILLIAM LATHEM JR: +0:The Wall | MYHR BARRY BERNDT: +0:The Wall | MYLANT STEVE VICTOR: +0:The Wall | MYLES ANTON CAESAR: +0:The Wall | MYLES JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | MYLES PHILLIP MURRY: +0:The Wall | MYLES ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | MYLLYMAKI CARL W III: +0:The Wall | MYNES THOMAS WILMER: +0:The Wall | MYRICK ALVA NORTEN II: +0:The Wall | MYRICK GEORGE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MYRICK WILLIE J: +0:The Wall | MYSKYWEIZ RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | MacARTHUR DALE ALAN: +0:The Wall | MacBETH KENNETH NEIL: +0:The Wall | MacCALLUM STEPHEN MORLEY: +0:The Wall | MacCANN HENRY ELMER: +0:The Wall | 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LESLIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McKILLOP WILLIAM DION: +0:The Wall | McKIM EDWARD ALTON: +0:The Wall | McKIM WILLIAM RITCHIE: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY JAMES MARION: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY LEVERNE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY PAUL BLOUNT: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY STEPHEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McKINLEY WAYNE HOUSTON: +0:The Wall | McKINNELL RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY ALBERT W JR: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY BERNARD B JR: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY CECIL CURTIS: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY CHARLES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY CLEMIE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY DALLAS ERVIN JR: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY DWIGHT A JR: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY EUGENE PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY FORREST ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY HOLLIS RAY JR: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY HUGH RUFUS: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY IVORY LEE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY JAMES ODAS: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY JERRY LAYNE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY JOSEPH STANLEY: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY LARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY NEIL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY RAYMOND BRUCE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY THOMAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | McKINNEY WESLEY JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | McKINNIE CHARLES W JR: +0:The Wall | McKINNIE HERMAN: +0:The Wall | McKINNIS CLARENCE EARL: +0:The Wall | McKINNON BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | McKINNON CLARENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | McKINNON JACK WILEY JR: +0:The Wall | McKINNON LARRY DEE: +0:The Wall | McKINNON TITUS JR: +0:The Wall | McKINSEY GERALD LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | McKINSON MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | McKINSTRY JAMES J JR: +0:The Wall | McKINZIE THOMAS LEON: +0:The Wall | McKITTRICK JAMES CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | McKNIGHT GEORGE PARKER: 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| McLELLAND MARVIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McLEMORE DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McLEMORE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | McLEMORE JOHN WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | McLEMORE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McLEMORE TAYLOR HENRY: +0:The Wall | McLEMORE TILGHMAN RICHAR: +0:The Wall | McLENDON KENNETH HAYES: +0:The Wall | McLENDON MICHAEL RYAN: +0:The Wall | McLENDON RALPH WERNER: +0:The Wall | McLENNAN GARY ALFRED: +0:The Wall | McLENNAN ROY DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | McLEOD ARTHUR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McLEOD CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McLEOD DAVID VANCE JR: +0:The Wall | McLEOD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | McLEOD PATRICK ALAN: +0:The Wall | McLEOD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | McLESTER SHERMAN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | McLHERN MICHAEL SHEA: +0:The Wall | McLIN LOUIS WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | McLOUD DOUGLAS LYLE: +0:The Wall | McLOUGHLIN MILES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McLOUGHLIN ROBERT A JR: +0:The Wall | McMACKEN LESLIE T JR: +0:The Wall | McMACKINS REUBEN CARL JR: +0:The Wall | McMAHAN CHARLES DARNELL: +0:The Wall | McMAHAN CHARLES LARRY: +0:The Wall | McMAHAN DANIEL JACKSON: +0:The Wall | McMAHAN JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McMAHAN ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | McMAHAN THOMAS EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | McMAHON CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | McMAHON DOUGLAS DUANE: +0:The Wall | McMAHON FREDERICK ALFRED: +0:The Wall | McMAHON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McMAHON JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | McMAHON JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McMAHON LAWRENCE VINCENT: +0:The Wall | McMAHON RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | McMAHON THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | McMAHON THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McMAHON THOMAS MARK JR: +0:The Wall | McMAHON THOMAS W JR: +0:The Wall | McMAHON TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | McMAHON WILLIAM LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | McMAINS DONALD HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | McMAKIN WALLACE THOMSON: +0:The Wall | McMANN ALVIN CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | McMANUS CHARLES VERNE: +0:The Wall | McMANUS FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McMANUS JERRY DOYNE: +0:The Wall | McMANUS JOHN: +0:The Wall | McMANUS MARK LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | McMANUS MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | McMANUS ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McMANUS TRUMAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McMASTER GLENN LEON: +0:The Wall | McMASTER JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McMASTER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | McMASTER ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | McMASTERS CHARLES ANTHON: +0:The Wall | McMASTERS JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McMATH DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | McMEANS DENNIE: +0:The Wall | McMELLON ARTHUR NELLO: +0:The Wall | McMICAN M D: +0:The Wall | McMICKEN HARRY CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | McMILLAN BRUCE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McMILLAN DONALD FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | McMILLAN EDDIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | McMILLAN GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McMILLAN JAMES M JR: +0:The Wall | McMILLEN RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | McMILLIAN ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | McMILLIAN SOLOMON LEON: +0:The Wall | McMILLIN DONNELL DEAN: +0:The Wall | McMILLIN GARY DON: +0:The Wall | McMILLIN ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | McMILLION CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McMILLON JACKIE: +0:The Wall | McMINN DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | McMINN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | McMONEGAL JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | McMORRIS JIMMIE LUE: +0:The Wall | McMORROW JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McMULLAN EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | McMULLEN GENE SMEDLEY: +0:The Wall | McMULLEN GEORGE E III: +0:The Wall | McMULLEN LYMAN ALLISTER: +0:The Wall | McMULLIN CHARLES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | McMURDO JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | McMURPHY JAY DARRELL: +0:The Wall | McMURRAY FRED HOWELL JR: +0:The Wall | McMURRAY JOHNNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | McMURRAY ODIE C: +0:The Wall | McMURRAY PETER HINCHMAN: +0:The Wall | McMURRY RODERICK DANE: +0:The Wall | McMURTREY WILLIAM NEWTON: +0:The Wall | McMURTRY RALPH DAVID: +0:The Wall | McNABB ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | McNABB DOUGLAS MEREDITH: +0:The Wall | McNABB JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McNABB JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McNABB RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | McNAC DONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | McNAIR WILLIAM TERREL: +0:The Wall | McNAIR WILLIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | McNALLY ARTHUR GERALD: +0:The Wall | McNALLY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McNALLY EUGENE FLOYD: +0:The Wall | McNALLY HARRY MERLE: +0:The Wall | McNALLY JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McNALLY PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McNAMAR JIM CARL: +0:The Wall | McNAMARA DONALD WOODWARD: +0:The Wall | McNAMARA EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | McNAMARA JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McNAMARA WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | McNARY FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | McNAUGHTON MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | McNAY GUY ECKMAN JR: +0:The Wall | McNEAL MICHAEL E: +0:The Wall | McNEAL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | McNEAR TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | McNEARNEY PATRICK VICTOR: +0:The Wall | McNEELY JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McNEES DWIGHT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | McNEES GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McNEES RONALD HARVEY: +0:The Wall | McNEIL ALLEN W: +0:The Wall | McNEIL BRUCE ALAN: +0:The Wall | McNEIL DONALD K: +0:The Wall | McNEIL FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | McNEIL HAROLD LOYD: +0:The Wall | McNEIL JOSEPH DANIEL: +0:The Wall | McNEIL SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | McNEIL WILLIE DAVIS: +0:The Wall | McNEILL CLARENCE LEON: +0:The Wall | McNEILL DANIEL DIXON: +0:The Wall | McNEILL KENNETH REX: +0:The Wall | McNEILL LONNIE EARL: +0:The Wall | McNEILL MICHAEL SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | McNEILL RONALD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | McNEILL WILLIE B: +0:The Wall | McNEILLY JAMES H: +0:The Wall | McNEILLY RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McNEISH RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | McNELIS FRANK CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | McNELIS PATRICK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | McNELLIS ANTHONY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McNELLY WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | McNETT JOE BILLY: +0:The Wall | McNEW BRIAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | McNEW RALPH DENNIS: +0:The Wall | McNICHOLS RICHARD FRANCI: +0:The Wall | McNICOL GARY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | McNINCH PHILIP AARON: +0:The Wall | McNISH JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | McNULTY CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | McNULTY JOSEPH DENNIS: +0:The Wall | McNULTY MILTON KEITH: +0:The Wall | McNULTY WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McNUTT CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McNUTT FRANK ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | McNUTT WINDOL WILSON: +0:The Wall | McPARLANE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McPETERS MICHAEL EDGAR: +0:The Wall | McPHAIL FRANKLIN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | McPHAIL MORRIS GENE: +0:The Wall | McPHAIL WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McPHEARSON JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | McPHEE DONALD CAMERON: +0:The Wall | McPHEE DOUGLAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McPHEE RANDY NEAL: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON ALFRED: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON DENNIS CRAIG: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON EVERETT ALVIN: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON FRED LAWER: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON LARRY RANDALL: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON STANLEY W: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McPHERSON WILLIAM RICHAR: +0:The Wall | McPHETERS CHET EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McPHILLIPS JAMES CRAIG: +0:The Wall | McPIKE JAMES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | McQUADE ARTHUR F JR: +0:The Wall | McQUADE JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | McQUADE WILLIAM VICTOR: +0:The Wall | McQUAY ROGER DILLON: +0:The Wall | McQUEEN CLAUDE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McQUEEN FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | McQUEER MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | McQUINN BYRON DEAN: +0:The Wall | McQUINN LEONARD LLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | McRAE ADELBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | McRAE CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McRAE DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McRAE DAVID LE ROY: +0:The Wall | McRAE JIMMIE LEFON: +0:The Wall | McRAE LAWRENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McRAE WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McRAY WAYNE DABNEY: +0:The Wall | McREE JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | McREYNOLDS GEORGE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McRIGHT ROGER LYNN: +0:The Wall | McROBERTS CLIFFORD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McROBIE NORMAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McSHAN DOYLE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | McSORLEY ROB GEORGE: +0:The Wall | McSTOOTS THOMAS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | McSTRAVICK RICHARD P JR: +0:The Wall | McSWAIN BAYNES BALLEW JR: +0:The Wall | McSWAIN HARVEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McSWEENY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McSWINE JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | McSWINEY CHARLES A JR: +0:The Wall | McTAGGART WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | McTEER JEFFERY CLARK: +0:The Wall | McTIER KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | McVAY JOHN EARL: +0:The Wall | McVAY RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McVAY THOMAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | McVEA ROBERT MINOR: +0:The Wall | McVEA WILLIE DEE: +0:The Wall | McVEY JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | McVEY LA VOY DON: +0:The Wall | McVEY MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | McWATERS DALTON HUBERT: +0:The Wall | McWETHY EDGAR LEE JR: +0:The Wall | McWHINNEY HARRY DEWITT JR: +0:The Wall | McWHIRTER JAMES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | McWHORTER JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | McWHORTER JAMES ELMER: +0:The Wall | McWHORTER JERRY MONROE: +0:The Wall | McWILLIAMS FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | McWILLIAMS GEORGE LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | McWILLIAMS RICHARD EUGEN: +0:The Wall | McWILLIAMS ROBERT H JR: +0:The Wall | McWILLIAMS ROY M: +0:The Wall | McWILLIAMS WILLIAM G III: +0:The Wall | McWRIGHT DALE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | McWRIGHT EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | McZEAL MARTIN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | NAASZ EMIL JOHN: +0:The Wall | NAASZ LARRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | NABBEN ARTHUR S: +0:The Wall | NABORS J C: +0:The Wall | NABORS PAUL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | NABOURS JIMMIE FLOYD: +0:The Wall | NABOZNIAK MYRON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | NACCA CARL JR: +0:The Wall | NACHTIGALL DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | NACY JOHN O: +0:The Wall | NADAL BALDOMERO ARTURO: +0:The Wall | NADANY FRANK JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | NADEAU ERIC DARYL: +0:The Wall | NADEAU HAROLD BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | NADEAU LARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | NADEAU PAUL ERNEST: +0:The Wall | NADEAU ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | NADEAU ROLAND HAROLD: +0:The Wall | NADEAU THOMAS DENNIS: +0:The Wall | NADOLSKI ROBERT: +0:The Wall | NAFE TIMOTHY MARK: +0:The Wall | NAFFZIGER MARSHALL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | NAGATO YOSHIIWA: +0:The Wall | NAGEL GORDON LAVERN: +0:The Wall | NAGELKIRK DENNIS DALE: +0:The Wall | NAGENGAST CARL DELANE: +0:The Wall | NAGY JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | NAGY 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NAMER MARTIN YALE: +0:The Wall | NANCE CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | NANCE DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | NANCE ELMER MASON: +0:The Wall | NANCE KENNETH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | NANCE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | NANCE PAUL MARION JR: +0:The Wall | NANCE RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | NANCE SHIRL BRAD: +0:The Wall | NANEY REID MC DONALD: +0:The Wall | NANSEL JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | NAPIER DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | NAPIER DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | NAPIER LEE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | NAPIER ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | NAPIER ZACK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | NAPIERATA NORMAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | NAPIERSKIE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | NAPOLI DANIEL LUKE: +0:The Wall | NAPPER CHARLES CRAWFORD: +0:The Wall | NAQUIN SIMIN ADOLPH: +0:The Wall | NARAMORE DAVID ZOHLEEH JR: +0:The Wall | NARANJO DAVID JESUS: +0:The Wall | NARANJO MIGUEL ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | NARCISSE ALVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | NARCISSE PAUL: +0:The Wall | NARD JAMES PETER III: +0:The Wall | NARDELLI ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | NARUM THOMAS LEROY: 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III: +0:The Wall | O'BOYLE SHIRLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | O'BOYLE TERRENCE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN ALAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN ALDEN WALTON: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN ARTHUR ALEN: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN CHESTER LAVERN JR: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN CLYDE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN DWIGHT PRESTON: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN EDWARD TE: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN FRANK ANTHONY III: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN GARY MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN KEVIN: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN MARK JAMES: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN MICHAEL MACKIE: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN MICHAEL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN PATRICK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN PATRICK RORY: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN PHILLIP ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN RICHARD CONAWAY: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN ROBERT PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | O'BRIEN STEPHEN: +0:The 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EDWARD T: +0:The Wall | O'FARRELL JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | O'FARRELL WILLIAM PATRICK: +0:The Wall | O'GRADY JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | O'GRADY MARTIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | O'GUINN MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | O'HALLORAN WILLIAM BRIAN: +0:The Wall | O'HAM ROCKY PEARSON: +0:The Wall | O'HARA JAMES LOYD: +0:The Wall | O'HARA JOHN PATRCK: +0:The Wall | O'HARA ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | O'HARE RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | O'KANE JAMES B: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE GARY MAURICE: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE MICHAEL ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE PATRICK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE RONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE ROY TULANE: +0:The Wall | O'KEEFE TIMOTHY JOHN: +0:The Wall | O'KIEFF WILLIAM BRANDON: +0:The Wall | O'KUSKY HENRY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | O'LAUGHLIN DANIEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | O'LAUGHLIN JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | O'LEARY JAMES KEVIN: +0:The Wall | O'LEARY MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | O'LEARY PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | O'LEARY RICHARD LAUGHLIN: +0:The Wall | O'LEARY TIMOTHY MONROE: +0:The Wall | O'MALLEY FRED GILLESPIE: +0:The Wall | O'MEARA LAWRENCE W: +0:The Wall | O'NAIL ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL DOYD DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL JAMES ELTON: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL LEROY: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL MARSHAL JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL MELVIN JR: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL NELSON MONTAGUE: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL RICHARD MARK: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL ROY DAVID: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL TONY LEE: +0:The Wall | O'NEAL VICTOR HUBERT: +0:The Wall | O'NEIL RILEY CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | O'NEIL ROBERT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | O'NEIL ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | O'NEIL TERRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | O'NEIL VAUGHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | O'NEIL WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | O'NEIL WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL ANTHONY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL CARROLL PAUL: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL CHARLES LEO JR: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL THOMAS EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL THOMAS PHILIP: +0:The Wall | O'NEILL TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | O'REILLY ANTHONY PAUL: +0:The Wall | O'REILLY FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | O'REILLY JAMES C JR: +0:The Wall | O'REILLY TARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | O'REILLY TIMOTHY BOURKE: +0:The Wall | O'ROURKE RONALD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | O'SHAUGHNESSY JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | O'SHAUGHNESSY JOHN FRANCI: +0:The Wall | O'SHAUGHNESSY PATRICK J: +0:The Wall | O'SHEA JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | O'SHEA STEPHEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | O'SHEA WILLIAM II: +0:The Wall | O'SHELL DON MANUEL: +0:The Wall | O'SHELL DON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | O'STEEN CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | O'SULLIVAN CHRISTOPHER JO: +0:The Wall | O'TOOLE GEORGE PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | O'TOOLE GERALD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | O'TOOLE JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | O'TOOLE LAWRENCE P II: +0:The Wall | O'TOOLE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | O'TOOLE PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | OAK GLEN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | OAKDEN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | OAKES ARNOLD GLEN: +0:The Wall | OAKES BRUCE DONALD: +0:The Wall | OAKES CHRISTOPHER COLUMBU: +0:The Wall | OAKES JACK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | OAKES PAUL LAVERNE JR: +0:The Wall | OAKEY JOHN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | OAKLEY JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | OAKLEY LINUS LABIN: +0:The Wall | OAKLEY WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | OAKLEY WILLIAM LYNN: +0:The Wall | OAKS ROBERT LARRY: +0:The Wall | OAKS STEVEN BOYD: +0:The Wall | OAKS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | OATES EUGENE C III: +0:The Wall | OATES HENRY EATHEN: +0:The Wall | OATES ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | OATES ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | OATES SAMUEL ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | OATMAN LEO CLARK: +0:The Wall | OATNEY ALLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | OBENLAND ROLAND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | OBENOUR RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | OBERDIER LYN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | OBERDING FRED JR: +0:The Wall | OBERG WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | OBERLE CHARLES G: +0:The Wall | OBERLE DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | OBERLE STEWART WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | OBERMEIER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | OBERSON FRANCIS SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | OBERT RICHARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | OBEY DONALD ALTON: +0:The Wall | OBIE CLARENCE WILLIS III: +0:The Wall | OBMAN JOSEPH HOWARD: +0:The Wall | OBNEY RONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | OBREGON RAUL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | OCAMPO ROBERT EGMEDIO: +0:The Wall | OCASIO FELIX: +0:The Wall | OCASIO VICTOR JR: +0:The Wall | OCHAB ROBERT: +0:The Wall | OCHOA ALFREDO JR: +0:The Wall | OCHOA JESUS: +0:The Wall | OCHOA LOUIE: +0:The Wall | OCHOA LUPE P: +0:The Wall | OCHOA RALPH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | OCHOA ROBERT: +0:The Wall | OCHS TIMOTHY CARL: +0:The Wall | OCHS VALENTINE AMBROSE: +0:The Wall | OCKEY BRUCE GORDON: +0:The Wall | ODAFFER RICHARD DUANE: +0:The Wall | ODDO ANTHONY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | 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JAY: +0:The Wall | OGLETREE YOUNG DAVID: +0:The Wall | OGREN JERRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | OGRINC RONALD ROY: +0:The Wall | OGRIZEK JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | OHANESIAN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | OHARA STEVE MASAO: +0:The Wall | OHLER FREDERICK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | OHLER HERBERT: +0:The Wall | OHLINGER JAMES: +0:The Wall | OHLSON GALEN ERICK: +0:The Wall | OHM DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | OHM ERIC GEORGE: +0:The Wall | OHMAN GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | OHNESORGE THOMAS HERMAN: +0:The Wall | OJEDA JOE B: +0:The Wall | OJEDA NESTOR: +0:The Wall | OJILE MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | OKAMOTO DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | OKAMOTO ROGER THOMAS: +0:The Wall | OKEEFE RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | OKEMAH JOHN: +0:The Wall | OKER DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | OKERLUND THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | OKLAND VERNON LEO: +0:The Wall | OKUMURA EARL AKIO: +0:The Wall | OLAND DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | OLCOTT STEVEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | OLDFIELD CARL EVERETT: +0:The Wall | OLDFIELD JAMES STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | 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ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PADILLA RONALD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | PADILLA THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PADILLA-JORGE JAIME: +0:The Wall | PADRON IRENARDO FELIX: +0:The Wall | PADUA-LEDESMA AUGUSTO C: +0:The Wall | PADUCHOWSKI PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PAELE PETER JAMES: +0:The Wall | PAEPKE DUANE CARL JR: +0:The Wall | PAEZ JOSEPH FLAVIO: +0:The Wall | PAGADUAN GUILLERMO BAUTIS: +0:The Wall | PAGALING MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PAGAN EDWIN PEREZ: +0:The Wall | PAGAN GARY DON: +0:The Wall | PAGAN MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-CARTAGENA JOSE RAMO: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-LOZADA WILFREDO: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-PAGAN AMALIO: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-RODRIGUEZ EVANGELIS: +0:The Wall | PAGCALIUAGAN CEIZHAR VALE: +0:The Wall | PAGE ADDISON WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE ALBERT LINWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE DAVID RONALD: +0:The Wall | PAGE EDGAR DE WITT: +0:The Wall | PAGE GEORGE MERRITT JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE GILBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PAGE GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE HENRY LINDSAY III: +0:The Wall | PAGE JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | PAGE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PAGE JIM CAREY: +0:The Wall | PAGE JIMMY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN MacARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | PAGE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE LEWIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PAGE LUTHER JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE M C: +0:The Wall | PAGE MICHAEL RANSOM: +0:The Wall | PAGE PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PAGE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE RONNIE: +0:The Wall | PAGE ROY DONALD: +0:The Wall | PAGE RUSSELL ELWARD: +0:The Wall | PAGE STEVE WILSON: +0:The Wall | PAGE THELBERT G: +0:The Wall | PAGE WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE WINGFIELD JR: +0:The Wall | PAGET MICHAEL GORDON: +0:The Wall | PAGLIARONI ALAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | PAGNANO ENRICO HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | PAHCHEKA ROBERT CARLOS: +0:The Wall | PAHISSA WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PAHL KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PAHL RONALD G: +0:The Wall | PAHR WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | PAIALII PASIA: +0:The 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WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PALMA RAYMOND BARELA: +0:The Wall | PALMENTA EDWARD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | PALMER ARNOLD RALPH: +0:The Wall | PALMER BRUCE CAMERON: +0:The Wall | PALMER CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | PALMER CLARENCE LEROY: +0:The Wall | PALMER DAVID LESLIE: +0:The Wall | PALMER DAVID SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PALMER DOUGLAS T: +0:The Wall | PALMER GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PALMER GILBERT SWAIN: +0:The Wall | PALMER HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PALMER HUBERT: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES HESTER: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES LAMONT: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES: +0:The Wall | PALMER JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PALMER JESSE JAMES: +0:The Wall | PALMER JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | PALMER KENNETH OSCAR: +0:The Wall | PALMER LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | PALMER LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | PALMER LAYMON: +0:The Wall | PALMER LEON ALTON: +0:The Wall | PALMER LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | PALMER LYLE CLINT: +0:The Wall | PALMER MILLARD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | 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PARRETT JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | PARRILLA-CALDERON JAIME: +0:The Wall | PARRIS BOBBY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PARRIS DOUGLAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PARRIS JEROME JR: +0:The Wall | PARRISH BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | PARRISH CONNIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PARRISH FRANK COLLINS: +0:The Wall | PARRISH IVORY PERRY: +0:The Wall | PARRISH LEONARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | PARRISH PHILIP OWEN: +0:The Wall | PARRISH ROGER ALAN: +0:The Wall | PARRISH RUDOLPH STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | PARRISH SAMUEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PARROTT BRIAN GREGORY: +0:The Wall | PARROTT DEMPSEY WOODROW: +0:The Wall | PARROTT OSCAR ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PARSELLS JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PARSLEY EDWARD MILTON: +0:The Wall | PARSLEY RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | PARSON DOYLE HALL: +0:The Wall | PARSONS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PARSONS CHARLES WALTER: +0:The Wall | PARSONS CLIFFORD E JR: +0:The Wall | PARSONS DON BROWN JR: +0:The Wall | PARSONS DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PARSONS DOUGLAS BLANCHARD: +0:The Wall | PARSONS GARY LEE: 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MOORE: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CECIL CARRINGT JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CHARLES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CHARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CLYDE J: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DALE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DANNY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DAVID DRAKE: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DONALD DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DONALD ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS FREDERICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PERKINS GARY ELDON: +0:The Wall | PERKINS GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PERKINS GEORGE PETER: +0:The Wall | PERKINS IRA HILTON JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS JAMES BARNEY: +0:The Wall | PERKINS JOHNNIE KAY: +0:The Wall | PERKINS KEITH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PERKINS LUTHER RIVES: +0:The Wall | PERKINS MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | PERKINS OFALEE: +0:The Wall | PERKINS RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | PERKINS STEPHEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WALLACE SAM: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WARDELL: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIAM DEWITT JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | PERKO TERRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | PERLEWITZ BRIAN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PERLEWITZ STEVEN OWEN: +0:The Wall | PERMALOFF CHARLES WASSEL: +0:The Wall | PERPETUA ROQUE JR: +0:The Wall | PERRAULT ALAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | PERREAULT DAVID B: +0:The Wall | PERREIRA ERROL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PERRELLI KEITH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | PERRETTA JOHN ROCCO: +0:The Wall | PERRICHON DONALD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PERRIGO STANLEY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PERRIN RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PERRINE ELTON LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PERRINS ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PERRIS FELIZ: +0:The Wall | PERRODIN CURTIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PERRON JOSEPH ADRIAN G: +0:The Wall | PERRON NORMAND PAUL: +0:The Wall | PERRONE JAMES PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY ANTONE JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY BILLY EARL: +0:The Wall | PERRY CARROLL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PERRY CASEY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | PERRY CHARLES LEON: +0:The Wall | PERRY CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | PERRY 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PERRY OTHA LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY R C JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY R T: +0:The Wall | PERRY RANDALL EARL: +0:The Wall | PERRY RANDALL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PERRY RANDOLPH ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY RICHARD CLARK: +0:The Wall | PERRY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT CONROY: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT KENT: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | PERRY RODDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY RONALD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEPHEN TUCKER: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEVE JOSEPH LEONE: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEVEN J: +0:The Wall | PERRY THOMAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | PERRY THOMAS HEPBURN: +0:The Wall | PERRY TIMOTHY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PERRY WILLARD ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERRYMAN DALLIS: +0:The Wall | PERRYMAN RONALD GLEN: +0:The Wall | PERRYMAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PERSELY RICKY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERSHING RICHARD WARREN: +0:The Wall | PERSICKE ALLAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PERSINGER ROBERT MORRISON: +0:The Wall | PERSON DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PERSON JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | PERSON ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PERSONETTE MICHAEL DARWIN: +0:The Wall | PERSONS DANIEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | PERSONS HENRY HARVEY: +0:The Wall | PERSYN RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | PERUSO LAWRENCE DAVID: +0:The Wall | PERYSIAN JOSEPH SALVATORE: +0:The Wall | PERZ TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PESCE PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | PESCHEL JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PESEK THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | PESEWONIT RUSSELL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PESIMER DANIEL: +0:The Wall | PESSIER STEVEN LEROY: +0:The Wall | PETAL JOHN DARRYL: +0:The Wall | PETANOVICH NICHOLAS C: +0:The Wall | PETCHNICK CHARLES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | PETE FRANKLIN DANNY JR: +0:The Wall | PETEET CHARLES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | PETELA THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PETER LE ROY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | PETERKIN THOMAS DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PETERLICH JOSEPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | PETERMAN THOMAS HOWARD: 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RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PETERS RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PETERS ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PETERS RODNEY WALTER: +0:The Wall | PETERS RONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | PETERS STEPHEN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | PETERS STEVEN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | PETERS TOMMY RALPH: +0:The Wall | PETERS WALTER JOHN: +0:The Wall | PETERS WILBERT: +0:The Wall | PETERS WILLIAM LEE JR: +0:The Wall | PETERSDORF CHARLES H JR: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN DANNY JOHN: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN DONALD ROGER JR: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN GALEN DEAN: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN GAYLORD DEAN: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN HARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN HARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN LAWRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN MARK CARSON: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN RAYMOND ALLAN: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN ROGER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN WILLIAM DONN: +0:The Wall | PETERSEN WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PETERSON ALBERT ALLEN: 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PETERSON ROBERT VERNON: +0:The Wall | PETERSON ROBERT WALKER: +0:The Wall | PETERSON ROY KEITH: +0:The Wall | PETERSON RUSSELL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PETERSON STEPHEN EDWIN: +0:The Wall | PETERSON STEPHEN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | PETERSON TED BARNETT: +0:The Wall | PETERSON TERRILL GENE: +0:The Wall | PETERSON THOMAS LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PETERSON THOMAS PAYNE: +0:The Wall | PETERSON THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PETERSON TIMM CONRAD: +0:The Wall | PETERSON WALTER ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | PETERSON WARREN GARY: +0:The Wall | PETERSON WILLIAM J: +0:The Wall | PETETT LARRY WYNN: +0:The Wall | PETRACCO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PETRAGLIA ANGELO ANDREW: +0:The Wall | PETRAMALO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PETRARCA JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | PETRASHUNE MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | PETRAUSKAS KESTUTIS A: +0:The Wall | PETRE RONNIE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PETRECHKO EDMUND A JR: +0:The Wall | PETREY JAMES JIM: +0:The Wall | PETRIC JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PETRICK FRANK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PETRICK RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | PETRIE JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | PETRIE JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | PETRIE RICHARD JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | PETRILLA JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | PETRILLO JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | PETRIMOULX ROBERT GORDON: +0:The Wall | PETROLINE PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PETRONE LOUIS GENE JR: +0:The Wall | PETROSSI WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | PETSCHKE ROBERT ELTON JR: +0:The Wall | PETSOS PHILLIP CHRIS: +0:The Wall | PETTAWAY LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PETTERSEN WAYNE ADOLPHUS: +0:The Wall | PETTERSON CHARLES STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PETTEYS CORNEL: +0:The Wall | PETTEYS JAMES BIRCH: +0:The Wall | PETTIE FLOYD WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | PETTIEGREW JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | PETTIFORD JAMES LLOYD: +0:The Wall | PETTIGREW FRED LAFAY III: +0:The Wall | PETTIGREW KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | PETTIJOHN JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | PETTIS BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PETTIS LORENZO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PETTIS STEVEN GENE: +0:The Wall | PETTIS THOMAS EDWIN: +0:The Wall | PETTIT CRAIG STEVEN: 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JOHN CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | PFEISTER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PFEUFER MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PFEUFFER MICHAEL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PFEUFFER RONALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | PFISTER DAN LEON: +0:The Wall | PFLASTER GARY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | PFLASTERER GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PFORDT CHARLES C JR: +0:The Wall | PFOUTZ MYRON MCCLELLAND: +0:The Wall | PFROMMER STANLEY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PHAIR JAMES W: +0:The Wall | PHALP WILLIAM ANDERSON JR: +0:The Wall | PHARES KENNETH DUANE: +0:The Wall | PHARIS RONALD WASHINGTON: +0:The Wall | PHARRIS WILLIAM VALRIE: +0:The Wall | PHEARS RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | PHEIFFER MICHAEL LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | PHELIX STEPHEN RAY: +0:The Wall | PHELPS DAVID CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | PHELPS DAVID HARLOW: +0:The Wall | PHELPS HERBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PHELPS HERMAN ROY: +0:The Wall | PHELPS HUGER LEE: +0:The Wall | PHELPS JESSE DONALD: +0:The Wall | PHELPS LARRY DELTON: +0:The Wall | PHELPS LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PHELPS RANDALL CARL: +0:The Wall | 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PHILLIPS DAVID JEFFERY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DAVID JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DEAN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DENNIS L: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DONNELL: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS EARL GENE: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS EDISON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS ELBERT AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS ERNEST: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GARY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GERALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GLENN ROSS JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GREGORY LEE: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS HARRY V JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS HENRY RICHARDSON: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS HOWARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JACK WARREN: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES LESTER: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES RILEY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY ALFRED: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY LEN: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY NEWTON: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JOHN DAVID: 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| PIERCE HOMER EARL JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE IRVING CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JERRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JIMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOSEPH HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOSEPH ROBERT CLIN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE KENT DE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LARRY STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LARRY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LEO: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LEON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LOY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE MERRICK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PIERCE MICHAEL ABEL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE MORRIS WOODWARD JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE OSCAR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE PHILLIP MALCOLM JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE RICHARD A: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROBERT LIVINGSTON: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE RONALD GERARD: +0:The Wall | PIERCE RONALD SHAFER: +0:The Wall | PIERCE SAMUEL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE TED: +0:The Wall | PIERCE TERRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE WALTER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE WILLIAM EARVIN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE WILLIAM WESLEY: +0:The Wall | PIERCY ROBERT CONOVER: +0:The Wall | PIERINI JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PIERPOINT DONALD EVERETT: +0:The Wall | PIERPONT WILLIAM MCGREGOR: +0:The Wall | PIERRE CARRIER: +0:The Wall | PIERRE NORMAN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | PIERSANTI ANTHONY J JR: +0:The Wall | PIERSOL JOHN LAURENCE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERSON DENNIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | PIERSON GROVER CECIL JR: +0:The Wall | PIERSON LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PIERSON LE ROY: +0:The Wall | PIERSON LYNN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PIERSON ROBERT EMMETT: +0:The Wall | PIERSON WILLIAM C III: +0:The Wall | PIERSON WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | PIES JOHN DAVID FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | PIETRAS FRANK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | PIETRASZAK DAVID ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | PIETRZAK JOSEPH RAY: +0:The Wall | PIETRZYK MARK HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PIETSCH ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PIFER ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | PIGATT HARMON JULIOUS: +0:The Wall | PIGEON JOSEPH THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | PIGFORD PHILLIP WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIGG EDWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIGG THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PIGNATARO JULIUS PHILIP: +0:The Wall | PIGNATO JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PIGOTT CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PIGOTT JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PIKE DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PIKE DENNIS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PIKE DONALD CLEAVER: +0:The Wall | PIKE EDWARD MORRIS: +0:The Wall | PIKE NIXON DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIKE PETER XAVIER: +0:The Wall | PIKE RAYMOND HORACE JR: +0:The Wall | PILCHER WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PILK ROBERT HARRISON: +0:The Wall | PILKENTON CLARENCE WESLEY: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON CARL EDWARD SR: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON CHARLES H JR: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON EDWARD PERCY: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON THOMAS HOLT: +0:The Wall | PILLOW RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PILLSBURY JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PILON ALAN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | PILOT 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PINKERTON LLOYD D: +0:The Wall | PINKERTON MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | PINKNEY HARVEY TYRONE: +0:The Wall | PINKNEY ROBERTIS: +0:The Wall | PINKSTON ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | PINN ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | PINNEKER JERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | PINNELL ROBERT MERRITT JR: +0:The Wall | PINNEY JOHN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PINO ALFRED: +0:The Wall | PINO ANTHONY CARLOS: +0:The Wall | PINOLE BABE: +0:The Wall | PINSON CLOYDE CYRIS JR: +0:The Wall | PINSON LARRY GUNNELL: +0:The Wall | PINSONAULT FRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | PINSONNAULT RICHARD NORMA: +0:The Wall | PINTA RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PINTAR JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PINTER WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | PINTO CAESAR AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | PINTO JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | PINTO-PINTO SIGFREDO: +0:The Wall | PINTOLA JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PIOTROWICZ DAVID: +0:The Wall | PIOTROWSKI DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PIPER CHARLES HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | PIPER DONALD CHANDLER: +0:The Wall | PIPER EDWARD ROGER: +0:The Wall | PIPER JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PIPER ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PIPER SIDNEY JR: +0:The Wall | PIPER THOMAS LEIGH: +0:The Wall | PIPER WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | PIPES JAMES LEE JR: +0:The Wall | PIPHER CARL DALE: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN DENNIS NEWMAN: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN ERNEST GERALD: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN FRANK MEADOWS: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN THOMAS DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | PIPPENBACH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PIPPIN DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIPPIN HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PIPPINS GUS: +0:The Wall | PIPPINS WILLIE SR: +0:The Wall | PIREZ-BERGES CARLOS: +0:The Wall | PIRKER VICTOR JOHN: +0:The Wall | PIRKLE WILLIAM ITHEL: +0:The Wall | PIRKOLA PAUL HENRY: +0:The Wall | PIRRMAN RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | PIRRUCCELLO JOSEPH S JR: +0:The Wall | PISACRETA ROGER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | PISCAR VINCENT JR: +0:The Wall | PISCIOTTA WAYNE CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | PISCITELLO SALVATORE JOHN: +0:The Wall | PISENO RAYMOND RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | PISHNER WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | PISKULA RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PITCHES JAMES SUTHERLAND: +0:The Wall | PITCHFORD L C: +0:The Wall | PITCOCK ELZIA RAY: +0:The Wall | PITMAN PETER POTTER: +0:The Wall | PITNER MONTE GALE: +0:The Wall | PITRE FLOYD LEON: +0:The Wall | PITRE JORY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PITRE KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PITSENBARGER DENNIS STOVE: +0:The Wall | PITSENBARGER WILLIAM HART: +0:The Wall | PITT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PITT ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PITT ROY SHARP: +0:The Wall | PITT WILLIAM LYNN: +0:The Wall | PITTARD DAVID HUNTER: +0:The Wall | PITTENGER DONALD ALAN: +0:The Wall | PITTIGREW JOHN FLOYD: +0:The Wall | PITTINGER CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN CHARLES TERRELL: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN EDGAR STEVAN: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN JACK: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN JAMES SHERWIN: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN RONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN WILLIAM T: +0:The Wall | PITTMANN ALAN DALE: +0:The Wall | PITTS BENJAMIN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | PITTS BILLY JAY: 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PLACZEK PAUL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PLAEP ALFRED EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | PLAHN JACK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PLAKE JAMES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | PLAMBECK PAUL WANDLING JR: +0:The Wall | PLANCHON RANDALL T II: +0:The Wall | PLANCK EVERETT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PLANK JAMES DUANE: +0:The Wall | PLANTE GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PLANTE NORMAND AURELE: +0:The Wall | PLANTS OTIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PLANTS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | PLASSMEYER BERNARD HERBER: +0:The Wall | PLASTER BILLY JOE JR: +0:The Wall | PLATA JOHNNY MORRIS: +0:The Wall | PLATA MARVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | PLATE JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PLATERO RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | PLATH STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | PLATO JIMMIE LEON: +0:The Wall | PLATO ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | PLATOSZ WALTER: +0:The Wall | PLATT BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PLATT DAVID BORNE: +0:The Wall | PLATT GARY W: +0:The Wall | PLATT JOHN HERBERT: +0:The Wall | PLATT LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PLATT ROBERT LENWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | PLATT ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | 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POIRIER PAUL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | POIRIER ROGER MILTON: +0:The Wall | POITRAS NORMAN GERALD JOS: +0:The Wall | POITROW EMERY NORMAN: +0:The Wall | POKE DONALD MAURICE: +0:The Wall | POKERJIM JOSEPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | POKEY FRANK MICHEAL JR: +0:The Wall | POLAK PETER PAUL: +0:The Wall | POLANCO JOSE YBARRA JR: +0:The Wall | POLAND HARRY TURNER: +0:The Wall | POLAND LEON LOVELL JR: +0:The Wall | POLAND RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | POLASEK JOSEPH JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | POLASKI LEON CRAIG: +0:The Wall | POLCHOW WILLIAM ALFRED: +0:The Wall | POLDINO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | POLEFKA JOHN ARN: +0:The Wall | POLEGA GERRY ALBIN: +0:The Wall | POLENDO RAYNALDO: +0:The Wall | POLENSKI EDMOND CHESTER: +0:The Wall | POLESETSKY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | POLETTI MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | POLEY DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | POLGLASE WILLIAM RAULISON: +0:The Wall | POLICASTRO MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POLICH DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | POLING JACKIE RAY: +0:The Wall | POLING JOHN EARL: +0:The Wall | POLING KENNETH: +0:The Wall | POLING LARRY STERL: +0:The Wall | POLIQUIN MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POLISKY THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | POLITO GENE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | POLIZZI SALVATORE FRANK: +0:The Wall | POLK CHARLES QUINTEN: +0:The Wall | POLK GARY DON: +0:The Wall | POLK KENNETH ERBIE: +0:The Wall | POLK PRESTON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | POLK ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | POLKINGHORNE ROBERT ELISH: +0:The Wall | POLL MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | POLLACK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | POLLARD GERALD RAY JR: +0:The Wall | POLLARD JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | POLLARD JAMES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | POLLARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | POLLARD SIDNEY GERALD: +0:The Wall | POLLARD THOMAS LEROY: +0:The Wall | POLLARD WAYNE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | POLLARD WILLIAM ALFRED: +0:The Wall | POLLARD WILLIAM ISAAC: +0:The Wall | POLLASTRO DOMINICK: +0:The Wall | POLLEY GARY PAT: +0:The Wall | POLLEY RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | POLLEY ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | POLLIN GEORGE JOHN: +0:The Wall | POLLOCK DOUGLAS RAY: 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Wall | PONDOFF JOHN CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | PONGRATZ RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PONIKTERA STANLEY F JR: +0:The Wall | PONTIERE JOHN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | PONTING JOHN L: +0:The Wall | PONTIUS MARK DURWOOD: +0:The Wall | PONTO AUGUSTUS J III: +0:The Wall | PONTUCK HOWARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | PONTY STEPHEN CHESTER JR: +0:The Wall | POOCK MYRON JEROME: +0:The Wall | POOL CHARLES LEO: +0:The Wall | POOL CHARLES WINFRED JR: +0:The Wall | POOL GARY GLEN: +0:The Wall | POOL HAROLD LAVEROL: +0:The Wall | POOL JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | POOL LARRY GAY: +0:The Wall | POOL THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | POOLAW PASCAL CLEATUS SR: +0:The Wall | POOLE CHARLES BURTON: +0:The Wall | POOLE CHARLIE SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | POOLE CONRAD EARL: +0:The Wall | POOLE EARL LEROY: +0:The Wall | POOLE FRANKLIN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | POOLE HARTWIG RALPH: +0:The Wall | POOLE JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POOLE MELVIN: +0:The Wall | POOLE ORIS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | POOLE OTHA LENSEY: +0:The Wall | POOLE PERRY LEE: 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PORTER DONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | PORTER FRANK SOLIS: +0:The Wall | PORTER FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | PORTER GARY THURSTON: +0:The Wall | PORTER JACK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PORTER JAMES FRANK: +0:The Wall | PORTER JAMES HOLLAND: +0:The Wall | PORTER JOSEPH SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | PORTER KARL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PORTER KEVIN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PORTER LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PORTER LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PORTER LAWRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PORTER LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PORTER LEO: +0:The Wall | PORTER MICHAEL GRANT: +0:The Wall | PORTER OSCAR KILPATRIC JR: +0:The Wall | PORTER RAYMOND JAMES: +0:The Wall | PORTER RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PORTER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | PORTER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PORTER ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | PORTER RONALD HARRY: +0:The Wall | PORTER RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PORTER ROY LYNN: +0:The Wall | PORTER SANDY HILLY: +0:The Wall | PORTER STEVEN LINDSEY: +0:The Wall | PORTER THOMAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | PORTER THOMAS 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QUINTANILLA FRANCISCO JR: +0:The Wall | QUINTANILLA JEFFERY I: +0:The Wall | QUINTERO FERNANDO MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | QUINTERO JOSE HERNANDEZ: +0:The Wall | QUIRION JOSEPH G L JR: +0:The Wall | QUIRK JEFFERY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | QUIROGA ALEX LEON: +0:The Wall | QUIROS CARLOS MANUEL: +0:The Wall | QUIROZ ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | QUIROZ ALFRED MAURO: +0:The Wall | QUIROZ JOSEPH ALBERT: +0:The Wall | QUITMEYER TONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAAB JAMES DONALD: +0:The Wall | RAAUM JOHN VILNIS: +0:The Wall | RABACAL PATRICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RABAIOTTI ANDREW CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RABB ROBERT IRA: +0:The Wall | RABEL LASZIO: +0:The Wall | RABEL VICTOR ART: +0:The Wall | RABER JOE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RABER JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | RABER PAUL J: +0:The Wall | RABER RALPH DONALD: +0:The Wall | RABEY KENNETH TILDEN: +0:The Wall | RABEY ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RABIDEAU JOHN J: +0:The Wall | RABINOVITZ BARRY IVAN: +0:The Wall | RABINOVITZ JACK: +0:The Wall | RABON JOSEPH LEVERN: +0:The Wall | RABREN LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RABURN WILLIAM FAY: +0:The Wall | RACCA WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RACEY BRADFORD GREG: +0:The Wall | RACEY KENZEL MEREDITH: +0:The Wall | RACHAL CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RACHAL LIONEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | RACHON CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RACINE FRANKLIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | RACKHAUS JOHN PELL: +0:The Wall | RACKLEY INZAR WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | RACKOW ANDREW CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RADA TERRY GENE: +0:The Wall | RADABAUGH HAROLD W II: +0:The Wall | RADCLIFF DONALD GORDON: +0:The Wall | RADCLIFF ROBERT PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | RADECKI PHILIP HENRY: +0:The Wall | RADER ALAN REED: +0:The Wall | RADER CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RADER FREDERICK M III: +0:The Wall | RADER GARY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | RADER JAMES DOIL: +0:The Wall | RADER REX EARL: +0:The Wall | RADES ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | RADFORD GARY MONROE: +0:The Wall | RADGOWSKI CHESTER J JR: +0:The Wall | RADICS DONALD M: +0:The Wall | RADIL RONALD LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | RADLEY 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LEON: +0:The Wall | RAGUSA FRANK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | RAHILLY ANDREW STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | RAHM ARNOLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAHN DONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | RAIFORD CHARLES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | RAIFORD MARK PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | RAIH ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAILEY GEORGE EDMUND: +0:The Wall | RAILING CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAILLA JEAN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RAIMEY CHRISTOPHER LA G: +0:The Wall | RAINAUD JEFFREY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAINBOLT JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAINE DAVID SHELTON: +0:The Wall | RAINER CURTIS HALL: +0:The Wall | RAINES CHARLES RANSOME: +0:The Wall | RAINES ROBERT STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | RAINES WARREN HENRY: +0:The Wall | RAINEY CHARLIE: +0:The Wall | RAINEY LARRY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | RAINEY LLOYD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | RAINEY THOMAS BALLARD: +0:The Wall | RAINEY VERNON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAINEY WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RAINFORD EDWARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RAINS CHRISTOPHER LEE: +0:The Wall | RAINS CLYDE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAINS 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RAMIREZ LORENZO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ LOUIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ LUIS ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ MARIO: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ NELSON R: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ NELSON: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ RALPH ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ RAMIRO RIOS: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ ROBERTO MANDOZA: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ SAMUEL MEDINA: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ VINCENT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | RAMM FERENC JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAMON ANDRES LOPEZ: +0:The Wall | RAMON AURELIO R JR: +0:The Wall | RAMON DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAMON EUGENE DOMINGUEZ: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ANGEL LUIS: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ARMANDO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS BERNARDO KEALOHA: +0:The Wall | RAMOS BRINSLEY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | RAMOS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FELIX RICO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FIDEL JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FORREST LEE: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS JOSE PABLO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS JUAN MANUEL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS LEONARDO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS LUIS: +0:The Wall | RAMOS PAUL LAJADA JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS RAINER SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | RAMOS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ROLAND ROLANDO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS STEPHEN KEALOHA: +0:The Wall | RAMOS-JIMENEZ RAUL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS-LOPEZ ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS-RAMIREZ JOAQUIN: +0:The Wall | RAMP DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAMPLEY CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMPULLA TERRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | RAMSAY CHARLES JAMES: +0:The Wall | RAMSAY DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | RAMSBY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMSDEN GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | RAMSDEN RANDALL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ALAN RYAN: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ANTHONY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY BILL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY CALVIN WETZEL: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY CHARLES MARLIN: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY DON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ERNEST LEROY: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY HENRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY JOHN LOUIS: 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RANDOLPH VAN LA SALLE JR: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH VERNON CHESTER: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH WILLIAM LEWIS: +0:The Wall | RANELLUCCI RAYMOND ANTHON: +0:The Wall | RANEY STEVEN LEON: +0:The Wall | RANGE THOMAS RONNIE JR: +0:The Wall | RANGEL FLORENTINO: +0:The Wall | RANGEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | RANGES ROBERT HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | RANK DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RANKE ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | RANKIN ANDREW BRYAN: +0:The Wall | RANKIN DAVID GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | RANKIN DONALD IRVIN: +0:The Wall | RANKIN EDWARD GARRY: +0:The Wall | RANKIN EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | RANKIN JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RANKIN KENNETH DEAN: +0:The Wall | RANKINS DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | RANKINS JOSEPH McKINLEY: +0:The Wall | RANKINS SAMUAL KAYE: +0:The Wall | RANSBOTTOM FREDERICK JOEL: +0:The Wall | RANSBOTTOM MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | RANSDELL CURTIS H: +0:The Wall | RANSHAW DOUGLAS LE ROY: +0:The Wall | RANSOM BRADLEY ROGERS: +0:The Wall | RANSOM ROBERT CRAWFORD JR: 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PIERCE: +0:The Wall | RAUBER DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RAUBER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAUBOLT THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAUCH EDWARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | RAUCH KIRK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | RAUEN JOHN VERNON: +0:The Wall | RAULERSON CLIFFORD H JR: +0:The Wall | RAULSTON CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | RAULSTON RILEY DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAUPACH KIM: +0:The Wall | RAUSCH JOHN ALEX: +0:The Wall | RAUSCH ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | RAUSCHENBERG DOUGLAS EDWA: +0:The Wall | RAUSCHER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | RAUSCHKOLB JAN: +0:The Wall | RAVA HENRY TONY: +0:The Wall | RAVELO-TORIBIO ELPIDIO J: +0:The Wall | RAVENCRAFT JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | RAVENNA HARRY M III: +0:The Wall | RAVER CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAWLIN ROY VERNON: +0:The Wall | RAWLING BRUCE H: +0:The Wall | RAWLINGS BENJAMIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RAWLINGS JEROME: +0:The Wall | RAWLINS JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | RAWLINSON TERRELL LEE: +0:The Wall | RAWLS CHARLES GLENN: +0:The Wall | RAWLS JERRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | RAWLS 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PAGE: +0:The Wall | REAMER JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REAMS TERRY D: +0:The Wall | REAMS WILLIAM BLAIR JR: +0:The Wall | REARDON DENNIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | REARDON RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | REASONER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | REASONER FRANK STANLEY: +0:The Wall | REASONS JAMES ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | REASOR THOMAS W: +0:The Wall | REATHER WALLACE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | REATHERFORD LARRY REX: +0:The Wall | REAUME PAUL EDMUND: +0:The Wall | REAUME WADE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | REAVES FRED JR: +0:The Wall | REAVES HOMER LEE: +0:The Wall | REAVES JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | REAVES JOHN SHEPARD JR: +0:The Wall | REAVIS BRETT GRANT: +0:The Wall | REBELO JOAQUIM VAZ: +0:The Wall | REBER KENNETH NEAL: +0:The Wall | REBER MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | REBERG CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REBITS JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | RECK DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | RECK JOHN: +0:The Wall | RECTOR MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RECTOR ROY JACK: +0:The Wall | RECTOR WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | RECUPERO RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RED HAWK JESSE MILTON: +0:The Wall | REDD BOBBY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REDD CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REDDICK WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | REDDING CHARLES V III: +0:The Wall | REDDING WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | REDDINGTON JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REDDIX MISTER JR: +0:The Wall | REDENIUS DAVID GARY: +0:The Wall | REDENIUS RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | REDFEARN DON ALLAN: +0:The Wall | REDFORD JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | REDIC TERRY PETE: +0:The Wall | REDMAN SYLVESTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | REDMON LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | REDMON STANLEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REDMOND CARTER: +0:The Wall | REDMOND DONALD MERLE: +0:The Wall | REDMOND JOSEPH VERN: +0:The Wall | REDMOND RALPH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | REDMOND WILLARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REDTKE DUANE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REECE HOWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REECE PETER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REECE RONNEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | REECE STACEY DANA: +0:The Wall | REECE WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | REECE WESTON HENRY: 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Wall | REED JERRY DONNIE: +0:The Wall | REED JIMMIE LYNN: +0:The Wall | REED JOE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | REED JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | REED JOHN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | REED JON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REED KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | REED LARRY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | REED LARRY: +0:The Wall | REED LEROY: +0:The Wall | REED LESLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REED LOUIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | REED MARION EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REED MELVIN L JR: +0:The Wall | REED MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REED OTTIS: +0:The Wall | REED PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REED PAUL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | REED PHILIP PAUL: +0:The Wall | REED PHILLIP EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REED RALPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REED RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | REED ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | REED ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REED ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | REED ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | REED ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | REED RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | REED SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | REED SCOTT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | REED SHELLIE JEAN: +0:The Wall | REED STANLEY MAJURE: +0:The Wall | REED TED QUINTON JR: +0:The Wall | REED TERRY JOE: +0:The Wall | REED TERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | REED WAYNE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REED WILBERT: +0:The Wall | REED WILLIAM CLEMON: +0:The Wall | REED WILLIAM ELBERT: +0:The Wall | REED WILLIAM VAL: +0:The Wall | REED WILLIE: +0:The Wall | REEDER BRENT ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | REEDER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | REEDER EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | REEDER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REEDER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | REEDER PHILIP DALLAM: +0:The Wall | REEDER RONNIE ELLIS: +0:The Wall | REEDY GARY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | REEDY WILLIAM BOYD: +0:The Wall | REEDY WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | REEFER CHARLES LENARD: +0:The Wall | REEL J C: +0:The Wall | REEL WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REES DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | REES JOSEPH MAURICE: +0:The Wall | REES RICHARD MORGAN: +0:The Wall | REES WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | REES WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REESE ABRAHAM B: +0:The Wall | REESE CHESTER ROY JR: +0:The Wall | REESE DANIEL CORTEZ: +0:The Wall | REESE DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | REESE DAVID PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | REESE DELBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | REESE DENNIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | REESE DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REESE GOMER DAVID III: +0:The Wall | REESE JAMES HARRISON: +0:The Wall | REESE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | REESE JAMES W: +0:The Wall | REESE JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | REESE PAUL HENRY: +0:The Wall | REESE RAYMOND RICHARD: +0:The Wall | REESE RUBEN DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | REESE WILLIAM PHILIP: +0:The Wall | REESE WILLIAM RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | REESE WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | REEVE DAVID LEO: +0:The Wall | REEVES ALVIS OREN: +0:The Wall | REEVES DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | REEVES DOYLE WELLS: +0:The Wall | REEVES GORDON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | REEVES GREGORY KEITH: +0:The Wall | REEVES HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | REEVES JOHN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | REEVES LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | REEVES LONNIE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | REEVES LOREN STEVEN: +0:The Wall | REEVES M RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | REEVES MICHAEL DAVIS: +0:The Wall | REEVES RAYMOND STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | REEVES ROBERT LINTON: +0:The Wall | REEVES SAMUEL DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | REEVES WAYNE PAUL: +0:The Wall | REEVES WILLIAM DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | REEVS JOHN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | REFF CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | REGALADO RICARDO WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REGAN MARTIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | REGAN PHILIP THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | REGAN RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | REGAN THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REGAN WILLIAM KENNETH: +0:The Wall | REGENHARDT ROBERT JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | REGER WILLIAM LEWIS: +0:The Wall | REGGIO GERARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | REGIER RAYMOND DEAN: +0:The Wall | REGINALD ROBERT JAMEISON: +0:The Wall | REGISTER BILLY ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | REGISTER DORSIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REGISTER MAXIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | REGISTER ROY CARROLL: +0:The Wall | REGNOLDS JAMES RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | REGO ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | REGO JOHN H: +0:The Wall | REHBERG JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | REHBERGER CHARLES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | REHDER ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REHE RICHARD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | REHLING GUNTHER H: +0:The Wall | REHM TERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | REHN GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | REHWALD ROYSE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REICH DONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | REICH MERRILL DALE JR: +0:The Wall | REICH THOMAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | REICH WILLIAM GOODRO: +0:The Wall | REICHARD GARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | REICHARDT STEVEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | REICHELT JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | REICHERT JOSEPH R: +0:The Wall | REICHERT LAWRENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | REICHERT ROBERT D: +0:The Wall | REICHERT STEVEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REICHERT WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REICHLE DWIGHT GERALD: +0:The Wall | REICHLIN JOSEPH ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | REID AUBREY ARCHIE JR: +0:The Wall | REID BENJAMIN HERSCHELL: +0:The Wall | REID CARL J: +0:The Wall | REID DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REID DANIEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | REID DANNY ELIE: +0:The Wall | REID DARRELL LEE: +0:The Wall | REID DAVID DONALD: 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REILLY DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | REILLY EDWARD DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | REILLY EDWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | REILLY JAMES JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | REILLY JAMES RICHMOND: +0:The Wall | REILLY JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REILLY JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REILLY JOHN MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | REILLY JOHN NORMAN JR: +0:The Wall | REILLY JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REILLY JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | REILLY LAVERN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | REILLY MARTIN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | REILLY MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | REILLY RAYMOND PATRICK: +0:The Wall | REILLY ROBERT JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | REILLY ROBERT JUDE: +0:The Wall | REILLY RONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | REILLY WILLIAM F III: +0:The Wall | REILLY WILLIAM RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | REIMILLER THOMAS EVANS: +0:The Wall | REIN CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | REINBOTT HAROLD W JR: +0:The Wall | REINECCIUS KARL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | REINECKE WAYNE CONRAD: +0:The Wall | REINEL RUSSELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REINER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REINHARDT ARTHUR WELKER: +0:The Wall | REINHARDT BARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REINHARDT JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | REINHART PETER SIMMONS: +0:The Wall | REINHOLD MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | REINKE JACK RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | REINKE ROBERT HARVEY: +0:The Wall | REINKE RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | REIPLINGER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | REIS LUCIO JON: +0:The Wall | REIS TIAGO: +0:The Wall | REISER STEVE RONALD: +0:The Wall | REISING DALE: +0:The Wall | REISSIG LARRY LEROY: +0:The Wall | REISTROFFER DANIEL PHILLI: +0:The Wall | REITER BRUCE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | REITER CLYDE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | REITER DEAN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | REITER GERALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | REITER LESLEY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | REITER WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REITHER PHILIP HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | REITHMANN TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REITMANN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REITWIESNER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REITZ KEITH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | REITZ MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | REKAU HAROLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REKER ROBERT VINCENT: +0:The Wall | RELEFORD ISIEAH JR: +0:The Wall | RELF WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REMBERT HARVEY LEE: +0:The Wall | REMBERT LESLIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REMBOLDT RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | REMEDIES RICHARD JARRELL: +0:The Wall | REMEIKAS JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | REMELTS WILLIAM HENRY II: +0:The Wall | REMER CHARLES BRADLEY JR: +0:The Wall | REMER KEVIN RALPH: +0:The Wall | REMILLARD GARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REMMEL HARMON L III: +0:The Wall | REMMERS KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | REMMLER MILTON WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | REMONDINI LEO ANGELO JR: +0:The Wall | REMPER GERALD NEAL: +0:The Wall | REMULAR RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | REMUTH LAWRENCE GUSTAVE: +0:The Wall | RENAUD ROBERT WILFRED: +0:The Wall | RENAULD RALPH VICTOR JR: +0:The Wall | RENCEVICZ CHESTER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RENDER CECIL LAVON: +0:The Wall | RENDON GUADALUPE: +0:The Wall | RENDON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RENDON RAPHAEL JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | RENDON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | RENELT WALTER A: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | RILEY CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | RILEY CURTIS RAY: +0:The Wall | RILEY DAVID CLARK: +0:The Wall | RILEY DENNIS HARLEN: +0:The Wall | RILEY DENNIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | RILEY DON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RILEY EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | RILEY ERNST: +0:The Wall | RILEY EUGENE LEE: +0:The Wall | RILEY HARRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | RILEY HOWARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RILEY JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | RILEY JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | RILEY JAMES G: +0:The Wall | RILEY JAMES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | RILEY JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | RILEY JOE ED JR: +0:The Wall | RILEY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | RILEY KIRK IRWIN: +0:The Wall | RILEY LARRY LLOYD: +0:The Wall | RILEY LESTER JR: +0:The Wall | RILEY MELVIN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | RILEY NATHANIEL JULIUS JR: +0:The Wall | RILEY NEIL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RILEY PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RILEY RICHARD STEPHEN JR: +0:The Wall | RILEY RICHARD WINFRED: +0:The Wall | RILEY RICKY VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | RILEY RONALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | RILEY THOMAS 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Wall | RIVERA-DELVALLE MANUEL A: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-FERNANDEZ SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-GALARZA BENIGNO: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-GARCIA WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-LOPEZ JAIME ALBERT: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-MARTES CONFESOR: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-MELENDEZ JESUS D: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-MONTES EDICTOR: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-PAGAN EDUARDO: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-REYES JOSE ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-RUIZ ANDRES: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-TRINIDAD NESTOR JU: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-VELAZQUEZ ANGEL A: +0:The Wall | RIVERE ALVIN PIERIE: +0:The Wall | RIVERS CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | RIVERS HARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RIVERS JETTIE JR: +0:The Wall | RIVERS JOHN WILSON: +0:The Wall | RIVERS MICHAEL ROSS: +0:The Wall | RIVERS NATHAN: +0:The Wall | RIVERS NELSON KEITH: +0:The Wall | RIVERS SANDY MITCHEL: +0:The Wall | RIVERS WILLIAM HOWARD: +0:The Wall | RIVES JOHN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | RIVEST MARK HENRY: +0:The Wall | RIVET PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RIVIERE FRANK IRA: +0:The Wall | RIX DOUGLAS 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ALBERT SIMON JR: +0:The Wall | ROBAR STEPHEN FRANK: +0:The Wall | ROBB MARION C: +0:The Wall | ROBB RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS ARNOLD LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS CHARLES LESTER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS DENNIS TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS HENRY EARL: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS HUGH MILLER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JAY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JERRY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JON PIUS: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LARRY OLIVER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LAWRENCE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LEROY BRIAN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LESTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LONNIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS RONALD: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS RUSSELL LINDSEY: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS WAYNE DUSTIN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS WILLIAM JAY: +0:The Wall | ROBBLEY RICHARD PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | ROBENA CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERG JAMES AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | ROBERGE 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| ROBERTS CHARLES G: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES PRICE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES W JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES WADDELL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CLIFFORD ALTON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CLIFFORD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CYRUS S IV: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DAVID OWEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS EDDIE LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ERVIN BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS FRANK JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS FREDDIE JOE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GARY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GERALD JASON JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GERALD RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HARLEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HAROLD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HERMAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HOWARD TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JAMES AARON F JR: +0:The 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ROBERTS MICHAEL LAND: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS NOEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RICHARD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RICHARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RICHARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RONNY DEAN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS STEPHEN LORD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS TERRY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THEODORE IRWIN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THOMAS WARREN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THURSTON CRAIG: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS VIRGIL JESSIE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WALLACE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WALTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WAYNE LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM JACKSON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ALLEN HARVEY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ALVIN WARNER: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ANDREW JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON BENJAMIN F JR: 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PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON PIERCE IRVING: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON RAYMOND L JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROBERT M: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON RONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROY ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON THOMAS HARRY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON TOMMY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON WILLIAM S III: +0:The Wall | ROBESON EVART EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBEY RICHARD NEAL: +0:The Wall | ROBICHAUD ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBILLARD LARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ROBILLARD WILFRED ROLAND: +0:The Wall | ROBILOTTO GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ROBIN DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | ROBINETTE CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINETTE DANNY LEON: +0:The Wall | ROBINS JAMES MILTON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ALAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ALFRED WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON BRUCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON BRUCE ELTON: +0:The Wall | 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GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON GUS BLAKELY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HAROLD JACK JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HENRY MILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HERMAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HERMAN RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HORACE VALLEY JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HORRIS GENE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HOWARD CLINTON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES DELANO: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES MARCUS: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES P: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JERRY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JIMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOEQUIN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN CALVIN II: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN JACKLON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOSEPH BRUCE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOSEPH EARL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOSEPH LUTHER: 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| SAVAGE VARIS JR: +0:The Wall | SAVAGE WILLIAM ROSS: +0:The Wall | SAVAGEAU JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | SAVANUCK PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SAVARE HOWARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | SAVAS SAM MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | SAVELL FLOYD GWEN: +0:The Wall | SAVELL MYLES CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SAVICK JOSEPH JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | SAVIEO RICHARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | SAVILLE JOHN DERWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | SAVINO LAWRENCE NEIL: +0:The Wall | SAVOREN WILLIAM MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SAVOTH TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SAVOY CLAYTON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SAVOY M J: +0:The Wall | SAWAYA ROBERT MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | SAWICKI ANTHONY PETER: +0:The Wall | SAWICKI RICHARD P: +0:The Wall | SAWNEY JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SAWRAN RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SAWTELLE PAUL COBURN: +0:The Wall | SAWYER BRADFORD PRESTON: +0:The Wall | SAWYER DONALD SHERWOOD: +0:The Wall | SAWYER FRANK W JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JAMES EVERETT JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JOHNNIE PAUL: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JONATHAN ANSEL: +0:The Wall | SAWYER KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SAWYER MICHAEL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SAWYER PAUL LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYER ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SAWYER WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | SAWYER WILLIAM LELON JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYERS CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SAWYERS ROGER THURSTON: +0:The Wall | SAXBY JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SAXON CLYDE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SAXON FRANK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SAXON JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SAXON JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | SAXTON GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | SAXTON JAMES HERSHEL JR: +0:The Wall | SAYER ALBERT FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | SAYER JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SAYER TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | SAYERS LARRY VENCIL: +0:The Wall | SAYERS PAUL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SAYERS THOMAS RALPH: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR CHARLES DUANE: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR SCOTT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR WAYMOND ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SAYRE LESLIE BERKLEY: +0:The Wall | SCADUTO RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCAHILL EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCAIFE KENNETH DOYLE: +0:The Wall | SCALA RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCALES ASTOR JR: +0:The Wall | SCALES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCALF DARYL GENE: +0:The Wall | SCALF JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | SCALISE EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCALISE THOMAS RANDAL: +0:The Wall | SCALLIONS CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCAMARONI LUIS GUILLERMO: +0:The Wall | SCANLAN GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCANLAN LAWRENCE WALKER: +0:The Wall | SCANLAN WARREN LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SCANLON MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCANLON WILLIAM MANUEL: +0:The Wall | SCARANO CHARLES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SCARBERRY DONALD YOUNG: +0:The Wall | SCARBERRY LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | SCARBORO THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH EDMUND BAGWEL: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH ELMER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH GRIFFIN ELI: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH JACK WADE JR: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH RUSSELL WILLI: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH ARTHUR BENJAMI: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH DAVID CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH ENNIS RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCARMEAS JAMES SAM JR: +0:The Wall | SCARPINATO JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SCARPULLA FRANK MARK JR: +0:The Wall | SCATES CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SCATES CHARLIE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCATUORCHIO DOMINIC N JR: +0:The Wall | SCAVELLA ALLAN NAPOLEON: +0:The Wall | SCAVELLA JESSE ELLISON JR: +0:The Wall | SCAVUZZO PETER GARY: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHACHNER DAVID BRENNAN: +0:The Wall | SCHACHTNER JAMES ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | SCHADDELEE WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER ALAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER CHARLES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER JOHN STEVE: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER ROGER BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER ROY ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER SYLVESTER ANTONY: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER THOMAS KOENIG: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER WILLIAM ERIC: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER WILLIAM HAYS: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFFER ARLON GLENN: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFFER FREDERICK WILLI: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFFER GEROLD: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFFER GUY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFFER PAUL HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCHAFER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHAFER DONALD FRED: +0:The Wall | SCHAFER DONALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCHAFER GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHAFER JOSEPH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHAFER MARVIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHAFERNOCKER MICHAEL E: +0:The Wall | SCHAFFER BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | SCHAFFER BLAINE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHAFFER DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHAFFER JOHN FERDINAND: +0:The Wall | SCHAFFNER JACK DOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHAFFNER MARSHALL GUST: +0:The Wall | SCHAICH DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SCHALIPP MURVIN JR: +0:The Wall | SCHALK THOMAS MICHAEL SR: +0:The Wall | SCHALL CHARLES NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | SCHALTENBRAND WAYNE KEITH: +0:The Wall | SCHAMPIER ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SCHANCK HENRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHANCK WILLIAM G JR: +0:The Wall | SCHANEBERG LEROY CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SCHAP FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHAPANICK CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SCHARES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHARF CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHARF RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHARFF LENNIE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCHARIBONE DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHARLACH STEVEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHARNBERG RONALD OLIVER: +0:The Wall | SCHARON ROBERT E III: +0:The Wall | SCHAROSCH PATRICK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHASRE DAVID M: +0:The Wall | SCHATZLEY MICHAEL DONN: +0:The Wall | SCHATZMAN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHAUB TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHAUBLE KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHAUERMANN ARTHUR GARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHAUTTEET LOUIS L JR: +0:The Wall | SCHAVELIN HUGH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SCHECK CLIFFORD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCHECKLER PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHEELER VICTOR RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHEELY ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHEETZ JOHN ELLWOOD: +0:The Wall | SCHEIB LAWRENCE ELWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | SCHEIB RALPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHEIBER RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHEIBER WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHEIDEL ROBERT L JR: +0:The Wall | SCHEIDT WILLIAM H: +0:The Wall | SCHELL DUANE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHELL EDWARD EARL: +0:The Wall | SCHELL RANDY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SCHELL RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHELL ROBERT CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | SCHELL TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHELL WILLIAM LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHELLER JEFFREY LYNN: +0:The Wall | SCHELLIN JAMES WILLARD F: +0:The Wall | SCHELLING CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHELVAN DAVID ERIC: +0:The Wall | SCHEMEL GARY LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHEMEL JERRY L: +0:The Wall | SCHENA ROBERT PETER: +0:The Wall | SCHENE TERRANCE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHEPP DALE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCHERDIN ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHERER CHRISTOPHER J: +0:The Wall | SCHERER JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHERER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHERF MICHAEL GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SCHERLAG ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHERLE WILLIAM JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHERMANN HERMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHERRER LAWRENCE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHERTZ JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHETTIG ROBERT SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SCHETTL DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHETTLER HARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHEU GUNTER WILFRIED: +0:The Wall | SCHEUBLE MELVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHEUER BOBBY DALE: +0:The Wall | SCHEULEN GARY JEROME J: +0:The Wall | SCHEURICH THOMAS EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SCHIAVONE RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCHIBI JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHICKEL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHIELE CRAIG BRIAN: +0:The Wall | SCHIELE JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHIERMEYER WILLIAM D JR: +0:The Wall | SCHIESL GERALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCHIESS THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHIEVE PAUL EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SCHIFFHAUER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHIFRIN RAYMOND RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHILLER JOSEPH FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SCHILLER MARTIN SULLY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHILLING GEORGE DON: +0:The Wall | SCHIMANSKI KENNETH ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SCHIMBERG JAMES PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SCHIMMEL STEVEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHIMMELS EDDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHIMPF JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHINDLER EUGENE DONALD: +0:The Wall | SCHINDLER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHIRO GERALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHLAMP GARY OLIN: +0:The Wall | SCHLECHT JOHN III: +0:The Wall | SCHLEE HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHLEY ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHLICHT JEROME JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHLICHTING VICTOR STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SCHLICK JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHLIE KENNETH MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHLIEBEN KLAUS DIETER: +0:The Wall | SCHLIESMAN JERROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHLIEWE FLOYD ABNER: +0:The Wall | SCHLINGER JAMES IRWIN: +0:The Wall | SCHLOEMER CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHLOSSER STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTE LOUIS CHRIS: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTT DENNIS GUY: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTTMAN ALVERN WARREN: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTTMAN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHLUEB STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHLUTERMAN DAVID FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHLUTTER WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHMALE WILLIAM OTTO: +0:The Wall | SCHMALTZ DOUGLAS RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMALZ CARL FREDRICK JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMAUTZ FRANCIS PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | SCHMECKER JOHN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMEES WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMELING ERWIN ROSS: +0:The Wall | SCHMELTZ JERRY E: +0:The Wall | SCHMELZLE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMERBECK DAVID J: +0:The Wall | SCHMICH JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMID JAY JULIUS: +0:The Wall | SCHMID JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SCHMID ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHMID RONALD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT ALLAN LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DALE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DALE W JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DANIEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DARYL JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DAVID JEROME: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DENIS GORDON: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DONALD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT EDMUND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT FREDERICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT GARY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT GERALD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT HERBERT ELLIS: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JAMES DREW: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOSEPH VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT KARL ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT LARRY ROMAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT MARK VEDDER: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT PETER ALDEN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD HERMAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICKFORD RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT ROBERT GUSTAVE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT SCOTT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT STEVEN WARREN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WALTER ROY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WILFRED F JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT FRANCIS BARON: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT GARY WALTER: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT JOHN KENNETH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT RICHIE HUMES: +0:The Wall | SCHMITTOU EUREKA LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ CRAIG ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ LOREN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ PHILLIP NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ RICHARD TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHMOLKE JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHMOLL JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHMUDE JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHMUTZ ANTHONY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHNABLY DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHNABOLK HOWARD JON: +0:The Wall | SCHNACK STEVEN SPENCER: +0:The Wall | SCHNAIDT RONALD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCHNAKE RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEBEL ROBERT FRED: +0:The Wall | SCHNEE DONALD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEEMAN CLIFFORD W JR: +0:The Wall | SCHNEGG CHARLES GLENN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER DENNIS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER GERARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER HARRY WARREN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER JACK ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER JOHN MILLARD: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER ROGER LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER SCOTT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER TERRANCE H: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER THOMAS HERSCHAL: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHNELL JOSEPH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHNELLER ANTHONY JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SCHNELLER STEVEN OWEN: +0:The Wall | SCHNITGER GERARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHNOBRICH ANTON JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHNURRER REINHARD J JR: +0:The Wall | SCHOBER JACK ERVIN: +0:The Wall | SCHOBORG GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCHOCK HAROLD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCHODERER ERIC JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOEBEN SCOTT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHOEL RENNY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHOELIER TJEERD: +0:The Wall | SCHOENBAUM CRAIG RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHOENBERG RICHARD C: +0:The Wall | SCHOENER ROGER HARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHOENEWALD DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHOENHOFF ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOENIG EDMOND DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHOEPFLIN CHARLES DUAINE: +0:The Wall | SCHOEPKE ANTON JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOEPPNER LEONARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOETTNER GEORGE CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SCHOFER KARL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SCHOFF LEO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD ALFRED VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD CECIL CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD THOMAS HARVEY: +0:The Wall | SCHOLD RAY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCHOLES WILLIAM HADLEY: +0:The Wall | SCHOLL CLIFFORD LEO: +0:The Wall | SCHOLL CLIFFORD PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | SCHOLLARD JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SCHOLZ KLAUS DIETER: +0:The Wall | SCHON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHONBERG DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHONFIELD JEFFREY ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHOOK GEORGE WASHINGTON: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLCRAFT CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLER STEVEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLEY JAMES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLMEESTERS JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | SCHOONMAKER LARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHOONOVER CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHOONVELD RICHARD JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHOPER GREGORY CARLYLLE: +0:The Wall | SCHOPMANN RAYMOND FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHOPPAUL ROBERT EARNEST: +0:The Wall | SCHOPPE FRANKLIN DALE: +0:The Wall | SCHOPPE SHERWIN CRESCENT: +0:The Wall | SCHORNDORF KENNETH FRANCI: +0:The Wall | SCHOSSOW DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHOTH WILLIAM WESLEY II: +0:The Wall | SCHOTT RICHARD SIMPSON: +0:The Wall | SCHOUVILLER THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOUWBURG GERRIT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOUWEILER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER FRANKLIN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER PETER ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER RONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER RUDOLF AUGUST: +0:The Wall | SCHRAM FREDERICK LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMEL KENNETH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM BROCK ROWLAND: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM CHRISTOPHER JOSEP: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM PETER FRYE: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHRAND ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRANK KARL F: +0:The Wall | SCHRECKENGOST FRED THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHRECKENGOST HAROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRECONGOST FREDERIC LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHREFFLER CLEON LARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHRENK DONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHRINER JUNIOR LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRIVER STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHRIVER THOMAS CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SCHROBILGEN WARREN H JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROCK PHILIP JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHROCK VERNON EARL: +0:The Wall | SCHRODER JACK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER ALFRED M JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER DONALD BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER GEORGE H JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER GLENN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER JOE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER LYLE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER NICHOLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER RICHARD GLEN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER ROBERT EMIL JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER STANLEY A: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER TIMOTHY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER WILLIAM RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHROEFFEL THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHROLLER LEO JOE JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROM JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHROM KENNETH R: +0:The Wall | SCHROYER LAWSON J III: +0:The Wall | SCHRYVER PETER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHUBERT GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHUBERT JOEL LUTHER: +0:The Wall | SCHUBERT WILLIS JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | SCHUCK DONALD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SCHUELLER JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SCHUEREN DANIEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHUETT JEROME ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHUETTE DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHUH ARNOLD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCHUH DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHUKAR GENE LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHUKAR RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | SCHULER GARY FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SCHULER HAROLD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHULER ROBERT HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHULMAN SHELDON BORIS: +0:The Wall | SCHULTE ALVIN CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SCHULTE HENRY GERARD: +0:The Wall | SCHULTE NORMAN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ALAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ CHESTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DANNY CARL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID JOEL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DENNIS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ EDWARD AUGUST: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ERNEST M III: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GARY A: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GEORGE CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JACK ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JAMES CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JOHN LA VERN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ LOWELL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ MICHAEL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ RONNIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ SHELDON D: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ STEVEN OWEN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ THOMAS RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ ALLAN HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ RONALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ RONALD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCHULZE DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHULZE ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER JEFFREY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER RONALD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER STEPHEN LAWREN: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER WAYNE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHUMANN JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHUMMER DALE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHUNEMANN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHURCH RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHURRER JON RODNEY: +0:The Wall | SCHUSSLER WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER DANIEL CARL: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHUTT RANDALL KARL: +0:The Wall | SCHUTZ PETER JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHUTZ RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHUYLER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHWAB RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHWAB THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHWAGEL KENNETH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHWALBACH GEORGE AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHWAN DANIEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHWANGER FREDERICK JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ ABRAHAM: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ ALLAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ CALVIN ELLIOT: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ CHARLES GLENNON: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ DANNY GILBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ GARY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ JOHN GUSTAVE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ MARTIN PETER: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ RANDALL FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ RUSSELL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ SAMUEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ TERRY E: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ WAYNE GILMORE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ DONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ FRANCIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZKOPF ALLAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHWEBEL MICHAEL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SCHWEBKE LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHWEFEL DALE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHWEIG VICTOR JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHWEIGHOFER REED JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHWEIKL JEFFREY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SCHWELLENBACH GARY RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCHWENDLER RICHARD WILLIA: +0:The Wall | SCHWENDY RANDALL JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHWERDTFEGER JOSEPH ALLE: +0:The Wall | SCHWESINGER RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHWEYHER JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SCHWICHOW RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHWICK MARTIN FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | SCHWIDERSKI RICHARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHWINTZ BOBBITT: +0:The Wall | SCHWORER RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHWUCHOW GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHYSKA LEROY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCIARRETTI VINTURE: +0:The Wall | SCIBELLI THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCIBILIA ROBERT PETER: +0:The Wall | SCICUTELLA JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCISLO ROBERT TED: +0:The Wall | SCISNEY MICHAEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | SCIVOLINO ANTHONY CHRISTO: +0:The Wall | SCOBEL UWE-THORSTEN: +0:The Wall | SCOBY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCOFIELD HARVEY DREW: +0:The Wall | SCOFIELD JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCOFIELD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOGGIN ALLEN DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS FRANKLIN GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS ROYCE GLENN: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS TONY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCOGNAMILIO PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCOLLEY BENJAMIN ELMER: +0:The Wall | SCOLNICK DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCORSONE DONALD FLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCORSONE GEORGE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCOTELLARO MICHAEL BERTRA: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ALVIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ARTHUR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BARRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BILLY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BRUCE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BUSTER LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT CHARLES F: +0:The Wall | SCOTT CHARLES LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT CLARENCE WALTER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAIN VANDERLIN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DANIEL R: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DARRYL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAVE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAVID AMOS: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAYNE YORK: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DON RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DONALD BLUE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DORTY HINCHMAN JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DUANE CARL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EDDIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EDWARD DRAKE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EDWARD EARL JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EUGENE C: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GARY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GAYLAND OMER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GRADY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GREG BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GREGORY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GREGORY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT HERBERT WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | SCOTT HUGH DON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT IRA EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES ELLISON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES ELVIN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES GUINAN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JERRY N: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JIMMIE L: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JOHN MELVILLE JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JOHN WALTER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JOHNNY FRED: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JOHNNY MAJOR JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JOSEPH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCOTT KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT KENNETT KEITH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT LARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT LARRY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT LEONARD STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT LEROY HARRY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT LLOYD M JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MARTIN RONALD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MARTIN T II: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MARVIN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MICHAEL FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MICHAEL JON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MICHAEL MONROE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT MIKE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT O D: +0:The Wall | SCOTT PATRICK RAY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT PATTERSON JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT PERRY JAY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT PETER W: +0:The Wall | SCOTT PRESTON ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RANDOLPH CLINTON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RICKEY LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT MILLER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RONALD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT SAMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT STEVEN CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT STEVEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT TERRENCE DUANE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT THOMAS LASANDA: +0:The Wall | SCOTT THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCOTT TRAVIS HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT VERNON ELBERT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT VINCENT CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WALTER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WARREN TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM BENFORD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM BLAKE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM GRAVELLE JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM HENRY M: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCOVILL GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCOVILLE HOWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCOVILLE WILLIAM WARD: +0:The Wall | SCOWDEN CURTIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCOWDEN DUANE NEVADA: +0:The Wall | SCRAGG BRUCE HASSELL: +0:The Wall | SCRANTON ALLEN FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | SCREEN MARVIN EDMUND: +0:The Wall | SCRIBER LEON R: +0:The Wall | SCRIBNER GARY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCRIMSHAW WAYNE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SCRITCHFIELD DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCRIVEN SAMUEL T: +0:The Wall | SCRIVENER STEPHEN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCRIVER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCRIVNER BROOKS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCROGGIN MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCROGGINS CARREY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCROGGINS DOUGLAS SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | SCROGGINS JAMES LELAND: +0:The Wall | SCROGGS JERRELL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCROGUM JIMMIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCRUGGS ALBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCRUGGS DAVID L: +0:The Wall | SCRUGGS JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCRUGGS JOSEPH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCRUGGS STUART JACKSON JR: +0:The Wall | SCRUTON KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCUCCHI JOHN GLENN: +0:The Wall | SCUDIERO PATRICK FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCUITIER JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCULL GARY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SCULL JOHN FELLOWS JR: +0:The Wall | SCULLEN THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCULLY EDWARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCULLY JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCULLY KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCULLY PATRICK R JR: +0:The Wall | SCULLY RUSSELL CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SCUNGIO VINCENT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCURFIELD DANNY VINSON: +0:The Wall | SCURLOCK ALLEN G: +0:The Wall | SCURLOCK LEE D JR: +0:The Wall | SCURR KENNETH WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SEABLOM EARL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SEABORN WILLIAM HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | SEABORNE FREDERICK VERNON: +0:The Wall | SEABOURNE BENNY ELLIS: +0:The Wall | SEABRIDGE RICHARD ROY: +0:The Wall | SEABROOK ROY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SEABROOKS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SEADORE LARRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SEADORF MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | SEAGRAVES MELVIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SEAGROVES MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SEALL GEORGE MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SEALS CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | SEALS WALTER: +0:The Wall | SEAMAN DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SEAMAN HAROLD LA VERN: +0:The Wall | SEAMAN JOHN CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | SEAMAN JOSEPH ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SEAMANS OTTO ANDREAE JR: +0:The Wall | SEAMSTER WILLIE PURFOY: +0:The Wall | SEARBY BARRY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SEARCY ELTON LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SEARFUS WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | SEARGENT ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SEARIGHT JAMES ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SEARING JACK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SEARLE JOSEPH KENT: +0:The Wall | SEARLES CHARLES PETER: +0:The Wall | SEARLES JEFFREY PAUL: +0:The Wall | SEARS EARNEST G: +0:The Wall | SEARS GORDON BERT: +0:The Wall | SEARS LEON: +0:The Wall | SEARS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SEARS STEVEN DWIGHT: 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SECRESS HARLAN: +0:The Wall | SECREST EDWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SECREST JACK MCCOMBS JR: +0:The Wall | SECRIST FRED JASON: +0:The Wall | SEDA FERNANDO JR: +0:The Wall | SEDA PABLO ISREAL: +0:The Wall | SEDDIG WALTER S: +0:The Wall | SEDGWICK RICHARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SEDGWICK ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SEDIES RICHARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | SEDILLO JUAN NATIVIDAD: +0:The Wall | SEE EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SEE MICHAEL DUANE: +0:The Wall | SEE OTTO WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SEE RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SEE WARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SEEBER FLETCHER JR: +0:The Wall | SEEBODE JOHN CONRAD: +0:The Wall | SEEDES HARRY BATON III: +0:The Wall | SEEFELDT CHARLES L JR: +0:The Wall | SEEKAMP ROBERT LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | SEEKFORD DANIEL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SEEKFORD JOSEPH LEVI: +0:The Wall | SEEL JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SEEL WALTER PHILLIP JR: +0:The Wall | SEELEY DOUGLAS MILTON: +0:The Wall | SEELEY JOHN STUART: +0:The Wall | SEELEY WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SEELIG GERD 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| SEIDEL DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SEIDEL KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SEIDEL WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | SEIDENSTICKER JAMES: +0:The Wall | SEIFERT THOMAS LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SEIFERTH STEPHEN ERIC: +0:The Wall | SEIGLE WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SEIGLER STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | SEILER CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SEILER WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SEILHEIMER HOWARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SEISSER KENNETH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SEITZ CHRISTOPHER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SEK MITCHELL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SEKLECKI THOMAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SEKNE SYLVESTER VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SEKVA ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | SELAK JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SELANIKIO LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SELBY DE WAYNE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SELBY ROBERT B: +0:The Wall | SELDEN FRANK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SELDERS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SELDERS WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | SELDON DAVID SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SELDON JAMES LENVER: +0:The Wall | SELENKA RUDOLPH CARL JR: +0:The Wall | SELF EUGENE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SELF IRVING ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SELF JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SELGRADE STEPHEN FRANK: +0:The Wall | SELIG RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SELIX JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SELKEY DONALD ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | SELKREGG EDWARD M III: +0:The Wall | SELL CLIFFORD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SELL JOSEPH WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | SELLER JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | SELLERS CHARLES RAYFORD: +0:The Wall | SELLERS FLOYD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SELLERS JERRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | SELLERS LLOYD ANDREW III: +0:The Wall | SELLERS MELVIN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SELLERS PHILIP DOYLE: +0:The Wall | SELLERS RICHARD TAYLOR JR: +0:The Wall | SELLERS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SELLERS WILLIAM CLESSON: +0:The Wall | SELLETT STEPHEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SELLITTO MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SELLNER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SELLS JIMMY DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SELLS ROBERT DEE JR: +0:The Wall | SELLS TERRY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SELMAN CHARLES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SELTZER JACKIE RALPH: +0:The Wall | SEMANS THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SEMENIUK LARRY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SEMENTELLI DOMINIC M JR: +0:The Wall | SEMERARO DAVID ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | SEMIDEY HECTOR LUIS: +0:The Wall | SEMINARA CHARLES BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SEMLER STANLEY KENTON: +0:The Wall | SEMMER PETER ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SEMMLER DAVID ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SEMON KENNETH RONALD: +0:The Wall | SEMORE BOBBY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SEMPLE WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SEMPSROTT BRUCE GORDON: +0:The Wall | SENA BENNY: +0:The Wall | SENA FRED JR: +0:The Wall | SENECHEK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SENESE CHRISTOPHER LEIGH: +0:The Wall | SENG RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SENGER MICHAEL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SENGSTOCK GARY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SENN THOMAS LARRY: +0:The Wall | SENNE THOMAS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SENNETT ROBERT RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SENOR JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SENS PHILIP MARION: +0:The Wall | SENSAT MORRIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SENSING JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SENTERS BOBBY: +0:The Wall | SENTERS CHARLES DONALD: 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JERRY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SETZER PAUL RAY: +0:The Wall | SEU MILTON J S: +0:The Wall | SEUELL JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SEUFERT ROBERT JOHANN: +0:The Wall | SEVELL ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SEVENBERGEN JERRY L: +0:The Wall | SEVENEY WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SEVENSKI ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SEVERINO WAYNE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SEVERLOH PAUL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SEVERSON DONALD JON: +0:The Wall | SEVERSON JOHN EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SEVERSON PAUL ROY: +0:The Wall | SEVERSON ROBERT DARYL: +0:The Wall | SEVERSON THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SEVICK JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SEVIER DAVID HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SEVIGNY GEORGE WOLFGANG: +0:The Wall | SEWARD KENNITH MARION: +0:The Wall | SEWARD WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | SEWELL DONALD MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SEWELL JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | SEWELL JOHNNIE BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SEWELL LORENZO: +0:The Wall | SEWELL MONTY RAE: +0:The Wall | SEWELL RAYFORD NEAL: +0:The Wall | SEWELL WILLIAM JERRY: +0:The Wall | SEXTON ANDREW BOWMAN: +0:The 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SHANE WALLACE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHANER MICHAEL IRA: +0:The Wall | SHANER STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SHANG DONALD J: +0:The Wall | SHANK EDWIN GERALD JR: +0:The Wall | SHANK GARY LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SHANK JOHN B: +0:The Wall | SHANK RALPH: +0:The Wall | SHANK RODNEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SHANKS DONALD WILFRED: +0:The Wall | SHANKS JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SHANKS JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SHANKS THOMAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | SHANLEY MICHAEL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | SHANNON BILLY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SHANNON EARL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SHANNON GARRY MONZEL: +0:The Wall | SHANNON GEORGE DAVID: +0:The Wall | SHANNON GUY GENE JR: +0:The Wall | SHANNON JAMES HERVEY JR: +0:The Wall | SHANNON JESSIE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SHANNON JOHN PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | SHANNON KENNETH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SHANNON KENNETH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SHANNON LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | SHANNON PATRICK L: +0:The Wall | SHANNON RANDELL FRANK: +0:The Wall | SHANNON RICHARD DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | SHANNON ROBERT 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SHARP PHILIP DEAN: +0:The Wall | SHARP PRESTON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SHARP RAY LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SHARP RICHARD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SHARP SAMUEL ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | SHARP STEPHEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SHARP STEPHEN CARL: +0:The Wall | SHARP STEPHEN LAMONT: +0:The Wall | SHARP TED LEROY: +0:The Wall | SHARP THOMAS BOYD: +0:The Wall | SHARP VALDEZ: +0:The Wall | SHARPE CHARLES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SHARPE DENNIS CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | SHARPE EDWARD GERALD: +0:The Wall | SHARPE JAYE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SHARPE MACK DONALD: +0:The Wall | SHARPE RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SHARPE ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SHARPE RONNIE: +0:The Wall | SHARPE THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHARPE WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | SHARPLESS JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SHARPLESS ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | SHARPLEY LEONARD COSBY: +0:The Wall | SHARPNACK MATTHEW F: +0:The Wall | SHARROCK EDWARD ALVA: +0:The Wall | SHARTZ FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | SHARTZER JOSEPH CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SHASTEEN KENNETH PARKER: 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Wall | SHAW KRIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHAW LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SHAW LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | SHAW RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | SHAW ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SHAW ROBERT FLOYD: +0:The Wall | SHAW ROLAND JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | SHAW RONNIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | SHAW ROY EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SHAW STANLEY SERGEANT: +0:The Wall | SHAW STEPHEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHAW THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SHAW THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHAW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SHAW WADE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SHAW WILLIAM FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | SHAW WILLIAM MARSHALL JR: +0:The Wall | SHAWN RAYMOND BEN: +0:The Wall | SHAWNEE CLARK VERNON: +0:The Wall | SHAY DONALD EMERSON JR: +0:The Wall | SHAY LAWRENCE WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SHAY THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHEA DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHEA GARY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHEA HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SHEA JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SHEA JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SHEA LARRY: +0:The Wall | SHEA MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SHEA MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHEA THOMAS COLLINS: +0:The Wall | SHEA THOMAS WELCH: +0:The Wall | SHEAFFER DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SHEAHAN MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SHEARER DON TYRONE: +0:The Wall | SHEARES JOHNNIE N JR: +0:The Wall | SHEARIN DAN ROGERS: +0:The Wall | SHEARIN JOSEPH EARL: +0:The Wall | SHEARIN WILLIAM CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | SHEDD ALTON: +0:The Wall | SHEEHAN ALLEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SHEEHAN CHARLES J III: +0:The Wall | SHEEHAN DANIEL MORELAND: +0:The Wall | SHEEHAN PAUL HENRY: +0:The Wall | SHEEHY DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SHEEHY DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SHEEHY RONALD J: +0:The Wall | SHEELER GREGORY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHEELY ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | SHEEN WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHEER PAUL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SHEETS ORVILLE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SHEETS WINFRIED ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SHEFF JAMES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SHEFFEY RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | SHEFFIELD ANTHONY D: +0:The Wall | SHEFFIELD EARNEST EARL: +0:The Wall | SHEFFIELD FREDRICK WAYNE: 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SHERMAN VICTOR P JR: +0:The Wall | SHERMAN WILLIAM WARREN: +0:The Wall | SHERMOS JOHN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SHEROKE JOHN RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SHERRELL DAVID FRANK: +0:The Wall | SHERRELL MELVIN LEON: +0:The Wall | SHERRILL AMOS CHESTER II: +0:The Wall | SHERRILL HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SHERRILL JAMES J: +0:The Wall | SHERRILL JIMMY L: +0:The Wall | SHERRILL JOHN OTIS: +0:The Wall | SHERRILL RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SHERRILL VANN DWAIN: +0:The Wall | SHERROD DONALD ANCKER: +0:The Wall | SHERROD EDWARD HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SHERROD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SHERROD WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | SHERRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SHERWOOD JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SHERWOOD RICHARD GUY: +0:The Wall | SHERWOOD ROBERT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | SHETRON WILLIAM MACKS: +0:The Wall | SHETTERS JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | SHEVLIN HUGH JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHEW DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SHEWMAKE JOHN DANIEL SR: +0:The Wall | SHEWMAN RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SHIANNA LOUIE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHIBATA GLENN TEUGIO: +0:The Wall | SHIEFER JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS ALAN HARRY: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS DAVID: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS ELMER MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS GARY DON: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS MARTIN DEAN: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS MARVIN GLEN: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS MELVIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS ROBERT HAZEN II: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS RUSSELL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS STEPHEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHIELDS WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHIER RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SHIFFLETT ALVIN MARION JR: +0:The Wall | SHIFLETT DAVID HENRY: +0:The Wall | SHIKO RAYMOND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SHILLER ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SHILLING DEAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SHILT RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SHIMABUKURO KENYU: +0:The Wall | SHIMEK ALBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SHIMEK SAMUEL DALE: +0:The Wall | SHIMODA WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SHIMP ANDREW HARRY: +0:The Wall | SHINAULT JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SHINE ANTHONY CAMERON: +0:The Wall | SHINE DENNIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SHINE JONATHAN CAMERON: +0:The Wall | SHINELDECKER RAYMOND MACK: +0:The Wall | SHINER JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SHINGLEDECKER ARMON D: +0:The Wall | SHINGLER ROY DELL: +0:The Wall | SHINGLETON THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | SHINKAWA ROY YASUSHI: +0:The Wall | SHINN GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SHINN WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SHIPE THOMAS ALLEBACH: +0:The Wall | SHIPLEY DREW DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SHIPLEY ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHIPLEY RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SHIPLEY THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SHIPLEY WALTER W JR: +0:The Wall | SHIPMAN JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SHIPMAN MARVIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | SHIPMAN ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | SHIPMAN WILLIE FRAZER: +0:The Wall | SHIPP KEITH LEROY: +0:The Wall | SHIRAKA JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHIREMAN PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | SHIRK STEVEN GLEN: +0:The Wall | SHIRLEY CARL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SHIRLEY CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SHIRLEY DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHIRLEY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SHIRLEY HAROLD GENE: +0:The Wall | SHIRMANG RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SHIRODA ROBERT LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | SHIVELY DENNIS CARL: +0:The Wall | SHIVER CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | SHIVER HENRY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SHIVER RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SHOAPS KENNETH DUANE: +0:The Wall | SHOBER TIMOTHY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SHOCK JACK DEAN: +0:The Wall | SHOCKLEY BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | SHOCKLEY DON LEE: +0:The Wall | SHOCKLEY RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | SHOCKLEY THURMAN B JR: +0:The Wall | SHOEMAKER DAVID HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SHOEMAKER DONALD ELTON: +0:The Wall | SHOEMAKER JOHN STOUDT: +0:The Wall | SHOEMAKER KENNETH R JR: +0:The Wall | SHOEMAKER RAYMOND A II: +0:The Wall | SHOEMAKER ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | SHOEMAKER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SHOGAN PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SHOLAR EDWIN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SHOLL ROBERT LEE: 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WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SHORTALL STEPHEN ADAMS: +0:The Wall | SHORTEN TIMOTHY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHORTER JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SHORTER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SHORTLEY DOUGLAS LYLE: +0:The Wall | SHORTS WILLIAM VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SHORTSLEEVES WILLIAM JOSE: +0:The Wall | SHORTT WALTER RUBEN: +0:The Wall | SHORTT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHOTWELL JAMES HUNTER: +0:The Wall | SHOUFF JOHNNY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHOULDERS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | SHOUP ROY NEAL: +0:The Wall | SHOUP WILLIAM K: +0:The Wall | SHOVER BRUCE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SHOVER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHOVLIN FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SHOWALTER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHOWALTER WALDEMAR D: +0:The Wall | SHOWERS DENNIS KARL: +0:The Wall | SHOWERS JOHN ELLSWORTH JR: +0:The Wall | SHOWMAKER RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SHOWS JAMES JERRY: +0:The Wall | SHRACK ROBERT VENARD JR: +0:The Wall | SHRADER HAROLD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHRADER JAMES GAYLORD: +0:The Wall | SHRAMKO MICHAEL ANGELO: +0:The Wall | SHREVE JOSEPH LYNWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | SHREWSBERRY ROGER LYNN: +0:The Wall | SHREWSBURY PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SHRINER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SHRINER THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHRIVER JERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SHRIVER ROBERT S JR: +0:The Wall | SHROBA THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SHROPSHIRE GLEN EMERY: +0:The Wall | SHROPSHIRE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SHROUT SANFORD JR: +0:The Wall | SHROYER ALAN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SHROYER PERRY VERNANDO: +0:The Wall | SHRUM KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHRUM LEON JERRY: +0:The Wall | SHRUM WILLIAM LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SHUBBUCK ROLLAND BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SHUBERT DARNAY: +0:The Wall | SHUBERT EDWIN LENARD JR: +0:The Wall | SHUBERT JACKIE ECHOLS: +0:The Wall | SHUBIAK JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHUCK RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SHUCK ROBERT LE ROY: +0:The Wall | SHUE DONALD MONROE: +0:The Wall | SHUE RUSSELL DALE: +0:The Wall | SHUEMAKER MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SHUEY GLENN COLIN: +0:The Wall | SHUFELT GEORGE JERRY: +0:The Wall | SHUFFITT KENNETH LEN: +0:The Wall | SHUGART LYNN DOYLE: +0:The Wall | SHUH FREDERICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHUKAS JAMES CHRIS: +0:The Wall | SHULER HAROLD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHULER ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | SHULL SANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | SHULTS ROY EARL JR: +0:The Wall | SHULTS WALTER GLENN: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ CHARLES EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | SHUMAN ERNEST MAXWELL JR: +0:The Wall | SHUMAN MICHAEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SHUMAN WILLIAM CONRAD: +0:The Wall | SHUMATE BERLIN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SHUMATE NILE DEAN: +0:The Wall | SHUMATE WILLIAM CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SHUMBARGER DALE EARL: +0:The Wall | SHUMBRIS EUGENE PAUL: +0:The Wall | SHUMINSKI STANLEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHUMPERT CHARLES McCLAME: +0:The Wall | SHUMPERT JOE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SHUMWAY GEOFFREY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SHUPE HERBERT CARSON: +0:The Wall | SHUPTRINE ROBERT M: +0:The Wall | SHURR ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SHURTLEFF BRUCE WARREN: +0:The Wall | SHUSTER DARRYL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SHUTT CARL ALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | SHUTTERS PATRICK ALAN: +0:The Wall | SHUYLER JAMES EARNEST: +0:The Wall | SHY GARY NOLAN: +0:The Wall | SIAMBONES GUS: +0:The Wall | SIBAYAN FRANKLIN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SIBERT DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIBILLY JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIBLEY RALPH: +0:The Wall | SIBSON SCOTT MEYER: +0:The Wall | SICILIA BRIGGS KINNEY: +0:The Wall | SICILIANO JOSEPH A JR: +0:The Wall | SICKEL JOHN AULDE III: +0:The Wall | SICKELS ROBERT T: +0:The Wall | SICKLER CHARLES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SICKLER HARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SICKLES JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SICKLES JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SICKLES RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SICKLES ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | SIDDALL JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | SIDDONS JAMES GARLAND: +0:The Wall | SIDELKO GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SIDENER WESLEY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SIDERS MARVIN ISAAC: +0:The Wall | SIDES CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SIDES HAROLD ERWIN: +0:The Wall | SIDOR MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIEBE GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIEBEN EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIEBEN THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIEBENALLER ROBERT CHARLE: +0:The Wall | SIEBERT FREDERICK W JR: +0:The Wall | SIEDENTOPF MARK: +0:The Wall | SIEGEL DAVID DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SIEGEL DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | SIEGEL THEODORE FRANK: +0:The Wall | SIEGER RAYMOND MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SIEGERT WILLIAM FRY: +0:The Wall | SIEGLER BOBBY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | SIEGLER WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIEGRIST WILBUR JERRY: +0:The Wall | SIEGRIST WILLIAM LEROY: +0:The Wall | SIEGWALT MARLIN LYNN: +0:The Wall | SIEGWARTH DONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SIEKIERKA DONALD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SIEMANOWSKI DAVID ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SIEMON DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | SIENGO RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIERCHIO ALFONSO DONATO: +0:The Wall | SIETING STANLEY LAWTON: +0:The Wall | SIETSEMA DENNIS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SIETZ RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SIEVERS DALE GLENN JR: 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SIKORSKI SIGMOND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SILAS THEODORE BUCHANAN: +0:The Wall | SILBA ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SILBAS ROSENDO FLORES: +0:The Wall | SILBERBERGER PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SILBERSACK RONALD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SILBERT LEO VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SILER GARY HUBERT: +0:The Wall | SILER JIMMY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SILER MANLEY EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | SILFEE JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SILLAWAY CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SILLER PETER LENHART: +0:The Wall | SILLIMAN JACK LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SILLS DAREL LEE: +0:The Wall | SILLS FRANK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SILLS KENNETH HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SILLS TOMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SILMAN GARY WILLIS: +0:The Wall | SILON JOSEPH ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | SILOS FRANKLIN ROSADO: +0:The Wall | SILVA ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | SILVA CLAUDE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SILVA FEDERICO: +0:The Wall | SILVA GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | SILVA JOE REYES: +0:The Wall | SILVA JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SILVA MANUEL: +0:The Wall | SILVA RITO: +0:The Wall | SILVA ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SILVA THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SILVA WILLIAM GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SILVAS JORGE ALVARADO: +0:The Wall | SILVEE HERMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SILVEIRA JOSE A C: +0:The Wall | SILVEIRA LEONEL MENDONCA: +0:The Wall | SILVER EDWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SILVER GARETH MacKENZIE: +0:The Wall | SILVER JOHN CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SILVER LAWRENCE JAY: +0:The Wall | SILVER LEE VERN: +0:The Wall | SILVER LONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SILVER WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | SILVER WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SILVERBERG ARVID OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | SILVERI DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SILVERII LOUIS ZANE: +0:The Wall | SILVERMAN SHELDON: +0:The Wall | SILVERNAIL DOUGLAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SILVERS MITCHELL FRANK: +0:The Wall | SILVERSTEIN GERALD LEON: +0:The Wall | SILVESAN DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | SILVEY HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | SILVIA CLIFFORD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIMANCAS LUIS JOSE: +0:The Wall | SIMBOLA JOSE SCOTTY: +0:The Wall | SIMCHOCK THOMAS PETER: +0:The Wall | SIME ROBERT JOY: +0:The Wall | SIMEONE CRAIG MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIMEONOFF FREDERICK M: +0:The Wall | SIMES ROBERT GARLAND JR: +0:The Wall | SIMETH THOMAS JAMES SR: +0:The Wall | SIMIELE DONATO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMISON TERRY CLEO: +0:The Wall | SIMKAITIS ERICH: +0:The Wall | SIMKINS GARY B: +0:The Wall | SIMKO ANDREW MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIMMERMON ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMMERS GAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | SIMMERS GEORGE WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMETH MAXIMILIAN HEINRI: +0:The Wall | SIMMONDS JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ARTHUR D: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BENNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BRADLEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BURNELL: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS CHARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS CHESTER JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS CLARENCE JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS EDGAR LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS EDWARD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ELLIOTT JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ELROY: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS FAY CLYDE III: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS FRANK RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS GLENN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS HARRY JENNINGS JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS HEROLIN THADUS: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ISIAH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAKE A: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAMES BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAMES CHARLES DAN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS KENNETH JEROME: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS MACK DANIEL III: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NATHAN BEDFORD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NOLAN LESTER: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NORBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS OBIE CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RANDALL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RICHARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROSEVELT JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS SERGE BENSON: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS TOM WILLIS JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS TRAVIS A JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WAYNE CARL: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIAM PRESTWOOD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIAM S JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMMS JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIMMS LEON: +0:The Wall | SIMOES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SIMON CURLEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMON DAVID LOWELL: +0:The Wall | SIMON DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMON JAMES MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SIMON JOSEPH LOUIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMON MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMON PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMON PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMON RALPH: +0:The Wall | SIMON RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SIMON ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SIMON TERENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIMON THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMON VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SIMONDS HAROLD RILEY: +0:The Wall | SIMONE DENIS LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SIMONE JOSEPH RALPH: +0:The Wall | SIMONS AINSLEY CUDIE: +0:The Wall | SIMONS DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMONS EDWARD JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | SIMONS ERNEST EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMONS GARVIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | SIMONS GERALD SHIELDS: +0:The Wall | SIMONS LEROY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMONS RAY OTIS JR: +0:The Wall | SIMONS ROBERT VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SIMONSEN RICHARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SIMONSON DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMONSON LARRY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SIMPKIN WALLACE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SIMPKINS ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SIMPKINS TIMOTHY HAYES: +0:The Wall | SIMPKINS WILMER FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ADAM ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ALFRED FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON BLAIR H: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON BRUCE LAMAR: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON CHESTER PAUL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON DANNY ROY: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON DOUGLAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON EDWARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ELMORE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON GERRY GLEN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JAMES R: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOEL B: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOHN HARRISON: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOHNNY CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOSEPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON LOYDE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MAX COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MELVIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MORRIS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON OTIS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON WALTER STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMRAU ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SIMS CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMS CLIFFORD CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SIMS CLINT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMS EDWARD CLEO: +0:The Wall | SIMS ERWIN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SIMS FREDERICK AUGUSTAS: +0:The Wall | SIMS HARRY: +0:The Wall | SIMS HENRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMS JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | SIMS JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SIMS JEROME: +0:The Wall | SIMS JERRY G: +0:The Wall | SIMS JOHN CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | SIMS KIRK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMS LARRY ROY: +0:The Wall | SIMS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMS PONDER RAY: +0:The Wall | SIMS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMS WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | SIMS WILLIAM JESS: +0:The Wall | SINCAVAGE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SINCAVAGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SINCERE JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SINCHAK ANDREW RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SINCHAK WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR GARY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR LEE ELDEN: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR PATRICK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR ROBERT HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | SINE HARRY RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SINEGAL HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SINEGAL LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINER WALLACE KINGSLEY: +0:The Wall | SINES TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SINGER ALAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SINGER DONALD MAURICE: +0:The Wall | SINGER KENNETH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SINGER MICHAEL ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SINGER MORTON HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SINGER NORMAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SINGER SAMUEL ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SINGERHOUSE ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SINGLER DELBERT LEO JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY ALTON LAMER: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY HILBERT M JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY JAMES SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY NEELY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON ARTHUR DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON CHARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON CLIFFORD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON DANIEL EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON ELWIN EARL: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON GEORGE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON GERALD BLAINE: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON J D: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON JAMES ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON JAMES PERRY: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON JESSE W JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON THOMAS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON WALTER KEITH: +0:The Wall | SINIBALDI MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SININGER TEDDY RAY: +0:The Wall | SINK CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SINK MELVIN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SINK OTIS BEVERLEY: +0:The Wall | SINKEWICZ JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SINKLER MARVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | SINKS LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SINKSEN ARTHUR DALE: +0:The Wall | SINN BRADLEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SINNETT ALBERT MERREL: +0:The Wall | SINNOCK JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SINNOTT DANIEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SINTIC GREGORY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SINTONI JOSEPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIOW GALE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIP RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | SIPE ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SIPE ROBERT VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SIPES JAMES L: +0:The Wall | SIPES RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | SIPKA RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIPOS WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SIPP PETER ELMER: +0:The Wall | SIPP RODGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIPPEL WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIPPERLEY LORNE JAY: +0:The Wall | SIPPEY WAYNE KEITH: +0:The Wall | SIPPLE CONRAD ALAN: +0:The Wall | SIQUEIROS MANUEL MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | SIRATT JACOB F III: +0:The Wall | SIRBAUGH THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIRCHER PAUL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SIRES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIRIANNI DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIRIANNI PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | SIRMANS ALBERT WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | SIRMANS RUFUS: +0:The Wall | SIROCCO WILLIAM DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | SIROIS LAWRENCE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SIROIS MAURICE LEO: +0:The Wall | SIRON JAMES LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SIROUSA MICHAEL ANGELO: +0:The Wall | SISARIO FELIX ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SISCO ARTHUR CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | SISCO BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | SISCO JERRY DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | SISK HARRY DUNCAN: +0:The Wall | SISK ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | SISK ROBERT DONALD: +0:The Wall | SISLER GEORGE KENTON: +0:The Wall | SISLER WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SISLEY RUSSELL JAY: +0:The Wall | SISLEY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SISNEROS ARTURO SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | SISNEROS ROMAN: +0:The Wall | SISSEL CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SISSON BENNIE JOE: +0:The Wall | SISSON DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SISSON RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | SISSON WINFIELD WADE: +0:The Wall | SISTRUNK CANOY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SISTRUNK CREIGHTON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SISTRUNK DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SITEK THOMAS WALTER: +0:The Wall | SITLER BARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SITO RICHARD ANTHONY SR: +0:The Wall | SITTEN JOHNNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SITTNER RONALD NICHOLIS: +0:The Wall | SITTON DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SITTON TROY NELSON: +0:The Wall | SITZ EDWARD R: +0:The Wall | SIVATTA MARC ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SIVERLY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SIVITS CHARLES E: +0:The Wall | SIVO ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIX CHRISTOPHER JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | SIZELOVE EDWARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE DONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE JACK SR: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE JAMES ELMO: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE ROBERT RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE THOMAS JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | SKAAR WILBUR ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS FLOYD PETER: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS FREDERICK BRIAN: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS HAROLD ALONZO: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS LONNIE G: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS RAYMOND GENE: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS WILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | SKAKEL GEORGE WALTER: +0:The Wall | SKALA DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SKALBA JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKALLY THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SKANSON LOUIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SKAPINSKY GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKARMAN ORVAL HARRY: +0:The Wall | SKARPHOL ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SKAVARIL THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKEBECK EDWARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SKEEN RICHARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SKEEN STEVEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | SKEET PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SKEINS RODRICK ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SKELLY STEVEN G: +0:The Wall | SKELTON PAUL DARRELL II: +0:The Wall | SKELTON RONALD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SKEWES ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKIBBE DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SKIDGEL DONALD SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | SKIDMORE VERLE JENNINGS: +0:The Wall | SKILES JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SKILES THEODORE VAN: +0:The Wall | SKILES THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SKINNER BRIAN KAY: +0:The Wall | SKINNER CLAIBORNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SKINNER COURTNEY A: +0:The Wall | SKINNER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SKINNER DONALD ALVAH: +0:The Wall | SKINNER ERNEST MACK: +0:The Wall | SKINNER GORDON A II: +0:The Wall | SKINNER HERBERT KIRK: +0:The Wall | SKINNER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SKINNER JAMES CRAWFORD: +0:The Wall | SKINNER KENNETH W III: +0:The Wall | SKINNER LARRY RICKFORD: +0:The Wall | SKINNER OWEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SKINNER PHILLIP CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SKINNER RICHARD AARON: +0:The Wall | SKINNER ROBERT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SKINNER WALTER FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SKIPPER HUGH G: +0:The Wall | SKIPPER JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | SKIPPER MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | SKIRVIN JOHN DARREL: +0:The Wall | SKIRVIN ORVAL L: +0:The Wall | SKIVINGTON WILLIAM E JR: +0:The Wall | SKLODOSKI LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SKOCH EUGENE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SKOCICH FRANK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SKODMIN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SKOGERBOE DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SKOLITS WAYNE E: +0:The Wall | SKOMSKI JAMES MARK: +0:The Wall | SKONIECKI LEONARD F JR: +0:The Wall | SKORO JOHN PETER JR: +0:The Wall | SKOUBY RICHARD LOWELL: +0:The Wall | SKOVIAK RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | SKOVRAN WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SKRINE WILLIE B JR: +0:The Wall | SKUMURSKI DAVID LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SKUNDA EDMUND: +0:The Wall | SKUTT DENNIS DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SKUZA ARVID BURDEEN: +0:The Wall | SKYLES GORDON RAY: +0:The Wall | SKYLES NYLES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SLABINGER PETER WALTER: +0:The Wall | SLACK CHARLES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | SLACK DENTON RAY: +0:The Wall | SLACK DONALD FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | SLACK LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SLACK RICHARD DON JR: +0:The Wall | SLACK STEVEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SLADE BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | SLADE JAMES L JR: +0:The Wall | SLADE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SLAGEL JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SLAGER CHARLES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLAGLE DAVID RODDY: +0:The Wall | SLAGLE LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | SLAGOWSKI BENJAMIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLANAKER ROBERT JAY: +0:The Wall | SLANDER RICKEY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SLANE LYLE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SLANE RONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SLANE WILLIAM LLEWELLYN: +0:The Wall | SLANKARD WAYNE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLATE DONALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SLATER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLATER FREDDIE LEON: +0:The Wall | SLATER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SLATER JERALD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLATER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SLATER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLATON ALVIN MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | SLATTERY JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SLATTERY ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER FREDDIE L JR: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER HARVEY NEWTON: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER KENNETH WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER PHILLIP EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER WILLIAM SHELLEY: +0:The Wall | SLAVEN RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | SLAVENS WENDELL LEE: +0:The Wall | SLAVENSKY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SLAVIN RICHARD NEAL: +0:The Wall | SLAWEK JOSEPH DENNIS JR: +0:The Wall | SLAY RONNIE GLYNN: +0:The Wall | SLAYMAKER LARRY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SLAYTON CHARLES DEWANN: +0:The Wall | SLAYTON RONALD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SLEDGE DOUGLAS ROY: +0:The Wall | SLEEPER DAVID FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SLEIGH DUNCAN BALFOUR: +0:The Wall | SLEMP FREDERICK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLEMSEK FRED ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLESH JOHN DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | SLICHTER DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SLIFKA JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SLIFKA JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SLIGH ALVIN C: +0:The Wall | SLIM JIMMIE FARRELL: +0:The Wall | SLINGERLAND GERALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SLINGERLAND HAROLD J JR: +0:The Wall | SLOAN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | SLOAN BOBBY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SLOAN DOUGLAS DEAN: +0:The Wall | SLOAN GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SLOAN HAROLD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SLOAN JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN LESLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | SLOAN LEWIS LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SLOAN MAX EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN MONTE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SLOAN ROBERT LELAND: +0:The Wall | SLOAN TERRY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SLOAN THOMAS NEWTON: +0:The Wall | SLOAN VERNAR: +0:The Wall | SLOAT BENNY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SLOAT DONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | SLOAT GREGORY ALEC: +0:The Wall | SLOCUM QUENTON EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SLOCUM STEPHEN ELLIS: +0:The Wall | SLOCUM WILLIAM SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SLOMIANY KAZIMIERZ HENRYK: +0:The Wall | SLOPPYE ROBERT ROYCE: +0:The Wall | SLOUGH RUSSELL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLUDER DONALD TED: +0:The Wall | SLUSHER STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SLUSSEAR ALEXANDER MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SLUSSER CHARLES RODNEY: +0:The Wall | SLUSSER HARLAN RAY: +0:The Wall | SLY JOHNNIE RAE: +0:The Wall | SLY RICHARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SLYE GEORGE DALE: +0:The Wall | SMALL ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMALL BURT CHAUNCY JR: +0:The Wall | SMALL BURTON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMALL CLAUDIUS AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SMALL DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMALL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMALL KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMALL NORMAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMALL ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMALL SAM JARRELL JR: +0:The Wall | SMALL SAMUEL OLIVER: +0:The Wall | SMALL TERRY SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | SMALL VERNARD JAY: +0:The Wall | SMALL WILLIAM DALE: +0:The Wall | SMALLIDGE JEFFREY RONALD: +0:The Wall | SMALLING CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | SMALLS BENJAMIN ALONZA: +0:The Wall | SMALLS BERNARD AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SMALLS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD ERRAL DALE: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD EUGENE FENTON: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD JIMMY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD JOHN JACKIE: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | SMARR ALBERT WARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMARR KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMARSH JOSEPH II: +0:The Wall | SMART ARVEL RAY: +0:The Wall | SMART CEDRICK LOUVANE: +0:The Wall | SMART FRED STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SMART LESTER EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMART ROBERT HALL: +0:The Wall | SMARTT MICHAEL CHRISTOPHE: +0:The Wall | SMASO JACK: +0:The Wall | SMAY ATLAS JASPER MORENE: +0:The Wall | SMEAD CARL ROY: +0:The Wall | SMEAL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMEDLEY LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMEESTER DANIEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMELSER ROGER MYERS: +0:The Wall | SMELSER ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMELTZER CHARLES E III: +0:The Wall | SMENYAK MARK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SMERIGLIO ALBERT PETER: +0:The Wall | SMEVOLD EMIL HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SMIDDY KYLE: +0:The Wall | SMIDSTRA CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMIGLIANI DOMENIC: +0:The Wall | SMILES WALTER LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMILEY EDWARD ROWE JR: +0:The Wall | SMILEY FRANCIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMILEY FRANKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMILEY GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMILEY JIMMIE TAVY: +0:The Wall | SMILEY RONALD OWEN: +0:The Wall | SMILEY STANLEY KUTZ: +0:The Wall | SMILEY WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMILIE BLAINE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH AARON BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH AARON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH AARON LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ADRIAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALAN IVAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALAN RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT HEUGH: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT MERRIMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT PRESLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALFRED DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALFRED JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLAN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN JAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH AMMONS EWING JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANDREW DAVID III: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANDREW RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANDREW WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANTHONY ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARCHIE D: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR BURMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR WHORLOW: +0:The Wall | SMITH AUDRON L: +0:The Wall | SMITH AUTHOR C: +0:The Wall | SMITH AVERY GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARNEY McCOY: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BENNIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH BENNY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH BENNY LEON: +0:The Wall | SMITH BERNARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLIE HAYWOOD: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY JAKE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOBBY DALE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOOKER JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOYD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BRIAN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH BRUCE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CAREY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARL GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARY CARSON: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH CECIL RAY JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES LENET: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES MARCELLEUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES PORTER JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES WALLACE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES WARREN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES WENDLE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHRISTOPHER SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLARENCE ELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLAUDE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLEO: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLIFTON BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLIFTON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLINTON ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLINTON DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH CRAIG LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH CURTIS DWAINE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CURTIS ORAN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CURTIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH DALE GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DANIEL J: +0:The Wall | SMITH DANIEL JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | SMITH DANNY LE MOYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DARRELL JACK: +0:The Wall | SMITH DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID ARLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID GERALD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID HUGH: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID II: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | SMITH DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD P: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD WOODROW: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONNIE PAUL: +0:The Wall | SMITH DOUGLAS BANE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DOUGLAS MARK: +0:The Wall | SMITH DOUGLAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DUANE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDDIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDGAR ARMSTRONG: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDGAR LARUE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDMOND EUGENE III: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD DEWILTON JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD SPENCER: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELDON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELIJAH HENRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELLIOTT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELMELINDO RODRIGUES: +0:The Wall | SMITH EMORY MOREL: +0:The Wall | SMITH ERNEST WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH ERVIN DALE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EUGENE IVAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH EUGENE WILLARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EVERETT HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH FERROL SHANE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FORREST LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMITH FORTUNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANKLIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRED D: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRED DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRED WINSTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDERICK E: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDERICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDERICK PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDRICK JOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GALEN MINOR: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARRY GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY D: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY EDWARD: 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ALLISON: +0:The Wall | SMITH GREGORY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH GUS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HALLIE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARDING EUGENE SR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARLEY ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD MCRAE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD ROGER: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARRY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARRY WINFIELD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARVIE G: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY BEALL JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY FONZO: +0:The Wall | SMITH HERBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HERSHEL CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HOMER LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH HOWARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HOWARD HORTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH HUBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH HUGH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH HURLEY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH IVAN RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH J T: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK A: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK MILTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK RAE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACKIE GLENN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ANDERSEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES BRYAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES BUFORD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES DELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES GORDON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HOWELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES PRATT: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEFFERY NOLAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEFFERY W: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEFFREY EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEROME JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERROLD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY WALTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JESSE E: +0:The Wall | SMITH JESSE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIM L: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY DON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY HERMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY V: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOE WILKINS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN ARCHER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN BYRON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CLIFFORD III: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN GERDES: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNIE CECIL JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNIE EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNIE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNY JEROME: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOL NEBANE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH EARNEST: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH EWING: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH PRESTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH STANLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSIAH JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENNETH DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENNETH LAVELLE: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENNETH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENNETH SHELDON JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH KENT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SMITH L C JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY CURTIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY ELDON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY F: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY HAYS: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY MAX: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH LAWRENCE CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | SMITH LAWRENCE LEON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEO BRIAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEON BOYD II: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEONARD DALE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEONARD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH LESLIE R: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEWIS BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEWIS PHILIP II: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLEWELLYN ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLOYD EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLOYD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLOYD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH LONNIE LEO: +0:The Wall | SMITH LOUGHTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LOWELL VETTER: +0:The Wall | SMITH LUKE ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH LUTHER AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH LYLE ELTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LYNN HUDSON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LYNN LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MALCOLM CARLIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARCUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARK JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARLIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARSHALL R: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARSHALL ROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN BONNEY JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN R: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MATTHEW EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MAYNARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MELTON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL LA VERN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL REX: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICKEL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MILTON FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MILTON WARREN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MITCHELL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MOSE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH MURRAY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MYRON FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH NEAL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH NELSON LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH NOAH LELAND: +0:The Wall | SMITH NORRIS RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH OLEN WAINWRIGHT: +0:The Wall | SMITH OTIS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH PATRICK EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PATRICK JACKSON: +0:The Wall | SMITH PATRICK LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH PEDRO ANDRE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PERRY MONROE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP CORY: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILLIP CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILLIP JOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILLIP ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH PRESTON LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH R J: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH MACK: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH R: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH WENTZ: +0:The Wall | SMITH RAYBURN LESTER III: +0:The Wall | SMITH RAYMOND JULIUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH REGINALD 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SMITH ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT JOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT LINDO: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT SR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT T: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT WILBUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH RODNEY HOWE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONALD C: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONALD CARLTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONALD GORDON: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONALD LARRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONNIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH RONNY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROY MILTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH ROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH RUSSELL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH RUSSELL LAMAR: +0:The Wall | SMITH SAMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH SAMUEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH SAMUEL JEROME: +0:The Wall | SMITH SAMUEL THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH SAMUEL WALLACE: +0:The Wall | SMITH SCOTT GARY: +0:The Wall | SMITH SCOTT PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SMITH SIDNEY COURTNEY MIC: +0:The Wall | SMITH SPENCER: +0:The Wall | SMITH STANLEY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH STANLEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEPHEN JAY W: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEPHEN JAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEPHEN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEPHEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEVEN ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEVEN DEAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEVEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEVEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEVEN MARTY: +0:The Wall | SMITH STEVEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH TERRANCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH TERRENCE GLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH TERRY 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WALKER JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WALTER DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH WALTER LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH WALTER THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH WARDELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH WARREN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH WARREN PARKER JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WAYNE KEITH: +0:The Wall | SMITH WAYNE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILBUR ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILBUR EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM CARY: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM GARY: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM HOYT: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM MARK: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM PROSPER JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM TAFT: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM WARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH WILLIS WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH WINFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH WINSTON JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH WINSTON OSBORNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH WISELEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH YANCEY JR: +0:The Wall | SMITHEE RONALD GAIL: +0:The Wall | SMITHERMAN FRANK DONALD: +0:The Wall | SMITHSON CRAIG DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SMITHSON PAUL WINTHROP: +0:The Wall | SMITHWICK DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SMITS HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | SMOAK JAMES THURSTON JR: +0:The Wall | SMOCK DARYL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMOCK TERRY DANE: +0:The Wall | SMOCK WILLIAM HASKELL: +0:The Wall | SMOCZYNSKI THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMOGER MICHAEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMOKE BRUCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMOLAREK EDWIN JOSEPH JR: 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HERBERT DONALD: +0:The Wall | SNELL MARC EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SNELL RALEIGH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SNELL ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SNELSON JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SNELSON TERRIL WAYDE: +0:The Wall | SNETHEN ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | SNIDER CHARLES CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | SNIDER HUGHIE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SNIDER MARVIN DALE: +0:The Wall | SNIDER RONNIE M: +0:The Wall | SNIDOW STEPHEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SNIPES BILLY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SNIPES BILLY LEE: +0:The Wall | SNIPES EDDIE WENDELL: +0:The Wall | SNIPES JERRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SNITCH JOHN HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SNITCHLER HOWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SNITKER CURTIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | SNITKO JOE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SNOCK JAMES E: +0:The Wall | SNODGRASS DALLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | SNODGRASS GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SNODGRASS JACK LEE: +0:The Wall | SNODGRASS NORMAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SNODGRASS WILLIAM LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SNOOK JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SNOVER DAVID DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SNOW CHARLES HARRY: +0:The Wall | SNOW CRAWFORD: +0:The Wall | SNOW EARL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SNOW JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SNOW KELLYNN VAL: +0:The Wall | SNOW LONNIE DALE: +0:The Wall | SNOW MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | SNOW RONALD M: +0:The Wall | SNOWDEN BEN DAVID: +0:The Wall | SNOWDEN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SNOWDON RICHARD ATWOOD: +0:The Wall | SNYDER BOBBY CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | SNYDER CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER CHARLES OWEN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER DALE MARVIN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER DUANE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SNYDER EARL SPENCER: +0:The Wall | SNYDER FREDERICK DON: +0:The Wall | SNYDER GARY FOSTER: +0:The Wall | SNYDER GEORGE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER GERALD ALLISON: +0:The Wall | SNYDER GUY FORD: +0:The Wall | SNYDER HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | SNYDER JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER JAMES RALPH: +0:The Wall | SNYDER JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER JOHN HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SNYDER JOHN MARSHALL JR: +0:The Wall | SNYDER LAWRENCE DAVID: +0:The Wall | SNYDER LAWRENCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SNYDER LORA WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SNYDER MICHAEL ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER MICHAEL BRYANT: +0:The Wall | SNYDER PRESTON JOHN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER RICHARD ANDREWS: +0:The Wall | SNYDER ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SNYDER ROCKY RAND: +0:The Wall | SNYDER RODGER CLAYBORN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER ROY HARRISON: +0:The Wall | SNYDER ROY JASPER: +0:The Wall | SNYDER STEPHEN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SNYDER TERRANCE LEE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER THOMAS DEAN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER THOMAS LYNN: +0:The Wall | SNYDER THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SNYDER WOODROW WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | SOARES MANUEL AGUIAR: +0:The Wall | SOBACKI PETE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SOBCZAK JOSEPH S II: +0:The Wall | SOBEL IRWIN ROSS: +0:The Wall | SOBOLIK KARL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SOBOTA DANIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | SOBY DONALD JEAN: +0:The Wall | SOCHACKI NICHOLES: +0:The 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PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | SONSTENG DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SONY THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SOOTER GARY ERCIL: +0:The Wall | SOPER JOHN CAMDEN: +0:The Wall | SOPER RICHARD ORRIN: +0:The Wall | SOPKO ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SORANNO VINCENT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SORCHINI ANDRES: +0:The Wall | SORCI MARK TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN KENNETH JAY: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN ODIN EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SORENSON EUGENE A: +0:The Wall | SORIANO JAMES GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | SORICK STEVEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SORIM ROLLEEN C: +0:The Wall | SORNSON EDWIN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SOROKA DOUGLAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SOROVETZ MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SORRELL SHERMAN AMOS: +0:The Wall | SORRELLS BOBBY HORACE: +0:The Wall | SORRENTI JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SORRENTINO GERALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | SORROW CHARLES FINNEY JR: +0:The Wall | SORTER MICHAEL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SOSA ARISTIDES: +0:The Wall | SOSA GEORGE RAMIRO: +0:The Wall | SOSA JORGE: +0:The Wall | SOSA MARCOS JR: +0:The Wall | SOSA SECUNDINO GARCIA JR: +0:The Wall | SOSA VICTORIANO PEREZ JR: +0:The Wall | SOSA-CAMEJO FELIX: +0:The Wall | SOSA-HIRALDO CARMELO: +0:The Wall | SOSINSKI JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOSNIAK TADEUSZ: +0:The Wall | SOSNOSKI RONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SOSNOWSKI JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SOSSAMON EDWARD DE CAMP: +0:The Wall | SOTAK TIBOR: +0:The Wall | SOTELO LUIS ALONZO: +0:The Wall | SOTH MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOTO ARTHUR OLOGUE: +0:The Wall | SOTO BRAVIE: +0:The Wall | SOTO CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SOTO EFRAIN SR: +0:The Wall | SOTO FELIX F: +0:The Wall | SOTO ISMAEL: +0:The Wall | SOTO JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | SOTO JOSEPH MARTINEZ: +0:The Wall | SOTO MARTIN JESUS: +0:The Wall | SOTO RICARDO HINOJOSA: +0:The Wall | SOTO THOMAS GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | SOTO-CONCEPCION JOSE: +0:The Wall | SOTO-FIGUEROA JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | SOTO-GARCIA GILBERTO: +0:The Wall | SOTO-RODRIGUEZ ANGEL MIGU: +0:The Wall | SOTZEN HAROLD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SOUCY RONALD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SOUHRADA TERRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | SOULE CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SOULE JOSEPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | SOULE RONALD GLEN: +0:The Wall | SOULE WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | SOULE WILLIAM FRED: +0:The Wall | SOULIER DUWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SOURS BRUCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SOUSA LAURENCE NELSON: +0:The Wall | SOUSA ROBERT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SOUTAR WALTER JACK: +0:The Wall | SOUTH JOHN HERSHEL: +0:The Wall | SOUTH OSWALD CLAYTON JR: +0:The Wall | SOUTHALL JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHARD CHARLES A III: +0:The Wall | SOUTHARD HAROLD ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | SOUTHARD JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER DOUGLAS S JR: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER WALTER ALVIN III: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERLAND CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERLAND ROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERLAND VERNON DAVEY: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERN EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERN RICKEY DALE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHEY JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SOUTHWICK HAROLD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SOUTHWICK JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SOUTHWORTH RONALD HUBERT: +0:The Wall | SOUZA CHRIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SOUZA FRANCIS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SOUZA RAYMOND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOUZON JEAN PIERRE: +0:The Wall | SOVA CONRAD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SOVEY ELWOOD CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | SOVIZAL ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SOWA JAMES ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SOWARD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SOWARD LOUIS RAY: +0:The Wall | SOWARDS DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SOWDER BERNARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SOWDERS BARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | SOWELL COTIES R: +0:The Wall | SOWELL DONALD BRITTON: +0:The Wall | SOWELL HARRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SOWELL RONALD: +0:The Wall | SOWER DONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SOWERS CHARLES HENRY II: +0:The Wall | SOWERS JAMES RODNEY: +0:The Wall | SOWERS RANDAL GENE: +0:The Wall | SOWERS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SOWINSKI ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOWLE NED ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | SOYLAND DAVID PECOR: +0:The Wall | SOZA REYNALDO: +0:The Wall | SPACH JIMMY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SPADARO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SPADARO VICTOR ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPAFFORD GALON GENE: +0:The Wall | SPAFFORD JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPAHN DENNIS M: +0:The Wall | SPAIN ERVIN: +0:The Wall | SPAIN HUGH FRED: +0:The Wall | SPAINHOUR WALTER J JR: +0:The Wall | SPAINHOWER CLAYTON MARQUI: +0:The Wall | SPAK GEORGE STEPHEN JR: +0:The Wall | SPAKES ESTEL DENNY: +0:The Wall | SPALDING AARON BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER CARL C: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER GEORGE OWEN: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER JAMES N: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER JOHN FLANAGAN: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER LARRY KIETH: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER MAX RAY: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER STANLEY E JR: +0:The Wall | SPANN JAMES HALL: +0:The Wall | SPANN LYNN: +0:The Wall | SPARE WAYNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPARENBERG BENARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPARK MICHAEL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SPARKMAN ISAAC: +0:The Wall | SPARKMAN LEONARD PETER: +0:The Wall | SPARKS CHARLES PIERCE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS CLIFFORD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPARKS DAVID LEO: +0:The Wall | SPARKS DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS GLENN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SPARKS HENRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JOHN W: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPARKS PAUL ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SPARKS PETER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SPARKS RICHARD L: +0:The Wall | SPARKS RICKIE D: +0:The Wall | SPARKS ROGER HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SPARKS RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | SPARKS STEPHEN DUANE SR: +0:The Wall | SPARKS STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPARKS WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPARRE LYN DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | SPARROW CARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPATAFORE DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPATES WILLIAM RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING DEAN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING JACK DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SPAW JAMES ODIS: +0:The Wall | SPEAK ERIC B: +0:The Wall | SPEAKMAN RICHARD PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | SPEAKS MAC WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPEAKS PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPEAR EDWARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SPEAR FRED HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SPEAR HOWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SPEAR JOHN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | SPEAR MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPEAR MICHAEL SHELDON: +0:The Wall | SPEARE WALTER RICHARD III: +0:The Wall | SPEARMAN DAVID GLENN: +0:The Wall | SPEARMAN GORDON KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | SPEARMAN WILLIAM T III: +0:The Wall | SPEARMON J B: +0:The Wall | SPEARS BENJAMIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SPEARS DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPEARS JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPEARS JOHNNY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SPEARS MILTON EARL: +0:The Wall | SPEARS RONDALL PRESTON: +0:The Wall | SPEATH DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPECK DENNIS JEROME: +0:The Wall | SPECK GEORGE EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SPEER BYRON MORROW: +0:The Wall | SPEER JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SPEER LOUIS LEON: +0:The Wall | SPEER RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPEER ROBERT FRITZ: +0:The Wall | SPEIDEL LOUIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT FRANKLIN ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT JOHNNIE MOSES JR: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT WILLIAM RUFUS: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHTS ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SPEIR DALE LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SPELLER JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | SPELLMAN JOSEPH VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SPELLMAN WAYNE JUDE: +0:The Wall | SPENARD NORMAN JOSEPH GEO: +0:The Wall | SPENCE ALEX C JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCE DONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SPENCE EDGAR CLAY: +0:The Wall | SPENCE GEORGE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPENCE JAMES MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | SPENCE JOHN ANDREW III: +0:The Wall | SPENCE JOSEPH C JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCE RICHARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SPENCE ROGER JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPENCE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER ARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER BUFORD RONALD: +0:The Wall | SPENCER CORDELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER DANIEL EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | SPENCER DEAN CALVIN III: +0:The Wall | SPENCER EDWARD ODELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER FLOYD BROWN JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER FLOYD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER FRANK III: +0:The Wall | SPENCER GENE B: +0:The Wall | SPENCER GLENN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER HARRY HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SPENCER HAYWARD CARL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER HERBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES PRICE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JOHNNIE JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH CLINTON: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH GLENN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPENCER LEANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER PAUL MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | SPENCER PHILIP GLENN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SPENCER ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER STEPHEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER WARREN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SPENCER WENDELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPENELLI DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SPENGLER HENRY MERSHO III: +0:The Wall | SPENS WILLIAM EDWARD III: +0:The Wall | SPENSKO LOUIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPERB WILLIAM LYLE: +0:The Wall | SPERL DONALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | SPERLING WESLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPERRY WILLIAM FORSYTH: +0:The Wall | SPEYER ALFRED WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPICER DONALD FAYE: +0:The Wall | SPICER EUGENE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPICER JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPICER JERRY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SPICER JONATHAN NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | SPICER MICHAEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SPICZKA ALOYSIUS F JR: +0:The Wall | SPIDER ALVIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SPIEGEL ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPIEKER GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | SPIELMAN JOHN MARK: +0:The Wall | SPIER HARRY DIWAIN: +0:The Wall | SPIEROWSKI RUSSELL DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPIERS FRANK: +0:The Wall | SPIERS RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SPIERS STEPHEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SPIESS JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SPIKER PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | SPIKES A V: +0:The Wall | SPIKES STANLEY: +0:The Wall | SPILKER JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SPILKER KENNETH ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SPILLANE PAUL DONALD: +0:The Wall | SPILLER CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | SPILLER LEROY III: +0:The Wall | SPILLERS GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SPILLERS WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPILLMAN CHARLES OTTO: +0:The Wall | SPILLMAN HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | SPILLNER ROBERT K: +0:The Wall | SPILMAN DYKE AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SPINA ELMER FRANK: +0:The Wall | SPINA FRED CONCETTO: +0:The Wall | SPINALI DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPINDLER JOHN GATES: +0:The Wall | SPINELLI DOMENICK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPINK WARREN LEE: +0:The Wall | SPINKS ALLEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPINLER DARRELL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPINLER RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPINNER ALFRED WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPINNICCHIA JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | SPINO ANTHONY LAWRANCE: +0:The Wall | SPINUZZI JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | SPIRES JOHN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SPIRES JOHN MILTON: +0:The Wall | SPIRES ROBERT EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SPIRES ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SPIRITO ANTHONY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SPISTO JUSTIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SPITLER FORREST F S: +0:The Wall | SPITLER JERRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPITLER NELSON EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SPITTLER IRA JAMES III: +0:The Wall | SPITZ GEORGE ROSS: +0:The Wall | SPITZER HOWARD RAY: +0:The Wall | SPITZER KENNETH LYLE: +0:The Wall | SPITZER THOMAS EDMUND: +0:The Wall | SPITZFADEN ALFRED LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY ELMER LYNN: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY HARLEY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY JOHNNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY WILLARD EARL: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY WILLIE DALPHUS: +0:The Wall | SPOEHR WINFIELD AUGUST JR: +0:The Wall | SPOHN JOHN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SPOHN KENNETH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SPONG ERNEST ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SPOONER EUGENE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPOTANSKI SERGE WALTER: +0:The Wall | SPOTSWOOD MICHAEL CARR: +0:The Wall | SPOTWOOD FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN EDDIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN GERALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRAGG HAROLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPRAGINS CARROLL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRAGUE STANLEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SPRATLEY GLENN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPRATLIN MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SPRAY VICTOR GENE: +0:The Wall | SPRENKLE DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SPREWELL JOHN SPURGEON: +0:The Wall | SPRICK DOYLE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPRIGGS OTHA THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | SPRING BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRING HOMER DOYLE: +0:The Wall | SPRING TIMOTHY LANZER: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER CHARLES A: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER LOUIS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD ALFRED C JR: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD CHARLES DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD WILLIAM VAL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SPRINGS RALPH RONALD JR: +0:The Wall | SPRINGSTEADAH DONALD K: +0:The Wall | SPRINGSTEEN DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPRINGSTON THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE MICHAEL DUANE: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE STEVEN KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE THOMAS THOMA: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE VERNON PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLES WILFORD LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SPROTT ARTHUR ROY JR: +0:The Wall | SPROUL RAYMOND RONALD: +0:The Wall | SPROUL ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SPROULE WILLIAM C JR: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE LEE ROY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE LONNIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPROUT RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPROWL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPRUILL JAMES POLK: +0:The Wall | SPRUILL OVELL: +0:The Wall | SPUDIS RONALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPURGEON ROY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SPURLEY JAMES VIRGIL JR: +0:The Wall | SPURLIN DANIEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SPURLOCK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPURLOCK LON ARNOLD II: +0:The Wall | SQUAIRE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SQUARE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SQUARRELL SAMUEL LUVENE: +0:The Wall | SQUIER WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | SQUIERS GARY LADD: +0:The Wall | SQUIRE BOYD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SQUIRES DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | SQUIRES ROY BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SQUIRES SIDNEY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SRADER CHARLES WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | SRAL LEONARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | SRB ERVIN RYNOLT JR: +0:The Wall | SROKA JOHN MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | SROKA RICHARD MARION: +0:The Wall | SROKA STEPHEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SRSEN STEVE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ST PIERRE DEAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | STAAB KURT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | STAAB RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STAATS GERALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | STABLER JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | STACEY GARY ROSS: +0:The Wall | STACEY JAMES SHELTON: +0:The Wall | STACEY RALPH MCGUIN JR: +0:The Wall | STACHOWSKI ARTHUR THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STACK JOSEPH VINCENT: +0:The Wall | STACKHOUSE HUBERT: +0:The Wall | STACKHOUSE JOHN E: +0:The Wall | STACKS RAYMOND CLARK: +0:The Wall | STACY MICHAEL LEIGH: +0:The Wall | STACY WALTER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STACY WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | STADDON PETER BRUCE: +0:The Wall | STADEL CHUCK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STADING GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | STAEHLI BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STAFF JOHN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD FORREST MONTGOME: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD FRED PATRICK: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD HAROLD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD JAMES HUBERT: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD PHILIP CLARK: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD ROBERT BERYL: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD RONALD WADE: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD THOMAS STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STAGER KENNETH L: +0:The Wall | STAGGS LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | STAGGS ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | STAHL ALVIN THORNTON: +0:The Wall | STAHL DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STAHL EDWARD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | STAHL GEORGE HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | STAHL JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STAHL JOHN WELFRED: +0:The Wall | STAHL PHILLIP THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STAHL ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | STAHL ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STAHLECKER GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STAHLSTROM ALLAN EMILE: +0:The Wall | STAINBACK MACK DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | STAINER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STAINES ERNEST MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STAIR GLENN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STAIR WILBUR THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STAKE KENDALL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STALEVICZ GREGORY HENRY: +0:The Wall | STALEY FREDDY KEITH: +0:The Wall | STALEY JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STALEY ROBERT E: +0:The Wall | STALEY ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | STALEY RONALD ALEX: +0:The Wall | STALEY THOMAS W JR: +0:The Wall | STALINSKI STEFAN ZBIGNIEW: +0:The Wall | STALL WILLIAM ROBB: +0:The Wall | STALLARD DON GENE: +0:The Wall | STALLARD GILES WARREN: +0:The Wall | STALLCUP ALVIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS JAMES D: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS JOHN LARRY: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS ROBERT ELVIS: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS RONALD CLARK: +0:The Wall | STALLS ELTON STANTON: +0:The Wall | STALNAKER LAWRENCE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | STALNAKER LEONARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STALNECKER WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | STALTER JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | STAMAN TERRY LA VERN: +0:The Wall | STAMATO VINCENT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | STAMEY JIMMY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STAMM ERNEST ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STAMM MONTE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | STAMP GEORGE RILEY: +0:The Wall | STAMPER DAVID HIRAM: +0:The Wall | STAMPER FRANK RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | STAMPER RICHARD G JR: +0:The Wall | STAMPFLI THEODORE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STAMPS GEORGE HARRELL: +0:The Wall | STAMPS JOHNNY GREEN: +0:The Wall | STAMPS OLIVER CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | STANBERRY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STANCELL JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | STANCHEK EDWARD MILTON: +0:The Wall | STANCIL GREGORY HALE: +0:The Wall | STANCIL KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | STANCIL REGINALD ALFONSO: +0:The Wall | STANCIU KENNETH ALLAN: +0:The Wall | STANCROFF DENNIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STANDEFER JAMES GLENN: +0:The Wall | STANDEFORD JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STANDERWICK ROBERT L SR: +0:The Wall | STANDIFER ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | STANDLEY THOMAS GARY: +0:The Wall | STANDRIDGE HARLEY ROY: +0:The Wall | STANDRIDGE JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STANDRIDGE PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STANDRING LAUREN WALTER: +0:The Wall | STANDS DANIEL GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | STANEART RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | STANEK ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | STANFIELD GARY KELVIN: +0:The Wall | STANFORD BOBBY GAYLE: +0:The Wall | STANFORD EARL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STANFORD ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | STANGEL LAWRENCE NORBART: +0:The Wall | STANICH NADE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STANISZEWSKI WLADYSLAW: +0:The Wall | STANKEVICH EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | STANKIEWICZ KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | STANKO ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STANKO WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY BOBBY DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY BUDDY ALFONZA: +0:The Wall | STANLEY CHARLES GERALD: +0:The Wall | STANLEY CHARLES HUBERT: +0:The Wall | STANLEY CHARLES IRVIN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DAVID CARL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DENNIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DENNIS RALPH: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DON SCOTT: +0:The Wall | STANLEY EARL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY EURAL JR: +0:The Wall | STANLEY FRANKIE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JACKIE G: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JAMES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JOE HARRY: +0:The Wall | STANLEY MARION HENRY: +0:The Wall | STANLEY MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY RAYMOND ERNEST: +0:The Wall | STANLEY RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STANLEY THEODUS MORRIS: +0:The Wall | STANLEY THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY VICKEY EARL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY VIRGIL JR: +0:The Wall | STANLEY WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STANNARD DARYL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | STANSBARGER RICHARD LAURE: +0:The Wall | STANSBURY DAVID JOE: +0:The Wall | STANSBURY RAYMOND L II: +0:The Wall | STANSBURY THOMAS RODGERS: +0:The Wall | STANSELL GERRALD AUNDRE: +0:The Wall | STANSELL RICHARD NORRIS: +0:The Wall | STANTON EDGAR DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | STANTON EDWARD RYLAND II: +0:The Wall | STANTON EMMETT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STANTON HAROLD E: +0:The Wall | STANTON JAMES: +0:The Wall | STANTON RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STANTON RONALD: +0:The Wall | STANTON SCOTT NEAL: +0:The Wall | STANUSH THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STAPELMAN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | STAPLES ALTON LEON III: +0:The Wall | STAPLES GREGORY JOE: +0:The Wall | STAPLES JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STAPLES LOUIS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | STAPLES THOMAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | STAPLES THOMAS TRAMMEL II: +0:The Wall | STAPLETON CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | STAPLETON LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STAPLETON OLLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | STARBUCK ROBERT FRENCH: +0:The Wall | STARCHER DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STARCHER EDDIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | STARCKS JEROME STEVEN: +0:The Wall | STARK ALFRED: +0:The Wall | STARK COY FOSTER: +0:The Wall | STARK GERRY LYLE: +0:The Wall | STARK GORDON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARK HERBERT D: +0:The Wall | STARK JAMES ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | STARK LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STARK LAWRENCE J: +0:The Wall | STARK STEPHEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARK WILLIE ERNEST: +0:The Wall | STARKEL MAX PAUL: +0:The Wall | STARKES JOHN MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | STARKES ROBERT B JR: +0:The Wall | STARKEY BLAIR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARKEY DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | STARKEY HENRY MORGAN: +0:The Wall | STARKEY JAMES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STARKEY KURT L: +0:The Wall | STARKEY LLOYD MARTAIN: +0:The Wall | STARKEY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARKS GEORGE LARRY: +0:The Wall | STARKS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STARKS WARNER: +0:The Wall | STARKWEATHER JEROME FRANK: +0:The Wall | STARLEY JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STARLING WALTER LEO: +0:The Wall | STARNES CULLEN GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | STARNES JAMES CECIL: +0:The Wall | STARNES KEITH NEWTON JR: +0:The Wall | STARNES MILBURN HINES: +0:The Wall | STARNS DAN CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | STARR ALLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STARR BENNY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | STARR EDWARD IRWIN: +0:The Wall | STARR KIERAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | STARR RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | STARRETT JOHN DELBERT: +0:The Wall | STARRY DOUGLAS C: +0:The Wall | STASHONSKY JOHN RAY: +0:The Wall | STASIO RICHARD PETER: +0:The Wall | STASKO PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | STASKO THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STASSI JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STATECZNY HARRY JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | STATELMAN EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STATEN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STATEN TYRONE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STATES DAVID PERSHING: +0:The Wall | STATES JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STATES WILLIAM CODAR: +0:The Wall | STATH ALLEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STATON DAVID WALDEN: +0:The Wall | STATON FRANK LYNN: +0:The Wall | STATON PAUL RAY: +0:The Wall | STATON ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | STATON ROBERT MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | STATON RODNEY DALE: +0:The Wall | STAUD ROBERT NICOLAS: +0:The Wall | STAUDOHAR TERRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STAUDT RUSSELL MARVIN: +0:The Wall | STAUFF ERIC LOUIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STAUFFER GORDON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STAUFFER HERBERT HOLLINGE: +0:The Wall | STAUFFER ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | STAUNTON JOEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | STAVINOHA ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | STAVLAS PANORMITIS: +0:The Wall | STAYER HARRY SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | STAYROOK DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | STAYTON COY G: +0:The Wall | STEAD VERNON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STEADMAN JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STEADMAN STERLING DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | STEAGALL EDSEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEARNS ALLAN JULIUS: +0:The Wall | STEARNS FRANK EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STEARNS HARREL EARL: +0:The Wall | STEARNS JERRY SHELDON: +0:The Wall | STEARNS LLOYD PALMER: +0:The Wall | STEARNS MICHAEL FORRESTER: +0:The Wall | STEARNS ROGER HORACE: +0:The Wall | STEBBINS HARDY WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | STEBNER ROBERT LYLE JR: +0:The Wall | STEC FRANK LOUIS: +0:The Wall | STEC ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STECKBAUER CURTIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | STECKER DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STECKER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STECKER RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | STEDL WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | STEDMAN LEE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEDMAN PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STEED GERALD: +0:The Wall | STEED JERRY LYNE: +0:The Wall | STEED WILLIAM OWEN: +0:The Wall | STEEL JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEEL KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | STEEL RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STEEL ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | STEELE DANIEL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | STEELE DAVID MARK: +0:The Wall | STEELE EDWARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | STEELE GARY LYN: +0:The Wall | STEELE PATRICK MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | STEELE RAYMOND THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEELE STEVEN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | STEELE THOMAS DONALD: +0:The Wall | STEELE THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEELE TOWNSER JR: +0:The Wall | STEELE WALTER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEELE WALTER EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STEELE WILLIAM DAVIS: +0:The Wall | STEELE WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | STEELEY MARK M: +0:The Wall | STEELMAN TEDDY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEEN ANTHONY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STEEN JAMES NELSON: +0:The Wall | STEEN MARTIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEER JOHN CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | STEFANIAK STEPHEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STEFANIC RUDOLPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STEFANICH NICHOLAS C: +0:The Wall | STEFANIK EDWARD PETER: +0:The Wall | STEFANSKI STEVEN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | STEFFANS MARSHALL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STEFFE MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEFFEK EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STEFFEN ALAN RALPH: +0:The Wall | STEFFEN CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STEFFEN FREDERICK GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STEFFENS WALTER FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | STEFFES WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEFFLER CHARLES ERVIN: +0:The Wall | STEFFUS GARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | STEFKO WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEGALL ALLAN JR: +0:The Wall | STEGALL ALTON LESKER: +0:The Wall | STEGALL DOUGLAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEGALL LINDELL RAY: +0:The Wall | STEGALL LORENZO: +0:The Wall | STEGELAND JOHN JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | STEGER DAVID NAYLOR: +0:The Wall | STEGER JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | STEGMAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEHLE HERBERT NEIL: +0:The Wall | STEIBEL FRANK DALE: +0:The Wall | STEIDLER JOHNSON AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | STEIER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STEIGER WILLIAM FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | STEIGHNER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEIGLEMAN DERWOOD D JR: +0:The Wall | STEIMBACH JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | STEIMEL GREGG FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STEIMER ROBERT FENTON: +0:The Wall | STEIMER THOMAS JACK: +0:The Wall | STEIN ALAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STEIN ANDREW PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | STEIN ARMOND JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | STEIN CLAUDE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEIN DONALD VEARL: +0:The Wall | STEIN LEON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEIN PAUL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | STEIN PAUL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | STEIN PHILIP CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | STEIN RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEIN RONALD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | STEINBACH THOMAS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | STEINBACHER STEVEN MICHAE: +0:The Wall | STEINBERG GEORGE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEINBRUNNER DONALD THOMA: +0:The Wall | STEINDAM RUSSELL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STEINEKE JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | STEINER CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEINER JOSEPH R III: +0:The Wall | STEINER LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEINER LAWRENCE TERRELL: +0:The Wall | STEINER MARK STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STEINER TERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STEINFELD HOWARD MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | STEINHEBEL KENNETH ERWIN: +0:The Wall | STEINKIRCHNER JAMES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | STEINKIRCHNER KENNETH M: +0:The Wall | STEINSIECK ROBERT T JR: +0:The Wall | STEIRO ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STELL JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STELLE GERALD CAIN: +0:The Wall | STELLMACH STANLEY R JR: +0:The Wall | STELPFLUG MERLIN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | STELTER NYMAN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | STELZER CURTIS EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STEMAC STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEMBRIDGE WAYLAND DAN: +0:The Wall | STEMEN FREDERICK MILTON: +0:The Wall | STEMMONS BIRCH UDELL: +0:The Wall | STEMPER PHILIP JON: +0:The Wall | STENBERG JERRY OSCAR: +0:The Wall | STENBERG JOHN MARVIN: +0:The Wall | STENDER PAUL ALAN: +0:The Wall | STENGEM PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STENHOUSE J LYNN JR: +0:The Wall | STEPAN JACOB FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STEPANOV ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | STEPHAN LARRY ROY: +0:The Wall | STEPHAN RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | STEPHANAC MARK JOHN: +0:The Wall | STEPHEN PHILIPPE BRUCE: +0:The Wall | STEPHEN VIRGIL LYNN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ALLEY OAKLEY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ANDREW LEWIS: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ARTHUR ALLYN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ARTHUR CHARLE JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BEN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BENNIE VORICE JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BING FOREST: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BOYD ADAM JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS CLYDE J: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS CLYDE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS CURTIS ADRON: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DANNY LYNN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS GARY BENNETT: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS HARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS HAYS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES ROWE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES WILLIAMS: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JASPER JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JOHNNIE PERRY JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LARRY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LESTER AL: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LLOYD ISAAC: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS MARVIN GENE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS MICHAEL JEFF: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS NATHANIEL H JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ROGER DEAN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS SONNIE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS WILLIE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSEN MARK LANE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON BRUCE DONALD: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON FREDERICK DALE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON GARY LUCKY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON HOWARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON KEITH POWELL: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON KURT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON LYNN LADELLE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON RICHARD C: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON ROBERT CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON RONALD DEE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON WAYMOND NELSON: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON WILLIAM WILLAR: +0:The Wall | STEPP CHARLES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | STEPP DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STEPP DOW E: +0:The Wall | STEPP EUGENE HENRY: +0:The Wall | STEPP JOEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STEPP JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | STEPP PAUL ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | STEPP WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | STEPP WILLIAM HOWARD: +0:The Wall | STEPPEE LARRY ELMER: +0:The Wall | STEPSIE RONALD STEVENS: +0:The Wall | STEPTOE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | STERITI STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STERLING CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | STERLING DAVID WALTER: +0:The Wall | STERLING JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STERLING RICHARD JOE: +0:The Wall | STERLING ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STERLING ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | STERN GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STERN LARRY: +0:The Wall | STERN LONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | STERN ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | STERNIN EDWARD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | STERNS RANDOLPH JOEL: +0:The Wall | STERRY RAYMOND EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STERUD MARTIN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | STETSON KENNETH EARL: +0:The 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Wall | SUMLIN THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | SUMMERFIELD SAMUEL REED: +0:The Wall | SUMMERLIN J C: +0:The Wall | SUMMERLIN JOHN WRIGHT: +0:The Wall | SUMMERLIN STEVE MONROE: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS CHARLES G H: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS DONALD L: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS EUGENE C: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS FRANKLIN DALLAS: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS JOHN THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS JON RAY: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS PHILLIP PAUL: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS ROBERT RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SUMMERS WILLIAM ELVIN: +0:The Wall | SUMMERSILL EARL PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | SUMMERVILLE FREDERICK BRU: +0:The Wall | SUMMERVILLE WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | SUMNER BUFORD ELLIS: +0:The Wall | SUMNER JAMES HOWELL: +0:The Wall | SUMPTER BOBBY RECE: +0:The Wall | SUMPTER EDDY GALE: +0:The Wall | SUMPTER JOSEPH BOYD: +0:The Wall | SUMRALL ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | SUMTER FORREST DARRYL: +0:The Wall | SUND TERRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | SUNDAY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | 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KENNARD ERROL: +0:The Wall | SVEEN BRENT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SVIR ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SVOBODNY LAWRENCE MARVIN: +0:The Wall | SWAB RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SWABBY BRENT LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SWAFFORD KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SWAFFORD ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SWAGER GENE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | SWAGLER CRAIG EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SWAIM ALLAN GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SWAIM BRUCE ALAN: +0:The Wall | SWAIM CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SWAIM JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SWAIM RONALD GAIL: +0:The Wall | SWAIN CRAIG FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SWAIN LEE WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | SWAIN MILTON TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | SWAIN ROBERT HATCHER: +0:The Wall | SWAIN ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | SWAIN TOMMY HERMAN: +0:The Wall | SWAIN WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | SWALLEY ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SWAN DAVID MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SWAN JERALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | SWAN LEO EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SWAN ROBERT RONALD: +0:The Wall | SWAN WAYNE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SWANCEY RANDALL FILLMORE: +0:The Wall 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| SWED ROY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SWEDA JOSEPH R: +0:The Wall | SWEDEEN RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SWEDENBURG ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY BRUCE ROBERT J N: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY CLARENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY MICHAEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY MICHAEL MURPHY: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | SWEENEY TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SWEESY JOHN EARL: +0:The Wall | SWEET DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SWEET DONN LAFAYETTE: +0:The Wall | SWEET EUGENE FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | SWEET JAMES NEWTON: +0:The Wall | SWEET JERRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | SWEET JOHN HARLAN: +0:The Wall | SWEET LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SWEET RICHARD DONALD: +0:The Wall | SWEET ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SWEET RONALD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SWEETEN R C EARL: +0:The Wall | 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SWINFORD SYLVESTER JR: +0:The Wall | SWINK JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SWINNEA THOMAS HENRY: +0:The Wall | SWINNEY GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SWINSON LONNIE MELROE: +0:The Wall | SWINT CHARLES JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | SWISHER CLIFFORD LEE: +0:The Wall | SWISHER LARRY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SWISHER WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | SWITZER JERROLD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SWOFFORD DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | SWONER ERNEST WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SWONKE EDWARD ANTONE JR: +0:The Wall | SWOOPE RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SWOPE CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SWORDS JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SWORDS SMITH III: +0:The Wall | SWOVELAND WILLIAM ALAN: +0:The Wall | SWYMER GEORGE T: +0:The Wall | SYBERT ROSCOE: +0:The Wall | SYDOR DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SYGNATUR JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | SYINTSAKOS PETER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SYKES DANA MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SYKES DERRI: +0:The Wall | SYKES DON CARLOS: +0:The Wall | SYKES DON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SYKES HAMP JUROME JR: +0:The Wall | SYKES JONATHAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SYKES KENNETH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SYLVESTRE ARMAND ALVIN: +0:The Wall | SYLVIA JERRY: +0:The Wall | SYLVIA MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | SYLVIA WAYNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SYLWANOWICZ CASIMIR SYLWA: +0:The Wall | SYMANK TOMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SYNKOWSKI VALENTINE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SYNOD MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SYROVATKA ARNOLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SYSAK CRAIG ALAN: +0:The Wall | SZABO ISTVAN: +0:The Wall | SZAHLENDER JULIUS NICHOLA: +0:The Wall | SZAWALUK NICKOLAS: +0:The Wall | SZCZEPANCZYK GEORGE V: +0:The Wall | SZCZUPAJ JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SZEKELY AKOS DEZSO: +0:The Wall | SZEKELY JOSEPH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SZEYLLER EDWARD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SZIDOR JOSEPH DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SZIJJARTO STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SZLAPA JOHN FRANK III: +0:The Wall | SZOR HENRY: +0:The Wall | SZOSZOREK GERALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SZPONDER ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SZUTZ BRAD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SZYDLO THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SZYMANSKI FRANK ADAM IV: +0:The Wall | SZYMANSKI JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SZYMANSKI ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SZYSZPUTOWSKI GERALD ADAM: +0:The Wall | StAMAND RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR BRADLEY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR CLARENCE H JR: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR LEONARD RAY: +0:The Wall | StCYR JAMES AUGUSTINE: +0:The Wall | StGEORGE FRED DAVID: +0:The Wall | StGERMAINE RONALD HUBERT: +0:The Wall | StJEAN BERNARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | StJOHN DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | StJOHN RONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | StJOHN WILLIAM LUKE: +0:The Wall | StLAURENT LANCE WILFRED: +0:The Wall | StLAWRENCE ALBERT ALFRED: +0:The Wall | StLOUIS BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | StONGE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | StPETER ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | StPETERS JOHN DONALD: +0:The Wall | StPIERRE MICHAEL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TABABOO DANIEL JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | TABB PHIL: +0:The Wall | TABER JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | TABER MARTIN LESTER: +0:The Wall | TABET HENRY MARSIAL: +0:The Wall | TABLER ROY TOM: +0:The Wall | TABOADA ADOLFO ANTONIO JR: +0:The Wall | TABOADA FRANK OLIVARES: +0:The Wall | TABOR BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TABOR CLAUDE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TABOR CLIFFORD JR: +0:The Wall | TABOR DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TABOR EVERETT LEROY: +0:The Wall | TABOR MOSES CLARK: +0:The Wall | TABOR RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TABRON BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | TACKE RAYMOND L: +0:The Wall | TACKETT CLARENCE E: +0:The Wall | TACKETT GARY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TACKETT GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TACKETT RUBEN NOAH: +0:The Wall | TACTAY EUGENE RICARDO JR: +0:The Wall | TADENA ESTEBAN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | TADEVIC RALPH DULANE: +0:The Wall | TADEVICH EMIL JEROME: +0:The Wall | TADIOS LEONARD MASAYON: +0:The Wall | TAFAO FA'ASAVILIGA V: +0:The Wall | TAFF GEORGE THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | TAFFE THOMAS LEO: +0:The Wall | TAFOLLA NABOR RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA FLORENTINO JR: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA FRANK LEROY: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA FRANK: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA GEORGE ELOY: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA JOHN OLIVIO: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA JOSEPH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA MARK ALVAN: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA VICTOR ARNALDO: +0:The Wall | TAFT PHILIP JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | TAFT ROBERT EDMUND: +0:The Wall | TAFT THOMAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TAGATA LAAVALE FUATAU: +0:The Wall | TAGGART ISAAC: +0:The Wall | TAGGART LARRY JOEL: +0:The Wall | TAGGART WINSTON ADAMS: +0:The Wall | TAGLIEBER LEONARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TAGLIONE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TAGMAN JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | TAGUE JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TAGUE NICHOLAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TAILLON JOHN PHILLIPS: +0:The Wall | TAIRA CLIFFORD KAZUMI: +0:The Wall | TAISLER JOSEPH ANDREW: +0:The Wall | TAITAGUE JOHNNY SALAS: +0:The Wall | TAJCHMAN ADOLPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TAKACS THEODORE NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | TAKEHARA YOSHIO: +0:The Wall | TAKEMOTO KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | TAKETA KEN HARRIS: +0:The Wall | TALAN ARISTON R JR: +0:The Wall | TALBERT CLAUDE JR: +0:The Wall | TALBOT THOMAS PAUL: 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BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | TALTY PATRICK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TAMAGNINI JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAMAYO FRANCISCO MARIO JR: +0:The Wall | TAMAYO JOEL: +0:The Wall | TAMBURRI JOHN RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | TAMER RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAMEYOZA NOE: +0:The Wall | TAMEZ NOE: +0:The Wall | TAMILIO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TAMM RICHARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | TAMMEN WILLIAM DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | TAMS ROBERT NIELSEN: +0:The Wall | TANAKA MINORU: +0:The Wall | TANASSO AMBROSE P JR: +0:The Wall | TANDY MICHAEL GORDON: +0:The Wall | TANGARIE JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TANGEMAN JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | TANGEN TERENCE RONALD: +0:The Wall | TANGUAY ALAN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TANIMOTO MILES T: +0:The Wall | TANK CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TANK PHILIP LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TANKERSLEY JAMES ESTILL: +0:The Wall | TANKSLEY CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | TANKSLEY ROBERT WILLIE: +0:The Wall | TANNEHILL CHARLES DEVEAUX: +0:The Wall | TANNEHILL RAY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | TANNENBAUM DONALD CHARLES: 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TARANTO ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TARANTOWICZ JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TARASUK VICTOR: +0:The Wall | TARASZKIEWICZ JOSEPH G: +0:The Wall | TARBELL CLIFFORD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TARBELL WILLIAM M: +0:The Wall | TARBERT CHARLES STANLEY: +0:The Wall | TARDIO RONALD ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | TARIN EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | TARIN ELISEO ESPINOZA: +0:The Wall | TARJANY RANDOLPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TARKENTON JAMES C III: +0:The Wall | TARKINGTON CURTIS RAY: +0:The Wall | TARKINGTON RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | TARPLEY NORMAN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | TARPLEY WILLIAM JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | TARRANCE JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | TARRANCE WILLIAM BLAIR: +0:The Wall | TARSI WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | TART CLIFTON LEE: +0:The Wall | TARTE JAMES LAFON: +0:The Wall | TARTER BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | TARTT CARLOS LEROY: +0:The Wall | TARVER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TARVER LLOYD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TASCH JON: +0:The Wall | TASCHEK KARL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TASHNER WALTER A: +0:The Wall | TASKER DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | TASKER JAMES BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TASKER KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | TASSEY MALCOLM FAIRCHILD: +0:The Wall | TASTE WADE: +0:The Wall | TATARSKI LESLIE MILES: +0:The Wall | TATARYN GEORGE LUBOMYR: +0:The Wall | TATE ALENN MERRITT: +0:The Wall | TATE ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | TATE ANTHONY GARY: +0:The Wall | TATE BERNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE BRADLEY HAYNES: +0:The Wall | TATE CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TATE CHARLES THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | TATE DANIEL HARRISON: +0:The Wall | TATE FENNELL: +0:The Wall | TATE FRED EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TATE GARY DENTON: +0:The Wall | TATE JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE JAMES E: +0:The Wall | TATE JOHN CULLEN: +0:The Wall | TATE KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TATE LEE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TATE LYLE SCOTT: +0:The Wall | TATE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE ROBERT ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | TATE ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | TATE ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE SCIP: +0:The Wall | TATE TODD III: +0:The Wall | TATE TONY LARUE: 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Wall | TAYLOR ALONZO HUGHES: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ANDREW JAMES: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR BERNELL: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR BOBBY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CALVIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CECIL FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CHARLES MINOR III: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CHARLES STOCKTON: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CHARLIE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CLIFFORD McARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CLIFTON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR CLYDE DAVID: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DANIEL MORRIS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DANNY GENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DARRELL DUANE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DARRYL WADE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DAVID ADOLPHUS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DAVID BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DAVID F III: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DAVID STUART JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DAVID THORNTON: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DEANE ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DENNIS GILBERT: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DONALD CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DONNIE CARL: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DUNCAN JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR DWIGHT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR EARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR EDD DAVID: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR EDMUND BATTELLE JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ELMER JACK: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR EMORY LE ROY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ERIC WYCKOFF: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ERNEST EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ERNEST RAY JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ERNEST RAY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ERNEST VERNON: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR FRED: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR FREDERICK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR GEOFFREY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR GEORGE DAVID: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR GEORGE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR GEORGE MICHAEL: 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JEROME MILTON: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JERRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JESSE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JESSE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JIMMIE ELLIS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JIMMY B: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOHN STEWART: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOHN VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR JOSEPH GORDON: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR KARL GORMAN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR KEITH DEGERO: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR KENNA CLYDE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR KENT CHILDS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR KERRY LAMONT: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LANDUS S JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LARRY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LEE CURTIS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LESTER KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LOUIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR LOUIS GAINES: 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TAYLOR ROBERT EMERSON: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT HILDRETH: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT LYMAN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR RODNEY ALAN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR RODNEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR RONALD BURTON: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR ROYNALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR RUDY RONNIE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR RUSSELL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR SELVWYN RISHER: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR SHERMAN RAY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR STANLEY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR STANLEY WADE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR STEVEN EARL: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR STEVEN LESTER: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR STEVIE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR TED JAMES: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR TERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR THEODORE F JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR THOMAS MARCELLUS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR TYRONE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR VINCENT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WALTER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WALTER LEE JR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WALTER MINOR: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WAYNE OLIVER: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WENDELL GENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WENDELL: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM JOHN III: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM KERRY: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TAYLOR WILLIAM RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | TAZELAAR JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TCHAKIRIDES IRVING BURR: +0:The Wall | TEAGUE ALONZO ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TEAGUE BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TEAGUE CHARLES E: +0:The Wall | TEAGUE JAMES ERLAN: +0:The Wall | TEAGUE JOHN WALTER: +0:The Wall | TEAGUE MICHAEL AUTREY: +0:The Wall | TEAGUE THOMAS NICKELL: +0:The Wall | TEAL FRED THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TEAL RAYMOND WILSON: +0:The Wall | TEAR GEORGE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TEARL MARK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | TEAS CLARENCE A: +0:The Wall | TEASLEY HENRY EZRA: +0:The Wall | TEASLEY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TEATSWORTH GARREL LEE: +0:The Wall | TEBAULT BENJAMIN LEE: +0:The Wall | TEBBE RONALD JOE: +0:The Wall | TEBBETTS TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TEBOW WILLIAM JENNINGS: +0:The Wall | TECCO MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | TECHMEIR LARRY LESTER: +0:The Wall | TEDDS MERVYN DONALD: +0:The Wall | TEDESCO JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TEDESCO LEONARD VITO: +0:The Wall | TEDFORD ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TEDRICK WARREN GAMBIEL JR: +0:The Wall | TEDROW DANIEL CLINE: +0:The Wall | TEEPLE WAYNE WINSTON: +0:The Wall | TEER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TEETER GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | TEETER HILBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | TEETER KENNETH WARREN: +0:The Wall | TEETER NORMAN WADE: +0:The Wall | TEETER ROGER LYNN: +0:The Wall | TEETH AUSTIN: 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TEMPLETON BILLY: +0:The Wall | TEMPLETON CLARENCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TEMPLETON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | TEMPLETON DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | TEMPLETON GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | TEMPLETON JOHN ASHLEY: +0:The Wall | TEMPLETON RAYMOND WOODROW: +0:The Wall | TEMPLIN ERWIN BENARD JR: +0:The Wall | TEN HUSKIE YAZZIE B: +0:The Wall | TENCZA ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | TENHOFF TRACY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | TENNANT BYRON LEE: +0:The Wall | TENNANT JOHN RANDY: +0:The Wall | TENNANT WILLIAM ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TENNILL LARRY EARL: +0:The Wall | TENNIS THOMAS ROY: +0:The Wall | TENNISON ALVIN GENE: +0:The Wall | TENON JOHNNIE MERRITT: +0:The Wall | TENORIO JIMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | TENORIO RAFAEL GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | TENORIO SAM: +0:The Wall | TENSLEY CLYDE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | TEO FIATELE TAULAGO: +0:The Wall | TERAN REFUGIO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TEREJKO BENJAMIN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | TERESINSKI JOSEPH ALVIN: +0:The Wall | TERHORST BERNARD REINHOLD: +0:The Wall | TERHUNE CHARLES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | TERHUNE DARYL BERT JR: +0:The Wall | TERLA LOTHAR GUSTAV T: +0:The Wall | TERLECKI WALTER ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | TERMINI JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TERRAZAS JUAN LUIS: +0:The Wall | TERRAZAS NICHOLAS E: +0:The Wall | TERRELL ALVA RAY: +0:The Wall | TERRELL CALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL DAVID WILLIS: +0:The Wall | TERRELL EDDIE GEAN: +0:The Wall | TERRELL GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL JOHN WESLY: +0:The Wall | TERRELL KEAVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL LEMUEL EBB: +0:The Wall | TERRELL LOUIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | TERRELL WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRILL PHILIP BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | TERRONEZ DOMINGO MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | TERRY ALLEN LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRY ANCEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | TERRY ARIE: +0:The Wall | TERRY ARLIE: +0:The Wall | TERRY BILL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | TERRY CHESTER H JR: +0:The Wall | TERRY CONDON HUNTER: +0:The Wall | TERRY CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | TERRY DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRY DELTON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TERRY EDDIE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TERRY FREDERICK G JR: +0:The Wall | TERRY HOYLE JR: +0:The Wall | TERRY JAMES WILLIE: +0:The Wall | TERRY JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | TERRY MARVIN HALL: +0:The Wall | TERRY MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | TERRY ORAL RAY: +0:The Wall | TERRY PATRICK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TERRY PHILIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TERRY RALPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | TERRY ROBERT ISAAC III: +0:The Wall | TERRY ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TERRY RONALD TERRANCE: +0:The Wall | TERRY RONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRY THOMAS L: +0:The Wall | TERRY TOMMY J: +0:The Wall | TERRY WILLIAM B: +0:The Wall | TERRY WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | TERSTEEGE PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | TERWILLIGER DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TERWILLIGER RODGER EDSON: +0:The Wall | TERWILLIGER VIRGIL BYRON: +0:The Wall | TESAURO JOHN APOLLO: +0:The Wall | TESCHENDORF RONNIE CARL: +0:The Wall | TESH DAVID MILTON: +0:The Wall | TESILLO ARMANDO: +0:The Wall | TESKE BERNARD ALBERT III: +0:The Wall | TESORO RICHARD RAMIREZ: +0:The Wall | TESSADRI JIMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | TESSARO MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | TESSIER LUCIEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TESSMAN CLARENCE CLEMENT: +0:The Wall | TESSMAN RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | TESSMER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | TESTA DONALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TESTA RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TESTORFF THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TETER RANDALL KEITH: +0:The Wall | TETKOSKI LEON ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TETREAULT ROBERT NAZAIRE: +0:The Wall | TETTE JOHN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TETTLETON DAVID DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | TEUTSCH DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TEW JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TEWKSBURY JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | TEWKSBURY ROBERT W: +0:The Wall | TEWS ERNEST WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TEWS HENRY JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TH-UOT HUBERT OWEN: +0:The Wall | THACKER FREDRICK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | THACKER GRADY: +0:The Wall | THACKER JAMES: +0:The Wall | THACKERSON McCLURE: +0:The Wall | THACKERSON WALTER A JR: +0:The Wall | THACKREY WADE E JR: +0:The Wall | THADEN GARY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | THAIN HARRY LINDSAY: +0:The Wall | THALIN NEAL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THAMES JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THANE ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | THARALDSON JEFFRY RAY: +0:The Wall | THARP ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | THARP CLAUDE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THARP EARL WATSON JR: +0:The Wall | THARP GERALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | THARP HAROLD ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | THARP JERRY DONALD: +0:The Wall | THARP PAUL ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | THARP TERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THARPE SAMUEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THARRINGTON ROOSEVELT JR: +0:The Wall | THATCHER GARY DAVID: +0:The Wall | THATCHER THOMAS MILTON: +0:The Wall | THAXTON DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THAXTON JOHNNY R JR: +0:The Wall | THAYER JOHN MERL: +0:The Wall | THAYER THOMAS EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | THEDFORD LUTHER JAMES: +0:The Wall | THEIS FREDDIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THEIS LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THEISEN GEORGE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THEISEN JAMES ELMER: +0:The Wall | THEISEN WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | THELEN LE ROY EDMUND: +0:The Wall | THELEN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THEMMEN MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | THEOBALD DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THEODORE J ATHAN: +0:The Wall | THERIAULT HARRY EVERETT: +0:The Wall | THERIAULT PAUL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | THERIAULT SAMUEL SILVER: +0:The Wall | THERIOT PHILLIP FINNAN: +0:The Wall | THEURKAUF HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THEYERL CLAYTON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THIBAULT JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THIBAULT JEFFERY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THIBAULT KENNETH M: +0:The Wall | THIBAULT RICHARD GARY: +0:The Wall | THIBEAULT FRANCIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | THIBEAULT GILBERT: +0:The Wall | THIBEAULT JOHN LORNIE: +0:The Wall | THIBODEAU DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | THIBODEAU WALLATE FRED: +0:The Wall | THIBODEAUX EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THIBODEAUX MICHAEL L: +0:The Wall | THIBOU ALLAN COURTNEY: +0:The Wall | THICK HOMER DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THIEL JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THIELE JOHN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | THIELEN JOHN ROGER: +0:The Wall | THIELEN MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THIELGES CHARLES THEODORE: +0:The Wall | THIEM WILLIAM RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | THIERY JOHN: +0:The Wall | THIESFELDT-COLLAZO WILLIAM J: +0:The Wall | THIEX RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THIGPEN WILLIAM HASSELL: +0:The Wall | THIGPEN WILLIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | THIGPEN WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | THIMM JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THIRKETTLE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | THIROWAY PATRICK JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | THIRY SCOTT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | THODE LAWRENCE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | THOELE NICHOLAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOENNES MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | THOMA CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMAN FLOYD NICKOLAS: +0:The Wall | THOMAN THEODORE VAIL: +0:The Wall | THOMAN TYRONE GARY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS AARON LEON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALGERNON PAUL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALLEN WALKER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALLISON LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ANDREW JACKSON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ARTHUR ISIAH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ARTHUR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BARRY DON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BENJAMIN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BERNARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BILLY DEAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BILLY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BRUCE MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES BLAKE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES ELBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES ELLIS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES F IV: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLIE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CLYDE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CLYDE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DALE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DANIEL PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DANIEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DARWIN JOEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DOUGLAS MCARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS EARL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS EDGAR DURPHY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ELMER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FRANK HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FRED L: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FRED LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FREDDIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GEORGE DOLBRYN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GERALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GLENN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GREEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GREGORY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GREGORY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HENRY BENNY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HENRY EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HOUSTON FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HOWARD RAY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ISAAC JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ISIAH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JACK JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JACKSON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES CALVEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES LEON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES MYER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES OLIVER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES WELDON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY DENVER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY GALE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY T: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JESS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JIMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JIMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOE MINOR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN C: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN DERRAL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHNIE B: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JONATHON E JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOSEPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOSEPH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JR WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JULIUS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH BEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH DEANE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS L V JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LARRY BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEO TARLTON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEONARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEWIS MCCOY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MARSHALL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MATTHEW ALONZO JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MELVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL CLAIR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL DALE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL HERMAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL JONES: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL OLIVER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MILTON HUMPHERY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MONTE VERNON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MORRIS E: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MURREL D: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NATHAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NORMAN ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NORMAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS OSCAR LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS OSCAR LOW JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS OTHEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS PEARLY JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RAYMOND BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS REGINALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT ERVIN JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RONALD MEDFORD II: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RUDOLPH CALVIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RUFUS ALFONZO JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS STEPHEN EVANS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS STEPHEN NEIL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TENNYSON AARON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TERENCE PIERCE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS THEODORE DAVE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TIM: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TIMOTHY ARMA: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TOBY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TOM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TOMMY ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WALTER REED: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WAYNE EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WAYNE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WAYNE ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM ARCHABLE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM PHILIP: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILSON DECOSTA: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILTON HERMAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WYATT STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | THOMASON JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | THOMASON KENNETH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPKINS MICHAEL LAROY: +0:The Wall | THOMPKINS RONALD WINSTON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ALBERT C: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ALFRED L: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BARRY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BARRY NEAL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BENJAMIN A JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BERNARD DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BILLY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CALVIN EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARROLL U: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CECIL TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLES CLAIR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLIE EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLIE VANCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DALE EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DALLAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DANNY STEWART: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DAVID BENTON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DAVID MATHEW: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS HUGH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DON CARTHAL JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD R: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DOUGLAS GERALD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON EDGAR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON EVERETT BARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON EVERETTE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FARLEY DEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FRANCIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FRANCIS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FRANK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FREDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FREDERICK C JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GEORGE RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GEORGE WINTON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GERALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GERALD RONALD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GREGORY CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GREGORY MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GROVER WILLIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HARRY NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HARRY STEWART: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HERBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HOWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES ESCOL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JENNINGS MILROY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JEROME: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JERRALD RICH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JERRY ELMER: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JERRY LENWOOD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JIM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JIMMIE MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN BRYAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN CLYDE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN H: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN KIRKLAND: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN L JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN WALTER: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHNNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOSEPH DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOSEPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON KARL LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON KENDALL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LAWRENCE CURTIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LELAND HERBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LEONARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LEONARD LUKE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LESLIE DALE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LOUIS KENNETH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LYLE JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MELVIN CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MELVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MICHAEL GUY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MICHAEL KELLY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MORGAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MYRON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON NATHANIEL ANTHON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON NEIL STEWART: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ODIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON OLIVER NATHAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ONNIE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON OTHAT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON OTIS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON PERRY EDDISON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON PETER GARLAND: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON PHILIP BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RALPH LAYTON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RANDALL ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RAYMOND MASSIE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD VICKERS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT ACQUINN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT DEWEY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT NOEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT R: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT VINCENT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROGER DARRIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RUDY MICHEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON SAMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON SAMUEL DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON SOLOMON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON STANLEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON STANLEY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TERRY NEIL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THELBERT K JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THEODORE A JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THERMALL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THOMAS DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TIMOTHY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TOMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TROY MILLER JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TURNER L JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON VENEY EWELL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON VICTOR HUGO III: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WAYLAND KENT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WESLEY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM BERNARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM DARRELL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM HOWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM MATT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM NATHANIE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM P JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMSEN GAIL WARD: +0:The Wall | THOMSON ROBERT BRIAN: +0:The Wall | THOMSON STUART HAROLD: +0:The Wall | THOMURE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THONEN JAMES LEO: +0:The Wall | THONUES GUENTER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THORESEN DONALD NELLIS: +0:The Wall | THORIK PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | THORMODSGARD ARVID PALMER: +0:The Wall | THORN CLIFTON CARDELL: +0:The Wall | THORN JOSEPH MEREL: +0:The Wall | THORNBURG SCOTT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THORNBURG VINCENT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THORNE CHARLES GORDON: +0:The Wall | THORNE JOSEF LLOYD: +0:The Wall | THORNE JOSEPH CLAYTON JR: +0:The Wall | THORNE KEVIN GARNER: +0:The Wall | THORNE LARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | THORNE ROBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | THORNE-THOMSEN CARL SPAUL: +0:The Wall | THORNELL EDMUND FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THORNELL LESTER JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | THORNELL RICHARD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | THORNHILL JOHN R III: +0:The Wall | THORNHILL WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | THORNHILL WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THORNLEY REX EDWIN: +0:The Wall | THORNLOW GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THORNTON ALAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THORNTON CURTIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THORNTON DAVID LESLIE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON DWIGHT JACKSON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON EVANS JEROME: +0:The Wall | THORNTON FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JAMES HOLMES: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JOHN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JOSEPH RAY: +0:The Wall | THORNTON KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THORNTON KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LARRY C: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LEO KEITH: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LEON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LYNWOOD KEETON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON MATTHEW WINSTON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THORNTON RODNEY GARDNER: +0:The Wall | THORNTON STEPHEN H: +0:The Wall | THORNTON TERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THORNTON TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | THORNTON WILLIAM D JR: +0:The Wall | THORP JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THORPE DAVID ALBERT: +0:The Wall | THORPE DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | THORPE DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | THORPE FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THORPE FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | THORPE FRED ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THORPE GARY WILFORD: +0:The Wall | THORPE WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | THORSON ERNEST LEROY: +0:The Wall | THORSON WALLACE R JR: +0:The Wall | THORSTEINSON VERNON JOSEP: +0:The Wall | THOTLAND JOHN ALFRED: +0:The Wall | THOUVENELL ARMAND RENE: +0:The Wall | THRASHER JOHN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | THRASHER LARRY GLEN: +0:The Wall | THREADGILL DAVID ELLIS: +0:The Wall | THREATS GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THREET HOWARD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | THREET PIERRE ANATOLE: +0:The Wall | THREET TROY TONY: +0:The Wall | THRESHER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THRIFT FRED LEWIS: +0:The Wall | THROCKMORTON GARY GRAY: +0:The Wall | THROWER FREDRICK LAMAR: +0:The Wall | THRUSH OLIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | THRUSTON ROBERT READE III: +0:The Wall | THUET STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | THULIN DONALD FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | THUM RICHARD COBB: +0:The Wall | THUNMAN RICHARD GWINN: +0:The Wall | THURMAN CURTIS FRANK: +0:The Wall | THURMAN LARRY PRESTON: +0:The Wall | THURMAN RAYMOND DALE: +0:The Wall | THURMOND EDWARD SCOTT: +0:The Wall | THURMOND JAMES: +0:The Wall | THURNHAM JOHN BRENT: +0:The Wall | THURSBY RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THURSTON CLAIR HALL JR: +0:The Wall | THURSTON DANIEL TUCKER: +0:The Wall | THURSTON WESLEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TIBBETT CALVIN B: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS BRUCE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS CLINTON E: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS DAVID RAMSEY: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS GORDON EDMUND: +0:The Wall | TIBBS EUGENE COSTELLA: +0:The Wall | TICE EDWARD JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | TICE FRED ROST: +0:The Wall | TICE GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | TICE JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | TICE PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TICE WAYNE ARTAMUS: +0:The Wall | TICHENOR QUINN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TICHNELL KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TIDERENCEL JOHN WERNER: +0:The Wall | TIDERMAN JOHN MARK: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL DONNY GAY: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL EARL CARL E JR: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL ERICH LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL JOSEPH STANLEY: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL VOYD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TIEFENTHALER JOSEPH THOMA: +0:The Wall | TIEMAN EDWARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | TIEMAN WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIENDA DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIERNEY BRIAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIERNEY KENNETH PETER: +0:The Wall | TIERNO JAMES: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY CLARENCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY DAVID L: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY RAYMOND ELLIS: +0:The Wall | TIFFIN RAINFORD: +0:The Wall | TIFFT DANNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TIGHE CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TIGHE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIGHE JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | TIGHE RAYMOND HOWARD: +0:The Wall | TIGHE THOMAS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIGLAS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | TIGNER JEFFREY SANDERS: +0:The Wall | TIGNER JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | TIGNER LEE MORROW: +0:The Wall | TIGUE PAUL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA ARTHUR CASTILLO: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA HOMERO ELIUD: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA JOSE BENIGNO: +0:The Wall | TILGHMAN BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | TILGHMAN JIMMIE MACK: +0:The Wall | TILL JOHN JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | TILL RALPH GARY: +0:The Wall | TILL WILLARD HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | TILLEMAN PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TILLER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TILLER WALTER LEON: +0:The Wall | TILLERY JERRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TILLERY RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | TILLEY HUBERT SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | TILLEY JAMES A: +0:The Wall | TILLINGHAST BRADLEY OLEN: +0:The Wall | TILLITSON STANLEY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | TILLMAN CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TILLMAN JOHN III: +0:The Wall | TILLMON WILLIE SANDFORD: +0:The Wall | TILLOTSON ROBERT VIRTUS: +0:The Wall | TILLOU JOHN FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | TILLQUIST ROBERT ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | TILLSON GARDNER JR: +0:The Wall | TILSON LANE ABERHAM: +0:The Wall | TIMBERLAKE DWIGHT ELMER: +0:The Wall | TIMBOE ARTHUR RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TIMIAN FRANK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIMM DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TIMMER AKKE JANS JR: +0:The Wall | TIMMERMAN ALLAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | TIMMERMAN PETER STEVEN: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS BOBBY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS BRUCE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS EDWARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS MICHAEL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS RICHARD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | TIMMS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | TIMMS TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | TIMOTHY WAYNE ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | TIMPA JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TIMS ANDRE BARRY: +0:The Wall | TIMS FREDERICK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | TIMSON DAVID OLIVER: +0:The Wall | TINAJERO JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | TINDALL BRUCE GARLAND: +0:The Wall | TINDALL CORBIN CLARK: +0:The Wall | TINDELL JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TINDLE DANIEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TINE JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TINES FRANZ: +0:The Wall | TINGLE KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TINGLE TOM KERMIT: +0:The Wall | TINGLEY JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TINGLEY PHILIP ALLISON JR: +0:The Wall | TINGLEY THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | TINKER GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | TINKER JOHN GREGG: +0:The Wall | TINKER NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | TINKO GEORGE DONALD: +0:The Wall | TINKUM ETHER ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | TINNEY DONALD WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | TINNEY JOHNNY MACK: +0:The Wall | TINNIN EUGENE SANFORD: +0:The Wall | TINO JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | TINSEY DAVID FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY FRANK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY FRANKLIN DENIS: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY JAMES E: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY RONALD ETHRIDGE: +0:The Wall | TINSON PAUL DRAKE: +0:The Wall | TIPPERY TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TIPPETS LENNY MAURICE: +0:The Wall | TIPPETT ALBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TIPPING HENRY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TIPSY HAYWOOD WADE JR: +0:The Wall | TIPTON CHARLES ROY: +0:The Wall | TIPTON FREDDIE LEON: +0:The Wall | TIPTON JAY C: +0:The Wall | TIPTON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIPTON LYNWOOD AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | TIPTON MARTINIS GENE: +0:The Wall | TIPTON TIMOTHY TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | TIRADO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIRICO RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TISCHLER HOMER ERICK: +0:The Wall | TISCHLER THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TISCORNIA JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TISDALE DONALD WAYNE: 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FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TODD CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TODD FRANKLIN GODFEY: +0:The Wall | TODD FREDRICK WELTON: +0:The Wall | TODD GEORGE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TODD JEROME DEAN: +0:The Wall | TODD JIMMIE LESTER: +0:The Wall | TODD JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | TODD JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | TODD KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TODD LARRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TODD ROBERT JACY: +0:The Wall | TODD ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | TODD VERNON BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TODD WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TODI JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TODTENBIER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TOENNIES NORMAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TOENYAN FRANCIS HENRY: +0:The Wall | TOEPRITZ RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOFFERI CHARLES EHNSTROM: +0:The Wall | TOGNAZZINI MILFORD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | TOGNERI DANIEL ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TOIA MATAU JR: +0:The Wall | TOINS FRED: +0:The Wall | TOKARSKI STANLEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT CLARENCE ORFIELD: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT DALE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT DELANCY DU BARRY: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT REGINALD GAY: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT RODERICK KENNETH: +0:The Wall | TOLEDO THOMAS AMBROSE: +0:The Wall | TOLENTINO CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | TOLER DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TOLER EDMOND RAY: +0:The Wall | TOLER JOSEPH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TOLER RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TOLER ROBERT WILBER JR: +0:The Wall | TOLER STANLEY GRAY: +0:The Wall | TOLESON THOMAS NORMAN: +0:The Wall | TOLETTE RICHARD ROSS: +0:The Wall | TOLIVER WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | TOLLEFSON DWIGHT DUANE: +0:The Wall | TOLLESON LYNDOL EARL: +0:The Wall | TOLLETT ELIJAH GOAR JR: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY CALVIN COOLIDGE JR: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY EDWARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY LEE G: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER JIMMY ELLISON: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER SAMUEL STANLEY: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | TOLPA ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOLPAROFF ALEX ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TOLSMA RAYMOND EARL: 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TOMLINSON DAVID CULLEN: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON DAVID MARLOW: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON EDGAR LEE: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON GARY PRESTON: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON GERALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON JAMES HOWARD SR: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON JONES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | TOMLINSON ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | TOMON F RONALD: +0:The Wall | TOMPKINS ERNEST GALE: +0:The Wall | TOMPKINS GLENN ALAN: +0:The Wall | TOMPKINS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TOMPKINS HARVEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TOMPKINS JAMES ERVIN: +0:The Wall | TOMPKINS PHILLIP WARREN: +0:The Wall | TOMS DENNIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | TOMSIC MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | TOMSIC THOMAS T: +0:The Wall | TONER LOUIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TONEY WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | TONGEN GEORGE ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | TONGRET THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TONI EUGENE J: +0:The Wall | TONON JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TONTI MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOOGOOD MANSFIELD M JR: +0:The Wall | TOOKE JOHN KARL: +0:The Wall | TOOLE TERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOOLEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOOLOOSE DALE LEROY: +0:The Wall | TOOMBS ALVIN CARNALL JR: +0:The Wall | TOOMBS WILLIAM HAYWARD: +0:The Wall | TOOMES WILLIS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TOOMEY JOSEPH PATRICK: +0:The Wall | TOOMEY SAMUEL KAMU III: +0:The Wall | TOON JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TOONKEL BENJAMIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOOPS FRANCIS IVAN: +0:The Wall | TOOTHAKER JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TOPHAM ROBERT WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | TOPOLINSKI DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TOPORCER ANDREW JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | TOPPI CHRISTOPHER JOHN: +0:The Wall | TOPPS RONNIE NEAL: +0:The Wall | TORBETT STEPHEN JUSTENE: +0:The Wall | TORCIVIA ANTHONY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TORELLO CARL HARVEY: +0:The Wall | TORESON ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TORGERSON BARRENT OTTO: +0:The Wall | TORI THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TORLIATT CHARLES PETER JR: +0:The Wall | TORO JOSE MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | TORPIE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | TORRANCE FREDDY LEE: +0:The Wall | TORRE FRANCIS SAN NICOLAS: +0:The Wall | TORRE PASQUALE: +0:The Wall | TORRENCE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TORRENCE WILLIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TORREROS JOSE: +0:The Wall | TORRES ANGELO: +0:The Wall | TORRES ANTHONY WILFRED: +0:The Wall | TORRES ARCADIO JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES ARCADIO: +0:The Wall | TORRES DAVID: +0:The Wall | TORRES ESTEVAN: +0:The Wall | TORRES EZEQUIEL JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES FERNANDO LUIS JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES FRANK CHICO JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES GILBERT GARCIA: +0:The Wall | TORRES HIGINIO RODRIGUEZ: +0:The Wall | TORRES IGNACIO JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES JESUS M: +0:The Wall | TORRES JOE D: +0:The Wall | TORRES JOSE ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | TORRES JOSE: +0:The Wall | TORRES JUAN: +0:The Wall | TORRES LOUIS FERNDEZ: +0:The Wall | TORRES MANUEL PRIETO: +0:The Wall | TORRES MANUEL ROMERO: +0:The Wall | TORRES MANUEL VEGA: +0:The Wall | TORRES MICHAEL ANGEL: +0:The Wall | TORRES PRISHARDO J T: +0:The Wall | TORRES RAMON HERNANDEZ: +0:The Wall | TORRES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | TORRES REYNALDO LERMA JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES REYNALDO SANDOVAL: +0:The Wall | TORRES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TORRES ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | TORRES SANTIAGO JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES VICTOR LUIS: +0:The Wall | TORRES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | TORRES-ACEVEDO JUVENCIO: +0:The Wall | TORRES-LOPEZ RIGOBERTO: +0:The Wall | TORRES-OYOLA ORLANDO: +0:The Wall | TORRES-RIVERA RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | TORRES-RODRIGUEZ JOSE R: +0:The Wall | TORRES-RODRIGUEZ JULIO A: +0:The Wall | TORRES-SERRANO LUIS: +0:The Wall | TORRESRAMOS REY FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | TORREY RAYMOND D: +0:The Wall | TORREY STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TORREZ LAWRENCE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TORREZ MANUEL ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | TORRINGTON THOMAS JACOB: +0:The Wall | TORSIELLO WAYNE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TORTORICI BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TORTORICI FRANK: +0:The Wall | TORZOK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TOSA ANTONIO TONY: +0:The Wall | TOSADO-HERNANDEZ VICTOR M: +0:The Wall | TOSCHI RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TOSCHIK MARK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TOSH BRENT JOHN: +0:The Wall | TOSH JAMES C III: +0:The Wall | TOSH MICHAEL CLAY: +0:The Wall | TOSTENSON MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | TOTCOFF DENNIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | TOTH ANDREW JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TOTH BERTALAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | TOTH DAVID McBRIDE: +0:The Wall | TOTH DONALD BONNEY: +0:The Wall | TOTH JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | TOTH ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | TOTH RONALD C: +0:The Wall | TOTH WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TOTORA CHRIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TOTTEN KENNETH ROMAINE JR: +0:The Wall | TOTTEN RANDY GENE: +0:The Wall | TOTTY DELBERT CHAN: +0:The Wall | TOUART FOSTER JEWELL G JR: +0:The Wall | TOUART JOHN ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | TOUCHBERRY MILES D JR: +0:The Wall | TOUSEY GEARWIN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | TOUSLEY GEORGE HENRY III: +0:The Wall | TOVAR ATILANO URIEGAS: +0:The Wall | TOVEY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | TOWARD RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TOWATER JERALD RILEY: +0:The Wall | TOWE EDWARD SCOTT: +0:The Wall | TOWER KENNETH KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | TOWERY HERMAN: +0:The Wall | TOWLE GARY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | TOWLE JOHN CLINE: +0:The Wall | TOWNE PETER CLARK: +0:The Wall | TOWNE TERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TOWNER ALLEN RAY: +0:The Wall | TOWNER JOHN GARTH: +0:The Wall | TOWNES LEROY: +0:The Wall | TOWNES MORTON ELMER JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNES ROBERT FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNLEY CYRIL HARRIS: +0:The Wall | TOWNLEY JAMES EDWARD SR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND BURDETTE D JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND CHARLES DWYNE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND CHARLES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND CHESTER DAVIS: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND DELMAS SHERWOOD: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND FRANCIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND FRANKLIN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND GEORGE HARRY: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND JOHN A JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND JONATHAN: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND STEPHEN LANCE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND WILLIAM PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSLEY STEVEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TOWNSLEY THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOWNSON ARTHUR CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | TOWSLEE EDWARD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TOY GERALD OSCAR: +0:The Wall | TOYER LEE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TOYIAS CHARLES LESLIE: +0:The Wall | TOZER ELDON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TOZOUR MARVIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TRAASETH LARRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | TRACY DOUGLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | TRACY GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | TRACY GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | TRACY JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | TRACY JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TRACY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRACY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | TRACY ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TRAIL RANDELL GENE: +0:The Wall | TRAIL ROBERT HILL III: +0:The Wall | TRAIN STEVE WARREN: +0:The Wall | TRAIN WILLIAM FREW III: +0:The Wall | TRAINER DORRIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TRAINHAM JOHNNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRAINHAM THOMAS NEIL: +0:The Wall | TRAINOR PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRAINOR TERRY LEO: +0:The Wall | TRAMEL WALTER OTHO: +0:The Wall | TRAMELL DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TRAMMELL HARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRAMMELL RODGER LEON: +0:The Wall | TRAMPSKI DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TRANI FREDERICK EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | TRANT STEVEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRANTHAM DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | TRANTHAM RAYMOND FARLEY: +0:The Wall | TRANTHAM VAN VERNON III: +0:The Wall | TRAPANI ANDREW: +0:The Wall | TRAPP BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | TRASK LEWIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TRASTER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TRAUGHBER STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | TRAVER CRAWFORD HENRY: +0:The Wall | TRAVER JOHN GROVE III: +0:The Wall | TRAVERS LOUIS WESLEY: +0:The Wall | TRAVERS WALLACE OLDHAM JR: +0:The Wall | TRAVIESO JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS DALLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS EDMUND BURKE: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS JAMES DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS JAMES LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS JON PAUL: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS LYNN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS MICHAEL WARREN: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | TRAVNICEK EDWIN RAY: +0:The Wall | TRAW JIM SILAS: +0:The Wall | TRAXLER TOMMY JR: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR FRED EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR MARTHELL JR: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR WAYNE MCKENNELY: +0:The Wall | TRAYNOR STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRBOVICH DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | TREADWAY KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | TREADWAY THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TREADWAY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TREADWELL EUGENE DURWOOD: +0:The Wall | TREADWELL MILLARD LEON JR: +0:The Wall | TREAS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | TREASURE ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TREAT FLOYD GENE: +0:The Wall | TREBATOSKI THOMAS H: +0:The Wall | TRECINSKI LEON: +0:The Wall | TREDINNICK CHARLES NICHOL: +0:The Wall | TREECE JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TREEN HARLIN PERRY: +0:The Wall | TREESH JAMES M: +0:The Wall | TREEST NORMAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TREGRE LARRY PETER: +0:The Wall | TREIBLE THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TREIBLEY KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TREJO JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TREJO JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | TREJO JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TREJO MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | TREMAINE CURTIS LLEWELLYN: +0:The Wall | TREMAYNE JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY ALAIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TREMBLEY J FORREST GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TRENT ALAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRENT JIMMIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TRENT LESLIE ROLAND: +0:The Wall | TRENT WILLIAM DERRILL: +0:The Wall | TRESCOTT CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRESSLER DANIEL ARK JR: +0:The Wall | TRESTER DAVID ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | TREVARTON LARRY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TREVATHAN ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | TREVINO CARLOS V: +0:The Wall | TREVINO ESTEBAN ANGEL JR: +0:The Wall | TREVINO FAUSTINO: +0:The Wall | TREVINO GREGORIO JR: +0:The Wall | TREVINO JUAN RAMON: +0:The Wall | TREVINO MANUEL VAILLIDO: +0:The Wall | TREVINO RODOLFO: +0:The Wall | TREVINO RUDOLPH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TREVINO SAVAS ESCAMILLA: +0:The Wall | TREVISANO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TREWEEK CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | TREZEK JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRIANA SALVADOR PUGA: +0:The Wall | TRIBBETT LLOYD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TRIBBLE PRESTON JR: +0:The Wall | TRICKER CHARLES RUPERT: +0:The Wall | TRICKEY JOE H JR: +0:The Wall | TRIDLE LEON PAUL: +0:The Wall | TRIER KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRIER ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TRIEST LEON BUTLER: +0:The Wall | TRIEVEL CLYDE EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | TRIGALET ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TRIGG ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | TRIGGS FOSTER F: +0:The Wall | TRIGGS WAYMON LEON: +0:The Wall | TRIM JACK RILEY: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | TRIMM ARCHIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TRIMNAL GREGORY NEESE: +0:The Wall | TRINCHITELLA FRANCIS A: +0:The Wall | TRINKALA DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRINKLER DICKIE DAVIS: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT GORDON MARSHAL: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT GRADY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT MARK LEON: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT RALPH MORGAN: +0:The Wall | TRIPODO BENEDICT JOHN: +0:The Wall | TRIPP ALFRED LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TRIPP DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRIPP DONALD DELMORE: +0:The Wall | TRIPP PETER LEADBETTER: +0:The Wall | TRIPPLETT A W: +0:The Wall | TRISDALE ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | TRISKE RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | TRISKO WALTER HENRY: +0:The Wall | TRISLER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | TRISSELL WOODROW N JR: +0:The Wall | TRISTAN ALBERT FLORES: +0:The Wall | TRITICO MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TRITSCH PHILIP ALON: +0:The Wall | TRITT JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | TRITTSCHUH GERALD F: +0:The Wall | TRIVELPIECE STEVE MAURICE: +0:The Wall | TRIVETTE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TRIVISONNO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRIZZA SAM RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | TROCK THEODORE ALLEN: 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TROVATO ROSS ANGELO: +0:The Wall | TROWBRIDGE DUSTIN COWLES: +0:The Wall | TROWER GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | TROXEL CHARLES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TROXEL EDWIN NEWTON: +0:The Wall | TROXEL MARLON WADE: +0:The Wall | TROXELL DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TROXELL ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | TROY PETER JOHN: +0:The Wall | TROYAN MICHAEL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TROYANO ROLAND DEAN: +0:The Wall | TROYE DANIEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TROYER JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TROYER RODNEY PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | TRUANCE FRANCIS PATTON: +0:The Wall | TRUBE DELBERT LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | TRUCANO ALAN DALE: +0:The Wall | TRUDEAU ALBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | TRUDEAU RAYMOND L: +0:The Wall | TRUE MALCOLM ROSCOE JR: +0:The Wall | TRUELOVE JAMES MELVIN: +0:The Wall | TRUELOVE JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRUELOVE THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRUELUCK GEORGE GUTHRIE: +0:The Wall | TRUESDALE CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | TRUESDALE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TRUESDALE STANLEY E: +0:The Wall | TRUESDELL JOHN LEROY: 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JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | TRUSTY WILLIAM ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TRYGG STANLEY HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TRYON FRED ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TRYON GARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | TRYON LEE JR: +0:The Wall | TRYPUS FRANK DONALD: +0:The Wall | TSCHAMBERS JOSEPH L: +0:The Wall | TSCHERTER VERNON S: +0:The Wall | TSCHUMI WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | TSCHUMPER ROBERT G: +0:The Wall | TSIROS ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | TSIROVASILES PETER: +0:The Wall | TSOSIE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TSOSIE LEE DINO: +0:The Wall | TUAZON SIMEON ANDRADE JR: +0:The Wall | TUBB JAMES CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | TUBBS EDWIN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TUBBS GLENN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TUBBY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TUBRE STEPHEN RENIER: +0:The Wall | TUCCI ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | TUCH JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | TUCK HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TUCK JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER ALVIN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TUCKER ARTHUR L: +0:The Wall | TUCKER BARRY GLENN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER BOBBY DAN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER BYRON CLAIR: 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THOMAS EDWIN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TUCKER TOMAS C: +0:The Wall | TUCKER VALENTINE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WESLEY GRIFFIN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIAM EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TUELL DANIEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | TUELL ROBERT LEE III: +0:The Wall | TUELLER JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TUFF MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | TUFTS ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TUGGLE JACK DE WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | TUGGLE LORENZO: +0:The Wall | TUHOLSKI GREGORY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TUINSTRA DENNIS: +0:The Wall | TULL MARTIN NELSON: +0:The Wall | TULLER DENNIS J: +0:The Wall | TULLER ERIC LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TULLIER LONNIE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TULLIS JAMES CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | TULLY ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TULLY STEPHEN MEREDITH: +0:The Wall | TULLY WALTER BUSILL JR: +0:The Wall | TULLY WILLIAM BOYD: +0:The Wall | TULP GUYLER NEIL: +0:The Wall | TUMINO JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TUMMINIA GIOVANNINO: +0:The Wall | TUNALL STANLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TUNGATE DAVID JESSEE: +0:The Wall | TUNGATE NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | TUNICK FRANKLIN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TUNISON GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TUNNELL JOHN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | TUNNEY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TUNNY NICHOLAS RANDLE: +0:The Wall | TUNSTILL FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | TUOHY JACKIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TURBERT FRANCIS XAVIER: +0:The Wall | TURBERVILLE CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TURBITT RICHARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | TURCHI LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TURCOTTE DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TURCOTTE PETER RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | TURCOTTE RALPH JEAN: +0:The Wall | TURIANO BENJAMIN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TURK CHRISTOPHER HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TURK EDWIN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | TURK JOHN GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | TURK JON PETER: +0:The Wall | TURK JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TURKSTRA ARTHUR JOHN: +0:The Wall | TURLEY CHARLES VAN: +0:The Wall | TURLEY MORVAN DARRELL: +0:The Wall | TURLEY RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | TURN HENRY LON: +0:The Wall | TURNAGE EARNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | TURNAGE THOMAS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | TURNBOUGH CHARLES DANNIE: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL JOSEPH PARKHILL: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL JUSTIN GLASTON: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL ROBERT CHESTER: +0:The Wall | TURNER ALAN BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | TURNER ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | TURNER ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | TURNER ARTHUR JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TURNER ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER ARTHUR TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER BERNARD EMERSON: +0:The Wall | TURNER BRENDAN XAVIER: +0:The Wall | TURNER CHARLES HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER CHARLES WONDREWS: +0:The Wall | TURNER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TURNER CLARENCE S III: +0:The Wall | TURNER CLAUDE TYLER: +0:The Wall | TURNER DANIEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TURNER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | TURNER DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TURNER DON ELDRIDGE: +0:The Wall | TURNER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER DONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | TURNER EARL RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER EDDIE D: +0:The Wall | TURNER EDWARD PHILLIP JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | TURNER FREDRICK RAY: +0:The Wall | TURNER GEORGE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TURNER GILBERT CRAIG JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER HAYZELL CALVIN: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES EDDY: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES MACK: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | TURNER JEFFREY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHNNY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TURNER JON ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | TURNER KELTON RENA: +0:The Wall | TURNER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | TURNER LARRY BURNS: +0:The Wall | TURNER LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER LARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TURNER LAWRENCE FRANK: +0:The Wall | TURNER LINDSAY CLINTON: +0:The Wall | TURNER LLOYD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | TURNER LOUIS G: +0:The Wall | TURNER MARCUS SHARPE JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER MERLE DEANE: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL BARRY: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL DENTIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL GLENN: +0:The Wall | TURNER MILAN ELLIOT: +0:The Wall | TURNER OTIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER PHILIP GERALD: +0:The Wall | TURNER PRESTON HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER RANDY VAN: +0:The Wall | TURNER RAYMOND RIVERS: +0:The Wall | TURNER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER RICHARD MATHIAS: +0:The Wall | TURNER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT ELDON: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TURNER RODNEY CARL: +0:The Wall | TURNER STANLEY: +0:The Wall | TURNER STEPHEN FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | TURNER THOMAS GAINES: +0:The Wall | TURNER THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TURNER TONY RAY: +0:The Wall | TURNER VAN SYLVESTER JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER WILLIAM BRENT: +0:The Wall | TURNER WILLIAM COY: +0:The Wall | TURNER WILLIAM IRVIN JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER WILLIAM OLIVER: +0:The Wall | TURNER WILLIAM RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER WILLIE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TURNEY JAMES FRED: +0:The Wall | TURNHAM CLAY SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | TURONE NORMAN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TUROSE MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | TUROWSKI JOSEPH MARION JR: +0:The Wall | TURPIN GORDON JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | TURPIN RICHARD FLOYD III: +0:The Wall | TURRI CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TURSKEY HAROLD SEAN: +0:The Wall | TURSO DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TURZILLI STEPHEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TUSKEY ROBERT WILLIAM SR: +0:The Wall | TUTEN MICHAEL HAMILTON: +0:The Wall | TUTEN RICHARD BAILEY: +0:The Wall | TUTHILL CARROLL LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | TUTHILL CHARLES PRESTON: +0:The Wall | TUTOR REX FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE ALFRED JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE ARLEN CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE CLETUS DALE: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE ERVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE HERBERT LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE LAWRENCE KAY: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE McCREA BENEDICT: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE NELSON PAYNE: +0:The Wall | TUTTLE ROBERT ERVIN: +0:The Wall | TUYES DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | TWEED JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | TWEEDLE KEVIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TWEEDY STUART KING: +0:The Wall | TWEEDY VERNON RUBEN: +0:The Wall | TWEHOUS GENE LEANDER: +0:The Wall | TWIGG JOSEPH RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | TWIGG MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TWING ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TWINN LOUIS BELL SR: +0:The Wall | TWIST ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | TWITTY DANIEL RAY: +0:The Wall | TWO CROW@ BLAIR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TWOEAGLE GABRIEL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TWOMEY RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | TWOREK GERALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | TWOREK JOHN RENFIELD: +0:The Wall | TWYFORD THOMAS LIONEL: +0:The Wall | TYCZ JAMES NEIL: +0:The Wall | TYE MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | TYES ROBERT LEE: 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WALTER FREDRICK JR: +0:The Wall | TYREE EARL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TYREE WILLIAM EVERETT: +0:The Wall | TYRELL THOMAS JUDD: +0:The Wall | TYRKA PETER STEVEN: +0:The Wall | TYRON WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | TYRONE WILLIE DONALD: +0:The Wall | TYRRELL JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TYRRELL WALTER RIPLEY: +0:The Wall | TYSON CHARLES FLOYD III: +0:The Wall | TYSON CLIFFORD EARL: +0:The Wall | TYSON DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | TYSON HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | TYSON LARRY PRESTON: +0:The Wall | TYSON STUART HANCKEL: +0:The Wall | TYSZKA EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TYSZKIEWICZ ARTHUR KASIMI: +0:The Wall | TYUS JAMES DREWERY JR: +0:The Wall | U REN FRED THOMPSON: +0:The Wall | UBERMAN RODNEY RAY: +0:The Wall | UCKER DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | UDELL EDGAR JOHN: +0:The Wall | UDELL MARK FOSTER: +0:The Wall | UDING STANLEY ROY: +0:The Wall | UEBLER ROY NICHOLAS JR: +0:The Wall | UECKER DAVID ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | UELI PENI: +0:The Wall | UFFORD ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | UGARTE CARLOS: +0:The Wall | UGELSTAD BRUCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | UGINO JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | UGLAND DAVID LEONARD: +0:The Wall | UHL RAYMOND RIEDE: +0:The Wall | UHL ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | UHL THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | UHLER GORDON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | UHLIG MICHAEL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | UHLIK JR FRANK A: +0:The Wall | UHLMANSIEK RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | UHLS WILLIS GRANT: +0:The Wall | UHREN BERNARD JEFFERY: +0:The Wall | ULBRICH JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ULFERS JOHN BURDETTE: +0:The Wall | ULI SASA: +0:The Wall | ULIBARRI EDWARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ULICNI JOHN: +0:The Wall | ULICSNI MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | ULLBERG VICTOR VANCE: +0:The Wall | ULLMER WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | ULLOA HUGO HECTOR: +0:The Wall | ULLOA MANUEL GURROLA: +0:The Wall | ULM DOUGLAS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ULMAN EDWARD DELBERT: +0:The Wall | ULMER DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ULMER HOWARD D JR: +0:The Wall | ULMER JAN ALAN: +0:The Wall | ULREY KESTER: +0:The Wall | ULRICH GEORGE HENRY: +0:The Wall | ULRICH JAMES CRAIG: +0:The Wall | ULRICH JAYSON FRED: +0:The Wall | ULRICH RAY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | ULRICKSON PETER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ULSTAD DENNIS ELMER: +0:The Wall | UMBENHAUER DALE E: +0:The Wall | UMDENSTOCK MICHAEL LANE: +0:The Wall | UMEL MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | UMHOLTZ DARRELL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | UMSTOT CLARENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | UMSTOT SAMUEL GILMORE JR: +0:The Wall | UNCAPHER VALENTINE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | UNCKRICH WILLIAM F: +0:The Wall | UNDERDOWN GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | UNDERHILL BENJAMIN S: +0:The Wall | UNDERHILL DAVID J: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD ANDREW FILLEBRO: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD BILLY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD DANIEL LEDARE: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD FRANKLIN W JR: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD GEORGE WARREN: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD HARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD JACKIE SHIRL: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD JERRY DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD KENNETH FRANK: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD PAUL GERARD: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD PERRY LUKE: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD ROBERT STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD WATSON JR: +0:The Wall | UNDERWOOD WILLIAM HENRY J: +0:The Wall | UNFRIED BARRY LON: +0:The Wall | UNGARO DOMINIC JR: +0:The Wall | UNGER DON LEE: +0:The Wall | UNGER LESTER EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | UNGERECHT RICHARD ALFRED: +0:The Wall | UNRUE ROBERT DANIEL: +0:The Wall | UNRUH JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | UNSINN MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | UNZICKER GREGORY DEAN: +0:The Wall | UPCHURCH JAMES GLENN: +0:The Wall | UPCHURCH RODNEY CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | UPCHURCH WILLIAM HARDY JR: +0:The Wall | UPLINGER BARTON JOHN: +0:The Wall | UPLINGER GARRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | UPNER EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | UPP JEFF HAROLD: +0:The Wall | UPRIGHT BRIAN DALE: +0:The Wall | UPRIGHT EDWIN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | UPRIGHT RUSSELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | UPSHAW OLEN LEE: +0:The Wall | UPTAIN DAVIS: +0:The Wall | UPTIGROVE JESSE: +0:The Wall | UPTON CARLETON WEBSTER: +0:The Wall | UPTON DANIEL CARL: +0:The Wall | UPTON STEPHEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | UR STANLEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | URBAN ALEXANDER JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | URBAN DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | URBAN JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | URBAN PAUL RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | URBAN RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | URBAN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | URBANCZYK JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | URBANI ROGER STANLEY: +0:The Wall | URBANIAK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | URBANOVSKY ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | URBANSKI RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | URBAS STANLEY FRANK: +0:The Wall | URBASSIK ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | URBELIS JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | URDIALES ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | URDIALES CHARLES A JR: +0:The Wall | URDIALEZ RUBEN: +0:The Wall | URIAS DAVID SOQUI: +0:The Wall | URIBE EDWARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | URICK JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | URMANN JOSEPH HERMAN: +0:The Wall | URNES JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | URQUHART GLENN ROSS JR: +0:The Wall | URQUHART PAUL DEAN: +0:The Wall | URQUHART THOMAS: +0:The Wall | URRABAZO HOMER: +0:The Wall | URRUTIA ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | URSERY MICHAEL TERRY: +0:The Wall | URSIN WILLIAM NORMAND: +0:The Wall | USHER FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | USHER TERRY MAXWELL: +0:The Wall | USILTON JOHN CLANNAHAN: +0:The Wall | USSERY CARL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | USSERY MICHAEL MONROE: +0:The Wall | USZAKOW JEAN: +0:The Wall | UTECHT ROBERT STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | UTEGAARD THOMAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | UTHEMANN ROBERT ERICK: +0:The Wall | UTLEY DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | UTLEY MICHAEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | UTLEY RUSSEL KEITH: +0:The Wall | UTRIAINEN GARY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | UTTER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | UTTER KEITH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | UTTER MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | UTTER THOMAS DUANE: +0:The Wall | UTTERMARK JAMES FREDERIC: +0:The Wall | UTTS WILLIAM WARNER: +0:The Wall | UTZ GARY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | UUTELA DERRIS LEE: +0:The Wall | UYESAKA ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | UZZELL FRANK NELSON: +0:The Wall | VACENOVSKY DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | VACHON WILBUR JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | VACZI ALEX E: +0:The Wall | VAD HENRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | VADAKIN DONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | VADBUNKER JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | VADEN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | VADEN ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | VADEN WILLIAM KENNETH JR: +0:The Wall | VADEN WOODROW WILSON: +0:The Wall | VADIRODRIGUEZ ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | VAGNONE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | VAGNONE RICHARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | VAICKUS ANTHONY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | VAIL THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | VAIL WALTER WILBER: +0:The Wall | VAILLANCOURT EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | VALADEZ RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | VALADEZ TIMMY: +0:The Wall | VALANDINGHAM EVERETT JOSE: +0:The Wall | VALASQUEZ PETE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ ALFRED: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ DANIEL VIRAMONTES: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ DAVID MEDINA: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ FERNANDO MARCELO: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ FRANCIS PEDRO: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ FRANCISCO NEVARES: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ FRANK: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ GREGORIO JR: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ ISMAEL JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ JOHN BEN: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ JUAN PEDRO: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ LEROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ LEROY FRANK: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ MODESTO: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ PHIL ISADORE: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ RODOLFO: +0:The Wall | VALE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | VALE TONY: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA AMADO ACOSTA: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA CLEMENT JR: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA FRANCISCO MACEDO: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA RALPH MARIO: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA ROSALIO: +0:The Wall | VALENCICH PETER LYLE: +0:The Wall | VALENTA RUDOLPH GLENN: +0:The Wall | VALENTE ANTHONY NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | VALENTE GLENN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN MARTINIANO JR: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN MIGUEL ANGEL JR: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN-PEREZ HECTOR M: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE FRANK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE JERON FRANKLIN: 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WILLIAMS TROY BYRON: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS VAN: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS VANCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS VERE LOYD JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS VICTOR DEMOTT: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS VINCENT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS VIRGIL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WALDO ALVA: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WALLACE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WALTER ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WALTER DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WALTER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WALTER: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WARREN: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WAYNE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WAYNE RICHARDSON: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILBUR LEO JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLARD LOYD: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLEY EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIAM JACK: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIAM LYNN: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIAM SMYLY JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIE AMOS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIE ROGERS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WILLIS WHITE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMS WOODROW: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON ALBERTIS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON BENJAMIN JEFFE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON BENTON CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON CHARLES ALTON: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON CHARLIE C JR: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON DON CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON DON IRA: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON EDWARD LARUE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON EDWARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON ERVIN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON HOWARD LANIER: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON JAMES D: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON JOEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON JOHN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON JOHNNY GORDON: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON LARRY GAIL: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON MILLARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON PETE ELLIS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON RICHARD WESLEY: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON ROBERT GREGORY: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON ROBERT JOE: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON THOMAS DARRELL: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON WILLIAM CURTIS: +0:The Wall | WILLIAMSON WILLIAM N: +0:The Wall | WILLIBER GERALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | WILLIFORD ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | WILLING EDWARD ARLE: +0:The Wall | WILLINGHAM CHARLES WATSON: +0:The Wall | WILLINGHAM ELDON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILLINGHAM JOHN DAVIS: +0:The Wall | WILLINGHAM NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | WILLINGHAM PRESTON T JR: +0:The Wall | WILLINGHAM WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | WILLINGHAM WILMER JAY: +0:The Wall | WILLIS ARCHIE VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | WILLIS DONALD CLYDE: +0:The Wall | WILLIS DONNIS GLEN: +0:The Wall | WILLIS GLENN LEE: +0:The Wall | WILLIS HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILLIS HINEY: +0:The Wall | WILLIS HOWARD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | WILLIS JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | WILLIS JOEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WILLIS JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | WILLIS JOSEPH F: +0:The Wall | WILLIS KENNETH MAX: +0:The Wall | WILLIS LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | WILLIS LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILLIS LEDELL: +0:The Wall | WILLIS M L: +0:The Wall | WILLIS PAUL MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | WILLIS RAYMOND CONLUIS: +0:The Wall | WILLIS RICHARD A: +0:The Wall | WILLIS STEVEN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | WILLIS THOMAS MURTEN: +0:The Wall | WILLIS WATSON: +0:The Wall | WILLIS WILLIAM SHERRILL: +0:The Wall | WILLIS WILLIE CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | WILLISON FRANKLIN JOE: +0:The Wall | WILLMAN GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | WILLOUGHBY EARL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WILLOUGHBY JESSE LAVERN: +0:The Wall | WILLOUGHBY JIMMY STEWART: +0:The Wall | WILLOUGHBY JULIAN B: +0:The Wall | WILLOW ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | WILLS DAVID COLLIER JR: +0:The Wall | WILLS FRANCIS DESALES: +0:The Wall | WILLS ROBERT EMERY: +0:The Wall | WILLS ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | WILLS ROBSON WARD: +0:The Wall | WILLS ROY SHANNON: +0:The Wall | WILLSON LOYD MEREDITH: +0:The Wall | WILMOTH LEWIS DIXON: +0:The Wall | WILSFORD MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | WILSHER EVERETT NELSON: +0:The Wall | WILSHER JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | WILSON ADAM: +0:The Wall | WILSON ALBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON ALFRED MAC: +0:The Wall | WILSON ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON BILLIE JOE: +0:The Wall | WILSON BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | WILSON BILLY LEO: +0:The Wall | WILSON BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | WILSON BOBBY: +0:The Wall | WILSON BRIAN LYLE: +0:The Wall | WILSON BRYAN LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON CALVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | WILSON CARL RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON CHARLES E JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON CHARLES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | WILSON CHARLES JACKSON: +0:The Wall | WILSON CHESTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON CLARENCE CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | WILSON CLAUDE DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON DALE KEITH: +0:The Wall | WILSON DANIEL KEITH: +0:The Wall | WILSON DANIEL L: +0:The Wall | WILSON DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID HENRY II: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID LEWIS: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID OLSEN: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID RALPH: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID REYNOLDS: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID WALTER: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON DAVID: +0:The Wall | WILSON DEAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WILSON DELVIN KEITH: +0:The Wall | WILSON DONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WILSON DONALD MAURICE: +0:The Wall | WILSON DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON EARL CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | WILSON EARL LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON EARNEST: +0:The Wall | WILSON EDMOND Q JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON EDWIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ELROY: +0:The Wall | WILSON ERNEST HOWARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON FRANK LEONARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON FRANK WILLARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON FRED: +0:The Wall | WILSON GAIL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | WILSON GALEN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | WILSON GAROLD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WILSON GARY DUANE: +0:The Wall | WILSON GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WILSON GEORGE A: +0:The Wall | WILSON GEORGE L: +0:The Wall | WILSON GERALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | WILSON GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON GERALD W: +0:The Wall | WILSON GORDON SCOTT: +0:The Wall | WILSON HAROLD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | WILSON HAROLD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WILSON HAROLD WENDELL: +0:The Wall | WILSON HARRY CONARD II: +0:The Wall | WILSON HARRY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | WILSON HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON IRVING MCKINLEY JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON ISAIAH HERMAN: +0:The Wall | WILSON JACK PYEATT JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES CLAIBORNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES CLAIR: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES MILTON: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES MURL: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAMES WILLIE: +0:The Wall | WILSON JAN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | WILSON JEFFREY LYNN: +0:The Wall | WILSON JEROME I: +0:The Wall | WILSON JERRY BARBER: +0:The Wall | WILSON JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN LANNING JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN RAY: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN STANTON: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN STEPHENSON: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WILSON JONATHAN TRAXLER: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOSEPH G III: +0:The Wall | WILSON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WILSON JUAN JAY: +0:The Wall | WILSON KEITH LESLIE: +0:The Wall | WILSON KENNETH PETE: +0:The Wall | WILSON KENNETH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON KERRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | WILSON LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON LAVON STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | WILSON LAWRENCE HUMES JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON LAWRENCE W: +0:The Wall | WILSON LEON: +0:The Wall | WILSON LEVI JAMES: +0:The Wall | WILSON LEWIS BRACY: +0:The Wall | WILSON LLOYD CALVERIA: +0:The Wall | WILSON LORNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | WILSON LOUIS HENRY: +0:The Wall | WILSON MARION EARL: +0:The Wall | WILSON MARVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL DONVIAN: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL JACK: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL JAY: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL LANCE: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL LUND: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL ROY: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICKEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | WILSON MICKEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | WILSON MONTY NORRIS: +0:The Wall | WILSON NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | WILSON NELSON EDDIE: +0:The Wall | WILSON NORMAN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | WILSON PAUL JOSIAH: +0:The Wall | WILSON PAUL: +0:The Wall | WILSON PETER JOE: +0:The Wall | WILSON PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | WILSON PHILLIP MARK: +0:The Wall | WILSON RAY GENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON RAYMOND WESLEY: +0:The Wall | WILSON REGINALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON REXFORD EARLE: +0:The Wall | WILSON RICHARD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | WILSON RICHARD HERBERT: +0:The Wall | WILSON RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON RICHARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT ALLYN: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT BRUCE IV: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT GRANT: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT HENERSON JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT LAURENCE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WILSON RODNEY DAVID: +0:The Wall | WILSON RODNEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WILSON RODNEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROGER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROGER GLENN: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON RONALD ALTON: +0:The Wall | WILSON RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON RONALD KELLEY: +0:The Wall | WILSON RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROY HASKEL: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | WILSON ROYCE HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | WILSON STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON SYLVESTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WILSON SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | WILSON THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON THOMAS LESLIE: +0:The Wall | WILSON TOMMY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WILSON VIRGIL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON VOMER OVID JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON WALTER GENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON WALTER LEE JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON WAYNE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | WILSON WAYNE VASTER: +0:The Wall | WILSON WENDELL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM BERNARD: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM BRUCE: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM LARRY: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM NEIL: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM RALPH: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM REED JR: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILLIE GENE: +0:The Wall | WILSON WILMER DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | WILSON WOODROW: +0:The Wall | WILT JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | WILT RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | WILTON STANLEY FRANK: +0:The Wall | WILTSE JAMES B JR: +0:The Wall | WILTSE RONALD ELLIS: +0:The Wall | WILTSIE JOSEPH CARL: +0:The Wall | WIMBERLY ARNOLD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | WIMBERLY BENNY EARL: +0:The Wall | WIMBROW NUTTER JEROME III: +0:The Wall | WIMER FLOYD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | WIMER ROBERT ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | WIMMER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | WIMMER ROY DEAN: +0:The Wall | WIMMER SCOTT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WIMMER WILLARD ALVON: +0:The Wall | WIMMERGREN EDMOND DALE: +0:The Wall | WIMP ROBERT G: +0:The Wall | WINBORNE JOHN HUTCHINGS: +0:The Wall | WINCH GERALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | WINCHELL CHESTER A JR: +0:The Wall | WINCHELL DOUGLAS JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | WINCHESTER JIMMY DALE: +0:The Wall | WINCHESTER LARRY ALDEN: +0:The Wall | WINCKLER DONALD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | WINDBIGLER RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WINDELER CHARLES CARL JR: +0:The Wall | WINDER DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | WINDER WALTER RIDGEWAY JR: +0:The Wall | WINDFELDER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WINDHAM JAMES EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | WINDHAM MELVIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | WINDLE PAUL RALPH: +0:The Wall | WINDSHEIMER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | WINDSOR DAVID WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | WINE HARRISON JR: +0:The Wall | WINER ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | WINES THOMAS LOWELL: +0:The Wall | WINFIELD GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WINFIELD LUCIUS: +0:The Wall | WINFREY AUTHRAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WINFREY DOUGLAS NELSON: +0:The Wall | WINFREY JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | WINFREY JOHNNIE PAUL: +0:The Wall | WINFREY RAYMOND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | WING ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WINGATE RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WINGENBACH GLENN S JR: +0:The Wall | WINGENFELD ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | WINGER JON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WINGERT DOUGLAS GENE: +0:The Wall | WINGERT JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | WINGET HAROLD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WINGET KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WINGFIELD ALBERT GREEN JR: +0:The Wall | WININGHAM JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | WINK MELVIN RALPH: +0:The Wall | WINKEL WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | WINKELVOSS THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | WINKEMPLECK GEORGE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | WINKLE DAVID RYAN: +0:The Wall | WINKLER BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | WINKLER DAVID DE SALES: +0:The Wall | WINKLER GARY JOHN: +0:The Wall | WINKLER JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | WINKLES GEORGE WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | WINKLES HARVIE PERRY III: +0:The Wall | WINKLES JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WINLAND PRESTON PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | WINN DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | WINNER BRIAN CARL: +0:The Wall | WINNINGHAM CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | WINNINGHAM JOHN QUITMAN: +0:The Wall | WINNINGHAM RICHARD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | WINOWITCH THEODORE ALAN: +0:The Wall | WINSLOW JERRY G: +0:The Wall | WINSLOW JOHN KEMPE: +0:The Wall | WINSLOW LARRY A: +0:The Wall | WINSLOW WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | WINSON JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WINSTON ALVESTER LEE: +0:The Wall | WINSTON CHARLES C III: +0:The Wall | WINSTON ERNEST GREGORY: +0:The Wall | WINSTON JAMES CLENNON: +0:The Wall | WINSTON THURMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WINSTON WILLIAM CURTIS: +0:The Wall | WINSTON WILLIAM OVERTON: +0:The Wall | WINTER CARL J: +0:The Wall | WINTER EDWIN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | WINTER GARY GLEN: +0:The Wall | WINTER GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | WINTER JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | WINTER PETER LOUIS: +0:The Wall | WINTER ROY ALAN: +0:The Wall | WINTERHALTER HUGH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | WINTERMOYER TERRY: +0:The Wall | WINTERS ALLEN LANE: +0:The Wall | WINTERS CHRISTOPHER MICHA: +0:The Wall | WINTERS DANIEL EARL: +0:The Wall | WINTERS DARRYL GORDON: +0:The Wall | WINTERS DAVID MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | WINTERS GENE TALBERT: +0:The Wall | WINTERS JEROME CORDELL: +0:The Wall | WINTERS JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WINTERS JOHN LANE: +0:The Wall | WINTERS JOHN: +0:The Wall | WINTERS MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | WINTERS ROBERT J: +0:The Wall | WINTERS RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | WINTERS STEVEN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | WINTERS TERRY LEROY: +0:The Wall | WINTERS TINEY W: +0:The Wall | WINTERS WALTER RAY: +0:The Wall | WINTERS WILLIAM FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | WINTERS WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | WINTERTON LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | WIRE EUGENE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WIRICK WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WIRKS ROBERT BLANE: +0:The Wall | WIRT DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | WIRT DENNIS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | WIRT LARRY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | WIRTH GORDON LEE JR: +0:The Wall | WIRTH JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WISCH ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | WISCHEMANN DAVID EDWARDS: +0:The Wall | WISDOM JESSE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | WISDOM KERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | WISDOM SELWIN DEROY: +0:The Wall | WISE DONALD A: +0:The Wall | WISE EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WISE ELWIN CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | WISE GORDON SCOTT: +0:The Wall | WISE JAMES CARL JR: +0:The Wall | WISE JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | WISE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WISE JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WISE JAMES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | WISE JOSEPH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WISE RICHARD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | WISE ROBERT EVANS: +0:The Wall | WISE RODNEY DALE: +0:The Wall | WISE SCOTT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WISE WILBUR MEARL: +0:The Wall | WISELY DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | WISEMAN BAIN WENDELL JR: +0:The Wall | WISEMAN JOHN SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | WISEMAN LANE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WISEMAN MALCOLM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WISEMAN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | WISHAM CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WISHAM GEORGE MERRITT JR: +0:The Wall | WISHER HERBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | WISHON DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | WISKOW INGO JULIUS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WISKUR JAMES CLYDE: +0:The Wall | WISNIER GARY: +0:The Wall | WISNIEWSKI CHARLES J JR: +0:The Wall | WISNIEWSKI DAVID: +0:The Wall | WISNIEWSKI DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WISNIOWICZ THOMAS LEO: +0:The Wall | WISSELL LAWRENCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | WISSIG EDWARD SIMON: +0:The Wall | WISSINK STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | WISSLER RICHARD LAVERN JR: +0:The Wall | WISSMAN RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WISTRAND ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | WISWELL SAMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | WITANEK CHESTER LAWREN JR: +0:The Wall | WITCHER ALBERT: +0:The Wall | WITCHER LEONARD III: +0:The Wall | WITCHER SAMUEL EARNEST: +0:The Wall | WITCHET FRED DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | WITEK EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | WITEK WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | WITHAM JAMES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | WITHAM KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | WITHEE CLYDE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WITHEE EDWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WITHEE JAMES MONTGOMERY: +0:The Wall | WITHERELL GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | WITHERS GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | WITHERS STEVEN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WITHERSPOON CHARLES E: +0:The Wall | WITHERSPOON JAMES MARTIN: +0:The Wall | WITHERSPOON JOE: +0:The Wall | WITHERSPOON JOHNELL: +0:The Wall | WITHERSPOON LEON DUGAN: +0:The Wall | WITHERSPOON MARION: +0:The Wall | WITHERSPOON THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | WITHEY HOWARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | WITHROW MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | WITHROW PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WITKO DANIEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | WITKOP MICHAEL ERWIN: +0:The Wall | WITKOWSKI DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | WITMER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | WITMER NOEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | WITMER OMAR DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | WITT CHARLES DON: +0:The Wall | WITT DANNY KEITH: +0:The Wall | WITT EARNEST LYNN: +0:The Wall | WITT JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | WITT JAMES: +0:The Wall | WITT JERRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | WITT KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | WITT MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | WITT MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | WITT MORRIS BOWDOIN: +0:The Wall | WITTBRACHT MARK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | WITTE ROGER EARL: +0:The Wall | WITTEVRONGEL MICHAEL CAMI: +0:The Wall | WITTKOP JOE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | WITTLER LARRY ELDON: +0:The Wall | WITTMAN GORDON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | WITTMAN NARVIN OTTO JR: +0:The Wall | WITTMAN ROBERT KEITH: +0:The Wall | WITTMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | WITTS JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | WITTY ROBERT WILLIAM: 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ZIMMERMAN SANDY JR: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN STEVEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN TERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN TERRY: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN WILLIAM E JR: +0:The Wall | ZIMPFER FRED CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ZIMPRICH DENIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | ZIMULIS JOHN JAUTRIS: +0:The Wall | ZINDA FRANCIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | ZINDLE JEROME PAUL: +0:The Wall | ZINIMON OLIVER JR: +0:The Wall | ZINK ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | ZINN RONALD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ZINNEL HERBERT OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | ZIONTS CHARLES A: +0:The Wall | ZIPP MARION LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZIRFAS EWALD: +0:The Wall | ZISKO RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ZISS EMIL ROGER: +0:The Wall | ZISSU ANDREW GILBERT: +0:The Wall | ZITIELLO RONALD JEROME: +0:The Wall | ZITTERGRUEN LOUIS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ZIY GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ZLOTORZYNSKI GERALD: +0:The Wall | ZOBEL STEVEN LYNN: +0:The Wall | ZOBOBLISH DONALD: +0:The Wall | ZODY RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | ZOELLER LEE BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall 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ZUMBRUN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | ZUMWALT EDWIN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA DANIEL MORAN: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA EFRAIN JR: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA GUADALUPE NATAL: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA LEON JR: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA MARTIN HARRY: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA VICENTE: +0:The Wall | ZUPAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | ZUPANCIC GEORGE PAUL: +0:The Wall | ZUREK MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ZUTTER DANIEL ROGER: +0:The Wall | ZUTTERMAN JOSEPH A JR: +0:The Wall | ZWERLEIN ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZWIRCHITZ DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | ZYCK FRED JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ZYDEL RONALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | ZYDZIK FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | ZYPH JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZYWICA GARY ROMAN: +0:The Wall | ZYWICKE DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | editIS BENJAMIN GALU: +0:The Wall | editPRICE ROBERT H: +0Agent Orange: +0Background: +0Bibliography: +0Biography: +0Cronology: +0Early Years: +0Equipment: +0Glossary: +0Medal of Honor: +0Missions: +0Orders: +0Post War: +0Statistics: diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/virginia b/textfiles.com/politics/virginia new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f639c91a --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/virginia @@ -0,0 +1,7410 @@ + NOTES ON THE STATE OF VIRGINIA + by Thomas Jefferson + + _ADVERTISEMENT_ + + The following Notes were written in Virginia in the year 1781, +and somewhat corrected and enlarged in the winter of 1782, in answer +to Queries proposed to the Author, by a Foreigner of Distinction, +then residing among us. The subjects are all treated imperfectly; +some scarcely touched on. To apologize for this by developing the +circumstances of the time and place of their composition, would be to +open wounds which have already bled enough. To these circumstances +some of their imperfections may with truth be ascribed; the great +mass to the want of information and want of talents in the writer. +He had a few copies printed, which he gave among his friends: and a +translation of them has been lately published in France, but with +such alterations as the laws of the press in that country rendered +necessary. They are now offered to the public in their original form +and language. + Feb. 27, 1787. + + + QUERY I + + _An exact description of the limits and boundaries of the state of +Virginia?_ + + Limits + Virginia is bounded on the East by the Atlantic: on the North by a +line of latitude, crossing the Eastern Shore through Watkins's Point, being +about 37 degrees.57' North latitude; from thence by a streight line to +Cinquac, near the mouth of Patowmac; thence by the Patowmac, which is common +to Virginia and Maryland, to the first fountain of its northern branch; +thence by a meridian line, passing through that fountain till it intersects a +line running East and West, in latitude 39 degrees.43'.42.4" which divides +Maryland from Pennsylvania, and which was marked by Messrs. Mason and Dixon; +thence by that line, and a continuation of it westwardly to the completion of +five degrees of longitude from the eastern boundary of Pennsylvania, in the +same latitude, and thence by a meridian line to the Ohio: On the West by the +Ohio and Missisipi, to latitude 36 degrees.30'. North: and on the South by +the line of latitude last-mentioned. By admeasurements through nearly the +whole of this last line, and supplying the unmeasured parts from good data, +the Atlantic and Missisipi, are found in this latitude to be 758 miles +distant, equal to 13 degrees.38'. of longitude, reckoning 55 miles and 3144 +feet to the degree. This being our comprehension of longitude, that of our +latitude, taken between this and Mason and Dixon's line, is 3 +degrees.13'.42.4" equal to 223.3 miles, supposing a degree of a great circle +to be 69 m. 864 f. as computed by Cassini. These boundaries include an area +somewhat triangular, of 121525 square miles, whereof 79650 lie westward of +the Allegany mountains, and 57034 westward of the meridian of the mouth of +the Great Kanhaway. This state is therefore one third larger than the +islands of Great Britain and Ireland, which are reckoned at 88357 square +miles. + + These limits result from, 1. The antient charters from the +crown of England. 2. The grant of Maryland to the Lord Baltimore, +and the subsequent determinations of the British court as to the +extent of that grant. 3. The grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn, +and a compact between the general assemblies of the commonwealths of +Virginia and Pennsylvania as to the extent of that grant. 4. The +grant of Carolina, and actual location of its northern boundary, by +consent of both parties. 5. The treaty of Paris of 1763. 6. The +confirmation of the charters of the neighbouring states by the +convention of Virginia at the time of constituting their +commonwealth. 7. The cession made by Virginia to Congress of all the +lands to which they had title on the North side of the Ohio. + + + QUERY II + + _A notice of its rivers, rivulets, and how far they are +navigable?_ + + Rivers and Navigation + An inspection of a map of Virginia, will give a better idea of +the geography of its rivers, than any description in writing. Their +navigation may be imperfectly noted. + + _Roanoke_, so far as it lies within this state, is no where +navigable, but for canoes, or light batteaux; and, even for these, in +such detached parcels as to have prevented the inhabitants from +availing themselves of it at all. + + _James River_, and its waters, afford navigation as follows. + + The whole of _Elizabeth River_, the lowest of those which run +into James River, is a harbour, and would contain upwards of 300 +ships. The channel is from 150 to 200 fathom wide, and at common +flood tide, affords 18 feet water to Norfolk. The Strafford, a 60 +gun ship, went there, lightening herself to cross the bar at Sowell's +point. The Fier Rodrigue, pierced for 64 guns, and carrying 50, went +there without lightening. Craney island, at the mouth of this river, +commands its channel tolerably well. + + _Nansemond River_ is navigable to Sleepy hole, for vessels of +250 tons; to Suffolk, for those of 100 tons; and to Milner's, for +those of 25. + + _Pagan Creek_ affords 8 or 10 feet water to Smithfeild, which +admits vessels of 20 ton. + + _Chickahominy_ has at its mouth a bar, on which is only 12 feet +water at common flood tide. Vessels passing that, may go 8 miles up +the river; those of 10 feet draught may go four miles further, and +those of six tons burthen, 20 miles further. + + _Appamattox_ may be navigated as far as Broadways, by any +vessel which has crossed Harrison's bar in James river; it keeps 8 or +9 feet water a mile or two higher up to Fisher's bar, and 4 feet on +that and upwards to Petersburgh, where all navigation ceases. + + _James River_ itself affords harbour for vessels of any size in +Hampton Road, but not in safety through the whole winter; and there +is navigable water for them as far as Mulberry island. A 40 gun ship +goes to James town, and, lightening herself, may pass to Harrison's +bar, on which there is only 15 feet water. Vessels of 250 tons may +go to Warwick; those of 125 go to Rocket's, a mile below Richmond; +from thence is about 7 feet water to Richmond; and about the center +of the town, four feet and a half, where the navigation is +interrupted by falls, which in a course of six miles, descend about +80 feet perpendicular: above these it is resumed in canoes and +batteaux, and is prosecuted safely and advantageously to within 10 +miles of the Blue ridge; and even through the Blue ridge a ton weight +has been brought; and the expence would not be great, when compared +with its object, to open a tolerable navigation up Jackson's river +and Carpenter's creek, to within 25 miles of Howard's creek of Green +briar, both of which have then water enough to float vessels into the +Great Kanhaway. In some future state of population, I think it +possible, that its navigation may also be made to interlock with that +of the Patowmac, and through that to communicate by a short portage +with the Ohio. It is to be noted, that this river is called in the +maps _James River_, only to its confluence with the Rivanna; thence +to the Blue ridge it is called the Fluvanna; and thence to its +source, Jackson's river. But in common speech, it is called James +river to its source. + + The _Rivanna_, a branch of James river, is navigable for canoes +and batteaux to its intersection with the South West mountains, which +is about 22 miles; and may easily be opened to navigation through +those mountains to its fork above Charlottesville. + + _York River_, at York town, affords the best harbour in the +state for vessels of the largest size. The river there narrows to +the width of a mile, and is contained within very high banks, close +under which the vessels may ride. It holds 4 fathom water at high +tide for 25 miles above York to the mouth of Poropotank, where the +river is a mile and a half wide, and the channel only 75 fathom, and +passing under a high bank. At the confluence of _Pamunkey_ and +_Mattapony_, it is reduced to 3 fathom depth, which continues up +Pamunkey to Cumberland, where the width is 100 yards, and up +Mattapony to within two miles of Frazer's ferry, where it becomes 2 +1/2 fathom deep, and holds that about five miles. Pamunkey is then +capable of navigation for loaded flats to Brockman's bridge, 50 miles +above Hanover town, and Mattapony to Downer's bridge, 70 miles above +its mouth. + + _Piankatank_, the little rivers making out of _Mobjack bay_ and +those of the _Eastern shore_, receive only very small vessels, and +these can but enter them. + + _Rappahanock_ affords 4 fathom water to Hobb's hole, and 2 +fathom from thence to Fredericksburg. + + _Patowmac_ is 7 1/2 miles wide at the mouth; 4 1/2 at Nomony +bay; 3 at Aquia; 1 1/2 at Hallooing point; 1 1/4 at Alexandria. Its +soundings are, 7 fathom at the mouth; 5 at St. George's island; 4 1/2 +at Lower Matchodic; 3 at Swan's point, and thence up to Alexandria; +thence 10 feet water to the falls, which are 13 miles above +Alexandria. These falls are 15 miles in length, and of very great +descent, and the navigation above them for batteaux and canoes, is so +much interrupted as to be little used. It is, however, used in a +small degree up the Cohongoronta branch as far as Fort Cumberland, +which was at the mouth of Wills's creek: and is capable, at no great +expence, of being rendered very practicable. The Shenandoah branch +interlocks with James river about the Blue ridge, and may perhaps in +future be opened. + + The _Missisipi_ will be one of the principal channels of future +commerce for the country westward of the Alleghaney. From the mouth +of this river to where it receives the Ohio, is 1000 miles by water, +but only 500 by land, passing through the Chickasaw country. From +the mouth of the Ohio to that of the Missouri, is 230 miles by water, +and 140 by land. From thence to the mouth of the Illinois river, is +about 25 miles. The Missisipi, below the mouth of the Missouri, is +always muddy, and abounding with sand bars, which frequently change +their places. However, it carries 15 feet water to the mouth of the +Ohio, to which place it is from one and a half to two miles wide, and +thence to Kaskaskia from one mile to a mile and a quarter wide. Its +current is so rapid, that it never can be stemmed by the force of the +wind alone, acting on sails. Any vessel, however, navigated with +oars, may come up at any time, and receive much aid from the wind. A +batteau passes from the mouth of Ohio to the mouth of Missisipi in +three weeks, and is from two to three months getting up again. +During its floods, which are periodical as those of the Nile, the +largest vessels may pass down it, if their steerage can be ensured. +These floods begin in April, and the river returns into its banks +early in August. The inundation extends further on the western than +eastern side, covering the lands in some places for 50 miles from its +banks. Above the mouth of the Missouri, it becomes much such a river +as the Ohio, like it clear, and gentle in its current, not quite so +wide, the period of its floods nearly the same, but not rising to so +great a height. The streets of the village at Cohoes are not more +than 10 feet above the ordinary level of the water, and yet were +never overflowed. Its bed deepens every year. Cohoes, in the memory +of many people now living, was insulated by every flood of the river. +What was the Eastern channel has now become a lake, 9 miles in length +and one in width, into which the river at this day never flows. This +river yields turtle of a peculiar kind, perch, trout, gar, pike, +mullets, herrings, carp, spatula fish of 50 lb. weight, cat fish of +an hundred pounds weight, buffalo fish, and sturgeon. Alligators or +crocodiles have been seen as high up as the Acansas. It also abounds +in herons, cranes, ducks, brant, geese, and swans. Its passage is +commanded by a fort established by this state, five miles below the +mouth of Ohio, and ten miles above the Carolina boundary. + + The Missouri, since the treaty of Paris, the Illinois and +Northern branches of the Ohio since the cession to Congress, are no +longer within our limits. Yet having been so heretofore, and still +opening to us channels of extensive communication with the western +and north-western country, they shall be noted in their order. + + The _Missouri_ is, in fact, the principal river, contributing +more to the common stream than does the Missisipi, even after its +junction with the Illinois. It is remarkably cold, muddy and rapid. +Its overflowings are considerable. They happen during the months of +June and July. Their commencement being so much later than those of +the Missisipi, would induce a belief that the sources of the Missouri +are northward of those of the Missisipi, unless we suppose that the +cold increases again with the ascent of the land from the Missisipi +westwardly. That this ascent is great, is proved by the rapidity of +the river. Six miles above the mouth it is brought within the +compass of a quarter of a mile's width: yet the Spanish Merchants at +Pancore, or St. Louis, say they go two thousand miles up it. It +heads far westward of the Rio Norte, or North River. There is, in +the villages of Kaskaskia, Cohoes and St. Vincennes, no +inconsiderable quantity of plate, said to have been plundered during +the last war by the Indians from the churches and private houses of +Santa Fe, on the North River, and brought to these villages for sale. +From the mouth of Ohio to Santa Fe are forty days journey, or about +1000 miles. What is the shortest distance between the navigable +waters of the Missouri, and those of the North River, or how far this +is navigable above Santa Fe, I could never learn. From Santa Fe to +its mouth in the Gulph of Mexico is about 1200 miles. The road from +New Orleans to Mexico crosses this river at the post of Rio Norte, +800 miles below Santa Fe: and from this post to New Orleans is about +1200 miles; thus making 2000 miles between Santa Fe and New Orleans, +passing down the North river, Red river and Missisipi; whereas it is +2230 through the Missouri and Missisipi. From the same post of Rio +Norte, passing near the mines of La Sierra and Laiguana, which are +between the North river and the river Salina to Sartilla, is 375 +miles; and from thence, passing the mines of Charcas, Zaccatecas and +Potosi, to the city of Mexico is 375 miles; in all, 1550 miles from +Santa Fe to the city of Mexico. From New Orleans to the city of +Mexico is about 1950 miles: the roads, after setting out from the Red +river, near Natchitoches, keeping generally parallel with the coast, +and about two hundred miles from it, till it enters the city of +Mexico. + + The _Illinois_ is a fine river, clear, gentle, and without +rapids; insomuch that it is navigable for batteaux to its source. +From thence is a portage of two miles only to the Chickago, which +affords a batteau navigation of 16 miles to its entrance into lake +Michigan. The Illinois, about 10 miles above its mouth, is 300 yards +wide. + + The _Kaskaskia_ is 100 yards wide at its entrance into the +Missisipi, and preserves that breadth to the Buffalo plains, 70 miles +above. So far also it is navigable for loaded batteaux, and perhaps +much further. It is not rapid. + + The _Ohio_ is the most beautiful river on earth. Its current +gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and +rapids, a single instance only excepted. + + It is 1/4 of a mile wide at Fort Pitt: + 500 yards at the mouth of the Great Kanhaway: + 1 mile and 25 poles at Louisville: + 1/4 of a mile on the rapids, three or four miles below +Louisville: + 1/2 a mile where the low country begins, which is 20 miles +above Green river: + 1 1/4 at the receipt of the Tanissee: + And a mile wide at the mouth. + + Its length, as measured according to its meanders by Capt. +Hutchings, is as follows: + From Fort Pitt + + Miles. Miles. + To Log's town 18 1/2 Little Miami 126 1/4 + Big Beaver creek 10 3/4 Licking creek 8 + Little Beaver cr. 13 1/2 Great Miami 26 3/4 + Yellow creek 11 3/4 Big Bones 32 1/2 + Two creeks 21 3/4 Kentuckey 44 1/4 + Long reach 53 3/4 Rapids 77 1/4 + End Long reach 16 1/2 Low country 155 3/4 + Muskingum 25 1/2 Buffalo river 64 1/2 + Little Kanhaway 12 1/4 Wabash 97 1/4 + Hockhocking 16 Big cave 42 3/4 + Great Kanhaway 82 1/2 Shawanee river 52 1/2 + Guiandot 43 3/4 Cherokee river 13 + Sandy creek 14 1/2 Massac 11 + Sioto 48 3/4 Missisipi 46 + ____ + 1188 + + In common winter and spring tides it affords 15 feet water to +Louisville, 10 feet to La Tarte's rapids, 40 miles above the mouth of +the great Kanhaway, and a sufficiency at all times for light batteaux +and canoes to Fort Pitt. The rapids are in latitude 38 degrees.8'. The +inundations of this river begin about the last of March, and subside +in July. During these a first rate man of war may be carried from +Louisville to New Orleans, if the sudden turns of the river and the +strength of its current will admit a safe steerage. The rapids at +Louisville descend about 30 feet in a length of a mile and a half. +The bed of the river there is a solid rock, and is divided by an +island into two branches, the southern of which is about 200 yards +wide, and is dry four months in the year. The bed of the northern +branch is worn into channels by the constant course of the water, and +attrition of the pebble stones carried on with that, so as to be +passable for batteaux through the greater part of the year. Yet it +is thought that the southern arm may be the most easily opened for +constant navigation. The rise of the waters in these rapids does not +exceed 10 or 12 feet. A part of this island is so high as to have +been never overflowed, and to command the settlement at Louisville, +which is opposite to it. The fort, however, is situated at the head +of the falls. The ground on the South side rises very gradually. + + The _Tanissee_, Cherokee or Hogohege river is 600 yards wide at +its mouth, 1/4 of a mile at the mouth of Holston, and 200 yards at +Chotee, which is 20 miles above Holston, and 300 miles above the +mouth of the Tanissee. This river crosses the southern boundary of +Virginia, 58 miles from the Missisipi. Its current is moderate. It +is navigable for loaded boats of any burthen to the Muscleshoals, +where the river passes through the Cumberland mountain. These shoals +are 6 or 8 miles long, passable downwards for loaded canoes, but not +upwards, unless there be a swell in the river. Above these the +navigation for loaded canoes and batteaux continues to the Long +island. This river has its inundations also. Above the Chickamogga +towns is a whirlpool called the Sucking-pot, which takes in trunks of +trees or boats, and throws them out again half a mile below. It is +avoided by keeping very close to the bank, on the South side. There +are but a few miles portage between a branch of this river and the +navigable waters of the river Mobile, which runs into the gulph of +Mexico. + + _Cumberland_, or Shawanee river, intersects the boundary +between Virginia and North Carolina 67 miles from the Missisipi, and +again 198 miles from the same river, a little above the entrance of +Obey's river into the Cumberland. Its clear fork crosses the same +boundary about 300 miles from the Missisipi. Cumberland is a very +gentle stream, navigable for loaded batteaux 800 miles, without +interruption; then intervene some rapids of 15 miles in length, after +which it is again navigable 70 miles upwards, which brings you within +10 miles of the Cumberland mountains. It is about 120 yards wide +through its whole course, from the head of its navigation to its +mouth. + + The _Wabash_ is a very beautiful river, 400 yards wide at the +mouth, and 300 at St. Vincennes, which is a post 100 miles above the +mouth, in a direct line. Within this space there are two small +rapids, which give very little obstruction to the navigation. It is +400 yards wide at the mouth, and navigable 30 leagues upwards for +canoes and small boats. From the mouth of Maple river to that of Eel +river is about 80 miles in a direct line, the river continuing +navigable, and from one to two hundred yards in width. The Eel river +is 150 yards wide, and affords at all times navigation for periaguas, +to within 18 miles of the Miami of the lake. The Wabash, from the +mouth of Eel river to Little river, a distance of 50 miles direct, is +interrupted with frequent rapids and shoals, which obstruct the +navigation, except in a swell. Little river affords navigation +during a swell to within 3 miles of the Miami, which thence affords a +similar navigation into lake Erie, 100 miles distant in a direct +line. The Wabash overflows periodically in correspondence with the +Ohio, and in some places two leagues from its banks. + + _Green River_ is navigable for loaded batteaux at all times 50 +miles upwards; but it is then interrupted by impassable rapids, above +which the navigation again commences, and continues good 30 or 40 +miles to the mouth of Barren river. + + _Kentucky_ river is 90 yards wide at the mouth, and also at +Boonsborough, 80 miles above. It affords a navigation for loaded +batteaux 180 miles in a direct line, in the winter tides. + + The _Great Miami_ of the Ohio, is 200 yards wide at the mouth. +At the Piccawee towns, 75 miles above, it is reduced to 30 yards; it +is, nevertheless, navigable for loaded canoes 50 miles above these +towns. The portage from its western branch into the Miami of Lake +Erie, is 5 miles; that from its eastern branch into Sandusky river, +is of 9 miles. + + _Salt_ river is at all times navigable for loaded batteaux 70 +or 80 miles. It is 80 yards wide at its mouth, and keeps that width +to its fork, 25 miles above. + + The _Little Miami_ of the Ohio, is 60 or 70 yards wide at its +mouth, 60 miles to its source, and affords no navigation. + + The _Sioto_ is 250 yards wide at its mouth, which is in +latitude 38 degrees, 22'. and at the Saltlick towns, 200 miles above +the mouth, it is yet 100 yards wide. To these towns it is navigable +for loaded batteaux, and its eastern branch affords navigation almost +to its source. + + _Great Sandy_ river is about sixty yards wide, and navigable +sixty miles for loaded batteaux. + + _Guiandot_ is about the width of the river last mentioned, but +is more rapid. It may be navigated by canoes sixty miles. + + The _Great Kanhaway_ is a river of considerable note for the +fertility of its lands, and still more, as leading towards the +headwaters of James river. Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether its +great and numerous rapids will admit a navigation, but at an expence +to which it will require ages to render its inhabitants equal. The +great obstacles begin at what are called the great falls, 90 miles +above the mouth, below which are only five or six rapids, and these +passable, with some difficulty, even at low water. From the falls to +the mouth of Greenbriar is 100 miles, and thence to the lead mines +120. It is 280 yards wide at its mouth. + + _Hock-hocking_ is 80 yards wide at its mouth, and yields +navigation for loaded batteaux to the Press-place, 60 miles above its +mouth. + + The _Little Kanhaway_ is 150 yards wide at the mouth. It +yields a navigation of 10 miles only. Perhaps its northern branch, +called Junius's creek, which interlocks with the western of +Monongahela, may one day admit a shorter passage from the latter into +the Ohio. + + The _Muskingum_ is 280 yards wide at its mouth, and 200 yards +at the lower Indian towns, 150 miles upwards. It is navigable for +small batteaux to within one mile of a navigable part of Cayahoga +river, which runs into lake Erie. + + At Fort Pitt the river Ohio loses its name, branching into the +Monongahela and Alleghaney. + + The _Monongahela_ is 400 yards wide at its mouth. From thence +is 12 or 15 miles to the mouth of Yohoganey, where it is 300 yards +wide. Thence to Redstone by water is 50 miles, by land 30. Then to +the mouth of Cheat river by water 40 miles, by land 28, the width +continuing at 300 yards, and the navigation good for boats. Thence +the width is about 200 yards to the western fork, 50 miles higher, +and the navigation frequently interrupted by rapids; which however +with a swell of two or three feet become very passable for boats. It +then admits light boats, except in dry seasons, 65 miles further to +the head of Tygarts valley, presenting only some small rapids and +falls of one or two feet perpendicular, and lessening in its width to +20 yards. The _Western fork_ is navigable in the winter 10 or 15 +miles towards the northern of the Little Kanhaway, and will admit a +good waggon road to it. The _Yohoganey_ is the principal branch of +this river. It passes through the Laurel mountain, about 30 miles +from its mouth; is so far from 300 to 150 yards wide, and the +navigation much obstructed in dry weather by rapids and shoals. In +its passage through the mountain it makes very great falls, admitting +no navigation for ten miles to the Turkey foot. Thence to the great +crossing, about 20 miles, it is again navigable, except in dry +seasons, and at this place is 200 yards wide. The sources of this +river are divided from those of the Patowmac by the Alleghaney +mountain. From the falls, where it intersects the Laurel mountain, +to Fort Cumberland, the head of the navigation on the Patowmac, is 40 +miles of very mountainous road. Wills's creek, at the mouth of which +was Fort Cumberland, is 30 or 40 yards wide, but affords no +navigation as yet. _Cheat_ river, another considerable branch of the +Monongahela, is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and 100 yards at the +Dunkard's settlement, 50 miles higher. It is navigable for boats, +except in dry seasons. The boundary between Virginia and +Pennsylvania crosses it about three or four miles above its mouth. + + The _Alleghaney_ river, with a slight swell, affords navigation +for light batteaux to Venango, at the mouth of French creek, where it +is 200 yards wide; and it is practised even to Le B;oeuf, from whence +there is a portage of 15 miles to Presque Isle on Lake Erie. + + The country watered by the Missisipi and its eastern branches, +constitutes five-eighths of the United States, two of which +five-eighths are occupied by the Ohio and its waters: the residuary +streams which run into the Gulph of Mexico, the Atlantic, and the St. +Laurence water, the remaining three-eighths. + + Before we quit the subject of the western waters, we will take +a view of their principal connections with the Atlantic. These are +three; the Hudson's river, the Patowmac, and the Missisipi itself. +Down the last will pass all heavy commodities. But the navigation +through the Gulph of Mexico is so dangerous, and that up the +Missisipi so difficult and tedious, that it is thought probable that +European merchandize will not return through that channel. It is +most likely that flour, timber, and other heavy articles will be +floated on rafts, which will themselves be an article for sale as +well as their loading, the navigators returning by land or in light +batteaux. There will therefore be a competition between the Hudson +and Patowmac rivers for the residue of the commerce of all the +country westward of Lake Erie, on the waters of the lakes, of the +Ohio, and upper parts of the Missisipi. To go to New-York, that part +of the trade which comes from the lakes or their waters must first be +brought into Lake Erie. Between Lake Superior and its waters and +Huron are the rapids of St. Mary, which will permit boats to pass, +but not larger vessels. Lakes Huron and Michigan afford +communication with Lake Erie by vessels of 8 feet draught. That part +of the trade which comes from the waters of the Missisipi must pass +from them through some portage into the waters of the lakes. The +portage from the Illinois river into a water of Michigan is of one +mile only. From the Wabash, Miami, Muskingum, or Alleghaney, are +portages into the waters of Lake Erie, of from one to fifteen miles. +When the commodities are brought into, and have passed through Lake +Erie, there is between that and Ontario an interruption by the falls +of Niagara, where the portage is of 8 miles; and between Ontario and +the Hudson's river are portages at the falls of Onondago, a little +above Oswego, of a quarter of a mile; from Wood creek to the Mohawks +river two miles; at the little falls of the Mohawks river half a +mile, and from Schenectady to Albany 16 miles. Besides the increase +of expence occasioned by frequent change of carriage, there is an +increased risk of pillage produced by committing merchandize to a +greater number of hands successively. The Patowmac offers itself +under the following circumstances. For the trade of the lakes and +their waters westward of Lake Erie, when it shall have entered that +lake, it must coast along its southern shore, on account of the +number and excellence of its harbours, the northern, though shortest, +having few harbours, and these unsafe. Having reached Cayahoga, to +proceed on to New-York it will have 825 miles and five portages: +whereas it is but 425 miles to Alexandria, its emporium on the +Patowmac, if it turns into the Cayahoga, and passes through that, +Bigbeaver, Ohio, Yohoganey, (or Monongalia and Cheat) and Patowmac, +and there are but two portages; the first of which between Cayahoga +and Beaver may be removed by uniting the sources of these waters, +which are lakes in the neighbourhood of each other, and in a +champaign country; the other from the waters of Ohio to Patowmac will +be from 15 to 40 miles, according to the trouble which shall be taken +to approach the two navigations. For the trade of the Ohio, or that +which shall come into it from its own waters or the Missisipi, it is +nearer through the Patowmac to Alexandria than to New-York by 580 +miles, and it is interrupted by one portage only. There is another +circumstance of difference too. The lakes themselves never freeze, +but the communications between them freeze, and the Hudson's river is +itself shut up by the ice three months in the year; whereas the +channel to the Chesapeak leads directly into a warmer climate. The +southern parts of it very rarely freeze at all, and whenever the +northern do, it is so near the sources of the rivers, that the +frequent floods to which they are there liable break up the ice +immediately, so that vessels may pass through the whole winter, +subject only to accidental and short delays. Add to all this, that +in case of a war with our neighbours the Anglo-Americans or the +Indians, the route to New-York becomes a frontier through almost its +whole length, and all commerce through it ceases from that moment. -- +But the channel to New-York is already known to practice; whereas the +upper waters of the Ohio and the Patowmac, and the great falls of the +latter, are yet to be cleared of their fixed obstructions. + + + QUERY III + + _A notice of the best sea-ports of the state, and how big are +the vessels they can receive?_ + + Having no ports but our rivers and creeks, this Query has been +answered under the preceding one. + + + QUERY IV + + _A notice of its_ Mountains? + + Mountains + For the particular geography of our mountains I must refer to +Fry and Jefferson's map of Virginia; and to Evans's analysis of his +map of America for a more philosophical view of them than is to be +found in any other work. It is worthy notice, that our mountains are +not solitary and scattered confusedly over the face of the country; +but that they commence at about 150 miles from the sea-coast, are +disposed in ridges one behind another, running nearly parallel with +the sea-coast, though rather approaching it as they advance +north-eastwardly. To the south-west, as the tract of country between +the sea-coast and the Mississipi becomes narrower, the mountains +converge into a single ridge, which, as it approaches the Gulph of +Mexico, subsides into plain country, and gives rise to some of the +waters of that Gulph, and particularly to a river called the +Apalachicola, probably from the Apalachies, an Indian nation formerly +residing on it. Hence the mountains giving rise to that river, and +seen from its various parts, were called the Apalachian mountains, +being in fact the end or termination only of the great ridges passing +through the continent. European geographers however extended the +name northwardly as far as the mountains extended; some giving it, +after their separation into different ridges, to the Blue ridge, +others to the North mountain, others to the Alleghaney, others to the +Laurel ridge, as may be seen in their different maps. But the fact I +believe is, that none of these ridges were ever known by that name to +the inhabitants, either native or emigrant, but as they saw them so +called in European maps. In the same direction generally are the +veins of lime-stone, coal and other minerals hitherto discovered: and +so range the falls of our great rivers. But the courses of the great +rivers are at right angles with these. James and Patowmac penetrate +through all the ridges of mountains eastward of the Alleghaney; that +is broken by no watercourse. It is in fact the spine of the country +between the Atlantic on one side, and the Missisipi and St. Laurence +on the other. The passage of the Patowmac through the Blue ridge is +perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in nature. You stand on a +very high point of land. On your right comes up the Shenandoah, +having ranged along the foot of the mountain an hundred miles to seek +a vent. On your left approaches the Patowmac, in quest of a passage +also. In the moment of their junction they rush together against the +mountain, rend it asunder, and pass off to the sea. The first glance +of this scene hurries our senses into the opinion, that this earth +has been created in time, that the mountains were formed first, that +the rivers began to flow afterwards, that in this place particularly +they have been dammed up by the Blue ridge of mountains, and have +formed an ocean which filled the whole valley; that continuing to +rise they have at length broken over at this spot, and have torn the +mountain down from its summit to its base. The piles of rock on each +hand, but particularly on the Shenandoah, the evident marks of their +disrupture and avulsion from their beds by the most powerful agents +of nature, corroborate the impression. But the distant finishing +which nature has given to the picture is of a very different +character. It is a true contrast to the fore-ground. It is as +placid and delightful, as that is wild and tremendous. For the +mountain being cloven asunder, she presents to your eye, through the +cleft, a small catch of smooth blue horizon, at an infinite distance +in the plain country, inviting you, as it were, from the riot and +tumult roaring around, to pass through the breach and participate of +the calm below. Here the eye ultimately composes itself; and that +way too the road happens actually to lead. You cross the Patowmac +above the junction, pass along its side through the base of the +mountain for three miles, its terrible precipices hanging in +fragments over you, and within about 20 miles reach Frederic town and +the fine country round that. This scene is worth a voyage across the +Atlantic. Yet here, as in the neighbourhood of the natural bridge, +are people who have passed their lives within half a dozen miles, and +have never been to survey these monuments of a war between rivers and +mountains, which must have shaken the earth itself to its center. -- +The height of our mountains has not yet been estimated with any +degree of exactness. The Alleghaney being the great ridge which +divides the waters of the Atlantic from those of the Missisipi, its +summit is doubtless more elevated above the ocean than that of any +other mountain. But its relative height, compared with the base on +which it stands, is not so great as that of some others, the country +rising behind the successive ridges like the steps of stairs. The +mountains of the Blue ridge, and of these the Peaks of Otter, are +thought to be of a greater height, measured from their base, than any +others in our country, and perhaps in North America. From data, +which may found a tolerable conjecture, we suppose the highest peak +to be about 4000 feet perpendicular, which is not a fifth part of the +height of the mountains of South America, nor one third of the height +which would be necessary in our latitude to preserve ice in the open +air unmelted through the year. The ridge of mountains next beyond +the Blue ridge, called by us the North mountain, is of the greatest +extent; for which reason they were named by the Indians the Endless +mountains. + + A substance supposed to be Pumice, found floating on the +Missisipi, has induced a conjecture, that there is a volcano on some +of its waters: and as these are mostly known to their sources, except +the Missouri, our expectations of verifying the conjecture would of +course be led to the mountains which divide the waters of the Mexican +Gulph from those of the South Sea; but no volcano having ever yet +been known at such a distance from the sea, we must rather suppose +that this floating substance has been erroneously deemed Pumice. + + + QUERY V + + _Its Cascades and Caverns?_ + + Falling Spring + The only remarkable Cascade in this country, is that of the +Falling Spring in Augusta. It is a water of James river, where it is +called Jackson's river, rising in the warm spring mountains about +twenty miles South West of the warm spring, and flowing into that +valley. About three quarters of a mile from its source, it falls +over a rock 200 feet into the valley below. The sheet of water is +broken in its breadth by the rock in two or three places, but not at +all in its height. Between the sheet and rock, at the bottom, you +may walk across dry. This Cataract will bear no comparison with that +of Niagara, as to the quantity of water composing it; the sheet being +only 12 or 15 feet wide above, and somewhat more spread below; but it +is half as high again, the latter being only 156 feet, according to +the mensuration made by order of M. Vaudreuil, Governor of Canada, +and 130 according to a more recent account. + + Madison's cave + In the lime-stone country, there are many caverns of very +considerable extent. The most noted is called Madison's Cave, and is +on the North side of the Blue ridge, near the intersection of the +Rockingham and Augusta line with the South fork of the southern river +of Shenandoah. It is in a hill of about 200 feet perpendicular +height, the ascent of which, on one side, is so steep, that you may +pitch a biscuit from its summit into the river which washes its base. +The entrance of the cave is, in this side, about two thirds of the +way up. It extends into the earth about 300 feet, branching into +subordinate caverns, sometimes ascending a little, but more generally +descending, and at length terminates, in two different places, at +basons of water of unknown extent, and which I should judge to be +nearly on a level with the water of the river; however, I do not +think they are formed by refluent water from that, because they are +never turbid; because they do not rise and fall in correspondence +with that in times of flood, or of drought; and because the water is +always cool. It is probably one of the many reservoirs with which +the interior parts of the earth are supposed to abound, An +Eye-draught of Madison's cave, on a scale of 50 feet to the inch. +The arrows shew where it descends or ascends. And which yield +supplies to the fountains of water, distinguished from others only by +its being accessible. The vault of this cave is of solid lime-stone, +from 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, through which water is continually +percolating. This, trickling down the sides of the cave, has +incrusted them over in the form of elegant drapery; and dripping from +the top of the vault generates on that, and on the base below, +stalactites of a conical form, some of which have met and formed +massive columns. + + Another of these caves is near the North mountain, in the +county of Frederick, on the lands of Mr. Zane. The entrance into +this is on the top of an extensive ridge. You descend 30 or 40 feet, +as into a well, from whence the cave then extends, nearly +horizontally, 400 feet into the earth, preserving a breadth of from +20 to 50 feet, and a height of from 5 to 12 feet. After entering +this cave a few feet, the mercury, which in the open air was at 50 degrees. +rose to 57 degrees. of Farenheit's thermometer, answering to11 degrees. of +Reaumur's, and it continued at that to the remotest parts of the +cave. The uniform temperature of the cellars of the observatory of +Paris, which are 90 feet deep, and of all subterranean cavities of +any depth, where no chymical agents may be supposed to produce a +factitious heat, has been found to be 10 degrees. of Reamur, equal to 54 +1/2 degrees. of Farenheit. The temperature of the cave above-mentioned so +nearly corresponds with this, that the difference may be ascribed to +a difference of instruments. + + Blowing cave + At the Panther gap, in the ridge which divides the waters of +the Cow and the Calf pasture, is what is called the _Blowing cave._ +It is in the side of a hill, is of about 100 feet diameter, and emits +constantly a current of air of such force, as to keep the weeds +prostrate to the distance of twenty yards before it. This current is +strongest in dry frosty weather, and in long spells of rain weakest. +Regular inspirations and expirations of air, by caverns and fissures, +have been probably enough accounted for, by supposing them combined +with intermitting fountains; as they must of course inhale air while +their reservoirs are emptying themselves, and again emit it while +they are filling. But a constant issue of air, only varying in its +force as the weather is drier or damper, will require a new +hypothesis. There is another blowing cave in the Cumberland +mountain, about a mile from where it crosses the Carolina line. All +we know of this is, that it is not constant, and that a fountain of +water issues from it. + + Natural bridge + The _Natural bridge_, the most sublime of Nature's works, +though not comprehended under the present head, must not be +pretermitted. It is on the ascent of a hill, which seems to have +been cloven through its length by some great convulsion. The +fissure, just at the bridge, is, by some admeasurements, 270 feet +deep, by others only 205. It is about 45 feet wide at the bottom, +and 90 feet at the top; this of course determines the length of the +bridge, and its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle, is +about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thickness of the mass at +the summit of the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this thickness is +constituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large +trees. The residue, with the hill on both sides, is one solid rock +of lime-stone. The arch approaches the Semi-elliptical form; but the +larger axis of the ellipsis, which would be the cord of the arch, is +many times longer than the transverse. Though the sides of this +bridge are provided in some parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet +few men have resolution to walk to them and look over into the abyss. +You involuntarily fall on your hands and feet, creep to the parapet +and peep over it. Looking down from this height about a minute, gave +me a violent head ach. If the view from the top be painful and +intolerable, that from below is delightful in an equal extreme. It +is impossible for the emotions arising from the sublime, to be felt +beyond what they are here: so beautiful an arch, so elevated, so +light, and springing as it were up to heaven, the rapture of the +spectator is really indescribable! The fissure continuing narrow, +deep, and streight for a considerable distance above and below the +bridge, opens a short but very pleasing view of the North mountain on +one side, and Blue ridge on the other, at the distance each of them +of about five miles. This bridge is in the county of Rock bridge, to +which it has given name, and affords a public and commodious passage +over a valley, which cannot be crossed elsewhere for a considerable +distance. The stream passing under it is called Cedar creek. It is +a water of James river, and sufficient in the driest seasons to turn +a grist-mill, though its fountain is not more than two miles above (* +1). + + (* 1) Don Ulloa mentions a break, similar to this, in the +province of Angaraez, in South America. It is from 16 to 22 feet +wide, 111 feet deep, and of 1.3 miles continuance, English measures. +Its breadth at top is not sensibly greater than at bottom. But the +following fact is remarkable, and will furnish some light for +conjecturing the probable origin of our natural bridge. `Esta caxa, +6 cauce esta cortada en pena viva con tanta precision, que las +desigualdades del un lado entrantes, corresponden a las del otro lado +salientes, como si aquella altura se hubiese abierto expresamente, +con sus bueltas y tortuosidades, para darle transito a los aguas por +entre los dos murallones que la forman; siendo tal su igualdad, que +si llegasen a juntarse se endentarian uno con otro sin dexar hueco.' +Not. Amer. II. 10. Don Ulloa inclines to the opinion, that this +channel has been affected by the wearing of the water which runs +through it, rather than that the mountain should have been broken +open by any convulsion of nature. But if it had been worn by the +running of water, would not the rocks which form the sides, have been +worn plane? or if, meeting in some parts with veins of harder stone, +the water had left prominences on the one side, would not the same +cause have sometimes, or perhaps generally, occasioned prominences on +the other side also? Yet Don Ulloa tells us, that on the other side +there are always corresponding cavities, and that these tally with +the prominences so perfectly, that, were the two sides to come +together, they would fit in all their indentures, without leaving any +void. I think that this does not resemble the effect of running +water, but looks rather as if the two sides had parted asunder. The +sides of the break, over which is the Natural bridge of Virginia, +consisting of a veiny rock which yields to time, the correspondence +between the salient and re-entering inequalities, if it existed at +all, has now disappeared. This break has the advantage of the one +described by Don Ulloa in its finest circumstance; no portion in that +instance having held together, during the separation of the other +parts, so as to form a bridge over the Abyss. + + + QUERY VI + + _A notice of the mines and other subterraneous riches; its +trees, plants, fruits, &c._ + + 1. Minerals + Gold + I knew a single instance of gold found in this state. It was +interspersed in small specks through a lump of ore, of about four +pounds weight, which yielded seventeen pennyweight of gold, of +extraordinary ductility. This ore was found on the North side of +Rappahanoc, about four miles below the falls. I never heard of any +other indication of gold in its neighbourhood. + + Lead + On the Great Kanhaway, opposite to the mouth of Cripple creek, +and about twenty-five miles from our southern boundary, in the county +of Montgomery, are mines of lead. The metal is mixed, sometimes with +earth, and sometimes with rock, which requires the force of gunpowder +to open it; and is accompanied with a portion of silver, too small to +be worth separation under any process hitherto attempted there. The +proportion yielded is from 50 to 80 lb. of pure metal from 100 lb. of +washed ore. The most common is that of 60 to the 100 lb. The veins +are at sometimes most flattering; at others they disappear suddenly +and totally. They enter the side of the hill, and proceed +horizontally. Two of them are wrought at present by the public, the +best of which is 100 yards under the hill. These would employ about +50 labourers to advantage. We have not, however, more than 30 +generally, and these cultivate their own corn. They have produced 60 +tons of lead in the year; but the general quantity is from 20 to 25 +tons. The present furnace is a mile from the ore-bank, and on the +opposite side of the river. The ore is first waggoned to the river, +a quarter of a mile, then laden on board of canoes and carried across +the river, which is there about 200 yards wide, and then again taken +into waggons and carried to the furnace. This mode was originally +adopted, that they might avail themselves of a good situation on a +creek, for a pounding mill: but it would be easy to have the furnace +and pounding mill on the same side of the river, which would yield +water, without any dam, by a canal of about half a mile in length. +From the furnace the lead is transported 130 miles along a good road, +leading through the peaks of Otter to Lynch's ferry, or Winston's, on +James river, from whence it is carried by water about the same +distance to Westham. This land carriage may be greatly shortened, by +delivering the lead on James river, above the blue ridge, from whence +a ton weight has been brought on two canoes. The Great Kanhaway has +considerable falls in the neighbourhood of the mines. About seven +miles below are three falls, of three or four feet perpendicular +each; and three miles above is a rapid of three miles continuance, +which has been compared in its descent to the great fall of James +river. Yet it is the opinion, that they may be laid open for useful +navigation, so as to reduce very much the portage between the +Kanhaway and James river. + + A valuable lead mine is said to have been lately discovered in +Cumberland, below the mouth of Red river. The greatest, however, +known in the western country, are on the Missisipi, extending from +the mouth of Rock river 150 miles upwards. These are not wrought, +the lead used in that country being from the banks on the Spanish +side of the Missisipi, opposite to Kaskaskia. + + Copper + A mine of copper was once opened in the county of Amherst, on +the North side of James river, and another in the opposite country, +on the South side. However, either from bad management or the +poverty of the veins, they were discontinued. We are told of a rich +mine of native copper on the Ouabache, below the upper Wiaw. + + Iron + The mines of iron worked at present are Callaway's, Ross's, and +Ballendine's, on the South side of James river; Old's on the North +side, in Albemarle; Miller's in Augusta, and Zane's in Frederic. +These two last are in the valley between the Blue ridge and North +mountain. Callaway's, Ross's, Millar's, and Zane's, make about 150 +tons of bar iron each, in the year. Ross's makes also about 1600 +tons of pig iron annually; Ballendine's 1000; Callaway's, Millar's, +and Zane's, about 600 each. Besides these, a forge of Mr. Hunter's, +at Fredericksburgh, makes about 300 tons a year of bar iron, from +pigs imported from Maryland; and Taylor's forge on Neapsco of +Patowmac, works in the same way, but to what extent I am not +informed. The indications of iron in other places are numerous, and +dispersed through all the middle country. The toughness of the cast +iron of Ross's and Zane's furnaces is very remarkable. Pots and +other utensils, cast thinner than usual, of this iron, may be safely +thrown into, or out of the waggons in which they are transported. +Salt-pans made of the same, and no longer wanted for that purpose, +cannot be broken up, in order to be melted again, unless previously +drilled in many parts. + + In the western country, we are told of iron mines between the +Muskingum and Ohio; of others on Kentucky, between the Cumberland and +Barren rivers, between Cumberland and Tannissee, on Reedy creek, near +the Long island, and on Chesnut creek, a branch of the Great +Kanhaway, near where it crosses the Carolina line. What are called +the iron banks, on the Missisipi, are believed, by a good judge, to +have no iron in them. In general, from what is hitherto known of +that country, it seems to want iron. + + Black lead + Considerable quantities of black lead are taken occasionally +for use from Winterham, in the county of Amelia. I am not able, +however, to give a particular state of the mine. There is no work +established at it, those who want, going and procuring it for +themselves. + + Pit coal + The country on James river, from 15 to 20 miles above Richmond, +and for several miles northward and southward, is replete with +mineral coal of a very excellent quality. Being in the hands of many +proprietors, pits have been opened, and before the interruption of +our commerce were worked to an extent equal to the demand. + + In the western country coal is known to be in so many places, +as to have induced an opinion, that the whole tract between the +Laurel mountain, Missisipi, and Ohio, yields coal. It is also known +in many places on the North side of the Ohio. The coal at Pittsburg +is of very superior quality. A bed of it at that place has been +a-fire since the year 1765. Another coal-hill on the Pike-run of +Monongahela has been a-fire ten years; yet it has burnt away about +twenty yards only. + + Precious stones + I have known one instance of an Emerald found in this country. +Amethysts have been frequent, and chrystals common; yet not in such +numbers any of them as to be worth seeking. + + There is very good marble, and in very great abundance, on +James river, at the mouth of Rockfish. The samples + + Marble + I have seen, were some of them of a white as pure as one might +expect to find on the surface of the earth: but most of them were +variegated with red, blue, and purple. None of it has been ever +worked. It forms a very large precipice, which hangs over a +navigable part of the river. It is said there is marble at Kentucky. + + Limestone + But one vein of lime-stone is known below the Blue ridge. Its first +appearance, in our country, is in Prince William, two miles below the Pignut +ridge of mountains; thence it passes on nearly parallel with that, and +crosses the Rivanna about five miles below it, where it is called the +South-west ridge. It then crosses Hardware, above the mouth of Hudson's +creek, James river at the mouth of Rockfish, at the marble quarry before +spoken of, probably runs up that river to where it appears again at Ross's +iron-works, and so passes off south-westwardly by Flat creek of Otter river. +It is never more than one hundred yards wide. From the Blue ridge westwardly +the whole country seems to be founded on a rock of lime-stone, besides +infinite quantities on the surface, both loose and fixed. This is cut into +beds, which range, as the mountains and sea-coast do, from south-west to +north-east, the lamina of each bed declining from the horizon towards a +parallelism with the axis of the earth. Being struck with this observation, +I made, with a quadrant, a great number of trials on the angles of their +declination, and found them to vary from 22 degrees to 60 degrees but +averaging all my trials, the result was within one-third of a degree of the +elevation of the pole or latitude of the place, and much the greatest part of +them taken separately were little different from that: by which it appears, +that these lamina are, in the main, parallel with the axis of the earth. In +some instances, indeed, I found them perpendicular, and even reclining the +other way: but these were extremely rare, and always attended with signs of +convulsion, or other circumstances of singularity, which admitted a +possibility of removal from their original position. These trials were made +between Madison's cave and the Patowmac. We hear of lime-stone on the +Missisipi and Ohio, and in all the mountainous country between the eastern +and western waters, not on the mountains themselves, but occupying the +vallies between them. + + + Near the eastern foot of the North mountain are immense bodies +of _Schist_, containing impressions of shells in a variety of forms. +I have received petrified shells of very different kinds from the +first sources of the Kentucky, which bear no resemblance to any I +have ever seen on the tide-waters. It is said that shells are found +in the Andes, in South-America, fifteen thousand feet above the level +of the ocean. This is considered by many, both of the learned and +unlearned, as a proof of an universal deluge. To the many +considerations opposing this opinion, the following may be added. +The atmosphere, and all its contents, whether of water, air, or other +matters, gravitate to the earth; that is to say, they have weight. +Experience tells us, that the weight of all these together never +exceeds that of a column of mercury of 31 inches height, which is +equal to one of rain-water of 35 feet high. If the whole contents of +the atmosphere then were water, instead of what they are, it would +cover the globe but 35 feet deep; but as these waters, as they fell, +would run into the seas, the superficial measure of which is to that +of the dry parts of the globe as two to one, the seas would be raised +only 52 1/2 feet above their present level, and of course would +overflow the lands to that height only. In Virginia this would be a +very small proportion even of the champaign country, the banks of our +tide-waters being frequently, if not generally, of a greater height. +Deluges beyond this extent then, as for instance, to the North +mountain or to Kentucky, seem out of the laws of nature. But within +it they may have taken place to a greater or less degree, in +proportion to the combination of natural causes which may be supposed +to have produced them. History renders probable some instances of a +partial deluge in the country lying round the Mediterranean sea. It +has been often (* 1) supposed, and is not unlikely, that that sea was +once a lake. While such, let us admit an extraordinary collection of +the waters of the atmosphere from the other parts of the globe to +have been discharged over that and the countries whose waters run +into it. Or without supposing it a lake, admit such an extraordinary +collection of the waters of the atmosphere, and an influx of waters +from the Atlantic ocean, forced by long continued Western winds. +That lake, or that sea, may thus have been so raised as to overflow +the low lands adjacent to it, as those of Egypt and Armenia, which, +according to a tradition of the Egyptians and Hebrews, were +overflowed about 2300 years before the Christian aera; those of +Attica, said to have been overflowed in the time of Ogyges, about 500 +years later; and those of Thessaly, in the time of Deucalion, still +300 years posterior. But such deluges as these will not account for +the shells found in the higher lands. A second opinion has been +entertained, which is, that, in times anterior to the records either +of history or tradition, the bed of the ocean, the principal +residence of the shelled tribe, has, by some great convulsion of +nature, been heaved to the heights at which we now find shells and +other remains of marine animals. The favourers of this opinion do +well to suppose the great events on which it rests to have taken +place beyond all the aeras of history; for within these, certainly +none such are to be found: and we may venture to say further, that no +fact has taken place, either in our own days, or in the thousands of +years recorded in history, which proves the existence of any natural +agents, within or without the bowels of the earth, of force +sufficient to heave, to the height of 15,000 feet, such masses as the +Andes. The difference between the power necessary to produce such an +effect, and that which shuffled together the different parts of +Calabria in our days, is so immense, that, from the existence of the +latter we are not authorised to infer that of the former. + + M. de Voltaire has suggested a third solution of this +difficulty (Quest. encycl. Coquilles). He cites an instance in +Touraine, where, in the space of 80 years, a particular spot of earth +had been twice metamorphosed into soft stone, which had become hard +when employed in building. In this stone shells of various kinds +were produced, discoverable at first only with the microscope, but +afterwards growing with the stone. From this fact, I suppose, he +would have us infer, that, besides the usual process for generating +shells by the elaboration of earth and water in animal vessels, +nature may have provided an equivalent operation, by passing the same +materials through the pores of calcareous earths and stones: as we +see calcareous dropstones generating every day by the percolation of +water through lime-stone, and new marble forming in the quarries from +which the old has been taken out; and it might be asked, whether it +is more difficult for nature to shoot the calcareous juice into the +form of a shell, than other juices into the forms of chrystals, +plants, animals, according to the construction of the vessels through +which they pass? There is a wonder somewhere. Is it greatest on +this branch of the dilemma; on that which supposes the existence of a +power, of which we have no evidence in any other case; or on the +first, which requires us to believe the creation of a body of water, +and its subsequent annihilation? The establishment of the instance, +cited by M. de Voltaire, of the growth of shells unattached to animal +bodies, would have been that of his theory. But he has not +established it. He has not even left it on ground so respectable as +to have rendered it an object of enquiry to the literati of his own +country. Abandoning this fact, therefore, the three hypotheses are +equally unsatisfactory; and we must be contented to acknowledge, that +this great phaenomenon is as yet unsolved. Ignorance is preferable +to error; and he is less remote from the truth who believes nothing, +then he who believes what is wrong. + + Stone + There is great abundance (more especially when you approach the +mountains) of stone, white, blue, brown, &c. fit for the chissel, +good mill-stone, such also as stands the fire, and slate-stone. We +are told of flint, fit for gun-flints, on the Meherrin in Brunswic, +on the Missisipi between the mouth of Ohio and Kaskaskia, and on +others of the western waters. Isinglass or mica is in several +places; load-stone also, and an Asbestos of a ligneous texture, is +sometimes to be met with. + + Earths + Marle abounds generally. A clay, of which, like the Sturbridge +in England, bricks are made, which will resist long the violent +action of fire, has been found on Tuckahoe creek of James river, and +no doubt will be found in other places. Chalk is said to be in +Botetourt and Bedford. In the latter county is some earth, believed +to be Gypseous. Ochres are found in various parts. + + + Nitre + In the lime-stone country are many caves, the earthy floors of +which are impregnated with nitre. On Rich creek, a branch of the +Great Kanhaway, about 60 miles below the lead mines, is a very large +one, about 20 yards wide, and entering a hill a quarter or half a +mile. The vault is of rock, from 9 to 15 or 20 feet above the floor. +A Mr. Lynch, who gives me this account, undertook to extract the +nitre. Besides a coat of the salt which had formed on the vault and +floor, he found the earth highly impregnated to the depth of seven +feet in some places, and generally of three, every bushel yielding on +an average three pounds of nitre. Mr. Lynch having made about 1000 +lb. of the salt from it, consigned it to some others, who have since +made 10,000 lb. They have done this by pursuing the cave into the +hill, never trying a second time the earth they have once exhausted, +to see how far or soon it receives another impregnation. At least +fifty of these caves are worked on the Greenbriar. There are many of +them known on Cumberland river. + + Salt + The country westward of the Alleghaney abounds with springs of +common salt. The most remarkable we have heard of are at Bullet's +lick, the Big bones, the Blue licks, and on the North fork of +Holston. The area of Bullet's lick is of many acres. Digging the +earth to the depth of three feet, the water begins to boil up, and +the deeper you go, and the drier the weather, the stronger is the +brine. A thousand gallons of water yield from a bushel to a bushel +and a half of salt, which is about 80 lb. of water to one lb. of +salt; but of sea-water 25 lb. yield one lb. of salt. So that +sea-water is more than three times as strong as that of these +springs. A salt spring has been lately discovered at the Turkey foot +on Yohogany, by which river it is overflowed, except at very low +water. Its merit is not yet known. Duning's lick is also as yet +untried, but it is supposed to be the best on this side the Ohio. +The salt springs on the margin of the Onondago lake are said to give +a saline taste to the waters of the lake. + + Medicinal springs + There are several Medicinal springs, some of which are +indubitably efficacious, while others seem to owe their reputation as +much to fancy, and change of air and regimen, as to their real +virtues. None of them having undergone a chemical analysis in +skilful hands, nor been so far the subject of observations as to have +produced a reduction into classes of the disorders which they +relieve, it is in my power to give little more than an enumeration of +them. + + The most efficacious of these are two springs in Augusta, near +the first sources of James river, where it is called Jackson's river. +They rise near the foot of the ridge of mountains, generally called +the Warm spring mountain, but in the maps Jackson's mountains. The +one is distinguished by the name of the Warm spring, and the other of +the Hot spring. The Warm spring issues with a very bold stream, +sufficient to work a grist-mill, and to keep the waters of its bason, +which is 30 feet in diameter, at the vital warmth, viz. 96 degrees of +Farenheit's thermometer. The matter with which these waters is +allied is very volatile; its smell indicates it to be sulphureous, as +also does the circumstance of its turning silver black. They relieve +rheumatisms. Other complaints also of very different natures have +been removed or lessened by them. It rains here four or five days in +every week. + + The _Hot spring_ is about six miles from the Warm, is much +smaller, and has been so hot as to have boiled an egg. Some believe +its degree of heat to be lessened. It raises the mercury in +Farenheit's thermometer to 112 degrees, which is fever heat. It +sometimes relieves where the Warm spring fails. A fountain of common +water, issuing within a few inches of its margin, gives it a singular +appearance. Comparing the temperature of these with that of the Hot +springs of Kamschatka, of which Krachininnikow gives an account, the +difference is very great, the latter raising the mercury to 200 degrees +which is within 12 degrees of boiling water. These springs are very much +resorted to in spite of a total want of accommodation for the sick. +Their waters are strongest in the hottest months, which occasions +their being visited in July and August principally. + + The Sweet springs are in the county of Botetourt, at the +eastern foot of the Alleghaney, about 42 miles from the Warm springs. +They are still less known. Having been found to relieve cases in +which the others had been ineffectually tried, it is probable their +composition is different. They are different also in their +temperature, being as cold as common water: which is not mentioned, +however, as a proof of a distinct impregnation. This is among the +first sources of James river. + + + On Patowmac river, in Berkeley county, above the North +mountain, are Medicinal springs, much more frequented than those of +Augusta. Their powers, however, are less, the waters weakly +mineralized, and scarcely warm. They are more visited, because +situated in a fertile, plentiful, and populous country, better +provided with accommodations, always safe from the Indians, and +nearest to the more populous states. + + In Louisa county, on the head waters of the South Anna branch +of York river, are springs of some medicinal virtue. They are not +much used however. There is a weak chalybeate at Richmond; and many +others in various parts of the country, which are of too little +worth, or too little note, to be enumerated after those +before-mentioned. + + We are told of a Sulphur spring on Howard's creek of +Greenbriar, and another at Boonsborough on Kentuckey. + + Burning spring + In the low grounds of the Great Kanhaway, 7 miles above the +mouth of Elk river, and 67 above that of the Kanhaway itself, is a +hole in the earth of the capacity of 30 or 40 gallons, from which +issues constantly a bituminous vapour in so strong a current, as to +give to the sand about its orifice the motion which it has in a +boiling spring. On presenting a lighted candle or torch within 18 +inches of the hole, it flames up in a column of 18 inches diameter, +and four or five feet height, which sometimes burns out within 20 +minutes, and at other times has been known to continue three days, +and then has been left still burning. The flame is unsteady, of the +density of that of burning spirits, and smells like burning pit coal. +Water sometimes collects in the bason, which is remarkably cold, and +is kept in ebullition by the vapour issuing through it. If the +vapour be fired in that state, the water soon becomes so warm that +the hand cannot bear it, and evaporates wholly in a short time. +This, with the circumjacent lands, is the property of his Excellency +General Washington and of General Lewis. + + There is a similar one on Sandy river, the flame of which is a +column of about 12 inches diameter, and 3 feet high. General Clarke, +who informs me of it, kindled the vapour, staid about an hour, and +left it burning. + + Syphon fountains + The mention of uncommon springs leads me to that of Syphon +fountains. There is one of these near the intersection of the Lord +Fairfax's boundary with the North mountain, not far from Brock's gap, +on the stream of which is a grist-mill, which grinds two bushel of +grain at every flood of the spring. Another, near the Cow-pasture +river, a mile and a half below its confluence with the Bull-pasture +river, and 16 or 17 miles from the Hot springs, which intermits once +in every twelve hours. One also near the mouth of the North Holston. + + After these may be mentioned the _Natural Well_, on the lands +of a Mr. Lewis in Frederick county. It is somewhat larger than a +common well: the water rises in it as near the surface of the earth +as in the neighbouring artificial wells, and is of a depth as yet +unknown. It is said there is a current in it tending sensibly +downwards. If this be true, it probably feeds some fountain, of +which it is the natural reservoir, distinguished from others, like +that of Madison's cave, by being accessible. It is used with a +bucket and windlass as an ordinary well. + + Vegetables + A complete catalogue of the trees, plants, fruits, &c. is +probably not desired. I will sketch out those which would +principally attract notice, as being 1. Medicinal, 2. Esculent, 3. +Ornamental, or 4. Useful for fabrication; adding the Linnaean to the +popular names, as the latter might not convey precise information to +a foreigner. I shall confine myself too to native plants. + + 1. Senna. Cassia ligustrina. + Arsmart. Polygonum Sagittatum. + Clivers, or goose-grass. Galium spurium. + Lobelia of several species. + Palma Christi. Ricinus. + James-town weed. Datura Stramonium. + Mallow. Malva rotundifolia. + Syrian mallow. Hibiscus moschentos. + Hibiscus virginicus. + Indian mallow. Sida rhombifolia. + Sida abutilon. + Virginia Marshmallow. Napaea hermaphrodita. + Napaea dioica. + Indian physic. Spiraea trifoliata. + Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae. + Pleurisy root. Asclepias decumbens. + Virginia snake-root. Aristolochia serpentaria. + Black snake-root. Actaea racemosa. + Seneca rattlesnake-root. Polygala Senega. + Valerian. Valeriana locusta radiata. + Gentiana, Saponaria, Villosa & Centaurium. + Ginseng. Panax quinquefolium. + Angelica. Angelica sylvestris. + Cassava. Jatropha urens. + + 2. Tuckahoe. Lycoperdon tuber. + Jerusalem artichoke. Helianthus tuberosus. + Long potatoes. Convolvulas batatas. + Granadillas. Maycocks. Maracocks. Passiflora incarnata. + Panic. Panicum of many species. + Indian millet. Holcus laxus. + Holcus striosus. + Wild oat. Zizania aquatica. + Wild pea. Dolichos of Clayton. + Lupine. Lupinus perennis. + Wild hop. Humulus lupulus. + Wild cherry. Prunus Virginiana. + Cherokee plumb. Prunus sylvestris fructu majori. } + Wild plumb. Prunus sylvestris fructu minori. } Clayton. + Wild crab-apple. Pyrus coronaria. + Red mulberry. Morus rubra. + Persimmon. Diospyros Virginiana. + Sugar maple. Acer saccharinum. + Scaly bark hiccory. Juglans alba cortice squamoso. + Clayton. + Common hiccory. Juglans alba, fructu minore rancido. + Clayton. + Paccan, or Illinois nut. Not described by Linnaeus, Millar, or +Clayton. Were I to venture to describe this, speaking of the fruit +from memory, and of the leaf from plants of two years growth, I +should specify it as the Juglans alba,foliolis lanceolatis, +acuminatis, serratis, tomentosis, fructu minore, ovato, compresso, +vix insculpto, dulci, putamine, tenerrimo. It grows on the Illinois, +Wabash, Ohio, and Missisipi. It is spoken of by Don Ulloa under the +name of Pacanos, in his Noticias Americanas. Entret. 6. + Black walnut. Juglans nigra. + White walnut. Juglans alba. + Chesnut. Fagus castanea. + Chinquapin. Fagus pumila. + Hazlenut. Corylus avellana. + Grapes. Vitis. Various kinds, though only three described by +Clayton. + Scarlet Strawberries. Fragaria Virginiana of Millar. + Whortleberries. Vaccinium uliginosum? + Wild gooseberries. Ribes grossularia. + Cranberries. Vaccinium oxycoccos. + Black raspberries. Rubus occidentalis. + Blackberries. Rubus fruticosus. + Dewberries. Rubus caesius. + Cloud-berries. Rubus chamaemorus. + + 3. Plane-tree. Platanus occidentalis. + Poplar. Liriodendron tulipifera. + Populus heterophylla. + Black poplar. Populus nigra. + Aspen. Populus tremula. + Linden, or lime. Tilia Americana. + Red flowering maple. Acer rubrum. + Horse-chesnut, or Buck's-eye. Aesculus pavia. + Catalpa. Bignonia catalpa. + Umbrella. Magnolia tripetala. + Swamp laurel. Magnolia glauca. + Cucumber-tree. Magnolia acuminata. + Portugal bay. Laurus indica. + Red bay. Laurus borbonia. + Dwarf-rose bay. Rhododendron maximum. + Laurel of the western country. Qu. species? + Wild pimento. Laurus benzoin. + Sassafras. Laurus sassafras. + Locust. Robinia pseudo-acacia. + Honey-locust. Gleditsia. 1. Beta. + Dogwood. Cornus florida. + Fringe or snow-drop tree. Chionanthus Virginica. + Barberry. Berberis vulgaris. + Redbud, or Judas-tree. Cercis Canadensis. + Holly. Ilex aquifolium. + Cockspur hawthorn. Crataegus coccinea. + Spindle-tree. Euonymus Europaeus. + Evergreen spindle-tree. Euonymus Americanus. + Itea Virginica. + Elder. Sambucus nigra. + Papaw. Annona triloba. + Candleberry myrtle. Myrica cerifera. + Dwarf-laurel. Kalmia angustifolia.} called ivy + Kalmia latifolia } with us. + Ivy. Hedera quinquefolia. + Trumpet honeysuckle. Lonicera sempervirens. + Upright honeysuckle. Azalea nudiflora. + Yellow jasmine. Bignonia sempervirens. + Calycanthus floridus. + American aloe. Agave Virginica. + Sumach. Rhus. Qu. species? + Poke. Phytolacca decandra. + Long moss. Tillandsia Usneoides. + + 4. Reed. Arundo phragmitis. + Virginia hemp. Acnida cannabina. + Flax. Linum Virginianum. + Black, or pitch-pine. Pinus taeda. + White pine. Pinus strobus. + Yellow pine. Pinus Virginica. + Spruce pine. Pinus foliis singularibus. Clayton. + Hemlock spruce fir. Pinus Canadensis. + Abor vitae. Thuya occidentalis. + Juniper. Juniperus virginica (called cedar with us). + Cypress. Cupressus disticha. + White cedar. Cupressus Thyoides. + Black oak. Quercus nigra. + White oak. Quercus alba. + Red oak. Quercus rubra. + Willow oak. Quercus phellos. + Chesnut oak. Quercus prinus. + Black jack oak. Quercus aquatica. Clayton. Query? + Ground oak. Quercus pumila. Clayton. + Live oak. Quercus Virginiana. Millar. + Black Birch. Betula nigra. + White birch. Betula alba. + Beach. Fagus sylvatica. + Ash. Fraxinus Americana. + Fraxinus Novae Angliae. Millar. + Elm. Ulmus Americana. + Willow. Salix. Query species? + Sweet Gum. Liquidambar styraciflua. + + The following were found in Virginia when first visited by the +English; but it is not said whether of spontaneous growth, or by +cultivation only. Most probably they were natives of more southern +climates, and handed along the continent from one nation to another +of the savages. + + Tobacco. Nicotiana. + Maize. Zea mays. + Round potatoes. Solanum tuberosum. + Pumpkins. Cucurbita pepo. + Cymlings. Cucurbita verrucosa. + Squashes. Cucurbita melopepo. + + There is an infinitude of other plants and flowers, for an +enumeration and scientific description of which I must refer to the +Flora Virginica of our great botanist Dr. Clayton, published by +Gronovius at Leyden, in 1762. This accurate observer was a native +and resident of this state, passed a long life in exploring and +describing its plants, and is supposed to have enlarged the botanical +catalogue as much as almost any man who has lived. + + Besides these plants, which are native, our _Farms_ produce +wheat, rye, barley, oats, buck wheat, broom corn, and Indian corn. +The climate suits rice well enough wherever the lands do. Tobacco, +hemp, flax, and cotton, are staple commodities. Indico yields two +cuttings. The silk-worm is a native, and the mulberry, proper for +its food, grows kindly. + + We cultivate also potatoes, both the long and the round, +turnips, carrots, parsneps, pumpkins, and ground nuts (Arachis.) Our +grasses are Lucerne, St. Foin, Burnet, Timothy, ray and orchard +grass; red, white, and yellow clover; greenswerd, blue grass, and +crab grass. + + The _gardens_ yield musk melons, water melons, tomatas, okra, +pomegranates, figs, and the esculent plants of Europe. + + The _orchards_ produce apples, pears, cherries, quinces, +peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds, and plumbs. + + Animals + Our quadrupeds have been mostly described by Linnaeus and Mons. +de Buffon. Of these the Mammoth, or big buffalo, as called by the +Indians, must certainly have been the largest. Their tradition is, +that he was carnivorous, and still exists in the northern parts of +America. A delegation of warriors from the Delaware tribe having +visited the governor of Virginia, during the present revolution, on +matters of business, after these had been discussed and settled in +council, the governor asked them some questions relative to their +country, and, among others, what they knew or had heard of the animal +whose bones were found at the Saltlicks, on the Ohio. Their chief +speaker immediately put himself into an attitude of oratory, and with +a pomp suited to what he conceived the elevation of his subject, +informed him that it was a tradition handed down from their fathers, +`That in antient times a herd of these tremendous animals came to the +Big-bone licks, and began an universal destruction of the bear, deer, +elks, buffaloes, and other animals, which had been created for the +use of the Indians: that the Great Man above, looking down and seeing +this, was so enraged that he seized his lightning, descended on the +earth, seated himself on a neighbouring mountain, on a rock, of which +his seat and the print of his feet are still to be seen, and hurled +his bolts among them till the whole were slaughtered, except the big +bull, who presenting his forehead to the shafts, shook them off as +they fell; but missing one at length, it wounded him in the side; +whereon, springing round, he bounded over the Ohio, over the Wabash, +the Illinois, and finally over the great lakes, where he is living at +this day.' It is well known that on the Ohio, and in many parts of +America further north, tusks, grinders, and skeletons of unparalleled +magnitude, are found in great numbers, some lying on the surface of +the earth, and some a little below it. A Mr. Stanley, taken prisoner +by the Indians near the mouth of the Tanissee, relates, that, after +being transferred through several tribes, from one to another, he was +at length carried over the mountains west of the Missouri to a river +which runs westwardly; that these bones abounded there; and that the +natives described to him the animal to which they belonged as still +existing in the northern parts of their country; from which +description he judged it to be an elephant. Bones of the same kind +have been lately found, some feet below the surface of the earth, in +salines opened on the North Holston, a branch of the Tanissee, about +the latitude of 36 1/2 degrees North. From the accounts published in +Europe, I suppose it to be decided, that these are of the same kind +with those found in Siberia. Instances are mentioned of like animal +remains found in the more southern climates of both hemispheres; but +they are either so loosely mentioned as to leave a doubt of the fact, +so inaccurately described as not to authorize the classing them with +the great northern bones, or so rare as to found a suspicion that +they have been carried thither as curiosities from more northern +regions. So that on the whole there seem to be no certain vestiges +of the existence of this animal further south than the salines last +mentioned. It is remarkable that the tusks and skeletons have been +ascribed by the naturalists of Europe to the elephant, while the +grinders have been given to the hippopotamus, or river-horse. Yet it +is acknowledged, that the tusks and skeletons are much larger than +those of the elephant, and the grinders many times greater than those +of the hippopotamus, and essentially different in form. Wherever +these grinders are found, there also we find the tusks and skeleton; +but no skeleton of the hippopotamus nor grinders of the elephant. It +will not be said that the hippopotamus and elephant came always to +the same spot, the former to deposit his grinders, and the latter his +tusks and skeleton. For what became of the parts not deposited +there? We must agree then that these remains belong to each other, +that they are of one and the same animal, that this was not a +hippopotamus, because the hippopotamus had no tusks nor such a frame, +and because the grinders differ in their size as well as in the +number and form of their points. That it was not an elephant, I +think ascertained by proofs equally decisive. I will not avail +myself of the authority of the celebrated (* 2) anatomist, who, from +an examination of the form and structure of the tusks, has declared +they were essentially different from those of the elephant; because +another (* 3) anatomist, equally celebrated, has declared, on a like +examination, that they are precisely the same. Between two such +authorities I will suppose this circumstance equivocal. But, 1. The +skeleton of the mammoth (for so the incognitum has been called) +bespeaks an animal of five or six times the cubic volume of the +elephant, as Mons. de Buffon has admitted. 2. The grinders are five +times as large, are square, and the grinding surface studded with +four or five rows of blunt points: whereas those of the elephant are +broad and thin, and their grinding surface flat. 3. I have never +heard an instance, and suppose there has been none, of the grinder of +an elephant being found in America. 4. From the known temperature +and constitution of the elephant he could never have existed in those +regions where the remains of the mammoth have been found. The +elephant is a native only of the torrid zone and its vicinities: if, +with the assistance of warm apartments and warm clothing, he has been +preserved in life in the temperate climates of Europe, it has only +been for a small portion of what would have been his natural period, +and no instance of his multiplication in them has ever been known. +But no bones of the mammoth, as I have before observed, have been +ever found further south than the salines of the Holston, and they +have been found as far north as the Arctic circle. Those, therefore, +who are of opinion that the elephant and mammoth are the same, must +believe, 1. That the elephant known to us can exist and multiply in +the frozen zone; or, 2. That an internal fire may once have warmed +those regions, and since abandoned them, of which, however, the globe +exhibits no unequivocal indications; or, 3. That the obliquity of +the ecliptic, when these elephants lived, was so great as to include +within the tropics all those regions in which the bones are found; +the tropics being, as is before observed, the natural limits of +habitation for the elephant. But if it be admitted that this +obliquity has really decreased, and we adopt the highest rate of +decrease yet pretended, that is, of one minute in a century, to +transfer the northern tropic to the Arctic circle, would carry the +existence of these supposed elephants 250,000 years back; a period +far beyond our conception of the duration of animal bones left +exposed to the open air, as these are in many instances. Besides, +though these regions would then be supposed within the tropics, yet +their winters would have been too severe for the sensibility of the +elephant. They would have had too but one day and one night in the +year, a circumstance to which we have no reason to suppose the nature +of the elephant fitted. However, it has been demonstrated, that, if +a variation of obliquity in the ecliptic takes place at all, it is +vibratory, and never exceeds the limits of 9 degrees, which is not +sufficient to bring these bones within the tropics. One of these +hypotheses, or some other equally voluntary and inadmissible to +cautious philosophy, must be adopted to support the opinion that +these are the bones of the elephant. For my own part, I find it +easier to believe that an animal may have existed, resembling the +elephant in his tusks, and general anatomy, while his nature was in +other respects extremely different. From the 30th degree of South +latitude to the 30th of North, are nearly the limits which nature has +fixed for the existence and multiplication of the elephant known to +us. Proceeding thence northwardly to 36 1/2 degrees, we enter those +assigned to the mammoth. The further we advance North, the more +their vestiges multiply as far as the earth has been explored in that +direction; and it is as probable as otherwise, that this progression +continues to the pole itself, if land extends so far. The center of +the Frozen zone then may be the Achme of their vigour, as that of the +Torrid is of the elephant. Thus nature seems to have drawn a belt of +separation between these two tremendous animals, whose breadth indeed +is not precisely known, though at present we may suppose it about 6 +1/2 degrees of latitude; to have assigned to the elephant the regions +South of these confines, and those North to the mammoth, founding the +constitution of the one in her extreme of heat, and that of the other +in the extreme of cold. When the Creator has therefore separated +their nature as far as the extent of the scale of animal life allowed +to this planet would permit, it seems perverse to declare it the +same, from a partial resemblance of their tusks and bones. But to +whatever animal we ascribe these remains, it is certain such a one +has existed in America, and that it has been the largest of all +terrestrial beings. It should have sufficed to have rescued the +earth it inhabited, and the atmosphere it breathed, from the +imputation of impotence in the conception and nourishment of animal +life on a large scale: to have stifled, in its birth, the opinion of +a writer, the most learned too of all others in the science of animal +history, that in the new world, + Buffon. xviii. 122. ed. Paris. 1764. + `La nature vivante est beaucoup moins agissante, beaucoup moins +forte:' that nature is less active, less energetic on one side of the +globe than she is on the other. As if both sides were not warmed by +the same genial sun; as if a soil of the same chemical composition, +was less capable of elaboration into animal nutriment; as if the +fruits and grains from that soil and sun, yielded a less rich chyle, +gave less extension to the solids and fluids of the body, or produced +sooner in the cartilages, membranes, and fibres, that rigidity which +restrains all further extension, and terminates animal growth. The +truth is, that a Pigmy and a Patagonian, a Mouse and a Mammoth, +derive their dimensions from the same nutritive juices. The +difference of increment depends on circumstances unsearchable to +beings with our capacities. Every race of animals seems to have +received from their Maker certain laws of extension at the time of +their formation. Their elaborative organs were formed to produce +this, while proper obstacles were opposed to its further progress. +Below these limits they cannot fall, nor rise above them. What +intermediate station they shall take may depend on soil, on climate, +on food, on a careful choice of breeders. But all the manna of +heaven would never raise the Mouse to the bulk of the Mammoth. + + xviii. 100-156. + The opinion advanced by the Count de Buffon, is 1. That the +animals common both to the old and new world, are smaller in the +latter. 2. That those peculiar to the new, are on a smaller scale. +3. That those which have been domesticated in both, have degenerated +in America: and 4. That on the whole it exhibits fewer species. And +the reason he thinks is, that the heats of America are less; that +more waters are spread over its surface by nature, and fewer of these +drained off by the hand of man. In other words, that _heat_ is +friendly, and _moisture_ adverse to the production and developement +of large quadrupeds. I will not meet this hypothesis on its first +doubtful ground, whether the climate of America be comparatively more +humid? Because we are not furnished with observations sufficient to +decide this question. And though, till it be decided, we are as free +to deny, as others are to affirm the fact, yet for a moment let it be +supposed. The hypothesis, after this supposition, proceeds to +another; that _moisture_ is unfriendly to animal growth. The truth +of this is inscrutable to us by reasonings a priori. Nature has +hidden from us her modus agendi. Our only appeal on such questions +is to experience; and I think that experience is against the +supposition. It is by the assistance of _heat_ and _moisture_ that +vegetables are elaborated from the elements of earth, air, water, and +fire. We accordingly see the more humid climates produce the greater +quantity of vegetables. Vegetables are mediately or immediately the +food of every animal: and in proportion to the quantity of food, we +see animals not only multiplied in their numbers, but improved in +their bulk, as far as the laws of their nature will admit. Of this +opinion is the Count de Buffon himself in another part of his work: + viii. 134. + `en general il paroit que les pays un peu _froids_ +conviennent mieux a nos boeufs que les pays chauds, et qu'ils sont +d'autant plus gros et plus grands que le climat est plus _humide_ et +plus abondans en paturages. Les boeufs de Danemarck, de la Podolie, +de l'Ukraine et de la Tartarie qu'habitent les Calmouques sont les +plus grands de tous.' Here then a race of animals, and one of the +largest too, has been increased in its dimensions by _cold_ and +_moisture_, in direct opposition to the hypothesis, which supposes +that these two circumstances diminish animal bulk, and that it is +their contraries _heat_ and _dryness_ which enlarge it. But when we +appeal to experience, we are not to rest satisfied with a single +fact. Let us therefore try our question on more general ground. Let +us take two portions of the earth, Europe and America for instance, +sufficiently extensive to give operation to general causes; let us +consider the circumstances peculiar to each, and observe their effect +on animal nature. America, running through the torrid as well as +temperate zone, has more _heat_, collectively taken, than Europe. +But Europe, according to our hypothesis, is the _dryest_. They are +equally adapted then to animal productions; each being endowed with +one of those causes which befriend animal growth, and with one which +opposes it. If it be thought unequal to compare Europe with America, +which is so much larger, I answer, not more so than to compare +America with the whole world. Besides, the purpose of the comparison +is to try an hypothesis, which makes the size of animals depend on +the _heat_ and _moisture_ of climate. If therefore we take a region, +so extensive as to comprehend a sensible distinction of climate, and +so extensive too as that local accidents, or the intercourse of +animals on its borders, may not materially affect the size of those +in its interior parts, we shall comply with those conditions which +the hypothesis may reasonably demand. The objection would be the +weaker in the present case, because any intercourse of animals which +may take place on the confines of Europe and Asia, is to the +advantage of the former, Asia producing certainly larger animals than +Europe. Let us then take a comparative view of the Quadrupeds of +Europe and America, presenting them to the eye in three different +tables, in one of which shall be enumerated those found in both +countries; in a second those found in one only; in a third those +which have been domesticated in both. To facilitate the comparison, +let those of each table be arranged in gradation according to their +sizes, from the greatest to the smallest, so far as their sizes can +be conjectured. The weights of the large animals shall be expressed +in the English avoirdupoise pound and its decimals: those of the +smaller in the ounce and its decimals. Those which are marked thus +*, are actual weights of particular subjects, deemed among the +largest of their species. Those marked thus +, are furnished by +judicious persons, well acquainted with the species, and saying, from +conjecture only, what the largest individual they had seen would +probably have weighed. The other weights are taken from Messrs. +Buffon and D'Aubenton, and are of such subjects as came casually to +their hands for dissection. This circumstance must be remembered +where their weights and mine stand opposed: the latter being stated, +not to produce a conclusion in favour of the American species, but to +justify a suspension of opinion until we are better informed, and a +suspicion in the mean time that there is no uniform difference in +favour of either; which is all I pretend. + + A comparative View of the Quadrupeds of Europe and of America. + + I. _Aboriginals of both_. + + Europe. America. + lb. lb. + Mammoth + Buffalo. Bison *1800 + White bear. Ours bla Caribou. Renne + Bear. Ours 153.7 *410 + Elk. Elan. Orignal, mated + Red deer. Cerf 288.8 *273 + Fallow deer. Daim 167.8 + Wolf. Loup 69.8 + Roe. Chevreuil 56.7 + Glutton. Glouton. Ca jou + Wild cat. Chat sauva +30 + Lynx. Loup cervier 25. + Beaver. Castor 18.5 *45 + Badger. Blaireau 13.6 + Red Fox. Renard 13.5 + Grey Fox. Isatis + Otter. Loutre 8.9 +12 + Monax. Marmotte 6.5 + Vison. Fouine 2.8 + Hedgehog. Herisson 2.2 + Martin. Marte 1.9 +6 + oz. + Water rat. Rat d'eau 7.5 + Wesel. Belette 2.2 oz. + Flying squirrel. Pol uche 2.2 +4 + Shrew mouse. Musarai 1. + + II. _Aboriginals of one only_. + + Europe. America. + lb. lb. + Sanglier. Wild boar 280. Tapir 534. + Mouflon. Wild sheep 56. Elk, round horned +450. + Bouquetin. Wild goat Puma + Lievre. Hare 7.6 Jaguar 218. + Lapin. Rabbet 3.4 Cabiai 109. + Putois. Polecat 3.3 Tamanoir 109. + Genette 3.1 Tamandua 65.4 + Desman. Muskrat oz. Cougar of N. Amer. 75. + Ecureuil. Squirrel 12. Cougar of S. Amer. 59. + Hermine. Ermin 8.2 Ocelot + Rat. Rat 7.5 Pecari 46.3 + Loirs 3.1 Jaguaret 43.6 + Lerot. Dormouse 1.8 Alco + Taupe. Mole 1.2 Lama + Hamster .9 Paco + Zisel Paca 32.7 + Leming Serval + Souris. Mouse .6 Sloth. Unau 27 1/4 + + Saricovienne + Kincajou + Tatou Kabassou 21.8 + Urson. Urchin + Raccoon. Raton 16.5 + Coati + Coendou 16.3 + Sloth. Ai 13. + Sapajou Ouarini + Sapajou Coaita 9.8 + Tatou Encubert + Tatou Apar + Tatou Cachica 7. + Little Coendou 6.5 + Opossum. Sarigue + Tapeti + Margay + Crabier + Agouti 4.2 + Sapajou Sai 3.5 + Tatou Cirquinson + Tatou Tatouate 3.3 + + II. TABLE continued. + + Europe. America. + Mouffette Squash + Mouffette Chinche + Mouffette Conepate. + Scunk + Mouffette. Zorilla + Whabus. Hare. Rabbet + Aperea + Akouchi + Ondatra. Muskrat + Pilori + Great grey squirrel +2.7 + Fox squirrel of Virginia +2.625 + Surikate 2. + Mink +2. + Sapajou. Sajou 1.8 + Indian pig. Cochon + d'Inde 1.6 + Sapajou. Saimiri 1.5 + Phalanger + Coquallin + Lesser grey squirrel +1.5 + Black squirrel +1.5 + Red squirrel 10. oz. + Sagoin Saki + Sagoin Pinche + Sagoin Tamarin oz. + Sagoin Ouistiti 4.4 + Sagoin Marikine + Sagoin Mico + Cayopollin + Fourmillier + Marmose + Sarigue of Cayenne + Tucan + Red mole oz. + Ground squirrel 4. + + + III. _Domesticated in both_. + + Europe. America. + lb. lb. + Cow 763. *2500 + Horse *1366 + Ass + Hog *1200 + Sheep *125 + Goat *80 + Dog 67.6 + Cat 7. + + I have not inserted in the first table the (* 4) Phoca nor +leather-winged bat, because the one living half the year in the +water, and the other being a winged animal, the individuals of each +species may visit both continents. + + Of the animals in the 1st table Mons. de Buffon himself informs +us, [XXVII. 130. XXX. 213.] that the beaver, the otter, and shrew +mouse, though of the same species, are larger in America than Europe. +This should therefore have corrected the generality of his +expressions XVIII. 145. and elsewhere, that the animals common to the +two countries, are considerably less in America than in Europe, `& +cela sans aucune exception.' He tells us too, [Quadrup. VIII. 334. +edit. Paris, 1777] that on examining a bear from America, he remarked +no difference, `dans _la forme_ de cet ours d'Amerique compare a +celui d'Europe.' But adds from Bartram's journal, that an American +bear weighed 400 lb. English, equal to 367 lb. French: whereas we +find the European bear examined by Mons. D'Aubenton, [XVII. 82.] +weighed but 141 lb. French. That the palmated Elk is larger in +America than Europe we are informed by Kalm, a Naturalist who visited +the + + I. 233. Lond. 1772. + + former by public appointment for the express purpose of +examining the subjects of Natural history. In this + + Ib. 233. + + fact Pennant concurs with him. [Barrington's Miscellanies.] +The same Kalm tells us that the Black Moose, or + + I. xxvii. + + Renne of America, is as high as a tall horse; and Catesby, +that it is about the bigness of a middle sized ox. The + + XXIV. 162. + + same account of their size has been given me by many who +have seen them. But Mons. D'Aubenton says that the Renne of Europe +is but about the size of a Red-deer. + + XV. 42. + + The wesel is larger in America than in Europe, as may be +seen by comparing its dimensions as reported by Mons. D'Aubenton and +Kalm. The latter tells us, that the + + I. 359. I. 48. 221. 251. II. 52. + + lynx, badger, red fox, and flying squirrel, are the _same_ +in America as in Europe: by which expression I understand, they are +the same in all material circumstances, in size as well as others: +for if they were smaller, + + II. 78. + + they would differ from the European. Our grey fox is, by +Catesby's account, little different in size and shape from the +European fox. I presume he means the red fox + + I. 220. + + of Europe, as does Kalm, where he says, that in size `they +do not quite come up to our foxes.' For proceeding next to the red +fox of America, he says `they are entirely the same with the European +sort.' Which shews he had in view one European sort only, which was +the red. So that the result of their testimony is, that the American +grey fox is somewhat less than the European red; which is equally +true of the + + XXVII. 63. XIV. 119. Harris, II.387. Buffon. Quad. IX. 1. + + grey fox of Europe, as may be seen by comparing the measures +of the Count de Buffon and Mons. D'Aubenton. The white bear of +America is as large as that of Europe. The bones of the Mammoth +which have been found in America, are as large as those found in the +old world. It may be asked, why I insert the Mammoth, as if it still +existed? I ask in return, why I should omit it, as if it did not +exist? Such is the oeconomy of nature, that no instance can be +produced of her having permitted any one race of her animals to +become extinct; of her having formed any link in her great work so +weak as to be broken. To add to this, the traditionary testimony of +the Indians, that this animal still exists in the northern and +western parts of America, would be adding the light of a taper to +that of the meridian sun. Those parts still remain in their +aboriginal state, unexplored and undisturbed by us, or by others for +us. He may as well exist there now, as he did formerly where we find +his bones. If he be a carnivorous animal, as some Anatomists have +conjectured, and the Indians affirm, his early retirement may be +accounted for from the general destruction of the wild game by the +Indians, which commences in the first instant of their connection +with us, for the purpose of purchasing matchcoats, hatchets, and fire +locks, with their skins. There remain then the buffalo, red deer, +fallow deer, wolf, roe, glutton, wild cat, monax, vison, hedge-hog, +martin, and water rat, of the comparative sizes of which we have not +sufficient testimony. It does not appear that Messrs. de Buffon and +D'Aubenton have measured, weighed, or seen those of America. It is +said of some of them, by some travellers, that they are smaller than +the European. But who were these travellers? Have they not been men +of a very different description from those who have laid open to us +the other three quarters of the world? Was natural history the +object of their travels? Did they measure or weigh the animals they +speak of? or did they not judge of them by sight, or perhaps even +from report only? Were they acquainted with the animals of their own +country, with which they undertake to compare them? Have they not +been so ignorant as often to mistake the species? A true answer to +these questions would probably lighten their authority, so as to +render it insufficient for the foundation of an hypothesis. How +unripe we yet are, for an accurate comparison of the animals of the +two countries, will appear from the work of Mons. de Buffon. The +ideas we should have formed of the sizes of some animals, from the +information he had received at his first publications concerning +them, are very different from what his subsequent communications give +us. And indeed his candour in this can never be too much praised. +One sentence of his book must do him immortal honour. `J'aime + + Quad. IX. 158 + + autant une personne qui me releve d'une erreur, qu'une autre +qui m'apprend une verite, parce qu'en effet une erreur corrigee est +une verite.' He seems to have + + XXXV. 184. + + thought the Cabiai he first examined wanted little of its +full growth. `Il n'etoit pas encore tout-a-fait adulte.' Yet he +weighed but 46 1/2 lb. and he found + + Quad. IX. 132. + + afterwards, that these animals, when full grown, weigh 100 +lb. He had supposed, from the examination of a + + XIX. 2. + + jaguar, said to be two years old, which weighed but 16 lb. +12 oz. that, when he should have acquired his full growth, he would +not be larger than a middle sized dog. + + Quad. IX. 41. + + But a subsequent account raises his weight to 200 lb. +Further information will, doubtless, produce further corrections. +The wonder is, not that there is yet something in this great work to +correct, but that there is so little. The result of this view then +is, that of 26 quadrupeds common to both countries, 7 are said to be +larger in America, 7 of equal size, and 12 not sufficiently examined. +So that the first table impeaches the first member of the assertion, +that of the animals common to both countries, the American are +smallest, `et cela sans aucune exception.' It shews it not just, in +all the latitude in which its author has advanced it, and probably +not to such a degree as to found a distinction between the two +countries. + + Proceeding to the second table, which arranges the animals +found in one of the two countries only, Mons. de Buffon observes, +that the tapir, the elephant of America, is but of the size of a +small cow. To preserve our comparison, I will add that the wild +boar, the elephant of Europe, is little more than half that size. I +have made an elk with round or cylindrical horns, an animal of +America, and peculiar to it; because I have seen many of them myself, +and more of their horns; and because I can say, from the best +information, that, in Virginia, this kind of elk has abounded much, +and still exists in smaller numbers; and I could never learn that the +palmated kind had been seen here at all. I suppose this confined to +the more Northern latitudes (* 5). I have made our hare or rabbet +peculiar, believing it to be different from both the European animals +of those denominations, and calling it therefore by its Algonquin + + Kalm II. 340.I. 82. + + name Whabus, to keep it distinct from these. Kalm is of the +same opinion. I have enumerated the squirrels according to our own +knowledge, derived from daily sight of them, because I am not able to +reconcile with that the European appellations and descriptions. I +have heard of other species, but they have never come within my own +notice. These, I think, are the only instances in which I have +departed from the authority of Mons. de Buffon in the construction of +this table. I take him for my ground work, because I think him the +best informed of any Naturalist who has ever written. The result is, +that there are 18 quadrupeds peculiar to Europe; more than four times +as many, to wit 74, peculiar to America; that the (* 6) first of +these 74 weighs more than the whole column of Europeans; and +consequently this second table disproves the second member of the +assertion, that the animals peculiar to the new world are on a +smaller scale, so far as that assertion relied on European animals +for support: and it is in full opposition to the theory which makes +the animal volume to depend on the circumstances of _heat_ and +_moisture_. + + The IIId. table comprehends those quadrupeds only which are +domestic in both countries. That some of these, in some parts of +America, have become less than their original stock, is doubtless +true; and the reason is very obvious. In a thinly peopled country, +the spontaneous productions of the forests and waste fields are +sufficient to support indifferently the domestic animals of the +farmer, with a very little aid from him in the severest and scarcest +season. He therefore finds it more convenient to receive them from +the hand of nature in that indifferent state, than to keep up their +size by a care and nourishment which would cost him much labour. If, +on this low fare, these animals dwindle, it is no more than they do +in those parts of Europe where the poverty of the soil, or poverty of +the owner, reduces them to the same scanty subsistance. It is the +uniform effect of one and the same cause, whether acting on this or +that side of the globe. It would be erring therefore against that +rule of philosophy, which teaches us to ascribe like effects to like +causes, should we impute this diminution of size in America to any +imbecility or want of uniformity in the operations of nature. It may +be affirmed with truth that, in those countries, and with those +individuals of America, where necessity or curiosity has produced +equal attention as in Europe to the nourishment of animals, the +horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs of the one continent are as large as +those of the other. There are particular instances, well attested, +where individuals of this country have imported good breeders from +England, and have improved their size by care in the course of some +years. To make a fair comparison between the two countries, it will +not answer to bring together animals of what might be deemed the +middle or ordinary size of their species; because an error in judging +of that middle or ordinary size would vary the result of the +comparison. Thus Monsieur D'Aubenton considers a + + VII. 432. + + horse of 4 feet 5 inches high and 400 lb. weight French, +equal to 4 feet 8.6 inches and 436 lb. English, as a middle sized +horse. Such a one is deemed a small horse in America. The extremes +must therefore be resorted to. The same anatomist dissected a horse +of 5 feet 9 inches height, French measure, + + VII. 474. + + equal to 6 feet 1.7 English. This is near 6 inches higher +than any horse I have seen: and could it be supposed that I had seen +the largest horses in America, the conclusion would be, that ours +have diminished, or that we have bred from a smaller stock. In +Connecticut and Rhode-Island, where the climate is favorable to the +production of grass, bullocks have been slaughtered which weighed +2500, 2200, and 2100 lb. nett; and those of 1800 lb. have been +frequent. I have seen a (* 7) hog weigh 1050 lb. after the blood, +bowels, and hair had been taken from him. Before he was killed an +attempt was made to weigh him with a pair of steel-yards, graduated +to 1200 lb. but he weighed more. Yet this hog was probably not +within fifty generations of the European stock. I am well informed +of another which weighed 1100 lb. gross. Asses have been still more +neglected than any other domestic animal in America. They are +neither fed nor housed in the most rigorous season of the year. Yet +they are larger than those measured + + VIII. 48. 35. 66. + + by Mons. D'Aubenton, of 3 feet 7 1/4 inches, 3 feet 4 +inches, and 3 feet 2 1/2 inches, the latter weighing only 215.8 lb. +These sizes, I suppose, have been produced by the same negligence in +Europe, which has produced a like diminution here. Where care has +been taken of them on that side of the water, they have been raised +to a size bordering on that of the horse; not by the _heat_ and +_dryness_ of the climate, but by good food and shelter. Goats have +been also much neglected in America. Yet they are very prolific +here, bearing twice or three times a year, and from one to five kids + + XVIII. 96. + + at a birth. Mons. de Buffon has been sensible of a +difference in this circumstance in favour of America. But what are +their greatest weights I cannot say. A large + + IX. 41. + + sheep here weighs 100 lb. I observe Mons. D'Aubenton calls +a ram of 62 lb. one of the middle size. But to say what are the +extremes of growth in these and the other domestic animals of +America, would require information of which no one individual is +possessed. The weights actually known and stated in the third table +preceding will suffice to shew, that we may conclude, on probable +grounds, that, with equal food and care, the climate of America will +preserve the races of domestic animals as large as the European stock +from which they are derived; and consequently that the third member +of Mons. de Buffon's assertion, that the domestic animals are subject +to degeneration from the climate of America, is as probably wrong as +the first and second were certainly so. + + That the last part of it is erroneous, which affirms that the +species of American quadrupeds are comparatively few, is evident from +the tables taken all together. By these it appears + + XXX. 219. + + that there are an hundred species aboriginal of America. +Mons. de Buffon supposes about double that number existing on the +whole earth. Of these Europe, Asia, and Africa, furnish suppose 126; +that is, the 26 common to Europe and America, and about 100 which are +not in America at all. The American species then are to those of the +rest of the earth, as 100 to 126, or 4 to 5. But the residue of the +earth being double the extent of America, the exact proportion would +have been but as 4 to 8. + + Hitherto I have considered this hypothesis as applied to brute +animals only, and not in its extension to the man of America, whether +aboriginal or transplanted. It is the opinion of Mons. de Buffon +that the former furnishes no exception to + + XVIII. 146. + + it. `Quoique le sauvage du nouveau monde soit a-peu-pres de +meme stature que l'homme de notre monde, cela ne suffit pas pour +qu'il puisse faire une exception au fait general du rapetissement de +la nature vivante dans tout ce continent: le sauvage est foible & +petit par les organes de la generation; il n'a ni poil, ni barbe, & +nulle ardeur pour sa femelle; quoique plus leger que l'Europeen parce +qu'il a plus d'habitude a courir, il est cependant beaucoup moins +fort de corps; il est aussi bien moins sensible, & cependant plus +craintif & plus lache; il n'a nulle vivacite, nulle activite dans +l'ame; celle du corps est moins un exercice, un mouvement volontaire +qu'une necessite d'action causee par le besoin; otez lui la faim & la +soif, vous detruirez en meme temps le principe actif de tous ses +mouvemens; il demeurera stupidement en repos sur ses jambes ou couche +pendant des jours entiers. Il ne faut pas aller chercher plus loin +la cause de la vie dispersee des sauvages & de leur eloignement pour +la societe: la plus precieuse etincelle du feu de la nature leur a +ete refusee; ils manquent d'ardeur pour leur femelle, & par +consequent d'amour pour leur semblables: ne connoissant pas +l'attachement le plus vif, le plus tendre de tous, leurs autres +sentimens de ce genre sont froids & languissans; ils aiment +foiblement leurs peres & leurs enfans; la societe la plus intime de +toutes, celle de la meme famille, n'a donc chez eux que de foibles +liens; la societe d'une famille a l'autre n'en a point du tout: des +lors nulle reunion, nulle republique, nulle etat social. La physique +de l'amour fait chez eux le moral des moeurs; leur coeur est glace, +leur societe froide, & leur empire dur. Ils ne regardent leurs +femmes que comme des servantes de peine ou des betes de somme qu'ils +chargent, sans menagement, du fardeau de leur chasse, & qu'ils +forcent sans pitie, sans reconnoissance, a des ouvrages qui souvent +sont audessus de leurs forces: ils n'ont que peu d'enfans; ils en ont +peu de soin; tout se ressent de leur premier defaut; ils sont +indifferents parce qu'ils sont peu puissans, & cette indifference +pour le sexe est la tache originelle qui fletrit la nature, qui +l'empeche de s'epanouir, & qui detruisant les germes de la vie, coupe +en meme temps la racine de la societe. L'homme ne fait donc point +d'exception ici. La nature en lui refusant les puissances de l'amour +l'a plus maltraite & plus rapetisse qu'aucun des animaux.' An +afflicting picture indeed, which, for the honor of human nature, I am +glad to believe has no original. Of the Indian of South America I +know nothing; for I would not honor with the appellation of +knowledge, what I derive from the fables published of them. These I +believe to be just as true as the fables of Aesop. This belief is +founded on what I have seen of man, white, red, and black, and what +has been written of him by authors, enlightened themselves, and +writing amidst an enlightened people. The Indian of North America +being more within our reach, I can speak of him somewhat from my own +knowledge, but more from the information of others better acquainted +with him, and on whose truth and judgment I can rely. From these +sources I am able to say, in contradiction to this representation, +that he is neither more defective in ardor, nor more impotent with +his female, than the white reduced to the same diet and exercise: +that he is brave, when an enterprize depends on bravery; education +with him making the point of honor consist in the destruction of an +enemy by stratagem, and in the preservation of his own person free +from injury; or perhaps this is nature; while it is education which +teaches us to (* 8) honor force more than finesse: that he will +defend himself against an host of enemies, always chusing to be +killed, rather than to (* 9) surrender, though it be to the whites, +who he knows will treat him well: that in other situations also he +meets death with more deliberation, and endures tortures with a +firmness unknown almost to religious enthusiasm with us: that he is +affectionate to his children, careful of them, and indulgent in the +extreme: that his affections comprehend his other connections, +weakening, as with us, from circle to circle, as they recede from the +center: that his friendships are strong and faithful to the uttermost +(* 10) extremity: that his sensibility is keen, even the warriors +weeping most bitterly on the loss of their children, though in +general they endeavour to appear superior to human events: that his +vivacity and activity of mind is equal to ours in the same situation; +hence his eagerness for hunting, and for games of chance. The women +are submitted to unjust drudgery. This I believe is the case with +every barbarous people. With such, force is law. The stronger sex +therefore imposes on the weaker. It is civilization alone which +replaces women in the enjoyment of their natural equality. That +first teaches us to subdue the selfish passions, and to respect those +rights in others which we value in ourselves. Were we in equal +barbarism, our females would be equal drudges. The man with them is +less strong than with us, but their woman stronger than ours; and +both for the same obvious reason; because our man and their woman is +habituated to labour, and formed by it. With both races the sex +which is indulged with ease is least athletic. An Indian man is +small in the hand and wrist for the same reason for which a sailor is +large and strong in the arms and shoulders, and a porter in the legs +and thighs. -- They raise fewer children than we do. The causes of +this are to be found, not in a difference of nature, but of +circumstance. The women very frequently attending the men in their +parties of war and of hunting, child-bearing becomes extremely +inconvenient to them. It is said, therefore, that they have learnt +the practice of procuring abortion by the use of some vegetable; and +that it even extends to prevent conception for a considerable time +after. During these parties they are exposed to numerous hazards, to +excessive exertions, to the greatest extremities of hunger. Even at +their homes the nation depends for food, through a certain part of +every year, on the gleanings of the forest: that is, they experience +a famine once in every year. With all animals, if the female be +badly fed, or not fed at all, her young perish: and if both male and +female be reduced to like want, generation becomes less active, less +productive. To the obstacles then of want and hazard, which nature +has opposed to the multiplication of wild animals, for the purpose of +restraining their numbers within certain bounds, those of labour and +of voluntary abortion are added with the Indian. No wonder then if +they multiply less than we do. Where food is regularly supplied, a +single farm will shew more of cattle, than a whole country of forests +can of buffaloes. The same Indian women, when married to white +traders, who feed them and their children plentifully and regularly, +who exempt them from excessive drudgery, who keep them stationary and +unexposed to accident, produce and raise as many children as the +white women. Instances are known, under these circumstances, of +their rearing a dozen children. An inhuman practice once prevailed +in this country of making slaves of the Indians. It is a fact well +known with us, that the Indian women so enslaved produced and raised +as numerous families as either the whites or blacks among whom they +lived. -- It has been said, that Indians have less hair than the +whites, except on the head. But this is a fact of which fair proof +can scarcely be had. With them it is disgraceful to be hairy on the +body. They say it likens them to hogs. They therefore pluck the +hair as fast as it appears. But the traders who marry their women, +and prevail on them to discontinue this practice, say, that nature is +the same with them as with the whites. Nor, if the fact be true, is +the consequence necessary which has been drawn from it. Negroes have +notoriously less hair than the whites; yet they are more ardent. But +if cold and moisture be the agents of nature for diminishing the +races of animals, how comes she all at once to suspend their +operation as to the physical man of the new world, whom the Count +acknowledges to be `a peu pres de meme stature que l'homme de notre +monde,' and to let loose their influence on his moral + XVIII. 145. + faculties? How has this `combination of the elements and +other physical causes, so contrary to the enlargement of animal +nature in this new world, these obstacles to the developement and +formation of great germs,' been arrested and suspended, so as to +permit the human body to acquire its just dimensions, and by what +inconceivable process has their action been directed on his mind +alone? To judge of the truth of this, to form a just estimate of +their genius and mental powers, more facts are wanting, and great +allowance to be made for those circumstances of their situation which +call for a display of particular talents only. This done, we shall +probably find that they are formed in mind as well as in body, on the +same module with the (* 11) `Homo sapiens Europaeus.' The principles +of their society forbidding all compulsion, they are to be led to +duty and to enterprize by personal influence and persuasion. Hence +eloquence in council, bravery and address in war, become the +foundations of all consequence with them. To these acquirements all +their faculties are directed. Of their bravery and address in war we +have multiplied proofs, because we have been the subjects on which +they were exercised. Of their eminence in oratory we have fewer +examples, because it is displayed chiefly in their own councils. +Some, however, we have of very superior lustre. I may challenge the +whole orations of Demosthenes and Cicero, and of any more eminent +orator, if Europe has furnished more eminent, to produce a single +passage, superior to the speech of Logan, a Mingo chief, to Lord +Dunmore, when governor of this state. And, as a testimony of their +talents in this line, I beg leave to introduce it, first stating the +incidents necessary for understanding it. In the spring of the year +1774, a robbery and murder were committed on an inhabitant of the +frontiers of Virginia, by two Indians of the Shawanee tribe. The +neighbouring whites, according to their custom, undertook to punish +this outrage in a summary way. Col. Cresap, a man infamous for the +many murders he had committed on those much-injured people, collected +a party, and proceeded down the Kanhaway in quest of vengeance. +Unfortunately a canoe of women and children, with one man only, was +seen coming from the opposite shore, unarmed, and unsuspecting an +hostile attack from the whites. Cresap and his party concealed +themselves on the bank of the river, and the moment the canoe reached +the shore, singled out their objects, and, at one fire, killed every +person in it. This happened to be the family of Logan, who had long +been distinguished as a friend of the whites. This unworthy return +provoked his vengeance. He accordingly signalized himself in the war +which ensued. In the autumn of the same year, a decisive battle was +fought at the mouth of the Great Kanhaway, between the collected +forces of the Shawanees, Mingoes, and Delawares, and a detachment of +the Virginia militia. The Indians were defeated, and sued for peace. +Logan however disdained to be seen among the suppliants. But, lest +the sincerity of a treaty should be distrusted, from which so +distinguished a chief absented himself, he sent by a messenger the +following speech to be delivered to Lord Dunmore. + + `I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan's +cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and +naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long +and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for +peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed +as they passed, and said, `Logan is the friend of white men.' I had +even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. +Col. Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered +all the relations of Logan, not sparing even my women and children. +There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living +creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I have +killed many: I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country, I +rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbour a thought that +mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on +his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? -- Not +one.' + + Before we condemn the Indians of this continent as wanting +genius, we must consider that letters have not yet been introduced +among them. Were we to compare them in their present state with the +Europeans North of the Alps, when the Roman arms and arts first +crossed those mountains, the comparison would be unequal, because, at +that time, those parts of Europe were swarming with numbers; because +numbers produce emulation, and multiply the chances of improvement, +and one improvement begets another. Yet I may safely ask, How many +good poets, how many able mathematicians, how many great inventors in +arts or sciences, had Europe North of the Alps then produced? And it +was sixteen centuries after this before a Newton could be formed. I +do not mean to deny, that there are varieties in the race of man, +distinguished by their powers both of body and mind. I believe there +are, as I see to be the case in the races of other animals. I only +mean to suggest a doubt, whether the bulk and faculties of animals +depend on the side of the Atlantic on which their food happens to +grow, or which furnishes the elements of which they are compounded? +Whether nature has enlisted herself as a Cis or Trans-Atlantic +partisan? I am induced to suspect, there has been more eloquence +than sound reasoning displayed in support of this theory; that it is +one of those cases where the judgment has been seduced by a glowing +pen: and whilst I render every tribute of honor and esteem to the +celebrated Zoologist, who has added, and is still adding, so many +precious things to the treasures of science, I must doubt whether in +this instance he has not cherished error also, by lending her for a +moment his vivid imagination and bewitching language. + + So far the Count de Buffon has carried this new theory of the +tendency of nature to belittle her productions on this side the +Atlantic. Its application to the race of whites, transplanted from +Europe, remained for the Abbe Raynal. `On doit etre etonne (he says) +que l'Amerique n'ait pas encore produit un bon poete, un habile +mathematicien, un homme de genie dans un seul art, ou une seule +science.' 7. Hist. Philos. p. 92. ed. Maestricht. 1774. `America has +not yet produced one good poet.' When we shall have existed as a +people as long as the Greeks did before they produced a Homer, the +Romans a Virgil, the French a Racine and Voltaire, the English a +Shakespeare and Milton, should this reproach be still true, we will +enquire from what unfriendly causes it has proceeded, that the other +countries of Europe and quarters of the earth shall not have +inscribed any name in the roll of poets (* 12). But neither has +America produced `one able mathematician, one man of genius in a +single art or a single science.' In war we have produced a +Washington, whose memory will be adored while liberty shall have +votaries, whose name will triumph over time, and will in future ages +assume its just station among the most celebrated worthies of the +world, when that wretched philosophy shall be forgotten which would +have arranged him among the degeneracies of nature. In physics we +have produced a Franklin, than whom no one of the present age has +made more important discoveries, nor has enriched philosophy with +more, or more ingenious solutions of the phaenomena of nature. We +have supposed Mr. Rittenhouse second to no astronomer living: that in +genius he must be the first, because he is self-taught. As an artist +he has exhibited as great a proof of mechanical genius as the world +has ever produced. He has not indeed made a world; but he has by +imitation approached nearer its Maker than any man who has lived from +the creation to this day (* 13). As in philosophy and war, so in +government, in oratory, in painting, in the plastic art, we might +shew that America, though but a child of yesterday, has already given +hopeful proofs of genius, as well of the nobler kinds, which arouse +the best feelings of man, which call him into action, which +substantiate his freedom, and conduct him to happiness, as of the +subordinate, which serve to amuse him only. We therefore suppose, +that this reproach is as unjust as it is unkind; and that, of the +geniuses which adorn the present age, America contributes its full +share. For comparing it with those countries, where genius is most +cultivated, where are the most excellent models for art, and +scaffoldings for the attainment of science, as France and England for +instance, we calculate thus. The United States contain three +millions of inhabitants; France twenty millions; and the British +islands ten. We produce a Washington, a Franklin, a Rittenhouse. +France then should have half a dozen in each of these lines, and +Great-Britain half that number, equally eminent. It may be true, +that France has: we are but just becoming acquainted with her, and +our acquaintance so far gives us high ideas of the genius of her +inhabitants. It would be injuring too many of them to name +particularly a Voltaire, a Buffon, the constellation of +Encyclopedists, the Abbe Raynal himself, &c. &c. We therefore have +reason to believe she can produce her full quota of genius. The +present war having so long cut off all communication with +Great-Britain, we are not able to make a fair estimate of the state +of science in that country. The spirit in which she wages war is the +only sample before our eyes, and that does not seem the legitimate +offspring either of science or of civilization. The sun of her glory +is fast descending to the horizon. Her philosophy has crossed the +Channel, her freedom the Atlantic, and herself seems passing to that +awful dissolution, whose issue is not given human foresight to scan +(* 14). + + + Having given a sketch of our minerals, vegetables, and +quadrupeds, and being led by a proud theory to make a comparison of +the latter with those of Europe, and to extend it to the Man of +America, both aboriginal and emigrant, I will proceed to the +remaining articles comprehended under the present query. + + Between ninety and an hundred of our birds have been described +by Catesby. His drawings are better as to form and attitude, than +colouring, which is generally too high. They are the following. + + BIRDS OF VIRGINIA. + + Besides these, we have + + The Royston crow. Corvus cornix. + Crane. Ardea Canadensis. + House swallow. Hirundo rustica. + Ground swallow. Hirundo riparia. + Greatest grey eagle. + Smaller turkey buzzard, with a feathered head. + Greatest owl, or nighthawk. + Wethawk, which feeds flying. + Raven. + Water pelican of the Missisipi, whose pouch holds a peck. + Swan. + Loon. + + The Cormorant. + Duck and Mallard. + Widgeon. + Sheldrach, or Canvas back. + Black head. + Ballcoot. + Sprigtail. + Didapper, or Dopchick. + Spoon billed duck. + Water-witch. + Water-pheasant. + Mow-bird. + Blue peter. + Water wagtail. + Yellow-legged snipe. + Squatting snipe. + Small plover. + Whistling plover. + Woodcock. + Red bird, with black head, wings and tail. + + And doubtless many others which have not yet been described and +classed. + + To this catalogue of our indigenous animals, I will add a short +account of an anomaly of nature, taking place sometimes in the race +of negroes brought from Africa, who, though black themselves, have in +rare instances, white children, called Albinos. I have known four of +these myself, and have faithful accounts of three others. The +circumstances in which all the individuals agree are these. They are +of a pallid cadaverous white, untinged with red, without any coloured +spots or seams; their hair of the same kind of white, short, coarse, +and curled as is that of the negro; all of them well formed, strong, +healthy, perfect in their senses, except that of sight, and born of +parents who had no mixture of white blood. Three of these Albinos +were sisters, having two other full sisters, who were black. The +youngest of the three was killed by lightning, at twelve years of +age. The eldest died at about 27 years of age, in child-bed, with +her second child. The middle one is now alive in health, and has +issue, as the eldest had, by a black man, which issue was black. +They are uncommonly shrewd, quick in their apprehensions and in +reply. Their eyes are in a perpetual tremulous vibration, very weak, +and much affected by the sun: but they see better in the night than +we do. They are of the property of Col. Skipwith, of Cumberland. +The fourth is a negro woman, whose parents came from Guinea, and had +three other children, who were of their own colour. She is freckled, +her eye-sight so weak that she is obliged to wear a bonnet in the +summer; but it is better in the night than day. She had an Albino +child by a black man. It died at the age of a few weeks. These were +the property of Col. Carter, of Albemarle. A sixth instance is a +woman of the property of a Mr. Butler, near Petersburgh. She is +stout and robust, has issue a daughter, jet black, by a black man. I +am not informed as to her eye sight. The seventh instance is of a +male belonging to a Mr. Lee, of Cumberland. His eyes are tremulous +and weak. He is tall of stature, and now advanced in years. He is +the only male of the Albinos which have come within my information. +Whatever be the cause of the disease in the skin, or in its colouring +matter, which produces this change, it seems more incident to the +female than male sex. To these I may add the mention of a negro man +within my own knowledge, born black, and of black parents; on whose +chin, when a boy, a white spot appeared. This continued to increase +till he became a man, by which time it had extended over his chin, +lips, one cheek, the under jaw and neck on that side. It is of the +Albino white, without any mixture of red, and has for several years +been stationary. He is robust and healthy, and the change of colour +was not accompanied with any sensible disease, either general or +topical. + + Of our fish and insects there has been nothing like a full +description or collection. More of them are described in Catesby +than in any other work. Many also are to be found in Sir Hans +Sloane's Jamaica, as being common to that and this country. The +honey-bee is not a native of our continent. Marcgrave indeed +mentions a species of honey-bee in Brasil. But this has no sting, +and is therefore different from the one we have, which resembles +perfectly that of Europe. The Indians concur with us in the +tradition that it was brought from Europe; but when, and by whom, we +know not. The bees have generally extended themselves into the +country, a little in advance of the white settlers. The Indians +therefore call them the white man's fly, and consider their approach +as indicating the approach of the settlements of the whites. A +question here occurs, How far northwardly have these insects been +found? That they are unknown in Lapland, I infer from Scheffer's +information, that the Laplanders eat the pine bark, prepared in a +certain way, instead of those things sweetened with sugar. `Hoc +comedunt pro rebus saccharo conditis.' Scheff. Lapp. c. 18. +Certainly, if they had honey, it would be a better substitute for +sugar than any preparation of the pine bark. Kalm tells us the honey +bee + I. 126. + cannot live through the winter in Canada. They furnish then an +additional proof of the remarkable fact first observed by the Count de +Buffon, and which has thrown such a blaze of light on the field of natural +history, that no animals are found in both continents, but those which are +able to bear the cold of those regions where they probably join. + + (* 1) 2. Buffon Epoques, 96. + + (* 3) D'Aubenton. + + (* 4) It is said, that this animal is seldom seen above 30 +miles from shore, or beyond the 56th degree of latitude. The +interjacent islands between Asia and America admit his passing from +one continent to the other without exceeding these bounds. And, in +fact, travellers tell us that these islands are places of principal +resort for them, and especially in the season of bringing forth their +young. + + (* 5) The descriptions of Theodat, Denys and La Hontan, cited +by Mons. de Buffon under the article Elan, authorize the supposition, +that the flat-horned elk is found in the northern parts of America. +It has not however extended to our latitudes. On the other hand, I +could never learn that the round-horned elk has been seen further +North than the Hudson's river. This agrees with the former elk in +its general character, being, like that, when compared with a deer, +very much larger, its ears longer, broader, and thicker in +proportion, its hair much longer, neck and tail shorter, having a +dewlap before the breast (caruncula gutturalis Linnaei) a white spot +often, if not always; of a foot diameter, on the hinder part of the +buttocks round the tail; its gait a trot, and attended with a +rattling of the hoofs: but distinguished from that decisively by its +horns, which are not palmated, but round and pointed. This is the +animal described by Catesby as the Cervus major Americanus, the Stag +of America, le Cerf de l'Amerique. But it differs from the Cervus as +totally, as does the palmated elk from the dama. And in fact it +seems to stand in the same relation to the palmated elk, as the red +deer does to the fallow. It has abounded in Virginia, has been seen, +within my knowledge, on the Eastern side of the Blue ridge since the +year 1765, is now common beyond those mountains, has been often +brought to us and tamed, and their horns are in the hands of many. I +should designate it as the `Alces Americanus cornibus teretibus.' It +were to be wished, that Naturalists, who are acquainted with the +renne and elk of Europe, and who may hereafter visit the northern +parts of America, would examine well the animals called there by the +names of grey and black moose, caribou, orignal, and elk. Mons. de +Buffon has done what could be done from the materials in his hands, +towards clearing up the confusion introduced by the loose application +of these names among the animals they are meant to designate. He +reduces the whole to the renne and flat-horned elk. From all the +information I have been able to collect, I strongly suspect they will +be found to cover three, if not four distinct species of animals. I +have seen skins of a moose, and of the caribou: they differ more from +each other, and from that of the round-horned elk, than I ever saw +two skins differ which belonged to different individuals of any wild +species. These differences are in the colour, length, and coarseness +of the hair, and in the size, texture, and marks of the skin. +Perhaps it will be found that there is, 1. the moose, black and grey, +the former being said to be the male, and the latter the female. 2. +The caribou or renne. 3. The flat-horned elk, or orignal. 4. The +round-horned elk. Should this last, though possessing so nearly the +characters of the elk, be found to be the same with the Cerf +d'Ardennes or Brandhirtz of Germany, still there will remain the +three species first enumerated. + + (* 6) The Tapir is the largest of the animals peculiar to +America. I collect his weight thus. Mons. de Buffon says, XXIII. +274. that he is of the size of a Zebu, or a small cow. He gives us +the measures of a Zebu, ib. 94. as taken by himself, viz. 5 feet 7 +inches from the muzzle to the root of the tail, and 5 feet 1 inch +circumference behind the fore legs. A bull, measuring in the same +way 6 feet 9 inches and 5 feet 2 inches, weighed 600 lb. VIII. 153. +The Zebu then, and of course the Tapir, would weigh about 500 lb. +But one individual of every species of European peculiars would +probably weigh less than 400 lb. These are French measures and +weights. + + (* 7) In Williamsburg, April, 1769. + + (* 8) Sol Rodomonte sprezza di venire + Se non, dove la via meno e sicura. + Ariosto. 14. 117. + + (* 9) In so judicious an author as Don Ulloa, and one to whom +we are indebted for the most precise information we have of South +America, I did not expect to find such assertions as the following. +`Los Indios vencidos son los mas cobardes y pusilanimes que se peuden +ver: -- se hacen inocentes, se humillan hasta el desprecio, disculpan +su inconsiderado arrojo, y con las suplicas y los ruegos dan seguras +pruebas de su pusilanimidad. -- o lo que resieren las historias de +la Conquista, sobre sus grandes acciones, es en un sentido figurado, +o el caracter de estas gentes no es ahora segun era entonces; pero lo +que no tiene duda es, que las Naciones de la parte Septentrional +subsisten en la misma libertad que siempre han tenido, sin haber sido +sojuzgados por algun Principe extrano, y que viven segun su regimen y +costumbres de toda la vida, sin que haya habido motivo para que muden +de caracter; y en estos se ve lo mismo, que sucede en los del Peru, y +de toda la America Meridional, reducidos, y que nunca lo han estado.' +Noticias Americanas. Entretenimiento XVIII. 1. Don Ulloa here +admits, that the authors who have described the Indians of South +America, before they were enslaved, had represented them as a brave +people, and therefore seems to have suspected that the cowardice +which he had observed in those of the present race might be the +effect of subjugation. But, supposing the Indians of North America +to be cowards also, he concludes the ancestors of those of South +America to have been so too, and therefore that those authors have +given fictions for truths. He was probably not acquainted himself +with the Indians of North America, and had formed his opinion of them +from hear-say. Great numbers of French, of English, and of +Americans, are perfectly acquainted with these people. Had he had an +opportunity of enquiring of any of these, they would have told him, +that there never was an instance known of an Indian begging his life +when in the power of his enemies: on the contrary, that he courts +death by every possible insult and provocation. His reasoning then +would have been reversed thus. `Since the present Indian of North +America is brave, and authors tell us, that the ancestors of those of +South America were brave also; it must follow, that the cowardice of +their descendants is the effect of subjugation and ill treatment.' +For he observes, ib. (symbol omitted). 27. that `los obrages los +aniquilan por la inhumanidad con que se les trata.' + + (* 10) A remarkable instance of this appeared in the case of +the late Col. Byrd, who was sent to the Cherokee nation to transact +some business with them. It happened that some of our disorderly +people had just killed one or two of that nation. It was therefore +proposed in the council of the Cherokees that Col. Byrd should be put +to death, in revenge for the loss of their countrymen. Among them +was a chief called Silouee, who, on some former occasion, had +contracted an acquaintance and friendship with Col. Byrd. He came to +him every night in his tent, and told him not to be afraid, they +should not kill him. After many days deliberation, however, the +determination was, contrary to Silouee's expectation, that Byrd +should be put to death, and some warriors were dispatched as +executioners. Silouee attended them, and when they entered the tent, +he threw himself between them and Byrd, and said to the warriors, +`this man is my friend: before you get at him, you must kill me.' On +which they returned, and the council respected the principle so much +as to recede from their determination. + + (* 11) Linn. Syst. Definition of a Man. + + (* 12) Has the world as yet produced more than two poets, +acknowledged to be such by all nations? An Englishman, only, reads +Milton with delight, an Italian Tasso, a Frenchman the Henriade, a +Portuguese Camouens: but Homer and Virgil have been the rapture of +every age and nation: they are read with enthusiasm in their +originals by those who can read the originals, and in translations by +those who cannot. + + (* 13) There are various ways of keeping truth out of sight. +Mr. Rittenhouse's model of the planetary system has the plagiary +appellation of an Orrery; and the quadrant invented by Godfrey, an +American also, and with the aid of which the European nations +traverse the globe, is called Hadley's quadrant. + + (* 14) In a later edition of the Abbe Raynal's work, he has +withdrawn his censure from that part of the new world inhabited by +the Federo-Americans; but has left it still on the other parts. +North America has always been more accessible to strangers than +South. If he was mistaken then as to the former, he may be so as to +the latter. The glimmerings which reach us from South America enable +us only to see that its inhabitants are held under the accumulated +pressure of slavery, superstition, and ignorance. Whenever they +shall be able to rise under this weight, and to shew themselves to +the rest of the world, they will probably shew they are like the rest +of the world. We have not yet sufficient evidence that there are +more _lakes_ and _fogs_ in South America than in other parts of the +earth. As little do we know what would be their operation on the +mind of man. That country has been visited by Spaniards and +Portugueze chiefly, and almost exclusively. These, going from a +country of the old world remarkably dry in its soil and climate, +fancied there were more lakes and fogs in South America than in +Europe. An inhabitant of Ireland, Sweden, or Finland, would have +formed the contrary opinion. Had South America then been discovered +and seated by a people from a fenny country, it would probably have +been represented as much drier than the old world. A patient pursuit +of facts, and cautious combination and comparison of them, is the +drudgery to which man is subjected by his Maker, if he wishes to +attain sure knowledge. + + + QUERY VII + + _A notice of all what can increase the progress of human +knowledge?_ + + Climate + Under the latitude of this query, I will presume it not +improper nor unacceptable to furnish some data for estimating the +climate of Virginia. Journals of observations on the quantity of +rain, and degree of heat, being lengthy, confused, and too minute to +produce general and distinct ideas, I have taken five years +observations, to wit, from 1772 to 1777, made in Williamsburgh and +its neighbourhood, have reduced them to an average for every month in +the year, and stated those averages in the following table, adding an +analytical view of the winds during the same period. + + The rains of every month, (as of January for instance) through +the whole period of years, were added separately, and an average +drawn from them. The coolest and warmest point of the same day in +each year of the period were added separately, and an average of the +greatest cold and greatest heat of that day, was formed. From the +averages of every day in the month, a general average for the whole +month was formed. The point from which the wind blew was observed +two or three times in every day. These observations, in the month of +January for instance, through the whole period amounted to 337. At +73 of these, the wind was from the North; at 47, from the North-east, +&c. So that it will be easy to see in what proportion each wind +usually prevails in each month: or, taking the whole year, the total +of observations through the whole period having been 3698, it will be +observed that 611 of them were from the North, 558 from the +North-east, &c. + + Though by this table it appears we have on an average 47 inches +of rain annually, which is considerably more than usually falls in +Europe, yet from the information I have collected, I suppose we have +a much greater proportion of sunshine here than there. Perhaps it +will be found there are twice as many cloudy days in the middle parts +of Europe, as in the United States of America. I mention the middle +parts of Europe, because my information does not extend to its +northern or southern parts. + + + + Fall of Least & greatest + rain, daily heat by WINDS. + &c. in Farenheit's + inches thermometer. N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. Total. + + Jan. 3.192 38 1/2 to 44 73 47 32 10 11 78 40 46 337 + Feb. 2.049 41 47 1/2 61 52 24 11 4 63 30 31 276 + Mar. 3.95 48 54 1/2 49 44 38 28 14 83 29 33 318 + April 3.68 56 62 1/2 35 44 54 19 9 58 18 20 257 + May 2.871 63 70 1/2 27 36 62 23 7 74 32 20 281 + June 3.751 71 1/2 78 1/4 22 34 43 24 13 81 25 25 267 + July 4.497 77 82 1/2 41 44 75 15 7 95 32 19 328 + Aug. 9.153 76 1/4 81 43 52 40 30 9 103 27 30 334 + Sept. 4.761 69 1/2 74 1/4 70 60 51 18 10 81 18 37 345 + Oct. 3.633 61 1/4 66 1/2 52 77 64 15 6 56 23 34 327 + Nov. 2.617 47 3/4 53 1/2 74 21 20 14 9 63 35 58 294 + Dec. 2.877 43 48 3/4 64 37 18 16 10 91 42 56 334 + Total. 47.038 8.A.M. 4.P.M. 611 548 521 223 109 926 351 409 3698 + + + In an extensive country, it will of course be expected that the +climate is not the same in all its parts. It is remarkable that, proceeding +on the same parallel of latitude westwardly, the climate becomes colder in +like manner as when you proceed northwardly. This continues to be the case +till you attain the summit of the Alleghaney, which is the highest land +between the ocean and the Missisipi. From thence, descending in the same +latitude to the Missisipi, the change reverses; and, if we may believe +travellers, it becomes warmer there than it is in the same latitude on the +sea side. Their testimony is strengthened by the vegetables and animals +which subsist and multiply there naturally, and do not on our sea coast. +Thus Catalpas grow spontaneously on the Missisipi, as far as the latitude of +37 degrees. and reeds as far as 38 degrees. Perroquets even winter on the +Sioto, in the 39th degree of latitude. In the summer of 1779, when the +thermometer was at 90 degrees. at Monticello, and 96 at Williamsburgh, it was +110 degrees. at Kaskaskia. Perhaps the mountain, which overhangs this +village on the North side, may, by its reflexion, have contributed somewhat +to produce this heat. The difference of temperature of the air at the sea +coast, or on Chesapeak bay, and at the Alleghaney, has not been ascertained; +but cotemporary observations, made at Williamsburgh, or in its neighbourhood, +and at Monticello, which is on the most eastern ridge of mountains, called +the South West, where they are intersected by the Rivanna, have furnished a +ratio by which that difference may in some degree be conjectured. These +observations make the difference between Williamsburgh and the nearest +mountains, at the position before mentioned, to be on an average 6 1/8 +degrees of Farenheit's thermometer. Some allowance however is to be made for +the difference of latitude between these two places, the latter being 38 +degrees.8'.17". which is 52'.22". North of the former. By cotemporary +observations of between five and six weeks, the averaged and almost unvaried +difference of the height of mercury in the barometer, at those two places, +was .784 of an inch, the atmosphere at Monticello being so much the lightest, +that is to say, about 1/37 of its whole weight. It should be observed, +however, that the hill of Monticello is of 500 feet perpendicular height +above the river which washes its base. This position being nearly central +between our northern and southern boundaries, and between the bay and +Alleghaney, may be considered as furnishing the best average of the +temperature of our climate. Williamsburgh is much too near the South-eastern +corner to give a fair idea of our general temperature. + + But a more remarkable difference is in the winds which prevail +in the different parts of the country. The following table exhibits +a comparative view of the winds prevailing at Williamsburgh, and at +Monticello. It is formed by reducing nine months observations at +Monticello to four principal points, to wit, the North-east, +South-east, South-west, and North-west; these points being +perpendicular to, or parallel with our coast, mountains and rivers: +and by reducing, in like manner, an equal number of observations, to +wit, 421. from the preceding table of winds at Williamsburgh, taking +them proportionably from every point. + + N.E. S.E. S.W. N.W. Total. + Williamsburgh 127 61 132 101 421 + Monticello 32 91 126 172 421 + + By this it may be seen that the South-west wind prevails +equally at both places; that the North-east is, next to this, the +principal wind towards the sea coast, and the North-west is the +predominant wind at the mountains. The difference between these two +winds to sensation, and in fact, is very great. The North-east is +loaded with vapour, insomuch, that the salt makers have found that +their crystals would not shoot while that blows; it brings a +distressing chill, is heavy and oppressive to the spirits: the +North-west is dry, cooling, elastic and animating. The Eastern and +South-eastern breezes come on generally in the afternoon. They have +advanced into the country very sensibly within the memory of people +now living. They formerly did not penetrate far above Williamsburgh. +They are now frequent at Richmond, and every now and then reach the +mountains. They deposit most of their moisture however before they +get that far. As the lands become more cleared, it is probable they +will extend still further westward. + + Going out into the open air, in the temperate, and in the warm +months of the year, we often meet with bodies of warm air, which, +passing by us in two or three seconds, do not afford time to the most +sensible thermometer to seize their temperature. Judging from my +feelings only, I think they approach the ordinary heat of the human +body. Some of them perhaps go a little beyond it. They are of about +20 or 30 feet diameter horizontally. Of their height we have no +experience; but probably they are globular volumes wafted or rolled +along with the wind. But whence taken, where found, or how +generated? They are not to be ascribed to Volcanos, because we have +none. They do not happen in the winter when the farmers kindle large +fires in clearing up their grounds. They are not confined to the +spring season, when we have fires which traverse whole counties, +consuming the leaves which have fallen from the trees. And they are +too frequent and general to be ascribed to accidental fires. I am +persuaded their cause must be sought for in the atmosphere itself, to +aid us in which I know but of these constant circumstances; a dry +air; a temperature as warm at least as that of the spring or autumn; +and a moderate current of wind. They are most frequent about +sun-set; rare in the middle parts of the day; and I do not recollect +having ever met with them in the morning. + + The variation in the weight of our atmosphere, as indicated by +the barometer, is not equal to two inches of mercury. During twelve +months observation at Williamsburgh, the extremes were 29, and 30.86 +inches, the difference being 1.86 of an inch: and in nine months, +during which the height of the mercury was noted at Monticello, the +extremes were 28.48 and 29.69 inches, the variation being 1.21 of an +inch. A gentleman, who has observed his barometer many years, +assures me it has never varied two inches. Cotemporary observations, +made at Monticello and Williamsburgh, proved the variations in the +weight of air to be simultaneous and corresponding in these two +places. + + Our changes from heat to cold, and cold to heat, are very +sudden and great. The mercury in Farenheit's thermometer has been +known to descend from 92 degrees. to 47degrees. in thirteen hours. + + It is taken for granted, that the preceding table of averaged +heat will not give a false idea on this subject, as it proposes to +state only the ordinary heat and cold of each month, and not those +which are extraordinary. At Williamsburgh in August 1766, the +mercury in Farenheit's thermometer was at 98degrees. corresponding +with 29 1/3 of Reaumur. At the same place in January 1780, it was at +6degrees. corresponding with 11 1/2 below 0. of Reaumur. I believe +(*) these may be considered to be nearly the extremes of heat and +cold in that part of the country. The latter may most certainly, as, +at that time, York river, at York town, was frozen over, so that +people walked across it; a circumstance which proves it to have been +colder than the winter of 1740, 1741, usually called the cold winter, +when York river did not freeze over at that place. In the same +season of 1780, Chesapeak bay was solid, from its head to the mouth +of Patowmac. At Annapolis, where it is 5 1/4 miles over between the +nearest points of land, the ice was from 5 to 7 inches thick quite +across, so that loaded carriages went over on it. Those, our +extremes of heat and cold, of 6degrees. and 98degrees. were indeed +very distressing to us, and were thought to put the extent of the +human constitution to considerable trial. Yet a Siberian would have +considered them as scarcely a sensible variation. At Jenniseitz in +that country, in latitude 58degrees. we are told, that the cold in +1735 sunk the mercury by Farenheit's scale to 126 degrees. below +nothing; and the inhabitants of the same country use stove rooms two +or three times a week, in which they stay two hours at a time, the +atmosphere of which raises the mercury to 135 degrees. above nothing. +Late experiments shew that the human body will exist in rooms heated +to 140 degrees. of Reaumur, equal to 347 degrees. of Farenheit, and +135 degrees. above boiling water. The hottest point of the 24 hours +is about four o'clock, P. M. and the dawn of day the coldest. + + (*) At Paris, in 1753, the mercury in Reaumur's thermometer was +at 30 1/2 above 0, and in 1776, it was at 16 below 0. The +extremities of heat and cold therefore at Paris, are greater than at +Williamsburgh, which is in the hottest part of Virginia. + + The access of frost in autumn, and its recess in the spring, do +not seem to depend merely on the degree of cold; much less on the +air's being at the freezing point. White frosts are frequent when +the thermometer is at 47 degrees. have killed young plants of Indian +corn at 48 degrees. and have been known at 54 degrees. Black frost, +and even ice, have been produced at 38 1/2 degrees. which is 6 1/2 +degrees above the freezing point. That other circumstances must be +combined with the cold to produce frost, is evident from this also, +that on the higher parts of mountains, where it is absolutely colder +than in the plains on which they stand, frosts do not appear so early +by a considerable space of time in autumn, and go off sooner in the +spring, than in the plains. I have known frosts so severe as to kill +the hiccory trees round about Monticello, and yet not injure the +tender fruit blossoms then in bloom on the top and higher parts of +the mountain; and in the course of 40 years, during which it has been +settled, there have been but two instances of a general loss of fruit +on it: while, in the circumjacent country, the fruit has escaped but +twice in the last seven years. The plants of tobacco, which grow +from the roots of those which have been cut off in the summer, are +frequently green here at Christmas. This privilege against the frost +is undoubtedly combined with the want of dew on the mountains. That +the dew is very rare on their higher parts, I may say with certainty, +from 12 years observations, having scarcely ever, during that time, +seen an unequivocal proof of its existence on them at all during +summer. Severe frosts in the depth of winter prove that the region +of dews extends higher in that season than the tops of the mountains: +but certainly, in the summer season, the vapours, by the time they +attain that height, are become so attenuated as not to subside and +form a dew when the sun retires. + + The weavil has not yet ascended the high mountains. + + A more satisfactory estimate of our climate to some, may +perhaps be formed, by noting the plants which grow here, subject +however to be killed by our severest colds. These are the fig, +pomegranate, artichoke, and European walnut. In mild winters, +lettuce and endive require no shelter; but generally they need a +slight covering. I do not know that the want of long moss, reed, +myrtle, swamp laurel, holly and cypress, in the upper country, +proceeds from a greater degree of cold, nor that they were ever +killed with any degree of cold in the lower country. The aloe lived +in Williamsburgh in the open air through the severe winter of 1779, +1780. + + A change in our climate however is taking place very sensibly. +Both heats and colds are become much more moderate within the memory +even of the middle-aged. Snows are less frequent and less deep. +They do not often lie, below the mountains, more than one, two, or +three days, and very rarely a week. They are remembered to have been +formerly frequent, deep, and of long continuance. The elderly inform +me the earth used to be covered with snow about three months in every +year. The rivers, which then seldom failed to freeze over in the +course of the winter, scarcely ever do so now. This change has +produced an unfortunate fluctuation between heat and cold, in the +spring of the year, which is very fatal to fruits. From the year +1741 to 1769, an interval of twenty-eight years, there was no +instance of fruit killed by the frost in the neighbourhood of +Monticello. An intense cold, produced by constant snows, kept the +buds locked up till the sun could obtain, in the spring of the year, +so fixed an ascendency as to dissolve those snows, and protect the +buds, during their developement, from every danger of returning cold. +The accumulated snows of the winter remaining to be dissolved all +together in the spring, produced those overflowings of our rivers, so +frequent then, and so rare now. + + Having had occasion to mention the particular situation of +Monticello for other purposes, I will just take notice that its +elevation affords an opportunity of seeing a phaenomenon which is +rare at land, though frequent at sea. The seamen call it _looming_. +Philosophy is as yet in the rear of the seamen, for so far from +having accounted for it, she has not given it a name. Its principal +effect is to make distant objects appear larger, in opposition to the +general law of vision, by which they are diminished. I knew an +instance, at York town, from whence the water prospect eastwardly is +without termination, wherein a canoe with three men, at a great +distance, was taken for a ship with its three masts. I am little +acquainted with the phaenomenon as it shews itself at sea; but at +Monticello it is familiar. There is a solitary mountain about 40 +miles off, in the South, whose natural shape, as presented to view +there, is a regular cone; but, by the effect of looming, it sometimes +subsides almost totally into the horizon; sometimes it rises more +acute and more elevated; sometimes it is hemispherical; and sometimes +its sides are perpendicular, its top flat, and as broad as its base. +In short it assumes at times the most whimsical shapes, and all these +perhaps successively in the same morning. The Blue ridge of +mountains comes into view, in the North East, at about 100 miles +distance, and, approaching in a direct line, passes by within 20 +miles, and goes off to the South-west. This phaenomenon begins to +shew itself on these mountains, at about 50 miles distance, and +continues beyond that as far as they are seen. I remark no +particular state, either in the weight, moisture, or heat of the +atmosphere, necessary to produce this. The only constant +circumstances are, its appearance in the morning only, and on objects +at least 40 or 50 miles distant. In this latter circumstance, if not +in both, it differs from the looming on the water. Refraction will +not account for this metamorphosis. That only changes the +proportions of length and breadth, base and altitude, preserving the +general outlines. Thus it may make a circle appear elliptical, raise +or depress a cone, but by none of its laws, as yet developed, will it +make a circle appear a square, or a cone a sphere. + + + QUERY VIII + + _The number of its inhabitants?_ + + Population + The following table shews the number of persons imported for +the establishment of our colony in its infant state, and the census +of inhabitants at different periods, extracted from our historians +and public records, as particularly as I have had opportunities and +leisure to examine them. Successive lines in the same year shew +successive periods of time in that year. I have stated the census in +two different columns, the whole inhabitants having been sometimes +numbered, and sometimes the _tythes_ only. This term, with us, +includes the free males above 16 years of age, and slaves above that +age of both sexes. A further examination of our records would render +this history of our population much more satisfactory and perfect, by +furnishing a greater number of intermediate terms. Those however +which are here stated will enable us to calculate, with a +considerable degree of precision, the rate at which we have +increased. During the infancy of the colony, while numbers were +small, wars, importations, and other accidental circumstances render +the progression fluctuating and irregular. By the year 1654, +however, it becomes tolerably uniform, importations having in a great +measure ceased from the dissolution of the company, and the +inhabitants become too numerous to be sensibly affected by Indian +wars. Beginning at that period, therefore, we find that from thence +to the year 1772, our tythes had increased from 7209 to 153,000. The +whole term being of 118 years, yields a duplication once in every 27 +1/4 years. The intermediate enumerations taken in 1700, 1748, and +1759, furnish proofs of the uniformity of this progression. Should +this rate of increase continue, we shall have between six and seven +millions of inhabitants within 95 years. If we suppose our country +to be bounded, at some future day, by the meridian of the mouth of +the Great Kanhaway, (within which it has been before conjectured, are +64,491 square miles) there will then be 100 inhabitants for every +square mile, which is nearly the state of population in the British +islands. Here I will beg leave to propose a doubt. The present +desire of America is to produce rapid population by as great +importations of foreigners as possible. But is this founded in good +policy? The advantage proposed is the multiplication of numbers. +Now let us suppose (for example only) that, in this state, we could +double our numbers in one year by the importation of foreigners; and +this is a greater accession than the most sanguine advocate for +emigration has a right to expect. Then I say, beginning with a +double stock, we shall attain any given degree of population only 27 +years and 3 months sooner than if we proceed on our single stock. If +we propose four millions and a half as a competent population for +this state, we should be 54 1/2 years attaining it, could we at once +double our numbers; and 81 3/4 years, if we rely on natural +propagation, as may be seen by the following table. + + + Settlers Census of Census of + Years imported. Inhabitants. Tythes. + 1607 100 + 40 + 120 + 1608 130 + 70 + 1609 490 + 16 + 60 + 1610 150 + 200 + 1611 3 ship loads + 300 + 1612 80 + 1617 400 + 1618 200 + 40 + 600 + 1619 1216 + 1621 1300 + 1622 3800 + 2500 + 1628 3000 + 1632 2000 + 1644 4822 + 1645 5000 + 1652 7000 + 1654 7209 + 1700 22,000 + 1748 82,100 + 1759 105,000 + 1772 153,000 + 1782 567,614 + + In the first column are stated periods of 27 1/4 years; in the +second are our numbers, at each period, as they will be if we proceed +on our actual stock; and in the third are what they would be, at the +same periods, were we to set out from the double of our present +stock. + + Proceeding on Proceeding on + our present stock. a double stock. + 1781 567,614 1,135,228 + 1808 1/4 1,135,228 2,270,456 + 1835 1/2 2,270,456 4,540,912 + 1862 3/4 4,540,912 + + I have taken the term of four millions and a half of +inhabitants for example's sake only. Yet I am persuaded it is a +greater number than the country spoken of, considering how much +inarrable land it contains, can clothe and feed, without a material +change in the quality of their diet. But are there no inconveniences +to be thrown into the scale against the advantage expected from a +multiplication of numbers by the importation of foreigners? It is +for the happiness of those united in society to harmonize as much as +possible in matters which they must of necessity transact together. +Civil government being the sole object of forming societies, its +administration must be conducted by common consent. Every species of +government has its specific principles. Ours perhaps are more +peculiar than those of any other in the universe. It is a +composition of the freest principles of the English constitution, +with others derived from natural right and natural reason. To these +nothing can be more opposed than the maxims of absolute monarchies. +Yet, from such, we are to expect the greatest number of emigrants. +They will bring with them the principles of the governments they +leave, imbibed in their early youth; or, if able to throw them off, +it will be in exchange for an unbounded licentiousness, passing, as +is usual, from one extreme to another. It would be a miracle were +they to stop precisely at the point of temperate liberty. These +principles, with their language, they will transmit to their +children. In proportion to their numbers, they will share with us +the legislation. They will infuse into it their spirit, warp and +bias its direction, and render it a heterogeneous, incoherent, +distracted mass. I may appeal to experience, during the present +contest, for a verification of these conjectures. But, if they be +not certain in event, are they not possible, are they not probable? +Is it not safer to wait with patience 27 years and three months +longer, for the attainment of any degree of population desired, or +expected? May not our government be more homogeneous, more +peaceable, more durable? Suppose 20 millions of republican Americans +thrown all of a sudden into France, what would be the condition of +that kingdom? If it would be more turbulent, less happy, less +strong, we may believe that the addition of half a million of +foreigners to our present numbers would produce a similar effect +here. If they come of themselves, they are entitled to all the +rights of citizenship: but I doubt the expediency of inviting them by +extraordinary encouragements. I mean not that these doubts should be +extended to the importation of useful artificers. The policy of that +measure depends on very different considerations. Spare no expence +in obtaining them. They will after a while go to the plough and the +hoe; but, in the mean time, they will teach us something we do not +know. It is not so in agriculture. The indifferent state of that +among us does not proceed from a want of knowledge merely; it is from +our having such quantities of land to waste as we please. In Europe +the object is to make the most of their land, labour being abundant: +here it is to make the most of our labour, land being abundant. + + It will be proper to explain how the numbers for the year 1782 +have been obtained; as it was not from a perfect census of the +inhabitants. It will at the same time develope the proportion +between the free inhabitants and slaves. The following return of +taxable articles for that year was given in. + + 53,289 free males above 21 years of age. + 211,698 slaves of all ages and sexes. + 23,766 not distinguished in the returns, but said to be + titheable slaves. + 195,439 horses. + 609,734 cattle. + 5,126 wheels of riding-carriages. + 191 taverns. + + There were no returns from the 8 counties of Lincoln, +Jefferson, Fayette, Monongalia, Yohogania, Ohio, Northampton, and +York. To find the number of slaves which should have been returned +instead of the 23,766 titheables, we must mention that some +observations on a former census had given reason to believe that the +numbers above and below 16 years of age were equal. The double of +this number, therefore, to wit, 47,532 must be added to 211,698, +which will give us 259,230 slaves of all ages and sexes. To find the +number of free inhabitants, we must repeat the observation, that +those above and below 16 are nearly equal. But as the number 53,289 +omits the males between 16 and 21, we must supply them from +conjecture. On a former experiment it had appeared that about +one-third of our militia, that is, of the males between 16 and 50, +were unmarried. Knowing how early marriage takes place here, we +shall not be far wrong in supposing that the unmarried part of our +militia are those between 16 and 21. If there be young men who do +not marry till after 21, there are as many who marry before that age. +But as the men above 50 were not included in the militia, we will +suppose the unmarried, or those between 16 and 21, to be one-fourth +of the whole number above 16, then we have the following calculation: + + 53,289 free males above 21 years of age. + 17,763 free males between 16 and 21. + 71,052 free males under 16. + 142,104 free females of all ages. + ------- + 284,208 free inhabitants of all ages. + 259,230 slaves of all ages. + ------- + 543,438 inhabitants, exclusive of the 8 counties from which e +no returns. In these 8 counties in the years 1779 and 1780 were +3,161 militia. Say then, + 3,161 free males above the age of 16. + 3,161 ditto under 16. + 6,322 free females. + ------ + 12,644 free inhabitants in these 8 counties. To find the number of +slaves, say, as 284,208 to 259,230, so is 12,644 to 11,532. Adding the third +of these numbers to the first, and the fourth to the second, we have, + 296,852 free inhabitants. + 270,762 slaves. + ------- + 567,614 inhabitants of every age, sex, and condition. But +296,852, the number of free inhabitants, are to 270,762, the number +of slaves, nearly as 11 to 10. Under the mild treatment our slaves +experience, and their wholesome, though coarse, food, this blot in +our country increases as fast, or faster, than the whites. During +the regal government, we had at one time obtained a law, which +imposed such a duty on the importation of slaves, as amounted nearly +to a prohibition, when one inconsiderate assembly, placed under a +peculiarity of circumstance, repealed the law. This repeal met a +joyful sanction from the then sovereign, and no devices, no +expedients, which could ever after be attempted by subsequent +assemblies, and they seldom met without attempting them, could +succeed in getting the royal assent to a renewal of the duty. In the +very first session held under the republican government, the assembly +passed a law for the perpetual prohibition of the importation of +slaves. This will in some measure stop the increase of this great +political and moral evil, while the minds of our citizens may be +ripening for a complete emancipation of human nature. + + + QUERY IX + + _The number and condition of the militia and regular troops, +and their pay?_ + + Military + The following is a state of the militia, taken from returns of +1780 and 1781, except in those counties marked with an asterisk, the +returns from which are somewhat older. + + Situation. Counties. Militia. + Westward of the Lincoln 600 + Allegany. 4458. Jefferson 300 + Fayette 156 + Ohio + Monongalia *1000 + Washington *829 + Montgomery 1071 + Green-briar 502 + + Between the Allegany Hampshire 930 + and Blue Ridge. 7673. Berkeley *1100 + Frederick 1143 + Shenando *925 + Rockingham 875 + Augusta 1375 + Rockbridge *625 + Botetourt *700 + + Between the Blue ridge Loudoun 1746 + and Tide waters. Fauquier 1078 + 18,828 Culpeper 1513 + Spotsylvania 480 + Orange *600 + Louisa 603 + Goochland *550 + Fluvanna *296 + Albemarle 873 + Amherst 896 + Buchingham *625 + Bedford 1300 + Henry 1004 + Pittsylvania *725 + Halifax *1139 + Charlotte 612 + Prince Edward 589 + Cumberland 408 + Powhatan 330 + Amelia *1125 + Lunenburg 677 + Mecklenburg 1100 + Brunswic 559 + + Situation. Counties. Militia. + Between James river Greenesville 500 + and Carolina. 6959. Dinwiddie *750 + Chesterfield 655 + Prince George 382 + Surry 380 + Sussex *700 + Southampton 874 + Isle of Wight *600 + Nansemond *644 + Norfolk *880 + Princess Anne *594 + + Between James and York Henrico 619 + rivers. 3009. Hanover 796 + New Kent *418 + Charles City 286 + James City 235 + Williamsburg 129 + York *244 + Warwick 100 + Elizabeth City 182 + + Between York and Caroline 805 + Rappahanock. 3269. King William 436 + King & Queen 500 + Essex 468 + Middlesex *210 + Gloucester 850 + + Between Rappahonock Fairfax 652 + & Patowmac. 4137. Prince William 614 + Stafford *500 + King George 483 + Richmond 412 + Westmoreland 544 + Northumberl. 630 + Lancaster 302 + + East. Shore. 1638. Accomac *1208 + Northampton *430 + + Whole Militia of the State 49,971 + + + Every able-bodied freeman, between the ages of 16 and 50, is +enrolled in the militia. Those of every county are formed into +companies, and these again into one or more battalions, according to +the numbers in the county. They are commanded by colonels, and other +subordinate officers, as in the regular service. In every county is +a county-lieutenant, who commands the whole militia of his county, +but ranks only as a colonel in the field. We have no general +officers always existing. These are appointed occasionally, when an +invasion or insurrection happens, and their commission determines +with the occasion. The governor is head of the military, as well as +civil power. The law requires every militia-man to provide himself +with the arms usual in the regular service. But this injunction was +always indifferently complied with, and the arms they had have been +so frequently called for to arm the regulars, that in the lower parts +of the country they are entirely disarmed. In the middle country a +fourth or fifth part of them may have such firelocks as they had +provided to destroy the noxious animals which infest their farms; and +on the western side of the Blue ridge they are generally armed with +rifles. The pay of our militia, as well as of our regulars, is that +of the Continental regulars. The condition of our regulars, of whom +we have none but Continentals, and part of a battalion of state +troops, is so constantly on the change, that a state of it at this +day would not be its state a month hence. It is much the same with +the condition of the other Continental troops, which is well enough +known. + + + QUERY X + + _The marine?_ + + Marine + Before the present invasion of this state by the British under +the command of General Phillips, we had three vessels of 16 guns, one +of 14, five small gallies, and two or three armed boats. They were +generally so badly manned as seldom to be in condition for service. +Since the perfect possession of our rivers assumed by the enemy, I +believe we are left with a single armed boat only. + + + QUERY XI + + _A description of the Indians established in that state?_ + + Aborigines + When the first effectual settlement of our colony was made, +which was in 1607, the country from the sea-coast to the mountains, +and from Patowmac to the most southern waters of James river, was +occupied by upwards of forty different tribes of Indians. Of these +the _Powhatans_, the _Mannahoacs_, and _Monacans_, were the most +powerful. Those between the sea-coast and falls of the rivers, were +in amity with one another, and attached to the _Powhatans_ as their +link of union. Those between the falls of the rivers and the +mountains, were divided into two confederacies; the tribes inhabiting +the head waters of Patowmac and Rappahanoc being attached to the +_Mannahoacs_; and those on the upper parts of James river to the +_Monacans_. But the _Monacans_ and their friends were in amity with +the _Mannahoacs_ and their friends, and waged joint and perpetual war +against the _Powhatans_. We are told that the _Powhatans_, +_Mannahoacs_, and _Monacans_, spoke languages so radically different, +that interpreters were necessary when they transacted business. +Hence we may conjecture, that this was not the case between all the +tribes, and probably that each spoke the language of the nation to +which it was attached; which we know to have been the case in many +particular instances. Very possibly there may have been antiently +three different stocks, each of which multiplying in a long course of +time, had separated into so many little societies. This practice +results from the circumstance of their having never submitted +themselves to any laws, any coercive power, any shadow of government. +Their only controuls are their manners, and that moral sense of right +and wrong, which, like the sense of tasting and feeling, in every man +makes a part of his nature. An offence against these is punished by +contempt, by exclusion from society, or, where the case is serious, +as that of murder, by the individuals whom it concerns. Imperfect as +this species of coercion may seem, crimes are very rare among them: +insomuch that were it made a question, whether no law, as among the +savage Americans, or too much law, as among the civilized Europeans, +submits man to the greatest evil, one who has seen both conditions of +existence would pronounce it to be the last: and that the sheep are +happier of themselves, than under care of the wolves. It will be +said, that great societies cannot exist without government. The +Savages therefore break them into small ones. + + The territories of the _Powhatan_ confederacy, south of the +Patowmac, comprehended about 8000 square miles, 30 tribes, and 2400 +warriors. Capt. Smith tells us, that within 60 miles of James town +were 5000 people, of whom 1500 were warriors. From this we find the +proportion of their warriors to their whole inhabitants, was as 3 to +10. The _Powhatan_ confederacy then would consist of about 8000 +inhabitants, which was one for every square mile; being about the +twentieth part of our present population in the same territory, and +the hundredth of that of the British islands. + + Besides these, were the _Nottoways_, living on Nottoway river, +the _Meherrins_ and _Tuteloes_ on Meherrin river, who were connected +with the Indians of Carolina, probably with the Chowanocs. + + The preceding table contains a state of these several tribes, +according to their confederacies and geographical situation, with +their numbers when we first became acquainted with them, where these +numbers are known. The numbers of some of them are again stated as +they were in the year 1669, when an attempt was made by the assembly +to enumerate them. Probably the enumeration is imperfect, and in +some measure conjectural, and that a further search into the records +would furnish many more particulars. What would be the melancholy +sequel of their history, may however be augured from the census of +1669; by which we discover that the tribes therein enumerated were, +in the space of 62 years, reduced to about one-third of their former +numbers. Spirituous liquors, the small-pox, war, and an abridgment +of territory, to a people who lived principally on the spontaneous +productions of nature, had committed terrible havock among them, +which generation, under the obstacles opposed to it among them, was +not likely to make good. That the lands of this country were taken +from them by conquest, is not so general a truth as is supposed. I +find in our historians and records, repeated proofs of purchase, +which cover a considerable part of the lower country; and many more +would doubtless be found on further search. The upper country we +know has been acquired altogether by purchases made in the most +unexceptionable form. + + Westward of all these tribes, beyond the mountains, and +extending to the great lakes, were the _Massawomecs_, a most powerful +confederacy, who harrassed unremittingly the _Powhatans_ and +_Manahoacs_. These were probably the ancestors of the tribes known +at present by the name of the _Six Nations_. + + Very little can now be discovered of the subsequent history of +these tribes severally. The _Chickahominies_ removed, about the year +1661, to Mattapony river. Their chief, with one from each of the +tribes of the Pamunkies and Mattaponies, attended the treaty of +Albany in 1685. This seems to have been the last chapter in their +history. They retained however their separate name so late as 1705, +and were at length blended with the Pamunkies and Mattaponies, and +exist at present only under their names. There remain of the +_Mattaponies_ three or four men only, and they have more negro than +Indian blood in them. They have lost their language, have reduced +themselves, by voluntary sales, to about fifty acres of land, which +lie on the river of their own name, and have, from time to time, been +joining the Pamunkies, from whom they are distant but 10 miles. The +_Pamunkies_ are reduced to about 10 or 12 men, tolerably pure from +mixture with other colours. The older ones among them preserve their +language in a small degree, which are the last vestiges on earth, as +far as we know, of the Powhatan language. They have about 300 acres +of very fertile land, on Pamunkey river, so encompassed by water that +a gate shuts in the whole. Of the _Nottoways_, not a male is left. +A few women constitute the remains of that tribe. They are seated on +Nottoway river, in Southampton county, on very fertile lands. At a +very early period, certain lands were marked out and appropriated to +these tribes, and were kept from encroachment by the authority of the +laws. They have usually had trustees appointed, whose duty was to +watch over their interests, and guard them from insult and injury. + + The _Monacans_ and their friends, better known latterly by the +name of _Tuscaroras_, were probably connected with the Massawomecs, +or Five Nations. For though we are (* 1) told their languages were +so different that the intervention of interpreters was necessary +between them, yet do we also (* 2) learn that the Erigas, a nation +formerly inhabiting on the Ohio, were of the same original stock with +the Five Nations, and that they partook also of the Tuscarora +language. Their dialects might, by long separation, have become so +unlike as to be unintelligible to one another. We know that in 1712, +the Five Nations received the Tuscaroras into their confederacy, and +made them the Sixth Nation. They received the Meherrins and Tuteloes +also into their protection: and it is most probable, that the remains +of many other of the tribes, of whom we find no particular account, +retired westwardly in like manner, and were incorporated with one or +other of the western tribes. + + (* 1) Smith. + + (* 2) Evans. + + I know of no such thing existing as an Indian monument: for I +would not honour with that name arrow points, stone hatchets, stone +pipes, and half-shapen images. Of labour on the large scale, I think +there is no remain as respectable as would be a common ditch for the +draining of lands: unless indeed it be the Barrows, of which many are +to be found all over this country. These are of different sizes, +some of them constructed of earth, and some of loose stones. That +they were repositories of the dead, has been obvious to all: but on +what particular occasion constructed, was matter of doubt. Some have +thought they covered the bones of those who have fallen in battles +fought on the spot of interment. Some ascribed them to the custom, +said to prevail among the Indians, of collecting, at certain periods, +the bones of all their dead, wheresoever deposited at the time of +death. Others again supposed them the general sepulchres for towns, +conjectured to have been on or near these grounds; and this opinion +was supported by the quality of the lands in which they are found, +(those constructed of earth being generally in the softest and most +fertile meadow-grounds on river sides) and by a tradition, said to be +handed down from the Aboriginal Indians, that, when they settled in a +town, the first person who died was placed erect, and earth put about +him, so as to cover and support him; that, when another died, a +narrow passage was dug to the first, the second reclined against him, +and the cover of earth replaced, and so on. There being one of these +in my neighbourhood, I wished to satisfy myself whether any, and +which of these opinions were just. For this purpose I determined to +open and examine it thoroughly. It was situated on the low grounds +of the Rivanna, about two miles above its principal fork, and +opposite to some hills, on which had been an Indian town. It was of +a spheroidical form, of about 40 feet diameter at the base, and had +been of about twelve feet altitude, though now reduced by the plough +to seven and a half, having been under cultivation about a dozen +years. Before this it was covered with trees of twelve inches +diameter, and round the base was an excavation of five feet depth and +width, from whence the earth had been taken of which the hillock was +formed. I first dug superficially in several parts of it, and came +to collections of human bones, at different depths, from six inches +to three feet below the surface. These were lying in the utmost +confusion, some vertical, some oblique, some horizontal, and directed +to every point of the compass, entangled, and held together in +clusters by the earth. Bones of the most distant parts were found +together, as, for instance, the small bones of the foot in the hollow +of a scull, many sculls would sometimes be in contact, lying on the +face, on the side, on the back, top or bottom, so as, on the whole, +to give the idea of bones emptied promiscuously from a bag or basket, +and covered over with earth, without any attention to their order. +The bones of which the greatest numbers remained, were sculls, +jaw-bones, teeth, the bones of the arms, thighs, legs, feet, and +hands. A few ribs remained, some vertebrae of the neck and spine, +without their processes, and one instance only of the (* 3) bone +which serves as a base to the vertebral column. The sculls were so +tender, that they generally fell to pieces on being touched. The +other bones were stronger. There were some teeth which were judged +to be smaller than those of an adult; a scull, which, on a slight +view, appeared to be that of an infant, but it fell to pieces on +being taken out, so as to prevent satisfactory examination; a rib, +and a fragment of the under-jaw of a person about half grown; another +rib of an infant; and part of the jaw of a child, which had not yet +cut its teeth. This last furnishing the most decisive proof of the +burial of children here, I was particular in my attention to it. It +was part of the right-half of the under-jaw. The processes, by which +it was articulated to the temporal bones, were entire; and the bone +itself firm to where it had been broken off, which, as nearly as I +could judge, was about the place of the eye-tooth. Its upper edge, +wherein would have been the sockets of the teeth, was perfectly +smooth. Measuring it with that of an adult, by placing their hinder +processes together, its broken end extended to the penultimate +grinder of the adult. This bone was white, all the others of a sand +colour. The bones of infants being soft, they probably decay sooner, +which might be the cause so few were found here. I proceeded then to +make a perpendicular cut through the body of the barrow, that I might +examine its internal structure. This passed about three feet from +its center, was opened to the former surface of the earth, and was +wide enough for a man to walk through and examine its sides. At the +bottom, that is, on the level of the circumjacent plain, I found +bones; above these a few stones, brought from a cliff a quarter of a +mile off, and from the river one-eighth of a mile off; then a large +interval of earth, then a stratum of bones, and so on. At one end of +the section were four strata of bones plainly distinguishable; at the +other, three; the strata in one part not ranging with those in +another. The bones nearest the surface were least decayed. No holes +were discovered in any of them, as if made with bullets, arrows, or +other weapons. I conjectured that in this barrow might have been a +thousand skeletons. Every one will readily seize the circumstances +above related, which militate against the opinion, that it covered +the bones only of persons fallen in battle; and against the tradition +also, which would make it the common sepulchre of a town, in which +the bodies were placed upright, and touching each other. Appearances +certainly indicate that it has derived both origin and growth from +the accustomary collection of bones, and deposition of them together; +that the first collection had been deposited on the common surface of +the earth, a few stones put over it, and then a covering of earth, +that the second had been laid on this, had covered more or less of it +in proportion to the number of bones, and was then also covered with +earth; and so on. The following are the particular circumstances +which give it this aspect. 1. The number of bones. 2. Their +confused position. 3. Their being in different strata. 4. The +strata in one part having no correspondence with those in another. +5. The different states of decay in these strata, which seem to +indicate a difference in the time of inhumation. 6. The existence of +infant bones among them. + + (* 3) The os sacrum. + + But on whatever occasion they may have been made, they are of +considerable notoriety among the Indians: for a party passing, about +thirty years ago, through the part of the country where this barrow +is, went through the woods directly to it, without any instructions +or enquiry, and having staid about it some time, with expressions +which were construed to be those of sorrow, they returned to the high +road, which they had left about half a dozen miles to pay this visit, +and pursued their journey. There is another barrow, much resembling +this in the low grounds of the South branch of Shenandoah, where it +is crossed by the road leading from the Rock-fish gap to Staunton. +Both of these have, within these dozen years, been cleared of their +trees and put under cultivation, are much reduced in their height, +and spread in width, by the plough, and will probably disappear in +time. There is another on a hill in the Blue ridge of mountains, a +few miles North of Wood's gap, which is made up of small stones +thrown together. This has been opened and found to contain human +bones, as the others do. There are also many others in other parts +of the country. + + Great question has arisen from whence came those aboriginal +inhabitants of America? Discoveries, long ago made, were sufficient +to shew that a passage from Europe to America was always practicable, +even to the imperfect navigation of ancient times. In going from +Norway to Iceland, from Iceland to Groenland, from Groenland to +Labrador, the first traject is the widest: and this having been +practised from the earliest times of which we have any account of +that part of the earth, it is not difficult to suppose that the +subsequent trajects may have been sometimes passed. Again, the late +discoveries of Captain Cook, coasting from Kamschatka to California, +have proved that, if the two continents of Asia and America be +separated at all, it is only by a narrow streight. So that from this +side also, inhabitants may have passed into America: and the +resemblance between the Indians of America and the Eastern +inhabitants of Asia, would induce us to conjecture, that the former +are the descendants of the latter, or the latter of the former: +excepting indeed the Eskimaux, who, from the same circumstance of +resemblance, and from identity of language, must be derived from the +Groenlanders, and these probably from some of the northern parts of +the old continent. A knowledge of their several languages would be +the most certain evidence of their derivation which could be +produced. In fact, it is the best proof of the affinity of nations +which ever can be referred to. How many ages have elapsed since the +English, the Dutch, the Germans, the Swiss, the Norwegians, Danes and +Swedes have separated from their common stock? Yet how many more +must elapse before the proofs of their common origin, which exist in +their several languages, will disappear? It is to be lamented then, +very much to be lamented, that we have suffered so many of the Indian +tribes already to extinguish, without our having previously collected +and deposited in the records of literature, the general rudiments at +least of the languages they spoke. Were vocabularies formed of all +the languages spoken in North and South America, preserving their +appellations of the most common objects in nature, of those which +must be present to every nation barbarous or civilised, with the +inflections of their nouns and verbs, their principles of regimen and +concord, and these deposited in all the public libraries, it would +furnish opportunities to those skilled in the languages of the old +world to compare them with these, now, or at any future time, and +hence to construct the best evidence of the derivation of this part +of the human race. + + But imperfect as is our knowledge of the tongues spoken in +America, it suffices to discover the following remarkable fact. +Arranging them under the radical ones to which they may be palpably +traced, and doing the same by those of the red men of Asia, there +will be found probably twenty in America, for one in Asia, of those +radical languages, so called because, if they were ever the same, +they have lost all resemblance to one another. A separation into +dialects may be the work of a few ages only, but for two dialects to +recede from one another till they have lost all vestiges of their +common origin, must require an immense course of time; perhaps not +less than many people give to the age of the earth. A greater number +of those radical changes of language having taken place among the red +men of America, proves them of greater antiquity than those of Asia. + + I will now proceed to state the nations and numbers of the +Aborigines which still exist in a respectable and independant form. +And as their undefined boundaries would render it difficult to +specify those only which may be within any certain limits, and it may +not be unacceptable to present a more general view of them, I will +reduce within the form of a Catalogue all those within, and +circumjacent to, the United States, whose names and numbers have come +to my notice. These are taken from four different lists, the first +of which was given in the year 1759 to General Stanwix by George +Croghan, Deputy agent for Indian affairs under Sir William Johnson; +the second was drawn up by a French trader of considerable note, +resident among the Indians many years, and annexed to Colonel +Bouquet's printed account of his expedition in 1764. The third was +made out by Captain Hutchins, who visited most of the tribes, by +order, for the purpose of learning their numbers in 1768. And the +fourth by John Dodge, an Indian trader, in 1779, except the numbers +marked *, which are from other information. + + + The following tribes are also mentioned: + xxx + + But, apprehending these might be different appellations for +some of the tribes already enumerated, I have not inserted them in +the table, but state them separately as worthy of further inquiry. +The variations observable in numbering the same tribe may sometimes +be ascribed to imperfect information, and sometimes to a greater or +less comprehension of settlements under the same name. + + + + QUERY XII + + _A notice of the counties, cities, townships, and villages?_ + + Counties, Towns + The counties have been enumerated under Query IX. They are 74 +in number, of very unequal size and population. Of these 35 are on +the tide waters, or in that parallel; 23 are in the Midlands, between +the tide waters and Blue ridge of mountains; 8 between the Blue ridge +and Alleghaney; and 8 westward of the Alleghaney. + + The state, by another division, is formed into parishes, many +of which are commensurate with the counties: but sometimes a county +comprehends more than one parish, and sometimes a parish more than +one county. This division had relation to the religion of the state, +a Parson of the Anglican church, with a fixed salary, having been +heretofore established in each parish. The care of the poor was +another object of the parochial division. + + We have no townships. Our country being much intersected with +navigable waters, and trade brought generally to our doors, instead +of our being obliged to go in quest of it, has probably been one of +the causes why we have no towns of any consequence. Williamsburgh, +which, till the year 1780, was the seat of our government, never +contained above 1800 inhabitants; and Norfolk, the most populous town +we ever had, contained but 6000. Our towns, but more properly our +villages or hamlets, are as follows. + + On _James river_ and its waters, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Hampton, +Suffolk, Smithfield, Williamsburgh, Petersburg, Richmond the seat of +our government, Manchester, Charlottesville, New London. + + On _York river_ and its waters, York, Newcastle, Hanover. + + On _Rappahannoc_, Urbanna, Portroyal, Fredericksburg, Falmouth. + + On _Patowmac_ and its waters, Dumfries, Colchester, Alexandria, +Winchester, Staunton. + + On _Ohio_, Louisville. + + There are other places at which, like some of the foregoing, +the _laws_ have said there shall be towns; but _Nature_ has said +there shall not, and they remain unworthy of enumeration. _Norfolk_ +will probably be the emporium for all the trade of the Chesapeak bay +and its waters; and a canal of 8 or 10 miles will bring to it all +that of Albemarle sound and its waters. Secondary to this place, are +the towns at the head of the tidewaters, to wit, Petersburgh on +Appamattox, Richmond on James river, Newcastle on York river, +Alexandria on Patowmac, and Baltimore on the Patapsco. From these +the distribution will be to subordinate situations in the country. +Accidental circumstances however may controul the indications of +nature, and in no instances do they do it more frequently than in the +rise and fall of towns. + + + QUERY XIII + + _The constitution of the state, and its several charters?_ + + Constitution + Queen Elizabeth by her letters-patent, bearing date March 25, +1584, licensed Sir Walter Raleigh to search for remote heathen lands, +not inhabited by Christian people, and granted to him, in fee simple, +all the soil within 200 leagues of the places where his people +should, within 6 years, make their dwellings or abidings; reserving +only, to herself and her successors, their allegiance and one fifth +part of all the gold and silver ore they should obtain. Sir Walter +immediately sent out two ships which visited Wococon island in North +Carolina, and the next year dispatched seven with 107 men, who +settled in Roanoke island, about latitude 35 degrees.50'. Here +Okisko, king of the Weopomeiocs, in a full council of his people, is +said to have acknowledged himself the homager of the Queen of +England, and, after her, of Sir Walter Raleigh. A supply of 50 men +were sent in 1586, and 150 in 1587. With these last, Sir Walter sent +a Governor, appointed him twelve assistants, gave them a charter of +incorporation, and instructed them to settle on Chesapeak bay. They +landed however at Hatorask. In 1588, when a fleet was ready to sail +with a new supply of colonists and necessaries, they were detained by +the Queen to assist against the Spanish Armada. Sir Walter having +now expended 40,000 l. in these enterprizes, obstructed occasionally +by the crown, without a shilling of aid from it, was under a +necessity of engaging others to adventure their money. He therefore, +by deed bearing date the 7th of March 1589, by the name of Sir Walter +Raleigh, Chief Governor of Assamacomoc, (probably Acomac), alias +Wingadacoia, alias Virginia, granted to Thomas Smith and others, in +consideration of their adventuring certain sums of money, liberty of +trade to his new country, free from all customs and taxes for seven +years, excepting the fifth part of the gold and silver ore to be +obtained; and stipulated with them, and the other assistants, then in +Virginia, that he would confirm the deed of incorporation which he +had given in 1587, with all the prerogatives, jurisdictions, +royalties and privileges granted to him by the Queen. Sir Walter, at +different times, sent five other adventures hither, the last of which +was in 1602: for in 1603 he was attainted, and put into close +imprisonment, which put an end to his cares over his infant colony. +What was the particular fate of the colonists he had before sent and +seated, has never been known: whether they were murdered, or +incorporated with the savages. + + Some gentlemen and merchants, supposing that by the attainder +of Sir Walter Raleigh the grant to him was forfeited, not enquiring +over carefully whether the sentence of an English court could affect +lands not within the jurisdiction of that court, petitioned king +James for a new grant of Virginia to them. He accordingly executed a +grant to Sir Thomas Gates and others, bearing date the 9th of March +1607, under which, in the same year a settlement was effected at +James-town and ever after maintained. Of this grant however no +particular notice need be taken, as it was superseded by +letters-patent of the same king, of May 23, 1609, to the Earl of +Salisbury and others, incorporating them by the name of `the +Treasurer and Company of adventurers and planters of the City of +London for the first colony in Virginia,' granting to them and their +successors all the lands in Virginia from Point Comfort along the sea +coast to the northward 200 miles, and from the same point along the +sea coast to the southward 200 miles, and all the space from this +precinct on the sea coast up into the land, West and North-west, from +sea to sea, and the islands within one hundred miles of it, with all +the commodities, jurisdictions, royalties, privileges, franchises and +pre-eminences within the same, and thereto and thereabouts, by sea +and land, appertaining, in as ample manner as had before been granted +to any adventurer: to be held of the king and his successors, in +common soccage, yielding one fifth part of the gold and silver ore to +be therein found, for all manner of services; establishing a council +in England for the direction of the enterprise, the members of which +were to be chosen and displaced by the voice of the majority of the +company and adventurers, and were to have the nomination and +revocation of governors, officers, and ministers, which by them +should be thought needful for the colony, the power of establishing +laws and forms of government and magistracy, obligatory not only +within the colony, but also on the seas in going and coming to and +from it; authorising them to carry thither any persons who should +consent to go, freeing them for ever from all taxes and impositions +on any goods or merchandize on importation into the colony, or +exportation out of it, except the five per cent. due for custom on +all goods imported into the British dominions, according to the +ancient trade of merchants; which five per cent. only being paid, +they might, within 13 months, re-export the same goods into foreign +parts, without any custom, tax, or other duty, to the king or any his +officers or deputies: with powers of waging war against those who +should annoy them: giving to the inhabitants of the colony all the +rights of natural subjects, as if born and abiding in England; and +declaring that these letters should be construed, in all doubtful +parts, in such manner as should be most for the benefit of the +grantees. + + Afterwards, on the 12th of March 1612, by other letters-patent, +the king added to his former grants, all islands in any part of the +ocean between the 30th and 41st degrees of latitude, and within 300 +leagues of any of the parts before granted to the Treasurer and +company, not being possessed or inhabited by any other christian +prince or state, nor within the limits of the northern colony. + + In pursuance of the authorities given to the company by these +charters, and more especially of that part in the charter of 1609, +which authorised them to establish a form of government, they on the +24th of July 1621, by charter under their common seal, declared that +from thenceforward there should be two supreme councils in Virginia, +the one to be called the council of state, to be placed and displaced +by the treasurer, council in England, and company, from time to time, +whose office was to be that of assisting and advising the governor; +the other to be called the general assembly, to be convened by the +governor once yearly or oftener, which was to consist of the council +of state, and two burgesses out of every town, hundred, or +plantation, to be respectively chosen by the inhabitants. In this +all matters were to be decided by the greater part of the votes +present; reserving to the governor a negative voice; and they were to +have power to treat, consult, and conclude all emergent occasions +concerning the public weal, and to make laws for the behoof and +government of the colony, imitating and following the laws and policy +of England as nearly as might be: providing that these laws should +have no force till ratified in a general quarter court of the company +in England, and returned under their common seal, and declaring that, +after the government of the colony should be well framed and settled, +no orders of the council in England should bind the colony unless +ratified in the said general assembly. The king and company +quarrelled, and, by a mixture of law and force, the latter were +ousted of all their rights, without retribution, after having +expended 100,000 l. in establishing the colony, without the smallest +aid from government. King James suspended their powers by +proclamation of July 15, 1624, and Charles I. took the government +into his own hands. Both sides had their partisans in the colony: +but in truth the people of the colony in general thought themselves +little concerned in the dispute. There being three parties +interested in these several charters, what passed between the first +and second it was thought could not affect the third. If the king +seized on the powers of the company, they only passed into other +hands, without increase or diminution, while the rights of the people +remained as they were. But they did not remain so long. The +northern parts of their country were granted away to the Lords +Baltimore and Fairfax, the first of these obtaining also the rights +of separate jurisdiction and government. And in 1650 the parliament, +considering itself as standing in the place of their deposed king, +and as having succeeded to all his powers, without as well as within +the realm, began to assume a right over the colonies, passing an act +for inhibiting their trade with foreign nations. This succession to +the exercise of the kingly authority gave the first colour for +parliamentary interference with the colonies, and produced that fatal +precedent which they continued to follow after they had retired, in +other respects, within their proper functions. When this colony, +therefore, which still maintained its opposition to Cromwell and the +parliament, was induced in 1651 to lay down their arms, they +previously secured their most essential rights, by a solemn +convention, which having never seen in print, I will here insert +literally from the records. + + + `ARTICLES agreed on & concluded at James Cittie in Virginia for +the surrendering and settling of that plantation under ye obedience & +goverment of the common wealth of England by the Commissioners of the +Councill of state by authoritie of the parliamt. of England & by the +Grand assembly of the Governour, Councill & Burgesses of that +countrey. + + `First it is agreed and consted that the plantation of +Virginia, and all the inhabitants thereof shall be and remaine in due +obedience and subjection to the Comon wealth of England, according to +ye lawes there established, and that this submission and subscription +bee acknowledged a voluntary act not forced nor constrained by a +conquest upon the countrey, and that they shall have & enjoy such +freedomes and priviledges as belong to the free borne people of +England, and that the former government by the Comissions and +Instructions be void and null. + + `2ly, Secondly that the Grand assembly as formerly shall +convene & transact the affairs of Virginia wherein nothing is to be +acted or done contrarie to the government of the Comon wealth of +England & the lawes there established. + + `3ly, That there shall be a full & totall remission and +indempnitie of all acts, words, or writeings done or spoken against +the parliament of England in relation to the same. + + `4ly, That Virginia shall have & enjoy ye antient bounds and +Lymitts granted by the charters of the former kings, and that we +shall seek a new charter from the parliament to that purpose against +any that have intrencht upon ye rights thereof. + + `5ly, That all the pattents of land granted under the collony +seale by any of the precedent governours shall be & remaine in their +full force & strength. + + `6ly, That the priviledge of haveing ffiftie acres of land for +every person transported in that collonie shall continue as formerly +granted. + + `7ly, That ye people of Virginia have free trade as ye people +of England do enjoy to all places and with all nations according to +ye lawes of that common wealth, and that Virginia shall enjoy all +priviledges equall with any English plantations in America. + + `8ly, That Virginia shall be free from all taxes, customs & +impositions whatsoever, & none to be imposed on them without consent +of the Grand assembly, And soe that neither ffortes nor castles bee +erected or garrisons maintained without their consent. + + `9ly, That no charge shall be required from this country in +respect of this present fleet. + + `10ly, That for the future settlement of the countrey in their +due obedience, the Engagement shall be tendred to all ye inhabitants +according to act of parliament made to that purpose, that all persons +who shall refuse to subscribe the said engagement, shall have a +yeare's time if they please to remove themselves & their estates out +of Virginia, and in the mean time during the said yeare to have +equall justice as formerly. + + `11ly, That ye use of the booke of common prayer shall be +permitted for one yeare ensueinge with referrence to the consent of +ye major part of the parishes, provided that those things which +relate to kingshipp or that government be not used publiquely, and +the continuance of ministers in their places, they not misdemeaning +themselves, and the payment of their accustomed dues and agreements +made with them respectively shall be left as they now stand dureing +this ensueing yeare. + + `12ly, That no man's cattell shall be questioned as ye +companies unles such as have been entrusted with them or have +disposed of them without order. + + `13ly, That all ammunition, powder & armes, other then for +private use, shall be delivered up, securitie being given to make +satisfaction for it. + + `14ly, That all goods allreadie brought hither by ye Dutch or +others which are now on shoar shall be free from surprizall. + + `15ly, That the quittrents granted unto us by the late kinge +for seaven yeares bee confirmed. + + `16ly, That ye commissioners for the parliament subscribeing +these articles engage themselves & the honour of the parliament for +the full performance thereof: and that the present governour & ye +councill & the burgesses do likewise subscribe & engage the whole +collony on their parts. + + + RICH. BENNETT. ---- Seale. + W'm. CLAIBORNE. ---- Seale. + EDMOND CURTIS. ---- Seale. + + `Theise articles were signed & sealed by the Commissioners of +the Councill of state for the Commonwealth of England the twelveth +day of March 1651.' + + Then follow the articles stipulated by the governor and +council, which relate merely to their own persons and property, and +then the ensuing instrument: + + `An act of indempnitie made att the surrender of the countrey. + + `Whereas by the authoritie of the parliament of England wee the +commissioners appointed by the councill of state authorized thereto +having brought a fleete & force before James cittie in Virginia to +reduce that collonie under the obedience of the commonwealth of +England, & findeing force raised by the Governour & countrey to make +opposition against the said ffleet whereby assured danger appearinge +of the ruine & destruction of ye plantation, for prevention whereof +the Burgesses of all the severall plantations being called to advise +& assist therein, uppon long & serious debate, and in sad +contemplation of the greate miseries & certaine destruction which +were soe neerely hovering over the whole countrey; Wee the said +Comissioners have thought fitt & condescended and granted to signe & +confirme under our hands, seales, & by our oath, Articles bearinge +date with theise presents, and do further declare that by ye +authoritie of the parliament & commonwealth of England derived unto +us theire Comissioners, that according to the articles in generall +wee have granted an act of indempnitie and oblivion to all the +inhabitants of this colloney from all words, actions, or writings +that have been spoken acted or writt against the parliament or +commonwealth of England or any other person from the beginning of the +world to this daye. And this wee have done that all the inhabitants +of the collonie may live quietly & securely under the comonwealth of +England. And wee do promise that the parliament and commonwealth of +England shall confirme & make good all those transactions of ours. +Wittnes our hands & seales this 12th of March 1651. Richard Bennett +-- Seale. W'm. Claiborne -- Seale. Edm. Curtis -- Seale.' + + The colony supposed, that, by this solemn convention, entered +into with arms in their hands, they had secured the (* 1) antient +limits of their country, (* 2) its free trade, its exemption from (* +3) taxation but by their own assembly, and exclusion of (* 4) +military force from among them. Yet in every of these points was +this convention violated by subsequent kings and parliaments, and +other infractions of their constitution, equally dangerous, +committed. Their General Assembly, which was composed of the council +of state and burgesses, sitting together and deciding by plurality of +voices, was split into two houses, by which the council obtained a +separate negative on their laws. Appeals from their supreme court, +which had been fixed by law in their General Assembly, were +arbitrarily revoked to England, to be there heard before the king and +council. Instead of four hundred miles on the sea coast, they were +reduced, in the space of thirty years, to about one hundred miles. +Their trade with foreigners was totally suppressed, and, when carried +to Great-Britain, was there loaded with imposts. It is unnecessary, +however, to glean up the several instances of injury, as scattered +through American and British history, and the more especially as, by +passing on to the accession of the present king, we shall find +specimens of them all, aggravated, multiplied and crouded within a +small compass of time, so as to evince a fixed design of considering +our rights natural, conventional and chartered as mere nullities. +The following is an epitome of the first fifteen years of his reign. +The colonies were taxed internally and externally; their essential +interests sacrificed to individuals in Great-Britain; their +legislatures suspended; charters annulled; trials by juries taken +away; their persons subjected to transportation across the Atlantic, +and to trial before foreign judicatories; their supplications for +redress thought beneath answer; themselves published as cowards in +the councils of their mother country and courts of Europe; armed +troops sent among them to enforce submission to these violences; and +actual hostilities commenced against them. No alternative was +presented but resistance, or unconditional submission. Between these +could be no hesitation. They closed in the appeal to arms. They +declared themselves independent States. They confederated together +into one great republic; thus securing to every state the benefit of +an union of their whole force. In each state separately a new form +of government was established. Of ours particularly the following +are the outlines. The executive powers are lodged in the hands of a +governor, chosen annually, and incapable of acting more than three +years in seven. He is assisted by a council of eight members. The +judiciary powers are divided among several courts, as will be +hereafter explained. Legislation is exercised by two houses of +assembly, the one called the house of Delegates, composed of two +members from each county, chosen annually by the citizens possessing +an estate for life in 100 acres of uninhabited land, or 25 acres with +a house on it, or in a house or lot in some town: the other called +the Senate, consisting of 24 members, chosen quadrennially by the +same electors, who for this purpose are distributed into 24 +districts. The concurrence of both houses is necessary to the +passage of a law. They have the appointment of the governor and +council, the judges of the superior courts, auditors, +attorney-general, treasurer, register of the land office, and +delegates to congress. As the dismemberment of the state had never +had its confirmation, but, on the contrary, had always been the +subject of protestation and complaint, that it might never be in our +own power to raise scruples on that subject, or to disturb the +harmony of our new confederacy, the grants to Maryland, Pennsylvania, +and the two Carolinas, were ratified. + + This constitution was formed when we were new and unexperienced +in the science of government. It was the first too which was formed +in the whole United States. No wonder then that time and trial have +discovered very capital defects init. + + 1. The majority of the men in the state, who pay and fight for +its support, are unrepresented in the legislature, the roll of +freeholders intitled to vote, not including generally the half of +those on the roll of the militia, or of the tax-gatherers. + + 2. Among those who share the representation, the shares are +very unequal. Thus the county of Warwick, with only one hundred +fighting men, has an equal representation with the county of Loudon, +which has 1746. So that every man in Warwick has as much influence +in the government as 17 men in Loudon. But lest it should be thought +that an equal interspersion of small among large counties, through +the whole state, may prevent any danger of injury to particular parts +of it, we will divide it into districts, and shew the proportions of +land, of fighting men, and of representation in each. + + Square Fighting Delegates Senators + miles. men. + Between the sea-coast and + falls of the rivers 11,205 19,012 71 12 + (* 5) + Between the falls of the + rivers and the Blue ridge + of mountains 18,759 18,828 46 8 + + Between the Blue ridge and + the Alleghaney 11,911 7,673 16 2 + + Between the Alleghaney and + the Ohio 79,650 4,458 16 2 + (* 6) + Total 121,525 49,971 14 24 + + An inspection of this table will supply the place of +commentaries on it. It will appear at once that nineteen thousand +men, living below the falls of the rivers, possess half the senate, +and want four members only of possessing a majority of the house of +delegates; a want more than supplied by the vicinity of their +situation to the seat of government, and of course the greater degree +of convenience and punctuality with which their members may and will +attend in the legislature. These nineteen thousand, therefore, +living in one part of the country, give law to upwards of thirty +thousand, living in another, and appoint all their chief officers +executive and judiciary. From the difference of their situation and +circumstances, their interests will often be very different. + + 3. The senate is, by its constitution, too homogeneous with the +house of delegates. Being chosen by the same electors, at the same +time, and out of the same subjects, the choice falls of course on men +of the same description. The purpose of establishing different +houses of legislation is to introduce the influence of different +interests or different principles. Thus in Great-Britain it is said +their constitution relies on the house of commons for honesty, and +the lords for wisdom; which would be a rational reliance if honesty +were to be bought with money, and if wisdom were hereditary. In some +of the American states the delegates and senators are so chosen, as +that the first represent the persons, and the second the property of +the state. But with us, wealth and wisdom have equal chance for +admission into both houses. We do not therefore derive from the +separation of our legislature into two houses, those benefits which a +proper complication of principles is capable of producing, and those +which alone can compensate the evils which may be produced by their +dissensions. + + 4. All the powers of government, legislative, executive, and +judiciary, result to the legislative body. The concentrating these +in the same hands is precisely the definition of despotic government. +It will be no alleviation that these powers will be exercised by a +plurality of hands, and not by a single one. 173 despots would +surely be as oppressive as one. Let those who doubt it turn their +eyes on the republic of Venice. As little will it avail us that they +are chosen by ourselves. An _elective despotism_ was not the +government we fought for; but one which should not only be founded on +free principles, but in which the powers of government should be so +divided and balanced among several bodies of magistracy, as that no +one could transcend their legal limits, without being effectually +checked and restrained by the others. For this reason that +convention, which passed the ordinance of government, laid its +foundation on this basis, that the legislative, executive and +judiciary departments should be separate and distinct, so that no +person should exercise the powers of more than one of them at the +same time. But no barrier was provided between these several powers. +The judiciary and executive members were left dependant on the +legislative, for their subsistence in office, and some of them for +their continuance in it. If therefore the legislature assumes +executive and judiciary powers, no opposition is likely to be made; +nor, if made, can it be effectual; because in that case they may put +their proceedings into the form of an act of assembly, which will +render them obligatory on the other branches. They have accordingly, +in many instances, decided rights which should have been left to +judiciary controversy: and the direction of the executive, during the +whole time of their session, is becoming habitual and familiar. And +this is done with no ill intention. The views of the present members +are perfectly upright. When they are led out of their regular +province, it is by art in others, and inadvertence in themselves. +And this will probably be the case for some time to come. But it +will not be a very long time. Mankind soon learn to make interested +uses of every right and power which they possess, or may assume. The +public money and public liberty, intended to have been deposited with +three branches of magistracy, but found inadvertently to be in the +hands of one only, will soon be discovered to be sources of wealth +and dominion to those who hold them; distinguished too by this +tempting circumstance, that they are the instrument, as well as the +object of acquisition. With money we will get men, said Caesar, and +with men we will get money. Nor should our assembly be deluded by +the integrity of their own purposes, and conclude that these +unlimited powers will never be abused, because themselves are not +disposed to abuse them. They should look forward to a time, and that +not a distant one, when corruption in this, as in the country from +which we derive our origin, will have seized the heads of government, +and be spread by them through the body of the people; when they will +purchase the voices of the people, and make them pay the price. +Human nature is the same on every side of the Atlantic, and will be +alike influenced by the same causes. The time to guard against +corruption and tyranny, is before they shall have gotten hold on us. +It is better to keep the wolf out of the fold, than to trust to +drawing his teeth and talons after he shall have entered. To render +these considerations the more cogent, we must observe in addition, + + 5. That the ordinary legislature may alter the constitution +itself. On the discontinuance of assemblies, it became necessary to +substitute in their place some other body, competent to the ordinary +business of government, and to the calling forth the powers of the +state for the maintenance of our opposition to Great-Britain. +Conventions were therefore introduced, consisting of two delegates +from each county, meeting together and forming one house, on the plan +of the former house of Burgesses, to whose places they succeeded. +These were at first chosen anew for every particular session. But in +March 1775, they recommended to the people to chuse a convention, +which should continue in office a year. This was done accordingly in +April 1775, and in the July following that convention passed an +ordinance for the election of delegates in the month of April +annually. It is well known, that in July 1775, a separation from +Great-Britain and establishment of Republican government had never +yet entered into any person's mind. A convention therefore, chosen +under that ordinance, cannot be said to have been chosen for purposes +which certainly did not exist in the minds of those who passed it. +Under this ordinance, at the annual election in April 1776, a +convention for the year was chosen. Independance, and the +establishment of a new form of government, were not even yet the +objects of the people at large. One extract from the pamphlet called +Common Sense had appeared in the Virginia papers in February, and +copies of the pamphlet itself had got into a few hands. But the idea +had not been opened to the mass of the people in April, much less can +it be said that they had made up their minds in its favor. So that +the electors of April 1776, no more than the legislators of July +1775, not thinking of independance and a permanent republic, could +not mean to vest in these delegates powers of establishing them, or +any authorities other than those of the ordinary legislature. So far +as a temporary organization of government was necessary to render our +opposition energetic, so far their organization was valid. But they +received in their creation no powers but what were given to every +legislature before and since. They could not therefore pass an act +transcendant to the powers of other legislatures. If the present +assembly pass any act, and declare it shall be irrevocable by +subsequent assemblies, the declaration is merely void, and the act +repealable, as other acts are. So far, and no farther authorized, +they organized the government by the ordinance entitled a +Constitution or Form of government. It pretends to no higher +authority than the other ordinances of the same session; it does not +say, that it shall be perpetual; that it shall be unalterable by +other legislatures; that it shall be transcendant above the powers of +those, who they knew would have equal power with themselves. Not +only the silence of the instrument is a proof they thought it would +be alterable, but their own practice also: for this very convention, +meeting as a House of Delegates in General Assembly with the new +Senate in the autumn of that year, passed acts of assembly in +contradiction to their ordinance of government; and every assembly +from that time to this has done the same. I am safe therefore in the +position, that the constitution itself is alterable by the ordinary +legislature. Though this opinion seems founded on the first elements +of common sense, yet is the contrary maintained by some persons. 1. +Because, say they, the conventions were vested with every power +necessary to make effectual opposition to Great-Britain. But to +complete this argument, they must go on, and say further, that +effectual opposition could not be made to Great-Britain, without +establishing a form of government perpetual and unalterable by the +legislature; which is not true. An opposition which at some time or +other was to come to an end, could not need a perpetual institution +to carry it on: and a government, amendable as its defects should be +discovered, was as likely to make effectual resistance, as one which +should be unalterably wrong. Besides, the assemblies were as much +vested with all powers requisite for resistance as the conventions +were. If therefore these powers included that of modelling the form +of government in the one case, they did so in the other. The +assemblies then as well as the conventions may model the government; +that is, they may alter the ordinance of government. 2. They urge, +that if the convention had meant that this instrument should be +alterable, as their other ordinances were, they would have called it +an ordinance: but they have called it a _constitution_, which ex vi +termini means `an act above the power of the ordinary legislature.' I +answer that _constitutio_, _constitutum_, _statutum_, _lex_, are +convertible terms. `_Constitutio_ dicitur jus quod a principe +conditur.' `_Constitutum_, quod ab imperatoribus rescriptum +statutumve est.' `_Statutum_, idem quod lex.' Calvini Lexicon +juridicum. _Constitution_ and _statute_ were originally terms of the +(* 7) civil law, and from thence introduced by Ecclesiastics into the +English law. Thus in the statute 25 Hen. 8. c. 19. (symbol omitted). +1. `_Constitutions_ and _ordinances_' are used as synonimous. The +term _constitution_ has many other significations in physics and in +politics; but in Jurisprudence, whenever it is applied to any act of +the legislature, it invariably means a statute, law, or ordinance, +which is the present case. No inference then of a different meaning +can be drawn from the adoption of this title: on the contrary, we +might conclude, that, by their affixing to it a term synonimous with +ordinance, or statute, they meant it to be an ordinance or statute. +But of what consequence is their meaning, where their power is +denied? If they meant to do more than they had power to do, did this +give them power? It is not the name, but the authority which renders +an act obligatory. Lord Coke says, `an article of the statute 11 R. +2. c. 5. that no person should attempt to revoke any ordinance then +made, is repealed, for that such restraint is against the +jurisdiction and power of the parliament.' 4. inst. 42. and again, +`though divers parliaments have attempted to restrain subsequent +parliaments, yet could they never effect it; for the latter +parliament hath ever power to abrogate, suspend, qualify, explain, or +make void the former in the whole or in any part thereof, +notwithstanding any words of restraint, prohibition, or penalty, in +the former: for it is a maxim in the laws of the parliament, quod +leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant.' 4. inst. 43. -- To +get rid of the magic supposed to be in the word _constitution_, let +us translate it into its definition as given by those who think it +above the power of the law; and let us suppose the convention instead +of saying, `We, the ordinary legislature, establish a +_constitution_,' had said, `We, the ordinary legislature, establish +an act _above the power of the ordinary legislature._' Does not this +expose the absurdity of the attempt? 3. But, say they, the people +have acquiesced, and this has given it an authority superior to the +laws. It is true, that the people did not rebel against it: and was +that a time for the people to rise in rebellion? Should a prudent +acquiescence, at a critical time, be construed into a confirmation of +every illegal thing done during that period? Besides, why should +they rebel? At an annual election, they had chosen delegates for the +year, to exercise the ordinary powers of legislation, and to manage +the great contest in which they were engaged. These delegates +thought the contest would be best managed by an organized government. +They therefore, among others, passed an ordinance of government. +They did not presume to call it perpetual and unalterable. They well +knew they had no power to make it so; that our choice of them had +been for no such purpose, and at a time when we could have no such +purpose in contemplation. Had an unalterable form of government been +meditated, perhaps we should have chosen a different set of people. +There was no cause then for the people to rise in rebellion. But to +what dangerous lengths will this argument lead? Did the acquiescence +of the colonies under the various acts of power exercised by +Great-Britain in our infant state, confirm these acts, and so far +invest them with the authority of the people as to render them +unalterable, and our present resistance wrong? On every +unauthoritative exercise of power by the legislature, must the people +rise in rebellion, or their silence be construed into a surrender of +that power to them? If so, how many rebellions should we have had +already? One certainly for every session of assembly. The other +states in the Union have been of opinion, that to render a form of +government unalterable by ordinary acts of assembly, the people must +delegate persons with special powers. They have accordingly chosen +special conventions to form and fix their governments. The +individuals then who maintain the contrary opinion in this country, +should have the modesty to suppose it possible that they may be wrong +and the rest of America right. But if there be only a possibility of +their being wrong, if only a plausible doubt remains of the validity +of the ordinance of government, is it not better to remove that +doubt, by placing it on a bottom which none will dispute? If they be +right, we shall only have the unnecessary trouble of meeting once in +convention. If they be wrong, they expose us to the hazard of having +no fundamental rights at all. True it is, this is no time for +deliberating on forms of government. While an enemy is within our +bowels, the first object is to expel him. But when this shall be +done, when peace shall be established, and leisure given us for +intrenching within good forms, the rights for which we have bled, let +no man be found indolent enough to decline a little more trouble for +placing them beyond the reach of question. If any thing more be +requisite to produce a conviction of the expediency of calling a +convention, at a proper season, to fix our form of government, let it +be the reflection, + + 6. That the assembly exercises a power of determining the +Quorum of their own body which may legislate for us. After the +establishment of the new form they adhered to the _Lex majoris +partis_, founded in (* 8) common law as well as common right. It is +the (* 9) natural law of every assembly of men, whose numbers are not +fixed by any other law. They continued for some time to require the +presence of a majority of their whole number, to pass an act. But +the British parliament fixes its own quorum: our former assemblies +fixed their own quorum: and one precedent in favour of power is +stronger than anhundred against it. The house of delegates therefore +have (* 10) lately voted that, during the present dangerous invasion, +forty members shall be a house to proceed to business. They have +been moved to this by the fear of not being able to collect a house. +But this danger could not authorize them to call that a house which +was none: and if they may fix it at one number, they may at another, +till it loses its fundamental character of being a representative +body. As this vote expires with the present invasion, it is probable +the former rule will be permitted to revive: because at present no +ill is meant. The power however of fixing their own quorum has been +avowed, and a precedent set. From forty it may be reduced to four, +and from four to one: from a house to a committee, from a committee +to a chairman or speaker, and thus an oligarchy or monarchy be +substituted under forms supposed to be regular. `Omnia mala exempla +ex bonis orta sunt: sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos +pervenit, novum illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et +non idoneos fertur.' When therefore it is considered, that there is +no legal obstacle to the assumption by the assembly of all the powers +legislative, executive, and judiciary, and that these may come to the +hands of the smallest rag of delegation, surely the people will say, +and their representatives, while yet they have honest +representatives, will advise them to say, that they will not +acknowledge as laws any acts not considered and assented to by the +major part of their delegates. + + In enumerating the defects of the constitution, it would be +wrong to count among them what is only the error of particular +persons. In December 1776, our circumstances being much distressed, +it was proposed in the house of delegates to create a _dictator_, +invested with every power legislative, executive and judiciary, civil +and military, of life and of death, over our persons and over our +properties: and in June 1781, again under calamity, the same +proposition was repeated, and wanted a few votes only of being +passed. -- One who entered into this contest from a pure love of +liberty, and a sense of injured rights, who determined to make every +sacrifice, and to meet every danger, for the re-establishment of +those rights on a firm basis, who did not mean to expend his blood +and substance for the wretched purpose of changing this master for +that, but to place the powers of governing him in a plurality of +hands of his own choice, so that the corrupt will of no one man might +in future oppress him, must stand confounded and dismayed when he is +told, that a considerable portion of that plurality had meditated the +surrender of them into a single hand, and, in lieu of a limited +monarch, to deliver him over to a despotic one! How must we find his +efforts and sacrifices abused and baffled, if he may still by a +single vote be laid prostrate at the feet of one man! In God's name, +from whence have they derived this power? Is it from our ancient +laws? None such can be produced. Is it from any principle in our +new constitution, expressed or implied? Every lineament of that +expressed or implied, is in full opposition to it. Its fundamental +principle is, that the state shall be governed as a commonwealth. It +provides a republican organization, proscribes under the name of +_prerogative_ the exercise of all powers undefined by the laws; +places on this basis the whole system of our laws; and, by +consolidating them together, chuses that they shall be left to stand +or fall together, never providing for any circumstances, nor +admitting that such could arise, wherein either should be suspended, +no, not for a moment. Our antient laws expressly declare, that those +who are but delegates themselves shall not delegate to others powers +which require judgment and integrity in their exercise. -- Or was +this proposition moved on a supposed right in the movers of +abandoning their posts in a moment of distress? The same laws forbid +the abandonment of that post, even on ordinary occasions; and much +more a transfer of their powers into other hands and other forms, +without consulting the people. They never admit the idea that these, +like sheep or cattle, may be given from hand to hand without an +appeal to their own will. -- Was it from the necessity of the case? +Necessities which dissolve a government, do not convey its authority +to an oligarchy or a monarchy. They throw back, into the hands of +the people, the powers they had delegated, and leave them as +individuals to shift for themselves. A leader may offer, but not +impose himself, nor be imposed on them. Much less can their necks be +submitted to his sword, their breath be held at his will or caprice. +The necessity which should operate these tremendous effects should at +least be palpable and irresistible. Yet in both instances, where it +was feared, or pretended with us, it was belied by the event. It was +belied too by the preceding experience of our sister states, several +of whom had grappled through greater difficulties without abandoning +their forms of government. When the proposition was first made, +Massachusets had found even the government of committees sufficient +to carry them through an invasion. But we at the time of that +proposition were under no invasion. When the second was made, there +had been added to this example those of Rhode-Island, New-York, +New-Jersey, and Pennsylvania, in all of which the republican form had +been found equal to the task of carrying them through the severest +trials. In this state alone did there exist so little virtue, that +fear was to be fixed in the hearts of the people, and to become the +motive of their exertions and the principle of their government? The +very thought alone was treason against the people; was treason +against mankind in general; as rivetting for ever the chains which +bow down their necks, by giving to their oppressors a proof, which +they would have trumpeted through the universe, of the imbecility of +republican government, in times of pressing danger, to shield them +from harm. Those who assume the right of giving away the reins of +government in any case, must be sure that the herd, whom they hand on +to the rods and hatchet of the dictator, will lay their necks on the +block when he shall nod to them. But if our assemblies supposed such +a resignation in the people, I hope they mistook their character. I +am of opinion, that the government, instead of being braced and +invigorated for greater exertions under their difficulties, would +have been thrown back upon the bungling machinery of county +committees for administration, till a convention could have been +called, and its wheels again set into regular motion. What a cruel +moment was this for creating such an embarrassment, for putting to +the proof the attachment of our countrymen to republican government! +Those who meant well, of the advocates for this measure, (and most of +them meant well, for I know them personally, had been their +fellow-labourers in the common cause, and had often proved the purity +of their principles), had been seduced in their judgment by the +example of an ancient republic, whose constitution and circumstances +were fundamentally different. They had sought this precedent in the +history of Rome, where alone it was to be found, and where at length +too it had proved fatal. They had taken it from a republic, rent by +the most bitter factions and tumults, where the government was of a +heavy-handed unfeeling aristocracy, over a people ferocious, and +rendered desperate by poverty and wretchedness; tumults which could +not be allayed under the most trying circumstances, but by the +omnipotent hand of a single despot. Their constitution therefore +allowed a temporary tyrant to be erected, under the name of a +Dictator; and that temporary tyrant, after a few examples, became +perpetual. They misapplied this precedent to a people, mild in their +dispositions, patient under their trial, united for the public +liberty, and affectionate to their leaders. But if from the +constitution of the Roman government there resulted to their Senate a +power of submitting all their rights to the will of one man, does it +follow, that the assembly of Virginia have the same authority? What +clause in our constitution has substituted that of Rome, by way of +residuary provision, for all cases not otherwise provided for? Or if +they may step ad libitum into any other form of government for +precedents to rule us by, for what oppression may not a precedent be +found in this world of the bellum omnium in omnia? -- Searching for +the foundations of this proposition, I can find none which may +pretend a colour of right or reason, but the defect before developed, +that there being no barrier between the legislative, executive, and +judiciary departments, the legislature may seize the whole: that +having seized it, and possessing a right to fix their own quorum, +they may reduce that quorum to one, whom they may call a chairman, +speaker, dictator, or by any other name they please. -- Our situation +is indeed perilous, and I hope my countrymen will be sensible of it, +and will apply, at a proper season, the proper remedy; which is a +convention to fix the constitution, to amend its defects, to bind up +the several branches of government by certain laws, which when they +transgress their acts shall become nullities; to render unnecessary +an appeal to the people, or in other words a rebellion, on every +infraction of their rights, on the peril that their acquiescence +shall be construed into an intention to surrender those rights. + + (* 1) Art. 4. + + (* 2) Art. 7. + + (* 3) Art. 8. + + (* 4) Art. 8. + + (* 5) Of these, 542 are on the Eastern shore. + + (* 6) Of these, 22,616 are Eastward of the meridian of the +mouth of the Great Kanhaway. + + (* 7) To _bid_, to _set_, was the antient legislative word of +the English. Ll. Hlotharii & Eadrici. Ll. Inae. Ll. Eadwerdi. Ll. +Aathelstani. + + (* 8) Bro. abr. Corporations. 31.34. Hakewell, 93. + + (* 9) Puff. Off. hom. l. 2. c. 6. 12. + + (* 10) June 4, 1781. + + + QUERY XIV + + _The administration of justice and description of the laws?_ + + Laws + The state is divided into counties. In every county are +appointed magistrates, called justices of the peace, usually from +eight to thirty or forty in number, in proportion to the size of the +county, of the most discreet and honest inhabitants. They are +nominated by their fellows, but commissioned by the governor, and act +without reward. These magistrates have jurisdiction both criminal +and civil. If the question before them be a question of law only, +they decide on it themselves: but if it be of fact, or of fact and +law combined, it must be referred to a jury. In the latter case, of +a combination of law and fact, it is usual for the jurors to decide +the fact, and to refer the law arising on it to the decision of the +judges. But this division of the subject lies with their discretion +only. And if the question relate to any point of public liberty, or +if it be one of those in which the judges may be suspected of bias, +the jury undertake to decide both law and fact. If they be mistaken, +a decision against right, which is casual only, is less dangerous to +the state, and less afflicting to the loser, than one which makes +part of a regular and uniform system. In truth, it is better to toss +up cross and pile in a cause, than to refer it to a judge whose mind +is warped by any motive whatever, in that particular case. But the +common sense of twelve honest men gives still a better chance of just +decision, than the hazard of cross and pile. These judges execute +their process by the sheriff or coroner of the county, or by +constables of their own appointment. If any free person commit an +offence against the commonwealth, if it be below the degree of +felony, he is bound by a justice to appear before their court, to +answer it on indictment or information. If it amount to felony, he +is committed to jail, a court of these justices is called; if they on +examination think him guilty, they send him to the jail of the +general court, before which court he is to be tried first by a grand +jury of 24, of whom 13 must concur in opinion: if they find him +guilty, he is then tried by a jury of 12 men of the county where the +offence was committed, and by their verdict, which must be unanimous, +he is acquitted or condemned without appeal. If the criminal be a +slave the trial by the county court is final. In every case however, +except that of high treason, there resides in the governor a power of +pardon. In high treason, the pardon can only flow from the general +assembly. In civil matters these justices have jurisdiction in all +cases of whatever value, not appertaining to the department of the +admiralty. This jurisdiction is twofold. If the matter in dispute +be of less value than 4 1/6 dollars, a single member may try it at +any time and place within his county, and may award execution on the +goods of the party cast. If it be of that or greater value, it is +determinable before the county court, which consists of four at the +least of those justices, and assembles at the court-house of the +county on a certain day in every month. From their determination, if +the matter be of the value of ten pounds sterling, or concern the +title or bounds of lands, an appeal lies to one of the superior +courts. + + There are three superior courts, to wit, the high-court of +chancery, the general court, and court of admiralty. The first and +second of these receive appeals from the county courts, and also have +original jurisdiction where the subject of controversy is of the +value of ten pounds sterling, or where it concerns the title or +bounds of land. The jurisdiction of the admiralty is original +altogether. The high-court of chancery is composed of three judges, +the general court of five, and the court of admiralty of three. The +two first hold their sessions at Richmond at stated times, the +chancery twice in the year, and the general court twice for business +civil and criminal, and twice more for criminal only. The court of +admiralty sits at Williamsburgh whenever a controversy arises. + + There is one supreme court, called the court of appeals, +composed of the judges of the three superior courts, assembling twice +a year at stated times at Richmond. This court receives appeals in +all civil cases from each of the superior courts, and determines them +finally. But it has no original jurisdiction. + + If a controversy arise between two foreigners of a nation in +alliance with the United States, it is decided by the Consul for +their State, or, if both parties chuse it, by the ordinary courts of +justice. If one of the parties only be such a foreigner, it is +triable before the courts of justice of the country. But if it shall +have been instituted in a county court, the foreigner may remove it +into the general court, or court of chancery, who are to determine it +at their first sessions, as they must also do if it be originally +commenced before them. In cases of life and death, such foreigners +have a right to be tried by a jury, the one half foreigners, the +other natives. + + All public accounts are settled with a board of auditors, +consisting of three members, appointed by the general assembly, any +two of whom may act. But an individual, dissatisfied with the +determination of that board, may carry his case into the proper +superior court. + + A description of the laws. + + The general assembly was constituted, as has been already +shewn, by letters-patent of March the 9th, 1607, in the 4th year of +the reign of James the First. The laws of England seem to have been +adopted by consent of the settlers, which might easily enough be done +whilst they were few and living all together. Of such adoption +however we have no other proof than their practice, till the year +1661, when they were expressly adopted by an act of the assembly, +except so far as `a difference of condition' rendered them +inapplicable. Under this adoption, the rule, in our courts of +judicature was, that the common law of England, and the general +statutes previous to the 4th of James, were in force here; but that +no subsequent statutes were, _unless we were named in them_, said the +judges and other partisans of the crown, but _named or not named_, +said those who reflected freely. It will be unnecessary to attempt a +description of the laws of England, as that may be found in English +publications. To those which were established here, by the adoption +of the legislature, have been since added a number of acts of +assembly passed during the monarchy, and ordinances of convention and +acts of assembly enacted since the establishment of the republic. +The following variations from the British model are perhaps worthy of +being specified. + + Debtors unable to pay their debts, and making faithful delivery +of their whole effects, are released from confinement, and their +persons for ever discharged from restraint for such previous debts: +but any property they may afterwards acquire will be subject to their +creditors. + + The poor, unable to support themselves, are maintained by an +assessment on the titheable persons in their parish. This assessment +is levied and administered by twelve persons in each parish, called +vestrymen, originally chosen by the housekeepers of the parish, but +afterwards filling vacancies in their own body by their own choice. +These are usually the most discreet farmers, so distributed through +their parish, that every part of it may be under the immediate eye of +some one of them. They are well acquainted with the details and +;oeconomy of private life, and they find sufficient inducements to +execute their charge well, in their philanthropy, in the approbation +of their neighbours, and the distinction which that gives them. The +poor who have neither property, friends, nor strength to labour, are +boarded in the houses of good farmers, to whom a stipulated sum is +annually paid. To those who are able to help themselves a little, or +have friends from whom they derive some succours, inadequate however +to their full maintenance, supplementory aids are given, which enable +them to live comfortably in their own houses, or in the houses of +their friends. Vagabonds, without visible property or vocation, are +placed in workhouses, where they are well cloathed, fed, lodged, and +made to labour. Nearly the same method of providing for the poor +prevails through all our states; and from Savannah to Portsmouth you +will seldom meet a beggar. In the larger towns indeed they sometimes +present themselves. These are usually foreigners, who have never +obtained a settlement in any parish. I never yet saw a native +American begging in the streets or highways. A subsistence is easily +gained here: and if, by misfortunes, they are thrown on the charities +of the world, those provided by their own country are so comfortable +and so certain, that they never think of relinquishing them to become +strolling beggars. Their situation too, when sick, in the family of +a good farmer, where every member is emulous to do them kind offices, +where they are visited by all the neighbours, who bring them the +little rarities which their sickly appetites may crave, and who take +by rotation the nightly watch over them, when their condition +requires it, is without comparison better than in a general hospital, +where the sick, the dying, and the dead are crammed together, in the +same rooms, and often in the same beds. The disadvantages, +inseparable from general hospitals, are such as can never be +counterpoised by all the regularities of medicine and regimen. +Nature and kind nursing save a much greater proportion in our plain +way, at a smaller expence, and with less abuse. One branch only of +hospital institution is wanting with us; that is, a general +establishment for those labouring under difficult cases of +chirurgery. The aids of this art are not equivocal. But an able +chirurgeon cannot be had in every parish. Such a receptacle should +therefore be provided for those patients: but no others should be +admitted. + + Marriages must be solemnized either on special licence, granted +by the first magistrate of the county, on proof of the consent of the +parent or guardian of either party under age, or after solemn +publication, on three several Sundays, at some place of religious +worship, in the parishes where the parties reside. The act of +solemnization may be by the minister of any society of Christians, +who shall have been previously licensed for this purpose by the court +of the county. Quakers and Menonists however are exempted from all +these conditions, and marriage among them is to be solemnized by the +society itself. + + A foreigner of any nation, not in open war with us, becomes +naturalized by removing to the state to reside, and taking an oath of +fidelity: and thereupon acquires every right of a native citizen: and +citizens may divest themselves of that character, by declaring, by +solemn deed, or in open court, that they mean to expatriate +themselves, and no longer to be citizens of this state. + + Conveyances of land must be registered in the court of the +county wherein they lie, or in the general court, or they are void, +as to creditors, and subsequent purchasers. + + Slaves pass by descent and dower as lands do. Where the +descent is from a parent, the heir is bound to pay an equal share of +their value in money to each of his brothers and sisters. + + Slaves, as well as lands, were entailable during the monarchy: +but, by an act of the first republican assembly, all donees in tail, +present and future, were vested with the absolute dominion of the +entailed subject. + + Bills of exchange, being protested, carry 10 per cent. interest +from their date. + + No person is allowed, in any other case, to take more than five +per cent. per annum simple interest, for the loan of monies. + + Gaming debts are made void, and monies actually paid to +discharge such debts (if they exceeded 40 shillings) may be recovered +by the payer within three months, or by any other person afterwards. + + Tobacco, flour, beef, pork, tar, pitch, and turpentine, must be +inspected by persons publicly appointed, before they can be exported. + + The erecting iron-works and mills is encouraged by many +privileges; with necessary cautions however to prevent their dams +from obstructing the navigation of the water-courses. The general +assembly have on several occasions shewn a great desire to encourage +the opening the great falls of James and Patowmac rivers. As yet, +however, neither of these have been effected. + + The laws have also descended to the preservation and +improvement of the races of useful animals, such as horses, cattle, +deer; to the extirpation of those which are noxious, as wolves, +squirrels, crows, blackbirds; and to the guarding our citizens +against infectious disorders, by obliging suspected vessels coming +into the state, to perform quarantine, and by regulating the conduct +of persons having such disorders within the state. + + The mode of acquiring lands, in the earliest times of our +settlement, was by petition to the general assembly. If the lands +prayed for were already cleared of the Indian title, and the assembly +thought the prayer reasonable, they passed the property by their vote +to the petitioner. But if they had not yet been ceded by the +Indians, it was necessary that the petitioner should previously +purchase their right. This purchase the assembly verified, by +enquiries of the Indian proprietors; and being satisfied of its +reality and fairness, proceeded further to examine the reasonableness +of the petition, and its consistence with policy; and, according to +the result, either granted or rejected the petition. The company +also sometimes, though very rarely, granted lands, independantly of +the general assembly. As the colony increased, and individual +applications for land multiplied, it was found to give too much +occupation to the general assembly to enquire into and execute the +grant in every special case. They therefore thought it better to +establish general rules, according to which all grants should be +made, and to leave to the governor the execution of them, under these +rules. This they did by what have been usually called the land laws, +amending them from time to time, as their defects were developed. +According to these laws, when an individual wished a portion of +unappropriated land, he was to locate and survey it by a public +officer, appointed for that purpose: its breadth was to bear a +certain proportion to its length: the grant was to be executed by the +governor: and the lands were to be improved in a certain manner, +within a given time. From these regulations there resulted to the +state a sole and exclusive power of taking conveyances of the Indian +right of soil: since, according to them, an Indian conveyance alone +could give no right to an individual, which the laws would +acknowledge. The state, or the crown, thereafter, made general +purchases of the Indians from time to time, and the governor +parcelled them out by special grants, conformed to the rules before +described, which it was not in his power, or in that of the crown, to +dispense with. Grants, unaccompanied by their proper legal +circumstances, were set aside regularly by _scire facias_, or by bill +in Chancery. Since the establishment of our new government, this +order of things is but little changed. An individual, wishing to +appropriate to himself lands still unappropriated by any other, pays +to the public treasurer a sum of money proportioned to the quantity +he wants. He carries the treasurer's receipt to the auditors of +public accompts, who thereupon debit the treasurer with the sum, and +order the register of the land-office to give the party a warrant for +his land. With this warrant from the register, he goes to the +surveyor of the county where the land lies on which he has cast his +eye. The surveyor lays it off for him, gives him its exact +description, in the form of a certificate, which certificate he +returns to the land-office, where a grant is made out, and is signed +by the governor. This vests in him a perfect dominion in his lands, +transmissible to whom he pleases by deed or will, or by descent to +his heirs if he die intestate. + + Many of the laws which were in force during the monarchy being +relative merely to that form of government, or inculcating principles +inconsistent with republicanism, the first assembly which met after +the establishment of the commonwealth appointed a committee to revise +the whole code, to reduce it into proper form and volume, and report +it to the assembly. This work has been executed by three gentlemen, +and reported; but probably will not be taken up till a restoration of +peace shall leave to the legislature leisure to go through such a +work. + + The plan of the revisal was this. The common law of England, +by which is meant, that part of the English law which was anterior to +the date of the oldest statutes extant, is made the basis of the +work. It was thought dangerous to attempt to reduce it to a text: it +was therefore left to be collected from the usual monuments of it. +Necessary alterations in that, and so much of the whole body of the +British statutes, and of acts of assembly, as were thought proper to +be retained, were digested into 126 new acts, in which simplicity of +stile was aimed at, as far as was safe. The following are the most +remarkable alterations proposed: + + To change the rules of descent, so as that the lands of any +person dying intestate shall be divisible equally among all his +children, or other representatives, in equal degree. + + To make slaves distributable among the next of kin, as other +moveables. + + To have all public expences, whether of the general treasury, +or of a parish or county, (as for the maintenance of the poor, +building bridges, court-houses, &c.) supplied by assessments on the +citizens, in proportion to their property. + + To hire undertakers for keeping the public roads in repair, and +indemnify individuals through whose lands new roads shall be opened. + + To define with precision the rules whereby aliens should become +citizens, and citizens make themselves aliens. + + To establish religious freedom on the broadest bottom. + + + To emancipate all slaves born after passing the act. The bill +reported by the revisors does not itself contain this proposition; +but an amendment containing it was prepared, to be offered to the +legislature whenever the bill should be taken up, and further +directing, that they should continue with their parents to a certain +age, then be brought up, at the public expence, to tillage, arts or +sciences, according to their geniusses, till the females should be +eighteen, and the males twenty-one years of age, when they should be +colonized to such place as the circumstances of the time should +render most proper, sending them out with arms, implements of +houshold and of the handicraft arts, feeds, pairs of the useful +domestic animals, &c. to declare them a free and independant people, +and extend to them our alliance and protection, till they shall have +acquired strength; and to send vessels at the same time to other +parts of the world for an equal number of white inhabitants; to +induce whom to migrate hither, proper encouragements were to be +proposed. It will probably be asked, Why not retain and incorporate +the blacks into the state, and thus save the expence of supplying, by +importation of white settlers, the vacancies they will leave? Deep +rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand +recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; +new provocations; the real distinctions which nature has made; and +many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce +convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of +the one or the other race. -- To these objections, which are +political, may be added others, which are physical and moral. The +first difference which strikes us is that of colour. Whether the +black of the negro resides in the reticular membrane between the skin +and scarf-skin, or in the scarf-skin itself; whether it proceeds from +the colour of the blood, the colour of the bile, or from that of some +other secretion, the difference is fixed in nature, and is as real as +if its seat and cause were better known to us. And is this +difference of no importance? Is it not the foundation of a greater +or less share of beauty in the two races? Are not the fine mixtures +of red and white, the expressions of every passion by greater or less +suffusions of colour in the one, preferable to that eternal monotony, +which reigns in the countenances, that immoveable veil of black which +covers all the emotions of the other race? Add to these, flowing +hair, a more elegant symmetry of form, their own judgment in favour +of the whites, declared by their preference of them, as uniformly as +is the preference of the Oranootan for the black women over those of +his own species. The circumstance of superior beauty, is thought +worthy attention in the propagation of our horses, dogs, and other +domestic animals; why not in that of man? Besides those of colour, +figure, and hair, there are other physical distinctions proving a +difference of race. They have less hair on the face and body. They +secrete less by the kidnies, and more by the glands of the skin, +which gives them a very strong and disagreeable odour. This greater +degree of transpiration renders them more tolerant of heat, and less +so of cold, than the whites. Perhaps too a difference of structure +in the pulmonary apparatus, which a late ingenious (* 1) +experimentalist has discovered to be the principal regulator of +animal heat, may have disabled them from extricating, in the act of +inspiration, so much of that fluid from the outer air, or obliged +them in expiration, to part with more of it. They seem to require +less sleep. A black, after hard labour through the day, will be +induced by the slightest amusements to sit up till midnight, or +later, though knowing he must be out with the first dawn of the +morning. They are at least as brave, and more adventuresome. But +this may perhaps proceed from a want of forethought, which prevents +their seeing a danger till it be present. When present, they do not +go through it with more coolness or steadiness than the whites. They +are more ardent after their female: but love seems with them to be +more an eager desire, than a tender delicate mixture of sentiment and +sensation. Their griefs are transient. Those numberless +afflictions, which render it doubtful whether heaven has given life +to us in mercy or in wrath, are less felt, and sooner forgotten with +them. In general, their existence appears to participate more of +sensation than reflection. To this must be ascribed their +disposition to sleep when abstracted from their diversions, and +unemployed in labour. An animal whose body is at rest, and who does +not reflect, must be disposed to sleep of course. Comparing them by +their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, +that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, +as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and +comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination +they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous. It would be unfair to +follow them to Africa for this investigation. We will consider them +here, on the same stage with the whites, and where the facts are not +apocryphal on which a judgment is to be formed. It will be right to +make great allowances for the difference of condition, of education, +of conversation, of the sphere in which they move. Many millions of +them have been brought to, and born in America. Most of them indeed +have been confined to tillage, to their own homes, and their own +society: yet many have been so situated, that they might have availed +themselves of the conversation of their masters; many have been +brought up to the handicraft arts, and from that circumstance have +always been associated with the whites. Some have been liberally +educated, and all have lived in countries where the arts and sciences +are cultivated to a considerable degree, and have had before their +eyes samples of the best works from abroad. The Indians, with no +advantages of this kind, will often carve figures on their pipes not +destitute of design and merit. They will crayon out an animal, a +plant, or a country, so as to prove the existence of a germ in their +minds which only wants cultivation. They astonish you with strokes +of the most sublime oratory; such as prove their reason and sentiment +strong, their imagination glowing and elevated. But never yet could +I find that a black had uttered a thought above the level of plain +narration; never see even an elementary trait of painting or +sculpture. In music they are more generally gifted than the whites +with accurate ears for tune and time, and they have been found +capable of imagining a small catch (* 2). Whether they will be equal +to the composition of a more extensive run of melody, or of +complicated harmony, is yet to be proved. Misery is often the parent +of the most affecting touches in poetry. -- Among the blacks is +misery enough, God knows, but no poetry. Love is the peculiar +;oestrum of the poet. Their love is ardent, but it kindles the +senses only, not the imagination. Religion indeed has produced a +Phyllis Whately; but it could not produce a poet. The compositions +published under her name are below the dignity of criticism. The +heroes of the Dunciad are to her, as Hercules to the author of that +poem. Ignatius Sancho has approached nearer to merit in composition; +yet his letters do more honour to the heart than the head. They +breathe the purest effusions of friendship and general philanthropy, +and shew how great a degree of the latter may be compounded with +strong religious zeal. He is often happy in the turn of his +compliments, and his stile is easy and familiar, except when he +affects a Shandean fabrication of words. But his imagination is wild +and extravagant, escapes incessantly from every restraint of reason +and taste, and, in the course of its vagaries, leaves a tract of +thought as incoherent and eccentric, as is the course of a meteor +through the sky. His subjects should often have led him to a process +of sober reasoning: yet we find him always substituting sentiment for +demonstration. Upon the whole, though we admit him to the first +place among those of his own colour who have presented themselves to +the public judgment, yet when we compare him with the writers of the +race among whom he lived, and particularly with the epistolary class, +in which he has taken his own stand, we are compelled to enroll him +at the bottom of the column. This criticism supposes the letters +published under his name to be genuine, and to have received +amendment from no other hand; points which would not be of easy +investigation. The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in +the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been +observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the +effect merely of their condition of life. We know that among the +Romans, about the Augustan age especially, the condition of their +slaves was much more deplorable than that of the blacks on the +continent of America. The two sexes were confined in separate +apartments, because to raise a child cost the master more than to buy +one. Cato, for a very restricted indulgence to his slaves in this +particular, (* 3) took from them a certain price. But in this +country the slaves multiply as fast as the free inhabitants. Their +situation and manners place the commerce between the two sexes almost +without restraint. -- The same Cato, on a principle of ;oeconomy, +always sold his sick and superannuated slaves. He gives it as a +standing precept to a master visiting his farm, to sell his old oxen, +old waggons, old tools, old and diseased servants, and every thing +else become useless. `Vendat boves vetulos, plaustrum vetus, +ferramenta vetera, servum senem, servum morbosum, & si quid aliud +supersit vendat.' Cato de re rustica. c. 2. The American slaves +cannot enumerate this among the injuries and insults they receive. +It was the common practice to expose in the island + Suet. Claud. 25. + of Aesculapius, in the Tyber, diseased slaves, whose cure +was like to become tedious. The Emperor Claudius, by an edict, gave +freedom to such of them as should recover, and first declared, that +if any person chose to kill rather than to expose them, it should be +deemed homicide. The exposing them is a crime of which no instance +has existed with us; and were it to be followed by death, it would be +punished capitally. We are told of a certain Vedius Pollio, who, in +the presence of Augustus, would have given a slave as food to his +fish, for having broken a glass. With the Romans, the regular method +of taking the evidence of their slaves was under torture. Here it +has been thought better never to resort to their evidence. When a +master was murdered, all his slaves, in the same house, or within +hearing, were condemned to death. Here punishment falls on the +guilty only, and as precise proof is required against him as against +a freeman. Yet notwithstanding these and other discouraging +circumstances among the Romans, their slaves were often their rarest +artists. They excelled too in science, insomuch as to be usually +employed as tutors to their master's children. Epictetus, Terence, +and Phaedrus, were slaves. But they were of the race of whites. It +is not their condition then, but nature, which has produced the +distinction. -- Whether further observation will or will not verify +the conjecture, that nature has been less bountiful to them in the +endowments of the head, I believe that in those of the heart she will +be found to have done them justice. That disposition to theft with +which they have been branded, must be ascribed to their situation, +and not to any depravity of the moral sense. The man, in whose +favour no laws of property exist, probably feels himself less bound +to respect those made in favour of others. When arguing for +ourselves, we lay it down as a fundamental, that laws, to be just, +must give a reciprocation of right: that, without this, they are mere +arbitrary rules of conduct, founded in force, and not in conscience: +and it is a problem which I give to the master to solve, whether the +religious precepts against the violation of property were not framed +for him as well as his slave? And whether the slave may not as +justifiably take a little from one, who has taken all from him, as he +may slay one who would slay him? That a change in the relations in +which a man is placed should change his ideas of moral right and +wrong, is neither new, nor peculiar to the colour of the blacks. +Homer tells us it was so 2600 years ago. + + {'Emisy, gaz t' aretes apoainylai eyrythpa Zeys + Aneros, eyt, an min kata dolion emaz elesin.} + _Od_. 17. 323. + + Jove fix'd it certain, that whatever day + Makes man a slave, takes half his worth away. + + But the slaves of which Homer speaks were whites. +Notwithstanding these considerations which must weaken their respect +for the laws of property, we find among them numerous instances of +the most rigid integrity, and as many as among their better +instructed masters, of benevolence, gratitude, and unshaken fidelity. +-- The opinion, that they are inferior in the faculties of reason and +imagination, must be hazarded with great diffidence. To justify a +general conclusion, requires many observations, even where the +subject may be submitted to the Anatomical knife, to Optical glasses, +to analysis by fire, or by solvents. How much more then where it is +a faculty, not a substance, we are examining; where it eludes the +research of all the senses; where the conditions of its existence are +various and variously combined; where the effects of those which are +present or absent bid defiance to calculation; let me add too, as a +circumstance of great tenderness, where our conclusion would degrade +a whole race of men from the rank in the scale of beings which their +Creator may perhaps have given them. To our reproach it must be +said, that though for a century and a half we have had under our eyes +the races of black and of red men, they have never yet been viewed by +us as subjects of natural history. I advance it therefore as a +suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, +or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the +whites in the endowments both of body and mind. It is not against +experience to suppose, that different species of the same genus, or +varieties of the same species, may possess different qualifications. +Will not a lover of natural history then, one who views the +gradations in all the races of animals with the eye of philosophy, +excuse an effort to keep those in the department of man as distinct +as nature has formed them? This unfortunate difference of colour, +and perhaps of faculty, is a powerful obstacle to the emancipation of +these people. Many of their advocates, while they wish to vindicate +the liberty of human nature, are anxious also to preserve its dignity +and beauty. Some of these, embarrassed by the question `What further +is to be done with them?' join themselves in opposition with those +who are actuated by sordid avarice only. Among the Romans +emancipation required but one effort. The slave, when made free, +might mix with, without staining the blood of his master. But with +us a second is necessary, unknown to history. When freed, he is to +be removed beyond the reach of mixture. + + The revised code further proposes to proportion crimes and +punishments. This is attempted on the following scale. + + + I. Crimes whose punishment extends to _Life._ + 1. High treason. Death by hanging. + Forfeiture of lands and goods to the + commonwealth. + 2. Petty treason. Death by hanging. Dissection. + Forfeiture of half the lands and goods to the + representatives of the party slain. + + + 3. Murder. + 1. by poison. Death by poison. + Forfeiture of one-half as before. + 2. in Duel. Death by hanging. Gibbeting, if the challenger. + Forfeiture of one-half as before, unless it be + the party challenged, then the forfeiture is to + the commonwealth. + 3. in any other way. Death by hanging. + Forfeiture of one-half as before. + 4. Manslaughter. The second offence is murder. + + II. Crimes whose punishment goes to _Limb_. + 1. Rape, } Dismemberment. + 2. Sodomy, } + 3. Maiming, } Retaliation, and the forfeiture of half the + 4. Disfiguring } lands and goods to the sufferer. + III. Crimes punishable by _Labour._ + 1. Manslaughter, 1st offence. Labour VII. years + for the public. + Forfeiture of half as in murder. + 2. Counterfeiting money. Labour VI. years. + Forfeiture of lands and goods to + the commonwealth. + 3. Arson. } Labour V. years. + 4. Asportation of vessels. } + Reparation three-fold. + 5. Robbery. } Labour IV. years. + 6. Burglary. } + Reparation double. + 7. Housebreaking. } Labour III. years. + 8. Horse-stealing. } + Reparation. + 9. Grand Larcency. Labour II. years. + Reparation. Pillory. + 10. Petty Larcency. Labour I. year. + Reparation. Pillory. + 11. Pretensions to witch-craft, &c. Ducking. Stripes. + 12. Excusable homicide. } to be pitied, not punished. + 13. Suicide. } + 14. Apostacy. Heresy. } + + Pardon and privilege of clergy are proposed to be abolished; +but if the verdict be against the defendant, the court in their +discretion, may allow a new trial. No attainder to cause a +corruption of blood, or forfeiture of dower. Slaves guilty of +offences punishable in others by labour, to be transported to Africa, +or elsewhere, as the circumstances of the time admit, there to be +continued in slavery. A rigorous regimen proposed for those +condemned to labour. + + Another object of the revisal is, to diffuse knowledge more +generally through the mass of the people. This bill proposes to lay +off every county into small districts of five or six miles square, +called hundreds, and in each of them to establish a school for +teaching reading, writing, and arithmetic. The tutor to be supported +by the hundred, and every person in it entitled to send their +children three years gratis, and as much longer as they please, +paying for it. These schools to be under a visitor, who is annually +to chuse the boy, of best genius in the school, of those whose +parents are too poor to give them further education, and to send him +forward to one of the grammar schools, of which twenty are proposed +to be erected in different parts of the country, for teaching Greek, +Latin, geography, and the higher branches of numerical arithmetic. +Of the boys thus sent in any one year, trial is to be made at the +grammar schools one or two years, and the best genius of the whole +selected, and continued six years, and the residue dismissed. By +this means twenty of the best geniusses will be raked from the +rubbish annually, and be instructed, at the public expence, so far as +the grammer schools go. At the end of six years instruction, one +half are to be discontinued (from among whom the grammar schools will +probably be supplied with future masters); and the other half, who +are to be chosen for the superiority of their parts and disposition, +are to be sent and continued three years in the study of such +sciences as they shall chuse, at William and Mary college, the plan +of which is proposed to be enlarged, as will be hereafter explained, +and extended to all the useful sciences. The ultimate result of the +whole scheme of education would be the teaching all the children of +the state reading, writing, and common arithmetic: turning out ten +annually of superior genius, well taught in Greek, Latin, geography, +and the higher branches of arithmetic: turning out ten others +annually, of still superior parts, who, to those branches of +learning, shall have added such of the sciences as their genius shall +have led them to: the furnishing to the wealthier part of the people +convenient schools, at which their children may be educated, at their +own expence. -- The general objects of this law are to provide an +education adapted to the years, to the capacity, and the condition of +every one, and directed to their freedom and happiness. Specific +details were not proper for the law. These must be the business of +the visitors entrusted with its execution. The first stage of this +education being the schools of the hundreds, wherein the great mass +of the people will receive their instruction, the principal +foundations of future order will be laid here. Instead therefore of +putting the Bible and Testament into the hands of the children, at an +age when their judgments are not sufficiently matured for religious +enquiries, their memories may here be stored with the most useful +facts from Grecian, Roman, European and American history. such as, +when further developed as their judgments advance in strength, may +teach them how to work out their own greatest happiness, by shewing +them that it does not depend on the condition of life in which chance +has placed them, but is always the result of a good conscience, good +health, occupation, and freedom in all just pursuits. -- Those whom +either the wealth of their parents or the adoption of the state shall +destine to higher degrees of learning, will go on to the grammar +schools, which constitute the next stage, there to be instructed in +the languages. The learning Greek and Latin, I am told, is going +into disuse in Europe. I know not what their manners and occupations +may call for: but it would be very ill-judged in us to follow their +example in this instance. There is a certain period of life, say +from eight to fifteen or sixteen years of age, when the mind, like +the body, is not yet firm enough for laborious and close operations. +If applied to such, it falls an early victim to premature exertion; +exhibiting indeed at first, in these young and tender subjects, the +flattering appearance of their being men while they are yet children, +but ending in reducing them to be children when they should be men. +The memory is then most susceptible and tenacious of impressions; and +the learning of languages being chiefly a work of memory, it seems +precisely fitted to the powers of this period, which is long enough +too for acquiring the most useful languages antient and modern. I do +not pretend that language is science. It is only an instrument for +the attainment of science. But that time is not lost which is +employed in providing tools for future operation: more especially as +in this case the books put into the hands of the youth for this +purpose may be such as will at the same time impress their minds with +useful facts and good principles. If this period be suffered to pass +in idleness, the mind becomes lethargic and impotent, as would the +body it inhabits if unexercised during the same time. The sympathy +between body and mind during their rise, progress and decline, is too +strict and obvious to endanger our being misled while we reason from +the one to the other. -- As soon as they are of sufficient age, it +is supposed they will be sent on from the grammar schools to the +university, which constitutes our third and last stage, there to +study those sciences which may be adapted to their views. -- By that +part of our plan which prescribes the selection of the youths of +genius from among the classes of the poor, we hope to avail the state +of those talents which nature has sown as liberally among the poor as +the rich, but which perish without use, if not sought for and +cultivated. -- But of all the views of this law none is more +important, none more legitimate, than that of rendering the people +the safe, as they are the ultimate, guardians of their own liberty. +For this purpose the reading in the first stage, where _they_ will +receive their whole education, is proposed, as has been said, to be +chiefly historical. History by apprising them of the past will +enable them to judge of the future; it will avail them of the +experience of other times and other nations; it will qualify them as +judges of the actions and designs of men; it will enable them to know +ambition under every disguise it may assume; and knowing it, to +defeat its views. In every government on earth is some trace of +human weakness, some germ of corruption and degeneracy, which cunning +will discover, and wickedness insensibly open, cultivate, and +improve. Every government degenerates when trusted to the rulers of +the people alone. The people themselves therefore are its only safe +depositories. And to render even them safe their minds must be +improved to a certain degree. This indeed is not all that is +necessary, though it be essentially necessary. An amendment of our +constitution must here come in aid of the public education. The +influence over government must be shared among all the people. If +every individual which composes their mass participates of the +ultimate authority, the government will be safe; because the +corrupting the whole mass will exceed any private resources of +wealth: and public ones cannot be provided but by levies on the +people. In this case every man would have to pay his own price. The +government of Great-Britain has been corrupted, because but one man +in ten has a right to vote for members of parliament. The sellers of +the government therefore get nine-tenths of their price clear. It +has been thought that corruption is restrained by confining the right +of suffrage to a few of the wealthier of the people: but it would be +more effectually restrained by an extension of that right to such +numbers as would bid defiance to the means of corruption. + + Lastly, it is proposed, by a bill in this revisal, to begin a +public library and gallery, by laying out a certain sum annually in +books, paintings, and statues. + + (* 1) Crawford. + + (* 2) The instrument proper to them is the Banjar, which they +brought hither from Africa, and which is the original of the guitar, +its chords being precisely the four lower chords of the guitar. + + (* 3) {Tos dolos etaxen orismeno nomismatos omilein tais +therapainisin.} + -- Plutarch. Cato. + + + QUERY XV + + _The colleges and public establishments, the roads, buildings, +&c.?_ + + Colleges, Buildings, Roads, &c. + The college of William and Mary is the only public seminary of +learning in this state. It was founded in the time of king William +and queen Mary, who granted to it 20,000 acres of land, and a penny a +pound duty on certain tobaccoes exported from Virginia and Maryland, +which had been levied by the statute of 25 Car. 2. The assembly also +gave it, by temporary laws, a duty on liquors imported, and skins and +firs exported. From these resources it received upwards of 3000 l. +communibus annis. The buildings are of brick, sufficient for an +indifferent accommodation of perhaps an hundred students. By its +charter it was to be under the government of twenty visitors, who +were to be its legislators, and to have a president and six +professors, who were incorporated. It was allowed a representative +in the general assembly. Under this charter, a professorship of the +Greek and Latin languages, a professorship of mathematics, one of +moral philosophy, and two of divinity, were established. To these +were annexed, for a sixth professorship, a considerable donation by +Mr. Boyle of England, for the instruction of the Indians, and their +conversion to Christianity. This was called the professorship of +Brafferton, from an estate of that name in England, purchased with +the monies given. The admission of the learners of Latin and Greek +filled the college with children. This rendering it disagreeable and +degrading to young gentlemen already prepared for entering on the +sciences, they were discouraged from resorting to it, and thus the +schools for mathematics and moral philosophy, which might have been +of some service, became of very little. The revenues too were +exhausted in accommodating those who came only to acquire the +rudiments of science. After the present revolution, the visitors, +having no power to change those circumstances in the constitution of +the college which were fixed by the charter, and being therefore +confined in the number of professorships, undertook to change the +objects of the professorships. They excluded the two schools for +divinity, and that for the Greek and Latin languages, and substituted +others; so that at present they stand thus: + + A Professorship for Law and Police: + Anatomy and Medicine: + Natural Philosophy and Mathematics: + Moral Philosophy, the Law of Nature and Nations, the Fine +Arts: + Modern Languages: + For the Brafferton. + + And it is proposed, so soon as the legislature shall have +leisure to take up this subject, to desire authority from them to +increase the number of professorships, as well for the purpose of +subdividing those already instituted, as of adding others for other +branches of science. To the professorships usually established in +the universities of Europe, it would seem proper to add one for the +antient languages and literature of the North, on account of their +connection with our own language, laws, customs, and history. The +purposes of the Brafferton institution would be better answered by +maintaining a perpetual mission among the Indian tribes, the object +of which, besides instructing them in the principles of Christianity, +as the founder requires, should be to collect their traditions, laws, +customs, languages, and other circumstances which might lead to a +discovery of their relation with one another, or descent from other +nations. When these objects are accomplished with one tribe, the +missionary might pass on to another. + + The roads are under the government of the county courts, +subject to be controuled by the general court. They order new roads +to be opened wherever they think them necessary. The inhabitants of +the county are by them laid off into precincts, to each of which they +allot a convenient portion of the public roads to be kept in repair. +Such bridges as may be built without the assistance of artificers, +they are to build. If the stream be such as to require a bridge of +regular workmanship, the court employs workmen to build it, at the +expence of the whole county. If it be too great for the county, +application is made to the general assembly, who authorize +individuals to build it, and to take a fixed toll from all +passengers, or give sanction to such other proposition as to them +appears reasonable. + + Ferries are admitted only at such places as are particularly +pointed out by law, and the rates of ferriage are fixed. + + Taverns are licensed by the courts, who fix their rates from +time to time. + + The private buildings are very rarely constructed of stone or +brick; much the greatest proportion being of scantling and boards, +plaistered with lime. It is impossible to devise things more ugly, +uncomfortable, and happily more perishable. There are two or three +plans, on one of which, according to its size, most of the houses in +the state are built. The poorest people build huts of logs, laid +horizontally in pens, stopping the interstices with mud. These are +warmer in winter, and cooler in summer, than the more expensive +constructions of scantling and plank. The wealthy are attentive to +the raising of vegetables, but very little so to fruits. The poorer +people attend to neither, living principally on milk and animal diet. +This is the more inexcusable, as the climate requires indispensably a +free use of vegetable food, for health as well as comfort, and is +very friendly to the raising of fruits. -- The only public buildings +worthy mention are the Capitol, the Palace, the College, and the +Hospital for Lunatics, all of them in Williamsburg, heretofore the +seat of our government. The Capitol is a light and airy structure, +with a portico in front of two orders, the lower of which, being +Doric, is tolerably just in its proportions and ornaments, save only +that the intercolonnations are too large. The upper is Ionic, much +too small for that on which it is mounted, its ornaments not proper +to the order, nor proportioned within themselves. It is crowned with +a pediment, which is too high for its span. Yet, on the whole, it is +the most pleasing piece of architecture we have. The Palace is not +handsome without: but it is spacious and commodious within, is +prettily situated, and, with the grounds annexed to it, is capable of +being made an elegant seat. The College and Hospital are rude, +mis-shapen piles, which, but that they have roofs, would be taken for +brick-kilns. There are no other public buildings but churches and +court-houses, in which no attempts are made at elegance. Indeed it +would not be easy to execute such an attempt, as a workman could +scarcely be found here capable of drawing an order. The genius of +architecture seems to have shed its maledictions over this land. +Buildings are often erected, by individuals, of considerable expence. +To give these symmetry and taste would not increase their cost. It +would only change the arrangement of the materials, the form and +combination of the members. This would often cost less than the +burthen of barbarous ornaments with which these buildings are +sometimes charged. But the first principles of the art are unknown, +and there exists scarcely a model among us sufficiently chaste to +give an idea of them. Architecture being one of the fine arts, and +as such within the department of a professor of the college, +according to the new arrangement, perhaps a spark may fall on some +young subjects of natural taste, kindle up their genius, and produce +a reformation in this elegant and useful art. But all we shall do in +this way will produce no permanent improvement to our country, while +the unhappy prejudice prevails that houses of brick or stone are less +wholesome than those of wood. A dew is often observed on the walls +of the former in rainy weather, and the most obvious solution is, +that the rain has penetrated through these walls. The following +facts however are sufficient to prove the error of this solution. 1. +This dew on the walls appears when there is no rain, if the state of +the atmosphere be moist. 2. It appears on the partition as well as +the exterior walls. 3. So also on pavements of brick or stone. 4. +It is more copious in proportion as the walls are thicker; the +reverse of which ought to be the case, if this hypothesis were just. +If cold water be poured into a vessel of stone, or glass, a dew forms +instantly on the outside: but if it be poured into a vessel of wood, +there is no such appearance. It is not supposed, in the first case, +that the water has exuded through the glass, but that it is +precipitated from the circumambient air; as the humid particles of +vapour, passing from the boiler of an alembic through its +refrigerant, are precipitated from the air, in which they were +suspended, on the internal surface of the refrigerant. Walls of +brick or stone act as the refrigerant in this instance. They are +sufficiently cold to condense and precipitate the moisture suspended +in the air of the room, when it is heavily charged therewith. But +walls of wood are not so. The question then is, whether air in which +this moisture is left floating, or that which is deprived of it, be +most wholesome? In both cases the remedy is easy. A little fire +kindled in the room, whenever the air is damp, prevents the +precipitation on the walls: and this practice, found healthy in the +warmest as well as coldest seasons, is as necessary in a wooden as in +a stone or a brick house. I do not mean to say, that the rain never +penetrates through walls of brick. On the contrary I have seen +instances of it. But with us it is only through the northern and +eastern walls of the house, after a north-easterly storm, these being +the only ones which continue long enough to force through the walls. +This however happens too rarely to give a just character of +unwholesomeness to such houses. In a house, the walls of which are +of well-burnt brick and good mortar, I have seen the rain penetrate +through but twice in a dozen or fifteen years. The inhabitants of +Europe, who dwell chiefly in houses of stone or brick, are surely as +healthy as those of Virginia. These houses have the advantage too of +being warmer in winter and cooler in summer than those of wood, of +being cheaper in their first construction, where lime is convenient, +and infinitely more durable. The latter consideration renders it of +great importance to eradicate this prejudice from the minds of our +countrymen. A country whose buildings are of wood, can never +increase in its improvements to any considerable degree. Their +duration is highly estimated at 50 years. Every half century then +our country becomes a tabula rasa, whereon we have to set out anew, +as in the first moment of seating it. Whereas when buildings are of +durable materials, every new edifice is an actual and permanent +acquisition to the state, adding to its value as well as to its +ornament. + + + QUERY XVI + + _The measures taken with regard of the estates and possessions +of the rebels, commonly called Tories?_ + + Tories + A Tory has been properly defined to be a traitor in thought, +but not in deed. The only description, by which the laws have +endeavoured to come at them, was that of non-jurors, or persons +refusing to take the oath of fidelity to the state. Persons of this +description were at one time subjected to double taxation, at another +to treble, and lastly were allowed retribution, and placed on a level +with good citizens. It may be mentioned as a proof both of the +lenity of our government, and unanimity of its inhabitants, that +though this war has now raged near seven years, not a single +execution for treason has taken place. + + Under this query I will state the measures which have been +adopted as to British property, the owners of which stand on a much +fairer footing than the Tories. By our laws, the same as the English +in this respect, no alien can hold lands, nor alien enemy maintain an +action for money, or other moveable thing. Lands acquired or held by +aliens become forfeited to the state; and, on an action by an alien +enemy to recover money, or other moveable property, the defendant may +plead that he is an alien enemy. This extinguishes his right in the +hands of the debtor or holder of his moveable property. By our +separation from Great-Britain, British subjects became aliens, and +being at war, they were alien enemies. Their lands were of course +forfeited, and their debts irrecoverable. The assembly however +passed laws, at various times, for saving their property. They first +sequestered their lands, slaves, and other property on their farms, +in the hands of commissioners, who were mostly the confidential +friends or agents of the owners, and directed their clear profits to +be paid into the treasury: and they gave leave to all persons owing +debts to British subjects to pay them also into the treasury. The +monies so to be brought in were declared to remain the property of +the British subject, and, if used by the state, were to be repaid, +unless an improper conduct in Great-Britain should render a detention +of it reasonable. Depreciation had at that time, though +unacknowledged and unperceived by the Whigs, begun in some small +degree. Great sums of money were paid in by debtors. At a later +period, the assembly, adhering to the political principles which +forbid an alien to hold lands in the state, ordered all British +property to be sold: and, become sensible of the real progress of +depreciation, and of the losses which would thence occur, if not +guarded against, they ordered that the proceeds of the sales should +be converted into their then worth in tobacco, subject to the future +direction of the legislature. This act has left the question of +retribution more problematical. In May 1780 another act took away +the permission to pay into the public treasury debts due to British +subjects. + + + QUERY XVII + + _The different religions received into that state?_ + + Religion + The first settlers in this country were emigrants from England, +of the English church, just at a point of time when it was flushed +with complete victory over the religious of all other persuasions. +Possessed, as they became, of the powers of making, administering, +and executing the laws, they shewed equal intolerance in this country +with their Presbyterian brethren, who had emigrated to the northern +government. The poor Quakers were flying from persecution in +England. They cast their eyes on these new countries as asylums of +civil and religious freedom; but they found them free only for the +reigning sect. Several acts of the Virginia assembly of 1659, 1662, +and 1693, had made it penal in parents to refuse to have their +children baptized; had prohibited the unlawful assembling of Quakers; +had made it penal for any master of a vessel to bring a Quaker into +the state; had ordered those already here, and such as should come +thereafter, to be imprisoned till they should abjure the country; +provided a milder punishment for their first and second return, but +death for their third; had inhibited all persons from suffering their +meetings in or near their houses, entertaining them individually, or +disposing of books which supported their tenets. If no capital +execution took place here, as did in New-England, it was not owing to +the moderation of the church, or spirit of the legislature, as may be +inferred from the law itself; but to historical circumstances which +have not been handed down to us. The Anglicans retained full +possession of the country about a century. Other opinions began then +to creep in, and the great care of the government to support their +own church, having begotten an equal degree of indolence in its +clergy, two-thirds of the people had become dissenters at the +commencement of the present revolution. The laws indeed were still +oppressive on them, but the spirit of the one party had subsided into +moderation, and of the other had risen to a degree of determination +which commanded respect. + + The present state of our laws on the subject of religion is +this. The convention of May 1776, in their declaration of rights, +declared it to be a truth, and a natural right, that the exercise of +religion should be free; but when they proceeded to form on that +declaration the ordinance of government, instead of taking up every +principle declared in the bill of rights, and guarding it by +legislative sanction, they passed over that which asserted our +religious rights, leaving them as they found them. The same +convention, however, when they met as a member of the general +assembly in October 1776, repealed all _acts of parliament_ which had +rendered criminal the maintaining any opinions in matters of +religion, the forbearing to repair to church, and the exercising any +mode of worship; and suspended the laws giving salaries to the +clergy, which suspension was made perpetual in October 1779. +Statutory oppressions in religion being thus wiped away, we remain at +present under those only imposed by the common law, or by our own +acts of assembly. At the common law, _heresy_ was a capital offence, +punishable by burning. Its definition was left to the ecclesiastical +judges, before whom the conviction was, till the statute of the 1 El. +c. 1. circumscribed it, by declaring, that nothing should be deemed +heresy, but what had been so determined by authority of the canonical +scriptures, or by one of the four first general councils, or by some +other council having for the grounds of their declaration the express +and plain words of the scriptures. Heresy, thus circumscribed, being +an offence at the common law, our act of assembly of October 1777, c. +17. gives cognizance of it to the general court, by declaring, that +the jurisdiction of that court shall be general in all matters at the +common law. The execution is by the writ _De haeretico comburendo_. +By our own act of assembly of 1705, c. 30, if a person brought up in +the Christian religion denies the being of a God, or the Trinity, or +asserts there are more Gods than one, or denies the Christian +religion to be true, or the scriptures to be of divine authority, he +is punishable on the first offence by incapacity to hold any office +or employment ecclesiastical, civil, or military; on the second by +disability to sue, to take any gift or legacy, to be guardian, +executor, or administrator, and by three years imprisonment, without +bail. A father's right to the custody of his own children being +founded in law on his right of guardianship, this being taken away, +they may of course be severed from him, and put, by the authority of +a court, into more orthodox hands. This is a summary view of that +religious slavery, under which a people have been willing to remain, +who have lavished their lives and fortunes for the establishment of +their civil freedom. (*) The error seems not sufficiently eradicated, +that the operations of the mind, as well as the acts of the body, are +subject to the coercion of the laws. But our rulers can have +authority over such natural rights only as we have submitted to them. +The rights of conscience we never submitted, we could not submit. We +are answerable for them to our God. The legitimate powers of +government extend to such acts only as are injurious to others. But +it does me no injury for my neighbour to say there are twenty gods, +or no god. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg. If it be +said, his testimony in a court of justice cannot be relied on, reject +it then, and be the stigma on him. Constraint may make him worse by +making him a hypocrite, but it will never make him a truer man. It +may fix him obstinately in his errors, but will not cure them. +Reason and free enquiry are the only effectual agents against error. +Give a loose to them, they will support the true religion, by +bringing every false one to their tribunal, to the test of their +investigation. They are the natural enemies of error, and of error +only. Had not the Roman government permitted free enquiry, +Christianity could never have been introduced. Had not free enquiry +been indulged, at the aera of the reformation, the corruptions of +Christianity could not have been purged away. If it be restrained +now, the present corruptions will be protected, and new ones +encouraged. Was the government to prescribe to us our medicine and +diet, our bodies would be in such keeping as our souls are now. Thus +in France the emetic was once forbidden as a medicine, and the +potatoe as an article of food. Government is just as infallible too +when it fixes systems in physics. Galileo was sent to the +inquisition for affirming that the earth was a sphere: the government +had declared it to be as flat as a trencher, and Galileo was obliged +to abjure his error. This error however at length prevailed, the +earth became a globe, and Descartes declared it was whirled round its +axis by a vortex. The government in which he lived was wise enough +to see that this was no question of civil jurisdiction, or we should +all have been involved by authority in vortices. In fact, the +vortices have been exploded, and the Newtonian principle of +gravitation is now more firmly established, on the basis of reason, +than it would be were the government to step in, and to make it an +article of necessary faith. Reason and experiment have been +indulged, and error has fled before them. It is error alone which +needs the support of government. Truth can stand by itself. Subject +opinion to coercion: whom will you make your inquisitors? Fallible +men; men governed by bad passions, by private as well as public +reasons. And why subject it to coercion? To produce uniformity. +But is uniformity of opinion desireable? No more than of face and +stature. Introduce the bed of Procrustes then, and as there is +danger that the large men may beat the small, make us all of a size, +by lopping the former and stretching the latter. Difference of +opinion is advantageous in religion. The several sects perform the +office of a Censor morum over each other. Is uniformity attainable? +Millions of innocent men, women, and children, since the introduction +of Christianity, have been burnt, tortured, fined, imprisoned; yet we +have not advanced one inch towards uniformity. What has been the +effect of coercion? To make one half the world fools, and the other +half hypocrites. To support roguery and error all over the earth. +Let us reflect that it is inhabited by a thousand millions of people. +That these profess probably a thousand different systems of religion. +That ours is but one of that thousand. That if there be but one +right, and ours that one, we should wish to see the 999 wandering +sects gathered into the fold of truth. But against such a majority +we cannot effect this by force. Reason and persuasion are the only +practicable instruments. To make way for these, free enquiry must be +indulged; and how can we wish others to indulge it while we refuse it +ourselves. But every state, says an inquisitor, has established some +religion. No two, say I, have established the same. Is this a proof +of the infallibility of establishments? Our sister states of +Pennsylvania and New York, however, have long subsisted without any +establishment at all. The experiment was new and doubtful when they +made it. It has answered beyond conception. They flourish +infinitely. Religion is well supported; of various kinds, indeed, +but all good enough; all sufficient to preserve peace and order: or +if a sect arises, whose tenets would subvert morals, good sense has +fair play, and reasons and laughs it out of doors, without suffering +the state to be troubled with it. They do not hang more malefactors +than we do. They are not more disturbed with religious dissensions. +On the contrary, their harmony is unparalleled, and can be ascribed +to nothing but their unbounded tolerance, because there is no other +circumstance in which they differ from every nation on earth. They +have made the happy discovery, that the way to silence religious +disputes, is to take no notice of them. Let us too give this +experiment fair play, and get rid, while we may, of those tyrannical +laws. It is true, we are as yet secured against them by the spirit +of the times. I doubt whether the people of this country would +suffer an execution for heresy, or a three years imprisonment for not +comprehending the mysteries of the Trinity. But is the spirit of the +people an infallible, a permanent reliance? Is it government? Is +this the kind of protection we receive in return for the rights we +give up? Besides, the spirit of the times may alter, will alter. +Our rulers will become corrupt, our people careless. A single zealot +may commence persecutor, and better men be his victims. It can never +be too often repeated, that the time for fixing every essential right +on a legal basis is while our rulers are honest, and ourselves +united. From the conclusion of this war we shall be going down hill. +It will not then be necessary to resort every moment to the people +for support. They will be forgotten, therefore, and their rights +disregarded. They will forget themselves, but in the sole faculty of +making money, and will never think of uniting to effect a due respect +for their rights. The shackles, therefore, which shall not be +knocked off at the conclusion of this war, will remain on us long, +will be made heavier and heavier, till our rights shall revive or +expire in a convulsion. + + (*) Furneaux passim. + + QUERY XVIII + + _The particular customs and manners that may happen to be +received in that state?_ + + Manners + It is difficult to determine on the standard by which the +manners of a nation may be tried, whether _catholic_, or +_particular_. It is more difficult for a native to bring to that +standard the manners of his own nation, familiarized to him by habit. +There must doubtless be an unhappy influence on the manners of our +people produced by the existence of slavery among us. The whole +commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most +boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, +and degrading submissions on the other. Our children see this, and +learn to imitate it; for man is an imitative animal. This quality is +the germ of all education in him. From his cradle to his grave he is +learning to do what he sees others do. If a parent could find no +motive either in his philanthropy or his self-love, for restraining +the intemperance of passion towards his slave, it should always be a +sufficient one that his child is present. But generally it is not +sufficient. The parent storms, the child looks on, catches the +lineaments of wrath, puts on the same airs in the circle of smaller +slaves, gives a loose to his worst of passions, and thus nursed, +educated, and daily exercised in tyranny, cannot but be stamped by it +with odious peculiarities. The man must be a prodigy who can retain +his manners and morals undepraved by such circumstances. And with +what execration should the statesman be loaded, who permitting one +half the citizens thus to trample on the rights of the other, +transforms those into despots, and these into enemies, destroys the +morals of the one part, and the amor patriae of the other. For if a +slave can have a country in this world, it must be any other in +preference to that in which he is born to live and labour for +another: in which he must lock up the faculties of his nature, +contribute as far as depends on his individual endeavours to the +evanishment of the human race, or entail his own miserable condition +on the endless generations proceeding from him. With the morals of +the people, their industry also is destroyed. For in a warm climate, +no man will labour for himself who can make another labour for him. +This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves a very small +proportion indeed are ever seen to labour. And can the liberties of +a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm +basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties +are of the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with +his wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God +is just: that his justice cannot sleep for ever: that considering +numbers, nature and natural means only, a revolution of the wheel of +fortune, an exchange of situation, is among possible events: that it +may become probable by supernatural interference! The Almighty has +no attribute which can take side with us in such a contest. -- But +it is impossible to be temperate and to pursue this subject through +the various considerations of policy, of morals, of history natural +and civil. We must be contented to hope they will force their way +into every one's mind. I think a change already perceptible, since +the origin of the present revolution. The spirit of the master is +abating, that of the slave rising from the dust, his condition +mollifying, the way I hope preparing, under the auspices of heaven, +for a total emancipation, and that this is disposed, in the order of +events, to be with the consent of the masters, rather than by their +extirpation. + + + QUERY XIX + + _The present state of manufactures, commerce, interior and +exterior trade?_ + + Manufactures + We never had an interior trade of any importance. Our exterior +commerce has suffered very much from the beginning of the present +contest. During this time we have manufactured within our families +the most necessary articles of cloathing. Those of cotton will bear +some comparison with the same kinds of manufacture in Europe; but +those of wool, flax and hemp are very coarse, unsightly, and +unpleasant: and such is our attachment to agriculture, and such our +preference for foreign manufactures, that be it wise or unwise, our +people will certainly return as soon as they can, to the raising raw +materials, and exchanging them for finer manufactures than they are +able to execute themselves. + + The political oeconomists of Europe have established it as a +principle that every state should endeavour to manufacture for +itself: and this principle, like many others, we transfer to America, +without calculating the difference of circumstance which should often +produce a difference of result. In Europe the lands are either +cultivated, or locked up against the cultivator. Manufacture must +therefore be resorted to of necessity not of choice, to support the +surplus of their people. But we have an immensity of land courting +the industry of the husbandman. Is it best then that all our +citizens should be employed in its improvement, or that one half +should be called off from that to exercise manufactures and +handicraft arts for the other? Those who labour in the earth are the +chosen people of God, if ever he had a chosen people, whose breasts +he has made his peculiar deposit for substantial and genuine virtue. +It is the focus in which he keeps alive that sacred fire, which +otherwise might escape from the face of the earth. Corruption of +morals in the mass of cultivators is a phaenomenon of which no age +nor nation has furnished an example. It is the mark set on those, +who not looking up to heaven, to their own soil and industry, as does +the husbandman, for their subsistance, depend for it on the +casualties and caprice of customers. Dependance begets subservience +and venality, suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools +for the designs of ambition. This, the natural progress and +consequence of the arts, has sometimes perhaps been retarded by +accidental circumstances: but, generally speaking, the proportion +which the aggregate of the other classes of citizens bears in any +state to that of its husbandmen, is the proportion of its unsound to +its healthy parts, and is a good-enough barometer whereby to measure +its degree of corruption. While we have land to labour then, let us +never wish to see our citizens occupied at a work-bench, or twirling +a distaff. Carpenters, masons, smiths, are wanting in husbandry: +but, for the general operations of manufacture, let our work-shops +remain in Europe. It is better to carry provisions and materials to +workmen there, than bring them to the provisions and materials, and +with them their manners and principles. The loss by the +transportation of commodities across the Atlantic will be made up in +happiness and permanence of government. The mobs of great cities add +just so much to the support of pure government, as sores do to the +strength of the human body. It is the manners and spirit of a people +which preserve a republic in vigour. A degeneracy in these is a +canker which soon eats to the heart of its laws and constitution. + + + QUERY XX + + _A notice of the commercial productions particular to the +state, and of those objects which the inhabitants are obliged to get +from Europe and from other parts of the world?_ + + Commercial productions + Before the present war we exported, communibus annis, according +to the best information I can get, nearly as follows: + + ARTICLES. Quantity. Price Am. + in dollars. in dollars. + + Tobacco 55,000 hhds at 30 d. per 1,650,000 + of 1000 lb. hhd. + + Wht 800,000 at 5/6 d. per 666,666 2/3 + bushels bush. + + Indian corn 600,000 at 1/3 d. per 200,000 + bushels bush. + + Shipping --- --- --- --- --- 100,000 + + Masts, planks, --- --- --- --- --- 66,666 2/3 + skantling, + shingles, + staves + + Tar, pitch, 30,000 at 1 1/3 d. per 40,000 + turpentine barrels bar. + + Peltry, viz. 180 hhds. at 5/12 d. 42,000 + skins of deer, of 600 lb. per lb. + beavers, otters, + muskrats, + racoons, foxes + + Pork 4,000 at 10 d. per 40,000 + barrels bar. + + Flax-seed, --- --- --- --- --- 8,000 + hemp, cotton + + Pit-coal, --- --- --- --- --- 6,666 2/3 + pig-iron + + Peas 5,000 at 2/3 d. per 3,333 1/3 + bushels bush. + + Beef 1,000 at 3 1/3 d. 3,333 1/3 + barrels per bar. + + Sturgeon, --- --- --- --- --- 3,333 1/3 + white shad, + herring + + Brandy from --- --- --- --- --- 1,666 2/3 + peaches and + apples, and + whiskey + + Horses --- --- --- --- --- 1,666 2/3 + + This sum is equal to 850,000 l. Virginia + money, 607,142 guineas. 2,833,333 1/3 D. + + In the year 1758 we exported seventy thousand hogsheads of +tobacco, which was the greatest quantity ever produced in this +country in one year. But its culture was fast declining at the +commencement of this war and that of wheat taking its place: and it +must continue to decline on the return of peace. I suspect that the +change in the temperature of our climate has become sensible to that +plant, which, to be good, requires an extraordinary degree of heat. +But it requires still more indispensably an uncommon fertility of +soil: and the price which it commands at market will not enable the +planter to produce this by manure. Was the supply still to depend on +Virginia and Maryland alone, as its culture becomes more difficult, +the price would rise, so as to enable the planter to surmount those +difficulties and to live. But the western country on the Missisipi, +and the midlands of Georgia, having fresh and fertile lands in +abundance, and a hotter sun, will be able to undersell these two +states, and will oblige them to abandon the raising tobacco +altogether. And a happy obligation for them it will be. It is a +culture productive of infinite wretchedness. Those employed in it +are in a continued state of exertion beyond the powers of nature to +support. Little food of any kind is raised by them; so that the men +and animals on these farms are badly fed, and the earth is rapidly +impoverished. The cultivation of wheat is the reverse in every +circumstance. Besides cloathing the earth with herbage, and +preserving its fertility, it feeds the labourers plentifully, +requires from them only a moderate toil, except in the season of +harvest, raises great numbers of animals for food and service, and +diffuses plenty and happiness among the whole. We find it easier to +make an hundred bushels of wheat than a thousand weight of tobacco, +and they are worth more when made. The weavil indeed is a formidable +obstacle to the cultivation of this grain with us. But principles +are already known which must lead to a remedy. Thus a certain degree +of heat, to wit, that of the common air in summer, is necessary to +hatch the egg. If subterranean granaries, or others, therefore, can +be contrived below that temperature, the evil will be cured by cold. +A degree of heat beyond that which hatches the egg, we know will kill +it. But in aiming at this we easily run into that which produces +putrefaction. To produce putrefaction, however, three agents are +requisite, heat, moisture, and the external air. If the absence of +any one of these be secured, the other two may safely be admitted. +Heat is the one we want. Moisture then, or external air, must be +excluded. The former has been done by exposing the grain in kilns to +the action of fire, which produces heat, and extracts moisture at the +same time: the latter, by putting the grain into hogsheads, covering +it with a coat of lime, and heading it up. In this situation its +bulk produces a heat sufficient to kill the egg; the moisture is +suffered to remain indeed, but the external air is excluded. A nicer +operation yet has been attempted; that is, to produce an intermediate +temperature of heat between that which kills the egg, and that which +produces putrefaction. The threshing the grain as soon as it is cut, +and laying it in its chaff in large heaps, has been found very nearly +to hit this temperature, though not perfectly, nor always. The heap +generates heat sufficient to kill most of the eggs, whilst the chaff +commonly restrains it from rising into putrefaction. But all these +methods abridge too much the quantity which the farmer can manage, +and enable other countries to undersell him which are not infested +with this insect. There is still a desideratum then to give with us +decisive triumph to this branch of agriculture over that of tobacco. +-- The culture of wheat, by enlarging our pasture, will render the +Arabian horse an article of very considerable profit. Experience has +shewn that ours is the particular climate of America where he may be +raised without degeneracy. Southwardly the heat of the sun occasions +a deficiency of pasture, and northwardly the winters are too cold for +the short and fine hair, the particular sensibility and constitution +of that race. Animals transplanted into unfriendly climates, either +change their nature and acquire new fences against the new +difficulties in which they are placed, or they multiply poorly and +become extinct. A good foundation is laid for their propagation here +by our possessing already great numbers of horses of that blood, and +by a decided taste and preference for them established among the +people. Their patience of heat without injury, their superior wind, +fit them better in this and the more southern climates even for the +drudgeries of the plough and waggon. Northwardly they will become an +object only to persons of taste and fortune, for the saddle and light +carriages. To these, and for these uses, their fleetness and beauty +will recommend them. -- Besides these there will be other valuable +substitutes when the cultivation of tobacco shall be discontinued, +such as cotton in the eastern parts of the state, and hemp and flax +in the western. + + It is not easy to say what are the articles either of +necessity, comfort, or luxury, which we cannot raise, and which we +therefore shall be under a necessity of importing from abroad, as +every thing hardier than the olive, and as hardy as the fig, may be +raised here in the open air. Sugar, coffee and tea, indeed, are not +between these limits; and habit having placed them among the +necessaries of life with the wealthy part of our citizens, as long as +these habits remain, we must go for them to those countries which are +able to furnish them. + + + QUERY XXI + + _The weights, measures, and the currency of the hard money? +Some details relating to the exchange with Europe?_ + + Weights, Measures, Money + Our weights and measures are the same which are fixed by acts +of parliament in England. -- How it has happened that in this as well +as the other American states the nominal value of coin was made to +differ from what it was in the country we had left, and to differ +among ourselves too, I am not able to say with certainty. I find +that in 1631 our house of burgesses desired of the privy council in +England, a coin debased to twenty-five per cent: that in 1645 they +forbid dealing by barter for tobacco, and established the Spanish +piece of eight at six shillings, as the standard of their currency: +that in 1655 they changed it to five shillings sterling. In 1680 +they sent an address to the king, in consequence of which, by +proclamation in 1683, he fixed the value of French crowns, rixdollars +and pieces of eight at six shillings, and the coin of New-England at +one shilling. That in 1710, 1714, 1727, and 1762, other regulations +were made, which will be better presented to the eye stated in the +form of a table as follows: + + 1710. 1714. 1727. 1762. + Guineas -- -- 26s + + British gold coin not milled, -- -- 5s the + coined gold of Spain and France, dwt. + chequins, Arabian gold, moidores of + Portugal + + Coined gold of the empire -- -- 5s the -- -- 4s3 the + dwt. dwt. + + English milled silver money, in -- -- 5s10 6s3 + proportion to the crown, at + + Pieces of eight of Mexico, Seville, 3 3/4 -- -- 4 d. + and Pillar, ducatoons of Flanders, d. the the + French ecus, or silver Louis, dwt. dwt. + crusados of Porrtugal + + Peru pieces, cross dollars, and 3 1/2 -- -- 3 3/4 + old rixdollars of the empire d. the d. the + dwt. dwt. + + Old British silver coin not milled -- -- 3 3/4 + d. the + dwt. + + + The first symptom of the depreciation of our present +paper-money, was that of silver dollars selling at six shillings, +which had before been worth but five shillings and ninepence. The +assembly thereupon raised them by law to six shillings. As the +dollar is now likely to become the money-unit of America, as it +passes at this rate in some of our sister-states, and as it +facilitates their computation in pounds and shillings, & e converso, +this seems to be more convenient than it's former denomination. But +as this particular coin now stands higher than any other in the +proportion of 133 1/3 to 125, or 16 to 15, it will be necessary to +raise the others in the same proportion. + + + QUERY XXII + + _The public income and expences?_ + + Revenue + The nominal amount of these varying constantly and rapidly, +with the constant and rapid depreciation of our paper-money, it +becomes impracticable to say what they are. We find ourselves +cheated in every essay by the depreciation intervening between the +declaration of the tax and its actual receipt. It will therefore be +more satisfactory to consider what our income may be when we shall +find means of collecting what the people may spare. I should +estimate the whole taxable property of this state at an hundred +millions of dollars, or thirty millions of pounds our money. One per +cent on this, compared with any thing we ever yet paid, would be +deemed a very heavy tax. Yet I think that those who manage well, and +use reasonable ;oeconomy, could pay one and a half per cent, and +maintain their houshould comfortably in the mean time, without +aliening any part of their principal, and that the people would +submit to this willingly for the purpose of supporting their present +contest. We may say then, that we could raise, and ought to raise, +from one million to one million and a half of dollars annually, that +is from three hundred to four hundred and fifty thousand pounds, +Virginia money. + + Of our expences it is equally difficult to give an exact state, +and for the same reason. They are mostly stated in paper money, +which varying continually, the legislature endeavours at every +session, by new corrections, to adapt the nominal sums to the value +it is wished they should bear. I will state them therefore in real +coin, at the point at which they endeavour to keep them. + + _Dollars._ + The annual expences of the general assembly + are about 20,000 + The governor 3,333 1/3 + The council of state 10,666 2/3 + Their clerks 1,166 2/3 + Eleven judges 11000 + The clerk of the chancery 666 2/3 + The attorney general 1,000 + + Three auditors and a solicitor 5,333 1/3 + Their clerks 2,000 + The treasurer 2,000 + His clerks 2,000 + The keeper of the public jail 1,000 + The public printer 1,666 2/3 + Clerks of the inferior courts 43,333 1/3 + Public levy: this is chiefly for the + expences of criminal justice 40,000 + County levy, for bridges, court houses, + prisons, &c. 40,000 + Members of congress 7000 + Quota of the Federal civil list, supposed + 1/6 of about 78,000 dollars 13,000 + Expences of collection, 6 per cent. on the + above 12,310 + The clergy receive only voluntary + contributions: suppose them on an + average 1/8 of a dollar a tythe on + 200,000 tythes 25,000 + Contingencies, to make round numbers not + far from truth 7,523 1/3 + ---------- + 250,000 + Dollars, or 53,571 guineas. This estimate is exclusive of the +military expence. That varies with the force actually employed, and +in time of peace will probably be little or nothing. It is exclusive +also of the public debts, which are growing while I am writing, and +cannot therefore be now fixed. So it is of the maintenance of the +poor, which being merely a matter of charity, cannot be deemed +expended in the administration of government. And if we strike out +the 25,000 dollars for the services of the clergy, which neither +makes part of that administration, more than what is paid to +physicians or lawyers, and being voluntary, is either much or nothing +as every one pleases, it leaves 225,000 dollars, equal to 48,208 +guineas, the real cost of the apparatus of government with us. This, +divided among the actual inhabitants of our country, comes to about +two-fifths of a dollar, 21d sterling, or 42 sols, the price which +each pays annually for the protection of the residue of his property, +that of his person, and the other advantages of a free government. +The public revenues of Great Britain divided in like manner on its +inhabitants would be sixteen times greater. Deducting even the +double of the expences of government, as before estimated, from the +million and a half of dollars which we before supposed might be +annually paid without distress, we may conclude that this state can +contribute one million of dollars annually towards supporting the +federal army, paying the federal debt, building a federal navy, or +opening roads, clearing rivers, forming safe ports, and other useful +works. + + To this estimate of our abilities, let me add a word as to the +application of them, if, when cleared of the present contest, and of +the debts with which that will charge us, we come to measure force +hereafter with any European power. Such events are devoutly to be +deprecated. Young as we are, and with such a country before us to +fill with people and with happiness, we should point in that +direction the whole generative force of nature, wasting none of it in +efforts of mutual destruction. It should be our endeavour to +cultivate the peace and friendship of every nation, even of that +which has injured us most, when we shall have carried our point +against her. Our interest will be to throw open the doors of +commerce, and to knock off all its shackles, giving perfect freedom +to all persons for the vent of whatever they may chuse to bring into +our ports, and asking the same in theirs. Never was so much false +arithmetic employed on any subject, as that which has been employed +to persuade nations that it is their interest to go to war. Were the +money which it has cost to gain, at the close of a long war, a little +town, or a little territory, the right to cut wood here, or to catch +fish there, expended in improving what they already possess, in +making roads, openingrivers, building ports, improving the arts, and +finding employment for their idle poor, it would render them much +stronger, much wealthier and happier. This I hope will be our +wisdom. And, perhaps, to remove as much as possible the occasions of +making war, it might be better for us to abandon the ocean +altogether, that being the element whereon we shall be principally +exposed to jostle with other nations: to leave to others to bring +what we shall want, and to carry what we can spare. This would make +us invulnerable to Europe, by offering none of our property to their +prize, and would turn all our citizens to the cultivation of the +earth; and, I repeat it again, cultivators of the earth are the most +virtuous and independant citizens. It might be time enough to seek +employment for them at sea, when the land no longer offers it. But +the actual habits of our countrymen attach them to commerce. They +will exercise it for themselves. Wars then must sometimes be our +lot; and all the wise can do, will be to avoid that half of them +which would be produced by our own follies, and our own acts of +injustice; and to make for the other half the best preparations we +can. Of what nature should these be? A land army would be useless +for offence, and not the best nor safest instrument of defence. For +either of these purposes, the sea is the field on which we should +meet an European enemy. On that element it is necessary we should +possess some power. To aim at such a navy as the greater nations of +Europe possess, would be a foolish and wicked waste of the energies +of our countrymen. It would be to pull on our own heads that load of +military expence, which makes the European labourer go supperless to +bed, and moistens his bread with the sweat of his brows. It will be +enough if we enable ourselves to prevent insults from those nations +of Europe which are weak on the sea, because circumstances exist, +which render even the stronger ones weak as to us. Providence has +placed their richest and most defenceless possessions at our door; +has obliged their most precious commerce to pass as it were in review +before us. To protect this, or to assail us, a small part only of +their naval force will ever be risqued across the Atlantic. The +dangers to which the elements expose them here are too well known, +and the greater dangers to which they would be exposed at home, were +any general calamity to involve their whole fleet. They can attack +us by detachment only; and it will suffice to make ourselves equal to +what they may detach. Even a smaller force than they may detach will +be rendered equal or superior by the quickness with which any check +may be repaired with us, while losses with them will be irreparable +till too late. A small naval force then is sufficient for us, and a +small one is necessary. What this should be, I will not undertake to +say. I will only say, it should by no means be so great as we are +able to make it. Suppose the million of dollars, or 300,000 pounds, +which Virginia could annually spare without distress, to be applied +to the creating a navy. A single year's contribution would build, +equip, man, and send to sea a force which should carry 300 guns. The +rest of the confederacy, exerting themselves in the same proportion, +would equip in the same time 1500 guns more. So that one year's +contributions would set up a navy of 1800 guns. The British ships of +the line average 76 guns; their frigates 38. 1800 guns then would +form a fleet of 30 ships, 18 of which might be of the line, and 12 +frigates. Allowing 8 men, the British average, for every gun, their +annual expence, including subsistence, cloathing, pay, and ordinary +repairs, would be about 1280 dollars for every gun, or 2,304,000 +dollars for the whole. I state this only as one year's possible +exertion, without deciding whether more or less than a year's +exertion should be thus applied. + + The value of our lands and slaves, taken conjunctly, doubles in +about twenty years. This arises from the multiplication of our +slaves, from the extension of culture, and increased demand for +lands. The amount of what may be raised will of course rise in the +same proportion. + + + QUERY XXIII + + _The histories of the state, the memorials published in its +name in the time of its being a colthe pamphlets relating to its +interior or exterior affairs present or antient?_ + + Histories, &c. + Captain Smith, who next to Sir Walter Raleigh may be considered +as the founder of our colony, has written its history, from the first +adventures to it till the year 1624. He was a member of the council, +and afterwards president of the colony; and to his efforts +principally may be ascribed its support against the opposition of the +natives. He was honest, sensible, and well informed; but his style +is barbarous and uncouth. His history, however, is almost the only +source from which we derive any knowledge of the infancy of our +state. + + The reverend William Stith, a native of Virginia, and president +of its college, has also written the history of the same period, in a +large octavo volume of small print. He was a man of classical +learning, and very exact, but of no taste in style. He is inelegant, +therefore, and his details often too minute to be tolerable, even to +a native of the country, whose history he writes. + + Beverley, a native also, has run into the other extreme; he has +comprised our history, from the first propositions of Sir Walter +Raleigh to the year 1700, in the hundredth part of the space which +Stith employs for the fourth part of the period. + + Sir William Keith has taken it up at its earliest period, and +continued it to the year 1725. He is agreeable enough in style, and +passes over events of little importance. Of course he is short, and +would be preferred by a foreigner. + + During the regal government, some contest arose on the exaction +of an illegal fee by governor Dinwiddie, and doubtless there were +others on other occasions not at present recollected. It is +supposed, that these are not sufficiently interesting to a foreigner +to merit a detail. + + The petition of the council and burgesses of Virginia to the +king, their memorial to the lords, and remonstrance to the commons in +the year 1764, began the present contest: and these having proved +ineffectual to prevent the passage of the stamp-act, the resolutions +of the house of burgesses of 1765 were passed, declaring the +independance of the people of Virginia on the parliament of +Great-Britain, in matters of taxation. From that time till the +declaration of independance by congress in 1776, their journals are +filled with assertions of the public rights. + + The pamphlets published in this state on the controverted +question were, + 1766, An Enquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies, + by Richard Bland. + 1769, The Monitor's Letters, by Dr. Arthur Lee. + 1774, (* 1) A summary View of the Rights of British + America. + ---- Considerations, &c. by Robert Carter Nicholas. + + (* 1) By the author of these Notes. + + Since the declaration of independance this state has had no +controversy with any other, except with that of Pennsylvania, on +their common boundary. Some papers on this subject passed between +the executive and legislative bodies of the two states, the result of +which was a happy accommodation of their rights. + + To this account of our historians, memorials, and pamphlets, it +may not be unuseful to add a chronological catalogue of American +state-papers, as far as I have been able to collect their titles. It +is far from being either complete or correct. Where the title alone, +and not the paper itself, has come under my observation, I cannot +answer for the exactness of the date. Sometimes I have not been able +to find any date at all, and sometimes have not been satisfied that +such a paper exists. An extensive collection of papers of this +description has been for some time in a course of preparation by a (* +2) gentleman fully equal to the task, and from whom, therefore, we +may hope ere long to receive it. In the mean time accept this as the +result of my labours, and as closing the tedious detail which you +have so undesignedly drawn upon yourself. + + (* 2) Mr. Hazard. + + Pro Johanne Caboto et filiis suis super terra incognita +investiganda. 12. Ry. 595. 3. Hakl. 4. 2. Mem. Am. 409. + 1496, Mar. 5. II. H. 7. + + + Billa signata anno 13. Henrici septimi. 3. Hakluyt's voiages 5. + 1498, Feb. 3. 13. H. 7. + + De potestatibus ad terras incognitas investigandum. 13. Rymer. +37. + 1502, Dec. 19. 18. H. 7. + + Commission de Fransois I. a Jacques Cartier pour +l'establissement du Canada. L'Escarbot. 397. 2. Mem. Am. 416. + 1540, Oct. 17. + + An act against the exaction of money, or any other thing, by +any officer for license to traffique into Iseland and Newfoundland, +made in An. 2. Edwardi sexti. 3. Hakl. 131. + 1548, 2. E. 6. + + The letters-patent granted by her Majestie to Sir Humphrey +Gilbert, knight, for the inhabiting and planting of our people in +America. 3. Hakl. 135. + 1578, June 11, 20. El. + + Letters-patents of Queen Elizabeth to Adrian Gilbert and +others, to discover the Northwest passage to China. 3. Hakl. 96. + 1583, Feb. 6. + + The letters-patents granted by the Queen's majestie to M. +Walter Raleigh, now knight, for the discovering and planting of new +lands and countries, to continue the space of 6 years and no more. 3. +Hakl. 243. + 1584, Mar. 25, 26 El. + + An assignment by Sir Walter Raleigh for continuing the action +of inhabiting and planting his people in Virginia. Hakl. 1st. ed. +publ. in 1589, p. 815. + Mar. 7. 31 El. + + Lettres de Lieutenant General de l'Acadie & pays circonvoisins +pour le Sieur de Monts. L'Escarbot. 417. + 1603, Nov. 8. + + Letters-patent to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers and +others, for two several colonies to be made in Virginia and other +parts of America. Stith. Append. No. 1. + 1606 Apr, 10, 4 Jac. 1. + + An ordinance and constitution enlarging the council of the two +colonies in Virginia and America, and augmenting their authority, M. +S. + 1607, Mar. 9, 4. Jac. 1. + + The second charter to the treasurer and company for Virginia, +erecting them into a body politick. Stith. Ap. 2. + 1609, May 23. 7. Jac. 1. + + Letters-patents to the E. of Northampton, granting part of the +island of Newfoundland. 1. Harris. 861. + 1610, Apr. 10. Jac. 1. + + A third charter to the treasurer and company for Virginia. -- +Stith. App. 3. + 1611, Mar. 12. 9. Jac. 1. + + A commission to Sir Walter Raleigh. Qu.? + 1617, Jac. 1. + + Commissio specialis concernens le garbling herbae Nicotianae. +17. Rym. 190. + 1620, Apr, 7. 18. Jac. 1. + + A proclamation for restraint of the disordered trading of +tobacco. 17. Rym. 233. + 1620, June 29. 18. Jac. 1. + + A grant of New England to the council of Plymouth. + 1620 Nov. 3. Jac. 1. + + An ordinance and constitution of the treasurer, council and +company in England, for a council of state and general assembly in +Virginia. Stith. App. 4. + 1621 July 24. Jac. 1. + + A grant of Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander. 2. Mem. de +l'Amerique. 193. + 1621, Sep. 10 - 20. Jac. 1. + + A proclamation prohibiting interloping and disorderly trading +to New England in America. 17. Rym. 416. + 1622, Nov. 6. 20. Jac. 1. + + De Commissione speciali Willielmo Jones militi directa. 17. +Rym. 490. + 1623, May 9. 21. Jac. 1. + + A grant to Sir Edmund Ployden, of New Albion. Mentioned in +Smith's examination. 82. + 1623. + + De Commissione Henrico vice-comiti Mandevill & aliis. 17. Rym. +609. + 1624, July 15. 22. Jac. 1. + + De Commissione speciali concernenti gubernationem in Virginia. +17. Rym. 618. + 1624, Aug. 26. 22. Jac. 1. + + A proclamation concerning tobacco. 17. Rym. 621. + 1624, Sep. 29. 22. Jac. 1. + + De concessione demiss. Edwardo Dichfield et aliis. 17. Rym. +633. + 1624, Nov. 9. 22. Jac. 1. + + A proclamation for the utter prohibiting the importation and +use of all tobacco which is not of the proper growth of the colony of +Virginia and the Somer islands, or one of them. 17. Rym. 668. + 1625, Mar. 2. 22. Jac. 1. + + De commissione directa Georgio Yardeley militi et aliis. 18. +Rym. 311. + 1625, Mar. 4. 1. Car. 1. + + Proclamatio de herba Nicotiana. 18. Rym. 19. + 1625, Apr. 9. 1. Car. 1. + + A proclamation for settlinge the plantation of Virginia. 18. +Rym. 72. + 1625, May 13. 1. Car. 1. + + A grant of the soil, barony, and domains of Nova Scotia to Sir +Wm. Alexander of Minstrie. 2. Mem. Am. 226. + 1625, July 12. + + Commissio directa Johanni Wolstenholme militi et aliis. 18. +Ry. 831. + 1626, Jan. 31. 2. Car 1. + + A proclamation touching tobacco. Ry. 848. + 1626, Feb. 17. 2. Car. 1. + + A grant of Massachuset's bay by the council of Plymouth to Sir +Henry Roswell and others. + 1627, Mar. 19. qu.? + 2. Car. 1. + + De concessione commissionis specialis pro concilio in Virginia. +18. Ry. 980. + 1627, Mar. 26. 3. Car. 1. + + De proclamatione de signatione de tobacco. 18. Ry. 886. + 1627, Mar. 30. 3. Car. 1. + + De proclamatione pro ordinatione de tobacco. 18. Ry. 920. + 1627, Aug. 9. 3. Car. 1. + + A confirmation of the grant of Massachuset's bay by the crown. + 1628, Mar. 4. 3. Car. 1. + + The capitulation of Quebec. Champlain part. 2. 216. 2. Mem. +Am. 489. + 1629, Aug. 19. + + A proclamation concerning tobacco. 19. Ry. 235. + 1630, Jan. 6. 5. Car. 1. + + Conveyance of Nova Scotia (Port-royal excepted) by Sir William +Alexander to Sir Claude St. Etienne Lord of la Tour and of Uarre and +to his son Sir Charles de St. Etienne Lord of St. Denniscourt, on +condition that they continue subjects to the king of Scotland under +the great seal of Scotland. + 1630, April 30. + + A proclamation forbidding the disorderly trading with the +salvages in New England in America, especially the furnishing the +natives in those and other parts of America by the English with +weapons and habiliments of warre. 19. Ry. 210. 3. Rushw. 82. + 1630 - 31, Nov. 24. + 6. Car. 1. + + A proclamation prohibiting the selling arms, &c. to the savages +in America. Mentioned 3. Rushw. 75. + 1630, Dec. 5. 6. Car. 1. + + A grant of Connecticut by the council of Plymouth to the E. of +Warwick. + 1630, Car. 1. + + A confirmation by the crown of the grant of Connecticut [said +to be in the petty bag office in England]. + 1630, Car. 1. + + A conveiance of Connecticut by the E. of Warwick to Lord Say +and Seal and others. Smith's examination, App. No. 1. + 1631, Mar. 19. 6. Car. 1. + + A special commission to Edward Earle of Dorsett and others for +the better plantation of the colony of Virginia. 19. Ry. 301. + 1631, June 27. 7. Car. 1. + + Litere continentes promissionem regis ad tradendum castrum et +habitationem de Kebec in Canada ad regem Francorum. 19. Ry. 303. + 1631, June 29. 7. Car. 1. + + Traite entre le roy Louis XIII. et Charles roi d'Angleterre +pour la restitution de la nouvelle France, la Cadie et Canada et des +navires et merchandises pris de part et d'autre. Fait a St. Germain. +19. Ry. 361. 2. Mem. Am. 5. + 1632, Mar. 29. 8. Car. 1. + + A grant of Maryland to Caecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore in +Ireland. + 1632, June 20. 8. Car. 1. + + A petition of the planters of Virginia against the grant to +Lord Baltimore. + 1633, July 3. 9. Car. 1. + + + Order of council upon the dispute between the Virginia planters +and lord Baltimore. Votes of repres. of Pennsylvania. V. + 1633, July 3. + + A proclamation to prevent abuses growing by the unordered +retailing of tobacco. Mentioned 3. Rushw. 191. + 1633, Aug. 13. 9. Car. 1. + + A special commission to Thomas Young to search, discover and +find out what parts are not yet inhabited in Virginia and America and +other parts thereunto adjoining. 19. Ry. 472. + 1633, Sept. 23. 9. Car. 1. + + A proclamation for preventing of the abuses growing by the +unordered retailing of tobacco. 19. Ry. 474. + 1633, Oct. 13. 9. Car. 1. + + A proclamation restraining the abusive venting of tobacco. 19. +Rym. 522. + 1634, Mar. 13. Car. 1. + + A proclamation concerning the landing of tobacco, and also +forbidding the planting thereof in the king's dominions. 19. Ry. 553. + 1634, May 19. 10. Car. 1. + + A commission to the Archbishop of Canterbury and 11 others, for +governing the American colonies. + 1634, Car. 1. + + A commission concerning tobacco. M. S. + 1634, June 19. 10. Car. 1. + + A commission from Lord Say and Seal, and others, to John +Winthrop to be governor of Connecticut. Smith's App. + 1635, July 18. 11. Car. 1. + + A grant to Duke Hamilton. + 1635, Car. 1. + + De commissione speciali Johanni Harvey militi pro meliori +regimine coloniae in Virginia. 20. Ry. 3. + 1636, Apr. 2. 12. Car. 1. + + A proclamation concerning tobacco. Title in 3. Rush. 617. + 1637, Mar. 14. Car. 1. + + De commissione speciali Georgio domino Goring et aliis concessa +concernente venditionem de tobacco absque licentia regia. 20. Ry. +116. + 1636 - 7, Mar. 16. + 12. Car. 1. + + A proclamation against the disorderly transporting his +Majesty's subjects to the plantations within the parts of America. +20. Ry. 143. 3. Rush. 409. + 1637, Apr. 30. 13. Car. 1. + + An order of the privy council to stay 8 ships now in the Thames +from going to New-England. 3. Rush. 409. + 1637, May 1. 13. Car. 1. + + A warrant of the Lord Admiral to stop unconformable ministers +from going beyond sea. 3. Rush. 410. + 1637, Car. 1. + + Order of council upon Claiborne's petition against Lord +Baltimore. Votes of representatives of Pennsylvania. vi. + 1638, Apr. 4. Car. 1. + + An order of the king and council that the attorney-general draw +up a proclamation to prohibit transportation of passengers to +New-England without license. 3. Rush. 718. + 1638, Apr. 6. 14. Car. 1. + + A proclamation to restrain the transporting of passengers and +provisions to New-England without licence. 20. Ry. 223. + 1638, May 1. 14. Car. 1. + + A proclamation concerning tobacco. Title 4. Rush. 1060. + 1639, Mar. 25. Car. 1. + + A proclamation declaring his majesty's pleasure to continue his +commission and letters patents for licensing retailers of tobacco. +20. Ry. 348. + 1639, Aug. 19. 15. Car. 1. + + De commissione speciali Henrico Ashton armigero et aliis ad +amovendum Henricum Hawley gubernatorem de Barbadoes. 20. Ry. 357. + 1639, Dec. 16. 15. Car. 1. + + A proclamation concerning retailers of tobacco. 4. Rush. 966. + 1639, Car. 1. + + De constitutione gubernatoris et concilii pro Virginia. 20. +Ry. 484. + 1641, Aug. 9. 17. Car. 1. + + Articles of union and confederacy entered into by Massachusets, +Plymouth, Connecticut and New-haven. 1. Neale. 223. + 1643, Car. 1. + + Deed from George Fenwick to the old Connecticut jurisdiction. + 1644, Car. 1. + + An ordinance of the lords and commons assembled in parliament, +for exempting from custom and imposition all commodities exported +for, or imported from New-England, which has been very prosperous and +without any public charge to this state, and is likely to prove very +happy for the propagation of the gospel in those parts. Tit. in +Amer. library 90. 5. No date. But seems by the neighbouring articles +to have been in 1644. + + An act for charging of tobacco brought from New-England with +custom and excise. Title in American library. 99. 8. + 1644, June 20. Car. 2. + + An act for the advancing and regulating the trade of this +commonwealth. Tit. Amer. libr. 99. 9. + 1644, Aug. 1. Car. 2. + + Grant of the Northern neck of Virginia to Lord Hopton, Lord +Jermyn, Lord Culpeper, Sir John Berkely, Sir William Moreton, Sir +Dudly Wyatt, and Thomas Culpeper. + 1644, Sept. 18. 1. Car. 2. + + An act prohibiting trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermudas +and Antego. Scoble's Acts. 1027. + 1650, Oct. 3. 2. Car. 2. + + A declaration of Lord Willoughby, governor of Barbadoes, and of +his council, against an act of parliament of 3d of October 1650. 4. +Polit. register. 2. cited from 4. Neale. hist. of the Puritans. App. +No. 12. but not there. + 1650, Car. 2. + + A final settlement of boundaries between the Dutch New +Netherlands and Connecticut. + 1650, Car. 2. + + Instructions for Captain Robert Dennis, Mr. Richard Bennet, Mr. +Thomas Stagge, and Capt. William Clabourne, appointed commissioners +for the reducing of Virginia and the inhabitants thereof to their due +obedience to the commonwealth of England. 1. Thurloe's state +papers. 197. + 1651, Sept. 26. 3. Car. 2. + + An act for increase of shipping and encouragement of the +navigation of this nation. Scobell's acts. 1449. + 1651, Oct. 9. 3. Car. 2. + + Articles agreed on and concluded at James cittie in Virginia +for the surrendering and settling of that plantation under the +obedience and government of the commonwealth of England, by the +commissioners of the council of state, by authoritie of the +parliament of England, and by the grand assembly of the governor, +council, and burgesse of that state. M. S. [Ante. pa. 201.] + 1651 - 2, Mar. 12. + 4.Car. 2. + + An act of indempnitie made at the surrender of the countrey [of +Virginia.] [Ante. p. 206.] + 1651 - 2, Mar. 12. + 4. Car. 2. + + Capitulation de Port-Royal. mem. Am. 507. + 1654, Aug. 16. + + A proclamation of the protector relating to Jamaica. 3. Thurl. +75. + 1655, Car. 2. + + The protector to the commissioners of Maryland. A letter. 4. +Thurl. 55. + 1655, Sept. 26. 7. Car. 2. + + An instrument made at the council of Jamaica, Oct. 8, 1655, for +the better carrying on of affairs there. 4. Thurl. 71. + 1655, Oct. 8. 7. Car. 2. + + Treaty of Westminster between France and England. 6. corps +diplom. part 2. p. 121. 2. Mem. Am. 10. + 1655, Nov. 3. + + The assembly at Barbadoes to the Protector. 4. Thurl. 651. + 1656, Mar. 27. 8. Car. 2. + + A grant by Cromwell to Sir Charles de Saint Etienne, a baron of +Scotland, Crowne and Temple. A French translation of it. 2. Mem. Am. +511. + 1656, Aug. 9. + + A paper concerning the advancement of trade. 5. Thurl. 80. + 1656, Car. 2. + + A brief narration of the English rights to the Northern parts +of America. 5. Thurl. 81. + 1656, Car. 2. + + Mr. R. Bennet and Mr. S. Matthew to Secretary Thurloe. 5. +Thurl. 482. + 1656, Oct. 10. 8. Car. 2. + + Objections against the Lord Baltimore's patent, and reasons why +the government of Maryland should not be put into his hands. 5. +Thurl. 482. + 1656, Oct. 10. 8. Car. 2. + + A paper relating to Maryland. 5. Thurl. 483. + 1656, Oct. 10. 8. Car. 2. + + A breviet of the proceedings of the lord Baltimore and his +officers and compliers in Maryland against the authority of the +parliament of the commonwealth of England and against his highness +the lord protector's authority laws and government. 5. Thurl. 486. + 1656, Oct. 10. 8. Car. 2. + + The assembly of Virginia to secretary Thurlow. 5. Thurl. 497. + 1656, Oct. 15. 8. Car. 2. + + The governor of Barbadoes to the protector. 6. Thurl. 169. + 1657, Apr. 4. 9. Car. 2. + + Petition of the general court at Hartford upon Connecticut for +a charter. Smith's exam. App. 4. + 1661, Car. 2. + + Charter of the colony of Connecticut. Smith's examn. App. 6. + 1662, Ap. 23. 14. Car. 2. + + The first charter granted by Charles II. to the proprietaries +of Carolina, to wit, to the Earl of Clarendon, Duke of Albemarle, +Lord Craven, Lord Berkeley, Lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret, Sir +William Berkeley, and Sir John Colleton. 4. mem. Am. 554. + 1662 - 3, Mar. 24. Apr. 4.15. Car. 2. + + The concessions and agreement of the lords proprietors of the +province of New Caesarea, or New-Jersey, to and with all and every of +the adventurers and all such as shall settle or plant there. Smith's +New-Jersey. App. 1. + 1664, Feb. 10. + + A grant of the colony of New-York to the Duke of York. + 1664, Mar. 12. + 20. Car. 2. + + A commission to Colonel Nichols and others to settle disputes +in New-England. Hutch. Hist. Mass. Bay. App. 537. + 1664, Apr. 26. + 16. Car. 2. + + The commission to Sir Robert Carre and others to put the Duke +of York in possession of New-York, New-Jersey, and all other lands +thereunto appertaining. + Sir Robert Carre and others proclamation to the inhabitants of +New-York, New-Jersey, &c. Smith's N. J. 36. + 1664, Apr. 26. + + Deeds of lease and release of New-Jersey by the Duke of York to +Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. + 1664, June 23, 24. + 16. C. 2. + A conveiance of the Delaware counties to William Penn. + + Letters between Stuyvesant and Colonel Nichols on the English +right. Smith's N. J. 37 - 42. + 1664, Aug. 19 - 29, + 20 - 30, 24. + Aug. 25. Sept. 4. + + Treaty between the English and Dutch for the surrender of the +New-Netherlands. Sm. N. Jers. 42. + 1664, Aug. 27. + + Nicoll's commission to Sir Robert Carre to reduce the Dutch on +Delaware bay. Sm. N. J. 47. + Sept. 3. + Instructions to Sir Robert Carre for reducing of Delaware bay +and settling the people there under his majesty's obedience. Sm. N. +J. 47. + + Articles of capitulation between Sir Robert Carre and the Dutch +and Swedes on Delaware bay and Delaware river. Sm. N. J. 49. + 1664, Oct. 1. + + The determination of the commissioners of the boundary between +the Duke of York and Connecticut. Sm. Ex. Ap. 9. + 1664, Dec. 1. 16. Car. 2. + + The New Haven case. Smith's Ex. Ap. 20. + 1664. + + + The second charter granted by Charles II. to the same +proprietors of Carolina. 4. Mem. Am. 586. + 1665, June 13 - 24. + 17. C. 2. + + Declaration de guerre par la France contre l'Angleterre. 3. +Mem. Am. 123. + 1666, Jan. 26. + + Declaration of war by the king of England against the king of +France. + 1666, Feb. 9. 17. Car. 2. + + The treaty of peace between France and England made at Breda. +7. Corps Dipl. part 1. p. 41. 2. Mem. Am. 32. + 1667, July 31. + + The treaty of peace and alliance between England and the United +Provinces made at Breda. 7. Cor. Dip. p. 1. p. 44. 2. Mem. Am. 40. + 1667, July 31. + + Acte de la cession de l'Acadie au roi de France. 2. Mem. Am. +292. + 1667 - 8, Feb. 17. + + Directions from the governor and council of New York for a +better settlement of the government on Delaware. Sm. N. J. 51. + 1668, April 21. + + Lovelace's order for customs at the Hoarkills. Sm. N. J. 55. + 1668. + + A confirmation of the grant of the northern neck of Virginia to +the Earl of St. Alban's, Lord Berkeley, Sir William Moreton and John +Tretheway. + 16 -- May 8. 21. Car. 2. + + Incorporation of the town of Newcastle or Amstell. + 1672. + + A demise of the colony of Virginia to the Earl of Arlington and +Lord Culpeper for 31 years. M. S. + 1673, Feb. 25. 25. Car. 2. + + Treaty at London between king Charles II. and the Dutch. +Article VI. + 1673 - 4. + + Remonstrances against the two grants of Charles II. of Northern +and Southern Virginia. Ment'd. Beverley. 65. + + Sir George Carteret's instructions to Governor Carteret. + 1674, July 13. + + Governor Andros's proclamation on taking possession of +Newcastle for the Duke of York. Sm. N. J. 78. + 1674, Nov. 9. + + A proclamation for prohibiting the importation of commodities +of Europe into any of his majesty's plantations in Africa, Asia, or +America, which were not laden in England: and for putting all other +laws relating to the trade of the plantations in effectual execution. + 1675, Oct. 1. 27. Car. 2. + + The concessions and agreements of the proprietors, freeholders +and inhabitants of the province of West-New-Jersey in America. Sm. N. +J. App. 2. + 1676, Mar. 3. + + A deed quintipartite for the division of New-Jersey. + 1676, July 1. + + Letter from the proprietors of New-Jersey to Richard +Hartshorne. Sm. N. J. 80.Proprietors instructions to James Wasse and +Richard Hartshorne. Sm. N. J. 83. + 1676, Aug. 18. + + The charter of king Charles II. to his subjects of Virginia. +M. S. + 1676, Oct. 10. 28. Car. 2. + + Cautionary epistle from the trustees of Byllinge's part of +New-Jersey. Sm. N. J. 84. + 1676. + + Indian deed for the lands between Rankokas creek and Timber +creek, in New-Jersey. + 1677, Sept. 10. + + Indian deed for the lands from Oldman's creek to Timber creek, +in New-Jersey. + 1677, Sept. 27. + + Indian deed for the lands from Rankokas creek to Assunpink +creek, in New-Jersey. + 1677, Oct. 10. + + The will of Sir George Carteret, sole proprietor of +East-Jersey, ordering the same to be sold. + 1678, Dec. 5. + + An order of the king in council for the better encouragement of +all his majesty's subjects in their trade to his majesty's +plantations, and for the better information of all his majesty's +loving subjects in these matters. Lond. Gaz No. 1596. Title in Amer. +library. 134. 6. + 1680, Feb. 16. + + Arguments against the customs demanded in New-West-Jersey by +the governor of New-York, addressed to the Duke's commissioners. Sm. +N. J. 117. + 1680. + + Extracts of proceedings of the committee of trade and +plantations; copies of letters, reports, &c. between the board of +trade, Mr. Penn, Lord Baltimore and Sir John Werden, in the behalf of +the Duke of York and the settlement of the Pennsylvania boundaries by +the L. C. J. North. Votes of Repr. Pennsyl. vii. - xiii. + 1680, June 14. 23. 25. + Oct. 16. + Nov. 4. 8. 11. 18. 20. 23. + Dec. 16. + 1680-1, Jan. 15. 22. + Feb. 24. + + A grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn. Votes of Represen. +Pennsylv. xviii. + 1681, Mar. 4. Car. 2. + + The king's declaration to the inhabitants and planters of the +province of Pennsylvania. Vo. Rep. Penn. xxiv. + 1681, Apr. 2. + + Certain conditions or concessions agreed upon by William Penn, +proprietary and governor of Pennsylvania, and those who are the +adventurers and purchasers in the same province. Votes of Rep. +Pennsylv. xxiv. + 1681, July 11. + + Fundamental laws of the province of West-New-Jersey. Sm. N. J. +126. + 1681, Nov. 9. + + The methods of the commissioners for settling and regulation of +lands in New-Jersey. Sm. N. J. 130. + 1681 - 2, Jan. 14. + + Indentures of lease and release by the executors of Sir George +Carteret to William Penn and 11 others, conveying East-Jersey. + + 1681 - 2, Feb. 1. 2. + + The Duke of York's fresh grant of East-New-Jersey to the 24 +proprietors. + 1682, Mar. 14. + + The Frame of the government of the province of Pennsylvania, in +America. Votes of Repr. Penn. xxvii. + 1682, Apr. 25. + + The Duke of York's deed for Pennsylvania. Vo. Repr. Penn. +xxxv. + 1682, Aug. 21. + + The Duke of York's deed of feoffment of Newcastle and twelve +miles circle to William Penn. Vo. Repr. Penn. + 1682, Aug. 24. + + The Duke of York's deed of feoffment of a tract of land 12 +miles south from Newcastle to the Whorekills, to William Penn. Vo. +Repr. Penn. xxxvii. + 1682, Aug. 24. + + A commission to Thomas Lord Culpeper to be lieutenant and +governor-general of Virginia. M. S. + 1682, Nov. 27. 34. Car. 2. + + An act of union for annexing and uniting of the counties of +Newcastle, Jones's and Whorekill's alias Deal, to the province of +Pennsylvania, and of naturalization of all foreigners in the province +and counties aforesaid. + 1682, 10th month, 6th day. + + An act of settlement. + 1682, Dec. 6. + + The frame of the government of the province of Pennsylvania and +territories thereunto annexed in America. + 1683, Apr. 2. + + Proceedings of the committee of trade and plantations in the +dispute between Lord Baltimore and Mr. Penn. Vo. R. P. xiii - xviii. + 1683, Apr. 17, 27. 1684, Feb. 12. 1685, Mar. 17. + May 30. July 2, 16, 23. Aug. 18. 26. + June 12. Sept. 30. Sept. 2. + Dec. 9. Oct. 8. 17, 31. + Nov. 7. + + A commission by the proprietors of East-New-Jersey to Robert +Barclay to be governor. Sm. N. J. 166. + 1683, July 17. + + An order of council for issuing a quo warranto against the +charter of the colony of the Massachuset's bay in New-England, with +his majesty's declaration that in case the said corporation of +Masschuset's bay shall before prosecution had upon the same quo +warranto make a full submission and entire resignation to his royal +pleasure, he will then regulate their charter in such a manner as +shall be for his service and the good of that colony. Title in Amer. +library. 139. 6. + 1683, July 26. 35. Car. 2. + + A commission to Lord Howard of Effingham to be lieutenant and +governor-general of Virginia. M. S. + 1683, Sept. 28. 35. Car. 2. + + The humble address of the chief governor, council and +representatives of the island of Nevis, in the West-Indies, presented +to his majesty by Colonel Netheway and Captain Jefferson, at Windsor, +May 3, 1684. Title in Amer. libr. 142. 3. cites Lond. Gaz. No. 1927. + 1684, May 3. + + A treaty with the Indians at Albany. + 1684, Aug. 2. + + A treaty of neutrality for America between France and England. +7. Corps. Dipl. part 2. p. 44. 2. Mem. Am. 40. + 1686, Nov. 16. + + By the king, a proclamation for the more effectual reducing and +suppressing of pirates and privateers in America, as well on the sea +as on the land in great numbers, committing frequent robberies and +piracies, which hath occasioned a great prejudice and obstruction to +trade and commerce, and given a great scandal and disturbance to our +government in those parts. Title Amer. libr. 147. 2. cites Lond. +Gaz. No. 2315. + 1687, Jan. 20. + + Constitution of the council of proprietors of West-Jersey. +Smith's N. Jersey. 199. + 1687, Feb. 12. + + A confirmation of the grant of the northern neck of Virginia to +Lord Culpeper. + 1687, qu. Sept. 27. + 4. Jac. 2. + + Governor Coxe's declaration to the council of proprietors of +West-Jersey. Sm. N. J. 190. + 1687, Sept. 5. + + Provisional treaty of Whitehall concerning America between +France and England. 2. Mem. de l'Am. 89. + 1687, Dec. 16. + + Governor Coxe's narrative relating to the division line, +directed to the council of proprietors of West-Jersey. Sm. App. N. 4. + + The representation of the council of proprietors of West-Jersey +to Governor Burnet. Smith. App. No. 5. + + The remonstrance and petition of the inhabitants of +East-New-Jersey to the king. Sm. App. No. 8. + + The memorial of the proprietors of East-New-Jersey to the Lords +of trade. Sm. App. No. 9. + + Agreement of the line of partition between East and +West-New-Jersey. Sm. N. J. 196. + 1688, Sept. 5. + + Conveiance of the government of West-Jersey and territories by +Dr. Coxe, to the West-Jersey society. + 1691. + + A charter granted by King William and Queen Mary to the +inhabitants of the province of Massachuset's bay in New-England. 2. +Mem. de l'Am. 593. + 1691, Oct. 7. + + The frame of government of the province of Pennsylvania and the +territories thereunto belonging, passed by Governor Markham. Nov. 7, +1696. + 1696, Nov. 7. + + The treaty of peace between France and England, made at +Ryswick. 7. Corps Dipl. part. 2. p. 399. 2. Mem. Am. 89. + 1697, Sept. 20. + + The opinion and answer of the lords of trade to the memorial of +the proprietors of East-New-Jersey. Sm. App. No. 10. + 1699, July 5. + + The memorial of the proprietors of East-New-Jersey to the Lords +of trade. Sm. App. No. 11. + The petition of the proprietors of East and West-New-Jersey to +the Lords justices of England. Sm. App. No. 12. + 1700, Jan. 15. + + A confirmation of the boundary between the colonies of New-York +and Connecticut, by the crown. + 1700, W. 3. + + The memorial of the proprietors of East and West-Jersey to the +king. Sm. App. No. 14. + 1701, Aug. 12. + + Representation of the lords of trade to the lords justices. +Sm. App. No. 13. + 1701, Oct. 2. + + A treaty with the Indians. + 1701. + + Report of lords of trade to king William of draughts of a +commission and instructions for a governor of New-Jersey. Sm. N. J. +262. + 1701 - 2, Jan. 6. + + Surrender from the proprietors of E. and W. N. Jersey of their +pretended right of government to her majesty Q. Anne. Sm. N. J. 211. + 1702, Apr. 15. + + The Queen's acceptance of the surrender of government of East +and West-Jersey. Sm. N. J. 219. + 1702, Apr. 17. + + Instructions to lord Cornbury. Sm. N. J. 230. + 1702, Nov. 16. + + A commission from Queen Anne to Lord Cornbury, to be +captain-general and governor in chief of New-Jersey. Sm. N. J. 220. + 1702, Dec. 5. + + Recognition by the council of proprietors of the true boundary +of the deeds of Sept. 10 and Oct. 10, 1677. (New-Jersey). Sm. N. J. +96. + 1703, June 27. + + Indian deed for the lands above the falls of the Delaware in +West-Jersey.Indian deed for the lands at the head of Rankokus river +in West-Jersey. + 1703. + + A proclamation by Queen Anne for settling and ascertaining the +current rates of foreign coins in America. Sm. N. J. 281. + 1704, June 18. + + Additional instructions to Lord Cornbury. Sm. N. J. 235. + 1705, May 3. + + Additional instructions to Lord Cornbury. Sm. N. J. 258. + 1707, May 3. + + Additional instructions to Lord Cornbury. Sm. N. J. 259. + 1707, Nov. 20. + + An answer by the council of proprietors for the western +division of New-Jersey, to questions, proposed to them by Lord +Cornbury. Sm. N. J. 285. + 1707. + + Instructions to Colonel Vetch in his negociations with the +governors of America. Sm. N. J. 364. + 1708 - 9, Feb. 28. + + Instructions to the governor of New-Jersey and New-York. Sm. +N. J. 361. + 1708 - 9, Feb. 28. + + Earl of Dartmouth's letter to governor Hunter. + 1710, Aug. + + Premieres propositions de la France. 6. Lamberty, 669. 2. Mem. +Am. 341. + 1711, Apr. 22. + + Reponses de la France aux demandes preliminaires de la +Grande-Bretagne. 6. Lamb. 681. 2. Mem. Amer. 344. + 1711, Oct. 8. + + Demandes preliminaires plus particulieres de la +Grande-Bretagne, avec les reponses. 2. Mem. de l'Am. 346. + 1711, Sept. 27. + -------- + Oct. 8. + + L'acceptation de la part de la Grande-Bretagne. 2. Mem. Am. +356. + 1711, Sept. 27. + -------- + Oct. 8. + + The queen's instructions to the Bishop of Bristol and Earl of +Strafford, her plenipotentiaries, to treat of a general peace. 6. +Lamberty, 744. 2. Mem. Am. 358. + 1711, Dec. 23. + + A memorial of Mr. St. John to the Marquis de Torci, with regard +to North America, to commerce, and to the suspension of arms. 7. +Recueil de Lamberty, 161. 2. Mem. de l'Amer. 376. + 1712, May 24. + ------ + June 10. + + Reponse du roi de France au memoire de Londres. 7. Lamberty, p. +163. 2. Mem. Am. 380. + 1712, June 10. + + Traite pour une suspension d'armes entre Louis XIV. roi de +France, & Anne, reigne de la Grande-Bretagne, fait a Paris. 8. Corps +Diplom. part. 1. p. 308. 2. Mem. d'Am. 104. + 1712, Aug. 19. + + Offers of France to England, demands of England, and the +answers of France. 7. Rec. de Lamb. 491. 2. Mem. Am. 390. + 1712, Sept. 10. + + Traite de paix & d'amitie entre Louis XIV. roi de France, & +Anne, reine de la Grande-Bretagne, fait a Utrecht. 15. Corps +Diplomatique de Dumont, 339. id. Latin. 2. Actes & memoires de la +pais d'Utrecht, 457. id. Lat. Fr. 2. Mem. Am. 113. + 1713, Mar. 31. + ------- + Apr. 11. + + Traite de navigation & de commerce entre Louis XIV. roi de +France, & Anne, reine de la Grande-Bretagne. Fait a Utrecht. 8. +Corps. Dipl. part. 1. p. 345. 2. Mem. de l'Am. 137. + 1713, Mar. 31. + ------- + Apr. 11. + + A treaty with the Indians. + 1726. + + The petition of the representatives of the province of +New-Jersey, to have a distinct governor. Sm. N. J. 421. + 1728, Jan. + + Deed of release by the government of Connecticut to that of +New-York. + 1732, G. 2. + + The charter granted by George II. for Georgia. 4. Mem. de l'Am. +617. + 1732, June 9 - 20. 5. G. 2. + + Petition of Lord Fairfax, that a commission might issue for +running and marking the dividing line between his district and the +province of Virginia. + 1733. + + Order of the king in council for Commissioners to survey and +settle the said dividing line between the proprietary and royal +territory. + 1733, Nov. 29. + + Report of the lords of trade relating to the separating the +government of the province of New-Jersey from New-York. Sm. N. J. +423. + 1736, Aug. 5. + + Survey and report of the commissioners appointed on the part of +the crown to settle the line between the crown and Lord Fairfax. + 1737, Aug. 10. + + Survey and report of the commissioners appointed on the part of +Lord Fairfax to settle the line between the crown and him. + 1737, Aug. 11. + + Order of reference of the surveys between the crown and Lord +Fairfax to the council for plantation affairs. + 1738, Dec. 21. + + Treaty with the Indians of the 6 nations at Lancaster. + 1744, June + + Report of the council for plantation affairs, fixing the head +springs of Rappahanoc and Patowmac, and a commission to extend the +line. + 1745, Apr. 6. + + Order of the king in council confirming the said report of the +council for plantation affairs. + 1745, Apr. 11. + + Articles preliminaires pour parvenir a la paix, signes a +Aix-la-Chapelle entre les ministres de France, de la Grande-Bretagne, +& des Provinces-Unies des Pays-Bas. 2. Mem. de l'Am. 159. + 1748, Apr. 30. + + Declaration des ministres de France, de la Grande-Bretagne, & +des Provinces-Unies des Pays-Bas, pour rectifier les articles I. & +II. des preliminaires. 2. Mem. Am. 165. + 1748, May 21. + + The general and definitive treaty of peace concluded at +Aix-la-Chapelle. Lond. Mag. 1748. 503 French. 2. Mem. Am. 169. + 1748, Oct. 7 - 18. + 22. G. 2. + + A treaty with the Indians. + 1754. + + A conference between Governor Bernard and Indian nations at +Burlington. Sm. N. J. 449. + 1758, Aug. 7. + + A conference between Governor Denny, Governor Bernard and +others, and Indian nations at Easton. Sm. N. J. 455. + 1758, Oct. 8. + + The capitulation of Niagara. + 1759, July 25. 33. G. 2. + + The king's proclamation promising lands to souldiers. + 175 -- + + The definitive treaty concluded at Paris. Lond. Mag. 1763. +149. + 1763, Feb. 10. 3. G. 3. + + A proclamation for regulating the cessions made by the last +treaty of peace. Guth. Geogr. Gram. 623. + 1763, Oct. 7. G. 3. + + The king's proclamation against settling on any lands on the +waters, westward of the Alleghaney. + 1763. + + Deed from the six nations of Indians to William Trent and +others for lands betwixt the Ohio and Monongahela. View of the title +to Indiana. Phil. Styner and Cist. 1776. + 1768, Nov. 3. + + Deed from the six nations of Indians to the crown for certain +lands and settling a boundary. M. S. + 1768, Nov. 5. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/virtcom b/textfiles.com/politics/virtcom new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eedee847 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/virtcom @@ -0,0 +1,949 @@ + A SLICE OF LIFE IN MY VIRTUAL COMMUNITY + + by Howard Rheingold June 1992 + +Editor +Whole Earth Review +27 Gate Five Road +Sausalito, CA 94965 +Tel: 415 332 1716 +Fax: 415 332 3110 +Internet: hlr@well.sf.ca.us + +[[[Note: In 1988, _Whole Earth Review_ published my article, "Virtual +Communities." Four years later, I reread it and realized that I had +learned a few things, and that the world I was observing had changed. +So I rewrote it. The original version is available on the WELL as +/uh/72/hlr/virtual_communities88. + +Portions of this will appear in "Globalizing Networks: Computers and +International Communication," edited by Linda Harasim and Jan Walls for +MIT press. Portions of this will appear in "Virtual Communities," by +Howard Rheingold, Addison-Wesley. Portions of this may find their way +into Whole Earth Review. + +This is a world-readable file, and I think these are important issues; +encourage distribution, but I do ask for fair use: Don't remove my name +from my words when you quote or reproduce them, don't change them, and +don't impair my ability to make a living with them. Howard Rheingold]]] + + I'm a writer, so I spend a lot of time alone in a room with my words +and my thoughts. On occasion, I venture outside to interview people or +to find information. After work, I reenter the human community, via my +family, my neighborhood, my circle of acquaintances. But that regime +left me feeling isolated and lonely during the working day, with few +opportunities to expand my circle of friends. For the past seven years, +however, I have participated in a wide-ranging, intellectually +stimulating, professionally rewarding, sometimes painful, and often +intensely emotional ongoing interchange with dozens of new friends, +hundreds of colleagues, thousands of acquaintances. And I still spend +many of my days in a room, physically isolated. My mind, however, is +linked with a worldwide collection of like-minded (and not so like- +minded) souls: My virtual community. + + Virtual communities emerged from a surprising intersection of +humanity and technology. When the ubiquity of the world +telecommunications network is combined with the information-structuring +and storing capabilities of computers, a new communication medium +becomes possible. As we've learned from the history of the telephone, +radio, television, people can adopt new communication media and redesign +their way of life with surprising rapidity. Computers, modems, and +communication networks furnish the technological infrastructure of +computer-mediated communication (CMC); cyberspace is the conceptual +space where words and human relationships, data and wealth and power are +manifested by people using CMC technology; virtual communities are +cultural aggregations that emerge when enough people bump into each +other often enough in cyberspace. + + A virtual community as they exist today is a group of people who may +or may not meet one another face to face, and who exchange words and +ideas through the mediation of computer bulletin boards and networks. In +cyberspace, we chat and argue, engage in intellectual intercourse, +perform acts of commerce, exchange knowledge, share emotional support, +make plans, brainstorm, gossip, feud, fall in love, find friends and +lose them, play games and metagames, flirt, create a little high art and +a lot of idle talk. We do everything people do when people get together, +but we do it with words on computer screens, leaving our bodies behind. +Millions of us have already built communities where our identities +commingle and interact electronically, independent of local time or +location. The way a few of us live now might be the way a larger +population will live, decades hence. + + The pioneers are still out there exploring the frontier, the borders +of the domain have yet to be determined, or even the shape of it, or the +best way to find one's way in it. But people are using the technology of +computer-mediated communications CMC technology to do things with each +other that weren't possible before. Human behavior in cyberspace, as we +can observe it and participate in it today, is going to be a crucially +important factor. The ways in which people use CMC always will be rooted +in human needs, not hardware or software. + + If the use of virtual communities turns out to answer a deep and +compelling need in people, and not just snag onto a human foible like +pinball or pac-man, today's small online enclaves may grow into much +larger networks over the next twenty years. The potential for social +change is a side-effect of the trajectory of telecommunications and +computer industries, as it can be forecast for the next ten years. This +odd social revolution -- communities of people who may never or rarely +meet face to face -- might piggyback on the technologies that the +biggest telecommunication companies already are planning to install over +the next ten years. + + It is possible that the hardware and software of a new global +telecommunications infrastructure, orders of magnitude more powerful +than today's state of the art, now moving from the laboratories to the +market, will expand the reach of this spaceless place throughout the +1990s to a much wider population than today's hackers, technologists, +scholars, students, and enthusiasts. The age of the online pioneers will +end soon, and the cyberspace settlers will come en-masse. Telecommuters +who might have thought they were just working from home and avoiding one +day of gridlock on the freeway will find themselves drawn into a whole +new society. Students and scientists are already there, artists have +made significant inroads, librarians and educators have their own +pioneers as well, and political activists of all stripes have just begun +to discover the power of plugging a computer into a telephone. When +today's millions become tens and hundreds of millions, perhaps billions, +what kind of place, and what kind of model for human behavior will they +find? + + Today's bedroom electronic bulletin boards, regional computer +conferencing systems, global computer networks offer clues to what might +happen when more powerful enabling technology comes along. The hardware +for amplifying the computing and communication capacity of every home on +the world-grid is in the pipeline, although the ultimate applications +are not yet clear. We'll be able to transfer the Library of Congress +from any point on the globe to any another point in seconds, upload and +download full-motion digital video at will. But is that really what +people are likely to do with all that bandwidth and computing power? +Some of the answers have to come from the behavioral rather than the +technological part of the system. How will people actually use the +desktop supercomputers and multimedia telephones that the engineers tell +us we'll have in the near future. + + One possibility is that people are going to do what people always do +with a new communication technology: use it in ways never intended or +foreseen by its inventors, to turn old social codes inside out and make +new kinds of communities possible. CMC will change us, and change our +culture, the way telephones and televisions and cheap video cameras +changed us -- by altering the way we perceive and communicate. Virtual +communities transformed my life profoundly, years ago, and continue to +do so. + + A Cybernaut's Eye View + + The most important clues to the shape of the future at this point +might not be found in looking more closely at the properties of silicon, +but in paying attention to the ways people need to, fail to, and try to +communicate with one another. Right now, some people are convinced that +spending hours a day in front of a screen, typing on a keyboard, +fulfills in some way our need for a community of peers. Whether we have +discovered something wonderful or stumbled into something insidiously +unwonderful, or both, the fact that people want to use CMC to meet other +people and experiment with identity are valuable signposts to possible +futures. Human behavior in cyberspace, as we can observe it today on the +nets and in the BBSs, gives rise to important questions about the +effects of communication technology on human values. What kinds of +humans are we becoming in an increasingly computer-mediated world, and +do we have any control over that transformation? How have our +definitions of "human" and "community" been under pressure to change to +fit the specifications of a technology-guided civilization? + + Fortunately, questions about the nature of virtual communities are +not purely theoretical, for there is a readily accessible example of the +phenomenon at hand to study. Millions of people now inhabit the social +spaces that have grown up on the world's computer networks, and this +previously invisible global subculture has been growing at a monstrous +rate recently (e.g., the Internet growing by 25% per month). + + I've lived here myself for seven years; the WELL and the net have +been a regular part of my routine, like gardening on Sunday, for one +sixth of my life thus far. My wife and daughter long ago grew accustomed +to the fact that I sit in front of my computer early in the morning and +late at night, chuckling and cursing, sometimes crying, about something +I am reading on the computer screen. The questions I raise here are not +those of a scientist, or of a polemicist who has found an answer to +something, but as a user -- a nearly obsessive user -- of CMC and a deep +mucker-about in virtual communities. What kind of people are my friends +and I becoming? What does that portend for others? + + If CMC has a potential, it is in the way people in so many parts of +the net fiercely defend the use of the term "community" to describe the +relationships we have built online. But fierceness of belief is not +sufficient evidence that the belief is sound. Is the aura of community +an illusion? The question has not been answered, and is worth asking. +I've seen people hurt by interactions in virtual communities. Is +telecommunication culture capable of becoming something more than what +Scott Peck calls a "pseudo-community," where people lack the genuine +personal commitments to one another that form the bedrock of genuine +community? Or is our notion of "genuine" changing in an age where more +people every day live their lives in increasingly artificial +environments? New technologies tend to change old ways of doing things. +Is the human need for community going to be the next technology +commodity? + + I can attest that I and thousands of other cybernauts know that what +we are looking for, and finding in some surprising ways, is not just +information, but instant access to ongoing relationships with a large +number of other people. Individuals find friends and groups find shared +identities online, through the aggregated networks of relationships and +commitments that make any community possible. But are relationships and +commitments as we know them even possible in a place where identities +are fluid? The physical world, known variously as "IRL" ("In Real +Life"), or "offline," is a place where the identity and position of the +people you communicate with are well known, fixed, and highly visual. In +cyberspace, everybody is in the dark. We can only exchange words with +each other -- no glances or shrugs or ironic smiles. Even the nuances of +voice and intonation are stripped away. On top of the technology-imposed +constraints, we who populate cyberspace deliberately experiment with +fracturing traditional notions of identity by living as multiple +simultaneous personae in different virtual neighborhoods. + + We reduce and encode our identities as words on a screen, decode and +unpack the identities of others. The way we use these words, the stories +(true and false) we tell about ourselves (or about the identity we want +people to believe us to be) is what determines our identities in +cyberspace. The aggregation of personae, interacting with each other, +determines the nature of the collective culture. Our personae, +constructed from our stories of who we are, use the overt topics of +discussion in a BBS or network for a more fundamental purpose, as means +of interacting with each other. And all this takes place on both public +and private levels, in many-to-many open discussions and one-to-one +private electronic mail, front stage role-playing and backstage +behavior. + + When I'm online, I cruise through my conferences, reading and +replying in topics that I've been following, starting my own topics when +the inspiration or need strikes me. Every few minutes, I get a notice on +my screen that I have incoming mail. I might decide to wait to read the +mail until I'm finished doing something else, or drop from the +conference into the mailer, to see who it is from. At the same time that +I am participating in open discussion in conferences and private +discourse in electronic mail, people I know well use "sends" -- a means +of sending one or two quick sentences to my screen without the +intervention of an electronic mail message. This can be irritating +before you get used to it, since you are either reading or writing +something else when it happens, but eventually it becomes a kind of +rhythm: different degrees of thoughtfulness and formality happen +simultaneously, along with the simultaneous multiple personae. Then +there are public and private conferences that have partially overlapping +memberships. CMC offers tools for facilitating all the various ways +people have discovered to divide and communicate, group and subgroup and +regroup, include and exclude, select and elect. + + When a group of people remain in communication with one another for +extended periods of time, the question of whether it is a community +arises. Virtual communities might be real communities, they might be +pseudocommunities, or they might be something entirely new in the realm +of social contracts, but I believe they are in part a response to the +hunger for community that has followed the disintegration of traditional +communities around the world. + + Social norms and shared mental models have not emerged yet, so +everyone's sense of what kind of place cyberspace is can vary widely, +which makes it hard to tell whether the person you are communicating +with shares the same model of the system within which you are +communicating. Indeed, the online acronym YMMV ("Your Mileage May Vary") +has become shorthand for this kind of indeterminacy of shared context. +For example, I know people who use vicious online verbal combat as a way +of blowing off steam from the pressures of their real life -- "sport +hassling" -- and others who use it voyeuristically, as a text-based form +of real-life soap-opera. To some people, it's a game. And I know people +who feel as passionately committed to our virtual community and the +people in it (or at least some of the people in it) as our nation, +occupation, or neighborhood. Whether we like it or not, the +communitarians and the venters, the builders and the vandals, the +egalitarians and the passive-aggressives, are all in this place +together. The diversity of the communicating population is one of the +defining characteristics of the new medium, one of its chief +attractions, the source of many of its most vexing problems. + + Is the prospect of moving en-masse into cyberspace in the near +future, when the world's communication network undergoes explosive +expansion of bandwidth, a beneficial thing for entire populations to do? +In which ways might the growth of virtual communities promote +alienation? How might virtual communities facilitate conviviality? Which +social structures will dissolve, which political forces will arise, and +which will lose power? These are questions worth asking now, while there +is still time to shape the future of the medium. In the sense that we +are traveling blind into a technology-shaped future that might be very +different from today's culture, direct reports from life in different +corners of the world's online cultures today might furnish valuable +signposts to the territory ahead. + + Since the summer of 1985, I've spent an average of two hours a day, +seven days a week, often when I travel, plugged into the WELL (Whole +Earth 'Lectronic Link) via a computer and a telephone line, exchanging +information and playing with attention, becoming entangled In Real Life, +with a growing network of similarly wired-in strangers I met in +cyberspace. I remember the first time I walked into a room full of +people (IRL) whose faces were completely unknown to me, but who knew +many intimate details of my history, and whose own stories I knew very +well. I had contended with these people, shot the breeze around the +electronic water cooler, shared alliances and formed bonds, fallen off +my chair laughing with them, become livid with anger at these people, +but I had not before seen their faces. + + I found this digital watering hole for information-age hunters and +gatherers the same way most people find such places -- I was lonely, +hungry for intellectual and emotional companionship, although I didn't +know it. While many commuters dream of working at home, telecommuting, I +happen to know what it's like to work that way. I never could stand to +commute or even get out of my pajamas if I didn't want to, so I've +always worked at home. It has its advantages and its disadvantages. +Others like myself also have been drawn into the online world because +they shared with me the occupational hazard of the self-employed, home- +based symbolic analyst of the 1990s -- isolation. The kind of people +that Robert Reich, call "symbolic analysts" are natural matches for +online communities: programmers, writers, freelance artists and +designers, independent radio and television producers, editors, +researchers, librarians. People who know what to do with symbols, +abstractions, and representations, but who sometimes find themselves +spending more time with keyboards and screens than human companions. + + I've learned that virtual communities are very much like other +communities in some ways, deceptively so to those who assume that people +who communicate via words on a screen are in some way aberrant in their +communication skills and human needs. And I've learned that virtual +communities are very much not like communities in some other ways, +deceptively so to those who assume that people who communicate via words +on a screen necessarily share the same level of commitment to each other +in real life as more traditional communities. Communities can emerge +from and exist within computer-linked groups, but that technical linkage +of electronic personae is not sufficient to create a community. + + Social Contracts, Reciprocity, and Gift Economies in Cyberspace + + The network of communications that constitutes a virtual community +can include the exchange of information as a kind of commodity, and the +economic implications of this phenomenon are significant; the ultimate +social potential of the network, however, lies not solely in its utility +as an information market, but in the individual and group relationships +that can happen over time. When such a group accumulates a sufficient +number of friendships and rivalries, and witnesses the births, +marriages, and deaths that bond any other kind of community, it takes on +a definite and profound sense of place in people's minds. Virtual +communities usually have a geographically local focus, and often have a +connection to a much wider domain. The local focus of my virtual +community, the WELL, is the San Francisco Bay Area; the wider locus +consists of hundreds of thousands of other sites around the world, and +millions of other communitarians, linked via exchanges of messages into +a meta-community known as "the net." + + The existence of computer-linked communities was predicted twenty +years ago by J.C.R. Licklider and Robert Taylor, who as research +directors for the Department of Defense, set in motion the research that +resulted in the creation of the first such community, the ARPAnet: "What +will on-line interactive communities be like?" Licklider and Taylor +wrote, in 1968: "In most fields they will consist of geographically +separated members, sometimes grouped in small clusters and sometimes +working individually. They will be communities not of common location, +but of common interest..." + + My friends and I sometimes believe we are part of the future that +Licklider dreamed about, and we often can attest to the truth of his +prediction that "life will be happier for the on-line individual because +the people with whom one interacts most strongly will be selected more +by commonality of interests and goals than by accidents of proximity." I +still believe that, but I also know that life also has turned out to be +unhappy at times, intensely so in some circumstances, because of words +on a screen. Events in cyberspace can have concrete effects in real +life, of both the pleasant and less pleasant varieties. Participating in +a virtual community has not solved all of life's problems for me, but it +has served as an aid, a comfort and an inspiration at times; at other +times, it has been like an endless, ugly, long-simmering family brawl. + + I've changed my mind about a lot of aspects of the WELL over the +years, but the "sense of place" is still as strong as ever. As Ray +Oldenburg revealed in "The Great Good Place," there are three essential +places in every person's life: the place they live, the place they work, +and the place they gather for conviviality. Although the casual +conversation that takes place in cafes, beauty shops, pubs, town squares +is universally considered to be trivial, "idle talk," Oldenburg makes +the case that such places are where communities can arise and hold +together. When the automobile-centric, suburban, high-rise, fast food, +shopping mall way of life eliminated many of these "third places," the +social fabric of existing communities shredded. It might not be the same +kind of place that Oldenburg had in mind, but so many of his +descriptions of "third places" could also describe the WELL. + + The feeling of logging into the WELL for just a minute or two, +dozens of times a day is very similar to the feeling of peeking into the +cafe, the pub, the common room, to see who's there, and whether you want +to stay around for a chat. Indeed, in all the hundreds of thousands of +computer systems around the world that use the UNIX operating system, as +does the WELL, the most widely used command is the one that shows you +who is online. Another widely used command is the one that shows you a +particular user's biography. + + I visit the WELL both for the sheer pleasure of communicating with +my newfound friends, and for its value as a practical instrument +forgathering information on subjects that are of momentary or enduring +importance, from child care to neuroscience, technical questions on +telecommunications to arguments on philosophical, political, or +spiritual subjects. It's a bit like a neighborhood pub or coffee shop. +It's a little like a salon, where I can participate in a hundred ongoing +conversations with people who don't care what I look like or sound like, +but who do care how I think and communicate. There are seminars and word +fights in different corners. And it's all a little like a groupmind, +where questions are answered, support is given, inspiration is provided, +by people I may have never heard from before, and whom I may never meet +face to face. + + Because we cannot see one another, we are unable to form prejudices +about others before we read what they have to say: Race, gender, age, +national origin and physical appearance are not apparent unless a person +wants to make such characteristics public. People who are thoughtful but +who are not quick to formulate a reply often do better in CMC than face +to face or over the telephone. People whose physical handicaps make it +difficult to form new friendships find that virtual communities treat +them as they always wanted to be treated -- as thinkers and transmitters +of ideas and feeling beings, not carnal vessels with a certain +appearance and way of walking and talking (or not walking and not +talking). Don't mistake this filtration of appearances for +dehumanization: Words on a screen are quite capable of moving one to +laughter or tears, of evoking anger or compassion, of creating a +community from a collection of strangers. + + From my informal research into virtual communities around the world, +I have found that enthusiastic members of virtual communities in Japan, +England, and the US agree that "increasing the diversity of their circle +of friends" was one of the most important advantages of computer +conferencing. CMC is a way to meet people, whether or not you feel the +need to affiliate with them on a community level, but the way you meet +them has an interesting twist: In traditional kinds of communities, we +are accustomed to meeting people, then getting to know them; in virtual +communities, you can get to know people and then choose to meet them. In +some cases, you can get to know people who you might never meet on the +physical plane. + + How does anybody find friends? In the traditional community, we +search through our pool of neighbors and professional colleagues, of +acquaintances and acquaintances of acquaintances, in order to find +people who share our values and interests. We then exchange information +about one another, disclose and discuss our mutual interests, and +sometimes we become friends. In a virtual community we can go directly +to the place where our favorite subjects are being discussed, then get +acquainted with those who share our passions, or who use words in a way +we find attractive. In this sense, the topic is the address: You can't +simply pick up a phone and ask to be connected with someone who wants to +talk about Islamic art or California wine, or someone with a three year +old daughter or a 30 year old Hudson; you can, however, join a computer +conference on any of those topics, then open a public or private +correspondence with the previously-unknown people you find in that +conference. You will find that your chances of making friends are +magnified by orders of magnitude over the old methods of finding a peer +group. + + You can be fooled about people in cyberspace, behind the cloak of +words. But that can be said about telephones or face to face +communications, as well; computer-mediated communications provide new +ways to fool people, and the most obvious identity-swindles will die out +only when enough people learn to use the medium critically. Sara Kiesler +noted that the word "phony" is an artifact of the early years of the +telephone, when media-naive people were conned by slick talkers in ways +that wouldn't deceive an eight-year old with a cellular phone today. + + There is both an intellectual and an emotional component to CMC. +Since so many members of virtual communities are the kind of knowledge- +based professionals whose professional standing can be enhanced by what +they know, virtual communities can be practical, cold-blooded +instruments. Virtual communities can help their members cope with +information overload. The problem with the information age, especially +for students and knowledge workers who spend their time immersed in the +info-flow, is that there is too much information available and no +effective filters for sifting the key data that are useful and +interesting to us as individuals. Programmers are trying to design +better and better "software agents" that can seek and sift, filter and +find, and save us from the awful feeling one gets when it turns out that +the specific knowledge one needs is buried in 15,000 pages of related +information. + + The first software agents are now becoming available (e.g., WAIS, +Rosebud), but we already have far more sophisticated, if informal, +social contracts among groups of people that allow us to act as software +agents for one another. If, in my wanderings through information space, +I come across items that don't interest me but which I know one of my +worldwide loose-knit affinity group of online friends would appreciate, +I send the appropriate friend a pointer, or simply forward the entire +text (one of the new powers of CMC is the ability to publish and +converse with the same medium). In some cases, I can put the information +in exactly the right place for 10,000 people I don't know, but who are +intensely interested in that specific topic, to find it when they need +it. And sometimes, 10,000 people I don't know do the same thing for me. + + This unwritten, unspoken social contract, a blend of strong-tie and +weak-tie relationships among people who have a mixture of motives, +requires one to give something, and enables one to receive something. I +have to keep my friends in mind and send them pointers instead of +throwing my informational discards into the virtual scrap-heap. It +doesn't take a great deal of energy to do that, since I have to sift +that information anyway in order to find the knowledge I seek for my own +purposes; it takes two keystrokes to delete the information, three +keystrokes to forward it to someone else. And with scores of other +people who have an eye out for my interests while they explore sectors +of the information space that I normally wouldn't frequent, I find that +the help I receive far outweighs the energy I expend helping others: A +marriage of altruism and self-interest. + + The first time I learned about that particular cyberspace power was +early in the history of the WELL, when I was invited to join a panel of +experts who advise the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment +(OTA). The subject of the assessment was "Communication Systems for an +Information Age." I'm not an expert in telecommunication technology or +policy, but I do know where to find a group of such experts, and how to +get them to tell me what they know. Before I went to Washington for my +first panel meeting, I opened a conference in the WELL and invited +assorted information-freaks, technophiles, and communication experts to +help me come up with something to say. An amazing collection of minds +flocked to that topic, and some of them created whole new communities +when they collided. + + By the time I sat down with the captains of industry, government +advisers, and academic experts at the panel table, I had over 200 pages +of expert advice from my own panel. I wouldn't have been able to +integrate that much knowledge of my subject in an entire academic or +industrial career, and it only took me (and my virtual community) a few +minutes a day for six weeks. I have found the WELL to be an outright +magical resource, professionally. An editor or producer or client can +call and ask me if I know much about the Constitution, or fiber optics, +or intellectual property. "Let me get back to you in twenty minutes," I +say, reaching for the modem. In terms of the way I learned to use the +WELL to get the right piece of information at the right time, I'd say +that the hours I've spent putting information into the WELL turned out +to be the most lucrative professional investments I've ever made. + + The same strategy of nurturing and making use of loose information- +sharing affiliations across the net can be applied to an infinite domain +of problem areas, from literary criticism to software evaluation. It's a +neat way for a sufficiently large, sufficiently diverse group of people +to multiply their individual degree of expertise, and I think it could +be done even if the people aren't involved in a community other than +their company or their research specialty. I think it works better when +the community's conceptual model of itself is more like barn-raising +than horse-trading, though. Reciprocity is a key element of any market- +based culture, but the arrangement I'm describing feels to me more like +a kind of gift economy where people do things for one another out of a +spirit of building something between them, rather than a spreadsheet- +calculated quid pro quo. When that spirit exists, everybody gets a +little extra something, a little sparkle, from their more practical +transactions; different kinds of things become possible when this +mindset pervades. Conversely, people who have valuable things to add to +the mix tend to keep their heads down and their ideas to themselves when +a mercenary or hostile zeitgeist dominates an online community. + + I think one key difference between straightforward workaday +reciprocity is that in the virtual community I know best, one valuable +currency is knowledge, elegantly presented. Wit and use of language are +rewarded in this medium, which is biased toward those who learn how to +manipulate attention and emotion with the written word. Sometimes, you +give one person more information than you would give another person in +response to the same query, simply because you recognize one of them to +be more generous or funny or to-the-point or agreeable to your political +convictions than the other one. + + If you give useful information freely, without demanding tightly- +coupled reciprocity, your requests for information are met more swiftly, +in greater detail, than they would have been otherwise. The person you +help might never be in a position to help you, but someone else might +be. That's why it is hard to distinguish idle talk from serious context- +setting. In a virtual community, idle talk is context-setting. Idle talk +is where people learn what kind of person you are, why you should be +trusted or mistrusted, what interests you. An agora is more than the +site of transactions; it is also a place where people meet and size up +one another. + + A market depends on the quality of knowledge held by the +participants, the buyers and sellers, about price and availability and a +thousand other things that influence business; a market that has a forum +for informal and back-channel communications is a better-informed +market. The London Stock Exchange grew out of the informal transactions +in a coffee-house; when it became the London International Stock +Exchange a few years ago, and abolished the trading-room floor, the +enterprise lost something vital in the transition from an old room where +all the old boys met and cut their deals to the screens of thousands of +workstations scattered around the world. + + The context of the informal community of knowledge sharers grew to +include years of both professional and personal relationships. It is not +news that the right network of people can serve as an inquiry research +system: You throw out the question, and somebody on the net knows the +answer. You can make a game out of it, where you gain symbolic prestige +among your virtual peers by knowing the answer. And you can make a game +out of it among a group of people who have dropped out of their orthodox +professional lives, where some of them sell these information services +for exorbitant rates, in order to participate voluntarily in the virtual +community game. + + When the WELL was young and growing more slowly than it is now, such +knowledge-potlatching had a kind of naively enthusiastic energy. When +you extend the conversation -- several dozen different characters, well- +known to one another from four or five years of virtual hanging-out, +several hours a day -- it gets richer, but not necessarily "happier." + + Virtual communities have several drawbacks in comparison to face-to- +face communication, disadvantages that must be kept in mind if you are +to make use of the power of these computer-mediated discussion groups. +The filtration factor that prevents one from knowing the race or age of +another participant also prevents people from communicating the facial +expressions, body language, and tone of voice that constitute the +inaudible but vital component of most face to face communications. +Irony, sarcasm, compassion, and other subtle but all-important nuances +that aren't conveyed in words alone are lost when all you can see of a +person are words on a screen. + + It's amazing how the ambiguity of words in the absence of body +language inevitably leads to online misunderstandings. And since the +physical absence of other people also seems to loosen some of the social +bonds that prevent people from insulting one another in person, +misunderstandings can grow into truly nasty stuff before anybody has a +chance to untangle the original miscommunication. Heated diatribes and +interpersonal incivility that wouldn't crop up often in face to face or +even telephone discourse seem to appear with relative frequency in +computer conferences. The only presently available antidote to this flaw +of CMC as a human communication medium is widespread knowledge of this +flaw -- aka "netiquette." + + Online civility and how to deal with breaches of it is a topic unto +itself, and has been much-argued on the WELL. Degrees of outright +incivility constitute entire universes such as alt.flame, the Usenet +newsgroup where people go specifically to spend their days hurling vile +imprecations at one another. I am beginning to suspect that the most +powerful and effective defense an online community has in the face of +those who are bent on disruption might be norms and agreements about +withdrawing attention from those who can't abide by even loose rules of +verbal behavior. "If you continue doing that," I remember someone saying +to a particularly persistent would-be disrupter, "we will stop paying +attention to you." This is technically easy to do on Usenet, where +putting the name of a person or topic header in a "kill file" (aka "bozo +filter") means you will never see future contributions from that person +or about that topic. You can simply choose to not see any postings from +Rich Rosen, or that feature the word "abortion" in the title. A society +in which people can remove one another, or even entire topics of +discussion, from visibility. The WELL does not have a bozo filter, +although the need for one is a topic of frequent discussion. + + Who Is The WELL? + + One way to know what the WELL is like is to know something about the +kind of people who use it. It has roots in the San Francisco Bay Area, +and in two separate cultural revolutions that took place there in past +decades. The Whole Earth Catalog originally emerged from the +counterculture as Stewart Brand's way of providing access to tools and +ideas to all the communes who were exploring alternate ways of life in +the forests of Mendocino or the high deserts outside Santa Fe. The Whole +Earth Catalogs and the magazines they spawned, Co-Evolution Quarterly +and Whole Earth Review, have outlived the counterculture itself, since +they are still alive and raising hell after nearly 25 years. For many +years, the people who have been exploring alternatives and are open to +ideas that you don't find in the mass media have found themselves in +cities instead of rural communes, where their need for new tools and +ideas didn't go away. + + The Whole Earth Catalog crew received a large advance in the mid- +1980s to produce an updated version, a project involving many +geographically-separated authors and editors, many of whom were using +computers. They bought a minicomputer and the license to Picospan, a +computer conferencing program, leased an office next to the magazine's +office, leased incoming telephone lines, set up modems, and the WELL was +born in 1985. The idea from the beginning was that the founders weren't +sure what the WELL would become, but they would provide tools for people +to build it into something useful. It was consciously a cultural +experiment, and the business was designed to succeed or fail on the +basis of the results of the experiment. The person Stewart Brand chose +to be the WELL's first director -- technician, manager, innkeeper, and +bouncer -- was Matthew McClure, not-coincidentally a computer-savvy +veteran of The Farm, one of the most successful of the communes that +started in the sixties. Brand and McClure started a low-rules, high-tone +discussion, where savvy networkers, futurists, misfits who had learned +how to make our outsiderness work for us, could take the technology of +CMC to its cultural limits. + + The Whole Earth network -- the granola-eating utopians, the solar- +power enthusiasts, serious ecologists and the space-station crowd, +immortalists, Biospherians, environmentalists, social activists -- was +part of the core population from the beginning. But there were a couple +of other key elements. One was the subculture that happened ten years +after the counterculture era -- the personal computer revolution. +Personal computers and the PC industry were created by young iconoclasts +who wanted to have whizzy tools and change the world. Whole Earth had +honored them, including the outlaws among them, with the early Hacker's +Conferences. The young computer wizards, and the grizzled old hands who +were still messing with mainframes, showed up early at the WELL because +the guts of the system itself -- the UNIX operating system and "C" +language programming code -- were available for tinkering by responsible +craftsmen. + + A third cultural element that made up the initial mix of the WELL, +which has drifted from its counterculture origins in many ways, were the +deadheads. Books and theses have been written about the subculture that +have grown up around the band, the Grateful Dead. The deadheads have a +strong feeling of community, but they can only manifest it en masse when +the band has concerts. They were a community looking for a place to +happen when several technology-savvy deadheads started a "Grateful Dead +Conference" on the WELL. GD was so phenomenally successful that for the +first several years, deadheads were by far the single largest source of +income for the enterprise. + + Along with the other elements came the first marathon swimmers in +the new currents of the information streams, the futurists and writers +and journalists. The New York Times, Business Week, the San Francisco +Chronicle, Time, Rolling Stone, Byte, the Wall Street Journal all have +journalists that I know personally who drop into the WELL as a listening +post. People in Silicon Valley lurk to hear loose talk among the pros. +Journalists tend to attract other journalists, and the purpose of +journalists is to attract everybody else: most people have to use an old +medium to hear news about the arrival of a new medium. + + Things changed, both rapidly and slowly, in the WELL. There were +about 600 members of the WELL when I joined, in the summer of 1985. It +seemed that then, as now, the usual ten percent of the members did 80% +of the talking. Now there are about 6000 people, with a net gain of +about a hundred a month. There do seem to be more women than other parts +of cyberspace. Most of the people I meet seem to be white or Asian; +African-Americans aren't missing, but they aren't conspicuous or even +visible. If you can fake it, gender and age are invisible, too. I'd +guess the WELL consists of about 80% men, 20% women. I don't know +whether formal demographics would be the kind of thing that most WELL +users would want to contribute to. It's certainly something we'd +discuss, argue, debate, joke about. + + One important social rule was built into Picospan, the software that +the WELL lives inside: Nobody is anonymous. Everybody is required to +attach their real "userid" to their postings. It is possible to use +pseudonyms to create alternate identities, or to carry metamessages, but +the pseudonyms are always linked in every posting to the real userid. So +individual personae -- whether or not they correspond closely to the +real person who owns the account -- are responsible for the words they +post. In fact, the first several years, the screen that you saw when you +reached the WELL said "You own your own words." Stewart Brand, the +WELL's co-founder likes epigrams: "Whole Earth," "Information wants to +be free." "You own your own words." Like the best epigrams, "You own +your own words" is open to multiple interpretations. The matter of +responsibility and ownership of words is one of the topics WELLbeings +argue about endlessly, so much that the phrase has been abbreviated to +"YOYOW," As in, "Oh no, another YOYOW debate." + + Who are the WELL members, and what do they talk about? I can tell +you about the individuals I have come to know over six years, but the +WELL has long since been something larger than the sum of everybody's +friends. The characteristics of the pool of people who tune into this +electronic listening post, whether or not they every post a word in +public, is a strong determinant of the flavor of the "place." There's a +cross-sectional feeling of "who are we?" that transcends the +intersecting and non-intersecting rings of friends and acquaintances +each individual develops. My Neighborhood On The WELL + + Every CMC system gives users tools for creating their own sense of +place, by customizing the way they navigate through the database of +conferences, topics, and responses. A conference or newsgroup is like a +place you go. If you go to several different places in a fixed order, it +seems to reinforce the feeling of place by creating a customized +neighborhood that is also shared by others. You see some of the same +users in different parts of the same neighborhood. Some faces, you see +only in one context -- the parents conference, the Grateful Dead tours +conference, the politics or sex conference. + + My home neighborhood on the WELL is reflected in my ".cflist," the +file that records my preferences about the order of conferences I visit. +It is always possible to go to any conference with a command, but with a +.cflist you structure your online time by going from conference to +specified conference at regular intervals, reading and perhaps +responding in several ongoing threads in several different places. +That's the part of the art of discourse where I have found that the +computer adds value to the intellectual activity of discussing formally +distinct subjects asynchronously, from different parts of the world, +over extending periods, by enabling groups to structure conversations by +topic, over time. + + My .cflist starts, for sentimental reasons, with the Mind +conference, the first one I hosted on the WELL, since 1985. I've changed +my .cflist hundreds of times over the years, to add or delete +conferences from my regular neighborhood, but I've always kept Mind in +the lede. The entry banner screen for the Mind conference used to +display to each user the exact phase of the moon in numbers and ASCII +graphics every time they logged in to the conference. But the volunteer +programmer who had created the "phoon" program had decided to withdraw +it, years later, in a dispute with WELL management. There is often a +technological fix to a social problem within this particular universe. +Because the WELL seems to be an intersection of many different cultures, +there have been many experiments with software tools to ameliorate +problems that seemed to crop up between people, whether because of the +nature of the medium or the nature of the people. A frighteningly +expensive pool of talent was donated by volunteer programmers to create +tools and even weapons for WELL users to deal with each other. People +keep giving things to the WELL, and taking them away. Offline readers +and online tools by volunteer programmers gave others increased power to +communicate. + + The News conference is what's next. This is the commons, the place +where the most people visit the most often, where the most outrageous +off-topic proliferation is least pernicious, where the important +announcements about the system or social events or major disputes or new +conferences are announced. When an earthquake or fire happens, News is +where you want to go. Immediately after the 1989 earthquake and during +the Oakland fire of 1991, the WELL was a place to check the damage to +the local geographic community, lend help to those who need it, and get +first-hand reports. During Tienamen square, the Gulf War, the Soviet +Coup, the WELL was a media-funnel, with snippets of email from Tel-Aviv +and entire newsgroups fed by fax machines in China, erupting in News +conference topics that grew into fast-moving conferences of their own. +During any major crisis in the real world, the routine at our house is +to turn on CNN and log into the WELL. + + After News is Hosts, where the hottest stuff usually happens. The +hosts community is a story in itself. The success of the WELL in its +first five years, all would agree, rested heavily on the efforts of the +conference hosts -- online characters who had created the character of +the first neighborhoods and kept the juice flowing between one another +all over the WELL, but most pointedly in the Hosts conference. Some +spicy reading in the Archives conference originated from old hosts' +disputes - and substantial arguments about the implications of CMC for +civil rights, intellectual property, censorship, by a lot of people who +know what they are talking about, mixed liberally with a lot of other +people who don't know what they are talking about, but love to talk +anyway, via keyboard and screen, for years on end. + + In this virtual place, the pillars of the community and the worst +offenders of public sensibilities are in the same group -- the hosts. At +their best and their worst, this ten percent of the online population +put out the words that the other ninety percent keep paying to read. +Like good hosts at any social gathering, they make newcomers welcome, +keep the conversation flowing, mediate disputes, clean up messes, and +throw out miscreants, if need be. A WELL host is part salon keeper, part +saloon keeper, part talk-show host, part publisher. The only power to +censor or to ban a user is the hosts' power. Policy varies from host to +host, and that's the only policy. The only justice for those who misuse +that power is the forced participation in weeks of debilitating and +vituperative post-mortem. + + The hosts community is part long-running soap opera, part town +meeting, bar-room brawl, anarchic debating society, creative groupmind, +bloody arena, union hall, playpen, encounter group. The Hosts conference +is extremely general, from technical questions to personal attacks. The +Policy conference is supposed to be restricted to matters of what WELL +policy is, or ought to be. The part-delusion, part-accurate perception +that the hosts and other users have strong influence over WELL policy is +part of what feeds debate here, and a strong element in the libertarian +reputation of the stereotypical WELLite. After fighting my way through a +day's or hour's worth of the Hot New Dispute in News, Hosts, and Policy, +I check on the conferences I host -- Info, Virtual Communities, Virtual +Reality. After that my .cflist directs me, at the press of the return +key, to the first new topic or response in the Parenting, Writers', +Grateful Dead tours, Telecommunication, Macintosh, Weird, Electronic +Frontier Foundation, Whole Earth, Books, Media, Men on the WELL, +Miscellaneous, and Unclear conferences. + + The social dynamics of the WELL spawn new conferences in response to +different kinds of pressures. Whenever a hot interpersonal or doctrinal +issue breaks out, for example, people want to stage the brawl or make a +dramatic farewell speech or shocking disclosure or serious accusation in +the most heavily-visited area of the WELL, which is usually the place +that others want to be a Commons -- a place where people from different +sub-communities can come to find out what is going on around the WELL, +outside the WELL, where they can pose questions to the committee of the +whole. When too many discussions of what the WELL's official policy +ought to be, about censorship or intellectual property or the way people +treat each other, break out, they tended to clutter the place people +went to get a quick sense of what is happening outside their +neighborhoods. So the Policy conference was born. + + But then the WELL grew larger and it wasn't just policy but +governance and social issues like political correctness or the right of +users to determine the social rules of the system. Several years and six +thousand more users after the fission of the News and Policy +conferences, another conference split off News -- "MetaWELL," a +conference was created strictly to discussions about the WELL itself, it +nature, its situation (often dire), its future. + + Grabbing attention in the Commons is a powerful act. Some people +seem drawn to performing there; others burst out there in acts of +desperation, after one history of frustration or another. Dealing with +people who are so consistently off-topic or apparently deeply grooved +into incoherence, long-windedness, scatology, is one of the events that +challenges a community to decide what its values really are, or ought to +be. + + Something is happening here. I'm not sure anybody understands it +yet. I know that the WELL and the net is an important part of my life +and I have to decide for myself whether this is a new way to make +genuine commitments to other human beings, or a silicon-induced illusion +of community. I urge others to help pursue that question in a variety of +ways, while we have the time. The political dimensions of CMC might lead +to situations that would pre-empt questions of other social effects; +responses to the need for understanding the power-relationships inherent +in CMC are well represented by the Electronic Frontier Foundation and +others. We need to learn a lot more, very quickly, about what kind of +place our minds are homesteading. + + The future of virtual communities is connected to the future of +everything else, starting with the most precious thing people have to +gain or lose -- political freedom. The part played by communication +technologies in the disintegration of communism, the way broadcast +television pre-empted the American electoral process, the power of fax +and CMC networks during times of political repression like Tienamen +Square and the Soviet Coup attempt, the power of citizen electronic +journalism, the power-maneuvering of law enforcement and intelligence +agencies to restrict rights of citizen access and expression in +cyberspace, all point to the future of CMC as a close correlate of +future political scenarios. More important than civilizing cyberspace is +ensuring its freedom as a citizen-to-citizen communication and +publication medium; laws that infringe equity of access to and freedom +of expression in cyberspace could transform today's populist empowerment +into yet another instrument of manipulation. Will "electronic democracy" +be an accurate description of political empowerment that grows out of +the screen of a computer? Or will it become a brilliant piece of +disinfotainment, another means of manipulating emotions and +manufacturing public opinion in the service of power. + + Who controls what kinds of information is communicated in the +international networks where virtual communities live? Who censors, and +what is censored? Who safeguards the privacy of individuals in the face +of technologies that make it possible to amass and retrieve detailed +personal information about every member of a large population? The +answers to these political questions might make moot any more abstract +questions about cultures in cyberspace. Democracy itself depends on the +relatively free flow of communications. The following words by James +Madison are carved in marble at the United States Library of Congress: +"A popular government without popular information, or the means of +acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps +both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance, and a people who mean to +be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which +knowledge gives." It is time for people to arm themselves with power +about the future of CMC technology. + + Who controls the market for relationships? Will the world's +increasingly interlinked, increasingly powerful, decreasingly costly +communications infrastructure be controlled by a small number of very +large companies? Will cyberspace be privatized and parceled out to those +who can afford to buy into the auction? If political forces do not seize +the high ground and end today's freewheeling exchange of ideas, it is +still possible for a more benevolent form of economic control to stunt +the evolution of virtual communities, if a small number of companies +gain the power to put up toll-roads in the information networks, and +smaller companies are not able to compete with them. + + Or will there be an open market, in which newcomers like Apple or +Microsoft can become industry leaders? The playing field in the global +telecommunications industry will never be level, but the degree of +individual freedom available through telecommunication technologies in +the future may depend upon whether the market for goods and services in +cyberspace remains open for new companies to create new uses for CMC. + + I present these observations as a set of questions, not as answers. +I believe that we need to try to understand the nature of CMC, +cyberspace, and virtual communities in every important context -- +politically, economically, socially , culturally, cognitively. Each +different perspective reveals something that the other perspectives do +not reveal. Each different discipline fails to see something that +another discipline sees very well. We need to think as teams here, +across boundaries of academic discipline, industrial affiliation, +nation, to understand, and thus perhaps regain control of, the way human +communities are being transformed by communication technologies. We +can't do this solely as dispassionate observers, although there is +certainly a huge need for the detached assessment of social science. But +community is a matter of the heart and the gut as well as the head. Some +of the most important learning will always have to be done by jumping +into one corner or another of cyberspace, living there, and getting up +to your elbows in the problems that virtual communities face. + + -- Howard Rheingold (hlr@well.sf.ca.us) diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/voter.mag b/textfiles.com/politics/voter.mag new file mode 100644 index 00000000..91c372f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/voter.mag @@ -0,0 +1,502 @@ + + ÉÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ» + º THE COMMON GOOD AND THE VOTER'S PARADOX º + º º + º by º + º Leon Felkins º + ÈÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍͼ + + "If voting could change anything, it would be illegal." + --Graffiti + + How many times has someone told you that everyone would + be happy, healthy and content *if only* people would forget + their selfish desires and work for the common good? By + serving the common good, don't we also serve our own + enlightened self interests because the common good guarantees + the maximum benefit for every individual? Wasn't the *me* + generation a tragic mistake? Isn't it time we returned to + the ideal that each individual puts the community interests + above his own selfish interest? + + Does working for the common good give a person greater + benefits than working for one's own selfish behavior? + + If the answer is *yes*, then we should to be able to + demonstrate that an individual sacrifice has a real effect on + the common good. If my single, personal sacrifice can alter + the final result, then I can say that my sacrifice produces + more in rewards than my personal costs. But if my sacrifice + makes no difference to the final result, why should I make + it, especially if I receive the benefits of the sacrifice of + others even if I make no personal sacrifice? + + The truth is that an individual sacrifice for the common + good never produces a personal reward equal to the cost of + the sacrifice. Let's look at some examples to demonstrate + what we are talking about. + + Almost everyone will agree that voting is an important + civil duty. Moreover, it's a duty that requires little + personal sacrifice in our society. For most of us, it takes + no more than a few minutes of time. Polling places are easy + to find, almost always near the place where we live, + registration is simple, the process is painless and most of + us have pretty definite opinions about whom we want to elect. + So how come only about half the eligible voters actually get + to the polls? + + Let's say that on election day you find yourself 150 + miles away from home on a two day meeting. (The meeting was + scheduled after the final date for requesting an absentee + ballot.) Your have a choice: you could do your duty, drive + home, vote and drive back. Or, you could just forget the + whole thing. + + Most likely you will chose the option of forgetting + about it--this time. Your reasoning is sound. The cost for + you to vote is substantial while the return is, for all + practical purposes, zero. Why is that so? Because your vote + will not actually make a difference in the results of the + election! While you may have other reasons for voting or not + voting, as far as the election process itself is altered, + your vote is just not significant. + + You won't be alone in deciding not to bother to vote. + As many as half the voters will not only decide voting is not + worth the sacrifice of driving two hundred miles, they'll + decide it's not worth the sacrifice of the risk of getting + rained on, missing a favorite TV show, being late for dinner, + or driving six blocks out of the way on the way home from + work. + + Let us look at the voting situation more carefully and + examine some of the counter arguments often made for why you + should vote. + + *What if the election resulted in a tie? Would not my* + *vote count then?* + + Sure, if that ever happened. But ties don't ever occur + in large elections and if they did there would be a re-count. + Your vote would still get obliterated! + + *But I like to vote. I really don't care whether my* + *vote does any good or not - I get an internal feeling of* + *having done my duty. And, if the candidate I vote for wins,* + *I can brag about how I help him get elected.* + + This is the real reason why most people do vote. They + have bought into a group of myths that make them think that + their single vote really does count. Because they believe + those myths, voting makes them feel good. If voting gives + you a good feeling, by all means do it, if it doesn't cost + you a lot of time or money. But what if you don't like any + of the candidates, you know they are all crooks and that not + one of them will do what he or she is promising they will do? + Do you really feel good when you are forced to choose between + Slick Willy, Read My Lips, or a rich Texas shrimp? + + *What about the possibility that my employer may reward* + *me for voting and/or there are other rewards for being a* + *registered voter?* + + If the reward exceeds the cost of voting, then vote. + That is rational. But how often does that actually happen? + + The question is not why do so few people vote, but why + does anyone bothers to vote at all. Voting may be a fun and + pleasurable experience but it doesn't make rational sense as + a way of getting a payoff for the effort and sacrifice. + + *If my voting will do nothing, what can I do to help* + *get my candidate elected?* + + Simple: get other people to vote, lots of them. If you + can get 10,000 people to vote the way you want and your + personal reward for doing that exceeds the cost of your doing + it then, rationally, you should do it. It doesn't pay to + vote, but it does pay to donate a great deal of money to a + political candidate which is then used to con less + intelligent and less rational people into voting for the + candidate who will promptly ignore the desires of those who + voted from him but do everything he can to serve the desires + of those who made big contributions to his campaign. + + That is why it's so easy to buy elections. The thinking + voter gets no real, tangible rewards for voting; the bought + voter gets whatever pay-off he/she is offered. + + But if a single vote makes no difference to the outcome, + what about the other things our leaders ask us to do as a + civic duty? + + Let's look at another example of civic duty, one in + which we could argue that the personal sacrifice has a much + greater impact on the public good than the simple act of + voting. Suppose you live in a California city that happens + to be running out of water. The mayor declares - among other + things - that the residents are to take baths only two days a + week. Although this is not your day to bathe, you have just + finished making a plumbing repair in the basement and you are + feeling really grungy. The desire to take a bath weighs + heavy on your mind. + + You consider the options. They can best be stated by + the following "payoff matrix". + + | Direct |Member of Community | + | Impact | Impact | + ---------------------------------------------------------- + Take Bath | Great | - negligible | + ---------------------------------------------------------- + Don't Take Bath | Awful | + negligible | + ---------------------------------------------------------- + (The '-' means slightly negative; the '+' means slightly + positive) + + When I take any action that uses community resources, it + impacts me in two ways. I am impacted directly by my action + and I am impacted as a member of the community. + + With regard to the bath water example, the pay off + matrix would provide enough evidence to a rational person to + conclude that the net pay off is heavily in favor of taking a + bath. The loss that he/she would get from cheating as a + member of the community is insignificantly small. + + Both of these scenarios present examples of a situation + sometime referred to as "The Voter's Paradox". Basically + that paradox states that the return to an individual from a + group contribution that is beneficial to the group will be + less than the direct cost to the individual. The paradox + results from the fact that while the individual may have a + positive personal gain in not voting, if everyone declines to + vote, or to conserve water resources, we have a disaster on + our hands. + + The two scenarios actually present two classes of the + problem. + + With regard to the voting dilemma, the problem is that + there is no return *at all* to balance the voter's cost of + voting. The reason why this is so is because elections are a + binary (to use a term from the computer world) event. Your + candidate is either elected or not. We do not put 55% of + candidate A in office and 45% of candidate B. It is all or + nothing, which means that one less vote simply has no impact + on the final result. The very improbable case of a tie vote + is statistically insignificant. + + The second example of a water shortage is not binary in + that every little bit of water in the reservoir does help, + even if the actual difference one bath may make is down in + the noise ( to borrow another term from electronics). But + one always gets a significant reward for cheating, i.e. + instant cleanliness. Yet, if half the population does as I + do, the impact is disastrous. + + *What if everyone did that?* + + Experience tells us that everyone won't. We can be + pretty sure that a significant segment of any human + population will believe the myths and do their duty. Like + the sheep they are, they will vote, conserve water, and offer + every sacrifice for the common good that the preacher, + teacher, or politician tells them to make. + + But we are not writing this for the sheep who do what + they are told to do. We're addressing this to those who + think and act rationally in their own self interests. The + rational individual is first concerned with the results of + his/her actions as it impacts on his/her own happiness and + well being. Such a person may decide to make a sacrifice in + the common good, but will do so only if he or she is certain + that the personal sacrifice will produce a common good result + that is at least equal to or, hopefully, greater than the + value of the personal sacrifice. + + What we are arguing is that such a situation almost + never occurs. Most of the time, a personal sacrifice never + produces an impact on the common good that would justify the + personal cost. + + The final paradox is that if everybody did as I + contemplate doing, then it would me even less sense for me + not to cheat. The more people who cheat, the less rational + it becomes to be one of those sacrificing personal good for + the common good. The more rational, self directed, selfish + people there are in a community, the less likely that appeals + that everyone should work for the common good will produce + results. + + This dilemma is sometimes called *The Tragedy of the + Commons* which refers to the early New England practice of + establishing a grazing commons used by everyone in the + village. The commons pasture was a limited resource which + all members of the village could use for grazing their milk + cows and horses. The assumption was that the good citizens + of the community will each limit their use of the commons to + a fair share that would insure that the grass was not + overgrazed. It never happened that way. In every case the + commons was overgrazed into a dust patch. The reason was + simple. Too many people recognized that as the grass was a + limited resource, they had to get the maximum amount into + their cows before some one else did. The expectation was + always that if one didn't take more than his or her fair + share, the next fellow would. + + The *Tragedy of the Commons* poses an extremely serious + dilemma to those who would try to design a society based on + the assumption that individuals will contribute to the + group's well being rather than looking out for their own + selfish interests. If we recognize that individuals are + driven by selfish desires and we are looking for a rational + basis for voluntarily contributing to community welfare, we + are in serious trouble. + + Faced with the reality of the tragedy of the commons, + society usually opts for one of two different methods for + insuring the common good as well as the preservation of + community resources. These two methods are not + complimentary, but contradictory. + + One of these is the pay-as-you go method, that is, the + free market. In the free market approach, every common + resource, whether managed by private owners or by a community + government, is sold to the public at a price high enough to + insure that the resource is not depleted. If there is a + water shortage, then the price of water is jacked up until + people have no choice but to limit the amount of water they + use for bathing. This not only has the advantage of insuring + that water consumption goes down, it also gathers capital + that can be used to increase the supply of water through the + creation of new sources. + + But the modern advocate of *socially responsible* + government objects to the market place approach because it + results in an *unfair* situation in which the rich wash their + cars while the poor can't take a bath at all. Such advocates + of the common good claim that the only way to fairly + distribute a common necessity is by regulation. That means + that you jail people who take baths on the wrong day and the + only fair way to gather capital to finance new public + projects is by taxation. You not only have to collect enough + tax to pay for the water system, but you must also collect + enough to hire the water cops, pay the judges, and to build + the jails where you will put both water and tax cheats. + + But does such government action really solve the voter's + paradox or the tragedy of the commons, or does it simple + create a new commons, a public treasury, that then becomes + the target of plunder for selfish people who will always put + their own selfish interest above the common good? + + If we look at recent political history, it is obvious + that the tragedy of the commons could also be called the + tragedy of the public treasury. No matter how much we + collect for the public treasury, it will never be enough to + meet the demands of those who claim a right to use the money + from the treasury. + + It is not remarkable that each individual describes the + public good as those things that are in his own best + interest. The elderly want more social security and medical + benefits, the trucker better roads, the farmer crop + subsidies, the investor bank guarantees, and the politician + every single benefit that will result in more votes for him + at election time. The inevitable result is that the + government never spends the revenue in the public good, but + only for the benefit of those clever enough to manipulate the + system to their own benefit. + + We can see the result in America today. The entire + political process has degenerated into a mad scramble over + what should be financed with public funds as our politicians + spend us into national bankruptcy. + + This paradox affects our lives in a variety of ways + every day. A few more examples are provided for your + amusement and to further illustrate the general nature of the + problem: + + -- The congressman votes for more spending and higher + taxes because his direct reward is greater than the small + loss to himself of having to pay higher taxes. Further, + the electorate of each district continues to encourage the + congressman to spend for the benefit of their area, while + complaining about the ever increasing national debt! + + -- Even though free trade would benefit all nations and + most consumers, I, as an auto worker or textile mill + owner, will personally benefit more if I can elect + politicians who will set high tariffs and limit + competitive imports. + + -- The ecology of the earth will not be measurably + affected by my actions. The destruction of the mahogany + forests does not really depend on whether I buy this + mahogany table or not. In any case, not much is likely to + happen in my lifetime. + + -- If I somehow know that a chemical company stock is + about to gain $5, and I decide not to buy because the + company makes chemicals that end up in toxic dumps, two + things happen: I lose a chance to make $5 for every share + I could afford to purchase and the chemical company will + feel absolutely no additional pressure to abandon the + production of these chemicals. In fact there will be no + impact on the company, nor their policies, whatever I + decide to do. + + -- Currently the government is encouraging all of us + to buy all we can in order to stimulate the economy. It + makes much more sense for me to cut my spending and pay + off my credit bills. If everyone does that, the recession + becomes a depression. + + -- Young people who want to use their credit cards + demand that the government lower interest rates even + though that cuts the income of the elderly who are living + on the interest off their savings. + + -- Should I contribute to Public Television? Not only + will my $25 contribution not impact whether the station + stays on the air or not, but my use of their service costs + them nothing more than what they already spend. + Rationally, I use but don't pay. + + --Consider the situation of a bank near possible + failure. Suppose that you know that the bank's situation + is precarious and that if several people suddenly withdraw + their deposits, it will have to close. You have $5000 in + deposit. What should you do? The bank will not close + because of your individual action so your withdrawal will + not hurt other people. But if there is a "run" on the + bank, you lose $5000. + + If the above arguments are correct, we can only conclude + that a rational and selfish individual will not voluntarily + contribute to community welfare even though he/she would + share in that welfare. We could even suggest that the + only people who do voluntarily sacrifice personal rewards + for the public good are nothing but patsies. The person who + refuses to contribute to the common good gets a double + reward. He or she gets the immediate reward of the money or + effort saved, and the long term reward of collecting whatever + public good the patsies created. + + *But doesn't altruism have it's own rewards?* + + There are very convincing arguments that living human + beings are rarely altruistic. It is easier to believe that + positive civic actions by individuals result from stupidity, + intimidation, bribes, or the success of propaganda campaigns + rather than true altruism! + + But can't we educate our children through the school + system about the importance of working toward the common + good? + + We have been trying to do that ever since the beginning + of this century. Education hasn't converted children into + altruistic adults in this country and it certainly didn't + work in the Soviet Union where the school system tried + desperately to create the new socialist man who would always + work for the common good. Indeed, it seems that just the + opposite happens, the more educated a person is, the more + he/she is likely to take rational actions and less likely to + be easily convinced to sacrifice his own good for the common + good. + + What is the solution to this dilemma? Do those of us + wise enough to recognize the mythologies and the bull shit + that priest and politicians hand out decide that we have no + choice but to go along with the program of inducing guilt, + intimidating the ignorant, propagandizing the uneducated, and + bribing the electorate as it has been practiced by the + churches, governments, and teachers for thousands of years? + + Or, do we shout out the truth? Do we admit to + ourselves, and tell anyone who wants to listen that + sacrificing for the common good makes no rational sense, that + the only way to achieve the common good is to make every + thing a pay-as-you-go proposition with the free market place + determining what the price of every commodity and benefit + will be? Moreover, do we make a rational decision to take + every legal advantage of the common good and the common + treasure for as long as others are willing to believe in the + myths that teach it is better to serve the common good rather + than look out for one's own selfish interests? + + Indeed, do we dare examine the very concept that there + even is such a thing as the common good? Or is that idea as + mythical as the morality that claims humans must put aside + their own interest in order to serve the interest of the + community? + + In reality, society is always a chaotic mixture of + competing needs in which the needs and wants of no two + individuals ever match. No matter how much you may want tax + supported public schools, I'll remain convinced that public + schools are a failed social experiment that should be junked. + Some argue that the war on drugs does more damage to society + than drug addiction could ever do. Do agricultural subsidies + really serve the common good of the consumer who must pay + higher prices at the food counter? + + There is not a single major political issue in modern + America in which there is anything approaching a consensus + agreement about what action must be taken in the common good. + + *Would a society in which no one gave a damn about the* + *common good, be such a bad place to live?* + + Such a society would not put the butcher, the baker, or + the farmer out of business. We all must count on other + people, but the best way to make sure that someone does what + we want them to do is to return the favor by performing for + them what they perceive to be an equal favor. That's what + the free market is all about. + + If you really think about it, we already live in a + society in which every individual is really looking out for + their own self interest. It's just that we've allowed too + many people to glibly lie that they were supporting the + common good when all they are really interested in is their + own selfish rewards. They lie about their love for the + common good because they want to take advantage of our + gullibility to get what they want out of the system. That + includes every person who now holds political office and + every person who is trying to get elected. Throwing the + current bunch out and replacing them is not going to solve + the problem. + + But what about the voter's paradox? How do we solve + that problem? + + Why bother? If we give up the idea that people should + sacrifice for the common good, we take away most of the + justification for the politician. In a free society, voting + shouldn't count for much. If people take full responsibility + for their own lives, that leaves nothing for politicians to + do. It's only when we allow the politician to make us slaves + of the common good that we have to worry about whom we elect. + + +---------------------------------------------------------------+ + | THE CHAOS ADVOCATE is copyrighted by Mack Tanner. You | + | may review and read sections of this electronic publication | + | to determine whether or not you would like to read the entire | + | work. If you decide to read the entire magazine, or if you | + | keep a copy of the magazine in the unpacked, readable format | + | for your own personal use or review for more than two days | + | must pay a SHARELIT fee by mailing $2.00 to | + | | + | Mack Tanner | + | 1234 Nearing Rd. | + | Moscow, ID 83843 | + | | + | If you want a receipt, include a self-addressed and | + | stamped envelope. | + +---------------------------------------------------------------+ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/votesked.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/votesked.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1ca8ec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/votesked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +1992 Election Calendar + +Dates are subject to change. Check with local election officials to confirm. Voter +registration deadlines are generally well in advance of election dates. Check with local +election officials for registration information. + +JANUARY + 25 - 31 Hawaii GOP Caucuses + +FEBRUARY + ? Nevada GOP Caucuses + ? Virginia GOP District Conventions + 10 Alaska GOP Caucuses, Anchorage + 10 Iowa Caucuses + 16 CNN League of Womens Voters Televised Democratic Debate + 18 New Hampshire Presidential Primary + 23 Maine Democratic Municipal Caucuses + 25 South Dakota Presidential Primary + +MARCH + ? Arizona GOP County Conventions + ? Maine GOP Municipal Caucuses + ? North Dakota Caucuses + ? Vermont GOP Municipal Caucuses + ? Wyoming GOP County Conventions + 3 Colorado Presidential Primary + 3 Georgia Presidential Primary + 3 Idaho Democratic County Conventions + 3 Maryland Presidential and State Primaries + 3 Minnesota Caucuses + 3 Washington Democratic Caucuses + 5 ABC Democratic Debate + 7 Arizona Democratic County Caucuses + 7 South Carolina Democratic Presidential Primary + 7 Wyoming Democratic County Conventions + 8 Nevada Democratic Caucuses + 10 SUPER TUESDAY + 10 Delaware Democratic District Caucuses + 10 Florida Presidential Primary + 10 Hawaii Democratic Caucuses + 10 Louisiana Presidential Primary + 10 Massachusetts Presidential Primary + 10 Mississippi Presidential and State Primaries + 10 Missouri Democratic Caucuses + 10 Oklahoma Presidential Primary + 10 Rhode Island Presidential Primary + 10 Tennessee Presidential Primary + 10 Texas Presidential and State Primaries & Caucuses + 15 Puerto Rico Presidential Primary + 17 Illinois Presidential and State Primaries + 17 Michigan Presidential Primary + 24 Connecticut Presidential Primary + 31 Mississippi State Runoff + 31 Vermont Democratic Municipal Caucuses + +APRIL + ? Delaware GOP Caucuses + ? Missouri GOP County Conventions + ? Montana GOP County Conventions + 2 Alaska Democratic Caucuses + 7 Kansas Presidential Primary + 7 Minnesota Presidential Primary + 7 New York Presidential Primary + 7 Wisconsin Presidential Primary + 11 - 13 Virginia Democratic Caucuses + 14 Texas State Runoff + 20 Utah Caucuses + 23 Alaska GOP Convention + 28 Pennsylvania Presidential and State Primaries + +MAY + 2 Alaska Democratic District Conventions + 5 District of Columbia Presidential and District Primaries + 5 Indiana Presidential and State Primaries + 5 North Carolina Presidential and State Primaries + 5 Ohio Presidential and State Primaries + 12 Nebraska Presidential and State Primaries + 12 West Virginia Presidential and State Primaries + 19 Oregon Presidential and State Primaries + 19 Washington Presidential Primary + 26 Arkansas Presidential and State Primaries + 26 Idaho Presidential and State Primaries + 26 Kentucky Presidential and State Primaries + 30 - 31 Alaska Democratic Convention + +JUNE + 2 Alabama Presidential and State Primaries + 2 California Presidential and State Primaries + 2 Iowa State Primary + 2 Montana Presidential and State Primaries + 2 New Jersey Presidential and State Primaries + 2 New Mexico Presidential and State Primaries + 2 North Carolina State Runoff + 2 South Dakota State Primary + 9 Arkansas State Runoff + 9 Maine State Primary + 9 North Dakota Presidential and State Primaries + 9 South Carolina State Primary + 9 Virginia State Primary + 14 Puerto Rico Primaries + 23 South Carolina State Runoff + 30 Alabama State Runoff + +JULY + 13 - 16 Democratic National Convention + 21 Georgia State Primary + +AUGUST + 4 Kansas State Primary + 4 Michigan State Primary + 4 Missouri State Primary + 6 Tennessee State Primary + 11 Colorado State Primary + 11 Georgia State Runoff + 17 - 20 Republican National Convention + 18 Wyoming State Primary + 25 Alaska State Primary + 25 Oklahoma State Primary + +SEPTEMBER + 1 Florida State Primary + 1 Nevada State Primary + 5 Guam Primary + 8 Arizona State Primary + 8 New Hampshire State Primary + 8 Utah State Primary + 8 Vermont State Primary + 8 Virgin Islands Primary + 8 Wisconsin State Primary + 12 Delaware State Primary + 15 Connecticut State Primary + 15 Massachusetts State Primary + 15 Minnesota State Primary + 15 New York State Primary + 15 Oklahoma State Runoff + 15 Rhode Island State Primary + 15 Washington State Primary + 19 Hawaii State Primary + 29 Florida State Runoff + +OCTOBER + 3 Louisiana State Primary + +NOVEMBER + 3 General Election + +INDEX BY STATE/EVENT +ABC Debate, 3/5 +Alabama, 6/2; 6/30 +Alaska, 2/10; 4/2; 4/23; 5/2; 5/30-31; 8/28 +Arizona, 3/7; 9/8 +Arkansas, 5/26; 6/9 +California, 6/2 +CNN Debate, 2/16 +Colorado, 3/3; 8/11 +Connecticut, 3/24; 9/15 +Delaware, 3/10; 9/12 +Democratic National Convention, 7/13-16 +District of Columbia, 5/5 +Florida, 3/10; 9/1; 9/29 +General Election, 11/3 +Georgia, 3/3; 7/21; 8/11 +Guam, 9/5 +Hawaii,1/25-31; 3/10; 9/19 +Idaho, 3/3; 5/26 +Illinois, 3/17 +Indiana, 5/5 +Iowa, 2/10; 6/2 +Kansas, 4/7; 8/4 +Kentucky, 5/26 +Louisiana, 3/10; 10/3 +Maine, 2/23; 6/9 +Maryland, 3/3 +Massachusetts, 3/10; 9/15 +Michigan, 3/17; 8/4 +Minnesota, 3/3; 4/7; 9/15 +Mississippi, 3/10; 3/31 +Missouri, 3/10; 8/4 +Montana, 6/2 +Nebraska, 5/12 +Nevada, 3/8; 9/1 +New Hampshire, 2/18; 9/8 +New Jersey, 6/2 +New Mexico, 6/2 +New York, 4/7; 9/15 +North Carolina, 5/5; 6/2 +North Dakota, 6/9 +Ohio, 5/5 +Oklahoma, 3/10; 8/25; 9/15 +Oregon, 5/19 +Pennsylvania, 4/28 +Puerto Rico, 3/15; 6/14 +Republican National Convention, 8/17-20 +Rhode Island, 3/10; 9/15 +South Carolina, 3/7; 6/9; 6/23 +South Dakota, 2/25; 6/2 +Super Tuesday, 3/10 +Tennessee, 3/10; 8/6 +Texas, 3/10; 4/14 +Utah, 4/20; 9/8 +Vermont, 3/31; 9/8 +Virgin Islands, 9/8 +Virginia, 4/11-13; 6/9 +Washington, 3/3; 5/19; 9/15 +West Virginia, 5/12 +Wisconsin, 4/7; 9/8 +Wyoming, 3/7; 8/18 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/voynich.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/voynich.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d27a4b59 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/voynich.txt @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ + Anyone who is interested in cryptography and who also is interested in +the occult and or bizzarre should be aware of the Voynich Manuscript. Here +is a brief rundown along with some references and speculations. + I am doing this all from memory (mine, not the computer's), so I can't +guarantee that it's accurate, but I think I've got all the major details +straight. (I did some research on it a few years back.) + The Voynich Manuscript is named for a fellow named Voynich (this part +is non-controversial), who discovered it while looking for old illuminated +manuscripts (excuse me girls--personuscripts). When he died, he donated it to +Yale, where, when last I heard, it still resides. + It is a couple hundred pages long. Most of each page is "text" (I'll +get back to that.). The margins of many or most of the pages contain +illustrations of EXTREMELY obscure significance; for instance, some of the +drawings look like naked women standing in what looks like a cross between a +tree root system and a set of vertical baths. Some of the illustrations, it +has been claimed, represent recognizable plants not known to the old world. +Attempts to interpret the illustrations have been just as lame as attempts to +decode the text. While the Voynich Manuscript ain't the Book of Kells, what +I've seen of it has its own weird charm, and both text and illustrations were +executed with care by someone who cared about what they were doing. This last +point bears repeating, as I don't think that it has elsewhere been +sufficiently emphasized: Whoever produced the Voynich Manuscript was hot +enough to do it that they went to serious effort to make it or expense to have +it made. They weren't dicking around. (This doesn't mean it isn't a joke, but +if it is, it's a goddam serious one. And it doesn't mean the author wasn't +crazy, but I don't have to tell YOU that there are shitpiles of serious +crazies.) + You really should take a look at it or you won't really have a good +idea of what it looks like; check the references a little farther on. I +remember that when I first heard about the Voynich Manuscript, I was given an +accurate description that just didn't convey what the damn‚d thing looks like. + The "text" is a bunch of squiggly letter-like lines (about 20 or so +different kinds) with fairly clear division into "words", laid out in "lines" +and "paragraphs". In other words (hah) it looks like writing. The "letters" +don't look much like anybody's real alphabet but they don't look that weird +either. (They don't look like "@#$%^%$#".) + By now you're probably wondering who the fuck made it. Nobody knows. + As to where it came from, something is known. There is a notation in +the MS indicating that sometime in the early 1600's it ended up in the library +of some Austrian or German count (or something; I don't remember the +details.). Between there and Voynich nothing is known or noone is talking. +Before there it looks as though the damn‚d thing belonged to John Dee(oo-ee- +oo). If you don't know who he was, you're reading the wrong file on the wrong +BBS. Count X was one of Dee's continental patrons and Dee's son Arthur said +that his dad had had a cipher manuscript that he wasn't able to crack. +Unfortunately, he doesn't say what happened to it. This, so far as I know is +the whole John Dee connection. More tenuous is the connection to Roger Bacon. +This seems to be based on assuming the Voynich Manuscript is a couple +centuries older than it probably is (about 1500 seems the most convincing +date), the romantic notion that Bacon had these marvellous secrets of the +illuminati that he hid in cipher, and the fact that Dee was an avid collector +of Bacon MSS (you could get them at fire sale prices when Hank8 closed down +the monastery scam). It looks to me that the Dee connection is likely enough +to assume it as a starting point for further research, the Bacon one +only interesting if another connection appears. + However, you should keep in mind that even if the MS was written by +Bacon, it doesn't mean that it was written in England. Roger spent some of +his time, including jail time, on the continent. Likewise if John Dee +obtained it, it wasn't necessarily in Britain. As far as I know, there is no +consensus as to where the Voynich Manuscript was written, although Europe +seems to be most probable. (To the extent that the writing looks like +anything, it looks like European scripts. + So we don't know very much about the Voynich Manuscript's origin, +originator or purpose. All we have is the thing itself, and it aint talking. + If no-one has managed to decode it, it isn't for lack of trying. +Since Voynich's day there have been several attempts of varying degrees of +nuttiness. Most of the early attempts are just lame: People who see more than +is there, creating a vast edifice of bullshit. People who see what they want +to see, creating more of the same. People who don't understand what ciphers +are all about, piling on more bullshit. + This last fuckup bears some elaboration, since it is so widespread and +infects moored as well as loose cannon. For a cipher to be reasonable it must +be able to be inverted ambiguously. To take an extreme example, suppose I +cipher the letters a-m as a, n-z as n. Then "dong" encodes to "abba". So +far, so lame. HOWEVER, "abba" can decode as "dong" or "long" or "pork" et- +fuckin'-cetera. You will NEVER be able to figure the encoder's intent. +Conversely, you get a variety of messages so you can pick your favorite. This +last has plagued the Voynich Manuscript interpreters (and [Francis] +Baconians). I'm not going to go into the ugly details of any of the dingbat +theories, but they seem to be inclined towards allowing the use of anagrams +and the assumption that the original author was illiterate in a fashion +specified by the interpreter. I mean, these folks are hopelessly lame and +THEY DON'T FUCKING KNOW IT. + So, you ask, are there any workable decipherments? Welllll sort of. +A recent book, The most mysterious manuscript: The Voynich "Roger Bacon" +cipher manuscript edited by a clown named Brumbaugh, is a collection of +essays, a couple of which claim tohave made some headway. To not run off +about it, I think that they are falling into subtler versions of the non- +invertiblity fallacy. Read the book and see if you agree. + Of course it is possible that the author of the Voynich Manuscript +DID use a bogus cipher. If so, we're shit out of luck. + Then there is the question of whether its a goddam cipher in the first +place. + The heavyweight cryptanalyst William Friedman came to the conclusion +that its written in an artificial language. Maybe so, but the vogue for +creating artificial languages, I seem to recall, was closer to the 1600's and +1700's. However, similar ideas were floating around in the late medieval +period. And you could look at the Kabbalah as the same sort of thing... + It was noticed early on that while the Voynich Manuscript does look +like writing it doesn't have a large repetition structure like real language. +(This seems to have been part of what gave Friedman his idea.) As far as I +know, the only person who has thought to test this statistically is the laser +physicist William Ralph Bennett Jr. In the mid 70's, he wrote a book, +Scientific and Engineering Problem-Solving With the Computer, which has a +chapter on cryptanalysis in general and the Voynich Manuscript in particular. +He does an analysis of the (statistical) information of single letters, +digrams, and trigrams for several known languages and the Voynich Manuscript. +Using these measures, he finds that the MS does not have statistics resembling +any of the tested languages. Except Hawaiian. Make of that what you will. + So that is the state of the art, as far as I know it. Now here are +some theories and speculations of my own, presented in no particular order of +logic, favor, coherence or sanity. + Is the MS written in a form of musical notation? Or is it an encoding +of non verbal vocalizations such as liturgy or chanting? Either of these +could explain why the Voynich Manuscript doesn't have the structure of +language. If either of these is the case, I don't hold much hope for +decipherment, unless a key is found. + I think one reasonable possibility is that this is a code, not a +cipher; that is, it isn't letter-to-letter substitution, but word-to-word +substitution. Again, without a key being discovered, cracking it is unlikely. + Then there is the John Dee connection. Maybe Dee wrote it. Or Edward +Kelley. I haven't seen any theory, nut or otherwise, that looks at these +possibilities. Is there a connection with the Enochian system? Kelley +mayhave been a fraud. If he was pulling Dee's leg about the Enochian stuff, +he was doing a singularly thorough and persistent job of it. Sound familiar? + And, for what it's worth, Dee may have been a bit of a spy. + Then, of course, the Voynich Manuscript might be concealing the true +assassins of JFK, the current whereabouts of Elvis, and the location of the +home planet of the Greys. + Enough. + One thing though. The goddam thing is real. It exists. This is an +honest-to-god what-the-fuck MYSTERY. + + + I know of extensive set of plates from the Voynich Manuscript. The +best set (3 or 4 pages) is in Bennett's book (he's at Yale). Kahn's The +Codebreakers has a couple of illos and gives the basic rundown. + + Windmill + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/vsipemp1.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/vsipemp1.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7cab0569 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/vsipemp1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,700 @@ +[BBS file "VSIPEMP1.TXT"; "Employee's Guide to Buyouts" dated April +7, 1994.] +================================================================= + + THE EMPLOYEE'S GUIDE TO BUYOUTS + + U.S. OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT + FEDERAL WORKFORCE RESTRUCTURING OFFICE + +Version: APRIL 7, 1994 + + FEDERAL WORKFORCE RESTRUCTURING ACT OF 1994 + PUBLIC LAW 103-226, March 30, 1994 + +KEY FEATURES OF INCENTIVES PROGRAM + + To avoid or minimize involuntary separations due to +restructuring, executive branch agencies may pay voluntary +separation incentive payments (VSIP) in any designated component, +occupation, grade, series, and/or location to employees who +voluntarily agree to resign, retire, or take voluntary early +retirement (OPM must approve the agency's request for early +retirement). The agency may allow employees to take buyouts +through March 31, 1995. + + Employees may be offered an incentive only if the agency +utilizes the VSIP program. The agency will then notify employees +when they will have the opportunity to take the incentive. +Agencies do not have to get approval from OPM to offer VSIPs. + +To receive a VSIP offer, an employee must-- + +-be serving under appointment without time limit, +-have 12 months of continuous service, +-not be a reemployed annuitant, +-not be eligible for disability retirement, +-agree to resign or retire voluntarily during a period designated +by the agency, and +-be in a position designated by the agency as eligible for VSIP +offers. + + VSIPs are not available to employees separated by reduction +in force (RIF). + + The law sets no grade, series, or age requirements for VSIP. +Agencies may offer incentives to all eligible employees of the +agency or only to employees in designated: + +-organizational units, +-geographic locations, +-occupational categories (including grade levels), or +-any combination of these factors, + +but may not select individual employees on any personal basis +either to receive incentives or to be excluded from receiving +incentives. + + The VSIP amount is the lesser of $25,000 or an amount equal +to the employee's severance pay entitlement. We have attached a +worksheet for employees to use to estimate the amount of their +VSIP. The VSIP is also subject to all applicable federal, state, +and local taxes, social security, medicare, etc. + + The agency may delay employee separations up to March 31, +1997, to ensure performance of the agency's mission. + + An employee must repay the full VSIP if employed by the +Government of the United States, by appointment or personal +services contract, within 5 years after separation. This provision +applies to employees of the Department of Defense and the Central +Intelligence Agency who take VSIPs on or after March 30, 1994. + + -OPM may waive repayment only in cases where an individual +with unique abilities is the only qualified candidate for +appointment to a position. + + Employees must apply for separation incentive payments and +must sign an agreement that the decision to resign or retire under +these circumstances is entirely voluntary. The application process +and the order in which applicants are selected to receive VSIPs is +determined by each agency. Employees will need to contact the +servicing personnel office for details. + + If an employee is selected to receive the voluntary +separation incentive payment, these agreements will serve as a +commitment to resign or retire during the window period. If +employees are not selected to receive a separation incentive, they +will not be bound by this commitment. + + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +FREQUENTLY ASKED "BUYOUT" QUESTIONS (AND ANSWERS) + + + +1. "WHAT ARE VOLUNTARY SEPARATION INCENTIVE PAYMENTS? WHY ARE +FEDERAL AGENCIES OFFERING THEM?" + +The Administration is committed to reducing the size of the Federal +workforce. On March 30, 1994, the President signed Public Law +103-226, the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994. This +law allows agencies to offer Voluntary Separation Incentive +Payments, (VSIPs or "buyouts") of up to $25,000 to employees who +resign or retire. These payments are lump sum cash bonuses given +to employees who voluntarily leave Federal service. By allowing +employees to volunteer to leave the Government, agencies can +minimize or avoid firing employees through the use of costly and +disruptive reductions in force (RIFs). The cost of separating an +employee by RIF is far greater than the cost to pay employees VSIPs +to voluntarily quit. + + +2. "WHEN WILL MY AGENCY OFFER BUYOUTS?" + +The Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994 authorizes the +heads of Executive Branch agencies to pay voluntary separation +incentives (buyouts) to eligible employees who resign or retire by +March 31, 1995. Since the agency head is authorized to determine +where and when to allow VSIPS, only YOUR agency can tell you where +and when buyouts will be offered. OPM CANNOT ANSWER THIS QUESTION +FOR YOU. + + +3. "DO I MEET THE AGE AND SERVICE REQUIREMENTS TO BE ELIGIBLE +FOR A BUYOUT?" + +The law does not set any age or service requirements. However, the +law does allow agencies to limit where they use incentives. +Incentives can be targeted at positions in locations, +organizations, and/or occupations (including grade levels), but may +not be targeted at individuals. + +Many people believe that the "buyout" program is a RETIREMENT +program. It is not. It is a program that allows federal agencies +to pay separation incentives (buyouts) to ANY employee who +quits or takes regular or early retirement. If your agency elects +to offer buyouts to you, you will be eligible--regardless of age or +length of service. If you wish to retire, you must meet the age +and service requirements for retirement (see question 9). + + +4. "MY AGENCY IS NOT PLANNING TO USE BUYOUTS. IS THIS FAIR? +DON'T I HAVE A RIGHT TO A BUYOUT?" + +Agencies ARE NOT REQUIRED to use or pay incentives. Incentives ARE +NOT an employee right. The incentives are a management tool to +help the agency reduce the workforce without having to run +costly and disruptive RIFs. + +5. "HOW MUCH WILL MY INCENTIVE BE? DOES EVERYONE GET $25,000?" + +The amount of each employee's incentive will vary. The basic +formula for calculating your incentive is the same formula used for +calculating severance pay. Remember, the MAXIMUM amount that any +employee can receive is $25,000, (the amount you receive will be +EVEN LOWER after the appropriate taxes, social security, medicare, +etc. are deducted by your payroll office). You will need +to contact your servicing personnel office for an exact calculation +of your incentive amount. However, we have included a worksheet in +this packet to help you ESTIMATE your buyout. + +An incentive payment is the amount of severance pay you would get, +or $25,000, whichever is less. Severance pay is figured as if you +would get it; you don't have to be eligible for severance pay. +(Severance pay is normally only for people who separate +involuntarily. Leaving Federal service with an incentive payment +is a voluntary action.) + +The amount of severance pay would be 1 week's basic pay for each of +the first 10 years of your civilian service, plus 2 weeks' basic +pay for each year over 10 years. An age adjustment allowance +of 10% is added for each year you are over 40. (No credit is given +for military service unless the service interrupted otherwise +creditable civilian service.) + + +6. "WHAT MAKES AN EMPLOYEE ELIGIBLE FOR A BUYOUT?" + +To receive a VSIP offer, an employee must-- + +-be serving under appointment without time limit, +-have 12 months of continuous service, +-not be a reemployed annuitant, +-not be eligible for disability retirement, +-agree to resign or retire voluntarily during a period designated +by the agency, and +-be in a position designated by the agency as eligible for VSIP +offers. + + + +7. "ARE POSTAL SERVICE EMPLOYEES COVERED BY THIS LAW?" + +No. The law specifically excludes U.S. Postal Service and Postal +Rate Commission employees. + + + + +8. "ARE D.C. GOVERNMENT WORKERS WHO WERE FEDERAL EMPLOYEES +COVERED BY THIS LAW?" + +No. This law authorizes Federal agencies in the Executive branch +to pay incentives to their employees. The DC Government is not a +Federal agency. + +9. "DOES THE NEW LAW CHANGE ELIGIBILITY FOR RETIREMENT?" + +No. If you are under FERS or CSRS, you can take regular optional +retirement if you are 55 with at least 30 years of service; age 60 +with 20 years of service; or age 62 with 5 years. If your agency +offers early retirement, you must be at least 50 with 20 years of +service or have 25 years of service at any age. An employee under +FERS also is eligible for an immediate annuity if he/she has 10 +years of service and has reached the minimum retirement age (55 if +born before 1948, and gradually increasing to 57). An employee +under CSRS must meet the 1-out-of-last-2 years coverage +requirement and all employees must have at least 5 years of +civilian service. + + +10. "WHAT DOES AN "APPOINTMENT WITHOUT TIME LIMITATION" MEAN?" + +An employee on an appointment with a time limit works only until a +specified date and then goes off the rolls. The employing agency +sets the ending date when it hires the individual and/or when it +extends the appointment. For example, temporary and term employees +serve with a time limit, so they are not eligible for an incentive +payment. Career and career-conditional employees and permanent +employees in the excepted service have no limit so they are +eligible. + + +11. "I RETIRED FROM THE MILITARY BUT AM NOW A CIVILIAN EMPLOYEE. +CAN I APPLY FOR A SEPARATION INCENTIVE?" + +Yes, if you are otherwise eligible. The agency will figure the +incentive payment only on the basis of your civilian service. + + +12. "WHEN IS THE EARLIEST I CAN LEAVE WITH AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT? +WHEN IS THE LATEST?" + +Your agency can set windows for buyouts at any time through March +31, 1995. The agency may also delay your separation with an +incentive payment to no later than March 31, 1997, if your job is +essential for continuing operations. See your personnel office for +details on when windows will be available for you to apply. + + +13. "IF I MEET ALL THE REQUIREMENTS, DO I AUTOMATICALLY GET AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT IF I LEAVE? WHAT IF MY AGENCY GETS MORE +REQUESTS FOR INCENTIVE PAYMENTS THAN ARE NECESSARY TO MEET ITS +REDUCED STAFFING TARGETS. HOW WILL IT DECIDE WHICH REQUESTS TO +APPROVE?" + +You are eligible to apply for an incentive payment if you meet all +the requirements set by the law and your agency. Agencies may +exclude certain jobs or units from the incentive payment offer. +(See your agency for a list.) In handling applications, the agency +must use a fair and objective method to determine the order in +which applications will be approved (for example, order of +separation date, order of receipt of completed applications, +seniority, etc.). + +14. "WHEN WILL I RECEIVE MY INCENTIVE PAYMENT? WILL IT BE ALL AT +ONCE (LUMP SUM) OR MONTHLY? IS IT TAXABLE?" + +The agency will send you the incentive payment as soon as possible +after the date of your separation but cannot guarantee a specific +date. First, the agency must resolve any leave errors, salary +offsets, and employee debts to the Government. It is also subject +to garnishment for alimony and child support. The incentive +payment is taxable. You will receive it as a lump sum (less +Federal income tax withholding, applicable State and local taxes, +and FICA/Medicare taxes). + + +15. "DO I HAVE TO MAKE A COMMITMENT TO LEAVE IF I ACCEPT AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT?" + +Yes. Your agency will ask you to sign an agreement saying that in +exchange for an incentive payment you agree to resign or retire on +a specific date. If employees could change their minds, the agency +might not be able to meet its downsizing goal. + + +16. "WHAT DOES THE INCENTIVE PAYMENT AGREEMENT SAY?" + +The agreement says that you agree to leave by a certain date in +return for the incentive payment. It also says that if you accept +an incentive payment, you will not be eligible for reemployment +with the Federal government, in either a temporary or permanent +status, or on a personal services contract for 5 years following +the effective date of your separation--unless you repay the full +amount of the incentive payment. Waivers are allowed only in rare +cases. + + +17. "WHAT RIGHTS AND BENEFITS WOULD I BE GIVING UP TO TAKE AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT TO RETIRE OR RESIGN RATHER THAN WAITING TO BE +SEPARATED IN A RIF?" + +o Placement assistance; +o Taking a job in Government within next 5 years without paying +back the incentive payment; +o Full amount of severance pay (if eligible); +o Discontinued Service Retirement (if eligible); and the option +of a lump-sum refund of retirement contributions (available to +employees separated involuntarily through September 29, 1994). + + +18. "MAY I TAKE A DISCONTINUED SERVICE RETIREMENT, THE LUMP-SUM +REFUND OF RETIREMENT CONTRIBUTIONS, AND AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT?" + +No. Incentives are paid to employees who leave voluntarily. +Discontinued Service Retirement is based on an involuntary +separation. The lump-sum refund is available only to employees who +have a critical medical condition or are separated involuntarily no +later than September 29, 1994. + + +19. "IF I LEAVE WITH AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT, CAN I TAKE A JOB IN +ANOTHER FEDERAL AGENCY? AM I ELIGIBLE FOR PLACEMENT ASSISTANCE?" + + +If you retire or resign with an incentive payment, you may not take +a job with the Federal government for 5 years following the day of +your separation--unless you pay back the full amount of +the incentive payment. This prohibition covers any kind of +employment (for example, permanent, temporary, expert, consultant, +reemployed annuitant) as well as personal services contracts. +Repayment may be waived but only in those rare cases where an +individual is the only qualified applicant for a job and the agency +head requests the waiver from OPM. If OPM waives the repayment and +you are reemployed, you may not move out of that position--unless +you repay the incentive payment or unless OPM approves another +waiver. + +You are not entitled to placement assistance because employees +volunteer to leave Federal service with an incentive payment. +Placement assistance is for employees who are involuntarily +separated. + + +20. "CAN THE AGENCY DELAY MY SEPARATION UNTIL AFTER THE "WINDOW" +AND STILL GIVE ME AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT WHEN I LEAVE?" + +Generally, to receive an incentive payment, the effective date of +your resignation or retirement must be during the agency's window +period. However, the agency may extend individuals in certain +positions or whole groups of positions for any period up through +March 31, 1997, to ensure the performance of the agency's mission. + + +21. "HOW WILL THE AGENCY DECIDE WHICH EMPLOYEES TO DELAY?" + +Each agency can set its own policy on which positions they will +need to ensure the agency's mission. Check with your personnel +office to find out how your agency will be handling the option. + +22. "CAN I TURN DOWN MY AGENCY'S REQUEST THAT I STAY ON FOR AN +ADDITIONAL PERIOD AND LEAVE NOW AND STILL GET THE INCENTIVE +PAYMENT?" + +Agencies may approve the incentive payment for certain employees +contingent on their staying to finish essential activities. These +activities must be to ensure the agency's mission. If you are such +an employee, you could still resign at any time, or take early +retirement during the early retirement window, or take regular +retirement if you are eligible, but you may not get the incentive +payment if you left before the date the agency set. + + +23. "LEAVING FEDERAL SERVICE WITH THE INCENTIVE PAYMENT IS +SUPPOSED TO BE VOLUNTARY. IF I'M ELIGIBLE BUT DON'T CHOOSE TO +LEAVE, CAN MY AGENCY RETALIATE BY MOVING ME TO ANOTHER POSITION?" + +Incentives are for voluntary separations. Coercion is prohibited. +However, after the window closes, an agency may find it necessary +to move some remaining employees to other positions. Also, later +restructuring could mean the agency would have to reassign or even +separate employees. To take these actions agencies would have to +follow requirements of law, regulation, and applicable negotiated +procedures. + + +24. "IF I DECLINE AN OFFER OF AN INCENTIVE, CAN I BE RIFed?" + +Coercing an employee to take a buyout is prohibited. However, even +if an agency uses buyouts, it is possible that buyouts will not +result in a sufficient number of voluntary separations and the +agency may need to carry out a RIF. A buyout offer does not +protect the employee from RIF. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +VOLUNTARY EARLY RETIREMENT + +1. "WHO IS ELIGIBLE FOR EARLY RETIREMENT?" + +OPM can authorize an agency to offer early retirement to eligible +employees. The agency can exclude employees in certain jobs that +are critical to the agency's operation. (See your agency for a +list.) The agency may change this list before the early retirement +window closes. Unless you are excluded because your job is on the +above list, you are eligible for early retirement as follows: + +o If you are under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), +you must have served in a position covered by the CSRS for at least +l year out of the 2 years immediately before retirement. + +o If you are under FERS, this rule does not apply. At least 5 +years must be civilian service, whether you are retiring under CSRS +or FERS. + +o You must be at least 50 with 20 years of service or have 25 +years of service at any age. + +o You must be serving under other than a temporary appointment; + +o You must have been on the agency's rolls at least 30 days +before the agency requested authority from OPM and you served +continuously since that date without a break in service. + + +2. "WHAT DOES THE EARLY RETIREMENT "WINDOW" MEAN?" + +Each agency sets a window, or period of time, during which eligible +employees can take early retirement. Normally, this coincides with +the window during which buyouts will be offered. If you want to +retire early, you would separate during the agency's window. You +must turn in your application as soon as possible to make sure you +can retire during the window. If your agency offers you an +incentive payment contingent on your staying beyond the window to +finish essential work, you do not have to retire during the window, +but you must apply during the window period. + + +3. "CAN ANYONE WHO IS ELIGIBLE AND WHO APPLIES FOR EARLY +RETIREMENT BE ASSURED OF RETIRING EARLY?" + +Just as it does with buyouts, the agency may set a limit on the +number of early retirements it offers. This number should take +care of all the employees who want to retire early and whose jobs +are not essential to the agency's continued operations. If the +agency receives more applications than it needs, the agency must +use a fair objective method to make decisions (for example, order +of separation date, order of receipt of completed applications, +seniority, etc.). + +4. "IF I TAKE EARLY RETIREMENT, IS MY ANNUITY REDUCED?" + +CSRS employees who retire under the voluntary early retirement +authority will have a reduction in their annuity of 2 percent per +year for each year they are under age 55. (The reduction is 1/6 of +1 percent for each full month.) This is a permanent reduction in +annuity. + +Employees with only FERS service will not have their annuities +reduced unless retiring under the MRA+10 provision before age 62. +Employees with both CSRS and FERS service will have a reduction +only for the CSRS portion of their service. + +Special rules apply to the calculation of annuities of employees +who have part-time service after 1986. The personnel office can +give you more details. + + +5. "IF I TAKE EARLY RETIREMENT, WHAT HAPPENS TO MY UNUSED SICK +LEAVE?" + +CSRS employees will receive service credit for any unused sick +leave in determining their annuity (but they must meet eligibility +requirements for retirement before the sick leave is added.) + +FERS employees do not receive credit. Employees who were +previously under CSRS but who transferred to FERS will receive +credit for either the amount of sick leave at the time of the +transfer to FERS, or at the time of retirement--whichever is less. + + +6. "CAN I CONTINUE HEALTH AND LIFE INSURANCE INTO RETIREMENT?" + +If you retire on an immediate annuity and if you have been enrolled +(or covered as a family member) in a plan (not necessarily the same +plan) under the Federal Employees Health Benefits program from (a) +the 5 years of service immediately preceding retirement, or (b) +from service since your first opportunity to enroll or, ( c) +continuously for the full period or periods of service beginning +with the enrollment which became effective no later than December +31, 1964. Also, your annuity must be sufficient to cover your +share of the premiums. + + +7. "WHAT FORMS DO I NEED TO APPLY FOR EARLY RETIREMENT WITH AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT AND WHERE DO I GET THEM? + +Your personnel office will provide these forms to you. You will +sign: (1) an application for retirement, and (2) an incentive +payment agreement. + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + +VSIP COMPUTATION WORKSHEETS- + +The following are samples for use in ESTIMATING the amount of your +buyout. The actual calculation formula is quite complicated and +technical. The samples are intended to allow an employee to figure +the approximate amount of the buyout they may receive. OPM is not +responsible for the accuracy of the results that this worksheet may +give you. If you want a more accurate calculation, you will have +to contact your personnel office. + EXAMPLE OF VSIP COMPUTATION WORKSHEET + + +line 1.Salary at time of separation (GS-14/10)= $73,619 + +line 2.Weekly Rate (line 1 divided by 52)=$1,415.75 + +line 3.Years of Service (see A and B below)18 + + A. If your length of service is LESS THAN 10 years, enter +your length of service on line 3a. + + B. If your length of service is MORE THAN 10 years: + 1) enter your length of service: 18 + 2) subtract 10 from your length of service: - 10 + = 8 + 3) multiply the result, in this case, 8, by 2: = 16 + +10 + 4) add 10 to the amount listed in 3). 26 + 5) enter this total on line 3a. This is the factor for +your adjusted years of service and tells you approximately the +number of weeks of severance pay you would be entitled to. + +line 3a. Adjusted Years of Service 26 + +line 4.Basic Severance Pay (multiply amount in line 2 by number on +line 3a--Adjusted Years of Service) = $36809.50 + +line 5.Age Adjustment Factor (if your age is above 40, look your +age up on the "AGE TABLE AND FACTORS" chart attached. Enter the +"factor" number shown.) + + Age = 52 years. Factor = 2.20. + +Line 6. Severance Pay Amount + + Multiply line 4 by line 5 factor (38809.50 X 2.20) = + $80,980.90 + + 6a. If line 6 exceeds line 1, enter amount on line 1. + The amount of severance pay will be = 73,619 + +Line 7. Buyout Amount + + If line 6a exceeds $25,000, enter $25,000 +OR + If line 6a does not exceed $25,000, but is more than +line 1, enter amount on line 1. + + YOUR BUYOUT AMOUNT: = $25,000 + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + +VSIP COMPUTATION WORKSHEET + + +line 1.Salary at time of separation =_________ + +line 2.Weekly Rate (line 1 divided by 52) =_________ + +line 3.Years of Service (see A and B below) _________ + + A. If your length of service is LESS THAN 10 years, enter +your length of service on line 3a. + + B. If your length of service is MORE THAN 10 years: + 1) enter your length of service: ___ + 2) subtract 10 from your length of service:-10 + ___ + 3) multiply the result by 2: ___ + +10 + 4) add 10 to the amount listed in 3). ___ + 5) enter this total on line 3a. This is the factor for +your adjusted years of service and tells you approximately the +number of weeks of severance pay you would be entitled to. + +line 3a. Adjusted Years of Service ____________ + +line 4.Basic Severance Pay (multiply amount in line 2 by number on +line 3a--Adjusted Years of Service) = _________ + +line 5.Age Adjustment Factor (if your age is above 40, look your +age up on the "AGE TABLE AND FACTORS" chart attached. Enter the +"factor" number shown.) + + Age = _______years and _______months. Factor = _______ + +Line 6. Severance Pay Amount + + Multiply line 4 by line 5 factor $_________ + + 6a. If line 6 exceeds line 1, enter amount on line 1. + The amount of severance pay will be $_________ + +Line 7. Buyout Amount + + If line 6a exceeds $25,000, enter $25,000 +OR + If line 6a does not exceed $25,000, but is more than +line 1, enter amount on line 1. + + YOUR BUYOUT AMOUNT: $_________ + + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + + + + AGE TABLE AND FACTORS + +Yrs. Factor Yrs. Factor Yrs. Factor + Mos. Mos. Mos. + +40 3-5 1.O25 48 4-8 1.850 56 9-11 2.675 +40 6-8 1.050 48 9-11 1.875 57 0-2 2.700 +40 9-11 1.075 49 0-2 1.900 57 3-5 2.725 +41 0-2 1.100 49 3-5 1.925 57 6-8 2.750 +41 3-5 1.125 49 6-8 1.950 57 9-ll 2.775 +41 6-8 1.150 49 9-ll 1.975 58 0-2 2.800 +41 9-ll 1.175 50 0-2 2.000 58 3-5 2.825 +42 O-2 1.200 50 3-5 2.025 58 6-8 2.850 +42 3-5 1.225 50 6-8 2.050 58 9-ll 2.875 +42 6-8 1.250 50 9-11 2.075 59 0-2 2.900 +42 9-11 1.275 51 0-2 2.100 59 3-5 2.925 +43 0-2 1.300 51 3-5 2.125 59 6-8 2.950 +43 3-5 1.325 51 6-8 2.150 59 9-11 2.975 +43 6-8 1.350 51 9-ll 2.175 60 0-2 3.000 +43 9-11 1.375 52 0-2 2.200 60 3-5 3.025 +44 0-2 1.400 52 3-5 2.225 60 6-8 3.050 +44 3-5 1.425 52 6-8 2.250 60 9-11 3.075 +44 6-8 1.450 52 9-11 2.275 61 0-2 3.100 +44 9-11 1.475 53 0-2 2.300 61 3-5 3.125 +45 0-2 1.500 53 3-5 2.325 61 6-8 3.150 +45 3-5 1.525 53 6-8 2.350 61 9-11 3.175 +45 6-8 1.550 53 9-11 2.375 62 0-2 3.200 +45 9-11 1.575 54 0-2 2.400 62 3-5 3.225 +46 0-2 1.600 54 3-5 2.425 62 6-8 3.250 +46 3-5 1.625 54 6-8 2.450 62 9-11 3.275 +46 6-8 1.650 54 9-11 2.475 63 0-2 3.300 +46 9-11 1.675 55 0-2 2.500 63 3-5 3.325 +47 0-2 1.700 55 3-5 2.525 63 6-8 3.350 +47 3-5 1.725 55 6-8 2.550 63 9-11 3.375 +47 6-8 1.750 55 9-11 2.575 64 0-2 3.400 +47 9-11 1.775 56 0-2 2.600 64 3-5 3.425 +48 0-2 1.800 56 3-5 2.625 64 6-8 3.450 +48 3-5 1.825 56 6-8 2.650 64 9-11 3.475 + +[BBS Note-End of Guide.] + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/waco.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/waco.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1d70a002 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/waco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,648 @@ + +TEXT OF SEARCH WARRANT FROM WACO, TEXAS: + +Affiant alleges the following grounds for search and seizure: + +I, Davy Aguilera, being duly sworn, depose and state that: + +I am a Special Agent with the US Treasury Department, BATF, Austin, Texas, and I have been so employed for approximately 5 years. This affidavit is +based on my own investigation as well as information furnished to me by +other law enforcement officers and concerned citizens. + +*NEXT TWO PARAGRAPHS LIST THE AGENT'S QUALIFICATIONS* + +On June 4, 1992, I met with Lt. Gene Barber, McClennan County Sheriff's +Department, Waco, Texas, who has received extensive training in +explosives classification, identification and the rendering safe of +explosive devices and has been recognized in Federal Court as an expert +witness in this field. Lt. Barber stated that he had received +information in May 1992, from an employee of United Parcel Service, +Waco, Texas, that from April through June of 1992, several deliveries +had been made to a place known as the "Mag-Bag", Route 7, Box 555-B, +Waco, Texas, 76705, located on Farm Road number 2491, in the names of +Mike Schroeder and David Koresh, which the UPS employee believed to be +firearms components and explosives. Through my investigation, I know +that the place known as the "Mag-Bag" is a small tract of land located +at the above address which has two metal buildings located on it. The +name "Mag-Bag" comes from the shipping label which is accompanied many +items shipped to the above address. I and other agents have personally +observed vehicles consistently over the past six months at the "mag-Bag" +location which are registered to Vernon Wayne Howell, aka: David Koresh. +Lt. Barber further stated that the UPS employee, Larry Gilbreath, became +suspicious and concerned about the deliveries, most of which were +shipped COD because of their frequency and because of the method used by +the recipient to receive the shipments and to pay for them. + +Lt. Barber explained that David Koresh was an alias name used by Vernon +Wayne Howell who operated a religious cult commune near Waco, Texas, at +a place commonly known as the Mount Carmel Center, which is one of the +premises to be searched and more specifically described +above. I have learned from my investigation, particularly from my +discussions with former cult members that Vernon Howell adopted the name +David Koresh more than a year ago. The name "David Koresh" was chosen +by Howell because Howell believed that the name helped designate him as +the messiah or the anointed one of God. Lt. Barber further related that +he was told by Gilbreath that he had been making deliveries to the +"Mag-Bag" and the Mt. Carmel Center on Double EE Ranch Road, Waco, +Texas, for several years, but he had never been suspicious of any of the +deliveries until 1992. Gilbreath became concerned because he made +several COD deliveries addressed to the "Mag-Bag", but when he would +stop at that location he was instructed to wait while a telephone call +was made to the Mt. Carmel Center by the person at the "Mag-Bag", +usually Woodrow Kendrick or Mike Schroeder, notifying the person who +answered the phone at the Mt. Carmel Center that UPS was coming there +with a COD delivery, after which Gilbreath would be instructed to drive +to the Mt. Carmel Center to deliver the package and collect for it. +That on those occasions when he was at the Mt. Carmel Center to deliver +and collect for the COD packages he saw several manned observation +posts, and believed that the observers were armed. + +Lt. Barber stated that he was told by Larry Gilbreath (UPS) that in May +of 1992 two cases of inert hand grenades and a quantity of black +gunpowder were delivered by him to the "Mag-Bag." The source of these +shipments was unknown to Gilbreath. + +On June 9, 1992, I was contacted by Lt. Barber who told me that he had +learned from Larry Gilbreath that in June of 1992, the UPS delivered 90 +pounds of powdered aluminum metal and 30 to 40 cardboard tubes, 24 +inches in length and 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter, which were +shipped from the Fox Fire Company, Pocatello, Idaho, to "Mag-Bag." From +another shipper whose identity is unknown, to parcels containing a total +of 60 M-16/AR-15 ammunition magazines were delivered by UPS to the +"mag-Bag" on June 8, 1992. I know based upon my training and experience +that an AR-15 is a semi-automatic rifle practically identical to the +M-16 rifle carried by United States Armed Forces. The AR-15 rifle fires +.223 caliber ammunition and, just like the M-16, can carry magazines of +ammunition ranging from 30 to 60 rounds of ammunition. I have been +involved in many cases where defendants, following a relatively simple +process, convert AR-15 semi-automatic rifles to fully automatic rifles +of the nature of the M-16. This conversion process can often be +accomplished by an individual purchasing certain parts which will +quickly transform the rifle to fire fully automatic. Often times +templates, milling machines, lathes and instruction guides are utilized +by the converter. + +*THE NEXT FIVE PARAGRAPHS DESCRIBE THE HISTORY OF THE COMMUNE AND THE +DISPUTE BETWEEN KORESH AND THE COMMUNE'S ORIGINAL FOUNDER WHICH RESULTED +IN A GUN BATTLE. KORESH AND OTHERS WERE ACQUITTED ON ALL CHARGES* + +Lt. Barber furnished me with recently taken aerial photographs of the +Mt. Carmel Center which had been taken by Captain Dan Weyenberg of the +McClennan County Sheriff's Department, Waco, Texas. Among the things +noted in the photographs was a buried bus near the main structure and an +observation tower, approximately three or four stories tall with windows +on all four sides enabling a view from the structure of 360 degrees. + +I was also advised by Lt. Barber that Robert Cervenka, a known long time +McClennan County citizen, who lives near the Mt. Carmel Center compound, +had, on several occasions, from January through February of 1992, heard +machine gun fire coming from the compound property. Mr. Cervenka +offered law enforcement authorities his residence to be used as a +surveillance post. + +On July 21, 1992, I met with Robert L. Cervenka, Route 7, Box 103, +Riesel, Texas. Mr. Cervenka farms the property surrounding the east side +of the Mt. Carmel property. Mr. Cervenka stated that he has farmed that +area since 1948. From about January and February of 1992 he has heard +machine gun fire on the Vernon Howell property during the night hours. +He is familiar with and knows the sound of machine gun fire because he +did a tour overseas with the US Army. He believes that some of the +gunfire he heard was being done with .50 caliber machine guns and +possibly M-16 machine guns. + +On November 13, 1992, I spoke with Lt. Gene Barber who told me that Mr. +Cervenka, whose ranch is adjacent to the Mt. Carmel property, had +reported hearing bursts of gunfire from the Mt. Carmel compound on +November 8, 1992, at approximately 2:45 p.m. + +On June 8, 1992, based on information gained from Gilbreath by Lt. +Barber, I interviewed Dave Haupert, Olympic Arms Inc., Olympia +Washington, a company which had shipped several parcels to David Koresh +at the "Mag-Bag", Route 7, Box 555-B, Waco, Texas. Mr. Haupert told me +that the records of Olympic Arms Inc., indicated that approximately +forty-five AR-15/M-16 rifle upper receiver units, with barrels of +various calibers, had been shipped from March through April of 1992 to +the Mag-Bag corporation for a total cost of $11,107.31, cash on +delivery. + +On January 13, 1993, I interviewed Larry Gilbreath in Waco, Texas, and +confirmed the information which had previously been related to me by Lt. +Barber. Mr. Gilbreath told me that although he had been making +deliveries at the "Mag-Bag" and the Mt. Carmel Center for quite some +time, his suspicion about the packages being delivered to those places +was never aroused until about February 1992. At that time the invoices +accompanying a number of packages reflected that they contained firearm +parts and accessories as well as various chemicals. He stated that in +May 1992, a package which was addressed to the "Mag-Bag" accidentally +broke open while it was being loaded on his delivery truck. He saw that +it contained three other boxes, the contents of which were "pineapple" +type hand grenades which he believed to be inert. He stated that there +were about 50 of the grenades and that he later delivered them to the +Mt. Carmel Center. The Mt. Carmel Center is that tract of land depicted +in the photograph labeled "attachment B" with the main residential +structure being depicted in "attachment C." + +Mr. Gilbreath stated that these suspicious packages were usually +addressed to the "Mag-Bag" or to David Koresh. When he would stop to +deliver them to the "Mag-Bag" he was met most of the time by Woodrow +Kendrick and on other occasions by Steve Schneider. They would have him +wait while they telephoned the Mt. Carmel Center to tell them that UPS +was coming with a COD package. He would be instructed to take the +package(s) to the Mt. Carmel Center. Upon arriving at the Mt. Carmel +Center he was usually met by Perry Jones or on occasion by Steve +Schneider who would pay the COD charges in cash and would accept +delivery of the shipments. + +On this same date, June 8, 1992, I interviewed Glen Deruiter, manager, +Sarco Inc., Stirling, New Jersey, and learned from him that in May of +1992 their company shipped one M-16 parts set kit with a sling and +magazine to the "Mag-Bag" in the name of David Koresh. The total value +of these items was $284.95. + +Also on June 8, 1992, I interviewed Cynthia Aleo, Owner/manager Nesard +Gun Parts Co., Barrington, Illinois, and learned from her that in May of +1992 her company shipped to the "Mag-Bag" 2 M-16 machine gun CAR kits +and 2 M-16 machine gun EZ kits. These kits contain all the parts of an +M-16 machine gun except for the lower receiver unit which is the +"firearm" by lawful definition. Ms. Aleo stated that the total amount +of sales to the "Mag-Bag" was $1227.00. Within the past month I have +spoken with Curtis Bartlett, firearms technician with BATF and have +learned that Nesard Co. has been under investigation in the past by BATF +for engaging in a scheme to supply parts which would enable individuals +to construct illegal weapons from various component parts. + +*THE NEXT THREE PARAGRAPHS DESCRIBE THE AGENT'S RECORD SEARCH TO +DETERMINE IF ANY OF THE PRINCIPALS OF THE COMMUNE ARE REGISTERED AS +MACHINE GUN OWNERS OR FIREARMS MANUFACTURERS. HE DESCRIBES THE RESULT +AS NEGATIVE* + +On June 23, 1992, I spoke with ATF compliance inspector Robert Souza, +Seattle, Washington, who inquired about the "Mag-Bag" corporation, Route +7, Box 555, Waco, Texas. He had received some invoices reflecting a +large quantity of upper receivers and AR-15 parts being shipped to +"Mag-Bag", Waco, Texas, from Olympic Arms Inc., 624 Old Pacific Highway, +SE, Olympia, Washington. Inspector Souza faxed me copies of invoices +reflecting purchases of twenty AR-15 upper receiver units with barrels +by the "Mag-Bag" on March 26 and 30, 1992. These items are in addition +to the items referred to above. + +As a result of my investigation of shipments to Howell/Koresh and Mike +Schroeder at the "Mag-Bag" Corporation, Waco, Texas, through UPS and the +inspection of the firearms records of Henry McMahon, dba Hewitt +Handguns, Hewitt, Texas, I have learned that they acquired during 1992 +the following firearms and related explosive paraphernalia: + +104 AR-15/M-16 upper receiver groups with barrels +8,100 rounds of 9MM and .223 caliber ammunition for AR-15/M-16 +20 100 round capacity drum magazines for AK-47 rifles +260 M-16/AR-15 magazines +30 M-14 magazines +2 M-16 EZ kits +2 M-16 CAR kits +1 M-76 grenade launcher (not a typo, this is what it says) +200 M-31 practice rifle grenades +4 M-16 parts set kits "A" +2 flare launchers +2 cases (approximately 50) inert practice hand grenades +40-50 pounds of black gunpowder +30 pounds of potassium nitrate +5 pounds of magnesium metal powder +1 pound of igniter cord (a Class C explosive) +91 AR-15 lower receiver units +26 various calibers and brands of handguns and long guns +90 pounds of aluminum metal powder +30-40 cardboard tubes + +The amount of expenditure for the above listed firearm paraphernalia, +excluding the 91 AR-15 lower receiver units and the 26 complete +firearms, was in excess of $44,300.00. + +From my investigation I have learned that a number of shipments to the +"Mag-Bag" have been from vendors with questionable trade practices. One +is presently under investigation by the ATF for violations of the +National Firearms Act which prohibits unlawful possession of machine +guns, silencers, destructive devices, and machine gun conversion kits. + +Because of the sensitivity of this investigation these vendors have not +been contacted by me for copies of invoices indicating the exact items +shipped to the "Mag-Bag." + +On November 13, 1992, I interviewed Lt. Coy Jones, McClennan County +Sheriff's Department, Waco, Texas, and learned from him that he had +spoken with an employee of UPS, Waco, Texas, who wished to remain +anonymous. This person told Jones that Marshal Keith Butler, a relative +of the person who wishes to remain anonymous, is a machinist by trade +and is associated with Vernon Howell. + +The records of the Texas Department of Public Safety reflect that Butler +has been arrested on 7 occasions since 1984 for unlawful possession of +drugs. Two of the arrests resulted in convictions for possession of a +controlled substance. Butler's latest arrest and conviction was in +January 1992. Butler received a sentence of three years in the Texas +Department of Corrections. In April 1992 Butler was paroled to +McClennan County, Texas. + +On November 13, 1992, I interviewed Terry Fuller, a deputy sheriff for +the McClennan County Sheriff's Department, Waco, Texas, and learned from +him that on November 6, 1992, at approximately 1:25 pm while on route +patrol in the area of the Mt. Carmel Center, the property controlled by +Vernon Howell, he heard a loud explosion in the area of the north part +of the Mt. Carmel property. As he drove toward the area where he +thought the explosion had occurred, he observed a large cloud of grey +smoke dissipating from ground level on the north end of the Mt. Carmel +property. + +On December 7, 1992, I spoke with Special Agent Carlos Torres, BATF, +Houston, Texas, who had been assisting me in a portion of this +investigation. He related to me the results of his interview on +December 4, 1992, with Joyce Sparks, Texas Department of Human Services, +Waco, Texas. Special Agent Torres told me that Ms. Sparks received a +complaint from outside the State of Texas that David Koresh was +operating a commune-type compound and that he was sexually abusing young +girls. Ms. Sparks stated that on February 27, 1992, she, along with two +other employees of the Texas Dept. of Human Services, and two McClennan +County Sheriff's deputies responded to the complaint. They went to the +Mt. Carmel Center compound, located east of Waco in McClennan County. +When they arrived at the compound they were met by a lady who identified +herself as Rachel Koresh, the wife of David Koresh. + +Mrs. Koresh was reluctant to talk with Ms. Sparks because David Koresh +was not there. She had strict orders from him not to talk with anyone +unless he was present. Ms. Sparks finally was able to convince Mrs. +Koresh to allow her to talk with some of the children who were present. +She talked to a young boy about 7 or 8 years old. The child said that +he could not wait to grow up and be a man. When Ms. Sparks asked him +why he was in such a hurry to grow up he replied that when he grew up he +would get a "long gun" just like all the other men there. When Ms. +Sparks pursued the subject the boy told her that all the adults had guns +and that they were always practicing with them. + +Ms. Sparks also told Special Agent Torres that she was escorted through +part of the building where she noted a lot of construction being +performed. She also said that she could not determine how many people +were in the group but estimated about 60-70 people there including men, +women and children. She stated that she saw about 15-20 adult males +there. + +Ms. Sparks also said that on April 6, 1992, she visited the compound again. +On this occasion she talked with David Koresh. She asked Koresh about +the firearms which she had been told by the small child. Koresh +admitted that there were a few firearms there, but said that most of the +adults did not know of them, and there were too few to be of any +significance. Ms. Sparks said that when she pressed Koresh about the +firearms and their location at the compound, he offered to show her +around. He requested that she wait about 30 minutes until he could get +the other residents out of the building so they would not see where he +had the firearms stored. After a period of time, Ms. Sparks was +escorted through part of the building by Koresh. She noted that there +was more construction activity and that the inside of the structure +looked quite different from her previous visit. Each time Ms. Sparks +asked Koresh about the location of the firearms, he would tell her that +they were in a safe place where the children could not get to them. He +would then change the subject. + +Ms. Sparks said that she noticed a trap door in the floor at one end of +the building. When she inquired about it, Koresh allowed her to look +into the trap door. She could see a ladder leading down into a buried +school bus from which all the seats had been removed. At one end of the +bus she could see a very large refrigerator with numerous bullet holes. +She also saw three long guns lying on the floor of the bus, however, she +did not know the make or caliber of them. She stated that there was no +electricity in the bus. Everything she saw was with the aid of a pen +light. When questioned by Ms. Sparks, Koresh said that the bus was +where he practiced his target shooting in order not to disturb his +neighbors. + +Ms. Sparks felt the entire walk through the compound was staged for her +by Koresh. When she asked to speak with some of the children and other +residents, Koresh refused, stating they were not available. She said +that during her conversation with Koresh, he told her that he was the +"Messenger" from God, that the world was coming to an end, and that when +he "reveals" himself the riots in Los Angeles would pale in comparison +to what was going to happen in Waco, Texas. Koresh stated that it would +be a "military type operation" and that all the "non-believers" would +have to suffer. + +On December 11, 1992, I interviewed Robyn Bunds in LaVerne, California. +Robyn Bunds is a former member and resident of Vernon Howell's commune +in Waco, Texas. She told me that in 1988 at the age of 19, she gave +birth to a son who was fathered by Vernon Howell. Her departure from +the commune in 1990 was a result of Howell becoming progressively more +violent and abusive. + +While she was there she and other residents were subjected to watching +extremely violent movies of the Viet Nam war which Howell would refer to +as training films. Howell forced members to stand guard of the commune +24 hours a day with loaded weapons. Howell always was in possession of +firearms and kept one under his bed while sleeping. Robyn stated that +her present residence in California belonged to her parents. For a +period of several years, Howell had exclusive control of the residence +and used it for other members of his cult when they were in California. +It was later relinquished by Howell to Robyn's mother. In June 1992, +while she was cleaning one of the bedrooms of the residence, she found a +plastic bag containing gun parts. She showed them to her brother, David +Bunds, who has some knowledge of firearms. He told her it was a machine +gun conversion kit. She stored the gun parts in her garage because she +felt certain that Howell would send some of his followers to pick them +up. Subsequent to her discovery of the conversion kit, Paul Fatta, +Jimmy Riddle, and Neal Vaega, all members of Howell's cult, and +residents of the commune in Waco, came from Waco, Texas, to California, +and picked up the conversion kit. + +On December 12, 1992, I interviewed Jeannine Bunds, the mother of Robyn +and David Bunds. She told me that she was a former member of Howell's +group in Waco, Texas, having left there in September, 1991. She is a +registered nurse and was working in that capacity at the Good Samaritan +Hospital, Los Angeles, California. While at Howell's commune in Waco, +she participated in live fire shooting exercises conducted by Howell. +She saw several long guns there, some of which she described as AK-47 +rifles. Mrs. Bunds described the weapon to me and was able to identify +an AK-47 from among a number of photographs of firearms shown to her by +me. I believe that she is well able to identify an AK-47. In July of +1991 she saw Howell shooting a machine gun on the back portion of the +commune property. She knew it was a machine gun because it functioned +with a very rapid fire and would tear up the ground when Howell shot it. +Mrs. Bunds also told me that Howell had fathered at least fifteen +children from various women and young girls at the compound. Some of +the girls who had babies fathered by Howell were as young as 12 years +old. She had personally delivered 7 of these children. + +According to Ms. Bunds, Howell annuls all marriages of couples who join +his cult. He then has exclusive sexual access to the women. He also, +according to Mrs. Bunds, has regular sexual relations with young girls +there. The girls ages are from 11 years old to adulthood. + +On January 6, 1993, I interviewed Jeannine Bunds again, in Los Angeles, +California. I showed her several photographs of firearms and explosive +devices. She identified an AR-15 rifle, and a pineapple type hand +grenade as being items which she had seen at the Mt. Carmel Center while +she was there. She stated that she saw several of the AR-15 rifles and +at least one of the hand grenades. + +On January 7, 1993, I interviewed Deborah Sue Bunds in Los Angeles, +California. She was the wife of David Bunds, and she had been a member +of the "Branch Davidians" since birth. She stated she first met Vernon +Wayne Howell in July, 1980. When Howell assumed leadership of the +"Branch" in Waco, Texas, in 1987, he began to change the context of +their doctrine. While she was at the Mt. Carmel compound in Waco, +Texas, she was assigned under Howell's direction to guard duty with a +loaded weapon. About February, 1989, she observed Howell shooting a +machine gun behind the main structure of the compound. She is sure the +firearm was a machine gun because of the rapid rate of fire and the rate +of fire was much different from that which was usually conducted during +practice exercises on the compound. After describing the firing of this +weapon to me, I believe that Ms. Bunds was describing the firing of an +automatic weapon. + +Mrs. Deborah Bunds also told me that during an evening meal a short time +after having seen Howell shoot the machine gun, she overheard Howell and +his closest associates discussing machine guns. Howell was very excited +about having a machine gun. He voiced a desire to acquire additional +machine guns specifically AK-47 type macine guns. + +During this investigation I made inquiries of a number of law +enforcement data bases for information about those commune residents who +I have been able to identify. Through TECS I learned that some 40 +foreign nationals from Jamaica, United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, and +New Zealand have entered the United States at various times in the past +and have used the address of the Mt. Carmel Center, Waco, Texas, as +their point of contact while here. According to INS records, most of +these foreign nationals have overstayed their entry permits or visas and +are therefore illegally in the United States. I know that it is a +violation of Title 18, U.S.C. Section 922, for an illegal alien to +receive a firearm. + +On January 1 and January 3, 1993, Mrs. Poia Vaega, of Mangere, Auckland, +New Zealand, was interviewed telephonically by Resident Agent in Charge +Bill Buford, BATF, Little Rock Arkansas, who also is assisting me in +this investigation. The results of Special Agent Buford's interview on +January 1, 1993, was reduced to writing and furnished to me. Special +Agent Buford's interview on January 3, 1993, was tape recorded with the +permission of Poia Vaega and has since been transcribed and typewritten. +Both the tape recording and the transcription was furnished to me by +Special Agent Buford. Both interviews with Poia Vaega revealed a false +imprisonment for a term of three and a half months which began in June +of 1991 and physical and sexual abuse of one of Mrs. Vaega's sisters, +Doreen Saipaia. This was while she was a member of the Branch Davidian +at the Mt. Carmel Center, Waco, Texas. The physical and sexual abuse +was done by Vernon Wayne Howell and Stanley Sylvia, a close follower of +Howell, on several occasions. + +It was learned From Mrs. Vaega that she and her husband Leslie were also +members of Howell's group in Waco for a short period of time in March, +1990. Upon their arrival at Mt. Carmel Center, she and her husband were +separated and not allowed to sleep together or have any sexual contact. + +According to Mrs. Vaega, all the girls and women at the compound were +exclusively reserved for Howell. She stated that Howell would preach +his philosophy, which did not always coincide with the bible, for hours +at a time. She and her husband left the compound after ten days because +her husband did not agree with Howell's doctrine but that her two +sisters stayed behind. + +Mrs. Vaega also related that she was present at one of the study periods +held by Howell when Howell passed his personal AK-47 machine gun around +for the group to handle and look over. + +On January 6, 1993, I received the results of an examination conducted +by Jerry A. Taylor, explosives enforcement officer, BATF, Walnut Creek, +California, in response to a request from me to render an opinion on +device design, construction, functioning, effects and classification of +explosives materials which have been accumulated by Howell and his +followers. Mr. Taylor has received extensive training in explosives +classification, identification and rendering safe of explosive devices +and has been recognized on numerous occasions as an expert witness in +Federal Court. Mr. Taylor stated that the chemicals Potassium Nitrate, +Aluminum and Magnesium, when mixed in the proper proportions do +constitute an explosive as defined by federal law. He further stated +that igniter cord is an explosive. Also Mr. Taylor stated that the +inert practice rifle grenades and hand grenades would, if modified as +weapons, with the parts available to Howell, become explosive devices as +defined by federal law. Finally, he stated that black powder is +routinely used as the main charge when manufacturing improvised +explosive weapons, such as grenades and pipe bombs. I know that Title +26, U.S.C. Section 5845, makes it unlawful for a person to possess any +combination of parts designed or intended for use in converting any +device into a destructive device. The definition of "firearm" includes +any combination of parts either designed or intended for use in +converting any device into a destructive device, such as a grenade, and +from which a destructive device may be readily assembled. See United +States vs Price, 877 F.2d 334 (5th Cir. 1989). So long as an individual +possesses all the component parts item constitutes a destructive device, +even though it is not assembled, so long as it can be readily assembled. +United States vs Russell, 468 F.SUPP. 322 (D.C. Tex. 1979). + +On January 8, 1993, I interviewed Marc Breault in Los Angeles, +California. He is an American citizen who lives in Australia with his +wife Elizabeth. He was once a member of the Branch Davidian in Waco, +Texas. He lived at the Mt. Carmel Center from early 1988 until +September 1989. While there he participated in physical training and +firearms shooting exercises conducted by Howell. He stood guard armed +with a loaded weapon. Guard duty was maintained 24 hours a day, 7 days +a week. Those who stood guard duty were instructed by Howell to "shoot +to kill" anyone who attempted to come through the entrance gate of the +Mt. Carmel property. On one occasion, Howell told him that he wanted to +obtain and/or manufacture machine guns, grenades and explosive devices. +Howell stated he thought that the gun control laws were ludicrous +because an individual could easily acquire a firearm and the necessary +parts to convert it to a machine gun, but if a person had the gun and +the parts together they would be in violation of the law. On another +occasion Howell told him that he was interested in acquiring the +"Anarchist's Cookbook" which I know is a publication outlining +clandestine operations to include instructions and formulas for +manufacturing improvised explosive devices. + +On January 12, 1993, I spoke with Special Agent Earl Dunagan, BATF, +Austin, Texas, who is assisting me in this investigation. He related +the results of his inquiry to the ATF firearms technology branch, +Washington, DC, for an opinion concerning the firearms parts which have +been accumulated by Howell and his group. Special Agent Dunagan stated +that he had spoken with Curtis Bartlett, firearms enforcement officer, +Washington, DC, and was told by Officer Bartlett that the firearms parts +which Howell has received and the method by which he has received them +is consistent with activities in other ATF investigations in various +parts of the US which have resulted in the discovery and seizure of +machine guns. Mr. Bartlett stated that the firearms parts received by +Howell could be used to assemble both semi-automatic firearms and +machine guns. He has examined many firearms which had been assembled as +machine guns which include these type parts. + +Mr. Bartlett also told Special Agent Dunagan that one of the vendors of +supplies to Howell has been the subject of several ATF investigations in +the past. ATF executed a search warrant at this company and had seized +a number of illegal machine guns and silencers. + +Special Agent Dunagan told me that on January 12, 1993, he spoke to +Special Agent Mark Mutz, ATF, Washington, DC, who was the case agent on +the above ongoing investigation dealing with the illicit supplier who +has provided gun parts to Howell. Special Agent Mutz stated that during +the execution of the federal search warrant at the company's office in +South Carolina he saw large quantities of M-16 machine gun and AK-47 +machine gun parts. The company maintained their inventory of these +parts as "replacement parts" so they fell easily within a loophole in +the federal law which prohibited ATF from seizing the parts. Special +Agent Mutz stated that the company had all the necessary parts to +convert AR-15 rifles and semi-automatic AK-47 rifles into machine guns +if their customers had the upper and lower receivers for those firearms. +Based on my investigation as stated above in the description of gun +parts shipped to Howell I know that Howell possesses the upper and lower +receivers for the firearms which he apparently trying to convert to +fully automatic. + +Mr. Bartlett told me that another one of the vendors of supplies to +Howell, Nesard Gun Parts Co., 27 West 990 Industrial Road, Barrington, +Illinois, has also been the subject of an ATF investigation. Officer of +that company, Gerald Grayson, Cynthia Aleo, and Anthony Aleo all plead +guilty to ATF charges. The Nesard Company which owned Sendra +Corporation was shipping AR-15 receivers through the Sendra Corporation, +along with part kits from the Nesard Company. When these parts are +assembled it resulted in the manufacture of a short barreled rifle. +Even though the above subjects are convicted felons they continue to +conduct business because the Nesard Gun Parts Co. distributes gun parts +and not firearms. + +On January 25, 1993, I interviewed David Block in Los Angeles, +California. He stated that he was a member of Howell's cult at the Mt. +Carmel Center, Waco, Texas, from March 1992 until June 13, 1992. During +the time he was there he attended two gun shows with Vernon Howell, Mike +Schroeder, Paul Fatta, and Henry McMahon, who is a federally licensed +firearms dealer. The gun shows were in Houston and San Antonio, Texas. + +While at the Mt. Carmel Center, he saw a metal lathe and a metal milling +machine which were normally operated by Donald Bunds and Jeff Little. +Donald Bunds, a mechanical engineer, has the capability to fabricate +firearm parts according to Block. On one occasion, at the Mt. Carmel +Center, he observed Bunds designing what Bunds described as a "grease +gun/sten gun" on an Auto Cad computer located at the residence building +at the compound. The computer has the capability of displaying a three +dimensional rendering of objects on a computer monitor screen. The +object appeared to be a cylindrical tube with a slot cut into the side +of it for a bolt cocking lever. Bunds told him that Howell wanted Bunds +to design a "grease gun" which they could manufacture. Mr. Block told +me that on another occasion at the Mt. Carmel Center, he saw Donald +Bunds designing a template which Bunds explained was to fit around the +"grease gun" tubes indicating where the bolt lever slots were to be +milled out. This was another step in manufacturing "grease guns" which +had been requested by Howell. I know that a "grease gun" is a machine +gun following after the design of a WWII era military weapon. + +During his time at the Mt. Carmel Center, Mr. Block was present on +several occasions when Howell would ask if anyone had any knowledge +about making hand grenades or converting semi-automatic rifles to +machine guns. At one point he also heard discussion about a shipment of +inert hand grenades and Howell's intent to reactivate them. Mr. Block +stated that he observed at the compound published magazines such as "The +Shotgun News" and other related clandestine magazines. He heard +extensive talk of the existence of the "Anarchist's Cookbook." + +Mr. Block told me that he observed a .50 caliber rifle mounted on a +bipod along with .50 caliber ammunition. However, what Mr. Block +described to ATF agents was a British Boys .52 caliber anti-tank rifle +(a destructive device.) Mr. Block further stated that he also heard +talk of the existence of two additional .50 caliber rifles on the +compound. There was also extensive talk about converting the .50 +caliber rifles and other rifles to machine guns. + +Mr. Block also told me that he met James Paul Jones from Redding, +Claifornia, who was visiting the Mt. Carmel Center in April or May of +1992. According to Howell, Jones was a firearms and explosives expert. + +On February 22, 1993, ATF Special Agent Robert Rodriguez told me that on +February 21, 1993, while acting in an undercover capacity, he was +contacted by David Koresh and was invited to the Mt. Carmel compound. +Special Agent Rodriguez accepted the invitation and met with David +Koresh inside the compound. Vernon Howell, aka David Koresh, played +music on a guitar for 30 minutes and then began to read the bible to +Special Agent Rodriguez. During this session, Special Agent Rodriguez +was asked numerous questions about his life. After answering all the +questions, Special Agent Rodriguez was asked to attend a two week bible +session with David Koresh. This was for Special Agent Rodriguez to +learn the seven seals and become a member of the group. Special Agent +Rodriguez was told that by becoming a member he (Rodriguez) was going to +be watched and disliked. David Koresh stated that Special Agent +Rodriguez would be disliked because the government did not consider the +group religious, and that he (Korseh) did not pay taxes, or local taxes +because he felt he did not have to. David Koresh told Special Agent +Rodriguez that he believed in the right to bear arms but that the US +government was going to take away that right. David Koresh asked +Special Agent Rodriguez if he knew that if he (Rodriguez) purchased a +drop-in sear for an AR-15 rifle it would not be illegal. But if he had +an AR-15 rifle with the sear that it would be against the law. David +Koresh stated that the sear could be purchased legally. David Koresh +stated that the bible gave him the right to bear arms. David Koresh +then advised Special Agent Rodriguez that he had something he wanted +Special Agent Rodriguez to see. At that point he showed Special Agent +Rodriguez a video tape on ATF which was made by the Gun Owner's +Association (GOA). This film portrayed ATF as an agency who violated +the rights of gun owners by threats and lies. + +I believe that Vernon Howell, aka David Koresh and/or his followers who +reside at the compound known locally as the Mt. Carmel Center are +unlawfully manufacturing and possessing machine guns and explosive +devices. + +It has been my experience over the five years that I have been a special +agent for BATF and that of other special agents of the BATF, some of +whom have the experience of twenty years or more, who have assisted in +this investigation, that it is a common practice for persons engaged in +the unlawful manufacture and possession of machine guns and explosive +devices to employ surreptitious methods and means to acquire the +products necessary to produce such items, and the production, use, and +storage of those items are usually in a protected or secret environment. +It is also my experience that persons who acquire firearms, firearms +parts, and explosive materials maintain records of receipt and ownership +of such items and instruction manuals or other documents explaining the +methods of construction of such unlawful weaponry. + +Davy Aguilera, Special Agent +Bureau of ATF + +Subscribed and sworn to before me this 25th day of February 1993 +Dennis G. Green +United States Magistrate Judge +Western District of Texas - Waco + +*********************************************************************** + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wacohis.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wacohis.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1e3d5155 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wacohis.txt @@ -0,0 +1,423 @@ +From: cs101b49@dcl-nxt11 (cs101 student) +Subject: WACO history +Date: Thu, 22 Apr 1993 19:18:24 GMT +Message-ID: +Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana + +=== Repost from Fidonet Civ_Lib === + +* Original: FROM: Linda Thompson +* Original: TO: All +* Original: AREA: AEN NEWS + +* Forwarded by Linda Thompson +* Forwarded Using QuickBBS 2.76 Ovr +* Forwarded at 02:46 on 21-Apr-93 + + + Words can't express the sickness, horror and outrage I +felt, watching an army tank bash holes in the walls of the +house at Mt. Carmel Monday, April 19, 1993 -- exactly 50 +years after the Nazis burned the Warsaw ghetto. +And all the while, the FBI's personal buffoon, Ricks, +sanctimoniously made claims that this was done to "urge" +the people to come out, that the FBI was "concerned about +child abuse" because of the "conditions the children were +living in." + + What utter and total baldfaced lies. + + The holes were bashed in the sides of the building, +not to introduce CS gas, so much as to make sure the house +was well ventilated, so that the fire would spread rapidly. + + I have received reports from no less than 15 people +across the country who saw on the TV footage, two men in +black uniforms, wearing gas masks, set the fire. + + I personally saw an incendiary fly through into the second +story window. + + Three others reported seeing footage where the tank +drove over a gas tank, exploding it. + + I represent several family members and Branch +Davidians. I have talked with several Branch Davidians. + + They are not glazed over moonie-type crazies. They are +well educated, articulate, very nice people. All of them +had normal jobs outside the Mt. Carmel Center. None of +them believed they were under David Koresh's "control." +All of them said they were free to leave whenever they +wanted. + + One of them said that there was no "suicide" -- that no +one from the Branch Davidians set the fire at all and +didn't know it was coming. + + And the real story follows. + +* Original: FROM: Linda Thompson +* Original: TO: All +* Original: AREA: AEN NEWS + +* Forwarded by Linda Thompson +* Forwarded Using QuickBBS 2.76 Ovr +* Forwarded at 02:46 on 21-Apr-93 + + Most of you have seen our earlier accounts of Waco while +the Branch Davidians were under seige and know from the TV +news what the conditions were there. + + The news media was kept 3 miles from the Mt. Carmel Center by +armed guards at all roads into the compound. And the media +dutifully reguritated whatever tripe the FBI fed them each +day at 10:30, calling it "news" as they slandered the +Branch Davidians, spreading lies of "child molesting", +"planned mass suicide", and "religious whackos in Waco." + + No matter, sensationalism sells newspapers, doesn't it? It +gets those network ratings up, too. It wouldn't be a story if +they told the truth. The FCC might shut down a network or two +or yank a permit. Better that 100 people should die in an +inferno than expose the depths of the depravity of the +leaders of this country. + + Well, the FBI lied and so have the major media +throughout this entire ordeal. Here's the real story: + + In 1992, Sheri Jewel and her ex-husband were in a +custody battle over their daughter, Keri. Sheri was a +Branch Davidian and she was killed in the fire Monday. + + Her ex-husband is a radio announcer. His wife is a TV +personality. They have money. + + A fellow named Mark Breault, who is reputed to have a felony +record, used to be a Branch Davidian. He proclaimed himself to be +a prophet. After awhile, he tried to take over the Mt. Carmel +compound and was ousted by David Koresh. Breault, an Australian, +left, vowing revenge. He often called the compound daily to +harrass the members. + + The Jewel's hired Mark Breault to testify in their +custody dispute. In an affidavit, Breault made +allegations of child molestation and religious weirdness. +This was in Michigan in 1992. + + Senators were contacted to investigate these allegations, as +was the "Cult Awareness Network." The Cult Awareness Network is +a group in Washington, D.C., headed by the wife of late Senator +Ryan who was killed at Jonestown. She has a personal +vendetta, too. And she wields a lot of power in +Washington, apparently, because if someone ends up on her +cult hit list, they frequently end up dead. + + The allegations of child molestation were investigated in the +intervening two years, twice, by Texas welfare department +authorities and found to be baseless. The Sheriff's department +investigated the allegations of illegal guns and these +claims were found to be baseless. The investigations were +peaceful. There were no problems. + + Mark Breault, however, continued to make his baseless and +slanderous allegations against the Branch Davidians. The +Cult Awareness Network turned up the pressure. + + The newspapers called Breault a "private investigator who has +tracked the Davidians for two and a half years." "Tracked"? +They had lived at the Mt. Carmel Center since 1935. How much +"tracking" did it take? "Investigator"? Ha. He's a self- +proclaimed "prophet" with a vendetta against the Branch +Davidians. And who paid him so handsomely that he could +afford to "track" them for 2-1/2 years, anyway? Did the +media bother to check any of this out? Never. + + You may remember that in the first few days the Branch +Davidians were under seige, they hung a sheet outside the +window that said, "Send in Don Stewart, CFA and Ron +Ingleman." I now know all these people pretty well by +phone. + + Don Stewart says he is a former paid informant and hired +assasin for the BATF. He named dates, times, and places, and +detailed a secret hit squad operated under the BATF by a man +code-named "Wolfgang" (whose name he identified to me). He +claims this secret hit squad killed a fellow named Tomassi +in California, a religious leader called the Bogwan +Rashnesh Shari, and provided the weaponry to the woman +named Moore who tried to shoot President Ford, driving her +through guards to get her in place. They took her +children to keep her quiet. He also says that John Wayne +Hearns, the man who ran the ad in Soldier of Fortune magazine as +a hired hitman that got Soldier of Fortune sued when he actually +carried out a hired murder for someone, was a paid +operative. Congressional records show that a man named +Dirk Stoffberg was another such operative, who was a hired +assassin of our government and also ran guns and cocaine +in and out of the country. Don Stewart is now on the run +from the BATF, living in an RV with his family. If even a +10th of his information is true, it is a sorry, sorry tale +of the depravity existing at the highest levels of our +government. + + CFA -- the Constitutional Foundational Association, was +started by Greg +Sali and Bill Griffith, to expose the true story in Waco. +They are also now working to establish common law courts +throughout the country to put corrupt judicial officials +and politicians behind bars, where they belong. Together +with Ken Fawcett, they have collected over 300 hours worth +of videotapes of the initial onslaught. People who have +studied these tapes in slow motion say that they show that +the BATF agents who were killed going in through the +second story window were killed by friendly fire and their +own frag grenade. +When they got inside the window, they were in a 10 x 10 +room that had a locked steel door. They couldn't get out. + They were hit by friendly fire and trapped in the room +when the frag grenade went off. + + One Branch Davidian, Mike Schroeder, left the Mt. Carmel +compound that morning to go to work as usual. He passed by +agents who never stopped him. He didn't learn of the initial +seige until later that day. When he tried to return home, he +was shot in the back as he climbed a fence. His body was +left hanging on the fence for days, as his wife and child +could see him there, from inside the house. The +government finally moved his body, using a grappling hook +from a helicopter, at night, to drop it into a nearby +field, where it was chewed by wild dogs and buzzards beyond +recognition as a human being. + + Another man was shot and his body was left up on the +water tower for days by the government and it, too, was +dropped to the ground at night by a helicopter, leaving +pieces to be scraped up from the ground. + + The two old ladies who came out of the compound with the +children said that all the children had been in an upstairs room +when they were suddenly fired upon by helicopters through the +roof the day of the seige. They covered the children with +their own bodies to protect them. These old ladies were +charged with murder and held in jail. Eventually, they +were put under arrest as material witnesses and held in a +half-way house out of the city. + + While the FBI was claiming to be urging the Branch Davidians to +surrender, FBI spokesperson Ricks announced on Friday, April +17th, that anyone who came out would be considered a threat to +the BATF agents and would be shot. Shots and percussion +grenades were fired at a person who tried to leave through +a window that day and at Steve Schneider. Ricks said that +Steve Schneider had "abused his privileges" and had to be +taught a lesson. + + For 51 days, the FBI tortured the people inside the Mt. Carmel +center. All utilities, including sanitation, were cut off. +Loudspeakers were set up all around the house to blare +sounds 24-hours a day, including the sounds of rabbits +being slaughtered, the sound a phone makes when it is left +off the hook, Tibetan monk chants, jet airplanes, babies +crying, and songs such as "these boots are made for +walking" and Christmas carols. + + Stadium lights were set up to keep the place lit up 24 hours a +day. Military tanks, including M1 Abrams and Bradley's, were +brought in and rapidly circled the house, firing +percussion grenades, continuously. The tanks would charge +up to the house and then stop within feet of the house +repeatedly. + + Black helicopters flew overhead. Two huey gunships also +flew over frequently, guns mounted in front. + + Around the 40th day of the seige, David Koresh announced that +the children and babies were out of milk. Two relief efforts +to bring baby food to the Mt. Carmel compound were turned +back. Two people, one of them Gary Spaulding from South +Bend, Indiana, were arrested for trying to take the food +past a roadblock. When I posed the direct question to the +FBI headquarters, "Has it come to this? Does the United +States government want babies to starve to death?" The +answer was, verbatim, "Yes." An ATF agent, in a pickup +truck that said "Wild Bill" on the side, stole the food, +too. And to that agent, and every state trooper, every BATF +agent, and every FBI agent who prevented those children +from receiving food, you are murderers. + + And how did the BATF account for what it did when it +assaulted the Branch Davidians? Did it offer to show the +American public the search warrant they claimed to have? +No. In fact, the search warrant and probable cause +affidavit, if they existed at all, were "sealed" by court +order. A court order from the same judge who apparently +signed it in the first place. + + The same judge, Walter Smith, Jr., of the Waco Division, +Western U.S. District Court in Waco, denied eight petitions for +relief filed by various lawyers seeking to order the FBI and BATF +to be made to follow the law and the United States +Constitution. The government never once filed a single +paper in opposition to any of these motions. There was +clear, controlling Supreme Court law that required that +these petitions be granted. The judge had no legal reason +to deny them, yet he did. And he used the same order, +nearly a xerox, to deny all of them. Walter Smith, Jr., +you are a murderer. + + Walter Smith is the same judge who allowed arraignments of +people who left the compound to be held in secret. When there +was not sufficient probable cause to hold them under arrest, he +allowed them to be detained in jails as "material +witnesses." + + And this same judge is the only judge in that division, +where all the remaining Branch Davidians, now facing +"murder" charges, will be put on trial. + + After the BATF and FBI learned that the American Justice +Federation had released a press release stating that the use of +military troops against United States citizens violated federal +law, specifically, the Posse Comitatus act at the BATF +released a cover story, claiming that the tanks were +"really" not Army, they were national guard, and had been +brought in under the "Drug interdiction act" because they +had heard there was a "methamphetamine lab" -- three weeks +after the FBI had already publicly announced there was +never any question whatsoever of drug involvement. + + Governor Ann Richards of Texas, who authorized the use +of the tanks, claimed she had been tricked. But she still +did not order the tanks to be withdrawn. Ann Richards, +you are a murderer. + + Each day, secret horrors were perpetuated upon the Branch +Davidians, out of sight of the American public, as the press +cowered like sheep, out on the fringes. Each day, the FBI gave +us "The Truth", as told by the FBI, and the news media dutifully +lapped it up and spread it throughout the country, +poisoning the minds of people across the country, just as +the FBI intended. FBI Agents Jeff Jamar and Ricks, you are +murderers. + + Did any of the news media ever challenge how the BATF +might have any jurisdiction at all over "child molesting" +allegations? Or their authority to bring in two cattle +trailers full of armed men, who threw grendades at the +front door and went in shooting at women and children on a +Sunday morning? Each of you in the media, who didn't +question, who didn't challenge, who didn't know enough +about the Constitution of this country to even ask an +intelligent question, each of you are murderers. + + One or two persons asked decent questions at the press +conference. Lewis Beam, a former KKK grand dragon and +political activist, and a reporter from Soldier of Fortune +Magazine, were kicked out of the press conference for +doing so. Lewis Beam was arrested. His crime? Asking "Is +this the beginning of gestapo tactics and martial law in +this country?" at the press conference. + + Two other known "trouble makers" (this author included), were +prevented from entering the press conference, despite valid press +credentials. In fact, later that day, I was detained, as a +BATF agent at a road block pointed a machine gun at me and +my partner, John Baird, and our credentials were stolen. +My crime? I had filed a lawsuit on behalf of the Branch +Davidians, asking that they be allowed to have legal +counsel. + + And, for all the unasked questions: No, it is not illegal to +own a machine gun in this country. Even if the Branch Davidians +had a machine gun, which it now appears they did not, if +it was "illegal" it merely meant that a $200 tax had not +been paid on it. All it takes to legally own a machine +gun in this country is to pay a $200 tax and fill out a +form 4. The BATF is supposed to check that those taxes +have been paid. + + Neighbors we have spoken with who have known the Branch +Davidians for 15 years described them as "good samaritan" +types who helped their neighbors and were kind and +friendly. Normal people, good neighbors. The kind of +folks you'd probably rather have living around you than the +thugs who commit the drive-by shootings, rapes, and +robberies, for instance. + + Calling a religion a "cult" and putting out false information +across the media about "child molesting" and "weapons caches" is +exactly the same technique that was used by the Nazis to portray +the Jews as filthy, disgusing people, so they could be killed. +It is the same technique used by every tyrannical government, to +kill an unpopular and potentially vocal adversarial group. But +in this country, we are supposed to have freedom of religion. It +would seem that is a pipe dream. + + We have three confirmed reported citings of trainloads of U.N. +tanks going into Portland, Oregon, over the past few weeks, and +troop movements of unmarked military vehicles across the +nation. Perhaps you might want to ponder the significance +of these events. And tonight, Peter Jennings, in yet +another "made for propaganda" ABC News TV special, gave a +full and impartial (not) accounting of events by having +those bastions of integrity, Kisser, of the Cult Awareness +Network, and a former Branch Davidian, give us "insight" +into how Branch Davidians and "all cults" think. As if +they know. Peter Jennings twice said tonight, that "there are +more than 100 cults across the country and this is a warning of +things to come." + + Paul Fatta, a Branch Davidian, held a Class III dealer's +license. That meant that he could legally own, sell, and +buy, any type of gun. It is thus highly unlikely that +there were any "illegal" guns in the center at all. +And who is responsible for issuing these permits? The +BATF. They knew Paul Fatta had a license. + + Paul Fatta was not at the Mt. Carmel Center the day the BATF +assaulted the Branch Davidians. Nonetheless, he is now listed on +the FBI's "10 Most Wanted" list as "armed and dangerous." +This gives the government the ability to shoot him on sight and +then claim he was a "fleeing felon." It is, in otherwords, a +license for the government to kill, again. To bury the best +evidence against them, again. + + David Koresh had a message for the world. He wasn't holding +out to commit suicide. He didn't hold anyone hostage. He wanted +to give what he believed was a gift to the world. He believed he +held the secret to the seven seals, spoken of in Revelations. He +wanted to offer what he knew for anyone who could hear it, +believing he had a duty to offer it to help save the souls of +those who did not know. He wanted the time to write it down, +which he had to do in candlelight, using a manual typewriter, on +scraps of paper. + + He sent a message to the FBI telling them this. He also +sent messages, Bible scriptures, that said that God would +send his holy armies to smite his enemies. + + That much may be true. The Waco massacre has awakened +Americans all across the nation to what is horribly wrong +in this country. A voice of unity is being heard, growing +louder each day. Interstingly, the day the Branch +Davidians were murdered is also the anniversary of the ride +of Paul Revere. + + We have seen our leaders on the television, lying to us with +straight faces, offering justifications for this carnage, as if +there could ever be any possible moral explanation or excuse that +could be enough. That the people offering these excuses are +morally bankrupt and corrupt, should be obvious. A simple, "We're +sorry" would at least show a glimmer of common decency and +humanity, but those words have never crossed any of their lips. +And each of them, Bill Clinton, Janet Reno, William Sessions, and +Lloyd Bentsen, are murderers. + + So, America, we have cold-blooded killers running our +country. Isn't it about time you put down your beer, get +up off the sofa, and do something about it? + +Linda Thompson +American Justice Federation +317-780-5204 diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wacomyst.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wacomyst.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..50440c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wacomyst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + + Another Unsolved Mystery + by + Matt Giwer (c) 1994 + + It is commonly repeated that David Koresh and his followers +were hell bent upon some form of suicide. We heard and read +constant comparisons to the mass suicide lead by Jim Jones. And +as the clincher we are told they burned themselves alive. + I have a problem with this. Why would people who were +desperately seeking a cease fire be considered suicidal? And on +top of that, why were we mislead? + For fifty one days the government was releasing statements +suggesting David Koresh and the Branch Davidians were suicidal, +that they were looking for some massive confrontation with the +government, that they would kill themselves rather than +surrender. + Now let us imagine what our perception would have been if we +had known what the government knew. The government knew from the +first day these people purported seeking a confrontation and +death were in fact the people who sought a cease fire. We did +not learn this until after the FBI Bar-B-Que and then not until +we heard the full tape and not the FBI doctored tape. + The government, having this tape and knowing full well they +were not suicidal, proceeded to mislead us for seven weeks. Why? +Was it truly necessary? Why would it be necessary to mislead us? + I hate to get paranoid here but it appears we have a +remarkably prescient government in expecting suicide or there was +in fact no suicide. How is it that people demonstrably not +suicidal on 28 February can become suicidal in fifty one days AND +the government knowing it all along? Something just does not +ring true here. + Were I the paranoid type I would call the government stories +a matter of scene setting. It is the Chinese story telling style +starting off with, "I am going to tell you of a mass suicide," +and then going on to tell the story. + It is difficult to imagine how the government could have set +up such an event. Certainly they were shooting enough burning +gas grenades into the second floor and in fact the second floor +is where the first network videos show the first flames. This +does not equate to starting fires at all the exits in order to +prevent escape. + On the other hand we do not have evidence of fires at all +the exits yet very few escaped. This does fit with mass suicide +but it requires a grave deliberation of purpose for a person to +remain calm while being consumed by fire. + We have to accept that obviously non-suicidal people turned +suicidal in 51 days and that the government's psychic powers were +sufficient to predict it. I can conceive of no reasonable +explanation for either this drastic change or for the +government's ability to predict it. + Shall we say, we are left with a mystery. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wacotank.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wacotank.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d02b4b25 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wacotank.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +for those interested in responding to the following, the address is: + +Letters to the Editor +The Washington Times +3600 New York Ave., N.E. +Washington D.C. 20002 + + +The Washington Times +October 9, 1993 +page A9 + + FBI still probing video of tank at Waco + +By Jerry Seper + + A Justice Department official who helped write a report on the +role of the department and the FBI in the Branch Davidian raid +says a video purporting to show a tank shooting flames into the +compound is under review. + Richard Scruggs, an assistant to Attorney General Janet Reno, +said the video by Indianapolis lawyer Linda Thompson +"raised our eyebrows and caused the same concern" others have +expressed. + Distributed to news organizations around the country, the video +purports to show one of the FBI tanks at the Waco compound firing +flames into the building before the start of the fire. + Miss Thompson has claimed it proves the FBI started the blaze +that killed 85 persons, including 24 children. + Mr. Scruggs said that Justice officials submitted the video to +the University of Maryland for expert analysis and that +preliminary results have not been conclusive. + He said that the armored vehicle used by federal authorities, +on loan from the military, was not equipped with any type of +flame-throwing capability and that the only way a flame could +have come from it would have been through some type of "busted +hydraulic line or something like that." + He said Justice officials had examined the vehicle and found no +evidence of broken parts. Another analysis of the tape has been +ordered, he said. + Mr. Scruggs noted that a preliminary assessment of the video is +that what appears to be a flame shooting out of the vehicle was a +flash from the dispersant carbon monoxixde used to propel +the chemical agent CS into the compound. + A second possibility, he said, was a defect in the way the +video was shot. + "I don't know what it is," he said. "I'll have to be honest +with you." + He noted that the fire at the compound did not erupt for at +least 35 to 40 minutes after the light flash is observed in the +video. + An inquiry into the video was continuing, Mr. Scruggs said. + + [end] diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wage-emp.sta b/textfiles.com/politics/wage-emp.sta new file mode 100644 index 00000000..27f070ec --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wage-emp.sta @@ -0,0 +1,430 @@ +/* Here is the full text of the U.S. Department of Labor's +publication regarding Employer's and the Minimum Wage Law */ + +Employer's Guide to Compliance with Federal Wage-Hour Laws + +Note: + +This publication provides general information about the laws +administered and enforced by the Wage and Hour Division. It does +not attempt to answer all legal questions which may arise under +these laws. It should not be considered in the same light as +official statements of position contained in regulations or +interpretative bulletins published in the Federal Register and +the Code of Federal Regulations, or in the official opinion +letters of the Wage and Hour Administrator. Copies of these +publications may be obtained free from the Division's nearest +office. + +Why has a Wage and Hour Representative visited me? + +The Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor +administers a number of Federal laws which set basic labor +standards. The Division's representative, called a compliance +officer, will make an investigation to determine whether these +laws apply to your business. If your business is subject to +these laws, the compliance officer will verify that your workers +are paid according to the law and that youths under 18 are +employed as provided by law. The Division does not require a +compliance officer to previously announce the scheduling of an +investigation. Although in many instances the compliance officer +does advise employers prior to opening the investigation, he/she +cannot always do so. The compliance officer must have sufficient +latitude to initiate unannounced investigations in many cases in +order to observe normal business operations and expedite +development of the facts. However, you have the right to request +that the investigation be delayed briefly if you are unable to +meet with the compliance officer due to prior commitments. + +/* This is very important. You DO NOT have to drop everything and +proceed with an investigation. In fact, it's probably better +that you don't do so. Of course, you may have counsel present. */ + +Why was my business selected for an investigation? + +Wage and Hour conducts investigations for a number of reasons. +Many are initiated by complaints. All complaints are +confidential; the name of the worker and the nature of the +complaint are not disclosable. + +In addition to complaints, the Division selects certain types of +businesses or industries for investigations. Occasionally, a +number of businesses in a specific geographic area will be +examined. In either situation, the objective is to improve +compliance with the law in those businesses, industries, or +localities. Regardless of the reason for the investigation, all +investigations are conducted in accordance with established +policies and procedures. + +What are my rights as an employer? + +As an employer you have the right to: + +* Look at the compliance officer's credentials and, if there + is any question, verify his/her identity by calling the Wage + and Hour area director for your locality. + +* Receive a full explanation of the investigative process. + +o Ask any questions concerning the application of the law and + receive copies of Wage and Hour's publications. + +o Receive an explanation of any violations or back wages found + due. + +o Meet with the compliance officer's supervisor should you + fail to resolve any compliance problems with the compliance + officer. + +o Present additional information for consideration if + violations are disclosed. + +o Request the presence of your attorney, accountant, or other + advisors at any time during the investigative process. + +/* USE THIS RIGHT! Don't waive it.*/ + +o Pursue your case in the courts. + +What are the laws and how do they apply? + +Coverage under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is very broad. +The FLSA applies to all employees of certain enterprises having +workers engaged in interstate commerce, producing goods for +interstate commerce, or handling, selling, or otherwise working +on goods or materials that have been moved in or produced for +such commerce by any person. A covered enterprise consists of +the related activities performed through unified operation or +common control by any person or persons for a common business +purpose, and which is: + +o Engaged in laundering or cleaning or repairing of clothing + or fabrics. + +o Engaged in the business of construction or reconstruction. + +o Engaged in the operation of a hospital; an institution + primarily engaged in the care of the sick, the aged, the + mentally ill or defective who reside on the premises; a + school for mentally or physically handicapped or gifted + children; a preschool; an elementary or secondary school; or + an institution of higher education (regardless of whether or + not such hospital, institution or school is public or + private or operated for profit or not for profit). + +o Comprised exclusively of one or more retail or service + establishments (as defined in the Act) whose annual gross + volume of sales or business done is at least: + + Beginning July 1, 1978 - $275,000 + Beginning July 1, 1980 - $325,000 + Beginning January 1, 1982 - $362,500 + + (any retail or service enterprise which had an annual gross + volume of not less than $250,000 on June 30, 1978 and which + later ceases to be a covered enterprise as a result of + increases in this dollar volume test must continue to pay + its employees at least the minimum wage in effect at the + time of the enterprise's removal from the coverage, as well + as overtime in accordance with the Act). + +o Any other type of enterprise having an annual gross volume + of sales or business done of at least $250,000. + +The dollar volume standard mentioned in (4) and (5) excludes +excise taxes at the retail level which are separately stated. + +Employees who are not employed in a covered enterprise may still +be entitled to the Act's minimum wage, overtime pay, and child +labor protections if they are individually engaged in interstate +commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce. +These include: + +o Communication and transportation workers. + +o Employees who handle, ship, or receive goods moving in + interstate commerce. + +o Clerical or other workers who regularly use the mails, + telephone, or telegraph for interstate communication, or who + keep records on interstate transactions. + +o Employees who regularly cross state lines in the course of + their work. + +o Employees of independent employers who perform clerical, + custodial, maintenance, or other work for firms engaged in + commerce or in the production of goods for commerce. + +o Employees who produce, manufacture, or otherwise work on + goods for commerce, or in processes or occupations closely + related and directly essential to the production of goods + for commerce. + +If your business is covered by the FLSA, there are certain +standards you must follow: + +Minimum Wage: Presently $3.35 an hour for all covered employees. + +/* This went up in stages to $ 4.65 */ + +Overtime: Nonexempt workers must be paid one and one-half times +their regular rates of pay for all hours worked over 40 in a +workweek. Some employees are excluded from the minimum wage or +overtime provisions, or both, by specific exemptions. Because +each exemption is narrowly defined under the law, an employer +should carefully check its exact terms and conditions before +applying it. + +Recordkeeping: Business owners are required to keep payroll +records and records of hours worked for their covered employees. +The Act requires no particular form for the records. All it +requires is that the records include certain identifying +information about your employees, the hours they work and the +wages earned. The law requires this information to be accurate. +Following is a breakdown of the basic information that an +employer must record. + +Identifying Information + +o Employee's full name and social security number. + +o Address, including zip code. + +o Birth date, if younger than 19 years old. + +o Sex. + +o Occupation in which employed. + +Hours + +o Time of day and day of week when employee's workweek begins. + +o Total hours worked each day. + +o Total hours worked each workweek. + +Wages + +o Basis on which employee's wages are paid (e.g., "$4 an + hour," "$160 a week" "piecework"). + +o Regular hourly pay rate for any week when overtime is + worked. + +o Amount and nature of each payment excluded from the "regular + rate". + +o Total daily or weekly straight-time earnings. + +o Total overtime earnings for the workweek. + +o All additions to or deductions from the employee's wages for + each pay period. + +o Total wages paid each pay period. + +o Date of payment and the pay period covered by the payment. + +Most of the information required by the Act is of the kind that +any company would keep in following ordinary business practices. + +Records with somewhat different information are required for +workers with unusual pay arrangements. This would include +domestics, homeworkers, certain hospital and nursing home +employees, tipped employees, employees whose pay includes board, +lodging, or other facilities, and employees who are exempt from +the Act's minimum wage and overtime pay requirements. + +Child Labor: Restrictions on the employment of minors in nonfarm +occupations vary according to their age and the nature of the +work to be performed. The minimum age when employing minors in +nonfarm jobs is 14. Minors who are 14 and 15 years old may work +outside of school hours in various nonmanufacturing, nonmining, +nonhazardous jobs, under these conditions. + +o No more than 3 hours on a school day, and 18 hours in a + school week. + +o No more than 8 hours on a nonschool day, and 40 hours in a + nonschool week. + +o No earlier than 7 a.m. and no later than 7 p.m. except from + June 1 through Labor Day, when evening hours are extended to + 9 p.m. + +Minors who are 16 and 17 years of age may work unlimited hours +and in any occupation other than those which have been determined +to be hazardous. These are no restrictions for minors 18 years +or older. At any age, youths may work for parents in their +solely owned nonfarm business (except in manufacturing or on +hazardous jobs). + +Note + +Not all businesses are covered by the FLSA, and some employees of +those that are covered may be exempt from the minimum wage and/or +overtime provisions. The compliance officer will tell you how +the law applies to your business. + +Government Contracts + +If you have a contract or subcontract to provide goods or +services to the Federal government or to perform on federally +financed or assisted construction projects, there are several +other labor standards laws which may apply. + +Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act: Sets basic labor standards +for workers performing on contracts in excess of $10,000 for the +manufacture or furnishing of goods to the Federal government. +Covered employees must receive the FLSA minimum wage and overtime +compensation of one and one-half times the regular or basic rate +of pay for hours worked after 8 in a day or 40 in a week, +whichever is greater. The Act also prohibits the employment of +minors under 16 years of age on contract work. + +Service Contract Act: Requires that service employees performing +on contracts in excess of $2,500 for the furnishing of services +to the Federal government (as well as any subcontract thereunder) +be paid not less than locally prevailing wage rates and fringe +benefits, as determined by the Department of Labor, or, in +certain cases, the wages and fringe benefits (including +prospective increases) provided for in a predecessor contractor's +collective bargaining agreement. No employee of an employer +performing on a government service contract may be paid less than +the FLSA minimum wage. + +Davis-Bacon and Related Acts: Require payment of locally +prevailing wage rates and fringe benefits to employees of +contractors or subcontractors performing work on federally +financed or assisted construction projects in excess of $2,000. + +Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act: Requires payment +of overtime compensation at one and one-half times the regular or +basic rate of pay after 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week to +laborers and mechanics working on most federally funded or +assisted construction contracts in excess of $2,000, on Federal +service contracts in excess of $2,500, and on Federal supply +contracts in amounts between $2,500 and $10,000. + +If you have a government contract, the compliance officer will +determine your compliance with these laws. + +Wage Garnishment: The Wage and Hour Division also administers +the wage garnishment provisions of the Consumer Credit Protection +Act. This law limits the amount of an individual's income that +may be legally garnisheed, or withheld to pay a debt. It also +prohibits firing an employee whose pay is garnished because of +only one debt. + +/* The rights and obligations regarding wage garnishment are +discussed in another tutorial.*/ + +What are the procedures followed in an investigation? + +Section 11(a) of the FLSA authorizes representatives of the +Department of Labor to investigate and gather data concerning +wages, hours, and other employment practices; enter and inspect +an employer's premises and records; and question employees to +determine whether any person has violated any provision of the +Act. + +An investigation is conducted by a compliance officer of the Wage +and Hour Division who will identify him- or herself and show you +official credentials. The compliance officer will explain the +investigation process to you. If you have any questions as to +the identity of the individual, you should ask for the name of +the person's supervisor and his/her telephone number so that you +may verify the compliance officer's identity. + +An investigation consists of the following steps: + +o Examination of records to determine what laws or exemptions + apply. These records include, for example, those showing + your annual dollar volume of business, your involvement in + interstate commerce, and your work on government contracts. + Information from your records will not be revealed to + unauthorized persons. + +o Examination of payroll and time records and taking notes or + making transcriptions or photocopies essential to the + investigation. + +o Interviews with certain employees in private. The purpose + of these interviews is to verify your payroll and time + records, to identify workers' duties in sufficient detail to + decide what exemptions apply, if any, and to determine if + minors are legally employed. Interviews are normally + conducted on the employer's premises, but other arrangements + may be made at the employer's request. In some instances, + present and former employees may be interviewed at their + homes or by a mail interview form. + +o When all the factfinding steps have been completed, the + compliance officer will ask to meet with you and/or your + representative. You will be told whether violations have + occurred and, if so, what they are and how to correct them. + If you owe back wages to employees because of minimum wage + or overtime violations, the compliance officer will ask you + to restore the under payments, and may ask you to compute + the amounts due. + +Should you wish to be represented by your accountant or attorney +at any point during this process, it is your right to do so. +When the compliance officer has advised you of his/her findings, +you and/or your representative may wish to present additional +facts for consideration if violations were disclosed. At this +point, any questions you have will be answered to the best of the +compliance officer's ability. In some cases, the compliance +officer may have to do research to provide the correct answers. + +Should you reach an impasse in the resolution of the compliance +problems with the compliance officer, you may ask to meet with +the area director who supervises the Wage and Hour operations in +your area. + +What enforcement procedures are provided by law? + +While every effort is made to resolve the issue of compliance and +payment of back wages at an administrative level, the laws also +provide for enforcement procedures. You should be aware that the +FLSA provides for the following: + +o A employee may file suit to recover back wages and an equal + amount in damages, plus attorney's fees and court costs. + +o The Secretary of Labor may file suit on behalf of your + employees for back wages and an equal amount in damages. + +o The Secretary may obtain a court injunction to restrain any + person from violating the law, including unlawfully + withholding proper minimum wage and overtime pay. + +o Employers who have willfully violated the law may face + criminal penalties, including fines and imprisonment. + +o Employees who have filed complaints or provided information + during an investigation may not be discriminated against or + discharged for having done so. If they are, they may file a + suit or the Secretary of Labor may file a suit on their + behalf for relief, including reinstatement to their jobs and + payment of wages lost plus monetary damages. + +In the case of the government contracts statutes, contract funds +may be withheld for violations under the Walsh-Healey Public +Contracts Act, Service Contract Act, Davis-Bacon and Related +Acts, and Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act. +Administrative hearings or, in some cases, court action may be +initiated to recover back pay under these laws. In addition, +liquidated damages may be assessed for certain violations. +Violators of these laws may also lose their Federal contracts and +be declared ineligible for future contracts for a specified +period. + +Where can I obtain additional information? + +If you have any questions or want additional information, please +contact your local Wage and Hour Area Office, listed in the +telephone directory under U.S. Government, Department of Labor, +Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division.  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/war-on-d.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/war-on-d.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f59b5fb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/war-on-d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,447 @@ + +------------------------------------------------------------------- +| Date: Sun Jan 17 1993 07:24:00 | +| From: Linda Thompson | +| To: Everyone | +| Subj: WOD (1) | +| LAW | +| | +| War on Crime Expands U.S. Prosecutors' Powers; Aggressive | +| Tactics Put Fairness at Issue | +| | +| By Jim McGee | +| Washington Post Staff Writer | +| | +| Public pressure to combat rising crime, together with 12 | +| years of conservative administrations and a "law and order" | +| Supreme Court majority, has transformed the U.S. criminal | +| justice system and vastly expanded the powers of federal | +| prosecutors over the past decade. | +| | +| The changes can be measured in numbers: The Justice | +| Department's budget grew from $2.3 billion in 1981 to $9.3 | +| billion today, while the number of attorneys, including | +| those who prosecute on behalf of the government, has nearly | +| doubled, to 7,881. | +| | +| At the same time, Justice Department policies and Supreme | +| Court rulings have given prosecutors more flexibility than | +| ever before in pursuing convictions, and made it | +| increasingly difficult for courts or aggrieved individuals | +| to hold federal prosecutors accountable for tactics that | +| once were considered grounds for case dismissal or | +| disciplinary action. | +| | +| These tactics include manipulation of grand juries; | +| failure to disclose evidence favorable to a suspect or | +| defendant; government intrusion into the relationship | +| between defense attorneys and clients; intimidation of | +| witnesses; and blitzkrieg indictments or threats of | +| indictment designed to force capitulation without the need | +| for a trial. | +| | +| Polls show that many Americans believe their federal | +| court system still coddles criminal defendants. But a | +| growing minority of federal judges and other legal experts | +| say that the system has tilted too far in the other | +| direction, and they have complained, in court opinions and | +| journal articles, of a rising official tolerance for | +| prosecution maneuvers they see as unfair, abusive and | +| manifestly improper. | +| | +| Often sounding "procedural" or like "legal | +| technicalities" to the layman, such tactics can result in a | +| "radical skewing of the balance of advantage in the criminal | +| justice system in favor of the state," as law professor | +| Bennett L. Gershman put it in a recent law review article | +| that he called "The New Prosecutors." "First, prosecutors | +| wield vastly more power than ever before," Gershman wrote. | +| "Second, prosecutors are more insulated from judicial | +| control over their conduct. Third, prosecutors are | +| increasingly immune from ethical restraints." | +| | +| These changes, critics like Gershman argue, have | +| endangered both the fight against crime and the fairness of | +| the American legal system. In some cases, critics contend, | +| allowing prosecutors to pursue their cases too aggressively | +| can result in the release of the guilty and legal ordeals | +| for the innocent. | +| | +| Among the protesters are judges appointed by President | +| Ronald Reagan for their "tough on crime" credentials. "The | +| War on Crime, which is being waged in this country, is an | +| important one with high stakes," wrote U.S. District Judge | +| H. Franklin Waters of Arkansas' western district, a Reagan | +| appointee, in a 1991 opinion setting aside a guilty verdict | +| he thought was achieved through unfair government tactics. | +| "But every person concerned with freedom and justice should | +| recognize that, as in most wars, innocent persons are | +| sometimes irreparably harmed." | +| | +| Conscious that such rulings often run against public | +| sentiment, some of the dissenting judges see themselves as | +| today's equivalent of jurists who made unpopular rulings in | +| favor of civil rights during an earlier era. "That's not an | +| unfair analogy," Waters said in a recent interview. | +| | +| Several recent celebrated cases have focused attention on | +| these issues:Since last September, the 6th U.S. Circuit | +| Court of Appeals, in Cincinnati, has been conducting its own | +| investigation into whether the Justice Department | +| disregarded information suggesting it had misidentified | +| retired Cleveland auto worker John Demjanjuk as Nazi death | +| camp guard "Ivan the Terrible." Based on the identification, | +| Demjanjuk was deported in 1986 to Israel, where he was | +| convicted and sentenced to death. On Dec. 14 in Los | +| Angeles, U.S. District Judge Edward Rafeedie acquitted | +| Mexican physician Humberto Alvarez Machain - whose abduction | +| from Mexico for U.S. trial had been arranged by federal | +| agents - of charges that he had participated in the 1985 | +| torture killing of U.S. drug agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena. | +| Rafeedie accused federal prosecutors of failing to disclose | +| information from an informant that another doctor, not | +| Alvarez Machain, had committed the crime. Recent | +| convictions of leaders of the El Rukns, Chicago's most | +| notorious street gang, are in jeopardy after allegations - | +| now under judicial consideration - that federal prosecutors | +| suppressed key evidence and engaged in other misconduct that | +| denied the defendants a fair trial. | +| | +| But other cases that have raised questions about federal | +| prosecutorial power, while often well-known in legal | +| circles, have not made headlines. Beginning in the | +| mid-1980s a special unit in the Justice Department used | +| threats of simultaneous prosecutions in multiple | +| jurisdictions - prohibitively expensive to defend against | +| and once specifically discouraged as a prosecutorial tactic | +| in the U.S. Attorney's Manual - to force the distributors of | +| sexually oriented materials out of business without a legal | +| determination that the materials were obscene. Three courts | +| have labeled the tactic as unfair and unconstitutional. In | +| the District of Columbia in 1988, a prosecutor obtained a | +| bribery-conspiracy indictment against a prominent | +| businessman with grand jury tactics that were later | +| criticized by an internal Justice Department review. The | +| review acknowledged that the prosecutor had exercised "poor | +| judgment" in his handling of a grand jury witness. The | +| businessman was quickly acquitted by a judge who said there | +| was no direct evidence against him. But his reputation and | +| business suffered severely from the indictment, and he | +| continues to seek redress in the courts. | +| | +| In Los Angeles two years ago, a U.S. district judge threw | +| out a major payola-racketeering case because, he said, the | +| federal prosecutor did not disclose evidence that tended to | +| exonerate a defendant. In May, an appeals court agreed that | +| the government's conduct was "intolerable," but reinstated | +| the case, saying that recent Supreme Court rulings left it | +| powerless to do otherwise. The prosecution is still pending. | +| In 1991, a federal judge in California dismissed a | +| government drug case because "overzealous government agents | +| and prosecutors" had allowed a defendant to retain an | +| attorney who was actively working with the government | +| against him. While pretending to be honestly representing | +| the accused, the attorney was setting him up for the | +| government. In December 1991, a racketeering case against | +| one of Miami's most notorious criminal suspects was thrown | +| out because a judge determined that prosecutors had plotted | +| to provoke the target into breaking a plea bargain agreement | +| they had made with him. | +| | +| Senior Justice Department officials argue that the few | +| cases in which excesses occur stand out largely because the | +| vast number of cases are handled | +| fairly, and that federal prosecutors use the weapons | +| available to them with great restraint. | +| | +| "By reason of focusing on a number of individual cases, | +| whether they are right or wrong," said Assistant Attorney | +| General Robert S. Mueller III in an interview, "you are | +| going to tar any number of prosecutors out there who have | +| dedicated their lives to what they feel is participating in | +| the criminal justice system in a way that is fair and just. | +| | +| "You are going to paint us . . . as being some form of | +| Hessians that will trample over rules without any restraints | +| in order to put somebody away," said Mueller, who heads the | +| department's Criminal Division. "That bothers me. That | +| disappoints me." | +| | +| "You have to judge us overall by what is the net result of | +| the department's performance," said Deputy Attorney General | +| George Terwilliger III. "Is (it) . . . that we have a lot of | +| kamikaze prosecutors out there, running around, doing all | +| kinds of inappropriate things? Or is (it) . . . that we have | +| a very highly capable, professional corps of prosecutors and | +| investigators out there who produce outstanding results under | +| difficult conditions for a lot less pay than their | +| counterparts in the private sector make?" | +| | +| Reagan-Era Crusade Against Crime | +| | +| Crime fighting as a theme for national crusade was not | +| born with the Reagan administration. But Reagan and his | +| lieutenants came to Washington with a strong belief that | +| America had been weakened by an era of social and judicial | +| liberalism, and that the nation was under siege by what the | +| president in 1982 called "this dark, evil enemy within." | +| | +| "Crime today is an American epidemic," Reagan said during | +| a speech at the Justice Department that year in which he | +| promised to hire hundreds of new prosecutors and agents to | +| attack a "hardened criminal class." | +| | +| Armed with the growing fear of many Americans that their | +| way of life was threatened by lawlessness, and the | +| intellectual energy of conservative think tanks that traced | +| the threat to imbalances in the courtroom, the administration | +| began tilting the scale in favor of the prosecution. | +| | +| One of the leading champions of the crusade was former | +| attorney general Edwin Meese III, who declared war on such | +| things as the exclusionary rule - which allowed judges to | +| suppress illegally seized evidence - and denounced as | +| "infamous" the Miranda warnings meant to protect a suspect's | +| rights against self-incrimination. | +| | +| Meese gave voice to the sentiments of millions of | +| Americans who were disgusted with crime and impatient with | +| laws that appeared to hamper police. "The rule of law has | +| managed to maintain a precarious edge over the forces of | +| chaos ever since the revival of Western Civiliation," Meese | +| said in a 1988 speech. "In a sense we are facing up to | +| another barbarian-type invasion." | +| | +| If Meese challenged the law, his successor as attorney | +| general, Dick Thornburgh, promoted the autonomy of federal | +| prosecutors. During a 1991 CNN interview, Thornburgh | +| explained his belief - reflected in Justice policies - that | +| federal prosecutors should have more leeway than other | +| lawyers. | +| | +| "Law enforcement is basically a conservative business," | +| he said. "You're putting bad guys in jail. You're trying to | +| get every edge you can on those people who are devising | +| increasingly more intricate schemes to rip off the public, | +| hiring the best lawyers, providing the best defenses. | +| | +| "So you're constantly pushing the edge of the envelope | +| out to see if you can get an edge for the prosecution. | +| That's a conservative undertaking. And as a law | +| enforcement official, I think many who subscribe to the old | +| liberal agenda of the '60s when the Warren Court was expanding | +| a defendant's rights objected to the fine tuning that we were | +| proposing in these laws, not to abolish constitutional rights, | +| but to give the law enforcement officer an even break." | +| | +| For those prosecutors accused of taking more than an "even | +| break," the Justice Department has its own self-policing unit, | +| the Office of Professional Responsibility. From 1985 through | +| 1991, according to the department, 22 assistant U.S. attorneys | +| resigned during "pending" internal investigations into | +| allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, ranging from | +| improperly securing arrest warrants to improperly contacting | +| defendants who were represented by lawyers. One other attorney | +| was fired outright. | +| | +| A quiet resignation "allows the attorney to leave with more | +| of his reputation intact than if the record showed he was | +| dismissed," said Michael E. Shaheen Jr., counsel to the | +| professional responsibility unit. ". . . It's an easy | +| resolution for us." | +| | +| But it is difficult to judge the efficacy of the office, or | +| the standards that it uses, because its operations are secret | +| and it rarely provides specific information about complaints | +| it receives or their disposition. And, while the department's | +| U.S. Attorneys Manual sets high standards on paper for the | +| behavior of its prosecutors, it acknowledges that they are not | +| necessarily bound by them. | +| | +| A recent General Accounting Office report - prompted by | +| congressional frustration with the oversight office's secrecy | +| - criticized the Office of Professional Responsibility for its | +| "informal ways and unsystematic approach." Despite the near | +| doubling in the number of prosecutors, the office has | +| consisted of no more than six lawyers at a time since 1979. | +| | +| Erosion of Judicial `Supervisory Powers' | +| | +| Over the last decade, the powers judges once had to | +| question or stop government misconduct in the criminal justice | +| system have been significantly eroded by Supreme Court | +| decisions. Some have categorized as "harmless errors" - not | +| justifying reversal of a conviction - prosecutorial breaches | +| that once were considered serious. In 1991, for example, the | +| court held that using a coerced confession as evidence against | +| a defendant could be considered "harmless error." | +| | +| The present discomfort of some federal judges stems most | +| directly from a decline of their "supervisory power" over the | +| conduct of federal prosecutors and agents. Although rarely | +| used, this diminishing power has been a last-resort remedy | +| that judges can invoke to end prosecutions they considered | +| abusive, whether or not they violated any specific | +| constitutional guarantee. | +| | +| In recent years, the Supreme Court has cut back drastically | +| on the circumstances in which the supervisory power may be | +| applied, arguing that it too often represents an undue | +| intrusion into the affairs of the prosecutorial branch. | +| | +| Most recently, the court last term, in a case called U.S. | +| v. Williams, severely restricted the "supervisory powers" of | +| judges to enforce "fundamental fairness" by throwing out cases | +| tainted by grand jury abuse. | +| | +| Writing for the dissenters in a 5 to 4 decision, Justice | +| John Paul Stevens warned of the dangers of allowing | +| "overzealous or misguided prosecutors" to operate free of any | +| meaningful judicial deterrent. | +| | +| In such cases, the high court has referred aggrieved | +| individuals to the disciplinary machinery in state bar | +| associations or to the Justice Department for relief. However, | +| the Justice Department declared in June 1989 that its | +| prosecutors were not subject to state bar discipline when, in | +| the view of the department, it would allow excessive state | +| interference in federal investigations and prosecutions. | +| | +| While much of the new power of prosecutors stems directly | +| from acts of Congress designed to combat white-collar crime | +| and drug trafficking, Congress has been relatively | +| deferential in dealing with the overall conduct of the | +| department and its disciplinary unit. | +| | +| As a result of Supreme Court, department and congressional | +| actions, U.S. District Judge John L. Kane of Colorado said in | +| an interview, "The system of checks and balances is out of | +| whack," giving rise to what he called a "sorry episode of one | +| egregious act after another" by the government. | +| | +| A "senior status" retired judge who can choose his cases, | +| Kane has taken the symbolic step of refusing to hear any | +| criminal cases. The role of the federal judge in criminal | +| cases has become little more than a "clerical function," and | +| without the ability to deter prosecutorial misconduct, he | +| said in an interview, he cannot in good conscience promise | +| defendants a fair trial. | +| | +| The experience of U.S. District Judge Terry J. Hatter Jr. | +| typifies the conflict that has arisen between some trial | +| judges, who confront government tactics at ground zero and get | +| outraged, and appellate judges, who confront them more in the | +| abstract and have to measure them against Supreme Court | +| precedents. | +| | +| In 1984, Hatter was presented with the indictment of one | +| Darrell P. Simpson on charges of drug trafficking. The FBI | +| became interested in Simpson after receiving a tip from | +| Canadian authorities that he was an international drug | +| smuggler. The agents then used as an informant a woman who | +| was a prostitute, heroin user and a fugitive from Canada. | +| They arranged for her to meet Simpson as if by accident. The | +| two became intimate and, at her urging, Simpson procured | +| heroin from an undercover agent. | +| | +| In the course of her work for the FBI, she continued to | +| engage in prostitution, heroin use and shoplifting and, | +| according to court records, the agency allowed her to keep a | +| $10,000 profit from a heroin sale. | +| | +| Hatter dismissed the indictment saying that the | +| government's action was so outrageous as to be | +| unconstitutional. "I am constantly in the business of sending | +| messages to drug dealers," said the judge. "It is important | +| that I send a message now to the government that this kind of | +| activity will not be tolerated." | +| | +| Two years later, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals | +| reversed Hatter and sent the case back to him, saying the | +| government's behavior did not violate the Constitution. In | +| 1988, Hatter dimissed the charges a second time, acting, he | +| said, under his "supervisory powers" as a federal judge. | +| | +| In March 1991, a panel of the 9th Circuit reversed him | +| again, this time with a lecture delivered by Judge Alex | +| Kozinski. Hatter, Kozinski wrote, was "rightfully disturbed | +| by the less-than-exemplary conduct of the government." But | +| "sleazy tactics alone" do not empower a judge to throw out a | +| case. "In the exercise of the supervisory power," Kozinski | +| wrote, "judges must be careful to supervise their own affairs | +| and not those of the other branches." Unilateral Exemption | +| From Ethics Rules | +| | +| One of the greatest continuing controveries over the | +| control of federal prosecutorial behavior stems from | +| Thornburgh's 1989 move as attorney general to limit | +| significantly the authority over government lawyers of state | +| bar | +| organizations, the bodies that license lawyers. | +| | +| Thornburgh was responding to a 1988 decision by the 2nd | +| U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reaffirming that bar | +| disciplinary rules restrict the behavior of federal | +| prosecutors as well as all other lawyers. Unilaterally, | +| Thornburgh declared in a memorandum that Justice Department | +| lawyers are exempt from state bar associations' codes of | +| professional conduct, if those ethical provisions interfere | +| with investigative and prosecutorial activities authorized by | +| law. The issue that sparked the memorandum was whether federal | +| prosecutors could directly contact defendants who had lawyers. | +| | +| District of Columbia Superior Court Judge Gladys Kessler | +| encountered the issue in a 1988 case. She determined that a | +| federal prosecutor in Washington had violated a bar | +| disciplinary rule by having conversations with a murder | +| defendant without his lawyer being present. Kessler referred | +| the matter to bar authorities in the District, but because the | +| prosecutor originally was licensed as a lawyer in New Mexico, | +| the allegation was transferred to the bar disciplinary board | +| there. | +| | +| When it got there, the Justice Department, invoking | +| Thornburgh's memorandum, declared that there was nothing state | +| authorities could do about it and went to federal court to | +| have the matter removed from the hands of state authorities. | +| | +| In New Mexico, U.S. District Judge Juan G. Burciaga was | +| astonished when he heard the government claim of immunity from | +| state disciplinary action for its lawyers. "The Government," | +| he wrote in an August opinion rejecting the Justice | +| Department's position, "threatens the integrity of our | +| tripartite structure by arguing its lawyers, in the course of | +| enforcing the laws regulating public conduct, may disregard | +| the laws regulating their own conduct. The irony of such an | +| assertion not only fuels public discontent with our system of | +| justice, but the insolence with which the Government promotes | +| this as official policy irresponsibly compromises the very | +| trust which empowers it to act. It falls to this Court to | +| disabuse the Government of its novel self-conceived notion | +| that Government lawyers, unlike any other lawyer, may act | +| unethically." | +| | +| Burciaga said that Thornburgh, before issuing his | +| memorandum, "would have done well to have taken a few steps | +| from his office to contemplate the inscription on the (Justice | +| Department) . . . wall. . . . `The United States wins its case | +| whenever justice is done one of its citizens in the courts.' " | +| | +| On Dec. 23, the Justice Department asked a federal judge in | +| the District to enjoin Virginia L. Ferrara, the chief | +| disciplinary counsel for the New Mexico Supreme Court, from | +| "taking any adverse action against an attorney employed by the | +| United States Department of Justice for the performance of | +| federal duties or responsibilities consistent with federal | +| law." | +| | +| "It's makes me sound like some kind of drug runner," said | +| Ferrara, who estimated that the New Mexico bar's small | +| disciplinary office has so far spent $18,000 defending itself | +| from the Justice Department's legal attacks. Staff researchers | +| Barbara Saffir and Margot Williams contributed to this report. | +| | +| QuickBBS 2.76 Ovr | +| Origin: MotherBoard BBS-Indianapolis, IN (317) 881-2743 | +| (1:231/110) | +------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/war.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/war.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1463039b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/war.txt @@ -0,0 +1,289 @@ + + + WAR + + + The smell of rotting human flesh was heavy in the air. + It was a something you'd remember for the rest of your life. + War is hell, I've heard. Now I know! + The battle against German troops near a quaint, obscure + French village had been going on for days. This miserable + rain had soaked us to the skin. + Every house in the village had grape vines in their + yards. Yet there was no one to pick beautiful bunches which + seemed to beg to be harvested. The Germans were experts in + booby trapping the vines and many who tried to pick grapes + paid for it with their lives. It isn't very pretty to see + people killed and draped over vines that way. + Suddenly, we heard mortar shells headed in our direc- + tion. We dove for our foxholes. This was a fierce battle + and apparently we had backed the German troops into one of + their supply depots. They never were short of ammunition. + In a momentary lull, we heard voices. To our amaze- + ment, three elderly French people were walking along a road + like they were on a Sunday stroll. They paid no attention + to the foreboding sounds of the shells and bullets. The + roads in this area were built higher than the surrounding + ground to prevent flooding during rain storms. This high + road bed made them look like targets in a shooting gallery. + None of us could believe they hadn't already been wounded or + even killed. + They were absolutely dazed. Two old women and an old + man, in tattered old coats, carrying what they could have of + their possessions. + Two of us ran toward them, keeping our profiles as low + to the ground as we could. They paid no attention to us as + we approached. + "Please," we pleaded with them in our basic French, + "get off this road until the shelling is over. Do you want + to get yourselves killed? There has been enough of that + here already." + They paid no attention to our pleas. They were in a + daze and numb. We finally just grabbed them and pulled them + into the ditch away from the direction of the shells. + "Please, stay here until the shelling stops. We'll let + you know when it's safe to go on." + The older of the two women finally understood what we + were telling them to do. She told the others to stay here + with her until it was safe to go on. We returned to our + positions certain we had the three safe for now. + It was a good feeling we had then. Suddenly the + thought hit me. Here we were in the middle of the French + countryside making the world safe for democracy. We were + killing or being killed. How grand and glorious! Did those + three poor harmless old people know we were here to make the +  + world safe for democracy? + It really didn't make much sense to me. Our government + had been telling us for years we were fighting an enemy to + make the world safe for democracy. The raving of mad men. + DEMOCRACY IS THE WORST OF ALL POLITICAL EVILS! This + was the consensus of our Founding Fathers. They considered + democracy a dirty word. + James Madison wrote "[D]emocracies have ever been + spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been + found to be incompatible with personal security or the + rights of property; and have in general been as short in + their lives as they have been violent in their deaths." + (The Federalist Papers, No. 10. All references to 'paper + no.' in this book are from The Federalist Papers.) + It was an agreement shared by the men who were at the + drafting of our Constitution in May of 1787. + Where does the notion come from that the United States + is a democracy? The word democracy or democratic does not + even appear in our Constitution. Nowhere. + When did they decide we are a democracy? This sounds + ominously like the 'newspeak' which George Orwell spoke of + in his book 1984. World War I and II were billed as wars to + make the world safe for democracy. What a sham put over on + Americans! + Look at our pledge of allegiance. "[A]nd to the + Republic for which it stands. . ." That doesn't say + anything about a democracy, does it? + Yet, this is all we hear today. No one ever mentions + we are a republic. This has been intentional since as James + Madison said, democracies are inconsistent with personal + security or the rights of property. The philosophy of the + IRS! + The word republic is derived from the Latin 'res', a + thing, and 'publicus', belonging to the people. + Webster defines a republic as a nation in which the + supreme power rests in all citizens entitled to vote and + exercised by representatives elected, directly or indirect- + ly, by them and responsible to them. + The people we have elected throughout the years are + trying to convince us that our country is now a democracy. + That way they no longer need to consider themselves respon- + sible to those who elected them. Remember the pay raises? + Perhaps they trying to create the dissension and + turbulence which James Madison cautioned us about. + Another statement heard from government honchos is "We + would like to see a democracy established in such and such a + country." Just a slip of the tongue? + Let's examine some of the notes taken by several people + during the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in + 1787. One of the best sources is a government publication + titled "Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union + of the American States". (House Document No. 398, 69th + Congress, 1st Session, 1965) + Another book which details the deliberations of the +  + convention is "Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of + 1787" by James Madison. Ohio University Press printed this + book in 1966. + Two points are recurrent throughout the debates and + speeches of the convention. The new government was to be + republican and they despised and feared democracy. + Note particularly Article IV, Section 4 of our + Constitution which states: "The United States shall + guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of + government . . . ." + Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia presented the + first plan to the Constitutional Convention. The above + statement was in all three texts of resolutions proposed + including those in secret debates. They never questioned + the republican concept and it's in the document as we can + see. + Dr. James McHenry of Maryland agreed saying, "None of + the state constitutions provide sufficient checks against + democracy." + Alexander Hamilton of New York makes the statement that + we are now forming a republican government. + These were the feelings and convictions of our Founding + Fathers. One of their fears was a democracy could easily + turn into a monarchy. By looking at the period this is + understandable. + Hamilton further observes there are "Two principles in + which Americans are unanimous, (1) attachment to Republican + government and (2) to two branches of legislature." This + same thought was often heard from Col. George Mason of + Virginia. + Neither Gov. Randolph or Col. Mason signed the finished + proposed document. Both felt the power given to Congress by + the document was dangerous. They wanted another convention + to consider the amendments proposed by each state as the + Constitution was ratified. Sadly, this never occurred. + Col. Mason feared the dangerous power and structure of + the government and his conclusion was "that it would end + either in monarchy, or a tyrannical aristocracy; which, he + was in doubt, but one or the other, he was sure." A + tyrannical democracy would be closer to the truth today. + On page 952 of Documents Illustrative of the Formation + of the Union of the American States, we find the following + interesting little story which happened when the convention + was completed: (punctuation added) + A lady asked Dr. Franklin, "Well Doctor, what have we + got? A republic or a monarchy?" "A republic," replied the + Doctor, "if you can keep it." + His admonition was prophetic. We haven't been able to + keep it. + Webster defines a democracy in part as majority rule. + That's precisely what we have today. The majority has found + they can get our elected representatives to violate their + oaths. They pass laws to take money out of the public + treasury to give to those who produce nothing. Democracy +  + then reigns. + When did this turn about? There is NO authority to + dispense public funds beyond the permission which we + entrusted when we agreed to this business of government. + The supremacy clause is verification . . . "This + Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall + be made in pursuance thereof . . shall be the supreme Law of + the Land;" + There it is in a nutshell. ALL laws made have to + comply with the warrant we granted in the basic document or + they are not laws. This is what makes the command of due + process of law so important. If any law goes beyond the + grant of power, there is no due process of law! And we are + not required to obey such a law. + To hold the feet of the people working for the + federales to the fire, we included the requirement that all + elected Senators and Representatives, as well as anyone who + works for government, take an oath to support the supremacy + of the Constitution. (Art VI, Sec 3). + In paper No.51, Madison states that it is of great + importance in a republic to guard the society against the + oppression of its rulers. It is equally important to guard + one part of society against the injustice of the other part. + We now have part of society not protected against + oppression by rulers or from the injustices of another part + of our society. Another warning not heeded. + Let's take another look at paper No. 57 by Madison: + The House of Representatives are restrained from oppressive + measures in "that they can make no law which will not have + its full operation on themselves and their friends, as well + as the great mass of society . . It creates between them + that communion of interests and sympathy of sentiments of + which few governments have furnished examples; but without + which every government degenerates into a tyranny. If it be + asked, what is to restrain the House of Representatives from + making legal discriminations in favor of themselves and a + particular class of society? I answer: the genius of the + whole system; the nature of just and constitutional laws; + and, above all, the vigilant and manly spirit which actuates + the people of America -- a spirit which nourishes freedom, + and in return is nourished by it." + "If this spirit shall ever be so far debased as to + tolerate a law not obligatory on the legislature as well as + on the people, the people will be ready to tolerate anything + but liberty." + It's common knowledge today that Congress passes all + sorts of laws but exempts themselves and their staff from + any requirement to be held accountable. What horse manure! + Madison said the vigilant and manly spirit which + inspires Americans and in turn is nourished by freedom. + This is the spirit which needs to be awakened and rekindled + to restore our Republic. + In the beginning of our history, the republican theory + was alive and well in all branches of government. Even +  + decisions by the Supreme Court referred to our government as + a republic. Justice Joseph Story summarized it well when he + wrote in about 1837: "The founders of the Constitution laid + the cornerstone of our national republic." + The farther our government strayed from the specific + powers we granted, the idea was spread that America is now a + democracy. Big brother has convinced the people of this + nation that they are doing what is best for us. They are + even going to determine what goes into our pizza or how much + television cable companies can charge customers. They are + showing us they are the hallmark of a great democracy and + thereby gain support for specific welfare and free cheese. + And, they are doing it, getting away with it and we go + along with it. Apparently, it shows our approval. + The introduction to our Constitution shows the objec- + tives for our country when it was established. These + objectives illustrate the spirit and ideals of another great + document, the Declaration of Independence. This introduc- + tory statement is the antithesis of democracy. + Search for the domestic tranquility they sought. We + won't find it at Kent State University or at hundreds of + other oppressive situations which occur throughout our land + each month. Look at the wanton stealing by the IRS with + their audits and seizure of property. Is this promoting the + general welfare? Our elected and appointed officials have + decided power and might are now a right. The people and the + Constitution be damned! + Dr. Benjamin Franklin, on signing the proposed + document, said any government could turn into despotism. + This would happen when the people became so corrupted they + would be incapable of any other. (House Document No.398) + We are almost at that stage today. Are the people so + corrupted we are incapable of anything but a despotic + government? Despotism is an absolute power or influence of + any kind. + Americans are not so corrupted that today we are + incapable of receiving anything but a despotic government. + There is a problem however. We have lost the true purpose + of our republic. This has been intentional on the part of + some people in our government. We must reverse this + tendency and wake Americans to the pitfalls of democracy and + to their birthright of our republic. + If we do not reverse this, we will lose our republic by + default! The road to slavery is devious and slippery. If + we are not watchful, we could wake some morning to find we + are now called the Sovereign State of the United Nations. + Are we already receiving our mental conditioning on TV for + that possibility? Conditioning to become part of the 'New + World Order'? + The principles and ideals established in the preamble + were to be for us and for our posterity. Posterity means + all future generations. What will it be like for our + children or grandchildren should we allow this idea to + perpetuate? Will the distress and conflict of a democracy +  + continue and increase? One of our duties as a citizen is to + make certain our republican form of government continues. + For evil to continue, good men and women only need to + do nothing. People don't want to get involved. People will + be forcibly involved someday when they have to line up to + have their number tattooed on their arm. + Slaves or a free people? The choice is ours! + + + SUPPORT THE SHAREWARE CONCEPT . . + + REGISTER WITH THE AUTHOR . . + + ONLY $19.95  diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/warevol1.d b/textfiles.com/politics/warevol1.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..48a50d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/warevol1.d @@ -0,0 +1,2600 @@ + 40 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + **** **** + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + INTRODUCTION. + + My book is ready for the printer, and as I begin this preface +my eye lights upon the crowd of Russian peasants at work on the +Neva under my windows. With pick and shovel they are letting the +rays of the April sun into the great ice barrier which binds +together the modern quays and the old granite fortress where lie +the bones of the Romanoff Czars. + + This barrier is already weakened; it is widely decayed, in +many places thin, and everywhere treacherous; but it is, as a +whole, so broad, so crystallized about old boulders, so imbedded in +shallows, so wedged into crannies on either shore, that it is a +great danger. The waters from thousands of swollen streamlets above +are pressing behind it; wreckage and refuse are piling up against +it; every one knows that it must yield. But there is danger that it +may resist the pressure too long and break suddenly, wrenching even +the granite quays from their foundations, bringing desolation to a +vast population, and leaving, after the subsidence of the flood, a +widespread residue of slime, a fertile breeding-bed for the germs +of disease. + + But the patient mujiks are doing the right thing. The barrier, +exposed more and more to the warmth of spring by the scores of +channels they are making, will break away gradually, and the river +will flow on beneficent and beautiful. + + My work in this book is like that of the Russian mujiks on the +Neva. I simply try to aid in letting the light of historical truth +into that decaying mass of outworn thought which attaches the +modern world to medieval conceptions of Christianity, and which +still lingers among us -- a most serious barrier to religion and +morals, and a menace to the whole normal evolution of society. + + For behind this barrier also the flood is rapidly rising -- +the flood of increased knowledge and new thought; and this barrier +also, though honeycombed and in many places thin, creates a danger +-- danger of a sudden breaking away, distressing and calamitous, +sweeping before it not only outworn creeds and noxious dogmas, but +cherished principles and ideals, and even wrenching out most +precious religious and moral foundations of the whole social and +political fabric. + + My hope is to aid -- even if it be but a little -- in the +gradual and healthful dissolving away of this mass of unreason, +that the stream of "religion pure and undefiled" may flow on broad +and clear, a blessing to humanity. + + And now a few words regarding the evolution of this book. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + It is something over a quarter of a century since I labored +with Ezra Cornell in founding the university which bears his +honored name. + + Our purpose was to establish in the State of New York an +institution for advanced instruction and research, in which +science, pure and applied, should have an equal place with +literature; in which the study of literature, ancient and modern, +should be emancipated as much as possible from pedantry; and which +should be free from various useless trammels and vicious methods +which at that period hampered many, if not most, of the American +universities and colleges. + + We had especially determined that the institution should be +under the control of no political party and of no single religious +sect, and with Mr. Cornell's approval I embodied stringent +provisions to this effect in the charter. + + It had certainly never entered into the mind of either of us +that in all this we were doing anything irreligious or unchristian. +Mr. Cornell was reared a member of the Society of Friends; he had +from his fortune liberally aided every form of Christian effort +which he found going on about him, and among the permanent trustees +of the public library which he had already founded, he had named +all the clergymen of the town -- Catholic and Protestant. As for +myself, I had been bred a churchman, had recently been elected a +trustee of one church college, and a professor in another; those +nearest and dearest to me were devoutly religious; and, if I may be +allowed to speak of a matter so personal to myself, my most +cherished friendships were among deeply religious men and women, +and my greatest sources of enjoyment were ecclesiastical +architecture, religious music, and the more devout forms of poetry. +So far from wishing to injure Christianity, we both hoped to +promote it; but we did not confound religion with sectarianism, and +we saw in the sectarian character of American colleges and +universities, as a whole, a reason for the poverty of the advanced +instruction then given in so many of them. + + It required no great acuteness to see that a system of control +which, in selecting a Professor of Mathematics or Language or +Rhetoric or Physics or Chemistry, asked first and above all to what +sect or even to what wing or branch of a sect he belonged, could +hardly do much to advance the moral, religious, or intellectual +development of mankind. + + The reasons for the new foundation seemed to us, then, so +cogent that we expected the cooperation of all good citizens, and +anticipated no opposition from any source, + + As I look back across the intervening years, I know not +whether to be more astonished or amused at our simplicity. + + Opposition began at once. In the State Legislature it +confronted us at every turn, and it was soon in full blaze +throughout the State -- from the good Protestant bishop who +proclaimed that all professors should be in holy orders, since to +the Church alone was given the command, "Go, teach all nations," to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +the zealous priest who published a charge that Goldwin Smith -- a +profoundly Christian scholar -- had come to Cornell in order to +inculcate the "infidelity of the Westminster Review"; and from the +eminent divine who went from city to city denouncing the "atheistic +and pantheistic tendencies" of the proposed education, to the +perfervid minister who informed a denominational synod that +Agassiz, the last great opponent of Darwin, and a devout theist, +was "preaching Darwinism and atheism" in the new institution. + + As the struggle deepened, as hostile resolutions were +introduced into various ecclesiastical bodies, as honored clergymen +solemnly warned their flocks first against the "atheism," then +against the "infidelity," and finally against the "indifferentism +"of the university, as devoted pastors endeavored to dissuade young +men from matriculation, I took the defensive, and, in answer to +various attacks from pulpits and religious newspapers, attempted to +allay the fears of the public. "Sweet reasonableness" was fully +tried. There was established and endowed in the university perhaps +the most effective Christian pulpit, and one of the most vigorous +branches of the Christian Association, then in the United States; +but all this did nothing to ward off the attack. The clause in the +charter of the university forbidding it to give predominance to the +doctrines of any sect, and above all the fact that much prominence +was given to instruction in various branches of science, seemed to +prevent all compromise, and it soon became clear that to stand on +the defensive only made matters worse. Then it was that there was +borne in upon me a sense of the real difficulty -- the antagonism +between the theological and scientific view of the universe and of +education in relation to it; therefore it was that, having been +invited to deliver a lecture in the great hall of the Cooper +Institute at New York, I took as my subject The Battlefields of +Science, maintaining this thesis which follows: + + In all modern history, interfere with science in the supposed +interest of religion, no matter how conscientious such interference +may have been, has resulted in the direst evils both to religion +and to science, and invariably; and, on the other hand, all +untrammelled scientific investigation, no matter how dangerous to +religion some of its stages may have seemed for the time to be, has +invariably resulted in the highest good both of religion and of +science. + + The lecture was next day published in the New York Tribune at +the request of Horace Greeley, its editor, who was also one of the +Cornell University trustees. As a result of this widespread +publication and of sundry attacks which it elicited, I was asked to +maintain my thesis before various university associations and +literary clubs; and I shall always remember with gratitude that +among those who stood by me and presented me on the lecture +platform with words of approval and cheer was my revered +instructor, the Rev. Dr. Theodore Dwight Woolsey, at that time +President of Yale College. + + My lecture grew -- first into a couple of magazine articles, +and then into a little book called The Warfare of Science, for +which, when republished in England, Prof. John Tyndall wrote a +preface. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + Sundry translations of this little book were published, but +the most curious thing in its history is the fact that a very +friendly introduction to the Swedish translation was written by a +Lutheran bishop. + + Meanwhile Prof, John W. Draper published his book on The +Conflict between Science and Religion, a work of great ability, +which, as I then thought, ended the matter, So far as my giving it +further attention was concerned. + + But two things led me to keep on developing my own work in +this field: First, I had become deeply interested in it, and could +not refrain from directing my observation and study to it; +secondly, much as I admired Draper's treatment of the questions +involved, his point of view and mode of looking at history were +different from mine. + + He regarded the struggle as one between Science and Religion. +I believed then, and am convinced now, that it was a struggle +between Science and Dogmatic Theology. + + More and more I saw that it was the conflict between two +epochs in the evolution of human thought -- the theological and the +scientific. + + So I kept on, and from time to time published New Chapters in +the rene as mag of Science magazine articles in The Popular Science +Monthly. This was done under many difficulties. For twenty years, +as President of Cornell University and Professor of History in that +institution, I was immersed in the work of its early development. +Besides this, I could not hold myself entirely aloof from public +affairs, and was three times sent by the Government of the United +States to do public duty abroad: first as a commissioner to Santo +Domingo, in 1870; afterward as minister to Germany, in 1879; +finally, as minister to Russia, in 1892; and was also called upon +by the State of New York to do considerable labor in connection +with international exhibitions at Philadelphia and at Paris. I was +also obliged from time to time to throw off by travel the effects +of overwork. + + The variety of residence and occupation arising from these +causes may perhaps explain some peculiarities in this book which +might otherwise puzzle my reader. + + While these journeyings have enabled me to collect materials +over a very wide range -- in the New World, from Quebec to Santo +Domingo and from Boston to Mexico, San Francisco, and Seattle, and +in the Old World from Trondhjem to Cairo and from St. Petersburg to +Palermo -- they have often obliged me to write under circumstances +not very favorable: sometimes on an Atlantic steamer, sometimes on +a Nile boat, and not only in my, own library at Cornell, but in +those of Berlin, Helsingfors, Munich, Florence, and the British +Museum. This fact will explain to the benevolent reader not only +the citation of different editions of the same authority in +different chapters, but some iterations which in the steady quiet +of my own library would not have been made. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + It has been my constant endeavor to write for the general +reader, avoiding scholastic and technical terms as much as possible +and stating the truth simply as it presents itself to me. + + That errors of omission and commission will be found here and +there is probable -- nay, certain; but the substance of the book +will, I believe, be found fully true. I am encouraged in this +belief by the fact that, of the three bitter attacks which this +work in its earlier form has already encountered, one was purely +declamatory, objurgatory, and hortatory, and the others based upon +ignorance of facts easily pointed out. + + And here I must express my thanks to those who have aided me. +First and above all to my former student and dear friend, Prof. +George Lincoln Burr, of Cornell University, to whose contributions, +suggestions, criticisms, and cautions I am most deeply indebted; +also to my friends U.G. Weatherly, formerly Travelling Fellow of +Cornell, and now Assistant Professor in the University of Indiana, +-- Prof. and Mrs. Earl Barnes and Prof. William H. Hudson, of +Stanford University, -- and Prof. E. P. Evans, formerly of the +University of Michigan, but now of Munich, for extensive aid in +researches upon the lines I have indicated to them, but which I +could never have prosecuted without their cooperation. In libraries +at home and abroad they have all worked for me most effectively, +and I am deeply grateful to them. + + This book is presented as a sort of Festschrift -- a tribute +to Cornell University as it enters the second quarter-century of +its existence, and probably my last tribute. + + The ideas for which so bitter a struggle was made at its +foundation have triumphed. Its faculty, numbering over one hundred +and fifty; its students numbering but little short of two thousand; +its noble buildings and equipment; the munificent gifts, now +amounting to millions of dollars, which it has received from +public-spirited men and women; the evidences of public confidence +on all sides; and, above all, the adoption of its cardinal +principles and main features by various institutions of learning in +other States, show this abundantly. But there has been a triumph +far greater and wider. Everywhere among the leading modern nations +the same general tendency is seen. During the quarter-century, just +past the control of public instruction, not only in America but in +the leading nations of Europe, has passed more and more from the +clergy to the laity. Not only are the presidents of the larger +universities in the United States, with but one or two exceptions, +laymen, but the same thing is seen in the old European strongholds +of metaphysical theology. At my first visit to Oxford and +Cambridge, forty years ago, they were entirely under ecclesiastical +control. Now, all this is changed. An eminent member of the present +British Government has recently said, "A candidate for high +university position is handicapped by holy orders." I refer to this +with not the slightest feeling of hostility toward the clergy, for +I have none; among them are many of my dearest friends; no one +honors their proper work more than I; but the above fact is simply +noted as proving the continuance of that evolution which I have +endeavored to describe in this series of monographs -- an +evolution, indeed, in which the warfare of Theology against Science + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +has been one of the most active and powerful agents. My belief is +that in the field left to them -- their proper field -- the clergy +will more and more, as they cease to struggle against scientific +methods and conclusions, do work even nobler and more beautiful +than anything they have heretofore done. And this is saying much. +My conviction is that Science, though it has evidently conquered +Dogmatic Theology based on biblical texts and ancient modes of +thought, will go hand in hand with Religion; and that, although +theological control will continue to diminish, Religion, as seen in +the recognition of "a Power in the universe, not ourselves, which +makes for righteousness," and in the love of God and of our +neighbor, will steadily grow stronger and stronger, not only in the +American institutions of learning but in the world at large. Thus +may the declaration of Micah as to the requirements of Jehovah, the +definition by St. James of "pure religion and undefiled," and, +above all, the precepts and ideals of the blessed Founder of +Christianity himself, be brought to bear more and more effectively +on mankind. + + I close this preface some days after its first lines were +written. The sun of spring has done its work on the Neva the great +river flows tranquilly on, a blessing and a joy; the mujiks are +forgotten. + A.D.W. + + LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, ST. PETERSBURG, + April 14, 1894. + + P.S. -- Owing to a wish to give more thorough revision to some +parts of my work, it has been withheld from the press until the +present date. CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y., August 15, 1895. + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* In this computerized version of this work all footnotes +will follow immediately after the astrach (*) and not at the bottom +of the page as in the printed voliams. These notes will be between +lines at the top and bottom (the same as this note) and we suggest +these notes be skipped over when reading for general information. +This is necessary to prevent the notes from being misplaced in the +various electronic formats this work will be transfered into. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE + WITH THEOLOGY. + + CHAPTER I. + + FROM CREATION TO EVOLUTION. + + I. THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE. + + AMONG those masses of cathedral sculpture which preserve so +much of medieval theology, one frequently recurring group is +noteworthy for its presentment of a time-honored doctrine regarding +the origin of the universe. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + The Almighty, in human form, sits benignly, making the sun, +moon, and stars, and hanging them from the solid firmament which +supports the "heaven above" and overarches the "earth beneath." + + The furrows of thought on the Creator's brow show that in this +work he is obliged to contrive; the knotted muscles upon his arms +show that he is obliged to toil; naturally, then, the sculptors and +painters of the medieval and early modern period frequently +represented him as the writers whose conceptions they embodied had +done -- as, on the seventh day, weary after thought and toil, +enjoying well-earned repose and the plaudits of the hosts of +heaven. + + In these thought-fossils of the cathedrals, and in other +revelations of the same idea through sculpture, painting, glass- +staining, mosaic work, and engraving, during the Middle Ages and +the two centuries following, culminated a belief which had been +developed through thousands of years, and which has determined the +world's thought until our own time. + + Its beginnings lie far back in human history; we find them +among the early records of nearly all the great civilizations, and +they hold a most prominent place in the various sacred books of the +world. In nearly all of them is revealed the conception of a +Creator of whom man is an imperfect image, and who literally and +directly created the visible universe with his hands and fingers. + + Among these theories, of especial interest to us are those +which controlled theological thought in Chaldea. The Assyrian +inscriptions which have been recently recovered and given to the +English-speaking peoples by Layard, George Smith, Sayce, and +others, show that in the ancient religions of Chaldea and Babylonia +there was elaborated a narrative of the creation which, in its most +important features, must have been the source of that in our own +sacred books. It has now become perfectly clear that from the same +sources which inspired the accounts of the creation of the universe +among the Chaldco-Babylonian, the Assyrian, the Phoenician, and +other ancient civilizations came the ideas which hold so prominent +a place in the sacred books of the Hebrews. In the two accounts +imperfectly fused together in Genesis, and also in the account of +which we have indications in the book of job and in the Proverbs, +there is presented, often Avith the greatest sublimity, the same +early conception of the Creator and of the creation -- the +conception, so natural in the childhood of civilization, of a +Creator who is an enlarged human being working literally with his +own hands, and of a creation which is "the work of his fingers." To +supplcirient this view there was developed the belief in this +Creator as one who, having + + . . ."from his ample palm + Launched forth the rolling planets into space," + +sits on high, enthroned "upon the circle of the heavens," +perpetually controlling and directing them. + + From this idea of creation was evolved in time a somewhat +nobler view. Ancient thinkers, and especially, as is now found, in +Egypt, suggested that the main agency in creation was not the hands + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +and fingers of the Creator, but his voice. Hence was mingled with +the earlier, cruder belief regarding the origin of the earth and +heavenly bodies by the Almighty the more impressive idea that "he +spake and they were made" -- that they were brought into existence +by his word.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* Among the many mediaeval representations of the creation +of the universe, I especially recall from personal observation +those sculptured above the portals of the cathedrals of Freiburg +and Upsala, the paintings on the walls of the Campo Santo at Pisa, +and, most striking of all, the mosaics of the Cathedral of Monreale +and those in the Cappella Palatina at Palermo. Among peculiarities +showing the simplicity of the earlier conception the representation +of the repose of the Almighty on the seventh day is very striking. +He is shown as seated in almost the exact attitude of the "weary +Mercury" of classic sculpture -- bent, and with a very marked +expression of fatigue upon his countenance and in the whole +disposition of his body. + + The Monreale mosaics are painted in the great work of Gravina, +and the Pisa frescoes in Didron's Iconographie, Paris, 1843, p. +598. For an exact statement of the resemblances which have settled +the question among the most eminent scholars in favour of the +derivation of the Hebrew cosmogony from that of Assyria, see +Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier, Strassburg, 1890, pp. 304, +306; also Franz Lukas, Die Grundbegriffe in den Kosmographien der +alten Volker, Leipsic, 1893, pp. 3546; also George Smith's Chaldean +Genesis, especially the German translation with additions by +Delitzsch, Leipsic, 1876, and Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das +Alte Testament, Giessen, 1883, pp. 1-54, etc. See also Renan, +Histoire du peuple d'Israel, vol. i, chap. i, L'antique influence +babylonienne. Fro Egyptian views regarding creation, and especially +for the transition from the idea of creation by the hands and +fingers of the Creator to creation by his voice and his "word," see +Maspero and Sayce, The Dawn of Civilization, pp. 145-146. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + Among the early fathers of the Church this general view of +creation became fundamental; they impressed upon Christendom more +and more strongly the belief that the universe was created in a +perfectly literal sense by the hands or voice of God. Here and +there sundry theologians of larger mind attempted to give a more +spiritual view regarding some parts of the creative work, and of +these were St. Gregory of Nyssa and St. Augustine. Ready as they +were to accept the literal text of Scripture, they revolted against +the conception of an actual creation of the universe by the hands +and fingers of a Supreme Being, and in this they were followed by +Bede and a few others; but the more material conceptions prevailed, +and we find these taking shape not only in the sculptures and +mosaics and stained glass of cathedrals, and in the illuminations +of missals and psalters, but later, at the close of the Middle +Ages, in the pictured Bibles and in general literature. + + Into the Anglo-Saxon mind this ancient material conception of +the creation was riveted by two poets whose works appealed +especially to the deeper religious feelings. In the seventh century +Coedmon paraphrased the account given in Genesis, bringing out this + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +material conception in the most literal form; and a thousand years +later Milton developed out of the various statements in the Old +Testament, mingled with a theology regarding "the creative Word" +which had been drawn from the New, his description of the creation +by the second person in the Trinity, than which nothing could be +more literal and material: + + "He took the golden compasses, prepared In God's eternal + store, to circumscribe This universe and all created things. + One foot he centered, and the other turned Round through the + vast profundity obscure, And said, ' Thus far extend, thus far + thy bounds: This be thy just circumference, O world!" * + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For Gregory of Nyssa, Augustine, and the general subject +of the development of an evolution theory among the Greeks, see the +excellent work by Dr. Osborn, 'From the Greeks to Darwin, pp. 33 +and following; for Caedmon, see any edition -- I have used +Bouterwek's, Gutersloh, 1854; for Milton, see Paradise Lost, book +vii, lines 225-231. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + So much for the orthodox view of the manner of creation. + + The next point developed in this theologic evolution had +reference to the matter of which the universe was made, and it was +decided by an overwhelming majority that no material substance +existed before the creation of the material universe -- that "God +created everything out of nothing." Some venturesome thinkers, +basing their reasoning upon the first verses of Genesis, hinted at +a different view -- namely, that the mass, "without form and void," +existed before the universe; but this doctrine was soon swept out +of sight. The vast majority of the fathers were explicit on this +point. Tertullian especially was very severe against those who took +any other view than that generally accepted as orthodox: he +declared that, if there had been any preexisting matter out of +which the world was formed, Scripture would have mentioned it; that +by not mentioning it God has given us a clear proof that there was +no such thing; and, after a manner not unknown in other theological +controversies, he threatens Hermogenes, who takes the opposite +view, with "the woe which impends on all who add to or take away +from the written word." + + St. Augustine, who showed signs of a belief in a preexistence +of matter, made his peace with the prevailing belief by the simple +reasoning that, "although the world has been made of some material, +that very same material must have been made out of nothing." + + In the wake of these great men the universal Church steadily +followed. The Fourth Lateran Council declared that God created +everything out of nothing; and at the present hour the vast +majority of the faithful -- whether Catholic or Protestant -- are +taught the same doctrine; on this point the syllabus of Pius IX and +the Westminster Catechism fully agree.* + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For Tertullian, see Tertullian against Hermogenes, chaps. +xx and xxii; for St. Augustine regarding "creation from nothing," +see the De Genesi contra Manichaeos, lib. i, cap. vi; for St. +Ambrose, see the Hexameron, lib. i, cap. iv; for the decree of the +Fourth Lateran Council, and the view received in the Church to-day, +see the article Creation in Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + Having thus disposed of the manner and matter of creation, the +next subject taken up by theologians was the time required for the +great work. + + Here came a difficulty. The first of the two accounts given in +Genesis extended the creative operation through six days, each of +an evening and a morning, with much explicit detail regarding the +progress made in each. But the second account spoke of "the day" in +which "the Lord God made the earth and the heavens." The +explicitness of the first account and its Naturalness to the minds +of the great mass of early theologians gave it at first a decided +advantage; but Jewish thinkers, like Philo, and Christian thinkers, +like Origen, forming higher conceptions of the Creator and his +work, were not content with this, and by them was launched upon the +troubled sea of Christian theology the idea that the creation was +instantaneous, this idea being strengthened not only by the second +of the Genesis legends, but by the great text, "He spake, and it +was done; he commanded, and it stood fast" -- or, as it appears in +the Vulgate and in most translations, "He spake, and they were +made; be commanded, and they were created." + + As a result, it began to be held that the safe and proper +course was to believe literally both statements; that in some +mysterious manner God created the universe in six days, and yet +brought it all into existence in a moment. In spite of the outcries +of sundry great theologians, like Ephrem Syrus, that the universe +was created in exactly six days of twenty-four hours each, this +compromise was promoted by St. Athanasius and St. Basil in the +East, and by St. Augustine and St. Hilary in the West. + + Serious difficulties were found in reconciling these two +views, which to the natural mind seem absolutely contradictory; but +by ingenious manipulation of texts, by dexterous play upon phrases, +and by the abundant use of metaphysics to dissolve away facts, a +reconciliation was effected, and men came at least to believe that +they believed in a creation of the universe instantaneous and at +the same time extended through six days.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For Origen, see his Contra Cesum, cap. xxxvi, xxxvii also +his De Principibus, cap. v; for St. Augustine, see his De Genesi +contra Manichaeos and De Genesi ad Litteram, passim; for +Athanasius, see his Discourses against the Arians, ii, 48, 49. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + Some of the efforts to reconcile these two accounts were so +fruitful as to deserve especial record. The fathers, Eastern and +Western, developed out of the double account in Genesis, and the +indications in the Psalms, the Proverbs, and the book of Job, a + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +vast mass of sacred science bearing upon this point. As regards the +whole work of creation, stress was laid upon certain occult powers +in numerals. Philo Judaeus, while believing in an instantaneous +creation, had also declared that the world was created in six days +because" of all numbers six is the most productive"; he had +explained the creation of the heavenly bodies on the fourth day by +"the harmony of the number four"; of the animals on the fifth day +by the five senses; of man on the sixth day by the same virtues in +the number six which had caused it to be set as a limit to the +creative work; and, greatest of all, the rest on the seventh day by +the vast mass of mysterious virtues in the number seven. + + St. Jerome held that the reason why God did not pronounce the +work of the second day "good" is to be found in the fact that there +is something essentially evil in the number two, and this was +echoed centuries afterward, afar off in Britain, by Bede. + + St. Augustine brought this view to bear upon the Church in the +following statement: "There are three classes of numbers -- the +more than perfect, the perfect, and the less than perfect, +according as the sum of them is greater than, equal to, or less +than the original number. Six is the first perfect number: +wherefore we must not say that six is a perfect number because God +finished all his works in six days, but that God finished all his +works in six days because six is a perfect number." + + Reasoning of this sort echoed along through the medieval +Church until a year after the discovery of America, when the +Nuremberg Chronicle re-echoed it as follows: "The creation of +things is explained by the number six, the parts of which, one, +two, and three, assume the form of a triangle." + + This view of the creation of the universe as instantaneous and +also as in six days, each made up of an evening and a morning, +became virtually universal. Peter Lombard and Hugo of St. Victor, +authorities of vast weight, gave it their sanction in the twelfth +century, and impressed it for ages upon the mind of the Church. + + Both these lines of speculation -- as to the creation of +everything out of nothing, and the reconciling of the instantaneous +creation of the universe with its creation in six days -- were +still further developed by other great thinkers of the Middle Ages. + + St. Hilary of Poictiers reconciled the two conceptions as +follows: "For, although according to Moses there is an appearance +of regular order in the fixing of the firmament, the laying bare of +the dry land, the gathering together of the waters, the formation +of the heavenly bodies, and the arising of living things from land +and water, yet the creation of the heavens, earth, and other +elements is seen to be the work of a single moment." + + St. Thomas Aquinas drew from St. Augustine a subtle +distinction which for ages cased the difficulties in the case he +taught in effect that God created the substance of things in a +moment, but gave to the work of separating, shaping, and adorning +this creation, six days.* + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For Philo Judaeus, see his Creation of the World, chap. +iii; for St. Augustine on the powers of numbers in creation, see +his De Genesi ad Litteram, iv, chap. ii; for Peter Lombard, see the +Sentential, lib. ii, dist. xv, 5; and for Hugo of St. Victor, see +De Sacramentis, lib. i, pars i; also, Annotat. Elucidate in +Pentateuchum, cap. v, vi, vii; for St. Hilary, see De Trinitate, +lib. xii; for St. Thomas Aquinas, see his Summa Theologies, quest. +lxxxiv, arts. i and ii; the passage in the Aluremberg Chronicle, +1493, is in fol. iii; for Bossuet, see his Dissours sur l'Histoire +Universelle; for the sacredness of the number seven among the +Babylonians, see especially Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das +Alte Testament, pp. 21, 22; also George Smith et al,; for general +ideas on the occult powers of various numbers, especially the +number seven, and the influence of these ideas on theology and +science, see my chapter on astronomy. As to medieval ideas on the +same subject, see Detzel, Christliche Ikonografihie, Freiburg, +1894, pp. 44 and following. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + The early reformers accepted and developed the same view, and +Luther especially showed himself equal to the occasion. With his +usual boldness he declared, first, that Moses "spoke properly and +plainly, and neither allegorically nor figuratively," and that +therefore "the world with all creatures was created in six days." +And he then goes on to show how, by a great miracle, the whole +creation was also instantaneous. + + Melanchthon also insisted that the universe was created out of +nothing and in a mysterious way, both in an instant and in six +days, citing the text: "He spake, and they were made." + + Calvin opposed the idea of an instantaneous creation, and laid +especial stress on the creation in six days: having called +attention to the fact that the biblical chronology shows the world +to be not quite six thousand years old and that it is now near its +end, he says that "creation was extended through six days that it +might not be tedious for us to occupy the whole of life in the +consideration of it." + + Peter Martyr clinched the matter by declaring: "So important +is it to comprehend the work of creation that we see the creed of +the Church take this as its starting point. Were this article taken +away there would be no original sin, the promise of Christ would +become void, and all the vital force of our religion would be +destroyed." The Westminster divines in drawing up their Confession +of Faith specially laid it down as necessary to believe that all +things visible and invisible were created not only out of nothing +but in exactly six days. + + Nor were the Roman divines less strenuous than the Protestant +reformers regarding the necessity of holding closely to the so- +called Mosaic account of creation. As late as the middle of the +eighteenth century, when Buffon attempted to state simple +geological truths, the theological faculty of the Sorbonne forced + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +him to make and to publish a most ignominious recantation which +ended with these words: "I abandon everything in my book respecting +the formation of the earth, and generally all which may be contrary +to the narrative of Moses." + + Theologians, having thus settled the manner of the creation, +the matter used in it, and the time required for it, now exerted +themselves to fix its date. + + The long series of efforts by the greatest minds in the +Church, from Eusebius to Archbishop Usher, to settle this point are +presented in another chapter. Suffice it here that the general +conclusion arrived at by an overwhelming majority of the most +competent students of the biblical accounts was that the date of +creation was, in round numbers, four thousand years before our era; +and in the seventeenth century, in his great work, Dr. John +Lightfoot, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, and one +of the most eminent Hebrew scholars of his time, declared, as the +result of his most profound and exhaustive study of the Scriptures, +that "heaven and earth, centre and circumference, were created all +together, in the same instant, and clouds full of water," and that +"this work took place and man was created by the Trinity on October +23, 4004 B.C., at nine o'clock in the morning." + + Here was, indeed, a triumph of Lactantius's method, the result +of hundreds of years of biblical study and theological thought +since Bede in the eighth century, and Vincent of Beauvais in the +thirteenth, had declared that creation must have taken place in the +spring. Yet, alas! within two centuries after Lightfoot's great +biblical demonstration as to the exact hour of creation, it was +discovered that at that hour an exceedingly cultivated people, +enjoying all the fruits of a highly developed civilization, had +long been swarming in the great cities of Egypt, and that other +nations hardly less advanced had at that time reached a high +development in Asia.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For Luther, see his Commentary on Genesis, 1545, +introduction, and his comments on chap. i, verse 12; the quotations +from Luther's commentary are taken mainly from the translation by +Henry Cole, D. D., Edinburgh, 1858; for Melanchthon, see Loci +Theologici, in Melanchthon, Malanchthon, Opera, ed. Betschneider, +vol. xxi, pp. 269, 270, also pp. 637, 638 -- in quoting the text +(Ps. xxiii, 9) I have used, as does Melanchthon himself, the form +of the Vulgate; for the citations from Calvin, see his Commentary +on Genesis (Opera omnia, Amsterdam, 1671, tom. i, cap. ii, p. 8); +also in the Institutes, Allen's translation, London, 1838, Vol- i, +chap. xv, pp. 126, 127; for Peter Martyr, see his Commentary on +Genesis, cited by Zbckler, vol. i, p. 690; for the articles in the +Westminster Confession of Faith, see chap. iv; for Buffon's +recantation, see Lyell, Principles of Theology, chap. iii, p. 57. +For Lightfoot's declaration, see his works, edited by Pitman, +London, 1822. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + But, strange as it may seem, even after theologians had thus +settled the manner of creation, the matter employed in it, the time +required for it, and the exact date of it, there remained virtually +unsettled the first and greatest question of all; and this was +nothing less than the question, WHO actually created the universe? + + Various theories more or less nebulous, but all centered in +texts of Scripture, had swept through the mind of the Church. By +some theologians it was held virtually that the actual creative +agent was the third person of the Trinity, who, in the opening +words of our sublime creation poem, "moved upon the face of the +waters." By others it was held that the actual Creator was the +second person of the Trinity, in behalf of whose agency many texts +were cited from the New Testament. Others held that the actual +Creator was the first person, and this view was embodied in the two +great formulas known as the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds, which +explicitly assigned the work to "God the Father Almighty, Maker of +heaven and earth." Others, finding a deep meaning in the words "Let +us make," ascribed in Genesis to the Creator, held that the entire +Trinity directly created all things; and still others, by curious +metaphysical processes, seemed to arrive at the idea that peculiar +combinations of two persons of the Trinity achieved the creation. + + In all this there would seem to be considerable courage in +view of the fearful condemnations launched in the Athanasian Creed +against all who should "confound the persons" or "divide the +substance of the Trinity." + + These various stages in the evolution of scholastic theology +were also embodied in sacred art, and especially in cathedral +sculpture, in glass-staining, in mosaic working, and in missal +painting. + + The creative Being is thus represented sometimes as the third +person of the Trinity, in the form of a dove brooding over chaos; +sometimes as the second person, and therefore a youth; sometimes as +the first person, and therefore fatherly and venerable; sometimes +as the first and second persons, one being venerable and the other +youthful; and sometimes as three persons, one venerable and one +youthful, both wearing papal crowns, and each holding in his lips +a tip of the wing of the dove, which thus seems to proceed from +both and to be suspended between them. + + Nor was this the most complete development of the medieval +idea. The Creator was sometimes represented with a single body, but +with three faces, thus showing that Christian belief had in some +pious minds gone through substantially the same cycle which an +earlier form of belief had made ages before in India, when the +Supreme Being was represented with one body but with the three +faces of Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. + + But at the beginning of the modern period the older view in +its primitive Jewish form was impressed upon Christians by the most +mighty genius in art the world has known; for in 1512, after four +years of Titanic labor, Michael Angelo uncovered his frescoes +within the vault of the Sistine Chapel. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + They had been executed by the command and under the sanction +of the ruling Pope, Julius II, to represent the conception of +Christian theology then dominant, and they remain to-day in all +their majesty to show the highest point ever attained by the older +thought upon the origin of the visible universe. + + In the midst of the expanse of heaven the Almighty Father -- +the first person of the Trinity -- in human form, august and +venerable, attended by angels and upborne by mighty winds, Sweeps +over the abyss, and, moving through successive compartments of the +great vault, accomplishes the Work of the creative days. With a +simple gesture he divides the light from the darkness, rears on +high the solid firmament, gathers together beneath it the seas, or +summons into existence the sun, moon, and planets, and sets them +circling about the earth. + + In this sublime work culminated the thought of thousands of +years; the strongest minds accepted it or pretended to accept it, +and nearly two centuries later this conception, in accordance with +the first of the two accounts given in Genesis, was especially +enforced by Bossuet, and received a new lease of life in the +Church, both Catholic and Protestant.* But to these discussions was +added yet another, which, beginning in the early days of the +Church, was handed down the ages until it had died out among the +theologians of our own time.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For strange representations of the Creator and of the +creation by one, two, or three persons of the Trinity, see Didron, +Icomografihie Chretienne, pp. 35, 178, 224, 483, 567-580), and +elsewhere; also DetzeI as already cited. The most naive of all +survivals of the medieval idea of creation which the present writer +has ever seen was exhibited in 1894 on the banner of one of the +guilds at the celebration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the +founding of the Munich Cathedral. Jesus of Nazareth, as a beautiful +boy and with a nimbus encircling his head, was shown turning and +shaping the globe on a lathe, which he keeps in motion with his +foot. The emblems of the Passion are about him, God the Father +looking approvingly upon him from a cloud, and the dove hovering +between the two. The date upon the banner was 1727. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + In the first of the biblical accounts light is created and the +distinction between. day and night thereby made on the first day, +while the sun and moon are not created until the fourth day. Masses +of profound theological and pseudo-scientific reasoning have been +developed to account for this -- masses so great that for ages they +have obscured the simple fact that the original text is a precious +revelation to us of one of the most ancient of recorded beliefs -- +the belief that light and darkness are entities independent of the +heavenly bodies, and that the sun, moon, and stars exist not merely +to increase light but to "divide the day from the night, to be for +signs and for seasons, and for days and for years," and "to rule +the day and the night." + + Of this belief we find survivals among the early fathers, and +especially in St. Ambrose. In his work on creation he tells us: "We +must remember that the light of day is one thing and the light of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +the sun, moon, and stars another -- the sun by his rays appearing +to add lustre to the daylight. For before sunrise the day dawns, +but is not in full refulgence, for the sun adds still further to +its splendor." This idea became, one of the "treasures of sacred +knowledge committed to the Church," and was faithfully received by +the Middle Ages. The medieval mysteries and miracle plays give +curious evidences of this: In a performance of the creation, when +God separates light from darkness, the stage direction is, "Now a +painted cloth is to be exhibited, one half black and the other half +white." It was also given more permanent form. In the mosaics of +San Marco at Venice, in the frescoes of the Baptistery at Florence +and of the Church of St. Francis at Assisi, and in the altar +carving at Salerno, we find a striking realization of it -- the +Creator placing in the heavens two disks or living figures of equal +size, each suitably colored or inscribed to show that one +represents light and the other darkness. This conception was +without doubt that of the person or persons who compiled from the +Chaldean and other earlier statements the accounts of the creation +in the first of our sacred books.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For scriptural indications of the independent existence +of light and darkness, compare with the first verses of the first +chapter of Genesis such passages as Job xxxviii, 19, 24; for the +general prevalence of this early view, see Lukas, Kosmogonie PP. +31, 33, 41, 74, and passim; for the view of St. Ambrose regarding +the creation of light and of the sun, see his ffexameron, lib. 4, +cap. iii; for an excellent general statement, see Huxley, Mr. +Gladstone and Genesis, in the Nineteenth Century, 1886, reprinted +in his Essays on Contriverted Questions, London, 1892, note, pp. +126 et seq.; for the acceptance in the miracle plays of the +scriptural idea of light and darkness as independent creations, see +Wright, Essays on Archaeological Subjects, vol. ii, P. 178; for an +account, with illustrations, of the mosaics, etc., representing +this idea, see Tikkanen, Die Genesis-mosaiken von San Marco, +Helsingfors, 1889, pp. 14 and 16 of text and Plates I and II. Very +naively the Salerno carver, not wishing to color the ivory which he +wrought, has inscribed on one disk the word "LUX" and on the other +"NOX." See also Didron, Iconographie, P. 482. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + Thus, down to a period almost within living memory, it was +held, virtually "always, everywhere, and by all," that the +universe, as we now see it, was created literally and directly by +the voice or hands of the Almighty, or by both -- out of nothing -- +in an instant or in six days, or in both -- about four thousand +years before the Christian era -- and for the convenience of the +dwellers upon the earth, which was at the base and foundation of +the whole structure. + + But there had been implanted along through the ages germs of +another growth in human thinking, some of them even as early as the +Babylonian period. In the Assyrian inscriptions we find recorded +the Chaldeo-Babylonian idea of an evolution of the universe out of +the primeval flood or "great deep," and of the animal creation out +of the earth and sea. This idea, recast, partially at least, into +mono-theistic form, passed naturally into the sacred books of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +neighbors and pupils of the Chaldeans -- the Hebrews; but its +growth in Christendom afterward was checked, as we shall hereafter +find, by the more powerful influence of other inherited statements +which appealed more intelligibly to the mind of the Church. + + Striking, also, was the effect of this idea as rewrought by +the early Ionian philosophers, to whom it was probably transmitted +from the Chaldeans through the Phoenicians. In the minds of Ionians +like Anaximander and Anaximenes it was most clearly developed: the +first of these conceiving of the visible universe as the result of +processes of evolution, find the latter pressing further the same +mode of reasoning, and dwelling on agencies in cosmic development +recognized in modern science. + + This general idea of evolution in Nature thus took strong hold +upon Greek thought and was developed in many ways, some ingenious, +some perverse. Plato, indeed, withstood it; but Aristotle sometimes +developed it in a manner which reminds us of modern views. + + Among the Romans Lucretius caught much from it, extending the +evolutionary process virtually to all things. + + In the early Church, as we have seen, the idea of a creation +direct, material, and by means like those used by man, was all- +powerful for the exclusion of conceptions based on evolution. From +the more simple and crude of the views of creation given in the +Babylonian legends, and thence incorporated into Genesis, rose the +stream of orthodox thought on the subject, which grew into a flood +and swept on through the Middle Ages and into modern times. Yet +here and there in the midst of this flood were high grounds of +thought held by strong men. Scotus Erigena and Duns Scotus, among +the schoolmen, bewildered though they were, had caught some rays of +this ancient light, and passed on to their successors, in modified +form, doctrines of an evolutionary process in the universe. + + In the latter half of the sixteenth century these evolutionary +theories seemed to take more definite form in the mind of Giordano +Bruno, who evidently divined the fundamental idea of what is now +known as the "nebular hypothesis"; but with his murder by the +Inquisition at Rome this idea seemed utterly to disappear -- +dissipated by the flames which in 1600 consumed his body on the +Campo dei Fiori. + + Yet within the two centuries divided by Bruno's death the +world was led into a new realm of thought in which an evolution +theory of the visible universe was sure to be rapidly developed. +For there came, one after the other, five of the greatest men our +race has produced -- Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and +Newton -- and when their work was done the old theological +conception of the universe was gone. "The spacious firmament on +high" -- "the crystalline spheres" -- the Almighty enthroned upon +"the circle of the heavens," and with his own hands, or with angels +as his agents, keeping sun, moon, and planets in motion for the +benefit of the earth, opening and closing the "windows of heaven," +letting down upon the earth the "waters above the firmament," +"setting his bow in the cloud," hanging out "signs and wonders," +hurling comets, "casting forth lightnings" to scare the wicked, and +"shaking the earth " in his wrath: all this had disappeared. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + These five men had given a new divine revelation to the world; +and through the last, Newton, had come a vast new conception, +destined to be fatal to the old theory of creation, for he had +shown throughout the universe, in place of almighty caprice, all- +pervading law. The bitter opposition of theology to the first four +of these men is well known; but the fact is not so widely known +that Newton, in spite of his deeply religious spirit, was also +strongly opposed. It was vigorously urged against him that by his +statement of the law of gravitation he "took from God that direct +action on his works so constantly ascribed to him in Scripture and +transferred it to material mechanism," 'and that he "substituted +gravitation for Providence." But, more than this, these men gave a +new basis for the theory of evolution as distinguished from the +theory of creation. + + Especially worthy of note is it that the great work of +Descartes, erroneous as many of its deductions were, and, in view +of the lack of physical knowledge in his time, must be, had done +much to weaken the old conception. His theory of a universe brought +out of all-pervading matter, wrought into orderly arrangement by +movements in accordance with physical laws -- though it was but a +provisional hypothesis -- had done much to draw men's minds from +the old theological view of creation; it was an example of +intellectual honesty arriving at errors, but thereby aiding the +advent of truths. Crippled though Descartes was by his almost +morbid fear of the Church, this part of his work was no small +factor in bringing in that attitude of mind which led to a +reception of the thoughts of more unfettered thinkers. + + Thirty years later came, in England, an effort of a different +sort, but with a similar result. In 1678 Ralph Cudworth published +his Intellectual System of the Universe. To this day he remains, in +breadth of scholarship, in strength of thought, in tolerance, and +in honesty, one of the greatest glories of the English Church, and +his work was worthy of him. He purposed to build a fortress which +should protect Christianity against all dangerous theories of the +universe, ancient or modern. The foundations of the structure were +laid with old thoughts thrown often into new and striking forms; +but, as the superstructure arose more and more into view, while +genius marked every part of it, features appeared which gave the +rigidly orthodox serious misgivings. From the old theories of +direct personal action on the universe by the Almighty he broke +utterly. He dwelt on the action of law, rejected the continuous +exercise of miraculous intervention, pointed out the fact that in +the natural world there are "errors" and "bungles," and argued +vigorously in favor of the origin and maintenance of the universe +as a slow and gradual development of Nature in obedience to an +inward principle. The Balaks of seventeenth-century orthodoxy might +well condemn this honest Baalim. + + Toward the end of the next century a still more profound +genius, Immanuel Kant, presented the nebular theory, giving it, in +the light of Newton's great utterances, a consistency which it +never before had; and about the same time Laplace gave it yet +greater strength by mathematical reasoning of wonderful power and +extent, thus implanting firmly in modern thought the idea that our + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +own solar system and others -- suns and planets, satellites, and +their various movements, distances, and magnitudes -- necessarily +result from the obedience of nebulous masses to natural laws. + + Throughout the theological world there was an outcry at once +against "atheism," and war raged fiercely. Herschel and others +pointed out many nebulous patches apparently gaseous. They showed +by physical and mathematical demonstrations that the hypothesis +accounted for the great body of facts, and, despite clamor, were +gaining ground, when the improved telescopes resolved some of the +patches of nebulous matter into multitudes of stars. The opponents +of the nebular hypothesis were overjoyed; they now sang paeans to +astronomy, because, as they said, it had proved the truth of +Scripture. They had jumped to the conclusion that all nebulae must +be alike; that, if some are made up of systems of stars, all must +be so made up; that none can be masses of attenuated gaseous +matter, because some are not. + + Science halted for a time. The accepted doctrine became this: +that the only reason why all the nebulae are not resolved into +distinct stars is that our telescopes are not sufficiently +powerful. But in time came the discovery of the spectroscope and +spectrum analysis, and thence Fraunhofer's discovery that the +spectrum of an ignited gaseous body is non-continuous, with +interrupting lines; and Draper's discovery that the spectrum of an +ignited solid is continuous, with no interrupting lines. And now +the spectroscope was turned upon the nebulae, and many of them were +found to be gaseous. Here, then, was ground for the inference that +in these nebulous masses at different stages of condensation -- +some apparently mere patches of mist, some with luminous centers -- +we have the process of development actually going on, and +observations like those of Lord Rosse and Arrest gave yet further +confirmation to this view. Then came the great contribution of the +nineteenth century to physics, aiding to explain important parts of +the vast process by the mechanical theory of heat. + + Again the nebular hypothesis came forth stronger than ever, +and about 1850 the beautiful experiment of Plateau on the rotation +of a fluid globe came in apparently to illustrate if not to confirm +it. Even so determined a defender of orthodoxy as Mr. Gladstone at +last acknowledged some form of a nebular hypothesis as probably +true. + + Here, too, was exhibited that form of surrendering theological +views to science under the claim that science concurs with +theology, which we have seen in so many other fields; and, as +typical, an example may be given, which, however restricted in its +scope, throws light on the process by which such surrenders are +obtained. A few years since one of the most noted professors of +chemistry in the city of New York, under the auspices of one of its +most fashionable churches, gave a lecture which, as was claimed in +the public prints and in placards posted in the streets, was to +show that science supports the theory of creation given in the +sacred books ascribed to Moses. A large audience assembled, and a +brilliant series of elementary experiments with oxygen, hydrogen, +and carbonic acid was concluded by the Plateau demonstration. It +was beautifully made. As the colored globule of oil, representing + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +the earth, was revolved in a transparent medium of equal density, +as it became flattened at the poles, as rings then broke forth from +it and revolved about it, and, finally, as some of these rings +broke into satellites, which for a moment continued to circle about +the central mass, the audience, as well they might, rose and burst +into rapturous applause. + + Thereupon a well-to-do citizen arose and moved the thanks of +the audience to the eminent professor for "this perfect +demonstration of the exact and literal conformity of the statements +given in Holy Scripture with the latest results of science." The +motion was carried unanimously and with applause, and the audience +dispersed, feeling that a great service had been rendered to +orthodoxy. Sancta silplicitas! + + What this incident exhibited on a small scale has been seen +elsewhere with more distinguished actors and on a broader stage. +Scores of theologians, chief among whom of late in zeal if not in +knowledge, has been Mr. Gladstone, have endeavored to "reconcile" +the two accounts in Genesis with each other and with the truths +regarding the origin of the universe gained by astronomy, geology, +geography, physics, and chemistry. The result has been recently +stated by an eminent theologian, the Hulsean Professor of Divinity +at the University of Cambridge. He declares, "No attempt at +reconciling Genesis with the exacting requirements of modern +sciences has ever been known to succeed without entailing a degree +of special pleading or forced interpretation to which, in such a +question, we should be wise to have no recourse."* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For an interesting reference to the outcry against +Newton, see McCosh, The Religious Aspect of Evolution, New York, +1890, pp. 103, 104; for germs of an evolutionary view among the +Babylonians, see George Smith, Chaldean Account of Genesis, New +York, 1876, pp. 74, 75; for a germ of the same thought in +Lucretius, see his De Natura Rerum, lib. v, pp. 187-194, 447-454; +for Bruno's conjecture (in 1591), see Jevons, Ptincifiks of +Science, London, 1874, vol. ii, p. 299; for Kant's statement, see +his Naturgeschichte des Hitnmets; for his part in the nebular +hypothesis, see Lange, Geschichte def Materialismus, vol. i. p. +266; for value of Plateau's beautiful experiment, very cautiously +estimated, see Jevons, vol. ii, p. 36; also Elisic Reclus, The +Earth, translated by Woodward, vol. i, pp, 14-18, for an estimate +still more careful; for a general account of discoveries of the +nature of nebulae by spectroscope, see Draper, Conflict between +Religion and Science; for a careful discussion regarding the +spectra of solid, liquid, and gaseous bodies, see Schellen, +Spectrum Analysis, pp. 100 et seg.; for a very thorough discussion +of the bearings of discoveries made by spectrum analysis upon the +nebular hypothesis, ibid., pp. 532-537; for a presentation of the +difficulties yet unsolved, see an article by Plummer in the London +Popular Science Review for January 1875; for an excellent short +summary of recent observations and thought on this subject, see T. +Sterry Hunt, Address at the Priestley Centennial, pp. 7, 8; for an +interesting modification of this hypothesis, see Proctor's +writings; for a still more recent view, see Lockyer's two articles +on The Sun's Place in Nature, in Nature for February 14 and 25, +1895. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + + + The revelations of another group of sciences, though sometimes +bitterly opposed and sometimes "reconciled" by theologians, have +finally set the whole question at rest. First, there have come the +biblical critics -- earnest Christian scholars, working for the +sake of truth -- and these have revealed beyond the shadow of a +reasonable doubt the existence of at least two distinct accounts of +creation in our book of Genesis, which can sometimes be forced to +agree, but which are generally absolutely at variance with each +other. These scholars have further shown the two accounts to be not +the cunningly devised fables of priestcraft, but evidently +fragments of earlier legends, myths, and theologies, accepted in +good faith and brought together for the noblest of purposes by +those who put in order the first of our sacred books. + + Next have come the archaeologists and philologists, the +devoted students of ancient monuments and records; of these are +such as Rawlinson, George Smith, Sayce, Oppert, Jensen, Schrader, +Delitzsch, and a phalanx of similarly devoted scholars, who have +deciphered a multitude of ancient texts, especially the +inscriptions found in the great library of Assurbanipal at Nineveh, +and have discovered therein an account of the origin of the world +identical in its most important features with the later accounts in +our own book of Genesis. + + These men have had the courage to point out these facts and to +connect them with the truth that these Chaldean and Babylonian +myths, legends, and theories were far earlier than those of the +Hebrews, which so strikingly resemble them, and which we have in +our sacred books; and they have also shown us how natural it was +that the Jewish accounts of the creation should have been obtained +at that remote period when the earliest Hebrews were among the +Chaldeans, and how the great Hebrew poetic accounts of creation +were drawn either from the sacred traditions of these earlier +peoples or from antecedent sources common to various ancient +nations. + + In a summary which for profound thought and fearless integrity +does honor not only to himself but to the great position which he +holds, the Rev. Dr. Driver, Professor of Hebrew and Canon of Christ +Church at Oxford, has recently stated the case fully and fairly. +Having pointed out the fact that the Hebrews were one people out of +many who thought upon the origin of the universe, he says that they +"framed theories to account for the beginnings of the earth and +man"; that "they either did this for themselves or borrowed those +of their neighbors that "of the theories current in Assyria and +Phoenicia fragments have been preserved, and these exhibit points +of resemblance with the biblical narrative sufficient to warrant +the inference that both are derived from the same cycle of +tradition." + + After giving some extracts from the Chaldean creation tablets +he say: "In the light of these facts it is difficult to resist the +conclusion that the biblical narrative is drawn from the same +source as these other records. The biblical historians, it is +plain, derived their materials from the best human sources + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +available. . . . The materials which with other nations were +combined into the crudest physical theories or associated with a +grotesque polytheism were vivified and transformed by the inspired +genius of the Hebrew historians, and adapted to become the vehicle +of profound religious truth." + + Not less honorable to the sister university and to himself is +the statement recently made by the Rev. Dr. Ryle, Hulsean Professor +of Divinity at Cambridge. He says that to suppose that a Christian +"must either renounce his confidence in the achievements of +scientific research or abandon his faith in Scripture is a +monstrous perversion of Christian freedom." He declares: "The old +position is no longer tenable; a new position has to be taken up at +once, prayerfully chosen, and hopefully held." He then goes on to +compare the Hebrew story of creation with the earlier stories +developed among kindred peoples, and especially with the +preexisting Assyro-Babylonian cosmogony, and shows that they are +from the same source. He points out that any attempt to explain +particular features of the story into harmony with the modern +scientific ideas necessitates "a non-natural "interpretation; but +he says that, if we adopt a natural interpretation, "we shall +consider that the Hebrew description of the visible universe is +unscientific as judged by modern standards, and that it shares the +limitations of the imperfect knowledge of the age at which it was +committed to writing." Regarding the account in Genesis of man's +physical origin, he says that it "is expressed in the simple terms +of prehistoric legend, of unscientific pictorial description." + + In these statements and in a multitude of others made by +eminent Christian investigators in other countries is indicated +what the victory is which has now been fully won over the older +theology. + + Thus, from the Assyrian researches as well as from other +sources, it has come to be acknowledged by the most eminent +scholars at the leading seats of Christian learning that the +accounts of creation with which for nearly two thousand years all +scientific discoveries have had to be "reconciled" -- the accounts +which blocked the way of Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and +Laplace -- were simply transcribed or evolved from a mass of myths +and legends largely derived by the Hebrews from their ancient +relations with Chaldea, rewrought in a monotheistic sense, +imperfectly welded together, and then thrown into poetic forms in +the sacred books which we have inherited. + + On one hand, then, we have the various groups of men devoted +to the physical sciences all converging toward the proofs that the +universe, as we at present know it, is the result of an +evolutionary process -- that is, of the gradual working of physical +laws upon an early condition of matter; on the other hand, we have +other great groups of men devoted to historical, philological, and +archaeological science whose researches all converge toward the +conclusion that our sacred accounts of creation were the result of +an evolution from an early chaos of rude opinion. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + The great body of theologians who have so long resisted the +conclusions of the men of science have claimed to be fighting +especially for "the truth of Scripture," and their final answer to +the simple conclusions of science regarding the evolution of the +material universe has been the cry, "The Bible is true." And they +are right -- though in a sense nobler than they have dreamed. +Science, while conquering them, has found in our Scriptures a far +nobler truth than that literal historical exactness for which +theologians have so long and so vainly contended. More and more as +we consider the results of the long struggle in this field we are +brought to the conclusion that the inestimable value of the great +sacred books of the world is found in their revelation of the +steady striving of our race after higher conceptions, beliefs, and +aspirations, both in morals and religion. Unfolding and exhibiting +this long-continued effort, each of the great sacred books of the +world is precious, and all, in the highest sense, are true. Not one +of them, indeed, confirms to the measure of what mankind has now +reached in historical and scientific truth; to make a claim to such +conformity is folly, for it simply exposes those who make it and +the books for which it is made to loss of their just influence. + + That to which the great sacred books of the world conform, and +our own most of all, is the evolution of the highest conceptions, +beliefs, and aspirations of our race from its childhood through the +great turning-points in its history. Herein lies the truth of all +bibles, and especially of our own. Of vast value they indeed often +are as a record of historical outward fact; recent researches in +the East are constantly increasing this value; but it is not for +this that we prize them most: they are eminently precious, not as +a record of outward fact, but as a mirror of the evolving heart, +mind, and soul of man. They are true because they have been +developed in accordance with the laws governing the evolution of +truth in human history, and because in poem, chronicle, code, +legend, myth, apologue, or parable they reflect this development of +what is best in the onward march of humanity. To say that they are +not true is as if one should say that a flower or a tree or a +planet is not true; to scoff at them is to scoff at the law of the +universe. In welding together into noble form, whether in the book +of Genesis, or in the Psalms, or in the book of Job, or elsewhere, +the great conceptions of men acting under earlier inspiration, +whether in Egypt, or Chaldea, or India, or Persia, the compilers of +our sacred books have given to humanity a possession ever becoming +more and more precious; and modern science, in substituting a new +heaven and a new earth for the old -- the reign of law for the +reign of caprice, and the idea of evolution for that of creation -- +has added and is steadily adding a new revelation divinely +inspired. + + In the light of these two evolutions, then -- One of the +visible universe, the other of a sacred creation-legend -- science +and theology, if the master minds in both are wise, may at last be +reconciled. A great step in this reconciliation was recently seen +at the main center of theological thought among English-speaking +people, when, in the collection of essays entitled Lux Mundi, +emanating from the college established in these latter days as a +fortress of orthodoxy at Oxford, the legendary character of the +creation accounts in our sacred books was acknowledged, and when +the Archbishop of Canterbury asked, "May not the Holy Spirit at +times have made use of myth and legend?* + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For the first citations above made, see The Cosmogony of +Genesis, by the Rev. S. R. Driver, D. D., Canon of Christ Church +and Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford, in The Expositor for +January, 1886; for the second series of citations, see The Early +Narratives of Genesis, by Herbert Edward Ryle, Hulsean Professor of +Divinity at Cambridge, London, 1892. For evidence that even the +stiffest of Scotch Presbyterians have now come to discard the old +literal biblical narrative of creation and to regard the +declaration of the Westminster Confession thereon as a "disproved +theory of creation," see Principal John Tulloch, in Contemporary +Review, March, 1877, on Religious Thought in Scotland -- especially +page 550. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + + II. THEOLOGICAL TEACHINGS REGARDING THE ANIMALS + AND MAN. + + + IN one of the windows of the cathedral at Ulm a medieval +glass-stainer has represented the Almighty as busily engaged in +creating the animals, and there has just left the divine hands an +elephant fully accoutred, with armor, harness, and housings, ready +for war. Similar representations appear in illuminated manuscripts +and even in early printed books, and, as the culmination of the +whole, the Almighty is shown as fashioning the first man from a +hillock of clay and extracting from his side, with evident effort, +the first woman. + + This view of the general process of creation bad come from +far, appearing under varying forms in various ancient cosmogonies. +In the Egyptian temples at Philae and Denderah may still be seen +representations of the Nile gods modelling lumps of clay into men, +and a similar work is ascribed in the Assyrian tablets to the gods +of Babylonia. Passing into our own sacred books, these ideas became +the starting point of a vast new development of theology.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For representations of Egyptian gods creating men out of +lumps of clay, see Maspero and Sayce, Tee Dawn of History, p. 156 +for the Chaldean legends of the creation of men and animals, see +ibid., p. 543 also George Smith, Chaldean Account of Genesis, +Sayce's edition, pp. 36, 72, and 93; also for similar legends in +other ancient nations, Lenormant, Origines de l'Histoire, pp. 17 et +seq.; for medieval representations of the creation of man and +woman, see Didron, Iconografihie, pp- 35, 78, 224, 537. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + The fathers of the Church generally received each of the two +conflicting creation legends in Genesis literally, and then, having +done their best to reconcile them with each other and to mould them +together, made them the final test of thought upon the universe and +all things therein. At the beginning of the fourth century +Lactantius struck the keynote of this mode of subordinating all +other things in the study of creation to the literal text of + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +Scripture, and he enforces his view of the creation of man by a bit +of philology, saying the final being created "is called man because +he is made from the ground -- homo ex hilmo." + + In the second half of the same century this view as to the +literal acceptance of the sacred text was reasserted by St. +Ambrose, who, in his work on the creation, declared that "Moses +opened his mouth and poured forth what God had said to him." But a +greater than either of them fastened this idea into the Christian +theologies. St. Augustine, preparing his Commentary on the Book of +Genesis, laid down in one famous sentence the law which has lasted +in the Church until our own time: "Nothing is to be accepted save +on the authority of Scripture, since greater is that authority than +all the powers of the human mind." The vigor of the sentence in its +original Latin carried it ringing down the centuries: "Major est +Scripture, auctoritas quam omnis humani ingenii capacitas." + + Through the medieval period, in spite of a revolt led +by no other than St. Augustine himself, and followed by a series of +influential churchmen, contending, as we shall hereafter see, for +a modification of the accepted view of creation, this phrase held +the minds of men firmly. The great Dominican encyclopaedist, +Vincent of Beauvais, in his Mirror of Nature, while mixing ideas +brought from Aristotle with a theory drawn from the Bible, stood +firmly by the first of the accounts given in Genesis, and assigned +the special virtue of the number six as a reason why all things +were created in six days; and in the later Middle Ages that eminent +authority, Cardinal d'Ailly, accepted everything regarding creation +in the sacred books literally. Only a faint dissent is seen in +Gregory Reisch, another authority of this later period, who, while +giving, in his book on the beginning of things, a full-length +woodcut showing the Almighty in the act of extracting Eve from +Adam's side, with all the rest of new-formed Nature in the +background, leans in his writings, like St. Augustine, toward a +belief in the preexistence of matter. + + At the Reformation the vast authority of Luther was thrown in +favor of the literal acceptance of Scripture as the main source of +natural science. The allegorical and mystical interpretations of +earlier theologians he utterly rejected. "Why," he asks, "should +Moses use allegory when he is not speaking of allegorical creatures +or of an allegorical world, but of real creatures and of a visible +world, which can be seen, felt, and grasped? Moses calls things by +their right names, as we ought to do. . . . I hold that the animals +took their being at once upon the word of God, as did also the +fishes in the sea." + + Not less explicit in his adherence to the literal account of +creation given in Genesis was Calvin. He warns those who, by taking +another view than his own, "basely insult the Creator, to expect a +judge who will annihilate them." He insists that all species of +animals were created in six days, each made up of an evening and a +morning, and that no new species has ever appeared since. He dwells +on the production of birds from the water as resting upon certain +warrant of Scripture, but adds, "If the question is to be argued on +physical grounds, we know that water is more akin to air than the + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +earth is." As to difficulties in the scriptural account of +creation, he tells us that God "wished by these to give proofs of +his power which should fill us with astonishment." + + The controlling minds in the Roman Church steadfastly held +this view. In the seventeenth century Bossuct threw his vast +authority in its favor, and in his Discourse oiz Universal History, +which has remained the foundation not only of theological but of +general historical teaching in France down to the present republic, +we find him calling attention to what he regards as the culminating +act of creation, and asserting that, literally, for the creation of +man earth was used, and "the finger of God applied to corruptible +matter." + + The Protestant world held this idea no less persistently. In +the seventeenth century Dr. John Lightfoot, Vice-Chancellor of the +University of Cambridge, the great rabbinical scholar of his time, +attempted to reconcile the two main legends in Genesis by saying +that of the "clean sort of beasts there were seven of every kind +created, three couples for breeding and the odd one for Adam's +sacrifice on his fall, which God foresaw"; and that of unclean +beasts only one couple was created. + + So literal was this whole conception of the work of creation +that in these days it can scarcely be imagined. The Almighty was +represented in theological literature, in the pictured Bibles, and +in works of art generally, as a sort of enlarged and venerable +Nuremberg toy-maker. At times the accounts in Genesis were +illustrated with even more literal exactness; thus, in connection +with a well-known passage in the sacred text, the Creator was shown +as a tailor, seated, needle in hand, diligently sewing together +skins of beasts into coats for Adam and Eve. Such representations +presented no difficulties to the docile minds of the Middle Ages +and the Reformation period; and in the same spirit, when the +discovery of fossils began to provoke thought, these were declared +to be "models of his works approved or rejected by the great +Artificer," "outlines of future creations," "sports of Nature," or +"objects placed in the strata to bring to naught human curiosity"; +and this kind of explanation lingered on until in our own time an +eminent naturalist, in his anxiety to save the literal account in +Genesis, has urged that Jehovah tilted and twisted the strata, +scattered the fossils through them, scratched the glacial furrows +upon them, spread over them the marks of erosion by water, and set +Niagara pouring -- all in an instant -- thus mystifying the world +"for some inscrutable purpose, but for his own glory."* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For the citation from Lactantius, see Divin. Instit., +lib. ii, cap. xi, in Migne, tome vi, pp. 311, 312; for St. +Augustine's great phrase, see the De Genes. ad litt., ii, 5; for +St. Ambrose, see lib. i, cap. ii; for Vincent of Beauvais, see the +Speculum Naturale, lib. i, cap. ii, and lib. ii, cap. xv and xxx; +also Bourgeat, Etudes sur Vincent de Beauvais, Paris, 1856, +especially chaps. vii, xii, and xvi; for Cardinal d'Ailly, see the +Imago Mundi, and for Reisch, see the various editions of the +Margarita Philosofihica; for Luther's statements, see Luther's +Schriften, ed. Walch, Halle, 1740, Commentary on Genesis, vol. i; + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +for Calvin's view of the creation of the animals, including the +immutability of species, see the Comm. in Gen., tome i of his +Opera. omnia, Amst., 1671, cap. i, v, xx, p. 5, also cap. ii, v, +ii, p. 8, and elsewhere; for Bossuet, see his Discours sur +l'Histoire universelle (in his Euvres, tome v, Paris, 1846); for +Lightfoot, see his works, edited by Pitman, London, 1822; for Bede, +see the Hexaemeron, lib. i, in Migne, tome xci, p. 21; for Mr. +Gosse's modern defence of the literal view, see his Omphalos, +London, 1857, passim. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + The next important development of theological reasoning had +regard to the divisions of the animal kingdom. + + Naturally, one of the first divisions which struck the +inquiring mind was that between useful and noxious creatures, and +the question therefore occurred, How could a good God create tigers +and serpents, thorns and thistles? The answer was found in +theological considerations upon sin. To man's first disobedience +all woes were due. Great men for eighteen hundred years developed +the theory that before Adam's disobedience there was no death, and +therefore neither ferocity nor venom, + + Some typical utterances in the evolution of this doctrine are +worthy of a passing glance. St. Augustine expressly confirmed and +emphasized the view that the vegetable as well as the animal +kingdom was cursed on account of man's sin. Two hundred years later +this utterance had been echoed on from father to father of the +Church until it was caught by Bede; he declared that before man's +fall animals were harmless, but were made poisonous or hurtful by +Adam's sin, and he said, "Thus fierce and poisonous animals were +created for terrifying man (because God foresaw that he would sin), +in order that he might be made aware of the final punishment of +hell." + + In the twelfth century this view was incorporated by Peter +Lombard into his great theological work, the Sentences, which +became a text-book of theology through the middle ages. He affirmed +that "no created things would have been hurtful to man had he not +sinned; they became hurtful for the sake of terrifying and +punishing vice or of proving and perfecting virtue; they were +created harmless, and on account of sin became hurtful." + + This theological theory regarding animals was brought out in +the eighteenth century with great force by John Wesley. He declared +that before Adam's sin" none of these attempted to devour or in any +wise hurt one another"; "the spider was as harmless as the fly, and +did not lie in wait for blood." Not only Wesley, but the eminent +Dr. Adam Clarke and Dr. Richard Watson, whose ideas had the very +greatest weight among the English Dissenters, and even among +leading thinkers in the Established Church, held firmly to this +theory; so that not until, in our own time, geology revealed the +remains of vast multitudes of carnivorous creatures, many of them +with half-digested remains of other animals in their stomachs, all +extinct long ages before the appearance of man upon earth, was a +victory won by science over theology in this field. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + A curious development of this doctrine was seen in the belief +drawn by sundry old commentators from the condemnation of the +serpent in Genesis -- a belief, indeed, perfectly natural, since it +was evidently that of the original writers of the account preserved +in the first of our sacred books. This belief was that, until the +tempting serpent was cursed by the Almighty, all serpents stood +erect, walked, and talked. + + This belief was handed down through the ages as part of "the +sacred deposit of the faith" until Watson, the most prolific writer +of the evangelical reform in the eighteenth century and the +standard theologian of the evangelical party, declared: "We have no +reason at all to believe that the animal had a serpentine form in +any mode or degree until its transformation; that he was then +degraded to a reptile to go upon his belly imports, on the +contrary, an entire loss and alteration of the original form." +Here, again, was a ripe result of the theologic method diligently +pursued by the strongest thinkers in the Church during nearly two +thousand years; but this "sacred deposit" also faded away when the +geologists found abundant remains of fossil serpents dating from +periods long before the appearance of man. + + Troublesome questions also arose among theologians regarding +animals classed as "superfluous." St. Augustine was especially +exercised thereby. He says: "I confess I am ignorant why mice and +frogs were created, or flies and worms. . . . All creatures are +either useful, hurtful, or superfluous to us. . . . As for the +hurtful creatures, we are either punished, or disciplined, or +terrified by them, so that we may not cherish and love this life." +As to the "superfluous animals," he says, "Although they are not +necessary for our service, yet the whole design of the universe is +thereby completed and finished." Luther, who followed St. Augustine +in so many other matters, declined to follow him fully in this. To +him a fly was not merely superfluous, it was noxious -- sent by the +devil to vex him when reading. + + Another subject which gave rise to much searching of Scripture +and long trains of theological reasoning was the difference between +the creation of man and that of other living beings. + + Great stress was laid by theologians, from St. Basil and St. +Augustine to St. Thomas Aquinas and Bossuct, and from Luther to +Wesley, on the radical distinction indicated in Genesis, God having +created man "in his own image." What this statement meant was seen +in the light of the later biblical statement that "Adam begat Seth +in his own likeness, after his image." + + In view of this and of well-known texts incorporated from +older creation legends into the Hebrew sacred books it came to be +widely held that, while man was directly molded and fashioned +separately by the Creator's hand, the animals generally were evoked +in numbers from the earth and sea by the Creator's voice. + + A question now arose naturally as to the distinctions of +species among animals. The vast majority of theologians agreed in +representing all animals as created "in the beginning," and named +by Adam, preserved in the ark, and continued ever afterward under + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +exactly the same species. This belief ripened into a dogma. Like so +many other dogmas in the Church, Catholic and Protestant, its real +origins are to be found rather in pagan philosophy than in the +Christian Scriptures; it came far more from Plato and Aristotle +than from Moses and St. Paul. But this was not considered: more and +more it became necessary to believe that each and every difference +of species was impressed by the Creator "in the beginning," and +that no change had taken place or could have taken place since. + + Some difficulties arose here and there as zoology progressed +and revealed ever-increasing numbers of species; but through the +Middle Ages, and indeed long after the Reformation, these +difficulties were easily surmounted by making the ark of Noah +larger and larger, and especially by holding that there had been a +human error in regard to its measurement.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For St. Augustine, see De Genesi and De Tinitate, passim; +for Bede, see Hexameron, lib. i, in Migne, tome xci, pp. 21, 36-38, +42; and De Sex Dierum Creations, in Migne, tome xciii, p, 215; for +Peter Lombard on "noxious animals," see his Sententice, lib. ii, +dist. xv, 3, Migne, tome cxcii, p. 682; for Wesley, Clarke, and +Watson, see quotations from them and notes thereto in my chapter on +Geology; for St. Augustine on "superfluous animals," see the De +Genesi, lib. i, Cap. xvi, 26; on Luther's view of flies, see the +Table Talk and his famous utterance, "Odio muscas quia sunt +imagines diaboli et hereticorum"; for the agency of Aristotle and +Plato in fastening the belief in the fixity of species into +Christian theology, see Sachs, Geschichee der Botanik, Munchen, +1875, P. 107 and note, also p. 113. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + But naturally there was developed among both ecclesiastics and +laymen a human desire to go beyond these special points in the +history of animated beings -- a desire to know what the creation +really is. + + Current legends, stories, and travellers' observations, poor +as they were, tended powerfully to stimulate curiosity in this +field. + + Three centuries before the Christian era Aristotle had made +the first really great attempt to satisfy this curiosity, and had +begun a development of studies in natural history which remains one +of the leading achievements in the story of our race. + + But the feeling which we have already seen so strong in the +early Church -- that all study of Nature was futile in view of the +approaching end of the world -- indicated so clearly in the New +Testament and voiced so powerfully by Lactantius and St. Augustine +-- held back this current of thought for many centuries. Still, the +better tendency in humanity continued to assert itself. There was, +indeed, an influence coming from the Hebrew Scriptures themselves +which wrought powerfully to this end; for, in spite of all that +Lactantius or St. Augustine might say as to the futility of any +study of Nature, the grand utterances in the Psalms regarding the +beauties and wonders of creation, in all the glow of the truest +poetry, ennobled the study even among those whom logic drew away +from it. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + But, as a matter of course, in the early Church and throughout +the Middle Ages all such studies were cast in a theologic mould. +Without some purpose of biblical illustration or spiritual +edification they were considered futile; too much prying into the +secrets of Nature was very generally held to be dangerous both to +body and soul; only for showing forth God's glory and his purposes +in the creation were such studies praiseworthy. The great work of +Aristotle was under eclipse. The early Christian thinkers gave +little attention to it, and that little was devoted to transforming +it into something absolutely opposed to his whole spirit and +method; in place of it they developed the Physiologus and the +Bestiaries, mingling scriptural statements, legends of the saints, +and fanciful inventions with Pious intent and childlike. +simplicity. In place of research came authority -- the authority of +the Scriptures as interpreted by the Physiologus and the Bestiaries +-- and these remained the principal source of thought on animated +Nature for over a thousand years. + + Occasionally, indeed, fear was shown among the rulers in the +Church, even at such poor prying into the creation as this, and in +the fifth century a synod under Pope Gelasius administered a rebuke +to the Physiologus; but the interest in Nature was too strong: the +great work on Creation by St. Basil had drawn from the Physiologus +precious illustrations of Holy Writ, and the strongest of the early +popes, Gregory the Great, virtually sanctioned it. + + Thus was developed a sacred science of creation and of the +divine purpose in Nature, which went on developing from the fourth +century to the nineteenth -- from St. Basil to St. Isidore of +Seville, from Isidore to Vincent of Beauvais, and from Vincent to +Archdeacon Paley and the Bridgewater Treatises. + + Like all else in the Middle Ages, this sacred science was +developed purely by theological methods. Neglecting the wonders +which the dissection of the commonest animals' would have afforded +them, these naturalists attempted to throw light into Nature by +ingenious use of scriptural texts, by research among the lives of +the saints, and by the plentiful application of metaphysics. Hence +even such strong men as St. Isidore of Seville treasured up +accounts of the unicorn and dragons mentioned in the Scriptures and +of the phoenix and basilisk in profane writings. Hence such +contributions to knowledge as that the basilisk kills serpents by +his breath and men by his glance, that the lion when pursued +effaces his tracks with the end of his tail, that the pelican +nourishes her young with her own blood, that serpents lay aside +their venom before drinking, that the salamander quenches fire, +that the hyena can talk with shepherds, that certain birds are born +of the fruit of a certain tree when it happens to fall into the +water, with other masses of science equally valuable. + + As to the method of bringing science to bear on Scripture, the +Plzysiologus gives an example, illustrating the passage in the book +of Job which speaks of the old lion perishing for lack of prey. Out +of the attempt to explain an unusual Hebrew word in the text there +came a curious development of error, until we find fully evolved an +account of the "ant-lion," which, it gives us to understand, was +the lion mentioned by Job, and it says: "As to the ant-lion, his + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +father hath the shape of a lion, his mother that of an ant; the +father liveth upon flesh and the mother upon herbs; these bring +forth the ant-lion, a compound of both and in part like to either; +for his fore part is like that of a lion and his hind part like +that of an ant. Being thus composed, he is neither able to eat +flesh like his father nor herbs like his mother, and so he +perisheth." + + In the middle of the thirteenth century we have a triumph of +this theological method in the great work of the English Franciscan +Bartholomew on The Properties of Things. The theological method as +applied to science consists largely in accepting tradition and in +spinning arguments to fit it. In this field Bartholomew was a +master. Having begun with the intent mainly to explain the +allusions in Scripture to natural objects, he soon rises logically +into a survey of all Nature. Discussing the "cockatrice" of +Scripture, he tells us: "He drieth and burneth leaves with his +touch, and he is of so great venom and perilous that he slayeth and +wasteth him that nigheth him without tarrying; and yet the weasel +overcometh him, for the biting of the weasel is death to the +cockatrice. Nevertheless the biting of the cockatrice is death to +the weasel if the weasel eat not rue before. And though the +cockatrice be venomous without remedy while he is alive, yet he +looseth all the malice when he is burnt to ashes. His ashes be +accounted profitable in working of alchemy, and namely in turning +and changing of metals." + + Bartholomew also enlightens us on the animals of Egypt, and +says, "If the crocodile findeth a man by the water's brim he +slayeth him, and then he weepeth over him and swalloweth him." + + Naturally this good Franciscan naturalist devotes much thought +to the "dragons" mentioned in Scripture. He says: "The dragon is +most greatest of all serpents, and oft he is drawn out of his den +and riseth up into the air, and the air is moved by him, and also +the sea swelleth against his venom, and he hath a crest, and +reareth his tongue, and hath teeth like a saw, and hath strength, +and not only in teeth but in tail, and grieveth with biting and +with stinging. Whom he findeth he slayeth. Oft four or five of them +fasten their tails together and rear up their heads, and sail over +the sea to get good meat. Between elephants and dragons is +everlasting fighting; for the dragon with his tail spanneth the +elephant, and the elephant with his nose throweth down the dragon. +. . . The cause why the dragon desireth his blood is the coldness +thereof, by the which the dragon desireth to cool himself. Jerome +saith that the dragon is a full thirsty beast, insomuch that he +openeth his mouth against the wind to quench the burning of his +thirst in that wise. Therefore, when he seeth ships in great wind +he flieth against the sail to take the cold wind, and overthroweth +the ship." + + These ideas of Friar Bartholomew spread far and struck deep +into the popular mind. His book was translated into the principal +languages of Europe, and was one of those most generally read +during the Ages of Faith. It maintained its position nearly three +hundred years; even after the invention of printing it held its +own, and in the fifteenth century there were issued no less than + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 31 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +ten editions of it in Latin, four in French, and various versions +of it in Dutch, Spanish, and English. Preachers found it especially +useful in illustrating the ways of God to man. It was only when the +great voyages of discovery substituted ascertained fact for +theological reasoning in this province that its authority was +broken. + + The same sort of science flourished in the Bestiaries, which +were used everywhere, and especially in the pulpits, for the +edification of the faithful. In all of these, as in that compiled +early in the thirteenth century by an ecclesiastic, William of +Normandy, we have this lesson, borrowed from the Physiologus: "The +lioness giveth birth to cubs which remain three days without life. +Then cometh the lion, breatheth upon them, and bringeth them to +life. . . . Thus it is that Jesus Christ during three days was +deprived of life, but God the Father raised him gloriously." + + Pious use was constantly made of this science, especially by +monkish preachers. The phoenix rising from his ashes proves the +doctrine of the resurrection; the structure and mischief of monkeys +proves the existence of demons; the fact that certain monkeys have +no tails proves that Satan. has been shorn of his glory; the +weasel, which "constailtly changes its place, is a type of the man +estranged from the word of God, who findeth no rest." + + The moral treatises of the time often took the form of works +on natural history, in order the more fully to exploit these +religious teachings of Nature. Thus from the book On Bees, of the +Dominican Thomas of Cantimpre', we learn that wasps persecute bees +and make war on them out of natural hatred"; and these, he tells +us, typify the demons who dwell in the air and with lightning and +tempest assail and vex mankind -- whereupon he fills a long chapter +with anecdotes of such demonic warfare on mortals. In like manner +his fellow-Dominican, the inquisitor Nider, in his book The Ant +Hill, teaches us that the ants in Ethiopia, which are said to have +horns and to grow so large as to look like dogs, are emblems of +atrocious heretics, like Wyclif and the Hussites, who bark and bite +against the truth; while the ants of India, which dig up gold out +of the sand with their feet and hoard it, though they make no use +of it, symbolize the fruitless toil with which the heretics dig out +the gold of Holy Scripture and hoard it in their books to no +purpose. + + This pious spirit not only pervaded science; it bloomed out in +art, and especially in the cathedrals. In the gargoyles overhanging +the walls, in the grotesques clambering about the towers or perched +upon pinnacles, in the dragons prowling under archways or lurking +in bosses of foliage, in the apocalyptic beasts carved upon the +stalls of the choir, stained into the windows, wrought into the +tapestries, illuminated in the letters and borders of psalters and +missals, these marvels of creation suggested everywhere morals from +the Physiologus, the Bestiaries, and the Exempla.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For the Physiologus, Bestiaries, etc., see Berger de +Xivrey, Traditions Telratologigues; also Hippeau's edition of the +Bestiaire de Cuillaume de Normandie, Caen, 1852, and such medieval + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 32 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +books of Exempla as the Lumen Natura; also Hoefer, Histoire de la +Zoologic; also Rambaud, Histoire de la Civilization Franraise, +Paris, 1885, vol. i, pp. 368, 369 also Cardinal Pitra, preface to +the Spicilegium Solismense, Paris, 1885, passim also Carus, +Geschichte der Zoologie; and, for an admirable summary, the article +Physiologus in the Encyclopedia Britannica. In the illuminated +manuscripts in the Library of Cornell University are some very +striking examples of grotesques. For admirably illustrated articles +on the Bestiaries, see Cahier and Martin, melanges d'archeologie, +Paris, 1851, 1852, and 1856, vol. ii of the first series, pp. +85-232, and second series, volume on Curiosites Mysterieuses, pp. +106-164; also J. R. Allen, Early Christian Symbolism in Great +Britain and Ireland (London, 1887), lecture vi; for an exhaustive +discussion of the subject, see Das Thierbuch des normannischen +Dichters Guillaume le Cleic, herausgegeben von Reinisch, Leipsic, +1890; and, for an Italian example, Goldstaub und Wendriner, Ein +Tosco- Venezianischer Bestiarius, Halle, 1892, where is given, on +pp. 369-371, a very pious but very comical tradition regarding the +beaver, hardly mentionable to ears polite. For Friar Bartholomew, +see (besides his book itself) Medieval Lore, edited by Robert +Steele, London, 1893, PP. 118-138. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + Here and there among men who were free from church control we +have work of a better sort. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries +Abd Allatif made observations upon the natural history of Egypt +which showed a truly scientific spirit, and the Emperor Frederick +II attempted to promote a more fruitful study of Nature; but one of +these men was abhorred as a Mussulman and the other as an infidel. +Far more in accordance with the spirit of the time was the +ecclesiastic Giraldus Cambrensis, whose book on the topography of +Ireland bestows much attention upon the animals of the island, and +rarely fails to make each contribute an appropriate moral. For +example, he says that in Ireland "eagles live for so many ages that +they seem to contend with eternity itself; so also the saints, +having put off the old man and put on the new, obtain the blessed +fruit of everlasting life." Again, he tells us: "Eagles often fly +so high that their wings are scorched by the sun; so those who in +the Holy Scriptures strive to unravel the deep and hidden secrets +of the heavenly mysteries, beyond what is allowed, fall below, as +if the wings of the presumptuous imaginations on which they are +borne were scorched." + + In one of the great men of the following century appeared a +gleam of healthful criticism: Albert the Great, in his work on the +animals, dissents from the widespread belief that certain birds +spring from trees and are nourished by the sap, and also from the +theory that some are generated in the sea from decaying wood. + + But it required many generations for such skepticism to +produce much effect, and we find among the illustrations in an +edition of Mandeville published just before the Reformation not +only careful accounts but pictured representations both of birds +and of beasts produced in the fruit of trees.* + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 33 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For Giraldus Cambrensis, see the edition in the Bohn +Library, London, 1863, p. 30; for Abd Allatif and Frederick II, see +Hoefer, as above; for Albertus Magnus, see the De Animalibus, lib. +xxiii; for the illustrations in Mandeville, see the Strasburg +edition, 1484; for the history of the myth of the tree which +produces birds, see Max Muller's Lectures on the Science of +Language, second series, lect. xii. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + This general employment of natural science for pious purposes +went on after the Reformation. Luther frequently made this use of +it, and his example controlled his followers. In 1612, Wolfgang +Franz, Professor of Theology at Luther's university, gave to the +world his sacred history of animals, which went through many +editions. It contained a very ingenious classification, describing +"natural dragons," which have three rows of teeth to each jaw, and +he piously adds, the principal dragon is the Devil." + + Near the end of the same century, Father Kircher, the great +Jesuit professor at Rome, holds back the skeptical current, insists +upon the orthodox view, and represents among the animals entering +the ark sirens and griffins. + + Yet even among theologians we note here and there a skeptical +spirit in natural science,. Early in the same seventeenth century +Eugene Roger published his Travels in Palestine. As regards the +utterances of Scripture he is soundly orthodox: he prefaces his +work with a map showing, among other important points referred to +in biblical history, the place where Samson slew a thousand +Philistines with the jawbone of in ass, the cavern which Adam and +Eve inhabited after their expulsion from paradise, the spot where +Baalim's ass spoke, the place where Jacob wrestled with the angel, +the steep place down which the swine possessed of devils plunged +into the sea, the position of the salt statue which was once Lot's +wife, the place at sea where Jonah was swallowed by the whale, and +"the exact spot where St. Peter caught one hundred and fifty-three +fishes." + + As to natural history, he describes and discusses with great +theological acuteness the basilisk. He tells us that the animal is +about a foot and a half long, is shaped like a crocodile, and kills +people with a single glance. The one which he saw was dead, +fortunately for him, since in the time of Pope Leo IV -- as he +tells us -- one appeared in Rome and killed many people by merely +looking at them; but the Pope destroyed it with his prayers and the +sign of the cross. He informs us that Providence has wisely and +mercifully protected man by requiring the monster to cry aloud two +or three times whenever it leaves its den, and that the divine +wisdom in creation is also shown by the fact that the monster is +obliged to look its victim in the eye, and at a certain fixed +distance, before its glance can penetrate the victim's brain and so +pass to his heart. He also gives a reason for supposing that the +same divine mercy has provided that the crowing of a cock will kill +the basilisk. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 34 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + Yet even in this good and credulous missionary we see the +influence of Bacon and the dawn of experimental science; for, +having been told many stories regarding the salamander, he secured +one, placed it alive upon the burning coals, and reports to us that +the legends concerning its power to live in the fire are untrue. He +also tried experiments with the chameleon, and found that the +stories told of it were to be received with much allowance: while, +then, be locks up his judgment whenever he discusses the letter of +Scripture, he uses his mind in other things much after the modern +method. + + In the second half of the same century Hottinger, in his +Theological Examination of the History of Creation, breaks from the +belief in the phoenix; but his skepticism is carefully kept within +the limits imposed by Scripture. He avows his doubts, first, +"because God created the animals in couples, while the phoenix is +represented as a single, un-mated creature"; secondly, "because +Noah, when he entered the ark, brought the animals in by sevens, +while there were never so many individuals of the phoenix species"; +thirdly, because "no man is known who dares assert that he has ever +seen this bird"; fourthly, because "those who assert there is a +phoenix differ among themselves." + + In view of these attacks on the salamander and the phoenix, we +are not surprised to find, before the end of the century, +skepticism regarding the basilisk: the eminent Prof. Kirchmaier, at +the University of Wittenberg, treats phoenix and basilisk alike as +old wives' fables. As to the phoenix, he denies its existence, not +only because Noah took no such bird into the ark, but also because, +as he pithily remarks, "birds come from eggs, not from ashes." But +the unicorn he can not resign, nor will he even concede that the +unicorn is a rhinoceros; he appeals to Job and to Marco Polo to +prove that this animal, as usually conceived, really exists, and +says, "Who would not fear to deny the existence of the unicorn, +since Holy Scripture names him with distinct praises?" As to the +other great animals mentioned in Scripture, he is so rationalistic +as to admit that behemoth was an elephant and leviathan a Whale. + + But these germs of a fruitful skepticism grew, and we soon +find Dannhauer going a step further and declaring his disbelief +even in the unicorn, insisting that it was a rhinoceros -- only +that and nothing more. Still, the main current continued strongly +theological. In 1712 Samuel Bochart published his great work upon +the animals of Holy Scripture. As showing its spirit we may take +the titles of the chapters on the horse: + + "Chapter VI. Of the Hebrew Name of the Horse" + + "Chapter VII. Of the Colors of the Six Horses in Zechariah." + + "Chapter VIII. Of the Horses in Job." + + "Chapter IX. Of Solomon's Horses, and of the Texts wherein the +Writers praise the Excellence of Horses." + + Chapter X. Of the Consecrated Horses of the Sun." + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 35 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + Among the other titles of chapters are such as: Of Baalim's +Ass; Of the Thousand Philistines slain by Samson with the Jawbone +of an Ass; Of the Golden Calves of Aaron and Jeroboam; Of the +Bleating, Milk, Wool, External and Internal Parts of Sheep +mentioned in Scripture; Of Notable Things told regarding Lions in +Scripture; Of Noah's Dove and of the Dove which appeared at +Christ's Baptism. Mixed up in the book, with the principal mass +drawn from Scripture, were many facts and reasonings taken from +investigations by naturalists; but all were permeated by the +theological spirit.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For Franz and Kircher, see Perrier, La Philosophie +Zoologique avant Darwin, Paris, 1884, p. 29; for Roger, see his La +Terre Saincte, Paris, 1664, pp. 89-92, 139, 218, etc.; for +Hottinger, see his Historie Creationis Examen theologieo- +fihilologicum, Heidelberg, 1659, lib. vi, quoest. lxxxiii; for +Kirchmaier, see his Disputationes Zoologies, (published +collectively after his death), Jena, 1736; for Dannhauer, see his +Disputationes Theologics', Leipsic, 1707, p.14; for Bochart, see +his Hierozoikon, sive De Animalibus Sacrae, Scripture, Leyden, +1712. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + The inquiry into Nature having thus been pursued nearly two +thousand years theologically, we find by the middle of the +sixteenth century some promising beginnings of a different method +-- the method of inquiry into Nature scientifically -- the method +which seeks not plausibilities but facts. At that time Edward +Wotton led the way in England and Conrad Gesner on the Continent, +by observations widely extended, carefully noted, and thoughtfully +classified. + + This better method of interrogating Nature soon led to the +formation of societies for the same purpose. In 1560 was founded an +Academy for the Study of Nature at Naples, but theologians, +becoming alarmed, suppressed it, and for nearly one hundred years +there was no new combined effort of that sort, until in 1645 began +the meetings in London of what was afterward the Royal Society. +Then came the Academy of Sciences in France, and the Accademia del +Cimento in Italy; others followed in all parts of the world, and a +great new movement was begun. + + Theologians soon saw a danger in this movement. In Italy, +Prince Leopold de' Medici, a protector of the Florentine Academy, +was bribed with a cardinal's hat to neglect it, and from the days +of Urban VIII to Pius IX a similar spirit was there shown. In +France, there were frequent ecclesiastical interferences, of which +Button's humiliation for stating a simple scientific truth was a +noted example. In England, Protestantism was at first hardly more +favorable toward the Royal Society, and the great Dr. South +denounced it in his sermons as irreligious. + + Fortunately, one thing prevented an open breach between +theology and science: while new investigators had mainly given up +the medieval method so dear to the Church, they had very generally + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 36 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +retained the conception of direct creation and of design throughout +creation -- a design having as its main purpose the profit, +instruction, enjoyment, and amusement of man. + + On this the naturally opposing tendencies of theology and, +science were compromised. Science, while somewhat freed from its +old limitations, became the handmaid of theology in illustrating +the doctrine of creative design, and always with apparent deference +to the Chaldean and other ancient myths and legends embodied in the +Hebrew sacred books. + + About the middle of the seventeenth century came a great +victory of the scientific over the theologic method. At that time +Francesco Redi published the results of his inquiries into the +doctrine of spontaneous generation. For ages a widely accepted +doctrine had been that water, filth, and carrion had received power +from the Creator to generate worms, insects, and a multitude of the +smaller animals; and this doctrine had been especially welcomed by +St. Augustine and many of the fathers, since it relieved the +Almighty of making, Adam of naming, and Noah of living in the ark +with these innumerable despised species. But to this fallacy Redi +put an end. By researches which could not be gainsaid, he showed +that every one of these animals came from an egg; each, therefore, +must be the lineal descendant of an animal created, named, and +preserved from the beginning." + + Similar work went on in England, but under more distinctly +theological limitations. In the same seventeenth century a very +famous and popular English book was published by the naturalist +John Ray, a fellow of the Royal Society, who produced a number of +works on plants, fishes, and birds; but the most widely read of all +was entitled The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of Creation. +Between the years 1691 and 1827 it Passed through nearly twenty +editions. + + Ray argued the goodness and wisdom of God from the adaptation +of the animals not only to man's uses but to their own lives and +surroundings. + + In the first years of the eighteenth century Dr. Nehemiah +Grew, of the Royal Society, published his Cosmologia Sacra to +refute anti-scriptural opinions by producing evidences of creative +design. Discussing "the ends of Providence," he says, "A crane, +which is scurvy meat, lays but two eggs in the year, but a pheasant +and partridge, both excellent meat, lay and hatch fifteen or +twenty." He points to the fact that "those of value which lay few +at a time sit the oftener, as the woodcock and the dove." He breaks +decidedly from the doctrine that noxious things in Nature are +caused by sin, and shows that they, too, are useful; that, "if +nettles sting, it is to secure an excellent medicine for children +and cattle"; that, "if the bramble hurts man, it makes all the +better hedge"; and that, "if it chances to prick the owner, it +tears the thief." "Weasels, kites, and other hurtful animals induce +us to watchfulness; thistles and moles, to good husbandry; lice +oblige us to cleanliness in our bodies, spiders in our houses, and +the moth in our clothes." This very optimistic view, triumphing +over the theological theory of noxious animals and plants as + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + +effects of sin, which prevailed with so much force from St. +Augustine to Wesley, was developed into nobler form during the +century by various thinkers, and especially by Archdeacon Paley, +whose Natural Theology exercised a powerful influence down to +recent times. The same tendency appeared in other countries, though +various philosophers showed weak points in the argument, and Goethe +made sport of it in a noted verse, praising the forethought of the +Creator in foreordaining the cork tree to furnish stoppers for +wine-bottles. + + Shortly before the middle of the nineteenth century the main +movement culminated in the Bridgezeatcr Treatises. Pursuant to the +will of the eighth Earl of Bridgewater, the President of the Royal +Society selected eight persons, each to receive a thousand pounds +sterling for writing and publishing a treatise on the "power, +wisdom, and goodness of God, as manifested in the creation." Of +these, the leading essays in regard to animated Nature were those +of Thomas Chalmers, on The Adaption of External Nature to the oral +and Intellectual Condition of Man; of Sir Charles Bell, on The Hand +as evincing Design; of Roget, on Animal and Vegetable Physiology +with reference to Natural Theology; and of Kirby, on The Habits and +Instincts of Animals with reference to Natural Theology. + + Besides these there were treatises by Whewell, Buckland, Kidd, +and Profit. The work was well done. It was a marked advance on all +that had appeared before, in matter, method, and spirit. Looking +back upon it now we can see that it was provisional, but that it +was none the less fruitful in truth, and we may well remember +Darwin's remark on the stimulating effect of mistaken theories, as +compared with the sterilizing effect of mistaken observations: +mistaken observations lead men astray, mistaken theories suggest +true theories. + + An effort made in so noble a spirit certainly does not deserve +the ridicule that, in our own day, has sometimes been lavished upon +it. Curiously, indeed, one of the most contemptuous of these +criticisms has been recently made by one of the most strenuous +defenders of orthodoxy. No less eminent a standard-bearer of the +faith than the Rev. Prof. Zoeckler says of this movement to +demonstrate creative purpose and design, and of the men who took +part in it, "The earth appeared in their representation of it like +a great clothing shop and soup kitchen, and God as a glorified +rationalistic professor." Such a statement as this is far from just +to the conceptions of such men as Butler, Paley, and Chalmers, no +matter how fully the thinking world has now outlived them.* + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +NOTE:* For a very valuable and interesting study on the old idea +of the generation of insects from carrion, see Osten-Sacken, On the +Oxen-born Bees of the Ancients, Heidelberg, 1894; for Ray, see the +work cited, London, 1827, p. 153; for Grew, see Cosmologia Sacra, +or a Discourse on the Universe, as it is the Creature and Kingdom +of God; chiefly written to demonstrate the Truth and Excellency of +the Bible, by Dr. Nehemiah Grew, Fellow of the College of +Physicians and of the Royal Society, London, 1701; for Paley and +the Bridgewater Treatises, see the usual editions; also Lange, +History of Rationalism. Goethe's couplet ran as follows: + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + Welche Verehrung verdient der Weltenerschopfer, der Gnadig, + Als er den Korkbaum erschuf, gleich auch die Stopfel erfand." +For the quotation from Zoeckler, see his work already cited, vol. +ii, PP. 74, 440. +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + But, noble as the work of these men was, the foundation of +fact on which they reared it became evidently more and more +insecure. + + For as far back as the seventeenth century acute theologians +had begun to discern difficulties more serious than any that had +before confronted them. More and more it was seen that the number +of different species was far greater than the world had hitherto +imagined. Greater and greater had become the old difficulty in +conceiving that, of these innumerable species, each had been +specially created by the Almighty hand; that each had been brought +before Adam by the Almighty to be named; and that each, in couples +or in sevens, had been gathered by Noah into the ark. But the +difficulties thus suggested were as nothing compared to those +raised by the distribution of animals. + + Even in the first days of the Church this had aroused serious +thought, and above all in the great mind of St. Augustine. In his +City of God he had stated the difficulty as follows: But there is +a question about all these kinds of beasts, which are neither tamed +by man, nor spring from the earth like frogs, such as wolves and +others of that sort, . . . as to how they could find their way to +the islands after that flood which destroyed every living thing not +preserved in the ark. . . . Some, indeed, might be thought to reach +islands by swimming, in case these were very near; but some islands +are so remote from continental lands that it does not seem possible +that any creature could reach them by swimming. It is not an +incredible thing, either, that some animals may have been captured +by men and taken with them to those lands which they intended to +inhabit, in order that they might have the pleasure of hunting; and +it can not be denied that the transfer may have been accomplished +through the agency of angels, commanded or allowed to perform this +labor by God." + + But this difficulty had now assumed a magnitude of which St. +Augustine never dreamed. Most powerful of all agencies to increase +it were the voyages of Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, Amerigo +Vespucci, and other navigators of the period of discovery. Still +more serious did it become as the great islands of the southern +seas were explored. Every navigator brought home tidings of new +species of animals and of races of men living in parts of the world +where the theologians, relying on the statement of St. Paul that +the gospel had gone into all lands, had for ages declared there +could be none; until finally it overtaxed even the theological +imagination to conceive of angels, in obedience to the divine +command, distributing the various animals over the earth, dropping +the megatherium in South America, the archeopteryx in Europe, the +ornithorhynchus in Australia, and the opossum in North America. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY. + + The first striking evidence of this new difficulty was shown +by the eminent Jesuit missionary, Joseph Acosta. In his Natural and +Moral History of the Indies, published in 1590, he proved himself +honest and lucid. Though entangled in most of the older scriptural +views, he broke away from many; but the distribution of animals +gave him great trouble. Having shown the futility of St. +Augustine's other + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + incomplete. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wastvote.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wastvote.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b21ad48 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wastvote.txt @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +What does it mean to cast a "wasted" vote? Why your vote is *always* +valuable. + +DON'T WASTE YOUR VOTE +by Steven J. Alexander + + Many people hear about the Libertarian Party and say "I don't want to +waste my vote." That's quite understandable and commendable; voting is +the second most important thing in a free country like ours. + + But what does it mean when we say "don't waste your vote?" How should +we vote so it won't be wasted? + + We waste money when we spend it for something we did not really want. +We waste time when we use it for an activity that doesn't do us any good. +We waste our breath when we talk to somebody without convincing him. How do +we waste our vote? + + Some people say "I won't waste my vote on Jones because he has no +chance to win." Does this make sense? Is voting a matter of predicting the +winners? + + In 1984, Mondale ran for president and got 37 million votes. Everyone +knew that Reagan would be reelected. Did those millions of Americans who +voted for Mondale all waste their votes? What should they have done? + + In 1976, Reagan and Ford were competing for the presidential +nomination. The Republican Party chose Ford because they "knew" Reagan had +no chance to win. + + Ford lost. Four years later, Reagan won. Do we really know who has no +chance to win? + + In 1948, everyone "knew" that Harry Truman had no chance to win. He +was way behind in the polls. Yet Truman won. Did the people who voted +for Truman waste their votes? Did the people who voted against Truman +waste their votes? + + But why should we vote for somebody just because he (or she) is going +to win? Do we get a prize if we can guess the winner ahead of time? + + People who voted for Reagan got a prize: four more years of Reagan. +People who voted for Mondale got ... four more years of Reagan. People who +voted for David Bergland, the Libertarian candidate for president, got four +more years of Reagan. + + No matter how we voted, we got the same thing. Even nonvoters got the +same thing. Voting is not like horse racing; guessing right doesn't change +the payoff. + + Some people say "I won't waste my vote on Jones because my vote +couldn't help him win; he's too far behind." Does this make sense? Does a +vote for one candidate have more value than a vote for another candidate? + + In most congressional districts, the incumbent almost always wins. In +some cases, nobody even challenges the incumbent. We waste our votes if we +vote for the incumbent; he has no chance to lose! Our vote has no effect on +the outcome of that election. + + Let's imagine a more even election campaign of Smith versus Smythe +versus Jones. In a poll, the month before the vote, Smith gets 45%, Smythe +gets 40%, and Jones (the Libertarian) gets 15%. + + Jones has no chance to win, right? A vote for Jones is wasted because +it can't save his campaign. Instead, we should vote for Smith or Smythe +because that could tip the balance. Right? + + Wrong. How often does a candidate win by one vote? How often does one +vote tip the balance? The only case I know was Tom Tryon in Calaveras +County. He became county supervisor by one vote. Tom Tryon is a +Libertarian. + + If the election goes 45-40-15 like the poll, Smith will win no matter +how we vote. He will win by thousands or millions of votes. A vote for +Jones is no more wasted than a vote for Smythe; both of them lost, or a +vote for Smith, who can win with or without us. + + This is depressing. Why should we vote at all? We don't get a special +prize for picking the winner, nor can we individually determine the outcome +of an election. + + Let's try a different approach. Why do we vote? What does it mean? Why +do we have elections? Most people know the difference between elections and +horse races. They don't vote just to pick the winners. They study the +issues and vote to help decide the future of our country. They say "I don't +want to waste my vote, I want it to have the most effect for the good of +society." + + Elections serve two purposes. First they decide which candidates will +hold office. Second they inform those officeholders as to the wishes of +the people. Also, let's remember that we have elections every year, and we +all get to vote over and over again. A voting strategy should focus on the +long term trends. Sometimes, during a campaign, we think that the world +ends on election day. Actually, the election merely sets the foundation for +the future, including the election after it. + + Let's imagine the election campaign of Smith versus Smythe versus +Jones. Smith and Smythe are close in the polls with Jones trailing behind. +Smith and Smythe each have a chance to win. Jones has "no chance to win." +(We think.) + + Who should get our vote? + + Let's add some details to the example. Suppose we agree with most of +Jones's positions and a few of Smythe's positions. On the other hand, we +believe Smith is wrong on all counts. Are these facts relevant to our +choice? + + Smythe has the best chance to beat Smith, so we could vote for Smythe +to avoid letting Smith win. This is the "lesser of two evils" strategy. It +minimizes our chances of a very bad outcome, but it also minimizes our +chances of a very good outcome. No guts, no glory. We waste money when we +spend it for something we didn't really want. Do we waste our vote that +way? + + Jones has the beliefs and principles closest to our own, so we could +vote for Jones to best reflect our opinion. This is the "vote your +conscience" or the "send a message" strategy. It means we are voting for +somebody who is unlikely to win, but we hope to build a foundation for +long term improvement in society. Which strategy should we use? Which +strategy will have the most effect for the good of society? (We could vote +for Smith and hope he changes his views, but that's a risky approach.) + + The important part of elections is not just who wins, but also what he +(or she) does in office. If our choice wins, will that have the most effect +for the good of society? + + If we choose Smythe, the lesser of two evils, and he wins, what will +he do? Will he emphasize the issues we agree on, or will he emphasize the +positions we don't like? Will he try to attract voters from Smith's camp by +adopting some of Smith's positions? We waste time when we use it for an +activity that doesn't do us any good. If our candidate wins, and we live to +regret it, have we wasted our vote? + + No politician thinks of himself as the lesser of two evils. +Politicians tend to think of themselves as statesmen and historic figures. +They assume that their victories mean mandates and their opponents' +victories are aberrations. Yet our elections are heavily focused on +choosing officeholders and not on discovering the wishes of the people. If +voting our conscience is not fashionable, can we expect integrity from our +officeholders? If our voting strategies don't look beyond the election, can +we expect our officeholders to care about anything besides the next +election? + + Let's remember that elections come every year. Do we want to vote for +the lesser of two evils every year, year after year, for our whole lives? +If Smythe wins elections every time, he has no reason to change. We waste +our breath when we talk to somebody without convincing him. Smythe can get +our vote without heeding our wishes. He just has to strive to always be the +second worst candidate. + + This is not what democracy was meant to be. Is that a wasted vote? + + If we choose Jones, and vote our conscience, several things happen. +First, he probably loses anyway. Smith or Smythe are elected. But the +election does more than choose a winner. It sends a message to the winner +as to the wishes of the people. He is bound to notice those people who +stood up and were counted for Jones. They didn't expect Jones to win, but +they held strong beliefs and were true to them. + + A voter who is steadfast and true to his or her beliefs will +eventually win. A shortsighted voter who compromises for crumbs of the +victor's banquet will have only stale crumbs to show for a lifetime of +trying. + + No Libertarian yet has been elected to national office or California +state office. Yet, in the years since the party was formed, gold ownership +became legal, military draft ended, proposition 13 passed and the tax +revolt began, Reagan cut taxes, airlines were deregulated, banks were +deregulated, railroads were deregulated, and trucking was deregulated. + + We didn't do any of it. It was done by the Smiths and Smythes of the +major parties. They know what it means when someone votes Libertarian. It +means that ten more people wanted to, but thought it would waste their +votes. + + Voting Libertarian does us more good than the tally tells. It +convinces the major parties to pay heed to our principles. It is not a +wasted vote. The waste is to live a life in a free society, where we can +speak and vote freely, and to have never spoken our minds. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/waveedit b/textfiles.com/politics/waveedit new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4f835d4e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/waveedit @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +EDITORIAL: Tourism and the Land +by Alan Wilson +from Jan/Feb 1992 issue of Wave~Length + +Many of us are concerned about the degradation of +our planetary environment and are taking steps to +lessen the impact of our actions. The experience of +an unspoiled environment is becoming a value in +itself, one enjoyed particularly by paddlers. +Paddlers know that a wilderness trip helps reverse +in us the pell mell rush of a growth-fixated +culture. It teaches us that 'slow is beautiful'. + +In times of recession, however, industry leaders and +some workers argue that such environmental concern +is overdone, our standards are too high, that to +meet our "green goals" we would have to collapse our +economy and sacrifice our well-being, beginning with +their jobs. "Jobs or the environment" is the +rallying cry. + +The 1991 State of the World report of the Worldwatch +Institute says, "Shifts in employment are inevitable +whether remaining forests are liquidated or +protected: jobs and profits based on a rapidly +diminishing resource simply will not last. + +"Continued cutting of the last ancient forests will +do little to sustain timber industry jobs. Moreover, +it will foreclose the option of diversifying from +narrow wood-based economies to broader forest-based +economies that capitalize on such nontimber values +as tourism." + +"Tourism? C'mon, we don't all want to be bellhops!" + +Proponents of tourism have often been derided for +promoting what their detractors call a 'Third World +economy' low paying service jobs. But the tourist +industry is a broad-based, grass-roots, industry of +small business people, men and women in the fields +of kayaking, whale watching, river rafting, etc., +who through a love of the outdoors, have created +satisfying and sustaining careers. Simultaneously +they have created a uniquely diverse industry +providing incomes in many small communities. + +Wilderness tourism is small scale, decentralized, +and low-impact. This is a model quite different from +the heavy, extractive industries, often foreign- +owned corporations, which ship out products, leaving +a residue of pollution or deforestation. + +Tourism is reshaping the coastal economy. In the +province of British Columbia, for instance, tourism +has now become the #1 employer, growing at 5% per +year, while traditional industries show increasing +job loss. Tourism is now a $5 billion a year +industry spread throughout the province (only $2 +billion in Vancouver and Victoria). And although the +forest industry is still the #1 generator of wealth +in the province, that centerpoint of BC industry is +likely to eventually be replaced in top spot by the +upstart Tourism. + +Tourism offers the hope of resolving the "jobs or +the environment" dichotomy, proving that jobs and +the environment are compatible, undermining the +rationale for continued resource extraction which +has been promoted by large, corporate employers. + +It is important to remember that logging was not +always number one. The west coast native economy +persisted over millennia, based on a sustainable +relationship with the land. Since contact we have +experienced a rapid succession of economies based on +consumptive 'boom & bust' industries: the fur trade, +the gold rush, fishing and forestry. Now in Tourism +we are at last turning back towards a less +consumptive relationship with the land. + +This economic transition will only succeed if all of +us entering the wilderness, whether for business or +pleasure, exercise a high standard of +environmental responsibility. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/weather.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/weather.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0093df98 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/weather.txt @@ -0,0 +1,237 @@ + In the best-selling 1962 spy thriller SEVEN DAYS IN MAY, the +Joint Chiefs of Staff plot to overthrow the U.S. president. Their +conspiracy centers on a place called Mount Thunder, a secret +subterranean command post where government leaders would go in the +event of a nuclear attack. + On December 1, 1974, a TWA Boeing 727 jet crashed into a fog- +shrouded mountain in northern Virginia and burned, killing all +ninety-two persons aboard. Near the wreckage was a fenced +government reserve identified as Mount Weather. + Mount Weather is a real place; eighty-five acres located +forty-five miles west of Washington and 1,725 feet above sea +level, near the town of Bluemont, Virginia. In the event of all- +out war, an elite of civilian and military leaders are to be taken +to Mount Weather's cavernous underground shelter to become the +nucleus of a postwar American society. The government has a secret +list of those persons it plans to save. + The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) runs Mount +Weather. When it has to talk about the place, which is rare, it +calls it the "special facility." Its more common name comes from a +weather station that the U.S. Department of Agriculture had +maintained on the mountain. + The authors of SEVEN DAYS IN MAY, Fletcher Knebel and Charles +W. Bailey II, were Washington journalists who learned a lot about +the then-quite-secret post. Few readers of Knebel and Bailey's +fiction could have imagined how close to the truth it was. The +novel gives detailed highway directions from Washington: + + ...the Chrysler wheeled onto Route 50, + heading away from Washington.... + In the jungle of neon lights and access + roads at Seven Corners, Corwin saw Scott bear + right onto Route 7, the main road to Leesburg. + The two cars moved slowly through Falls Church + before the traffic began to thin out and speed + up.... + At the fork west of Leesburg, Scott bore + right on Route 9, heading toward Charles + Town.... They began to climb toward the Blue + Ridge, the eastern rim of the Shenandoah + Valley.... + West of Hillboro, where the road crossed + the Blue Ridge before dropping into the + valley....Scott turned left. Corwin followed + him onto a black macadam road that ran + straight along the spine of the ridge. + ...Because of his White House job, Corwin + knew something about this road that few other + Americans did. Virginia 120 appeared to be + nothing more than a better-than-average Blue + Ridge byway, but it ran past Mount Thunder, + where an underground installation provided one + of the several bases from which the President + could run the nation in the event of a nuclear + attack on Washington. + + Knebel and Bailey disguised the directions slightly. You +continue on Route 7 west of Leesburg, turning left on Route 601 +just west of Bluemont. It's Virginia Route 601 that runs right up +to the gates of Mount Weather. Residents have long known there is +something funny about that road; it is always the first road +cleared after a snowstorm. + At one point, the government asked the local paper not to +print any articles about the facility. But it is all but +impossible to keep such a place secret. The Appalachian Trail runs +right by Mount Weather, and hikers can get close enough to see +signs and flashing lights. One sign reads: "All persons and +vehicles entering hereon are liable to search. Photographing, +making notes, drawings, maps or graphic representations of this +area or its activities are prohibited." In the late 1960s an +unidentified "hippie" is supposed to have stumbled upon the +facility and sketched it from a tree. His drawing turned up in the +QUICKSILVER TIMES, an underground newspaper in Washington. + Residents also tell of the time a hunt club chased a fox onto +the site and triggered an alarm. The club had to go to the main +gate to get the dogs back. + After the TWA crash, a spokesman "politely declined to +comment on what Mt. Weather was used for, how many people work +there, or how long it has been in its current use," the WASHINGTON +POST reported. The POST published a picture of the facility, +citing far-fetched speculation that Mount Weather's radio antennas +may have interfered with the jet's radar and caused the disaster. + You don't get into Mount Weather without an invitation. The +entrance is said to be like the door to a bank vault, only +thicker, set into a mountain made out of the toughest granite in +the East. It is guarded around the clock. + Mount Weather got more unsolicited publicity in 1975. Senator +John Tunney (D-Calif.) charged that Mount Weather held dossiers on +100,000 or more Americans. A sophisticated computer system gives +the installation access to detailed information on the lives of +virtually every American citizen, Tunney claimed. Mount Weather +personnel stonewalled question after question in two Senate +hearings. + "I don't understand what they're trying to hide out there," +Douglas Lea, staff director of the Senate Subcommittee on +Constitutional Rights, said. "Mount Weather is just closed up to +us." Tunney complained that Mount Weather was "out of control." + Mount Weather has been owned by the government since 1903, +when the site was purchased by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. +Calvin Coolidge talked about building a summer White House there. +In World War I it was an artillery range, and during the +Depression it was a workfarm for hobos. Mount Weather as an +alternate capital seems to have been the idea of Millard F. +Caldwell, former governor of Florida. + There is a fallout shelter under the East Wing of the White +House. No one believes it offers any real protection from a +nuclear attack on Washington, however. FEMA has elaborate plans +for getting the president and other key officials out of +Washington should there be a nuclear attack. + In that event, the president is supposed to board a Boeing +747 National Emergency Airborne Command Post ("Kneecap"). That is +presumed to be safer than any point on the ground. The president's +plane can be refueled in the air from other planes and may be able +to stay airborne for as long as three days. Then its engine will +conk out for lack of oil. That is where Mount Weather comes in. + Government geologists selected the site because it has some +of the most impregnable rock in the United States. The shelter was +started in the Truman administration, and it took years to tunnel +into the mountain. + There is a whole chain of shelters for leaders and critical +personnel. The Federal Relocation Arc, a system of ninety-six +shelters for specific U.S. Government agencies, sweeps through +North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and +Pennsylvania. A duplicate of the Pentagon is located at a site +called Raven Rock in Maryland. The administrative center of the +whole system, and the place where the top civilians would go, is +Mount Weather. + Mount Weather is much more than a fallout shelter; it is a +troglodytic Levittown. In the mid-1970s Richard Pollack, a writer +for PROGRESSIVE magazine, interviewed a number of persons who had +been associated with Mount Weather. According to them, Mount +Weather is an underground city with roads, sidewalks, and a +battery-powered subway. A spring-fed artificial lake gleams in the +fluorescent light. There are office buildings, cafeterias, and +hospitals. Large dormitories are furnished with bunks or "hot +cots" -- hammocks intended to be occupied in three eight-hour +shifts. There are private apartments as well. Mount Weather has +its own waterworks, food storage, and power plant. A "bubble- +shaped pod" in the East Tunnel houses one of the most powerful +computers in the world. + The Situation Room, a circular chamber, would be a nerve +center in the time of war. The Mount Weather folks set great store +by visual aids and retain artists and cartographers at all times. +A futuristic color videophone system is the basic means of +communication within Mount Weather's subterranean world. "All +important staff meetings were conducted via color television as +far back as 1958, long before it was generally available to the +public," one former staffer bragged. + The most surprising of Pollack's revelations is that Mount +Weather has a working back-up of U.S. Government EVEN NOW. +Undisclosed persons there duplicate the responsibilities of our +elected leaders, making Mount Weather an eerie doppelganger of the +United States. + An Office of the Presidency is ensconced in an underground +wing known as the White House. The elected president or survivor +closest in the chain of command would make his way there and take +over the reins. Until then, a staffer appointed by FEMA would be +carrying out duties said to simulate those of the real president. + Installed at Mount Weather are nine federal departments, +their very names ironic in the context: Agriculture, Commerce, +Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, +Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, and the Treasury. +Miniature versions of the Selective Service, the Veteran's +Administration, the Federal Communications Commission, the Post +Office, the Civil Service Commission, the Federal Power +Commission, and the Federal Reserve are there, too. + "High-level government sources, speaking under the promise of +strict anonymity, told me that each of the federal departments +represented at Mount Weather is headed by a single person on who +is conferred Cabinet-level official," Pollack reported. "Protocol +even demands that subordinates address them as 'Mr. Secretary.' +Each of the Mount Weather 'Cabinet members' is apparently +appointed by the White House and serves an indefinite term. Many +of the 'secretaries' have held their positions through several +administrations." + What do all these people DO? Twice a month, Mount Weather +stages a war game to train its personnel and explore various dire +scenarios. Once a year they pull out all the stops and have a +super drill in which REAL Cabinet members and White House staffers +fly in from Washington. + General Leslie Bray, director of the Federal Preparedness +Agency, FEMA's predecessor, told the Senate that Mount Weather has +extensive files on "military installations, government facilities, +communications, transportation, energy and power, agriculture, +manufacturing, wholesale and retail services, manpower, financial, +medical and educational institutions, sanitary facilities, +population, housing shelter, and stockpiles." Additional +information is kept in safekeeping at other shelters in the +Federal Relocation Arc. + There is a body of opinion that considers Mount Weather +obsolete. Mount Weather is a non-movable target, and a very +strategic one if the relocation works. The "toughest granite in +the East" may have offered some protection in Eisenhower's time, +but multiple strikes could blast the mountain away. It was +reported that the TWA jet crash knocked out power at Mount Weather +for two and a half hours. What would a bomb do? + The Soviet Union knows exactly where Mount Weather is -- and +almost certainly knew long before the Western press did. The +Soviets tried to buy an estate near Mount Weather as a "vacation +retreat" for embassy employees. The State Department stopped the +sale. + + +The Survivor List + + In 1975 General Bray told the Senate that the Mount Weather +survivor list had sixty-five hundred names on it. Who might be +included? + The president, of course, provide he survives his Kneecap +command. The vice-president and Cabinet members are on the list +because they take part in the annual dry runs. Beyond that, little +is known and the few existing accounts conflict. + For instance, what about Congress? General Bray said that his +responsibilities included the executive branch only, not Congress +or the Supreme Court. But in an interview in 1976, Senator Hubert +Humphrey insisted that he had visited the shelter as vice- +president and seen "a nice little chamber, rostrum and all," for +postnuclear sessions of Congress. + Furthermore, Earl Warren is said to have been invited when he +was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Warren refused because he +was not allowed to take his wife. The protocol for ordering +persons to Mount Weather specifies that messages not be left with +family members answering the phone. + The vast majority of the persons on the list are believed to +be ranking bureaucrats from the nine federal agencies with +branches at Mount Weather. Pollack said he heard stories that some +construction workers were on the list "because, the Mount Weather +analysts reasoned, excavation work for mass graves would be needed +immediately in the aftermath of a thermonuclear war." General Bray +admitted that some others such as telephone company technicians +are included. + Each person on the survival list has an ID card with a photo. +The card reads: THE PERSON DESCRIBED ON THIS CARD HAS ESSENTIAL +EMERGENCY DUTIES WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. REQUEST FULL +ASSISTANCE AND UNRESTRICTED MOVEMENT BE AFFORDED THE PERSON TO +WHOM THIS CARD IS ISSUED. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/welfar.wh b/textfiles.com/politics/welfar.wh new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f089610d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/welfar.wh @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ + + + + + +June 26, 1992 + + + PRESIDENT BUSH ON WELFARE REFORM + + + "It's time to replace the assumptions of the welfare state and + help reform the welfare system. States throughout the country + are beginning to operate with new assumptions: that when + able-bodied people receive government assistance, they have + responsibilities to the taxpayer. A responsibility to seek + work, education or job training; a responsibility to get their + lives in order; a responsibility to hold their families + together and refrain from having children out of wedlock; and + a responsibility to obey the law." + + -- President Bush + State of the Union Address + January 28, 1992 + + +Summary: The President's Objectives for Welfare Reform + +o The principles outlined by the President in his State of the + Union Address are essential to adding accountability to + welfare and reducing dependency. These reforms include: + + -- Requirements that able-bodied welfare recipients enroll + in workfare or some form of job training in exchange for + receiving benefits; + + -- Measuring the success of welfare programs by how many + people move from the welfare rolls onto the job rolls. + + -- Adding incentives that encourage families to stay + together, and disincentives that discourage additional + out-of-wedlock births. + +o To accelerate implementation of welfare reforms, President + Bush has made a commitment to speed up review of Federal + waivers for state reforms. The President and the Secretary of + Health and Human Services have already approved a waiver for + Wisconsin's Parental and Family Responsibility Initiative, + which provides new incentives for welfare recipients to work + and marry. + + + - MORE - + + +FACT SHEET: WELFARE REFORM Page 2 + +o Reducing dependency in welfare will save taxpayer dollars, but + more importantly, make able-bodied citizens productive again. + Getting people off welfare and into jobs helps former + recipients, their families, and society generally. In + addition, getting long-term dependents off welfare will free + up more dollars for programs that are supposed to help working + Americans and their families in times of economic strain, + instead of providing more government funds for already- + dependent welfare recipients. + +The Need for Welfare Reform + +o The 1988 Family Support Act represented a philosophical + turning point in the approach to welfare; it expanded + government efforts to train recipients and to collect child + support, but it also required recipients to accept new + responsibilities. + +o Many reforms proposed since 1988 reflect the Family Security + Act's conceptual approach; however, there remains a growing + need to translate new thinking into lasting results. + Dependency remains a pervasive problem. Research has shown + that about two-thirds of the families on AFDC at any given + time will spend a total of eight or more years on the rolls. + +o Addressing long-term dependency by increasing incentives for + those on welfare to work and behave responsibly will help + dependent recipients become productive again, and will prevent + the current generation of children from becoming the AFDC + parents of the next decade. New welfare reforms will meet + government's responsibility to become both more effective and + more compassionate. + +Federal Approval of State Demonstration Programs + +o On April 10th, President Bush announced approval of Federal + waivers for Wisconsin's Parental and Family Responsibility + Initiative which is designed to encourage teenage parent + welfare recipients to work and marry. The initiative will + strengthen families by encouraging poor couples to marry and + to be responsible about child-bearing. Also, recipients will + be required to participate in education and job placement + services. Unlike existing programs, Wisconsin's plan will + increase the reward for taking jobs by increasing the amount + of monthly earnings that can be received before AFDC payments + are reduced. + + + + + -MORE- + + + +FACT SHEET: WELFARE REFORM Page 3 + +o The Bush Administration has approved several other welfare + reform demonstration projects, including: + + -- Illinois' Chance for Self-Sufficiency program which is + helping families previously on welfare to stay off + welfare by providing state-sponsored and community based + post-welfare education and training services. + + -- In Maryland, Montgomery County's Cash Incentives Payments + for Self-Sufficiency which increases the value of work by + providing incentive bonuses for completing job training + or getting a job. + + -- Texas' Toward Independence Program which provided one- + year of Medicaid and child care benefits to ease the + transition from welfare to work. + +o More than 20 States that begun to develop welfare reform + proposals. These proposals are receiving expedited review at + the Federal level. + +Reforms by States + +o Reforms that require responsibility, promote family values, + and reduce dependency, if adopted by a number of states, would + fundamentally improve welfare's operation. Meaningful welfare + reform as outlined and promoted by the President will mean + dependent recipients, to continue receiving benefits, would + have to assume a measure of personal responsibility and take + concrete steps to improve their lives. + +o States such as New Jersey and California are taking steps to + approve reforms similar to the President's proposals. New + Jersey has passed a law this year that would instill + responsibility by requiring work for welfare (or enrollment in + job training), and by not increasing benefits to those who + have additional children while receiving welfare. + +Putting the Private Sector to Work in Reducing Welfare Dependency + +o The private sector can play an important role in getting + welfare recipients back to work. Some states have established + public-private networks which pay private firms for each + welfare recipient placed in a job. Results-oriented programs + like these put the power of the marketplace to work in ways + that benefit taxpayers, state and local governments, and + welfare recipients. + + + -MORE- + + + +FACT SHEET: WELFARE REFORM Page 4 + +o By focusing on results, private firms are able to take direct + control over welfare cases, steering recipients into jobs + sooner than the state might have, and reducing costs to + taxpayers. States have strong incentives to turn to the + private sector, which can be held directly accountable for + success or failure. + +o In partnership with state and local governments, private + sector initiatives under the Job Opportunities and Basic + Skills (JOBS) program remove barriers to employment with + placement services, sharpen workers' skills, and place welfare + recipients in paying jobs. Major "welfare-to-work" projects + with private sector involvement exist in Connecticut, New + York, Massachusetts, and Wyoming. One private firm manages + over 14,000 AFDC cases in Los Angeles County alone. Thousands + of Texas AFDC recipients benefit from a private firm's case + management project that provides focused training and + placement services. + +Budgetary Commitments to Welfare Reform + +o The President is making concrete his commitment to workfare + and welfare reform by: + + -- Providing $1 billion in FY93 to finance the federal share + of the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills training + program (JOBS). JOBS helps eligible parents receiving + assistance under AFDC to obtain education, training, and + employment services, and thus to avoid welfare + dependency. + + -- Proposing $250 million over five years for AFDC changes + to provide incentives for savings and promote self- + employment among welfare recipients. + +o President Bush also wants to expand opportunities for private + sector involvement, and, in his Job Training 2000 initiative + has proposed several new welfare-to-work reform demonstrations + to fund public-private partnerships involving more than $20 + million in welfare payments. + + + + + + + + + + -MORE- + + + +FACT SHEET: WELFARE REFORM Page 5 + +Creating Opportunities for Self-Improvement + +o The President understands that instilling responsibility means + more than just providing opportunities for education and + training -- it means creating a network of opportunity for + self-improvement: the HOPE initiative in housing to encourage + home ownership, the AMERICA 2000 strategy to restore + accountability to education, and significant new funding for + child care programs to help the children of working parents + onto the path of opportunity and Job Training 2000 which would + establish "one-stop shopping" skill centers replacing the + existing job training maze to help the low-income + disadvantaged find jobs, and training more easily. + +o If government is to encourage personal responsibility, the + design of current programs must be changed significantly to + expand job opportunities and promote self sufficiency. To + this end, the President's FY93 budget contains several + initiatives to help low-income families escape welfare + dependency: + + -- The President has proposed to give states the option of + allowing families already on the welfare rolls to + accumulate savings. This will give AFDC families the + opportunity to save up to $10,000 to achieve independence + from welfare, educate their children, or start a + business. + + -- The President has proposed to create a welfare + initiative, similar to an existing Social Security + initiative, the Plan for Achieving Self-Support (PASS). + This plan would let welfare families who agree to leave + welfare within a specified period to keep income which + normally would count against the family's welfare + benefits. + + -- The President has proposed a demonstration program + allowing states to create escrow savings accounts for + long-term AFDC recipients trying to work their way off + welfare. Individuals could set aside an amount equal to + state's savings from not having to pay AFDC that would be + realized when the family head gets a job. These savings + would be paid back to the family in a lump sum once + family income exceeds the need for cash assistance. + + + + + + -MORE- + + + +FACT SHEET: WELFARE REFORM Page 6 + +o These legislative changes would assist states in designing + workfare plans that meet the President's reform objectives. + They would also allow welfare recipients to prepare better for + entry into the work force and help prevent their return to the + welfare rolls. + +Enforcement of Child Support + +o President Bush understands that welfare dependency often stems + from the failure of families to form or endure. Thus, the + President is working on a variety of fronts to strengthen + families and lower the costs of raising children. + +o President Bush is committed to making sure that absent parents + meet their financial responsibilities, giving children at + least the financial support they need. In the first three + years of the Bush Administration, child support collections by + states rose 30 percent. In 1986, child support orders + recovered by the federal government totalled just $3.2 + billion. Last year, recoveries had more than doubled to + almost $7 billion. About $2 billion of that amount was + collected on behalf of families receiving welfare. + +o President bush has proposed legislative changes to extend + child support enforcement services to recipients of other + federally funded programs besides AFDC, and to increase health + insurance coverage of children by their non-custodial parents. + + # # # + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wells.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wells.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a6777aff --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wells.txt @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +Hillary Rodham Clinton +Remarks to Wellesley College Graduating Class of 1992 +Friday, May 29, 1992 +Boston, MA + + + President Keohane, distinguished trustees, faculty, +students, parents, friends, and, most of all, honored graduates of +the Class of 1992. This is my second chance to speak from +this podium. The first was 23 years ago, when I was a graduating +senior. My classmates selected me to address them as the first +Wellesley student ever to speak at a commencement. I can't +claim that 1969 speech as my own; it reflected the hopes, values +and aspirations of the women in my graduating class. It was full +of the uncompromising language you only write when you're 21. But +it's uncanny the degree to which those same hopes, values and +aspirations have shaped my adulthood. We passionately +rejected the notion of limitations on our abilities to make the +world a better place for everyone. We saw a gap between our +expectations and realities, and we were inspired, in large part by +our Wellesley education, to bridge that gap. On behalf of my class +in 1969, I said, "The challenge now is to practice politics as the +art of making what appears to be impossible, possible." That is +the challenge of politics, especially in today's far more cynical +climate. The aspiration I referred to then was "the struggle +for an integrated life ... in an atmosphere of ... trust and +respect." What I meant by that was a life that combines personal +fulfillment in love and work with fulfilling responsibility to the +larger community. A life that balances family, work and service +throughout life. It is not a static concept, but a constant +journey. When the ceremonies and hoop-la of my graduation +were over, I commenced by adult life by heading straight for Lake +Waban. Now, as you all know, swimming in the lake other than at +the beach is not allowed. But it was one of my favorite rules to +break. I stripped down to my swimsuit, took off my coke-bottle +glasses, laid them carefully on top of my clothes on the ground, +and waded in off Tupelo Point. While I was happily +paddling around, feeling relieved that I had survived the day, a +security guard came by on his rounds, picked up my clothes from the +shore and carried them off. He also took my glasses. Blind as a +bat, I had to feel my way back to my room at Davis. I'm +just glad that picture hasn't come back to haunt me. You can +imagine the captions: "Girl offers vision to classmates and then +loses her own. " Or, the tabloids might have run something like: +"Girl swimming, blinded by aliens after seeing Elvis." +While medical technology has allowed me to replace those glasses +with contact lenses, I hope my vision today is clearer for another +reason: the clarifying perspective of experience. The opportunity +to share that experience with you today is a privilege and a kind +of homecoming. Wellesley nurtured, challenged and guided me; +it instilled in me not just knowledge, but a reserve of sustaining +values. I also made friends who are still my closest friends today. + When I arrived as a freshman in 1965 from my "Ozzie and +Harriet" suburb of Chicago, both the college and the country were +going through a period of rapid, sometimes tumultuous change. My +classmates and I felt challenged and, in turn, challenged the +college from the moment we arrived. Nothing was taken for granted. +Our Vil Juniors despaired of us green-beanied '69ers because we +couldn't even agree on an appropriate, politically correct cheer. +To this day when we attend reunions, you can hear us cry: "1-9-6-9 +Wellesley Rah, one more year, still no cheer." There often +seemed little to cheer about. We grew up in a decade dominated by +dreams and disillusionments. Dreams of the civil rights movement, +of the Peace Corps, of the space program. Disillusionments starting +with President Kennedy's assassination, accelerated by the divisive +war in Vietnam, and the deadly mixture of poverty, racism, and +despair that burst into flames in the hearts of some cities and +which is still burning today. A decade when speeches like "I Have +a Dream" were followed by songs like "The Day the Music Died." + I was here on campus when Martin Luther King was murdered. My +friends and I put on black armbands and went into Boston to march +in anger and pain -- feeling much as many of you did after the +acquittals in the Rodney King case. Much changed - and much +of it for the better - but much has also stayed the same, or at +least not changed as fast or as irrevocably as we might have hoped. + Each new generation takes us into new territory. But, while +change is certain, progress is not. Change is the law of nature; +progress is the challenge of both a life and a society. Describing +an integrated life is easier than achieving one. What better +place than to speak integrating the strands of women's lives than +Wellesley, a college that not only vindicates the proposition that +there is still an essential place for an all-women's college, but +which defines its mission as seeking "to educate women who will +make a difference in the world." And what better time to +speak than in the spring of 1992, when women's special concerns are +so much in the news as real women - and fictional television +characters - seek to strike a balance in their lives that is right +for them. I've traveled all over American, talking and +listening to women who are: struggling to raise their children and +somehow make ends meet; battling against the persistent +discrimination that still limits their opportunities for pay and +promotion; bumping up against the glass ceiling; watching the +insurance premiums increase; coping with inadequate or non-existent +child support payments; existing on shrinking welfare payments with +no available jobs in sight; anguishing over the prospect that +abortions will be criminalized again. We also talk about our +shared values as women and mothers, about our common desire to +educate our children, to be sure they receive the health care they +need, to protect them from the escalating violence in our streets. +We worry about our children - something mothers do particularly +well. Women who pack lunch for their kids, or take the +early bus to work, or stay out late at the PTA or spend every spare +minute taking care of aging parents don't need lectures from +Washington about values. We don't need to hear about an idealized +world that never was as righteous or carefree as some would like to +think. We need understanding and a helping hand to solve our own +problems. We're doing the best we can to find the right balance in +our lives. For me, the elements of that balance are family, +work and service. First, your personal relationships. When +all is said and done, it is the people in your life and the +friendships you form and the commitments you maintain that give +shape to that life. Your friends and your neighbors, the people at +work, at your church, all those who touch your daily lives. And if +you choose, a marriage filled with love and respect. When I stood +here before, I could never have predicted - much less believed that +I would fall in love with Bill Clinton and follow my heart to +Arkansas. But I'm very glad I had the courage to make that choice. + Second, your work. For some of you, that may overlap with +your contribution to the community. For some of you, the future +might not include work outside the home (and I don't mean +involuntary unemployment) but most of you will at some point in +your life work for pay, maybe in jobs that used to be off-limits +for women. You may choose to be a corporate executive or a rocket +scientist, you may choose to run for public office, you may choose +to stay home and raise you children - you can now make any or all +of these choices for the work in your life. Third, your +service. As students, we debated passionately what responsibility +each individual has for the larger society and just what the +College's Latin motto - "Not to be ministered unto, but to +minister" - actually meant. The most eloquent explanation I have +found of what I believe now and what I argued then is from Vaclav +Havel, the playwright and first freely- elected President of +Czechoslovakia. In a letter from prison to his wife, Olga, he +wrote: "Everything meaningful in life is distinguished by a +certain transcendence of human existence - beyond the limits of +mere 'self-care' - toward other people, toward society, toward the +world ... Only by looking outward, by caring for things that, in +terms of pure survival, you needn't bother with at all ... and by +throwing yourself over and over again into the tumult of the world, +with the intention of making your voice count - only thus will you +really become a person." I first recognized what I cared +most while I was in law school where I worked with children at the +Yale New Haven Hospital and Child Study Center and represented +children through legal services. And where during my first summer +I worked for the Children's Defense Fund. My experiences gave +voice to deep feelings about what children deserved from their +families and government. I discovered that I wanted my voice count +for children. Some of you may have already had such a +life-shaping experience; for many it lies ahead. Learn to +recognize it and nurture it when it occurs. Because my +concern is making children count, I hope you will indulge me as I +tell you why. The American Dream is an intergenerational compact. +Or, as some once said, one generation is supposed to leave the key +under the mat for the next. We repay our parents for their love in +the love we give our children - and we repay our society for the +opportunities we are given by expanding the opportunities granted +others. That's the way it's supposed to work. You know too well +that it is not. Too many of our children are being impoverished +financially, socially and spiritually. The shrinking of their +futures ultimately diminishes us all. Whether you end up having +children of your own or not, I hope you will recognize the need for +a sensible national family policy that reverses the neglect of our +children. If you have children, you will owe the highest +duty to them and will confront your biggest challenges as parents. +If, like me at your age, you now know little (and maybe care less) +about the mysteries of good parenting, I can promise you there is +nothing like on-the-job-training. I remember one very long night +when my daughter, Chelsea, was about four weeks old and crying +inconsolably. Nothing from the courses in my political science +major seemed to help. Finally, I said, "Chelsea, you've never +been a baby before and I've never been a mother before, we're going +to have to help each other get though this together." So far, we +have. For Bill and me, she has been the great joy of our life. +Watching her grow and flourish has given greater urgency to the +task of helping all children. There are as many ways of +helping children. You can do it through your own personal lives by +being dedicated, loving parents. You can do it in medicine or +music, social work or education, business or government service, +by making policy or making cookies. It is a false choice to +tell women - or men for that matter - that we must choose between +caring for ourselves and our own families or caring for the larger +family of humanity. In their recent Pastoral Letter, +"Putting Children and Families First," the National Conference of +Catholic Bishops captured this essential interplay of private and +public roles: "No government can love a child and no policy can +substitute for a family's care," the Bishops wrote, "government can +either support or undermine families ... there has been an +unfortunate, unnecessary and unreal ... polarization in discussions +of how best to help families ... the undeniable fact is that our +children's future is shaped both by the values of their parents and +the policies of our nation." As my husband says, "Family +values alone won't feed a hungry child. And material security +cannot provide a moral compass. We need both." Forty-five +years ago, the biggest threat to our country came from the other +side of the Iron Curtain; from the nuclear weapons that could wipe +out the entire plant. While you were here at Wellesley, that +threat ended. Today, our greatest national threat comes not +from some external Evil Empire, but from our own internal +Indifference Empire that tolerates splintered families, unparented +children, embattled schools, and pervasive poverty, racism, and +violence. Not for one more year can our country think of +children as some asterisk on our national agenda. How we treat our +children should be front and center of our national agenda, or it +won't matter what else is on that agenda. My plea is that +you not only nurture the values that will determine the choices you +make in your personal lives, but also insist on policies with those +values to nurture our nation's children. "But really +Hillary," many of you may be saying to yourselves, "I've got to pay +off my student loans. I can't even find a good job, let alone +someone to love. How am I going to worry about the world? Our +generation has fewer dreams, fewer illusions than yours." +And I hear you. As women today, you face tough choices. You know +the rules are basically as follows: If you don't get married, +you're abnormal. If you get married but don't have children, you're +a selfish yuppie. If you get married and have children, but work +outside the home, you're a bad mother. If you get married and have +children, but stay home, you've wasted your education. And if you +don't get married, but have children and work outside the home as +a fictional newscaster, then you're in trouble with Dan Quayle. So +you see, if you listen to all the people who make these rules, you +might conclude that the safest course of action is just to take +your diploma and crawl under your bed. But let me propose an +alternative. Hold onto your dreams. Take up the challenge of +forging an identity that transcends yourself. Transcend yourself +and you will find yourself. Care about something you needn't +bother with at all. Throw yourself into the world and make your +voice count. Whether you make your voice count for children +or for another cause, enjoy your life's journey. There is no dress +rehearsal for life and you may have to ad lib your way through each +scene. The only way to prepare is to do what you have done: get +the best possible education; continue to learn from literature, +scripture and history, to understand the human experience as best +you can so that you have guidepost charting the terrain toward +whatever decisions are right for you. I want you to remember +this day and remember how much more you have in common with each +other than with the people who are trying to divide you. And I +want you to stand together then as you stand together now; +beautiful, brave, invincible. Congratulations to each of you. +Look forward to and welcome the challenges ahead. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/what_is.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/what_is.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c3c1d2d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/what_is.txt @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ + Invited PRAVDA Op-Ed Old Gate Farm + Rt 4 Box 168 + Wytheville, VA 24382 + (703) 228-5524 + + + WHAT'S REALLY GOING ON? + + By Richard C. Hoagland + + Copyright (C) 1989 + We are living in extraordinary times . . . + Concepts like "freedom," "democracy," and "self-determination" are +sweeping from the East like rising wind -- from the heartland of the Union of +Soviet Socialist Republics, across the steppes of Hungary and Poland, through +the streets of Prague, then Westward . . . to the very structure that has come +to stand for a divided Europe -- if not a divided Humankind -- for almost +thirty years: the Berlin Wall. + A hundred nasty little wars -- yesterday, euphemistically termed "regional +conflicts" by one side, and "wars of liberation" by the other -- are, +strangely, winding down. Many of the bloodiest, from the ten-year Iran-Iraq War +to the fifteen-year War of Angolan Liberation, have now actually ended -- +almost overnight. Superpower defense budgets, monies that for over forty years +have stockpiled megatons of obscene weapons systems -- weapons that could, in +thirty minutes, end the future of Humanity itself -- are suddenly, almost +inexplicably, beginning sharply to decline; one expert recom- mendation to the +American Department of Defense suggests cutting half a trillion dollars in the +next ten years. + Critics, who for decades have railed against the waste of critical +resources represented by these massive weapons budgets, are almost dizzy with +the prospect of suddenly freed billions -- billions they can now realistically +envision being spent on other problems underfunded for too long, if not on +those not even currently addressed -- such as rescuing the planet. + And behind it all, a rising call -- from millions in the East and West, be +it for "A common European Home," or for recognition that "We are all One Human +Family . . . on one Earth" -- echoing around the world on global television. + What's happening? What the hell is really going on . . . ? + * * * + President Ronald Reagan, shortly after his first Soviet Summit, described +to a Baltimore high school class his first private meeting with then-Secretary +Gorbachev in a small cottage by historic Lake Geneva. According to the +President, + "I couldn't help but say to him, just think how easy his task and mine +might be in these meetings that we held, if suddenly there was a threat to this +world from some other species . . . from another planet . . . outside in the +universe." + The President concluded, + "Such an event would force us to forget all the little local differences +that we have between our countries, and allow us to find out that we really are +all human beings here on this Earth together." + That was in November, 1985. + * * * + Thirteen years ago, four unmanned spacecraft -- Viking Orbiters 1 and 2, +and their respective Landers -- made an odyssey . . . to Mars. + In the summer of 1976 -- the Bicentennial of the American Experiment -- +while the Orbiters took up their preprogrammed orbits, and snapped an estimated +60,000 television pictures, the two Landers descended to the cold, red Martian +deserts to scoop up soil samples, sniff the air . . . and look for signs of +Life. + Contrary to what you might have heard from NASA, the U.S. space agency +which launched the Viking mission -- that Viking found no evidence of Life on +Mars, either past or present -- new, state-of- the-art analysis of some of +those 60,000 images, conducted by several teams of independent scientists +operating outside of NASA both in the Soviet Union and in the United States, +now strongly indicates that Viking may have, in fact, photographed an awesome +set of ancient ruins on the planet. The Viking images, when analyzed by new +computer and systems analysis techniques (unavailable when NASA first secured +the images), reveal what many are now coming to regard as a bonafide, vast, +"architectural complex" -- located in a Northern desert of the planet. A +"complex," the evidence suggests, that may have been built and inhabited by +prior intelligent visitors to Mars -- perhaps hundreds of thousands of years +before the appearance of intelligence on this planet. + Extraordinary? Yes. Inconceivable, within the framework of even present +science? No. + * * * + The "artifacts," discovered by myself and others in a region called +"Cydonia," consist of one gargantuan central feature -- a mile-long, 1500 +foot-high, eerily accurate, bilateral resemblance to a humanoid "face" -- +around which are grouped a series of similar- scaled "pyramids" and other +remarkably "architectural-looking" structures. The features are linked by an +exquisite, redundant system of fundamental mathematics and geometrical +relationships, which seem to be encoded even in the geodetic latitude of the +"Cydonia complex" on the planet. + The thirteen-year history of this unique investigation, and the names of a +legion of dedicated scientists and institutions -- from the U.S. to the +U.S.S.R. -- who have pursued the truth regarding these intriguing photographs, +are related in my book, The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever +(North Atlantic, Berkeley, CA, 1987). More recent developments -- including our +first, tentative decoding of a potential "message," found in the "Cydonia +mathematics" -- are available on a new audio-tape "docudrama" inspired by the +book, also called The Monuments of Mars: Evidence of a Lost City? (Enhanced +Audio Systems, Emeryville, CA, 1989). The tape concludes with a +Russian-language re-creation of one of my firm hopes: a U.S - Soviet landing at +Cydonia -- for cooperative exploration and resolution of this exquisite mystery +on behalf of all Mankind. + * * * + Because of continuing publicity surrounding the on-going investigation in +the United States, a wave of public and political sentiment has recently +developed to hasten verification of this unprecedented scientific prospect. +Efforts have been mounted in recent months to force NASA to reverse its 13-year +position on "the artifacts" -- consistently demeaned by the space agency as +"tricks of light and shadow"; specifically, the initiative has focused on +getting NASA, during the upcoming 1993 Mars Observer mission (the next unmanned +NASA spacecraft going back), to take new, high- resolution images of the +"enigmatic landforms" in Cydonia -- with 50 times Viking's resolution. These +would convincingly support or refute our "intelligence hypothesis," put forth +as a result of our in-depth, six-year analyses of these key Viking frames. + But, according to NASA correspondence dated as late as March, 1989, ". . . +there are no plans to make specific studies of the so-called 'Mars Face' during +the Mars Observer Mission. The 'Mars Face' is generally believed [by NASA +scientists] to be a natural erosion formation, and is therefore not regarded as +a high scientific priority in comparison with other Mars Observer mission goals +. . ." + In direct contradiction of this statement, then, and in direct support of +the extraordinary possibility that there may indeed be NASA evidence of +"ancient artifacts on Mars" -- which NASA inexplicably ignored for thirteen +years -- is the following statement by Chairman Robert A. Roe (D-New Jersey), +head of the pivotal House Committee (of the U.S. Congress) on Science, Space +and Technology. + Said Chairman Roe, in direct response to a constituent's inquiry, dated +September 26: + "It is my understanding that NASA does intend to try to capture, with the +narrow-angle camera, the Cydonia region, including the unique features you have +referred to as the "Monuments of Mars." NASA will attempt to locate and focus +on this region both because it has interesting geological features and +[because] it has attracted wide popular interest." + In a radio interview conducted earlier, the Chairman of this key +Congressional Committee -- which oversees all federal funding for science in +America -- went even further: + "I have seen the pictures . . . and they [the "Monuments"] don't appear +natural. It would be stupid not to look!" + If this observation, made by one of the most powerful and knowledgeable +representatives in the field of science in the U.S. government, is upheld by +Mars Observer, these discoveries will undoubtedly, radically, change the future +course of history on Earth . . . + If they haven't accomplished that already . . . and what we are now seeing +nightly on our television screens, is merely a foreshadowing of what's to come +. . . + * * * + Mr. Reagan repeated his scenario -- that, if we were suddenly confronted +by some "unmistakable evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence," we would +rapidly come together as one "human family" -- on at least four separate +occasions during the course of his final term as President: the first, during +his first Summit in Geneva, in late 1985; the second, when he returned and +publicly related these private "ET musings," between himself and Mr. Gorbachev, +to that Maryland high-school class; the third, during a live, +globally-televised address to the United Nations, in August, 1987; and the +fourth, before a prestigious world-affairs conference in Chicago, in early +1988, where he specifically used the term "one human family." + Remarkably, no political observer seems to have put these repeated, +enigmatic statements -- by none other than a President of the United States -- +together with the staggering, world-wide "unification" of the "human family" +now heralded by the shattering political events that have engulfed us . . . or +to have connected them to what is, now almost certainly, waiting for the "human +family" on the surface of the planet Mars . . . + * * * + When our initial "Independent Mars Investigation Team" completed the first +phase of its analyses of the "enigmatic landforms" on the Viking photographs, +and had published in 1984 a preliminary paper at a Boulder scientific +conference at the University of Colorado, we also began a serious effort to +alert our government to the data and their enormous implications: a potential +set of extraterrestrial artifacts -- and right "next door," on Mars. + We presented copies of our computer-enhanced Viking photographs and +preliminary papers to colleagues of President Reagan's Science Advisor, Dr. +George Keyworth; to staff members of the President's Office of Science and +Technology Policy; and to a close friend, and member of the President's +newly-appointed Space Commission, Dr. David Webb. + Simultaneously, in view of the enormous geopolitical implications, and the +need for the earliest verification of our hypothesis, we relayed copies of our +research, through "second track" diplomatic channels, to the Institute for +Space Research, in Moscow; the Institute had just announced an ambitious +unmanned return mission to the Red Planet in 1988, termed "Phobos," designed to +carry out new imagery of Mars in addition to close-up composition studies of +the inner Martian moon, the namesake of the mission. If the Cydonia objects +were truly artificial, and their "creators" truly visitors to Mars, there was a +significant probability in our opinion of discovering additional "artifacts" +waiting on the Martian moons . . . + Later, at the National Academy of Sciences, in Washington, D.C., I met +personally with Dr. Roald Sagdeev, then head of the Institute for Space +Research, and handed him a copy of our papers, even as I invited him to +participate in helping us discover what we'd found. + That was in January, 1985. + It was a few months later, after we had briefed high-level members of both +governments on the staggering possibility that Viking may indeed have +photographed the first hard evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence -- +"artifacts" lying on a near-by planet . . . that President Reagan, at the first +U.S.-- U.S.S.R. Summit of his presidency, posed for the first time his +extraordinary "extraterrestrial scenario" to Mr. Gorbachev. And, according to +the President, Mr. Gorbachev agreed. + Coincidence? + * * * + In January, 1987, one of our team associates, a former +scientist-astronaut, Dr. Brian O'Leary, met in Moscow with members of the +Institute for Space Research, including its director, Dr. Sagdeev. During the +discussions, O'Leary specifically reissued our request that the Phobos planners +consider new Cydonia photography as part of their own mission. And he left +copies of our latest Cydonia computer-enhanced photographs of the "enigmatic +landforms." + In January, 1989, the one surviving Phobos spacecraft (of the two that had +initially been launched) successfully arrived in Martian orbit. For two +exciting months, Phobos 2 took hundreds of new close-up photographs of Mars, +observed magnetic fields and radiation, and tracked the orbit of its eventual +destination: Phobos. Then, without any advance warning or impending difficulty, +according to official Soviet news sources, the spacecraft suddenly "expired" -- +just prior to initiation of the third, most crucial phase of its intended +mission: a close-up rendezvous with Phobos, and "tree-top" examination of its +surface. + Western space observers listening to Radio Moscow that night were both +puzzled and amazed to hear the news reports, describing the inexplicable +"failure of the mission," interspersed with stories of "orthodox Russian +priests invited to the Moscow Phobos 2 Control Center . . . to be shown +photographs of Mars . . . and to discuss the Creation . . ." + Curious, to say the least. + In April, less than a month after the unfortunate demise of the Soviet +Mars mission, and the dashing of our hopes that we might get additional +information on Cydonia or Phobos from the Russian spacecraft, a group of us met +in Washington with the head of the key U.S. Congressional Committee which could +direct that NASA take new images of the "anomalies" with Mars Observer, +Chairman Robert Roe. There in his Capitol Hill office, three of us -- imaging +team expert, Dr. Mark Carlotto, a member of the Defense Mapping Agency (working +unofficially with our research), Mr. Erol Torun, and myself -- showed the +Congressman the best computer-enhanced Cydonia images we had, presented +geometric maps demonstrating the inexplicable mathematical relationships +between the "Cydonia anomalies" -- and discussed the extraordinary global +implications of our data. + Months passed . . . + Then, in mid-September, came Chairman Roe's announcement: that, in direct +contravention of their previous "position," NASA does indeed intend to take +new, high-resolution images of the "Monuments of Mars," with Mars Observer . . +. now guaranteed -- by no less than the Chairman of the House Committee on +Science, Space and Technology himself. Thus, in less than four years -- 48 +months -- the world will finally Know . . . + * * * + That there are extraordinary, unprecedented changes sweeping the whole +world is undeniable at this point. But for what reasons? And why now? And why +with such acceleration? + Standard political analysts cite abysmal economic conditions in the Soviet +Union and in Eastern Europe, the general need for radical political and +economic institutional reform, and the basic human drive for freedom, +democracy, and the right of self-determination, long-repressed and overdue. +Release this pent-up energy, these analysts insist, and the world will rapidly +resemble what we're seeing on our television screens. + These "explanations," in the face of ten thousand years of extinct +civilizations -- gone, because their leaders couldn't change to meet the +people's changing needs -- seem strangely lacking in perspective; naive, in +fact, and almost myopically surreal. So, what alternative for what we have been +witnessing could possibly be stronger? + What if Mr. Reagan, through the constant repetition of his +"extraterrestrial scenario," was obliquely telling us the truth?! + What if, unknown to all but a handful "at the top," the world is on the +brink of finally Finding Out That We Are Not Alone -- that the Martian +"artifacts," if not their builders, are very, very Real . . . ? + * * * + Shortly after he returned to Washington from the successful Moscow Summit +(his third face-to-face meeting with Mr. Gorbachev -- of what would eventually +become an unprecedented four times, in less than three years), Mr. Reagan was +asked by a reporter for The Washington Post how he was going to respond to Mr. +Gorbachev's curious public invitation, just before the Summit, "to go to Mars +together." The President responded, + "I've seen the photographs [of Mars]. And I'll be darned if I can see why +anyone would want to live there!" + * * * + What if Mr. Bush has inherited the awesome potentials . . . and the grave +responsibilities . . . the imminent reality of confirming the "Monuments of +Mars" will force upon the "human family" in the next few years; and, along with +Mr. Gorbachev, knows with absolutely certainty tonight that this Reality is +coming . . . because Phobos 2 did find something on the moons! -- behind a +carefully fabricated cover story? + Suppose that these few people -- who hold in their hands the literal +destiny of the entire world -- know that there exist tonight awesome, ancient +ruins on the surface of a nearby world that we will visit shortly . . . ruins +filled with unknown wonders, spectacular technologies, and perhaps, secrets of +our own beginnings . . . which someone built and occupied . . . and +mysteriously abandoned . . . when the human race was new. Ruins whose +centerpiece is a mile-long "monument to us" . . . and, perhaps, to what we +would become, in several hundred thousand years . . . ? + How would they -- could they! -- tell a world that story, a world held +hostage for ten thousand tragic years by a thousand animosities and hatreds, a +world not yet ready for a vastly different future, unless . . . ? + Would not the dynamic, almost inconceivable political changes which have +suddenly been thrust upon us -- glimmerings of sudden, real new hope, not just +in Eastern Europe, but for age-old conflicts all around the globe, from South +Africa to Central America to the Middle East itself -- resemble, in appearance +if not in conformance with the repeated "warnings" of a former President of the +United States, what is now happening with increasing and dizzying acceleration: +the long sought End of Childhood, the first hesitating steps toward realization +of our vast, too-long delayed potential -- as "one human family . . . on one +Earth?" And behind it all . . . waiting . . . an almost timeless Monument -- +lying on a near-by planet, foreshadowing this ancient Truth? + * * * + Which brings us to the stormy Malta Summit . . . + First of all, why "Malta?" + Was it only sheer "convenience" -- close to Rome, where the leader of the +Communist world had just completed an unprecedented audience with Pope +John-Paul -- or was a deeper symbolism also subtly intended . . . including, a +meeting in the only bay on Earth called "Marsaxlokk" -- "the Bay of Mars!" + And why the almost dogged insistence on meeting on those ships -- to the +point where the most severe Mediterranean storm in over twenty years was +allowed (in peacetime!) to threaten the life of the President of the United +States -- and then, the meetings merely shifted to another ship, but still +within the Bay -- instead of (as common sense would strongly seem to indicate), +a stable location on the island? More symbolism -- to reinforce the +"importance" of the Bay -- or that . . . coupled with someone's overriding +interest in "security?" But security from whom -- the press?; what could +possibly have been that "secret?" + Which brings us to one of the few results, coming from this quite +extraordinary meeting, that we've been told about so far: the announcement of +an accelerated timetable on the complex, but globally-important Strategic Arms +Reduction Talks. Which raises an additional important question: why a sudden +decision to come to an agreement by next June? Just so a treaty (on weapons +whose likelihood of use is rapidly diminishing) can formally be ratified at the +next Summit? Or . . . is Something Else urging now an even greater acceleration +of events . . . beyond the dizzying rate at which they've been occurring (such +as the GDR Party coming apart for the second time, and just as the Malta Summit +was concluding . . .)? + These are only some of the nagging questions left hanging in the air by a +suddenly-called Summit, in a bay called "Mars" at Malta . . . as Something lies +waiting for us on the planet Mars itself . . . something Big Enough to be +shaping all of this . . . if we could only see the evidence before us. + Mr. Gorbachev . . . Mr. Bush . . . under any definition of "glasnost" or +"self-determination" -- as we now enter your self- proclaimed "New Era" -- we +have a right to know. + /exit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/whatfrms.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/whatfrms.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1d255934 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/whatfrms.txt @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +Subject: Leaflet: What is Freemasonry + +This is the text of a leaflet published by by the Board of +General Purposes of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1984. + + What is Freemasonry + +Introduction: + Freemasonry is one of the world's oldest secular fraternal +societies. This leaflet is intended to explain Freemasonry as it is +practised under the United Grand Lodge of England, which administers +Lodges of Freemasons in England and Wales and in many places overseas. +The explanation may correct some misconceptions. + Freemasonry is a society of men concerned with moral and +spiritual values. Its members are taught its precepts by a series of +ritual dramas, which follow ancient forms and use stonemasons' customs +and tools as allegorical guides. + +The Essential Qualification for Membership: + The essential qualification for admission into and continuing +membership is a belief in a Supreme Being. + Membership is open to men of any race or religion who can fulfil +this essential qualification and are of good repute. + +Freemasonry and Religion: + Freemasonry is not a religion, nor is it a substitute for +religion. Its essential qualification opens it to men of many +religions and it expects them to continue to follow their own faith. +It does not allow religion to be discussed at its meetings. + +The Three Great Principles: + For many years Freemasons have followed three great principles: + + Brotherly Love + + Every true Freemason will show tolerance and respect for the + opinions of others and behave with kindness and + understanding to his fellow creatures. + + Relief + + Freemasons are taught to practise charity, and to care, not + only for their own, but also for the community as a whole, + both by charitable giving, and by voluntary efforts and + works as individuals. + + Truth + + Freemasons strive for truth, requireing high moral standards + and aiming to achieve them in their own lives. + + Freemasons believe that these principles represent a way of +achieving higher standards in life. + +Charity: + From its earliest days, Freemasonry has been concerned with the +care of orphans, the sick and the aged. This work continues today. In +addition, large sums are given to national and local charities. + +Freemasonry and Society: + Freemasonry demands from its members a respect for the law of the +country in which a man works and lives. + Its principles do not in ay way conflict with its members' duties +as citizens, but should strengthen them in fulfulling their private and +public responsibilities. + The use by a Freemason of their membership to promote his own or +anyone else's business, professional or personal interests is condemned, +and is contrary to the conditions on which he sought admission to +Freemasonry. + His duty as a citizen must always prevail over any obligation to +other Freemasons, and any attempt to shield a Freemason who has acted +dishonourably or unlawfully is contrary to this prime duty. + +Secrecy: + The secrets of Freemasonry are concerned with its traditional modes +of recognition. It is not a secret society, since all members are free +to acknowledge their membership and will do so in response to inquiries +for respectable reasons. Its constitutions and rules are available to +the public. There is no secret about any of its aims and principles. +Like many other societies, it regards some of its internal affairs as +private matters for its members. + +Freemasonry and Politics: + Freemasonry is non-political, and the discussion of politics at +Masonic meetings is forbidden. + +Other Masonic Bodies: + Freemasonry is practised under many independent Grand Lodges with +standards similar to those set by the United Grand Lodge of England. + There are some Grand Lodges and other apparently masonic bodies +which do not meet these standards, e.g. which do not require a belief in +a Supreme Being, or which allow or encourage their members to +participate in political matters. These Grand Lodges and bodies are not +recognised by the United Grand Lodge of England as being masonically +regular, and masonic contact with them is forbidden. + +Conclusion: + A Freemason is encouraged to do his duty first to God (by whatever +name he is known) through his faith and religious practice; and then, +without detriment to his familiy and those dependent on him, to his +neighbour through charity and service. + None of these ideas is exclusively Masonic, but all should be +universally acceptable. Freemasons are expected to follow them. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/whistle.faq b/textfiles.com/politics/whistle.faq new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f2ee404e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/whistle.faq @@ -0,0 +1,572 @@ +From: ld231782@longs.LANCE.ColoState.edu (L. Detweiler) +Newsgroups: alt.whistleblowing,news.answers,alt.answers +Subject: alt.whistleblowing FAQ v1.1 (Jul 93) +Followup-To: poster +Date: 11 Jul 1993 00:01:57 -0400 +Organization: TMP Enterprises +Lines: 537 +Sender: faqserv@GZA.COM +Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu +Expires: 5 Sep 1993 04:00:06 GMT +Message-ID: +Reply-To: ld231782@longs.LANCE.ColoState.edu +NNTP-Posting-Host: pad-thai.aktis.com +Summary: How to `blow the whistle' effectively. Whistleblower + resources. Group charter and content. Posting to the group + anonymously. +X-Last-Updated: 1993/07/09 + +Archive-name: whistleblowing +Last-modified: 1993/7/7 +Version: 1.1 + + +alt.whistleblowing FAQ +====================== + +Compiled by L. Detweiler + + +1. What is the alt.whistleblowing charter? +2. What are guidelines for posting to alt.whistleblowing? +3. What are guidelines for being an effective whistleblower? +4. What is a resource for whistleblowers on government abuse? +5. What about boycotts? +6. How do I post to alt.whistleblowing anonymously? +7. How is alt.whistleblowing (in)vulnerable? +8. Is alt.whistleblowing being archived? +9. What is the history of alt.whistleblowing? + +a. Most Wanted list +b. Change History +c. Quotes + +* * * + +1. What is the alt.whistleblowing charter? + + > Scattered across Usenet are many serious claims and accusations + > levelled against individuals or organizations, alluded by the term + > `whistleblowing'. The creation of this group is sought in the + > spirit that it is not a crime to expose wrongdoing, but that it is + > a courageous, glorious, commendable, and exceedingly dangerous + > pursuit. + > + > Scientific fraud, government abuse, and commercial illegalities are + > some relevant topics. Wholly personal attacks are inappropriate. + > The group is not any different than any other Usenet group in that + > it will be awash in useless froth, and the reader must judge for + > himself the veracity of the claims, and posters must exercise + > caution or may find their postings coming back to haunt them. + > However, it is being created in the hope that many serious and + > significant issues will be brought forth within, with potentially + > positive `real world' effects, and that conscientious news + > administrators will faithfully resist the inevitable misguided + > attacks on this impartial forum and neutral medium. + + Other suggestions on group content have been made: + + * A support group & resource compilation for whistleblowers. + * A place to forward whistleblowing claims from elsewhere on Usenet + and the mainstream media for debate. + * Forum for discussing the veracity of claims and possibly even + rebuttals by involved participants. + * Formulating appropriate responses to abuses, e.g. boycotts. + +2. What are guidelines for posting to alt.whistleblowing? + + Whistleblowers + -------------- + + - Give as much unbiased, verifiable information as possible. An + underlying tone of `this just doesn't sound right to me, what do + you folks think' will always limit the flames. + + - Avoid mentioning offenders' names if possible. Give as much + information as possible without getting personal. Save it for + later postings or possibly email. + + - In general, someone may be able to get in touch with you and help + you without you posting extremely sensitive information, and the + revelation of the sensitive information itself prior to a critical + time may be damaging to your cause. Try to sort out what is + relevant to your public posting and what should be kept private or + for a laywer. + + - Avoid posting anonymously. Many people have a built-in prejudice + against anonymous postings that seriously or disastrously + affects their ability to judge them impartially. + + - Give the offenders room to explain questionable situations, and + attempt to give them the `benefit of the doubt' as much as + possible. An aborted or unsuccessful whistleblowing attempt is at + the least extremely embarrassing and at the most extremely + damaging. + + - Try to avoid posting highly-personal and highly-localized cases. + Instead, focus on the most critical and universal aspects of your + experiences. + + + Respondents + ----------- + + - Attempt to resolve the veracity of postings impartially and + unemotionally. + + - Attempt to help the whistleblower ameliorate their situation where + possible. Remember, they are taking great risk in posting and may + be disillusioned, alienated, and lonely, or desperate. + + - Do not demean a whistleblowing experience. Remeber that for the + poster the subject is extremely sensitive. + + - It is a common tactic or `defense mechanism' for someone who is + accused in a whistleblowing case to try to discredit the source of + the whistleblowing. If you focus on this ad hominem approach + rather than a factual content-oriented one you draw suspicion to + your own position, so avoid it. + + - Do not attack a poster solely based on their possible anonymity + or reluctance to reveal other sensitive information. + + +3. What are guidelines for being an effective whistleblower? + + From Mark Burns : + + > Some general guidelines which I dug out of my notes from a Public + > Administration ethics seminar: + > + > (1) have a CLEAR MESSAGE rather than a generalized grievance + > (2) focus on the DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION rather than on your + > personal situation (where possible) + > (3) USE INTERNAL CHANNELS FIRST (unless your immediate supervisor + > is the perpetrator) + > (4) AVOID RUMOR, VERIFY INFORMATION + > (5) take into account the LIKELIHOOD OF FAILURE and THE EVENT'S + > SIGNIFICANCE + > (6) remember that SOME DISCLOSURES MAY BE REQUIRED BY LAW + > (7) consider carefully the FORMAT OF THE DISCLOSURE (public, + > private, etc.) + > (8) AVOID PERSONAL ATTACKS (love the sinner, hate the sin) + > (9) AVOID ANONIMITY IF POSSIBLE (encourages careful thought, + > increases accountability) + > (10) DO NOT EMBELLISH OR DRAMATIZE + > (11) NEVER ASSUME YOU ARE "OFF THE RECORD" + > (12) look at your MOTIVES + > (13) be PREPARED TO LIVE WITH THE CONSEQUENCES + > + > The professor [for the course] was Dalmas H. Nelson in the + > Political Science Department at the University of Utah. He did + > not refer to a specific source for that particular info but his + > reader included an excerpt from Terry L. Cooper & N. Dale Wright, + > eds., _Exemplary Public Administrators: Character and Leadership + > in Government_ (Jossey-Bass 1992)(see Chapter 12 by April + > Hejka-Ekins titled _Marie Ragghianti: Moral Courage in Exposing + > Corruption_). I think the list was composed from various readings + > that he had come across over the years. + + From Greg Welch : + + > I have summarized (below) the general thoughts that I had on "What + > to do & where to turn", thoughts that I compiled from personal + > experiences and from books/publications I have read. + > + > Note that in general, I believe the situation most "ethical + > disenters" find themselves in is very dichotomous. On the one + > hand, you must often follow some prescribed steps (e.g., corporate + > procedures for venting concerns) which are designed to let people + > know that there is a problem. While on the other hand you may (at + > some point) want to "anonymously" blow the whistle (through an + > organization such as "the project") in order to effect a change + > without destroying your life. Obviously the balance of these two + > concerns/actions is very difficult to maintain. + > + > My brief summary follows. Obviously the steps don't apply to + > every situation, but they should give some ideas of what to do & + > where to turn. + > + > (1) Exercise caution! + > Sounds obvious, but disbelief at wrong-doings can often lead + > us to say and do things that can get us into trouble, without + > effecting any change! + > + > (2) Do your homework! + > + > (a) Contact "The Project" and request their publications on + > whistleblowing, as well as adivice on your specific concern. + > Know what you are getting into before you leap. + > + > (b) As much as possible, research the problem & the rules/laws + > surrounding your concern. Even if your ethical concern seems + > "black & white", preserve your credibility by knowing as much + > as you possibly can about all aspects of the problem. Don't + > allow them to discredit you as someone who "doesn't know what + > he/she's talking about." + > + > (c) Educate yourself on any corporate procedures for venting + > concerns. Most companies nowdays either must (e.g. defense + > contractors) or want to have such procedures. Whistleblowers + > have (in the past) been discredited for "not following the + > procedures." For example, you vent your concerns publicly and + > the corporate response is "we weren't aware of the problem, + > he/she didn't follow the procedure for reporting it to the + > appropriate people." + > + > (3) Follow (if possible and appropriate) any prescribed *internal* + > procedures for reporting ethical concerns. + > + > A suggestion here is to consider whether or not the problem is + > of the nature where you could "re-paint" a solution into + > something that sounds appealing to your management. For example, + > "I noticed that we seem to be having a lot of [part] defects + > which are costing us money. I believe that if we would follow + > better (in fact prescribed) test procedures we could reduce the + > down-stream costs incurred by us." In other words, try to make + > yourself seems a "good guy" rather than a "bad guy". You can + > try to "win them over" with a positive attitude about improving + > the procedures, morale, etc. Obviously this "ideal" approach may + > not always work, but should you choose to anonymously blow the + > whistle, you might want their memories of you to be that of an + > enthusiastic employee rather than a whining pain in the ___ + > (which would probably peg you as the whistleblower.) + > + > (4) Seek *external* assistance (from people in power) + > + > Organizations such as "the project" generally maintain + > siginificant contacts with other professionals, politicians, + > journalists, legal organizations, etc. Such an organization can + > assist you in choosing and then working with such external + > organizations/people in order to (possibly anonymously) correct + > or publicize a problem. + +4. What is a resource for whistleblowers on government abuse? + + Project on Government Oversight + 2025 I Street, NW + Suite 1117 + Washington, DC 20006 + 202-466-5539 + + `The Project' is a full-time non-profit organization that has existed + for several years and was previously called the Government + Accountability Project or GAP. They assist `whistleblowers' in + correcting or exposing waste, fraud, abuse, etc. This organization + has access to government officals (congressmen & women, etc.) as well + as other legal & publicity entities. + + Their goal is to assist in addressing problems in the most effective + manner. They are experienced in working quietly with people to + accomplish as much as possible without causing one to become a + `martyr' for the cause. When `quiet' is no longer appropriate, they + will also help do whatever is necessary. + + The organization also maintains an extensive network of past + whistleblowers, and experts in various fields ready to assist + (e.g. with problems that are of a particular technical nature). + + GAP was started by Michael Cavallo, a wealthy businessman who created + the agency to award a prize to a prominent whistleblower every year. + In a past year the award went to Margaret O'Toole, who blew the + whistle on David Baltimore and allegedly fraudulent data in a Science + paper. + + Greg Welch is helping to get the Government Assets Project online + to the internet and alt.whistleblowing. Send email to + . + + Thanks to Greg Welch for contributions here. + + +5. What about boycotts? + + Some group readers are interested in using the boycott as a response + to a perceived innappropriate action by a company or agency. In + general, because of its highly damaging potential, a boycott should + be advocated and pursued only in the most extreme situations. + Included are some references. + + _Boycott Action News_. + + Published quarterly by Co-op America, 2100 M ST NW, Washington + DC 20037 in the form of a newsletter attached to the back of their + magazine, _Co-op America Quarterly_. Subscriptions are $20/year. + + _BAN_ carries a summary of any boycott call they are asked to, + without judging its sensibility. Boycotts are removed from the list + if the organizers don't confirm them each quarter. Each boycott is + listed by identifying the organizer, the allegation, the products + affected, and the suggested protest. + + There's a section in which the target corporations deny + the allegations. Allegations include environmental transgressions, + labor and animal rights violations, weapons marketing, + participation in South Africa, discrimination against gays and + lesbians, and gross disrespect for minorities. + + _National Boycott News_ + Institute for Consumer Responsibility. + Todd Putnam, Publisher sells single issues for $10. + 6506 28th AVE NE, Seattle WA 98115. + + + (Thanks to cls@truffula.sj.ca.us (Cameron L. Spitzer) for + contributing this section.) + + +6. How do I post to alt.whistleblowing anonymously? + + The anonymous server J. Helsingius in Finland has volunteered to + support this group with his anonymous server. To send a message + to the group anonymously, use the mailing address + + to: alt.whistleblowing@anon.penet.fi + + Your letter will be stripped of all headers (your email address, + name, intermediate forwarding computers, etc.) before it is posted + to the group. If this is your first time using the server you will + automatically receive an introduction notice. The posting of the + message to the newsgroup is also acknowledged. + + Warning: The extreme security of anonymous servers is untested. In + particular, no legal warrants have been issued to anonymous server + operators yet, so the outcome of that situation is unknown. In + general the servers are sufficient for `casual' anonymity but do not + place any extreme reliance on them. Newer systems with greater + security are under development. J. Helisingius and anon.penet.fi are + probably the most trustworthy and reliable administrator/site, but no + guarantees are made. + + For more information on anonymous posting, see: + + The Anonymity FAQ, obtained via anonymous FTP to + rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/net-anonymity/ or newsgroups + alt.privacy, alt.answers, news.answers every 21 days. + +7. How is alt.whistleblowing (in)vulnerable? + + alt.whistleblowing is vulnerable in many ways: + + 1) Pressure on the site administrator of controversial posters to ban + them, etc. This is well precedented. See the `Privacy & Anonymity + on the Internet FAQ,' including documentation on Carl Kadie's CAF + project and archives. + + 2) News operators limiting the propagation of the group, especially + if it degenerates into negligible or completely unredeeming + traffic. Again, the precedent is strong, especially for alt + groups, which are far more fragile and tenuous than the `Big 7' + (regular, standard) hierarchy. + + 3) Because of the subject, flame wars are especially likely to arouse + vehement passions, especially due to `real-world' oriented content + encouraged here. This has the tendency to increase incidents of 1 + and 2 above. + + 4) `Cancel wars'. Again, there is a strong history of instances + where individuals on Usenet unilaterally decide to cancel + `offensive' postings they find personally objectionable. + + 5) Attacks on anonymous server operators. Again, ample precedent. The + most critical anonymous posting site to date, anon.penet.fi, was + restricted because of a poison letter from a `highly regarded net + personality'. + + However, other corresponding aspects contribute to the + invulnerability of alt.whistleblowing: + + 1) Overbearing administrators have sometimes been inundated by + traffic from the electronic community condemning their actions and + have relented. + + 2) Because of the inherently distributed and `anarchic' nature of + Usenet, the effects of a few irrational local news administrators + in restricting propagation tend to be negligible. + + 3) If enough people are extremely careful with their postings and + tone herein, the traffic will remain robust, positive, and + prolific. In particular, high-visibility posts by prominent + citizens with positive `real world' (tm) effects will strengthen + the medium and increase its credibility. + + 4) It is possible to monitor cancel messages to the control + newsgroups, warn of their presence, or even ignore them on a local + basis. + + 5) Despite screeching objections by some, anonymity appears to be + extremely popular among the general cyberspatial user population + and will probably continue to be supported by idealistic + operators. New advances such as cryptographic packaging will help + to ensure security and reliability. + + +8. Is alt.whistleblowing being archived? + + Paul Southworth is working on archiving the + group. He currently archives `quite a number of conspiracy and + political documents' on uglymouse.css.itd.umich.edu for anon ftp and + gopher access. + + +9. What is the history of alt.whistleblowing? + + In ~Jan 1993 a newsgroup devoted to `whistleblowing' was proposed on + the cypherpunk mailing list. The cypherpunks were especially + receptive to certain aspects of the project, including the + possibility of anonymous posting, governmental prodding, and exposure + of abuses. However, group members were divided on `bare but + immediate' or `grandiose but delayed' introduction of the group (in + particular, the development of highly-refined, bullet-proof anonymous + servers was sought as well as background support from prominent + press and political organizations). Eventually the group was + created by Miron Cuperman based on a charter written by L. Detweiler. + Before the group was even created it was criticized on alt.config + (the newsgroup that describes the creation of new groups) as + `alt.witchhunt'. + + Notable whistleblowing incidents in this group: + + * NSA Grant Abuse (June 1993) + + Karen Loftstrom described + dedicated attempts to ameliorate abuse in administration of an NSA + grant. She was `given the runaround' by various government agencies + and the local press, and fired from her job All happened long prior + to the introduction of alt.whistleblowing. However, her posting + introduced a high-profile incident to the group, and elicited + uniform sympathy by repondents as well as postings with excellent + recommendations and informative pointers to available resources for + whistleblowers (many of which form the core of this FAQ). + + + For more information on the cypherpunk mailing list see: + + The Privacy & Anonymity FAQ, obtained via anonymous + FTP to rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/net-privacy/ or + newsgroups sci.crypt, alt.privacy, news.answers, sci.answers, + alt.answers every 21 days. + +a. Most Wanted list + + * reliable archive for alt.whistleblowing. + * volunteer to formally & officially monitor cancels to the + newsgroup. + * info on relevant government & private agencies (GAO info?). + * impartial documentation & commentary on Anita Hill and David + Baltimore cases as whistleblowing examples, or other famous cases + e.g. Stewart & Feder. + +b. Change History + + v1.1 (Jul 93) + + Submitted/archived to rtfm.mit.edu: + /pub/usenet/news-answers/whistleblowing. Old W. Morgan quote + inserted. + + v1.0 (Jun 93) + + Compiled from responses to the Lofstrom post, particularly by G. + Welch, and other contributions by respondents to a rough draft + & advertisement in the group, and editor's own material. Quotes + from alt.config and the group. + +c. Quotes + + > You don't set out to be a hero. It is more a matter of not being + > able to live with yourself if you do not do the right thing. + + -- Marie Ragghianti + + > While I fully support whistleblowers, I have to ask a simple + > question. I ask this from the perspective of the whistleblowers + > themselves, not as a third party looking in........ + > + > IS USENET THE PROPER PLACE FOR SUCH ACTIVITIES? + > + > Usenet cannot be all things to all people; as one person's + > signature puts it, It's Only News. Is it really suited for + > service as a forum for whistleblowing, career-threatening moral + > stands, and the like? + > + > Usenet is an insecure medium; messages are easily forged, + > misdirected, and simply black-holed. Message propagation is + > fairly slow on the leaf nodes. There's no guarantee that your + > message will even be seen by someone in a position to aid you. + > There's no guarantee that a reader will believe the posting at + > all, given the afore-mentioned forgery/disappearance/et cetera! + > Can we really argue that Usenet is the proper forum for serious or + > 'official' whistleblowing? + > + > ... the notion of Usenet as a channel for professional + > whistleblowing or career disputes seems to be a disservice; I just + > don't see it as the proper forum, and it offers little more than + > the feeling of having something off your chest. + + -- Wes Morgan + 25 Mar 93 23:03:31 GMT + + > The creation of this group is sought in the spirit that it is not a + > crime to expose wrongdoing, but that it is a courageous, glorious, + > commendable, and exceedingly dangerous pursuit. + + -- Group charter by L. Detweiler + Wed, 19 May 1993 03:02:25 GMT + + > That's a very nice spirit to have, but what sort of traffic is the + > group actually expected to carry? It sounds an awful lot like a + > clone of alt.censorship. + + -- Tim Pierce + Thu, 20 May 1993 00:41:32 GMT + + > Perhaps a better name would be alt.witchhunting. + > + > "Remember, kids, if you see someone being naughty, turn them in" + + -- Andrew Bulhak + Thu, 20 May 1993 00:48:47 GMT + + > The group is intended for actual whistleblowing. + + -- Miron Cuperman + Thu, 20 May 1993 07:51:20 GMT + + > Fine, but where is the line between whistleblowing, taletelling, + > and witchhunting? Who decides where the line is drawn, and how do + > they decide? If someone crosses the line in the group, will the + > followup to that be a metawhistleblowing? + + -- Keith Lim + Thu, 20 May 1993 23:01:21 GMT + + > Boy, I wish this group was around when I was in a similar + > situation. + + -- Greg Welch + 8 Jun 1993 12:59:43 GMT + + > If we can get a number of other whistleblowers posting here, or + > people from organizations that support whistleblowers, perhaps we + > can create some roup wisdom about how to blow the whistle + > _effectively_. I certainly could have used some informed advice + > when I started. + + -- Karen Lofstrom + Wed, 9 Jun 1993 01:59:42 GMT + +This is the alt.whistleblower FAQ. +FTP archived at rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/whistleblowing. +Posted to alt.answers, news.answers every 42 days. +Maintained by . + + + +-- +Barry Kapke, director | "All that we are | INTERNET: dharma@netcom.com +DharmaNet International | is the result of | FIDONET: 1:125/33.0 +P.O. Box 4951 | what we have thought." | BBS: (510) 836-4717 +Berkeley, CA 94704-4951 | (BUDDHA) | VOICEMAIL: (510) 465-7403 + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/whitehse b/textfiles.com/politics/whitehse new file mode 100644 index 00000000..06ef1746 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/whitehse @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + + + *[ The White House & the CIA ]* + + +Marchetti: (continued) + But basically the CIA is controlled by the White House, the + inner circle of government, the inner circle of the + establishment, in general. + + The CIA is doing what these people want done so these people + are appreciative and protective of them, and they in turn make + suggestions or even go off on their own sometimes and operate + deep cover for the CIA. So it develops into a self-feeding circle. + + FD: Spreading disinformation is done through the newsmedia. + +Marchetti: + Yes. Its done through the newsmedia. The fallacy is that the CIA + says the real reason they do this is to con the Soviets. + + Now, I'll give you some examples. One was a fellow by the name + of Colonel Oleg Penkovsky. + + FD: Penkovsky Papers? + +Marchetti: + Yes. I wrote about that in `The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. + The Penkovsky Papers was a phony story. We wrote the book in + the CIA. Now, who in the hell are we kidding? The Soviets? + + Do we think for one minute that the Soviets, who among other things + captured Penkovsky, interrogated him, and executed him, do you think + for one minute they believe he kept a diary like that? How could he + have possibly have done it under the circumstances? + + The whole thing is ludicrous. So we're not fooling the Soviets. + + What we're doing is fooling the American people and pumping up + the CIA. The British are notorious for this kind of thing. + + They're always putting out phony autobiographies and biographies + on their spies and their activities which are just outright lies. + + They're done really to maintain the myth of English secret + intelligence so that they will continue to get money to continue + to operate. Thats the real reason. + + The ostensible reason is that we were trying to confuse the + Soviets. Well that's bullshit because they're not confused. + + One of the ones I think is really great is `Khruschev Remembers.' + + If anybody in his right mind believes that Nikita Khruschev sat + down, and dictated his memoirs, and somebody -- Strobe Talbot + sneaked out of the Soviet Union with them they're crazy. + + That story is a lie. That book was a joint operation between the + CIA and the KGB. Both of them were doing it for the exact same + reasons. They both wanted to influence their own publics. + + We did it our way by pretending that Khruschev had done all of this + stuff and we had lucked out and somehow gotten a book out of it. + + The Soviets did it because they could not in their system allow + Khruschev to write his memoirs. Thats just against everything + that the Communist system stands for. But they did need him to + speak out on certain issues. + + Brezhnev particularly needed him to short-circuit some of the + initiatives of the right wing, the Stalinist wing of the party. + + Of course the KGB was not going to allow the book to be published + in the Soviet Union. The stuff got out so that it could be + published by the Americans. That doesn't mean that the KGB + didn't let copies slip into the Soviet Union and let it go all + around. The Soviets achieved their purpose too. + + This is one of the most fantastic cases, I think, in intelligence + history. Two rival governments cooperated with each other on a + secret operation to dupe their respective publics. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/why-join b/textfiles.com/politics/why-join new file mode 100644 index 00000000..97a343f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/why-join @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +Joining the EFF +by Esther Dyson +Publisher of Release 1.0 + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation is probably best--but incorrectly-- +known as "Mitch Kapor's organization to defend computer hackers." In +fact, the basic message of the Foundation, "There's a new world coming. +Let's make sure it has rules we can live with." These rules will +establish the rights and also the responsibilities of the users of the +electronic infrastructure- which means, eventually, all of us. + +The Foundation's most visible efforts, yes, involve the defense of +people charged with various forms of electronic trespass and damage. +This is not to say that there's no such thing as illegal hacking, but +that not all hacking is illegal. Many hackers' rights are abridged when +they are arrested by government agents who don't understand how a +computer works. There's a certain fear of the unknown that makes people +suspect the worst of a supposed "computer criminal." Searches have been +overly broad, and charges ridiculously overstated. Moreover, innocent +bystanders are hurt too, when bulletin boards are closed down and their +means of communication with each other is disrupted. + +Sentences are also unduly harsh: Consider the proposed prohibition on +Robert Riggs' use of a computer after his release from prison. The +computer is not a magic, deadly instrument but rather something closer +to a telephone. Many criminals plan their crimes by telephone or even +commit telephone farud, but they don't get barred from telephone usage +thereafter. Says EFF: "Such restrictions tend to promote the notion that +computers are inherently dangerous...[and that] access [to them falls +properly within the scope of government action." + +The EFF also advocates government funding for the National Research and +Education Network, and passage of bills to do 80 currently in the Senate +and House. That doesn't mean that NREN would be the only thing going, +but it would be a spur to and resource for private efforts. Certainly +such a network should exist, but what's the best way to get it done? +Should access be subsidized for the poor or distant, as it was for +telephone service and still is for postal service? Should the subsidies +be direct, or should they go to users, or should they be achieved +through regulation? + +Perhaps these questions don't have absolute answers, just as the +telephone business has evolved through variety of forms (not always +gracefully, to be sure). Perhaps we should start with a subsidized +network that ultimately will pay its way! Although the EFF has +positions on these issues, its major concern is that the public take +part in addressing them, rather than leaving decisions up to a handful +of bureaucrats and interested parties. + +Beyond that, there are important issues to consider and resolve, such as +the definition and protection of Constitutional rights including +privacy, free speech and assembly. In some cases, its more important to +have laws that are clear than precisely what those laws are. The world +can adjust to most laws, as long as they make some sense and are +consistent. Most interesting right now is the delicate tension over the +classification of network services such as Compuserve and Prodigy. Are +they publishers, liable for the information they disseminate, or +utilities and common carriers, required to carry anything for the public +at large -and therefore not liable for its content? Or is this a false +dichotomy (as AMIX's Phil Salin asserts): For example, a BBS might be +like a bookstore: free to select the books it stocks and sells, but not +responsible for their content individually (i.e., for libel, say). Nor +is the bookstore responsible for what anyone says inside its walls. Yet +some "adult" bookstores and record stores have been closed by local +legal actions. The precedents are muddy. + +Finally, there's the awkward question of how to make the network good +for people without stuffing culture down unwilling throats. If you +believe that broadcast TV is mostly junk and public TV is mostly +subsidized culture for the well-off, how do we make networks a people's +medium - real global villages rather than a global TV set or a global +museum? Will people use them to communicate rather than vegetate if you +make it easy? Can we regain the community involvement people lost when +everything became too big and complicated? Are citizens' groups working +over the net fringe groups, or are they harbingers of how everyone could +get involved? + +I came to this with the benign American assumption that anyone +apprehended by the police has probably done something wrong; spending +time in Eastern Europe, watching the LA police videos and learning about +some of the EFF cases have changed my perspective forever. + +I am now a board member of the EFF. But don't worry, Release 1.0 won't +become a mouthpiece for the EFF. In fact, when Mitch Kapor asked me to +join, I responded that I was pleased and flattered, but not sure I +should join; I certainly don't agree with all the views of the other +board members. "That," said Mitch, "is the point." + +In other words, I joined the EFF to help set its agenda, not just to +help carry it out. and so I strongly urge that you get involved too. + +Esther Dyson is the Editor and publisher of Release 1.0, a newsletter +covering the computer industry, from which this article is reproduced by +permission. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/whyright.d b/textfiles.com/politics/whyright.d new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9584d1c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/whyright.d @@ -0,0 +1,976 @@ + 15 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This disk, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + **** **** + + WHY DO RIGHT? + + A SECULARIST'S ANSWER. + + BY CHARLES WATTS + + LONDON: + WATTS & CO., 17, Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, E.C. + **** **** + WHY DO RIGHT? + + A SECULARIST'S ANSWER. + + MOST persons can distinguish between right and wrong; but it +is not so easy to decide why certain actions are right, and others +the very reverse. According to orthodox Christianity, the sanction +for right-doing is a conviction that our actions should accord with +God's will, and that we should abstain from the performance of +wrong acts through fear of punishment in some future existence. +These are not the Secular reasons for doing the right thing or +avoiding the wrong. Apart from the difficulty of ascertaining what +the will of God is (for it is nowhere definitely stated), the value +of that will would consist in its nature. We should ask, Is it just +or reasonable to think that obedience to that will would secure the +happiness of the community? Is it not a fact that all that can be +known of the supposed will of the Christian God is to be learnt +from the Bible? But then it should be remembered that the many +representations given of the Divine will in that book are not only +contradictory, but they would, if acted upon, prove most dangerous +to the well-being of society. For instance, it is there stated that +it is God's will that we should take no thought for oar lives +(Matt. vi. 25); that we should not lay up for ourselves treasures +on earth (Matt. vi. 19); that we should resist not evil (Matt. v. +39); that we should set our affections on things above, not on +things on the earth (Col. iii. 2); that we should love not the +world (I John ii. 15); that if we offend in one point of the law, +we are guilty of all (James ii. 10); that we are to obey not only +good, but bad, masters (I Peter ii. 18); and that it is good +morality to say, "What, therefore, God hath joined together, let no +man put asunder" (Matt. xix. 6); that we should swear not at all +(Matt. v. 34). that we cannot go to Christ except the Father draw +us (John vi. 44); that we are to labor not for the meat which +perishoth (John vi. 27); that we are to hate our own flesh and +blood (Luke xiv. 26); that those who leave their families for the +"Gospel's sake" shall be rewarded here and hereafter (Mark x. 29, +30); that men should believe a lie, that they all might be damned +(2 Thess. ii. 11, 12); that the world cannot be saved by any name +except that of Christ Acts iv. 12); that salvation should be +obtained through faith, and not of works (Ephes. ii. 8, 9); that +the sick are to rely upon the "prayer of faith" to save them (James +v. 15); that if any two Christians agree upon something, and send + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +a supplication to heaven for that something, it shall be granted +them (Matt. xviii. 19). Now, according to general experience, if we +complied with the will of God, as here stated, society would not +pronounce our actions as right, but they would be condemned as +being hurtful to the commonwealth. + + Secularism is opposed to the orthodox idea that we should do +right through fear of hell. This is the lowest and most selfish +reason for doing good that can be given. According to the Secular +idea, the desire to do right should not be prompted by merely +personal considerations, but with the object of enhancing the best +interests of others, as well as our own. Besides, the fear of hell +has proved inoperative, either as an incentive to right action, or +as a deterrent to wrong doing. Even those who profess to be +influenced by this motive have a greater dread of a policeman than +of a devil, and a more vivid conception of a jail than of a hell. +Penalties remote from life do not, by any means, exercise the same +powerful influence upon human conduct as do those of the present +time. The Secular idea of right and wrong is, that neither is the +mere accident of the time, and that these terms do not represent a +condition which is the result of "chance"; on the contrary, they +denote actions which are the outcome of a law based upon the +fitness of things. The primary truths in morals are as axiomatic as +those in mathematics. Moreover, there is, in the mind of every +properly constituted person, an appreciation of right and a +detestation of wrong. We urge that vice should be shunned because +it is wrong to individuals, and also to society, to indulge in it; +and that virtue should be practiced because it is the duty of all +to assist, both by precept and example, to elevate the human +family. A writer in the London Echo of August 22 last answers the +question why we should do good apart from theological +considerations in the following peculiar language: Because "certain +actions are followed by more happiness to the actor than other +actions, and because those actions which give him the most +happiness are such as are helpful to others. The most highly- +developed men have discovered this to be true, and the 'average' +man will ultimately discover it and act on it. Just in proportion +as we become helpful to others we find our own happiness +increasing. And as all our actions inevitably spring from the +desire of our own happiness, it follows that we must go on becoming +more helpful to each other as we develop. Even those foolish +persons who now injure others know this to a certain extent. Ask a +burglar which gives him the more happiness, to steal or to spend +the money he steals with the woman he lives with? He will tell you +that his highest happiness is in giving pleasure to his Kate. Ask +Andrew Carnegie which gives him the more pleasure, to cut his +workmen's wages down or to spend the money in building a public +library? He will tell you he finds more pleasure in spending the +money for others than in wrenching it from his workmen." + + The word "right" originally meant straightened; hence the +common saving, "putting things to righty," is understood as being +equivalent to putting them straight or in order. A writ of right is +a legal method of recovering land that has been wrongfully withheld +from its owner, and to right a ship is to restore it to an upright +position. A man whose acts are deemed good and useful is described +as being "upright" and "straightforward." The notion that legal + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +enactments determine what is morally right and wrong is as +fallacious as the idea that the Bible decides the question. Many of +the laws of our country are based upon principles the very opposite +of what we regard as morality; while the conflicting teachings of +the Bible disqualify it from being a correct guide in ethical +conduct. It appears to us that, if there are no other standards of +right and wrong but those of the Bible and the law of the land, +then such standards by themselves must be arbitrary, having no +universal application to mankind. Possibly some legal and +scriptural commands may be right, but when they are so it is not +because they have the sanction of Parliament or the Bible, but in +consequence of their being in harmony with the taste and +requirements of the public. That many of the decrees and teachings +emanating from these two sources have been considered wrong is +evident from the fact that men have persistently refused to obey +the one or to accept the other. Take the case of those +Freethinkers, philosophers, and scientists who have so often been +at variance with the Church. and who have refused to obey certain +laws of their country which they deemed wrong. These men have not +only been censured, but sometimes they have been punished as wrong- +doers; and yet, ultimately, it was proved that they were in the +right, and that the Church and the law were in the wrong. The +standard of the Church and of the law was tradition, custom, or +common belief; the standard of those who were censured was +knowledge. As this knowledge increased the number of offenders +against the stereotyped forms of law, both human and divine, +increased also, until the old foundations had to yield in favor of +those more in harmony with freedom and justice, and more in +accordance with the intellect of the nation. + + By the Secular idea of right we mean that conduct which is +beneficial both to the individual and to the community -- conduct +that is in agreement with an enlightened conception of human duty. +It may be admitted that the usefulness of an act is not always +present in the mind of the actor, but it seems to us impossible to +estimate the value of an action the purpose or result of which is +not useful. The real worth of all actions depends upon the manner +in which they affect our judgment, our feelings, and our general +well-being. When we assert that the sense of right-doing exists in +nature, it must not be supposed that we mean it can be found in a +mountain or in the sea; but our meaning is that it is in that part +of nature called human. It is this belief in the natural basis of +right-doing that inspires us with the endeavor to improve that +nature which is the source of all that is noble. The Secular notion +of right and wrong is based upon reason and experience, which are +the surest guides known to man. + + In considering the question of right and wrong we ought not to +ignore any facts, however unpleasant they may be to some of us. +Human nature has its dark as well as its bright side. There are men +so constituted and so surrounded by depraved conditions that, from +their actions, one would suppose they prefer doing wrong rather +than right. In many instances men are ferocious, cruel, and brutal. +They practice lying and deception, and injure and destroy their +fellow creatures. Such persons are too often born in moral +corruption and trained in the lowest form of criminality; they grow +up destitute of any self-respect, and without any sense of right + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +action. People of this class are the unfortunate victims of a bad +environment, which has contaminated their natures both before and +after birth. If these "heirs of unrighteousness" were spoken to as +to the duty they owe to themselves and to society, probably the +replies would be: "As life and society were thrust upon me, why +should I respect either? "Why should I prefer the straight to the +crooked path -- the beautiful in nature to the repulsive? What +advantage is truth to me when I profit by lying? Why may I not +repudiate the tyranny involved in the injunction that I ought to be +virtuous? If I am happy in following my present coarse, why should +I bother about the effects of my conduct upon society?" It will be +readily seen that the man who raises the foregoing questions has no +conception of moral duties and the influence of right action. +Moreover, it is well known that vicious and immoral men are the +first to object to the same kind of conduct which they practice +being directed against themselves. A man may delight in lying, but +no liar likes to be deceived, and no brute in human form desires to +be injured himself. Those who inflict pain upon others are the +first to shudder at the lash being applied to themselves. + + Society itself, notwithstanding the boasted influence of the +Bible and the loud professions of Christianity, has peculiar ideas +of right and wrong. It condemns the killing of one man as a +criminal act; but he who kills thousands is made a hero. In the one +case detestation is evoked, while in the other honors are bestowed. +Hence, the only sense to which the soldier is amenable is that of +duty, not of right. The public regard his acts as being performed +for a good purpose -- namely, that of destroying those who are +looked upon as enemies. Our forefathers, we are told, made this +island inhabitable by destroying the wild beasts that once infested +it; but it appears to us that a greater work than that remains to +be done, which is to subdue the wild passions of man. Christianity +has failed to accomplish this desirable result. As the +London daily Times sometime since remarked: "We still seem, after +hard upon nineteen centuries of Christian influence and experience, +to be looking out upon a world in which the ideal of Christianity, +which we all profess to reverence, is worshipped only with the +lips. ... Throughout Europe we find nations armed to the teeth, +devoting their main energies to the perfection of their fighting +material and the victualling of their fighting men, and the keenest +of their intellectual forces to the problem of scientific +destruction. Beneath the surface of society, wherever the pressure +becomes so great as to open an occasional rift, we catch ominous +glimpses of toiling and groaning thousands, seething in sullen +discontent, and yearning after a new heaven and a new earth, to be +realized in a wild frenzy of anarchy by the overthrow of all +existing institutions, and the letting loose of the fiercest +passions of the human animal." + + Alas! it is too true that the world, for the most part, has +hitherto worshipped force. Poets, from Homer downwards, have +thrilled thousands with graphic descriptions of scenes of splendor +and of glory. Military renown has been regarded with greater +interest than have the triumphs of ethical culture. Such men as +Alexander the Great and Napoleon have been exalted to the highest +pinnacle of fame, and their deeds have been extolled as if these +men had been the real saviors of the people. This is a mistaken + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +adulation and an undue exaltation, which is opposed to the Secular +idea of right. What can be more wicked than devastating and +depopulating countries in order that one warrior may rival another +in what is called military glory. As John Bright said at Birmingham +in 1858: "I do not care for military greatness or military renown. +I care for the condition of the people among whom I live. ... +Crowns, coronets, miters, military display, the pomp of war, wide +colonies, and a huge empire are, in my view, all trifles, light as +air, and not worth considering, unless with them you can have a +fair share of comfort, contentment, and happiness among the great +body of the people. Palaces, baronial castles, great halls, stately +mansions, do not make a nation. The nation in every country dwells +in the cottage." Right cannot advance if brutal force remains in +the front. + + It may be urged that, if our estimate of men in modern +"Christian England" be correct, there is but little chance of +establishing any system of right. Happily, although what we have +written is unquestionably true in some cases, it is not true of all +men. There are other members of the human family who possess +dispositions which enable them to act rightly, so that the world +will be the better for the part they have played in the great drama +of life. These workers for the public good are influenced by higher +laws than Bibles or Parliaments can command or enforce. According +to the Secular view of right, all persons should be instructed in +the duties of citizenship; they should be impressed with the +necessity of taking an active interest in all things that pertain +to the welfare of life, and to consider political and social rights +as well as those that refer merely to ordinary every-day conduct. +Of course, as civilized beings, we require some center of appeal, +some test by which we can determine what is right and what is +wrong. However defective our standard may be considered, and +however varied the results of an appeal thereto may prove, we know +of no higher authority to do right than because it accords with the +general good of society. We regard it as utterly futile to go back +to Bible times, when theology was supreme, to find a test by which +modern conduct shall be regulated. Doing right in those times meant +obeying the will of the despot, and complying with the wish of the +priest. At that period right had no relation to the requirements +and independence of the individual. In the evolution of human life +the chief business of men is to translate might into right, and to +substitute mental freedom for intellectual subjection. Under the +influence of the Secular idea of right, it will be found easier to +speak the truth than to endeavor to deceive. Candid and fair +dealing will be looked upon as the sovereign good of human nature; +and the acquirement of, and adherence to, this commendable habit +will be found less difficult than mastering the technicalities of +law, the reasonings of metaphysicians, or the verbose quibbles of +theologians. + + The Secular method of establishing a true conception of right +is to continually augment our experiences with the acquirement of +additional knowledge. Although instances may be quoted of greater +fidelity being found in some of the lower animals than is +perceptible in many men, the power of foreseeing events in the case +of the most intelligent of "the brute creation" is not very +strongly marked. The Secular idea of right is that the best + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +judgment possible should be exercised upon all occasions for the +purpose of discovering what is most calculated to promote +individual and general happiness. Moralists dilate upon the varying +rules of conduct that obtain in different nations and under +different governments. Now, while it is quite true that various +conflicting ideas of right and wrong exist in different countries, +that fact does not exempt people from performing the duty of +considering, in every case, what is the right course to adopt to +secure the welfare of the nation in which they live. The principle +of improvement applies to all conditions and to all races of men. +Take the important feature of family life; on this point opinions +are entertained of the most opposite character. In one country men +believe in one god and in having many wives, while in another +country men believe in three gods and having only one wife. And yet +both beliefs are deemed right. The Secular idea is that we should +study what is right for us to do under the conditions in which we +live. In this country there is no doubt that the development of the +affections, and of a due regard to the rights and enjoyment of +others, points to the conclusion that the union of one man with one +woman is the best solution of the marriage problem. True, the Bible +sanctions polygamy, but with that we are not now concerned; +monogamy is accepted as the best matrimonial arrangement for us +under present conditions. + + It is supposed by some persons that it is too late to discover +anything new in morality. This, however, is a mistake, because the +acquirements of modern life impose upon us duties that were unknown +to the ancients, and which require, upon our part, an intelligent +apprehension to enable us to perform them with credit to ourselves +and for the benefit of others. Science and learning are valuable in +proportion as they tend to make better men and women, and inspire +within them a desire to promote general happiness. The endeavor to +advance human felicity is the best evidence of the existence of a +living, active morality, and of a proper sense of right. Let us, +then, + + Rest not! life is passing by, + Do and dare before you die. + Something mighty and sublime + Leave behind to conquer time. + Glorious 'tis to live for aye + When these forms have passed away. + + Why should we be good? Theologians would have us believe that +the only satisfactory reply to such a query must come from +Christianity. But, as we have already shown, the Christian's +reasons for being good are both selfish and ineffectual. We hope to +show that there are better reasons for goodness than the desire to +please God and to secure everlasting happiness in "realms beyond." +The theological delusion, that religion alone supplies the motive +for personal excellence, has arisen through people entertaining the +erroneous idea that natural means are impotent to cure the evils +that dominate society. It has, however, been discovered that vice +must be dealt with like all else that is human. A supernatural +remedy for moral disease appears to the student of nature no more +reasonable than a supernatural cure for any of the physical +diseases which "flesh is heir to." When a man feels the pangs of + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +some physical malady, he knows that there is some derangement in +the organ in which it occurs; in addition to applying a remedy, if +he be wise, he will endeavor to discover the cause, so as to avoid +the malady in future. Now, Secularists consider that the same +coarse should be taken with moral diseases, which often arise from +a morbid condition of the brain, produced sometimes by the bad +arrangements of society, or through not acting up to the proper +duties of life. Virtue and vice are not mere accidents of the time, +but are as much the consequence of the operation of natural laws as +the falling of a stone or the growth of a flower. The causes of +crime should be investigated as carefully as the causes of cholera +and other epidemics have been. The physical and the moral are more +closely connected than is generally supposed, and the influence of +the one upon the other is beyond all doubt very great. Man's mental +and moral natures both depend upon material organs, and are +therefore influenced by physical forces; and it is not unusual for +the same causes that generate disease to produce crime. So little, +however, do people study the relation of mind to brain that vice +prevails where, with a little judicious thought and action, virtue +might be found. The Secularist acknowledges these important facts, +and, expecting no supernatural help, he goes earnestly to work +himself. Holding that whatever happens occurs in accordance with +some law, he deems it his business to endeavor to ascertain what +that law is, that he may turn it to some practical account. + + We think that with the extensive knowledge which now exists, +allied with intellectual culture, it is not difficult to +demonstrate that man ought to do his duty for reasons which belong +alone to this life. By the word "duty" we here mean an obligation +to perform actions that have a tendency to promote the personal and +general welfare of the community. This obligation is imposed upon +us by the requirements of society. For instance, the Secular +obligation to speak the truth is obtained from experience, which +teaches that lying and deceit tend to destroy that confidence +between man and man which has been found to be necessary to +maintain the stability of mutual societarian intercourse. + + Again, our obligation to live good lives is derived from the +fact that, as we are here and are recipients of certain advantages +from society, we therefore deem it a duty to repay, by life +service, the benefits thus received. To avoid this obligation, +either by self-destruction or by any other means, except we are +driven to such a course by what have been termed "irresistible +forces," would be, in our opinion, cowardly and unjustifiable. As +to the word "ought," the only explanation orthodox Christianity +gives to this term is a thoroughly selfish one. It says you "ought" +to do so and so for "Christ's sake," that through him you may avoid +eternal perdition. On the other hand, Secularism finds the meaning +of "ought" in the very nature of things, as involving duty, and +implying that something is due to others. As the Rev. Minot J. +Savage, in his 'Morals of Evolution,' aptly pats it: "Man ought -- +what? -- ought to fulfil the highest possibility of his being; +ought to be a man; ought to be all and the highest that being a man +implies. Why? That is his nature. He ought to fulfil the highest +possibilities of his being; ought not simply to be an animal. Why? +Because there is something in him more than an animal. He ought not +simply to be a brain, a thinking machine, although he ought to be + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +that. Why? Because that does not exhaust the possibilities of his +nature: he is capable of being something more, something higher +than a brain. We say he ought to be a moral being. Why? Because it +is living out his nature to be a moral being. He ought to live as +high, grand, and complete a life as it is possible for him to live, +and he ought to stand in such relation to his follow men that he +shall aid them in doing the same. Why? Just the same as in all +these other cases: because this, and this only, is developing the +full and complete stature of a man, and he is not a man in the +highest, truest, deepest sense of the word until he is that and +does that; he is only a fragment of a man so long as he is less and +lower." + + The careful and impartial student of nature will discover that +therein continuous law is to be found, but no accidents or +contingencies. And what we call the moral state is one wherein man +is enabled to recognize the wisdom of compliance with this law. It +is quite true that men may refuse to obey the moral law, but, if +they do, they must suffer in consequence. This is one reason why +men should be good, inasmuch as the fact of being so brings its own +reward. It not only secures immunity from suffering, and adds to +the healthfulness of society, but it exalts those who obey the +moral law in the estimation of the real noblemen of nature. A man +of honor -- one whose word is his bond, who practices virtue in his +daily life -- wins the respect and confidence of all who know him, +and he thereby sets an example that will be useful to emulate; and +he at the same time acquires for himself a tranquility of mind +known only to the consistent devotee of human goodness. What is +called Christian morality has no sanction in merely natural +sentiments and associations. Nobility of action is supposed by +orthodox believers to be the result of a "fire kindled in the soul +by the Holy Ghost." St. Paul is reported to have entertained the +grovelling notion that, if this life is "the be-all and end-all," +then "we are of all men the most miserable"; "therefore," says he, +"let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die." Here the problematical +happiness in a problematical future is put forth as a higher +incentive to goodness than the wish to so regulate our conduct that +it will produce certain beneficial results in our present +existence. Persons who share the views of St. Paul, as set forth in +I Cor. xv., will derive but little pleasure from the virtue of this +world. The satisfaction which should be felt in benefiting mankind +independently of theology falls unheeded on orthodox believers. +They fail to experience happiness simply by the performance of good +works. Virtue, to them, has no charms if not prompted by the "love +of God." Nobility, heroism generosity, devotion, are all ignored +unless stimulated by the hope of future bliss. Christians deny the +possibility of virtue receiving its full reward on earth. If they +think their faith will conduct them safely to the "next world," +they appear to have no trouble about its effects in this. A man who +is good only because he is commanded to be so, or through fear of +punishment after death, is not in touch with the philosophy of +modern ethics. The true moral person is one who does his duty, +regardless of personal reward or punishment in any other world. The +Secular motive for being good is that this world shall be the +better for the lives we have led, and for the deeds we have +performed. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + + Regard for the moral law is not based upon a negation, neither +is it a mere question of expediency, but rather a positive acting +principle, working for practical goodness. A really moral man is +one who is interested in the well-being of others -- one who has +discovered that he belongs to the family of men, the social +advancement of which is dependent, more or less, upon each other. +Unsocial beings are those who care for nobody but themselves, and +whose sense of right-doing consists in studying their own interests +without concerning themselves about the welfare of others. Emerson +said: "I once knew a philosopher of this kidney. His theory was, +'Mankind is a damned rascal. All the world lives by humbug; so will +I.'" Fortunately, individuals of this type are becoming fewer and +fewer, and are being replaced by men and women in whom are to be +found aspirations for the true, the useful, and the elevating +functions of life. To such members of the human family as these it +can be made evident that truth and honor are essential to their +well-being. and that doing good is an absolute necessity to the +formation and the perpetuation of a society based on confidence and +trust. The virtue of veracity is the foundation of the true social +fabric. Law, commerce, friendship, and all the embellishments of +life rest upon the great principle of veracity. It is this which +gives the surest stability to all moral obligation. While being +faithful to ourselves, we should never fail to manifest fidelity in +our associations with all members of the community. Our aim ought +always to be to so serve others that we may help ourselves, and to +so serve ourselves as to be helpful to others. As Pope puts it: -- + + Self-love and social is the same." + + Emerson has said: "The mind of this age has fallen away from +theology to morals. I conceive it to be an advance." Undoubtedly +this is true, for the intellect of the age is more than ever +finding its justification for being good in the results of action, +rather than in the commands of creeds and dogmas. The inspiration +to goodness is now recognized as coming from earth, not heaven; +from man, not God. As a recent writer well puts the fact: "It is +not a belief in an arbitrary personal God which ennobles a life. +Most of the burglars and murderers, most of the unjust monopolists +and cruel sweaters, believe in 'God.' It is goodness that ennobles +a life, and goodness is not necessarily associated with godliness. +It is not a hope of heaven that makes a life beautiful. Many who +believe in heaven are very hard to live with here. It is +gentleness, kindness, considerations, friendliness, love, that make +a life beautiful; and these qualities are not necessarily +associated with a hope of heaven. It is not piety that wins esteem. +There are many pious persons whom you would not trust with a five +pound note. It is fair dealing, honesty, and fidelity that win +esteem and they are not associated with piety." + + Darwin, in his 'Decent of Man,' gives potent reasons why we +should live good lives. He points out that the possession of moral +qualities is a great aid in the struggle for existence; that people +with strong moral feelings are more likely to win in the race of +life than persons who are destitute of such feelings. Goodness has +in itself its own recommendation, inasmuch as it secures for its +recipients peace of mind, temperance in their habits, and a sense +of justice in their dealings with others. Men of honor, whose lives + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +are regulated by the principle of integrity, furnish the best of +all reasons for being good. They are happy in the consciousness of +the nobility of their own nature, and they derive consolation from +the knowledge that they render valuable service to others by the +dignified example they set. and the exalted lives they live. Those +who can see the worth of virtue and of truth in human character are +imbued with a spirit of emulation; they desire to be associated +with a superior order of society. Such members of the community can +readily see that without "confidence and trust" the commercial +world would collapse. The same principle applies to the whole of +human life, for it is not simply that "honesty is the best policy," +but that it is the only policy which will secure a tranquil state +of existence. Rectitude is the source of self-reliance in life and +at death. Men who are able to distinguish the good from the bad are +attracted by honor and refinement. They shun malignity and +vulgarity, and are repelled by whit is vicious and demoralizing, +Men should be good because goodness qualifies them or friendship, +and wins for them the esteem of the best of their kind. Further, it +awakens within them a sense of what is most fitted to enable them +to adopt an elevated mode of living. They become practical +believers in that which is just and useful, and they are thereby +inspired to strive to realize their ideal born of newer and higher +perceptions of truth. Let the lover of goodness once be admitted +into the presence of the intellectually gifted and morally heroic +and life will present to him a mew aspect. When we read of +Plutarch's heroes; of Greece with her art and her literature; of +Rome with her Cicero and her Antoninus; and of the muster-roll of +men and women whose memories are surrounded with a halo of +intellectual brilliancy and ethical glory, we no longer regard the +world as the habitation only of moral invalids and of mental +imbeciles. On the contrary, a higher faith in the potency and +grandeur of human goodness is evoked, exalted thoughts are inspired +within us, and we are induced to believe that goodness will be more +than ever appreciated for its own sake, and that virtue will be +honored and revered for its intrinsic merits. + + While admitting that the moral brightness of life is some-what +tarnished by the base, the brutal, the suicidal, and the insane +characters that are still found in our midst, we believe in the law +of progress and the work of reform. We recognize a powerful motive +for being good in the belief that such conditions may be produced +that shall tend to remove depravity and to establish righteousness. +Such disasters as the cholera, and numerous other epidemics that +once made uncontrolled havoc upon society, have been checked by the +application of suitable scientific remedies; why, then, should not +moral evils be made to yield to judicious treatment? When men +understand that moral law is as certain as physical law, and as +necessary to be obeyed if we are to have a healthy state in human +ethics, the reformation of the community will be capable of +achievement. Whether we regard man as the creature or the creator +of circumstances, or as both, it is certain that his organism and +its environment act and re-act upon each other, While intelligence +indicates the best way to pursue in life, it is obvious that +circumstances must be such as to permit of our pursuing that way. +From what we know of human nature, it appears to us necessary that +it should be surrounded with inducements that have the power to +draw out the best that is in it. It has been well said that man is + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +a bundle of habits, therefore moral forces become strong as they +become a part of the habit of life. We cannot reasonably expect the +State to be ruled by right and love unless those virtues exist in +the citizens. No nation has ever attempted to live like a society - +of friends -- without jails, policemen, etc. -- because the idea of +moral duty has been only partially realized. In proportion as we +properly understand the nature of goodness, and regulate our lives +by its genius, so shall we be governed by ideas instead of by +force. The misfortune of our present societarian condition is the +difficulty attending its improvement. Although, like trees, we grow +and expand from within, there seems, as it were, an iron band +around us, that prevents our free expansion and our full growth. +The quality of our acts may be good in a certain degree, but it is +not of the required strength. The quality has been impoverished +through neglect and theological adulteration; and what is now +required is persistent and intelligent conduct, that shall purify +life, and rid it of the legacy of the ignorance, the folly, and the +superstition of the dark past. Our hope is in purification; we want +earnestness and candor to take the place of the apathy and +hypocrisy which have so long held sway. Then real goodness will +illuminate the hearts of men, and virtue will shed its lustre upon +the emancipated humanity of the world. + + Why should we be good? The answer, from a Secular standpoint, +is: Because goodness, in itself, is the basis of all true +happiness; it is the progenitor of peace, order, and progress. To +be good is a duty we owe to society as well as to ourselves. In +virtue alone are to be found those elements that ennoble character +and exalt a nation. The unselfish love of goodness, and the desire +to acquire a practical knowledge of the obligations of life, have +hitherto been too much confined to the few, while the many have +neglected to strive to realize the highest advantages of existence. +The cause of this misfortune is not difficult to discover. It is +apparent in the radical evil underlying the whole of the +theological creeds of Christendom -- namely, an objection to +concentrate attention on the present life, apart from +considerations of any existence "hereafter." The mistake in the +theological world is that its members regulate their conduct and +control their actions almost exclusively by the records of the past +or the conjectures of a future. Their rules of morality, their +systems of theology, and their modes of thought are too much a +reflex of an imperfect antiquity. Those who cannot derive +sufficient inspiration from this source fly into the fancied +boundaries of another world -- a world which is enveloped in +obscurity, and upon which experience can throw no light. History +has been subverted by this theological error from its proper +purpose. Instead of being the interpreter of ages, it has become +the dictator of nations; instead of being a guide to the future, it +is really the master of the present. The proceedings of bygone +times are thus made the standard of appeal in these. The wisdom of +the first century is regarded as the infallible rule of the +nineteenth. The watchword of the Church is "As you were," rather +than "As you are." Christian theology hesitates to recognize active +progressive principles, but holds that faith was stereotyped +eighteen hundred years ago and that all subsequent actions and +duties must be shaped in its mold. Secularism prefers the healthy +and progressive sentiments thus expressed by J.R. Lowell: -- + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + + New occasions teach new duties, + Time makes ancient good uncouth; + They must upward still, and onward, + Who would keep abreast of truth. + + Orthodox Christianity appeals to the desires and fears of +mankind. It is presented to the world under the two aspects of hope +and dread. Some persons regard it as a system of love, offering +them a pleasant future, stimulating within them hopes delightful to +indulge, and supplying their imagination with splendors enchanting +to contemplate. On the other hand, many reject Christianity because +it contains gloomy forebodings, presenting to them a being who is +represented as constantly sowing the seeds of discord and +unhappiness among society, who has nothing but frowns for the +smiles of life, and whose chief business it is to crush and awe the +minds of men with fear and apprehension. If Christianity furnishes +its believers with hopes of heaven to buoy them up, it also gives +them the dread of hell to cast them down. The one is as certain as +the other. As soon as a child begins to lisp at its mother's knee, +its young mind is impressed with the notion that there is "a heaven +to gain, and a Hell to avoid." As the child grows to maturity, this +notion is strengthened by false education and religions discipline, +until at last the opinion is formed which frequently culminates in +making the victim an abject slave to a fancy-created heaven and an +inhumanly-pictured hell. Christians sometimes assert that to +deprive them of their hope in heaven would be to rob them of their +principal consolation, If this be correct, so much the worse for +their faith. Better have no consolation than to derive it from a +creed which condemns to eternal perdition the great majority of the +human kind. + + The true object of rewards and punishments should be to +encourage virtue and to deter vice. Most, if not all, of the +religions of the world have employed these agencies in the +promulgation of their tenets, not, however, as a rule, in the +correct form. Theologians have connected their systems of rewards +and punishments with the profession of arbitrary creeds and dogmas +that have little or no bearing on the promotion of virtue or the +prevention of vice. The final reward offered by Christianity is +made dependent on beliefs more than on actions. This is unjust, +inasmuch as many persons are unable to accept the belief that is +supposed to secure the reward. Moreover, according to the Christian +system, the same kind of encouragement is held out to the criminal +who, after a life of crime, repents and acknowledges his faith in +Christ, as to the philanthropist whose career has been one of +excellence and goodness + + Equally defective and objectionable is the system of +punishment as taught by Christians, making, as it does, correction +to proceed from a motive of revenge rather than from a desire to +reform. Through life we should never cherish revenge, nor harbor +malice. To forgive is a virtue all should endeavor to practice. +Governments who desire to win national confidence do not seek to +make the chief feature of their punitive laws of a retaliative +Spirit; they aim rather to enact measures that tend to the +reformation of the criminal. Now, the drawback to the threatened +punishment of Christianity is, that it offers no incentive to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +reformation, for, when once in hell, the victim must for ever +remain, and there no opportunity is afforded for improvement, and +no facility offered for repentance. It cannot be said that the +sufferings of those in the "bottomless pit" exercise any beneficial +influence upon those on earth, inasmuch as we cannot witness their +torture, and, if we could, instead of inspiring within us love and +obedience, doubtless it would excite detestation towards the being +who, possessing the power, refused to exercise it to prevent +mankind enduring such barbarous cruelty. The rejected of heaven are +here represented as being the victims of unutterable anguish: as +having to endure tortures which no mind can fully conceive, no pen +can adequately portray. + + This Christian doctrine of punishment is based upon a +principle opposed to all good government. It allows no grades in +virtue or vice. It divides the world into two classes -- the sheep +and the goats, leaving no intermediate course. Now, mankind are not +either all good or all bad; there are degrees of innocence and +guilt in each. Horace recognized this; hence he said: -- + + Let rules be fixed that may our rage contain, + And punish faults with a proportioned pain. + +Punishment is valuable only so far as it tends to the reformation +and the protection of society. It has been shown that hell fire +must fail in the former, and experience proves that it is quite as +impotent for the latter. Our law courts are constantly revealing +the fact that those who profess the strongest faith in future +retribution have frequently been remarkable for savage brutality +and uncontrolled cruelty. + + If it be asked, Why is Secularism regarded by its adherents as +being superior to theological and other speculative theories of the +day? the answer is, (1) Because Secularists believe its moral basis +to be more definite and practical than other existing ethical +codes; and (2) because Secular teachings appear to them to be more +reasonable and of greater advantage to general society than the +various theologies of the world, and that of orthodox Christianity +in particular. That Secular teachings are superior to those of +orthodox Christianity the following brief contrast will show. +Christian conduct is controlled by the ancient, and supposed +infallible, rules of the Bible; Secular action is regulated by +modern requirements and the scientific and philosophical +discoveries of the practical age in which we live. Christianity +enjoins as an essential duty of life to prepare to die; Secularism +says, learn how to live truthfully, honestly, and usefully, and you +need not concern yourself with the "how" to die. Christianity +proclaims that the world's redemption can be achieved only through +the teachings of one person; Secularism avows that such teachings +are too impracticable and limited in their influence for the +attainment of the object claimed, and that improvement, general and +individual, is the result of the brain power and physical exertions +of the brave toilers of every country and every age who have +labored for human advancement. Christianity threatens punishment in +another world for the rejection of speculative views in this; +Secularism teaches that no penalty should follow the holding of +sincere opinions, as uniformity of belief is impossible. According + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +to Christianity, as taught in the churches and chapels, the +approval of God and the rewards of heaven are to be secured only +through faith in Jesus of Nazareth; whereas the philosophy of +Secularism enunciates that no merit should be attached to such +faith, but that fidelity to principle and good service to man +should win the right to participate in any advantages either in +this or any other world. + + The ethical science of the nineteenth century derives little +or no assistance from orthodox Christianity. Notwithstanding the +fact that Broad Churchism or Latitudinarianism has begun to make +some concessions to reason and scientific progress, and however +strongly apparent may be the desire for compromise on the part of +the theologians, there are still many of the most distinctive +doctrines of orthodoxy which are most decidedly opposed to the +standard of modern ethics and influence. Such, for example, is the +doctrine of vicarious atonement, where paternal affection is +ignored, and where the innocent is made to suffer for the guilty; +that right faith is superior to right conduct apart from such +belief; and, most especially, that unjust and equity-defying dogma +of eternal condemnation. It is really beyond the scope of such a +system as the orthodox one to promote the moral development of +humanity. This can only be effectually done by the action of those +social, political, and intellectual forces to which we are +indebted, as it were, for the building up of Man from the very +first institution of society. These have been, are, and ever must +be, the moral edifiers of the human race. Without them true +progress is impossible, since it is by them that we are what we +are. It is: (1) the social activities that have led to the +formation, maintenance, and improvement of human society; (2) the +political activities that have led to the formation, maintenance, +and improvement of the general government, to the establishment of +States or nations, and to the recognition of the mutual rights and +duties of such States; and (3) the intellectual activities that +have led to the interchange of human thoughts, to the formation of +literature, to the pursuits of science and art, to the banishment +of ignorance and the decay of superstition, to the diffusion of +knowledge, and, finally, to all mental progress. + + It is said that, without a fixed rule for conduct, all +guarantees to virtue would be absent. Not so; Secularism recognizes +a safe and never-erring basis for moral action, which is taken, not +from Revelation, but from the Roman law of the Twelve Tables, which +laid down the broad general maxim that "the well-being of the +people is the supreme law." This may be taken as a fundamental +principle for all time and all nations. The kind of action which +will produce such well-being depends, of coarse, upon individual +and national circumstances, varied in their character and +diversified in their influence. This progressive morality is the +principle of the Utilitarian ethics which now govern the civilized +world. It is not merely the individual, but society at large, that +is considered. To use an analogy from nature, societarian existence +may be compared to a beehive. What does the apiarian discover in +his studies? Not that every individual bee labors only for +individual necessities. No; but that all is subordinated to the +general welfare of the hive. If the drones increase, they are +expelled or restricted, and well would it be for our human society + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + WHY DO RIGHT? + +if all drones who resisted improvement were banished from among us. +In the moral world, as in religious societies, there are too many +Nothingarians -- individuals who thrive through the good conduct of +others, while they themselves do nothing to contribute to the store +of the ethical hive. The morality of men, their love, their +benevolence, their kindly charity, their mutual tolerance and long- +suffering -- all these spring directly from their long-acquired and +developed experience. As the poet of Buddhism sings: -- + + Pray not, the Darkness will not brighten! ask + Nought from the Silence, for it cannot speak! + Vex not your mournful minds with pious pains: -- + Ah, brothers, sisters! seek + Nought from the helpless gods by gift and hymn, + Nor bribe with blood, nor feed with fruit and cakes; + Withist yourselves deliverance must be sought; + Each man his prison makes! + + + + + + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + + + + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books, magazines, +newspapers, pamphlets, etc. please contact us, we need to give them +back to America. If you have such books please send us a list that +includes Title, Author, publication date, condition and price. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wijustice.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wijustice.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4a02f083 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wijustice.txt @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ + The following article appeared, in edited form, in the + September, 1992 issue of \Liberty\. This file contains + the original, unedited, and complete text. Reproduction + on computer bulletin boards is permitted for informational + purposes only. Copyright (c) 1992 by J. Neil Schulman. + All other rights reserved. + + + IF EXECUTION IS JUST, WHAT IS JUSTICE? + + by J. Neil Schulman + + Democracy has no more sensitive gauge than the public + opinion poll, and the recent \Los Angeles Times\ poll which shows + that four out of five Californians favored the execution of + murderer Robert Alton Harris tells us everything we need to know + about the political will of the people on this subject. + + But while the voice of the people may be the final word + regarding our political decisions, few could argue that it + disposes of moral questions, or even that such a political will + is unchanging. At various times in human history, the voice of + the people has favored slavery, the execution of blasphemers, + and the Divine Right of Kings. Obviously, both a public moral + sense, and the political will which follow from such feelings, + are subject to revision. + + The largest single reason, given by those who supported the + decision to execute Harris, was "Justice/Eye for An Eye." I find + it both refreshing and comforting that moral, rather than merely + utilitarian, considerations are at the forefront of most people's + consciousness. + + Still, the question remains to be asked: on what basis does + one believe that retribution -- "an eye for an eye" -- is a valid + principle of moral justice? + + Is it primarily an emotional, rather than an intellectual, + reaction based on empathy to the victims? What, then of the + revulsion felt by others to the premeditated killing of a hogtied + man? + + Is it a sense that something which was codified four + millennia ago in the Code of Hammurabi must be right because of + its age? What, then, of that code's literal call for + retaliations including putting out eyes and cutting off hands? + + Is it because the Old Testament tells us that God told Moses + that He was ordering us to execute murderers? First, how do we + know that early authors didn't do some rewriting, or even that + Moses -- a politician -- wasn't lying when he said the code was + written by God? Second, if we are using the Book of Exodus as + our legal code, why are we not executing people who curse their + parents, or witches, or those who commit bestiality, or those who + make sacrifices to any other deity? Third, if we take the New + Testament as updated orders, do we obey Jesus when he says he who + lives by the sword dies by the sword, or when he tells us that he + who is without sin shall cast the first stone? And fourth, what + business does a secular state have enforcing a \religious\ code + in the first place? + + If we answer that we do not decide what is moral or just + based on emotions, or tradition, or ancient religious writings, + then there remain only two other ways to derive moral premises: + direct revelation or human reason. Either our moral premises are + personally dictated to us by a Superior Power -- and that claim + must be backed with incontrovertible proof or it has no merit -- + or we must use our own powers of reason to figure out morality + for ourselves. + + Perhaps such a rational inquiry can begin by asking why it + is right for the State -- a secular organization acting as agent + for ordinary individuals -- to do that which is universally + despised when done by any of those individuals? Does the State + act from practical, utilitarian considerations alone -- in which + case such utility must first be subjected to moral limitations -- + or can it justify its killings on the basis of moral premises + which can be derived without reference to sectarian religious + documents? + + The State of California finds it fairly straightforward to + define justifiable homicide for the private individual. + According to the California Department of Justice's booklet + \California Firearms Laws 1991\, "The killing of one person by + another may be justifiable when necessary to resist the attempt + to commit a forcible and life-threatening crime, \provided\ that + a reasonable person in the same situation would believe that: a) + the person killed intended to commit a forcible and life- + threatening crime; b) there was imminent danger of such crime + being accomplished; and, c) the person acted under the belief + that such force was necessary to save himself or herself or + another from death or a forcible and life-threatening crime. + Murder, mayhem, rape, and robbery are examples of forcible and + life-threatening crimes." + + For the private person -- or even the police officer -- the + instant the threat ends, the grounds for justifiable homicide + end. + + Strictly speaking, the State is no more than a group of + individuals acting for common purpose. It is hard to imagine how + it may rightly do more than the sum of the rights of the + individuals comprising that group. How, then, does this + transformation -- whereby homicide is justified long after the + threat has ended -- occur? Does mere group procedure sanctify + killing? If so, how many individuals must be in a group before + it earns a license to kill? What \moral\ premise distinguishes + the state criminal justice system from the lynch mob? + + The obvious answer is that in the absence of a Divine Ruler + anointed by God, there is no moral basis for the State to do + anything which it is not right for the private individual or + group to do. Logic dictates that if it is morally justifiable for + the State to kill in just retribution, then it must likewise be + morally justifiable for other individuals or groups to do so as + well -- the Mafia, the Crips, and the Bloods included. + + If it seems obviously wrong to you that private individuals + have a right to retaliate -- if California's definition of + justifiable homicide seems to you to be based on a valid moral + premise -- then you must come up with a \moral\ justification for + the State to do that which none of its principals may do. + + For me, I answer that it is wrong to punish murderers with + death, because it far exceeds the scope of human justice. Human + justice is based on the concept of seeking repair rather than + further destruction. The religious concept of just retribution + -- punishment, by another name -- is mere tit for tat, + underivable from principles of reparative equity and therefore + thoroughly irrelevant to justice or moral behavior as it may be + enforced by a legal system. The allure of legal punishment is to + adrenaline rather than reason. + + Consequently, I see no possible justification for the State, + as an agent of the people, to claim a moral right to do that + which none of its principals may do. If we have learned anything + in four millennia of limiting the role of government, it is that + if civil justice is to exist in a secular society, it means + limiting equity among individuals to reparation of wrongful + harms. + + If one believes, as I do, that killing a murderer has no + reason-derived moral basis, it does not logically follow that one + is advocating that murderers should continue to enjoy a pleasant + life at the expense of their victims. The principle of + reparation derives the object that murderers should labor hard + until the end of their days, and all that they produce beyond + their mere subsistence should be paid to the heirs of their + victims. There is no reasonable moral basis for the practice of + murderers spending their days being supported as privileged wards + of a welfare state. Such false humanitarianism is gravely + offensive to those who remember the murderer's victims, and + such offense is possibly the basis for much of the emotion behind + calls for state executions. + + To those of religious precepts, I must argue that it is + quite enough for the institutions of a non-theocratic society to + place immovable walls between murderers and the rest of us, and + extract what value can be obtained for their victims' benefit. + That is all safety and equity calls for. That is all that we -- + as individuals or as a group -- are entitled to. Beyond that + imperfect human institutions should not go, and what perfect + vengeance is required must be left to God, who in His own good + time disposes of all lives as He sees fit anyway. + + **** + + J. Neil Schulman is a novelist, screenwriter, and host of a + weekly program on the American Radio Network. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wod-ed.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wod-ed.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b30d1847 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wod-ed.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +From andrey@cs.arizona.edu Tue Dec 18 22:05:08 1990 +From: andrey@cs.arizona.edu (Andrey Yeatts) +Newsgroups: talk.politics.drugs,alt.drugs +Subject: Editorial in the Arizona Daily Star +Date: 17 Dec 90 00:01:14 GMT + +Someone asked about what the jackbooter's letter that I quoted early +was in reference to. It was an excellent editorial in Tucson's Arizona +Daily Star of Nov. 28, and referred to a Gallup poll with particularly +chilling results: + +Rights? What Rights? + +How the Constitution lost the War on Drugs + + Ask Americans what makes them so special and most will talk about liberty, +freedom and a lot Bill of Rights stuff. + Ask Arizonans to hand over one of those rights in the name of the War on +Drugs, and most will say, "sure." + A recent poll of Arizona employees found 95 percent favor some sort of +workplace drug testing. Fifty-six percent support random drug testing of all +employees, whether there was cause to suspect a problem or not. + So much for the Fourth Amendment's guarantee against unreasonable searches +and seizures. So much for the "right of the people to be secure in their +persons." + So much for common sense. + Drug testing is a simplistic non-solution. It ignores the causes of illegal +drug use. It treats a freedom-loving people like chattle. It is often +inaccurate. It is an invasion of privacy. + And it magnifies the problem all out of proportion. In 1985, say researchers +at the University of California at San Francisco, alcohol abuse accounted for +$27.4 billion in lost productivity; drug use accounted for $6 billion. + In 1989, the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported that drug abuse had +been declining for 10 years, most dramatically in the last five years. Severe +problems do exist, especialy among unemployed, disenfranchised Americans who +seek escape from their miserable lives in addiction. But these people are not +the target of the frenzy to install an Office of Drug Testing in every +workplace. + Drug abuse on the job is a problem, and, depending on the type of job, it +can be dangerous. But when a freedom-loving nation begins to mindlessly +acquiesce to an erosion of its freedoms, that's a bigger problem. + More and more private businesses are requiring drug tests. They are spurred +on by the self-serving interests of those who make money selling drug tests. +Together they, and the federal Captains of the Drug War, are whipping up the +populace: Give us your privacy and we'll solve the drug problem. + Private businesses may be within their legal rights to demand drug tests. +But should Americans be bleating approval of this invasive approach? Shouldn't +they be demanding better answers? + They should be, but they aren't. The recent Gallup poll of 500 Arizona +workers was comissioned by the Washington-based Institute for a Drug Free +Workplace. The institute, representing businesses, is conducting 12 such polls +around the nation. It won't be surprising if all show similar results. Previous +polls have indicated support nationally for random drug testing. + America says it's OK to strip away a few rights in the name of War on Drugs. +Which suggests the freedom Americans love the most may be the freedom from +thinking. + +------- +Phew! and there you have it folks. We have a big job ahead of us... + +andrey + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wod-lies.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wod-lies.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4a867bd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wod-lies.txt @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ + The Hartford Courant + + "Untruths, unreliable data create obstacles in war on drugs." + +It is a stark message designed to persuade youths to stay away from +marijuana. + +And it is a lie. + +The narrator tells television viewers they are watching the brain waves +of a normal 14-year-old. As he speaks, squiggly lines with high peaks +show an obviously active brain. + +The picture changes: The lines flatten. These, the narrator says, are +the brain waves of a 14-year-old on marijuana. + +The problem with this national television advertisement is that the +flatter "brain waves" are not those of a teenager on dope; they are not +brain waves at all. The electroencephalograph was not hooked up to +anyone. + +It is not just brain waves that are being manipulated in the war +against drugs. Truth has been a casualty in other areas as well. + +For example: + + A study cited by presidents and business leaders to demonstrate the + effect of drug use on worker productivity has no scientific validity + according to the organization that conducted it. + + No one has been able to produce another widely quoted study that + purportedly showed drug users cost companies more in worker's + compensation claims and medical benefits. + + A third study, used to show that marijuana could cause long-term + impairment, was improperly conducted and reached conclusions no other + study has been able to duplicated, according to one of its authors. + +[article goes on to say that drugs are bad but that lying about it +destroys the credibility of the anti-drug crusade.] + +"Part of the problem we have as drug educators today is that kids don't +believe us," said Dr. Lester Grinspoon, an associate professor of +psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School who has researched the effects +of marijuana. + +"They've been told for so long that marijuana is very bad for them and +then they go off to college and see a brilliant English major that +smokes dope and nothing's happened to his or her brain or heart. Then +they use it themselves and discover it's the least harmful illegal +drug. So they say that maybe they've been lied to about cocaine or +PCP, too." + +But such questions are not the foremost concern of the organization +that created the brain-wave advertisement. The Partnership for a +Drug-Free America wants, above all else, to prevent people from using +drugs. + +Theresa Grant, public information director for the nonprofit +organization, said she doesn't see any problem with the ad. + +"The marijuana brain-wave commercial was one of the ads that we used as +a fact, rather than a fear-inducing ad," Grant said. later, she +acknowledged: "It was a simulation. They manipulated the machine. It +was not attached to any person. It was not scientific. At the time we +created it in 1987, we were told that it was an appropriate +representation," by the government's National Institute on Drug Abuse. + +... She emphasized that the partnership has not conceded that the +brain-wave representation was inaccurate ... + +"It's a flat lie," said Grinspoon. "Marijuana has no clinically +significant effect on the electroencephalograph." ... + +Citing a Harvard Medical School study, he said, "Nobody has been able +to demonstrate one iota of brain damage from smoking marijuana." + + Social 'Studies' + +Last year President Bush declared that "drug abuse among American +workers costs businesses anywhere from $60 billion to $100 billion a +year in lost productivity, absenteeism, drug-related accidents, medical +claims and theft." + +Where did he get those number? + +Bush, and President Reagan before him, have based their comments about +drugs and productivity on a study conducted by the Research Triangle +Institute, a nonprofit research organization near Raleigh, N.C., +according to Henrick J. Harwood, who led the study and now is senior +policy analyst in the White House drug policy office. ... + +"It was an inexpensive study done with inadequate data," said Reid +Maness, senior manager of communications for Research Triangle +Institute. "Unfortunately, there hasn't been attempt since then to do +anything better. This still remains the most recent and best study of +its type. + +"When we see people being critical about it, we don't get too upset. +RTI would agree that the study does not have a lot of precision. We +never claimed that it did," Maness said. + +The study concluded: + + o People who had *ever* been heavy marijuana users cost the nation + $34.2 billion in diminished worker productivity in 1980. + + o Adding the costs of drug-related health problems, crime and + accidents -- figures that exist only in very rough estimates -- the + study concluded that all drug abuse, excluding alcohol, cost the + country $47 billion in 1980. + +How did the institute come up with its figures? + +Using statistics from a 1982 household survey by the National Institute +on Drug Abuse, the institute compared the average income for households +in which one person admitted to having every used marijuana daily to +the average for households in which no one admitted to having ever used +marijuana daily. + +Households with former heavy smokers of marijuana had an average income +27.9 percent lower than similar households in which marijuana had not +been used heavily, the institute said. + +The study concluded that, when the figures were extrapolated to the +general population, marijuana abuse caused an estimated loss in income +of $34.2 billion in 1980. In turn, the researchers equated the reduced +income with reduced productivity. ... + +"The study is worthless," said Dr. John P. Morgan, medical professor +and head of the pharmacology department at the City University of New +York Medical School. "It is obviously absurd. It has to do with the +fact that NIDA is functioning chiefly as a minister of propaganda in +the war on drugs." + +The study did not prove any relationship between marijuana use and +reduced household income. Despite its conclusion that "The +[productivity] loss due to marijuana abuse was estimated at $34.2 +billion for 1980," the study elsewhere notes that the reduced income +was not necessarily a result of marijuana use. + +Even if it were, income does not equal productivity. + +In an article in the University of Kansas Law Review, Morgan write that +if income were the same as productivity, then "a judge is less +productive than a practicing lawyer, a medical school professor is less +productive than a practicing physician, a farmer is less productive +than a florist and an elementary school teacher is less productive than +an owner of a daycare center." + +The study arrived at one particularly curious conclusion: + +People who were *currently* abusing any illegal drug cost the nation +nothing in diminished worker productivity + +A 34-year-old who told researchers in 1982 that he had smoked marijuana +every day during the summer of 1966 and had not touched an illegal drug +since would be classified as a worker whose productivity was +significantly diminished by drug use. + +But the classification for diminished productivity applied only when +someone *quit* smoking marijuana, not if someone continued to use +marijuana, cocaine or heroin. + +Harwood acknowledged this. + +"We looked at current drug users vs. others and found no significant +difference [in productivity] between current users and never-users," he +said. + + The study that wasn't. + +Shocking anti-drug statistics seem always to make headlines, regardless +of what they are based upon. + +In 1983, Dr. Sidney Cohen, a clinical professor of psychiatry at UCLA, +wrote in the Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter that drug users were +five times as likely to file workers' compensation claims and that they +received three times the average level of benefits for illness. + +His source was a study purportedly done by the Firestone Tire and +Rubber Co. Many other drug fighters, particularly people in favor of +widespread drug testing of employees, have quoted either the Firestone +study or the newsletter edited by Cohen, who has since died. + +In fact, there appears to have been no such study. + +"About three people have asked me for that study," said the Firestone +medical director, Dr. E. Gates Morgan. "I'm unaware of it. We had an +[employee assistance program] man with us, but left the company in 1983 +and died in 1987. I've looked all over for the stuff he wrote, but we +don't have any copies of it at all." ... + + A life of their own + +Other widely quoted studies have even larger margins of error -- but +you wouldn't know that by listening to the people who quote them. + +"Marijuana does not wear off in a couple of hours," said Rosanna +Creighton, president of the nonpartisan lobbying group "Citizens for a +Drug-free Oregon." + +"The pleasure high is gone, but the effect it has ... on motor skills, +eye-to-hand coordination, peripheral vision ... is not gone. A +Stanford University study showed that 24 hours after smoking marijuana, +the ability of airplane pilots was impaired." + +Creighton was referring to a 1985 study paid for by the National +Institute on Drug Abuse and the Veterans Administration Medical +Research Service. It has been used to show that even casual marijuana +use is dangerous -- despite many government studies that have concluded +the opposite. ... + +The study said that although the pilots were unaware they were +impaired, their marijuana-induced errors could easily lead to airplane +crashes. + +But a co-author of the study is not confident of those findings. + +"The results of the study were suggestive, non conclusive," said Dr. +Von Otto Leirer, an experimental psychologist. "We didn't have the +appropriate controls for the experiment. That was a real serious +problem." + +Leirer said a follow-up study, using the proper controls and methods, +was conducted. That study was published in December, but attracted +little notice. +... + +In the past 20 years, studies have shown marijuana to cause brain +damage, paranoia, early senility, heart malfunction and sexual +problems, Grinspoon said. In every case, he said, follow-up studies +failed to confirm that marijuana caused any of those problems. + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wod-lsd.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wod-lsd.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b43c1802 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wod-lsd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +Via NY Transfer News Collective * All the News that Doesn't Fit + +from Slingshot + + THE WAR ON DRUGS: LSD SENTENCES + SO HARSH THEY'RE CRAZY + +How come the Federal sentence for possession of $1500 of LSD is +10.1 to 13.9 years while the sentence for rape is only 5.8 to 7.2 +years and the sentence for stealing more than $80 million is only +4.2 to 5.2 years? What is going on here? + +Welcome to the wild world of federal sentencing guidelines and the +recent crackdown on LSD and "Deadheads." + +In 1986 Congress passed a law that imposed "Mandatory Minimum" +sentences for federal crimes. The law took away the traditional +discretion federal judges had in deciding how to sentence +convicted defendants and substituted the "US Sentencing Guidelines +Manual." + +The Manual, the size of a phone book, provides formulas to be used +in sentencing. For drug crimes, the formula is based on the +weight of the drugs involved. + +For purposes of "drug weight," the government decided to weigh the +"carrier" of LSD (blotter paper, sugar cube, etc.) rather than the +active drug itself. Since LSD itself hardly weighs anything, this +decision produced absurd results. + +If a person is charged with possession of 100 hits of pure LSD, +the sentence would be 10 months in prison. If the LSD is on +blotter paper, the same 100 hits results in 5 years in prison. +If, God forbid, the drug is on sugar cubes, the same 100 hits will +sentence the offender to 16 years in prison. Since this is a +"mandatory" sentence, the judge in the case has no power to +rationalize these widely differing sentences. + +In 1991, the US Supreme Court upheld this irrationality. +Currently, unless Congress specifically addresses the problem, it +is law. + +Since then, prosecutors have realized that they could put +relatively small time LSD dealers away for the better part of +their lives due to this irregularity in the law. In December, USA +Today reported that the government has used the law to target LSD +in general and "Deadheads" in particular. They write that "1500 +to 2000 Deadheads are [now] in prison, up from fewer than 100 four +years ago." The DEA has tripled spending, personnel and arrests +for LSD since 1990. + +According to the (so called) Justice Department, a third of those +sentenced to prison in 1991 were convicted of drug charges, +compared with only 7.5 percent in 1980. The proportion of the +total US population in prison has more than doubled during the 80s +from 139 per 100,000 in 1980 to 310 per 100,000 in 1991. In 1991, +823,414 people were in state or federal jails in the US, a record +number. The United States has a higher proportion of its +population in jail than any other country in the world. + + What can you do? + +Slingshot has been getting a stream of letters from prisoners +serving long LSD sentences urging us to cover this subject. They +are trying to organize a political campaign to get the law changed +for future people and to try to get their sentences reduced. They +suggest that people write to their Senators and Representatives +(Name, US Senate, Washington, DC 20510 or Name, House of Reps, +Washington, DC 20515) and in particular to Senator Joseph Biden +(of the Judiciary committee) and Representative Jack Brooks (House +Judiciary Comm). Biden introduced a Bill that would have +corrected the LSD weight problem but it was never voted on. Last +year, Congressman Don Edwards introduced a bill to abolish +Mandatory Minimums which also never made it to a vote. They +encourage letters explaining the LSD weight problem, demanding +that sentences be based on LSD weight only, and demanding that the +law be retroactive (that it reduce the sentences of those already +in prison). + +Another thing you can do is write to the US Sentencing Commission +which writes the Sentencing Guidelines Manual. They may be +considering changes to the way LSD is treated and letters could +have an influence. The address is: US Sentencing Commission, +Attn. Public Information, One Columbus Circle, Suite 2500, +Washington, DC 20002. + +For interesting information about this issue, write Families +Against Mandatory Minimums, 1001 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 200 +South, Washington, DC 20004. + + Typical Slingshot Rhetoric section + +Of course we need to do more than just change the way LSD +offenders are sentenced. And more is necessary than writing +letters to "elected" officials begging for tinkering with the +oppressive system. (We printed the above section at the request +of many imprisoned individuals who are suffering here and now and +for whom Rhetoric will be inadequate.) + +Consenting adults should be able to do whatever they want with +their bodies. Destroying people's with lives with prison because +they happen to select LSD as their drug of choice rather than +cigarettes or alcohol is insane. + +The War on Drugs as to "hippie" drugs has given the government a +huge excuse to crack down on people they hated because of their +ideas. These "mind expanding" drugs tend to make people question +work, authority and the system and therefore are seen as +particularly dangerous. + +As to "powder drugs" the War has given the government an excuse to +attack already oppressed communities in a two pronged attack. The +government imports heroin and cocaine to destroy minority +communities, and then turns around to arrest the low level +marketers at the street level. Police pressure causes competition +and battles for market share. New "Police powers" are "justified" +at every step. + +What do we need? The police by their very existence need to +"create" criminals. We can get rid of crime by getting rid of the +police. Organized and free people can protect and take care of +each other. + +How the prescribed prison sentence for a first time offender with +$ 1,500 worth of LSD compares with sentences1 for other federal +crimes: + +Crime Minimum Maximum + +LSD possession 10.1 13.9 +Attempted murder with harm 6.5 8.1 +Rape 5.8 7.2 +Armed robbery 4.7 5.9 +Kidnapping 4.2 5.2 +Theft of $ 80 million or more 4.2 5.2 + + +1 No parole is available on any sentence. Source: U.S. Sentencing +Guidelines Manual; Drug Enforcement Administration + + -30- + +Sidebar: + + "War on Drugs" prisoner list + +The following is a list of people serving prison terms for drug +offenses. Of course there are thousands more. Writing to a +prisoner is a very rewarding and educational experience. + +According to the (so called) Justice Department, a third (33%) of +those sentenced to prison in 1991 were convicted of drug charges, +compared with only 7.5 percent in 1980. The proportion of the US +population in prison has more than doubled during the 80s from 139 +per 100,000 in 1980 to 310 per 100,000 in 1991. + +When you write to one of these people, write their entire name and +any number given in the address. Where we have more than one name +at a particular prison, we have printed several names but the +prison address only once. You must select only one name for each +envelop. Note to prisoners: If you want to get on this list in +the future, please write us. + + +Robert Kitchin 911 A 3769 +BHCF, Cady Rd., Box 20 +Malone, NY 12953 + +Wayne Nelson 90 T 3677 2D +PO Box 2500 +Marcy, NY 13403 + +Chas Pugliese 90 T 4409 +Collins Correctional Facility +Hersmith, NY 14079 0220 + +Robert Umstead 89 B 2765 +CCF Main PO Box 2001 +Dannemoro, NY 12929 2001 + +Leslie Kelly 83760 011 +Aaron Lowdon 09540 036 +PO Box 905 J unit Genessee +Raybrook, NY 12999 0330 + +Fred McKee 03220 082 Ausable +Curtis Elwell 09563 036 MOH +PO Box 901 +Raybrook, NY 12977 + +Steve Benkoski 233 243 +Bob Branscome 227 812 +Michael Logar R151 058 +RCI Box 7010 +Chillicothie, OH 45601 + +Tim Clark 247 900 +CCI PO Box 5500 +Chillicothie, OH 45601 + +Gordon Selter 231 419 +PO Box 740 +London, OH 43140 +Matt Capelli 249 243 +PO Box 69 +London, OH 43140 + +Mike Gough 214 634 +Alan Yorko 216942 +MCI Box 57 K Block +Marion, OH 43302 + +Mike Hollowman 1942 +2500 Westgate +Pendleton, OR 97801 + +Brian Phillippe +13357 075 Unit 5 +PO Box 5002 +Sheridan, OR 97378 + +Dominick Serratore +99 Water St. +Wilkes Barre, PA 18702 + +Fred Anderson 02777052 +W Prem Atri 02468 089 +David Chevvette +24937 198, 3B + +Robert Lohr 01559087 2 A +PO Box 8000 +Baradford, PA 16701 + +Robert Levin 157831 +Rte. 1 PO Box 330 +Tiptonville, TN 38079 + +Michael King 229842 +ACSU/NSP Box 2300 +Newark, NJ 07114 + +John Davis 11133 050 +BMB 771 Box 7000 +Texarkana, TX 75501 + +Brian Dunn +Rte. 3 Box 5012 +Bennington, VT 05201 + +Chris Jones 181067 +SCC Box 3500 +Staunton, VA 24401 +Billy Stallings +Rte. 2 Box 1090 +Ridge, VA 24148 + +Robert Moody 184849 +BCC Rte. 2 Box 143 +Bland, VA 24315 + +Charles Mills 180783 C 2018 A +PO Box 488 +Burkeville, VA 23922 + +Joe M. Calafactor J86318 +SCU #21 +384 Eskimo Hill Rd. +Stafford, VA 22554 + +Jason Reed 182722 +C 3 115A Uni C +Greensville CC Rte. 1 Box 205 +Jarratt, VA 23867 9614 + +Craig Theriault 178056 +6900 Courthouse Rd. +Chesterfield, VA 23832 + +Janet Goodwin 16134 057 +Box Z C 2 +Alderson, WV 24910 + +Pat Hamlin 10399 068 +Terry McCabe 0946 036 +Box 1000 Gerard Unit +Morgantown, WV 26507 1000 + + -30- + +Slingshot +700 Eshleman Hall +Berkeley, CA 94702 + + ++ Join Us! Support The NY Transfer News Collective + ++ We deliver uncensored information to your mailbox! + ++ Data: 718-448-2358 FAX: 448-3423 e-mail: nyxfer!nyt@speedway.net + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wodborsr.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wodborsr.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2fbb31bd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wodborsr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1241 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + + + + Eric Postpischil + + 6 Hamlett Drive, Apt. 17, Nashua, NH 03062 + + edp@jareth.enet.dec.com + + + + 6 October 1990 + + + + Permission is granted to copy this article and to convert it as + needed for copying and/or transmission in other forms of media, + including radio, television, computer mail, and print. + + I would like to thank the numerous people who enter reports on + Usenet and the dozens who provided me with information. Without + their efforts, I would not have had the volume of information + that made this article possible. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ii + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Introduction + + How many rights do you have? You should check, because it might + not be as many today as it was a few years ago, or even a few + months ago. Some people are not concerned that police will + execute a search warrant without knocking or that they set up + roadblocks to stop and interrogate innocent citizens. They do + not regard these as great infringements on their rights. But + when you put current events together, there is information that + may be surprising to people who have not yet been concerned: The + amount of the Bill of Rights that is under attack is alarming. + + 15 December 1991 will be the two-hundredth anniversary of the + ratification of the Bill of Rights. How has it stood up over two + hundred years? Let's take a look at the Bill of Rights and see + which aspects are being pushed on or threatened. The point here + is not the degree of each attack or its rightness or wrongness, + but the sheer number of rights that are under attack. + + Amendment I + + Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re- + ligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg- + ing the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right + of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the + Government for a redress of grievances. + + Establishing religion: While campaigning for his first term, + George Bush said "I don't know that atheists should be consid- + ered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots."[1] + Bush has not retracted, commented on, or clarified this state- + ment, in spite of requests to do so. According to Bush, this + is one nation under God. And apparently if you are not within + Bush's religious beliefs, you are not a citizen. Federal, state, + and local governments promote a particular religion (or, occa- + sionally, religions) by spending public money on religious dis- + plays. Governments also establish religion via blue laws, which + ___________________ + + [1] "Bush on Atheism," Free Inquiry 8, no. 4 (Fall 1988): 16. + + 1 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + set Sunday as a special day on which business is prohibited or + limited. + + Free exercise of religion: Robert Newmeyer and Glenn Braunstein + were jailed in 1988 for refusing to stand in respect for a + judge.[2] Braunstein says the tradition of rising in court + started decades ago when judges entered carrying Bibles. Since + judges no longer carry Bibles, Braunstein says there is no + reason to stand - and his Bible tells him to honor no other + God. For this religious practice, Newmeyer and Braunstein were + jailed and are now suing. + + Free exercise of religion: On 17 April 1990, the Supreme Court + ruled that Native Americans do not have a Constitutional right + to use peyote during their religious ceremonies. Peyote is a + mild hallucinogen derived from cactus plants. It is also, to + members of the Native American Church, an essential sacrament, + the physical embodiment of the Great Spirit. During the Prohibi- + tion, the Federal government permitted the Roman Catholic Church + to use sacramental wine at masses, but Native Americans are not + receiving equal treatment now. In the majority opinion, Justice + Antonin Scalia admitted the decision would place minority reli- + gious practices at a disadvantage. The Supreme Court decision + is so generally opposed that three weeks after the decision, + a petition for rehearing was filed jointly by American Jewish + Congress, Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, National + Council of Churches, National Association of Evangelicals, Peo- + ple for the American Way, Presbyterian Church USA, American + Civil Liberties Union, Christian Legal Society, American Jewish + Committee, Unitarian-Universalist Association, General Confer- + ence of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Worldwide Church of + + + + + ___________________ + [2] Steve Green, "Courtroom Respect Case Goes to Trial," United + + Press International (UPI), circa 9 August 1990. + + 2 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + God, Missouri Synod of Lutheran Church, and Americans United for + Separation of Church and State.[3][,][4] + + Free speech: Technology has given the government an excuse to + interfere with free speech. Claiming that radio frequencies are + a limited resource, the government tells broadcasters what to + say (such as news and public and local service programming) and + what not to say. This includes prohibitions on obscenity, as + defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC + is investigating Boston PBS station WGBH-TV for broadcasting + photographs from the Mapplethorpe exhibit. Also, a broadcaster + that supported legalization of drugs would be in danger of + violating FCC rules. + + Free speech: There are also laws to limit political statements + and contributions to political activities. In 1985, the Michi- + gan Chamber of Commerce wanted to take out an advertisement + supporting a candidate in the state house of representatives. + But a 1976 Michigan law prohibits a corporation from using its + general treasury funds to make independent expenditures in a + political campaign. In March 1990, the Supreme Court upheld that + law. According to dissenting Justice Anthony Kennedy, it is now + a felony in Michigan for the Sierra Club, the American Civil + Liberties Union, or the Chamber of Commerce to advise the pub- + lic how a candidate voted on issues of urgent concern to their + members.[5] + + + + + ___________________ + [3] Rob Boston, "The Day 'Sherbert' Melted," Church and State 43, + + no. 6 (June 1990): 4-6. + [4] Steve Moore, "Supreme Court Deals Devastating Blow to Native Amer- + + ican Church," Native American Rights Fund Legal Review (Spring 1990). + [5] Michael Gartner, "If Corporations Are Silenced in Political + Debate, Who's Next?", Wall Street Journal, 5 April 1990, sec. + + A, 19. + + 3 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Free press: In an apparently unprecedented order, New York + Supreme Court Justice Michael J. Dontzin issued an order for + prior restraint against the publication of a book by a former + member of Mossad, an Israeli intelligence service. Further, + Dontzin issued this order with only scant information about the + alleged menace represented by the book. The justice made the + ruling based upon lawyers' descriptions of material in a sealed + affidavit in Ontario, Canada - material the justice had not + seen.[6] + + Free press: The equipment Craig Neidorf used to publish Phrack, + a worldwide electronic magazine about phones and hacking, was + confiscated after Neidorf published a three-page document copied + from a Bell South computer and entitled "A Bell South Standard + Practice (BSP) 660-225-104SV Control Office Administration of + Enhanced 911 Services for Special Services and Major Account + Centers, March, 1988."[7] All of the information in this doc- + ument was publicly available in other documents and could be + ordered by calling a toll-free 800 number.[8] The government has + not alleged that Neidorf was involved with or participated in + the copying of the document, only that he published it.[9] The + person who copied this document from telephone company comput- + ers also placed a copy on a bulletin board run by Rich Andrews. + Andrews notified AT&T officials and cooperated with author- + ities fully. In return, the Secret Service (SS) confiscated + Andrews' computer along with all the mail and data that were on + it. Andrews was not charged with any crime.[10] + + ___________________ + [6] Roger Cohen, "Judge Halts Publication of Book by Ex-Israeli + Intelligence Agent," New York Times, 13 September 1990, sec. + + A, 1, and sec. C, 24. + [7] John Perry Barlow, "Crime and Puzzlement," Whole Earth Review + + 68 (Fall 1990): 44-57. + [8] Jef Poskanzer of Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), computer + mail to author, 17 September 1990. EFF provided litigation sup- + + port to Neidorf. + + [9] "Legal Case Summary," Electronic Frontier Foundation, 10 July 1990. + + [10] Barlow. + + 4 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Free press: On 1 March 1990 the SS ransacked the offices of + Steve Jackson Games (SJG); irreparably damaged property; and + confiscated three computers, two laser printers, several hard + disks, and many boxes of paper and floppy disks. The target of + the SS operation was to seize all copies of a game of fiction + called GURPS Cyberpunk. The Cyberpunk game contains fictitious + break-ins in a futuristic world, with no technical information + of actual use with real computers, nor is it played on com- + puters. The SS never filed any charges against SJG but still + refused to return confiscated property.[11] + + Peaceable assembly: The right to assemble peaceably is no longer + free - you have to get a permit. Even that is not enough; some + officials have to be sued before they realize their reasons for + denying a permit are not Constitutional. + + Peaceable assembly: In Alexandria, Virginia, there is a law + that prohibits people from loitering for more than seven minutes + and exchanging small objects. Punishment is two years in jail. + Consider the scene in jail: "What'd you do?" "I was waiting at a + bus stop and gave a guy a cigarette." This is not an impossible + occurrence: In Pittsburgh, Eugene Tyler, 15, has been ordered + away from bus stops by police officers.[12] Sherman Jones, also + 15, was accosted with a police officer's hands around his neck + after putting the last bit of pizza crust into his mouth. The + police suspected him of hiding drugs.[13] + + Petition for redress of grievances: Rounding out the attacks + on the first amendment, there is a sword hanging over the right + to petition for redress of grievances. House Resolution 4079, + the National Drug and Crime Emergency Act, tries to modify the + right to habeas corpus. It sets time limits on the right of + people in custody to petition for redress and also limits the + + ___________________ + + [11] Ibid. + [12] Dan Donovan and Ellen Perlmutter, "Teens Say Drug Tactics + + Hassle the Innocent," Pittsburgh Press, 10 July 1990. + + [13] Ibid. + + 5 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + courts in which such an appeal may be heard.[14] And on 5 March + 1990, the Supreme Court limited the ability of state prison + inmates to obtain Federal court review of their convictions and + sentences. By ruling that prisoners cannot make appeals based + on favorable court rulings issued in other cases since their + own convictions, the Supreme Court permitted states to execute + people even though their death sentences would not be permitted + today in light of subsequent rulings.[15] If a state imposed + a death sentence in "good faith," but it turns out the state + was mistaken, the Supreme Court has given the okay to refusing + to hear the prisoner's petition for redress of grievances. The + defendant will be killed even though the state made a mistake. + + Amendment II + + A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of + a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, + shall not be infringed. + + Right to bear arms: This amendment is so commonly challenged + that the movement has its own name: gun control. Legislation + banning various types of weapons is supported with the claim + that the weapons are not for "legitimate" sporting purposes. + This is a perversion of the right to bear arms for two reasons. + First, the basis of freedom is not that permission to do le- + gitimate things is granted to the people, but rather that the + government is empowered to do a limited number of legitimate + things - everything else people are free to do; they do not + need to justify their choices. Second, the purpose of the sec- + ond amendment is not to provide arms for sporting purposes. The + right to bear arms is the last line of defense of our rights. + In case there is an emergency, in case the people running the + + ___________________ + [14] House of Representatives, House Resolution 4079, 101st + + Congress, 2d session, 1990, 37-43 + [15] Linda Greenhouse, "Justices Limit Path to US Courts for State Pris- + oners on Death Row," New York Times, 6 March 1990, sec. A, 1 and + + 20. + + 6 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + government get out of control, guns in the hands of the people - + all the people - are the last chance to defend our freedom. + + Some people contend the second amendment forbids Congress to + prohibit the maintenance of a state militia. If so, this amend- + ment is threatened by an incident described below, at the tenth + amendment, in which the Federal government took control of the + state militias. + + Firearms regulations also empower local officials, such as po- + lice chiefs, to grant or deny permits. This gives local offi- + cials power to grant permits only to friends of people in the + right places or to deny permits on sexist or racist bases - + such as denying women the right to carry a weapon needed for + self-defense. + + Amendment III + + No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, + without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in + a manner to be prescribed by law. + + Quartering soldiers: This amendment is fairly clean so far, but + it is not entirely safe. In July and August of 1990, 200 troops + in camouflage dress with M-16s and helicopters swept through + King Range National Conservation Area in Humboldt County, Cal- + ifornia, in a militarized attack involving the California Na- + tional Guard, the Army, and seven other federal agencies.[16] + In the process of searching for marijuana plants, soldiers as- + saulted people with M-16s, trespassed on private land, and de- + stroyed private property, including a fire-protection spring box + and watering system the day before a major fire (they thought it + + + + ___________________ + [16] Eric Brazil, "Troops Raid Humboldt Pot Farms," San Francisco + + Examiner, 31 July 1990, sec. A, 1 and 16. + + 7 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + might be used to irrigate marijuana plants).[17][,][18][,][19] + This is not a direct hit on the third amendment, but the disre- + gard for private property is threateningly close. + + Amendment IV + + The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall + issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirma- + tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, + and the persons or things to be seized. + + Right to be secure in persons, houses, papers, and effects + against unreasonable searches and seizures: The RICO law is + making a mockery of the right to be secure from seizure. Entire + stores of books or videotapes have been confiscated based upon + the presence of some sexually explicit items. Bars, restaurants, + or houses are taken from the owners because employees or tenants + sold drugs. In Volusia County, Florida, Sheriff Robert Vogel + and his officers stop automobiles for contrived violations. If + large amounts of cash are found, the police confiscate it on the + presumption that it is drug money - even if there are no drugs + or other evidence of a crime and no charges are filed against + the car's occupants.[20][,][21] The victims can get their money + back only if they prove the money was obtained legally. One + couple got their money back by proving it was an insurance + + ___________________ + [17] Rick DelVecchio, "US Marijuana Busters Find 'Good Quantities'," + + San Francisco Chronicle, 1 August 1990, sec. A, 1f. + [18] DelVecchio, "Humboldt Man Talks About Close Encounters," San Fran- + + cisco Chronicle, 2 August 1990, sec. A, 2. + [19] Ronald M. Sinoway, "Nationwide Class-Action Lawsuit Filed Against + Operation Green Sweep," Civil Liberties Monitoring Project, 9 Au- + + gust 1990. + [20] Jacob Sullum, "Little Big Brothers," Trends, Reason 21, no. + + 10 (March 1990): 14. + + [21] 20/20, American Broadcasting Companies, January 1990. + + 8 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + settlement. Two other men who tried to get their two thousand + dollars back were denied by the Florida courts. + + Right to be secure in persons, houses, papers, and effects + against unreasonable searches and seizures: A new law goes into + effect in Oklahoma on 1 January 1991. All property, real and + personal, is taxable, and citizens are required to list all + their personal property for tax assessors, including household + furniture, gold and silver plate, musical instruments, watches, + jewelry, and personal, private, or professional libraries. If a + citizen refuses to list their property or is suspected of not + listing something, the law directs the assessor to visit and + enter the premises, getting a search warrant if necessary.[22] + Being required to tell the state everything you own is not being + secure in one's home and effects. + + No warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported + by oath or affirmation: As a supporting oath or affirmation, + reports of anonymous informants are accepted. This practice has + been condoned by the Supreme Court. + + Particularly describing the place to be searched and persons + or things to be seized: Today's warrants do not particularly + describe the things to be seized - they list things that might + be present. For example, if police are making a drug raid, they + will list weapons as things to be searched for and seized. + This is done not because the police know of any weapons and + can particularly describe them, but because they allege people + with drugs often have weapons. + + The two items immediately above both apply to the warrant the + Hudson, New Hampshire, police used when they broke down Bruce + Lavoie's door at 5 a.m. with guns drawn and shot and killed him. + The warrant claimed information from an anonymous informant, + and it said, among other things, that any guns found were to be + + ___________________ + [22] Don Bell, "Supreme Court Dictatorship in America," The CDL Re- + port 129 (June 1990), quoting the text of the bill as printed + + in The Christian World Report, 16 May 1989. + + 9 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + seized.[23] Although Bruce Lavoie had no guns and there was no + reason to suspect he did, the mention of guns in the warrant was + used as reason to enter with guns drawn. Bruce Lavoie was not + secure from unreasonable search and seizure. + + Other infringements on the fourth amendment include roadblocks + and the Boston Police detention and deliberate harassment of + known gang members.[24] Gang membership is known by such things + as skin color and clothing color. And in Pittsburgh again, Eu- + gene Tyler was once searched because he was wearing sweat pants + and a plaid shirt - police told him they heard many drug dealers + at that time were wearing sweat pants and plaid shirts.[25] + + Amendment V + + No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise + infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of + a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval + forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time + of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject + to the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or + limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a + witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, + or property, without due process of law; nor shall private + property be taken for public use without just compensation. + + Indictment of a grand jury: Kevin Bjornson has been proprietor + of Hydro-Tech for nearly a decade and is a leading author- + ity on hydroponic technology and cultivation. On 26 October + 1989, both locations of Hydro-Tech were raided by the Drug + Enforcement Administration. National Drug Control Policy Di- + rector William Bennett has declared that some indoor lighting + + ___________________ + [23] Hudson Police Shooting, Investigation report case I-89-220, + + Concord: New Hampshire State Police, 13 August 1989, 243. + [24] Jerry Thomas, "Police Sweep of Gangs Deemed a Success," Boston + + Globe, 21 May 1989, 40. + + [25] Donovan and Perlmutter. + + 10 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + and hydroponic equipment is purchased by marijuana growers, + so retailers and wholesalers of such equipment are drug prof- + iteers and co-conspirators. Bjornson was not charged with any + crime, nor subpoenaed, issued a warrant, or arrested. No illegal + substances were found on his premises. Federal officials were + unable to convince grand juries to indict Bjornson. By February, + they had called scores of witnesses and recalled many two or + three times, but none of the grand juries they convened decided + there was reason to criminally prosecute Bjornson. In spite of + that, as of March 1990, his bank accounts were still frozen and + none of the inventories or records had been returned.[26] Grand + juries refused to indict Bjornson, but the government is still + penalizing him. + + Twice put in jeopardy of life or limb: Raymond Buckey was put + on trial a second time for child molesting in the McMartin + Preschool case, after a first trial lasting three years ac- + quitted him of 40 charges but deadlocked on 13 other counts.[27] + Anthony Barnaby was tried for the same murder three times before + New Hampshire released him,[28] even though there was virtually + no physical evidence linking him to the scene of the crime.[29] + These were mistrials rather than not-guilty verdicts, but they + were not mistrials caused by accident (such as a juror falling + ill) or incorrect procedure (such as misconduct by a prosecu- + tor). The facts here are that the prosecutors did not convince + the juries that the defendants were guilty, yet the defendants + were tried over and over again, sapping them in finances and + in years from their lives. The trying and retrying of a person + + ___________________ + [26] Amy Swanson, "Libertarian Activist in Northwest Victim of + Bennett's Drug War," Libertarian Party News 5, no. 3 (March + + 1990). + [27] "2d Trial Opens in Preschool Molestation Case," New York + + Times, 8 May 1990, sec. A, 13. + [28] Pendleton Beach, "Barnaby 'Ecstatic' at Release," Nashua Telegraph, + + 11 July 1990, 1. + [29] Carolyn Magnuson, "Caplin Shadows Barnaby Trial," Nashua Telegraph, + + 8 October 1989, sec. A, 1 and 4. + + 11 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + becomes an abuse that threatens the right to continue with one's + life after having withstood the jeopardy to life or limb. + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: Oliver North was + forced to testify against himself. Congress granted him immunity + from having anything he said to them being used as evidence + against him, and then they required him to talk. After he did + so, what he said was used to develop other evidence which was + used against him.[30] + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: In the New York + Central Park assault case, three people were found guilty of + assault. But there was no physical evidence linking them to + the crime; hair, clothing, and semen did not match any of the + defendants.[31][,][32] The only evidence the state had was + confessions. To obtain these confessions, the police questioned + 15-year-old Yusef Salaam without a parent present - which is + illegal under New York state law.[33] Police also refused to let + the subject's Big Brother, an assistant United States attorney, + see him during questioning. Police screamed "You better tell us + what we want to hear and cooperate or you are going to jail," + at 14-year-old Antron McCray, according to Bobby McCray, his + father.[34] Antron McCray "confessed" after his father told + him to, because the police said they would release him if he + confessed.[35] These people were coerced into bearing witness + + ___________________ + [30] "Say Goodnight, Mr. Walsh," Review & Outlook, Wall Street + + Journal, 10 September 1990, sec. A, 14. + [31] Ronald Sullivan, "Scientific Link is Still Missing in Jogger + + Trial," New York Times, 20 July 1990, sec. B, 1 and 5. + [32] Sullivan, "Defense Asks, Was Jogger Really Raped?", New York Times, + + 8 August 1990, sec. B, 1 and 3. + [33] Sullivan, "Police Ignored Warnings on Age of Jogger Suspect, Wit- + + nesses Say," New York Times, 31 July 1990, sec. B, 3. + [34] Peg Byron, "Father Says He Told Son to Lie After Police Lied to + + Him," UPI, circa 30 July 1990. + [35] Sullivan, "Youth's Father Says He Urged Park-Rape Lie," New York + + Times, 28 July 1990, 23 and 26. + + 12 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + against themselves, and those confessions were used to convict + them. + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: Your answers to Cen- + sus questions are required by law, with a $100 penalty for each + question not answered. But people have been evicted for giv- + ing honest Census answers. According to the General Accounting + Office, one of the most frequent ways city governments use cen- + sus information is to detect illegal two-family dwellings. This + has happened in Montgomery County, Maryland; Pullman, Washing- + ton; and Long Island, New York. In this and other ways, Census + answers are used against the answerers.[36] + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: The government is + requiring drug tests from more and more people, even when there + is no probable cause, no accident, and no suspicion of drug + use. Requiring people to take drug tests compels them to provide + evidence against themselves. + + Deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process + of law: This clause is violated on each of the items life, + liberty, and property. Incidents including such violations + are described elsewhere in this article. Here are two more: + On 26 March 1987, in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, Jeffrey Miles + was killed by police officer John Rucker, who was looking for a + suspected drug dealer. Rucker had been sent to the wrong house; + Miles was not wanted by police.[37] He received no due process. + In Detroit, $4,834 was seized from a grocery store after dogs + detected traces of cocaine on three one-dollar bills in a cash + register.[38] + + + ___________________ + [36] James Bovard, "Honesty May Not Be Your Best Census Policy," + + Wall Street Journal, 8 August 1989, sec. A, 10. + [37] John Dentinger, "Narc, Narc," Playboy 37, no. 4 (April 1990): + + 49-50. + + [38] Sullum. + + 13 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Private property taken for public use without just compensation: + RICO is shredding this aspect of the Bill of Rights. The money + confiscated by Sheriff Vogel goes directly into Vogel's budget. + Federal and local governments seize and auction cars and boats. + Vehicles are seized even if the owners are not present or re- + sponsible for the presence of drugs (as in the case of chartered + vehicles). One car was seized because an inspector believed the + smell of marijuana was in it.[39] Under RICO, the government is + seizing property without due process. The victims are required + to prove not only that they are not guilty of a crime, but that + they are entitled to their property. Otherwise, the government + auctions off the property and keeps the proceeds. + + Amendment VI + + In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the + right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of + the State and district wherein the crime shall have been com- + mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained + by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the ac- + cusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to + have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, + and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. + + The right to a speedy and public trial: Surprisingly, the right + to a public trial is under attack. When Marion Barry was being + tried, the prosecution attempted to bar Louis Farrakhan and + George Stallings from the gallery. This request was based on + an allegation that they would send silent and "impermissible + messages" to the jurors.[40] The judge initially granted this + + + ___________________ + [39] Jon Nordheimer, "Tighter Federal Drug Dragnet Yields Cars, + Boats and Protests," New York Times, 22 May 1988, sec. A, 1 + + and 16. + [40] Sandra Sardella, "ACLU Says Farrakhan, Stallings Can Attend + + Barry Trial," UPI, circa 5 July 1990. + + 14 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + request.[41] One might argue that the whole point of a public + trial is to send a message to all the participants: The message + is that the public is watching; the trial had better be fair. + + By an impartial jury: The government does not even honor the + right to trial by an impartial jury. US District Judge Edward + Rafeedie is investigating improper influence on jurors by US + marshals in the Enrique Camarena case. US marshals apparently + illegally communicated with jurors during deliberations.[42] + + Of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been + committed: Manuel Noriega is being tried so far away from the + place where he is alleged to have committed crimes that the + United States had to invade another country and overturn a + government to get him. Nor is this a unique occurrence; in a + matter separate from the jury tampering, Judge Rafeedie had + to dismiss charges against Mexican gynecologist Dr. Humberto + Alvarez Machain on the grounds that the doctor was illegally + abducted from his Guadalajara office in April 1990 and turned + over to US authorities.[43] + + To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation: Steve + Jackson Games, nearly put out of business by the raid described + previously, has been stonewalled by the SS. "For the past month + or so these guys have been insisting the book wasn't the target + of the raid, but they don't say what the target was, or why + they were critical of the book, or why they won't give it back," + Steve Jackson says. "They have repeatedly denied we're targets + but don't explain why we've been made victims."[44] Attorneys + for SJG tried to find out the basis for the search warrant that + ___________________ + [41] B. Drummond Ayres, Jr., "Witness in Barry Trial Now Denies Exceed- + + ing Agents' Instructions," New York Times, 4 July 1990, 10. + [42] Carol Baker, "Camarena Judge Vows to Get to 'Bottom' of Mis- + + trial Motion," UPI, circa 9 August 1990. + [43] "US Appeals Order to Return Suspect to Mexico," New York + + Times, 18 August 1990, 9. + [44] "CyberPunk Could Prove End of Steve Jackson Games," UPI, 10 + + May 1990. + + 15 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + led to the raid on SJG. But the application for that warrant was + sealed by order of the court and remained sealed at last report, + in July 1990.[45] Not only has the SS taken property and nearly + destroyed a publisher, it will not even explain the nature and + cause of the accusations that led to the raid. + + To be confronted with the witnesses against him: The courts + are beginning to play fast and loose with the right to confront + witnesses. Testimony via videotape or one-way television is + being used for former Presidents and children. Such procedures + reduce the information a jury receives. First, the lack of the + physical presence of the witness makes it more difficult for + the jury to judge the witness' veracity and get an accurate + impression of what the witness is saying. Second, the cumbersome + procedures involved reduce the ability for either prosecution or + defense to cross-examine the witness - a step which is essential + to bringing out the truth in difficult situations. + + To have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses: When John M. + Poindexter subpoenaed Ronald Reagan as a witness in Poindexter's + trial, Reagan fought the subpoena.[46] The White House and the + Justice Department also opposed providing documents in response + to subpoenas of Oliver North.[47] Without the disputed papers, + Federal District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell had to dismiss the + main criminal charges against North.[48] The government said the + documents were being withheld for reasons of national security. + Some of the documents had already been made public by release to + + + + ___________________ + + [45] "Legal Case Summary," Electronic Frontier Foundation, 10 July 1990. + [46] "Reagan Fighting a Subpoena," New York Times, 3 January 1990, + + sec. A, 16. + [47] Philip Shenon, "North Subpoenas Face Fight by White House," New + + York Times, 1 January 1989, 12. + [48] Michael Wines, "Key North Counts Dismissed by Court," New York Times, + + 14 January 1989, 1. + + 16 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + a private institute in another court case. The prosecution knew + this but still told the court the documents were secret.[49] + + To have the assistance of counsel: Connecticut Judge Joseph + Sylvester is refusing to assign public defenders to people + accused of drug-related crimes, including drunk driving.[50] + + To have the assistance of counsel: RICO is also affecting the + right to have the assistance of counsel. The government confis- + cates the money of an accused person, which leaves them unable + to hire attorneys. The IRS has served summonses nationwide to + defense attorneys around the country, demanding the names of + clients who paid cash for fees exceeding $10,000.[51] + + Amendment VII + + In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall + exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be + preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise + reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according + to the rules of common law. + + Right of trial by jury in suits at common law: There are several + ways this right can be taken from somebody. If a person is + not careful about knowing when to ask for a jury trial, the + government might refuse to grant the right. Under the Federal + Rules of Civil Procedure, failure to demand a trial by jury in + + + + + ___________________ + [49] David Johnston, "Trial of North Stalled Again; Defense Moves for + + Dismissal," New York Times, 1 March 1989, sec. A, 1 and 20. + [50] "Drug Suspects Barred From Public Defenders," New York Times, + + 12 July 1990, national edition, sec. B, 3. + [51] "IRS Issues Summonses to Defense Lawyers," New York Times, 7 + + March 1990, sec. A, 17. + + 17 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + time constitutes a waiver of the right.[52] The rules courts + are using allow judges to direct a jury to return a particular + verdict. Or a judge can decide a verdict is wrong according + to the evidence, set aside the jury's verdict, and order a new + trial.[53] In Slocum v. New York Life Insurance Company, the + Supreme Court decided that in a case where the judge allowed the + jury to deliberate, the matter could not be changed by directing + the verdict, because of the seventh amendment, but it was okay + to declare a mistrial and order a new trial in which the judge + could direct the jury verdict.[54] This sidesteps the seventh + amendment and removes the power to decide justice and facts from + the people of a jury. + + Amendment VIII + + Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines + imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + + Excessive bail and fines: Tallahatchie County in Mississippi + charges ten dollars a day to each person who spends time in the + jail, regardless of the length of stay or the outcome of their + trial. This means innocent people are forced to pay. Marvin + Willis was stuck in jail for 90 days trying to raise $2,500 bail + on an assault charge. But after he made that bail, he was kept + imprisoned because he could not pay the $900 rent Tallahatchie + demanded. Nine former inmates are suing the county for this + practice.[55] + + ___________________ + [52] Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service, The Con- + stitution of the United States of America: Analysis and + Interpretation, edited by Johnny H. Killian and Leland E. + Beck, 99th Congress, 1st session, 1987, Senate document 99-16, + + 1376. + + [53] Ibid, 1382. + + [54] Ibid. + [55] "Ex-inmates Take Issue with Jail Cell Fees," Insight (16 April + + 1990): 55. + + 18 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Cruel and unusual punishments: House Resolution 4079 threatens + this right too: "... a Federal court shall not hold prison + or jail crowding unconstitutional under the eighth amendment + except to the extent that an individual plaintiff inmate proves + that the crowding causes the infliction of cruel and unusual + punishment of that inmate."[56] + + Cruel and unusual punishments: A life sentence for selling a + quarter of a gram of cocaine for $20 - that is what Ricky Isom + was sentenced to in February 1990 in Cobb County, Georgia. + It was Isom's second conviction in two years, and state law + imposes a mandatory sentence. Even the judge pronouncing the + sentence thinks it is cruel; Judge Tom Cauthorn expressed grave + reservations before sentencing Isom and Douglas Rucks (convicted + of selling 3.5 grams of cocaine in a separate but similar case). + Judge Cauthorn called the sentences "Draconian."[57] + + Amendment IX + + The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall + not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the + people. + + Other rights retained by the people: Other rights retained by + the people include the right of a citizen to work in or for a + political party and the right to marital privacy.[58] Those are + some of the rights the authors of the Constitution were trying + to protect by telling us in this amendment that the other parts + of the Constitution were not to be interpreted as a complete + list, that people have fundamental rights other than those + explicitly listed, and those rights should not be infringed. + But still the government tries. The Hatch Act limits political + activities of people who are employed by the government. Various + + ___________________ + + [56] House Resolution 4079, 8-9. + [57] Mark Curriden, "Man Gets Life for $20 Sale of Cocaine," At- + + lanta Journal, 22 February 1990. + + [58] Constitution: Analysis and Interpretation, 1412-1413. + + 19 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + states attempt to regulate marital relations. Another right + considered fundamental is the right to travel, including travel + abroad across borders in either direction and travel within + the country.[59] Yet the Federal government limits travel to + Cuba and other countries, and states establish roadblocks to + question and examine citizens. And aspects of our private lives + are increasingly regulated. At home, recreation, and work, laws + and regulations dictate what the government thinks is good for + us. + + Amendment X + + The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- + tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to + the States respectively, or to the people. + + Powers reserved to the states or the people: Until 1937, this + amendment was used to keep Congress within limits in such things + as regulation of commerce, enforcement of the fourteenth amend- + ment, and laying and collecting taxes.[60] Today, this protec- + tion has eroded. The Federal government exercises much power + through purse strings, by taking money from the people and cor- + porations within the states and refusing to return it unless + states conform to Federal rules. By controlling money, the Fed- + eral government coerces obedience from the states in setting + speed limits, defining crimes, and setting criminal sentences + and penalties. In 1984, Reagan signed a law ordering millions + of dollars withheld from states not raising their drinking age + to 21.[61] South Dakota objected to this and sued, with sup- + port from eight other states.[62] On 23 June 1987, the Supreme + + ___________________ + [59] Milton R. Konvitz, Bill of Rights Reader: Leading Constitutional + + Cases, 5th ed. (New York: Cornell University Press, 1973): 518. + + [60] Constitution: Analysis and Interpretation, 1418. + [61] Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan Signs Law Linking Federal Aid to Drink- + + ing Age," New York Times, 18 July 1984, sec. A, 15. + [62] Dick Pawelek, "Resolve Two Federal-State Conflicts," Scholastic + + Update 119, no. 10 (26 January 1987): 21-22. + + 20 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Court ruled against the states.[63] On the same day, the Supreme + Court overturned an 1861 decision prohibiting Federal courts + from ordering states to extradite criminal suspects to other + states.[64] That power of a state to refuse extradition saved + a free black person from being extradited in 1861 from Ohio + to Kentucky to face trial for the crime of helping a slave to + escape, but the power is now gone. + + Powers reserved to the states or the people: Article I, section + eight of the Constitution reserves to the states the authority + of training the militia. In 1986, Minnesota and eleven other + states refused permission for their National Guard units to be + sent to Honduras for training missions. A Federal judge denied + the states this authority.[65] + + Summary + + Out of ten amendments, all are under attack. All of the indi- + vidual parts of each amendment are threatened. Many of them are + under multiple attacks of different natures. If this much of the + Bill of Rights is threatened, how can you be sure your rights + are safe? A right has to be there when you need it. Like insur- + ance, you cannot afford to wait until you need it and then set + about procuring it or ensuring it is available. Assurance must + be made in advance. + + The bottom line here is that your rights are not safe. You do + not know when one of your rights will be violated. A number + of rights protect accused persons, and you may think it is not + important to protect the rights of criminals. But if a right + is not there for people accused of crimes, it will not be there + when you need it. With the Bill of Rights in the sad condition + + ___________________ + [63] Stuart Taylor, Jr., "Justices Back Use of Aid to Get States to Raise + + Drinking Age," New York Times, 24 June 1987, sec. A, 20. + + [64] Ibid. + [65] "States Lose Suit on the Guard's Latin Missions," New York + + Times, 5 August 1987, sec. A, 10. + + 21 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + described above, nobody can be confident they will be able + to exercise the rights to which they are justly entitled. To + preserve our rights for ourselves in the future, we must defend + them for everybody today. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 22 + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wodc0001.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wodc0001.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..019b6537 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wodc0001.txt @@ -0,0 +1,579 @@ +San Jose Mercury News +Sunday, August 29, 1993 + +Front Page + + +LAW FILLS COPS' COFFERS BUT INVITES ABUSES + +By GARY WEBB +Mercury News Sacramento Bureau + +After Kay Van Sant's 30-year-old son was arrested on drug trafficking charges +last spring, the Bakersfield police marched into her bank and drained her +checking account of $3,912. Van Sant, a self-employed bookkeeper who hasn't +lived with her son in 10 years, has never been accused of a crime. And she +hasn't gotten her money back. + +Miluska Portilla and Percy Ormeno, T-shirt vendors who live in Daly City, lost +$1,045 when San Francisco police raided their house looking for drugs. No +drugs were found. No arrests were made. The only thing police officers found +was a piece of paper that they said was a record of narcotics sales -- a +document the prosecutor who took their cash admitted he'd never seen. + +Roberto De La Torres' pickup was seized in March after his cousin was arrested +in it with a pound of marijuana. De La Torres, who speaks no English, wanted +to explain that he'd loaned the truck to his cousin before leaving on a +Mexican vacation. He never got the chance. Announcing that ``the court doesn't +speak Spanish,'' a Kern County judge awarded De La Torres' pickup to the +police, ignoring his pleas for an interpreter. + +These tales and dozens like them are the untold story of California's asset +forfeiture law, a 5-year-old experiment designed to combat the overlords of +the state's multibillion-dollar illegal drug industry. The state's top law +enforcement officers call the experiment -- which they estimate has resulted +in at least $1 billion in seizures -- an unqualified success, and are pushing +to make it permanent. + +But a three-month Mercury News investigation found a very different world -- +one of widespread abuses, where suspicion and hearsay can cost you your car, +your cash, your house, the pictures on your wall and the clothes in your +closet; where the police seize property first and ask questions later; where +you're guilty unless you prove otherwise -- and if you can't afford a lawyer, +too bad. + +It is a world where, if you're poor or ignorant, you stand almost no chance of +winning -- even if you happen to be innocent. + +Police and prosecutors ``have gone crazy with this law,'' said attorney Robin +Walters, who ran the Kern County district attorney's asset forfeiture unit for +two years. ``They're rabid. They'll take anything, whether it has anything to +do with drugs or not, because they know most people will never be able to get +it back.'' + +No one knows how widespread the problem is, because there is no statewide +oversight and no real accountability. But cases of abuse are on file in almost +every courthouse in the state. + +Law enforcement spokesmen deny the law has spawned a statewide bounty hunting +system. Such ``alleged horror stories,'' they say, are just propaganda. + +``To date, out of all the scores and scores and scores of asset seizures under +California law, there's not been a problem with one single case. Not one,'' +said Mike Carrington, a spokesman for Gov. Pete Wilson's Office of Criminal +Justice Planning, which gets 10 percent of all forfeitures made in the state. +``There has never, ever been a problem. That's how the record stands.'' + +Others who have been more directly involved disagree. + +``These seizures have been legal street robberies,'' said former Los Angeles +narcotics detective Robert R. Sobel, who ran one of Los Angeles County's most +productive anti-drug squads in the late 1980s. Sobel and Eufrasio Cortez -- a +former California Narcotics Officer of the Year -- recently told a federal +corruption jury in Los Angeles that members of their task force routinely lied +under oath, falsified police reports, invented informants, planted drugs and +beat suspects to get money and valuables from them. So far, 12 officers have +been convicted of various crimes. + +The way asset forfeiture works is quite simple: If police officers believe +you're a drug dealer, they can take nearly anything you own. No crime is +required; no arrests are necessary. + +You have 10 days to contest the seizure, or your property is gone forever. +It's up to you to prove to the district attorney that your assets are +drug-free. + +And don't assume receipts, property titles or paycheck stubs will necessarily +suffice. You're guilty until proven innocent. + +``Everybody's always got a receipt for something,'' scoffed Deputy District +Attorney Kyle Hedum, who handles forfeiture cases for Yolo County. ``You ought +to hear some of the stories I hear. These people are dopers, and it's my job +to take that money.'' + +If you fail to persuade the district attorney, your only recourse is to go to +court. Most cases in California never get there, because it usually costs more +to get the property back than it's worth. If you lose, your assets are divided +among the district attorney (13.5 percent), police (76.5 percent) and the +state (10 percent.) + +In many instances, people who lose assets are drug dealers. But not always. + +``I don't doubt that there may have been an abuse here and there, but the +Department of Justice and most of the local agencies I know about are very +cautious and very conservative when it comes to using this law,'' said Joe +Doane, chief of the attorney general's Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement. + +The California Legislature began experimenting with the idea of allowing +police and prosecutors to profit from suspected drug crimes in 1989. Since +then, tens of thousands of forfeitures have taken place. Last year alone, more +than 6,000 forfeiture cases were filed in California. + +But the experiment is scheduled to end this year, and that prospect has the +law enforcement establishment frantic, because many agencies are using the +money to pay salaries and overtime, furnish their offices and pay rent -- uses +that were never intended when the law was enacted. + +`THEY HAVE TO HAVE IT' + +``Much like a drug addict becomes addicted to drugs, law enforcement agencies +have become dependent on asset forfeitures,'' said Deputy Attorney General +Gary Schons, who helped write the state's forfeiture laws. ``They have to have +it.'' + +State Attorney General Dan Lungren agreed: ``We can argue about semantics, but +the fact of the matter is this is the lifeblood of local law enforcement.'' + +Because statewide reporting requirements do not exist -- and some counties +have not revealed how much they've made -- it is impossible to know exactly +how much the forfeiture laws have brought to police coffers. The Department of +Justice estimates that of the estimated $1 billion in seizures, $180 million +has been forfeited since 1989. + +To keep that pipeline flowing, the law enforcement lobby has launched a +high-pressure campaign in Sacramento to make the law permanent and to expand +it so money and property will be easier to get. Other lawmakers -- an unusual +coalition of liberals and conservatives -- are trying to roll it back, arguing +that police and prosecutors have become more interested in seizing cash than +in fighting crime. + +The anti-forfeiture movement is being led by Assemblyman John Burton, D-San +Francisco, head of the powerful Assembly Rules Committee. On the +pro-forfeiture side are Senate Minority Leader Ken Maddy, R-Fresno, and +Attorney General Lungren. Both groups are meeting now and are supposed to +present a compromise bill to the Legislature in the next few weeks. + +The courts also are taking another look at forfeiture. In recent months, the +U.S. Supreme Court has handed down two rulings defining the outer limits of +the federal forfeiture laws. Local prosecutors, though, say the decisions will +have little impact. + +STRIPPING AWAY SAFEGUARDS + +While their impact may be debatable, the court decisions are the first time +anyone has succeeded in halting the steady expansion of the forfeiture law. +Since the first modern forfeiture laws went on the books in the late 1970s, +police groups have waged a patient and extraordinary lobbying campaign that +methodically stripped away nearly every safeguard wary legislators had written +to prevent police profiteering: + +-- The amount of proof the state needed to win a forfeiture case in court has +been reduced three times, from guilt ``beyond a reasonable doubt'' to the +current standard of ``more likely than not.'' Now, forfeitures are being +granted on nothing more incriminating than the lack of a job or a drug dog's +behavior around a stack of $20 bills. + +Sean Thomas of Los Angeles had $14,500 taken from him by the California +Highway Patrol and Bakersfield police in November because they didn't believe +his explanation that he was a rap music promoter and that the money had come +from ticket sales -- even though a record company executive had confirmed the +existence of Thomas' production company for police. + +``The story of being a rap concert promoter or rap group promoter is widely +used by both black as well as Hispanic narcotic traffickers,'' the police +report said. ``The $14,500 was seized pursuant to asset forfeiture.'' + +Thomas, a black man with no criminal record, was a passenger in a van that had +been stopped for speeding. No drugs were found, and no drug arrests were made. +Yet Thomas lost his money because the legal fight to recover the funds became +too expensive. + +-- The amount of drugs necessary to seize a vehicle -- originally set at a +level high enough to keep the law focused on major narcotics dealers -- has +been cut in half twice. The variety of drugs that can cause forfeitures has +been broadened to include common prescription pain relievers. + +Greg Augustus of Sacramento was jailed on drug trafficking charges last year +because he was found with $230 and 10 Vicodin tablets, a painkiller his doctor +had prescribed for crippling arthritis. The evidence for his arrest: talking +to another person ``as if possibly he was engaging in a narcotics +transaction.'' + +The charges were dropped, and Augustus had to go to court to get back his $230 +-- which, ironically, he'd just received from the Sacramento Police Department +as a settlement for an accident claim in which a police car had crashed into +his vehicle. + +``I wouldn't have gone to jail if I hadn't had the money on me,'' said +Augustus, who lives in a poor section of Sacramento called Del Paso Heights. +``It happens all the time in the Heights because they know some people are +scared to go back and get it.'' + +-- The kinds of property that can be seized -- at first limited to boats and +airplanes -- have been expanded to include real estate, computers, +motorcycles, campers, televisions, compact disc players and anything else the +person may have purchased in the five years prior to the seizure. Weapons were +added to the list in 1990, and a Department of Justice forfeiture manual +advises police to seize every gun found on the premises during a drug raid, +even if they were legally obtained and have no connection to drug trafficking. + +The Mercury News found cases in which police had seized such items as a set of +tires and rims, a child's Nintendo game, a belt buckle and a jar of pennies. + +Sacramento attorney Phil Cozens said that when police raided an apartment +owned by one of his clients, they were very discriminating about which assets +they seized. + +``They took a bottle of Lafitte Rothschild 1984, but strangely enough, they +left a bottle of Dom Perignon 1982,'' said Cozens, a former prosecutor. ``They +took some very bizarre red wines and left champagnes and whites.'' + +-- The amount of money police and prosecutors can keep from forfeitures has +soared from nothing under the original law to 90 percent under the current +law, with the difference coming at the expense of drug prevention programs. In +1983, the California Department of Mental Health was receiving 50 percent of +all forfeiture dollars. Now, it gets a maximum of $1.5 million a year -- +roughly 3 percent. + +Up until 1988, police lobbyists had a standard reply to lawmakers who worried +that innocent people might be harmed: Forfeiture, they reminded them, could +only be used if the owner had been convicted of drug trafficking. + +A FINAL BARRIER: CONVICTION + +But in 1988, a bill carried by Assemblyman Richard Katz, a Los Angeles +Democrat, knocked down that final barrier. Convictions were no longer required +-- and the money started rolling in. + +``When that statute was written, everybody saw dollar signs,'' said Rich +Bradshaw, a budget officer with the state Justice Department. + +An internal 1988 Justice Department analysis of the Katz bill predicted that +``aggressive enforcement . . . could eventually produce as much as $10,000,000 +a year for California's law enforcement agencies.'' + +The estimate was off by more than 500 percent. + +From 1988 to 1989, the value of asset forfeitures in California soared from $7 +million to $30 million. In 1991, it was $55.8 million. + +PROGRAM FEEDS ITSELF + +``That's not because law enforcement is greedy and selfish and will only do it +when they get the money,'' Attorney General Lungren assured a legislative +panel recently. Rather, he said, it's because the money allows the hiring of +more prosecutors and narcotics agents, which produces more forfeitures. + +Since the current forfeiture law went into effect in 1989, drug arrests in +California have declined dramatically, but asset forfeiture cases have +continued to increase. Defense lawyers say they are seeing an unusual number +of clients who have lost cash and property but have not been charged with a +crime. + +``They're more interested now in the money than in catching crooks,'' said +attorney David Weiner of Cameron Park in El Dorado County. ``A lot of them +would rather let the guys go so they can come around later and pop them again. +The whole thing has grown into a monster.'' + +The narcotics bureau's Doane agreed that the lure of easy money has warped the +views of some law enforcement officials. + +``There are a lot of people both in and out of law enforcement who believe +that income generation is the primary point of the law,'' Doane said. ``To me, +that's not even part of the equation. It's nice if we do (get the money), but +if we didn't, it's OK by me.'' + +A LAW GONE TOO FAR? + +Even some narcotics agents believe the law has gone too far. + +``Truthfully, I would like to see this swung a little bit more back to the +conservative approach,'' said Sgt. Dearl Skinner, who handles forfeiture cases +for the Sutter County Sheriff's Department. ``I wouldn't mind if I had to get +a conviction of possession for sale.'' +But Skinner acknowledged that his view is not a popular one with most police, +particularly those in urban counties. + +``They just don't have the manpower to go out and make the (criminal) cases,'' +Skinner said. ``I mean, what they're hoping is that they just file the +(forfeiture) paperwork and the people won't file a claim, . . . and then it's +automatically theirs.'' + +Contra Costa County District Attorney Gary Yancey, however, thinks the law is +too restrictive and chafes at the ``loophole'' that prevents him from seizing +property used for growing marijuana. + +``If an individual is growing marijuana in his house with hydroponics and +whatever, it's the equivalent of a meth(amphetamine) lab or manufacturing rock +cocaine,'' Yancey told the Legislature recently. ``You ought to be able to +take the whole thing.'' + +Attorney General Lungren also said he thinks the law doesn't go far enough. +He'd like to see it expanded so that the state would be able to seize an +entire apartment complex if the landlord knew one of the tenants was selling +drugs. + +To critics who argue police are already running wild with this law, Lungren +says the system has plenty of checks and balances. While the cops might be +making the seizures, he said, it's the district attorneys who are making the +decisions about whether or not to keep the property. + +``That, I think, is some protection against a misunderstanding that some +people have that somehow law enforcement goes out there and grabs whatever +they think they can find and then refuses to allow people to have their +property back,'' Lungren testified recently. + +What he didn't mention was that a district attorney often has a more direct +interest in keeping the items than a police officer does. Under state law, +13.5 percent of the money a forfeiture case produces goes to the district +attorney's office. In many counties, that money is used to pay the salary of +the prosecutor handling the case. + +-- + + +Is Anyone Immune? +Before you decide your assets couldn't possibly be seized under the state's +forfeiture laws, you should know what items authorities would look for in your +house or on you to make their case that you're a drug dealer. Here is a sample: + +# $20 and$100 bills: The Sacramento County District attorney's Office says +those denominations are always suspect because "drugs are most frequently sold +in $20 and $100 sizes." + +# $5, $10, $20 and $50 bills: In Bakersfield, they're on the lookout for those +denominations because, in the district attorney's opinion, they are +"consistent with street-based sales of illicit drugs." + +# Pagers or Beepers: Possession of a pager or beeper always raises eyebrows, +particularly if police don't think you need one. Cases were found in which +police decided an assistant manager of a muffler shop and a mechanic did not +have jobs "that would normally require a pager." That was cited as evidence of +drug dealing. + +# Written notes: They can come back to haunt you if police think they're +"pay/owrs transactions straight. Terry Dalere, a 41 year old farm worker, had +his pickup, four guns, and $18,631 seized from his bank account last year +because Delano police found six marijuana plants growing in his back yard. +Dalere was charged with selling marijuana. As evidence, police produced what +they said was a pay/owe sheet. The note, Dalere said, was a list of families +that had chipped in money to buy a slaughtered cow. The trafficking charges +were dropped, but Dalere had to hire a lawyer to get his money back. + +# Nothing: When all else fails, there's always the approach Sacramento police +took with Stephanie Robinson, who lost $1,245 last year after a pinhead-sized +bit of methamphetamine was found between the front seats of her car. Since a +search of her house and her body turned up nothing but the money, police +decided the "lack of narcotics paraphernalia" and "the lack of the suspect +being under the influence" suggested she'd gotten the money from drug sales.San Jose Mercury News +Monday, August 30, 1993 + +A1 + +SWEEPING LAW LEAVES POOR, VULNERABLE WITH LITTLE RECOURSE + +By GARY WEBB +Mercury News Sacramento Bureau + +Prosecutors like to tell the story of the 1989 Sylmar raid in Southern +California, when police burst into an unguarded warehouse and found $12.2 +million in cash, just sitting there, surrounded by 21 tons of Colombian +cocaine. + +If it weren't for asset forfeiture laws, they say, some drug dealer would have +gotten his money back. Instead, it went to police. + +But for every Sylmar, there are hundreds of Paula Martinezes. Martinez, a +single mother from south Sacramento, had $244 taken from her in December when +police found a half-ounce of marijuana in her cigarette pack. + +The money was from the $307 welfare check Martinez gets to support her +8-year-old daughter. + +``I was without money for the whole month,'' said Martinez, 23, who was fined +$60 for marijuana possession. ``I had stuff on layaway in the stores for my +little girl for Christmas. And I told them that, and they still didn't care. I +had to borrow the money from my Mom to get my little girl some presents for +Christmas.'' + +Mike R. Galli, the deputy district attorney who prosecutes Santa Clara +County's forfeitures, calls such cases ``an abomination of the law. . . . We +don't play ball that way here. The law is designed to take the money from +people who are trafficking in narcotics. It's not meant to be legalized +thievery.'' + +A Mercury News investigation found that major narcotics dealers -- who can +secrete assets around the globe and hire lawyers and accountants to defend +them -- are often successful in fending off forfeitures. It's people like +Martinez -- the poor, those who speak little English and casual drug users -- +who lose. They were never intended to be forfeiture targets under California's +law in the first place. + +Taking their money, said forfeiture lawyer Justin Scott of Sacramento, ``is +like shooting fish in a damned barrel.'' + +Because of the way the law works, people who are victimized by forfeiture can +do very little about it, particularly if they don't have bank accounts or +don't keep detailed financial records. Many Hispanic families, prosecutors and +defense lawyers agreed, are especially vulnerable to forfeiture because they +tend to keep their cash at home or with the most senior man in the family. + +CASH SEEN AS SUSPICIOUS + +``There is a presumption now that if you have cash at your house, over +whatever figure the police think is appropriate, then it must be from drug +money,'' Scott said. ``Of course, it could be from anything, but people, +according to the cops, don't keep cash at home.'' + +All it takes to lose your money is an unconvincing or undocumented explanation +of where you got it. + +Unlike criminal defendants, forfeiture claimants almost never get to plead +their cases before an unbiased judge or a jury. The vast majority of cases are +decided by the local district attorney, who keeps 13.5 cents of every dollar +taken in a forfeiture case. + +The district attorney's ``court'' works like this: If the district attorney +believes your story, you'll probably get some of your property back. If not, +you lose. Your only alternative is to go to court. + +That's where the story usually ends. State Justice Department statistics +reveal that in many counties last year, three of four forfeiture cases never +got to court. In some, such as Shasta and Solano counties, the figure was more +than 90 percent. + +TOO EXPENSIVE TO FIGHT + +Why? Lawyers say it's because most cases are so small that it's pointless to +take them to court. The average forfeiture case in California is worth less +than $2,000, records and interviews reveal, and the expense of a trial would +far exceed that. + +``If it's less than a couple thousand dollars, I tell people not to bother +unless they've got some kind of ironclad proof. And usually when it's cash, +you don't have it,'' Scott said. ``They're looking at paying $182 just to file +a claim to ask for the money back. Then they've got to pay me, and then +there's a chance they can spend all this money and lose anyway. Economically, +it's just not worth it.'' + +Trying to fight forfeiture without a lawyer is suicidal, because the law -- a +strange hybrid of civil and criminal law -- is a nightmare. + +``I can't even explain it to some lawyers,'' said Michael Yraceburn, a Kern +County prosecutor who heads the California District Attorneys Association +asset forfeiture division. ``I'm still learning it five years later.'' + +LIMITED OPTIONS + +But most people who have property seized are forced either to defend +themselves or to give up. Here are the options: + +-- If you want a lawyer, jury or court reporter, you have to pay for them, +which can be a problem when all your assets have been seized. Because +forfeiture cases are handled in civil, not criminal court, you have no right +to a court-appointed attorney. + +When the Santa Barbara County Public Defender's Office volunteered a few years +ago to defend some forfeiture cases, the district attorney went all the way to +the California Supreme Court in an unsuccessful effort to get the volunteers +kicked out of the courtroom. + +``The cops felt that, `Why should we have to fight extra hard against these +guys with a court-appointed lawyer?' '' said Santa Barbara Deputy District +Attorney Tom Muscio. `` `Let him hire his own lawyer, or let him represent +himself, so our job will be a little bit easier.' '' + +-- You have only 10 days from the time of the seizure to file a claim for the +property, or it's gone forever. Filing a claim, which costs $182, can be tough +when you're in jail and the police have all your money. + +Robin Walters, who ran the Kern County district attorney's forfeiture unit for +two years, said she ``loved'' the 10-day deadline when she was a prosecutor. + +``That almost guaranteed they weren't going to have a lawyer,'' she said. + +-- You have no Fifth Amendment rights. If you don't answer the prosecutor's +questions, you lose. If you don't answer them fast enough, you can be fined. +If you don't fill out the claim form exactly right, the game's over. + +Karri Welch was arrested in 1992 for drug trafficking after Sacramento County +deputies found 0.08 grams of methamphetamine -- about the size of a grain of +salt -- in her purse. They seized $1,013 and tossed her in jail. When Welch +got out, she had five days to file a claim and no money to hire a lawyer. + +``By the time I got down to the D.A., all my time had run out. I just barely +made it. But they didn't notify me until after the time expired that I hadn't +signed the form correctly,'' said Welch, 35. ``I lost $1,000 because I didn't +sign the form in two places. I only signed it in one place.'' + +No evidence was produced that Welch was a drug dealer. She pleaded guilty to a +possession charge. + +WEAPON IN THE WRONG HANDS + +William Cummings, who until recently prosecuted Butte County's asset +forfeiture cases, said that in the wrong hands, forfeiture laws can become a +bludgeon. + +``If you are aggressive about it and you do everything the law allows you to +do, you can easily give yourself an unfair advantage,'' Cummings said. ``It +used to make me sick to see some of the cases D.A.s in other counties would +write up and send around, where they had taken some poor pro per (a person +with no lawyer) to court and beaten the hell out of them. They were real proud +of it.'' + +S. Jon Gudmunds, a former Santa Barbara County judge, says police there have +figured out a way to keep people from even knowing they can file claims. + +Although the law requires police to give you a written notice explaining how +to claim your property, Gudmunds said officers wait to do that until their +prisoner is ready to be booked into the county jail. + +10 SECONDS WITH PAPERS + +``They get him in front of the jailer who's going to do the booking, they hand +him the notice at that moment, and the jailer says, `Empty your pockets, give +me everything you've got,' and he takes the paper out of the guy's hand,'' +Gudmunds said. ``The guy has the notice in his hand for 10 seconds maybe, if +he's lucky.'' + +Another Santa Maria attorney confirmed that. + +``That's pretty standard here,'' Dario Bejarano Jr. said, adding that he's +handled a dozen such cases in the past two years. ``By the time we find out +about it, the 10 days have run, effectively keeping the client from ever +making a claim. We've complained about it, but it hasn't done any good.'' + +Deputy Santa Barbara County District Attorney Thomas Muscio first confirmed +that he'd heard such complaints and called them ``crap,'' then acknowledged it +was entirely possible. + +``You're allowed to keep legal papers in your cell, but if they don't +understand what it is, it may be taken away from them,'' he said. + +Filing a claim is just the start, however. Then come the interrogatories and +the depositions. + +BARRAGE OF QUESTIONS + +Dozens of cases were found in which claimants without lawyers were barraged +with 14-page questionnaires containing nearly 200 questions, demanding +documentation for every purchase they'd made of more than $500, all of their +bank statements and canceled checks and a list of their medical and dental +expenses -- for the past five years. + +The Justice Department's forfeiture manual advises district attorneys to give +``most serious consideration'' to conducting depositions of claimants -- +formal sessions at which prosecutors can cross-examine claimants for hours on +end. + +``The very spectre of facing the prosecutor under oath may be sufficient to +provoke settlement discussions,'' the manual says. + +But prosecutors said the reason most forfeiture cases go uncontested isn't the +high cost or lopsided odds of challenging them: It's because most people who +have their assets seized are guilty of something. + +``If they don't have the gumption to go down and file a claim, then they're +out of luck,'' Muscio said, ``but I think that happens to any consumer in this +day and age. If you don't speak up, you're going to be in trouble.'' + + +End. + + + + +"Government is not reason, it is not eloquence - it is force! Like fire it is +a dangerous servant and a fearful master; never for a moment should it be left +to irresponsible action" - George Washington diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wodmedia.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wodmedia.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6598663f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wodmedia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,527 @@ +Article 21146 of alt.drugs: +Path: news.claremont.edu!usc!wupost!sdd.hp.com!caen!garbo.ucc.umass.edu!hamp.hampshire.edu!dhirmes +From: dhirmes@hamp.hampshire.edu +Newsgroups: alt.drugs +Subject: "War on Drugs and Media" Paper (LONG) +Message-ID: <1991Dec10.205213.1@hamp.hampshire.edu> +Date: 11 Dec 91 00:52:13 GMT +Sender: usenet@nic.umass.edu (USENET News System) +Organization: Hampshire College +Lines: 521 + +Representation of the "War on Drugs" in "Time" and "Newsweek" + +By David Hirmes (dhirmes@hamp.hampshire.edu) + +December, 1991 + + + The Big Picture?: A Case for Perplexity + + My method of research was fairly simple. I searched for articles in +Time and Newsweek that in some way dealt with the "War on Drugs" +between 1986 and 1989. I came up with several cover stories, and many +smaller ones. As for my purpose: I was looking for how these news +magazines handled a problem that has been a part of society for thousands +of years, and yet just recently has been declared a "war". Even in terms of +hightened awareness about drugs, there were several times in history, not +just the 60's and 70's, in which drugs became of "national importance". So +why the hype? How had it changed and how does it change through the +years analysed? I decided that the best way to discover this would be to +search for the "frames" the media used to portray the "war on drugs". +The idea of frames was first introduced to me in Todd Gitlin's book "The +Whole World Is Watching". Gitlin's example was the turbulent times of +the 60's, and in particular, the New Left. He found that the media used +various ways of framing the New Left which gave a distorted view of +what the movement was all about. In this paper I hope to expose some +frames used in the "war on drugs". + + The overall impression I got through reading a plethora of articles from +Time and Newsweek from August of 1986 to November of 1989 was that +the news media were just as perplexed as the government and the general +populous about drug abuse. The questions asked in '86 were still being +asked in '89, with perhaps a heightened sense of urgency. The question of +why people do drugs in the first place, why and how it leads to addiction, +how serious is the problem, is it getting worse, what can we do about it as +citizens, what can the government do about it, how has it gotten this far, +who is to blame... The questions remain in a steady stream, yet no one +seems to have realistic answers. Those who do make promises or +predictions usually end up looking foolish a month or a year later. +President Bush has learned his lessons, and has made little promises on +how successful the "war on drugs" will be in the near future. Recently, +"Drug Czar" William Bennett resigned from his post. One of the prices +payed for turning a problem into a "war" is that there is always the chance +one might lose. + + Framing the Problem - 1986 + + Discovery + + The government's "war on drugs", and therefore, coverage of the +nation-wide drug epidemic, began in full force when large scale drug abuse +expanded from the inner-city to middle-class Americans and the +workplace. Coverage also expanded with increased violence in urban, +and later rural areas. There is an interesting admission to this subtle (and +not so subtle) classism in both 1986 cover stories from Time and +Newsweek. In Newsweeks' "Saying No" article (8/11/86) it is stated that: +"In part, the change in the public mood has a racist tinge: drugs simply +moved from the black and Hispanic underclass to the middle-class +mainstream and are being felt as a problem there."1 While the admission +of racism within mainstream America was surprising, it was equally as +interesting that Newsweek blamed Americans for their lack of caring +about the plight of the inner-city, and not the lack of news coverage itself. I +have found, although I did very little research before 1986, that the +problems of drug abuse in the inner-city were covered only when the +problem had reached many more levels of American society. This is +exemplified by what seemed to be an extremely offensive comment in the +Time article "The Enemy Within": +As drugs have moved out of the ghetto and into the workplace, as bus +drivers and lawyers and assembly-line workers get hooked, innocent +consumers are put as risk. The cost of employers from drug abuse-- from +lost productivity, absenteeism and higher accident rates-- is estimated at +about $33 billion by the government.2 + + Are they assuming that there are no bus drivers, lawyers, and +assembly-line workers in the ghetto? Is the loss of work- place +productivity more of a concern than the decay of the inner- city? +Obviously, Time knows its audience. + + A History Lesson + + After realizing that there is indeed a drug problem in America, the two +news magazines diverged on two different paths. While Newsweek +chose to deal with the current administrations changing policy, Time +decided to give some historical context to the drug problem. Since the +article had already framed itself as as dealing with the "war on drugs", the +history that was presented held all drugs at an equally evil level. Pot, +heroin, cocaine, and PCP were all equally responsible for the current drug +crisis. Of course, no mention of legalization efforts, were mentioned, two +notable deletions seemed to be the World War II program of "Hemp for +Victory" as well as the complete failure of prohibition. While pot is +regularly lumped with much more dangerous drugs such as cocaine, +heroin, and PCP, or in the context of a "gateway" drug, cigarettes and +alcohol are rarely mentioned. By leaving out cigarettes and alcohol, which +account for over 100 times more deaths a year than all illegal drugs +combined, an important facet of this issue is missing.3 The violent aspects +of drugs like crack and PCP are hyped in many articles, but rarely are the +moods of those on alcohol. + There were some positive aspects of "The Enemy Within" article. For +one, a framing in which the "enemy" is ourselves, rather than some evil +Latin American drug empire is a positive shift the idea that DEA officials +can cure the drug problem by cutting off the Southern supply. And the +article did spend almost half of a small paragraph explaining the +disproportionate cases of death and health care costs from tobacco and +alcohol opposed to other illegal drugs. But it must be stressed that +devoting even a half a paragraph on this subject was the exception to the +rule. + Reagan's Analysis + Probably due to my reading Mark Hertsgaard's "On Bended Knee", a +book about the relationship between the Reagan administration and the +press, the coverage of Reagan seemed especially dubious. In the +Newsweek cover story "Saying No", it is stated point blank that Reagan +began taking the drug crisis seriously only when public opinion polls +deemed it necessary. While Nancy's Just Say No campaign had been in +full swing for a few years, the President had not considered it a top priority +until '86. The article states that Reagan's philosophy had always been one +of education and treatment, where volunteers and corporate America +should take the responsibility to deal with the problem. Yet at the same +time, a full $1.8 billion of the $2 billion given for "war on drugs" in 1985 was +for enforcement, leaving the remaining $200 million to be divided between +education and treatment programs.4 In fact, from 1982 to 1986, the +allotment for treatment and education actually decreased over $80 +million.5 + The Newsweek article also featured a short interview with the +President. When asked "You've described America as 'upbeat, optimistic' +--why are drugs such a problem now?" Reagan replied: .ls1 +For one thing... the music world.. has... made it sound as if it's right there and +the thing to do, and rock-and-roll concerts and so forth. Musicians that +young people like... make no secret of the fact that they are users, [And] I +must say this, that the theatre--well, motion-picture industry--has started +down a road they'd been on before once, with alcohol abuse...6 +(note: ... and [] are Newsweeks, not mine.) + + When asked directly why drugs were a problem in America, our +Presidents answer was rock and roll and the movies. This is the president +who had been cutting social programs for the last five years, who had been +virtually ignoring the problems of the inner-city, and this was his thoughtful +analysis. But this had been part of Reagan's fairy-tale version of America +from the start. By framing the issue in this way, Reagan disqualified his +domestic policy from any part in the drug crisis, and at the same time +trivialized the issue as non-political. + As a side note, just as Hertsgaard points out over and over in "On +Bended Knee", the press let the President frame the issues. Following his +short interview, Newsweek dedicated a full article entitled "Going After +Hollywood" which spent a good amount of time nit-picking at recent +movies in which drug use was glorified.7 While the initial Newsweek +cover story was entitled "Saying No!", no one from the inner-city was +asked about the effectiveness of this campaign, nor were they asked about +any of the new policy changes. In the place where the drug crisis +supposedly originated, no voice was given at all. + + Framing the Solution - 1986 + The Big Three + + Options to combat drug abuse are limited to the Big Three: +enforcement, treatment, and education. Throughout the four years +analyzed, the "debate" always dealt with which of the three is more +important to focus on financially. Legalization is barely mentioned at any +level, except to completely lambaste the idea. On the other end, +enforcement debates range from cracking down on casual users, to full +military intervention at home and abroad.8 + + "Battle Strategies"/Reagans on TV + Even as early as September of 1986, the news magazines had a cynical + view of the "war on +drugs". The First Couple went on national television urging Americans to +stop the using drugs at the same time when law enforcement officials +were telling the press there was no way to stop the supply of drugs from +entering the U.S.9 A Time article entitled "Battle Strategies" explained +the various methods of "combat" (remember, this is a "war"): The border +patrols, heightened arrests, drug testing (which would soon become a +major issue), treatment, and education.10 Another article in Newsweek +(9/22/86) explained how the Reagans were getting involved through +Nancy's Just Say No campaign and Ronald's new interest in the issue +(now that he realized voters felt it an important issue).11 The tone of both +articles seemed to take the issue as more of a political one that a social or +economic problem, a trend that would continue through my research. In a +September, 1986 article, Time extolled: "The abuse of illegal drugs has +certainly become the Issue of the Year, except that the main issue +involved seems to be how far politicians scramble to outdo one another in +leading the crusade."12 One must ask: Whose fault is that-- the politicians, +the news media, or both? + In framing the solution, the news magazines seem to forget that the +problem itself has not truly been identified. The so- called solutions are +attacking the symptoms, not the disease. This simple fact is not recognized +by the news magazines. By telling kindergardeners in the inner-city not to +do drugs is one thing, but when these same children grow old enough to +see the best opportunity for wealth and power is that of the drug dealer, +ideals could change quite easily.13 + + Re-Framing the Problem - 1988 + Night of the Living Crack Heads + + The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) conducts a survey every +two to three years called the National Household Survey on Drug Use, +which questions about 8,000 people.14 Much of the government's policy +relies on this document for data. In 1988, after decades of almost steady +increase, the survey showed a decline in most drug use in the United +States. The marked exception was cocaine (and its smokable derivative +crack) which went down for casual use, but rose steadily for those who +used the drug more than once a week.15 By this time, the "war on drugs" +had been in full swing for several years, and while the NIDA statistics +showed one side of the story, the "rising tide of violence" (a favorite media +catch phrase), "crack babies", rise of crack use by upper and middle-class +whites, and what appeared to be the growth of gangs, gang violence, and +drugs in small towns across America, showed quite another. A common +frame to begin articles in which policy changes or announcements were +being made by Bush or William Bennett, were specific incidents of +violence or irony resulting from the drug crisis.16 Interestingly enough, +while this gave a cynical and somewhat confrontational frame for the +article, it also seemed to lead into something of an aggressive opinion +regarding the implementation of enforcement policy: In response to more +violence, reporters' first reactions seemed to be "Where are our guns?" + The vast majority of articles found from 1988 on that did not report +specifically on an event or government announcement, dealt with various +aspects of crack. Two out of the three cover stories dealing with drugs +from 1988 to 1990 had to do with crack: Time had "Kids Who Sell Crack" +(5/9/88) and Newsweek simply had "Crack" (11/28/88). The third was +entitled "Addictive Personalities" and featured Kittie Dukakus on the +cover (Newsweek, 2/20/89). Both "crack" cover stories had various +problems and inaccuracies, although in general Time seemed to have a +slightly better grasp on the "big picture" (i.e. some semblance of analysis) +than Newsweek, in which sensationalism seemed a much higher priority. +I'd like to give a somewhat detailed account of these articles because to a +large degree, they focus on most of the (domestic) frames used in media to +represent the "war on drugs". + The Time story begins with the tale of a 13 year old dealer named Frog. +In describing why young blacks from the ghetto might begin to deal drugs, +Time explains: "Like most young American people, they are material girls +and boys. They crave the glamorous clothes, cars, and jewelry they see +advertised on TV." I suppose because most young Americans do not read +their magazines, this allows Time to print ads of a similar type (not to +mention another highly addictive drug, nicotine, which kids can't see on +TV). Showing that not only kids from the ghetto can get hooked, Time +next focuses on Eric, an upper-middle class white honor student who +became addicted to crack. The next section of the article discusses the +"live for today" attitude of many teenagers involved in drug dealing, as well +as prison over- crowding. When a huge raid in L.A. is conducted and "Half +(of those arrested) had to be released for lack of evidence" A mere +sentence is dedicated to this frightening trend of mass arrest, with only the +"civil libertarians" upset over the seeming loss of civil rights.17 The article +redeems itself to some degree, towards the end, when it goes into a +somewhat detailed account of the current job and educational situation for +lower-class people in America. This is the only article I found where more +than half a sentence is used to blame cuts in job training and education +programs by the Federal government as a possible problem somehow +related to drugs.18 It is also worthwhile mentioning that this article was +written on Reagan's way out, over seven years since Reaganomics began. + Newsweek, which tried to give a nation-wide view of the drug war by +going to a crack house, a prison, a rehab center, and a court, failed to find +any connections or insights into the drug problem except to equate all drug +addicts as on the same low-life level. It's hard to expect much from an +article that in the third paragraph states: .ls1 + +These are the two Americas. No other line you can draw is as trenchant +as this. On one side, people of normal human appetites, for food and sex +and creature comforts; on the other, those who crave only the roar and +crackle of their own neurons, whipped into a frenzy of synthetic euphoria. +The Crack Nation. It is in our midst, but not a part of us; our laws barely +touch it on its progress through our jails and hospitals, on its way to our +morgues.19 + If images virtually out of "Night of the Living Dead" are used as the +initial frame towards the drug addict, why would anyone not feel that these +"Others" should be dealt with by any means necessary. Since this article +was purported to be a "day in the life piece", practically no historical +background on the crisis, and no analysis of a larger picture were given, +leaving a very narrow view of the true problem. + In Herbert Gans' book "Deciding What's News", he describes what he +calls "enduring values", values that the press consider an intragle, positive, +and necessary part of American society. It is when these values are +threatened, that the news responds. Some of Gans' "enduring values" +include: "ethnocentrism, altruistic democracy, responsible capitalism, +moderatism, [and] social order"(p.42) All of these values are threatened +by drugs. Newsweek's portrayal of this bipolar society, the "Crack +Nation", is proof of how the threatening of these values can turn to +dangerous assumptions, exaggerations, and misrepresentations within the +"objective" news media. + + Re-Framing the Solution - 1988 + Big Guns + The journalists seemed as war-weary as the DEA agents they were +reporting about. So when Time purports in March of 1988 that +"Americans lose patience with Panama", they are possibly referring more +to the administration and news journalists, than the American people.20 +With hind-sight, we can see that Noreiga was actually a minor player in +Latin American drug smuggling operations. Soon after the U.S. invation, +the New York Times reported that the flow of drugs in and out of Panama +actually had increased. + Later in 1989, when Newsweek reports on William Bennett's progress +as Drug Czar (one of the oddest terms associated with the "war on +drugs"), the reporter intones: "...he is likewise correct that tougher law +enforcement is the necessary first response."21 + To a large degree, it seems that reporting on the drug war by 1988-9 +turned from cynical, somewhat hopeless, and aloof, to cynical, angry, and +battle-worn. Reporters began to tire of the governments rhetoric, and as +drugs began to draw closer to their own homes, they became more +anxious for a solution. So perhaps because of the fact that law-makers are +giving no other solutions, when Bennett and Bush explain the solution +begins with more cops, more guns, more prisons, and harsher treatment of +casual users (as well as treatment and education, of course), the press are +not so alarmed. When the Presidential appointee Bennett explains that +legalization would be a "national disaster" as would attacking the "social +front", one find the options even more limiting.22 .pa + + Breaking the Frames: Distortions and Omissions + In beginning to understand the framing of the "war on drugs" within the +news media, one must first look at the statistics (the NIDA survays) and +how they are used to shape governmental policy and public opinion. First, +it must be noted that these are household surveys, which would exclude +the homeless and those with no permanent homes. Second, the rising +trend to punish the casual user would automatically create an atmosphere +of distrust and suspicion. Third, the surveys do not consider legal drugs +such as alcohol and cigarettes, which account for many more deaths a +year than all other illegal drugs combined. I am unaware if the police +reports, which have been used to show that large amounts of people +arrested test positive for drugs, include alcohol. While these reasons do +not completely disqualify the results of the surveys, they do question their +accuracy.23 + The next problem found through the articles analyzed were the +selection of sources for information and anaylsis, in a word: who was given +a voice in the news. By this I mean who was interviewed, quoted, and +used as the source of information for the articles. For the most part, +ordinary citizens were interviewed only to determine the level of the +crisis-- how bad a neighborhood had gotten, how many people they knew +were involved with illegal drugs, etc. Never was a man or woman from +the inner-city, or even one from a suburban area for that matter, asked +what they thought the causes of the drug crisis were, or why it was so bad +in certain areas. For the most part, the Big Picture was left to the +government and to a lesser extent, the news media itself. + Where were the voices of teachers, medical professionals, social +workers, minority group leaders, civil rights activists, and the most taboo of +all, legalization activists? The medical professionals and social workers +were asked how their various programs were coping, and sometimes the +successful ones were examined in detail, but that was the extent of their +voice. Minority leaders, even media favorites like Jesse Jackson, were +ignored, and their cries for reinstating social programs lost in the Reagan +years were never heard. Civil rights activists were only refereed to in the +third person as in "civil libertarians were worried of this law" or "those +concerned with civil rights had reservations about the legality". The one +notably exception to this was the continuing controversy over drug testing. +But it is important to realize that this controversy deals with almost all +Americas. Anyone with a job (no longer simply air-traffic controllers and +government employees with "security" positions) could be effected by +these measures. And yet the truly dangerous actions, ones that most +Americans take for granted, are all but ignored. From mass arrests of +suspected drug dealers and not using warrants to search homes and cars, +to suggestions of using the military to destroy coca fields in other countries- +- these issues were barely discussed. + The entertainment element within the news media played an important +role in the "war on drugs" as well. Just as with Magic Johnson now, were +it not for the death of Len Bias and the scandal of Daryll Strawberry, who +knows how long it would have taken the media to catch on that there was +a drug problem in America. When looking up source articles for this +paper, the list of "Drugs and Sports" was longer than that of "Drug Abuse" +or "Crack" for several of the years between 1986 and 1990. Possibly the +media found in sports-drug related scandal,an entertainment side of the +drug war that had more mass appeal than an inner-city murder or siezure +of some odd tonnage of cocaine from Latin America. + Finally, while it is not a panacea, nor a complete answer to the reasons +behind America's drug crisis, I had thought that questioning the social and +economic policies of Reaganomics would have brought to light some of the +reasons why drug dealing, let alone drug abuse would become more +appealing to those who suffered from the cuts in Federally funded social +programs in housing, medical care, and education. But those comparisons +were never made. Except for a small section in the Time cover story of +1988 mentioned earlier in the paper, simply the idea that economic factors +were somehow involved in drug abuse were completely ignored. A +portion of the reason for this might have to do with Reagan's insistence +that it is the drug user and potential drug user that must be focused on. It is +"Just Say No" and law enforcement-- these are our options. Not much +has changed. + + + + +10"Battle Strategies" Time (Sep 15 86) + +11"Rolling Out the Big Guns" Time (Sep 22 86) + +12"The Enemy Within" Time [cover story] (Sep 15 86) + +13see "Addictive Personalities" Newsweek [cover story] (Feb 20 89) for +the sillyness of trying to find a definition. + +14see "Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research", U.S. Dept. of Health and +Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, 1991, also see the first chapter of +"Communications Campaigns About Drugs", Pamela J. Shoemaker, ed., +Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, NJ, 1989. + +15 see "Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research", U.S. Dept. of Health and +Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, 1991, and "National Drug Control +Strategy", U.S. Government document, 1990. + +16"Tears of Rage" Time (Mar 14 88) and "Bennett's Drug War" +Newsweek (Aug 21 89) + +17"Crack" Newsweek [cover story] (Nov 28 88) + +18"Kids Who Sell Crack" Time [cover story] (May 9 88) + +19"Crack" Newsweek [cover story] (Nov 28 88) + +20"Tears of Rage" Time (Mar 14 88) + + +21"Bennett's Drug War" Newsweek (Aug 21 89) + +22Ibid. + +23see the chapter "Cocaine-Related Deaths: Who are the Victims? What +is the cause?" Linda S. Wong, M.A., and Bruce K. Alexander, Ph.D., in the +book "Drug Policy 1989-1990: A Reformer's Catalogue" Arnold Tresbach, +ed., The Drug Policy Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1989. + + + + Article Bibliography + (in chronological order) + +"Saying No!" Newsweek [cover story] (Aug 11 86) + +"Going After Hollywood" Newsweek (Aug 11 86) + +"The Enemy Within" Time [cover story] (Sep 15 86) + +"Battle Strategies" Time (Sep 15 86) + +"Rolling Out the Big Guns" Time (Sep 22 86) + +"Urban Murders: On the Rise" Newsweek (Feb 9 87) + +"L.A. Law: Gangs and Crack" Newsweek (Apr 27 87) + +"The Southwest Drug Connection" Newsweek (Nov 23 87) + +"Drug Use: Down, But Not in the Ghetto" Newsweek (Nov 23 87) + +"Tears of Rage" Time (Mar 14 88) + +"Where the War Is Being Lost" Time (Mar 14 88) + +"Kids Who Sell Crack" Time [cover story] (May 9 88) + +"Crack" Newsweek [cover story] (Nov 28 88) + +"Addictive Personalties" Newsweek [cover story] (Feb 20 89) + +"Fighting on Two Fronts" Time (Aug 14 89) + +"Bennett's Drug War" Newsweek (Aug 21 89) + +"A Plague Without Boundries" Time (Nov 6 89) + + + BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research", U.S. Dept. of Health and +Human Services (NIDA is under this orginization), Rockville, Maryland, +1991. + +Gans, Herbert J., "Deciding What's News", Vintage Books, New York, +1979. + +Gitlin, Todd, "The Whole World Is Watching", Univ. of CA Press, +Berkeley, 1980. + +Hertsgaard, Mark, "On Bended Knee", Schocken Books, 1988. + +Hiebert, Ray E., ed., "What Every Journalist Should Know About the +Drug Abuse Crisis", Voice of America, Wash. DC., 1987? + (this book has articles from Nancy Reagan and Ed Meese + amoung others.) + +Hoffman, Abbie, "Reefer Madness", The Nation, Nov. 21, 1987. + +Levine, Michael, "Going Bad", Spin, June 1991. + (this article is the story of a DEA agent disallusioned + by the governments handling of the drug war) + +"National Drug Control Strategy", U.S. Government document, 1990. + +Shoemaker, Pamela J., ed., "Communication Campaigns About Drugs", +Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, NJ, 1989. + (a suprisingly uninformative book.) + +Trebach, Arhold S., ed., "Drug Policy 1989-1990: A Reformer's +Catalogue", The Drug Policy Foundation, Wash. DC, 1989. + (an excellent resource for those interested in + drug legalization.) + +Some sources suggested to me that I didn't get a chance to read: + +"The Great Drug War" by Arnold Treback. Macmillan, 1987. +"Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream" by Jay Stevens, +Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987. +"Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Revolution" by Martin +Lee (one of the founders of F.A.I.R.) and Bruce Shlain, Grove +Press, 1985. + + +[END OF PAPER] + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wodprobl.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wodprobl.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c1e5f5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wodprobl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,384 @@ +Permission is granted to reproduce this paper as long as you're cool about +it: i.e. don't change it, don't take my name off of it, and don't make any +money off of it, or if you do, share with me! :-) + + --germuska@casbah.acns.nwu.edu + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +American Drug Policy: What's the Real Problem? + by Joe Germuska (germuska@casbah.acns.nwu.edu) + [copyright 1989] + +"There were 2000 drug arrests in Cleveland in 1987, 3700 in 1988, and +[former mayor George] Voinovich predicted 6000 in 1989. Arrests are +growing at 70% a year. Juveniles arrested for drug abuse in Cleveland +increased from 23 in 1985 to 142 in 1988 with a prediction of more than 520 +arrests in 1989" +-Cleveland Plain Dealer, 2 April 1989 + +"U.S. Stops Some Airborne Drugs but Admits the Smugglers Are Winning" +-Headline in The New York Times, 30 July 1989 + +"On Thursday, March 17, 1988, at 10:45 p.m, in the Bronx, Vernia Brown was +killed by stray bullets fired in a dispute over illegal drugs. The +19-year-old mother of one was not involved in the dispute, yet her death +was a direct consequence of the "war on drugs." +-from "Thinking About Drug Legalization" by James Ostrowski (1989) + +(In Colombia:) "Since 1980, assassins have gunned down 178 judges; eleven +of the 24 members of the Supreme Court died in a 1986 shootout between the +army and leftist guerillas thought to have been paid by the drug barons. +Also hit were two successive Justice Ministers (one survived), an Attorney +General, the police chief of the nation's second largest city, Medellin, +and the editor of the newspaper, El Espectador in the capital city of +Bogota. The drug lords also kidnaped the 33-year-old son of a former +President." +-Time, 4 September 1989 + +"The operation of New York's famous Rockefeller Drug Law, which provided +high mandatory minimum sentences for heroin sellers and restricted plea +bargaining . . . caused essentially no decrease in heroin activity, but did +lead to a drop in the number of heroin offenders arrested and convicted, a +considerable increase in the court and correctional resources necessary to +process those apprehended, and a significant increase in the overcrowding +of the state's prison system." +-from The Hardest Drug by John Kaplan (1983) + + It was recently noted that the Eighties are the first decade since the +depression in which the U.S. was not involved in any wars. In a +traditional sense, this may be true, but, especially in the latter half, +the war of the 80's has been the American government's "war on drugs". +Suggested solutions have ranged from Nancy Reagan's glib "Just Say No!" to +George Bush's extravagant "I'm requesting--altogether--an almost billion +and a half increase in drug-related federal spending on law enforcement...." +(from President Bush's televised address, 5 September 1989) However, all +efforts of law enforcement officials to crush the drug traffic seem to have +little end effect on traffic. For example, in 1984, Colombian authorities +seized and destroyed thirteen and a half tons of cocaine, more than the +total amount seized in the history of law enforcement, and yet "it did not +nudge the price of coke on the street in the United States." (Latimer, +1985) In fact, the effects of law enforcement may sometimes actually be +detrimental. Columnist Doug Bandow reports, "A government study in Detroit +found that as the drug laws were more strictly enforced, drug prices rose +and the number of other crimes committed increased." (1984) Obviously, +with respect to drugs, the state of the American nation is absolutely +intolerable. In an August Gallup poll, Americans named drugs as the biggest +problem facing their country. "Drugs," however, is but a very vague +simplification of the problem in America. Before American policy can win +the war, the enemy must be defined. Analysts and policy makers debate with +little progress. Drugs are blamed for crime, loss of productivity, and the +decay of social institutions. Now, though, many experts are suggesting +that the problem may actually lie in the actual laws prohibiting drug use. +Whichever argument is more convincing will direct the future of policy. If +the drugs themselves are the culprits, then enforcement efforts must be +stepped up so as to minimize illicit drug sales and abuse. However, if the +scenario created by prohibition of drugs is judged to be the true problem, +then legalization methods must be developed. + Current American policy is based on the premise that the use of illicit +drugs is, by nature, wrong. The laws, some say, were enacted to protect +Americans from the harm drug abuse can cause. However, socialization has +created several "drugs of choice" which are, despite possibly being more +dangerous, considered acceptable to use and even abuse. For too long, +American society has accepted caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol as "O.K." +drugs, despite possible negative side effects. The government tried to +protect its citizens with the eighteenth amendment, but tenacious drinkers +who wanted ways around the law motivated criminals to industrialize +bootlegging, which became the foundation of organized crime in America. +Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop released a study declaring nicotine +a drug at least as addictive as heroin, yet President Bush's appointed +"Drug Czar," William Bennett, is still hooked on cigarettes. In fact, +technically speaking, if nicotine were discovered today, it would be listed +as a "Class C narcotic," putting it in a league with heroin and cocaine, +neither of which has been a part of our culture long enough to be accepted +like tobacco. Because of the nature of illegal drugs, few studies have +been conducted. However, it seems that neither heroin nor cocaine have +long term health effects anywhere near as severe as the chronic effects of +America's drugs of choice. Lawyer James Ostrowski writes: + + It is well known that tobacco causes cancer, heart disease, and + emphysema. While the effects of heavy alcohol consumption are not as well + known, they include anemia, fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, + pancreatitis, gastritis, ulcer, hypoglycemia, congestive heart failure, + ataxia, brain damage, blurred vision, dementia, cranial nerve palsy, + circulatory collapse, and hemorrhages. (1989) + +The government is trying more to protect its citizens from the acute, or +immediate effects of these drugs. However, many scholars argue that the +acute dangers of cocaine and heroin are predominantly because of their +illegality. It has been "reasonably estimated that at least 80 percent of +deaths from illegal drugs today are attributable to the effects of drug +prohibition." (Ostrowski, 1989) Obviously, legalization would prevent all +of these deaths. First, street drugs are not monitored, so the user has no +idea what he is actually putting into his body. Many drugs are cut with +other substances to increase their bulk at no cost to the dealer. The fact +that some of these additives may be harmful or fatal need not bother +dealers, as their customers have no legal recourse. This is comparable to +the sale of denatured alcohol during prohibition. Criminals often sold +blindness-inducing wood alcohol to unknowing customers. Obviously, since +the repeal of Prohibition, brewers and distillers have been obeying +government safety measures. It has been quite a while since anyone was +sold methyl alcohol as an intoxicant! Also, because street drugs are not +labeled, the user has no idea of the potency of the drug he may be using. +A drug user may shoot up with a dose of the same quantity as the last time, +and therefore be apparently safe. If the second dose is more pure, +however, the user may overdose. Since distribution of alcohol includes +legislation requiring consistent percentages of alcohol by volume, drinkers +can know how much they've been drinking. If currently illegal drugs were +instead monitored by the government in essentially the same way as legal +"drugs of choice," those who so desired would be able to monitor their use +much more carefully and responsibly, as may today's drinkers and smokers. + + Also, the illegality of drugs may be the motivation for users to turn to +more dangerous methods of administration. Randy Barnett, a law professor, +writes, "Intravenous injection, for example, is more popular in countries +where the high drug prices caused by prohibition give rise to the most +'efficient' means of ingesting the drug. In countries where opiates are +legal, the principal methods of consumption are [smoking] or snorting. . . +. [N]either is as likely as intravenous injections to result in an +overdose." (1987) Also, addicts often share needles, which helps spread +AIDS and hepatitis. It seems that, from a strict health standpoint, the +laws outlawing drugs are causing users more harm than use through +government approved channels might. + The one health aspect that would be constant regardless of the legality +of drugs is the prospect of addiction. The laws in place today are there +primarily to prevent Americans from becoming enslaved to a chemical. +However, there are serious problems with these motivations. First, +Americans can and do become addicted to alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and +numerous legal over-the-counter and prescription drugs. The government +does not, however, forbid the use of these addictive chemicals. And +marijuana has been determined not to be physically addicting. That is, a +marijuana user will suffer no health problems if deprived of THC for an +extended period of time. If the government will outlaw psychologically +addictive substances such as this, then it may as well include gambling, +eating, and even dieting, all of to which people can become psychologically +addicted, or more accurately, all of with which people can become obsessed. +The only grounds upon which the government would be justified in +maintaining this inconsistency is if it were demonstrable that addiction to +currently illegal drugs would necessarily be more harmful or more +inevitable than addiction to currently accepted drugs. There is simply no +reason to believe that this would be so. Popular belief may hold that +these drugs are particularly worse than the ones we use today, but many +people are basing their beliefs on fear-motivated research such as that +which produced the film "Reefer Madness." In this film, marijuana smokers +were depicted as raving psychotics after one puff of smoke. While this +myth has been debunked, similar misbeliefs about other drugs persist. For +example, Henry Giordano, former head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, +said that his agency's research showed that anyone who used heroin more +than six times would become an addict. Even at that time, several studies +showed that those who had tried heroin far outnumbered those who became +addicted. And today, "it is now clear that there exists a sizeable +population of nonaddicted but regular heroin users who seem well integrated +into society and in many ways indistinguishable from the rest of the +population." (Kaplan, 1983) It is likely that, as with alcohol, caffeine, +and tobacco, other drugs would after a short period of acculturation be +similarly compatible with daily life. + Also, there are considerable questions about the rights of the government +to prohibit what is often called a "victimless crime." The United States +government was founded on principles of limited government. Many +libertarians point out that it is not the government's business to regulate +commerce between consenting adults. To these people, drug use is a private +matter in which the government has no business. Obviously, neither the +buyer nor the seller of drugs objects to the transaction. One counter to +this viewpoint is the claim that drug abuse cannot truly be victimless: +the user's friends and family may suffer if he becomes an addict, and many +drug users commit crimes to support their habits. What about these +victims? + Well, a person's associates may suffer if that person were to become +obsessed with anything, not just illegal drugs. However, this in other +cases is considered a social problem and not a criminal problem. Or, in +the case of child abuse or neglect, the parent is punished for that crime, +not for the possible causes of his misdeeds. + As for crime, quite simply the laws against drugs cause many more crimes +than simply drug sales and possession. Because of the legal risk, sellers +can inflate prices. A dose of heroin that costs pennies to hospitals sells +for $10-20 on the streets. Also, because the market is illegal, ruthless +"businessmen" can resort to violence and terror to control business, since +their customers could certainly not turn to the police and risk detection +themselves. This danger inflates the prices still further. But, drug +conviction records keep many users from gaining useful employment and +money. Therefore, they must rob or steal to maintain their habit. Drugs +themselves do not tend to promote violent crimes against persons. As Duane +McBride reports, "Non-drug users were more likely to commit crimes against +person than were all types of drug users. . . . Heroin addicts concentrated +their activities on behaviors that would result in the most monetary gain," +so that they could by drugs. (1981) Experts generally agree that very few +of the violent crimes committed that are connected to drugs are committed +because of the pharmacological effects of the drugs. As New York Police +Department Deputy Chief Raymond Kelly said, "When we say drug-related, +we're essentially talking about territorial disputes or disputes over +possession. . . . We're not talking about where somebody is deranged +because they're on a drug. It's very difficult to measure that." (quoted +in The New York Times, 1988) If the drug prices were not inflated, the +addicts would be buying their drugs over the counter with money earned at +legitimate jobs, and crime would be reduced tremendously. After all, few +alcoholics need to resort to muggings to buy their booze. + To summarize: prohibition of drugs is justified on the following +grounds: Americans must be protected from the ill effects of drugs, both +on their health, and addiction; also, Americans must be protected from +those who use drugs, particularly those who commit crimes because of their +drug use. But, though the long term side effects of illegal drugs are +unclear, they are unlikely to be worse than alcohol and tobacco. The +immediate dangers of drug use have been shown to be largely attributable to +illegalities which would be absent from a legally regulated production +industry. Addictiveness of illegal drugs has not been shown to be any +greater than addictiveness of alcohol or nicotine. And, the crime caused +by drugs is committed for two reasons: to meet high prices which would be +much less without the inflation caused by criminalization; and in the +course of criminal business, to settle disputes that legitimate industry +would take to court. It would seem, in fact, that much of the problem that +faces America today is truly a result of the laws prohibiting drugs rather +than the drug use itself. If this is the case, then legalization must be +considered. And, if the social cost of legalization would be less than the +current costs of criminalization, then the solution must be implemented. +Let us examine how legalization might go. + If drugs were legalized, use would increase. This is inevitable at +first. However, it is not necessarily true that the novelty would last any +longer than any other fads which strike our country periodically. When the +government of the Netherlands reformed its laws, their goal was to "make +marijuana boring." And, since decriminalization, marijuana use has +declined markedly in that country. As with alcohol after prohibition, +society's use would soon stabilize, and with America's growing concern over +health, drug use would probably soon follow the trend lines of decreased +use of tobacco and alcohol. Also, legalization would free up $4.7 billion +dollars that George Bush budgeted for 1990 for enforcement and corrections. +Much of this, in addition to tax revenue on drug sales, could be added to +the $2 billion already budgeted for education and treatment programs. + If drugs were legalized, the drugs themselves would become safer. +Brewers don't spike their beer with rubbing alcohol or any other dangerous +liquids, and pharmaceutical companies would be similarly bound by FDA +regulations. And, users would probably use safer and easier methods of +administration. More people drink beer and wine than hard liquor. +Similarly, relatively few Americans would resort to injection, given the +common fear of needles, especially when one is not concerned with +"maximizing" the high obtained per dollar. For those who would use +needles, some of the "windfall" dollars liberated from enforcement could be +diverted to an education campaign about the dangers of injection and +sharing needles. + Of course, the sudden legalization of drugs would open a new area of +danger, although lessened. Although at first it sounds unusual, a user +licensing system might be the most practical way to educate users. After +all, we require citizens to have licenses to drive cars and carry guns. +All adults who desire to use drugs could be required to pass some kind of +test about effects and dangers of drug use. Those who pass would be issued +a license which would be presented when drugs are bought. While this +system would certainly not be infallible (neither is driver or gun +licensing), it would help somewhat. + Most importantly, if drugs were legalized, crime would be radically +changed. Property crime would decrease. Users would no longer have to +resort to theft to purchase drugs. Users would not necessarily have +criminal records, allowing them to seek gainful legal employment. Violent +crime committed by dealers would vanish entirely. Those who sell drugs +would be behind drugstore counters rather than in back alleys. Few +pharmacists resort to violent crime to boost their sales or eliminate a +competitor. + Finally, drug legalization would effect great change in many of our +social institutions. Children in poverty would no longer have a shortcut +to riches. Although they might be reluctant at first, they would +eventually begin to strive for success along traditional pathways such as +education and hard work. Also, school children would be free of the +spectre of dealers hanging around the playground trying to find new +customers. With the profits available through legal sales, pharmacists +would be no more likely to break the law and hawk their wares to children +than are liquor store proprietors. As for families torn by drug abuse, if +the problem were accepted as a social, rather than criminal problem, social +policy solutions could be pursued. Once again, the billions of dollars +freed from the "Drug War Chest" could be put towards programs designed to +rehabilitate addicted parents, educate mothers-to-be about the dangers of +drug use to their unborn children, and warn children away from ever +starting to use drugs. + In conclusion, it seems that the cost of maintaining prohibition of drugs +is much greater than the cost of legal drug sales would be. In fact, in +1988 Ostrowski challenged nine major players in the drug war (George Bush, +William Bennett, Assistant Secretary of State for drug policy Ann +Wrobleski, White House drug policy adviser Dr. Donald Ian McDonald, and the +public information directors of the FBI, DEA, General Accounting Office, +National Institute of Justice, and National Institute on Drug Abuse) +challenging them to name any study "that demonstrated the beneficial +effects of drug prohibition when weighed against its costs." None of the +nine were able to cite such a study. + For more than a century, America has been threatened by horror stories +about the effect of drugs. It seems about time that our country took a +more objective look at the situation it has fallen into. The radical +changes that legalization would bring no doubt terrify many people. +However, ever-increasing enforcement efforts seem to be leading nowhere but +down. Every time criminals are convicted, the huge profit basically +ensures that someone will move in to take their place. While the demand +for drugs continues, someone will meet that demand, especially with the +profits available in a prohibition system. America must begin to study +legalization options. For the sake of consistency, for the sake of the +American tradition of limited government intrusion, and most of all, for +the sake of every American citizen who suffers from drug laws in place +today, America must open its eyes and learn a lesson from its own past. As +we saw in the 1920's, if a population wants something badly enough, someone +will oblige them, whether it be Chicago's Al Capone or Medellin's Jorge +Ochoa. As soon as America stops adding to the problems with drug laws, it +can spend its time, energy, and money on the underlying causes and effects +of drug use and abuse. +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Bibliography + +"America After Prohibition: The Next Debate Over Drug Legalization: How + Would It Work?" (Collection of essays) in Reason, October, 1988. p. 22-29 +"Americans Are Placing Issue of Drugs At the Top of Their National Agenda," + in The Washington Post, 18 August 1989. p. A1. +Baltic, Bernard. "Drug Laws are the problem, not the solution," in The + Plain Dealer, 2 April 1989. p. 1-C. +Bandow, Doug. "The U.S. Should End Its War on Drugs," in Chemical + Dependency, Claudia Debner (ed.) St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven Press, 1985 +Barnett, Randy E. "Curing the Drug-law Addiction: The Harmful Side + Effects of Legal Prohibition," in Dealing With Drugs, Ronald + Hamowy (ed.) San Francisco: Pacific Research Inst., 1987. +"Bush Heats Up War on Drugs," Chicago Tribune, 6 September, 1989. p. 1. +Chaiken, Marcia R. and Bruce D. Johnson. Characteristics of Different + Types of Drug Involved Offenders. Washington, D.C.: National + Institute of Justice, Office of Communication and Research + Utilization. 1988. +Daniels, Mitch. "Bennett Knows Best," in The Washington Post, 22 August + 1989. p. A19. +Ehrenreich, Barbara. "Drug Frenzy: Why the war on drugs misses the real + target," in Utne Reader, March/April 1989. p. 76. +"Going Too Far: The drug thugs trigger a backlash in Colombia and + Kennebunkport," in Time, 4 September 1989. p. 12. +Kaplan, John. The Hardest Drug. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. +Latimer, Dean. "Cocaine Use is Sensationalized," in Chemical Dependency, + Claudia Debner (ed.) St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven Press, 1985. +McBride, Duane C. "Drugs and Violence" in The Drugs-Crime Connection, + James Inciardi (ed.) Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1981. +Moynihan, Daniel. "The U.S. Should Strengthen Its War on Drugs," in + Chemical Dependency, Claudia Debner (ed.) St. Paul, MN: + Greenhaven Press, 1985. +Ostrowski, James. "Policy Analysis: Thinking About Drug Legalization." + Washington, D.C.: The Cato Institute. 1989. +Rich, Robert M. Crimes Without Victims. Washington, D.C.: University + Press of America, 1978. +"Should drugs be legalized?" (opposing editorials) in Utne Reader, + March/April 1989. p. 80. +"U.S. Stops Some Airborne Drugs but Admits the Smugglers Are Winning," in + The New York Times, 30 July 1989. p. 1. +Zuckerman, Mortimer B. "The Enemy Within," in U.S. News and World Report, + 11 September 1989. p. 91. + + +-- +|----Joe Germuska | germuska@casbah.acns.nwu.edu | ---- (708) 864-5939 ---| +|-Join the Peter Gabriel Mailing List:gabriel-request@casbah.acns.nwu.edu-| +|"Old men sing about their dreams, women laugh and |"How can we be in when| +|children scream, and the band keeps playin' on..."|there is no outside?"-| + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/women b/textfiles.com/politics/women new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7c033afd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/women @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ + +MAN'S INHUMANITY TO WOMEN + by D. Warren Livingston + + + "Women and children first!" There are not many people alive +today, over the age of twenty, who haven't heard that phrase, +read about that phrase, or even uttered the phrase themselves for +one reason or another. But what does it mean? Is this enduring +phrase something borne of an ingrained love and respect that +mankind has for women and children? This author doesn't think +so; quite frankly, after researching some of the historical +treatment men have had toward women, I believe the phrase has no +more meaning than a desire for preservation of the species, and +has nothing at all to do with love and respect for women or +children. + + Societies, for as long as there have been societies, have shown +little or no respect for women, but the fact that this inhumanity +toward the female sex is so well documented may very well be the +thing that helps change the trends and traditions of the past +centuries. Like anything worth looking into, it is important to +know where we came from to get some idea where we are going. Here's +a few startling facts just to get the ball rolling: + + 1. In 1985, 1.7 million American women were seriously +assaulted by their spouse or partner, and this is just the +reported cases. It is estimated that the actual number would be +closer to 15 million or more but a large number go unreported +either by the women or the "system". + + 2. In 1984, one out of three female homicides was +perpetrated by either the spouse or the lover of the victim. + + 3. There are more law enforcement officers killed while +breaking up domestic disturbances than any other area of police +work. Chasing down armed robbers ranks second. + + 4. There are no age, social, economic, or religious +boundaries to separate the incidence of this violence against +women. + + 5. Forty percent of all women hospitalized in this country +are there due to battering. Nos.1-5; U. S. Bureau of +Statistics1986 + + Some startling facts, no doubt, but before we take a look at +what has happened since the mid-eighties, lets take a quick look +at some more history for a minute; specifically, let's examine +the history of the way women have been treated, not just by men, +but by societies in general over the decades and centuries. + + Year 1395-An English woman applied for a divorce and +presents evidence of frequent attacks from her husband with a +knife, and details violence which included a broken arm. Her +husband does not deny the violence, but refutes that it is +necessary to reduce his wife's repeated mistakes. The divorce is +denied. Wife Beating:Langley & Levy p.15 + + Year 1762-English law states: "Women must bear with cruel +husbands without complaint. Wife Beating:Langley & Levy p.15 + + Year 1768-Lord Blackstone established "Rule of Thumb" which +referred to a husband's right to chastise his wife with a whip or +ratton no bigger in diameter than his thumb nor longer than his +arm in order to enforce domestic discipline. Wife Beating: +Langley & Levy p.35 + + Year 1871- An Ecclesiastical court ruled that, although a +husband beating his wife was undoubetedly wrong, it still had to +be endured for better or worse by the wife. Wife Beating: +Langley & Levy p.37 + + Year1871-An Alabama court ruled that men no longer had any +right to beat their wives. The decision said, "The privilege, +ancient though it may be, to beat her with a stick, to pull her +hair, choke her, spit in her face, or kick her about on the +floor, or inflict upon her other indignities, is not now +acknowledged by our law." Wife Beating: Langly & Levy p.39 + + Year 1882-Baltimore, MD enacted a law to punish wife beaters +by giving them 40 lashes with a whip or a year in jail. This was +repealed in 1953. Wife Beating:Langley & Levy p.39 + + Year 1910-The United States Supreme Court ruled that a wife +had no cause for action on an assault and battery charge against +her husband because it would open the doors of the courts to +accusations of all sorts of one spouse against the other and +bring into public notice, complaints for assault, slander, and +libel. Wife Beating: Langley & Levy p.39 + + Year 1970-The first direct services for battered women were +offered in St. Paul, Minnesota. The first shelter for battered +women opened 2 years later. Battered Wives: Martin p.196 + + Year 1984-Over 700 shelters for battered women are active +across the USA. California, Hawaii, and Texas have made it a +felony for a husband to assault his wife, but no convictions are +made yet. U.S. Bureau of Statistics: 1986 + + Year 1985-Twenty-seven states have enacted legislation to +protect women from abusive spouses and partners, in most of +these, 20% or more of the collected fees for marriage licenses go +to cost of maintaining shelters, and automatic restraining orders +have become the norm. U.S. Bureau of Statistics: 1986 + + Well, you might say, "Now we're getting somewhere!" but we are not +quite through looking at the history angle of all this violence +against women just yet. Let's go back a bit farther shall we? Male +dominance over females goes back to the dawn of time, essentially. +Early man was a hunter and gatherer, and a woman was reduced to the +role of keeping the campfires burning and rearing the children. These +traditions evolved into customs and laws and even religious beliefs +that women were inferior beings. The great religious writings, +including the Old Testament, the New Testament, the Talmud, the Koran, +and the book of Morman, all place men in the position of authority +over women. As the foundations to the modern-day societies were being +formed, the information in these writings reflected the attitudes about +women through the ages and the interpretation of passages from these +works have served to help perpetuate this posture. + + Timothy I, 9-14; + In like manner I wish women to be decently dressed, + adorning themselves with modesty and dignity, not with + braided hair or gold or pearls or expensive clothing + but with good works such as become women professing + Godliness. + Let a woman learn in silence with all submission. + For I do not allow a woman to teach, or to exercise + authority over men; but she is to keep quiet. For + Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not + deceived, but the woman was deceived and it was sin. + The Holy Bible: p.202 + + No doubt, it has been an uphill battle all the way for women +to gain even a little ground on this seriously difficult problem +when even The Bible, has deferred to placing women in a position +of submissiveness. It is no wonder that little has been done to +try to uncover the psychology of this worldwide problem. The +battle for women's dignity, equality, and self-actualization is +far from over, but in the last decades, some tremendous strides +have been taken. In order to fully realize the importance of +emerging from the horror of century's of man's inhumanity to +women, we need to take a look at the "anatomy" of a battered +woman from a modern standpoint. The following scenario of the +battered woman is offered only as an example: + + 1. Typically she comes from a dysfunctional home herself. +Her emotional needs were unfulfilled, and love, trust, affection, +and a stable role model were not available in her childhood. + + 2. Her need for nurturing is often achieved vicariously by +becoming an overly affectionate person especialy with men who +display a "need" for her affection. + + 3. Once in a relationship, she becomes terrified of +abandonment and will do anything to hold things together. All +too often this includes tolerating even massive amounts of mental +and physical abuse. + + 4. Her self-esteem is low, or non-existant, she accepts +more than half of the guilt, responsibility, and blame for the +relationship. She is out of control but tries to mask this by +being "helpful". + + 5. Very often, drugs and alcohol become a part of her daily +existence in order to numb hersef from the abuse. Her fear of +loneliness, fostered in part from the lack of early nurturing, +may keep her from deciding to get out of this situation for a +long time. Nos. 1-5; Women Who Love Too Much: Norwood pp.16-23 + + Right here would be a good place to ask the questions;"Are +women truly the weaker sex? What can be done to keep from +falling into this type of trap?" Very good questions but the +answers don't come easy. I believe, as do many of the learned +theorists in the field of psychology, that the core of human +existance is our personality. It is shaped in the very early +stages by our "significant adult" social contacts and the +relationships we have with peers and siblings. + + This fact accounts for a large portion of the perpetuation of the +inferiority role for women. From the beginning of recorded human +existence until the present, women have been educated into the role +of inferiority including their personalities. For the most part, until +very recently, they have grudgingly accepted that posture. However, +women like Madame Currie, Amelia Earhart, Florence Nightingale, and +many others, have demonstrated to the world that women are NOT "the +weaker sex" in any context other than the purely medical or biological +definition of physical strength. When the "feminist" movement got +underway in the 1970's, it was almost like a knee-jerk reaction +amongst the male dominated scientific community to begin extensive +investigative studies to determine if there were actual measurable +differences in the brain functionalities of men and women. + + Behavioral Scientists, Anthropologists, and Psychologists have +toiled with the "nature-nurture" issues for years, but the evolution +of several sophisticated methods of gathering, testing, and analyzing +data involving such things as the effects of hormones on the development +and sexual orientation of human beings has had a profound effect on +studying the human brain. Although the "jury is still out" on the +results of many of these studies, most Psychology testing points to +the conclusion that men and women do indeed perceive the world +differently as a result of functional differences in male and female +brains. How Schools Fail Girls: Gorman. Time pp. 42-51 + + I seriously doubt, even after all the scientific studies are +in, and the findings are disected, analyzed, hypothesized, and +categorized, that there will be any great solutions bubbling to +the surface to help alleviate the tremendous injustices that +still exist concerning the treatment of women. I feel certain +that the key to overcoming all the centuries of strife lies in +the education, not only of mature women of today, but of younger +girls; the women of tomorrow. Gradually, women around the world +are facing a very grim fact; their inequality is partially due to +their own behavior and attitudes. + + "The status quo of sexual inequality can only be considered + appropriate and natural when women accept this view as well + as men." What Keeps Women "In Their Place": Layng USA May,1989. + + Times are changing very rapidly for women and with these changes +are some great opportunities around the world. Here in the United +States we have seen the opening of all military academies to +women, by former President Gerald Ford, in October of 1976. The +119 brave women who entered West Point on July 7, 1976 had to +endure sexual harrasment and verbal abuse, but laid the groundwork +to what has become commonplace to see women in Battle Dress Uniform +throughout our military structure. Women at West Point: Hasenaur +July,1991. The last obstacle for women in this area of American +culture seems to be the right for women to serve in situations +considered "dangerous" such as combat missions. In our government, +we are seeing an increase in the number of women laying claim to +Governorships, Senate seats, House of Representative seats, and many +key Presidential Cabinet roles. However it is still a male dominated +arena. The House Rules Committee has 1 woman out of 13, Ways and +Means-2 of 36, Budget-2 of 37, Appropriations-3 of 59, and Agriculture-1 +of 45. Women on the Verge of a Power Breakthrough: Finkel May 1992. + + Women activists around the world have begun to press for laws to +have violence against women treated as a violation of basic human +rights. From a religious standpoint, of the known active clergy +in this country, 15% are now women.Women Finding a Place in the +Pulpit: Brinson May,1992. + + I think it bears repeating, education may be the very best +way for women to finally see the time when every female child +born has a fair and equal chance to achieve her full potential in +all aspects of life. In the past, there has been a serious +discrepancy in the proportion of women who have achieved very +high levels of education. The BA and MA levels are fairly close +with men edging out women by just a few percentage points. +However at the Ph.D level men capture over 70% of the degrees. +Over 90% of Computer Science Doctorates are awarded to men. + + In the workplace only 5% of the top level executives are women. +What's The Difference:Stump Ph.D,1985. None of this is by accident. +In every classroom, whether taught by male or female teachers, boys +call out and get the feedback 8 times more often than girls. Our +textbooks show a gross lack of information on women as well. In the +newest history textbooks only 2 percent of space is devoted to women. +How Schools Fail Girls:Sadker. Feb 1994. After 20 years of studying +this gender bias in our nations schools, Myra and David Sadker, +Professors of education at the American University in Washington D.C., +discovered that most girls enter school equal to or ahead of their +male counterparts, but slip considerably by the time they are taking +SAT and ACT exams for college entry, with the greatest shortfall in +the areas of math and science. + + In the same report, it was revealed that when girls are educated +separately from boys there is a significant increase in their self +esteem and academic achievement. I agree with the Sadkers that +completely segregating girls in our education system for the sake of +improving percentages of qualified females at college entry level would +be "sticky business" under the current legal system which discourages +any kind of sex discrimination. However, if a few test cases here and +there show such marked results, then I also support the idea that our +educators should be required to assist in reducing the gender bias in +the classroom as well. + + The Gender Equity in Education Act, is before Congress even as this +is being written and if passed, will do much to provide gender equality +training for educators. In the meantime, I believe the time is right to +contribute to a new era for women where equality for women is more that +just an aspiration, it will be a reality. It took many hundreds of years +to arrive at this day and age and there are many hard fought battles ahead +I am sure, but with todays "instant access" to information I believe also +that the gruops of women who can see the merit of the strength in numbers +theory will create a powerful voice that the male dominated world will +just have to listen to. + + As for men, well, the emergence of a multitude of self- +actualized women may be a bitter pill to swallow for some time to +come yet, but most men realize that above all else the survival +of the species is dependent upon women and, of course, the +children they can bear. Perhaps keeping the men of today reminded +of the grim history of man's inhumanity to women will serve to +show the men of tomorrow that there is no Earthly reason for +women to stand on anything but equal ground with men in all +aspects of life on this planet. Women and Children First; it's +about time!!! + +Copyright 1994 D. Warren Livingston +========================= # # # ================================= +Warren is a Missouri resident and gentleman farmer, who has done a little +of everything, and is even a part-time inventor. His claim to fame and +highest accomplishment, however, is his son. Talk to him about horses +and you will find, he has been talking for a few hours. +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + BIBLIOGRAPHY + +1. Battered Wives:Del Martin. San Fransisco, CA.:Glide Publ.1976 +2. How Schools Fail Girls:Myra & David Sadka. Springfield NEWS +LEADER Feb, 1994 +3. Sizing up the Sexes:Christine Gorman. TIME Jan 20, 1992 +4. The Holy Bible:p.202 +5. U.S. Bureau of Statistics:1986 +6. What Keeps Women in Their Place:Anthony Layng. USA May, 1989 +7. What's The Difference:Jane Barr Stump, Ph.D. NY,NY.:Morrow 1985 +8. Wife Beating:Roger Langley&Richard Levy.NY,NY.:E.P.Dutton 1972 +9. Women at West Point:Heike Hasenaur. SOLDIERS July, 1991 +10 Women Who Love Too Much:Robin Norwood. LosAngeles,CA.:J.P. +Tarcher 1985 +11. Women Finding a Place in The Pulpit:Claudia Smith Brinson. +Columbia, SC.:STATE May 31, 1992 +12. Women on the Verge of a Power Breakthrough:David Finkel +WASHINGTON POST May 10,1992 +============================================================================= diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/women.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/women.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..27c3b44b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/women.txt @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +##### Updated format + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON ISSUES OF CONCERN TO WOMEN + + + +Never before have American women had so many +options or been asked to make such difficult +choices. It's time not only to make women full +partners in government, but also to make government +work for American women. + +The Bush Administration says it is committed to +women, but it has repeatedly acted against their +interests. A Clinton/Gore Administration will be +different. Instead of fighting to deprive women of +their legal right to choose, we will support the +Freedom of Choice Act -- not because we are +"pro-abortion," but because we think certain +choices are too personal for politics. + +Instead of making life-saving research a political +issue, we will let it serve American women by +lifting the ban on fetal tissue research and +directing adequate resources to women's health +issues. And instead of vetoing legislation to give +Americans the right to take leave from work to care +for newborn children and sick relatives -- a right +enjoyed in very other major industrialized nation +-- we will sign into law the Family and Medical +Leave Act. + +The Bush Administration has failed to do right by +American women. We will do better. + +Protect a woman's right to choose + + Sign into law the Freedom of Choice Act. Bill +Clinton and Al Gore recognize that personal privacy +is a fundamental liberty guaranteed and protected +by the United States Constitution; and that our +government thus has no right to interfere with the +difficult and intensely personal decisions women +must sometimes make regarding abortion. Signing +the Freedom of Choice Act will ensure that a +woman's right to choose is not jeopardized by a +Supreme Court reversal or limitation of Roe v. +Wade. + +* Urge Congress to repeal the Hyde Amendment, which + prohibits federally funded abortions even for + rape and incest victims. + +* Repeal President Bush's "gag" rule, which + prohibits medical personnel in federally funded + clinics from advising women on pregnancy options + including abortion. + +* Oppose any federal attempt to limit access to + abortion through mandatory waiting periods or + parental or spousal consent requirements; support + state efforts to require some form of adult + counseling or consultation for underage girls who + choose to have an abortion as long as workable + and effective judicial bypass provisions are + attached to such laws. + +* Initiate measures to protect women and + care-givers from intimidation, harassment and + threats posed by radical demonstrators who + illegally block health clinics. + +* Reduce the need for abortion by urging Congress + to re-authorize the Title X Family Planning + Program; by prioritizing research and development + of safe, effective contraception at the National + Institutes of Health; by providing improved + family planning services and education programs; + and by ensuring the availability of + contraceptives to low-income women. + +Protect women's rights in the workplace + +* Support efforts to ensure fair wages for all + workers, regardless of gender; and to ban + gender-based discrimination in federal hiring, + promotion and contracts. + +* Hire and appoint more women at all levels of + government so that a Clinton/Gore Administration + better reflects this country's population. + +* Press for and enforce tough sexual harassment + guidelines in all government agencies. + +Support pro-family and pro-children policies + +* Grant additional tax relief to families with + children. + +* Expand the Earned Income Tax Credit to guarantee + a "working wage" so that no American who works + full-time is forced to live in poverty. + +* Sign into law the Family and Medical Leave Act, + which George Bush vetoed in 1990, so that no + worker is forced to choose between maintaining + his or her job and caring for a newborn child or + sick family member. + +* Create a child care network as complete as the + public school network, tailored to the needs of + working families; give parents choices between + competing public and private institutions. + +* Establish more rigorous standards for licensing + child care facilities and implement improved + methods for enforcing them. + +* Crack down on deadbeat parents by reporting them + to credit agencies, so they can't borrow money + for themselves when they're not taking care of + their children. Use the Internal Revenue Service + to collect child support, start a national + deadbeat databank, and make it a felony to cross + state lines to avoid paying support. + +Ensure affordable, quality health care for all +Americans + +* Provide health coverage for all Americans with a + core benefits package that includes ambulatory + physician care, in-patient hospital care, + prescription drugs, basic mental health services, + and important preventive programs like pre-natal + care and annual mammograms. + +* Sign into law the Women's Health Research Act, + the Reproductive Health Equity Act and similar + legislative measures designed to address current + deficiencies in the treatment of women's health + problems. + +* Use whatever means are available to find cures + for diseases like ovarian cancer, breast cancer + and osteoporosis including lifting the fetal + tissue research ban. + +* Develop a comprehensive maternal and child health + network to reduce both the infant mortality rate + and the number of low birth-weight babies. + +* Support testing of RU-486. We will instruct the + FDA to treat RU 486 like any other drug that + requires testing, not like a political football. + +Crack down on violence against women + +* Sign the Violence Against Women Act, which would + provide tougher enforcement and stiffer penalties + to deter domestic violence. + +Reproductive rights + +* Governor Clinton never wavered in his support of + a woman's legal right to choose as set out in the + Supreme Courts landmark Roe v. Wade opinion; + recently signed an amicus brief in Planned + Parenthood v. Casey which argued that the Court + should respect stare decisis and uphold the + fundamental right to choose as recognized in Roe + v. Wade. + +* Signed a parental notification law which contains + an effective judicial bypass provision so that + minors who are deemed sufficiently mature to + exercise their right to choose are not + arbitrarily deprived of it; the original bill + would have required parental consent. + + +* Senator Gore has consistently voted to protect a + woman's right to choose and is a cosponsor of the + Freedom of Choice Act. + +Women in the workplace + +* Governor Clinton required every state agency to + develop and implement a sexual harassment policy. + +* Hired and appointed more women to state courts, + boards and commissions than all previous Arkansas + governors combined; ranked sixth among the + nations governors by the National Womens + Political Caucus in the percentage of women + appointed to cabinet-level positions. + +* Hired women to manage his gubernatorial + campaigns; his longest-tenured chief-of-staff was + a woman. + +* Advocated passage of the Equal Rights Amendment + from the beginning; urged Congress to pass a + strong Civil Rights bill to prohibit job + discrimination in 1991, and appointed an Arkansas + task force to develop complementary state + legislation. + +* Bill Clinton has consistently supported + legislation to overturn Supreme Court decisions + which limit the rights of women, cosponsoring the + Equal Remedies Act to provide women greater + opportunity to gain compensation for employment + discrimination. + +* Senator Gore has cosponsored legislation that + overturned Supreme Court decisions which limited + the rights of minorities and women. Laws he + cosponsored include the Fair Housing Amendments + Act, the Civil Rights Restoration Act, and the + Civil Rights Acts of 1990 and 1991. + +* Cosponsored the Equal Remedies Act, which will + remove limitations on dollar amounts of + compensatory and punitive damage awards in cases + of intentional employment discrimination against + women. + +Families and children + +* Bill Clinton was a driving force in writing the + Family Support Act of 1988, representing the + nation's governors in a major revision of the Aid + to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) + program and Title IV of the Social Security Act. + The Family Support Act emphasizes work, child + support and family benefits, and encourages and + assists needy children and parents in obtaining + the education, training and employment necessary + to avoid long-term welfare dependence. + +* Made Arkansas the first state in the country to + implement a statewide child care voucher system; + named by the National Women's Political Caucus + one of 10 "Good Guys" in 1988, recognizing + leadership in the campaign for safe, quality + child care. + +* Raised licensing standards for child-care + centers, hired more state inspectors to enforce + those standards, and established a special fund + to train child care workers. + +* Led Arkansas in initiating, through state and + federal funds, comprehensive health clinics in + schools, including reproductive health + information and services with a local option to + distribute contraceptives. + +* Led efforts to pass a law mandating that deadbeat + parents with overdue child support payments be + reported to consumer credit agencies; established + a rebuttable presumption of paternity if the + father's name and social security number are + recorded on birth certificates. + +* The Arkansas Child Support Enforcement Unit has + received national recognition for identifying + deadbeat parents and for aggressive enforcement + of child support payments. + +* Al Gore cosponsored the Family and Medical Leave + Act which President Bush vetoed. + +* Supported the Child Enforcement Act. + +Health care + +* As a leader of the Southern ad National Governors + Associations, Bill Clinton helped secure + congressional passage of the Pregnant Women and + Infants Act, easing Medicaid eligibility + requirements for pregnant women. This program + has expanded critical pre- and post-natal care + services for thousands of women and children in + Arkansas and across the nation. + +* Established the "Good Beginnings" program in + 1987, which took advantage of new federal + regulations to provide basic health services to + more low-income women and their young children; + Arkansas was the first state to launch such a + program. + +* Led Arkansas nationally acclaimed efforts to + combat unwanted teen pregnancies through + school-based clinics, outreach services and + consistent and aggressive public advocacy. + +* Enacted a 1989 law requiring the Department of + Health to establish and administer quality + standards for x-ray facilities conducting + mammography. + +* Al Gore supported legislation to create an Office + of Research on Women's Health to ensure that + research on women's health is a priority in the + National Institutes of Health. + +* Supported legislation to lift the ban on fetal + tissue research. + +Violence + +* Governor Clinton created a Children's Trust Fund, + financed by a $5.00 fee on marriage licenses, + which finances child abuse and neglect prevention + projects through grants. + +* Signed legislation under which Arkansas pays for + examinations of sexual assault victims and + publishes treatment guidelines that hospitals are + required to follow for those victims. + +* Senator Gore cosponsored the Violence Against + Women Act, which helps make streets, campuses, + and homes safe for women. The Act creates the + first federal laws to help protect women from + spousal abuse. It also defines gender-motivated + crimes as bias or hate crimes that violate civil + rights. + +* Cosponsored the Campus Crime Statistics Act to + increase safety on campuses by compiling and + disseminating crime statistics on campuses. + +* Supported legislation to expand funding for + family violence prevention. diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wordauth b/textfiles.com/politics/wordauth new file mode 100644 index 00000000..120fe954 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wordauth @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ + +WORD AUTHORITY MORE HABIT FORMING THAN HEROIN + +by William Burroughs + +[From the book 'Brion Gysin Let The Mice In', by Brion Gysin, edited by +Jan Herman, with texts by William Burroughs and Ian Sommerville; Something +Else Press, Inc., 1973. Originally printed in 'The San Francisco +EARTHQUAKE', No. 1, 1967 (ed. Jan Herman).] + +[Transcribers note: This e-text typed in exactly as it is printed in the +book, including the typewriter symbols, which are positioned accurately +underneath key words in the text. The margins are as printed in the book +also, except that the right margin of text is typeset justified in the +book; in this e-text they are unjustified. The several consecutive lines +with nothing but typewriter symbols (no text above them), are also +margined according to the book (which was naturally typeset right- +justified since the symbols are all run together with no spaces); in this +e-text they look narrower because they aren't typeset. The original +manuscript, however, written on a typewriter, was probably not margined +the same, except for the "I am right you are wrong" permutations (with +their accompanying typewriter symbols), which have their own narrow +margins. Apologies if there are any typos in this e-text; please correct +them and re-release this file.] + +========================================================================== + +Word author- +ity more habit +forming than heroin no this is not the old +power addicts talk I am talking about a certain excercise of authority +through the use of words authority words habit more forming than +heroin that is the use of these words engrams words colorless words +form the user more than heroin and he must have more and more +heroin authority words more habit than forming that is the words of +narcotics control as used by the American Narcotics Dept. more habit +forming than can be maintained which is why they must continually +spread the problem "authority" more habit forming than word 'heroin' +that is the particular authority derived from the enforcement of nar- +cotics laws is more habit forming than the word heroin. What are +heroin words? Ally engrams its going to be all right you are all right +and comfortable so comfortable but the words of withdrawal of ally +engram is more habit forming than the ally engram notice they need +not a few addicts getting it steady they need a lot of addicts always +short sick addicts a frequency more habit forming than heroin is the +frequency of sick addicts words forming authority in occupation word +authority more eristic banal reporters than heroin men of shadows im- +potently flailing anachronic consensus nevermore addict talk bubbling +about a certain uxorious urubu beneath innavigable umlaut of author- +ity dim words ukase over decorticated canines jerky pretext colorless +tin far away habit heroin's logomachy supine societal eschatology infra +sound called these words engram words colorless words form the user's +canine perspectives word authority more habit forming latterly en- +demic than heroin anachronic experiments with blue infrasound I am +talking established drug authority about a certain irrefrangible exercise +of authority through necessities ill informed pulp of words that is the +particular authority banal reporter's camera derived from enforcement +men of shadows anachronic narcotics law more habit forming than +perparations bubbling 'heroin' beneath innavigable umlaut shallow and +unworthy what are heroin words? dim ally engram colorless far away +and comfortable so comfortable canine dance floor flickering latterly +endemic American friend feeding canine preparation the Countess +Repulsive obligatory blue bubbling about a certain uxorious urubu +investiture died when their batteries on sham rage enforcement men +of shadows he enjoys quality job gave out you're fired by any reputably +informed obmutesence his young eyes narrowed to grey slits...au- +thority deadlier than cocaine he must have more and more...battle +a pretext thin hero words colorless dim words I am sure control ma- +chine ukase over decorticated canine preparations lighted length of +time I am talking about a certain irrefrangible authority the torn palato- +gram fell into our hands pretty baby please engram words colorless +flower flesh inert words engram words form the user obligatory have +more and more from the users abrasively incondite control...you're +fired endemic encumbrancer the clock has stopped old urubu on the +darkened 23rd hour the golden stars flailing they must continually +incubus's interpositional contagonist spread the problem word 'heroin' +justiciar congruent that is the particular authority congruently flailing +latterly endemic derived from enforcement of decommissioned encum- +brancer's anachronic narcotics laws habit forming flower flesh shadow +ally obligatory obscurant effluvial notice they need not a few addicts +epidemically obligatory such investiture a frequency more habit form- +ing abrasively incondite than heroin is immeasurably impacted ende- +mic encumbrancer's uxorious frequency of sick addicts incubus's word +forming authority's prefigured eschatologist decommissioned exter- +nalized investiture shallow and unworthy. + + + +I am right. you are wrong. +. " * : + @ +you are wrong. I am right. + : + @ . " * +I am right? you are wrong. +. " * : + @ +you are wrong? I am right. + : + @ . " * +I am cop kicks in door right flashes his dirty rotten hunka tin you + . " * : +dragged away in handcuffs are wrong man has cornered a rat I am he + + @ . @ +raises a heavy stick right you the rat gives a squeak of terror are the + " * : + +rat bares his yellow teeth wrong stick falls dying rat twitches I am + + @ +right cop clubs man in riot scene you are he kicks him into the wagon + . " * : + +wrong he slams door I am executioner enters death cell right with two + @ . " +guards you come along are strapped into electric chair wrong smoke + ** : + +curls up from electrodes 'I pronounce this man dead' wrong Harry S. + @ . +Truman decides to drop first atom bomb I am right you people in + " * : . +Hiroshima are wrong film shows burned children I am cop breaks + + @ . " +through door 'I am a police officer right enough.' mixed time and place + * * : +he was looking for a teen age drug party. He has strayed into Dillin- + +ger's hideout you are Dillinger covers him with sub machine gun wrong + + +copper raised hands terror I am right he holds gun on cop's stomach + @ . " * +1914 movie two men arguing outside bar coats off I am right man 1 + . +knocks man 2 down you are wrong man 2 gets up I am right he throws + " * : + @ . " +right to jaw sequence repeated up down fade out The End. The gen- + * +eral is making a difficult decision in the Pentagon dim jerky far away + " +he paces up and down the office buries his face in his hands he looks + +up at the American flag he picks up phone you are wrong Commies + * : +atom bombs fall on Moscow Moscow in ruins I am right counter + + @ +missiles whistle you are wrong Pentagon blows up mushroom cloud + " * : + @ +Am I right? you are wrong. + " . * : + @ +Are you wrong? right I am. + + : @ * . " +Right I am. Wrong you are. + * . " @ : + +Right? Wrong? I am? Are you? + * @ . " + : +Right our wrong: I am you. + * + @ . " : +Wrong are you right? I am. + @ + : * . " +I am you right or wrong. +. " : * + @ +Wrong you are. I write. Am. + @ : + . * " +I write you are wrong. Am. +. * : + @ " +Wrong eye am right? you? our? + @ . " * : + +Our right eye am wrong you. + + * . " @ : +Right or wrong you am I. + * + @ : " . +Am wrong right? you are I? + " @ * : + . +I am right youarewrongwrongwrong IIIIamamamamrightrightright +. " * : + @ @ @ .... " " " " * * * +youyouyouyouareareourorareareourwrongyouorrightamIIIrightamor + : : : : + + + + + + + @ : + * "... * " + +wrongyou + @ : +."*:+@....."""""*****:::::+++++@@@@@*:*:*. + +..."."."...@:@:@:@:@:****""""":@@@:@:@:@:@ + +.....:@:@:@:@:@::":"::""":*@*@*@"@"@"@"@.* + +.*.*.*.*.."."."."."."...:.:...:::"::@:@@:@ + +*@*@"@"@@@:::*::++*+*+*++"+"+++"+":":":"." + +."."...@.@.@.@.....+@+@+@+@+@+@.....*:".+" + ++@.@.:@+@+@+@+@+@++"++*+*+*+*++"."".:@:::@ + +++@+++++@+++*::"::"+"+"++""@"@"@"@""@@::@. + +.@:@.@+@+@@++"++*+*+*++"++":"..:::*:*:":": + +":":":@:@:@+@+@@.@..@++@...@::::@..@:@:":" + +:*:*:....:::::++++....*.*..@.@.@.@..@:@::. + +:.@:.@++@+"+"+"+"+ + +Breaks through door Im a poli flashes his dirty rotten hunka tin time + " * +and place he was looking for are wrong he puts the cuffs on? he has + ? +strayed into Dillinger's right stick him with sub machine gun wrong cop + * +rat bares his yellow teeth detective knocks man to floor if you are gay + + +I am right seconds with Karate you are wrong you are he kicked him into + * +1914 movie outside bar coats off Harry S. Truman decides to drop + " +first you are wrong Hiroshima wrong film of right to jaw sequence + + * +repeat child I am executioner is making a difficult decision you come + ? . " +along strapped into head electrodes I am cop kicks in the door right + . " +officer right enough mixed you he sticks a gun in a teen age drug party + * : ? +cornered rat I am right noise man kills him in 30 seconds detective + . * +dying I am right right Harry 2 gets up I am right he throws atom bomb + ? . " * +I am right you people in Hiroshima survivors burned the Pentagon + : + ? +dim jerky far away smoke. + * + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/wrongs.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/wrongs.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..825fe996 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/wrongs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ + THE "OFFICIAL" PROPOSED BILL OF ANIMAL RIGHTS - A CRITIQUE + MALCOLM MCMAHON [100015,514] + + I read an article in "New Scientist" magazine about a year ago whose +advice has stayed with me. I commend this advice to animal rights people +and, in fact, all who want to change the world. The subject of the article +was "Seeing the future with hindsight" and the advice was roughly this:- + + When you have an idea that you think will improve the world in + some way proceed as follows. Assume that the idea will, if + implemented have the opposite of the desired effect. Now work + out a plausible mechanism by which this perverse effect will + occur and look for a way to prevent it. + +Having read the proposed bill of animal rights I think it's very much in +need of this kind of analysis. If implemented as given I think it would do +enormous harm to man and beast alike. So we know what we're talking about +it here it is as kindly provided by Deb: + + Declaration of the Rights of Animals + + Whereas It Is Self-Evident + + That we share the earth with other creatures, great and small; + That many of these animals experience pleasure and pain; + That these animals deserve our just treatment, and + That these animals are unable to speak for themselves; + + We Do Therefore Declare That These Animals + + HAVE THE RIGHT to live free from human exploitation, + whether in the name of science or sport, exhibition + or service, food or fashion. + + HAVE THE RIGHT to live in harmony with their nature + rather than according to human desires; and + + HAVE THE RIGHT to live on a healthy planet. + + This Declaration of the Rights of Animals adopted and proclaimed on this, + the Tenth Day of June 1990, in Washington, DC. + +Interpretation +============== + + Firstly let me say that this ringing oration is useless without +interpretation. It each clause there is a pivotal concept which requires +definition. When you make declarations with the intent that they be +enshrined in law they better be more that foolproof, they better be lawyer +proof. + + In the first clause the pivotal concept is "exploitation". Now my +dictionary says to exploit is to use, with or without the implication "use +selfishly". Thus clause one implies "use selfishly" but actually only says +"use". No allowance is made for reciprocity. No allowance for the fact +that one can use an animal without harming it. + + Now in the second clause we have the wooly sixtys phrase "in harmony +with" which means, as far as I can see, very little of substance. I assume +the intended meaning is "in compliance with". Now we come to "their +natures". Which natures exactly? Their natures before or after +domestication? If we take it to mean "their nature as it would exist +without human intervention" we make domestication, or indeed keeping +animals at all impossible for we would not be able to train them (thus +altering their natures) or confine them (thus interfering with their +exploratory urges). Yes, that means dogs too. Even if we take "natures" on +an is basis then since animals always attempt, almost by definition, to +act in accordance with their natures that means no form of restraint would +be allowed. To shut the gate to keep your dog from running into the road +would be a clear violation of his rights. + + As to the third clause one is tempted to ask where this healthy +planet is to be found. In order for it to be anything more than a vague +expression of longing, some kind of target must be given. About the only +way a truely healthy planet might eventually be obtained would be the mass +departure of the human race. + +Applicability to Humans +======================= + +As stated this declaration does not exclude the human animal. Of course it +could be modified to do so but I mean to show that, if applied to humans, +it would, in some directions, go far beyond any rights ever contemplated +and destroy society as we know it. I'm not being pedantic. I'm trying to +show how wide ranging such rights could be. + + Firstly in section one a good synonym for "exploitation" might be +"employment". The closest thing ever tried to this is in Gadhaffi's Libia +were he has enshrined the principle "no man may profit from another's +labour" in law. This mean no middle men. No managers as we know them. If +you want to buy a turnip you must buy it from a turnip farmer. Think that +would be practical in our countries? + + Section two is the real killer. As far as I can see there's nothing to +stop, say, a rapist standing up in court and saying "If you punish me you +are attempting to prevent me from raping again. This is a clear violation +of my rights as an animal since it is preventing me from living in +accordance with my nature." Contrary to common sense? We're talking law +here, common sense doesn't enter into it. + + So we'll exclude the H animal shall we? Give animals rights that +humans don't have. OK then substitute man eating tiger for rapist. + + +Pets +==== + +If clause two is given it's less radical interpretation the keeping of dogs +might just be possible for people living well out in the country (though I +doubt that sufficient domestication would be possible without physical +restraint). For people living in the city the life expectancy of a dog +would be a matter of a few days. Cat's, being more independent, are rather +more possible (though cat's that are allowed to run free are always being +killed by cars). However I don't think clause two could be stretched to +allow neutering. + +Farming - Developed World +========================= + +In the developed world farm animals can, just about, be regarded as a +luxury. However it must be considered that they provide a livelyhood for, +I would guess, maybe 1% of the population. Would these people receive +compensation for the loss of their livelyhood? For people who like to +compare animal liberation with the abolition of slavery I would like to +remind them that one of the costs of abolition was the Ammerican civil war, +and that the number of people dependant for their livelyhood on slavery +must have been far less than the number dependant on livestock farming. + +Farming - Developing World +========================== + +Here animals are not a luxury. Land is used for pastural farming because it +is unsuitable for arable farming. In addition animal labour often makes the +difference between survival and starvation. It's not for nothing that +cattle are the currency in some places. Losing the use of pastural land the +pressure to expand arable farming into existing wilderness areas would be +greatly increased. Nomadic herdsmen would, of course, have their whole way +of life destroyed. You can expect many people to oppose such a change with +total violence. + +Effect on Domestic Animals +========================== + +Well, presumably as soon as the amendments become inevitable breeding would +be stopped. Of course the amendment would be fought tooth and nail up to +the last moment. Immediately before the amendment they would be slaughtered +in their tens of millions. Any survivors would have to be released as soon +as the rights came into effect. They'd cause total chaos for a few months +and then all but a handful of the most independent, who might make it into +nature, would die. Maybe we could pay farmers for a few decades to keep the +animals for their natural lives. Of course such animals would not be +getting their full rights as defined by the bill. + +Effect on Wild Animals +====================== + +At first sight the prospects for wild animals look better. Not only are +they safe from hunting (assuming, contrary to all experience, you could +prevent poaching). Furthermore humans wouldn't be allowed to protect either +themselves, their children or their crops from exploitation by the animals. +After all the bill speaks only of exploitation by humans, exploitation of +humans by animals is fine. + + On the other hand the bill says nothing about exploitation of the +resources the animals need. Virtually all of the economic compensations for +reserving wilderness areas are now illegal under clause one. Wildlife +tourism is the main reason why their are still wildlife reserves in Africa, +for example. With the sudden increase in demand for land suitable for +arable farming occasioned by the demise of pastoral farming pressure on +land resources will suddenly increase. Within a few years I would expect to +see the collapse of many national parks. What wild animals survive will be +increasingly dependant on humans. + +Effects on Human Attitudes to Animals +===================================== + +At the moment most of us have access to animals and regard wild animals +with love rather than fear. This would certainly change. People would no +longer see animals as useful and friendly but as a menace constantly +threatening to force them into breaking the law. Animals would be our +friends no longer but our enemies. + +Conclusion +========== + I'm not against animal rights as an idea but fuzzy minded rhetoric like +this does nobody any good. It's astonishing and disturbing that so many +organisations could put their names to this without, apparently, even +starting to consider the real consequences. + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/yob92env.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/yob92env.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4f47c13e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/yob92env.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1118 @@ + The Environmental Movement and the Value of "Moderation" + by Brian K. Yoder + +[Presented at a 1992 commencement address in California. An excellent +analysis of the totalitarian threat posed by environmentalism. The +historical examples discussed here bring to mind Santayana's maxim, +"Those who do not learn from the past are condemned to repeat it."] + +If you could give some advice to a fish about how not to end up on a +fisherman's stringer, you might recommend that he closely examine each +juicy tidbit he encounters to see if it contains a hook. I would like to +make that same recommendation to you this evening with regard to +political ideologies. If you consider swallowing an ideology containing +some true and good components, you should scrutinize its structure in +order to determine whether it contains a false and evil hook. + +A look at history will show us many instances of large numbers of people +adopting tyrannical ideologies which killed and enslaved them. What +caused this? Were these people less intelligent than we are? Weimar +Germany had one of the best educated populations in the world before the +Nazis came to power. Certainly they weren't grossly stupid or +uneducated. Even today, many of the most vocal proponents of Marxism on +American campuses are otherwise intelligent people. + +Were they more subject to evil intent? There is certainly no evidence of +this. Nobody promotes ideas he considers to be evil. Do you have ideas +you consider to be evil? Of course not. Neither did the citizens of +Russia and Germany. It must be something else. + +How could the proponents of tyranny have been so effective and the oppo +nents so ineffective? If the common people wouldn't stand up for +themselves, didn't business and religious leaders stand up to the +tyrants? No, for the most part, they supported them. How can it be that +intelligent, well-meaning people can allow and even support the +development of tyrannical political movements? The answer is that the +majority swallowed some juicy bait uncritically, without looking for an +ideological hook, and that's how they ended up on the stringer. + +So, how does one identify a "hook" of this kind? Answering this question +is vitally important today because we are being presented with an +ideology similar in many respects to those of the worst tyrannies of the +20th century. It is necessary to be able to recognize such ideologies in +order to fight against them. + +The ideology I would like to discuss this evening is environmentalism as +a philosophical and political movement. We will examine the philosophy +of environmentalism, and determine whether or not it is safe to swallow. + +I could speak about the scientific case (or lack of it) behind such +issues as ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and the solid waste +"crisis", but I won't, because these issues have been dealt with by many +others already, and because I do not believe that science is what makes +environmentalism "work" as a political movement. Let's begin by looking +at several environmental issues and trying to see what they have in +common and how they differ. + +Remember Acid Rain? Asbestos? Mercury in fish? Ozone Depletion from +Supersonic Transports? Alar in apples? Rachel Carson's Silent Spring of +the 1960s? The Coming Ice Age of the 1970s? Paul Ehrlich's Population +Bomb of the 1980s? What all of these have in common is that they are +based on dubious scientific theories, and that they predicted disaster +unless the environmentalists were given the power to violate the rights +of individual citizens. Also, ultimately all of the apocalyptic claims +were proven to be false, if for no other reason than that the massive +disease and death these theories predicted never materialized. + +What about today's predictions such as ozone depletion from CFCs, the +greenhouse effect, deforestation, and the solid waste crisis? What do +they all have in common? + +They are being trumpeted by the same people, they have the same dubious +scientific foundations, and they are accompanied by the same demands for +power to violate individual rights as the previous list. The only +difference is that this last list is newer and therefore has not yet +fallen to scientific disproof. Actually, global warming is already on +its way out as more and more scientists stand up and point out the +theory's faults. Don't worry though, there will be more sources of +doomsday predictions next year. Perhaps the next big crisis will be the +evil of road kills, paint fumes, neon lights, navigation beacons, or +something else I can't even imagine. Probably that. + +If these predictions of doomsday are again and again shown to be false, +why do new ones rise to take the place of each one that falls? This +propensity can only be understood in a philosophical and political +context rather than a scientific one. That is because environmentalism +is a philosophical and political movement rather than a scientific one. +It is no more scientific than communism (with its pseudo-science of +history) or Naziism (with its pseudo-science of race). + +The communists claimed that scientific socialism would put an end to +poverty and alienation. The Nazis claimed that the science of genetics +proved that the Aryan race was blessed by nature with superior +abilities. No matter how many times these theories were disproved, the +adherents remained loyal to the ideology. Even today one can find many +proponents of Marxist or racial ideologies plying their wares. Is +environmentalism an ideology of the same kind? + +If we are to understand the nature of tyrannical political ideologies +and determine whether environmentalism fits into that mold, we should +examine some historical examples, and identify what makes them tick +politically. + +We'll start with the communists. The essence of what they said to the +public was, "Poverty is bad. We are the people opposed to poverty. In +order for poverty to be eliminated, the people opposed to it must be +given the power to violate individual rights. After all, helping others +is the moral ideal and that's all we are doing. Trust us, we'll do it +right this time.". + +The Nazis had a slightly different message for the common man. They +said, "The destruction of Germany is bad. We are the people opposed to +the destruction of Germany. In order for Germany to be defended, the +people who defend Germany must be given the power to violate individual +rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal and that's all we +are doing. Trust us, we'll do it right this time." + +The Khmer Rouge in Cambodia said, "Corruption is bad. We are the people +opposed to corruption. In order for corruption to be eliminated, the +people opposed to it must be given the power to violate individual +rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal and that's all we +are doing. Trust us, we'll do it right this time." Each of these +ideologies has a common set of attributes. + + 1. Each defends an utterly uncontroversial position about which + most people are likely to be concerned. (In these examples, that + poverty is bad, that national destruction is bad, or that + corruption is bad). + + 2. Each offers to solve the uncontroversial problem, if only the + public will grant the group the power to violate the rights of + individuals. + + 3. Each justifies that violation on the basis of the morality of + altruism, that is, the moral theory that the standard of + goodness is doing what is beneficial for others. + + 4. Each resulted in millions of deaths, and slavery for millions + more. + +Ideologies of this kind work by establishing a "package deal" in which a +true and good idea is attached to a false and evil one which is +swallowed whole by the unwitting citizen. This works the same way as a +worm on a fisherman's hook and has similar results for those who swallow +the combination. + +The simplest way of understanding how people can be tricked into +swallowing a package deal of this kind is to notice that the first claim +of each of these ideologies (that poverty, national destruction, and +corruption are evil) are things everyone already agrees with. So ask +yourself, what does taking such a position accomplish in a political +context? Does it mobilize the public to change its opinions on the +issue? Of course not, everyone already agrees. Does it differentiate the +movement from the massive pro-poverty, pro-national destruction, or +pro-corruption forces afoot in the population? Certainly not, there are +no such wide-scale movements. It merely serves as the "worm" for the +hook that follows. + +Once one has swallowed the worm and believes that "The Communists are +the opponents of poverty," "The Nazis are the defenders of Germany," or +"The Khmer Rouge are the opponents of corruption," there is only one +step left for the advocates of tyranny. They must establish their goal +as a moral primary. This is necessary because otherwise people could +object to the tyranny on the basis of some higher moral principle such +as individual rights. + +What I mean by "Moral Primary" is a moral concept which need not be +justified on the basis of any other moral premise. For example, if I +said, "It is good to eat your vegetables." you might ask why, to which I +would answer, "A diet containing vegetables promotes health." That means +my vegetable-eating principle was not moral primary. It was based on a +more fundamental moral principle . . . the goodness of health. After +hearing this, you might ask, "But why is being healthy good?" to which I +would answer (depending on my moral philosophy), "Because having a +healthy body is important to my life," or "Because God commands it," or +"Because society needs strong citizens to survive," or "Because health +brings pleasure." In each case, one is expressing a moral primary, that +one's life, the will of God, the good of society, or pleasure is the +foundation of moral evaluation. Each of these is moral primary. An +egoist has no moral principle that underlies his evaluation of his life +as his standard of value. What underlies it is an epistemological +principle. A theist cannot explain what moral issue underlies the +goodness of God. A collectivist cannot explain what moral issue +underlies the goodness of society, and a hedonist cannot explain what +moral issue underlies the goodness of pleasure. In each case, the +explanation of the standard of good is epistemological, not moral. The +theist, the collectivist, and the hedonist, will typically explain why +their standard is correct with some version of "My standard is good +because I feel it is." We'll get back to this issue later when we +discuss the relationship between theories of knowledge and ethical +systems. We will see why egoism can be defended on the basis of more +than arbitrary feelings, while the others cannot. + +The moral foundation that the creators of tyrannical package deals count +on, and the moral system already accepted by most people, is altruism. +Altruism is the ethical theory which says that the moral ideal is to do +what benefits others. Broadly speaking, "others" could include other +people, supernatural beings, or even inanimate objects; the important +issue is that altruism demands that one abandon one's own concerns and +do things which are contrary to one's rational self-interest in order to +lead a morally acceptable life. This is the perfect basis for a +tyrannical ideology since anyone who claims that he is being personally +harmed by Communism, Naziism, or the Khmer Rouge, is merely being +selfish and is thus an agent of poverty, national destruction, or corrup +tion. (Do you see how the package deal works here? To oppose the +movement is taken as opposition to the uncontroversial idea, and since +that idea has been elevated to a moral primary, such opposition must be +considered the worst possible sin.) So, how can anyone oppose the +tyranny? + +Once one has swallowed the hook, the chance for the citizen to oppose +the violation of his rights in a consistent way is gone. Accepting the +premises that the tyrants are the advocates of the good, and that the +good supersedes the rights of any individual leads inexorably to the +conclusions of the tyrants . . . that they should rule outside of +considerations of individual rights. + +In our examples, anyone opposed to communism was considered to be in +favor of poverty, and therefore could be treated without regard to +individual rights, since communism was considered to be equivalent to +the opposition to poverty, which was considered to be a moral primary. +Anyone opposed to Naziism was considered to be in favor of the +destruction of Germany, and therefore could be treated without regard to +his rights. Anyone opposed to the Khmer Rouge was considered to be in +favor of corruption, and therefore could be treated without regard to +his rights. By grafting the movement to an uncontroversial idea which is +a moral primary, tyrants can dismiss any objections to their movement as +opposition to that moral idea. Opposition to the actions of the movement +therefore becomes an unforgivable sin, subject to any retaliation the +movement chooses. + +I should point out that the worst of such retaliation historically has +not become a reality until after the tyrants took power. Obviously they +can't build death camps before they take over, so you should not assume +that any movement that hasn't imposed press censorship or started mass +purges yet is not tyrannical. Mass killings and censorship are not the +hallmarks of tyranny on the rise, they are the hallmarks of tyrannies in +power. + +OK. Enough for history. Let's look at current affairs. + +Consider the reaction to those who speak out against environmentalism +here in 1992. Anyone opposed to the environmentalists is considered to +be in favor of pollution, and can be treated without regard to his +rights (at least if the environmentalists have their way). + +The essential message of the environmental movement is, "Pollution is +bad. We are the people opposed to pollution. In order for pollution to +be eliminated, the people opposed to it must be given the power to +violate individual rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal +and that's all we are doing. Trust us. we'll do it right this time." One +can expect that the results of this package deal will be the same as +those generated by its ideological counterparts if the environmentalists +have their way. + +Let's look at what several prominent environmentalists have to say in +their own words . . . + +Christopher Manes, the editor of the Earth First! Journal writes, "[T]he +biological meltdown is most directly the result of values fundamental to +what we have come to recognize as culture under the regime of +technological society: economic growth, "progress", property rights, +consumerism, religious doctrines about humanity's dominion over nature, +[and] technocratic notions about achieving an optimum human existence at +the expense of all other life-forms." + +Lynn White, a professor of history at UCLA wrote: "men must not crowd +coyotes [or] try to exterminate locusts," because, he says: "we can +sense our comradeship with a glacier, a subatomic particle, or a spiral +nebula," and therefore, "We must extend compassion to rattlesnakes, and +not just to koala bears." + +Paul Ehrlich, a prominent writer on population control in the Population +Bomb writes: "We must have population control . . . by compulsion if +voluntary methods fail." + +Dave Foreman, a founder of the Earth First! movement and a former repre +sentative for The Wilderness Society writes: "An individual human life +has no more intrinsic value than does an individual Grizzly Bear life. +Human suffering resulting from drought in Ethiopia is tragic, yes, but +the destruction there of other creatures and habitat is even more +tragic." + +Kirkpatrick Sale, an "ecological historian" was quoted in the Washington +Post as saying Western civilization is "founded on a set of ideas that +are fundamentally pernicious, and they have to do with rationalism, +humanism, materialism, science, progress. These are to my mind just +pernicious concepts." + +David Graber is a research biologist with the National Park Service. In +Graber's Los Angeles Times review of Bill McKibben's book, The End of +Nature he wrote: + +"Somewhere along the line_at about a billion [sic] years ago, maybe half +that_we quit the contract and became a cancer. We have become a plague +upon ourselves and upon the Earth . . . Until such time as Homo sapiens +should decide to rejoin nature, some of us can only hope for the right +virus to come along." + +When I present this evidence and reasoning to friends and debating +opponents, a common reaction is "Oh sure, those guys are bad, but they +are just on the lunatic fringe. I'm no misanthrope, I just want clean +air and clean water. That's why I'm an environmentalist, not because I +believe in all those radical ideas." But aren't these "radicals" the +ones who are leading influential environmentalist groups? Writing books? +Making speeches? Raising and spending millions of dollars for environmen +talist causes? Writing educational materials for our children? Even so, +the everyday environmentalists say "That's not what I mean when I talk +about environmentalism. I'm a moderate and I'm an environmentalist. Why +don't you talk about what moderate environmentalists have to say?" Well, +that's exactly what I would like to do this evening. Let's look at what +Senator Al Gore, someone moderate enough to be elected vice-president of +the United States, thinks is a proper response to the environmental +"crisis". + +First, let's turn to the explanation Gore gives in his book Earth In the +Balance: Ecology & the Human Spirit of why we are in such a terrible +position in the first place. He essentially gives two reasons. First, +that we human beings and Western civilization are mentally ill. + +On the one hand, we are individually "addicted" to civilization . . . + +[p. 222] "Industrial civilization's great engines of distraction + still seduce us with a promise of fulfillment. Our new power to + work our will upon the world can bring with it a sudden rush of + exhilaration, not unlike the momentary "rush" experienced by + drug addicts when a drug injected into their bloodstream + triggers changes in the chemistry of the brain." + +That is because we are more interested in technology than in nature: + +[p. 207] "[F]ar too often, our fascination with technology + displaces what used to be a fascination with the wonder of + nature." + +On the other hand Western civilization itself is "addicted" to +technology . . . + +[p. 220] "I believe that our civilization is, in effect, addicted + to the consumption of the Earth itself. This addictive + relationship distracts us from the pain of what we have lost: a + direct experience of our connection to the vividness, vibrancy, + and aliveness of the rest of the natural world. The froth and + frenzy of industrial civilization masks our deep loneliness for + that communion with the world that can lift our spirits . . ." + +How can addicts of civilization solve this problem? + +[p. 225] "Rather than distracting their inner awareness through + behavior, addicts must learn to face the real pain they have + sought to avoid. Rather than distracting their inner awareness + through behavior, addicts must learn to face their pain_feel it, + think it, absorb it, own it. Only then can they begin to + honestly deal with it instead of running away." + +Notice that according to Gore, in order to even recognize that one is +addicted, one needs to accept the idea that one is making choices +because of addiction, rather than because of reason. Anyone who claims +to make rational choices in favor of technological civilization, must be +mentally ill and therefore blind to his illness. In fact, the only +"solution" to this illness is for people to accept that it is real +despite the fact that there is no evidence of this +technologically-induced mental illness: + +[p. 236] "[Experts have shown] than the act of mourning the + original loss while fully and consciously feeling the pain it + has caused can heal the wound and free the victim from further + enslavement." + +So, anyone who claims not to feel this "psychic pain", is a wounded, +enslaved victim who can only be cured of this disease, which he doesn't +know he has, by adopting an environmentalist view of civilization, by +mourning, and by experiencing pain. Those who don't agree are mentally +ill and are in need of re-education and psychological help. This is +reminiscent of the attitude of the Soviet Union toward dissidents. + +Gore's second explanation is that the prime mover of history is not +philosophy, necessity, money, religion, or great men, but the weather. +He equivocates about this considerably explaining that he really isn't +saying that climate is necessarily the most important factor in the +course of civilization, but you can decide what he really thinks. He +attributes more historic events to weather than I have time to recite, +but I'll read you a few just to give you an idea of where Gore is coming +from. He says weather caused: + + Human evolution, p. 63 + Vanishing of the Minoan civilization, p. 58 + Mass disappearance of population in Scotland in 1150 BC, p. 58 + Cannibalism & failed harvests in China in 209 B.C. p. 59 + Migration of Indians to America, p. 61 + The rise of Mesopotamia and Jericho, p. 62, p. 103 + The rise of Egypt, p. 62 + End of northern bronze age, p. 64 + The invasion of Europe by germanics, p. 64 + Macedonian conquest of Greece, p. 64 + Alexander the Great's conquest, p. 64 + Expansion of Chinese civilization, p. 64 + Decline of the Mali civilization in West Africa, p. 65 + Disappearance of the Mycenaean civilization, p. 65 + Migration of bronze age people from Balkans, p. 65 + The collapse of Hittite civilization, p. 65 + The rise of Rome, p. 65 + The imperial nature of Roman civilization, p. 64 + The fall of Rome & Barbarian invasions, p. 64 + The fall of the Mayan civilization, p. 66,67,379 + The voyages of Leif Erikson & Eric the Red, p. 66 + French revolution, p. 59 + Napoleonic wars, p. 57 + Anti-semitic riots in Wurzburg, p. 57 + The European emigration to the United States, p. 71 + The rise of the modem bureaucratic state (including the New Deal), + p. 73 + The renaissance and enlightenment, & individualism in politics, p. + 68 + +If you still don't think that Gore considers weather to be the prime +mover of history, I suggest you read his book and look at the rest of +the list I didn't have time to recite. + +Third, he explains that we as a civilization are a "dysfunctional +family" because we can't seem to give up on science and reason, a +dreadful hang-up according to Gore. + +[p. 230] "Like the rules of a dysfunctional family, the unwritten + rules that govern our relationship to the environment have been + passed down from one generation to the next since the time of + Descartes, Bacon, and the pioneers of the scientific revolution + some 375 years ago. We have absorbed these rules and lived by + them for centuries without seriously questioning them. As in a + dysfunctional family, one of the rules in a dysfunctional + civilization is that you don't question the rules." + +All of this addiction and dysfunctional interaction ultimately arises, +according to Gore from "psychic pain" [p. 219] which we experience +because we are separated from nature. This separation began with the +invention of agriculture, and is directly related to the use of +knowledge in the creation of civilization. Civilization keeps us "out of +touch" with nature by creating artificial environments like homes and +fields. Being "in touch with nature" apparently requires the most +primitive animal state of existence. + +Another problem Gore cites is that we have too much information +available to us: + +[p. 197] " . . . rarely do we examine the negative impact of + information on our lives . . ." + +[p. 200] "We have . . . automated the process of generating + data_with inventions like the printing press and + computer_without taking into account our limited ability to + absorb the new knowledge thus created." + +[p. 201] "Vast amounts of information ultimately become a kind of + pollution." + +So, we westerners and our civilization have been driven to insanity by +too much civilization, technology and information. What method does Gore +suggest we should use to understand our problem? He gives a long list of +methods: the Hindu method, the American Indian method, the Buddhist +method, the Christian method, the Baha'i method and others. All of these +methods, Gore tells us, will lead to the same conclusion . . . that +civilization is a failure, that technology doesn't work, and that we +should give it all up for some higher purpose. This theme is repeated in +his book again and again in regard to pesticides, fertilizers, +mechanical trucks and plows, mass-production, decorations, electronic +communication, transportation, and the mass-production of artwork. Gore +bases this on some interesting and very scientific premises: + +[p. 244] "Whatever is done to the Earth must be done with an + awareness that it belongs to God." + +[p. 243] "From the biblical point of view, nature is only safe from + pollution and brought into a secure moral relationship when it + is united with people who love it and care for it." + +His scientific analysis continues on: + +[p. 244] "... whatever verses are selected in an effort to lend + precision to the Judeo-Christian definition of life's purpose, + that purpose is clearly inconsistent with the reckless + destruction of that which belongs to God and which God has seen + as `good'." + +Now we arrive at the real enemy ... human efficacy and achievement. The +idea that we can have what we want out of life is wrong according to +Gore. + +[p. 206] "Technological hubris tempts us to lose sight of our place + in the natural order and believe that we can achieve whatever we + want." + +To be more specific ... + +[p. 240] "We have been so seduced by industrial civilization's + promise to make our lives comfortable that we allow the + synthetic routines of modern life to soothe us in an inauthentic + world of our own making. Life can be easy, we assure ourselves. + We need not suffer heat or cold; we need not sow or reap or hunt + and gather. We can heal the sick, fly through the air, light up + the darkness, and be entertained in our living rooms by + orchestras and clowns whenever we like." + +Apparently, Gore thinks that medicine, aircraft, heating, light bulbs +and agriculture are intrusions against God's creation. If God had meant +us to be mobile, healthy, well-fed, warm in the winter, and able to read +at night, he would have provided us with wings, disease-free bodies, +heated caves, and nite-lights. Since he didn't, it is wrong for us to +provide them for ourselves. That wasn't what God created and saw to be +"good" . + +But isn't environmentalism supposed to be a scientific ideology? If so, +why bother with the religious arguments? According to Gore, we can +reconcile science with religion in such a way as to allow religious +revelation to inform scientific opinion. + +[p. 253] "... science offers a new way to understand_and perhaps + begin healing_the long schism between science and religion." + Aand he goes on to explain that the Heisenberg uncertainty + principle opens the way to allowing religion and science to + coexist without contradiction. Exactly how he proposes that this + might be done, is not clear, but Gore really does think that + religion can be used in place of science, and therefore that + religion is a proper method for discovering the truth. + +In a C-Span interview just after his book was published, Gore explained +that the source of the idea that civilization must be restrained is +irrelevant. One can justify that idea using science, religion, social +solidarity, whatever you like, as long as the conclusion is that we +should renounce our civilization, technology, and power over nature. Any +method that does not create that conclusion should be discarded. + +The moral goal toward which that renunciation is to be directed is also +optional according to Gore. You can give up your comforts for the +benefit of the state, for your children, for your class, for the +biosphere, for cute little animals, or for God. What matters is that we +use some method to arrive at the conclusion that we should perform some +acts of renunciation toward some end other than ourselves. This is +simple unadorned altruism. The method of thought doesn't matter to Gore. +The recipient of the sacrifices doesn't matter either. What matters, and +he said this literally over and over again, is that we must sacrifice +something, to anyone or anything, for any reason. + +As Ayn Rand said in For the New Intellectual, p. 73, "It stands to +reason that where there's sacrifice, there's someone collecting the +sacrificial offerings. Where there is service, there is someone being +served. The man who speaks to you of sacrifice speaks of slaves and +masters. And he intends to be the master." + +To sum it up, the environment reigns supreme as a force in history. +People and civilization are insane, and we should rely on religious +insights in order to see this. We should choose some person, thing, or +superstitious entity to sacrifice ourselves for, and give up everything +we can to accomplish this. Anyone who selfishly refuses to do this is +acting immorally because of his mental illness. + +OK, that's the theory . . . lets look at the practice that follows from +it. + +Gore outlines two political programs in his book. The first is a "Global +Marshall Plan" by which the United States transfers billions of dollars +to the rest of the world to get them to adopt environmentally benign +lifestyles. The second is the SEI (Strategic Environment Initiative), +the domestic counterpart which will completely transform the domestic +economy according to a plan of environmentalist control. This pair of +initiatives are, according to Gore, designed to transfer the entire +foundation of civilization from its current focus on fulfilling +individual human needs and desires toward one based on the preservation +of the world in its natural state. + +[p. 269] "I have come to believe that we must take bold and + unequivocal action; we must make the rescue of the environment + the central organizing principle of civilization." + +[p. 270] "Although it has never yet been accomplished on a global + scale, the establishment of a single shared goal as the central + organizing principle for every institution of society has been + realized by free nations several times in modern history." + +In other words, rather than being in the business of promoting the lives +of human beings, as it does now, civilization ought to primarily be in +the business of making it more difficult for human beings to extract +values from nature. + +According to Gore, existing civilization is based on the fulfillment of +human wants and desires: + +[p. 243] "[O]ur civilization is built on the premise that we can + use nature for our own ends." + +and goes on to explain that this is contrary to religious dictates. + +Civilization, Gore says, is wrong because it tries to do good things for +people, when it should be trying to do good things for Bambi instead and +he knows this because God told him so. + +He explicitly calls for a change in the central organizing principle of +civilization to one which has as its goal the maintenance of the world +in a wild state, and he claims that the only way to accomplish this is +by the establishment of a world-wide pseudo-government which will +control all of the human activities which have any impact on the +environment. + +[p. 204] "the people of all nations have begun to feel that they + are part of a truly global civilization, united by common + interests and concerns_among the most important of which is the + rescue of our environment. " + +[p. 295] "what's required now is a plan that combines large-scale, + long-term, carefully targeted financial aid to developing + nations, massive efforts to design and then transfer to poor + nations the new technologies needed for sustained economic + progress, a worldwide program to stabilize world population, and + binding commitments by the industrial nations to accelerate + their own transition to an environmentally responsible pattern + of life." + +[p. 302] "We must negotiate international agreements that establish + global constraints on acceptable behavior but that are entered + into voluntarily_albeit with the understanding that there will + be both incentives and legally valid penalties for + non-compliance." + +This [p. 301] "framework of global agreements" Gore insists is not a + government despite its binding nature and enforcement + mechanisms and Gore assures us that our fear of such a + delegation of sovereignty to a global government is a + guarantee that it couldn't possibly develop. Clearly he + wants it both ways . . . to have a global government to + manage the economies of the world but without it having any + power. For what it is worth, the index of the book says that + this page contains a discussion of "Post-nationalism" even + though that word is never actually used . . . it is pretty + obvious that is really what he is proposing here, a global + environmentalist state. + +As you might guess, this switch from the idea of the individual good to +the collective good involves a switch away from the idea of individual +rights, and toward the power of a universal government just like the +ones proposed by the other tyrannical ideologies. + +[p. 278] "we have tilted so far toward individual rights and so far + away from any sense of obligation that it is now difficult to + muster an adequate defense of any rights vested in the community + at large or in the nation_much less rights properly vested in + all humankind or posterity." + +With this anti-individual rights paradigm in hand, Gore can plan his +domestic policy. He can argue for it on the basis that his opponents are +insane and therefore need not be answered rationally. He can argue that +religious determination is more important than individual rights. He can +argue that people ought to be prevented from using the Earth to improve +their lives, and that all of this follows from the desire for clean +water and air. + +He can base it on that same old kind of package deal: "Pollution is bad. +We are the people opposed to pollution. In order for pollution to be +eliminated, the people opposed to it must be given the power to violate +individual rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal and +that's all we are doing. Trust us, we'll do it right this time." + +Let's look at the Strategic Environment Initiative. Here is an outline +of the parts of the plan: +[p. 319-320] + + 1. Tax incentives for government-approved technologies and + disincentives for those the government doesn't approve of. + + 2. Research and development funding for government-approved + technologies and bans for all those the government doesn't + approve of. + + 3. Government purchasing programs for the new technologies. + + 4. Government promises of large profits in a market certain + to emerge as older technologies are phased out. + + 5. The establishment of rigorous technology assessment + centers which evaluate new technologies and determine whether + they are "appropriate". + + 6. The establishment of a network of training centers to + create a core of environmentalist planners and technicians to + control third world economies. + + 7. The imposition of export controls in developed countries + to assess a technology's ecological effect and prevent all trade + the government doesn't approve of. + + 8. The expansion of intellectual property rights to + include genetic materials which will be the property of the + governments where various species emerged. + +This amounts to complete domination of the domestic economy by environ +mentalist government agencies. It is quite consistent with Gore's +proposal to change the central organizing principle of civilization to +be the preservation of the world in a natural state. That being the +case, individual rights, economic efficiency, and human advancement must +all be made subservient to environmentalist dictates. + +Gore doesn't believe that just dominating the lives of Americans is good +enough. He insists that the only way he can achieve his goals is through +coordinated global actions, through a global state with powers of +economic planning, technology approval, redistribution of income, and +enforcement of its demands. Of course, everyone will voluntarily +cooperate with this, so no violence will be necessary. "After all, +helping others is the moral ideal, and that is all we are doing." + +Here are a few of his "strategic goals": + + 1. A comprehensive population control program, p. 311-314 + + 2. A blur in what Gore calls the artificial distinction + between hard and soft currencies in international trade, p. 344 + + 3. The establishment of debt-for-nature swaps whereby poor + countries have their debts forgiven in return for their promise + to leave their resources untouched, p. 345 + + 4. The establishment of a CO2 trading credit system with + fewer and fewer credits being issued each year, p. 345 + + 5. A change in the way GNP and productivity are calculated to + include the use of natural resources to counteract the apparent + creation of wealth when a resource is used to create goods, p. + 346 + + 6. A shift in the legal burden of proof from those who want + to prove environmental harm to those who want to prove they are + innocent, p. 341 + +This last is particularly ominous since it assumes that everyone is +guilty of crimes without proof, and with counterproof an impossibility +because it is impossible to prove a negative. We are to be considered +guilty until proven innocent of crimes which violate the central +organizing principle of civilization. What could be worse? + +There are some additional ominous items in the joint Clinton-Gore +campaign book, Putting People First which are not in Earth in the +Balance. For example: + + 1. A national identification card with a magnetic strip which + will be required to gain access to government services such as + medical care. + + 2. A national service corps where young people will serve the + state in order to gain access to government services. + + 3. The establishment of a government-controlled national + computer network linking every home, library, and classroom in + the country. + + 4. A change in the corporate average fuel economy regulations + from current 27.5 MPG to 40 MPG by the year 2000 and to 45 MPG + by 2015. + + 5. Massive spending on public transportation. + + 6. Opposition to use of nuclear power. + + 7. A national program to re-educate citizens to produce + environmentally correct behavior. + +Elsewhere in Putting People First, we see proposals for government +control of other areas as well, including doctors, insurance companies, +hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, labor, transportation, education, +energy production, civilian R&D, the arts, political elections, day +care, space exploration, computer telecommunication, the housing market +. . . have I left anything out? The principle is clear. If the citizens +are not doing what the wise managers of the environment desire, there is +no reason why the individual rights of the people involved should get in +the way. "In order for pollution to be eliminated, those opposed to +pollution must be given the power to violate individual rights. Trust +us, we'll do it right this time." + +What's that you say? You don't want government control of everything? +You don't want a global state whose central organizing principle is to +thwart your use of the earth to make your life better? You want the +government to respect your rights? Why, if that's what you want, you +must want to drink polluted water and breathe poisonous air! Remember, +"Pollution is bad. Environmentalists are the people opposed to +pollution. In order for pollution to be eliminated, environmentalists +must be given the power to violate individual rights. After all, helping +others is the moral ideal and that's all we are doing. Trust them, +they'll do it right this time." + +The unstated argument here is that individual rights are incompatible +with life, and that respecting them will lead to death and suffering. Of +course, if that argument were to be addressed in this head-on way by the +environmentalists, they would have to make admissions they would prefer +to avoid. Among them, what individual rights actually are, that +environmentalists are opposed to individual rights, and that this is on +the grounds that citizens are incompetent to arrange their own affairs, +and must turn to government bureaucrats for orders. Free thought and +free action are what individual rights exist to defend. If they are +forced to address the question, environmentalists have to admit that +they are opposed to free thought and free action and in favor of +government control of individual lives and property. + +As we look at the history of the 20th century, we observe that the most +"toxic" thing present is not plutonium, dioxin, pesticide residues, or +mercury. These have at worst killed a few thousand people. Far more +dangerous than these are the things they combat: spoiled food, the +winter cold, starvation, and disease. Before the 20th century these were +very wide-scale killers and cripplers of human beings, and they have +been in the 20th century where modern technology was not available. But +both of these hazards pale in comparison to the hazards of political +tyranny. Governments using ideological package deals of the kind +environmentalists present have killed hundreds of millions and enslaved +billions more. Even if there really are dangerous environmental +catastrophes looming on the horizon, abandoning technological +civilization, and granting the government (a world-wide one at that) the +power to violate individual rights is FAR more dangerous. + +If anything, the environmentalists are worse than the Nazis, the Khmer +Rouge, and the Communists. At least the Nazis, Communists, and Khmer +Rouge were claiming some kind of human goal as the reason for their +activities. The environmentalists are explicitly promoting the idea that +having human needs and desires met is a bad thing. + +I hope you can see by now that there can be no such thing as a "moderate +environmentalist" any more than there can be a "moderate Nazi", +"moderate communist" or a "moderate axe murderer". Anyone who grants +moral support to an ideology of this kind is helping to bring it into +reality . . . not just the "clean air part" or the "anti-poverty part" +but the whole package deal, worm, hook, and all. + +So, what is the position of the leader of the Republican Party, George +Bush, on this? He says "I'm an environmentalist too . . . just a +moderate one." Unfortunately, Bush and many other conservatives think +that the way to win battles against those who want to violate individual +rights is to leap out ahead of the pack and show that they agree with +every premise of the environmentalists, and to claim that their policies +are every bit as severe as those of the radicals. + +Witness George Bush's recent performance at the Rio Earth Summit [June +1992]. Rather than pointing out the scientific faults of the +environmentalist cause, or pointing out the moral flaws in the idea that +governments should violate the rights of individuals, or pointing out +the counterproductivity of various environmental proposals, or simply +staying away from the Earth Summit entirely, he conceded every point +immediately. He begged the audience to believe that the Clean Air Act, +the policies of the EPA, and a myriad of other laws he has supported are +as strong as the restrictions the radical environmentalists wish to +impose. + +This is obviously false. Worse yet, by arguing this way, opponents of +the environmentalists, such as Bush is supposed to be, cannot hope to +win. They concede every important point before they even begin. They +have swallowed the environmental package deal hook, line and sinker. + +In political life today, there are no anti-environmentalists. There are +only "pretend environmentalists" like Bush who pretend to be both +pro-and anti-environmentalist, and there are "moderate environmen +talists" like Gore who offer the public a dangerous package deal. This +situation is not a good one. We are not given a choice between +environmentalism and anti-environmentalism, but between enthusiastic +genuine environmentalism and weak-kneed "me-too" environmentalism. It is +heads-environmentalism and tails-environmentalism. + +What conservatives like Bush lack is a rational philosophy to counter +the irrational philosophy of the environmentalists. At best, they simply +offer no philosophical alternative, and at worst, they offer a religious +or emotional one which (fortunately) they are shy about expressing. To +combat a philosophy one cannot use emotion or raw conviction as +intellectual weapons. The opponents of environmentalism are in desperate +need of philosophical ideas. What they need is a philosophical answer to +the people like Al Gore who deny free will in favor of climatological +determinism. What they need is an answer to those who deny reason in +favor of religion, emotion, or social consensus as a method of thought. +What they need is an answer to those who deny the objectivity of values +in favor of intrinsic values based on some irrational revelation. What +they need is an answer to those who deny individual rights in favor of +collectivistic tyranny. + +In short, what they need is an intellectual defense of their opposition +of tyranny. Without one, they will ultimately fail in their fight. What +they need is Objectivist philosophy. + +For those of you who may not be familiar with Objectivism, I would like +to present to you the outlines of the Ojectivist point of view to help +you understand why such an intellectual foundation is necessary for an +intellectual defense of any ideas whether they are scientific, moral or +political. + +Obviously, I cannot in the few minutes remaining give a thorough +exposition of objectivist philosophy. What I can do is recommend that +you read Ayn Rand's books: Atlas Shrugged, Capitalism: The Unknown +Ideal, and The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution. I also +recommend Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand and The Ominous +Parallels by Leonard Peikoff. I also recommend Ayn Rand's novella +Anthem, it you want to have a look at the kind of "in touch with nature" +society these "moderate" environmentalists propose. + +Although I cannot give a complete exposition of Objectivism in the +remaining time, I will offer a brief outline: + +There are 5 branches of philosophy, four of which are important in the +context we are examining: + + Metaphysics-Which answers questions about the fundamental nature of + reality. + + Epistemology-Which deals with the nature of knowledge and the means + by which it can be acquired. + + Ethics-Which deals with questions regarding what choices one ought + to make with that knowledge. + + Politics-Which deals with issues of ethics in a social context. + +Let's look briefly at each of these: + +In metaphysics, some believe that the ultimate foundation of existence +is one's own mind and that there is no external reality. Others believe +that it is the collective mind of society which is the source of +existence. For others, it is the mind of God, and for others, there is +simply no reality and no way to know anything about it if it did exist. +The objectivist view is that reality is the foundation of existence. +Objectivism says that External reality exists independent of the mind. + +In epistemology, there are many who believe intuition, religious +revelation, social consensus, or word games are the means by which +knowledge can be acquired. Others deny that knowledge of the real world +is possible by any means. The objectivist position is that human beings +possess free will and can choose to use a process of reason and science +on information presented by the senses in order to achieve knowledge of +reality. Objectivism says that reason allows knowledge of existence. + +In ethics, many believe that people should make their choices of action +based on what would benefit the race, the class, the nation, one's +neighbor, God, or the ecosystem. Others claim that any kind of ethical +principle is naive and that one ought to act on the expediency of the +moment. The objectivist position is that one ought to make choices which +are to one's rational self-interest. Objectivism says that rational +choices of action are those which are consistent with one's +self-interest. + +In politics, many people believe that the proper role of government is +to plan the lives of individuals, to do the will of the majority, to +serve the will of God, to serve the interests of the powerful, to serve +the interests of the weak, to maximize the common good, or to preserve +nature against human intrusions. The objectivist position is that the +proper purpose of the government is to protect the rights of individuals +by outlawing the initiation of force and fraud from human affairs. +Objectivism says that the rational way to live in a social context is by +the principle of individual rights. + +To review: + External reality exists independent of the mind. + Reason allows knowledge of existence. + Rational choices of action are those which are consistent with + one's self-interest. + The rational way to live in a social context is by the principle of + individual rights. + +The objectivist political message is this: "The initiation of force is +bad. In order for the initiation of force to be eliminated, the +government must protect the individual rights of every citizen and never +violate these rights itself. After all, rational self-interest is the +moral ideal, and that is the source of the idea that individuals have +rights." This is different from the tyrannical ideologies in that it +doesn't demand that people renounce the control of their lives to the +government. It demands that the government renounce the violation of +rights and prevent others from doing so as well. This provides the kind +of environment where individuals are free to solve their problems, +economic, personal, environmental, and otherwise. + +You cannot mix and match these positions. It you believe that the +foundation of reality is social consensus, how could you conclude that +individuals have inalienable rights? Maybe next week there will be a +poll in which most people deny individual rights. + +If you believe that reality cannot be known, how can you conclude that +one course of action is actually better than any other? + +If you conclude that serving God is the ethical ideal, how can you +consistently defend a secular government? What if God demands theocracy? +What if God changes his mind? + +Just as the objectivist ideas of reality, reason, egoism, and individual +rights are consistent with one another, so are theism, skepticism, +irrationalism, altruism, and tyranny. If you are consistent (and most +people are not) you will ultimately have to choose between these +incompatible systems of ideas. + +At any point in the philosophical hierarchy, objectivism answers the +arguments of environmentalists that the "me-tooism" of the kind Bush +exemplifies cannot. + +In metaphysics, the environmentalists claim that the ground of existence +is anything but reality, and that allows them to turn away from the +facts when it suits them. Objectivism claims that reality is a primary +which cannot be ignored or wished away. + +In epistemology, environmentalists claim that religion, intuition, and +tradition just are as valid as reason and science. Objectivism counters +this with an insistence on observation and reason. Each position flows +from the previous metaphysical premises. A conservative who agrees that +reality is not a primary, but a matter of social consensus, religion, or +intuition, cannot consistently adopt a pro-scientific position and will +have to slug it out in the epistemological free-for-all that results +when one's ideas have no firm ground to stand on. + +In ethics, environmentalists claim that trees and animals have +"intrinsic value." How do they know? They "feel it", or God has told +them so. Without a rational epistemology, how can such claims be +discredited? A conservative who agrees that non-rational methods of +thought are valid cannot consistently accuse environmentalists of flaws +in the way they determine what has value and why. He has thrown away +every tool that could have disproven the ethical claims of the +environmentalists. + +In politics, environmentalists claim that the government knows best how +to organize society and that individuals ought to be forced to conform +to the demands of the government as long as the world is being +maintained in a natural state. They claim that people have no rights if +the government considers itself to have a good reason to violate them. A +conservative who simply asserts the existence of rights (using some +equally flawed epistemology based on emotion, intuition, tradition, or +revelation) can't even explain what rights are. His arguments are just +as weak as those of the environmentalists. They typically amount to +nothing more than appeals to emotion. Such arguments are only empty +shells. Their foundation has been undercut by a lack of any intellectual +foundation in ethics. + +Finally, when the environmentalists claim that this or that law ought to +be passed or that this or that industry ought to be attacked and +destroyed, the conservatives show their bankruptcy. They have no +intellectual arguments with which to combat such laws. They are reduced +to pathetic me-tooism rather than a principled opposition. They have no +principles and nothing to build them out of. + +How have large business concerns reacted to this onslaught? No better +than the politicians, I am afraid. They have pumped millions of dollars +into environmentalist groups, and into their own ad campaigns that +promote their products as being ecologically beneficial. They hope that +by doing this, they will get the environmentalists to leave them alone. +They are just as wrong as the supposed opponents of environmentalism in +government. They too need an intellectual defense of their existence and +of their freedom, and without one, they will continue answering attacks +with bribes rather than with moral condemnation. + +So, how can one fight against this ideology once one concludes that it +is tyrannical? + +If you are a part of the political process as either an intellectual, a +politician, or a voter, you need to take sides. A "moderate" position is +no more acceptable against environmentalist tyranny than against Nazi or +Communist tyranny. It you are a businessman, you must stop sanctioning +your destroyers. Stop supporting environmentalist groups with donations. +Stop advertising your products as "recyclable". Stop any support of the +environmental movement that may encroach on your work. Lastly, if you +are a student, parent, or a teacher, work to restore a sound science +curriculum to your school. If there are environmentalist materials in +your curriculum, complain about them. Learning about science is +important, learning environmentalist pseudo-science is not, and every +hour wasted discussing the apocalypse of the month is time that could +have been spent studying important things like literature, science, +history, and math. Youth is too important to waste on pseudo-scientific +propaganda. + +When citizens are presented with a tyrannical ideology, they can either +accept the package deal and suffer the consequences or recognize it for +the trap it is and reject it. Germany, Russia, and Cambodia failed to do +so, and suffered the horrible consequences we have all seen. + +It you were a fisherman, you might offer advice to nearby fish along the +following lines: "Worms taste good. This tidbit contains a worm. In +order for you to benefit from the worm, you have to swallow it all the +way down. After all, eating is the most important thing fish do, and +that's all I'm suggesting. Don't look too closely, it'll be tasty this +time." I hope I have helped to cleared the way for you to see that +environmentalism is a worm on a hook. I urge you not to take the bait. + +Thank you. + + [The following is not part of the original speech.] + + Remarks by Mike Sivertsen + +On page 16 Mr. Yoder states: "It you conclude that serving God is the +ethical ideal, how can you consistently defend a secular government?" + + A secular government which departs from the principles of our U.S. + Constitution and the first ten Amendments does not warrant a + consistent defense; rather effort should be directed to changing it + or replacing it with one that does. This is clearly stated in the + Declaration of Independence: + + "... We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men + are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator + with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, + liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these + rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their + just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever + any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it + is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to + institute new government, laying its foundation on such + principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to + them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and + happiness..." + +If one equates serving God with defending any and all secular +governments then Marxism is on an equal footing with our original +republic. Our Constitution has been subverted by elected representatives +and by court decisions which make law rather than passing upon the +constitutionality of it. The Constitution demands strict adherence in +order to preserve the most successful form of government in history. Our +Constitution does not need to be changed, rather it is those who have +run it into the ground who must be replaced. Evil prospers when good men +do nothing. + +On page 16 Mr. Yoder states: "What if God demands theocracy? What if God +changes his mind?" + +God does NOT change His mind. Malachi 3:6a in the Old Testament states +"For I [am] the Lord, I change not..." + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/zapatist.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/zapatist.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0c93d220 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/zapatist.txt @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +Feb. 14, 1994 + ZAPATISMO + Moorish Orthodox Radio Crusade + +1. The Zapatista uprising in Chiapas has suddenly taken on a certain +importance. Despite its small scale it has not yet been crushed, +apparently because the PRI fears public outrage. Moreover, municipalities +in various places in Mexico have been taken over by various groups in +sympathy with the Zapatistas. This news has been blacked out in the US +media, doubtless for reasons connected with NAFTA. If the PRI begins to +totter, US involvement becomes probable. + +2. A reading of Zapatista communiques and manifestos (as translated by +the RESIST! group in California) reveals a program completely in keeping +with the principles of Ernesto Zapata himself -- modified for +contemporary relevance but basically anarcho-agrarian -- "Tierra y +Libertad". As anarchists we should remember that Zapata's goals were +supported by the Flores Magon brothers, who worked behind the front +organization of the "Mexican Liberal Party", but were in fact out out +revolutionary anarchists. In 1911, European and N. American anarchists +ranging from Individualists to Wobblies participated in the short-lived +Republic of Tiajuana. The revolt in Chiapas which began last New Year's +Eve would appear to be the first non-authoritarian movement with real +revolutionary potential since Paris 68 or Italy in the early 70s. We +should not let marxist-leninist groups in the US "monopolize" the +Zapatistas. We should demonstrate our support, and we should make it +clear that we offer this support as anarchists. + +3. Moreover, it seems possible for ALL tendencies within the anarchist +movement to join in offering this support. Anarcho-communists, anarcho- +syndicalists, Wobblies, and others with historical reasons to welcome a +rebirth of Zapatismo, will need no convincing. As for the individualists, +post-Situ's, "Type-3's", etc., we should consider that the Chiapas uprising +is a courageous adventure in the spirit of human freedom. The Zapatistas +themselves have evoked the romanticism of revolt by choosing their name. +"Romanticism" is a value despised only by those too cynical or too tired +to remember that -- from an "existential" p.o.v. -- revolt is an end in +itself. + +4. It's important to note that Chiapas seems to be the first real "post- +1989" radical uprising. The involvement of the USSR helped change the +Sandinista movement (also named after and anarchist) into an +authoritarian government. But this time there is no USSR to get involved. +Zapatista documents make no reference to marxist-leninist forms of +organization. (The New York Times even went so far as to call the +Zapatistas "post-modern"!) For the first time since 1916 we don't have +to watch our backs or protect our flank against leninism -- or stalinism. +Anarchism is free to act. + +5. Some anarchists may dislike the involvement of "Liberation Theology" +in the Zapatista movement. But since 1989 the meaning of Liberation +Theology has also changed or shifted. The Vatican, which tacitly +encouraged Lib. Theol. as a wedge into marxism in Latin America, now no +longer needs it and has virtually reduced it to the status of a near-heresy. +In theory, Lib. Theol. must by now be purged of its "jesuit" wing and its +"marxist" wing, leaving only the sincere radicals. The religious situation +in Chiapas is very complex, involving Mayan/Christian syncretistic cults, +and other churches beside the Roman Catholics. As yet the presence of +organized religions in Chiapas seems to offer no real obstacle top +anarchist enthusiasm for Zapatismo. + +6. The Stirnerite anarchist Ret Marut adopted the "existential" position +(see para. 3 above) when he joined the Bavarian Soviet of 1919 with +Gustav Landauer and other anarchists. Escaping a death-sentence in +Munich, Marut fled to Mexico and changed his name to B. Traven. In the +early 20s he lived for a while in Chiapas and wrote a book about it +(unfortunately never translated). Traven went on to write the best of all +anarchist adventure novels - The Deathship, The Wobbly, Treasure of the +Sierra Madre, and above all his Mahogany series, set in Chiapas during the +Mexican Revolution. When Traven died he was buried in San Cristobal -- +where the Zapatista revolt broke out last New Year's Eve. Traven is +someone we might remember, not only because he was a "gringo" who +loved Chiapas and supported the Revolution, but also because he +transcended all limited "ideological" anarchist tendencies to embrace a +grand vision of human tragedy, endurance, and freedom. + +7 As of this writing the Zapatistas have called on radicals outside Mexico +for support but have not yet specified what form they'd like it to take. +Obviously, in light of the media black-out, spreading the word has top +priority. Sending medicine and supplies, et cetera, may soon become both +necessary and possible. Given the very great chance of US involvement to +protect the PRI and NAFTA, we should begin the organization of domestic +resistance networks now, so as not to be caught napping again. The +anarchist press should remain closely informed, and should provide +background as well as news (one of our members is in Mexico now, looking +for real info). The authors of this letter are prepared to join with any +responsible non-authoritarian support group which might emerge. If you +are organizing or would like to help organize on behalf of Zapatismo, or if +you have information for broadcast, please contact us. + Tierra y Libertad! +Moorish Orthodox Radio Crusade +Box 113 WBAI-Pacifica, 505 8th Avenue, New York, NY 10018 diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/zeeb b/textfiles.com/politics/zeeb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b9387fc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/politics/zeeb @@ -0,0 +1,527 @@ + +"HELL HATH NO FURY..." + by Jack R. Voltz + + WHERE CAN HE BE? Patty wondered. Frank wasn't at the office and +he wasn't at the club. IT'S PROBABLY NOTHING. HE'S MAKING A SALES PITCH, +THAT'S ALL. She wasn't the jealous type, but still...this was the third +time in a week that she'd called the office and Frank hadn't been there. +If Patty didn't already know how homely Frank's secretary looked, she'd +almost swear he was having an affair. + + "When will he be back?" she said, cradling the phone against her neck +to stir the spaghetti sauce. + + "I don't know, Mrs. Fitzsimmons, sorry. Do you want me to have him +return your call when he gets in?" + + "No, that's okay. Thanks." + + She hung up and dipped a spoon into the spaghetti sauce and tasted it. +"Blech! Needs more salt." She put the spoon down just as the phone rang. +She juggled the phone against her ear, trying to reach the salt shaker. + + "Hello?" + + "Is this the Fitzsimmons' residence?" + + "Yes. Who's this?" + + "My name is unimportant. My services, however, are. My company is +prepared to offer your family a substantial fortune." + + "Fortune? What are you talking about?" + + "How does $50 million dollars sound to you?" + + Patty almost dropped the phone into the sauce. + + "You're kidding, right? Who is this?" + + "I'm the man who's going to make your family $50 million dollars +richer. And all you have to do...is pose for a picture." + + HERE IT COMES, she thought. She considered hanging up the phone +immediately, but her curiosity got the better of her. "Right. What sort +of picture?" + + "Oh, don't worry. It's legitimate. Just a family portrait of you and +your husband." + + "A portrait for $50 million dollars? C'mon--who're you trying to kid? +I'm hanging up now..." + + "No--WAIT! I'm very serious, Mrs. Fitzsimmons. I'm offering you $50 +million dollars, and all you have to do to earn it is pose as a family for +a picture!" + + "You'll have to talk to my husband," Patty said and hung up the phone. + + * * * + + When Frank arrived, Patty forgot about the phone call. + + "Okay. Where WERE you at lunch today? I called and +called..." + + Frank took off his sport coat and hung it up on the coat rack in the +hall. "Simon took me out to lunch, that's all. What're you so cranked up +about?" + + Patty took off her apron and tossed it at him. "Nothing!" She said, +"Forget it, it's not important." She started setting the table when the +phone rang. Frank answered it. + + "Joe's Bar & Grill," said Frank, flashing Patty a grin. "You stab 'em, +we slab 'em." + + "Mr. Fitzsimmons?" + + "You got him. What can I do you out of?" + + "How would you like to 'do me out of' $50 million dollars?" + + "I'm listening." + + "Good. All you have to do is pose for a family portrait. One picture, +and you're fifty million dollars richer." + + "Okay, pal. What's the gag?" Patty looked up. She shot him a +questioning look and pointed to the phone, mouthing the words: SALESMAN? +Frank shrugged. + + "It's no gag, Mr. Fitzsimmons, I assure you." + + "Who are you?" + + "My name is B. L. Zeebub. I represent a company called 'Hot as Ice'. +I'm sure you've heard of us...?" + + Frank covered the phone and whispered to Patty, "You ever heard of a +company called 'Hot as Ice?'" + + Patty shook her head no. + + "No, pal. We've never heard of you." + + "That's okay. I'd like to make an appointment to see you. Would +tomorrow evening be okay?" + + Frank looked at Patty and queried, APPOINTMENT? Patty shook her head +again, vehemently. Frank dismissed her with a smile and a wave. + + "Okay, bud. Tomorrow at 8 p.m. You got exactly five minutes to explain +what this is all about. And it had better be good." + + "Thank you, Mr Fitzsimmons! You won't regret it!" + + "I'll bet..." + + * * * + + The following evening, Zeebub appeared at the Fitzsimmons' home at +8 p.m. on the dot. Frank answered the door. + + "Mr. Fitzsimmons!" the man said, extending a red business card. +"Thanks for giving me the chance to explain my proposition." + + Frank took the card. It said: + + HOT AS ICE + Incorporated + ------------ + B. L. Zeebub, President + Phone: (666) 666-6666 + + Frank pocketed the card and shook the stranger's hand. He was tall +and lanky; the loose-fitting gray business suit he wore draped over his +bony frame made him look like a skeleton. He wore a black bowler and an +ancient-looking pair of spectacles perched atop a hooked beak of a nose. +He had a long, thin handlebar mustache and a goatee. His lips were wide +and thin, giving him a cruel look despite the brilliant smile of white +teeth that contrasted against his dark olive skin. + + Frank was instantly distrustful. WHAT CAN I DO? he thought. I ALREADY +AGREED TO LISTEN TO THE MAN. + + "Come in." + + Frank directed Zeebub to living room and offered him a seat on the +couch. Zeebub removed his hat and placed it in his lap. He spied a dish +of assorted candies sitting on the coffee table. + + "Mind if I have one?" Zeebub said, pointing to the dish. + + "Help yourself. Take as many as you like." + + "Thanks! I've got a bit of a sweet tooth, I'm afraid..." + + Frank watched in amazement as the man grabbed a large handful of +the candy and proceeded to stuff every piece in his mouth at once. + + "Preez 'scuze me," Zeebub mumbled. "I reery can't hep m'self..." + + "Forget it," Frank said, looking away, disgusted. + + At last, Zeebub wolfed down the mouthful of candy. "There! That +hits the spot. Thanks again!" + + "Don't mention it." + + "Now, to business...by the way, where is Mrs. Fitzsimmons?" + + "She's not feeling well." He knew Patty was hiding in the bedroom, +listening. + + "Sorry to hear that.... As I told you on the phone last night, my +company is prepared to offer you $50 million dollars for a portrait of +you and your family." + + Frank went to the kitchen and got a beer from the fridge. He popped +the tab and took a long pull. + + "Let me get this straight...all I have to do is pose for some picture." + + "Yes, of you and your family." + + "...and in return, you're going to give me fifty million smackers?" + + "Exactly," Zeebub said, making sucking noises with his tongue against +his teeth. "You have it in a nutshell." + + It didn't make sense. Why would anyone in his right mind give $50 +million for a PHOTOGRAPH? There HAD to be a catch. He pulled the business +card Zeebub had given him out of his back pocket. + + "Your company..." + + "'Hot as Ice'. Yes?" + + "Where are you based out of? It doesn't say here..." + + "Our home office is in Hell." + + "Hell? I think I've heard of that...isn't that in New Mexico?" + + "Er...yes. That's correct. Um...do you mind if I have a few more +pieces?" Zeebub pointed to the candy dish. Frank waved his hand, +absentmindedly. + + "Sure. What type of business are you in?" + + Zeebub jammed another handful of candy into his mouth. "We shell rife +'nsuresh." + + "What?" + + Zeebub gulped twice. Frank was almost positive he saw two distinct +lumps zipping their way past Zeebub's prominent adam's apple. "Pardon me. +We sell life insurance." + + "What the hell..." + + "Excuse you." + + "...would a life insurance company want with a family portrait? And +why would they pay $50 million dollars to get it?" + + "Good question. Let me explain..." + + * * * + + It was all a promotional gimmick. Zeebub's said his company wanted to +improve its image. In exchange for the use of his name and a portrait +photo of himself and Patty, they were going to pay him fifty million +dollars. It would all be made public, of course. He and his wife would +become the 'poster family' of Hot as Ice Insurance Company. + + "Are you serious?" Frank said, finishing his third beer. + + "Absolutely." + + "There's got to be something more to it." + + Zeebub reached into his coat and pulled out several sheets of paper. +"Well, actually, there are a few minor details..." + + "I knew it..." + + "A trifle, really. All you need to do is sign this contract." Zeebub +walked over to the counter, unfolded the contract, and spread it out on +before Frank. + + Frank bent over to examine the document. "I can't read this," he said, +squinting. "The print's too fine." + + "My apologies. It was the Accounting Department's idea; something about +cost effectiveness. You don't need to read it, really. All it says is that +by accepting the money, you grant my company full and exclusive rights to +the use of your names, likenesses and so forth." + + "Sounds reasonable." + + "The only reason we need it at all is because we've had problems +before." + + "Oh? What kind of problems?" + + "A young couple decided to take off after they got the money. Didn't +fulfill their part of the bargain. But we're sure you and your wife are +honest people. The contract is a mere formality." + + Frank got another beer out of the fridge. "Fifty million dollars... +just for the use of my name and photograph..." + + "That's right," said Zeebub, reaching into his coat. "As a matter of +fact, I have the check right here." Zeebub held up a large red check. +Frank could clearly see the amount box. A five and seven zeroes. YEP, +THAT'S FIFTY MILLION ALL RIGHT... + + "Of course, there's a little travel involved..." + + But Frank didn't pay attention. His eyes were glued to the check. As +he sipped his beer, his mind raced with the possibilities. He'd never +have to work again in his life! Patty would have a secure future. They +could start planning that family they'd always wanted. He could buy his +parents a new house. Hell, he could buy everyone in the family a new +house and a new car! Fifty million--a king's ransom. + + "Where do I sign?" he said. In his haste, he knocked over the can of +beer, spilling its contents on the counter and over the contract. Suddenly, +Zeebub's face was transformed into a mask of sheer hatred. The brilliant +smile disappeared, replaced by a livid sneer. + + "You FOOL!" Zeebub snarled. "Give me something to wipe this off!" + + Frank grabbed a handful of paper towels from the dispenser over the +sink and handed them to Zeebub, who dabbed the contract gingerly, sopping +up the beer. + + "I'm sorry," Frank said. "I hope I didn't ruin it..." + + Patty appeared just as Zeebub finished wiping off the counter. + + "What's going on?" she said, concerned. + + Zeebub was calm again, the anger vanished from his face. He flashed +her his toothy smile. "Nothing, Mrs. Fitzsimmons. Just a little accident, +that's all. Your husband was about to sign this contract." + + Frank took Patty aside as Zeebub waved the contract in the air to dry +it. "We're going to be rich!" Frank whispered. "It's all legit. All we +gotta do is sign that contract." + + "Have you read it yet?" + + "Not yet, but Zeebub assures me it's just a bunch of legalese to +protect the company." + + Zeebub placed the contract back on the counter. He produced a blood-red +fountain pen from his jacket. "I believe you were ready to sign?" + + "You bet!" Frank said. He reached for the pen, but Patty pulled him +back. + + "Will you pardon us for a minute?" she said, tugging Frank's arm. "I +need to talk this over with my husband." + + "Of course," Zeebub said. "Take all the time you need." + + "We'll be right back," Frank smiled. "Don't go away!" + + Patty dragged Frank into the bedroom and closed the door. "Are you +crazy?" she whispered. "Never sign anything until you read it first!" + + "What's the matter with you? I saw the check!" + + "I'm not talking about the money...I'm concerned about what we have to +do to get it!" + + "Simple! We sign the contract...they take our picture. That's it!" + + "That can't be all." + + "Well, no...I think he said something about travel...they probably +will want to take us on tour. You know, grand opening ceremonies, stuff +like that." + + "That's it!" + + "What?" + + "Don't you get it? I heard what he said about this being a promotional +gimmick; we'll probably be on tour for the rest of our lives!" + + "So what! Hell, for fifty million dollars, I'll go anywhere they want +me to go!" + + "Frank..." + + But Frank was already out the bedroom door. By the time Patty caught +up with him, he had already signed the contract. Frank handed her the pen. + + "C'mon, babe. Sign it so he can give us the check!" + + Patty looked at the contract, then Zeebub, who was standing next to +Frank with a smug look on his face. + + "I hope you know what you're doing," she said to Frank. + + "C'mon, sign the damn thing already!" + + Zeebub lifted the top two sheets and pointed to the bottom of the third +page, just below where Frank had signed. "Sign here," he said, waving the +check, "and this will all be yours..." + + Suddenly, the front door flew open and a young, well-built man in a +gleaming white suit stepped inside. "Stop!" he cried. "Don't sign that +contract!" + + * * * + + "Stay out of this, Michael," said Zeebub. "He signed the contract +already, fair and square." + + "Who are you?" Frank asked the blonde-haired youth. "What are you +doing in my house?" + + "I cannot help you, sir. You have already signed the contract." +Michael glanced at Patty. "But you, miss...if you know what's good for +you, don't do it." + + Patty looked at the newcomer, then at Frank. "What do I do? I'm +confused." + + Michael walked over to the counter, pulled a magnifying glass out of +his jacket, then handed it to Patty. "Read the contract," he said. "You'll +understand." + + "Now wait just a minute!" cried Zeebub. "You know that's against the +rules!" + + "Rules?" Frank said, bewildered. "What rules?" + + "The rules have changed, Zeebub." + + Patty began to read the contract. Even with the magnifying glass, she +had to strain her eyes. THE PARTY OF THE FIRST PART, HEREAFTER REFERRED TO +AS 'THE COMPANY'... + + "What do you mean, changed? The Chief never changes the rules..." + + ...AGREES TO GRANT THE PARTY OF THE SECOND PART, HEREAFTER REFERRED +TO AS 'THE CLIENT'... + + "Sorry. Didn't you know? There's been a leveraged buyout..." + + ...THE SUM OF FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS. IN RETURN, THE CLIENT SHALL GRANT +THE COMPANY EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS... + + "Leveraged buyout? How could he? He promised me no interference!" + + ...TO ONE (1) FAMILY PORTRAIT, PLUS ENDORSEMENTS, FOR PROMOTIONAL +CONSIDERATIONS... + + Michael shrugged. "You knew what you were getting into." + + Zeebub took Frank by the arm. "He hasn't won! This one was signed!" + + "Hey!" said Frank, trying to pull away from Zeebub's surprisingly +strong grip. "That hurts!" + + ...PLUS CLIENT GRANTS THE COMPANY FULL OWNERSHIP OF TWO (2) INCORPOREAL +ENTITIES, HEREAFTER REFERRED TO AS SOULS... + + Patty looked up from the contract. "Frank, this says..." + + "...that I now own his soul," Zeebub finished. "And yours, too!" + + "But I didn't sign!" cried Patty. + + "It doesn't matter." + + Frank eyes had a glazed look. "What the hell..." he said. + + "Excuse you," said Zeebub. + + "I must protest," said Michael. "Coercion is not allowed." + + "But my dear Michael. It's right here in the contract. Her signature +was only a formality." Zeebub handed Michael the contract and the +magnifying glass. A minute later, Michael looked up at Patty with a sad +expression on his face. + + "He's right," Michael said. "Your husband has signed for both of you." + + Patty noticed the temperature of the room starting to rise. She +watched, horrified, as her home metamorphosed into a foul-smelling, +flaming cavern. + + "Welcome to Hell," Zeebub said to Patty. "I thought you might like +to see a sample of what's in store for you after you spend that check. +Of course, it may take you fifty years, but I can wait. I've got plenty +of time." + + Zeebub snapped his fingers and a small red demon appeared from out +of nowhere. + + "Yes, Boss?" said the demon. + + "Take them on the grand tour, Azaroth. They're both going to be with +us for a looooooooong time. I want them to feel right at home." Zeebub +turned to Michael, flashing one of his most dazzling smiles. "Sorry, old +chum, but you've lost this one. They're mine now." + + Suddenly, Patty's anger got the best of her. When Zeebub shifted his +attention to Michael, she reached over, and with a lightning-quick +movement, snatched the contract from his hand. + + "Hey! Give that back!" + + Patty paid him no attention. Azaroth moved forward, as if to grab the +contract back, but Michael stepped between the demon and Patty. + + "None of that, Azaroth," said Michael. + + "But the contract...!" Zeebub whined. + + Patty tore the contract in half, then into quarters, then again into +eighths. Immediately, the hellish cavern and the demon disappeared, and +she found herself once again standing in her kitchen. She tossed the pieces +of the contract on the floor at Zeebub's feet. + + "There's your stupid contract!" + + "Excellent move!" Michael said. "Congratulations." Then, to Zeebub, +"Let's go, Lucifer. I believe your services are no longer wanted here." + + Zeebub stared at the scraps of paper on the floor, shaking his head +slowly. "You know something, Michael? I'm beginning to hate this job..." + + Michael put his arm around the Zeebub's shoulders and led him to the +front door. "What can I say? You knew what it would be like when you +bought the company. CAVEAT EMPTOR." + + "But she cheated!" + + "So did you." + + "I'm supposed to cheat. It's my job. And how did she DO that?" + + Patty smiled and hugged Frank. Together, they watched Zeebub and +Michael walk out the door. Just before they disappeared, she overheard +Michael say, "I'm surprised at you, Zeebub. Don't you know that `Hell +hath no fury like a woman scorned?'" + +Copyright 1994 Jack R. Voltz +========================= # # # ================================== +Jack Voltz is a part-time writer with one prior fiction credit ("Once A +Liar...", Midnight Zoo magazine -- accepted and waiting for publication), +plus one non-fiction publication ("Electronic Writers' Groups, Writers' +Journal, Vol 14, No. 5, pp 52, 18, 29). He has also had numerous essays and +articles published in local newspapers, including the Wheeling Intelligencer, +the Martins Ferry Times-Leader, and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Jack has +been interested in writing fiction since junior high school. He is an avid +reader of all types of fiction. His hobbies include computer programming, +chess, electronics, and astronomy. +============================================================================ diff --git a/textfiles.com/politics/zimmerma.txt b/textfiles.com/politics/zimmerma.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..401f0efa Binary files /dev/null and b/textfiles.com/politics/zimmerma.txt differ diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming.1 b/textfiles.com/programming.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e53152bf --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming.1 @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles

+

+Anything having to do with the programming of computers, or how to approach +programming computers, and not covered by other sections, is stuck here. That +means you might find a lot of similar information in the Apple + section, or even in the computer section. A good +portion of these files might seen out of date or irrelevant, but in fact show +the initial approaches to programming concepts (like cryptography, artifical +intelligence, and security) that apply very strongly to this day. +

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
AIArtificial Intelligence Textfiles
AMIGAProgramming and Software information on the Amiga
CARDSBowen's Incredible Instruction Set Summary Cards
CRYPTOGRAPHYInformation on Cryptography or Politics Surrounding Cryptography
FORMATSFiles Presenting Different Programming Formats
FUZZYLOGICFiles about Fuzzy Logic
 
24hrs.txt 15905
 Some Opinions on Leaving Your Computer On 24 Hours a Day and Mounting Your Machine Sideways, 1990 +
25th_ann.uni 59526
 On the Evolution of Unix and the Automation of Telephone Support Operations by Ronda Hauben +
3drotate.txt 18307
 Three Dimensional Rotations for Computer Graphics, by Lithium of VLA +
3dshade.txt 11504
 Three Dimensional Shading in Computer Graphics by Lthium of VLA +
4dostips.txt 3297
 4DOS Specific Information and Tips +
6309.ex 32254
 A Memo on the Secret Features of 6309 +
6502.txt 84034
 Information about the 6502 taken from a 6510 Commodore 64 Manual +
6502bugs.txt 3493
 Information on 6502 Bugs, from Ivo van Poorten (November 2, 1994) +
6502guid.txt 30776
 Learning Assembly in One Stp from RTK (July 23rd, 1997) +
65816.std 87151
 A Proposed Assembly Language Syntax For 65c816 Assemblers by Randall Hyde +
65xxx.drm 37725
 The 65C816 Dream Machine +
8080.op 5237
 Summary of 8080 Instructions +
86bugs.lst 119004
 Harald Feldmann's 86BUGS List (November 3, 1994) +
aaisch.pro 13684
 The American Animation Institute 1987 Class Schedule (WHAT?) +
abacus.txt 9021
 Why the Hell Would You Learn Programming? +
acronyms.txt 5392
 ACRONYMS (and things that look like them) +
addrbook.txt 16866
 DOCUMENTATION: The Cyberpunk's Address Book v1.01 by Robert D. Bouman (February 4, 1994) +
address.txt 23504
 Understanding Effective Addresses in Assembly +
adv_ex65.txt 22219
 Advanced 6502 Assembly Code Examples by M.J. Malone +
adventur 6975
 Adventure: More Parsing, by Bob Wiber +
amickpt.txt 5404
 Checkpoint Codes for Pre April 1990 American Megatrends BIOS Chips +
ansi.txt 7708
 How to Make ANSI by Def Leppard +
ansi_tut.txt 16128
 Using the ANSI Driver by C. Scot Giles +
ansicode.pro 3208
 ANSI Codes Demystified +
ansikode.txt 7033
 ANSI Codes that COM: Responds to +
antidbg.txt 17460
 Anti-Debugging Tricks by Inbar Raz +
antidebug2.pro 6928
 Release 1 of the Anti-"Anti Debugging Tricks" Article +
arc.txt 3025
 The Commodore ARC Format: A Description +
archives.txt 147955
 BBS Messages: Archives Sub Board, Magpie +
arkive.txt 2096
 The Commodore Arkive Format: An Overview +
article.txt 12700
 Skysurfing the 'Net by Bradley C. Spatz (January 15, 1995) +
artnotes.txt 8216
 Thoughts about Making Graphics Look Good +
ascii.ipa 23531
 Representing IPA Transcriptions in ASCII +
ascii.pro 3120
 The Captain's Log ASCII List +
ascii.tbl 2148
 An ASCII Code Table +
asciicod.txt 9888
 ASCII Codes for the TRS Model 100 +
asmtutor.pro 65590
 IBM PC Assembly Tutorial, by Joshua Auerbach +
asmtutor.txt 72327
 IBM Personal Computer Assembly Language Tutorial by Joshua Auerbach, Yale University +
asmxmple.pro 16512
 Assembly Programming Tutorial +
assembly.txt 32361
 An Assembly Language Tutorial for the Radio Shack Model 100 by Mike Berro (1984) +
astrainer.txt 241350
 The VGA Trainer Program by Denthor of Asphyxia (1994) +
asttechnical.txt 342270
 VERY Large Collection of AST Technical Bulletins from 1991-1993 +
att3b1.faq 75774
 FAQ: AT&T UNIX PC +
attrib.txt 11444
 Character Attributes on Video Boards for the IBM PC +
author.faq 4636
 FAQ: MS-DOS Programmers Frequently Asked Questions (December 17, 1995) +
avoid_gw.txt 2597
 Simple Way to Detect Game Wizard! +
babel92a.txt 79153
 BABEL: A Listing of Computer-Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms, by Irving Kind (1991) +
babel93c.txt 99487
 BABEL: A Listing of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms +
baldwin.lst 3675
 AWK as a C Code Generator by Wahhab Baldwin +
balli.txt 5888
 How a Ballistics Program Works (Or How to Calculate a Trajectory Chart) by R. White +
basictip.txt 6588
 A Treatise on the Efficient and Elegant Use of Basic on the TRS-80 Model 100 by Richard Horowitz +
bat&conf.txt 7401
 Batch and Configuration Files in DOS: Some Tips and Tricks +
begunix.hac 337327
 Good Solid UNIX Tutorial +
berens.lst 12520
 C Procedure Tables by Tim Berens +
biblio 9338
 Programmer's Technical Reference for MSDOS and the IBM PC by Dave Williams (January 12, 1992) +
biocontr.txt 12585
 Bio-Control by Neural Networks: Summary of a Workshop by the NSF (May 16-18, 1990) +
bios&mb.txt 5755
 Some BIOS and Motherboard Specific Information for PC Compatibles +
bios925.man 10135
 AMI 286 and 386 BIOS Release Notes (September 25, 1988) +
biosdiag.man 29842
 A BIOS Diagnosis Manual +
bioslist.man 1428
 List of Available AMI BIOS Products (1988) +
boardtst.asm 2719
 A Project Board Test Program in 6502 Assembly by M.J. Malone +
bourne1.txt 597768
 User Bourne Shell Programming, a Manual (February 7, 1991) +
breinhar.txt 37426
 SUMMARY PAPER: An Architectural Overview of UNIX Network Security +
buster.txt 17174
 The Nag-Buster (Documentation) from Erik Famm(1994) +
c-easy.txt 9573
 C Made Easier Lesson #4 from the Not (January 15, 1991) +
c-ser-1.txt 11724
 C Programming Series Issue #1 by Pazuzu *April 21, 1993) +
c.commandments 2192
 The 10 Commandments for C Programmers by Henry Spencer +
cable.txt 18631
 A Quick Guide to Computer Cables by Bill becwar +
cache.art 35748
 Living With DOS: Disk Caches by Barry Simon +
capats.pro 3043
 A list of Patents Referring to Cellular Automata +
ccittstu.txt 1581
 The Line Signals in CCITT Systems +
cellular.txt 3207
 A Noah's Ark Program, by Rudy Rucker +
cguide_3.txt 440893
 The IBM PC Programmer's Guide to C 3rd Edition by Matthew Probert +
cistips1.txt 33787
 CIS Threads #1: Interesting Threads from the TRS Model 100 Forum Messages (1987) by Phil Wheeler +
cmos.lst 25621
 The CMOS Memory Map v1.23 (June 1994) by Padgett Peterson +
compfile.txt 31473
 Compressing Your Executables: Something for Nothing? By Dickford Cohn +
computer.lis 21593
 Every Digital Computer Type Ever Made, 1992 +
computin.pwr 12091
 List of the world's most powerful computing sites as of 11-JAN-1993 +
comrap.pro 33015
 Comrap's Guide to Remote Database Systems for New Users +
consult.how 37888
 Getting Started as a Computer Consultant +
copro15.txt 250656
 Everything You Wanted to know about Math Coprocessors +
counterc 85855
 Hacking Away at the Counterculture by Andrew Ross +
cpsr-pla 50050
 A Computer and Information Technologies Platform +
crc.pro 9129
 Modem Protocol Proposal, CRC Extension +
crc.txt 91339
 A Painless Guide to CRC Error Detection Alhorithms, by Ross N. Williams (August 19, 1993) +
crenshawtut.txt 680905
 Jack Crenshaw's Tutorial on Compiler Consuction 1-15 (1989, Re-Edited 1994) +
crshptgb.pro 2876
 Crash Protecting GBBS II +
cshell.hrm 14135
 CSH Programming is Considered Harmful +
cshelldoc.hac 60672
 An introduction to the C shell by William Joy (Needs Editing) +
cspiral.txt 5649
 The Trick of the Clockwise/Spiral Rule by David Anderson (1994) +
ctty.txt 2930
 Information on the DOS CTTY Program, by Dan Derrick (February 21, 1984) +
cyberpunk.txt 3347
 Manifesto of the Cyberpunks by Wyze1 +
cyrix.cp 27085
 Compatibility issues Cyrix Cx486SLC/DLC as compared to the Intel 80486SX +
cyrix.pf 31236
 Performance Comparison Intel 386DX, Intel RapidCAD, C&T 38600DX, Cyrix 486DLC +
ddt.ord 179918
 DDT: A Manual for DDT by ITS HACTRN (1990) +
debug.txt 34304
 A Tutorial on the Use of DEBUG on the IBM PC +
dec20.pro 46536
 Introduction to using the DECSYSTEM-20 by Dundee College of Technology +
demo3.txt 6288
 Demos - only for Europe? / Celebrandil of PHA +
desdebug.txt 25598
 Suggested Programming Style and Debugging Methods Using DR6502 by M.J. Malone +
diagcode.txt 11392
 Listing of IBM PC Diagnostic Error Codes +
diagnose.txt 18305
 An Introduction to Troubleshooting Your IBM PC by Jerry Schneider +
diskmyth.pro 11239
 A Collection of Disk Myths for Apple II Disks +
dma_rti.txt 14835
 How to Program the DMA by Night Stalker of Rage Technologies, Inc. +
dma_vla.txt 13826
 An Introduction to DMA by Draeden of VLA +
dod 8014
 Application of Virtual Reality to Weapon System Concept Evaluation in a Distributed Simulation Environment (July, 1992) +
dos6.txt 27778
 DOS 6: The Real Story, by The Brother-In-Law +
dostech.pro 586596
 DOS Technical Information Manual/Programming Technical Reference, by Dave Williams +
dr6502.txt 76888
 Documentation for DR6502: A 6502 Software and Hardware Execution Simulator System bu M.J. Malone +
dr6502rm.txt 1881
 Supplementary Notes about DR6502 by M.J. Malone +
dstone.c 11750
 The DHRYSTONE Benchmark Program Source Code (January 6, 1986) +
dts.txt 14481
 Documentation for DTS/DTR Test Programs +
easter.egg 75563
 The Easter Egg Hunt Results (Computer Easter Eggs) by Joe Morris (July 12, 1993) +
editor.ch 19511
 Summary of Text Editor Features +
edoe.txt 17564
 E.D.O.E a Unified View of Computing by T. Dunlop +
ega-prog.pro 6528
 IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter EGA BIOS Interface Routines +
egatech.pro 17920
 Extended Graphics Adaptor Technical Info +
endian.dc 37959
 Danny Cohen's Article in which he popularized the terms 'Big Endian' and 'Little Endian' +
enhancpc.art 9984
 Enhancing PC Disk Performance by Bruce Schafer +
epidemic.ctl 39001
 Secure Distributed Databases for Epidemiological Control by D.S. Stodolsky (October 29, 1989) +
epstein.txt 19968
 Neural Nets Improve Hospital Treatment Quality and Reduce Expenses, by Jeannette Lawrence +
equation.txt 4200
 A Whole Bunch of Theoretical Equations by Erik Von Francis +
errortrp.pro 4186
 A Comment on Error Traps +
ethics.txt 15203
 The Professional Code of Ethics of the International Programmers' Guide +
etvirus.txt 3168
 Virus On Computer Disks Spurs Elek-Tek to Order Recall, by Wilma Randle (January 18, 1992) +
eurochar.txt 12435
 The Care and Feeding of Foreign Characters by Alex Gross (1991) +
exam1_65.txt 9588
 6502 Assembly Code Examples by M.J. Malone +
exam2_65.txt 20535
 Additional Examples of 6502 Assembly Code by M.J. Malone +
fastmodm.pro 8090
 Fast Lane Modems (14.4k! YEAH!) +
fix1faq.txt 17510
 How to use Fixed Point (16.16) Math (Part 1 of 2), by Night Stalker (March 12, 1995) +
fix2faq.txt 18260
 How to use Fixed Point (16.16) Math (Part 2 of 2), by Night Stalker (March 12, 1995) +
flt-sim.mod 1834
 Flight Simulator RGB Modifications by Andrew Tuline +
foolproofhack.txt 17203
 Foolproof and the Subsequent Destruction Thus Thereof +
foregole.txt 25563
 The Story of GOLEM XIV: The Most Incredible Computer +
formulas.prn 8943
 A Collection of Interesting Formulas of use to Computer Programmers +
fpbiblio.txt 103813
 Bibliography of Material on Floating Point Arithmetic +
fraud 9916
 Messages Discussing the Weirdness of the Stage.Dat File on Prodigy (1991) +
freeware.txt 6933
 Interview and Overview of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (1993) +
fuzzy2.txt 1947
 A Quick Explanation of Fuzzy Logic +
gamework.txt 4039
 An Introduction to Careers in Computer Games by Bill Armintrout (August 8, 1994) +
gesture.txt 17437
 Power Glove Gesture Recognition (Nintendo Power Glove) +
gif_defn.txt 85509
 The Compuserve GIF89a Specification Programming Reference +
gif_info.txt 4597
 What is GIF? By Compuserve, May 28, 1987 +
gitr01.txt 30264
 The Mathematics of Three-Dimensional Manipulations and Transformations by Trip V. Reece (June 1992) +
gla-91o 687251
 USENET Postings About Hooking Nintendo Powergloves to Atari STs (October 12, 1991) +
glossary.386 2310
 A Glossary for the Intel 386 +
gnu-codi 11973
 A General Overview on Suggested Standards for GNU Coding +
gnu-ms.txt 13312
 MSDOS file for the GNUish MSDOS project by the Free Software Foundation (January 30, 1992) +
gpib.txt 12032
 Using a Printer Port for Simple GPIB/IEEE-488 Operation by Sydex (1990) +
gravity.txt 16047
 Discussions about Gravity and Accurate Jumping +
gta.pro 3112
 Nationwide Ground To Air Stations +
guide.txt 85191
 The Programmer's Guide by Nelson Ford (January 1989) +
guide1991.txt 186161
 A Programmer's Guide, by Nelson Ford (1991) +
hackcequick.txt 3897
 Hacking Quickmail for Macintosh, by the Brighter Buccaneer (February 28, 1995) +
hexearl.txt 7091
 Welcome to the Adventures of Earl! By Mke Graham (April 20th, 1991) +
hintstip.txt 17377
 Model 100 Hints and Tips +
hpbook.txt 116600
 PopDBF: Instant Access to X-Base Files, Verison 4.0 Users' Manual +
hung.txt 15203
 xBase Identifier Naming Conventions or HUNG: Hungarian Types Without the Arian, by Robert A DiFalco +
ibm-keys.txt 2435
 The IBM PC Special Characters +
ibmbios.txt 14384
 IBM PC BIOS Service Codes +
ibmcrack.pro 7575
 Cracking on the IBM PC, by Buckaroo Banzai +
infobust.pro 1963
 Solution to the Fooblitzky Conspiracy +
infoshee.t 19988
 The Linux Information Sheet (March 17, 1993) +
intercal.jok 53702
 The Intercal Programming Language Reference Manual by Donald R. Woods and James Lyon (1973) (1990) +
interunx.hac 355224
 UNIX For Intermediate Users +
intrupt.txt 38528
 Interrupt Structure, by Janet Jack, J. Weaver Jr., John Cooper, Skip Gilbrech, Jim Kyle and Bob Jack (1985) +
ipg.txt 15204
 The International Programmers' Guild Professional Certification and Recognition for Programmers +
krack.txt 12288
 KRACK, the official cracking textfile, by the Cellar Elite (April 1986) +
kyocera.txt 17206
 An Introduction to the NEC PC8201a & PC8300 by Ron Hopkins-Lutz (October, 1994) +
library.txt 1317
 The Library Format: An Overview +
m100_pok.txt 12608
 RAM Memory Locations and Values for TRS-80 Model 100 Computers by Tony Anderson (1984) +
m100hg.txt 14360
 The M100 Hackers' Guide by Andy Diller (1996) +
m100quic.txt 63135
 The TRS-80 Model 100 Quick Reference Guide from ACD (January, 1996) +
m200ram.txt 6363
 Tandy 200 RAM Creation by Ken Nickerson +
m200telc.txt 103778
 The Tandy Model 200 Telcom Manual +
m200tran.txt 20425
 A T200/100 to IBM PC File Exchange from Kent Nickerson +
matrix.txt 18329
 Document for Matrix Toolbox Function Calls, by Patrick Ko Shu Pui +
maze-faq 24880
 Some Examples of Programs that Produce Mazes +
memchip.txt 11262
 Quick Overview of common Memory Errors on IBM-Compatible Systems +
midispec.pro 27648
 The Usenet MIDI Primer +
milliway.pro 6784
 Mastering Milliways Part I: Hard Drive Partitions +
mnp.pro 37416
 Error Correction in Modems, and the MNP Protocol by Greag Pearson, Developer of MNP +
model100.txt 4002
 The TRS-80 Model 100 Page +
modem.txt 2016
 MODEM Specific Information: Tips and Tricks +
more65.txt 20831
 More 6502 Assembly Code Examples by M.J. Malone +
mousepro.pro 9856
 Apple Mouse Programming +
msdos.txt 8827
 Some MS-DOS Specific Information: Tips and Tricks +
music.txt 11090
 Helpful Primer on Creating Music with ANSI Codes +
natural.txt 15511
 Overview of a couple Natural Language Programs +
nbuf.txt 20907
 How to Use a Buffering FIFO Queue to Output your Graphics, from Imphobia +
netcat.blurb 2645
 DOCUMENTATION: Netcat Verison 1.10 +
newsletc.pro 12317
 The American Radio Relay League Newsletter #21 +
noise.txt 6022
 The Modem Noise Killer, Alpha Version +
opcod6502.txt 12496
 6502 Undocumented Opcodes Based on the Atari 8-bit 6502 Version 3.0, byFreddy offenga (May 17, 1997) +
opcode65816 20655
 WD65C816 Opcode Reference by Eric D. Shepherd (February 20, 1993) +
optimize.txt 46316
 Some Information on Optimizing Code on a 386, 486 or Pentium, by Michael Kunstelj +
overview.lst 12536
 Brief Description of the 256 Interripts (June 5, 1994) +
paper.txt 9097
 Towards Reducing the Hardware Complexity of Feature Detection-based Models (Neural Networks) by Bassem Medawar and Andrew Noetzell +
pcgpe10.txt 2048184
 The PC Games Programmers' Encyclopedia Version 1.0 +
pcpxfer.txt 18336
 Recommendations Report for File Transfer via PC Pursuit (October 17, 1988) +
peekpoke.txt 29389
 Large List of PEEK and POKE Locations for the IBM +
pokerhan.pro 2190
 A Poker Hands List. Yeah, perfect for the Programming Section +
ports.lst 119292
 XT, AT, and PS/2 I/O Port Addresses by Wim Osterhold (August 7, 1994) +
procomm 7399
 REVIEW: Procomm: Outstanding Telecomm by Merv Adrian +
procomm2 3713
 PROCOMM: Outstanding Telecomm by Merv Adrian (Part II) +
protoc.hac 13184
 Protocol Notes: CIS "A" Protocol +
q88164.txt 6110
 Introduction to Windows Programming for MS-DOS Programmers +
qbasgdc1.001 24572
 QuickBASIC Tutorial: Make a PACMAN Move Across the Screen! +
qbasgdc1.002 38389
 QuickBASIC Tutorial: Make an Role Playing Game +
qikstart.txt 17510
 Quick/Kick Start into DR6502 Assembly Language Programming, by M.J. Malone +
qwk.txt 38941
 FORMAT: QWK Mail Packet File Layout by Patrick Y. Lee (1992) +
qwk_15.txt 49944
 QWK Mail Packet File Layout, by Patrick Y Lee +
radiomap.pro 4260
 Packet Radio Links for the EASTNET8 Network +
random.txt 94161
 Computer Generated Random Numbers by David W. Deley (1991) +
rbrown.txt 22151
 Public Domain/Freeware/Shareware by Ralf Brown (A List) +
release.not 103461
 Differences between DecNET DOS Version 1.0 and 1.1 +
robotics.pro 6815
 Slams the Hayes 2400 Baud Modem, lauds the US Robotics 2400 +
robvoice.how 2060
 Creating a Robotic Sounding Voice +
rpn.txt 12372
 Understanding Reverse-Polish Notation +
russell.lst 7006
 A Generic Heapsort Algorithm in C by Stephen Russell +
sbuf_faq.txt 36252
 The S-Buffer FAQ, by Paul Nettle Version 1.0.0 (March 10, 1995) +
scolicen.txt 19800
 Santa Cruz Organization Special License for Ancient Unix Source +
secdrv.doc 40944
 DOCUMENTAITON: SecureDrive v1.3c +
security.hac 164625
 Improving the Security of your UNIX System by David Curry, 1990 +
shell_history.txt 14566
 A Brief History of UNIX Shells, as well as a coimparison chart between them +
showrip.rev 2557
 Review of ShowRIP v3.01 by Chuck Warrix +
shrware.txt 5420
 What IS Shareware? +
signsyst.txt 2265
 Signalling Systems Around the World, from TAP and Nick Haflinger +
small 3348
 The Smallification Wars? Where will the Compression End? by Jerry Weichbrodt +
softice.manual.txt 277539
 DOCUMENTATION: SoftICE (PC Assembly Disassembler) +
sort.txt 11935
 Techniques of Computer Bubble Sorts +
sp4rpt.hac 45895
 Prototyping SP4: A Secure Data Network System Transport Protocol (National Computer Systems Laboratory) +
spranim.pro 15525
 A Method of Sprite Animation, by Darren Gyles +
srbediff.txt 5476
 What's the Difference Between the BE3011 and SmartROM? +
start65.txt 17459
 Starting to Program in 6502 Assembly Code by M.J. Malone +
stips.txt 9714
 Scorpio's Tips and Tricks Information Files +
sun_rast.pro 2790
 Inside Sun Raster, by Jamie Zawinksi +
svgatrix.txt 30553
 Some (S)VGA Tricks, from Imphobia +
t102.txt 13207
 Seven Year Test Results: The Tandy 102 Reduces Levels of Portable Computer Anxiety and Violence by Bick Truet, Senior Partner, Technologies Research Group +
teltermz.hac 13604
 Full List of Terminal Identifiers +
tencoms.pro 1029
 The Ten Commandments of RBBS +
tesla.hac 26019
 Nikola Tesla's Long Range Weapon by Oliver Nichelson +
tpudoc1.txt 133300
 Inside Turbo Pascal 5.5. Units, by William L. Peavy (August 11, 1990) +
tr_shoot.txt 17139
 Troubleshooting the 6502 Project Board by M.J. Malone +
triangle.txt 7635
 Converting a 3D Shape into Triangles +
tricks.pro 41831
 Large List of "Easter Eggs" and Secret Messages in a lot of Computers and Products +
tricks65.txt 17031
 Some 6502 Tricks and Tips from M.J. Malone +
trustblt.hac 14846
 NCSL Bulletin: Advising users on computer systems technology, July 1990 +
undocbas.txt 2406
 Undocumented features of TRS-80 Model 100 BASIC +
upgrade.pro 4596
 How to install 640k of RAM on a IBM XT motherboard +
vaxlist.hac 23728
 The VAX Programs List (1990) +
vbbshrtc.ode 2220
 VBBS Heart-Code ANSI Color Chart +
vivsemacs.txt 37368
 A Comparative Study of VI and Emacs from the Perspective of Novice and Regular Users, by William Knottenbelt +
vrfirm.txt 8534
 Companies that Manufacture VR Systems or Components +
wp51.inf 20849
 The Wordperfect 5.1 Bedtime Story (September 10, 1989) +
writprog.pro 15161
 How to Program: A Tutorial +
wwis.pro 808799
 Who's Who in Shareware, November 1994 +
x11games.faq 48349
 List of Games for the X11 Graphics System, 18th August 1994 +
xit.txt 6108
 DOCUMENTATION: [XiT] v2.0 by Roche' Crypt (February, 1994) +
xmodem.txt 9600
 The XMODEM File Transfer Protocol, by Larry Jordan +
xwindow.asc 37996
 Intrinsics of the X Toolkit by Todd Lainhart +
xwindows.inf 30672
 Information on X-Windows Terminal Emulation for PC/AT Clones by Gerolf Starke (November 19, 1991) +
yaccex.asc 10293
 Generating Parsers with PCYACC by Alex Lane (1989) +
ymodem.txt 49446
 XMODEM/YMODEM Protocol Reference by Chuck Forsberg +
zappvowl.txt 4112
 Inmark zApp vs. Borland Object Windows Library +
zen_life.txt 124153
 An Evolutionary Approach to Synthetic Biology: Zen and the Art of Creating Life by Thomas S. Ray (October 21, 1993) +
zipwarn.txt 4096
 MESSAGES: A Warning on PKZIP Trojan (May 15, 1989) +
zmodem6.txt 105216
 The ZMODEM Inter Application File Transfer Protocol, by Chuck Forsberg +

There are 267 files for a total of 14,121,144 bytes.
There are 6 directories.

+ + +

If you wish to have the entire directory conveniently archived and compressed into one file, please download +either programming.tar.gz (6593979 bytes) or programming.zip (6938290 bytes) instead of all the files separately.

diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/.windex.html b/textfiles.com/programming/.windex.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cd3dcda3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/.windex.html @@ -0,0 +1,297 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles

+

+Anything having to do with the programming of computers, or how to approach +programming computers, and not covered by other sections, is stuck here. That +means you might find a lot of similar information in the Apple + section, or even in the computer section. A good +portion of these files might seen out of date or irrelevant, but in fact show +the initial approaches to programming concepts (like cryptography, artifical +intelligence, and security) that apply very strongly to this day. +

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
AIArtificial Intelligence Textfiles
AMIGAProgramming and Software information on the Amiga
CARDSBowen's Incredible Instruction Set Summary Cards
CRYPTOGRAPHYInformation on Cryptography or Politics Surrounding Cryptography
FORMATSFiles Presenting Different Programming Formats
FUZZYLOGICFiles about Fuzzy Logic
 
24hrs.txt 15905
 Some Opinions on Leaving Your Computer On 24 Hours a Day and Mounting Your Machine Sideways, 1990 +
25th_ann.uni 59526
 On the Evolution of Unix and the Automation of Telephone Support Operations by Ronda Hauben +
3drotate.txt 18307
 Three Dimensional Rotations for Computer Graphics, by Lithium of VLA +
3dshade.txt 11504
 Three Dimensional Shading in Computer Graphics by Lthium of VLA +
4dostips.txt 3297
 4DOS Specific Information and Tips +
6309.ex 32254
 A Memo on the Secret Features of 6309 +
6502.txt 84034
 Information about the 6502 taken from a 6510 Commodore 64 Manual +
6502bugs.txt 3493
 Information on 6502 Bugs, from Ivo van Poorten (November 2, 1994) +
6502guid.txt 30776
 Learning Assembly in One Stp from RTK (July 23rd, 1997) +
65816.std 87151
 A Proposed Assembly Language Syntax For 65c816 Assemblers by Randall Hyde +
65xxx.drm 37725
 The 65C816 Dream Machine +
8080.op 5237
 Summary of 8080 Instructions +
86bugs.lst 119004
 Harald Feldmann's 86BUGS List (November 3, 1994) +
aaisch.pro 13684
 The American Animation Institute 1987 Class Schedule (WHAT?) +
abacus.txt 9021
 Why the Hell Would You Learn Programming? +
acronyms.txt 5392
 ACRONYMS (and things that look like them) +
addrbook.txt 16866
 DOCUMENTATION: The Cyberpunk's Address Book v1.01 by Robert D. Bouman (February 4, 1994) +
address.txt 23504
 Understanding Effective Addresses in Assembly +
adv_ex65.txt 22219
 Advanced 6502 Assembly Code Examples by M.J. Malone +
adventur 6975
 Adventure: More Parsing, by Bob Wiber +
amickpt.txt 5404
 Checkpoint Codes for Pre April 1990 American Megatrends BIOS Chips +
ansi.txt 7708
 How to Make ANSI by Def Leppard +
ansi_tut.txt 16128
 Using the ANSI Driver by C. Scot Giles +
ansicode.pro 3208
 ANSI Codes Demystified +
ansikode.txt 7033
 ANSI Codes that COM: Responds to +
antidbg.txt 17460
 Anti-Debugging Tricks by Inbar Raz +
antidebug2.pro 6928
 Release 1 of the Anti-"Anti Debugging Tricks" Article +
arc.txt 3025
 The Commodore ARC Format: A Description +
archives.txt 147955
 BBS Messages: Archives Sub Board, Magpie +
arkive.txt 2096
 The Commodore Arkive Format: An Overview +
article.txt 12700
 Skysurfing the 'Net by Bradley C. Spatz (January 15, 1995) +
artnotes.txt 8216
 Thoughts about Making Graphics Look Good +
ascii.ipa 23531
 Representing IPA Transcriptions in ASCII +
ascii.pro 3120
 The Captain's Log ASCII List +
ascii.tbl 2148
 An ASCII Code Table +
asciicod.txt 9888
 ASCII Codes for the TRS Model 100 +
asmtutor.pro 65590
 IBM PC Assembly Tutorial, by Joshua Auerbach +
asmtutor.txt 72327
 IBM Personal Computer Assembly Language Tutorial by Joshua Auerbach, Yale University +
asmxmple.pro 16512
 Assembly Programming Tutorial +
assembly.txt 32361
 An Assembly Language Tutorial for the Radio Shack Model 100 by Mike Berro (1984) +
astrainer.txt 241350
 The VGA Trainer Program by Denthor of Asphyxia (1994) +
asttechnical.txt 342270
 VERY Large Collection of AST Technical Bulletins from 1991-1993 +
att3b1.faq 75774
 FAQ: AT&T UNIX PC +
attrib.txt 11444
 Character Attributes on Video Boards for the IBM PC +
author.faq 4636
 FAQ: MS-DOS Programmers Frequently Asked Questions (December 17, 1995) +
avoid_gw.txt 2597
 Simple Way to Detect Game Wizard! +
babel92a.txt 79153
 BABEL: A Listing of Computer-Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms, by Irving Kind (1991) +
babel93c.txt 99487
 BABEL: A Listing of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms +
baldwin.lst 3675
 AWK as a C Code Generator by Wahhab Baldwin +
balli.txt 5888
 How a Ballistics Program Works (Or How to Calculate a Trajectory Chart) by R. White +
basictip.txt 6588
 A Treatise on the Efficient and Elegant Use of Basic on the TRS-80 Model 100 by Richard Horowitz +
bat&conf.txt 7401
 Batch and Configuration Files in DOS: Some Tips and Tricks +
begunix.hac 337327
 Good Solid UNIX Tutorial +
berens.lst 12520
 C Procedure Tables by Tim Berens +
biblio 9338
 Programmer's Technical Reference for MSDOS and the IBM PC by Dave Williams (January 12, 1992) +
biocontr.txt 12585
 Bio-Control by Neural Networks: Summary of a Workshop by the NSF (May 16-18, 1990) +
bios&mb.txt 5755
 Some BIOS and Motherboard Specific Information for PC Compatibles +
bios925.man 10135
 AMI 286 and 386 BIOS Release Notes (September 25, 1988) +
biosdiag.man 29842
 A BIOS Diagnosis Manual +
bioslist.man 1428
 List of Available AMI BIOS Products (1988) +
boardtst.asm 2719
 A Project Board Test Program in 6502 Assembly by M.J. Malone +
bourne1.txt 597768
 User Bourne Shell Programming, a Manual (February 7, 1991) +
breinhar.txt 37426
 SUMMARY PAPER: An Architectural Overview of UNIX Network Security +
buster.txt 17174
 The Nag-Buster (Documentation) from Erik Famm(1994) +
c-easy.txt 9573
 C Made Easier Lesson #4 from the Not (January 15, 1991) +
c-ser-1.txt 11724
 C Programming Series Issue #1 by Pazuzu *April 21, 1993) +
c.commandments 2192
 The 10 Commandments for C Programmers by Henry Spencer +
cable.txt 18631
 A Quick Guide to Computer Cables by Bill becwar +
cache.art 35748
 Living With DOS: Disk Caches by Barry Simon +
capats.pro 3043
 A list of Patents Referring to Cellular Automata +
ccittstu.txt 1581
 The Line Signals in CCITT Systems +
cellular.txt 3207
 A Noah's Ark Program, by Rudy Rucker +
cguide_3.txt 440893
 The IBM PC Programmer's Guide to C 3rd Edition by Matthew Probert +
cistips1.txt 33787
 CIS Threads #1: Interesting Threads from the TRS Model 100 Forum Messages (1987) by Phil Wheeler +
cmos.lst 25621
 The CMOS Memory Map v1.23 (June 1994) by Padgett Peterson +
compfile.txt 31473
 Compressing Your Executables: Something for Nothing? By Dickford Cohn +
computer.lis 21593
 Every Digital Computer Type Ever Made, 1992 +
computin.pwr 12091
 List of the world's most powerful computing sites as of 11-JAN-1993 +
comrap.pro 33015
 Comrap's Guide to Remote Database Systems for New Users +
consult.how 37888
 Getting Started as a Computer Consultant +
copro15.txt 250656
 Everything You Wanted to know about Math Coprocessors +
counterc 85855
 Hacking Away at the Counterculture by Andrew Ross +
cpsr-pla 50050
 A Computer and Information Technologies Platform +
crc.pro 9129
 Modem Protocol Proposal, CRC Extension +
crc.txt 91339
 A Painless Guide to CRC Error Detection Alhorithms, by Ross N. Williams (August 19, 1993) +
crenshawtut.txt 680905
 Jack Crenshaw's Tutorial on Compiler Consuction 1-15 (1989, Re-Edited 1994) +
crshptgb.pro 2876
 Crash Protecting GBBS II +
cshell.hrm 14135
 CSH Programming is Considered Harmful +
cshelldoc.hac 60672
 An introduction to the C shell by William Joy (Needs Editing) +
ctty.txt 2930
 Information on the DOS CTTY Program, by Dan Derrick (February 21, 1984) +
cyberpunk.txt 3347
 Manifesto of the Cyberpunks by Wyze1 +
cyrix.cp 27085
 Compatibility issues Cyrix Cx486SLC/DLC as compared to the Intel 80486SX +
cyrix.pf 31236
 Performance Comparison Intel 386DX, Intel RapidCAD, C&T 38600DX, Cyrix 486DLC +
ddt.ord 179918
 DDT: A Manual for DDT by ITS HACTRN (1990) +
debug.txt 34304
 A Tutorial on the Use of DEBUG on the IBM PC +
dec20.pro 46536
 Introduction to using the DECSYSTEM-20 by Dundee College of Technology +
demo3.txt 6288
 Demos - only for Europe? / Celebrandil of PHA +
desdebug.txt 25598
 Suggested Programming Style and Debugging Methods Using DR6502 by M.J. Malone +
diagcode.txt 11392
 Listing of IBM PC Diagnostic Error Codes +
diagnose.txt 18305
 An Introduction to Troubleshooting Your IBM PC by Jerry Schneider +
diskmyth.pro 11239
 A Collection of Disk Myths for Apple II Disks +
dma_rti.txt 14835
 How to Program the DMA by Night Stalker of Rage Technologies, Inc. +
dma_vla.txt 13826
 An Introduction to DMA by Draeden of VLA +
dod 8014
 Application of Virtual Reality to Weapon System Concept Evaluation in a Distributed Simulation Environment (July, 1992) +
dos6.txt 27778
 DOS 6: The Real Story, by The Brother-In-Law +
dostech.pro 586596
 DOS Technical Information Manual/Programming Technical Reference, by Dave Williams +
dr6502.txt 76888
 Documentation for DR6502: A 6502 Software and Hardware Execution Simulator System bu M.J. Malone +
dr6502rm.txt 1881
 Supplementary Notes about DR6502 by M.J. Malone +
dstone.c 11750
 The DHRYSTONE Benchmark Program Source Code (January 6, 1986) +
dts.txt 14481
 Documentation for DTS/DTR Test Programs +
easter.egg 75563
 The Easter Egg Hunt Results (Computer Easter Eggs) by Joe Morris (July 12, 1993) +
editor.ch 19511
 Summary of Text Editor Features +
edoe.txt 17564
 E.D.O.E a Unified View of Computing by T. Dunlop +
ega-prog.pro 6528
 IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter EGA BIOS Interface Routines +
egatech.pro 17920
 Extended Graphics Adaptor Technical Info +
endian.dc 37959
 Danny Cohen's Article in which he popularized the terms 'Big Endian' and 'Little Endian' +
enhancpc.art 9984
 Enhancing PC Disk Performance by Bruce Schafer +
epidemic.ctl 39001
 Secure Distributed Databases for Epidemiological Control by D.S. Stodolsky (October 29, 1989) +
epstein.txt 19968
 Neural Nets Improve Hospital Treatment Quality and Reduce Expenses, by Jeannette Lawrence +
equation.txt 4200
 A Whole Bunch of Theoretical Equations by Erik Von Francis +
errortrp.pro 4186
 A Comment on Error Traps +
ethics.txt 15203
 The Professional Code of Ethics of the International Programmers' Guide +
etvirus.txt 3168
 Virus On Computer Disks Spurs Elek-Tek to Order Recall, by Wilma Randle (January 18, 1992) +
eurochar.txt 12435
 The Care and Feeding of Foreign Characters by Alex Gross (1991) +
exam1_65.txt 9588
 6502 Assembly Code Examples by M.J. Malone +
exam2_65.txt 20535
 Additional Examples of 6502 Assembly Code by M.J. Malone +
fastmodm.pro 8090
 Fast Lane Modems (14.4k! YEAH!) +
fix1faq.txt 17510
 How to use Fixed Point (16.16) Math (Part 1 of 2), by Night Stalker (March 12, 1995) +
fix2faq.txt 18260
 How to use Fixed Point (16.16) Math (Part 2 of 2), by Night Stalker (March 12, 1995) +
flt-sim.mod 1834
 Flight Simulator RGB Modifications by Andrew Tuline +
foolproofhack.txt 17203
 Foolproof and the Subsequent Destruction Thus Thereof +
foregole.txt 25563
 The Story of GOLEM XIV: The Most Incredible Computer +
formulas.prn 8943
 A Collection of Interesting Formulas of use to Computer Programmers +
fpbiblio.txt 103813
 Bibliography of Material on Floating Point Arithmetic +
fraud 9916
 Messages Discussing the Weirdness of the Stage.Dat File on Prodigy (1991) +
freeware.txt 6933
 Interview and Overview of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (1993) +
fuzzy2.txt 1947
 A Quick Explanation of Fuzzy Logic +
gamework.txt 4039
 An Introduction to Careers in Computer Games by Bill Armintrout (August 8, 1994) +
gesture.txt 17437
 Power Glove Gesture Recognition (Nintendo Power Glove) +
gif_defn.txt 85509
 The Compuserve GIF89a Specification Programming Reference +
gif_info.txt 4597
 What is GIF? By Compuserve, May 28, 1987 +
gitr01.txt 30264
 The Mathematics of Three-Dimensional Manipulations and Transformations by Trip V. Reece (June 1992) +
gla-91o 687251
 USENET Postings About Hooking Nintendo Powergloves to Atari STs (October 12, 1991) +
glossary.386 2310
 A Glossary for the Intel 386 +
gnu-codi 11973
 A General Overview on Suggested Standards for GNU Coding +
gnu-ms.txt 13312
 MSDOS file for the GNUish MSDOS project by the Free Software Foundation (January 30, 1992) +
gpib.txt 12032
 Using a Printer Port for Simple GPIB/IEEE-488 Operation by Sydex (1990) +
gravity.txt 16047
 Discussions about Gravity and Accurate Jumping +
gta.pro 3112
 Nationwide Ground To Air Stations +
guide.txt 85191
 The Programmer's Guide by Nelson Ford (January 1989) +
guide1991.txt 186161
 A Programmer's Guide, by Nelson Ford (1991) +
hackcequick.txt 3897
 Hacking Quickmail for Macintosh, by the Brighter Buccaneer (February 28, 1995) +
hexearl.txt 7091
 Welcome to the Adventures of Earl! By Mke Graham (April 20th, 1991) +
hintstip.txt 17377
 Model 100 Hints and Tips +
hpbook.txt 116600
 PopDBF: Instant Access to X-Base Files, Verison 4.0 Users' Manual +
hung.txt 15203
 xBase Identifier Naming Conventions or HUNG: Hungarian Types Without the Arian, by Robert A DiFalco +
ibm-keys.txt 2435
 The IBM PC Special Characters +
ibmbios.txt 14384
 IBM PC BIOS Service Codes +
ibmcrack.pro 7575
 Cracking on the IBM PC, by Buckaroo Banzai +
infobust.pro 1963
 Solution to the Fooblitzky Conspiracy +
infoshee.t 19988
 The Linux Information Sheet (March 17, 1993) +
intercal.jok 53702
 The Intercal Programming Language Reference Manual by Donald R. Woods and James Lyon (1973) (1990) +
interunx.hac 355224
 UNIX For Intermediate Users +
intrupt.txt 38528
 Interrupt Structure, by Janet Jack, J. Weaver Jr., John Cooper, Skip Gilbrech, Jim Kyle and Bob Jack (1985) +
ipg.txt 15204
 The International Programmers' Guild Professional Certification and Recognition for Programmers +
krack.txt 12288
 KRACK, the official cracking textfile, by the Cellar Elite (April 1986) +
kyocera.txt 17206
 An Introduction to the NEC PC8201a & PC8300 by Ron Hopkins-Lutz (October, 1994) +
library.txt 1317
 The Library Format: An Overview +
m100_pok.txt 12608
 RAM Memory Locations and Values for TRS-80 Model 100 Computers by Tony Anderson (1984) +
m100hg.txt 14360
 The M100 Hackers' Guide by Andy Diller (1996) +
m100quic.txt 63135
 The TRS-80 Model 100 Quick Reference Guide from ACD (January, 1996) +
m200ram.txt 6363
 Tandy 200 RAM Creation by Ken Nickerson +
m200telc.txt 103778
 The Tandy Model 200 Telcom Manual +
m200tran.txt 20425
 A T200/100 to IBM PC File Exchange from Kent Nickerson +
matrix.txt 18329
 Document for Matrix Toolbox Function Calls, by Patrick Ko Shu Pui +
maze-faq 24880
 Some Examples of Programs that Produce Mazes +
memchip.txt 11262
 Quick Overview of common Memory Errors on IBM-Compatible Systems +
midispec.pro 27648
 The Usenet MIDI Primer +
milliway.pro 6784
 Mastering Milliways Part I: Hard Drive Partitions +
mnp.pro 37416
 Error Correction in Modems, and the MNP Protocol by Greag Pearson, Developer of MNP +
model100.txt 4002
 The TRS-80 Model 100 Page +
modem.txt 2016
 MODEM Specific Information: Tips and Tricks +
more65.txt 20831
 More 6502 Assembly Code Examples by M.J. Malone +
mousepro.pro 9856
 Apple Mouse Programming +
msdos.txt 8827
 Some MS-DOS Specific Information: Tips and Tricks +
music.txt 11090
 Helpful Primer on Creating Music with ANSI Codes +
natural.txt 15511
 Overview of a couple Natural Language Programs +
nbuf.txt 20907
 How to Use a Buffering FIFO Queue to Output your Graphics, from Imphobia +
netcat.blurb 2645
 DOCUMENTATION: Netcat Verison 1.10 +
newsletc.pro 12317
 The American Radio Relay League Newsletter #21 +
noise.txt 6022
 The Modem Noise Killer, Alpha Version +
opcod6502.txt 12496
 6502 Undocumented Opcodes Based on the Atari 8-bit 6502 Version 3.0, byFreddy offenga (May 17, 1997) +
opcode65816 20655
 WD65C816 Opcode Reference by Eric D. Shepherd (February 20, 1993) +
optimize.txt 46316
 Some Information on Optimizing Code on a 386, 486 or Pentium, by Michael Kunstelj +
overview.lst 12536
 Brief Description of the 256 Interripts (June 5, 1994) +
paper.txt 9097
 Towards Reducing the Hardware Complexity of Feature Detection-based Models (Neural Networks) by Bassem Medawar and Andrew Noetzell +
pcgpe10.txt 2048184
 The PC Games Programmers' Encyclopedia Version 1.0 +
pcpxfer.txt 18336
 Recommendations Report for File Transfer via PC Pursuit (October 17, 1988) +
peekpoke.txt 29389
 Large List of PEEK and POKE Locations for the IBM +
pokerhan.pro 2190
 A Poker Hands List. Yeah, perfect for the Programming Section +
ports.lst 119292
 XT, AT, and PS/2 I/O Port Addresses by Wim Osterhold (August 7, 1994) +
procomm 7399
 REVIEW: Procomm: Outstanding Telecomm by Merv Adrian +
procomm2 3713
 PROCOMM: Outstanding Telecomm by Merv Adrian (Part II) +
protoc.hac 13184
 Protocol Notes: CIS "A" Protocol +
q88164.txt 6110
 Introduction to Windows Programming for MS-DOS Programmers +
qbasgdc1.001 24572
 QuickBASIC Tutorial: Make a PACMAN Move Across the Screen! +
qbasgdc1.002 38389
 QuickBASIC Tutorial: Make an Role Playing Game +
qikstart.txt 17510
 Quick/Kick Start into DR6502 Assembly Language Programming, by M.J. Malone +
qwk.txt 38941
 FORMAT: QWK Mail Packet File Layout by Patrick Y. Lee (1992) +
qwk_15.txt 49944
 QWK Mail Packet File Layout, by Patrick Y Lee +
radiomap.pro 4260
 Packet Radio Links for the EASTNET8 Network +
random.txt 94161
 Computer Generated Random Numbers by David W. Deley (1991) +
rbrown.txt 22151
 Public Domain/Freeware/Shareware by Ralf Brown (A List) +
release.not 103461
 Differences between DecNET DOS Version 1.0 and 1.1 +
robotics.pro 6815
 Slams the Hayes 2400 Baud Modem, lauds the US Robotics 2400 +
robvoice.how 2060
 Creating a Robotic Sounding Voice +
rpn.txt 12372
 Understanding Reverse-Polish Notation +
russell.lst 7006
 A Generic Heapsort Algorithm in C by Stephen Russell +
sbuf_faq.txt 36252
 The S-Buffer FAQ, by Paul Nettle Version 1.0.0 (March 10, 1995) +
scolicen.txt 19800
 Santa Cruz Organization Special License for Ancient Unix Source +
secdrv.doc 40944
 DOCUMENTAITON: SecureDrive v1.3c +
security.hac 164625
 Improving the Security of your UNIX System by David Curry, 1990 +
shell_history.txt 14566
 A Brief History of UNIX Shells, as well as a coimparison chart between them +
showrip.rev 2557
 Review of ShowRIP v3.01 by Chuck Warrix +
shrware.txt 5420
 What IS Shareware? +
signsyst.txt 2265
 Signalling Systems Around the World, from TAP and Nick Haflinger +
small 3348
 The Smallification Wars? Where will the Compression End? by Jerry Weichbrodt +
softice.manual.txt 277539
 DOCUMENTATION: SoftICE (PC Assembly Disassembler) +
sort.txt 11935
 Techniques of Computer Bubble Sorts +
sp4rpt.hac 45895
 Prototyping SP4: A Secure Data Network System Transport Protocol (National Computer Systems Laboratory) +
spranim.pro 15525
 A Method of Sprite Animation, by Darren Gyles +
srbediff.txt 5476
 What's the Difference Between the BE3011 and SmartROM? +
start65.txt 17459
 Starting to Program in 6502 Assembly Code by M.J. Malone +
stips.txt 9714
 Scorpio's Tips and Tricks Information Files +
sun_rast.pro 2790
 Inside Sun Raster, by Jamie Zawinksi +
svgatrix.txt 30553
 Some (S)VGA Tricks, from Imphobia +
t102.txt 13207
 Seven Year Test Results: The Tandy 102 Reduces Levels of Portable Computer Anxiety and Violence by Bick Truet, Senior Partner, Technologies Research Group +
teltermz.hac 13604
 Full List of Terminal Identifiers +
tencoms.pro 1029
 The Ten Commandments of RBBS +
tesla.hac 26019
 Nikola Tesla's Long Range Weapon by Oliver Nichelson +
tpudoc1.txt 133300
 Inside Turbo Pascal 5.5. Units, by William L. Peavy (August 11, 1990) +
tr_shoot.txt 17139
 Troubleshooting the 6502 Project Board by M.J. Malone +
triangle.txt 7635
 Converting a 3D Shape into Triangles +
tricks.pro 41831
 Large List of "Easter Eggs" and Secret Messages in a lot of Computers and Products +
tricks65.txt 17031
 Some 6502 Tricks and Tips from M.J. Malone +
trustblt.hac 14846
 NCSL Bulletin: Advising users on computer systems technology, July 1990 +
undocbas.txt 2406
 Undocumented features of TRS-80 Model 100 BASIC +
upgrade.pro 4596
 How to install 640k of RAM on a IBM XT motherboard +
vaxlist.hac 23728
 The VAX Programs List (1990) +
vbbshrtc.ode 2220
 VBBS Heart-Code ANSI Color Chart +
vivsemacs.txt 37368
 A Comparative Study of VI and Emacs from the Perspective of Novice and Regular Users, by William Knottenbelt +
vrfirm.txt 8534
 Companies that Manufacture VR Systems or Components +
wp51.inf 20849
 The Wordperfect 5.1 Bedtime Story (September 10, 1989) +
writprog.pro 15161
 How to Program: A Tutorial +
wwis.pro 808799
 Who's Who in Shareware, November 1994 +
x11games.faq 48349
 List of Games for the X11 Graphics System, 18th August 1994 +
xit.txt 6108
 DOCUMENTATION: [XiT] v2.0 by Roche' Crypt (February, 1994) +
xmodem.txt 9600
 The XMODEM File Transfer Protocol, by Larry Jordan +
xwindow.asc 37996
 Intrinsics of the X Toolkit by Todd Lainhart +
xwindows.inf 30672
 Information on X-Windows Terminal Emulation for PC/AT Clones by Gerolf Starke (November 19, 1991) +
yaccex.asc 10293
 Generating Parsers with PCYACC by Alex Lane (1989) +
ymodem.txt 49446
 XMODEM/YMODEM Protocol Reference by Chuck Forsberg +
zappvowl.txt 4112
 Inmark zApp vs. Borland Object Windows Library +
zen_life.txt 124153
 An Evolutionary Approach to Synthetic Biology: Zen and the Art of Creating Life by Thomas S. Ray (October 21, 1993) +
zipwarn.txt 4096
 MESSAGES: A Warning on PKZIP Trojan (May 15, 1989) +
zmodem6.txt 105216
 The ZMODEM Inter Application File Transfer Protocol, by Chuck Forsberg +

There are 266 files for a total of 14,115,495 bytes.
There are 6 directories.

+ + +

If you wish to have the entire directory conveniently archived and compressed into one file, please download +either programming.tar.gz (6593979 bytes) or programming.zip (6938290 bytes) instead of all the files separately.

diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/24hrs.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/24hrs.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22aee7c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/24hrs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +Some opinions on leaving your computer on 24 hours a day and mounting +your machine sideways. +=============================================================================== +This is the version that was included in the Frequently Asked Questions +file until May 1990: + +There's a lot of stress placed on the system when it first comes up. +Generally, you should leave your system running if you plan to return +within the next few hours or so; if you don't expect to be using it for +a day or so, whether or not you turn it off is a personal judgement call. + +Monitors aren't the same, though, since images can get "burned into" +the phosphor. Use a screen blanker, or turn it off if you'll be away +for more than five or ten minutes. + +As for mounting it sideways: The most common myth about this is that +it will make the disk drive bearings wear unevenly. If you look at the +manufacturer's information when you buy a disk drive, you will see +that it is warrantied in any position *except*upside-down* (with the +defect label down). However, the disk may hang slightly differently in +the bearings after being placed on its side, so if you plan on +mounting your system sideways, you should back up your hard disk while +it's level, then mount your system sideways and do a low-level +reformat of your hard disk and restore it from the backup you made. If +you do this you shouldn't have problems. +=============================================================================== +From: chuck@eng.umd.edu (Chuck Harris) +Subject: Computer on 24hrs.day? +Date: 30 Mar 90 + +I can provide some info on the phenomonon. Semiconductors have failure +curves that look like: + + || + || +Failures|| + | \ /... + | \ / + |_____\______________ ... ___/__ + 0 100 1E6 = ~100 years + Hours of use + +The failures in the first 100 hours are some times called Infant mortality. +I'm not sure at all about the 1E6 hours (Lets say it's a lot of hours!) + +The first 100 hours failures are the reason the most reputable manufacturers +will "Burn-in" new systems. Statistics shows that there is little gain in +confidence by burn-ins much longer than 100 hours. + +NASA (I think) found that semiconductors that had been left on for a long, +long time were very likely to fail if their power was cycled off then on again. + +However, statistics showed that the same semiconductor if just left on would +continue to work almost indefinitly. + +As I recall the failures due to cycling power occured while the power was off. +it had something to do with the transistor's junctions migrating too close +together while power was off, then when power was turned on, the transistor +failed because the junctions were shorted. (power being on continuously +apparently prevents this) Anyone know more about this? + +These are the tests that everyone alludes to when they tell you to leave +computers and other electronics on all the time for greater life. They +only mean something if you have a statistically large number of transistors +(the transistors need to be from different lots not just a large number on an +IC) in your system, and you are using the system for a LARGE number of hours. + +Your individual PC does NOT have a statistically large number of semiconductors +in it. The entire country's PC's do. 100 years is a long time. + +Conclusions that I think you should draw from this diatribe: + + 1) Big computers that have millions of IC's in them perhaps should + be left on. + 2) Small computers (PC's etc) It just won't matter. + +Note: Failures of mechanical parts are nothing like that of semiconductors! + (You know, disk drives, switches, keyboards, fans, etc.) + + I wish I could provide references to all of what I have stated, but +I can't easily. This is stuff that I have gleaned from years as an Engineer, +and many many hours of college course work. So some settling may have +occurred :-) + + Chuck Harris + C.F. Harris - Consulting +=============================================================================== +From: nicholso@hpcuha.HP.COM (Ron Nicholson) +Subject: Re: Dusty Dorms. WAS: Re: Computer on 24hrs.day? (yes or no) +Message-ID: <10350001@hpcuha.HP.COM> +Date: 30 Mar 90 23:29:35 GMT + +gregk@ubvax.UB.Com (Greg Kendall) / 6:59 pm Mar 28, 1990 / writes: +>I've heard a lot of claims about how it's "harder" on the PC to power +>up than to leave it on. I have yet to hear of any real data on failure +>rates. ... +---------- +Long long ago, in a far away place, when I worked for a high volume +computer manufacturer, I ran across some real statistics. Some +experiments had been done on the difference in failure rates between +continuous burn-in and power cycling. My dim recollection is that there +was a significant increase in the infant mortality rate of the group +that underwent power cycling. + +The sample size was large enough to be statistically convincing. The +primary cause of the failures was due to thermal shock on solder joints, +IC bonds, sockets and connectors. + +Alas I no longer have access to the details of that experiment. What I +now do is to frequently power cycle new equipment (while it's still under +warranty of course) to shake out the lemons, and to minimize power cycles +thereafter. I still have seen no good data on electromechanical +equipment, like disk drives. +--- +Ronald H. Nicholson, Jr. Hewlett Packard +uucp: nicholso@hpda.HP.COM Cupertino, CA +=============================================================================== +From: dan@tinton.tinton.ccur.com +Subject: Computer on 24hrs a day? +Date: 5 Apr 90 + +Power conditioning must play a part in the equation. If one's AC supply is +relatively dirty and one has limited power conditioning equipment, then leaving +one's system on constantly leaves it open to large power glitches wreaking +havoc. +=============================================================================== +From: uunet!tiamat!quintro!bpdsun1!rmf (Rob Finley) +Subject: Re: Computer on 24hrs.day? (yes or no) +Date: 15 Apr 90 06:38:02 GMT + +My floppy drive fails to read some disks when cold. So, I leave it +on. After three years, the only thing that died is the cheap 12V fan +in my UL listed power supply. $15 and a trip to Radio Shmuck did the +trick. It's still ticking. + +Just be sure to use a good screen blanker program. Most of our machines +at work are never turned off. + +But. My 386 at work ate two hard drives and three motherboards before +they replaced the power supply. The +5v line ran at 5.2v while the +other voltages were acceptable with low electrical noise. New supply +and it works great. + +Before deciding whether to leave it on or not. Consider these points: + + Does your system draw air into the box through a vent on the back? + If you feel air being blown out the vent on the power supply, then + it is most likely sucking it in through the biggest hole: your + floppy drive. When air comes in through the drive door, it drops the + dust it was carrying all over your machine, mostly on your disk drive. + Remedy: replace the power supply with one that has the fan going + in the right direction. Swapping the Red and Black wires on it won't + do. You will cause irrepairable damage to the solid-state controller + (they don't have brushes like conventional DC motors to control noise). + I had to open the power supply box (after removing it from my machine) + unscrew the fan mounting hardware and turn it over so that it draws air + in from the vent that sticks out the back of the cabinet when installed. + + With your fan now drawing air from one place, you can tape a piece of + foam or air filter material over that vent to catch a large percentage + of the dust before it gets inside. But, you must check the filter + regularly. The entire system may be at risk with a blocked air filter. + Or, if anything, your expansion boards will attract the dust before it + reaches your floppy drives. Unfortunately, too much dust on the + motherboard or expansion boards will insulate the chips and prevent + them from keeping cool. + + If you have large expansion boards or full height hard drives, + look into adding additional fans. Some cabinets allow you to have a + second one on the front end of the expansion card cage. If you don't + want to open your machine and it overheats or attracts dust in all + the wrong places, turn it off if possible. Machines today are durable. + +Safety warning. If you don't feel comfortable opening your machine, +find someone who is. If your dealer doesn't feel comfortable, find +another dealer. The one you have now probably can't fix it if it dies. +The power supply circuit can still hold a charge when it is unplugged. +You shouldn't have to touch any of the circuits on the power supply +board. You aren't rewiring it, you're flipping the fan over and putting +the screws back in. + +That wasn't hard. Was it? +----- +quintro!bpdsun1!rmf@lll-winken.llnl.gov uunet!tiamat!quintro!bpdsun1!rmf +=============================================================================== +From: kabra437@pallas.athenanet.com (Ken Abrams) +Subject: leaving PC on +Date: 8 Aug 90 + +In article hart@blackjack.dt.navy.mil (Michael Hart) writes: +>I refer you to the "light bulb law". That law being: When do light bulbs +>burn out?? _when you turn them on_ There is a large surge of current through + +Even though most of the components in a PC are NOT light bulbs ( and don't +behave like one either), I would agree with you that leaving it on is best +if the ONLY consideration was hardware reliability (and it is connected to +a stable power source). As I see it, however, hardware reliability is not +the only issue and a case can be made for the theory that a properly designed +disk drive will wear out from heat and friction and dirt before it will +suffer any electrical damage from being started and stopped once a day. +I think that all the energy wasted by millions of PCs left on 128 hours a +week when they are not being used is a bigger and more important issue than +whether or not it will extend your repair cycle from 3 years to 5 years. +There is also a small extra potential for a fire in a running device. + +I have been in the computer industry for close to 25 years, mostly as a +technician. I have weighed all the arguments and I have decided to turn +MY machines off when they will not be needed for 6 hours or more. I even +turn the Xenix box off over the weekends. + +Like a lot of other things in modern life, this is not strictly a technical +call but it has some moral undertones too. Make your own call but don't +overlook part of the factors in the process. +=============================================================================== +From: linderd@merrimack.edu (Doug Linder) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: Horizontal cards (was Re: Standing your box upright) +Message-ID: <18991.262c5b5c@merrimack.edu> +Date: 18 Apr 90 12:19:40 GMT + +In article <1990Apr16.181035.3017@seri.gov>, marshall@wind55.seri.gov (Marshall L. Buhl) writes: +> Another thing to consider when standing a PC on end. One of my secretaries +> stood hers on end for a year or so. When she left, I tore the machine +> apart and found that the AST 6 Pack was really warped. If you laid it on +> a table, one end would be 1" in the air. It still works, but... + + Maybe the solution is to flip the thing from end to end every 6 months to +even out warpage? ;-) + + But seriously, folks, when I was a PC tech I did see some problems with this. +Essentially, it seems that the larger the number of cards you have, how big the +cards themselves are (height/thickness) and how good your fan is are the big +factors. Remember, these cards are designed to stand on edge and let the heat +float to the top of the box where it can be sucked away by the fan. A PC on +its side screws up this system and the heat, trying to rise, gets caught by the +cards and what you end up with are little heat sandwiches between the cards - +the hot air has nowhere to go. I have seen machines with lots of big cards in +them that you could fry an egg on. The biggest danger with cards "melting" is +not only that the card itself may malfunction, but that it wil come in contact +with something it shouldn't (usually another card, the one below it) and short +out the whole works. I have seen motherboards die this way. + + This can be alleviated by some things such as: +1) a fan (a standard room fan pointing at the machine), +2) room A/C, +3) simply leaving the cover off the machine and covering it with a cloth + supported by a wire frame (to hold the cloth away from the machine a + few inches) +4) If the cards are long enough, mounting brackets at the front of the machine + for the ends of long cards to rest in will prevent "drooping" at the ends + but alas, cards still droop in the middle. + +My best advice: Unless you have only a monochrome card and a serial/parallel +card, or some other very low heat/high circulation setup inside the machine, +place it the way it was designed to be placed - "power users" take note. The +equipment is too expensive and your time too valuable to waste with breakdowns. +Would you want your PC to die in the middle of a presentation because the +Video card just warped enough to touch the drive controller and short out the +whole works? BTW, though, I have found that smart terminals like Novell +network PCs work OK on end - as long as the novell card is about the only thing +in the machine. + +Hope this helps. +-- +Douglas D. Linder linderd@merrimack.edu +Merrimack College, N. Andover, MA {uunet,wang,ulowell}!samsung!hubdub!linderd +=============================================================================== +From: alz@tc.fluke.COM (Al Weiss) +Subject: Is it [orientation] harmful to disk drives? +Date: 4 May 90 + +Dunno about floppies. For hard drives it depends upon the manufacturer. All of +the Seagate manuals I've seen, for instance, are VERY specific in their manuals +about not elevating the front or back more than 5 degrees from horizontal. +They can however be turned on their sides up to 90 degrees, but no further (ie +not upside down). They should also be formatted in their permanent +orientation. My understanding is that the head positioning mechanism gets worn +out on an angle, and the motor bearings can't hack being upside down. On the +phone, Seagate told me that they would not honor any warrantee if they know +that it has exceeded those limits. I've heard some newer Seagates don't have +limits, but don't know for sure, nor do I know about the CDC's. Conner, +Quantum, Miniscribe, Maxtor(?), on the other hand, (of the ones I've seen) +specifically say "any orientation". +=============================================================================== + +|-THiS FiLE PASSED THR0UGH --- /\ ---.------ /\ ---*--.- FiDONET 2:200/612 --| +| . * . // \ . // \ . FUJiNeT 7:102/102 | +| I.C.S Swedish HQ // \ + // \ . MeGANeT 66:666/1 | +| + // / \ // \ + NeST 90:1101/112 | +| Sync World HQ /\\ \\ / . // \\ / | +| . // \ \/ // /\/ . 16800 DUAL STANDARD | +| +46-451-91002 \\ / / \\ \/ + | +| * \\ / + . \\ \ . . . | +| . \\ / \\ / | +|- SysOp: Troed ------------ \/ARCASTIC -- \/XISTENCE --- CoSysOp: Zaphod B -| +< Advertisment added using -=Bad Ad=- 1.92 by Troed/Sync. BBS: +46-451-91002 > diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/25th_ann.uni b/textfiles.com/programming/25th_ann.uni new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cec6f5a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/25th_ann.uni @@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@ +Received: from delta.eecs.nwu.edu by MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU id aa04164; + 27 Dec 93 7:19 EST +Received: by delta.eecs.nwu.edu id AA15949 + (5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for telecom-recent@lcs.mit.edu); Mon, 27 Dec 1993 03:20:34 -0600 +Received: by delta.eecs.nwu.edu id AA07995 + (5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for /usr/lib/sendmail -oQ/var/spool/mqueue.big -odi -oi -ftelecom-request telecomlist-outbound); Mon, 27 Dec 1993 03:20:01 -0600 +Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1993 03:20:01 -0600 +From: TELECOM Digest +Message-Id: <199312270920.AA07995@delta.eecs.nwu.edu> +To: telecom@delta.eecs.nwu.edu +Subject: Special Report: Early History of Unix + + +Here is a special report I think will be of interest to telecom +readers on the forthcoming 25th anniversary of the invention of the +Unix kernel at Bell Labs in 1969. + + +PAT + + From: ronda@umcc.umcc.umich.edu (Ronda Hauben) + Subject: Early Days of Unix - Draft for Comment + Date: 26 Dec 1993 18:48:31 -0500 + Organization: UMCC, Ann Arbor, MI + + I am in the process of working on the current draft and I +would appreciate any comments, suggestions, additional information, +etc. regarding the early days of unix development and the work to +develop computer science that this early work on unix represented. + +Thanks. + +Ronda + + DRAFT + + On the Evolution of Unix and the Automation + of Telephone Support Operations + (i.e. of Computer Automation) + by Ronda Hauben + +Abstract: + 1994 is the 25th anniversary of the invention of the UNIX kernel + at Bell Labs. The following article is a chapter in a longer + paper documenting some of the events that have contributed to + the development of a Global Computer Network in the past 25 years. + This article describes how the need to automate telephone support + operations in the U.S. in the late 1960s and the early 1970s + nourished the birth and developement of the UNIX operating + system and how academic computer science contributed to + and gained from the development of UNIX. This article is intended as a + contribution to a 25th anniversary commemoration of the significance + of the UNIX breakthrough and the lessons that can be learned for + making the next step forward. + + +"I don't believe UNIX is Utopia. It's just the best set of tools around." + -- Dick Haight, Unix Review, Jan. 1985, p. 117 + +"What does industrial computer science research consist of?....Although +work for its own sake resulting, for example, in a paper in a learned journal +is not only tolerated but welcomed, there is strong though wonderfully +subtle pressure to think about problems somehow relevant to our +corporation....Indeed, researchers love to find problems to work on; +one of the advantages of doing research in a large company is the +enormous range of puzzles that turn up....Thus, computer research +at Bell Labs has always had a considerable commitment to the world...." + -- Dennis Ritchie, "Reflections on Software Research," + Communications of the ACM, vol 27, no. 8, August 1984, p. 759 + + +"Bell had already gained some field support experience switching machines +and their software. Supporting a network of mini computers would be +a significantly different problem." + -- August Mohr, "The Genesis Story," + Unix Review, Jan. 1985, p.24 + +"From hence it necessarily follows...Rich and Poor, Young and Old, must +must study the Art of Number, Weight, and Measure. + Sir William Petty," Political Arithmetic," + in Collected Works, vol 1, p. 261. + + + During the formative years in the creation of the Arpanet, which +was to become the backbone to the Global Computer Network, there were +similar seminal developments taking place at the Bell Laboratories, +the Research and Development unit of the Bell System. These +developments were to have a significant impact on the future course of +computer science research and networking in the world. As early as +1957, Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their +inhouse computer center which was then running lots of short batch +jobs. Describing the situation facing the Labs, Victor Vyssotsky, who +had been involved the techanical head of the Multics project at Bell +Labs and later Executive Director of Research in the Information +Systems Division of AT&T Bell Labs, explains, " We just couldn't take +the time to get them on and off the machine manually. We needed an +operating system to sequence jobs through and control machine +resources." (from "Putting Unix in Perspective", Interview with Victor +Vyssotsky, by Ned Pierce, in Unix Review, Jan. 1985, p. 59) + + The BESYS operating system was created at Bell Labs to deal with +their inhouse needs. When asked by others outside the labs to make a +copy available, they did so but with no obligation to provide support. +"There was no support when we shipped a BESYS tape to somebody," +Vyssotsky recalls, "we would answer reasonable questions over the +telephone. If they found troubles or we found troubles, we would +provide fixes." (Ibid., p. 59) + + By 1964, however, the Labs was adopting third generation computer +equipment and had to decide whether they would build their own +operating system or go with one that was built outside the Labs. +Vyssotsky recounts the process of deliberation at the time, "Through a +rather murky process of internal deliberation we decided to join +forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics," he explains. +The Labs planned to use the Multics operating system "as a mainstay +for Bell Laboratories internal service computing in precisely the way +that we had used the BESYS operating system." (Ibid., p. 59) + + The collaborative project by GE, MIT and AT&T to create a computer +operating system that would be called Multics (1965-68) was to "show +that general-purpose, multiuser, timesharing systems were viable." +(See Douglas Comer, "Pervasive Unix: Cause for Celebration," Unix +Review, October, 1985, p. 42) Based on the results of research gained +at MIT using the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), AT&T and G.E. +agreed to work with MIT to build a "new hardware, a new operating +system, a new file system, and a new user interface." (Ibid.) Though +the project proceeded slowly and it took several additional years to +develop Multics, Doug Comer, a Professor of Computer Science at Purdue +University, explains that "fundamental issues were uncovered, new +approaches were explored and new mechanisms were invented." (Ibid) The +most important, he explains, was that "participants and observers +alike became devoted to a new form of computing (the interactive, +multiuser, timesharing system.). As a result, the Multics project +dominated computer systems research for many years, and many of its +results are still considered seminal."(Ibid.) + + Evaluating the influence of the MULTICS research on Bell Labs +researchers, Comer points out that top researchers in computer science +and mathematics from the world's premier industrial research center, +Bell Labs, were able to work with top researchers from academia. When +Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and their "Bell Laboratories colleagues," +writes Comer, "later began work on their own implementation of a +Multics-like time-sharing system, they drew heavily from the Multics +experience. So, despite popular myth, UNIX was not an accidental +discovery at all -- it evolved directly from experiences with academic +research." (Ibid., p. 41-42) + + By 1969, however, AT&T made a decision to withdraw from the +project. Describing that period, Dennis Ritchie, another of the +inventors of unix at Bell Labs writes, "By 1969, Bell Labs management, +and even the researchers came to believe that the promises of Multics +could be fulfilled only too late and too expensively." (from Dennis +Ritchie, "The Development of the C Language," ACM, presented at Second +History of Programming Languages conference, Cambridge, Mass, April +1993, p. 1) + + Detailing the reasons for the decision, Vyssotsky responds, "It +turned out that from our point of view the Multics effort simply went +awry. In the first place, we were naive about how hard it was going to +be to create an operating system as ambitious as Multics. It was the +familiar second system syndrome. You put in everything you wished +you'd had in the other one."(Vyssotsky, pg. 59) Also he details how +GE, MIT, and AT&T each had different goals for the project, which made +it difficult for them to work together. While GE wanted to develop +Multics to "strengthen its product line," MIT wanted Multics "to +advance the state of art" of computing, and Bell Labs' purpose was to +have a good environment for our people to work in." (Ibid.) Given +these different objectives, Vyssotsky explains, "It turned out that +under the stress of slipping schedules and the increasing realization +that we had difficulty agreeing on a common course of action, we ended +up simply pulling out of Multics. We said, `OK, it's too wet to plow. +We aren't going to get from here to there'."(Ibid.) + + When the decision to pull out of the Multics project was made by +AT&T, Vyssotsky explains there was an operating system that he called +a "precursor of Multics" running on their GE 645 computer. "From the +point of view of the few people who could use it," he notes, "it was a +very nice programming environment. In particular, Ken Thompson thought +it was a very nice programming environment."(Ibid.) + + However, when Bell Labs pulled out of the Multics project they +took the Multics precursor off their GE 645 computer and put up GECOS, +a much less state of the art operating system. "If you were an old +line Spanish American War type computer user like me," Vyssotsky +admits, "GECOS was a perfectly satisfactory system for getting from +here to there in a well-designed application. You knew what it was +going to do." (Ibid., p. 60) + + But for a research computer scientist like Ken Thompson, GECOS +was inadequate. According to Vyssotsky, "It was nowhere near as +satisfactory if you were trying to do things that were technically +difficult and imperfectly defined, which is the main task of +research."(Ibid.) + + Not only for Ken Thompson's work, but for the research purposes +of the Labs, an operating system more like what Multics had promised +was needed. "I wanted a much more flexible system than BESYS or GECOS +or OS360 or anything I could see," Vyssotsky recounts, "I had various +things that I was trying to do with computers that were just plain +hard to do with existing operating systems."(Ibid.) + + "Moreover, for people like Ken Thompson," Vyssotsky emphasizes, +"having this embryonic version of Multics taken away and GECOS slapped +down in its place was something of a disaster. Suddenly they were back +to square one."(Ibid.) + + With the loss of the Multics experimental operating system, Ken +Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and the others at the Labs who began work on +UNIX, realized they had to focus on creating an operating system for +their programming needs. "I don't think," Vyssotsky relates, "that +either of them was particularly fascinated by operating systems until +they found themselves cast back upon GECOS. They sort of got +interested in the subject out of self defense."(Ibid.) + + In his account of this period, Dennis Ritchie writes, "Even +before the GE-645 Multics machine was removed from the premises, an +informal group, led primarily by Ken Thompson, had begun investigating +alternatives." ( Ritchie, pg. 1) + + Thompson and Ritchie presented Bell Labs with proposals to buy +them a computer so they could build their own interactive, time +sharing operating system. Their proposals weren't acted on. +Eventually, Ken Thompson found a little used and obsolete PDP 7 +computer. According to Vyssotsky the orphaned PDP-7 computer was a +tiny machine, "more nearly in the class of a Commodore 64 than the +class of a PC-AT." (Vyssotsky, pg. 60) + + Ritchie explains that Ken Thompson was attempting to create a +programming environment which included "many of the innovative aspects +of Multics," such as "an explicit notion of a process as a locus of +control, a tree-structured file system, a command interpreter as a +user-level program, simple representation of text files, and +generalized access to devices." (Ritchie, p. 1-2) + + Describing the primitive conditions that Thompson faced, Ritchie +writes, "At the start, Thompson "did not even program on the PDP +itself, but instead used a set of macros for the GEMAP assembler on a +GE-635 machine. A postprocesser generated a paper tape readable by the +PDP-7. These tapes were carried from the GE machine to the PDP-7 for +testing until a primitive UNIX kernel, an editor, an assembler, a +simple shell (command interpreter), and a few utilities (like the Unix +rm, cat, cp commands) were completed. At this point, the operating +system was self- supporting; programs could be written and tested +without resort to paper tape, and development continued on the PDP-7 +itself." (Ibid., pg 2) + + The result, Ritchie explains, was that "Thompson's PDP-7 +assembler outdid even DEC's in simplicity; it evaluated expressions +and emitted the corresponding bits. There were no libraries, no loader +or link editor: the entire source of a program was presented to the +assembler, and the output file -- with a fixed name -- that emerged +was directly executable.(Ibid., pg. 2) + + The operating system was named UNIX, to distinguish it from the +complexity of MULTICS. Vyssotsky recalls that in addition to Thompson +and Ritchie, "the two most active contributors at that stage were Joe +Ossanna and Rudd Canaday. I should also add," he explains, "that Doug +McIlroy was tremendously influential on their thinking."(Vyssotsky, +pg.60) Vyssotsky elaborates, "I don't think that Doug actually +contributed much of the programming, but for example, the appearance +of pipes in UNIX was clearly a result of Doug's discussions with Ken +and Dennis." (Ibid. ) Ken put them in, but "it was McIlroy who said, +"Look you ought to do it. Pipes, like most things in UNIX were not a +radically new idea. Co-routines had, after all, shown up in SIMULA by +the end of 1967."(Ibid.) + + As work continued on the Bell Labs operating system, the +researchers developed a set of principles to guide their work. Among +these principles were: + + "(i) Make each program do one thing well. To do a new job, + build afresh rather than complicate old programs by adding + new features. + + (ii) Expect the output of every program to become the input + to another, as yet unknown, program. Don't clutter output + with extraneous information. Avoid stringently columnar or + binary input formats. Don't insist on interactive input. + + (iii) Design and build software, even operating systems, to + be tried early, ideally within weeks. Don't hesitate to + throw away the clumsy parts and rebuild them. + + (iv) Use tools in preference to unskilled help to lighten a + programming task, even if you have to detour to build the + tools and expect to throw some of them out after you've + finished using them." + + (from M.D. McIlroy, E.N.Pinson, and B.A. Tague + "Unix Time-Sharing System Forward", + The Bell System Technical Jounal, July -Aug 1978 + vol 57, number 6 part 2, p. 1902) + + By 1970, Ritchie writes, the UNIX researchers were "able to +acquire a new DEC PDP-11. The processor," he remembers, "was among the +first of its line delivered by DEC, and three months passed before its +disk arrived." (Ritchie, p. 5) Soon after the machine's arrival and +while "still waiting for the disk, Thompson," Ritchie recalls, +"recoded the Unix kernel and some basic commands in PDP assembly +language. Of the 24K bytes of memory on the machine, the earliest +PDP-11 Unix system used 12K bytes for the operating system, a tiny +space for user programs, and the remainder as a RAM disk." (Ibid., p. +5) "By 1971," Ritchie writes, "our miniature computer center was +beginning to have users. We all wanted to create interesting software +more easily. Using assembler was dreary enough that B, despite its +performance problems, had been supplemented by a small library of +useful service routines and was being used for more and more new +programs."(Ibid., p. 6) + + + "C came into being in the years 1969-1973," Ritchie explains, "in +parallel with the early development of the Unix operating system; the +most creative period occurred during 1972."(Ibid., p. 1) "By early +1973," the essential of modern C were complete. The language and +compiler were strong enough to permit us to rewrite the kernel for the +PDP-11 in C during the summer of that year. (Thompson had made a brief +attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C -- before +structures -- in 1972, but gave up the effort.)" (Ibid.) + + Each program they built developed some simple capability and they +called that program a tool. They wanted the programs to be fun to use +and to be helpful to programmers. Describing the achievements of the +lab, Doug McIlroy, one of the researchers and Thompson's Dept Head +when they created UNIX, describes the atmosphere at the lab: + + "Constant discussions honed the system....Should tools + usually accept output file names? How to handle demountable + media? How to manipulate addresses in a higher level + language? How to minimize the information deducible from + a rejected login? Peer pressure and simple pride in + workmanship caused gobs of code to be rewritten or discarded + as better or more basic ideas emerged. Professional + rivalry and protection of turf were practically unknown: + so many good things were happening that nobody needed to + be proprietary about innovations." + [from M.D. McIlroy, "Unix on My Mind," Proc. + Virginia Computer Users Conference, vol 21, + Sept. 1991, Blacksburg, p. 1-6.] + + The research done at the Labs was concerned with using the +computer to automate programming tasks. By a scientific approach to +their work and careful attention to detail, Bell Labs researchers +determined the essential elements in a design and then created a +program to do as simple a job as possible. These simple computer +automation tools would then be available to build programs to do more +complicated tasks. + + They created a UNIX kernel accompanied by a toolbox of programs +that could be used by others at Bell Labs. The kernel consisted of +about 11,000 lines of code. Eventually, 10,000 lines of the code were +rewritten in C and thus could be transported to other computer +systems. "The kernel," Ken Thompson writes, "is the only UNIX code +that cannot be substituted by a user to his own liking. For this +reason, the kernel should make as few real decisions as possible." +(from K. Thompson, "UNIX Implementation", "The Bell System Technical +Journal," vol 57, No. 6, July-August 1978, p. 1931) + + Thompson describes creating the kernel: + + "What is or is not implemented in the kernel represents both + a great responsibility and a great power. It is a soap-box + platform on `the way things should be done.' Even so, if + `the way' is too radical, no one will follow it. Every + important decision was weighed carefully. Throughout, + simplicity has been substituted for efficiency. Complex + algorithms are used only if their complexity can be + localized." + (Ibid., p. 1931-2) + + The kernel was conceived as what was essential and other features +were left to be developed as part of the tools or software that would +be available. Thompson explains: + + The UNIX kernel is an I/O multiplexer more than a complete + operating system. This is as it should be. Because of this + outlook, many features are found in most other operating + systems that are missing from the UNIX kernel. For example, + the UNIX kernel does not support file access methods, file + disposition, file formats, file maximum sizes, spooling, + command language, logical records, physical records, + assignment of logical file names, logical file names, more + than one character set, an operator's console, an operator, + log-in, or log-out. Many of these things are symptoms rather + than features. Many of these things are implemented in user + software using the kernel as a tool. A good example of this + is the command language. Maintenance of such code is as easy + as maintaining user code. The idea of implementing "system" + code and general user primitives comes directly from + MULTICS." + (Ibid., p. 1945-6) + + Evaluating the achievement represented by the kernel, Vyssotsky +explains, "I would say that the greatest intellectual achievement +embedded in UNIX is the success Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie had in +understanding how much you could leave out of an operating system +without impairing its capability."(Vyssotsky, pg. 60-62) + + "To some extent," he continues, "that was forced by the fact that +they were running on small machines. It may also have been a reaction +to the complexity of Multics...It took some very clear thinking on the +part of the creators of UNIX to realize that most of that stuff didn't +have anything to do with the operating system and didn't have to be +included." (Ibid., p. 62 ) + + Eventually the unix operating system was adopted in other +departments at AT&T to do a variety of work. "There is one piece of +history that I think is very important to understand," explains +Vyssotsky, "When UNIX evolved within Bell Laboratories, it was not a +result of some deliberate management initiative. It spread through +channels of technical need and technical contact ... this was typical +of the way UNIX spread around Bell Laboratories. You had MTSS +Supervisors and Department Heads saying we had to go in this direction +while Executive Directors were saying, `Well, I'm awful nervous about +it. But if you guys say that is what we've got to do, I'll back your +play."(Ibid, pg. 62-64) + + Explaining the importance of how unix was implemented +organizationally within the Bell System, Vyssotsky comments, "There +are a lot of organizations that do not work that way. I brought out +that little hunk of history to point out that the spread and success +of UNIX, first in the Bell organizations and then in the rest of the +world, was due to the fact that it was used, modified, and tinkered up +in a whole variety of organizations within Bell Laboratories ... the +refinement of UNIX was not done as the result of some management +initiative or council of vice presidents. It was the supervisors +saying, "This thing is already better than our other options and +flexible enough for us to make it a go." (Ibid. p. 64) + + During the same period that the search for an operating system to +replace the promise of Multics had begun by Bell Labs computer +programming researchers, the Bell System was faced with the problem of +automating their telephone operations using minicomputers. Describing +the problem facing the Bell System during this period, August Mohr, in +an article in Unix Review, "The Genesis Story"(January 1985, p. 22), +writes "Bell was starting to perceive the need for minicomputer +support for its telephone operations." (Mohr was editor of /usr/group +'s CommUNIXations newsletter.) + + "The discovery that we had the need -- or actually, the +opportunity -- in the early '70s to use these minis to support +telephone company operations encouraged us to work with the UNIX +system," confirms Berkley Tague. ("Interview with Berkley Tague," Unix +Review, June 1985, p. 59) "We knew we could do a better job with +maintenance, traffic control, repair, and accounting applications." +(Ibid.) + + "The existing systems were made up of people and paper," he +relates, "The phone business was in danger of being overwhelmed in the +early '70s with the boom of the '60s. There was a big interest then in +using computers to help manage that part of the business. We wanted to +get rid of all of those Rolodex files and help those guys who had to +pack instruments and parts back and forth just to keep things going." + + During the late 1960's, AT&T was under pressure from regulatory +bodies like the New York Public Service Commission, to solve what was +termed as a "service crisis." (See especially, "Wrong Number," by Alan +Stone, N.Y., 1989, p. 145) This pressure encouraged AT&T to explore +technological advances that would make its support operations more +efficient. + + Tague explains that there had been local mechanization of +processes but not large scale integration of the mechanization. "Take +repair," he suggests as an example, "A lot of it deals with keeping +the connections straight between what we call the main distribution +frames in the central office and the wires that tie residential +telephones into the switch. Prior to the use of computers, +`mechanization' consisted of somebody on a remote test bench using +electrical meters and instruments to test lines. To get those +connections made, an intercom was used to broadcast requests to a +bunch of people standing around with alligator clips and soldering +irons down in the wire center. The requests went something like, +`Would you kindly connect jumper x to terminal y?' to get testing +done."(Ibid, p. 60) + + Tague describes how the mini computer made it possible to +automate this process. "First, we were able to get more instructions +out to the people actually making the connections. And, at the other +end, we were able to centralize information about entire systems and +end-to-end circuits." + + "This meant," he elaborates, "that if I was responsible for +keeping the Superbowl broadcast on the air between New Orleans and New +York, I could -- with a single console -- view all the connections on +that link and have access to all of the information automatically +being collected about it. If something broke, I could immediately +recognize that and orchestrate the process of getting it repaired. The +repair itself would ultimately be left to a person working in much the +same way as before." (Ibid.) + + This change affected workers like those "plugging in an alternate +module or pulling a manual switch and going to a backup system," he +clarifies. "Suddenly, their work became much faster because the +information was all in one place -- unlike earlier days when eight +guys would have had to collect and sort out the trouble data in a +series of phone calls before actually being able to get down to the +business of working on solutions." (Ibid.) + + Other applications were affected as well, he explains. "in areas +like cable and wiring layouts. The algorithms applying to these +layouts were well known here at the Laboratories, but they were not +the sort of thing you could usefully put into a manual. They were, +however, easily put into computer programs. Optimum layouts could +thus be generated using the computer to assess all the complicated +engineering tradeoffs."(Ibid.) + + + Not only did they need a good programming environment, but Mohr +emphasized that the Bell System applications required, "Operations +Systems, not Operating Systems. With the number of systems under +consideration, the possiblity of being tied to a single vendor, or +having each site tied to a different vendor, induced a kind of +paranoia. There just had to be another way." (Mohr, p.22 ) + + + Tague elaborates, "If we faced the phone company with 18 +different vendors and 19 different environments, neither the +developers nor the phone companies were going to be able to maintain +the thing once it got out in the field in large numbers. As a +planner, I was trying to focus on a few vendors. At that time, it was +primarily Hewlett-Packard and DEC, plus a few IBM systems." (Tague, +pg. 60) + + This led to the realization of a need for an operating system. +"Vendor operating systems were available as a starting point", he adds +"but a number of people had already started to build their own when +they realized that what the vendors had was not adequate." (Ibid.) + + Tague explains that his role in planning for the transition meant +that he tried to warn those involved that they would need a good +software environment to do the development of the software needed to +use the mini computers for these new roles. + + "I observed," he comments, "that people were starting to put +these minis out in the operating company, and saw that it was an area +of both opportunity and potential problems. I found," he adds, "that +some of the people in development had never built an operating system +for any computer before; many of them had very little software +background. They were coming out of hardware development and telephone +technology backgrounds, and yet were starting to build their own +operating systems. Having been through that phase of the business +myself, it seemed silly to go through it another hundred times, so I +started pushing the UNIX operating system into these projects." (Mohr, +pg. 22) + + Tague was familiar with UNIX and its capabilities and tells the +variety of reasons ranging from inadequate file systems, to inadequate +performance, to poor user interface that he recommended the initial +adoption of UNIX to start the work. "We sold those first application +developers on UNIX simply by pointing out that the first job they were +going to have to do was program development and that by using the UNIX +operating system they could get that job done more easily. I did not +argue with them about whether or not they should develop their own +operating systems -- knowing in my heart of hearts that once they got +on UNIX they wouldn't be able to do any better with the experience and +the schedules they had. Indeed, that is what happened." (Tague, pg. +60-1) + + Tague's backing of UNIX, as a development system for operations, +was not just a personal preference. "I had every confidence in the +people who built it because I'd worked with them on Multics," he +explained. "With their experience and training, I figured they could +build a much better operating system than somebody who's building one +for the first time, no matter how smart that person is." (Mohr, pg 22) + + Tague describes how UNIX had been functioning in the research +environment and thus had demonstrated that it could be used as a +beginning basis for this important job. + + Also, he knew that there would be a need to develop a support +system for those operating companies around the country that would +begin to use UNIX: "We were starting to put these things in the +operating companies all around the countryside," explains Tague, "and +the prospects were that there were going to be several hundred minis +over the next few years that were going to have to be maintained with +all their software and hardware." (Ibid., pg. 24) + + Bell had created the needed field support system to maintain the +electronic switching machines and software that were now being +upgraded. "Supporting a network of minicomputers would be a +significantly different problem, though," August Mohr explains. +"Maintaining an operating system is not at all like maintaining an +electronic switching system. The minicomputers had different +reliablity demands, requiring a different support structure in the +organization -- one that did not yet exist in any form. In many ways, +the operations group was breaking new ground," writes Mohr. (Ibid.) + + As head of the Computer Planning Department, Tague had been +responsible for systems engineering. In 1971 Tague garnered support +for UNIX to be adopted. Then he pushed to have UNIX made the internal +standard and to provide central support through his organization. By +September, 1973, he was able to form a development organization to +provide support for a "standard Unix." This group, called UNIX +Development Support worked with Bell Labs Research. Though the two +groups sometimes diverged regarding their priorities, Mohr explains +that they agreed on the need for UNIX portability. + + According to Mohr, "Tague foresaw the possiblity of UNIX becoming +an inteface between hardware and software that would allow +applications to keep running while the hardware underneath was +changing." (Ibid., p. 24) + + "From the support point of view," he continues, "such a +capability would solve a very important problem. Without UNIX and its +potential portability, the people building the operations support +systems were faced with selecting an outside vendor that could supply +the hardware on which to get their devlopment done. Once that was +complete, they would be locked into that vendor." However, according +to Mohr, "Portability obviated this limitation and offered a number of +other advantages. When making a hardware upgrade, even to equipment +from the same vendor, there are variations version to version. That +could cost a lot of money in software revisions unless there were some +level of portability already written into the scenario." (Ibid., pg. +24-25) + + Just as Operating Systems people in the Bell system had come to +recognize the need for portability in a computer operating system, +Ritchie and Thompson and the other programming researchers at Bell +Labs had created the computer language C and rewritten the majority of +the UNIX kernel in C and thus had made the important breakthrough in +creating a computer operating system that was not machine dependent. +Describing their breakthrough with UNIX, Thompson and Ritchie +presented their first paper on UNIX at the Symposium on Operating +Systems Principles, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown +Heights, New York, October 15-17, 1973,(reference from UNIX(tm) +Time-Sharing System: Unix Programmers Manual, 7th edition, vol 2, +Murray Hill, f/n pg 20). See also Ritchie's account of the creation +of C by early 1973 in "The Development of the C Language," ACM, +presented at Second History of Programming Languages conference, +Cambridge, Mass, April 1993, p. 1) Describing this important +achievement by Bell Labs researchers, Mohr writes, "the integral +portability of the system developed by Research proved adequate to +make UNIX portable over a wide range of hardware." + + With the research breakthrough of a portable computer operating +system, "the first UNIX applications were installed in 1973 on a +system involved in updating directory information and intercepting +calls to numbers that had been changed. The automatic intercept system +was delivered for use on early PDP-11s. This was essentially the first +time UNIX was used to support an actual, ongoing operating business." +(Mohr, pg. 26) + + Different operations sites had taken on to create computer +software to meet similar needs, such as print spooling, mail, help, +etc. Tague's group's assignment was to gather the software and to +determine what the standard should be and send the standard back out +to the sites. Tague credits the technical strength of UNIX for making +software standardization possible. UNIX "made it easy," he explains, +"to get the right stuff in without upsetting the whole world." + + Establishing a standard UNIX, according to Tague, was "a process +of negotiation and compromise with the UNIX-using community -- not a +unilateral decision." (Ibid.) His group and the people at the variety +of Bell sites "often ended up arguing things out until everybody +understood the issues and a suitable compromise was made," he relates. +(Ibid.) + + Tague describes how his group the UNIX Support Group (USG) which +had been established in September of 1973 "released the first C +version of UNIX internally. [Generic I, II, and III were produced by +these intitial efforts.] In parallel with our efforts," he notes, "the +Programmer's Workbench gang under Rudd Canaday worked the same vein +over in the BIS [Business Information Systems] area.(Tague, p. 61) + + The application of UNIX to automating the operating systems at +Bell also involved automating the monitoring, measurement, help for +routing and ensuring quality of calls. That was a "tall order," writes +Tony Culwick, "given the standards people have come to expect...but +the fact remains that the fundamental integrity of the national +telecommunications network depends on more than 1000 real-time, +mini-computer-based systems that are built on a version of the UNIX +operating system." (from "Reach out and Touch the Unix System," by +Tony Cuilwik, "Unix Review," June 1985, p. 50. Cuilwik was the head of +the Operations Systems Development Department at Bell Laborators and +then director of AT&T Information Systems Laboratories in Columbus, +Ohio.) + + Describing the functions that UNIX makes possible, he writes, +"Among the varied and wide-ranging functions these systems perform are +network performance measurement, automated network testing, circuit +order planning, circuit order record-keeping, automated trouble +detection, automated or directed trouble repair, service quality +assurance, quality control, inventory control, customer +record-keeping, and customer billing -- as well as any number of other +operational and administrative functions. These functions all +require," Cuilwik explains, "the ability to present data to users in +real-time." (Ibid.) + + The object in these systems is "to guarantee a minimal acceptable +human response time. This challenge has been met by tuning the +underlying UNIX system." (Ibid.) + + Cuilwik describes how the need for such real time applications +was determined in the 1969-70 period, just when UNIX was being +created. Development, he reports, "began in earnest in 1971. Early in +this period," he writes, "it was determined that an operating system +and environment should be provided to system designers, who would then +only need to develop application-specific software." By 1974, he +reports "several sites had chosen the UNIX operating system as this +development environment. A few, meanwhile, had also selected it as an +execution environment and were busy designing enhancements and +improvements for the system." (Ibid.) + + The need was also recognized for "a common operating environment +between projects." (Ibid.,p. 50-52) "Major additions" he writes, +"necessary to move the timeshared UNIX system into real-time +applications included interprocess communications (name pipes, +messages, semaphores, and shared memory), file access (logical file +system, record access system), error recovery, power fail/restart, and +line and terminal disciplines. These additions were developed, +integrated or donated to the common good by people developing specific +systems. By 1979," he reviews, "there was an enhanced real-time UNIX +system that was centrally supported, offering a collection of tools +and a number of human/machine interface designs to protect system +users from direct contact with UNIX primitives." (Ibid, p. 52) + + The process of the development of UNIX so it contained such a +range of options involves its adoption and development by the academic +research community. Early in its development, word of the UNIX +operating system and its advantages spread outside of Bell Labs. +(Several sources attribute this to the paper that Ritchie and Thompson +presented on UNIX at the Symposium on Operating Principles at Purdue +in November, 1973. See for example McKusick, "A Berkeley Odyssey" in +Unix Review, January 1985, p. 31, and Peter Ivanov, "Interview with +John Lions", Unix Review, October, 1985, p. 51, about the publication +of the paper in July 1974 in the "Communications of the ACM".) The +labs made the software available to academic institutions at a very +small charge. For example, John Lions, a faculty member in the +Department of Computer Science at the University of New South Wales, +in Australia, reported that his school was able to acquire a copy of +research UNIX Edition 5 for $150 ($110 Australian) in December, 1974, +including tape and manuals. (See "An Interview with John Lions," in +Unix Review, October, 1985, p. 51) + + UNIX was attractive to the academic Computer Science community +for several reasons. John Stoneback, describing these reasons, writes: + + "UNIX came into many CS departments largely because it was + the only powerful interactive system that could run on the + sort of hardware (PDP-11s) that universities could afford in + the mid '70s. In addition, UNIX itself was very inexpensive. + Since source code was provided, it was a system that could + be shaped to the requirements of a particular installation. + It was written in a language considerably more attractive + than assembly, and it was small enough to be studied and + understood by individuals." + + (from John Stoneback, "The Collegiate Community," Unix + Review, October 1985, p. 27.) + + Describing how research UNIX helped make it possible for academic +computer science departments to establish and develop research in +computer science, he writes: + + "UNIX had another appealing virtue that many may have + recognized only after the fact -- its faithfulness to the + prevailing mid-'70s philosophy of software design and + development. Not only was UNIX proof that real software + could be built the way many said it could, but it lent + credibility to a science that was struggling to establish + itself as a science. Faculty could use UNIX and teach about + it at the same time. In most respects, the system + exemplified good computer science. It provided a clean and + powerful user interface and tools that promoted and + encouraged the development of software. The fact that it + was written in C allowed actual code to be presented and + discussed, and made it possible to lift textbook examples + into the real world. Obviously, UNIX was destined to grow in + the academic community. + (Ibid., p. 27) + + In trying to teach his students the essentials of a good +operating system, John Lions describes how he prepared a booklet +containing the source files for a version of Edition 6 of research +UNIX in 1976 and the following year completed a set of explanatory +notes to introduce students to the code. "Writing these," he recounts, +"was a real learning exercise for me. By slowly and methodically +surveying the whole kernel, I came to understand things that others +had overlooked." + + This ability to present his students with a real example of +an operating system kernel was a breakthrough. Lions writes: + + Before I wrote my notes on UNIX, most people thought of + operating systems as huge and inaccessible. Because I had + been at Burroughs, I knew that people could get to learn a + whole program if they spent some time working at it. I knew + it would be possible for one person to effectively become an + expert on the whole system. The Edition 6 UNIX code + contained less than 10,000 lines, which positioned it + nicely to become the first really accessible operating + system." (Lions, p. 52-3) + + In keeping true to the UNIX community spirit of helping each +other, Lions wrote a letter to Mel Ferentz, Lou Katz and others from +Usenix and offered to make copies of his notes available to others. +After some negotiation with Western Electric over the patent +licensing, he distributed the notes titled "A Commentary on the UNIX +Operating System" to others with UNIX licenses on the conditions that +Western Electric had set out. (Ibid., p. 53) + + Lions describes how he helped to develop a UNIX tool "pack" which +was eventually combined with tools created at Bell Labs called huff +and unhuff and distributed as a standard UNIX command. He and others +from his college were invited to spend periods of time at Bell Labs to +work with the unix researchers there. (See for example, pg. 57) + + Describing how research UNIX and its adoption at academic +institutions has served to develop computer science, Doug Comer +writes: + + The use of UNIX as a basis for operating systems research + has produced three highly desirable consequences. First, the + availability of a common system allowed researchers to + reproduce and verify each others' experiments. Such + verification is the essence of science. Second, having a + solid base of systems software made it possible for + experimenters to build on the work of others and to tackle + significant ideas without wasting time developing all the + pieces from scratch. Such a basis is prerequisite to + productive research. Third, the use of a single system as + both a research vehicle and a conventional source of + computing allowed researchers to move results from the + laboratory to the production environment quickly. Such quick + transition is mandatory of state-of-the-art computing." + (Comer, p. 44) + + Not only did research UNIX serve the academic community, but the +contributions of the academic community were incorporated into +research UNIX. An example, is the work by Babaoglu and Porker at UC +Berkeley of designing a virtual memory version of UNIX for the VAX +computer which was later optimized by Bill Joy and incorporated into a +release of UNIX. (Ibid.) + + Academic contributions which were incorporated into research UNIX +included the vi editor which was created by Bill Joy at University of +California at Berkeley. Describing this phenomena Comer writes: + + "Many universities contributed to UNIX. At the University of + Toronto, the department acquired a 200-dt-per-inch + printer/plotter and built software that used the printer to + simulate a phototypesetter. At Yale University, students and + computer scientists modified the UNIX shell. At Purdue + University, the Electrical Engineering Department made + major improvements in performance, producing a version of + UNIX that supported a larger number of users. Purdue also + developed one of the first UNIX computer networks. At the + University of California at Berkeley, students developed a + new shell and dozens of smaller utilities. By the late + 1970s, when Bell Labs released Version 7 UNIX, it was clear + that the system solved the computing problems of many + departments, and that it incorporated many of the ideas that + had arisen in universities. The end result was a + strengthened system. A tide of ideas had started a new + cycle, flowing from academia to an industrial laboratory, + back to academia, and finally moving on to a growing number + of commercial sites." (Comer, p. 43) + + In the process of using UNIX within Bell Labs, bugs would be +discovered and reported to the programmers, or new applications would +be created by the departments using the programs for their own tasks. +The research labs would need to provide maintenance and updating of +software as well as getting the bug reports to the programmer and +sending out fixes. + + To automate this maintenance work, Mike Lesk, one of the Bell +Labs computer researchers, proposed an automated maintenance system +that would make it possible to have the research computer call up the +computers in the departments and automatically deliver updated +software and test that it worked on the remote computer. + + As part of the automated maintenance system, Lesk created a UNIX +program called UUCP (UNIX to UNIX copy) which made it possible to use +a phone or hard wired connection to have one computer poll another +computer and deliver the software. + + Describing the considerations by Bell Labs at this time, Vyssotky +explains, (from Vyssotsky, pg. 64)" In 1976, there were those three +versions of UNIX. The Change Control Process on all three of those +versions was such that, at any moment in time, the people who were +programming could tell what changes had gotten in and what changes +were scheduled to go in. However, it was still a little hard for the +users to tell what they were getting. It wasn't until 1978 that we had +anything that I would consider to be a reasonable configuration +management process of UNIX. That was the point at which we finally +realized we had something which, like it or not, was a major product. +So we said, `Given that it is a major product, there can be no horsing +around.' We could no longer regard it as something in the underbrush. +We had to regularize our arrangements. We set up a process for +configuration management and we focused the thing in the direction of +a coherent system." (Vyssorsky, pg. 64-68) + + But he emphasizes, "Perhaps, the most important one was that UNIX +was being used as the operating system basis for a bunch of operations +support systems in the Bell Operating Companies and we could not +afford to let those support systems go down. We put configuration +management and all of the associated paraphernalia in place about +1978. (Ibid., pg. 68) + + Lions says about the freezing, "Much of the development of UNIX +in Bell Laboratories occurred before 1978. After Edition 7, many of +the original group went off to do other things. At the same time, UNIX +was becoming important within the Bell System, which gave rise to a +support group whose charter was to develop a polished and stable +version of UNIX. This group was less interested in innovation than in +stabilizing the system. Universities have simply picked up the slack. +(Lions, pg. 56) + + Meanwhile, academic UNIX users had to do their own software +maintenance. Lions describes how a community of academic unix users +grew up who were willing to help each other. + + "One very positive effect, however" writes Lions, "is that the +number of universities using UNIX and the lack of any formal support +forced us to band together into AUUG. (Australian unix users group +-ed) The connections we have thereby made have created and cemented +bonds between people in the different departments. UNIX has been a +very unifying influence for computer science within Australia. This +cannot be overestimated."(Ibid., pg. 57) + + UUCP made such exchanges easier. It was included with the Version +7 UNIX, which was made available to the academic community outside of +Bell Labs. UUCP made it possible for UNIX users to communicate with +each other even when they were at spatially distant locations. + + Using UUCP, the UNIX community was able to pioneer still another +advance, Usenet News. "Though large institutions have been able to +avail themselves of communications networks such as ARPANET, the UNIX +community has made inexpensive electronic communication available to +all of its members via Usenet," writes Stoneback, "A community that +already had so much in common," he explains, "was strengthened and +enhanced by the ability to move software easily among locations and to +maintain a reasonable electronic mail system. The cost of this network +has been borne at least in part by private industry, thus mitigating +expenses for the users themselves. The Usenet network stands today as +a clear sign that the UNIX community is solidly in place. It now +includes numerous corporate members providing universities on the +network with the added advantage of pooling academic researchers, +industrial developers, industrial researchers and regular users. +Combined with a functional, cheap electronic communication system, +Usenet offers the academic community unique advantages." (Stoneback, +p. 26) + + "The network," he points out, "is the direct result of a community +that supports its members and in turn is nurtured by the ones it +serves. The community is a reasonably democratic one, reasonably open +to new ideas, resonably open to change, and reasonably generous with +its benefits."(Ibid.) + + Thus by 1980, a survey conducted by the Computer Science Research +Network (CSNET) of academic institutions to find out what computer +system they used, found that "over 90 percent of all departments were +served by one or more UNIX systems." (Comer, pg. 42) + + Explaining the surprising popularity that UNIX achieved despite +its grassroots distribution system, McIlroy writes, "Therein lies the +genius of Unix, which, without a sales force, and without the support +of hardware makers, was enthusiastically adopted around the world ..." +("Unix on My Mind") + + "Unix," he emphasizes, "was the distilled essence of operating +systems, designed solely to be useful. Not to be marketable. Not to be +compatible. Not to be an appendage to a particular kind of hardware. +Moreover a computer running Unix was to be useful as a computer, not +just a `platform' for canned `solutions'. It was to be programmable - +cumulatively programmable. The actions of program builders were to be +no different in kind from the actions of users; anything a user could +do a program could do too...." + (Ibid.) + + Describing the environment that gave birth to these advances, +McIlroy writes, + + "Open systems! Our systems! How well those who were there + remember the pipe-festooned garret where Unix took form. The + excitement of creation drew people to work there amidst the + whine of the computer's cooling fans, even though almost the + same computer access could be had from one's office or from + home. Those raw quarters saw a procession of memorable + events. The advent of software pipes precipitated a day-long + orgy of one-liners...as people reveled in the power of + functional composition in the large, which is even today + unavailable to users of other systems. In another memorable + event, the unarticulated notion of software tools, which had + been bolstered by pipes, was finally brought home by the + liberation of the pattern matching program grep from within + the editor." + (Ibid.) + + He continues: + + "A parade of visitors came to marvel at the system and to + copy it. The makers of our 1972 model phototypesetter + goggled when they saw the paper tape input replaced by wires + straight from a computer. On-line PicturePhone[r] service + caught attention. Synthetic speech was initiated by a + memorable `Come here, Watson' event when words typed in a + remote office range out clearly in the lab: `It sounds + better over the telephone.' The computer's readings and + misreadings became a constant crowd pleaser. There was + great, if somewhat conspiratorial, excitement over a + stealthy version of the C compiler that would recognize and + silently bug the Unix login program and would propagate the + ability through future generations of the compiler + itself....No trace of the bug appeared in source code." + (Ibid.) + + And UUCP and then Usenet News made this the experimental research +environment available for those not at Bell Labs, or with access to +the experimental Arpanet. "Eager to distribute his software quickly +and painlessly, Mike invented uucp, thereby begetting a whole global +network," McIlroy writes. (from "A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated +Excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971-1986" by M. D. McIlroy, +Computing Science Technical Report No. 139, AT&T Bell Laboratories, +June 1987, p. 3. + + Summarizing the relationship between Bell Labs and the academic +community in developing UNIX, Comer concludes: + + "UNIX was not invented by hackers who were fooling + around, nor did it take shape in a vacuum. It grew from + strong academic roots and it has both nurtured and taken + nourishment from academia throughout its development. The + primary contributors to UNIX were highly educated + mathematicians and computer scientists employed by what many + people feel is the world's premier industrial research + center, Bell Laboratories. Although they were knowledgeable + and experienced in their own right, these developers + maintained professional contacts with researchers in + academia, leading to an exchange of ideas that proved + beneficial for both sides. Understanding the symbiotic + relationship between UNIX and the academic community means + understanding the background of the system's inventors and + the history of interactions between universities and Bell + Laboratories." (Comer, p. 34, 42) + + Describing this fertilization, Dennis Ritchie wrote, "... Unix +enjoyed an unusually long gestation period. During much of this time +(say 1969-1979) the system was effectively under the control of its +designers and being used by them. It took time to develop all the +ideas and software, but even though the system was still being +developed people were using it, both inside Bell Labs, and outside +under license. Thus, we managed to keep the central ideas in hand, +while accumulating a base of enthusiastic, technically competent users +who contributed ideas and programs in a calm, communicative, and +noncompetitive environment. Some outside contributions were +substantial, for example, those from the University at Berkeley." +("Reflections on Software," August 1984, vol 27, No. 8, p. 75) + + John Lions, reviewing his experience as part of the UNIX +community, concludes, "We have made a large number of contacts and +exchanged a great deal of information around the world through this +UNIX connection. Possibly that is the nicest thing about UNIX: it is +not so much that the system itself is friendly but that the people who +use it are. "(Lions, p. 57) + + It is a rare and wonderful event in the development of human +society when a scientific and technological breakthrough is made which +will certainly affect the future course of social contributions wer +substantial, for example, those from the development and which becomes +known when its midwives are still alive to tell us about it. UNIX, the +product of researcher at Bell Labs, the then regulated AT&T system, +and academic computer science, and a valuable invention for computer +science, for computer education and for the education of the next +generation of computer scientists and engineers, is such an event. + + + +Ronda Hauben Amateur Computerist +ronda@umcc.umich.edu or ae547@yfn.ysu.edu + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/3drotate.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/3drotate.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a0b66b03 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/3drotate.txt @@ -0,0 +1,484 @@ + + ÖÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´% VLA Proudly Presents %ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ· + º º + ÓÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄĽ + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + Three Dimensional Rotations For Computer Graphics + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + By Lithium /VLA + + + + One of the most difficult programming difficulties you will face is that +of representing a 3D world on that 2D screen in front of you. It requires +some linear alegbra that may be difficult for some, so I will spend some +bytes explaining the mathmatic computations of using matricies in addition +to the equations to get you going. This document is intended to be an aid +to anyone programming in any language, as a result it will use mathmatic +notation. If you are worthy of using these routines, you ought to be able +to get them into your favorite language. All I ask is that you pay a little +tribute to your programming buddies in VLA. + + + If you aren't a math person, skip to the end and get the final equations. +Just be forewarned, implimenting these equations into a coherient 3D world +is hard enough when you undersand the mathmatics behind them... + + + REAL PROGRAMMERS AREN'T AFRAID OF MATH + + +3D Coordinates +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + Just so we all understand each other, 3D is defined in of course three +directions, we'll call them (X,Y,Z). X will be the horizontal plane of your +screen, Z will stretch vertically, and Y will extend out of and into your +screen. Got it? Hope so, becuase it gets a bit tricky now. The next +system is called Sphereical Coordinates it is defined by angles and distance +in (é,í,p) These Greek letters are Theta (é), Phi (í), and Roe (p) + + Z Z + | | é - Angle in the XY + | |\ plane + | |\\ + | | \\ í - Angle from the Z + |______ X |í_|\___X axis + / / \ v \ + / / é \ o p - Distance to point + / /\ \ | from the origin + / / --> \ | (0,0,0) + Y Y \| + + + To relate the two systems you can use these equations. + + X = p(siní)(cosé) é = arctan (X/Y) + Y = p(siní)(siné) í = arccos (Z/p) + Z = p(cosí) p = û(X^2 + Y^2 + Z^2) + + If these don't seem right, do a couple of example problems for yourself, +it should make since after a bit of trig. + + +Matrix Notation +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + Lets say I can define Xt and Yt with the equations: + +Xt = aX + bY Where a,b,c,d are coeffiencets +Yt = cX + dY + + The matrix notation for this system of equations would be: + Ú ¿ +(Xt,Yt) = (X,Y)³a c³ + ³ ³ And we solve for this with these steps + ³b d³ + À Ù + + Ú ¿ + Xt = (X,Y)³a .³ = aX + bY + ³ ³ We move across the coordinates left to right + ³b .³ and multiply them by the coeffients in the + À Ù matrix, top to bottom + Ú ¿ + Yt = (X,Y)³. c³ = cX + dY + ³ ³ For Y, the second number, we use the second + ³. d³ column of the matrix + À Ù + + We can also multiply matricies in this fashion + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + T = T1*T2 Where T1 = ³a c³ and T2 = ³e g³ + ³ ³ ³ ³ + ³b d³ ³f h³ + À Ù À Ù + +Ú ¿Ú ¿ Ú ¿ +³a c³³e g³ ³(ae + cf) (ag + ch)³ rows -> columns | +³ ³³ ³ = ³ ³ v +³b d³³f h³ ³(be + df) (bg + dh)³ +À ÙÀ Ù À Ù + + This product is dependent on position, so that means that + T1*T2 *DOES NOT* equal T2*T1 + + In English, the process above went like this, we move left to right in +the first matrix, T1, and top to bottom in the second, T2. AE + CF is our +first position. + + The numbers in the first row are multiplied by the numbers in the +first column. 1st * 1st + 2nd * 2nd is our first value for the new matrix. +Then you repeat the process for the next column of the second matrix. + + After that, you move down to the next row of the first matrix, and +multiply it by the 1st column of the second matrix. You then do the same +for the next column of the second matrix. This process is repeated until +you've done all of the rows and columns. + +If this is your introduction to matricies, don't feel bad if you're a bit +confused. They are a different mode of thinking about equations. The +operations above give the same results as if you were to do the long hand +algebra to solve them. It may seem a bit more difficult for these examples, +but when you get to systems of equations with many variables, this way is +MUCH faster to compute. Trust me, especially when you make your program do +it. + + +So, now you have the basic math.... + + + One important point for these matricies below. I will use a homogeneous +coordinate system, (X/r, Y/r, Z/r, r) Now I'll use r=1, so nothing will +really be different in my calculations, but you need to understand the +purpose. + + This form is very convienent for the translations and rotation +equations we will need to do because it allows for scaling of our points with +respect to a center point. + + Consider a point (2,2,2) in an object centered at (1,1,1). If we were +to scale the X direction by 3,(the X length to the center is 3 times what it +was) the point we want would be (4,2,2). Our new X = 3*(OldX-CenterX). +Without the added factor of the homogeneous system, calculations assume all +objects are centered at the origin, so our point would have turned out to be +(6,2,2), NOT the one we wanted. So that's why we are going to do it that way. + + + + ROTATIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Translation +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + We will start with translation from the origin. Most objects are not +at (0,0,0,1), so we'll call their center (Tx,Ty,Tz,1). + +Ú ¿ +³ 1 0 0 0³ = T1 +³ ³ +³ 0 1 0 0³ This physically moves the object, so it is centered +³ ³ at the origin for our calcuations, eliminating the +³ 0 0 1 0³ need for a -Tx for each X, the matrix will factor it +³ ³ in when we multiply it by the others +³-Tx -Ty -Tz 1³ +À Ù But, we need sphereical coordinates... + +Ú ¿ +³ 1 0 0 0 ³ +³ ³ = T1 +³ 0 1 0 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 1 0 ³ +³ ³ +³-p(cosé)(siní) -p(siné)(siní) -p(cosí) 1 ³ +À Ù + + +XY Clockwise Rotation +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + This will be our first rotation, about the Z-Axis + +Ú ¿ +³ siné cosé 0 0 ³ +³ ³ = T2 +³-cosé siné 0 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 1 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 0 1 ³ +À Ù + + +YZ Counter-Clockwise Rotation +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + Now we rotate about the X axis +Ú ¿ +³ 1 0 0 0 ³ +³ ³ = T3 +³ 0 -cosí -siní 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 siní -cosí 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 0 1 ³ +À Ù + + Notice that with two rotations that we can get any position in 3D space. + +Left Hand Correction +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + This will flip the X coordinates. Think about when you +look into the mirror, your left hand looks like your right. +These rotations do the same thing, so by flipping the X, it +will make your X move right when you increase it's value. + +Ú ¿ +³ -1 0 0 0 ³ +³ ³ = T4 +³ 0 1 0 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 1 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 0 1 ³ +À Ù + + +The Final Viewing Matrix +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + This is the net transformation matrix for our viewing perspective + +The math for this one is really messy, and I would need to go over even +more matrix stuff to get it reduced, so I will ask you to trust my +calculations + +V = T1*T2*T3*T4 + +Ú ¿ +³ -siné -(cosé)(cosí) -(cosé)(siní) 0 ³ +³ ³ = V +³ cosé -(siné)(cosí) -(siné)(siní) 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 siní -cosí 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 p 1 ³ +À Ù + + +Lets say our original (X,Y,Z,1) were just that, and the point after the +rotation is (Xv,Yv,Zv,1) + +(Xv,Yv,Zv,1) = (X,Y,Z,1) * V + + +Xv = -Xsiné + Ycosé + +Yv = -X(cosé)(cosí) - Y(siné)(cosí) + Zsiní + +Zv = -X(cosé)(siní) - Y(siné)(siní) - Zcosí + p + + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + + Some people have had trouble concepts of this implimentation, so I have +another way of setting up the equations. This works off of the straight +X,Y, and Z coordinates too, but uses another angle. + + +We will define the following variables + +Xan = Rotation about the X-Axis +Yan = Rotation about the Y-Axis +Zan = Rotation about the Z-Axis + + +Rotation about the Y Axis +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Ú ¿ +³ cos(Yan) 0 sin(Yan) ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 1 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ -sin(Yan) 0 cos(Yan) ³ +À Ù + + +Rotation about the Z Axis +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Ú ¿ +³ 1 0 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 cos(Zan) -sin(Zan) ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 sin(Zan) cos(Zan) ³ +À Ù + + +Rotation about the X Axis +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Ú ¿ +³ cos(Xan) -sin(Xan) 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ sin(Xan) cos(Xan) 0 ³ +³ ³ +³ 0 0 1 ³ +À Ù + + +For simplification, lets call sin(Yan) = s1, cos(Xan) = c3, + sin(Zan) = s2, etc + +Final Rotation Matrix +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Ú ¿ +³ c1c3 + s1s2s3 -c1s3 + c3s1s2 c2s1 ³ +³ ³ +³ c2s3 c2c3 -s2 ³ +³ ³ +³ -c3s1 + c1s2s3 s1s3 + c1c3s2 c1c2 ³ +À Ù + + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Xv = x(s1s2s3 + c1c3) + y(c2s3) + z(c1s2s3 - c3s1) + +Yv = x(c3s1s2 - c1s3) + y(c2c3) + z(c1c3s2 + s1s3) + +Zv = x(c1s2s3 - c3s1) + y(-s2) + z(c1c2) + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + +Where Xv,Yv, and Zv are the final rotated points and the little x,y,z are +the original points. + + + + + + Normal Vectors - The Secret To Shading and Plane Elimination +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + + So, now you have the rotation equations... But, how do we make it fast? +Well, one of the best optimizations you can impliment is plane elimination. +It boils down to not displaying the planes that won't be seen. With that +said, here comes more math.... + + BE A MAN, KNOW YOUR NORMALS + + A 'normal' vector is perpendicular to a plane. Imagine the face of a +clock as a plane. Take your right hand and point your thumb toward yourself +and the other end toward the clock. Now curl your fingers in the +counter-clockwise direction. Your thumb is pointing in the direction of the +normal vector. This is called 'The Right Hand Rule' and it is the basis for +figuring the facing of planes. + + A plane can be determined with three points, try it. That's the minimum +you need, so that's what we will base our process on. Now if we have a line +segment, we could move it to the origin, maintaining it's direction and +lenght by subtracting the (X,Y,Z) of one of the points from both ends. This +is our definition of a vector. A line segment, starting at the origin and +extending in the direction (X,Y,Z). + + Here will be our plane, built from the three points below. + +(X1,Y1,Z1) V = (X1-X2, Y1-Y2, Z1-Z2) +(X2,Y2,Z2) W = (X1-X3, Y1-Y3, Z1-Z3) +(X3,Y3,Z3) + + So, we have our three points that define a plane. From these points we +create two vectors V and W. Now if you where to use the right hand rule with +these vectors, pointing your fingers in the direction of V and curling them +toward the direction of W, you would have the direction of the Normal vector. +This vector is perpendicular to both vectors, and since we have defined the +plane by these vectors, the normal is perpendicular to the plane as well. + +The process of finding the normal vector is called the 'Cross Product' and +it is of this form: + + Ú ¿ +V*W =³ i k j ³ + ³ ³ + ³ X1-X2 Y1-Y2 Z1-Z2 ³ + ³ ³ + ³ X1-X3 Y1-Y3 Z1-Z3 ³ + À Ù + + i = (Y1-Y2)(Z1-Z3) - (Z1-Z2)(Y1-Y3) + +-k = (Z1-Z2)(X1-X3) - (X1-X2)(Z1-Z3) + + j = (X1-X2)(Y1-Y3) - (Y1-Y2)(X1-X3) + +The Normal to the plane is (i,-k,j) + + +NOTE: V*W *DOESN'T* equal W*V, it will be pointing in the negative direction + To prove that to yourself, lets go back to how I explained it before + We pointed in the direction of V and curled our fingers toward W, the + normal vector in the direction of your thumb. Try it in the + direction of W, toward V. It should be in the opposite direction. + Your normal, still perpendicular to both vectors, but it is negative. + If you use in your program, you will have the planes appearing when + they shouldn't and dissapearing when they are coming into view. + + So, now that we have a way to determin the direction of the plane, +how do we hide the plane? If the angle between the view point and the +normal is greater than 90 degrees, don't show it. One quick way that I +always use is to place the view point on an axis. I tipically set the +Z axis to come out of the screen, Y up and X across. Set the view point +to be at a positive point on the Z and then, if that normal vector has Z +greater than zero, I display it, otherwise I skip to the next one. + + This also has an application in shading. If you define a light scource, +just like the view point, you find the angle the normal and the light form. +Since you don't usually just want two colors, our 90 degree trick won't work +for you, but by finding this angle, and dividing all of the possible angles +by the number of colors you will allow in the shading, that color can be +assigned to the plane and, presto-chango, it looks like you know what your +doing... + + As you do your rotations, just rotate the coordinates of the normal and +that will keep everything updated. + + +Tips To Speed-Up Your Routines +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Pre-Calculate as many values as possible + The main limitation you will have is the speed of your math, using + precalculated values like Normals, Sin/Cos charts, and distance from the + origin are all good candidates. + +If you can get away with using a math-coprocessor, well... + This will greatly increase the speed of your routine. Unfortunately, + not everyone has one. + +Only figure values once + If you multiply (Siné)(Cosé) and will use that same value later, by all + means, keep it and use it then instead of doing the multiplication again. + +Another thing to keep in mind + The order of rotations *DOES* make a difference. Try it out and you'll + understand. Also, when you start to use these routines, you'll find + yourself making arrays of points and plane structures. + + +Counter-Clockwise points + Be sure to list your points for the planes in counter-clockwise order. + If you don't, not all of your planes will display correctly when you + start hiding planes. + +And as always, be clever + Just watch out, because when you have clever ideas you can lose a foot. + My brother once had a clever idea to cut his toe nails with an axe and + he lost his foot. + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + +Books to look for... +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + Any math book, the topics I covered will be found in: + + Normal Vectors - Analytic Geometry + Matrix Operations - Linear Algebra + Sines and Cosines - Trigonometry + + The Art of Graphics, by Jim McGregor and Alan Watt + 1986 Addison-Wesley Publishers + + + +Read the VLA.NFO file to find out how to contact us. diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/3dshade.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/3dshade.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2a456778 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/3dshade.txt @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ + + ÖÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´% VLA Proudly Presents %ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ· + º º + ÓÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄĽ + +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + Three Dimensional Shading In Computer Graphics + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ +ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + By Lithium /VLA + + + + Hopefully you have read the companion document 3DROTATE.DOC, as this one +will build apon the concepts presented in my attempt to teach some of the +math need to make 3D graphics a reality. This file will cover such important +topics as the Dot Product and how routines are best constructed for real-time +3D rotations and planar shading. + + + + + Our Friend, The Dot Product + + The Dot Product is a neat relation that will allow you to quickly find +the angle between any two vectors. It's easiest to explain graphicly, so +I will exercise my extended-ASCII keys. + + +Two Vectors A & B + +A (Xa, Ya, Za) ³A³ = û( (Xa)ý + (Ya)ý + (Za)ý ) + +B (Xb, Yb, Zb) ³B³ = û( (Xb)ý + (Yb)ý + (Zb)ý ) + + +Where Xa, and the others coorispond to some value on their respective Axis's + + + ¿A + / + / + / + / + \ é <-- Angle Theta between vector A and B + \ + \ + \ + ÙB + + + Cos(é) = Xa * Xb + Ya * Yb + Za * Zb + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ³A³*³B³ + + + +Example: + +A (1,2,3) ³A³ = û( 1ý + 2ý + 3ý) = û(14) = 3.7417 + +B (4,5,6) ³b³ = û( 4ý + 5ý + 6ý) = û(77) = 8.7750 + + + Cos(é) = 1 * 4 + 2 * 5 + 3 * 6 = 4 + 10 + 18 = 32 = 0.9746 + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ ÄÄÄÄÄ + (3.7417)*(8.7750) 32.8334 32.8334 + + + ArcCos (.9746) = 12.9ø + + + So, your wondering how this revolutionizes you code, huh? Well, remember +our other friend, the Normal vector? You use Normal vectors that define +the directions of everything in our 3D world. Let's say that vector A was +the Normal vector from my plane, and B is a vector that shows the direction +that the light in my scene is pointing. If I do the Dot Product of them, +you will get the angle between them, if that angle is >= 90ø and <= 270ø +then no light falls on the visible surface and it doesn't need to be +displayed. + + +Also notice, the way the values of the Cosine orient themselves + + + + 90ø Cos 000ø = 1 + Cos 090ø = 0 + ³ Cos 180ø = -1 + Negative ³ Positive Cos 270ø = 0 + ³ + ³ +180ø ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ 0ø An angle between a light and a plane that + ³ is less than 90ø or greater than 270ø will + ³ be visible, so you can check if the Cos(é) + Negative ³ Positive is greater than 0 to see if it is visible. + ³ + ³ + + 270ø + + + How Do You Implement The Code? Easy As ã. + +Examples in ASM structures + +We will define our points like this + + STRUC XYZs + Xpos dd ? + Ypos dd ? + Zpos dd ? + Dist dd ? + ENDS XYZs ;size is 16 bytes + + +The X,Y,Zpos define a point in 3D space, Dist is the distance from the origin + +Dist = û( Xý + Yý + Zý ) + +Precalculate these values and have them handy in your data area + + +Our planes should look something like this + + STRUC PlaneSt + NumPts db ? ;3 or 4 + NormIndex dw ? + PtsIndex dw ? + dw ? + dw ? + dw ? + ENDS PlaneSt + +The number of points that in the plane depends on the number your fill +routines can handle you must have at least 3 and more than 6 is not suggested + + +Then we set up our data like this + +MaxPoints = 100 +MaxPlanes = 100 + +PointList XYZs MaxPoints DUP() +PlaneList PlaneSt MaxPlanes DUP() +NormalList XYZs <0,0,0, 10000h> , MaxPlanes DUP() + + Non-ASM User Note: + + I set up points in a structure that had an X,Y,Z and Distance + value. I set up a plane structure that had the number of points + the index number of the normal vector for that plane and the index + numbers for the points in the plane. + + The next lines set up arrays of these points in PointList, and + the number of points was defined as MaxPoints. An array of planes + was created as PlaneList with MaxPlanes as the total number of + plane structures in the array. NormalList is an array of the vectors + that are normal to the planes, one is set up initally (I'll explain + that next) and then one for each possible plane is allocated. + + +You'll notice that I defined the first Normal and then created space for +the rest of the possible normals. I'll call this first normal, the +Zero Normal. It will have special properties for planes that don't shade +and are never hidden. + + + + Well, before I start telling all the tricks to the writting code, let me +make sure a couple of points are clear. + +- In the 3DROTATE.DOC I said that you could set your view point on the + Z-Axis and then figure out if planes were visible by the post-rotation + Normal vectors, if their Z was > 0 then display, if not, don't + That is an easy way to set up the data, and I didn't feel like going + into the Dot Product at the time, so I generalized. So, what if you + don't view your plane from the Z-Axis, the answer is you use the... + + Dot Product! + + that's right. The angle will be used now to figure wheither or not to + display the plane. + +- I have been mentioning lights and view points as vectors that I can + use with the Normal vector from my plane. To work correctly, these + vectors for the lights and view should point in the direction that you + are looking or the direction that the light is pointing, *NOT* a vector + drawn from the origin to the viewer position or light position. + +- True Normal vectors only state a direction, and should therefore have + a unit distance of 1. This will have the advantage of simplifying the + math involved to figure you values. Also, for God's sake, pre-compute + your normal, don't do this everytime. Just rotate them when you do your + points and that will update their direction. + + If the Normal's have a length of 1 then ³A³*³B³ = 1 * 1 = 1 + + So: + Cos(é) = Xa * Xb + Ya * Yb + Za * Zb + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + ³A³*³B³ + + Is Reduced To: + + Cos(é) = Xa * Xb + Ya * Yb + Za * Zb + + + We eliminated a multiply and a divide! Pat yourself on the back. + +- You ASM users might be wondering why I defined my Zero Normal as: + <0,0,0,10000h> How does 10000h = a length of 1 ? + + Well, this is a trick you can do in ASM, instead of using floating point + values that will be slow on computers without math co-processors, we can + use a double word to hold our value. The high word holds the integer + value, and the low word is our decimal. You do all of your computations + with the whole register, but only pull the high word when you go to + display the point. So, with that under consideration, 10000h = 1.00000 + Not bad for integers. + + +- How does the Zero Normal work? Since the X,Y,and Z are all 0, the + Cos(é) = 0, so if you always display when Cos(é) = 0, then that plane + will always be seen. + + + So, Beyond The Babble... How To Set Up Your Code + + +Define Data Points, Normals, and Planes + Pre-Calculate as many values as possible + + Rotate Points and Normals + + Determin Visible Planes With Dot Product + (Save this value if you want to shade) + + Sort Visible Planes Back to Front + + (Determin Shade From Dot Product) + + Clip Plane to fit scene + + Draw to the screen + + Change Angles + + Goto Rotation + + + + A quick way to figure out which color to shade your plane if you are + using the double word values like I described before is to take the + Dot Product result, it will lie between 10000h - 0h if you would like + say 16 shades over the angles, then take that value and shr ,12 that will + give you a value from 0h - 10h (0-16, or 17 colors) if you make 10h into + 0fh, add that offset to a gradient in your palette, then you will have + the color to fill your polygon with. + + Note also that the Cosine function is weighted toward the extremes. + If you want a smooth palette change as the angles change, your palette + should weight the gradient accordingly. + + + A useful little relation for depth sorting is to be able to find the + center of a triangle. + + E The center C = (D + E + F)/3 + ^ + / \ Divide each cooridinate by (Xd + Xe + Xf)/3 = Xc + / C \ and do the same for the Y's and Z's if you + / \ choose to sort with this method. Then rotate + DÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄF that point and use it to depth sort the planes + + +Phong and Goraud Shading + + Recently, someone asked me about the practiblity of real-time phong and +goraud shading. The technique is common to ray-tracers and requires a great +deal of calculation when working with individual rays cast from each pixel, +but when only using this for each plane, it is possible. This type of shading +involves taking into account the reduced luminousity of light as distance +increases. For each light, you define a falloff value. This value should be +the distance a which the light will be at full intensity. Then at 2*FallOff +you will have 1/2 intensity, 3*FallOff will yeild 1/3 and so on. To implement +this type of shading, you will need to determin the distance from the light +to the center of the plane. If distance < FallOff, then use the normal +intensity. If it is greater, divide the FallOff value by the distance. This +will give you a scalar value that you can multiple by the shading color that +the plane should have. Use that offset and it will be darker since it is +further away from the light source. + However, to determin the distance form the light to each plane, you must +use a Square Root function, these are inherently slow unless you don't care +about accuracy. Also, it would be difficult to notice the use of this +technique unless you have a relatively small FallOff value and your objects +move about in the low intesity boundries. + + + + +Well, that's all that I feel like doing tonight, and besides, Star Trek is on! +So, see VLA.NFO for information about contacting myself or any of the other +members of VLA. + + Happy Coding! + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/4dostips.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/4dostips.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cb246b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/4dostips.txt @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ + + + + + +FFF FFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF +FFF FFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFF FFF FFF FFF FFF FFFFFFF +FFFFFFFFFF FFF FFF FFF FFF FFFFFFF + FFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF + FFF FFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF + +Specific information........ + + + + + + + + + + +ððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð + +Edit a 4dos.ini file if you don't have one. +It should look something like this: + +Alias = 4096 +Environment = 1264 +History = 4096 + +set alias and environment as low as possible, but remember to leave +space for bat files and programs that use the space. A environment +of 100 more that required is good. It is good to set the alias space +as low as possible. Set the history as high as you prefer. I like 4k, +others might like more... + +UMBLoad = Yes +UMBEnvironment = Yes +UMBHistory = Yes +UMBAlias = Yes + +If you have umb's, specify these 4 lines! + +DescriptionMax=200 + +ALWAYS insert this line! Now you can describe up to 200 characters, which +is more than enough in most cases. The default of 40(?) is almost never +enough... + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +If you need file-descriptions that is MORE that 200 characters, remove +the attributes on the DESCRIPT.ION file (attrib -h descript.ion) +edit it, and turn the attributes back on (attrib +h descript.ion) +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +>HistWinHeight=32 + +If you drive your screen at text resolutions of 50 lines or more, have +the luxury of a bigger history window! (PgUp, PgDn, etc.) + +ððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð + +The prompt leaves you many fancy options other that $p$g..... +Mine, help from 4dos and ansi.sys, shows time, date, free memory +(conv, xms, ems), free hd space (all drives), in full colours... + +You can find it in the extras\prompt.set, which you will have to load +with SET /R [name of file]. Modify it as you like, bacause it is free to +spread! + +ððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð + +With 4dos, you have the luxury of specifying to "md" or "cd" several +directories at once. You can, for instance, md a b c d e f, in which +will make the directories "a" "b", etc.... + +You can even create a total tree with the "/s" parameter. +This will allow you to create directories more than one level deep at once. + +fx: md c:\hi\I\am\here! + +will work, even if "c:\hi" does not exist in forehand! + +ððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð + +In 4dos, the command-line separator is "^". +That means that you can write several commands on one line, fx. + +cls^dir /w /s|list /s^pause^cls + +This method can in turn create neat aliases, and if you need examples, +look at MY aliases file! (Included in EXTRAS\aliases.ali !!!! + +ððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð + +Be sure to remap your most used commands in dos to 1-key punches, +to maximize performance. See my alias-file for guidance. +Ex: "d" is "dir", etc.... + +ððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððððð diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/6309.ex b/textfiles.com/programming/6309.ex new file mode 100644 index 00000000..919cc655 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/6309.ex @@ -0,0 +1,768 @@ +From: kakugawa@csl.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (Hirotsugu Kakugawa) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.m6809 +Subject: A Memo on the Secret Features of 6309 +Date: 23 Feb 92 01:10:06 GMT +Organization: Computer Systems Lab., Hiroshima Univ., Japan. + +Dear 6309 users + + I finished my exam and writing the memo on the seacret features of +6309. In the memo, many fearutes of 6309 are reported but I do not +know ALL of them. In addition to that, my 6309 computer is packed and +kept in my hometown: I cannot tried unclear points. + +[ + NOTE: + You may have questions about the features written in this meno. + Then, please post your question to comp.sys.m6809; do not send mails + to me. I may not answer your questions since I cannot try the + features now, as I write above. Your questions may be answered by + people who has 6309 based computer. +] + +The meno is not complete. +Please try and post the results to comp.sys.m6809! + + + ===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*=== + + + + A MEMO ON THE SECRET FEATURES OF 6309 + + + by Hirotsugu Kakugawa, (kakugawa@csl.hiroshima-u.ac.jp) + Computer Systems Lab., Information Engineering Course, + Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima Univ., Japan + + + +1. ** INTRODUCTION ** + +The CPU 6309 by HITACHI has secret features which is not written in +its manual. The purpose of this memo is to introduce them. +The features was originally reported in a magazine, +Oh!FM (1988 Apr.), which was written in Japanese. I did not tried all +of the features reported in the article, but I report the features as +far as I know. + +HITACHI says in the manual of 6309 that 6309 is compatible with 6809, +but some OS-9 hackers found that it has secret features. + +It has following features: + 1. More registers (additional two 8 bit accumulators, 8 bit + register, and a 16 bit register), + 2. Two modes (6809 emulation mode and native mode), + 3. Reduced execution cycles in native mode, + 4. More instructions (16 bit x 16 bit multiplication, 32 bit / 16 bit + division, inter-registers operation, block transfer, bit + manipulating operation which is compatible with 6801 has, etc) + 5. Error trap by illegal instruction, zero division. + +I substituted 6309 for 6809 in my personal computer, and I changed +OS9/6809 Level II such that the 6309 executes in native mode. +I had to change the interrupt handling routine in the kernel. +I implemented illegal instruction trap; I was really happy because +most bugs are caught by trap handler. + +In section 2, new registers are explained. In section 3, two modes of +6309 is explained. In section 4, trapping features of the 6309 is +described. In section 5, new instructions are explained. In section 6, +the instruction tables of the 6309 is shown. + + + +2. ** NEW REGISTERS ** + +The 6309 has some additional registers that 6809 does not. + + 1. The E register, the F register + These are 8 bit accumulators. Like the D register is a pair of + the A register and the B register, these two registers can be + used as a 16 bit accumulator. The pair of the E and the F + registers is called the W register. + In addition to that, pair of two 16 bit registers, the D register + and the W register, can be used as a 32 bit accumulator called the + Q register. + + 2. The V register + This a 16 bit register can be used only by TFR, inter-register + operation, etc. But even if the chip is reseted, contents of + this register does not change. Some people may use this + register to keep constant value (V for value). + + 3. The MD register + This is a 8 bit register to keep the mode and status of the chip. + The meaning of each bit is as follow. + + Read value + bit 7 --- 1 is set if zero division happen. + bit 6 --- 1 is set if illegal instruction is fetched. + + Write value + bit 1 --- The mode for FIRQ interrupt. + 0 -> the the action for FIRQ is the same as that + of 6809. + 1 -> the the action for FIRQ is the same as IRQ. + bit 0 --- The execution mode of 6309. + 0 -> the emulation mode. + 1 -> the native mode. + + (When the chip is reseted, all bits are 0.) + + + +3. ** TWO MODES OF THE 6309 ** + +The 6309 has two modes, emulation mode and native mode, as described +in the previous section. When the chip is reseted, the initial mode +of 6309 is the emulation mode. + + When the 6309 is in the emulation mode, the chip emulates the action +of 6809. But we can use extended registers and extended operations in +this mode. The 6309 executes instructions in the same cycles as 6809 +does. + When the 6309 is in the native mode, it executes instructions in +less cycles. And when the chip is interrupted (IRQ, for example), +it pushes extended registers (PC, U, Y, X, DP, W, D, CC, in this +order). If you want to use the 6309, you must rewrite interrupt +handling routine (for example, the entry of system call of OS9). + + + +4. ** TRAPPING ** + +If the following two events happen, the trap is caused. + + 1. A illegal instruction is fetched. + 2. A number is divided by zero. + +The action of the 6309 when a trap is caused is : + + 1. Pushs the registers on the system stack. + (In the emulation mode, PC, U, Y, X, DP, B, A, CC, in this order + and in the the native mode, PC, U, Y, X, DP, W, B, A, CC in this + order) + 2. Reads the trap vector address ($FFF0) and jumps to the vector. + (Note that $FFF0 was reserved by 6809.) + +To check the reason of the trap, BITMD instruction is provided. This +instruction is explained in a later section. + + + +5. ** NEW INSTRUCTIONS ** + +5.1 The Register Addressing Mode +To specify registers in TFR and EXG, the 6809 uses bit pattern of 4 bits. +New registers of the 6309 are specified by bit patterns in TFR and EXG +operations. In addition to that, the bit pattern is also used in +instructions of inter-register operations. We call this bit pattern +used to specify register "register addressing mode". + +Bit patterns for new registres are as follows: + + W -> 0110, + V -> 0111, + E -> 1110, + F -> 1111. + +NOTE: even if the 6309 is in a emulation mode, the action for TFR of 6309 +is different from that of the 6809 if new register is specified in +operand. Some hackers found this fact and they guessed that the 6309 +has secret registers. At last, they found many features. + +5.2 Inter-Register Operations +Operations of 6809 are operations between register and immediate value +or between register and memory. Therefore, we had to store value of +register on memory if opetation between two registers is necessary. + But the 6309 has inter-register operation. Following operations are +provided: + ADDR r0,r1 (ADD of two registers), + ADCR r0,r1 (ADC of two registers), + SUBR r0,r1 (SUB of two registers), + SBCR r0,r1 (SBC of two registers), + ANDR r0,r1 (AND of two registers), + ORR r0,r1 (OR of two registers), + EORR r0,r1 (EOR of two registers), + CMPR r0,r1 (CMP of two registers). +The register addressing mode is used to specify two registers. +(I do not remember exactrlly but the result is stored in r0, the +register of the first operand. Please try and find the behavior of +these instructions.) + +5.3 Block Transfer +Block transfer instructions are provided such as Z80 has. +The TFM instruction requires source address and destination address +and block size as its argument. One or two 16 bit registers (X/Y/U/S) +are used to specify source and destination addresses. Block size to be +transfered is specified by the W register. +Four style is provided: + TFR r0+,r1+ (transfered in address is increasing order), + TFR r0-,r1- (transfered in address is decreasing order), + TFR r0+,r1 (poured into the same address, I/O port for instance), + TFR r0,r1+ (read from the same address, I/O port for instance). +I tried this instructions but I do not remember exactly. +Operand registers are pointers of source/destination addresses (,maybe). +Please try and find the behavior of these instructions. + +5.4 Multiplication And Division +The 6309 has MULD instruction which performs a 16bit x 16bit multipli- +cation. We can use various addressing modes (immediate, direct, indexed, +extend) The result is stored in the Q register. + + Division instructions are also provided. The 6309 has two division +instructions: 16bit / 8bit, 32bit / 16bit divisions. +Various addressing modes (immediate, direct, indexed, extend) can be +used. +(Note:I forget where its result is stored. I tried these instructions. +I remember that modulo is also computed. The quotient and the modulo +are stored D and W resp., maybe. I'm not sure, sorry.) + +5.5 Bit Manipulation / Bit Transfer +The 6309 provides AIM, OIM, EIM, TIM instructions which are compatible +with instructions of the Hitachi 6301 CPU. Read the manual of the 6301 +to understand thses instructions. + +Instructions called BAND, BOR, BEOR, BIAND, BIOR, BIEOR, LDBT, STBT +are provided. Behavior of thses instructions is that a logical +operation is performed for n-th bit of a data in a memory (only direct +mode is allowed) and m-th bit of a register, then the result is stored +in the register. The format of the object is : + $11, x, (post byte), (operand). +The say that the post byte takes strange format. I do not understand +these instructions. Sorry, please try. + +5.6 Misc + +To change modes ofthe 6309, we have to set the 0th bit of the MD +register. To do this, the LDMD instruction is provided: + LDMD #n (where #n is a immediate n bit data) +When trap is caused, it is necessary to examine the reason of the +trap. The BITMD instruction can be used for this purpose: + BITMD #n (where #n is a immediate n bit data) +The contents of the MD register and #n is ANDed, and changes the CC +register (,maybe, I do not remember exactly). +Once this instruction is executed, the 6th and the 7th bit of the +MD register is CLEARED. Therefore, we can't examine the MD register. + +Pushing and poping the W registers on/from stack: + PSHSW (Push the W register on the system stack), + PULSW (Pop the W register from the system stack), + PSHUW (Push the W register on the user stack), + PULUW (Pop the W register from the user stack). + + + +6. ** INSTRUCTION TABLES ** + +In this section, only additional instructions of the 6309 are +shown. + +How to read the following table : + The first column : + ... New instruction of 6309 + (blank) ... a instruction of 6089/6309, + --Op-- : Operational code, + --Mnem-- : Mnemonic, + --Mode-- : Addressing mode, + --Cyc-- : Execution Cycles (Parenthesized value is the value + in the native mode), + --Len-- : Length of the instruction, + +6.1 Instructions without pre-byte + + --Op-- --Mnem-- --Mode-- --Cyc-- --Len -- + $00 NEG DIRECT 6 (5) 2 ++ $01 OIM DIRECT 6 3 ++ $02 AIM DIRECT 6 3 + $03 COM DIRECT 6 (5) 2 + $04 LSR DIRECT 6 (5) 2 ++ $05 EIM DIRECT 6 3 + $06 ROR DIRECT 6 (5) 2 + $07 ASR DIRECT 6 (5) 2 + $08 ASL/LSL DIRECT 6 (5) 2 + $09 ROL DIRECT 6 (5) 2 + $0A DEC DIRECT 6 (5) 2 ++ $0B TIM DIRECT 6 3 + $0C INC DIRECT 6 (5) 2 + $0D TST DIRECT 6 (4) 2 + $0E JMP DIRECT 3 (2) 2 + $0F CLR DIRECT 6 (5) 2 + + $10 (PREBYTE) + $11 (PREBYTE) + $12 NOP IMP 2 (1) 1 + $13 SYNC IMP 2 (1) 1 ++ $14 SEXW IMP 4 1 + $16 LBRA REL 5 (4) 3 + $17 LBSR REL 9 (7) 3 + $19 DAA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $1A ORCC IMMED 3 (2) 2 + $1C ANDCC IMMED 3 2 + $1D SEX IMP 2 (1) 1 + $1E EXG REGIST 8 (5) 2 + $1F TFR REGIST 6 (4) 2 + + $20 BRA REL 3 2 + $21 BRN REL 3 2 + $22 BHI REL 3 2 + $23 BLS REL 3 2 + $24 BHS/BCC REL 3 2 + $25 BLO/BCS REL 3 2 + $26 BNE REL 3 2 + $27 BEQ REL 3 2 + $28 BVC REL 3 2 + $29 BVS REL 3 2 + $2A BPL REL 3 2 + $2B BMI REL 3 2 + $2C BGE REL 3 2 + $2D BLT REL 3 2 + $2E BGT REL 3 2 + $2F BLE REL 3 2 + + $30 LEAX REL 4+ 2+ + $31 LEAY REL 4+ 2+ + $32 LEAS REL 4+ 2+ + $33 LEAU REL 4+ 2+ + $34 PSHS REGIST 5+ (4+) 2 + $35 PULS REGIST 5+ (4+) 2 + $36 PSHU REGIST 5+ (4+) 2 + $37 PULU REGIST 5+ (4+) 2 + $39 RTS 5 (4) 1 + $3A ABX IMP 3 (1) 1 + $3B RTI IMP 6/15 (17) 1 + $3C CWAI IMP 22 (20) 2 + $3D MUL IMP 11 (10) 1 + $3F SWI IMP 19 (21) 1 + + $40 NEGA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $43 COMA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $44 LSRA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $46 RORA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $47 ASRA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $48 ASLA/LSLA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $49 ROLA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $4A DECA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $4C INCA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $4D TSTA IMP 2 (1) 1 + $4F CLRA IMP 2 (1) 1 + + $50 NEGB IM P 2 (1) 1 + $53 COMB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $54 LSRB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $56 RORB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $57 ASRB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $58 ASLB/LSLB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $59 ROLB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $5A ECB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $5C NCB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $5D STB IMP 2 (1) 1 + $5F LRB IMP 2 (1) 1 + + $60 NEG INDEXD 6+ 2+ ++ $61 OIM INDEXD 7+ 3+ ++ $62 AIM INDEXD 7 3+ + $63 COM INDEXD 6+ 2+ + $64 LSR INDEXD 6+ 2+ ++ $65 EIM INDEXD 7+ 3+ + $66 ROR INDEXD 6+ 2+ + $67 ASR INDEXD 6+ 2+ + $68 ASL/LSL INDEXD 6+ 2+ + $69 ROL INDEXD 6+ 2+ + $6A DEC INDEXD 6+ 2+ ++ $6B TIM INDEXD 7+ 3+ + $6C INC INDEXD 6+ 2+ + $6D TST INDEXD 6+ (5+) 2+ + $6E JMP INDEXD 3+ 2+ + $6F CLR INDEXD 6+ 2+ + + $70 NEG EXTEND 7 (6) 3 ++ $71 OIM EXTEND 7 4 ++ $72 AIM EXTEND 7 4 + $73 COM EXTEND 7 (6) 3 + $74 LSR EXTEND 7 (6) 3 ++ $75 EIM EXTEND 7 4 + $76 ROR EXTEND 7 (6) 3 + $77 ASR EXTEND 7 (6) 3 + $78 ASL/LSL EXTEND 7 (6) 3 + $79 ROL EXTEND 7 (6) 3 + $7A DEC EXTEND 7 (6) 3 ++ $7B TIM EXTEND 5 4 + $7C INC EXTEND 7 (6) 3 + $7D TST EXTEND 7 (5) 3 + $7E JMP EXTEND 4 (3) 3 + $7F CLR EXTEND 7 (6) 3 + + $80 SUBA IMMED 2 2 + $81 CMPA IMMED 2 2 + $82 SBCA IMMED 2 2 + $83 SUBD IMMED 4 (3) 3 + $84 ANDA IMMED 2 2 + $85 BITA IMMED 2 2 + $86 LDA IMMED 2 2 + $88 EORA IMMED 2 2 + $89 ADCA IMMED 2 2 + $8A ORA IMMED 2 2 + $8B ADDA IMMED 2 2 + $8C CMPX IMMED 4 (3) 3 + $8D BSR IMMED 7 (6) 2 + $8E LDX IMMED 3 3 + + $90 SUBA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $91 CMPA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $92 SBCA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $93 SUBD DIRECT 6 (4) 3 + $94 ANDA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $95 BITA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $96 LDA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $97 STA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $98 EORA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $99 ADCA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $9A ORA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $9B ADDA DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $9C CMPX DIRECT 6 (4) 2 + $9D JSR DIRECT 7 (6) 2 + $9E LDX DIRECT 5 (4) 2 + $9F STX DIRECT 5 (4) 2 + + $A0 SUBA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A1 CMPA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A2 SBCA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A3 SUBD INDEXD 6+ (5+) 2+ + $A4 ANDA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A5 BITA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A6 LDA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A7 STA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A8 EORA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $A9 ADCA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $AA ORA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $AB ADDA INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $AC CMPX INDEXD 6+ (5+) 2+ + $AD JSR INDEXD 7+ (6+) 2+ + $AE LDX INDEXD 5+ 2+ + $AF STX INDEXD 5+ 2+ + + $B0 SUBA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B1 CMPA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B2 SBCA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B3 SUBD EXTEND 7 (5) 3 + $B4 ANDA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B5 BITA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B6 LDA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B7 STA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B8 EORA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $B9 ADCA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $BA ORA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $BB ADDA EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $BC CMPX EXTEND 7 (5) 3 + $BD JSR EXTEND 8 (7) 3 + $BE LDX EXTEND 6 (5) 3 + $BF STX EXTEND 6 (5) 3 + + $C0 SUBB IMMED 2 2 + $C1 CMPB IMMED 2 2 + $C2 SBCB IMMED 2 2 + $C3 ADDD IMMED 4 (3) 3 + $C4 ANDB IMMED 2 2 + $C5 BITB IMMED 2 2 + $C6 LDB IMMED 2 2 + $C8 EORB IMMED 2 2 + $C9 ADCB IMMED 2 2 + $CA ORB IMMED 2 2 + $CB ADDB IMMED 2 2 + $CC LDD IMMED 3 3 ++ $CD LDQ IMMED 5 5 + $CE LDU IMMED 3 3 + + $D0 SUBB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D1 CMPB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D2 SBCB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D3 ADDD DIRECT 6 (4) 3 + $D4 ANDB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D5 BITB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D6 LDB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D7 STB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D8 EORB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $D9 ADCB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $DA ORB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $DB ADDB DIRECT 4 (3) 2 + $DC LDD DIRECT 5 (4) 2 + $DD STD DIRECT 5 (4) 2 + $DE LDU DIRECT 5 (4) 2 + $DF STU DIRECT 5 (4) 2 + + $E0 SUBB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E1 CMPB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E2 SBCB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E3 ADDD INDEXD 6+ (5+) 2+ + $E4 ANDB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E5 BITB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E6 LDB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E7 STB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E8 EORB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $E9 ADCB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $EA ORB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $EB ADDB INDEXD 4+ 2+ + $EC LDD INDEXD 5+ 2+ + $ED STD INDEXD 5+ 2+ + $EE LDU INDEXD 5+ 2+ + $EF STU INDEXD 5+ 2+ + + $F0 SUBB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F1 CMPB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F2 SBCB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F3 ADDD EXTEND 7 (5) 3 + $F4 ANDB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F5 BITB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F6 LDB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F7 STB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F8 EORB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $F9 ADCB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $FA ORB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $FB ADDB EXTEND 5 (4) 3 + $FC LDD EXTEND 6 (5) 3 + $FD STD EXTEND 6 (5) 3 + $FE LDU EXTEND 6 (5) 3 + $FF STU EXTEND 6 (5) 3 + + + +6.2 Instructions whose pre-byte is $10 + + --Op-- --Mnem-- --Mode-- --Cyc-- --Len -- + $21 LBRN REL 5 4 + $22 LBHI REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $23 LBLS REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $24 LBHS/LBCC REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $25 LBLO/LBCS REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $26 LBNE REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $27 LBEQ REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $28 LBVC REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $29 LBVS REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $2A LBPL REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $2B LBMI REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $2C LBGE REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $2D LBLT REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $2E LBGT REL 5/6 (5) 4 + $2F LBLE REL 5/6 (5) 4 + ++ $30 ADDR REGIST 4 3 ++ $31 ADCR REGIST 4 3 ++ $32 SUBR REGIST 4 3 ++ $33 SBCR REGIST 4 3 ++ $34 ANDR REGIST 4 3 ++ $35 ORR REGIST 4 3 ++ $36 EORR REGIST 4 3 ++ $37 CMPR REGIST 4 3 ++ $38 PSHSW IMP 6 2 ++ $39 PULSW IMP 6 2 ++ $3A PSHUW IMP 6 2 ++ $3B PULUW IMP 6 2 + $3F SWI2 IMP 20 (22) 2 + ++ $40 NEGD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $43 COMD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $44 LSRD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $46 RORD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $47 ASRD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $48 ASLD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $49 ROLD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4A DECD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4C INCD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4D TSTD IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4F CLRD IMP 3 (2) 2 + ++ $53 COMW IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $54 LSRW IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $56 RORW IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $59 ROLW IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5A DECW IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5C INCW IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5D TSTW IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5F CLRW IMP 3 (2) 2 + ++ $80 SUBW IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $81 CMPW IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $82 SBCD IMMED 5 (4) 4 + $83 CMPD IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $84 ANDD IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $85 BITD IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $86 LDW IMMED 4 4 ++ $88 EORD IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $89 ADCD IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $8A ORD IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $8B ADDW IMMED 5 (4) 4 + $8C CMPY IMMED 5 (4) 4 + $8E LDY IMMED 4 4 + ++ $90 SUBW DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $91 CMPW DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $92 SBCD DIRECT 7 (5) 3 + $93 CMPD DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $94 ANDD DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $95 BITD DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $96 LDW DIRECT 6 (5) 3 ++ $97 STW DIRECT 6 (5) 3 ++ $98 EORD DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $99 ADCD DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $9A ORD DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $9B ADDW DIRECT 7 (5) 3 + $9C CMPY DIRECT 7 (5) 3 + $9E LDY DIRECT 6 (5) 3 + $9F STY DIRECT 6 (5) 3 + ++ $A0 SUBW INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $A1 CMPW INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $A2 SBCD INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ + $A3 CMPD INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $A4 ANDD INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $A5 BITD INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $A6 LDW INDEXD 6+ 3+ ++ $A7 STW INDEXD 6+ 3+ ++ $A8 EORD INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $A9 ADCD INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $AA ORD INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $AB ADDW INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ + $AC CMPY INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ + $AE LDY INDEXD 6+ 3+ + $AF STY INDEXD 6+ 3+ + ++ $B0 SUBW EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $B1 CMPW EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $B2 SBCD EXTEND 8 (6) 4 + $B3 CMPD EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $B4 ANDD EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $B5 BITD EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $B6 LDW EXTEND 7 (6) 4 ++ $B7 STW EXTEND 7 (6) 4 ++ $B8 EORD EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $B9 ADCD EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $BA ORD EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $BB ADDW EXTEND 8 (6) 4 + $BC CMPY EXTEND 8 (6) 4 + $BE LDY EXTEND 7 (6) 4 + $BF STY EXTEND 7 (6) 4 + + $CE LDS IMMED 4 4 + ++ $DC LDQ DIRECT 8 (7) 3 ++ $DD STQ DIRECT 8 (7) 3 + $DE LDS DIRECT 6 (5) 3 + $DF STS DIRECT 6 (5) 3 + ++ $EC LDQ INDEXD 8+ 3+ ++ $ED STQ INDEXD 8+ 3+ + $EE LDS INDEXD 6+ 3+ + $EF STS INDEXD 6+ 3+ + ++ $FC LDQ EXTEND 9 (8) 4 ++ $FD STQ EXTEND 9 (8) 4 + $FE LDS EXTEND 7 (6) 4 + $FF STS EXTEND 7 (6) 4 + +6.3 Instructions whose pre-byte is $11 + + --Op-- --Mnem-- --Mode-- --Cyc-- --Len -- ++ $30 BAND 7 (6) 4 ++ $31 BIAND 7 (6) 4 ++ $32 BOR 7 (6) 4 ++ $33 BIOR 7 (6) 4 ++ $34 NEOR 7 (6) 4 ++ $35 BIEOR 7 (6) 4 ++ $36 LDBT 7 (6) 4 ++ $37 STBT 8 (7) 4 ++ $38 TFR (r1+,r2+) 6+3n 3 ++ $39 TFR (r1-,r2-) 6+3n 3 ++ $3A TFR (r1+,r) 6+3n 3 ++ $3B TFR (r1,r2+) 6+3n 3 ++ $3C BITMD IMMED 4 3 ++ $3D LDMD IMMED 5 3 + $3F SWI2 IMP 20 (22) 2 + ++ $43 COME IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4A DECE IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4C INCE IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4D TSTE IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $4F CLRE IMP 3 (2) 2 + ++ $53 COMF IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5A DECF IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5C INCF IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5D TSTF IMP 3 (2) 2 ++ $5F CLRF IMP 3 (2) 2 + ++ $80 SUBE IMMED 3 3 ++ $81 CMPE IMMED 3 3 + $83 CMPU IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $86 LDE IMMED 3 3 ++ $8B ADDE IMMED 3 3 + $8C CMPS IMMED 5 (4) 4 ++ $8D DIVD IMMED 25 3 ++ $8E DIVQ IMMED 34 4 ++ $8F MULD IMMED 28 4 + ++ $90 SUBE DIRECT 5 (4) 3 ++ $91 CMPE DIRECT 5 (4) 3 + $93 CMPU DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $96 LDE DIRECT 5 (4) 3 ++ $97 STE DIRECT 5 (4) 3 ++ $9B ADDE DIRECT 5 (4) 3 + $9C CMPS DIRECT 7 (5) 3 ++ $9D DIVD DIRECT 27 (26) 3 ++ $9E DIVQ DIRECT 36 (35) 3 ++ $9F MULD DIRECT 30 (29) 3 + ++ $A0 SUBE INDEXD 5+ 3+ ++ $A1 CMPE INDEXD 5+ 3+ + $A3 CMPU INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $A6 LDE INDEXD 5+ 3+ ++ $A7 STE INDEXD 5+ 3+ ++ $AB ADDE INDEXD 5+ 3+ + $AC CMPS INDEXD 7+ (6+) 3+ ++ $AD DIVD INDEXD 27+ 3+ ++ $AE DIVQ INDEXD 36+ 3+ ++ $AF MULD INDEXD 30+ 3+ + ++ $B0 SUBE EXTEND 6 (5) 4 ++ $B1 CMPE EXTEND 6 (5) 4 + $B3 CMPU EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $B6 LDE EXTEND 6 (5) 4 ++ $B7 STE EXTEND 6 (5) 4 ++ $BB ADDE EXTEND 6 (5) 4 + $BC CMPS EXTEND 8 (6) 4 ++ $BD DIVD EXTEND 28 (27) 4 ++ $BE DIVQ EXTEND 37 (36) 4 ++ $BF MULD EXTEND 31 (30) 4 + ++ $C0 SUBF IMMED 3 3 ++ $C1 CMPF IMMED 3 3 ++ $C6 LDF IMMED 3 3 ++ $CB ADDF IMMED 3 3 + ++ $D0 SUBF DIRECT 5 (4) 3 ++ $D1 CMPF DIRECT 5 (4) 3 ++ $D6 LDF DIRECT 5 (4) 3 ++ $D7 STF DIRECT 5 (4) 3 ++ $DB ADDF DIRECT 5 (4) 3 + ++ $E0 SUBF INDEXD 5+ 3+ ++ $E1 CMPF INDEXD 5+ 3+ ++ $E6 LDF INDEXD 5+ 3+ ++ $E7 STF INDEXD 5+ 3+ ++ $EB ADDF INDEXD 5+ 3+ + ++ $F0 SUBF EXTEND 6 (5) 4 ++ $F1 CMPF EXTEND 6 (5) 4 ++ $F6 LDF EXTEND 6 (5) 4 ++ $F7 STF EXTEND 6 (5) 4 ++ $FB ADDF EXTEND 6 (5) 4 + + + + ===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*===*=== + +-- +Hirotsugu Kakugawa +Computer Systems Lab., Information Engineering Course, +Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima Univ., Japan + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/6502.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/6502.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..68acb6fe --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/6502.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1738 @@ +6502 Microprocessor + + Most of the following information has been taking out of the "Commodore 64 +Programmers Reference Manual" simply because it was available in electronic +form and there appears to be no difference between this documentation and +the 6502 documentation, they are both from the 6500 family after all. I've +made changes and additions where appropriate. + + In theory you should be able to use any code you can find for emulating +the 6510 (the C64 processor). + + + + THE REGISTERS INSIDE THE 6502 MICROPROCESSOR + + Almost all calculations are done in the microprocessor. Registers are + special pieces of memory in the processor which are used to carry out, and + store information about calculations. The 6502 has the following registers: + + + THE ACCUMULATOR + + This is THE most important register in the microprocessor. Various ma- + chine language instructions allow you to copy the contents of a memory + location into the accumulator, copy the contents of the accumulator into + a memory location, modify the contents of the accumulator or some other + register directly, without affecting any memory. And the accumulator is + the only register that has instructions for performing math. + + + THE X INDEX REGISTER + + This is a very important register. There are instructions for nearly + all of the transformations you can make to the accumulator. But there are + other instructions for things that only the X register can do. Various + machine language instructions allow you to copy the contents of a memory + location into the X register, copy the contents of the X register into a + memory location, and modify the contents of the X, or some other register + directly. + + + THE Y INDEX REGISTER + + This is a very important register. There are instructions for nearly + all of the transformations you can make to the accumulator, and the X + register. But there are other instructions for things that only the Y + register can do. Various machine language instructions allow you to copy + the contents of a memory location into the Y register, copy the contents + of the Y register into a memory location, and modify the contents of the + Y, or some other register directly. + + + THE STATUS REGISTER + + This register consists of eight "flags" (a flag = something that indi- + cates whether something has, or has not occurred). Bits of this register + are altered depending on the result of arithmetic and logical operations. + These bits are described below: + + Bit No. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 + S V B D I Z C + + Bit0 - C - Carry flag: this holds the carry out of the most significant + bit in any arithmetic operation. In subtraction operations however, this + flag is cleared - set to 0 - if a borrow is required, set to 1 - if no + borrow is required. The carry flag is also used in shift and rotate + logical operations. + + Bit1 - Z - Zero flag: this is set to 1 when any arithmetic or logical + operation produces a zero result, and is set to 0 if the result is + non-zero. + + Bit 2 - I: this is an interrupt enable/disable flag. If it is set, + interrupts are disabled. If it is cleared, interrupts are enabled. + + Bit 3 - D: this is the decimal mode status flag. When set, and an Add with + Carry or Subtract with Carry instruction is executed, the source values are + treated as valid BCD (Binary Coded Decimal, eg. 0x00-0x99 = 0-99) numbers. + The result generated is also a BCD number. + + Bit 4 - B: this is set when a software interrupt (BRK instruction) is + executed. + + Bit 5: not used. Supposed to be logical 1 at all times. + + Bit 6 - V - Overflow flag: when an arithmetic operation produces a result + too large to be represented in a byte, V is set. + + Bit 7 - S - Sign flag: this is set if the result of an operation is + negative, cleared if positive. + + The most commonly used flags are C, Z, V, S. + + + + THE PROGRAM COUNTER + + This contains the address of the current machine language instruction + being executed. Since the operating system is always "RUN"ning in the + Commodore VIC-20 (or, for that matter, any computer), the program counter + is always changing. It could only be stopped by halting the microprocessor + in some way. + + + THE STACK POINTER + + This register contains the location of the first empty place on the + stack. The stack is used for temporary storage by machine language pro- + grams, and by the computer. + + + + + ADDRESSING MODES + + Instructions need operands to work on. There are various ways of + indicating where the processor is to get these operands. The different + methods used to do this are called addressing modes. The 6502 offers 11 + modes, as described below. + + 1) Immediate + In this mode the operand's value is given in the instruction itself. In + assembly language this is indicated by "#" before the operand. + eg. LDA #$0A - means "load the accumulator with the hex value 0A" + In machine code different modes are indicated by different codes. So LDA + would be translated into different codes depending on the addressing mode. + In this mode, it is: $A9 $0A + + 2 & 3) Absolute and Zero-page Absolute + In these modes the operands address is given. + eg. LDA $31F6 - (assembler) + $AD $31F6 - (machine code) + If the address is on zero page - i.e. any address where the high byte is + 00 - only 1 byte is needed for the address. The processor automatically + fills the 00 high byte. + eg. LDA $F4 + $A5 $F4 + Note the different instruction codes for the different modes. + Note also that for 2 byte addresses, the low byte is store first, eg. + LDA $31F6 is stored as three bytes in memory, $AD $F6 $31. + Zero-page absolute is usually just called zero-page. + + 4) Implied + No operand addresses are required for this mode. They are implied by the + instruction. + eg. TAX - (transfer accumulator contents to X-register) + $AA + + 5) Accumulator + In this mode the instruction operates on data in the accumulator, so no + operands are needed. + eg. LSR - logical bit shift right + $4A + + 6 & 7) Indexed and Zero-page Indexed + In these modes the address given is added to the value in either the X or + Y index register to give the actual address of the operand. + eg. LDA $31F6, Y + $D9 $31F6 + LDA $31F6, X + $DD $31F6 + Note that the different operation codes determine the index register used. + In the zero-page version, you should note that the X and Y registers are + not interchangeable. Most instructions which can be used with zero-page + indexing do so with X only. + eg. LDA $20, X + $B5 $20 + + 8) Indirect + This mode applies only to the JMP instruction - JuMP to new location. It is + indicated by parenthesis around the operand. The operand is the address of + the bytes whose value is the new location. + eg. JMP ($215F) + Assume the following - byte value + $215F $76 + $2160 $30 + This instruction takes the value of bytes $215F, $2160 and uses that as the + address to jump to - i.e. $3076 (remember that addresses are stored with + low byte first). + + 9) Pre-indexed indirect + In this mode a zer0-page address is added to the contents of the X-register + to give the address of the bytes holding the address of the operand. The + indirection is indicated by parenthesis in assembly language. + eg. LDA ($3E, X) + $A1 $3E + Assume the following - byte value + X-reg. $05 + $0043 $15 + $0044 $24 + $2415 $6E + + Then the instruction is executed by: + (i) adding $3E and $05 = $0043 + (ii) getting address contained in bytes $0043, $0044 = $2415 + (iii) loading contents of $2415 - i.e. $6E - into accumulator + + Note a) When adding the 1-byte address and the X-register, wrap around + addition is used - i.e. the sum is always a zero-page address. + eg. FF + 2 = 0001 not 0101 as you might expect. + DON'T FORGET THIS WHEN EMULATING THIS MODE. + b) Only the X register is used in this mode. + + 10) Post-indexed indirect + In this mode the contents of a zero-page address (and the following byte) + give the indirect addressm which is added to the contents of the Y-register + to yield the actual address of the operand. Again, inassembly language, + the instruction is indicated by parenthesis. + eg. LDA ($4C), Y + Note that the parenthesis are only around the 2nd byte of the instruction + since it is the part that does the indirection. + Assume the following - byte value + $004C $00 + $004D $21 + Y-reg. $05 + $2105 $6D + Then the instruction above executes by: + (i) getting the address in bytes $4C, $4D = $2100 + (ii) adding the contents of the Y-register = $2105 + (111) loading the contents of the byte $2105 - i.e. $6D into the + accumulator. + Note: only the Y-register is used in this mode. + + 11) Relative + This mode is used with Branch-on-Condition instructions. It is probably + the mode you will use most often. A 1 byte value is added to the program + counter, and the program continues execution from that address. The 1 + byte number is treated as a signed number - i.e. if bit 7 is 1, the number + given byt bits 0-6 is negative; if bit 7 is 0, the number is positive. This + enables a branch displacement of up to 127 bytes in either direction. + eg bit no. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 signed value unsigned value + value 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 -39 $A7 + value 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 +39 $27 + Instruction example: + BEQ $A7 + $F0 $A7 + This instruction will check the zero status bit. If it is set, 39 decimal + will be subtracted from the program counter and execution continues from + that address. If the zero status bit is not set, execution continues from + the following instruction. + Notes: a) The program counter points to the start of the instruction + after the branch instruction before the branch displacement is added. + Remember to take this into account when calculating displacements. + b) Branch-on-condition instructions work by checking the relevant + status bits in the status register. Make sure that they have been set or + unset as you want them. This is often done using a CMP instruction. + c) If you find you need to branch further than 127 bytes, use the + opposite branch-on-condition and a JMP. + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | + | MCS6502 MICROPROCESSOR INSTRUCTION SET - ALPHABETIC SEQUENCE + | + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | + | ADC Add Memory to Accumulator with Carry + | AND "AND" Memory with Accumulator + | ASL Shift Left One Bit (Memory or Accumulator) + | + | BCC Branch on Carry Clear + | BCS Branch on Carry Set + | BEQ Branch on Result Zero + | BIT Test Bits in Memory with Accumulator + | BMI Branch on Result Minus + | BNE Branch on Result not Zero + | BPL Branch on Result Plus + | BRK Force Break + | BVC Branch on Overflow Clear + | BVS Branch on Overflow Set + | + | CLC Clear Carry Flag + | CLD Clear Decimal Mode + | CLI Clear interrupt Disable Bit + | CLV Clear Overflow Flag + | CMP Compare Memory and Accumulator + | CPX Compare Memory and Index X + | CPY Compare Memory and Index Y + | + | DEC Decrement Memory by One + | DEX Decrement Index X by One + | DEY Decrement Index Y by One + | + | EOR "Exclusive-Or" Memory with Accumulator + | + | INC Increment Memory by One + | INX Increment Index X by One + | INY Increment Index Y by One + | + | JMP Jump to New Location + | + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | + MCS6502 MICROPROCESSOR INSTRUCTION SET - ALPHABETIC SEQUENCE | + | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | + JSR Jump to New Location Saving Return Address | + | + LDA Load Accumulator with Memory | + LDX Load Index X with Memory | + LDY Load Index Y with Memory | + LSR Shift Right One Bit (Memory or Accumulator) | + | + NOP No Operation | + | + ORA "OR" Memory with Accumulator | + | + PHA Push Accumulator on Stack | + PHP Push Processor Status on Stack | + PLA Pull Accumulator from Stack | + PLP Pull Processor Status from Stack | + | + ROL Rotate One Bit Left (Memory or Accumulator) | + ROR Rotate One Bit Right (Memory or Accumulator) | + RTI Return from Interrupt | + RTS Return from Subroutine | + | + SBC Subtract Memory from Accumulator with Borrow | + SEC Set Carry Flag | + SED Set Decimal Mode | + SEI Set Interrupt Disable Status | + STA Store Accumulator in Memory | + STX Store Index X in Memory | + STY Store Index Y in Memory | + | + TAX Transfer Accumulator to Index X | + TAY Transfer Accumulator to Index Y | + TSX Transfer Stack Pointer to Index X | + TXA Transfer Index X to Accumulator | + TXS Transfer Index X to Stack Pointer | + TYA Transfer Index Y to Accumulator | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + The following notation applies to this summary: + + + A Accumulator EOR Logical Exclusive Or + + X, Y Index Registers fromS Transfer from Stack + + M Memory toS Transfer to Stack + + P Processor Status Register -> Transfer to + + S Stack Pointer <- Transfer from + + / Change V Logical OR + + _ No Change PC Program Counter + + + Add PCH Program Counter High + + /\ Logical AND PCL Program Counter Low + + - Subtract OPER OPERAND + + # IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING MODE + + + + Note: At the top of each table is located in parentheses a reference + number (Ref: XX) which directs the user to that Section in the + MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Programming Manual in which the + instruction is defined and discussed. + + + + + ADC Add memory to accumulator with carry ADC + + Operation: A + M + C -> A, C N Z C I D V + / / / _ _ / + (Ref: 2.2.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | ADC #Oper | 69 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | ADC Oper | 65 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | ADC Oper,X | 75 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | ADC Oper | 60 | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | ADC Oper,X | 70 | 3 | 4* | + | Absolute,Y | ADC Oper,Y | 79 | 3 | 4* | + | (Indirect,X) | ADC (Oper,X) | 61 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect),Y | ADC (Oper),Y | 71 | 2 | 5* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if page boundary is crossed. + + + AND "AND" memory with accumulator AND + + Operation: A /\ M -> A N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 2.2.3.0) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | AND #Oper | 29 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | AND Oper | 25 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | AND Oper,X | 35 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | AND Oper | 2D | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | AND Oper,X | 3D | 3 | 4* | + | Absolute,Y | AND Oper,Y | 39 | 3 | 4* | + | (Indirect,X) | AND (Oper,X) | 21 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect,Y) | AND (Oper),Y | 31 | 2 | 5 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if page boundary is crossed. + + + ASL ASL Shift Left One Bit (Memory or Accumulator) ASL + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + Operation: C <- |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| <- 0 + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ N Z C I D V + / / / _ _ _ + (Ref: 10.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Accumulator | ASL A | 0A | 1 | 2 | + | Zero Page | ASL Oper | 06 | 2 | 5 | + | Zero Page,X | ASL Oper,X | 16 | 2 | 6 | + | Absolute | ASL Oper | 0E | 3 | 6 | + | Absolute, X | ASL Oper,X | 1E | 3 | 7 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + BCC BCC Branch on Carry Clear BCC + N Z C I D V + Operation: Branch on C = 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.3) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BCC Oper | 90 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 2 if branch occurs to different page. + + + BCS BCS Branch on carry set BCS + + Operation: Branch on C = 1 N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.4) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BCS Oper | B0 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 2 if branch occurs to next page. + + + BEQ BEQ Branch on result zero BEQ + N Z C I D V + Operation: Branch on Z = 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.5) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BEQ Oper | F0 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 2 if branch occurs to next page. + + + BIT BIT Test bits in memory with accumulator BIT + + Operation: A /\ M, M7 -> N, M6 -> V + + Bit 6 and 7 are transferred to the status register. N Z C I D V + If the result of A /\ M is zero then Z = 1, otherwise M7/ _ _ _ M6 + Z = 0 + (Ref: 4.2.1.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Zero Page | BIT Oper | 24 | 2 | 3 | + | Absolute | BIT Oper | 2C | 3 | 4 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + BMI BMI Branch on result minus BMI + + Operation: Branch on N = 1 N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BMI Oper | 30 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 1 if branch occurs to different page. + + + BNE BNE Branch on result not zero BNE + + Operation: Branch on Z = 0 N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.6) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BMI Oper | D0 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 2 if branch occurs to different page. + + + BPL BPL Branch on result plus BPL + + Operation: Branch on N = 0 N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BPL Oper | 10 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 2 if branch occurs to different page. + + + BRK BRK Force Break BRK + + Operation: Forced Interrupt PC + 2 toS P toS N Z C I D V + _ _ _ 1 _ _ + (Ref: 9.11) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | BRK | 00 | 1 | 7 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + 1. A BRK command cannot be masked by setting I. + + + BVC BVC Branch on overflow clear BVC + + Operation: Branch on V = 0 N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.8) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BVC Oper | 50 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 2 if branch occurs to different page. + + + BVS BVS Branch on overflow set BVS + + Operation: Branch on V = 1 N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.1.1.7) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Relative | BVS Oper | 70 | 2 | 2* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if branch occurs to same page. + * Add 2 if branch occurs to different page. + + + CLC CLC Clear carry flag CLC + + Operation: 0 -> C N Z C I D V + _ _ 0 _ _ _ + (Ref: 3.0.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | CLC | 18 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + CLD CLD Clear decimal mode CLD + + Operation: 0 -> D N A C I D V + _ _ _ _ 0 _ + (Ref: 3.3.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | CLD | D8 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + CLI CLI Clear interrupt disable bit CLI + + Operation: 0 -> I N Z C I D V + _ _ _ 0 _ _ + (Ref: 3.2.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | CLI | 58 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + CLV CLV Clear overflow flag CLV + + Operation: 0 -> V N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ 0 + (Ref: 3.6.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | CLV | B8 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + CMP CMP Compare memory and accumulator CMP + + Operation: A - M N Z C I D V + / / / _ _ _ + (Ref: 4.2.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | CMP #Oper | C9 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | CMP Oper | C5 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | CMP Oper,X | D5 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | CMP Oper | CD | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | CMP Oper,X | DD | 3 | 4* | + | Absolute,Y | CMP Oper,Y | D9 | 3 | 4* | + | (Indirect,X) | CMP (Oper,X) | C1 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect),Y | CMP (Oper),Y | D1 | 2 | 5* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if page boundary is crossed. + + CPX CPX Compare Memory and Index X CPX + N Z C I D V + Operation: X - M / / / _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.8) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | CPX *Oper | E0 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | CPX Oper | E4 | 2 | 3 | + | Absolute | CPX Oper | EC | 3 | 4 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + CPY CPY Compare memory and index Y CPY + N Z C I D V + Operation: Y - M / / / _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.9) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | CPY *Oper | C0 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | CPY Oper | C4 | 2 | 3 | + | Absolute | CPY Oper | CC | 3 | 4 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + DEC DEC Decrement memory by one DEC + + Operation: M - 1 -> M N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 10.7) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Zero Page | DEC Oper | C6 | 2 | 5 | + | Zero Page,X | DEC Oper,X | D6 | 2 | 6 | + | Absolute | DEC Oper | CE | 3 | 6 | + | Absolute,X | DEC Oper,X | DE | 3 | 7 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + DEX DEX Decrement index X by one DEX + + Operation: X - 1 -> X N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.6) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | DEX | CA | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + DEY DEY Decrement index Y by one DEY + + Operation: X - 1 -> Y N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.7) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | DEY | 88 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + EOR EOR "Exclusive-Or" memory with accumulator EOR + + Operation: A EOR M -> A N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 2.2.3.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | EOR #Oper | 49 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | EOR Oper | 45 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | EOR Oper,X | 55 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | EOR Oper | 40 | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | EOR Oper,X | 50 | 3 | 4* | + | Absolute,Y | EOR Oper,Y | 59 | 3 | 4* | + | (Indirect,X) | EOR (Oper,X) | 41 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect),Y | EOR (Oper),Y | 51 | 2 | 5* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if page boundary is crossed. + + INC INC Increment memory by one INC + N Z C I D V + Operation: M + 1 -> M / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 10.6) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Zero Page | INC Oper | E6 | 2 | 5 | + | Zero Page,X | INC Oper,X | F6 | 2 | 6 | + | Absolute | INC Oper | EE | 3 | 6 | + | Absolute,X | INC Oper,X | FE | 3 | 7 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + INX INX Increment Index X by one INX + N Z C I D V + Operation: X + 1 -> X / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.4) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | INX | E8 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + INY INY Increment Index Y by one INY + + Operation: X + 1 -> X N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.5) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | INY | C8 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + JMP JMP Jump to new location JMP + + Operation: (PC + 1) -> PCL N Z C I D V + (PC + 2) -> PCH (Ref: 4.0.2) _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 9.8.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Absolute | JMP Oper | 4C | 3 | 3 | + | Indirect | JMP (Oper) | 6C | 3 | 5 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + JSR JSR Jump to new location saving return address JSR + + Operation: PC + 2 toS, (PC + 1) -> PCL N Z C I D V + (PC + 2) -> PCH _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 8.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Absolute | JSR Oper | 20 | 3 | 6 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + LDA LDA Load accumulator with memory LDA + + Operation: M -> A N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 2.1.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | LDA #Oper | A9 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | LDA Oper | A5 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | LDA Oper,X | B5 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | LDA Oper | AD | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | LDA Oper,X | BD | 3 | 4* | + | Absolute,Y | LDA Oper,Y | B9 | 3 | 4* | + | (Indirect,X) | LDA (Oper,X) | A1 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect),Y | LDA (Oper),Y | B1 | 2 | 5* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 if page boundary is crossed. + + + LDX LDX Load index X with memory LDX + + Operation: M -> X N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.0) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | LDX #Oper | A2 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | LDX Oper | A6 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,Y | LDX Oper,Y | B6 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | LDX Oper | AE | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,Y | LDX Oper,Y | BE | 3 | 4* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 when page boundary is crossed. + + + LDY LDY Load index Y with memory LDY + N Z C I D V + Operation: M -> Y / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | LDY #Oper | A0 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | LDY Oper | A4 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | LDY Oper,X | B4 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | LDY Oper | AC | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | LDY Oper,X | BC | 3 | 4* | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 when page boundary is crossed. + + + LSR LSR Shift right one bit (memory or accumulator) LSR + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + Operation: 0 -> |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| -> C N Z C I D V + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 0 / / _ _ _ + (Ref: 10.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Accumulator | LSR A | 4A | 1 | 2 | + | Zero Page | LSR Oper | 46 | 2 | 5 | + | Zero Page,X | LSR Oper,X | 56 | 2 | 6 | + | Absolute | LSR Oper | 4E | 3 | 6 | + | Absolute,X | LSR Oper,X | 5E | 3 | 7 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + NOP NOP No operation NOP + N Z C I D V + Operation: No Operation (2 cycles) _ _ _ _ _ _ + + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | NOP | EA | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + ORA ORA "OR" memory with accumulator ORA + + Operation: A V M -> A N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 2.2.3.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | ORA #Oper | 09 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | ORA Oper | 05 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | ORA Oper,X | 15 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | ORA Oper | 0D | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | ORA Oper,X | 10 | 3 | 4* | + | Absolute,Y | ORA Oper,Y | 19 | 3 | 4* | + | (Indirect,X) | ORA (Oper,X) | 01 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect),Y | ORA (Oper),Y | 11 | 2 | 5 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 on page crossing + + + PHA PHA Push accumulator on stack PHA + + Operation: A toS N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 8.5) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | PHA | 48 | 1 | 3 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + PHP PHP Push processor status on stack PHP + + Operation: P toS N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 8.11) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | PHP | 08 | 1 | 3 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + PLA PLA Pull accumulator from stack PLA + + Operation: A fromS N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 8.6) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | PLA | 68 | 1 | 4 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + PLP PLP Pull processor status from stack PLA + + Operation: P fromS N Z C I D V + From Stack + (Ref: 8.12) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | PLP | 28 | 1 | 4 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + ROL ROL Rotate one bit left (memory or accumulator) ROL + + +------------------------------+ + | M or A | + | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+ | + Operation: +-< |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| <- |C| <-+ N Z C I D V + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+ / / / _ _ _ + (Ref: 10.3) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Accumulator | ROL A | 2A | 1 | 2 | + | Zero Page | ROL Oper | 26 | 2 | 5 | + | Zero Page,X | ROL Oper,X | 36 | 2 | 6 | + | Absolute | ROL Oper | 2E | 3 | 6 | + | Absolute,X | ROL Oper,X | 3E | 3 | 7 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + ROR ROR Rotate one bit right (memory or accumulator) ROR + + +------------------------------+ + | | + | +-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | + Operation: +-> |C| -> |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| >-+ N Z C I D V + +-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ / / / _ _ _ + (Ref: 10.4) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Accumulator | ROR A | 6A | 1 | 2 | + | Zero Page | ROR Oper | 66 | 2 | 5 | + | Zero Page,X | ROR Oper,X | 76 | 2 | 6 | + | Absolute | ROR Oper | 6E | 3 | 6 | + | Absolute,X | ROR Oper,X | 7E | 3 | 7 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + Note: ROR instruction is available on MCS650X microprocessors after + June, 1976. + + + RTI RTI Return from interrupt RTI + N Z C I D V + Operation: P fromS PC fromS From Stack + (Ref: 9.6) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | RTI | 4D | 1 | 6 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + RTS RTS Return from subroutine RTS + N Z C I D V + Operation: PC fromS, PC + 1 -> PC _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 8.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | RTS | 60 | 1 | 6 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + SBC SBC Subtract memory from accumulator with borrow SBC + - + Operation: A - M - C -> A N Z C I D V + - / / / _ _ / + Note:C = Borrow (Ref: 2.2.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Immediate | SBC #Oper | E9 | 2 | 2 | + | Zero Page | SBC Oper | E5 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | SBC Oper,X | F5 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | SBC Oper | ED | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | SBC Oper,X | FD | 3 | 4* | + | Absolute,Y | SBC Oper,Y | F9 | 3 | 4* | + | (Indirect,X) | SBC (Oper,X) | E1 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect),Y | SBC (Oper),Y | F1 | 2 | 5 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + * Add 1 when page boundary is crossed. + + + SEC SEC Set carry flag SEC + + Operation: 1 -> C N Z C I D V + _ _ 1 _ _ _ + (Ref: 3.0.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | SEC | 38 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + SED SED Set decimal mode SED + N Z C I D V + Operation: 1 -> D _ _ _ _ 1 _ + (Ref: 3.3.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | SED | F8 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + SEI SEI Set interrupt disable status SED + N Z C I D V + Operation: 1 -> I _ _ _ 1 _ _ + (Ref: 3.2.1) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | SEI | 78 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + STA STA Store accumulator in memory STA + + Operation: A -> M N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 2.1.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Zero Page | STA Oper | 85 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | STA Oper,X | 95 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | STA Oper | 80 | 3 | 4 | + | Absolute,X | STA Oper,X | 90 | 3 | 5 | + | Absolute,Y | STA Oper, Y | 99 | 3 | 5 | + | (Indirect,X) | STA (Oper,X) | 81 | 2 | 6 | + | (Indirect),Y | STA (Oper),Y | 91 | 2 | 6 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + STX STX Store index X in memory STX + + Operation: X -> M N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.2) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Zero Page | STX Oper | 86 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,Y | STX Oper,Y | 96 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | STX Oper | 8E | 3 | 4 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + STY STY Store index Y in memory STY + + Operation: Y -> M N Z C I D V + _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.3) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Zero Page | STY Oper | 84 | 2 | 3 | + | Zero Page,X | STY Oper,X | 94 | 2 | 4 | + | Absolute | STY Oper | 8C | 3 | 4 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + TAX TAX Transfer accumulator to index X TAX + + Operation: A -> X N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.11) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | TAX | AA | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + TAY TAY Transfer accumulator to index Y TAY + + Operation: A -> Y N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.13) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | TAY | A8 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + TSX TSX Transfer stack pointer to index X TSX + + Operation: S -> X N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 8.9) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | TSX | BA | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + TXA TXA Transfer index X to accumulator TXA + N Z C I D V + Operation: X -> A / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.12) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | TXA | 8A | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + TXS TXS Transfer index X to stack pointer TXS + N Z C I D V + Operation: X -> S _ _ _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 8.8) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | TXS | 9A | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + TYA TYA Transfer index Y to accumulator TYA + + Operation: Y -> A N Z C I D V + / / _ _ _ _ + (Ref: 7.14) + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Addressing Mode| Assembly Language Form| OP CODE |No. Bytes|No. Cycles| + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + | Implied | TYA | 98 | 1 | 2 | + +----------------+-----------------------+---------+---------+----------+ + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | INSTRUCTION ADDRESSING MODES AND RELATED EXECUTION TIMES + | (in clock cycles) + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + A A A B B B B B B B B B B C + D N S C C E I M N P R V V L + C D L C S Q T I E L K C S C + Accumulator | . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . + Immediate | 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . + Zero Page | 3 3 5 . . . 3 . . . . . . . + Zero Page,X | 4 4 6 . . . . . . . . . . . + Zero Page,Y | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Absolute | 4 4 6 . . . 4 . . . . . . . + Absolute,X | 4* 4* 7 . . . . . . . . . . . + Absolute,Y | 4* 4* . . . . . . . . . . . . + Implied | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 + Relative | . . . 2** 2** 2** . 2** 2** 2** 7 2** 2** . + (Indirect,X) | 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . + (Indirect),Y | 5* 5* . . . . . . . . . . . . + Abs. Indirect| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +----------------------------------------------------------- + C C C C C C D D D E I I I J + L L L M P P E E E O N N N M + D I V P X Y C X Y R C X Y P + Accumulator | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Immediate | . . . 2 2 2 . . . 2 . . . . + Zero Page | . . . 3 3 3 5 . . 3 5 . . . + Zero Page,X | . . . 4 . . 6 . . 4 6 . . . + Zero Page,Y | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Absolute | . . . 4 4 4 6 . . 4 6 . . 3 + Absolute,X | . . . 4* . . 7 . . 4* 7 . . . + Absolute,Y | . . . 4* . . . . . 4* . . . . + Implied | 2 2 2 . . . . 2 2 . . 2 2 . + Relative | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (Indirect,X) | . . . 6 . . . . . 6 . . . . + (Indirect),Y | . . . 5* . . . . . 5* . . . . + Abs. Indirect| . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + +----------------------------------------------------------- + * Add one cycle if indexing across page boundary + ** Add one cycle if branch is taken, Add one additional if branching + operation crosses page boundary + + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + INSTRUCTION ADDRESSING MODES AND RELATED EXECUTION TIMES | + (in clock cycles) | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + J L L L L N O P P P P R R R + S D D D S O R H H L L O O T + R A X Y R P A A P A P L R I + Accumulator | . . . . 2 . . . . . . 2 2 . + Immediate | . 2 2 2 . . 2 . . . . . . . + Zero Page | . 3 3 3 5 . 3 . . . . 5 5 . + Zero Page,X | . 4 . 4 6 . 4 . . . . 6 6 . + Zero Page,Y | . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . + Absolute | 6 4 4 4 6 . 4 . . . . 6 6 . + Absolute,X | . 4* . 4* 7 . 4* . . . . 7 7 . + Absolute,Y | . 4* 4* . . . 4* . . . . . . . + Implied | . . . . . 2 . 3 3 4 4 . . 6 + Relative | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (Indirect,X) | . 6 . . . . 6 . . . . . . . + (Indirect),Y | . 5* . . . . 5* . . . . . . . + Abs. Indirect| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +----------------------------------------------------------- + R S S S S S S S T T T T T T + T B E E E T T T A A S X X Y + S C C D I A X Y X Y X A S A + Accumulator | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Immediate | . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . + Zero Page | . 3 . . . 3 3 3 . . . . . . + Zero Page,X | . 4 . . . 4 . 4 . . . . . . + Zero Page,Y | . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . + Absolute | . 4 . . . 4 4 4 . . . . . . + Absolute,X | . 4* . . . 5 . . . . . . . . + Absolute,Y | . 4* . . . 5 . . . . . . . . + Implied | 6 . 2 2 2 . . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 + Relative | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (Indirect,X) | . 6 . . . 6 . . . . . . . . + (Indirect),Y | . 5* . . . 6 . . . . . . . . + Abs. Indirect| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +----------------------------------------------------------- + * Add one cycle if indexing across page boundary + ** Add one cycle if branch is taken, Add one additional if branching + operation crosses page boundary + + + + 00 - BRK 20 - JSR + 01 - ORA - (Indirect,X) 21 - AND - (Indirect,X) + 02 - Future Expansion 22 - Future Expansion + 03 - Future Expansion 23 - Future Expansion + 04 - Future Expansion 24 - BIT - Zero Page + 05 - ORA - Zero Page 25 - AND - Zero Page + 06 - ASL - Zero Page 26 - ROL - Zero Page + 07 - Future Expansion 27 - Future Expansion + 08 - PHP 28 - PLP + 09 - ORA - Immediate 29 - AND - Immediate + 0A - ASL - Accumulator 2A - ROL - Accumulator + 0B - Future Expansion 2B - Future Expansion + 0C - Future Expansion 2C - BIT - Absolute + 0D - ORA - Absolute 2D - AND - Absolute + 0E - ASL - Absolute 2E - ROL - Absolute + 0F - Future Expansion 2F - Future Expansion + 10 - BPL 30 - BMI + 11 - ORA - (Indirect),Y 31 - AND - (Indirect),Y + 12 - Future Expansion 32 - Future Expansion + 13 - Future Expansion 33 - Future Expansion + 14 - Future Expansion 34 - Future Expansion + 15 - ORA - Zero Page,X 35 - AND - Zero Page,X + 16 - ASL - Zero Page,X 36 - ROL - Zero Page,X + 17 - Future Expansion 37 - Future Expansion + 18 - CLC 38 - SEC + 19 - ORA - Absolute,Y 39 - AND - Absolute,Y + 1A - Future Expansion 3A - Future Expansion + 1B - Future Expansion 3B - Future Expansion + 1C - Future Expansion 3C - Future Expansion + 1D - ORA - Absolute,X 3D - AND - Absolute,X + 1E - ASL - Absolute,X 3E - ROL - Absolute,X + 1F - Future Expansion 3F - Future Expansion + + 40 - RTI 60 - RTS + 41 - EOR - (Indirect,X) 61 - ADC - (Indirect,X) + 42 - Future Expansion 62 - Future Expansion + 43 - Future Expansion 63 - Future Expansion + 44 - Future Expansion 64 - Future Expansion + 45 - EOR - Zero Page 65 - ADC - Zero Page + 46 - LSR - Zero Page 66 - ROR - Zero Page + 47 - Future Expansion 67 - Future Expansion + 48 - PHA 68 - PLA + 49 - EOR - Immediate 69 - ADC - Immediate + 4A - LSR - Accumulator 6A - ROR - Accumulator + 4B - Future Expansion 6B - Future Expansion + 4C - JMP - Absolute 6C - JMP - Indirect + 4D - EOR - Absolute 6D - ADC - Absolute + 4E - LSR - Absolute 6E - ROR - Absolute + 4F - Future Expansion 6F - Future Expansion + 50 - BVC 70 - BVS + 51 - EOR - (Indirect),Y 71 - ADC - (Indirect),Y + 52 - Future Expansion 72 - Future Expansion + 53 - Future Expansion 73 - Future Expansion + 54 - Future Expansion 74 - Future Expansion + 55 - EOR - Zero Page,X 75 - ADC - Zero Page,X + 56 - LSR - Zero Page,X 76 - ROR - Zero Page,X + 57 - Future Expansion 77 - Future Expansion + 58 - CLI 78 - SEI + 59 - EOR - Absolute,Y 79 - ADC - Absolute,Y + 5A - Future Expansion 7A - Future Expansion + 5B - Future Expansion 7B - Future Expansion + 5C - Future Expansion 7C - Future Expansion + 50 - EOR - Absolute,X 70 - ADC - Absolute,X + 5E - LSR - Absolute,X 7E - ROR - Absolute,X + 5F - Future Expansion 7F - Future Expansion + + 80 - Future Expansion A0 - LDY - Immediate + 81 - STA - (Indirect,X) A1 - LDA - (Indirect,X) + 82 - Future Expansion A2 - LDX - Immediate + 83 - Future Expansion A3 - Future Expansion + 84 - STY - Zero Page A4 - LDY - Zero Page + 85 - STA - Zero Page A5 - LDA - Zero Page + 86 - STX - Zero Page A6 - LDX - Zero Page + 87 - Future Expansion A7 - Future Expansion + 88 - DEY A8 - TAY + 89 - Future Expansion A9 - LDA - Immediate + 8A - TXA AA - TAX + 8B - Future Expansion AB - Future Expansion + 8C - STY - Absolute AC - LDY - Absolute + 80 - STA - Absolute AD - LDA - Absolute + 8E - STX - Absolute AE - LDX - Absolute + 8F - Future Expansion AF - Future Expansion + 90 - BCC B0 - BCS + 91 - STA - (Indirect),Y B1 - LDA - (Indirect),Y + 92 - Future Expansion B2 - Future Expansion + 93 - Future Expansion B3 - Future Expansion + 94 - STY - Zero Page,X B4 - LDY - Zero Page,X + 95 - STA - Zero Page,X BS - LDA - Zero Page,X + 96 - STX - Zero Page,Y B6 - LDX - Zero Page,Y + 97 - Future Expansion B7 - Future Expansion + 98 - TYA B8 - CLV + 99 - STA - Absolute,Y B9 - LDA - Absolute,Y + 9A - TXS BA - TSX + 9B - Future Expansion BB - Future Expansion + 9C - Future Expansion BC - LDY - Absolute,X + 90 - STA - Absolute,X BD - LDA - Absolute,X + 9E - Future Expansion BE - LDX - Absolute,Y + 9F - Future Expansion BF - Future Expansion + + C0 - Cpy - Immediate E0 - CPX - Immediate + C1 - CMP - (Indirect,X) E1 - SBC - (Indirect,X) + C2 - Future Expansion E2 - Future Expansion + C3 - Future Expansion E3 - Future Expansion + C4 - CPY - Zero Page E4 - CPX - Zero Page + C5 - CMP - Zero Page E5 - SBC - Zero Page + C6 - DEC - Zero Page E6 - INC - Zero Page + C7 - Future Expansion E7 - Future Expansion + C8 - INY E8 - INX + C9 - CMP - Immediate E9 - SBC - Immediate + CA - DEX EA - NOP + CB - Future Expansion EB - Future Expansion + CC - CPY - Absolute EC - CPX - Absolute + CD - CMP - Absolute ED - SBC - Absolute + CE - DEC - Absolute EE - INC - Absolute + CF - Future Expansion EF - Future Expansion + D0 - BNE F0 - BEQ + D1 - CMP (Indirect@,Y F1 - SBC - (Indirect),Y + D2 - Future Expansion F2 - Future Expansion + D3 - Future Expansion F3 - Future Expansion + D4 - Future Expansion F4 - Future Expansion + D5 - CMP - Zero Page,X F5 - SBC - Zero Page,X + D6 - DEC - Zero Page,X F6 - INC - Zero Page,X + D7 - Future Expansion F7 - Future Expansion + D8 - CLD F8 - SED + D9 - CMP - Absolute,Y F9 - SBC - Absolute,Y + DA - Future Expansion FA - Future Expansion + DB - Future Expansion FB - Future Expansion + DC - Future Expansion FC - Future Expansion + DD - CMP - Absolute,X FD - SBC - Absolute,X + DE - DEC - Absolute,X FE - INC - Absolute,X + DF - Future Expansion FF - Future Expansion + + +INSTRUCTION OPERATION + + The following code has been taken from VICE for the purposes of showing +how each instruction operates. No particular addressing mode is used since +we only wish to see the operation of the instruction itself. + + src : the byte of data that is being addressed. + SET_SIGN : sets\resets the sign flag depending on bit 7. + SET_ZERO : sets\resets the zero flag depending on whether the result + is zero or not. + SET_CARRY(condition) : if the condition has a non-zero value then the + carry flag is set, else it is reset. + SET_OVERFLOW(condition) : if the condition is true then the overflow + flag is set, else it is reset. + SET_INTERRUPT : } + SET_BREAK : } As for SET_CARRY and SET_OVERFLOW. + SET_DECIMAL : } + REL_ADDR(PC, src) : returns the relative address obtained by adding + the displacement src to the PC. + SET_SR : set the Program Status Register to the value given. + GET_SR : get the value of the Program Status Register. + PULL : Pull a byte off the stack. + PUSH : Push a byte onto the stack. + LOAD : Get a byte from the memory address. + STORE : Store a byte in a memory address. + IF_CARRY, IF_OVERFLOW, IF_SIGN, IF_ZERO etc : Returns true if the + relevant flag is set, otherwise returns false. + clk : the number of cycles an instruction takes. This is shown below + in situations where the number of cycles changes depending + on the result of the instruction (eg. Branching instructions). + + AC = Accumulator + XR = X register + YR = Y register + PC = Program Counter + SP = Stack Pointer + + +/* ADC */ + unsigned int temp = src + AC + (IF_CARRY() ? 1 : 0); + SET_ZERO(temp & 0xff); /* This is not valid in decimal mode */ + if (IF_DECIMAL()) { + if (((AC & 0xf) + (src & 0xf) + (IF_CARRY() ? 1 : 0)) > 9) temp += 6; + SET_SIGN(temp); + SET_OVERFLOW(!((AC ^ src) & 0x80) && ((AC ^ temp) & 0x80)); + if (temp > 0x99) temp += 96; + SET_CARRY(temp > 0x99); + } else { + SET_SIGN(temp); + SET_OVERFLOW(!((AC ^ src) & 0x80) && ((AC ^ temp) & 0x80)); + SET_CARRY(temp > 0xff); + } + AC = ((BYTE) temp); + +/* AND */ + src &= AC; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + AC = src; + +/* ASL */ + SET_CARRY(src & 0x80); + src <<= 1; + src &= 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + STORE src in memory or accumulator depending on addressing mode. + +/* BCC */ + if (!IF_CARRY()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* BCS */ + if (IF_CARRY()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* BEQ */ + if (IF_ZERO()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* BIT */ + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_OVERFLOW(0x40 & src); /* Copy bit 6 to OVERFLOW flag. */ + SET_ZERO(src & AC); + +/* BMI */ + if (IF_SIGN()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* BNE */ + if (!IF_ZERO()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* BPL */ + if (!IF_SIGN()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* BRK */ + PC++; + PUSH((PC >> 8) & 0xff); /* Push return address onto the stack. */ + PUSH(PC & 0xff); + SET_BREAK((1)); /* Set BFlag before pushing */ + PUSH(SR); + SET_INTERRUPT((1)); + PC = (LOAD(0xFFFE) | (LOAD(0xFFFF) << 8)); + +/* BVC */ + if (!IF_OVERFLOW()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* BVS */ + if (IF_OVERFLOW()) { + clk += ((PC & 0xFF00) != (REL_ADDR(PC, src) & 0xFF00) ? 2 : 1); + PC = REL_ADDR(PC, src); + } + +/* CLC */ + SET_CARRY((0)); + +/* CLD */ + SET_DECIMAL((0)); + +/* CLI */ + SET_INTERRUPT((0)); + +/* CLV */ + SET_OVERFLOW((0)); + +/* CMP */ + src = AC - src; + SET_CARRY(src < 0x100); + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src &= 0xff); + +/* CPX */ + src = XR - src; + SET_CARRY(src < 0x100); + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src &= 0xff); + +/* CPY */ + src = YR - src; + SET_CARRY(src < 0x100); + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src &= 0xff); + +/* DEC */ + src = (src - 1) & 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + STORE(address, (src)); + +/* DEX */ + unsigned src = XR; + src = (src - 1) & 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + XR = (src); + +/* DEY */ + unsigned src = YR; + src = (src - 1) & 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + YR = (src); + +/* EOR */ + src ^= AC; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + AC = src; + +/* INC */ + src = (src + 1) & 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + STORE(address, (src)); + +/* INX */ + unsigned src = XR; + src = (src + 1) & 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + XR = (src); + +/* INY */ + unsigned src = YR; + src = (src + 1) & 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + YR = (src); + +/* JMP */ + PC = (src); + +/* JSR */ + PC--; + PUSH((PC >> 8) & 0xff); /* Push return address onto the stack. */ + PUSH(PC & 0xff); + PC = (src); + +/* LDA */ + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + AC = (src); + +/* LDX */ + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + XR = (src); + +/* LDY */ + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + YR = (src); + +/* LSR */ + SET_CARRY(src & 0x01); + src >>= 1; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + STORE src in memory or accumulator depending on addressing mode. + +/* NOP */ + Nothing. + +/* ORA */ + src |= AC; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + AC = src; + +/* PHA */ + src = AC; + PUSH(src); + +/* PHP */ + src = GET_SR; + PUSH(src); + +/* PLA */ + src = PULL(); + SET_SIGN(src); /* Change sign and zero flag accordingly. */ + SET_ZERO(src); + +/* PLP */ + src = PULL(); + SET_SR((src)); + +/* ROL */ + src <<= 1; + if (IF_CARRY()) src |= 0x1; + SET_CARRY(src > 0xff); + src &= 0xff; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + STORE src in memory or accumulator depending on addressing mode. + +/* ROR */ + if (IF_CARRY()) src |= 0x100; + SET_CARRY(src & 0x01); + src >>= 1; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + STORE src in memory or accumulator depending on addressing mode. + +/* RTI */ + src = PULL(); + SET_SR(src); + src = PULL(); + src |= (PULL() << 8); /* Load return address from stack. */ + PC = (src); + +/* RTS */ + src = PULL(); + src += ((PULL()) << 8) + 1; /* Load return address from stack and add 1. */ + PC = (src); + +/* SBC */ + unsigned int temp = AC - src - (IF_CARRY() ? 0 : 1); + SET_SIGN(temp); + SET_ZERO(temp & 0xff); /* Sign and Zero are invalid in decimal mode */ + SET_OVERFLOW(((AC ^ temp) & 0x80) && ((AC ^ src) & 0x80)); + if (IF_DECIMAL()) { + if ( ((AC & 0xf) - (IF_CARRY() ? 0 : 1)) < (src & 0xf)) /* EP */ temp -= 6; + if (temp > 0x99) temp -= 0x60; + } + SET_CARRY(temp < 0x100); + AC = (temp & 0xff); + +/* SEC */ + SET_CARRY((1)); + +/* SED */ + SET_DECIMAL((1)); + +/* SEI */ + SET_INTERRUPT((1)); + +/* STA */ + STORE(address, (src)); + +/* STX */ + STORE(address, (src)); + +/* STY */ + STORE(address, (src)); + +/* TAX */ + unsigned src = AC; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + XR = (src); + +/* TAY */ + unsigned src = AC; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + YR = (src); + +/* TSX */ + unsigned src = SP; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + XR = (src); + +/* TXA */ + unsigned src = XR; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + AC = (src); + +/* TXS */ + unsigned src = XR; + SP = (src); + +/* TYA */ + unsigned src = YR; + SET_SIGN(src); + SET_ZERO(src); + AC = (src); + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/6502bugs.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/6502bugs.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2cfe0dec --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/6502bugs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +I found this document somewhere on a gopher archive in an Apple2's +programming directory and I think this could be very useful information +for example for emulator writers :) + +2-Nov-1994 Ivo van Poorten + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + With all the books on 6502 programming, and all the years that the 6502 has + been around and popular, you'd think that any quirks would have been well + documented by now. But nooooo! + + So... for those of you involved in assembler or machine-language programming, + here are some 6502 booby-traps -- those marked with * are supposedly fixed + in the CMOS parts such as 65C02 and 65C102 (but not the C-64's 6510). + --------- + o Return address pushed on the stack by JSR is one less than actual next + instruction. RTS increments PC after popping. RTI doesn't. + + o The status bits pushed on the stack by PHP have the breakpoint bit set. + + o *The D (decimal mode) flag is not defined after RESET. + + o *The D (decimal mode) flag is not cleared by interrupts. + + o *The ADC and SBC instructions don't set N,V, and Z status bits if decimal + mode is on. C status is set correctly. + + o *An indirect JMP (xxFF) will fail because the MSB will be fetched from + address xx00 instead of page xx+1. + + o *If an interrupt occurs on a BRK instruction, the breakpoint is ignored. + + o *The ROR instruction didn't exist in the very earliest (pre-'77) chips. + + o *Undefined op-codes do strange things, some lock up the CPU. + + Unlike most microprocessors, the 6502 does not make memory accesses on an + "as needed" basis. It always does a fetch or store on every single clock + cycle. There are a few cases, though, where there isn't anything to be + fetched or stored, and a "garbage" fetch or store occurs. This is mainly + of importance with the memory-mapped I/O devices: + + o *When adding a carry to the MSB of an address, a fetch occurs at a garbage + address. The CMOS chips refetch the last byte of the instruction. + + o *When doing a fetch-modify-store instruction (INC, DEC, ASL, LSR, ROL, + ROR) garbage is stored into the location during the "modify" cycle... + followed by the "real" store cycle which stores the correct data. The + CMOS chips do a second fetch instead of a garbage store. + + These aren't really "bugs", but there are some instructions that just seem + like they ought to be there, but aren't: + + o *INC A and DEC A. + + o *BRA relative. Unconditional branch. + + o *BIT #immediate. The CMOS chips also have BIT absolute,X and + BIT zeropage,X. + + o STX absolute,Y and STY absolute,X. How come LDX and LDY can use these + addressing modes, but the matching store instructions can't? + + o SEV. Set overflow bit. Probably not really useful, but you can set and + clear all of the other status bits, and there *is* a CLV. + + o Personally, I'd also like to have "Clear A" and "Test A" instructions. + These would be twice as fast and half as big as LDA #0 and CMP #0. + Ironically, the CMOS chips have an STZ (Store Zero) instruction which + can clear a memory location, but still can't clear the Accumulator. + + o I'd also like to have BSR relative. A subroutine call that's relocatable. + + *Fixed in the CMOS versions (65C02, 65C102, etc.) + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/6502guid.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/6502guid.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4923b7be --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/6502guid.txt @@ -0,0 +1,925 @@ +Assembly In One Step + +RTK, last update: 23-Jul-97 + +A brief guide to programming the 6502 in assembly language. It will +introduce the 6502 architecture, addressing modes, and instruction set. No +prior assembly language programming is assumed, however it is assumed that +you are somewhat familiar with hexadecimal numbers. Programming examples +are given at the end. Much of this material comes from 6502 Software Design +by Leo Scanlon, Blacksburg, 1980. + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +The 6502 Architecture +--------------------- + + The 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor that follows the memory oriented + design philosophy of the Motorola 6800. Several engineers left + Motorola and formed MOS Technology which introduced the 6502 in 1975. + The 6502 gained in popularity because of it's low price and became the + heart of several early personal computers including the Apple II, + Commodore 64, and Atari 400 and 800. + + + Simplicity is key + ----------------- + + The 6502 handles data in its registers, each of which holds one byte + (8-bits) of data. There are a total of three general use and two special + purpose registers: + + + accumulator (A) - Handles all arithmetic and logic. The real heart + of the system. + + X and Y - General purpose registers with limited abilities. + + S - Stack pointer. + + P - Processor status. Holds the result of tests + and flags. + + + Stack Pointer + ------------- + + When the microprocessor executes a JSR (Jump to SubRoutine) + instruction it needs to know where to return when finished. The 6502 + keeps this information in low memory from $0100 to $01FF and uses the + stack pointer as an offset. The stack grows down from $01FF and makes + it possible to nest subroutines up to 128 levels deep. Not a problem + in most cases. + + + Processor Status + ---------------- + + The processor status register is not directly accessible by any 6502 + instruction. Instead, there exist numerous instructions that test the + bits of the processor status register. The flags within the register + are: + + + bit -> 7 0 + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ + | N | V | | B | D | I | Z | C | <-- flag, 0/1 = reset/set + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ + + + N = NEGATIVE. Set if bit 7 of the accumulator is set. + + V = OVERFLOW. Set if the addition of two like-signed numbers or the + subtraction of two unlike-signed numbers produces a result + greater than +127 or less than -128. + + B = BRK COMMAND. Set if an interrupt caused by a BRK, reset if + caused by an external interrupt. + + D = DECIMAL MODE. Set if decimal mode active. + + I = IRQ DISABLE. Set if maskable interrupts are disabled. + + Z = ZERO. Set if the result of the last operation (load/inc/dec/ + add/sub) was zero. + + C = CARRY. Set if the add produced a carry, or if the subtraction + produced a borrow. Also holds bits after a logical shift. + + + Accumulator + ----------- + + The majority of the 6502's business makes use of the accumulator. All + addition and subtraction is done in the accumulator. It also handles + the majority of the logical comparisons (is A > B ?) and logical bit + shifts. + + + X and Y + ------- + + These are index registers often used to hold offsets to memory + locations. They can also be used for holding needed values. Much of + their use lies in supporting some of the addressing modes. + + + +Addressing Modes +---------------- + + The 6502 has 13 addressing modes, or ways of accessing memory. The 65C02 + introduces two additional modes. + + They are: + + + +---------------------+--------------------------+ + | mode | assembler format | + +=====================+==========================+ + | Immediate | #aa | + | Absolute | aaaa | + | Zero Page | aa | Note: + | Implied | | + | Indirect Absolute | (aaaa) | aa = 2 hex digits + | Absolute Indexed,X | aaaa,X | as $FF + | Absolute Indexed,Y | aaaa,Y | + | Zero Page Indexed,X | aa,X | aaaa = 4 hex + | Zero Page Indexed,Y | aa,Y | digits as + | Indexed Indirect | (aa,X) | $FFFF + | Indirect Indexed | (aa),Y | + | Relative | aaaa | Can also be + | Accumulator | A | assembler labels + +---------------------+--------------------------+ + + (Table 2-3. _6502 Software Design_, Scanlon, 1980) + + + Immediate Addressing + -------------------- + + The value given is a number to be used immediately by the + instruction. For example, LDA #$99 loads the value $99 into the + accumulator. + + + Absolute Addressing + ------------------- + + The value given is the address (16-bits) of a memory location that + contains the 8-bit value to be used. For example, STA $3E32 stores + the present value of the accumulator in memory location $3E32. + + + Zero Page Addressing + -------------------- + + The first 256 memory locations ($0000-00FF) are called "zero page". The + next 256 instructions ($0100-01FF) are page 1, etc. Instructions + making use of the zero page save memory by not using an extra $00 to + indicate the high part of the address. For example, + + LDA $0023 -- works but uses an extra byte + LDA $23 -- the zero page address + + + Implied Addressing + ------------------ + + Many instructions are only one byte in length and do not reference + memory. These are said to be using implied addressing. For example, + + CLC -- Clear the carry flag + DEX -- Decrement the X register by one + TYA -- Transfer the Y register to the accumulator + + + Indirect Absolute Addressing + ---------------------------- + + Only used by JMP (JuMP). It takes the given address and uses it as a + pointer to the low part of a 16-bit address in memory, then jumps to + that address. For example, + + JMP ($2345) -- jump to the address in $2345 low and $2346 high + + So if $2345 contains $EA and $2346 contains $12 then the next + instruction executed is the one stored at $12EA. Remember, the + 6502 puts its addresses in low/high format. + + + Absolute Indexed Addressing + --------------------------- + + The final address is found by taking the given address as a base and + adding the current value of the X or Y register to it as an offset. So, + + LDA $F453,X where X contains 3 + + Load the accumulator with the contents of address $F453 + 3 = $F456. + + + Zero Page Indexed Addressing + ---------------------------- + + Same as Absolute Indexed but the given address is in the zero page + thereby saving a byte of memory. + + + Indexed Indirect Addressing + --------------------------- + + Find the 16-bit address starting at the given location plus the + current X register. The value is the contents of that address. For + example, + + LDA ($B4,X) where X contains 6 + + gives an address of $B4 + 6 = $BA. If $BA and $BB contain $12 and + $EE respectively, then the final address is $EE12. The value at + location $EE12 is put in the accumulator. + + + Indirect Indexed Addressing + --------------------------- + + Find the 16-bit address contained in the given location ( and the one + following). Add to that address the contents of the Y register. + Fetch the value stored at that address. For example, + + LDA ($B4),Y where Y contains 6 + + If $B4 contains $EE and $B5 contains $12 then the value at memory + location $12EE + Y (6) = $12F4 is fetched and put in the accumulator. + + + Relative Addressing + ------------------- + + The 6502 branch instructions use relative addressing. The next byte + is a signed offset from the current address, and the net sum is the + address of the next instruction executed. For example, + + BNE $7F (branch on zero flag reset) + + will add 127 to the current program counter (address to execute) and + start executing the instruction at that address. SImilarly, + + BEQ $F9 (branch on zero flag set) + + will add a -7 to the current program counter and start execution at + the new program counter address. + + Remember, if one treats the highest bit (bit 7) of a byte as a sign (0 + = positive, 1 = negative) then it is possible to have numbers in the + range -128 ($80) to +127 (7F). So, if the high bit is set, i.e. the + number is > $7F, it is a negative branch. How far is the branch? If + the value is < $80 (positive) it is simply that many bytes. If the + value is > $7F (negative) then it is the 2's compliment of the given + value in the negative direction. + + 2's compilment + -------------- + + The 2's compilment of a number is found by switching all the bits + from 0 -> 1 and 1 -> 0, then adding 1. So, + + $FF = 1111 1111 <-- original + 0000 0000 <-- 1's compliment + + 1 + --------- + 0000 0001 <-- 2's compliment, therefore $FF = -1 + + Note that QForth uses this for numbers greater than 32768 so that + 65535 = -1 and 32768 = -32768. + + In practice, the assembly language programmer uses a label and the + assembler takes care of the actual computation. Note that branches + can only be to addresses within -128 to +127 bytes from the present + address. The 6502 does not allow branches to an absolute address. + + + Accumulator Addressing + ---------------------- + + Like implied addressing, the object of the instruction is the + accumulator and need not be specified. + + + +The 6502 Instruction Set +------------------------ + + There are 56 instructions in the 6502, and more in the 65C02. Many + instructions make use of more than one addressing mode and each + instruction/addressing mode combination has a particular hexadecimal + opcode that specifies it exactly. So, + + A9 = LDA #$aa Immediate addressing mode load of accumulator + AD = LDA $aaaa Absolute addressing mode load of accumulator + etc. + + + Some 6502 instructions make use of bitwise logic. This includes AND, + OR, and EOR (Exclusive-OR). The tables below illustrate the effects + of these operations: + + AND 1 1 -> 1 "both" + 1 0 -> 0 + 0 1 -> 0 + 0 0 -> 0 + + OR 1 1 -> 1 "either one or both" + 1 0 -> 1 + 0 1 -> 1 + 0 0 -> 0 + + EOR 1 1 -> 0 "one or the other but not both" + 1 0 -> 1 + 0 1 -> 1 + 0 0 -> 0 + + Therefore, $FF AND $0F = $0F since, + + 1111 1111 + and 0000 1111 + --------- + 0000 1111 = $0F + + + AND is useful for masking bits. For example, to mask the high order + bits of a value AND with $0F: + + $36 AND $0F = $06 + + OR is useful for setting a particular bit: + + $80 OR $08 = $88 + + since 1000 0000 ($80) + 0000 1000 ($08) + or --------- + 1000 1000 ($88) + + EOR is useful for flipping bits: + + $AA EOR $FF = $55 + + since 1010 1010 ($AA) + 1111 1111 ($FF) + eor --------- + 0101 0101 ($55) + + + Other 6502 instructions shift bits to the right or the left or rotate + them right or left. Note that shifting to the left by one bit is the + same as multipling by 2 and that shifting right by one bit is the same + as dividing by 2. + + + The 6502 instructions fall naturally into 10 groups with two odd-ball + instructions NOP and BRK: + + Load and Store Instructions + Arithmetic Instructions + Increment and Decrement Instructions + Logical Instructions + Jump, Branch, Compare and Test Bits Instructions + Shift and Rotate Instructions + Transfer Instructions + Stack Instructions + Subroutine Instructions + Set/Reset Instructions + NOP/BRK Instructions + + + + Load and Store Instructions + =========================== + + LDA - LoaD the Accumulator + LDX - LoaD the X register + LDY - LoaD the Y register + + STA - STore the Accumulator + STX - STore the X register + STY - STore the Y register + + Microprocessors spend much of their time moving stuff around in + memory. Data from one location is loaded into a register and stored + in another location, often with something added or subtracted in the + process. Memory can be loaded directly into the A, X, and Y registers + but as usual, the accumulator has more addressing modes available. + + If the high bit (left most, bit 7) is set when loaded the N flag on + the processor status register is set. If the loaded value is zero the + Z flag is set. + + + Arithmetic Instructions + ======================= + + ADC - ADd to accumulator with Carry + SBC - SuBtract from accumulator with Carry + + The 6502 has two arithmetic modes, binary and decimal. Both addition + and subtraction implement the carry flag to track carries and borrows + thereby making multibyte arithmetic simple. Note that in the case of + subtraction it is necessary to SET the carry flag as it is the opposite + of the carry that is subtracted. + + Addition should follow this form: + + CLC + ADC ... + . + . + ADC ... + . + . + . + + Clear the carry flag, and perform all the additions. The carry + between additions will be handled in the carry flag. Add from low + byte to high byte. Symbolically, the net effect of an ADC instruction is: + + A + M + C --> A + + + Subtraction follows the same format: + + SEC + SBC ... + . + . + SBC ... + . + . + . + + In this case set the carry flag first and then do the subtractions. + Symbolically, + + A - M - ~C --> A , where ~C is the opposite of C + + + Ex.1 + ---- + A 16-bit addition routine. $20,$21 + $22,$23 = $24,$25 + + CLC clear the carry + LDA $20 get the low byte of the first number + ADC $22 add to it the low byte of the second + STA $24 store in the low byte of the result + LDA $21 get the high byte of the first number + ADC $23 add to it the high byte of the second, plus carry + STA $25 store in high byte of the result + + ... on exit the carry will be set if the result could not be + contained in 16-bit number. + + Ex.2 + ---- + A 16-bit subtraction routine. $20,$21 - $22,$23 = $24,$25 + + SEC clear the carry + LDA $20 get the low byte of the first number + SBC $22 add to it the low byte of the second + STA $24 store in the low byte of the result + LDA $21 get the high byte of the first number + SBC $23 add to it the high byte of the second, plus carry + STA $25 store in high byte of the result + + ... on exit the carry will be set if the result produced a + borrow + + Aside from the carry flag, arithmetic instructions also affect the N, + Z, and V flags as follows: + + Z = 1 if result was zero, 0 otherwise + N = 1 if bit 7 of the result is 1, 0 otherwise + V = 1 if bit 7 of the accumulator was changed, a sign change + + + + Increment and Decrement Instructions + ==================================== + + INC - INCrement memory by one + INX - INcrement X by one + INY - INcrement Y by one + + DEC - DECrement memory by one + DEX - DEcrement X by one + DEY - DEcrement Y by one + + The 6502 has instructions for incrementing/decrementing the index + registers and memory. Note that it does not have instructions for + incrementing/decrementing the accumulator. This oversight was + rectified in the 65C02 which added INA and DEA instructions. The + index register instructions are implied mode for obvious reasons while + the INC and DEC instructions use a number of addressing modes. + + All inc/dec instructions have alter the processor status flags in the + following way: + + Z = 1 if the result is zero, 0 otherwise + N = 1 if bit 7 is 1, 0 otherwise + + + + Logical Instructions + ==================== + + AND - AND memory with accumulator + ORA - OR memory with Accumulator + EOR - Exclusive-OR memory with Accumulator + + These instructions perform a bitwise binary operation according to the + tables given above. They set the Z flag if the net result is zero and + set the N flag if bit 7 of the result is set. + + + + Jump, Branch, Compare, and Test Bits + ==================================== + + JMP - JuMP to another location (GOTO) + + BCC - Branch on Carry Clear, C = 0 + BCS - Branch on Carry Set, C = 1 + BEQ - Branch on EQual to zero, Z = 1 + BNE - Branch on Not Equal to zero, Z = 0 + BMI - Branch on MInus, N = 1 + BPL - Branch on PLus, N = 0 + BVS - Branch on oVerflow Set, V = 1 + BVC - Branch on oVerflow Clear, V = 0 + + CMP - CoMPare memory and accumulator + CPX - ComPare memory and X + CPY - ComPare memory and Y + + BIT - test BITs + + This large group includes all instructions that alter the flow of the + program or perform a comparison of values or bits. + + JMP simply sets the program counter (PC) to the address given. + Execution proceeds from the new address. The branch instructions are + relative jumps. They cause a branch to a new address that is either + 127 bytes beyond the current PC or 128 bytes before the current PC. + Code that only uses branch instructions is relocatable and can be run + anywhere in memory. + + The three compare instructions are used to set processor status bits. + After the comparison one frequently branches to a new place in the + program based on the settings of the status register. The + relationship between the compared values and the status bits is, + + + +-------------------------+---------------------+ + | | N Z C | + +-------------------------+---------------------+ + | A, X, or Y < Memory | 1 0 0 | + | A, X, or Y = Memory | 0 1 1 | + | A, X, or Y > Memory | 0 0 1 | + +-----------------------------------------------+ + + + The BIT instruction tests bits in memory with the accumulator but + changes neither. Only processor status flags are set. The contents + of the specified memory location are logically ANDed with the + accumulator, then the status bits are set such that, + + * N receives the initial, un-ANDed value of memory bit 7. + * V receives the initial, un-ANDed value of memory bit 6. + * Z is set if the result of the AND is zero, otherwise reset. + + So, if $23 contained $7F and the accumulator contained $80 a BIT $23 + instruction would result in the V and Z flags being set and N reset since + bit 7 of $7F is 0, bit 6 of $7F is 1, and $7F AND $80 = 0. + + + + Shift and Rotate Instructions + ============================= + + ASL - Accumulator Shift Left + LSR - Logical Shift Right + ROL - ROtate Left + ROR - ROtate Right + + Use these instructions to move things around in the accumulator or + memory. The net effects are (where C is the carry flag): + + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + C <- |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| <- 0 ASL + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + 0 -> |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| -> C LSR + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + C <- |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| <- C ROL + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + C -> |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0| -> C ROR + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Z is set if the result it zero. N is set if bit 7 is 1. It is + always reset on LSR. Remember that ASL A is equal to multiplying by + two and that LSR is equal to dividing by two. + + + + Transfer Instructions + ===================== + + TAX - Transfer Accumulator to X + TAY - Transfer Accumulator to Y + TXA - Transfer X to accumulator + TYA - Transfer Y to Accumulator + + Transfer instructions move values between the 6502 registers. The N + and Z flags are set if the value being moved warrants it, i.e. + + LDA #$80 + TAX + + causes the N flag to be set since bit 7 of the value moved is 1, while + + LDX #$00 + TXA + + causes the Z flag to be set since the value is zero. + + + + Stack Instructions + ================== + + TSX - Transfer Stack pointer to X + TXS - Transfer X to Stack pointer + + PHA - PusH Accumulator on stack + PHP - PusH Processor status on stack + PLA - PulL Accumulator from stack + PLP - PulL Processor status from stack + + TSX and TXS make manipulating the stack possible. The push and pull + instructions are useful for saving register values and status flags. + Their operation is straightforward. + + + + Subroutine Instructions + ======================= + + JSR - Jump to SubRoutine + RTS - ReTurn from Subroutine + RTI - ReTurn from Interrupt + + Like JMP, JSR causes the program to start execution of the next + instruction at the given address. Unlike JMP, JSR pushes the address + of the next instruction after itself on the stack. When an RTS + instruction is executed the address pushed on the stack is pulled off + the stack and the program resumes at that address. For example, + + LDA #$C1 ; load the character 'A' + JSR print ; print the character and it's hex code + LDA #$C2 ; load 'B' + JSR print ; and print it + . + . + . + print JSR $FDED ; print the letter + JSR $FDDA ; and its ASCII code + RTS ; return to the caller + + RTI is analagous to RTS and should be used to end an interrupt routine. + + + + Set and Reset (Clear) Instructions + ================================== + + CLC - CLear Carry flag + CLD - CLear Decimal mode + CLI - CLear Interrupt disable + CLV - CLear oVerflow flag + + SEC - SEt Carry + SED - SEt Decimal mode + SEI - SEt Interrupt disable + + These are one byte instructions to specify processor status flag + settings. + + CLC and SEC are of particular use in addition and subtraction + respectively. Before any addition (ADC) use CLC to clear the carry + or the result may be one greater than you expect. For subtraction + (SBC) use SEC to ensure that the carry is set as its compliment is + subtracted from the answer. In multi-byte additions or subtractions + only clear or set the carry flag before the initial operation. For + example, to add one to a 16-bit number in $23 and $24 you would write: + + LDA $23 ; get the low byte + CLC ; clear the carry + ADC #$02 ; add a constant 2, carry will be set if result > 255 + STA $23 ; save the low byte + LDA $24 ; get the high byte + ADC #$00 ; add zero to add any carry that might have been set above + STA $24 ; save the high byte + RTS ; if carry set now the result was > 65535 + + Similarly for subtraction, + + LDA $23 ; get the low byte + SEC ; set the carry + SBC #$02 ; subtract 2 + STA $23 ; save the low byte + LDA $24 ; get the high byte + SBC #$00 ; subtract 0 and any borrow generated above + STA $24 ; save the high byte + RTS ; if the carry is not set the result was < 0 + + + + Other Instructions + ================== + + NOP - No OPeration (or is it NO oPeration ? :) + BRK - BReaK + + NOP is just that, no operation. Useful for deleting old + instructions, reserving room for future instructions or for use in + careful timing loops as it uses 2 microprocessor cycles. + + BRK causes a forced break to occur and the processor will immediately + start execution of the routine whose address is in $FFFE and $FFFF. + This address is often the start of a system monitor program. + + + +Some simple programming examples +================================ + + A few simple programming examples are given here. They serve to + illustrate some techniques commonly used in assembly programming. + There are doubtless dozens more and I make no claim at being a + proficient assembly language programmer. For examples of addition + and subtraction see above on CLC and SEC. + + + A count down loop + ----------------- + + ; + ; An 8-bit count down loop + ; + + start LDX #$FF ; load X with $FF = 255 + loop DEX ; X = X - 1 + BNE loop ; if X not zero then goto loop + RTS ; return + + How does the BNE instruction know that X is zero? It + doesn't, all it knows is that the Z flag is set or reset. + The DEX instruction will set the Z flag when X is zero. + + + ; + ; A 16-bit count down loop + ; + + start LDY #$FF ; load Y with $FF + loop1 LDX #$FF ; load X with $FF + loop2 DEX ; X = X - 1 + BNE loop2 ; if X not zero goto loop2 + DEY ; Y = Y - 1 + BNE loop1 ; if Y not zero goto loop1 + RTS ; return + + There are two loops here, X will be set to 255 and count to + zero for each time Y is decremented. The net result is to + count the 16-bit number Y (high) and X (low) down from $FFFF + = 65535 to zero. + + + Other examples + -------------- + + ** Note: All of the following examples are lifted nearly verbatim from + the book "6502 Software Design", whose reference is above. + + + ; Example 4-2. Deleting an entry from an unordered list + ; + ; Delete the contents of $2F from a list whose starting + ; address is in $30 and $31. The first byte of the list + ; is its length. + ; + + deluel LDY #$00 ; fetch element count + LDA ($30),Y + TAX ; transfer length to X + LDA $2F ; item to delete + nextel INY ; index to next element + CMP ($30),Y ; do entry and element match? + BEQ delete ; yes. delete element + DEX ; no. decrement element count + BNE nextel ; any more elements to compare? + RTS ; no. element not in list. done + + ; delete an element by moving the ones below it up one location + + delete DEX ; decrement element count + BEQ deccnt ; end of list? + INY ; no. move next element up + LDA ($30),Y + DEY + STA ($30),Y + INY + JMP delete + deccnt LDA ($30,X) ; update element count of list + SBC #$01 + STA ($30,X) + RTS + + + + + ; Example 5-6. 16-bit by 16-bit unsigned multiply + ; + ; Multiply $22 (low) and $23 (high) by $20 (low) and + ; $21 (high) producing a 32-bit result in $24 (low) to $27 (high) + ; + + mlt16 LDA #$00 ; clear p2 and p3 of product + STA $26 + STA $27 + LDX #$16 ; multiplier bit count = 16 + nxtbt LSR $21 ; shift two-byte multiplier right + ROR $20 + BCC align ; multiplier = 1? + LDA $26 ; yes. fetch p2 + CLC + ADC $22 ; and add m0 to it + STA $26 ; store new p2 + LDA $27 ; fetch p3 + ADC $23 ; and add m1 to it + align ROR A ; rotate four-byte product right + STA $27 ; store new p3 + ROR $26 + ROR $25 + ROR $24 + DEX ; decrement bit count + BNE nxtbt ; loop until 16 bits are done + RTS + + + + ; Example 5-14. Simple 16-bit square root. + ; + ; Returns the 8-bit square root in $20 of the + ; 16-bit number in $20 (low) and $21 (high). The + ; remainder is in location $21. + + sqrt16 LDY #$01 ; lsby of first odd number = 1 + STY $22 + DEY + STY $23 ; msby of first odd number (sqrt = 0) + again SEC + LDA $20 ; save remainder in X register + TAX ; subtract odd lo from integer lo + SBC $22 + STA $20 + LDA $21 ; subtract odd hi from integer hi + SBC $23 + STA $21 ; is subtract result negative? + BCC nomore ; no. increment square root + INY + LDA $22 ; calculate next odd number + ADC #$01 + STA $22 + BCC again + INC $23 + JMP again + nomore STY $20 ; all done, store square root + STX $21 ; and remainder + RTS + + + This is based on the observation that the square root of an + integer is equal to the number of times an increasing odd + number can be subtracted from the original number and remain + positive. For example, + + 25 + - 1 1 + -- + 24 + - 3 2 + -- + 21 + - 5 3 + -- + 16 + - 7 4 + -- + 9 + - 9 5 = square root of 25 + -- + 0 + +If you are truly interested in learning more, go to your public library +and seek out an Apple machine language programming book. If your public +library is like mine, there will still be plenty of early 80s computer +books on the shelves. :) + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Back to the Incredible 6502 + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/65816.std b/textfiles.com/programming/65816.std new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d5384a18 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/65816.std @@ -0,0 +1,2253 @@ + A Proposed Assembly Language Syntax For 65c816 Assemblers + by Randall Hyde + + + This is a proposed standard for 65c816 assembly language. The +proposed standard comes in three levels: subset, full, and extended. The +subset standard is intended for simple (or inexpensive) products, +particularly those aimed at beginning 65c816 assembly language programmers. +The full standard is the focus of this proposal. An assembler meeting the +full level adopts all of the requirements outlined in this paper. The +extended level is a mechanism whereby a vendor can claim full compliance +with the standard and point out that there are extensions as well. An +assembler cannot claim extended level compliance unless it also complies with +the full standard. An assembler, no matter how many extensions are +incorporated, will have to claim subset level unless the full standard is +supported. This ensures that programmers who do not use any assembler +extensions can assemble their programs on any assembler meeting the full or +extended compliance levels. + + In addition to the items required for compliance, this proposal +suggests several extensions in the interests of compatibility with existing +65c816 assemblers. These recommendations are not required for full +compliance with the standard, they're included in this proposal as suggestions +to help make conversion of existing programs easier. The suggestions are +presented in two levels: recommended and optional. Recommended items should +be present in any decent 65c816 package. Inclusion of the optional items +is discouraged (since there are other ways to accomplish the same operation +within the confines of the standard) but may be included in the assembler +at the vendor's discretion to help alleviate conversion problems. + + + + + + + + + + 65c816 Instruction Mnemonics + ---------------------------- + + + All of the following mnemonics are required at the subset, full, +and extended standard levels. + + The following mnemonics handle the basic 65c816 instruction set: + +ADC - add with carry +AND - logical AND +BCC - branch if carry clear +BCS - branch if carry set +BEQ - branch if equal +BIT - bit test +BMI - branch if minus +BNE - branch if not equal +BPL - branch if plus +BRA - branch always +BRK - break point instruction +BVC - branch if overflow clear +BVS - branch if overflow set +CLC - clear the carry flag +CLD - clear the decimal flag +CLI - clear the interrupt flag +CLP - clear bits in P +CLR - store a zero into memory +CMP - compare accumulator +CPX - compare x register +CPY - compare y register +CSP - call system procedure +DEC - decrement acc or memory +DEX - decrement x register +DEY - decrement y register +EOR - exclusive-or accumulator +HLT - halt (stop) the clock +INC - increment acc or memory +INX - increment x register +INY - increment y register +JMP - jump to new location +JSR - jump to subroutine +LDA - load accumulator +LDX - load x register +LDY - load y register +MVN - block move (decrement) +MVP - block move (increment) +NOP - no operation +ORA - logical or accumulator +PHA - push accumulator +PHP - push p +PHX - push x register +PHY - push y register +PLA - pop accumulator +PLP - pop p +PLX - pop x register +PLY - pop y register +PSH - push operand +PUL - pop operand +RET - return from subroutine +ROL - rotate left acc/mem +ROR - rotate right acc/mem +RTI - return from interrupt +RTL - return from long subroutine +RTS - return from short subroutine +SBC - subtract with carry +SED - set decimal flag +SEI - set interrupt flag +SEP - set bits in P +SHL - shift left acc/mem +SHR - shift right acc/mem +STA - store accumulator +STX - store x register +STY - store y register +SWA - swap accumulator halves +TAD - transfer acc to D +TAS - transfer acc to S +TAX - transfer acc to x +TAY - transfer acc to y +TCB - test and clear bit +TDA - transfer D to acc +TSA - transfer S to acc +TSB - test and set bit +TSX - transfer S to X +TXA - transfer x to acc +TXS - transfer x to S +TXY - transfer x to y +TYA - transfer y to acc +TYX - transfer y to x +WAI - wait for interrupt +XCE - exchange carry with emulation bit + +Comments: + + CLP replaces REP in the original 65c816 instruction set, since CLP +is a tad more consistent with the original 6502 instruction set. See +"recommended options" for the status of REP. CLR replaces the STZ +instruction. Since STA, STX, and STY are used to store 65c816 registers, +STZ seems to imply that there is a Z register. Using CLR (clear) eliminates +any confusion. CSP (call system procedure) replaces the COP mnemonic. COP +was little more than a software interrupt in both intent and implementation. +CSP helps make this usage a little clearer. HLT replaces the STP mnemonic. +STP, like the STZ mnemonic, implies that the P register is being stored +somewhere. HLT (for halt) is just as obvious as "stop the clock" yet it +doesn't have the same "look and feel" as a store instruction. JML and JSL +are not really required by the new standard; but see recommended options +concerning these two instructions. Most of the new 65c816 push and pull +instructions have been collapsed into two instructions: PSH and PUL. + + PEA label becomes PSH #label + PEI (label) becomes PSH label + PER label becomes PSH @label + PHB becomes PSH DBR + PHD becomes PSH D + PHK becomes PSH PBR + + PLB becomes PUL DBR + PLD becomes PUL D + +These mnemonics are more in line with the original design of the 6502 +instruction set whereby the mnemonic specifies the operation and the operand +specifies the addressing mode and address. The RET instruction gets converted +to RTS or RTL, depending on the type of subroutine being declared. RTS and +RTL still exist in order to force a short or long return. SHL and SHR (shift +left and shift right) are used instead of ASL and LSR. The 6500 family has +NEVER supported an arithmetic shift left instruction. The operation performed +by the ASL mnemonic is really a logical shift left. To simplify matters, SHL +and SHR are used to specify shift left and shift right. SWA (swap accumulator +halves) is used instead of XBA. Since this is the only instruction that +references the "B" accumulator, there's no valid reason for even treating +the accumulator as two distinct entities (this is just a carry-over from the +6800 MPU). Likewise, since the eight-bit accumulator cannot be distinguished +from the 16-bit accumulator on an instruction by instruction basis (it depends +on the setting of the M bit in the P register), the accumulator should always +be referred to as A, regardless of whether the CPU is in the eight or sixteen +bit mode. Therefore, instructions like TCD, TCS, TDC, and TSC should be +replaced by TAD, TAS, TDA, and TSA. For more info on these new mnemonics, +see the section on "recommended options". + + + Built-in Macros + --------------- + + The following instructions actually generate one or more instructions. +They are not required at the subset level, but are required at the full and +extended levels. + + +ADD - emits CLC then ADC +BFL - emits BEQ (branch if false) +BGE - emits BCS +BLT - emits BCC +BTR - emits BNE (branch if true) +BSR - emits PER *+2 then BRA (short) or PER *+3 then BRL (long) +SUB - emits SEC then SBC + + + Recommended Options + ------------------- + + The following mnemonics are aliases of existing instructions. The +(proposed) standard recommends that the assembler support these mnemonics, +mainly to provide compatibility with older source code, but does not +recommend their use in new programs. Some (or all) of these items may be +removed from the recommended list in future revisions of the standard. None +of these recommended items need be present at the subset level. If these +are the only extensions over and above the full syntax, the assembler +CANNOT claim to be an extended level assembler. + +ASL BRL COP JML JSL LSR PEA PEI PER +PHB PHK PHK PLB PLD REP TCD TCS TDC +TSC TRB WDM XBA + + + + + Symbols, Constants, and Other Items + ----------------------------------- + + Symbols may contain any reasonable number of characters at the full +level. At the subset compliance level, at least 16 characters should be +supported and 32 is recommeded. A "reasonable" number of characters should +be at least 64 if the implementor needs a maximum value. + + Symbols must begin with an alphabetic character and may contain +(only) the following symbols: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "_", "$", and "!". The +assembler must be capable of treating upper and lower case alphabetic +characters identically. Note that this does not disallow an assembler from +allowing the programmer to choose that upper and lower case be distinct, it +simply requires that in the default case, upper and lower case characters +are treated identically. Note that the standard does not require case +sensitivity in the assembler (and, in fact, recommends against it). +Therefore, anyone foolish enough (for many, many reasons) to create variables +that differ only in the case of the letters they contain is risking port- +ability problems (as well as maintenence, readability, and other problems). + + The following symbols are reserved and may not be redefined within +the program: + + A, X, Y, S, DBR, PBR, D, M, P + +Nor may these symbol appear as fields to a record or type definition (which +will be described later). + + + Constants take six different forms: character constants, string +constants, binary constants, decimal constants, hexadecimal constants and +set constants. + + Character constants are created by surrounding a single character by +a pair of apostrophes or quotation marks, e.g., "s", "a", '$', and 'p'. If +the character is surrounded by apostrophes, then the ASCII code for that +character WITH THE H.O. BIT CLEAR will be used. If the quotation marks are +used, then the ASCII code for the character WITH THE H.O. BIT SET will be +used. If you need to represent the apostrophe with the H.O. bit clear or a +quotation mark with the H.O. bit set, simply double up the characters, e.g., + + '''' - emits a single apostrophe. + """" - emits a single quotation mark. + + String constants are generated by placing a sequence of two or more +characters within a pair of apostrophes or quotation marks. The choice of +apostrophe or quotation mark controls the H.O. bit, as for character +constants. Likewise, to place an apostrophe or quote within a string +delimited by the same character, just double up the apostrophe or quotation +mark: + + 'This isn''t bad!' - generates --This isn't bad-- + "He said ""Hello""" - generates --He said "Hello"-- + + + Binary integer constants consist of a sequence of 1 through 32 zeros +or ones preceded by a percent sign ("%"). Examples: + + %10110010 + %001011101 + %10 + %1100 + + Decimal integer constants consist of strings of decimal digits without +any preceding characters. E.g., 25, 235, 8325, etc. Decimal constants +may be (optionally) preceded by a minus sign. + + Hexadecimal constants consist of a dollar sign ("$") followed by +a string of hexadecimal digits (0..9 and A..F). Values in the range $0 +through $FFFFFFFF are allowed. + + Set constants are only required at the full and extended compliance +levels. A set constant consists of a list of items surrounded by braces, +e.g., {0,3,5}. For more information, see the .SET directive. + + + + Address Expressions + ------------------- + + Most instructions and many pseudo-opcode/assembler directives require +operands of some sort. Often these operands contain some sort of address +expression (some, ultimately, numeric or string value). This proposed +standard defines the operands, precision, accuracy, and available operations +that constitutes an address expression. + +Precision: all integer expressions are computed using 32 bits. All string +expressions are computed with strings up to 255 characters in length. All +floating point operations are performed using IEEE 80-bit extended floating +point values (i.e., Apple SANE routines). All set operations are performed +using 32 bits of precision. + +Accuracy: all integer operations (consisting of two 32-bit operands and an +operator on those operands) must produce the correct result if the actual +result can fit within 32 bits. If an overflow occurs, the value is truncated +and only the low order 32 bits are retained. If an underflow occurs, zero +is used as the result. If an overflow or underflow occurs, a special bit will +be set (until the next value is computed) that can be tested by the ".IFOVR" +and ".IFUNDR" directives. Other than that, such errors are ignored. All +arithmetic is performed using unsigned arithmetic operations. All +floating point operations follow the IEEE (and Apple SANE) suggestions, and +are otherwise ignored by the assembler. Any string operation producing a +string longer than 255 characters produces an assembly time error. All set +operations must be exact. + +Integer operations: The following integer operations must be provided at all +compliance levels: + ++ (binary) adds the two operands. +- (binary) subracts second operand from the first. +* multiplies the two operands. +/ divides the first operand by the second. +\ divides the first operand by the second and returns the remainder. +& logically ANDs the two operands. +| logically ORs the two operands. +^ logically XORs the two operands. + + += +<> These operators compare the two operands (unsigned comparison) and +< return 1 if the comparison is true, 0 otherwise. +> +<= +>= + +- (unary) negates (2's complement) the operand +~ (unary) complements (inverts - 1's complement) the operand + + +The following operators must be provided at the full and extended compliance +levels: + +<- shifts the first operand to the left the number of bits specified by the + second operand. +-> shifts the first operand to the right the number of bits specified by the + second operand. + +@ (unary) subtracts the location counter at the beginning of the current + statement from the following address expression. + +% (ternary, e.g.: X%Y:Z) This operator extracts bits Y through Z from X and + returns that result right justified. + + +Floating point operations: floating point numbers and operations are required +only at the full and extended levels. The following operations must be +available as well: + ++ adds the two operands. +- subtracts the second operand from the first. +* multiplies the two operands. +/ divides the first operand by the second. +- (unary) negates the operand. + += +<> These operators compare the two operands and +< return 1 if the comparison is true, 0 otherwise. +> +<= +>= + + + +String operations: strings and string operations are not required at the +subset level, but the standard recommends their presence. The following +string operations must be provided at the full and extended levels: + ++ concatenates two strings +% (ternary, e.g., X%Y:Z) returns the substring composed of the characters in + X starting at position Y of length Z. Generate an error if X doesn't + contain sufficient characters. + += +<> These operators compare the two operands and +< return 1 if the comparison is true, 0 otherwise. +> +<= +>= + + +Set operations: sets and set operations are required only at the full and +extended levels. The following set operations must be provided: + ++ union of two sets (logical OR of the bits). +* intersection of two sets (logical AND of the bits). +- set difference (set one ANDed with the NOT of the second set) + += returns 1 if the two sets are equal, zero otherwise. +<> returns 1 if the two sets are not equal, zero otherwise. +< returns 1 if the first set is a proper subset of the second. +<= returns 1 if the first set is a subset of the second. +> returns 1 if the first set is a proper superset of the second. +>= returns 1 if the first set is a superset of the second. + +% (ternary, e.g., X % Y:Z) extracts elements Y..Z from X and returns those + items. + + +In addition to the above operators, several pre-defined functions are also +available. Note that these functions are not required at the subset +compliance level, only at the full and extended levels: + +float(i) - Converts integer "i" to a floating point value. +trunc(r) - Converts real "r" to a 32-bit unsigned integer (or generates an + error). +valid(r) - returns "1" if r is a valid floating point value, 0 otherwise + (for example, if r is NaN, infinity, etc.) +length(s)- returns the length of string s. +lookup(s)- returns "1" if s is a valid symbol in the symbol table. +value(s) - returns value of symbol specified by string "s" in the symbol + table. +type(s) - returns type of symbol "s" in symbol table. Actual values + returned are yet to be defined. +mode(a) - returns the addressing mode of item "a". Used mainly in macros. +STR(s) - returns string s with a prefixed length byte. +ZRO(s) - returns string s with a suffixed zero byte. +DCI(s) - returns string s with the H.O. bit of its last char inverted. +RVS(s) - returns string s with its characters reversed. +FLP(s) - returns string s with its H.O. bits inverted. +IN(v,s) - returns one if value v is in set s, zero otherwise. + + +The following integer functions must be present at all compliance levels: + +LB(i), +LBYTE(i), +BYTE(i) - returns the L.O. byte of i. +HB(i), +HBYTE(i) - returns byte #1 (bits 8-15) of i. +BB(i), +BBYTE(i) - returns bank byte (bits 16-23) of i. +XB, +XBYTE(i) - returns H.O. byte of i. +LW(i), +LWORD(i), +WORD(i) - returns L.O. word of i. +HW(i), +HWORD(i) - returns H.O. word of i. +WORD(i) + +Pack(i,j)- returns a 16-bit value whose L.O. byte is the L.O. byte of i and + whose H.O. byte is the L.O. byte of j. + +Pack(i,j,k,l)- returns a 32-bit value consisting of (i,j,k,l) where i is the + L.O. byte and l is the H.O. byte. Note: l is optional. If + it isn't present, substitute zero for l. + + + + + The order of evaluation for an expression is strictly left to right +unless parentheses are used to modify the precedence of a sub-expression. +Since parentheses are used to specify certain indirect addressing modes, the +use of paretheses to override the strict left-to-right evaluation order +introduces some ambiguity. For example, should the following be treated +as jump indirect through location $1001 or jump directly to location $1001? + + JMP ($1000+1) + +The ambiguity is resolved as follows: if the parenthesis is the first char- +acter in the operand field, then the indirect addressing mode is assumed. +Otherwise, the parentheses are used to override the left-to-right precedence. +The example above would be treated as a jump indirect through location $1001. +If you wanted to jump directly to location $1001 in this fashion, the state- +ment could be modified to + + JMP 0+($1000+1) + +so that the parenthesis is no longer the first character in the operand +field. + + The use of parentheses to override the left-to-right precedence is +only required at the full and extended compliance levels. It is not +required at the subset compliance level. + + + + + + Expression Types + ---------------- + + Expressions, in addition to having a value associated with +them, also have a specific type. The three basic types of expressions are +integer, floating point, and string expressions. Integer expressions can +be broken down into subtypes as well. A hierarchical diagram is the easiest +way to describe integer expressions: + + + +integers ------ constants ------------ user defined (enumerated) types + | | + | +----- simple numeric constants + | + | + +-- addresses ------------ direct page addresses + | + +----- absolute addresses --- full 16-bit + | | + | +- relative 8-bit + | + +----- long addresses + + This diagram points out that there are two types of integer expres- +sions: constants and addresses. Further, there are two types of constants +and four types of addresses. Before discussion operations on these different +types of integer values, their purpose should be presented. + + Until now, most 65xxx assembler did little to differentiate between +the different types of integer values. In this proposed standard, however, +strong type checking is enforced. Whereas in previous assemblers you could +use the following code: + + label equ $1000 + lda #Label + sta Label + +such operations are illegal within the confines of the new standard. The +problem with this short code segment is that the symbol "label" is used as +both an integer constant (in the LDA instruction) and as an address +expression (in the STA instruction). To help prevent logical errors from +creeping into a program, the assembler doesn't allow the use of addresses +where constants are expected and vice versa. To that end, a new assembler +directive, CON, is used to declare constants while EQU is used to declare +an (absolute) address. Symbols declared by CON cannot be (directly) used +as an address. Likewise, symbols declared by EQU (and others) cannot be +used where a constant is expected (such as in an immediate operand). + + Although this type checking can be quite useful for locating bugs +within the source file, it can also be a source of major annoyance. Some- +times (quite often, in fact) you may want to treat an address expression +as a constant or a constant expression as an address. Two functions are +used to coerce these expressions to their desired form: PTR and OFS. +PTR(expr) converts the supplied constant expression to an address expression. +OFS(expr) converts the supplied address expression to a constant expression. +The following is perfectly legal: + + Cons1 CON $5A + DataLoc EQU $1000 + lda #OFS(DataLoc) + sta PTR(Cons1) + +For more information, see the section on assembler directives. PTR and OFS +are required at all compliance levels of this proposed standard. + + While any constant value may be used anywhere a constant is allowed, +the 65c816 microprocessor must often differentiate between the various types +of address expressions. This is particularly true when emitting code since +the length of an instruction depends on the particular address expression. +If an expression contains only constants, direct page values, absolute +values, or long values, there isn't much of a problem. The assembler uses +the specified type as the addressing mode. If the expression contains mixed +types, the resulting type is as follows: + +Expression contains: Result is: + | | + | | + +------------+-- Constants - Constant + | | + +-- Direct | - Direct + | + +--+ Absolute - Absolute + | + +--+- Long - Long + +Allowable forms: + + constant + direct constant+direct + absolute constant+absolute + long constant+long + absolute+long + constant+absolute+long + + +This says that if you expression contains only constants, then the +result is a constant. If it contains a mixture of constants and direct +page addresses, the result is a direct page address. Note that direct page +addresses cannot be mixed with other types of addresses. An error must be +reported in this situation (although you could get around it with an +expression of the form "abs+OFS(direct)"). Likewise, adding a constant to +an absolute address produces an absolute address. Adding an absolute and +a long address produces a long address, etc. + + Sometimes, you need to force an expression to be a certain type. +For example, the instruction "LDA $200" normally assembles to a load +absolute from location $200 in the current data bank. If you need to force +this to location $200 in bank zero, regardless of the content of the DBR, +the address expression must be coerced to a long address. Coercion of this +type is accomplished with the ":D", ":A", ":L", and ":S" expression suffixes. +To force "LDA $200" to be assembled using the long address mode, the in- +struction is modified to be "LDA $200:L". The coercion suffix must always +follow the full address expression. The ":S" (for short branches) suffix +is never required, since a short branch (for BRA and BSR) is always assumed, +but it is included for completeness. For BRA and BSR, the ":L" suffix is +used to imply a long branch (+/- 32K) rather than the long addressing mode. + + Caveats: If ":D" or ":A" is used to coerce a large address expression +to direct or absolute, the high order byte(s) of the expression are truncated +and ignored. The assembler must assume that when a programmer uses these +constructs he knows exactly what he's doing. Therefore, "LDA $1001:D" will +happily assemble this instruction into a "LDA $01" instruction despite the +actual value of the address expression. + + + + + +Addressing Mode Specification +----------------------------- + + 65c816 addressing modes are specified by certain symbols in the op- +erand field. A quick rundown follows: + + Addressing mode Format(s) Example(s) + --------------- ------------------ ---------------------- + + Immediate # LDA #0 + = CMP =LastValue + + Direct Page LDA DPG + :D LDA ANY:D + + Absolute LDA ABS + :A LDA ANY:A + + Long LDA LONG + :L LDA ANY:L + + Accumulator {no operand} ASL + INC + + Implied {no operand} CLC + SED + + Direct, Indirect, + Indexed by Y (),Y LDA (DPG),Y + ().Y LDA (ANY:D).Y + + Direct, Indirect, + Indexed by Y, Long [],Y LDA [DPG],Y + [].Y LDA [DPG].Y + + Direct, Indexed by X, + Indirect (,X) LDA (DPG,X) + (.X) LDA (ANY:D.X) + + Direct, Indexed by X ,X LDA DPG,X + .X LDA DPG.X + + Direct, Indexed by Y ,Y LDX DPG,Y + .Y LDX DPG.Y + + Absolute, Indexed by X ,X LDA ABS,X + .X LDA ANY:A.X + + Long, Indexed by X ,X LDA ANY:L,X + .X LDA LONG.X + + Absolute, Indexed by Y ,Y LDA ANY:A,Y + .Y LDA ABS.Y + + Program Counter + Relative (branches) BRA ABS + @ BRA @ABS + + PC Relative (PSH) @ PSH @ABS + + Absolute, Indirect () JMP (ABS) + + Absolute, Indexed, + Indirect (,X) JMP (ABS,X) + (.X) JMP (ABS.X) + + Direct, Indirect () LDA (DPG) + STA (ANY:D) + + Stack Relative ,S LDA 2,S + .S LDA 2.S + + Stack Relative, + Indirect, Indexed (,S),Y LDA (2,S),Y + (, MVN LONG,LONG + MVP LONG,LONG + + + , DPG- Any direct page expression or symbol. + , ABS- Any absolute expression or symbol. + , Long- Any long expression or symbol. + expr8- Any expression evaluating to a value less than + 256. + + +Note: the only real difference between the existing standard and the proposed +standard is that the period (".") can be used to form an indexed address ex- +pression. This is compatible (in practice, as well as philosophy) with the +record structure mechanism supported by this proposed standard. This syntax +for the various addressing modes is required at all compliance levels. + + Suggestion: ():L, ():L,Y, and (], [],Y, and +[ .EQU <16-bit value> +

Programming Textfiles: Artificial Intelligence

+

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
ai.sf 46871
 Artificial Intelligence List - v2.3 (List of Science Fiction Books with Artificial Intelligence) +
ai010023.txt 64979
 An Implementation of Discourse Representation Theory by Michael A. Covington and Nora Schmitz +
ai010024.txt 64525
 From English to Prolog via Discourse Representation Theory by Michael A. Covington, Donald Nute, Nora Schmitz, David Goodman +
ai198901.txt 128423
 GULP 2.0: An Extension of Prolog for Unification-Based Grammar by Michael A. Covington +
ai198902.txt 22316
 A Numerical Equation Solver in Prolog by Michael A. Covington +
ai198904.txt 39042
 Problems in Applying Discourse Representation Theory, by William H. Smith +
ai198908.txt 39908
 Efficient Prolog: A Practical Guide by Michael A. Covington +
ai199001.txt 98985
 A Dependency Parser for Variable-Word-Order Languages by Michael A. Covington +
ai199002.txt 105380
 Handling Constrained Clauses in Discourse Representation Theory by William H. Smith +
ai199101.txt 119482
 SALMON: A temperamental Program that Learns by Gregg H. Rosenberg +
alife 15748
 The Evolution of Computer Worms (Discussion) +
code_ai.txt 6439
 Some Ideas on Programming Useful AI for Video Games, from Andew Luppnow and Peer Sommerlund (December 2, 1994) +
deeptht.txt 6444
 The Story of Deep Thought, the Computer Chess Champion +
dobbs.txt 29312
 A Survey of Neural Networks by Jeannette Lawrence +
excuse.gen 8832
 Towards the Automatic Generation of Excuses, by David Throop +
finance.pro 22016
 Financial Predictions with Neural Networks +
fracai.txt 8022
 AI and Mandelbrot Calculations +
news13.txt 3279
 Where are the Membership Functions and Rules Stored in FIDE? +
pratt.txt 24704
 The Use of a Neural Network in Nondestructive Testing by Donald G. Pratt, Mary Sansalone and Jeannette Lawrence, April 25, 1990 +
situatio.ai 4726
 Internet Posts on Porgramming Game Artifical Intelligence, by Tim Triemstra (December 12, 1994) +
stockpre.pro 15616
 Predicting the Stock Market with Neural Networks, by Jeannette Lawrence +
strateg2.ai 5859
 Some Strategies for Designing Useful Game Artifical Intelligence, by Andrew Luppnow (December 2, 1994) +
thexvirt.tes 6574
 The Ultimate Turing Test: Rough Draft #1 by David Barberi +

There are 23 files for a total of 887,482 bytes.
+ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/.windex.html b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/.windex.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4db81c44 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/.windex.html @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles: Artificial Intelligence

+

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
ai.sf 46871
 Artificial Intelligence List - v2.3 (List of Science Fiction Books with Artificial Intelligence) +
ai010023.txt 64979
 An Implementation of Discourse Representation Theory by Michael A. Covington and Nora Schmitz +
ai010024.txt 64525
 From English to Prolog via Discourse Representation Theory by Michael A. Covington, Donald Nute, Nora Schmitz, David Goodman +
ai198901.txt 128423
 GULP 2.0: An Extension of Prolog for Unification-Based Grammar by Michael A. Covington +
ai198902.txt 22316
 A Numerical Equation Solver in Prolog by Michael A. Covington +
ai198904.txt 39042
 Problems in Applying Discourse Representation Theory, by William H. Smith +
ai198908.txt 39908
 Efficient Prolog: A Practical Guide by Michael A. Covington +
ai199001.txt 98985
 A Dependency Parser for Variable-Word-Order Languages by Michael A. Covington +
ai199002.txt 105380
 Handling Constrained Clauses in Discourse Representation Theory by William H. Smith +
ai199101.txt 119482
 SALMON: A temperamental Program that Learns by Gregg H. Rosenberg +
alife 15748
 The Evolution of Computer Worms (Discussion) +
code_ai.txt 6439
 Some Ideas on Programming Useful AI for Video Games, from Andew Luppnow and Peer Sommerlund (December 2, 1994) +
deeptht.txt 6444
 The Story of Deep Thought, the Computer Chess Champion +
dobbs.txt 29312
 A Survey of Neural Networks by Jeannette Lawrence +
excuse.gen 8832
 Towards the Automatic Generation of Excuses, by David Throop +
finance.pro 22016
 Financial Predictions with Neural Networks +
fracai.txt 8022
 AI and Mandelbrot Calculations +
news13.txt 3279
 Where are the Membership Functions and Rules Stored in FIDE? +
pratt.txt 24704
 The Use of a Neural Network in Nondestructive Testing by Donald G. Pratt, Mary Sansalone and Jeannette Lawrence, April 25, 1990 +
situatio.ai 4726
 Internet Posts on Porgramming Game Artifical Intelligence, by Tim Triemstra (December 12, 1994) +
stockpre.pro 15616
 Predicting the Stock Market with Neural Networks, by Jeannette Lawrence +
strateg2.ai 5859
 Some Strategies for Designing Useful Game Artifical Intelligence, by Andrew Luppnow (December 2, 1994) +
thexvirt.tes 6574
 The Ultimate Turing Test: Rough Draft #1 by David Barberi +

There are 23 files for a total of 887,482 bytes.
+ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai.sf b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai.sf new file mode 100644 index 00000000..646725fa --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai.sf @@ -0,0 +1,1572 @@ +[This file is from the Sf-Lovers Archives at Rutgers University. It is +provided as part of a free service in connection with distribution of +Sf-Lovers Digest. This file is currently maintained by the moderator of +the Digest. It may be freely copied or redistributed in whole or in part +as long as this notice and any copyright notices or other identifying +headers or trailers remain intact. If you would like to know more about +Sf-Lovers Digest, send mail to SF-LOVERS-REQUEST@RUTGERS.EDU.] + +Date: 7 Apr 91 02:01:30 GMT +From: panther@ccwf.cc.utexas.edu (Garet Sheppard) +Subject: Artificial Intelligence List - v2.3 (1600 lines) + + + + Artificial Intelligence List - v2.3 + -Apr 6 1990- + + This file contains a list of novels and stories which contain + one or more Artificial Intelligence (AI) characters. Most of + characters whose intelligence places a title on this list are + effected or affected through the use of hardware, software or + genetic alteration (rarely). Additions and corrections would + be most appreciated as the list compiler has + not read all of the works listed here - or even a significant + portion, and will probably never have a chance to do so. My + thanks to Dan Bloch and Robert Stanley for suggestions, ideas + and editing. The list uses the following AI definitions: + + A androids - robots in human form + C computer systems - intelligent stationary computers or networks + H humans in computerized/program/digitized form + N non-mechanical, human created intelligences - usually biological + O other intelligences - intelligent tanks, books, planets, whatever + P programs - intelligent entities able to move between computer systems + R robots - mobile, usually mechanical AIs + S ships - intelligent; only mobile in the form of a (star)ship + Y cyborgs - born human, almost completely replaced by machine parts + * new/improved - information has changed since last edition + + e evolved - any of the AI forms which evolved their intelligences + + (expanded definitions are listed at the end of the list) + +Author + AI type Title +Abe, Kobo + C Inter Ice Age 4 (or _Dai yon kampo-ki_) +Adams, Douglas Noel +* R Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency [Monk of Belief] + R Life, the Universe and Everything +* R So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish [Marvin] + CRS The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy + R The Restaurant at the End of the Universe +Adlard, Mark + C? Interface + C? Multiface +Alban, Antony + C Catharsis Central +Aldiss, Brian Wilson + R `All the World's Tears` + R? `Comic Inferno` + ? `Full Sun` + ? `Neanderthal Planet` + A `Pink Plastic Gods` + A `Super-Toys Last All Summer Long` + ? `The Hunter at His Ease` + R `The New Father Christmas` + R `Who can Replace a Man?` + ? Who can Replace a Man? (coll) +Alexander, Marc + R The Mist Lizard +Allen, J. + C? Data for Death +Amminnus, Marcellinus (pseud.) + C `The Thought Machine` +Anderson Poul + EO? `Epilogue` [mechanical life] + AC `Goat Song` + HY? `Kings Who Die` + R `Quixote and the Windmill` + S `Starfog` + R? `The Critique of Impure Reason` + ? A Circle of Hells + ? Brainwave + C? The Avatar +Anfilov, Gelb + ? `Erem` +Anmark, Frank + A? `The Fasterfaster Affair` +Anthony, Piers (Piers Anthony Dillingham Jacob) + ? OX + R Blue Adept + C Heaven Cent + CR Juxtaposition + C Man from Mundania + ? Mute + ? Omnivore + CR Orn + CR Out of Phase + CR Robot Adept + CR Split Infinity + C The Vale of the Vole + CR Unicorn Point +Anthony, Piers & Margroff, Robert & Offutt, Andrew J. + A `Mandroid` +Anvil, Christopher + ? `The Hunch` +Appleton, Victor (pseud.) + ? Terror on the Moons of Jupiter +Asimov, Isaac + C `All the Troubles in the World` + R `Catch that Rabbit` + ? `Death Sentence` + R `Escape!` or `Paradoxical Escape` + A `Evidence` + R `Feminine Intuition` + R `First Law` + C `Franchise` + R `Galley Slave` + C `Jokester` + R? `Lenny` + R? `Let's Get Together` + R `Liar!` + R `Little Lost Robot` + ? `Mirror Image` + C `Profession` + R `Reason` + R? `Risk` + R `Robbie` or `Strange Playfellow` + R `Robot AL-76 Goes Astray` + R `Runaround` + R? `Sally` + R `Satisfaction Guaranteed` + A `Segregationist` + C `Someday` + R `Stranger in Paradise` + A `That Thou Art Mindful of Him!` + A `The Bicentennial Man` + C `The Computer that Went on Strike` + R `The Evitable Conflict` + C `The Last Question` + C `The Life and Times of Multivac` + C `The Machine that Won the War` + R `The Tercentenary Incident` + R `Victory Unintentional` + AO Foundation's Edge [planet] + A Foundation and Earth + R I, Robot (coll) +* A Prelude to Foundation + CR Robot Dreams + A Robots and Empire + A Robots of Dawn + A The Caves of Steel + A The Naked Sun + R The Stars, Like Dust + R The Rest of the Robots (coll) +Asimov, Janet (Janet O. Jeppson) + R? Norby and the Lost Princess + R? Norby, the Mixed-up Robot + R? Norby's Other Secret +Balchin, Nigel + C `God and the Machine` +Ball, B. + R Night of the Robots +Bangs, John K. + R? The Worsted Man +Banks, Iain + A? Player of Games + ? Consider Phlebas +Banks, Raymond E. + C `Walter Perkins is Here!` +Bannon, M. + R Wayward Robot +Barrington, J Bayley + R The Soul of the Robot +Barth, John + C Giles Goat-Boy (or _The Revised New Syllabus_) +Bass, T.J. (pseud) + O Ball [Cybers] + S Half Past Human + O The Class One [Cybers] + Y The Godwhale + O Toothpick [Cybers] +Bates, Harry + R `Farewell to the Master` +Baum, L. Frank + R? Glinda of Oz + R? Ozma of Oz + R Tik-Tok of Oz + R The Tin Woodman of Oz +Bayley, Barrington J. + R Soul of the Robot + Y? The Garments of Caean + ? The Rod of Light +Bear, Greg + N Blood Music [nanobiorobots] + H Eon + H Eternity +Beaumont, Charles + R? `In His Image` + A? `Last Rites` +Bene't, Stephen Vincent + ? `Nightmare Number Three` +Benford, Gregory + ? `Doing Lennon` + O Across the Sea of Suns [Alien Machine Intelligence] + ACHR Great Sky River +* O In the Ocean of Night [Alien Machine Intelligence?] +* O Tides of Light +Berckman, Evelyn + ? The Voice of the Air +Bester, Alfred + ? `Adam and No Eve` + A `Fondly Fahrenheit` + O `Something Up There Likes Me` [satellite] + C Computer Connection (or _Extro_) +* Y? Golem^100 +Bickham, Jack M. + C Ariel +Bierce, Ambrose + R? `Moxon's Master` +Biggle, Lloyd, Jr. + R `In His Own Image` + ? `Spare the Rod` +Binder, Eando (E. and Otto Binder) + R `Adam Link Faces a Revolt` + R `Adam Link Fights a War` + R `Adam Link in the Past` + R `Adam Link in Business` + R `Adam Link Saves the World` + R `Adam Link's Revenge` + R `Adam Link's Vengeance` + R `Adam Link, Champion Athlete` + R `Adam Link, Robot Detective` + R `From the Beginning` + R `I, Robot` + R? `Iron Man` + R `The Robot Aliens` + R `The Trail of Adam Link` + R Adam Link: Robot (coll) + Y Enslaved Brains +Bischoff, David + C Wargames +Bixby, Jerome + R `Guardian` +Blade, Alexander (pseud.) + C The Brain +Blish, James Benjamin + A `I, Mudd` + R `Now the Man is Gone` + Y `Solar Plexus` + R? `The Apple` + ? `The Box` + R `The Changeling` + C Cities in Flight + ? Midsummer Century +Bloch, Alan + R `Men Are Different` +Bloch, Chayim + R? `The Golem` +Bloch, Robert + R `Almost Human` + R `Comfort Me, My Robot` + R `The Tin You Love to Touch` +Bone, J. F. + ? `Triggerman` +Boucher, Anthony + R `The Quest for Saint Aquin` +Boulle, Pierre + C `The Man Who Hated Machines` + A `The Perfect Robot` +Bounds, Sydney J. + Y `No Greater Love` + R The Robot Brains +Bova, Benjamin William + ? `The Perfect Warrior` + ? `THX 1138` + S? `Stars Won't You Hide Me` +Bova, Ben & Ellison, Harlan + R `Brillo` +Boyce, Chris + H? Catchworld +Boyd, Felix (pseud) + R `The Robot Who Wanted to Know` +Boyd, John + CR? The Last Starship from Earth +Bradbury, Ray + A `Changeling` + A `Downwind from Gettysburg` + R? `Dwellers in Silence` + R `I Sing the Body Electric` + R `Marionettes, Inc.` + R? `Punishment Without Crime` + A `The Long Years` +* O `There Will Come Soft Rains` [house] + R? `Usher II` +Bradbury, Ray & Hasse, Henry + R `Pendulum` +Breuer, Miles J. + C? `Paradise and Iron` +Brin, David + R? `The Warm Space` + C Startide Rising + C The Postman + C The Uplift War +Brin, David & Benford, Gregory + H Heart of the Comet +Brink, Carol Ryrie + R `Andy Buckram's Tin Men` +Brown, Fredric +* O? `Etaoin Shrdlu` [printing press] + C `Answer` +Browning, John (Robert Moore Williams) + R `Burning Bright` + R `Robot's Return` +Bruckner, Karl + R The Hour of the Robots +Brunner, John Kilian Houston + R `Judas` + ? `The Invisible Idiot` + ? `Thou Good and Faithful` + ? `You'll Take the High Road` + A? Slaves of Space (or _Into the Slave Nebula_) + C Stand on Zanzibar +Bryning, Frank R. + R `The Robot Computer` +Budrys, Algis (pseud.) + A `Dream of Victory` + R `First to Serve` + R? `In Human Hands` + R? Annsirs and the Iron Man + C Michaelmas + Y Who? +Bulmer, Kenneth + R `Never Trust a Robot` +Bunch, David R. + H? `Moderan` + R? `The Problem Was Lubrication` +Bunting, Eve + R The Robot People +Burdick, Eugene and Wheeler, Harvey + ? `The 480` + ? Fail-Safe +Burroughs, Edgar Rice + A? Synthetic Men of Mars + A? The Monster Men +Butler, Samuel + Ce Erewhon +Caidin, Martin + C The God Machine +Cameron, Lou + C Cybernia +Campbell, John Wood, Jr. + R `The Last Evolution` + R `The Last Revolution` + C? `The Metal Horde` + ? `When the Atoms Failed` + ? The Mightiest Machine +Capek, Karel + R R.U.R., A Fantastic Melodrama +Card, Orson Scott +* Ce Speaker for the Dead +Carr, Terry + ? `City of Yesterday` + R `In His Image` + R `The Robots Are Here` +Carrigan, Richard and Nancy + ? The Siren Stars +Carter, Angela + O The Informal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman +Carver, Jeffrey A. + Re From A Changeling Star [nanomachines] + P The Infinity Link + C The Rapture Effect +Chalker, Jack L. + CP Birth of Flux and Anchor + P Empire of Flux and Anchor + S Lords of the Middle Dark + CRS Masks of the Martyrs + RS Pirates of the Thunder +* CS Quest for the Well of Souls [planet] +* CS The Return of Nathan Brazil [planet] +* CS Twilight at the Well of Souls [planet] + RS Warriors of the Storm +Chandler, A. Bertram + ? `The Left-Hand Way` + ? `The Soul Machine` +Chapdelaine, Perry A. + ? `We Fused One` +Cherryh, C. J. (pseud) + ? Voyagers in Night +Clarke, Arthur C. + Y `A Meeting With Medusa` + ? `Crusade` + Oe `Dial "F" for Frankenstein` [satellite relay] + R? `Expedition to Earth` + ? `Superiority` + S 2001: A Space Odyssey + S 2010: odyssey two + ? 2061: odyssey three + O The City and the Stars [city] + C The Foundations of Paradise +Clement, Hal (Harry Stubbs) + C? `Answer` +Clifton, Mark and Apostolidas, Alex + ? `Crazy Joey` + ? `Hide! Hide! Witch!` +Clifton, Mark and Riley, Frank + C They'd Rather Be Right (or _The Forever Machine_) +Clouston, Joseph Storer + R Button Brains +Coblenzt, Stanton A. + ? `Lord of Tranerica` +Cole, Burt + C The Funco File +Collins, Graham P. + P Variations on a Theme +Compton, David Guy + ? Synthajoy + C The Steel Crocodile (or _The Electric Crocodile_) + Y? The Unsleeping Eye (or _The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe_) +Coney, Michael G. + Y? `Troubleshooter` + ? Freinds Come in Boxes +Conley, Rick + ? `The War of the Words` +Cook, Glen +* S The Dragon Never Sleeps +Cook, Robin + ? Brain +Cook, William Wallace + R A Flight Through Time or (_A Round Trip to the Year 2000_) +Cooper, Edmund + A `The Uncertain Midnight` + R The Overman Culture +Coppel, Alfred + R `For Humans Only` + R `The Hunters` +Correa, Hugo + R `Meccano` +Coupling, J. J. + RY? `Period Piece` +Cousey, James + A? `The Show Must Go On` or `So Lovely So Lost` +Cowper, R + ? Clone +Crichton, Michael + CY? The Terminal Man +Crossen, Kendell Foster + ? Year of Consent +Cumings, Ray + R `Almost Human` +Dahl, Roald + Y? `William and Mary` +Daley, Brian + PS Fall of the White Ship Avatar +Dann, Jack + Y? `I'm With You In Rockland` +Davidson, Avram + ? `The Golem` +Davidson, Michael + H The Karma Machine +Davies, L. P. + R? The Artificial Man +Davis, Chan + A `Letter to Ellen` +de Camp, L. Sprague + R `Internal Combustion` +Deighton, Len + C The Billion Dollar Brain +Delaney, Joseph H. & Stiegler, Marc + Pe Valentina: Soul in Sapphire +Delany, Samuel R. + C City of a Thousand Suns (in _The Fall of the Towers_) + C Empire Star + C Out of the Dead City (in _The Fall of the Towers_) +* HO Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand [galactic database] + C The Einstein Intersection + C The Fall of the Towers + C The Towers of Toren (in _The Fall of the Towers_) +del Rey, Lester + R `A Code for Sam` + R `A Pound of Cure` + R `Helen O'Loy` + R `Instinct` + R `Into Thy Hands` + Y `Reincarnate` + R `Robots Should Be Seen` + R `The Master` + R `Though Dreamers Die` + R `To Avenge Man` + R `Vengeance is Mine` + R The Runaway Robot +Dick, Philip K. + Ce `Autofac` + ? `If There Were No Benny Cemoli` + A `Impostor` + R? `Oh, to be a Blobel!` + ? `Progeny` + ARe `Second Variety` + R `Service Call` + R `The Defenders` + AHR? `The Electric Ant` + C? `The Great C` + ? `The Preserving Machine` + C? `The Variable Man` + ? `War Veteran` + C A Maze of Death + A Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? + ? Dr. Bloodmoney + ? Martian Time Slip + ? Simulcra + R The Penultimate Truth + C Vulcan's Hammer + A We Can Build You +Dickson, Gordon Rupert + C `Computer's Don't Agrue` + R? `Steel Brother` + C `The Monkey Wrench` + ? Necromancer +Dnieprov, Anatoly + O `Crabs Take Over the Island` [crabs] + ? `Siema` +Dowling, Richard + R? The Fate of Luke Ormerod +Drake, David & Allen, Roger MacBride + O The War Machine [Artificial Inteligence Devices AIDs] +Duane, Diane + C? Spock's World +Dunsany, Lord Edward (Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, 18th Baron of + Dunsany) + ? The Last Revolution +Durham, Jim + ? `F.O.D.` +Durrell, Lawrence + C Tunc + CR Nunquam +Easton, Thomas + R? `Breakfast of Champions` +Edmondson, G. C. + ? The Cunningham Equations +Eisenberg, Larry +* R `The Fastest Draw` [Robot Cowboy] +Eklund, Gordon + R `Second Creation` + R `The Shrine of Sebastian` +Elder, M. + ? Paradise is Not Enough +Ellis, Edward S. + R? The Steam Man of the Praries +Ellison, Harlan + CY `Catman` + C `I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream` +Endore, Guy + Y? `Men of Iron` +Escarpit, Robert + C The Novel Computer +Etchison, Dennis + A? `The Fires of Night` +Ewers, Hans Heinz + A? `Alraune` +Fairman, Paul W. + R? `Robots Should Stick Together` + R The Forgetful Robot + H I, The Machine +Farmer, Philip Jose +* C The Gods of Riverworld +* C The Magic Labyrinth +* O -last book of world of tiers- [evil machines in bells] +Farrere, Claude + R? Useless Hands +Fine, Stephen + A? Molly Dear: The Autobiography of an Android +Firbank, Arthure Annesley Roland + R? The Artificial Princess +Fischer, Michael + R? `Misfit` +Flagg, Francis (pseud.) + R `The Mentanicals` +Forest, Jean-Claude + R Barbarella +Forward, Robert + S? The Flight of the Dragonfly +Foster, Alan Dean +* A Alien [Ash] +* A Aliens [Bishop] + CO Dark Star [intelligent bomb] + R The Black Hole + C The Tar-Aiym Krang +Foster, E. M. + C? `The Machine Stops` +Franke, Herbert + R `The Man Who Feared Robots` +Frayn, Michael + Y? The Tin Men +Friborg, Albert Compton + ? `Careless Love` +Fritch, Charles E. + A? `Greever's Flight` +Fyfe, H. B. + R? `Let There Be Light` + R? `The Well-Oiled Machine` +Gallun, Raymond Z. + R `Derelict` + ? `Mind Over Matter` + ? `The Scarab` +Galouye, Daniel + C? `Counterfeit World` + R? `The Reign of the Telepuppets` +Garfarth, John + R? `Lack of Experience` +Garrett, Randall Z. + S `A Spaceship Named McGuire` +* O `The Hunting Lodge` [house-computer] + A Unwise Child +Gault, William Campbell + R? `Made to Measure` + R `Title Fight` +Gawron, J. M. + ? Algorithm +Gelula, Abner J. + R `Automaton` +George, Peter + ? Two Hours to Doom +Gerrold, David + C? `Oracle for a White Rabbit` (in _When Harlie Was One_) + C `The God Machine` (in _When Harlie Was One_) + ? A Day for Damnation + ? A Matter for Men + RS Space Skimmer + C When Harlie Was One & release 2.0 +Gibson, William + CHP Count Zero + CHP Mona Lisa Overdrive + CHP Neuromancer +Gilliland, Alexis + P Corporate Saskesh (includes the following three novels) + P Long Shot for Rosinante + P The Pirates of Rosinante + P The Revolution From Rosinante +Glut, Donald F. +* R The Empire Strikes Back +Glynn, A. A. + ? Plan for Conquest +Gold, H. L. + R? `Problem in Murder` +Goldin, Stephen + Ce `Sweet Dreams, Melissa` +Goldstone, Herbert + R `Virtuoso` +Goulart, Ron + A? `Badinage` + R `Calling Dr. Clockwork` + ? `Cybernetic Tabernacle Job` + R? `Dingbat` + A? `Gigilo` + R? `Muscadine` + R? `Nobody Starves` + R `Regarding Patient 724` + R? `What's Become of Screwloose?` + R? Clockwork's Pirates +* R Into the Shop [ai car] + R Suicide, Inc. + CR? The Emperor of the Last Days +Goy, Philip (pseud.) + C Le Livre Machine +Grant, Charles + A The Shadow of Alpha +Gravel, Geary + C? The Alchemist +Green, Joseph + C? `Space to Move` +Grey, Charles (pseud.) + Y? Enterprise 2115 +Groves, J. W. + R `Robots Don't Bleed` +Gunn, James E. + A? `Little Orphan Android` + ? `The Message` +Hadley, Arthur + ? The Joy Wagon +Haig, A. + ? The Peruvian Printout +Haldeman Joe +* Y `More than the Sum of his Parts` +Hamilton, Edmond + A? `After a Judgement Day` + Y `The Comet Doom` + CR `The Metal Giants` + R Captain Future +Harness, Charles + H? The Ring of Ritornel +Harris, John Benyon (John Wyndham) + R `Sleepers of Mars` + R `Stowaway to Mars` +Harrison, Harry + R `Arm of the Law` + ? `Homeworld` + R? `How the Old World Died` + R `I Always Do What Teddy Says` + R? `I Have My Vigil` + ? `I See You` + ? `Make Room, Make Room` + ? `Survival Planet` +* R? `The Man from R.O.B.O.T.` +* Y `The Powers of Observation` + ? `The Repairman` + R `The Robot Who Wanted to Know` + P? `The Simulated Trainer` + R `The Velvet Glove` + R `War With the Robots` + R? The Stainless Steel Rat +Hartridge, Jon + C Binary Divine +Heinlein, Robert Anson + ? `Revolt in 2100` + C `That Dinkum Thinkum` + R Friday + CS The Cat Who Walks Through Walls +* Ce The Moon is a Harsh Mistress + S The Number of the Beast + CS Time Enough for Love + S To Sail Beyond the Sunset +Herbert, Frank + CM Destination: Void +Herbert, Frank and Ransom, Bill + C Jesus Incident + C Lazarus Effect +* C? The Ascension Factor +Hickey, H. B. (Herb Livingston) + R `Full Circle` + R? `Hilda` +High, Philip E. + ? `The Mad Metropolis` +Highstone, H. A. + ? `Frankenstein to Unlimited` +Hjortsberg, William + Y? Gray Matters +Hoch, Edward + C? The Transvection Machine +Hodder-Wiliams, Christopher + ? 98.4 + C Fistful of Digits +Hoffmann, E. T. A. + R? `Automaton` + R `The Sandman` +Hogan, James P. + Re Code of the Life Maker + CS Giant's Star + C? The Genesis Machine + S The Gentle Giants of Ganymede + Ce The Two Faces of Tomorrow + CR Voyage from Yesteryear +Holis, H. H. + ? `Cybernia` +Holly, J. Hunter + R `The Graduated Robot` +Holmes, H. H. (Anthony Boucher) + AR `Q.U.R.` + AR `Robinic` +Horton, Forest W., Jr. + A The Technocrats +Hoyle, Fred and Elliot, John + C A for Andromeda + C Andromeda Breakthrough +Hubbard, L. Ron + R? `Tough Old Man` +Hughes, Ted + R? The Iron Man +Jackson, A. A. & Waldrop, Howard + R? `Sun Up` +Jacob, Sylvia + R `Slave to Man` +Jameson, Malcolm + ? `Pride` +Jenkins, Will F. (Murray Leinster) + C `A Logic Named Joe` +Jerome, Jerome K. + R `The Dancing Partner` +Jeter, K. W. + R Infernal Devices +Johannesson, Olof (pseud.) + C The Great Computer (or _The Tale of the Big Computer_) +Jones, D. F. + C Colossus and the Crab + C Colossus: The Forbin Project + C The Fall of Colossus +Jones, Neil Ronald + Y `The Jameson Satellite` + Y Doomsday on Ajiat + Y Planet of the Double Sun + Y Sunless World + Y The Sunless World + Y Twin Worlds +Jones, Raymond F. + ? `Rat Race` + R? `The Gift of the Gods` + Y? The Cybernetic Brains +Kagan, Janet + C Hellspark +Kahn, James +* AR Return of the Jedi +Kapp, Colin + R? `Gottlos` +Karlins, Marvin + ? The Last Man Is Out +Kelleam, Joseph E. + R `Rust` +Keller, David H. + CY? `The Cerebral Library` + Y? `The Eternal Professors` + R `The Psychophonic Nurse` + R `The Threat of the Robot` +Key, Alexander + R Bolts, a Robot Dog + R Rivets and Sprockets + R Sprockets, a Little Robot +Keyes, Daniel + R `Robot Unwanted` +Kilian, Crawford + P? Brother Jonathan +Kingsley, Charles + ? The Heroes (anth) +Kippax, John (John Hynam) + R `Friday` +Kleier, Joe + Y? `The Head` +Knight, Damon + H `Masks` + C Stranger Station + ? The Metal Smile +Knootz, Dean R. + CR Demon Seed + ? Midnight +Kornbluth, C. M. + R? `The Education of Tigress McCardle` + Y `With These Hands` +Krahn, Fernando + R Robot-bot-bot +Kuttner, Henry + A? `Android` or `As Those Among Us` + R? `Happy Ending` + ? `Jesting Pilot` + R? `Piggy Bank` + R? `The Ego Machine` + R Robots Have No Tails (as Lewis Padgett) + R The Proud Robot +Kuttner, Henry and Moore, C. L. + R? `Two Handed Engine` +Lack, G. L. + ? `Rogue Leonardo` +Lafferty, R. A. +* H `Eurema's Dam` +* O? `Hog Belly Honey` [strange machine] + C Arrive at Easterwine: The Autobiography of a Ktistec Machine +Lamont, Duncan (pseud) + C `Production Job` +Laumer, Keith + ? `Dinosaur Beach` + Y? A Plague of Demons + O Bolo [self aware tanks] + O Rogue Bolo [self aware tanks] + C The Great Time Machine Hoax +Lee, Tanith +* H? Drinking Sapphire Wine + R The Silver Metal Lover +Leherman, Herb + O `Revolt of the Potato Picker` [field machine] +Leiber, Fritz + R? `The 64-Square Madhouse` + R `A Bad Day for Sales` + ? `Answering Service` + R `The Mechanical Bride` + RY? The Silver Eggheads +Leiber, Justin + P? Beyond Humanity +Leinster, Murray (William Fitzgerald Jenkins) + R? `Exploration Team` + ? `The Wabbler` + ? The Lost Spaceship +Lem, Stanislaw + R `In Hot Pursuit of Happines` + C `The Computer That Fought a Dragon` + R `The Hunt` + R `The Mask` + R `The Sanitorium of Dr. Vliperdius` + R `The Seventh Sally` + ? Mortal Engines + R Return From the Stars + C The Cyberiad: Fables for the Cybernetic Age (or _Cyberiada_) + Oe The Invincible (or _Niezwyciezony_) [machines] +Leman, Grahame + ? `Conversational Mode` +Leroux, Gaston + R The Machine to Kill (or _La Machine a assassiner_) +Lesser, Milton + A `"A" As in Android` +Levin, Ira + R The Stepford Wives + C This Perfect Day +Lewis, C. S. + R That Hideous Strength +Liddel, C. H. (Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore) + A `Android` +Long, Frank Belknap + R `The Robot Empire` + R It Was the Day of the Robot +Longyear, Barry B. + AR Naked Came the Robot + C Sea of Glass +Loomis, Noel + A `The State vs Susan Quod` +Lowenkopf, Shelly + A? `The Addict` +Lucas, George + R Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker +Lymington, J. + C? Year Dot +Mackin, Edward + ? `The Key to Chaos` + ? `The Trouble of H.A.R.R.I.` +Maine, Charles Eric (Pseud) + C B.E.A.S.T. +Malec, Alexander + ? `10:01` +Malzberg, Barry N. + C? `The Union Forever` + Y? The Remaking of Sigmund Freud +Manning, Laurence + C `Master of the Brain` + R `The Call of the Mechmen` +MacApp, C. C. + ? Omha Abides +Markham, Russ + R `The Third Law` +Martin, George R. R. + A `Modular Man` + ? `The Last Superbowl Game` +Mason, Douglas R. + C Matrix +Matheson, Richard + R `Brother to the Machine` + A `Steel` + R? `The Doll that Does Everything` +Maxwell, Ann + C Timeshadow Rider +McCaffrey, Anne + Y `The Ship Who Mourned (in _The Whip Who Sang_) + Y `The Ship Who Sang (in _The Ship Who Sang_) + Y The Ship Who Sang +McCarty, E. Clayton + R `Robot 678` +McCollum, Michael + S Life Probe + S Procyon's Promise +MacDonald, John D. + R `The Mechanical Answer` +Mead, Shepherd + ? The Big Ball of Wax +Meade, Malcome (pseud?) + R `Call him Colossus` +Melville, Herman + R? `The Bell Tower` +Meredith, Richard C. + H? We All Died at Breakaway Station +Merliss, R. R. + R `The Stutterer` +Merritt, Abraham + R `Rhythm of the Spheres` + Oe? The Metal Monster [inorganic alien] +MacFarlane, Wallace + A `Dead End` +McGowan, Tom + R Sir MacHinery +Milan, Victor + P Cybernetic Samurai + P? Cybernetic Shogun +Miller, Walter Michael, Jr. + A? `Blood Bank` + Y? `Crucifixus Etiam` + R `I Made You` + R `The Darfsteller` +McIntosh, J. T. (James J. MacGregor) + A `Almost Human` + ? `Machine Mode` + A `Made in USA` + C? `Spanner in the Works` + A `The Deciding Factor` + R `The Saw and the Carpenter` +Mitchell, Edward Page + Y? `The Ablest Man in the World` + R `The Tachypomp` +McKinney, Jack + CR The Sentinels - 2nd Robotech collection (coll) +McLoed, Shiela + R Xanthe and the Robots +McLoughlin, John + S Toolmaker Koan +Molly, J. Hunter + R? `The Graduated Robot` +Monteleone, Thomas F. + ? `Chicago` +Moorcock, Michael + C The Final Programme + ? `Sea Wolves` +Moore, Catherine Lucile + Y `No Woman Born` +Moore, Harris + CH Slater's Planet +Moran, Daniel Keys + C? Armageddon Blues + CY? Emerald Eyes + CPY? The Long Run +Morris, Janet + S Cruiser Dreams + S Dream Dancer + S Earth Dreams +Nesvadba, Joseph + ? `The Einstein Brain` +Niven, Larry + H `A Teardrop Falls` + Y `Becalmed in Hell` + Y `The Coldest Place` + HS A World Out of Time + CH Integral Trees + C The Schumann Computer + CH The Smoke Ring +Nolan, William F. + R? `and Miles to Go Before I Sleep` + R? `The Beautiful Doll Caper` + A? `The Joy of Living` + R? Logan's Run +Norton, Andre + A Android at Arms +O'Brien, Fitz-James + R? `The Wondersmith` +O'Conner, William Douglas + R The Brazen Android +O'Donnell, Kevin, Jr. + H Mayflies +Oliver, Chad + R? `Didn't He Ramble` + A? `The Life Game` +Oliver, J. T. + R `Teacher's Pet` +Padgett, Lewis (Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore) + Y `Camouflage` + R? `Deadlock` + ? `Ex Machine` + R `Open Secret` + R? `The Twonky` +Paul, Barbara + C? `Answer "Affirmative" or "Negative"` +Perkins, Lawrence + ? `Delivered with Feeling` +Perry, Roland + C? Program for a Puppet +Phillips, Alexander M. + R? `Beast of the Island` +Phillips, Peter + R? `At No Extra Cost` + A `Lost Memory` +Phillips, Rog (pseud.) + ? `The Cyberene` +Pierce, John R. + ? `See No Evil` +Piper, H. Beam + C Junkyard Planet (or _The Cosmic Computer_) +Pohl, Frederik + ? `Day Million` + R `The Midas Plague` + ? `The Schematic Man` + R? `The Tunnel Under the World` +* CP Beyond the Blue Event Horizon +* CP Gateway +* HP Heechee Rendezvous + CY Man Plus + C Starchild + ? The Age of the Pussyfoot +* HP The Annals of the Heechee +Pragnell, Festus + C? `The Machine-God Laughs` +Preselie, Robert + R `The Champ` +Pychon, Thomas + R Gravity's Rainbow +Quick, W. T. + P? Systems + H? Yesterday's Dawn +Rackham, John + A? `Goodbye Dr. Gabriel` +Rayer, Francis G. + C `Deus Ex Machina` + C `The Peacemaker` + C? `Tomorrow Sometimes Comes` +Reaves, Michael & Perry, Steve + C Dome +Resnick, Mike + Y Santiago +Reynolds, Mack + C? `Criminal in Utopia` + C Computer War + C? Computer World +Richardson, R. S. + R? `Kid Anderson` +Richmond, Walt and Leigh + ? `I, Bem` +Riley, Frank + ? `The Cyber and Justice Holmes` +Roberts, Keith + A `Synth` +Robinson, Spider +* ? Mindkiller +* ? Time Pressure +Roger, Noe"lle (pseud.) + N The New Adam (or _Le Nouvel Adam_) [manmade organic life] +Rohrer, Robert + R `Iron` +Roshwald, Mardecai + ? Level 7 +Rostler, William + R `Ship Me Tomorrow` +Rothmand, Milton A. + ? `Getting Together` +Rucker, Rudy + CR Software + CR Wetware +Russ, Joanna + ? `Nor Custom Stale` +Russell, Bertrand + Ce? `Dr. Southport Vulpres' Nightmare` +Russell, Eric Frank + R `Boomerang` or `A Great Deal of Power` + A `Jay Score` + Re? `Mechanistra` + R `Men, Martians and Machines` + R `Relic` + R? `Symbiotica` +Ryan, Thomas J. + P The Adolescence of P-1 +Saberhagen, Fred + O `Fortress Ship` [berserkers] + O `Goodlife` / \ + O `In the Temple of Mars` | + O `Inhuman Error` | + O `Masque of the Red Shift` | + O `Mr. Jester` | + O `Patron of the Arts` | + O `Pressure` | + O `Smasher` | + O `Some Events at the Templat Radiant` | + O `Starsong` | + O `Stone Place` | + O `The Annihilation of Angkor Apeiron` | + O `The Game` | + O `The Peacemaker` | + O `The Sign of the Wolf` | + O `The Smile` | + O `What T and I Did` | + O `Wings Out of Shadow` | + O Berserker (coll) | + O Berserker Man | + O Berserker's Planet (coll) \ / + O Brother Assassin (coll) [Berserkers] + C Changeling Earth + C Empire of the East + O The Ultimate Enemy (coll) +Sandberg, Richard T. + C? `The Perfect Crime` +Saxton, Josehpine + R `Gordon's Women` +Schachner, Nat. + ? `Robot Technocrat` +Schlossel, J. + R `To the Moon By Proxy` +Scortia, Thomas Nicholas + Y? `Sea Change` + A? `The Icebox Blond` +Seabright, Idris (Margaret St Clair) + R `Short in the Chest` +Sellings, Arthur + A `Starting Course` + R `The Template Teleologist` +Senarens, Luis + R? `Frank Reade and His New Steam Man` +Shaara, Michael + R `Soldier Boy` + ? `2066: Election Day` +Shaw, Bob + ? `Harold Wilson at the Cosmic Cocktail Party` +Sheckley, Robert + R `A Ticket ot Tranai` + R? `Alone at Last` + ? `Ask a Foolish Question` + R `Beside Still Waters` + R `Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?` + A `Compton Divided` + C? `Fool's Mate` + R? `Human Man's Burden` + R `The Battle` + R `The Cruel Equations` + R? `The Lifeboat Mutiny` + R? `The Minimum Man` +* R `The Robot who Looked Liked Me` + R `Watchbird` + C Journey Beyond Tomorrow +Sheffield, Charles + ? Trader's World +Sherman, Robert + Ce `Problem for Emmy` +Sherred, T. L. + ? `"E" for Effort` +Silverberg, Robert + R? `Company Store` + ? `Getting Across` + C `Going Down Smooth` + CR `Good News from the Vatican` + R `Ozymandias` + S? `Ship-Sister, Star-Sister` + R `The Iron Chancellor` + R? `The Macauley Circuit` + R Across a Billion Years + H? Time Gate + H To Live Again + AR? Tower of Glass +Simak, Clifford Donald +* R? `Aesop` (in City) + R? `All the Traps of Earth` +* R `City` (in City) + R `Earth for Inspiration` +* R `Epilog` (in City) +* R `Hobbies` (in City) + R `How-2` +* R `Huddling Place` (in City) + R `I Am Crying All Inside` + ? `Limiting Factor` + ? `Lulu` + R `Skirmish` or `Bathe Your Bearing in Blood` + C? `Univac: 2200` + R A Choice of Gods +* OR City (coll) [dogs] + R Cosmic Engineers + R? Destiny Doll + R Project Pope + S Shakespeare's Planet + R Special Deliverance + A? Time and Again (or _First He Died_) +Simmons, Dan + PR? Hyperion + ? The Fall of Hyperion +Sky, Kathleen + A? `Birthright` +Sladek, John T. + Ce Mechasm (or _The Reproductive System_) + R Roderick + R Roderick at Random + R Roderick: The Education of a Young Machine + H The Mueller-Fokker Effect (or _The Muller Focker Effect_) + ? Tik-Tok +Slesar, Harry + R `Brother Robot` +Slote, Alfred + A My Robot Buddy +* A C.O.L.A.R. +Smith, Cordwainer (Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger) + C `Alpha Ralpha Boulevard` + R `Mark Elf` or `Mark XI` +* Y? `Scanners Live in Vain` +* C `The Ballad of Lost C'Mell` + R `The Dead Lady of Clown Town` + Y `Three to a Given Star` + C Norstrilia (_The Planet Buyer_ & _The Underpeople_) + C The Planet Buyer +Smith, E. E. "Doc" + R `Robot Nemesis` +Smith, George H. + R? `Too Robot to Marry` +Smith, George O. + ? `Counter Foil` + ? The Brain Machine +Stableford, Brian Michael + ? The Walking Shadow +Stapledon, William Olaf + Oe Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord [dogs] +Stasheff, Christopher + SR Escape Velocity + R King Kobold Revived + R The Warlock Enraged + R The Warlock Heretical + R The Warlock Insane + SR The Warlock in Spite of Himself + R The Warlock is Missing + R The Warlock Unlocked + R The Warlock Wandering + R The Warlock's Companion +Statton, Vargo (John Russel Fearn) + R Cataclysm +Stine, G. Harry + Y? Warbots: Operation High Dragon /5 + Y? Warbots: The Lost Battalion /6 +StJohn, Philip (Lester del Rey) + R `The Last True God` +Strike, Jeremy + C A Promising Planet +Stuart, Don A. (John W. Campbell, Jr.) + R `Night` + C `The Machine` + R `Twilight` +Sturgeon, Theodore + R? `Killdozer` + ? `Agnes, Accent, and Access` + A `The Golden Egg` +* O More than Human [gestalt mind] +Swanwick, Michael +* P? Vacuum Flowers +Tall, Stephen + R? `This is My Country` +Temple, William + R? The Automated Goliath +Tenn, William (Philip Klass) + R? `Child's Play` + A? `Down Among the Dead Men` + ? `The House Dutiful` + R `The Jester` + R? `Wednesday's Child` +Tevis, Walter + R Mockingbird +Thomas, Dan + C? The Seed +Todd, Larry + R `Flesh and the Iron` +Todd, Lawrence + R `The Warbots` +Townes, Robert Sherman + ? `Problem for Emmy` +Tremaine, F. Orlin + R `True Confession` +Tubb, E. C. + A `A Captain's Dog` + R `Logic` + C `Moon Base` +Turner, George + Y Beloved Son +Vance, Gerald + ? We, The Machine +Vance, Jack + Y? `I-C-a-BEM` +van Vogt, Alfred Elton + R `Automaton` + R `Final Command` + C? `Fulfillment` + A All the Loving Androids + CR Computerworld + ? Mission to the Stars + C The Infinite Machine + C? The Players of Null A [cloning] + C The World of Null A [cloning] +Varley, John +* H? `Overdrawn at the Memory Bank` +* P `Press Enter` + C Millenium +Varshavsky, Ilya + R `Homonculus` +Vincent, Harl + R `Rex` +Vinge, Joan D. + H? `Fireship` +Vinge, Vernor + S? `Long Shot` + ? `The Accomplice` + Pe `True Names` + P The Peace War +Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. + C `EPICAC` + Y? `Fortitude` + C Player Piano + R The Sirens of Titan +Wallace, F. L. + R `Seasoned Traveller` +Watt-Evans, Lawrence + S The Cyborg and the Sorcerers + S The Wizard and the War Machine +Weinbaum, Stanley G. + R? `The Ideal` +Wellen, Edward + A `Androids Don't Cry` +* C `Finger of Fate` + ? `No Other Gods` + A `Voiceover` +Wells, H. G. + R? `When the Sleeper Wakes` +West, Wallace + A `Sculptors of Life` +White, E. B. + R? `The hour of Letdown` +White, James + R `Second Ending` +White, Ted + A Android Avenger & the Spawn of the Death Machine +Wilding, Eric (pseud) + Y `Deathwish` +Wilhelm, Kate + A `Andover and the Android` + Y `Windsong` +Willer, Jim + C Paramind +Williams, Robert Moore + R `Robot's Return` + R `The Metal Martyr` +Williams, Waltehr Jon + CH Hardwired +Williamson, Jack + R? `After Worlds End` + R `And Searching Mind` + R? `Guinevere for Everybody` + R `With Folded Hands` + Y? Lifeburst + R The Humanoid Touch + CR The Humanoids +Wodhams, Jack + ? `Sprog` +Wolfe, Bernard + Y? `Self Portrait` + Y? Limbo +Wolfe, Gene + C? `Alien Stones` +* H? `The Fifth Head of Cerberus` +Woods, W. C. + C Killing Zone +Wright, S. Flower + R `Automata` +Wylde, Thomas +* ? Clypsis + H? Roger Zelazny's Alien Speedway +Wyndham, John (John Lucas Benyon William Harris) + R `Compassion Circuit` + R? `The Lost Machine` +Young, Michael + ? The Rise of Meritocracy +Young, Robert F. + R? `Emily and the Bands Sublime` + A? `Juke Doll` or `Doll Friend` + R `Robot Son` + R `September Had Thirty Days` +Zamiatin, Eugene + C? We +Zebrowski, George + SY? `Starcrossed` +Zelazny, Roger + O `Devil Car` [ai car] + R `For a Breath I Tarry` + R `Home Is the Hangman` + O `Itself Surprised` [Berserkers] + O `Last of the Wild Ones` [ai car] + C `Leaves of Grass` + C `Loki 7281` + C `My Lady of the Diodes` + H `Permafrost` + C Blood of Amber + Y Creatures of Light and Darkness + O Doorways in the Sand [ai recording unit, invades host's body] + OR Roadmarks [ai book] + C Sign of Chaos + C The Trumps of Doom +Zelazny, Roger & Saberhagen, Fred + CH Coils +Zebrowski, George + ? `Starcrossed` +Zebrowski, George and Carrington, Grant + ? `Fountain of Force` + + +I need more information about any of the above with a query mark under the +AI type field, as well as about the following. + + `The Floating World` in _Asimov's_ + a series of stories about Willie Shorts + Connie Willis' _Fire Watch_ AI's + Doomstar by Perry and Reeves + Forbidden Planet; Robbie the Robot; author? + Holly in "Red Dwarf" + The (A) containing Callahan stories by Spider Robinson + The Purgatory Computer, Piers Anthony +* The rest of Stine's _Warbots_ series + Warren Norwood's Ship/computer book + +removed from the list: + +Anderson Poul - `Sam Hall` +Asimov, Isaac - `The Dead Past` +Bellamy, Edward - `Looking Backward` +Brunner, John - The Shockwave Rider +Caidin, Martin - Cyborg (or The Six Million Dollar Man) +Card, Orson Scott - Ender's Children (Xenocide) as yet unpublished +Clarke, Arthur C. - `The Nine Billion Names of God` +Crichton, Michael - Sphere +Elliot, Bob et al. - `The Day the Computers Got Waldon Ashenfelter` +Le Guin, Ursula Kroeber - The Lathe of Heaven +Lee, Tanith - The Eletric Forest +Miller, Walter M., Jr. - `Dumb Waiter` +McIntyre, Vonda N. - `The Genius Freaks` +Oliver, Chad - `Transformer` +Sturgeon, Theodore - `The Macrocosmic God` +Tiptree, James R. - `The Girl Who Was Plugged In` +Zelzany, Roger - My Name is Legion + +Things not included: + +Dr. Who stuff (K-9, Daliks, Cybermen) +ST:TNG stuff (Mr. Data) + +expanded definitions: + + All of the following should be able to pass the Turing test, + and should be/have been (at the minimum in their original + forms) products of human or alien intelligence. "Standard" + definitions of intelligence apply. + + androids (A) - robots in humanoid form, these can be mechanical + and/or organic (_Do androids Dream of Electric Sheep_). + computer systems (C) - these range in size and type from a + fair sized mini computer (_Ariel_) to an planetary + computer (_Colossus_) to a galactic network with one + single mind (_Speaker for the Dead_). + humans in computerized/program/digitized form (H) - these tend + to be copies of people which only exist in computerized + form - such as the hacker in (_Neuromancer_) and folks of + City Memory in (_Eon_). + non-mechanical, human created intelligences (N) - beings + which have been (in most cases) genetically altered or + are biological (_Blood Music_). NOT forced evolution + however. + other intelligences (O) - beings which are difficult to + categorize: anything Berserker, tanks, books, planets, + planets (Asimov's Gaia), satellites, etc. Where (O) is + used, the particular form has also been named when known. + programs (P) - able to move independently from one computer + system to another, usually created by a program(mer) + (_The Adolescence or P1_). + robots (R) - constitute functional and specialized beings + which are mobile and are not (S) or (P). Anything between + vaguely humanoid (Dr. Who's Cybermen) and computers on + wheels (R2D2) can be considered robots of the 'functional' + robot class. 'Specialized' robots are those which are + geared/optimized to performing one job - they can look like + either androids (The Terminator) or functional robots (Val's + from _Pirates of the Thunder_). + ships/computer systems (S) - essentially an (A) which is + only mobile in the form of a (star) ship (_Pirates of the + Thunder_). However, there are cases where the (S) is + essentially a well programmed (R) which is only mobile + as stated (_The Number of the Beast_). + cyborgs/mechanical humans (Y) - strictly speaking these are not + AI. The definition here is that the (Y) is either (1) a human + brain in control of a computer system/star ship (_The Ship + Who Sang_) where at the very least the person's brain has + been modified to contain computerized parts (_The Rapture + Effect?_) (Did you ever wish that you could have a math + co-processor?). (Y)'s are NOT (for the purpose of this + list) organic beings whose natural body parts have been + replaced by mechanical ones (ie. Luke Skywalker after + his forearm was severed, or bionic people). + unsure/no idea (?) - just what it says, so someone PLEASE read + it and tell me what type is is and whether it belongs here. + evolved AI being (e) - usually begin as man-made devices + which then develop intelligence on their own (_Valentina_). + +Copyright 1990 +Clinton Edward-Garet (Jcen) Sheppard +Po Box 8266 +Austin, Tx 78713-8266 +panther@{ccwf,walt}.cc.utexas.edu diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai010023.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai010023.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b8587e95 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai010023.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1709 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report 01-0023 + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + An Implementation of + Discourse Representation Theory + + Michael A. Covington + Nora Schmitz + + Advanced Computational Methods Center + University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + April 1988 + Minor corrections May 1989 + + ABSTRACT: This paper documents a computer program that + constructs discourse representation structures (DRSes) + from ordinary English input. A source listing of the + program is included. This program is a much extended + version of the one developed by Johnson and Klein + (1986) and was built to serve as a basis for other + research. It is implemented in Prolog using GULP, a + locally developed system for translating feature- + structure notation into Prolog terms. The reader of + this paper is expected to be familiar with discourse + representation theory, Prolog, and GULP. + + + 1. Introduction + + This paper briefly documents an implementation of discourse + representation theory (DRT) that was built to serve as a + foundation for further research. The reader is assumed to be + familiar with DRT (Kamp 1981, Spencer-Smith 1987, Guenthner + 1987), with Prolog, and with the extension of Prolog known as + GULP (Covington 1987).1 + + The implementation relies on a top-down parser written in + definite clause grammar (DCG) notation. The parser incorporates a + unification-based grammar that builds discourse representation + structures (DRSes). These have the form + + drs([X1,X2,X3...],[C1,C2,C3...]) + + + + + 1 This work was supported by National Science Foundation + Grant Number IST-85-02477. Opinions and conclusions expressed + here are solely those of the authors. We thank Donald Nute, David + Goodman, and Marvin Belzer for suggestions. + + + + + + + + where X1, X2, X3... are discourse markers (entities) and C1, C2, + C3... are conditions (predications). The entities are + represented by integers. Thus the sentence + + A farmer owns a donkey. + + is translated into a DRS such as + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ 1 2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(1) ³ + ³ gender(1,m) ³ + ³ donkey(2) ³ + ³ gender(2,n) ³ + ³ owns(1,2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + which is represented in this system as + + drs([1,2],[farmer(1),gender(1,m),donkey(2),gender(2,n), + owns(1,2)]. + + (The gender information for farmer and donkey is looked up in a + table; this will be discussed below.) + + Note that in the originally created DRS, the discourse markers + and conditions appear in the opposite of the order in which they + are encountered in the discourse; this does not affect the truth + conditions. A utility predicate, display_drs, is provided which + undoes this reversal and displays the final DRSes in a neat + indented format with all their elements occurring in the same + order as in the original discourse. + + + 2. Parsing + + 2.1. Basic syntax + + The syntax accepted by the parser is briefly summarized by the + following PS-rules: + + discourse --> (statement ; question), endpunct, discourse. + discourse --> []. + + endpunct --> ['.'];['?'];['!']. + + question --> [does], np, vp. + question --> [is], np, adj. + question --> [is], np, np. + + statement --> s. + + 2 + + + + + + + + 3 + + s --> np, vp. + s --> np, [does,not], vp. + s --> np, [is], adj. + s --> np, [is,not], adj. + s --> np, [is], np. + s --> np, [is,not], np. + s --> [if], s, [then], s. + + np --> + np --> n(class:proper). + np --> det, n2. + np --> [he]; [him]; [she]; [her]; [it]. + + n1 --> n(class:common). + n1 --> adj, n1. + + n2 --> n1. + n2 --> n1, relcl. + + relcl --> ([who]; [whom]; [which]; [that]), s. + + det --> [a]; [an]; [every]; [no]; [not,every]. + + vp --> v, np. + vp --> v. + + Many syntactic niceties, such as subject-verb agreement, are + neglected. + + + 2.2. The hold mechanism + + When a relative pronoun is encountered during processing, it is + pushed onto a stack, from which it is retrieved when a gap is + found (i.e., when an NP is needed but not present). Thus + + The donkey which the farmer feeds. + + is parsed as if its structure were: + + the donkey [s the farmer feeds which ] + + That is, which is pushed onto the stack when encountered, then + carried along until a direct object for feeds is needed. + + The pushdown stack handles nested relative clauses correctly: + + The donkey which the man whom the woman loved ___ feeds ___. + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + + + + + + + 4 + + The relative pronouns are retrieved from the stack in the + opposite of the order in which they are stored. + + This hold mechanism is implemented by giving two additional + arguments to each phrasal node. For example, in the rule + + vp(VP,H1,H2) --> v(V), np(NP,H1,H2). + + H1 is the input to the hold mechanism and H2 is the output. More + precisely, upon entry to the rule H1 is instantiated to a + (usually empty) list representing the contents of the holding + stack before parsing the verb phrase. Upon exit from the rule, H2 + will be instantiated to the contents of the holding stack after + parsing the verb phrase. In this case, H1 and H2 are simply + passed to the noun phrase, which makes whatever change is + required. The verb does not receive arguments for the holding + stack because it is not a phrasal node (a verb is a single word). + + This technique is described more fully by Covington, Nute, and + Vellino (1988: 417-422). + + Note crucially that in the current implementation the holding + stack contains, not the relative pronouns themselves, but + structures of the form rel(Index) where Index is a discourse + marker. Thus [rel(14),rel(10)] is what the holding stack looks + like when it contains relative pronouns modifying discourse + markers 10 and 14. + + + 2.3. Feature structures + + The bulk of the work of the parser is done by feature structures, + implemented using GULP. The first argument of each node, phrasal + or nonphrasal, contains a feature structure of the general form: + + ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ syn: index: ... ³ + ³ class: ... ³ + ³ arg1: ... ³ + ³ arg2: ... ³ + ³ ³ + ³ sem: in: ... ³ + ³ out: ... ³ + ³ res: in: ... ³ + ³ out: ... ³ + ³ scope: in: ... ³ + ³ out: ... ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ + + Not all of the features are instantiated for every node. The + roles of the features are: + + + + + + + + 5 + + index is the discourse marker (a number) associated with the + node. It is instantiated only on nouns and nodes that predicate + them (e.g., adjectives), dominate them (e.g., noun phrases), or + unify with them (e.g., pronouns). Unique indices are only created + for nouns (common and proper). The other nodes that have indices + obtain them by copying. + + class is common or proper, instantiated on nouns, or transitive + or intransitive, instantiated on verbs. + + arg1 and arg2 are the discourse markers of subject and direct + object, instantiated only on verbs and the nodes that dominate + them. + + sem:in is the discourse representation structure as it exists + before processing the current node. When processing a discourse + consisting of several sentences, the feature sem:in will provide + the previous context within which to interpret the new sentence. + + sem:out is the discourse representation structure after + processing the current node. The final semantic representation of + a sentence will be crucially influenced by its determiners. + + sem:res and sem:scope are used for passing semantic information + to other constituents that modify the logical structure of the + sentence; they will be discussed further below (see 3.3). + + + 3. DRS construction + + 3.1. Form of DRSes + + A DRS is a set of discourse markers U and a set of conditions + Con, represented in Prolog as drs(U,Con), where both U and Con + are lists. Corresponding to each discourse marker there is a + condition giving its gender for pronoun reference. For example, + the sentence + + Pedro owns a donkey. He feeds it. + + having the following DRS + + + + + + + + 6 + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ 1 2 3 4 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(1,pedro)³ + ³ gender(1,m) ³ + ³ donkey(2) ³ + ³ gender(2,n) ³ + ³ owns(1,2) ³ + ³ feeds(1,2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + is represented as + + drs([1,2], + [named(1,pedro),gender(1,m),donkey(2),gender(2,n), + owns(1,2),feeds(1,2)]). + + In practice, the DRS construction algorithm always works with a + list of DRSes. This list begins with the DRS currently under + construction, followed by all superordinate DRSes, so that all + accessible discourse markers can be found. This is not a cyclical + data structure because each superordinate DRS is represented as + it was before the current DRS was embedded in it. + + Consider for instance the hypothetical DRS + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ 1 2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ a(1) ³ + ³ b(2) ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ ³ 3 4 ³ ³ 5 6 ³ ³ + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ --> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ c(3) ³ ³ e(5) ³ ³ + ³ ³ d(4) ³ ³ f(6) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + at the moment when f(6) is being added. The active DRS is the one + containing 5 and 6, and two other DRSes are superordinate to it. + Thus the DRS list, as seen by the construction rules at that + moment, will be: + + [drs([6,5],[f(6),e(5)]), + drs([4,3],[d(4),c(3)]), + drs([2,1],[b(2),a(1)])]. + + After the innermost DRS is built, construction rules for the + outer DRSes will perform the embeddings, resulting in the final + structure + + + + + + + + 7 + + [drs([2,1], + [ifthen(drs([4,3],[d(4),c(3)]), + drs([6,5],[f(6),e(5)])), + b(2), + a(1)])]. + + which will be displayed by display_drs as: + + [1,2] + a(1) + b(2) + IF: + [3,4] + c(3) + d(4) + THEN: + [5,6] + e(5) + f(6) + + restoring the original order in which elements were encountered. + + + 3.2. Meaning = DRS change + + Crucially, the meaning of a sentence, or of any constituent, is + the change in the DRS that occurs when that sentence or + constituent is processed. Thus every constituent's sem:in and + sem:out features differ in some way, and the difference + represents the meaning of that constituent. For example, if the + noun donkey were handled by a single rule, that rule would be + + n(N) --> [donkey], + { unique(I), + n = syn: (index:I :: + class:common) :: + sem: (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs([I|U],[donkey(I)|Con])|Super]) }. + + This rule would do the following things: + + (1) Generate a unique number and instantiate I to it. This number + becomes the discourse marker (index) of the noun. + + (2) Unify the current DRS list with [drs(U,Con)|Super]. Here + drs(U,Con) is the DRS currently under construction and Super + contains zero or more superordinate DRSes. + + (3) Add I to the list U, and add donkey(I) to the list Con, thus + adding the meaning of donkey to the DRS under construction. + + + + + + + + 8 + + In the implementation presented here, however, this rule is + formulated in a more general way: it applies to the entire + category of common nouns. The particular semantics for donkey is + looked up in a table: + + common_noun(donkey, lambda(X,[gender(X,n),donkey(X)])). + common_noun(farmer, lambda(X,[gender(X,m),farmer(X)])). + etc. + + The rule for a verb is similar, but instead of adding an index to + U, it uses the indices that are passed to it as syntactic + arguments. Here are pseudo-rules for one- and two-argument verbs + (again, the real rules look up the semantics in a table): + + v(V) --> [brays], + { V = syn: (class:intransitive :: + arg1: A) :: + sem: (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs(U,[brays(A)|Con])|Super]) }. + + v(V) --> [feeds], + { V = syn: (class:transitive :: + arg1: A1 :: + arg2: A2) :: + sem: (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs(U,[feeds(A1,A2)|Con])|Super]) }. + + The verb rules rely on other rules to pass them valid values of + arg1 and arg2. Of course, since this is a unification-based + process, it is order-independent; "passing a value" may merely + mean unifying A1 and A2 with variables that exist elsewhere and + will later be instantiated. + + + 3.3. A note on proper nouns + + Kamp (1981) originally treated proper nouns as a device for + direct reference, hence introducing different DRS-representations + for proper nouns or 'constants' on the one hand, and 'predicates' + (e.g. common nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) on the other. Thus + + 23 = john + + identifies discourse referent 23 with John, whereas + + boy(23) + + says discourse referent 23 is a boy. + + This account seems counter-intuitive since the same proper name + may very well refer to different individuals. As such, proper + names should not be interpreted as logical constants. + + + + + + + + 9 + + In later work, Kamp (1983) and Guenthner (1986) revise the + original DRT account of proper names, but by introducing unary + predicates: + + john(23) + + In the implementation presented here, proper nouns are related to + their discourse marker(s) by means of a predicate named, e.g., + named(23,'John'). Different individuals with the same name and + occurring within the same discourse no longer create a problem. + Further, the same individual can have more than one name (e.g., + Hesperus and Phosphorus). + + A second aspect of the proper noun problem is their + quantificational interpretation. In Kamp (1981), all proper nouns + are given an existential interpretation in that they + automatically rise to the universe of the topmost DRS. This makes + them accessible (as antecedents of anaphors) from anywhere in the + discourse. + + Since DRT is not concerned with the outside world but rather with + mental models and their embeddings in a possible world model, + this approach does not have any trouble interpreting unicorns or + Santa Clauses: the discourse markers in DRT do not have real + world referents and their existence is only 'mental'. + + + 3.4. The crucial role of determiners + + The fundamental insight of the Johnson and Klein implementation + is that determiners, despite their minor syntactic role, are the + most important constituents for establishing the logical + structure of the sentence. + + Syntactically, a determiner has only one argument: a noun (or NP + minus determiner). Semantically, however, we will follow Johnson + and Klein in saying that a determiner has two arguments: + + restrictor: the remaining information within the NP. + + scope: the predicate outside the NP. + + For example, the sentence + + A donkey brays. + + can be translated into predicate logic as + + (some X: donkey(X)) brays(X) + + + + + + + + 10 + + where some X is the quantifier, donkey(X) is the restrictor (an + extra condition attached to the quantifier), and brays(X) is the + scope. + + Accordingly, the DRS for A donkey brays is constructed by passing + the restrictor donkey and the scope brays to the determiner a. + This is achieved by several rules working together. + + Consider first the rule for the simple sentence: + + s(S) --> { NP = sem:A, + S = sem:A, + VP = sem:B, + NP = sem:scope:B, + NP = syn:index:C, + VP = syn:arg1:C }, np(NP), vp(VP). + + (Here and in what follows, the hold mechanism is left out for + brevity.) + + This rule says that: + + (1) All the semantic features of the S are passed to the NP. + + (2) The scope of the NP (and eventually of its determiner) is the + semantics of the VP (which comprises in and out features + although we do not see them here). Because of (1), this is + also the scope of the S. + + (3) The index of the NP -- that is, its discourse marker -- is + the same as the subject (arg1) of the verb. + + In this case the features of the VP are simply those of the verb. + But what happens in the NP? + + The answer is given by the rule + + np(NP) --> { N = syn:A, + NP = syn:A, + NP = sem:B, + Det = sem:B, + N = sem:C, + Det = sem:res:C }, det(Det), n(N). + + (Again, this is simplified slightly; the actual grammar includes + the syntactic categories n1 and n2 intermediate between noun and + noun phrase.) + + This rule says that an NP has the syntactic features of the noun + (crucially including index) but the semantic features of the + determiner. Further, the semantics of the noun becomes the + restrictor of the determiner. + + + + + + + + 11 + + Finally, the determiner, receiving a scope and restrictor, must + incorporate them into the overall DRS in the correct way. The + task of the determiner a is very simple: + + det(Det) --> [a], + { Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:res:in:A, + Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:in:B, + Det = sem:scope:out:C, + Det = sem:out:C }. + + That is, pass the semantics to the restrictor, then to the scope, + letting each of them do its work. The determiner a is implicit in + DRT and has no special representation of its own. + + Other determiners manipulate the DRS in more complex ways, e.g. + every: + + det(Det) --> [every], + { Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:res:in:[drs ([],[])|A], + Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:in:[drs([],[])|B], + Det = sem:scope:out:[Scope,Res,drs(U,Con)|Super], + Det = sem:out:[drs(U,[ifthen(Res,Scope)|Con])|Super] }. + + This order-independent process is hard to describe in a step-by- + step manner. It is recommended that the interested reader try + working out some examples of feature structure unifications by + hand. + + + 3.5. "If-then" sentences + + As explained in Kamp (1981), "if-then"2 sentences give rise to a + DRS-split: every way in which the IF is true carries with it a + way of the THEN being true. For example, the sentence + + If a man loves a woman then a boojum sees a bandersnatch. + + goes into DRT as + + + + + + 2 We call these "if-then sentences" rather than + "conditionals" because in DRT, "conditions" are the predicates in + a DRS, i.e., the truth-conditions of the DRS, and also because + some DRT "if-then" structures arise from sentences that do not + look superficially like conditionals in the logical sense. + + + + + + + + 12 + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ 1 2 ³ ³ 3 4 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ man(1) ³ ³ boojum(3) ³ + ³ gender(1,m)³ ---> ³ gender(3,n) ³ + ³ woman(2) ³ ³ bandersnatch(4)³ + ³ gender(2,f)³ ³ gender(4,n) ³ + ³ loves 1,2) ³ ³ sees(3,4) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + + and creates conditions of the form + + ifthen(drs(U1,Con1), drs(U2,Con2)). + + The embedding is performed by the S rule for sentences of the + form if X then Y, and by the Det rule for every. + + + 3.6. Negated sentences + + Negated sentences are handled by embedding a structure of the + form neg(drs(U,Con)) as a condition of a higher DRS. For example, + the S rule for sentences containing does not is: + + s(S) --> { S = sem:in:A, + NP = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + VP = sem:C, + NP = sem:scope:C, + NP = syn:index:D, + VP = syn:arg1:D, + NP = sem:out:[X,drs(U,Con)|Super], + S = sem:out:[drs(U,[neg(X)|Con])|Super] }, + np(NP), [does,not], vp(VP). + + Crucially, this rule does not pass sem of S directly to sem of + NP. Instead, it intercepts sem:in of S and adds a new, empty DRS + at the beginning of it before passing it to NP. The processing of + the sentence then adds information to this new DRS. Then this + rule intercepts sem:out of NP, removes the new DRS (X), and + embeds it as a condition in the DRS that was previously at the + beginning of the list. + + The determiner no performs a similar manipulation by intercepting + sem:in and sem:out of Det. + + We do not account for all possible syntactic positions or + semantic interpretations of negation. For instance, not can have + as its syntactic argument an adjective or adverb: + + Pedro's donkey is not brown but gray. + + + + + + + + 13 + + This is a structure we do not account for. + + Further, negated sentences containing quantifiers are often + ambiguous; for example, + + Every man does not love a woman. + + can mean either "every man fails to love" or "not every man + loves," and we account for only the latter reading. + + + 3.7. Questions + + Discourse representation theory does not provide a way to handle + questions. This system treats them like negated sentences except + that the embedding functor is query(...) rather than neg(...). + Thus the discourse: + + Pedro loves Chiquita. Does she love him? + + goes into DRT as + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ 1 2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(1,pedro) ³ + ³ gender(1,m) ³ + ³ named(2,chiquita) ³ + ³ gender(2,f) ³ + ³ loves(1,2) ³ + ³ ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ query: ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³loves(2,1)³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + or, in the internal representation, + + drs([1,2],[named(1,pedro),gender(1,m),named(2,chiquita), + gender(2,f),loves(1,2), + query(drs([],[loves(2,1)]))]). + + + 4. Anaphora + + 4.1. The basic mechanism + + DRT claims that an anaphoric pronoun can only refer to a + discourse marker in the current DRS or in a DRS immediately + superordinate to it. A DRS that encloses the current DRS is + + + + + + + + 14 + + superordinate to it; in addition, the left side of an "if-then" + structure is superordinate to the right side, but not vice versa. + + As explained in section 3.3, proper names overrule these + accessibility conditions for anaphoric linking in that their + discourse markers always rise to the universe of the topmost DRS, + i.e., an NP can refer to any individual that has been previously + mentioned by proper name, regardless of the syntactic structure + of the discourse. + + Recall that the sem:in feature passed to each constituent is not + a single DRS, but rather a list containing the current DRS plus + all DRSes that are superordinate to it. Accordingly, the + antecedent of an anaphoric pronoun (he, him, she, her, or it) is + found by searching the list of discourse markers for every DRS in + the list, looking for a discourse marker for which the correct + gender is recorded. This is done by rules such as: + + np(NP) --> [he], + { NP = sem:in:DRSlist, + member(drs(U,Con),DRSlist), + member(Index,U), + member(gender(Index2,m),Con), Index==Index2, + NP = syn:index:Index, + NP = sem:scope:in:DRSlist, + NP = sem:scope:out:Result, + NP = sem:out:Result }. + + That is: Choose a drs(U,Con) in the DRS list; choose a discourse + marker Index in U; and check that gender(Index2,m) occurs in Con + and that Index and Index2 are already instantiated to the same + value. If this is the case, set the index of the current NP equal + to the index of the antecedent just found; pass the DRS list to + the scope of this NP (i.e., the VP); and take the result as + output. + + This strategy will always find the most recent possible + antecedent first, because it begins searching the lists at the + most recently added item. + + The implementation presented here does not establish equivalence + relations between different individuals with the same proper + name, nor between different proper names for the same individual. + + + 4.2. Why some rules are upside down + + The alert reader will have noticed that rules for phrasal nodes + have the unifications before the expansions, while rules for + single words have the unifications last, thus: + + np(...) --> {...unifications...}, det(...), n(...). + + + + + + + + 15 + + versus + + n(...) --> [donkey], {...unifications...}. + + There is a good reason for this. The calls to member that are + used in resolving anaphors require that the DRS list be + instantiated at the time member is called. In this, the anaphora + resolver deviates from strict unification-based grammar. By + performing the unifications for all phrasal nodes before parsing + the subordinate nodes, we ensure that the instantiations will + have taken place. When parsing a non-phrasal node, on the other + hand, we know that the anaphora resolver will not be called; the + first thing the parser should do is look at the actual form of + the word, so that if it has guessed wrong it can back out + immediately. + + + Bibliography + + Covington, M. A. (1987) GULP 1.1: An extension of Prolog for + unification-based grammar. ACMC Research Report 00-0021, + University of Georgia. + + Covington, M. A.; Nute, D.; and Vellino, A. (1988) Prolog + programming in depth. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman. + + Guenthner, F. (1986) A theory for the representation of + knowledge. IBM Journal of Research and Development 30.1:39- + 56. + + Guenthner, F. (1987) Linguistic meaning in Discourse + Representation Theory. Synthese 73: 569-598. + + Johnson, M., and Klein, E. (1986) Discourse, anaphora, and + parsing. CSLI Research Report 86-63, Stanford University. + + Kamp, H. (1981) A theory of truth and semantic representation. + In Groenendijk et al. (eds.) Formal methods in the study of + language, 277-322. University of Amsterdam. + + Kamp, H. (1983) SID without time or questions. Manuscript, + University of Texas, Austin. + + Spencer-Smith, R. (1987) Semantics and discourse representation. + Mind and Language 2.1: 1-26. + + + + + + + + 16 + + Appendix: Program listing + + + /******************************************************************** + AN IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCOURSE REPRESENTATION THEORY + ******************************************************************** + + /******************************************************************** + Experimental implementation of Discourse Representation Theory + modeled on that of Johnson and Klein (CSLI Report 86-63). + Programmed by Michael Covington and Nora Schmitz, U. of Georgia. + Supported by National Science Foundation Grant IST-85-02477. + ********************************************************************/ + + /******************************************************************** + DECLARATIONS + ********************************************************************/ + + g_features([in,out,syn,sem,index,scope,res,class,arg1,arg2]). + + + /******************************************************************** + COMPUTATIONAL UTILITIES + ********************************************************************/ + + /* + * reverse(List,Result) + * Fast list reversal with stacks. + * NOTE: If the tail of the list is uninstantiated, this procedure + * will instantiate it to nil. So don't use this procedure on + * open lists that need to remain open. + */ + + reverse(List,Result) :- + nonvar(List), + reverse_aux(List,[],Result). + + reverse_aux([],Result,Result). + + reverse_aux([H|T],Stack,Result) :- + reverse_aux(T,[H|Stack],Result). + + + /* + * unique_integer(N) + * Unifies N with a different integer every time it is called. + */ + + unique_integer(N) :- retract(unique_aux(N)), + NN is N+1, + assert(unique_aux(NN)), + !. /* Cut needed by Quintus, not Arity */ + + + + + + + + 17 + + unique_aux(0). + + + /* + * add_to_topmost_drs(I,Semantics,DRSList,NewDRSList) + * Used to let the discourse markers for proper nouns rise to the + * universe part of the topmost DRS. + * I is an atom (the index); Semantics is a list of DRS-conditions. + */ + + add_to_topmost_drs(I,Semantics,[drs(U,Con)],[drs([I|U],NewCon)]) :- + append(Semantics,Con,NewCon). + + add_to_topmost_drs(I,Semantics,[H|T],[H|NewT]) :- + add_to_topmost_drs(I,Semantics,T,NewT). + + + /******************************************************************** + I/O UTILITIES + ********************************************************************/ + + /* + * display_drs(X) + * Outputs a readable representation of a DRS. + */ + + display_drs(X) :- display_drs_indented(X,0). + + display_drs_indented(X,N) :- + var(X), + !, + write(X),nl. + + display_drs_indented(ifthen(X,Y),N) :- + !, + tab(N), write('IF:'), nl, + NN is N+2, + display_drs_indented(X,NN), + tab(N), write('THEN:'), nl, + display_drs_indented(Y,NN). + + display_drs_indented(neg(X),N) :- + !, + tab(N), write('NOT:'), nl, + NN is N+2, + display_drs_indented(X,NN). + + display_drs_indented(query(X),N) :- + !, + tab(N), write('QUERY:'), nl, + NN is N+2, + display_drs_indented(X,NN). + + + + + + + + 18 + + display_drs_indented(drs(X,Y),N) :- + !, + reverse(X,RX), + tab(N), write(RX), nl, + reverse(Y,RY), + display_drs_indented(RY,N). + + display_drs_indented([H|T],N) :- + !, + display_drs_indented(H,N), + display_drs_indented(T,N). + + display_drs_indented([],_) :- !. + + display_drs_indented(Cond,N) :- + tab(N), write(Cond), nl. + + + /******************************************************************** + DRS-BUILDER + ********************************************************************/ + + /*************************************** + * Lexicon and lexical insertion rules * + ***************************************/ + + /* + * Proper nouns. + */ + + n(N) --> [Form], + { proper_noun_features(Form,N) }. + /* add_to_topmost_drs }. */ + + proper_noun_features(Form,N) :- + proper_noun(Form,lambda(I,Semantics)), + append(Semantics,Con,NewCon), + unique_integer(I), + N = syn: (index:I :: + class:proper) :: + sem: (in: DRSList :: + out: NewDRSList), + add_to_topmost_drs(I,Semantics,DRSList,NewDRSList). + + proper_noun(pedro, lambda(X,[gender(X,m),named(X,pedro)])). + proper_noun(chiquita, lambda(X,[gender(X,f),named(X,chiquita)])). + + /* + * Common nouns. + */ + + n(N) --> [Form], + + + + + + + + 19 + + { common_noun_features(Form,N) }. + + common_noun_features(Form,N) :- + common_noun(Form,lambda(I,Semantics)), + append(Semantics,Con,NewCon), + unique_integer(I), + N = syn: (index:I :: + class:common) :: + sem: (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs([I|U],NewCon)|Super]). + + common_noun(bandersnatch,lambda(X,[gender(X,n),bandersnatch(X)])). + common_noun(boojum, lambda(X,[gender(X,n),boojum(X)])). + common_noun(man, lambda(X,[gender(X,m),man(X)])). + common_noun(woman, lambda(X,[gender(X,f),woman(X)])). + common_noun(donkey, lambda(X,[gender(X,n),donkey(X)])). + common_noun(farmer, lambda(X,[gender(X,m),farmer(X)])). + + + /* + * Adjectives. + */ + + adj(Adj) --> [Form], + { adjective_features(Form,Adj) }. + + adjective_features(Form,Adj) :- + adjective(Form,lambda(I,Semantics)), + append(Semantics,Con,NewCon), + Adj = syn: (index:I) :: + sem: (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs(U,NewCon)|Super]). + + adjective(big, lambda(X,[big(X)])). + adjective(green, lambda(X,[green(X)])). + adjective(rich, lambda(X,[rich(X)])). + adjective(old, lambda(X,[old(X)])). + adjective(happy, lambda(X,[happy(X)])). + + /* + * Transitive verbs. + */ + + v(V) --> [Form], + { transitive_verb_features(Form,V) }. + + transitive_verb_features(Form,V) :- + transitive_verb(Form,lambda(A1,A2,Semantics)), + append(Semantics,Con,NewCon), + V = syn: (class:transitive :: + arg1:A1 :: + arg2:A2) :: + + + + + + + + 20 + + sem: (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs(U,NewCon)|Super]). + + transitive_verb(see, lambda(X,Y,[sees(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(sees, lambda(X,Y,[sees(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(love, lambda(X,Y,[loves(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(loves, lambda(X,Y,[loves(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(own, lambda(X,Y,[owns(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(owns, lambda(X,Y,[owns(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(have, lambda(X,Y,[has(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(has, lambda(X,Y,[has(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(beat, lambda(X,Y,[beats(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(beats, lambda(X,Y,[beats(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(feed, lambda(X,Y,[feeds(X,Y)])). + transitive_verb(feeds, lambda(X,Y,[feeds(X,Y)])). + + + /* + * Intransitive verbs. + */ + + v(V) --> [Form], + { intransitive_verb_features(Form,V) }. + + intransitive_verb_features(Form,V) :- + intransitive_verb(Form,lambda(Arg,Semantics)), + append(Semantics,Con,NewCon), + V = syn : (class:intransitive :: + arg1:Arg) :: + sem : (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs(U,NewCon)|Super]). + + intransitive_verb(bark, lambda(X,[barks(X)])). + intransitive_verb(barks, lambda(X,[barks(X)])). + intransitive_verb(eat, lambda(X,[eats(X)])). + intransitive_verb(eats, lambda(X,[eats(X)])). + intransitive_verb(bray, lambda(X,[brays(X)])). + intransitive_verb(brays, lambda(X,[brays(X)])). + + /* + * Determiners, each with its own semantics. + */ + + det(Det) --> ([a] ; [an]), + { Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:res:in:A, /* Pass 'sem:in' to 'res'. */ + Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:in:B, /* Pass 'res:out' to 'scope:in'. */ + Det = sem:scope:out:C, + Det = sem:out:C }. /* Whatever comes out of + 'scope:out' is the final + result for the whole + + + + + + + + 21 + + sentence. */ + + det(Det) --> [every], + { Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:res:in:[drs([],[])|A], + Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:in:[drs([],[])|B], + Det = sem:scope:out:[Scope,Res,drs(U,Con)|Super], + Det = sem:out:[drs(U,[ifthen(Res,Scope)|Con])|Super] }. + + det(Det) --> [no], + { Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:res:in:[drs([],[])|A], + Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:in:B, + Det = sem:scope:out:[DRS,drs(U,Con)|Super], + Det = sem:out:[drs(U,[neg(DRS)|Con])|Super] }. + + det(Det) --> [not,every], + { Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:res:in:[drs([],[])|A], + Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:in:[drs([],[])|B], + Det = sem:scope:out:[Scope,Res,drs(U,Con)|Super], + Det = sem:out: + [drs(U,[neg(drs([],[ifthen(Res,Scope)]))|Con])|Super] }. + + /************************** + * Phrase structure rules * + **************************/ + + /* + * n1: a common noun preceded by zero or more adjectives. + */ + + n1(N1,H,H) --> n(N1). + + n1(N1A,H1,H2) --> + { N1A = syn:A, + Adj = syn:A, + N1B = syn:A, /* Indices are syntactic, not semantic. */ + N1A = sem:in:B, + N1B = sem:in:B, + N1B = sem:out:C, + Adj = sem:in:C, + Adj = sem:out:D, + N1A = sem:out:D }, + adj(Adj), n1(N1B,H1,H2). + + /* + * n2: a common noun of type n1 optionally followed by relative clause. + */ + + + + + + + + 22 + + n2(N2,H1,H2) --> n1(N2,H1,H2). + + n2(N2,H1,H3) --> + { N2 = syn:Syn, + N1 = syn:Syn, + RC = syn:Syn, /* Pass index to 'RC'. */ + N2 = sem:in:S1, + N1 = sem: (in:S1 :: out:S2), + RC = sem: (in:S2 :: out:S3), + N2 = sem:out:S3 }, + n1(N1,H1,H2), relcl(RC,H2,H3). + /* A noun phrase ending with a + relative clause. */ + + /* + * Noun phrases. */ + + np(NP,H,H) --> + { N = syn:class:proper, + N = syn:A, + NP = syn:A, /* 'NP' gets its syntax from 'N'. */ + N = sem:B, + NP = sem:res:B, /* 'NP' gets its restrictor from 'N'. */ + NP = sem:in:C, + NP = sem:res:in:C, /* Pass 'sem:in' through 'res'. */ + NP = sem:res:out:D, + NP = sem:scope:in:D, /* Pass on through 'scope' */ + NP = sem:scope:out:E, + NP = sem:out:E }, + n(N). /* Proper names do not take + determiners. */ + + np(NP,H1,H2) --> + { N2 = syn:class:common, + N2 = syn:C, + NP = syn:C, /* 'NP' gets its syntax from 'N'. */ + Det = sem:A, + NP = sem:A, /* 'NP' gets its semantics from 'Det'. */ + N2 = sem:B, + Det = sem:res:B }, /* 'Det' gets its restrictor from 'N'. */ + det(Det), n2(N2,H1,H2). + + /* + * Trace (gap) from moved relative pronoun. + */ + + np(NP,[rel(Index)|Rest],Rest) --> [], /* Trace from moved relative + pronoun. */ + { NP = sem:in:B, /* This kind of NP has no semantics + and hence no restrictor. */ + NP = sem:scope:in:B, + NP = sem:scope:out:C, + + + + + + + + 23 + + NP = sem:out:C, + NP = syn:index:Index }. + + /* + * Anaphoric pronouns, with anaphora resolving routine. + */ + + np(NP,H,H) --> ([he];[him]), + { NP=sem:in:DrsList, + member(drs(U,Con),DrsList), + member(Index,U), + member(gender(Index2,m),Con), Index == Index2, + NP=syn:index:Index, + NP=sem:scope:in:DrsList, + NP=sem:scope:out:DrsOut, + NP=sem:out:DrsOut }. + + np(NP,H,H) --> ([she];[her]), + { NP=sem:in:DrsList, + member(drs(U,Con),DrsList), + member(Index,U), + member(gender(Index2,f),Con), Index == Index2, + NP=syn:index:Index, + NP=sem:scope:in:DrsList, + NP=sem:scope:out:DrsOut, + NP=sem:out:DrsOut }. + + np(NP,H,H) --> [it], + { NP=sem:in:DrsList, + member(drs(U,Con),DrsList), + member(Index,U), + member(gender(Index2,n),Con), Index == Index2, + NP=syn:index:Index, + NP=sem:scope:in:DrsList, + NP=sem:scope:out:DrsOut, + NP=sem:out:DrsOut }. + + /* + * Verb phrases. + */ + + vp(VP,H1,H2) --> + { V = syn:class:transitive, + V = syn:D, + VP = syn:D, /* 'VP' gets its syntax from 'V'. */ + NP = sem:A, + VP = sem:A, /* 'VP' gets its semantics from 'NP'. */ + NP = syn:index:C, + VP = syn:arg2:C, /* 'VP' gets its object index from 'NP'. */ + V = sem:B, + NP = sem:scope:B }, /* 'NP' gets its scope from 'V'. */ + v(V), np(NP,H1,H2). + + + + + + + + 24 + + vp(VP,H,H) --> v(VP), + { VP = syn:class:intransitive }. + + /* + * Relative clauses. + */ + + relcl(RC,H1,H2) --> { RC = syn:index:Index, + RC = sem:Sem, + S = sem:Sem }, + ([who];[whom];[which];[that]), s(S,[rel(Index)|H1],H2). + + /* + * Simple sentences. + */ + + s(S,H1,H3) --> + { NP = sem:A, + S = sem:A, /* Pass 'NP=sem' to 'S=sem'. */ + VP = sem:C, + NP = sem:scope:C, /* Pass 'VP=sem' to 'NP=sem:scope'. */ + NP = syn:index:D, + VP = syn:arg1:D }, /* Pass 'NP=syn:index' to 'VP=syn:arg1'. */ + np(NP,H1,H2), vp(VP,H2,H3). + + s(S,H1,H3) --> + /* + * Note: "does not" is given sentential scope here. + * That is, "Every man does not love a woman" is + * taken to mean "It is not the case that every + * man loves a woman." + */ + { S = sem:in:A, + NP = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + VP = sem:C, + NP = sem:scope:C, + NP = syn:index:D, + VP = syn:arg1:D, + NP = sem:out:[DRS,drs(U,Con)|Super], + S = sem:out:[drs(U,[neg(DRS)|Con])|Super] }, + np(NP,H1,H2), [does,not], vp(VP,H2,H3). + + s(S,H1,H2) --> + { S = sem:A, + NP = sem:A, + NP = sem:scope:B, + Adj = sem:B, + NP = syn:C, /* Pass along the syntax. */ + Adj = syn:C }, + np(NP,H1,H2), [is], adj(Adj). + + s(S,H1,H2) --> + + + + + + + + 25 + + { S = sem:in:A, + NP = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + NP = sem:out:[DRS,drs(U,Con)|Super], + S = sem:out:[drs(U,[neg(DRS)|Con])|Super], + NP = sem:scope:B, + Adj = sem:B, + NP = syn:C, + Adj = syn:C }, + np(NP,H1,H2), [is,not], adj(Adj). + + s(S,H1,H3) --> + { S = sem:A, + NP1 = sem:A, + NP2 = sem:B, + NP1 = sem:scope:B, + NP1 = syn:index:A1, + NP2 = syn:index:A2, + NP2 = sem:scope: (in: [drs(U,Con)|Super] :: + out: [drs(U,[(A1=A2)|Con])|Super]) }, + np(NP1,H1,H2), [is], np(NP2,H2,H3). + + s(S,H1,H3) --> + { S = sem:in:A, + NP1 = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + NP1 = sem:out:[DRS,drs(U1,Con1)|Super1], + S = sem:out:[drs(U1,[neg(DRS)|Con1])|Super1], + NP2 = sem:B, + NP1 = sem:scope:B, + NP1 = syn:index:A1, + NP2 = syn:index:A2, + NP2 = sem:scope: (in: [drs(U2,Con2)|Super2] :: + out: [drs(U2,[(A1=A2)|Con2])|Super2]) }, + np(NP1,H1,H2), [is,not], np(NP2,H2,H3). + + + /* + * Complex sentences. + */ + + s(S,H,H) --> + { S = sem:in: A, + S1 = sem:in: [drs([],[])|A], + S1 = sem:out:B, + S2 = sem:in: [drs([],[])|B], + S2 = sem:out:[S2DRS,S1DRS,drs(U,Con)|Super], + S = sem:out:[drs(U,[ifthen(S1DRS,S2DRS)|Con])|Super] }, + [if], s(S1,[],[]), [then], s(S2,[],[]). + /* Empty hold lists enforce Coordinate + Structure Constraint. */ + + /* + * Statements, i.e., top-level, non-embedded sentence. + + + + + + + + 26 + + */ + + statement(S) --> s(S,[],[]). + + /* + * Questions. + */ + + question(Q) --> + { Q = sem:in:A, + NP = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + VP = sem:C, + NP = sem:scope:C, + NP = syn:index:D, + VP = syn:arg1:D, + NP = sem:out:[DRS,drs(U,Con)|Super], + Q = sem:out:[drs(U,[query(DRS)|Con])|Super] }, + [does], np(NP,[],H2), vp(VP,H2,[]). + + + question(Q) --> + { Q = sem:in:A, + NP = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + NP = sem:out:[DRS,drs(U,Con)|Super], + Q = sem:out:[drs(U,[query(DRS)|Con])|Super], + NP = sem:scope:B, + Adj = sem:B, + NP = syn:C, + Adj = syn:C }, + [is], np(NP,[],[]), adj(Adj). + + + question(Q) --> + { Q = sem:in:A, + NP1 = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + NP1 = sem:out:[DRS,drs(U1,Con1)|Super1], + Q = sem:out:[drs(U1,[query(DRS)|Con1])|Super1], + NP2 = sem:B, + NP1 = sem:scope:B, + NP1 = syn:index:A1, + NP2 = syn:index:A2, + NP2 = sem:scope: (in: [drs(U2,Con2)|Super2] :: + out: [drs(U2,[(A1=A2)|Con2])|Super2]) }, + [is], np(NP1,[],[]), np(NP2,[],[]). + + /* + * Discourse + * [a,discourse,is,a,series,of,consecutive,sentences, + * separated,by,endpuncts,like,this,'.',note,that,an, + * endpunct,is,required,after,the,final,sentence,'!'] + */ + + + + + + + + 27 + + discourse(D1) --> + { D1 = sem:in:A, + S = sem:in:A, + S = sem:out:B, + D2 = sem:in:B, + D2 = sem:out:C, + D1 = sem:out:C }, + ( statement(S) ; question(S) ), endpunct, {!}, discourse(D2). + + discourse(D) --> [], + { D = sem:in:A, + D = sem:out:A }. + + /* + * Endpunct (sentence terminator). + */ + + endpunct --> ['.'] ; ['?'] ; ['!']. + + + + /******************************************************************** + TEST SUITE + ********************************************************************/ + + try(String) :- append(String,['.'],Discourse), + tryd(Discourse). + + tryd(String) :- write(String),nl, + Features = sem:in:[drs([],[])], + phrase(discourse(Features),String), + Features = sem:out:DRS, + DRS = [Current|Super], + display_drs(Current). + + test1 :- try([a,man,sees,a,donkey]). + test2 :- try([a,donkey,sees,a,man]). + test3 :- try([every,man,sees,a,donkey]). + test4 :- try([every,man,sees,every,donkey]). + test5 :- try([if,a,man,loves,a,woman,then,a,boojum,sees,a,bandersnatch]). + test6 :- try([if,every,man,loves,a,woman, + then,every,boojum,sees,a,bandersnatch]). + test7 :- try([no,man,loves,every,woman]). + test8 :- try([every,man,loves,no,bandersnatch]). + test9 :- try([no,woman,loves,a,bandersnatch]). + test10 :- try([no,woman,loves,no,man]). + test11 :- try([a,woman,does,not,love,a,man]). + test12 :- try([a,man,does,not,love,every,woman]). + test13 :- try([every,boojum,does,not,see,every,bandersnatch]). + test14 :- try([pedro,owns,a,donkey]). + test15 :- try([pedro,loves,chiquita]). + test16 :- try([a,man,sees,pedro]). + + + + + + + + 28 + + test17 :- try([pedro,has,a,big,green,donkey]). + test18 :- try([no,man,has,a,green,donkey]). + test19 :- try([if,pedro,has,a,big,green,donkey,then,pedro,has,chiquita]). + test20 :- tryd([a,man,loves,a,woman,'.',pedro,owns,a,donkey,'.']). + test21 :- tryd([if,pedro,owns,a,donkey,then,pedro,owns,a,big,donkey,'.', + chiquita,loves,a,man,'.', + chiquita,does,not,love,pedro,'.']). + test22 :- tryd([a,donkey,brays,'.']). + test23 :- tryd([if,pedro,owns,a,donkey,then,every,donkey,brays,'.']). + test24 :- tryd([pedro,is,big,'.']). + test25 :- tryd([no,donkey,is,green,'.']). + test26 :- tryd([every,big,green,donkey,is,old,'.']). + test27 :- tryd([pedro,is,a,man,'.']). + test28 :- tryd([every,big,green,donkey,is,an,old,donkey,'.']). + test29 :- tryd([pedro,is,not,big,'.']). + test30 :- tryd([every,donkey,is,not,big,'.']). + test31 :- tryd([pedro,is,not,a,donkey,'.']). + test32 :- tryd([every,donkey,is,not,a,man,'.']). + test33 :- tryd([not,every,man,is,big,'.']). + test34 :- tryd([if,not,every,man,is,big,then,pedro,is,not,big,'.']). + test35 :- tryd([not,every,man,is,a,bandersnatch,'.']). + test36 :- tryd([every,man,who,owns,a,bandersnatch,is,rich,'.']). + test37 :- + tryd([every,man,who,does,not,own,a,bandersnatch,that,brays,is,old,'.']). + test38 :- + tryd([a,man,who,owns,a,bandersnatch,that,does,not,bray,is,happy,'.']). + test39 :- + tryd([a,man,whom,a,bandersnatch,that,does,not,bray,loves,is,happy,'.']). + test40 :- tryd([pedro,owns,a,donkey,'.',he,is,happy,'.']). + test41 :- tryd([if,pedro,owns,a,donkey,then,he,is,happy,'.']). + test42 :- tryd([every,woman,whom,pedro,loves,is,happy,'.']). + test43 :- tryd([pedro,is,a,man,'.',chiquita,loves,him,'.']). + test44 :- tryd([chiquita,is,a,farmer,'.',she,feeds,a,donkey,'.']). + test45 :- tryd([every,farmer,who,owns,a,donkey,beats,it,'.']). + test46 :- tryd([if,a,farmer,owns,a,donkey,then,he,beats,it,'.']). + test47 :- tryd([is,pedro,a,man,'?']). + test48 :- tryd([does,pedro,own,a,donkey,'?']). + test49 :- tryd([does,every,farmer,own,a,donkey,'?']). + test50 :- tryd([does,every,farmer,who,owns,a,donkey,beat,it,'?']). + test51 :- tryd([chiquita,is,a,woman,'.',is,she,happy,'?']). + test52 :- tryd([pedro,loves,chiquita,'.',does,she,love,him,'?']). + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai010024.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai010024.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6cc9106c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai010024.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1526 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report 01-0024 + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + 1 + + From English to Prolog via + Discourse Representation Theory + + ACMC Research Report 01-0024 + + Michael A. Covington + Donald Nute + Nora Schmitz + David Goodman + + Advanced Computational Methods Center + University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + April 1988 + + + 1. Introduction/Abstract + + This is a preliminary report on a set of techniques for translating the + discourse representation structures (DRSes) of Kamp (1981) into + semantically equivalent clauses in a slightly extended form of Prolog. + Together with discourse representation theory (DRT) itself, these + techniques yield a system for translating English into Prolog. A working + prototype has been built using Quintus Prolog on a VAX workstation.1 + + + 2. Methodology + + Both computational linguistics and natural language semantics have + reached the stage where precise solutions to small problems are of + greater value than vague proposals for solutions to large problems. This + paper is offered in that spirit. + + Discourse representation theory (DRT) covers only a subset of the + semantic phenomena of English, not including, for example, plurals or + definite noun phrases. Prolog, even with our extensions, is less powerful + than classical logic, which in turn is less powerful than natural + language. So any system that translates English to Prolog via DRT can + accept no more than a subset of English. Nonetheless, this subset is + large enough to display clearly the solutions to a variety of problems of + semantic representation -- solutions that will carry over into a more + comprehensive theory when one is developed. + + The following are among the design goals of our system: + + + + + 1 This work was supported by National Science Foundation + Grant Number IST-85-02477. Opinions and conclusions expressed here + are solely those of the authors. + + + + + + + + 2 + + (1) To preserve the main advantage of Prolog -- its ability to perform + inference more rapidly than a full resolution theorem prover by + constraining its search space. This contrasts with the approaches taken + by Guenthner (1986), Kolb (1985, 1987), and a group at Imperial College, + London (Gabbay, personal communication), who built inference engines for + discourse representation structures. + + (2) To preserve the main advantage of DRT -- the ability to represent a + text as a single unit by focusing on its semantic and logical structure + rather than on individual sentences or propositions, and hence + incorporating the textual context that is necessary for interpreting each + subsequent sentence. + + (3) To represent knowledge and its semantic structure in a form as close + as possible to ordinary Prolog clauses. + + We extend Prolog by adding conditional queries (the ability to ask + whether an "if-then" relation holds), explicit negation (rather than + negation as failure), and a table of identity that enables non-unifiable + terms to be treated as equivalent for some purposes. + + + 3. Discourse representation theory + + 3.1. Overview of DRT + + Discourse representation theory (DRT), introduced by Kamp (1981), is a + more satisfactory representation of natural language semantics than + earlier representations such as classical logic or Montague grammar. The + key properties of DRT include the following: + + (1) It is not sentence-based. DRT constructs representations of + discourses, not sentences. These representations are called discourse + representation structures (DRSes). Rather than building a DRS for each + sentence, we build a single DRS to which each sentence contributes some + material, using the previously present material as context. + + (2) It is not tied closely to the syntax of English nor to a particular + theory of syntax. Any syntactic analysis suitable for determining meaning + can be used in an implementation of DRT. + + (3) Structural restrictions on the accessibility of anaphoric antecedents + are predicted correctly. + + (4) A theory of truth-conditions is built in. Truth is defined in terms + of embedding the DRS in a model. Thus DRT preserves the advantages of + predicate logic as a representation language while bringing the + formalization closer to the structure of natural language. + + + 3.2. Discourse representation structures + + + + + + + + 3 + + A discourse representation structure is an ordered pair where U + is a universe of discourse, i.e., a set of discourse entities, and Con is + a set of conditions, i.e., predicates or equations that these entities + must fulfill. For example, the sentence + + A farmer owns a donkey. + + is represented by the DRS + + U={X1,X2} + Con={farmer(X1),donkey(X2),owns(X1,X2)} + + or in more usual notation: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ + ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + The truth of a DRS is defined by trying to embed it in a model. A model + comprises a domain D, i.e., a set of entities that can be discussed, and + an interpretation function I that maps every n-place predicate of the + language onto a set of n-tuples of elements of D, and maps every logical + constant of the language onto an individual in D. + + Intuitively, D is the set of things you can talk about (including + imaginary as well as real entities); I(farmer) is the set of elements of + D that are farmers; and I(owns) is the set of pairs of elements of D such + that the first one owns the second one. + + To embed a DRS into a model, assign each discourse variable (X1 and X2 + above) to an element of D. The DRS is true in the model if and only if it + can be embedded in such a way that all of the conditions are satisfied. + Thus, the DRS above is true in a particular model if, within that model, + it is possible to assign X1 to a farmer and X2 to a donkey which is owned + by that farmer. + + + 3.3. Equations + + Our implementation treats is as a predicate that requires two discourse + variables to refer to the same individual. For example, the sentence + + Pedro is a farmer. + + is represented as: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ + + + + + + + + 4 + + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(X1,'Pedro') ³ + ³ farmer(X2) ³ + ³ X1 = X2 ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + This is a temporary measure that will be replaced by a fully developed + table of identity (section 6.1 below). + + + 3.4. Conditionals ("if-thens")2 + + An "if-then" relationship between two propositions is expressed by a + special type of DRS condition. Thus + + A farmer owns a donkey. If it is hungry he feeds it. + + is represented as: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ + ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ hungry(X2) ³ ==> ³ feeds(X1,X2) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + Crucially, one of the conditions of this DRS consists of two more DRSes + joined by '==>'. In general, the condition + + DRS1 ==> DRS2 + + is satisfied (in a particular model) if and only if + + every embedding that satisfies DRS1 also satisfies, or can be + extended to satisfy, DRS2. + + By saying 'extended' we leave open the possibility that DRS2 may contain + new variables of its own, which will need to be assigned to individuals + in the universe of discourse. This extends the embedding of DRS1 and of + the surrounding larger DRS, which did not assign these variables. + + + 2 We will call these "if-thens" rather than "conditionals" + because the term "conditional" is too easily confused with + "condition," and because some DRT "if-then" structures correspond + to sentences such as All men are mortal, which are called + universals rather than conditionals in ordinary philosophical + discourse. + + + + + + + + 5 + + + Note that the new variables of DRS1, if any, have implicit universal + quantifiers, and the new variables of DRS2 have implicit existential + quantifiers. To satisfy the whole condition, we must find some embedding + of DRS2 to go with every embedding of DRS1. A universal sentence such as + + Every farmer owns a donkey. + + is actually a kind of if-then; it means "If X is a farmer, then X owns a + donkey" and is represented as: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ ³ X1 ³ ³ X2 ³ ³ + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ farmer(X1) ³ ³ donkey(X2) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + That is: "Every embedding that assigns X1 to a farmer can be extended to + form an embedding that assigns X2 to a donkey owned by X1." Or in + ordinary language, "For every farmer X1, there is some donkey X2 owned by + X1." + + Because the quantifiers are implicit and there are no sentence + boundaries, some familiar problems of quantifier scope no longer arise. + Consider for example the discourse + + A farmer owns a donkey. He feeds it. + + In classical logic the first sentence would be + + (Some X)(Some Y) farmer(X) & donkey(Y) & owns(X,Y). + + The second sentence must somehow have access to the same donkey and the + same farmer, but if it is treated as a separate proposition, its + variables cannot be under the scope of the same quantifiers. Any + translation into classical logic will therefore need a special, explicit + rule for combining two propositions into one. In DRT, on the other hand, + this combining is implicit and automatic; sentences keep being added to + the same DRS until there is a reason not to do so. + + + 3.5. Anaphora and accessibility + + A DRS can use its own discourse variables and those of DRSes which are + superordinate to it. Whenever a DRS contains another DRS, the outer DRS + is superordinate to the inner one. Further, the left side of an if-then + is superordinate to the right side, and superordinateness is transitive. + + + + + + + + 6 + + When one DRS is superordinate to another, we will say that the second DRS + is subordinate to the first. + + This restriction makes correct predictions about the accessibility of + antecedents to anaphors (Kamp 1981). + + + 3.6. Negation + + DRT represents negated assertions as DRSes within DRSes, preceded by the + negation operator (here written NEG). Thus + + Pedro owns a donkey. He does not beat it. + + is represented by: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(X1,'Pedro') ³ + ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ NEG:ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ beats(X1,X2) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + A condition of the form NEG DRSx is satisfied if and only if there is no + extension of the current embedding that makes DRSx true. + + Thus the above DRS is true in a model if there is an assignment of X1 and + X2 such that X1 is Pedro and X2 is a donkey owned by Pedro, and this + assignment cannot be extended to satisfy the condition that X1 beats X2. + + We note in passing a logical problem: what if Pedro owns two donkeys? DRT + allows us to choose the "wrong" donkey -- the one he does not beat -- and + use it to satisfy the above DRS even though it is not clear that this + move would be faithful to the meaning of the original English-language + discourse. This is related to the problem that present versions of DRT do + not address plurals at all. + + + 3.7. Questions + + Kamp's DRT provides no way to distinguish statements from questions. We + treat yes-no questions as DRSes within DRS-conditions, marked with the + operator QUERY. Conditions of this type can appear only in the topmost + DRS, not in subordinate DRSes. + + The most common use of questions in a natural language understanding + system is to request information from the computer. Accordingly, we posit + + + + + + + + 7 + + that a question does not contribute to the knowledge base, but rather + directs the hearer to test the truth of the included DRS and report the + result. Thus the discourse: + + Maria is a woman. Is she happy? + + is represented as + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(X1,'Maria') ³ + ³ woman(X1) ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ QUERY:ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ happy(X1) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + A more general representation of questions would also be able to specify + variables whose values should be reported (e.g., "Who owns a donkey?"). + + + 4. DRS construction + + The DRS-building algorithm used in this project is that described by + Covington and Schmitz (1988), a unification-based grammar modeled closely + on that of Johnson and Klein (1986). + + A DRS is represented by a Prolog term drs(U,Con) where U is a list of + discourse variables and Con is a list of structures containing these + variables. In Prolog, the fastest way to build a list is to add material + at the beginning. As a result, the elements of U and Con appear in the + opposite of the order in which they occur in the discourse; this + obviously has no effect on their truth conditions. Further, Con contains + additional predicates specifying the gender of every discourse variable, + to make it possible to find the antecedents of anaphoric pronouns. + + In the Covington and Schmitz implementation, discourse variables were + represented by unique integers, but here they are unique Prolog + variables. This makes it possible to perform skolemization (described + below) by simply instantiating heretofore uninstantiated Prolog + variables. + + For example, A man owns a donkey is represented as + + drs([X2,X1],[owns(X1,X2), + gender(X2,n), + donkey(X2), + gender(X1,m), + man(X1)]. + + + + + + + + 8 + + Proper names are represented by the predicate named, as in + + named(X3,'Pedro') + + thus leaving open the possibility of two or more people with the same + name, or two or more names for the same person. + + Special DRS-conditions of the following forms represent, respectively, + negated assertions, questions, and if-thens: + + neg(drs(...,...)) + + query(drs(...,...)) + + ifthen(drs(...,...)) + + These are elements of Con just like ordinary conditions. + + The implementation has the ability to resolve anaphors, and for this + purpose, it uses the gender predicate to specify the gender of each + discourse variable. The antecedent of he, she, or it is the most recently + mentioned discourse variable of the appropriate gender which is found in + the current DRS or a DRS superordinate to it. + + The discourse variable for the anaphor and the discourse variable for the + antecedent are unified by the anaphora resolver so they are for all + practical purposes identical. + + + 5. Translation into Prolog + + 5.1. Discarding irrelevant information + + The first step in translating a DRS into a set of Prolog clauses and/or + queries is to "clean up" the output of the DRS-builder by discarding + irrelevant information. This involves discarding all the DRS-conditions + that describe gender. + + Further, the verb is introduces conditions that say that two discourse + variables must be the same individual. For example, the sentence + + Pedro is a farmer. + + is represented (ignoring gender information) as: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(X1,'Pedro') ³ + ³ farmer(X2) ³ + ³ X1 = X2 ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + + + + + + + 9 + + In the present implementation, the clean-up routine simply unifies X1 + with X2, giving: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(X1,'Pedro') ³ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + We will see in Section 6.1 that in some cases, two equated discourse + variables may not be unifiable after skolemization. A more adequate + implementation would leave the equation in the DRS and later mark the + equated discourse variables as equivalent in the table of identity. + + + 5.2. Simple questions + + The easiest sentences to translate into Prolog are simple questions such + as + + Does Pedro own a donkey? + + which are, in effect, instructions to test the truth of a DRS in the + model defined by the current knowledge base. The queried DRS is: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(X1,'Pedro') ³ + ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + We want to know whether there is an assignment of values to X1 and X2 + such that named(X1,'Pedro'), donkey(X2), and owns(X1,X2) will all be + satisfied. + + Ex hypothesi, the interpretations of named, donkey, and owns -- that is, + the sets of argument tuples that satisfy them -- are given by the + definitions of these predicates in Prolog. Thus our task is exactly + equivalent to solving the Prolog query: + + ?- named(X1,'Pedro'), donkey(X2), owns(X1,X2). + + Variables in Prolog queries have implicit existential quantifiers; so do + free variables in DRSes whose truth is being tested. For this type of + sentence, then, the semantics of Prolog and of DRT match closely. + + + 5.3. Simple assertions + + + + + + + + 10 + + Assertions -- statements of fact -- are slightly more complicated to + handle. Clearly, the DRS for + + A farmer owns a donkey. + + -- namely + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ + ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + should be translated by adding something to the knowledge base. But what + should we add? + + We can't just leave the variables free, generating the clauses + + farmer(X1). + donkey(X2). + owns(X1,X2). + + because free variables in Prolog facts and rules have implicit universal + quantifiers. In satisfying a Prolog query, free variables match anything, + so these clauses would mean "Anything is a farmer; anything is a donkey; + anything owns anything." In fact, because like-named variables in + different clauses are distinct, we haven't even succeeded in saying that + the donkey is the same as the thing that is owned. + + Rather, we must provide "dummy names" for existentially quantified + entities -- one-element lists with distinct integers inside. We will call + the hypothetical farmer [1] and call the hypothetical donkey [2], and + assert the facts: + + farmer([1]). + donkey([2]). + owns([1],[2]). + + Now if we "Is there a farmer that owns a donkey?" -- i.e., the query + + ?- farmer(X), donkey(Y), owns(X,Y). + + we get the answer that there is, and that the farmer is known as [1] and + the donkey is known as [2]. + + This is a special case of skolemization, to be dealt with below. In a + later implementation, we will use a table of identity to ensure that + distinct names can be recognized as referring to the same individual when + necessary. + + + + + + + + 11 + + Even proper names are not treated as logical constants. Thus, Pedro owns + a donkey goes into Prolog as: + + named([1],'Pedro'). + owns([1],[2]). + donkey([2]). + + There would be little advantage in using proper names as logical + constants because no proper names are available for most individuals. + Further, by using the predicate named we allow for ambiguous names and + for individuals with more than one name. + + + 5.4. Simple if-thens + + In the simplest case, an if-then DRS condition is equivalent to a Prolog + rule. Consider the DRS condition: + + Every old donkey is gray. + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ donkey(X1) ³ ==> ³ gray(X1) ³ + ³ old(X1) ³ ³ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + This condition is true if and only if every embedding that satisfies its + antecedent -- that is, every embedding that assigns X1 to an old donkey - + - also assigns X1 to a gray donkey. + + If this if-then condition is known to be true, then, for any X, we can + infer that X is gray if we can prove that X is old and is a donkey. This + is exactly equivalent to the Prolog rule: + + gray(X) :- donkey(X), old(X). + + Here again Prolog semantics exactly matches DRT. + + + 5.5. Distributing consequents + + A minor syntactic problem arises if the consequent contains more than one + predicate, as in the following: + + Every donkey is furry and warm-blooded. + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ donkey(X1) ³ ==> ³ furry(X1) ³ + ³ ³ ³ warm-blooded(X1) ³ + + + + + + + + 12 + + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + A Prolog rule cannot have two predicates in its consequent; rules of the + form + + furry(X1), warm-blooded(X1) :- donkey(X1). + + are not permitted. We deal with this by defining, for purposes of + internal representation, an operator ::- which is like the usual 'if' (:- + ) except that: + + (1) Both the antecedent and the consequent can be compound goals; + + (2) Queries can be headed by ::-, i.e., one can ask whether an if- + then relation holds. + + Rules headed by ::- are never asserted directly into the knowledge base. + Instead, when an if-then is to be asserted, the consequent is broken up + and a series of ordinary Prolog rules is generated. A rule of the form + + a, b, c ::- d, e, f. + + is added to the knowledge base as the three rules: + + a :- d, e, f. + b :- d, e, f. + c :- d, e, f. + + This is known as distributing consequents. For very complex consequents, + a more compact representation could be obtained by creating a new symbol + x (taking as arguments are all the arguments of d, e, and f, if any) and + asserting, instead, the four rules: + + x :- d, e, f. + a :- x. + b :- x. + c :- x. + + This was not done in the current implementation. + + + 5.6. Skolemization + + If the consequent of an if-then introduces new variables, these variables + have implicit existential quantifiers, which Prolog cannot represent. + Thus + + Every farmer owns a donkey. + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + + + + + + + + 13 + + ³ farmer(X1) ³ ==> ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ³ ³ ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + is true if and only if, for every embedding that assigns X1 to a farmer, + there is some embedding that assigns X2 to a donkey owned by X1. + + In Prolog (extended with ::-), if we were to say + + donkey(X2), owns(X1,X2) ::- farmer(X1). + + we would be saying that every farmer owns every donkey. If we gave the + donkey a dummy name, say [92], we would not be much better off, because + + donkey([92]), owns(X1,[92]) ::- farmer(X1). + + would mean that every farmer owns the same donkey (this particular one + identified as [92]). + + What we want to say is that every farmer owns a different donkey. This is + achieved by giving the donkey a dummy name that contains X1 so that, in + effect, the name depends on the assignment of X1:3 + + donkey([92|X1]), owns(X1,[92,X1]) ::- farmer(X1). + + Then if we assign X1 to an individual named [83] who is a farmer, we get + a donkey named [92,83]; if we assign X1 to another farmer named [17], we + get a donkey named [92,17]; and so on. The table of identity described + below will enable us to equate [92,17] with a donkey already known under + another dummy name if necessary. + + This is a form of skolemization, the method of eliminating existential + quantifiers proposed by Skolem (1928). Skolemization replaces every + existentially quantified variable with a function whose value is an + individual that satisfies the formula. For instance, in classical logic, + + (All X) (Some Y) g(X,Y) + + can be replaced by + + (All X) g(X,f(X)) + + where f is a function which, given a value of X, yields a value of Y that + would satisfy the original formula. The existential quantifier is nothing + more than a claim that such a function exists. Its arguments are all the + universally quantified variables in the scope of whose quantifier the + existentially quantified variable occurs. Thus if every farmer owns a + donkey, there is (or can be) a different donkey for each farmer, and the + + + 3 Recall that | divides a list into head and tail in Prolog, + so that [a|[b,c,d]] is equivalent to [a,b,c,d]. + + + + + + + + 14 + + Skolem function for the existentially quantified donkey must take as an + argument the universally quantified farmer. + + In large formulae, there are often some universally quantified variables + that can be shown to be irrelevant to a particular predicate; these need + not be arguments of the Skolem function, though it does no harm to use + them. Andrews (1986:123-127) compares various methods of skolemization + and shows how to eliminate unneeded arguments. + + To skolemize an if-then structure in a DRS, we replace all the variables + in the consequent with Skolem functions of the variables in the + antecedent. A Prolog term such as [92|X1] has a value that is a function + of the value of X1; this makes it an appropriate way to encode a Skolem + function. Thus, for example, the DRS-condition + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ ==> ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ³ ³ ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + is transformed into: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ [92,X1] ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ ==> ³ donkey([92,X1]) ³ + ³ ³ ³ owns(X1,[92,X1]) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + which goes into extended Prolog as + + donkey([92,X1]), owns(X1,[92,X1]) ::- farmer(X1) + + and is asserted as the two Prolog rules: + + donkey([92,X1]) :- farmer(X1). + owns(X1,[92,X1]) :- farmer(X1). + + The number 92 here is of course arbitrary, produced by a routine that + returns a heretofore unused integer every time it is called. + + + 5.7. Queried if-thens + + "Is every old donkey gray?" may mean either of two things. It may mean, + "If you are told that something is an old donkey, can you deduce that it + is gray?" Or it may mean "Are all the old donkeys that you know of gray?" + We will call these the deductive and inductive approaches to querying an + if-then. + + + + + + + + 15 + + The deductive approach is easily implemented using a technique suggested + by Gabbay and Reyle (1984): invent a hypothetical individual, temporarily + assert that it is an old donkey, and test whether it can be deduced to be + gray. We put this into our implementation by defining ::- as a Prolog + predicate so that queries of the form A ::- B can be answered: + + (A ::- B) :- skolemize(B,[]), + asserta(B), + test(A,Result), + retract(B), + Result = yes. + + That is, to test whether A ::- B holds, first replace all the variables + in B with dummy names, then temporarily add B to the knowledge base,4 + then try to deduce A. Here test(A,Result) is a metalogical predicate that + instantiates Result to yes or no depending on whether A succeeds; test + itself succeeds in either case. + + Note that this works only as long as A ::- B does not rely on negation as + failure. If we were trying to test the validity of + + gray(X) ::- donkey(X) + + and the knowledge base contained only the rule + + gray(X) :- donkey(X), not young(X). + + we would get wrong results. We would assert something like donkey([27]) + and then query gray([27]). The hypothetical donkey would be taken to be + "not young" simply because we did not assert that it is young, and + gray([27]) would therefore be derivable, leading to the mistaken + conclusion that gray(X) is derivable from donkey(X) in all cases. + + We avoid this problem by using an explicit (positive) way of representing + negation (Section 6.2). + + The inductive approach says that A ::- B is true if (a) there are no + cases in the knowledge base that satisfy B without satisfying A, and (b) + there are enough cases that satisfy B to warrant making an inductive + generalization. That is, all donkeys are gray if the knowledge base + contains a sufficient number of donkeys and none of them fail to be gray. + + The value of this "sufficient number" is open to question; in a human + thinker it depends on, among other things, the size of the overall + sample, the rarity of the phenomenon being described, the expected + regularity, and the thinker's training in statistics. Here we will take + + + + 4 A practical implementation would allow B to be a compound + goal and would replace asserta and retract with procedures that + assert and retract all of the conjuncts of which B is composed. + + + + + + + + 16 + + it to be 1. Thus we add another rule to the definition of the predicate + ::- as follows: + + (A ::- B) :- not (B, not A), /* No counterexamples */ + B. /* One positive example */ + + This provides all that is needed to handle queries that ask whether an + if-then is true. + + Note that queried if-thens are not skolemized. In the context of a query, + free Prolog variables are taken to be existentially quantified, exactly + as the DRT semantics requires. + + + 5.8. Nested if-thens + + 5.8.1. Nested antecedents: Prolog subgoals + + Because if-thens can be queried on the Prolog level, they can appear as + subgoals in a Prolog rule. This provides a way to handle an if-then + within the antecedent of an if-then. Consider for example the DRS: + + If every farmer owns a donkey, a man is happy. + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³³ X1 ³ ³ X2 ³³ ³ X3 ³ + ³ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´³ ==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³³ farmer(X1) ³ ³ donkey(X2) ³³ ³ man(X3) ³ + ³³ ³ ³ owns(X1,X2) ³³ ³ happy(X3) ³ + ³ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + Because the antecedent of an if-then is like a query, the inner if-then + will not be skolemized.5 X3 is skolemized by a Skolem function with no + arguments; its arguments should be the variables of the antecedent as a + whole, and in this example there are none. So the resulting Prolog + clauses are: + + man([57]) :- ( (donkey(X2), owns(X1,X2)) ::- farmer(X1) ). + happy([57]) :- ( (donkey(X2), owns(X1,X2)) ::- farmer(X1) ). + + That is: [57] is a man and is happy if it is the case that for every + farmer X1, there is a donkey X2 that is owned by X1. + + + 5.8.2. Nested consequents: Exportation + + + 5 The present implementation erroneously skolemizes the + antecedents of all if-then structures, even in queried contexts. + + + + + + + + 17 + + Nesting in the consequent of an if-then is more complicated. Consider the + sentence: + + If Pedro is brave then every woman admires him. + + The corresponding DRS is: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ==> ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ named(X1,'Pedro')³ ³ ³ X2 ³ ³ ³ ³ + ³ brave(X1) ³ ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ ³ woman(X2) ³ ³ admires(X2,X1) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + Naively, this should go into Prolog as something like + + ( admires(X2,X1) ::- woman(X2) ) :- named(X1,'Pedro'), + brave(X1). + + But this will not do. The above DRS can be used to infer that a particular + woman -- Maria, for instance -- admires Pedro. The Prolog rule cannot; at best + it would match a query asking whether the if-then relation admires(X2,X1) ::- + woman(X2) holds. + + In cases like this we employ the procedure of exportation, familiar from + classical logic, which enables us to transform + + if P then (if Q then R) + + into + + if P and Q then R. + + Actual DRSes are not as neat as the formulae of classical logic, and + practical questions arise, illustrated by the following example: + + + + + + + + + + 18 + + Every farmer owns a donkey, and if it's hungry he feeds it. + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ³ ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ hungry(X2) ³ ==> ³ feeds(X1,X2) ³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + Like all if-thens, this is not a self-standing DRS, but rather a + condition in a larger DRS. Exportation should break it into two + conditions: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ X2 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ ³ donkey(X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ owns(X1,X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 ³ ³ ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ ³ feeds(X1,X2) ³ + ³ donkey(X2) ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + ³ owns(X1,X2)³ + ³ hungry(X2) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + The first of these comprises the material in the original if-then that + was not affected by exportation. The second is the result of exporting + the inner if-then. Its consequent is the consequent of the inner if-then. + Its antecedent is a combination of the antecedent of the outer if-then, + the antecedent of the inner if-then, and, crucially, the consequent of + the outer if-then, except for the part actually being exported. If + donkey(X2) were not in the antecedent of the second structure, nothing + would say what kind of animal the farmer was feeding. + + This procedure, if followed ruthlessly, leads to excessively complex + formulas. Suppose the outer if-then has two if-thens in its consequent, + and we are exporting one of them. The antecedent of the result should + contain, inter alia, all the other conditions from the consequent of the + original outer if-then. And one of these is itself an if-then. This is + not forbidden -- after all, nesting of if-thens in the antecedent is + permitted. But the two if-thens in the original consequent cannot use + each other's variables, since neither is superordinate to the other. So + + + + + + + + 19 + + it seems unlikely, if not impossible, for one of them to play an + essential role in identifying the entities used by the other. + + The actual implementation takes a more modest approach. The if-then + structure created by exportation has in its antecedent all the variables + and conditions of the antecedents of the inner and outer if-thens, and + all the variables, but only some of the conditions, of the consequent of + the outer if-then. Specifically, it has the conditions which (a) are + simple, not involving nesting of if-thens, and (b) occurred prior to the + inner if-then in the discourse. This seems to be adequate for natural + langauge in actual use. + + + 6. Remaining issues + + 6.1. The table of identity + + Individuals introduced into the discourse under different names or Skolem + functions may later be discovered to be identical. For example: + + Thales observes Hesperus. + Aristotle observes Phosphorus. + Hesperus is (the same as) Phosphorus. + + The DRS for the first two sentences is: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 X2 X3 X4 ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ named(X1,'Thales') ³ + ³ named(X2,'Hesperus') ³ + ³ observes(X1,X2) ³ + ³ named(X3,'Aristotle') ³ + ³ named(X4,'Phosphorus') ³ + ³ observes(X3,X4) ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + Assuming incremental processing, each DRS condition will be skolemized + and entered into the knowledge base as soon as its sentence is processed, + if not sooner. Thus, at the end of the second sentence, we have: + + named([1],'Thales'). + named([2],'Hesperus'). + observes([1],[2]). + named([3],'Aristotle'). + named([4],'Phosphorus'). + observes([3],[4]). + + But now we discover from the third sentence that Hesperus and Phosphorus + are different names for the same entity. We would like to note this fact + in such a way that we can later ask, + + + + + + + + 20 + + Does Aristotle observe Hesperus? + + ?- named(X,'Aristotle'), named(Y,'Hesperus'), observes(X,Y). + + and get "yes" as a reply. But Hesperus and Phosphorus have been + skolemized as non-unifiable entities, [3] and [4], so we can't just unify + them. + + We have two options. One is to go back through the knowledge base and + change all occurrences of [4] to [3], or vice versa. The other, which we + actually adopt, is to maintain a table of identity so that non-unifiable + terms can be recognized as equivalent. We will then formulate the query + as: + + ?- named(X,'Aristotle'), identical(X,X1), + named(Y,'Hesperus'), identical(Y,Y1), + observes(X1,Y1). + + Each argument -- X and Y -- is now passed through an extra level of + indirectness. On the first attempt, the identical predicate simply + unifies its two arguments, instantiating X1 to X and Y1 to Y, so that the + query works exactly like our earlier proposal. But if this fails, it + looks at the table of identity and tries to instantiate X1 and X to two + different terms that refer to the same object, and likewise with Y1 and + Y. Thus, if [3] and [4] have been entered in the table, they will be + treated as equivalent. + + This query looks verbose, but in fact it is generated by a simple + transformation of the original query: just insert calls to identical for + any arguments that are used in more than one subgoal. An alternative + would be to modify the inference engine so that it consults the table of + identity when solving queries. + + The table of identity has been prototyped but not yet integrated with the + main English-to-Prolog translation system. The problem is that identity + is a symmetric (commutative) and transitive relation. Thus it would + require the rules + + identical(X,Y) :- identical(Y,X). + identical(X,Z) :- identical(X,Y), identical(Y,Z). + + which would cause loops under some conditions by calling themselves + endlessly. + + Our solution is to store the table as an identity matrix represented by a + set of Prolog facts. The predicate identical is defined by only facts, + not rules, and hence cannot loop. All the appropriate facts are generated + when an entry is made into the table. + + Initially, only the clause + + identical(X,X). + + + + + + + + 21 + + is in the knowledge base; this corresponds to the main diagonal of the + matrix and ensures that any term will be treated as identical to itself. + Additional entries are made by a predicate make_identical. Calling + make_identical(a,b), for example, adds not only the facts + + identical(a,b). + identical(b,a). + + but also any other facts called for by transitivity. For example, if + identical(a,c) were already in the knowledge base, then + make_identical(a,b) would add four facts: + + identical(a,b). + identical(b,a). + identical(c,b). + identical(b,c). + + The Prolog code to do this reflects the 2x2 dimensionality of the + identity matrix: + + make_identical(X,Y) :- + setof(X1,identical(X,X1),XMatches), + setof(Y1,identical(Y,Y1),YMatches), + make_id_list_squared(XMatches,YMatches). + + make_id_list_squared([],_). + + make_id_list_squared([H|T],List) :- + make_id_list(H,List), + make_id_list_squared(T,List). + + make_id_list(_,[]). + + make_id_list(X,[H|T]) :- + (identical(X,H) ; assert(identical(X,H))), + (identical(H,X) ; assert(identical(H,X))), + make_id_list(X,T). + + If the table of identity contains information for n individuals, it will + contain at most n2 clauses for identical, and usually considerably fewer. + + + + 6.2. Negation + + The current implementation does not handle negation. We propose to handle + negation as a metalogical predicate neg, as in d-Prolog (Nute and Lewis + 1986:6-7). Thus it will be possible to assert + + neg donkey([2]). + + to say "Individual [2] is not a donkey." + + + + + + + + 22 + + Negative statements are not defined in terms of affirmative ones, nor + vice versa. From the inference engine's point of view, donkey([2]) and + neg donkey([2]) are completely unrelated facts and each must be queried + separately. Crucially, neither of them follows from the inability to + derive the other. The knowledge base could even contain both of them, + though it would then express a contradiction. Special routines could of + course be written to detect contradictions and identify the premises from + which they arise. + + This solves the problem with queried if-thens that we mentioned earlier. + In this system, the sentence "Every donkey that is not young is gray" + translates to: + + gray(X) :- donkey(X), neg young(X). + + Now, in order to test whether all donkeys are gray, we assert the + hypothesis + + donkey([23]). + + and see if we can prove gray([23]). Using the above rule, we cannot. The + subgoal donkey([23]) succeeds, but the subgoal neg young([23]) does not, + because we never asserted neg young([23]) or anything from which it is + derivable. Thus the erroneous result does not occur. + + + 6.3. Modal subordination + + The DRT account of pronominal anaphora in conditional sentences + presupposes a simple discourse structure in which antecedent clauses are + always superordinate to their consequent clauses. For example: + + (1) If a farmer owns a donkey, he loves it. + (2) If a farmer owns every donkey, he beats it. + + In (1), it can refer to a donkey, which is in a DRS superordinate to it. + But in (2), it cannot refer to every donkey, because the donkey is + introduced in a subordinate DRS: + + If a farmer owns every donkey, he beats it. + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³ X1 ³ ³ ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ farmer(X1) ³ ==> ³ beats(X1,X2) ³ + ³ ³ ³ ³ + ³ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + ³ ³ X2 ³ ³ ³ ³ + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´==> ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ donkey(X2)³ ³ owns(X1,X2)³ ³ + ³ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + + + + + + + 23 + + Hence the underlined occurrence of X2 is illegal and the anaphoric + reference is not permitted. + + However, consider the following example (Roberts 1985, 1987): + + (3) a. If a farmer owns a donkey, he feeds it lots of hay. + b. It soon grows fat on this diet. + + Fragment (3) cannot possibly be called ungrammatical or even dubiously + grammatical. Clearly, sentence (3b) needs to go into the consequent of + the if-then structure established by (3a). Neither the truth-conditions + nor the anaphoric reference is handled correctly unless this is done. But + the rules for DRT, as formulated so far, do not provide for this. + Roberts (1985, 1987) refers to this phenomenon as "modal subordination" - + - semantically, the mood (modus) of the second sentence makes it behave + like a subordinate clause in the first sentence, even though + syntactically it is an independent clause. Goodman (1988) independently + noticed the phenomenon and called it "multi-sentence consequents." + + To handle modal subordination correctly, we must: + + (1) formulate rules for recognizing modally subordinate sentences, + based on appropriate choices of verb moods and tenses, presence of + anaphors, and other indicators; + + (2) build these rules into the DRS construction algorithm. + + Implicit in this refinement of DRT is the recognition that discourse is + more complex than early versions of DRT admitted. Instead of one single + topmost DRS into which all independent clauses are inserted, an adequate + theory of discourse will need to provide for a complex hierarchical + structure including such things as subplots within a main plot, different + mainplots at the same level, dialogues, and the like. + + Present DRT is indeed discourse-oriented (as opposed to sentence- or + proposition-oriented) when dealing with simple declarative sentences, but + as soon as if-thens, negations or queries are involved, the DRS + construction rules crucially rely on syntactic sentence boundaries + (sentence final punctuation) as a trigger for DRS embedding. Non- + syntactic intersentential links, for example modal subordination, are + ignored. + + + 6.4. Loop removal + + In the present implementation, a sentence such as + + Every gray donkey is an old donkey. + + goes into extended Prolog as + + donkey(X), old(X) ::- donkey(X), gray(X). + + + + + + + + 24 + + and is asserted as: + + donkey(X) :- donkey(X), gray(X). + old(X) :- donkey(X), gray(X). + + The first of these clauses sends Prolog into endless recursion. A simple + syntactic readjustment rule needs to be added to remove loops of this + type. + + + Bibliography + + Andrews, P. B. (1986) An introduction to mathematical logic and type + theory: to truth through proof. Orlando: Academic Press. + + Covington, M. A. (1987) GULP 1.1: An extension of Prolog for unification- + based grammar. ACMC Research Report 01-0021, University of Georgia. + + Covington, M. A.; Nute, D.; and Vellino, A. (1988) Prolog programming in + depth. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman. + + Covington, M. A., and Schmitz, N. (1988) An implementation of discourse + representation theory. ACMC Research Report 01-0023, University of + Georgia. + + Gabbay, D. M., and Reyle, U. (1984) N-PROLOG: an extension of Prolog with + hypothetical implications, I. Journal of Logic Programming 4:319- + 355. + + Guenthner, F., et al. (1986) A theory for the representation of + knowledge. IBM Journal of Research and Development 30:1.39-56. + + Johnson, M., and Klein, E. (1986) Discourse, anaphora, and parsing. CSLI + Research Report 86-63, Stanford University. + + Kamp, H. (1981) A theory of truth and semantic representation. In J. + Groenendijk et al. (eds.) Formal methods in the study of language, + 277-322. University of Amsterdam. Reprinted in J. Groenendijk et + al. (eds.), Truth, interpretation, and information (Groningen- + Amsterdam Studies in Semantics, 2), 1-40. Dordrecht: Foris. + + Kleene, S. C. (1967) Mathematical logic. New York: Wiley. + + Kolb, H.-P. (1985) Aspekte der Implementation der + Diskursrepr„sentationstheorie. FNS-Script 85-1, University of + Tbingen. + + --- (1987) Diskursrepr„sentationstheorie und Deduktion, Linguistische + Berichte 110:247-282. + + Nute, D., and Lewis, M. (1986) A user's manual for d-Prolog. ACMC + Research Report 01-0017, University of Georgia. + + + + + + + + 25 + + Roberts, C. (1985) Modal subordination and pronominal anaphora in + discourse. Manuscript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. + + --- (1987). Modal subordination, anaphora and distributivity. Ph.D. + Thesis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. + + Skolem, T. (1928) šber die mathematische Logik. Norsk matematisk + tidskrift 10:125-142. Cited by Kleene (1967). + + Spencer-Smith, R. (1987) Semantics and discourse representation. Mind and + Language 2.1:1-26. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198901.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198901.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..30fc8462 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198901.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3045 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report AI-1989-01 + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + + GULP 2.0: An Extension of + Prolog for Unification-Based Grammar + + Michael A. Covington + + Advanced Computational Methods Center + University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + January 1989 + + ABSTRACT: A simple extension to Prolog facilitates + implementation of unification-based grammars (UBGs) by + adding a new notational device, the feature structure, + whose behavior emulates graph unification. For + example, a:b..c:d denotes a feature structure in + which a has the value b, c has the value d, and the + values of all other features are unspecified. A + modified Prolog interpreter translates feature + structures into Prolog terms that unify in the desired + way. Thus, the extension is purely syntactic, + analogous to the automatic translation of "abc" to + [97,98,99] in Edinburgh Prolog. + The extended language is known as GULP (Graph + Unification Logic Programming); it is as powerful and + concise as PATR-II (Shieber 1986a,b) and other grammar + development tools, while retaining all the versatility + of Prolog. GULP can be used with grammar rule notation + (DCGs) or any other parser that the programmer cares + to implement. + Besides its uses in natural language processing, + GULP provides a way to supply keyword arguments to any + procedure. + + + + 1. Introduction + + A number of software tools have been developed for + implementing unification-based grammars, among them PATR-II + (Shieber 1986a,b), D-PATR (Karttunen 1986a), PrAtt (Johnson and + Klein 1986), and AVAG (Sedogbo 1986). This paper describes a + simple extension to the syntax of Prolog that serves the same + purpose while making a much less radical change to the language. + Unlike PATR-II and similar systems, this system treats feature + structures as first-class objects that appear in any context, not + just in equations.1 Further, feature structures can be used not + + + 1 The first version of GULP (Covington 1987) was + developed with support from National Science Foundation + Grant IST-85-02477. I want to thank Franz Guenthner, + Rainer B„uerle, and the other researchers at the + + + + + + + + 2 + + only in natural language processing, but also to pass keyword + arguments to any procedure. + + The extension is known as GULP (Graph Unification Logic + Programming). It allows the programmer to write a:b..c:d to + stand for a feature structure in which feature a has the value b, + feature c has the value d, and all other features are + uninstantiated.2 The interpreter translates feature structures + written in this notation into ordinary Prolog terms that unify in + the desired way. Thus, this extension is similar in spirit to + syntactic devices already in the language, such as writing "abc" + for [97,98,99] or writing [a,b,c] for .(a,.(b,.(c,nil))). + + GULP can be used with grammar rule notation (definite clause + grammars, DCGs) or with any parser that the programmer cares to + implement in Prolog. + + + 2. What is unification-based grammar? + + 2.1. Unification-based theories + + Unification-based grammar (UBG) comprises all theories of + grammar in which unification (merging) of feature structures plays + a prominent role. As such, UBG is not a theory of grammar but + rather a formalism in which theories of grammar can be expressed. + Such theories include functional unification grammar, lexical- + functional grammar (Kaplan and Bresnan 1982), generalized phrase + structure grammar (Gazdar et al. 1986), head-driven phrase + structure grammar (Pollard and Sag 1987), and others. + + UBGs use context-free grammar rules in which the nonterminal + symbols are accompanied by sets of features. The addition of + features increases the power of the grammar so that it is no + longer context-free; indeed, in the worst case, parsing with such + a grammar can be NP-complete (Barton, Berwick, and Ristad 1987:93- + 96). + + However, in practice, these intractable cases are rare. + Theorists restrain their use of features so that the grammars, if + not actually context-free, are close to it, and context-free + + + + Seminar fr natrlich-sprachliche Systeme, University + of Tbingen, for their hospitality and for helpful + discussions. The opinions and conclusions expressed + here are solely those of the author. + + 2 This use of the colon makes the Quintus Prolog + and Arity Prolog module systems unavailable; so far, + this has not caused problems. + + + + + + + + 3 + + parsing techniques are successful and efficient. Joshi (1986) has + described this class of grammars as "mildly context-sensitive." + + + 2.2. Grammatical features + + Grammarians have observed since ancient times that each word + in a sentence has a set of attributes, or features, that determine + its function and restrict its usage. Thus: + + + The dog barks. + + category:determiner category:noun category:verb + number:singular number:singular + person:3rd + tense:present + + + + The earliest generative grammars of Chomsky (1957) and others + ignored all of these features except category, generating + sentences with context-free phrase-structure rules such as + + sentence --> noun phrase + verb phrase + + noun phrase --> determiner + noun + + plus transformational rules that rearranged syntactic structure. + Syntactic structure was described by tree diagrams (Figure 1).3 + Number and tense markers were treated as separate elements of the + string (e.g., boys = boy + s). "Subcategorization" distinctions, + such as the fact that some verbs take objects and other verbs do + not, were handled by splitting a single category, such as verb, + into two (verbtransitive and verbintransitive). + + But complex, cross-cutting combinations of features cannot + be handled in this way, and Chomsky (1965) eventually attached + feature bundles to all the nodes in the tree (Figure 2). His + contemporaries accounted for grammatical agreement (e.g., the + agreement of the number features of subject and verb) by means of + transformations that copied features from one node to another. + This remained the standard account of grammatical agreement for + many years. + + But feature copying is unnecessarily procedural. It + presumes, unjustifiably, that whenever two nodes agree, one of + them is the source and the other is the destination of a copied + feature. In practice, the source and destination are hard to + + + 3 Figures are printed at the end of this document. + + + + + + + + 4 + + distinguish. Do singular subjects require singular verbs, or do + singular verbs require singular subjects? This is an empirically + meaningless question. Moreover, when agreement processes interact + to combine features from a number of nodes, the need to + distinguish source from destination introduces unnecessary + clumsiness. + + + 2.3. Unification-based grammar + + Unification-based grammar attacks the same problem non- + procedurally, by stating constraints on feature values. For + example, the rule + + [2.3a] PP --> P NP + [case:acc] + + says that in a prepositional phrase, the NP must be in the + accusative case. + + More precisely, rule [2.3a] says the feature structure + + [case:acc] + + must be unified (merged) with whatever features the NP already + has. If the NP already has case:acc, all is well. If the NP has + no value for case, it acquires case:acc. But if the NP has + case with some value other than acc, the unification fails and + the rule cannot apply. + + Agreement is handled with variables, as in the rule + + + [2.3b] S --> NP VP + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ person:X ³ ³ person:X ³ + ³ number:Y ³ ³ number:Y ³ + À Ù À Ù + + which requires the NP and VP to agree in person and number. Here + X and Y are variables; person:X merges with the person + feature of both the NP and the VP, thereby ensuring that the same + value is present in both places. The same thing happens with + number. + + Strictly speaking, the category label (S, NP, VP, etc.) is + part of the feature structure. Thus, + + NP + [case:acc] + + is short for: + + + + + + + + 5 + + Ú ¿ + ³ category:NP ³ + ³ case:acc ³ + À Ù + + In practice, however, the category label usually plays a primary + role in parsing, and it is convenient to give it a special status. + + Grammar rules can alternatively be written in terms of + equations that the feature values must satisfy. In equational + notation, rules [2.3a] and [2.3b] become: + + [2.3c] PP --> P NP NP case = acc + + [2.3d] S --> NP VP NP person = VP person + NP number = VP number + + or even, if the category label is to be treated as a feature, + + [2.3e] X --> Y Z X category = PP + Y category = P + Z category = NP + Z case = acc + + [2.3f] X --> Y Z X category = S + Y category = NP + Z category = VP + Y person = Z person + Y number = Z number + + where X, Y, and Z are variables. Equations are used in PATR-II, + PrAtt, and other implementation tools, but not in the system + described here. + + The value of a feature can itself be a feature structure. + This makes it possible to group features together to express + generalizations. For instance, one can group syntactic and + semantic features together, creating structures such as: + + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ syn:³ case:acc ³ ³ + ³ ³ gender:masc ³ ³ + ³ À Ù ³ + ³ Ú ¿ ³ + ³ sem:³ pred:MAN ³ ³ + ³ ³ countable:yes ³ ³ + ³ ³ animate:yes ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + + Then a rule can copy the syntactic or semantic features en masse + to another node, without enumerating them. + + + + + + + + 6 + + 2.4. A sample grammar + + Features provide a powerful way to pass information from one + place to another in a grammatical description. The grammar in + Figure 3 is an example. It uses features not only to ensure the + grammaticality of the sentences generated, but also to build a + representation of the meaning of the sentence. Every constituent + has a sem feature representing its meaning. The rules combine the + meanings of the individual words into predicate-argument + structures representing the meanings of all of the constituents. + The meaning of the sentence is represented by the sem feature of + the topmost S node. + + Like all the examples given here, this grammar is intended + only as a demonstration of the power of unification-based grammar, + not as a viable linguistic analysis. Thus, for simplicity, the + internal structure of the NP is ignored and the proposal to group + syntactic features together is abandoned. + + To see how the grammar works, consider how the sentence Max + sees Bill would be parsed bottom-up. The process is shown in + Figure 4. First rules [c], [d], and [e] supply the features of the + individual words (Figure 4a). Next the bottom-up parser attempts + to build constituents. + + By rule [b], sees and Bill constitute a VP (Figure 4b). At + this step, construction of a semantic representation begins. The + sem feature of the VP has as its value another feature structure + which contains two features: pred, the semantics of the verb, and + arg2, the semantics of the direct object. + + Rule [b] also assigns the feature case:acc to Bill; this + has no effect on the form of the noun but would be important if a + pronoun had been used instead. + + Finally, rule [a] allows the resulting NP and VP to be + grouped together into an S (Figure 4c). This rule assigns + nominative case to Max and combines the semantics of the NP and VP + to construct the sem feature of the S node, thereby accounting + for the meaning of the complete sentence. + + It would be equally feasible to parse top-down. Parsing + would then begin with an S node, expanded to NP and VP by rule + [a]. The NP would then expand to Max using rule [d], thereby + supplying a value for sem of NP, and hence also for sem:arg1 of + S. Similarly, expansion of the VP would supply values for the + remaining features of S. + + Crucially, it is possible (and necessary) to match variables + with each other before giving them values. In a top-down parse, we + know that sem:arg2 of S will have the same value as sem:arg2 + of VP long before we know what this value is to be. + + + + + + + + 7 + + + 2.5. Functions, paths, re-entrancy, and graphs + + A feature can be viewed as a partial function which, given a + feature structure, may or may not yield a value. For instance, + given the structure + + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ syn:³ case:acc ³ ³ + ³ ³ gender:masc ³ ³ + ³ À Ù ³ + ³ sem: MAN ³ + À Ù + + the feature sem yields the value MAN, the feature syn yields + another feature structure, and the feature tense yields no value + (it is a case in which the partial function is undefined). + + A path is a series of features that pick out an element of a + nested feature structure. Formally, a path is the composition of + the functions just mentioned. For example, the path syn:case is + what you get by applying the function case to the value of the + function syn; applied to the structure above, syn:case yields + the value acc. Path notation provides a way to refer to a single + feature deep in a nested structure without writing nested + brackets. Thus one can write rules such as + + P --> P NP + [syn:case:acc] + + + or, in equational form, + + P --> P NP NP syn case = acc + + Feature structures are re-entrant. This means that features + are like pointers; if two of them have the same value, then they + point to the same object, not to two similar objects. If this + object is subsequently modified (e.g., by giving values to + variables), the change will show up in both places. Thus the + structure + + Ú ¿ + ³ a:b ³ + ³ c:b ³ + ³ e:d ³ + À Ù + + is more accurately represented as something like: + + + + + + + + 8 + + Ú ¿ + ³ a ÄÄÂÄÄ b ³ + ³ c ÄÄÙ ³ + ³ e ÄÄÄÄÄ d ³ + À Ù + + There is only one b, and a and c both point to it. + + Re-entrant feature structures can be formelized as directed + acyclic graphs (DAGs) as shown in Figure 5. Features are arcs and + feature values are the vertices or subgraphs found at the ends of + the arcs. A path is a series of arcs chained together. + + Re-entrancy follows from the way variables behave in a + grammar. All occurrences of the same variable take on the same + value at the same time. (As in Prolog, like-named variables in + separate rules are not considered to be the same variable.) The + value may itself contain a variable that will later get a value + from somewhere else. This is why bottom-up and top-down parsing + work equally well. + + + 2.6. Unification + + Our sample grammar relies on the merging of partially + specified feature structures. Thus, the subject of the sentence + gets case from rule [a] and semantics from rule [d] or [e]. This + merging can be formalized as unification. The unifier of two + feature structures A and B is the smallest feature structure C + that contains all the information in both A and B. + + Feature structure unification is equivalent to graph + unification, i.e., merging of directed acyclic graphs, as defined + in graph theory. The unifier of two graphs is the smallest graph + that contains all the nodes and arcs in the graphs being unified. + This is similar but not identical to Prolog term unification; + crucially, elements of the structure are identified only by name, + not (as in Prolog) by position. + + Formally, the unification of feature structures A and B + (giving C) is defined as follows: + + (1) Any feature that occurs in A but not B, or in B but not + A, also occurs in C with the same value. + + (2) Any feature that occurs in both A and B also occurs in + C, and its value in C is the unifier of its values in A and + B. + + Feature values, in turn, are unified as follows: + + + + + + + + 9 + + (a) If both values are atomic symbols, they must be the same + atomic symbol, or else the unification fails (the unifier + does not exist). + + (b) A variable unifies with any object by becoming that + object. All occurrences of that variable henceforth + represent the object with which the variable has unified. + Two variables can unify with each other, in which case they + become the same variable. + + (c) If both values are feature structures, they unify by + applying this process recursively. + + Thus + + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ a:b ³ and ³ c:d ³ + ³ c:d ³ ³ e:f ³ + À Ù À Ù + + + unify giving: + + Ú ¿ + ³ a:b ³ + ³ c:d ³ + ³ e:f ³ + À Ù + + Likewise, [a:X] and [a:b] unify, instantiating X to the value + b; and + + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ a:X ³ and ³ a:c ³ + ³ b:c ³ ³ b:Y ³ + À Ù À Ù + + unify by instantiating both X and Y to c. + + As in Prolog, unification is not always possible. + Specifically, if A and B have different (non-unifiable) values for + some feature, unification fails. A grammar rule requiring A to + unify with B cannot apply if A and B are not unifiable. + + Unification-based grammars rely on failure of unification to + rule out ungrammatical sentences. Consider, for example, why our + sample grammar generates Max sees me but not Me sees Max. In Max + sees me, both rule [b] and rule [f] specify that me has the + feature case:acc, giving the structure shown in Figure 6. + + However, in Me sees Max, the case of me raises a conflict. + Rule [a] specifies case:nom and rule [f] specifies case:acc. + + + + + + + + 10 + + These values are not unifiable; hence the specified merging of + feature structures cannot go through, and the sentence is not + generated by the grammar. + + + 2.7. Declarativeness + + Unification-based grammars are declarative, not procedural. + That is, they are statements of well-formedness conditions, not + procedures for generating or parsing sentences. That is why, for + example, sentences generated by our sample grammar can be parsed + either bottom-up or top-down. + + This declarativeness comes from the fact that unification is + an order-independent operation. The unifier of A, B, and C is the + same regardless of the order in which the three structures are + combined. This is true of both graph unification and Prolog term + unification. + + The declarative nature of UBGs is subject to two caveats. + First, although unification is order-independent, particular + parsing algorithms are not. Recall that grammar rules of the form + + A --> A B + + cannot be parsed top-down, because they lead to infinite loops + ("To parse an A, parse an A and then..."). Now consider a rule of + the form + + A --> A B + [f:X] [f:Y] + + If X and Y have different values, then top-down parsing works + fine; if either X or Y does not have a value at the time the rule + is invoked, top-down parsing will lead to a loop. This shows that + one cannot simply give an arbitrary UBG to an arbitrary parser and + expectuseful results;the order ofinstantiation mustbe keptin mind. + + Second, many common Prolog operations are not order- + independent, and this must be recognized in any implementation + that allows Prolog goals to be inserted into grammar rules. + Obviously, the cut (!) interferes with order-independence by + blocking alternatives that would otherwise succeed. More + commonplace predicates such as write, is, and == lack order- + independence because they behave differently depending on whether + their arguments are instantiated at the time of execution. + Colmerauer's Prolog II (Giannesini et al. 1986) avoids some of + these difficulties by allowing the programmer to postpone tests + until a variable becomes instantiated, whenever that may be. + + + 2.8. Building structures and moving data + + + + + + + + 11 + + Declarative unification-based rules do more than just pass + information up and down the tree. They can build structure as they + go. For example, the rule + + + VP --> V NP + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:X ³ ³ ³ sem:X ³ ³ sem:Y ³ + ³ ³ arg:Y ³ ³ À Ù À Ù + À À Ù Ù + + builds on the VP node a pred-arg structure that is absent on the V + and NP. + + Unification can pass information around in directions other + than along the lines of the tree diagram. This is done by + splitting a feature into two sub-features, one for input and the + other for output. The inputs and outputs can then be strung + together in any manner. + + Consider for example the rule: + + S --> NP VP + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ Ú Ú ¿ ¿ Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ sem:³ in:X1 ³ ³ ³ sem:³ in:X1 ³ ³ ³ sem:³ in:X2 ³ ³ + ³ ³ out:X3 ³ ³ ³ ³ out:X2 ³ ³ ³ ³ out:X3 ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù À À Ù Ù À À Ù Ù + + This rule assumes that sem of the S has some initial value + (perhaps an empty list) which is passed into X1 from outside. X1 + is then passed to the NP, which modifies it in some way, giving + X2, which is passed to the VP for further modification. The + output of the VP is X3, which becomes the output of the S. + + Such a rule is still declarative and can work either forward + or backward; that is, parsing can still take place top-down or + bottom-up. Further, any node in the tree can communicate with any + other node via a string of input and output features, some of + which simply pass information along unchanged. The example in + section 4.2 below uses input and output features to undo unbounded + movements of words. Johnson and Klein (1985, 1986) use in and out + features to perform complex manipulations of semantic structure; + see section 4.3 (below) for a GULP reconstruction of part of one + of their programs. + + + 3. The GULP translator + + 3.1. Feature structures in GULP + + + + + + + + 12 + + The key idea of GULP is that feature structures can be + included in Prolog programs as ordinary data items. For instance, + the feature structure + + Ú ¿ + ³ a:b ³ + ³ c:d ³ + À Ù + + is written: + + a:b..c:d + + and GULP translates a:b..c:d into an internal representation + (called a value list) in which the a position is occupied by b, + the c position is occupied by d, and all other positions, if any, + are uninstantiated. + + This is analogous to the way ordinary Prolog translates + strings such as "abc" into lists of ASCII codes. The GULP + programmer always uses feature structure notation and never deals + directly with value lists. Feature structures are order- + independent; the translations of a:b..c:d and of c:d..a:b are + the same. + + Nesting and paths are permitted. Thus, the structure + + Ú ¿ + ³ a:b ³ + ³ Ú ¿ ³ + ³ c:³ d:e ³ ³ + ³ ³ f:g ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + + is written a:b..c:(d:e..f:g).4 The same structure can be + written as + + Ú ¿ + ³ a:b ³ + ³ c:d:e ³ + ³ c:f:g ³ + À Ù + + which GULP renders as a:b..c:d:e..c:f:g. + + GULP feature structures are data items -- complex terms -- + not statements or operations. They are most commonly used as + arguments. Thus, the rule + + + 4 Arity Prolog 4.0 requires a space before the + '('. + + + + + + + + 13 + + S --> NP VP + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ person:X ³ ³ person:X ³ ³ person:X ³ + ³ number:Y ³ ³ number:Y ³ ³ number:Y ³ + À Ù À Ù À Ù + + can be written in DCG notation, using GULP, as: + + s(person:X..number:Y) --> + np(person:X..number:Y), + vp(person:X..number:Y). + + They can also be processed by ordinary Prolog predicates. For + example, the predicate + + nonplural(number:X) :- nonvar(X), X \= plural. + + succeeds if and only if its argument is a feature structure whose + number feature is instantiated to some value other than plural. + + Any feature structure unifies with any other feature + structure unless prevented by conflicting values. Thus, the + internal representations of a:b..c:d and c:d..e:f unify, + giving a:b..c:d..e:f. But a:b does not unify with a:d because + b and d do not unify with each other. + + + 3.2. GULP syntax + + Formally, GULP adds to Prolog the operators `:' and `..' + and a wide range of built-in predicates. The operator `:' joins a + feature to its value, which itself can be another feature + structure. Thus in c:d:e, the value of c is d:e. + + A feature-value pair is the simplest kind of feature + structure. The operator `..' combines feature-value pairs to + build more complex feature structures.5 This is done by simply + unifying them. For example, the internal representation of + a:b..c:d is built by unifying the internal representations of + a:b and c:d. + + This fact can be exploited to write "improperly nested" + feature structures. For example, + + a:b..c:X..c:d:Y..Z + + denotes a feature structure in which: + + + + 5 For compatibility with earlier versions, `..' + can also be written `::'. + + + + + + + + 14 + + the value of a is b, + + the value of c unifies with X, + + the value of c also unifies with d:Y, and + + the whole structure unifies with Z. + + Both operators, `:' and `..', are right-associative; that + is, a:b:c = a:(b:c) and A..B..C = A..(B..C). Arity + Prolog 4.0 requires an intervening space when `:' or `..' occurs + adjacent to a left parenthesis; other Prologs lack this + restriction. + + + 3.3. Built-in predicates + + GULP 2.0 is an ordinary Prolog environment with some built- + in predicates added. The most important of these is load, which + loads clauses into memory through the GULP translator. (A + consult or reconsult would not translate feature structures + into their internal representations.) Thus, + + ?- load myprog. + + loads clauses from the file MYPROG.GLP. + + Like reconsult, load clears away any pre-existing clauses + for a predicate when new clauses for that predicate (with the same + arity) are first encountered in a file. However, load does not + require the clauses for a predicate to be contiguous, so long as + they all occur in the same file. A program can consist of several + files that are loaded into memory together. + + Another predicate, ed, calls a full-screen editor and then + loads the file. Without an argument, ed or load uses the same + file name as on the most recent invocation of either ed or load. + + Other special predicates are used within the program. GULP + 1.1 required a declaration such as + + g_features([gender,number,case,person,tense]). + + declaring all feature names before any were used. This declaration + is optional in GULP 2.0. If present, it establishes the order in + which features will appear whenever a feature structure is output, + and it can be used to optimize the program by putting frequently + used features at the beginning. Further, whether or not the + programmer includes a g_features declaration, GULP 2.0 maintains + in memory an up-to-date g_features clause with a list of all the + features actually used, in the order in which they were + encountered. + + + + + + + + 15 + + The predicate g_translate/2 interconverts feature + structures and their internal representations. This makes it + possible to process, at runtime, feature structures in GULP + notation rather than translated form. For instance, if X is a + feature structure, then g_translate(Y,X), write(Y) will + display it in GULP notation. + + The predicate display_feature_structure outputs a + feature structure, not in GULP notation, but in a convenient + tabular format, thus: + + syn: case: acc + gender: masc + sem: pred: MAN + countable: yes + animate: yes + + This is similar to traditional feature structure notation, but + without brackets. + + + 3.4. Internal representation + + The nature of value lists, which represent feature + structures internally, is best approached by a series of + approximations. The nearest Prolog equivalent to a feature + structure is a complex term with one position reserved for the + value of every feature. Thus + + Ú ¿ + ³ number:plural ³ + ³ person:third ³ + ³ gender:fem ³ + À Ù + + could be represented as x(plural,third,fem) or + [plural,third,fem] or the like. It is necessary to decide in + advance which argument position corresponds to each feature. + + A feature structure that does not use all of the available + features is equivalent to a term with anonymous variables; thus + + Ú ¿ + ³ person:third ³ + À Ù + + would be represented as x(_,third,_) or [_,third,_]. + + Structures of this type simulate graph unification in the + desired way. They can be recursively embedded. Further, + structures built by instantiating Prolog variables are inherently + + + + + + + + 16 + + re-entrant, since an instantiated Prolog variable is actually a + pointer to the memory representation of its value. + + All the feature structures in a program must be unifiable + unless they contain conflicting values. Accordingly, if fifteen + features are used in the program, every value list must reserve + positions for all fifteen. One option would be to represent value + lists as 15-argument structures: + + tense:present => x(_,_,_,_,present,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_) + + This obviously wastes memory. A better solution would be to + use lists; a list with an uninstantiated tail unifies with any + longer list. The improved representation is: + + tense:present => [_,_,_,_,present|_] + + By putting frequently used features near the beginning, this + representation can save a considerable amount of memory as well as + reducing the time needed to do unifications. Further, lists with + uninstantiated tails gain length automatically as further elements + are filled in; unifying [a,b,c|_] with [_,_,_,_,e|_] gives + [a,b,c,_,e|_]. + + If most of the lists in the program have uninstantiated + tails, the program can be simplified by requiring all lists to + have uninstantiated tails. Any process that searches through a + list will then need to check for only one terminating condition + (remainder of list uninstantiated) rather than two (remainder of + list uninstantiated or empty). + + But the GULP internal value list structure is not an + ordinary list. If it were, translated feature structures would be + confused with ordinary Prolog lists, and programmers would fall + victim to unforeseen unifications. It would also be impossible to + test whether a term is a value list. + + Recall that Prolog lists are held together by the functor + `.'. That is, + + [a,b,c|X] = .(a,.(b,.(c,X))) + + To get a distinct type of list, all we need to do is substitute + another functor for the dot. GULP uses g_/2. (In fact, all + functors beginning with g_ are reserved by GULP for internal + use.) So if tense is the fifth feature in the canonical order, + then + + tense:present => g_(_,g_(_,g_(_,g_(_,g_(present,_))))) + + It doesn't matter that this looks ugly; the GULP programmer never + sees it. + + + + + + + + 17 + + One more refinement (absent before GULP version 2.0) is + needed. We want to be able to translate value lists back into + feature structure notation. For this purpose we must distinguish + features that are unmentioned from features that are merely + uninstantiated. That is, we do not want tense:X to turn into an + empty feature structure just because X is uninstantiated. It may + be useful to know, during program testing, that X has unified + with some other variable even if it has not acquired a value. + Thus, we want to record, somehow, that the variable X was + mentioned in the original feature structure whereas the values of + other features (person, number, etc.) were not. + + Accordingly, g_/1 (distinct from g_/2) is used to mark all + features that were mentioned in the original structure. If + person is second in the canonical order, and tense is fifth in + the canonical order (as before), then + + tense:present..person:X => + g_(_,g_(g_(X),g_(_,g_(_,g_(g_(present),_) + + And this is the representation actually used by GULP. Note that + the use of g_/1 does not interfere with unification, because + g_(present) will unify both with g_(Y) (an explicitly + mentioned variable) and with an empty position. + + + 3.5. How translation is done + + GULP loads a program by reading it, one term a a time, from + the input file, and translating all the feature structures in each + term into value lists. The term is then passed to the built-in + predicate expand_term, which translates grammar rule (DCG) + notation into plain Prolog. The result is then asserted into the + knowledge base. There are two exceptions: a term that begins with + `:-' is executed immediately, just as in ordinary Prolog, and a + g_features declaration is given special treatment to be + described below. + + To make translation possible, GULP maintains a stored set of + forward translation schemas, plus one backward schema. For + example, a program that uses the features a, b, and c + (encountered in that order) will result in the creation of the + schemas: + + g_forward_schema(a,X,g_(X,_)). + g_forward_schema(b,X,g_(_,g_(X,_))). + g_forward_schema(c,X,g_(_,g_(_,g_(X,_)))). + + g_backward_schema(a:X..b:Y..c:Z,g_(X,g_(Y,g_(Z,_)))). + + Each forward schema contains a feature name, a variable for the + feature value, and the minimal corresponding value list. To + + + + + + + + 18 + + translate the feature structure a:xx..b:yy..c:zz, GULP will + mark each of the feature values with g_(...), and then call, in + succession, + + g_forward_schema(a,g_(xx), ... ), + g_forward_schema(b,g_(yy), ... ), + g_forward_schema(c,g_(zz), ... ) ... + + and unify the resulting value lists. The result will be the same + regardless of the order in which the calls are made. To translate + a complex Prolog term, GULP first converts it into a list using + `=..', then recursively translates all the elements of the list + except the first, then converts the result back into a term. + + Backward translation is easier; GULP simply unifies the + value list with the second argument of g_backward_schema, and + the first argument immediately yields a rough translation. It is + rough in two ways: it mentions all the features in the grammar, + and it contains g_(...) marking all the feature values that were + mentioned in the original feature structure. The finished + translation is obtained by discarding all features whose values + are not marked by g_(...), and removing the g_(...) from values + that contain it. + + The translation schemas are built automatically. Whenever a + new feature is encountered, a forward schema is built for it, and + the pre-existing backward schema, if any, is replaced by a new + one. A g_features declaration causes the immediate generation of + schemas for all the features in it, in the order given. In + addition, GULP maintains a current g_features clause at all + times that lists all the features actually encountered, whether or + not they were originally declared. + + + 4. GULP in practical use + + 4.1. A simple definite clause grammar + + Figure 7 shows the grammar from Figure 3 implemented with + the definite clause grammar (DCG) parser that is built into + Prolog. Each nonterminal symbol has a GULP feature structure as + its only argument. + + Parsing is done top-down. The output of the program reflects + the feature structures built during parsing. For example: + + ?- test1. + [max,sees,bill] (String being parsed) + sem: pred: SEES (Displayed feature structure) + arg1: BILL + arg2: MAX + + + + + + + + 19 + + Figure 8 shows the same grammar written in a more PATR-like + style. Instead of using feature structures in argument positions, + this program uses variables for arguments, then unifies each + variable with appropriate feature structures as a separate + operation. This is slightly less efficient but can be easier to + read, particularly when the unifications to be performed are + complex. + + In this program, the features of np and vp are called + NPfeatures and VPfeatures respectively. More commonly, the + features of np, vp, and so on are in variables called NP, VP, + and the like. Be careful not to confuse upper- and lower-case + symbols. + + The rules in Figure 8 could equally well have been written + with the unifications before the constituents to be parsed. That + is, we can write either + + s(Sfeatures) --> np(NPfeatures), vp(VPfeatures), + { Sfeatures = ... }. + + or + + s(Sfeatures) --> { Sfeatures = ... }, + np(NPfeatures), vp(VPfeatures). + + Because unification is order-independent, the choice affects + efficiency but not correctness. The only exception is that some + rules can loop when written one way but not the other. Thus + + s(S1) --> s(S2), { S1 = x:a, S2 = x:b }. + + loops, whereas + + s(S1) --> { S1 = x:a, S2 = x:b }, s(S2). + + does not, because in the latter case S2 is instantiated to a + value that must be distinct from S1 before s(S2) is parsed. + + + 4.2. A hold mechanism for unbounded movements + + Unlike a phrase-structure grammar, a unification-based + grammar can handle unbounded movements. That is, it can parse + sentences in which some element appears to have been moved from + its normal position across an arbitrary amount of structure. + + Such a movement occurs in English questions. The question- + word (who, what, or the like) always appears at the beginning of + the sentence. Within the sentence, one of the places where a noun + phrase could have appeared is empty: + + + + + + + + 20 + + The boy said the dog chased the cat. + What did the boy say _ chased the cat? (The dog.) + What did the boy say the dog chased _? (The cat.) + + Ordinary phrase-structure rules cannot express the fact that only + one noun phrase is missing. Constituents introduced by phrase- + structure rules are either optional or obligatory. If noun phrases + are obligatory, they can't be missing at all, and if they are + optional, any number of them can be missing at the same time. + + Chomsky (1957) analyzed such sentences by generating what in + the position of the missing noun phrase, then moving it to the + beginning of the sentence by means of a transformation. This is + the generally accepted analysis. + + To parse such sentences, one must undo the movement. This is + achieved through a hold stack. On encountering what, the parser + does not parse it, but rather puts it on the stack and carries it + along until it is needed. Later, when a noun phrase is expected + but not found, the parser can pop what off the stack and use it. + + The hold stack is a list to which elements can be added at + the beginning. Initially, its value is [] (the empty list). To + parse a sentence, the parser must: + + (1) Pass the hold stack to the NP, which may add or remove + items. + (2) Pass the possibly modified stack to the VP, which may + modify it further. + + In traditional notation, the rule we need is: + + S --> NP VP + + Ú ÚÄ ¿¿ Ú Ú ¿¿ Ú Ú ¿¿ + ³ hold:³ in: H1 ³³ ³ hold:³ in: H1 ³³ ³ hold:³ in: H2 ³³ + ³ ³ out: H3 ³³ ³ ³ out: H2 ³³ ³ ³ out: H3 ³³ + À À ÙÙ À À ÙÙ À À ÙÙ + + Here hold:in is the stack before parsing a given constituent, + and hold:out is the stack after parsing that same constituent. + Notice that three different states of the stack -- H1, H2, and + H3 -- are allowed for. + + Figure 9 shows a complete grammar built with rules of this + type. There are two rules expanding S. One is the one above (S --> + NP VP). The other one accepts what did at the beginning of the + sentence, places what on the stack, and proceeds to parse an NP + and VP. Somewhere in the NP or VP -- or in a subordinate S + embedded therein -- the parser will use the rule + + np(NP) --> [], { NP = hold: (in:[what|H1]..out:H1) }. + + + + + + + + 21 + + thereby removing what from the stack. + + + 4.3. Building complex semantic structures + + Figure 10 shows a GULP reimplementation of a program by + Johnson and Klein (1986) that makes extensive use of in and out + features to pass information around the parse tree. Johnson and + Klein's key insight is that the logical structure of a sentence is + largely specified by the determiners. For instance, A man saw a + donkey expresses a simple proposition with universally quantified + variables, but Every man saw a donkey expresses an "if-then" + relationship (If X is a man then X saw a donkey). On the syntactic + level, every modifies only man, but semantically, it gives the + entire sentence a different structure. + + Accordingly, Johnson and Klein construct their grammar so + that almost all the semantic structure is built by the + determiners. Each determiner must receive, from elsewhere in the + sentence, semantic representations for its scope and its + restrictor. The scope of a determiner is the main predicate of the + clause, and the restrictor is an additional condition imposed by + the NP to which the determiner belongs. For instance, in Every man + saw a donkey, the determiner every has scope saw a donkey and + restrictor man. + + Figure 10 shows a reimplementation, in GULP, of a sample + program Johnson and Klein wrote in PrAtt (a different extension of + Prolog). The semantic representations built by this program are + those used in Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp, 1981; + Spencer-Smith, 1987). The meaning of a sentence or discourse is + represented by a discourse representation structure (DRS) such as: + + [1,2,man(1),donkey(2),saw(1,2)] + + Here 1 and 2 stand for entities (people or things), end man(1), + donkey(2), and saw(1,2) are conditions that these entities + must meet. The discourse is true if there are two entities such + that 1 is a man, 2 is a donkey, and 1 saw 2. In other words, "A + man saw a donkey." The order of the list elements is + insignificant, and the program builds the list backward, with + indices and conditions mixed together. + + A DRS can contain other DRSes embedded in a variety of ways. + In particular, one of the conditions within a DRS can have the + form + + DRS1 > DRS2 + + which means: "This condition is satisfied if for each set of + entities that satisfy DRS1, it is also possible to satisfy DRS2." + For example: + + + + + + + + 22 + + [1,man(1), [2,donkey(2)] > [saw(1,2)] ] + + "There is an entity 1 such that 1 is a man, and for every entity 2 + that is a donkey, 1 saw 2." That is, "Some man saw every donkey." + Again, + + [ [1,man(1)] > [2,donkey(2)] ] + + means "every man saw a donkey" -- that is, "for every entity 1 + such that 1 is a man, there is an entity 2 which is a donkey." + + Parsing a sentence begins with the rule: + + s(S) --> { S = sem:A, NP = sem:A, + S = syn:B, VP = syn:B, + NP = sem:scope:C, VP = sem:C, + VP = syn:arg1:D, NP = syn:index:D }, np(NP), vp(VP). + + This rule stipulates the following things: + + (1) An S consists of an NP and a VP. + + (2) The semantic representation of the S is the same as that of + the NP, i.e., is built by the rules that parse the NP. + + (3) The syntactic feature structure (syn) of the S is that of the + NP. Crucially, this contains the indices of the subject (arg1) + and object (arg2). + + (4) The scope of the NP (and hence of its determiner) is the + semantic representation of the VP. + + (5) The index of the verb's subject (arg1) is that of the NP + mentioned in this rule. + + Other rules do comparable amounts of work, and space precludes + explaining them in detail here. (See Johnson and Klein 1985, 1986 + for further explanation.) By unifying appropriate in and out + features, the rules perform a complex computation in an order- + independent way. + + + 4.4. Bottom-up parsing + + GULP is not tied to Prolog's built-in DCG parser. It can be + used with any other parser implemented in Prolog. Figure 11 shows + + + + + + + + 23 + + how GULP can be used with the BUP bottom-up parser developed by + Matsumoto et al. (1986).6 + + In bottom-up parsing, the typical question is not "How do I + parse an NP?" but rather, "Now that I've parsed an NP, what do I + do with it?" BUP puts the Prolog search mechanism to good use in + answering questions like this. + + During a BUP parse, two kinds of goals occur. A goal such as + + ?- np(s,NPf,Sf,[chased,the,cat],[]). + + means: "An NP has just been accepted; its features are contained + in NPf. This occurred while looking for an S with features Sf. + Immediately after parsing the NP, the input string was + [chased,the,cat]. After parsing the S, it will be []." + + The other type of goal is + + ?- goal(vp,VPf,[chased,the,cat],[]). + + This means "Parse a VP with features VPf, starting with the input + string [chased,the,cat] and ending up with []." This is like + the DCG goal + + ?- vp(VPf,[chased,the,cat],[]). + + except that the parsing is to be done bottom-up. + + To see how these goals are constructed, imagine replacing + the top-down parsing rule + + s --> np, vp. + + with the bottom-up rule + + np, vp --> s. + + This rule should be used when the parser is looking for a rule + that will tell it how to use an NP it has just found. So np(...) + should be the head of the Prolog clause. Ignoring feature + unifications, the clause will be: + + np(G,NPf,Gf,S1,S3) :- goal(vp,VPf,S1,S2), + s(G,Sf,Gf,S2,S3). + + + + + 6 It has been suggested that a combination of GULP + and BUP should be known as BURP. This suggestion has + not been acted upon. + + + + + + + + 24 + + That is: "Having just found an NP with features NPf, parse a VP + with features VPf. You will then have completed an S, so look for + a clause that tells you what to do with it." + + Here S1, S2, and S3 represent the input string initially, + after parsing the VP, and after completing the S. G is the higher + constituent that was being sought when the NP was found, and Gf + contains its features. If, when the S is completed, it turns out + that an S was being sought (the usual case), then execution can + finish with the terminal rule + + s(s,F,F,X,X). + + Otherwise another clause for s(...) must be searched for. + + Much of the work of BUP is done by the goal-forming + predicate goal, defined thus: + + goal(G,Gf,S1,S3) :- + word(W,Wf,S1,S2), + NewGoal =.. [W,G,Wf,Gf,S2,S3], + call(NewGoal). + + That is (ignoring features): "To parse a G in input string S1 + leaving the remaining input in S3, first accept a word, then + construct a new goal depending on its category (W)." For example, + the query + + ?- goal(s,Sf,[the,dog,barked],S3). + + will first call + + ?- word(W,Wf,[the,dog,barked],[dog,barked]). + + thereby instantiating W to det and Wf to the word's features, + and then construct and call the goal + + ?- det(s,Wf,Sf,[dog,barked],S3). + + That is: "I've just completed a det and am trying to parse an s. + What do I do next?" A rule such as + + det, n --> np + + (or rather its BUP equivalent) can be invoked next, to accept + another word (a noun) and complete an NP. + + + 5. Comparison with other systems + + 5.1. GULP versus PATR-II + + + + + + + + + 25 + + PATR-II (Shieber 1986a, b) is the most widely used software + tool for implementing unification-based grammars, as well as the + most mature and sophisticated. It differs from GULP in three main + ways: + + (1) Whereas GULP is an extension of Prolog, PATR-II is a new self- + contained programming language. + + (2) Whereas GULP allows the use of any parsing algorithm, PATR-II + provides one specific parser (left-corner, Earley, or Cocke- + Kasami-Younger, depending on the version). + + (3) Whereas GULP grammar rules treat feature structures as data + items, PATR-II grammar rules state equations on feature values. + + Of these, (3) makes the biggest practical difference. The + rule which GULP writes as + + s(person:X..number:Y) --> + np(person:X..number:Y), + vp(person:X..number:Y). + + (assuming use of the DCG parser) is rendered in PATR-II as: + + Rule S --> NP VP: + = + = + = + = . + + or the like. Paths are permitted, of course; one could write to build a more complex structure. + + Here S, NP, and VP are not pure variables; the equations + + = s + = np + = vp + + (or the equivalent) are implicit. Further abbreviatory power comes + from templates, which are predefined sets of features and values. + Thus, instead of writing the lexical entry + + Word sleeps: = v + = third + = singular + = intransitive. + + the PATR-II programmer can define the template + + + + + + + + + 26 + + Let ThirdSingVerb be = v + = third + = singular. + + and then write: + + Word sleeps: ThirdSingVerb + = intransitive. + + Word chases: ThirdSingVerb + = transitive. + + The GULP equivalent of a template is a Prolog fact such as: + + thirdsingverb(person:third..number:singular). + + Lexical entries can then use this as an abbreviatory device: + + v(Vf) --> [sleeps], { thirdsingverb(Vf), + Vf = subcat:intransitive }. + + v(Vf) --> [chases], { thirdsingverb(Vf), + Vf = subcat:transitive }. + + (There is no cat:v here because in the DCG parser, categories are + functors rather than feature values.) + + Unlike GULP, PATR-II provides for default inheritance. That + is, the programmer can invoke a template and then change some of + the values that it supplies, thus: + + Word does: ThirdSingVerb + = auxverb. + + This means: "Does is a ThirdSingVerb except that its category is + not v but rather auxverb." PATR-II also provides for lexical + redundancy rules that transform one lexical entry into another, + e.g., building a passive verb from every active verb. + + Both of these capabilities are absent from GULP per se, but + they could be built into a parser written in GULP. Indeed, many + contrasts between GULP and PATR-II reflect the fact that PATR-II + is a custom-built environment for implementing grammars that fit a + particular mold, while GULP is a minimal extension to a much more + general-purpose programming language. + + One advantage of GULP is that the full range of Prolog data + structures is available. Shieber (1986a:28-32) equips each verb + with an ordered list of NPs that are its syntactic arguments + (subject, object, etc.). But there are no lists in PATR-II, so + Shieber has to construct them as nested feature structures: + + + + + + + + + 27 + + Ú ¿ + ³ first: ...first element... ³ + ³ Ú ¿ ³ + ³ rest: ³ first: ...second element... ³ ³ + ³ ³ Ú ¿ ³ ³ + ³ ³ rest: ³ first: ...third element... ³ ³ ³ + ³ ³ ³ Ú ¿ ³ ³ ³ + ³ ³ ³ rest: ³ first: ...fourth element... ³ ³ ³ ³ + ³ ³ ³ ³ rest: end ³ ³ ³ ³ + À À À À Ù Ù Ù Ù + + This may be desirable on grounds of theoretical parsimony, but it + is notationally awkward. In GULP, one can simply write + [X1,X2,X3,X4], where X1, X2, X3, and X4 are variables, + constants, feature structures, or terms of any other kind. + + + 5.2. GULP versus PrAtt + + PrAtt (Prolog with Attributes), described briefly by Johnson + and Klein (1986), is a PATR-like extension of Prolog. In PrAtt, + feature structure equations are treated as Prolog goals. An + example is the DCG rule: + + s(Sf) --> np(NPf), vp(VPf), + { Sf:number = NPf:number, + Sf:number = VPf:number, + Sf:person = NPf:person, + Sf:person = VPf:person }. + + This looks almost like GULP syntax, but the meaning is different. + NPf:number is not a Prolog term, but rather an evaluable + expression; at execution time, it is replaced by the number + element of structure NPf. + + Compared to GULP, PrAtt makes a much bigger change to the + semantics of Prolog. GULP merely translates data into data + (changing the format from feature structures to value lists), but + PrAtt translates data into extra operations. + + An example will make this clearer. In order to execute + Sf:number = NPf:number, PrAtt must extract the number + features of Sf and NPf, then unify them. In Johnson and Klein's + implementation, this extraction is done at run time; that is, on + find the expression Sf:number, the PrAtt interpreter looks at + the contents of Sf, and then replaces Sf:number with the value + of Sf's number feature. + + This implies that the value of Sf is known. If it is not -- + for example, if the PrAtt-to-Prolog translation is being performed + before running the program -- then extra goals must be inserted + + + + + + + + + 28 + + into the program to extract the appropriate feature values. The + single PrAtt goal Sf:number = NPf:number becomes at least + three goals: + + (1) Unify Sf with something that will put the number value + into a unique variable (call it X). + + (2) Unify NPf with something that will put its number value + into a unique variable (call it Y). + + (3) Unify X and Y. + + To put this another way, whereas GULP modifies the syntax + for Prolog terms, PrAtt modifies the unification algorithm, using + three calls to the existing Prolog unification algorithm to + perform one PrAtt unification. + + + 5.3. GULP versus AVAG + + AVAG (Attribute-Value Grammar, Sedogbo 1986) is an + implementation of generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), a + framework for expressing linguistic analyses. A three-pass + compiler translates AVAG notation into Prolog II. As such, AVAG is + far more complex than GULP or PrAtt, and there is little point in + making a direct comparison. Comparing AVAG to PATR-II would be + instructive but is outside the scope of this paper. + + AVAG is interesting because it uses the Prolog II built-in + predicates dif (which means "this variable must never be + instantiated to this value") and freeze ("wait until these + variables are instantiated, then test them") to implement + negative-valued and set-valued features respectively. For + example, the rule + + voit: + = verb + /= 2 + = sing. + + uses dif to ensure that the person feature never equals 2, and + + chaque: + = art + = [mas,fem] + = sing. + + uses freeze to ensure that when the gender feature becomes + instantiated, its value is mas or fem. There are no direct + equivalents for dif or freeze in conventional (Edinburgh) + + + + + + + + + 29 + + Prolog; they could be implemented only by changing the inference + engine. + + + 5.4. GULP versus STUF + + STUF (Stuttgart Formalism) is a formal language for + describing unification-based grammars. It is more comprehensive + than PATR-II and as yet is only partly implemented (Bouma et al. + 1988). + + Comparing STUF to GULP would be rather like comparing linear + algebra to Fortran; the systems are not in the same category. + Nonetheless, STUF introduces a number of novel ideas that could be + exploited in parsers or other systems written in GULP. + + The biggest of these is nondestructive unification. In + Prolog, unification is a destructive operation; terms that are + being unified are replaced by their unifier. For example, if X = + [a,_] and Y = [_,b], then after unifying X and Y, X = Y = + [a,b]. In STUF, on the other hand, an expression such as + + z = (x y) + + creates a third structure z whose value is the unifier of x and + y; x and y themselves are unaffected. Nondestructive unification + can be implemented in Prolog by copying the terms before unifying + them (Covington et al. 1988:204). + + Further, if the unification fails, z gets the special value + FAIL. If x and y are feature structures, and parts of them are + unifiable but other parts are not, the non-unifiable parts will be + represented by FAIL in the corresponding parts of z. This + provides a way to implement negative-valued features. For example, + to ensure that a verb is not third person singular, one can + stipulate that when its person feature is unified with + person:3, the result is FAIL. + + In STUF, a feature can also have a set of alternatives as + its value, and when two structures containing such sets are + unified, the unifier is the set of all the unifiers of structures + that would result from choosing different alternatives. + + Finally, STUF exploits the fact that grammar rules can + themselves be treated as feature structures. For example, the rule + + + + + + + + + 30 + + + S --> NP VP + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ person:X ³ ³ person:X ³ + ³ number:Y ³ ³ number:Y ³ + À Ù À Ù + + (or more precisely the tree structure that it sanctions) can be + expressed as the feature structure + + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ mother: ³ category: s ³ ³ + ³ À Ù ³ + ³ Ú ¿ ³ + ³ daughter_1: ³ category: np ³ ³ + ³ ³ person: X ³ ³ + ³ ³ number: Y ³ ³ + ³ À Ù ³ + ³ Ú ¿ ³ + ³ daughter_2: ³ category: vp ³ ³ + ³ ³ person: X ³ ³ + ³ ³ number: Y ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + + STUF therefore implements grammar rules via "graph + application," an operation that treats one feature structure + (directed acyclic graph) as a function to be applied to another. + Graph application is an operation with four arguments: (1) a + graph expressing the function; (2) a graph to be treated as the + argument; (3) a path indicating what part of the argument graph is + to be unified with the function graph; and (4) a path indicating + what part of the argument graph should be unified (destructively) + with the result of the first unification. The ordinary GULP + practice of simply unifying one graph with another is a special + case of this. + + + 6.0. Future Prospects + + 6.1. Possible improvements + + One disadvantage of GULP is that every feature structure + must contain a position for every feature in the grammar. This + makes feature structures larger and slower to process than they + need be. By design, unused features often fall in the + uninstantiated tail of the value list, and hence take up neither + time nor space. But not all unused features have this good + fortune. In practice, almost every value list contains gaps, i.e., + positions that will never be instantiated, but must be passed over + in every unification. + + + + + + + + + 31 + + To reduce the number of gaps, GULP could be modified to + distinguish different types of value lists. The feature structure + for a verb needs a feature for tense; the feature structure for a + noun does not. Value lists of different types would reserve the + same positions for different features, skipping features that + would never be used. Some kind of type marker, such as a unique + functor, would be needed so that value lists of different types + would not unify with each other. + + Types of feature structures could be distinguished by the + programmer -- e.g., by giving alternative g_features + declarations -- or by modifying the GULP translator itself to look + for patterns in the use of features. + + + 6.2. Keyword parameters via GULP + + Unification-based grammar is not the only use for GULP. + Feature structures are a good formalization of keyword-value + argument lists. + + Imagine a complicated graphics procedure that takes + arguments indicating desired window size, maximum and minimum + coordinates, and colors, all of which have default values. In + Pascal, the procedure can only be called with explicit values for + all the parameters: + + OpenGraphics(480,640,-240,240,-320,320,green,black); + + There could, however, be a convention that 0 means "take the + default:" + + OpenGraphics(0,0,0,0,0,0,red,blue); + + Prolog can do slightly better by using uninstantiated arguments + where defaults are wanted, and thereby distinguishing "default" + from "zero": + + :- open_graphics(_,_,_,_,_,_,red,blue). + + In GULP, however, the argument of open_graphics can be a + feature structure in which the programmer mentions only the non- + default items: + + :- open_graphics( foreground:red..background:blue ). + + In this feature structure, the values for x_resolution, + y_resolution, x_maximum, x_minimum, y_maximum, and + y_minimum (or whatever they are called) are left uninstantiated + because they are not mentioned. So in addition to facilitating the + + + + + + + + + 32 + + implementation of unification-based grammars, GULP provides Prolog + with a keyword argument system. + + + References + + Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. + 1987. Computational complexity and natural language. + Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. + + Bouma, Gosse; K”nig, Esther; and Uszkoreit, Hans. 1988. A flexible + graph-unification formalism and its application to natural- + language processing. IBM Journal of Research and Development + 32:170-184. + + Bresnan, Joan, ed. 1982. The mental representation of grammatical + relations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. + + Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic structures. (Janua linguarum, 4.) + The Hague: Mouton. + + Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, + Massachusetts: MIT Press. + + Covington, Michael A. 1987. GULP 1.1: an extension of Prolog for + unification-based grammar. ACMC Research Report 01-0021. + Advanced Computational Methods Center, University of + Georgia. + + Covington, Michael A.; Nute, Donald; and Vellino, Andr‚. 1988. + Prolog programming in depth. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, + Foresman. + + Gazdar, Gerald; Klein, Ewan; Pullum, Geoffrey; and Sag, Ivan. + Generalized phrase structure grammar. Cambridge, + Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. + + Giannesini, Francis; Kanoui, Henry; Pasero, Robert; and van + Caneghem, Michel. 1986. Prolog. Wokingham, England: Addison- + Wesley. + + Johnson, Mark, and Klein, Ewan. 1985. A declarative formulation of + Discourse Representation Theory. Paper presented at the + summer meeting of the Association for Symbolic Logic, July + 15-20, 1985, Stanford University. + + Johnson, Mark, and Klein, Ewan. 1986. Discourse, anaphora, and + parsing. Report No. CSLI-86-63. Center for the Study of + Language and Information, Stanford University. Also in + Proceedings of Coling86 669-675. + + + + + + + + + 33 + + Joshi, Aravind K. 1986. The convergence of mildly context- + sensitive grammar formalisms. Draft distributed at Stanford + University, 1987. + + Kamp, Hans. 1981. A theory of truth and semantic representation. + Reprinted in Groenendijk, J.; Janssen, T. M. V.; and + Stokhof, M., eds., Truth, interpretation, and information. + Dordrecht: Foris, 1984. + + Kaplan, Ronald M., and Bresnan, Joan. 1982. Lexical-Functional + Grammar: a formal system for grammatical representation. + Bresnan 1982:173-281. + + Karttunen, Lauri. 1986a. D-PATR: a development environment for + unification-based grammars. Report No. CSLI-86-61. Center + for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford + University. Shortened version in Proceedings of Coling86 74- + 80. + + Karttunen, Lauri. 1986b. Features and values. Shieber et al. 1986 + (vol. 1), 17-36. Also in Proceedings of Coling84 28-33. + + Matsumoto, Yuji; Tanaka, Hozumi; and Kiyono, Masaki. 1986. BUP: a + bottom-up parsing system for natural languages. Michel van + Caneghem and David Warren, eds., Logic programming and its + applications 262-275. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. + + Pollard, Carl, and Sag, Ivan A. 1987. Information-based syntax and + semantics, vol. 1: Fundamentals. (CSLI Lecture Notes, 13.) + Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford + University. + + Sedogbo, Celestin. 1986. AVAG: an attribute/value grammar tool. + FNS-Bericht 86-10. Seminar fr natrlich-sprachliche + Systeme, Universit„t Tbingen. + + Shieber, Stuart M. 1986a. An introduction to unification-based + approaches to grammar. (CSLI Lecture Notes, 4.) Center for + the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. + + Shieber, Stuart M. 1986b. The design of a computer language for + linguistic information. Shieber et al. (eds.) 1986 (vol. 1) + 4-26. + + Shieber, Stuart M.; Pereira, Fernando C. N.; Karttunen, Lauri; and + Kay, Martin, eds. A compilation of papers on unification- + based grammar formalisms. 2 vols. bound as one. Report No. + CSLI-86-48. Center for the Study of Language and + Information, Stanford University. + + + + + + + + + 34 + + Spencer-Smith, Richard. 1987. Semantics and discourse + representation. Mind and Language 2.1: 1-26. + + + Appendix. GULP 2.0 User's Guide + + A.1 Overview + + GULP is a laboratory instrument, not a commercial product. + Although reasonably easy to use, it lacks the panache and + sophistication of Turbo Pascal or Arity Prolog 5.0. The emphasis + is on getting the job done as simply as possible. + + The final word on how GULP works is contained in the file + GULP.ARI or GULP.PL, which you should consult whenever you have a + question that is not answered here. + + + A.2 Installation and access + + On the VAX, GULP is already installed, and you reach it by + the command + + $ gulp + + This puts you into a conventional Prolog environment (note: not a + Quintus Prolog split-screen environment) in which the GULP built- + in predicates are available. + + The IBM PC version of GULP is supplied as a modified copy of + Arity Prolog Interpreter 4.0. It is for use only on machines for + which Arity Prolog is licensed and is not for distribution outside + the AI Research Group. + + Many of the GULP file names are the same as files used by + the unmodified Arity Prolog Interpreter. It is therefore important + that GULP be installed in a different directory. + + To run GULP you also need a full-screen editor that is + accessible by the command: + + edit filename + + GULP passes commands of this form to DOS when invoking the editor. + We usually use AHED.COM, renamed EDIT.COM, for the purpose, but + you can use any editor that produces ASCII files. + + + A.3 How to run programs + + + + + + + + + 35 + + GULP is simply a version of Prolog with more built-in + predicates added. All the functions and features of Prolog7 are + still available and work exactly as before. GULP is used in + exactly the same way as Prolog except that: + + (1) Programs containing feature structures must be loaded + via the built-in predicate load, not consult or reconsult. The + reason is that consult or reconsult would load the feature + structures into memory without converting them into value lists. + Prolog will do this without complaining, but GULP programs will + not work. Never use consult or reconsult to load anything that + contains GULP feature structures. + + (2) You must always invoke the editor with the GULP command + ed, not with whatever command you would use in Prolog. This is + important because your ordinary editing command would + automatically invoke reconsult after editing; ed invokes load + instead. + + (3) You cannot use feature structure notation in a query + because queries do not go through the translator. Write your + program so that you can invoke all the necessary predicates + without having to type feature structures on the command line. + + + A.4 Built-in predicates usually used as commands + + ?- load filename. + + Loads the program on file filename into memory via the GULP + translator. load is like reconsult in that, whenever a + predicate is encountered that is already defined, the old + definition is discarded before the new definition is loaded. This + means that all clauses defining a predicate must be on the same + file, but they need not be contiguous. Further, you can load + definitions of different predicates from different files without + conflict. Further, you can embed a call to load in a program to + make it load another program. + + If the file name is not in quotes, the ending .GLP is added. If + the file name contains a period, it must be typed in quotes + (single or double). + + + + + + + 7 Except the module system, which uses the colon + (':') for its own purposes and conflicts with GULP + syntax. + + + + + + + + + 36 + + ?- load. + + Loads (again) the file that was used in the most recent call to + load or ed. + + + ?- ed filename. + + Calls the editor to process file filename, then loads that file. + + + ?- ed. + + Edits and loads (again) the file that was used in the most recent + call to load or ed. + + + ?- list P/N. + + Lists all clauses that define the predicate P with N arguments, + provided these clauses were loaded with ed or load. (Note: In + the case of grammar rules, the number of arguments includes the + arguments automatically supplied by the Prolog grammar rule + translator.) + + + ?- list P. + + Lists all clauses that define the predicate P with any number of + arguments, provided these clauses were loaded with ed or load. + + + ?- list. + + Lists all clauses that were loaded with ed or load. + + + ?- new. + + Clears the workspace; removes from memory all clauses that were + loaded with ed or load. (Does not delete clauses that were + placed into memory by consult, reconsult, or assert.) + + + A.5 Built-in predicates usually used within the program + + + + + + + + + 37 + + g_translate(FeatureStructure,ValueList) + + Translates a feature structure into a value list, or vice versa. + Used when you must interconvert internal and external + representations at run time (e.g., to input or output them). For + example, the following will accept a feature structure in GULP + notation from the keyboard, translate it into a value list, and + pass the value list to your predicate test: + + ?- read(X), g_translate(X,Y), test(Y). + + The following translates a feature structure X from internal to + external representation and prints it out: + + ... g_translate(Y,X), write(Y). + + + + display_feature_structure(X) + + Displays X in a convenient indented notation (not GULP syntax), + where X is either a feature structure or a value list. + + + g_display(X) + + Equivalent to display_feature_structure(X); retained for + compatibility with GULP 1. + + + g_printlength(A,N) + + Where A is an atom, instantiates N to the number of characters + needed to print it. Useful in constructing your own indented + output routines. + + + writeln(X) + + If X is a list, writes each element of X on a separate line and + then begins a new line. If X is not a list, writes X and then + begins a new line. Examples: + + writeln('This is a message.'). + + writeln(['This is a','two-line message.']). + + Lists within lists are not processed recursively. The elements of + the outermost list are printed one per line, and lists within it + are printed as lists. + + + + + + + + + 38 + + append(List1,List2,List3) + + Concatenates List1 and List2 giving List3, or splits List3 + into List1 and List2. + + + member(Element,List) + + Succeeds if Element is an element of List. If Element is + uninstantiated, it will be instantiated, upon backtracking, to + each successive element of List. + + + remove_duplicates(List1,List2) + + Removes duplicate elements from List1 giving List2. + + + retractall(P) + + Retracts (abolishes) all clauses whose predicate is P. + + + phrase(Constituent,InputString) + + Provides a simplified way to call a parser written with DCG rules; + for example, the goal ?- phrase(s,[the,dog,barks]) is + equivalent to ?- s([the,dog,barks],[]). + + + copy(X,Y) + + Copies term X, giving term Y. These terms are the same except + that all uninstantiated variables in X are replaced by new + uninstantiated variables in Y, arranged in the same way. + Variables in Y can then be instantiated without affecting X. + + + call_if_possible(Goal) + + Executes Goal, or fails without an error message if there are no + clauses for Goal. (In Quintus Prolog, the program crashes with an + error message if there is an attempt to query a goal for which + there are no clauses.) + + + g_fs(X) + + Succeeds if X is an untranslated feature structure, i.e., a term + whose principal functor is ':', '..', or '::'. + + + + + + + + + 39 + + g_not_fs(X) + + Succeeds if X is not an untranslated feature structure. + + + g_vl(X) + + Succeeds if X is a value list (the internal representation of a + feature structure). + + + A.6 Other built-in predicates + + g_ed_command(X) + + Instantiates X to the command presently used to call the editor. + To call a different editor, assertz your own clause for this + predicate (e.g., 'g_ed_command(emacs)'). + + + g_herald(X) + + Instantiates X to an atom identifying the current version of + GULP. + + + A.7 Differences between GULP 1.1 and 2.0 + + (1) g_features declarations are no longer required, but are + still permitted, and, if used, need not be complete. + + (2) The operator '..' is now preferred in place of '::'. However, + the older form can still be used. + + (3) There have been minor changes in the operator precedence of + ':' and '..' relative to other operators. This is extremely + unlikely to cause problems unless you have written feature + structures that contain other operators such as '+' or '-'. + + (4) GULP 2.0 distinguishes between features that are mentioned but + uninstantiated, and features that are never mentioned. Previously, + g_display never printed out any uninstantiated features. + + (5) Bugs have been corrected. Translation of value lists to + feature structures works correctly. + + (6) Some rarely used built-in predicates have been deleted. In all + cases these predicates had more common synonyms (ed rather than + g_ed, list rather than g_list, etc.). + + + + + + + + + 40 + + (7) list translates feature structures into GULP notation before + displaying them. (A debugger with the same capability is foreseen + in the future.) + + (8) Nested loads are now supported. That is, a file being loaded + can contain a directive such as ':- load file2.' which will be + executed correctly. + + + + + + + + + + + 41 + + Figure 1. A syntactic tree (based on Chomsky 1957). + + + S + + + NP VP + + + D N V + + + The dog barks. + + + + + + + Figure 2. The same tree with features added. + + + S + + + + + NP VP + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ num:singular ³ ³ num:singular ³ + À Ù ³ pers:3rd ³ + ³ tense:present ³ + À Ù + + + D N V + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ num:singular ³ ³ num:singular ³ + À Ù ³ pers:3rd ³ + ³ tense:present ³ + À Ù + + The dog barks. + + + + + + + + + 42 + + Figure 3. An example of a unification-based grammar. + + + [a] S --> NP VP + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ Ú ¿ Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:X ³ ³ ³ sem:Y ³ ³ sem:³ pred:X ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg1:Y ³ ³ ³ case:nom ³ ³ ³ arg2:Z ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg2:Z ³ ³ À Ù À À Ù Ù + À À Ù Ù + + + [b] VP --> V NP + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:X1 ³ ³ ³ sem:X1 ³ ³ sem:Y1 ³ + ³ ³ arg2:Y1 ³ ³ À Ù ³ case:acc ³ + À À Ù Ù À Ù + + + [c] V --> sees + [sem:SEES] + + + [d] NP --> Max + [sem:MAX] + + + [e] NP --> Bill + [sem:BILL] + + + [f] NP --> me + Ú ¿ + ³ sem:ME ³ + ³ case:acc ³ + À Ù + + + + + + + + + 43 + + Figure 4. Bottom-up parsing of Max sees Bill. + + + a. Rules [c], [d], and [e] supply features for individual words: + + NP V NP + [sem:MAX] [sem:SEES] [sem:BILL] + ³ ³ ³ + Max sees Bill + + + + b. Rule [b] allows V and NP to be grouped into a VP: + + + VP + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:SEES ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg2:BILL ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + ê + + + ê ê + NP V NP + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ sem:MAX ³ ³ sem:SEES ³ ³ sem:BILL ³ + À Ù À Ù ³ case:acc ³ + ³ ³ À Ù + ³ ³ ³ + Max sees Bill + + + + + + + + + 44 + + c. Rule [a] allows NP and VP to be grouped into an S: + + + S + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:SEES ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg1:MAX ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg2:BILL ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + ê + + + ê + VP + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:SEES ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg2:BILL ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + ê + + + ê ê ê + NP V NP + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ sem:MAX ³ ³ sem:SEES ³ ³ sem:BILL ³ + ³ case:nom ³ À Ù ³ case:acc ³ + À Ù ³ À Ù + ³ ³ ³ + Max sees Bill + + + + + + + + + 45 + + Figure 5. DAG representations of feature structures. + + . + + Ú ¿ + ³ a:b ³ + ³ c:b ³ = a c e + ³ e:d ³ + À Ù + + + b d + + + + + + + . + + + + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ syn sem + ³ syn:³ case:acc ³ ³ + ³ ³ gender:masc ³ ³ = + ³ À Ù ³ + ³ sem:MAN ³ . + À Ù + + case gender MAN + + + acc masc + + + + + + + + + 46 + + Figure 6. Parse tree for Max sees me. The ungrammatical sentence + Me sees Max is ruled out by a feature conflict. + + + S + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:SEES ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg1:MAX ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg2:ME ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + ê + + + ê + VP + Ú Ú ¿ ¿ + ³ sem:³ pred:SEES ³ ³ + ³ ³ arg2:ME ³ ³ + À À Ù Ù + ê + + + ê ê ê + NP V NP + Ú ¿ Ú ¿ Ú ¿ + ³ sem:MAX ³ ³ sem:SEES ³ ³ sem:ME ³ + ³ case:nom ³ À Ù ³ case:acc ³ + À Ù ³ À Ù + ³ ³ ³ + Max sees me + + + + + + + + + 47 + + Figure 7. + + % GULP example 1. + % Grammar from Figure 3, in DCG notation, with GULP feature structures. + + s(sem: (pred:X .. arg1:Y .. arg2:Z)) --> np(sem:Y .. case:nom), + vp(sem: (pred:X .. arg2:Z)). + + vp(sem: (pred:X1 .. arg2:Y1)) --> v(sem:X1), + np(sem:Y1). + + v(sem:'SEES') --> [sees]. + + np(sem:'MAX') --> [max]. + + np(sem:'BILL') --> [bill]. + + np(sem:'ME' .. case:acc) --> [me]. + + + % Procedure to parse a sentence and display its features + + try(String) :- writeln([String]), + phrase(s(Features),String), + display_feature_structure(Features). + + + % Example sentences + + test1 :- try([max,sees,bill]). + test2 :- try([max,sees,me]). + test3 :- try([me,sees,max]). /* should fail */ + + + + + + + + + 48 + + Figure 8. + + % Same as GULP example 1, but written in a much more PATR-like style, + % treating the unifications as separate operations. + + s(Sfeatures) --> np(NPfeatures), vp(VPfeatures), + { Sfeatures = sem: (pred:X .. arg1:Y .. arg2:Z), + NPfeatures = sem:Y .. case:nom, + VPfeatures = sem: (pred:X .. arg2:Z) }. + + vp(VPfeatures) --> v(Vfeatures), np(NPfeatures), + { VPfeatures = sem: (pred:X1 .. arg2:Y1), + Vfeatures = sem:X1, + NPfeatures = sem:Y1 }. + + v(Features) --> [sees], { Features = sem:'SEES' }. + + np(Features) --> [max], { Features = sem:'MAX' }. + + np(Features) --> [bill], { Features = sem:'BILL' }. + + np(Features) --> [me], { Features = sem:'ME' .. case:acc }. + + + % Procedure to parse a sentence and display its features + + try(String) :- writeln([String]), + s(Features,String,[]), + display_feature_structure(Features). + + + % Example sentences + + test1 :- try([max,sees,bill]). + test2 :- try([max,sees,me]). + test3 :- try([me,sees,max]). /* should fail */ + + + + + + + + + 49 + + Figure 9. + + % Demonstration of a hold stack that + % picks up the word 'what' at beginning of + % sentence, and carries it along until an + % empty NP position is found + + % S may or may not begin with 'what did'. + % In the latter case 'what' is added to the stack + % before the NP and VP are parsed. + + s(S) --> np(NP), vp(VP), + { S = hold: (in:H1..out:H3), + NP = hold: (in:H1..out:H2), + VP = hold: (in:H2..out:H3) }. + + s(S) --> [what,did], np(NP), vp(VP), + { S = hold: (in:H1..out:H3), + NP = hold: (in:[what|H1]..out:H2), + VP = hold: (in:H2..out:H3) }. + + % NP is parsed by either accepting det and n, + % leaving the hold stack unchanged, or else + % by extracting 'what' from the stack without + % accepting anything from the input string. + + np(NP) --> det, n, { NP = hold: (in:H..out:H) }. + + np(NP) --> [], { NP = hold: (in:[what|H1]..out:H1) }. + + + % VP consists of V followed by NP or S. + % Both hold:in and hold:out are the same + % on the VP as on the S or NP, since the + % hold stack can only be altered while + % processing the S or NP, not the verb. + + vp(VP) --> v, np(NP), { VP = hold:H, + NP = hold:H }. + + vp(VP) --> v, s(S), { VP = hold:H, + S = hold:H }. + + % Lexicon + + det --> [the];[a];[an]. + n --> [dog];[cat];[boy]. + v --> [said];[say];[chase];[chased]. + + try(X) :- writeln([X]), + S = hold: (in:[]..out:[]), + + + + + + + + + 50 + + phrase(s(S),X,[]). + + test1 :- try([the,boy,said,the,dog,chased,the,cat]). + test2 :- try([what,did,the,boy,say,chased,the,cat]). + test3 :- try([what,did,the,boy,say,the,cat,chased]). + test4 :- try([what,did,the,boy,say,the,dog,chased,the,cat]). + /* test4 should fail */ + + + + + + + + + 51 + + Figure 10. + + % Discourse Representation Theory + % (part of the program from Johnson & Klein 1986, + % translated from PrAtt into GULP). + + + % unique_integer(N) + % instantiates N to a different integer + % every time it is called, thereby generating + % unique indices. + + + unique_integer(N) :- + retract(unique_aux(N)), + !, + NewN is N+1, + asserta(unique_aux(NewN)). + + unique_aux(0). + + + % Nouns + % Each noun generates a unique index and inserts + % it, along with a condition, into the DRS that + % is passed to it. + + + n(N) --> [man], + { unique_integer(C), + N = syn:index:C .. + sem: (in: [Current|Super] .. + out: [[C,man(C)|Current]|Super]) }. + + n(N) --> [donkey], + { unique_integer(C), + N = syn:index:C .. + sem: (in: [Current|Super] .. + out: [[C,donkey(C)|Current]|Super]) }. + + % Verbs + % Each verb is linked to the indices of its arguments + % through syntactic features. Using these indices, + % it adds the appropriate predicate to the semantics. + + v(V) --> [saw], + { V = syn: (arg1:Arg1 .. arg2:Arg2) .. + sem: (in: [Current|Super] .. + out: [[saw(Arg1,Arg2)|Current]|Super]) }. + + + + + + + + + 52 + + % Determiners + % Determiners tie together the semantics of their + % scope and restrictor. The simplest determiner, + % 'a', simply passes semantic material to its + % restrictor and then to its scope. A more complex + % determiner such as 'every' passes an empty list + % to its scope and restrictor, collects whatever + % semantic material they add, and then arranges + % it into an if-then structure. + + det(Det) --> [a], + { Det = sem:res:in:A, Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:scope:in:B, Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:out:C, Det = sem:scope:out:C }. + + det(Det) --> [every], + { Det = sem:res:in:[[]|A], Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:scope:in:[[]|B], Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:out:[Scope,Res|[Current|Super]], + Det = sem:out:[[Res>Scope|Current]|Super] }. + + + % Noun phrase + % Pass semantic material to the determiner, which + % will specify the logical structure. + + np(NP) --> { NP=sem:A, Det=sem:A, + Det=sem:res:B, N=sem:B, + NP=syn:C, N=syn:C }, det(Det),n(N). + + % Verb phrase + % Pass semantic material to the embedded NP + % (the direct object). + + vp(VP) --> { VP = sem:A, NP = sem:A, + NP = sem:scope:B, V = sem:B, + VP = syn:arg2:C, NP = syn:index:C, + VP = syn:D, V = syn:D }, v(V), np(NP). + + % Sentence + % Pass semantic material to the subject NP. + % Pass VP semantics to the subject NP as its scope. + + s(S) --> { S = sem:A, NP = sem:A, + S = syn:B, VP = syn:B, + NP = sem:scope:C, VP = sem:C, + VP = syn:arg1:D, NP = syn:index:D }, np(NP), vp(VP). + + + + % Procedure to parse and display a sentence + + + + + + + + + 53 + + try(String) :- write(String),nl, + Features = sem:in:[[]], /* start w. empty structure */ + phrase(s(Features),String), + Features = sem:out:SemOut, /* extract what was built */ + display_feature_structure(SemOut). + + % Example sentences + + test1 :- try([a,man,saw,a,donkey]). + test2 :- try([a,donkey,saw,a,man]). + test3 :- try([every,man,saw,a,donkey]). + test4 :- try([every,man,saw,every,donkey]). + + + + + + + + + 54 + + Figure 11. + + % BUP in GULP: + % Bottom-up parsing algorithm of Matsumoto et al. (1986) + % with the grammar from Figure 3. + + + % Goal-forming clause + + goal(G,Gf,S1,S3) :- + word(W,Wf,S1,S2), + NewGoal =.. [W,G,Wf,Gf,S2,S3], + call(NewGoal). + + + % Terminal clauses for nonterminal symbols + + s(s,F,F,X,X). + vp(vp,F,F,X,X). + np(np,F,F,X,X). + + + % Phrase-structure rules + + % np vp --> s + + np(G,NPf,Gf,S1,S3) :- goal(vp,VPf,S1,S2), + s(G,Sf,Gf,S2,S3), + NPf = sem:Y..case:nom, + VPf = sem: (pred:X..arg2:Z), + Sf = sem: (pred:X..arg1:Y..arg2:Z). + + + % v np --> vp + + v(G,Vf,Gf,S1,S3) :- goal(np,NPf,S1,S2), + vp(G,VPf,Gf,S2,S3), + Vf = sem:X1, + NPf = sem:Y1..case:acc, + VPf = sem: (pred:X1..arg2:Y1). + + + % Terminal symbols + + word(v,sem:'SEES',[sees|X],X). + word(np,sem:'MAX',[max|X],X). + word(np,sem:'BILL',[bill|X],X). + word(np,sem:'ME'..case:acc,[me|X],X). + + + % Procedure to parse a sentence and display its features + + + + + + + + + 55 + + try(String) :- writeln([String]), + goal(s,Features,String,[]), + display_feature_structure(Features). + + + % Example sentences + + test1 :- try([max,sees,bill]). + test2 :- try([max,sees,me]). + test3 :- try([me,sees,max]). /* should fail */ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198902.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198902.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..883681cd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198902.txt @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report AI-1989-02 + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + + A Numerical Equation Solver in Prolog + + Michael A. Covington + + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + March 1989 + + + Abstract: The Prolog inference engine can be extended + to solve for unknowns in arithmetic equations such as + X-1=1/X or X=cos(X), whether or not the equations have + analytic solutions. This is done by standard numerical + methods, but two features of Prolog make the + implementation easy: the ability to treat expressions + as data and the ability of the program to extend + itself at run time. + + + + 1. The problem + + The Prolog inference engine can solve for any unknown in + symbolic queries, but not in arithmetic queries. For example, + given the fact + + father(michael,sharon). + + one can ask + + ?- father(michael,X). + + and get the answer sharon, or ask + + ?- father(X,sharon). + + and get the answer michael. This interchangeability of unknowns + extends to complex symbolic manipulations (e.g., append can be + used to split a list as well as to concatenate lists), but not to + arithmetic. + + Prolog handles arithmetic the way Fortran did thirty years + ago: the unknown can only be a single variable on the left of the + operator is, and everything on the right must be known. Thus + + ?- X is 2 + 2. + + gets the answer 4, but + + ?- X is 1 + 1 / X. + + + + + + + + 2 + + fails or raises an error condition. + + The excuse for this restriction is that Prolog cannot search + the set of real numbers the way it searches the symbols in a + knowledge base. As far as exhaustive search goes, this is true. + However, mathematicians have been using heuristic searches to + solve equations since the days of Isaac Newton. The procedures + given here implement one such method, making it possible to have + dialogues with the computer such as: + + ?- solve( X = 1 + 1 / X ). + X = 1.618034 + + ?- solve( X = cos(X) ). + X = 0.739085 + + and so on. + + + 2. The solution + + Prolog is an ideal language for solving equations for two + reasons: equations can be treated as data, and the program can + modify itself. A procedure can accept expressions as parameters, + then evaluate them or even create procedures to evaluate them. In + Pascal or C, by contrast, there is no simple way to introduce a + wholly new equation into the program at run time. + + The program given here solves equations by the secant + method, which is one of the simplest numerical methods, though not + the most robust. A different method can easily be substituted once + the framework of the program is in place. Standard (Edinburgh- + compatible) Prolog is required; Turbo Prolog programs cannot + modify themselves in the necessary way. + + To solve the equation + + Left = Right + + the secant method uses the function + + Dif(x) = Left - Right + + where Left and Right are expressions that contain x. The problem + is then to search for an x such that Dif(x) = 0. + + The search is begun by taking two guesses at x and comparing + the values of Dif(x) for each. One of them will normally be closer + to zero than the other. From this information the computer can + tell whether to move toward higher or lower guesses. In fact, by + assuming that Dif(x) increases or decreases linearly with x, the + computer can estimate how far to move. (This is why it's called + + + + + + + + 3 + + the secant method -- given two guesses, the third guess is formed + by extending a secant line on the graph of the function.) + + Success is not guaranteed -- the two Dif values could be + equal, or the estimate of how far to move could be misleading -- + but the procedure usually converges on a solution in just a few + iterations. Listing 1 shows the algorithm in pseudocode form. + + + 3. Finding the unknown + + Expressing this in Prolog boils down to two things: setting + up the problem, and then performing the computation. The setting + up is done by solve, which calls free_in, define_dif, and + solve_for (Listing 2). + + The first step is to identify the unknown -- that is, to + pick out the free variable in the equation to be solved. This is + done by procedure free_in, which finds the free (uninstantiated) + variables in any Prolog term. This is more general than what we + need, but it's always useful to build a general-purpose tool. + + If the term contains a free variable, there are two + possibilities: either the term is the variable, in which case the + search is over, or else the term has a variable somewhere in its + argument structure. free_in has a clause for each of these cases. + + The second case requires that the term be decomposed into a + list. The built-in predicate "univ" (=..) does this. For example, + + a(b,c(d),e) =.. [a,b,c(d),e]. + + 2+3+X =.. ['+',2,3+X] + + Even lists can be split this way, because any list is really a + two-argument structure with the dot ('.') as its principal + functor. That is, the list [a,b,c] is really a.(b.(c.[])), though + not all Prologs allow you to write it that way. So, + + [a,b,c] =.. ['.',a,[b,c]]. + + Thus a list is not a special case; it can be treated just like any + other complex term. + + In free_in, the statement + + Term =.. [_,Arg|Args]. + + discards the functor, which can't be a variable anyway, and + obtains two things: the first argument, Arg, and the list of + subsequent arguments, Args. It is then straightforward to search + for variables in both Arg and Args. Further, because Arg can be a + + + + + + + + 4 + + single variable, the first clause has a chance to terminate the + recursion; and if it isn't, whatever is the first element of Args + on this pass will be Arg on the next recursive pass and will get + examined then. + + There is, however, a special case to rule out. The term [[]] + decomposes into ['.',[],[]], givng Arg = [] and Args = [[]], which + would lead to an endless loop. For this reason, free_in explicitly + tests for this term and rejects it. + + + 4. Defining a procedure + + The next step is to define a procedure to compute the Dif + function. Recall that the argument of solve is an equation in the + form Left=Right. Clearly, the Dif function is obtained by + evaluating Left-Right. But how is this done? + + There are two possibilities. One possibility would be to + pass along the expression Left-Right and evaluate it whenever + needed. This is easily done, because + + X is Y. + + will evaluate whatever expression Y is instantiated to. + + But the other, faster, possibility is to define a procedure + to do the evaluating. That's what define_dif does; it creates a + procedure such as + + dif(X,Dif) :- Dif is X - cos(X). + + using whatever expressions the user originally supplied. The + result is a procedure called dif that accepts a value of X and + returns the corresponding value of the Dif function. In ALS + Prolog, this dif procedure is compiled into threaded code when + assert places it into the program; it runs just as fast as if it + had been supplied by the original programmer. Other Prologs run it + interpretively. + + What connects the variable X to the expression Left-Right in + which it is supposed to occur? This question addresses the heart + of Prolog's variable scoping system. It isn't enough simply that + it is called X; like-named variables in Prolog are not the same + unless they occur in the same rule, fact, or goal. + + That's why so many goals in this program have both X and + Left=Right (or Left-Right) as arguments. Initially, free_in takes + Left and Right and finds a variable in them. This variable may + have any name, but it is unified with the variable X in solve. + This same X is then passed, along with Left and Right, to + define_dif, which uses it in creating the dif procedure. + + + + + + + + 5 + + Thereafter, the X in dif is guaranteed to be a variable that + occurs in Left-Right, also in dif, regardless of what the user + originally called it. + + + 5. Solving the equation + + The last step is to implement the secant method (Listing 3). + The pseudocode in Listing 1 undergoes several changes when + translated into Prolog. + + First, Prolog has no loop constructs, so recursion is used + instead. The loop is replaced by the procedure solve_aux, which + calls itself. Because the recursive call is the last step of a + procedure with no untried alternatives, the compiler converts it + back into a loop in machine language, but conceptually, the + programmer thinks in terms of recursion. + + Second, in Prolog there is no way to change the value of an + instantiated variable. This means, for example, that there is no + Prolog counterpart of + + Guess1 := Guess2 + + when Guess1 already has a value. Instead, the proper Prolog + technique is to pass a new value in the same argument position on + the next recursive call. Thus the procedure that begins with + + solve_aux(...Guess1,Dif1,Guess2...) :- ... + + ends with the recursive call + + ... solve_aux(...Guess2,Dif2,Guess3...). + + Third, there are minor rearrangements to avoid computing + Dif(X) more than once with the same value of X. These include the + variable Dif2 and the passing of Dif1 as an argument from the + previous recursive pass. + + + 6. Limits and possibilities + + This program is intended as a demonstration of the + integration of numerical methods into Prolog, not as a + demonstration of numerical methods per se. + + The secant method is simple, but far from perfect. It has + trouble with some equations. For example, if two successive Dif + values happen to be exactly the same distance from zero, then + solve_aux will try to divide by zero. This simply fails in ALS + Prolog but may cause an error message in other Prologs. This + problem shows up with the equation + + + + + + + + 6 + + X^2 - 3*X = 0 + + which has Dif=-2 for both of the first two guesses (1 and 2). With + a case very close to this, such as X^2 - 3.01*X = 0, we find that + although the method should work in principle, in practice the next + guess is a long way from the correct solution, and the guesses run + wildly out of the range of representable numbers. And with some + equations, the guesses will bounce back and forth between two + values, not getting better with successive iterations [1]. + + More robust numerical methods can easily be substituted into + the same program framework. The ability to solve for more than one + unknown is desirable; this could be treated as a multi-variable + minimization problem where the goal is to minimize abs(Dif(X)) + [2]. It is possible to solve systems of nonlinear equations by + reducing them to systems of linear equations, which can then be + solved by conventional methods. + + The program was written in ALS Prolog and has been tested in + Quintus Prolog. However, other Prologs may require minor + modifications. For example, Arity Prolog 4.0 requires spaces + before certain opening parentheses (e.g., 2 + (3+4) + 5 rather + than 2+(3+4)+5). And it is a general limitation of real-number + arithmetic that a negative number cannot be raised to a non- + integer power (i.e., 4^2.5 is all right but (-4)^2.5 is not). Some + Prologs assume all exponents are non-integer. + + + References + + [1] Hamming, Richard W., Introduction to Applied Numerical + Analysis (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), especially pp. 33-55. + + [2] Press, William H.; Flannery, Brian P.; Teukolsky, Saul A.; and + Vetterling, William T., Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific + Computing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), + especially pp. 240-334. + + + + + + + + 7 + + Listing 1. The secant method algorithm in pseudocode form. + + + To solve Left = Right: + + function Dif(X) = Left - Right + where X occurs in Left and/or Right; + + procedure Solve; + begin + Guess1 := 1; + Guess2 := 2; + repeat + Slope := (Dif(Guess2)-Dif(Guess1))/(Guess2-Guess1); + Guess1 := Guess2; + Guess2 := Guess2 - (Dif(Guess2)/Slope) + until Guess2 is sufficiently close to Guess1; + result is Guess2 + end. + + + + + + + + 8 + + Listing 2. Procedures to set up the problem. + + + % solve(Left=Right) + % + % On entry, Left=Right is an arithmetic + % equation containing an uninstantiated + % variable. + % + % On exit, that variable is instantiated + % to an approximate numeric solution. + % + % The syntax of Left and Right is the same + % as for expressions for the 'is' predicate. + + solve(Left=Right) :- + free_in(Left=Right,X), + !, /* accept only one solution of free_in */ + define_dif(X,Left=Right), + solve_for(X). + + + % free_in(Term,Variable) + % + % Variable occurs in Term and is uninstantiated. + + free_in(X,X) :- % An atomic term + var(X). + + free_in(Term,X) :- % A complex term + Term \== [[]], + Term =.. [_,Arg|Args], + (free_in(Arg,X) ; free_in(Args,X)). + + + % define_dif(X,Left=Right) + % + % Defines a predicate to compute Left-Right + % for the specified equation, given X. + + define_dif(X,Left=Right) :- + abolish(dif,2), + assert((dif(X,Dif) :- Dif is Left-Right)). + + + + + + + + 9 + + Listing 3. Procedures to implement the secant method. + + + % solve_for(Variable) + % + % Sets up arguments and calls solve_aux (below). + + solve_for(Variable) :- + dif(1,Dif1), + solve_aux(Variable,1,Dif1,2,1). + + + % solve_aux(Variable,Guess1,Dif1,Guess2,Iteration) + % + % Uses the secant method to find a value of + % Variable that will make the 'dif' procedure + % return a value very close to zero. + % + % Arguments are: + % Variable -- Will contain result. + % Guess1 -- Previous estimated value. + % Dif1 -- What 'dif' gave with Guess1. + % Guess2 -- A better estimate. + % Iteration -- Count of tries taken. + + + solve_aux(cannot_solve,_,_,_,100) :- + !, + write('[Gave up at 100th iteration]'),nl, + fail. + + solve_aux(Guess2,Guess1,_,Guess2,_) :- + close_enough(Guess1,Guess2), + !, + write('[Found a satisfactory solution]'),nl. + + solve_aux(Variable,Guess1,Dif1,Guess2,Iteration) :- + write([Guess2]),nl, + dif(Guess2,Dif2), + Slope is (Dif2-Dif1) / (Guess2-Guess1), + Guess3 is Guess2 - (Dif2/Slope), + NewIteration is Iteration + 1, + solve_aux(Variable,Guess2,Dif2,Guess3,NewIteration). + + + % close_enough(X,Y) + % + % True if X and Y are the same number to + % within a factor of 0.0001. + % + + close_enough(X,Y) :- + + + + + + + + 10 + + Quot is X / Y, + Quot > 0.9999, + Quot < 1.0001. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198904.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198904.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b2f6a490 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198904.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1140 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report AI-1989-04 + + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + PROBLEMS IN APPLYING DISCOURSE REPRESENTATION THEORY + + William H. Smith + + + Piedmont College + Demorest, GA 30535 + + Artificial Intelligence Programs + + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Introduction + + + Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) was developed by Hans + Kamp 1981 in order to combine "a definition of truth with a + systematic account of semantic representations (277)". The + + semantic representations produced are to provide a bridge between + syntactic parses and model theoretic semantics such that the + representations can be used to determine the truth conditions of + a discourse. This report describes that theory, both the + + original, basic form and some extensions that have been suggested + by Kamp and others, and applies it to a "real" discourse in order + to indicate further extensions that will be necessary if DRT is + to be used as a complete theory of semantic representations. + + Truth in model theoretic semantics is determined by a + mapping from a representation of the discourse to a model, a + mapping that preserves the properties and relationships of the + discourse. A model consists of two sets: a set of entities (the + + universe) and a set of properties of those entities and relations + that hold among them. The discourse representation must likewise + consist of two sets, a set of referenced items and a set of + propositions about those items. A discourse is held to be true + + in a model if there is a mapping such that the set of referenced + items maps to a subset of the universe and each property or + relation expressed by the propositions is true of the + corresponding entities in the model. + + Kamp addressed the questions of how a discourse places items + in the set of referenced items and of how anaphoric relations can + be expressed in the discourse representation. In particular, he + was concerned with situations in which an item should not be + + placed in that set yet should serve as the antecedent for an + anaphoric relationship (the so-called "donkey sentences"). To + that end, he developed the basic version of DRT (1981). Part 1 + + + + + + + + 2 + + of this report describes that basic theory. Part 2 presents some + extensions to the basic theory. Part 3 describes an attempt to + represent a text in DRT and suggests further extensions that + might be made. + + + 1. Discourse Representation Theory + + The central notion of DRT is the Discourse Representation + + Structure (DRS). A DRS K is a pair , where U is a set of + reference markers (the universe) and C is a set of conditions + (properties, relations, or complex conditions--negation, + disjunction, or implication). The initial DRS, K0, contains none + + of the information in the discourse. As the discourse is + processed, the DRS construction algorithm produces a series of K' + as it incorporates material from the discourse into K. For + example + + + (1) Pedro owns a donkey. + K: + + Although U and C are described as sets, at least one of + + these must be ordered by time of introduction into the discourse + if the construction algorithm is to work properly in assigning + antecedents to anaphoric expressions (cf Goodman 1988). + Antecedent assignment is accomplished by finding an item in U + + that agrees with the anaphoric expression (for pronouns, an + entity that agrees in gender and number). Thus, (2) shows an + extension of (1) (:= is an assignment operator, as in Pascal; + + is union of sets): + + + (2) He beats it. + K: + + + (The basic theory would add R3, R4 to U, and then set them equal + to R1, R2, respectively. A later "clean-up" operation would + eliminate these redundant discourse markers. Here we assume that + + + + + + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + the clean-up operation has been applied.) A discourse of any + size, however, is likely to include several such entities; most + often, the conflict is resolved by selecting from the candidates + the one that was most recently encountered. In order to make + + that selection possible, the set of items must be ordered, and + must in fact be re-ordered every time reference is made to an + entity. + For purposes of exposition, K0 is usually treated as + + consisting of empty sets. Such is often not the case in real + discourse, where referring items are often exophoric, their + referents to be found in the nonlinguistic context or in the + shared knowledge of the participants. While DRT allows for such + + references, it is not clear how or when the antecedents are to be + entered into K. + Kamp 1985 describes the DRS construction algorithm is "a set + of rules that operate, in a roughly top-down manner, on the nodes + + of the parse tree, (2)" converting those nodes into the + conditions of C and, when appropriate, introducing new reference + markers into U. As was noted in the introduction to this report, + the basic version of DRT is directed toward the role of noun- + + phrase (NP) nodes in the discourse--their relationship to U. + It would seem, at first glance, that every NP should be + associated with an entity in the model and should therefore have + a corresponding marker in U. (That view is, of course, a great + + oversimplification. Most work in DRT has limited itself to + singular concrete NPs, where the oversimplification is not so + drastic.) When the algorithm encounters a NP, it should either + associate it with a marker already present in U (anaphora) or + + introduce a new marker, and these were the problems that Kamp + 1981 addressed. + The main problem for anaphora is that theories of sentential + syntax do not provide for intersentential anaphora. DRT solves + + that problem by creating a unified representation for the + discourse, so that all markers in the discourse are available for + anaphoric relations (with exceptions to be treated shortly). + Conflict resolution is not treated beyond the recency heuristic; + + this is not a weakness particular to DRT, for a full treatment of + + + + + + + + + + 4 + + pronominal anaphora must take into consideration grammar, + pragmatics, and knowledge of the real world. Definite noun + phrases perform as do personal pronouns but, since they carry + more content, are less likely to introduce conflict. (Definite + + NPs used generically are not considered.) + Proper nouns and indefinite NPs introduce new reference + markers into U. Although this procedure corresponds to the + "first glance" view of natural language, it encounters problems + + in sentences that involve negation, disjunction, or conditions: + + (3) Pedro does not own a donkey. + (4) Pedro owns a donkey or a cow. + + (5) If Pedro owns a donkey he beats it. + + One certainly would not want to add a reference marker for + 'donkey' in (3); the semantics would require that it map to an + + entity in the model, and the sentence explicitly denies its + existence. The same holds for the donkey in (4), since it has + perhaps a 50-50 chance of existing (although it might be useful + to add a marker for the thing that Pedro owns). Sentence (5) is + + the so-called "donkey sentence"; it not only introduces a donkey + that may or may not exist, but goes on to make anaphoric + reference to it. + DRT handles sentences of the above types by adding to C one + + or more sub-DRSs. Each sub-DRS has its own universe, which is + not visible to the superordinate DRS, and its own condition set, + and the truth value of the sub-DRS is determined by the logical + connective that controls it. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 5 + + + + + + (3') K: }> + (4') K: + K'': }> + (5') K: K'', + K': + K'': }> + + + Thus, (3) is true if there is no entity in the model that + satisfies its universe and conditions, (4) is true if there is a + successful mapping from one of its sub-DRSs to the model, and (5) + is true if any mapping that satisfies the antecedent DRS also + + satisfies the consequent DRS. + Sentences (4) and (5) introduce an additional problem; each + could be followed by a sentence such as (6): + + + (6) It is unhappy. + + The pair (5-6) is handled by including (6) in the consequent DRS + for (5). The other pair, (4-6), seems to be overlooked by + + theorists, but it can be handled, as was suggested above, by + adding to the main DRS a marker for the thing that Pedro owns and + including only the properties -- donkey or cow -- in the sub- + DRSs. + + Universal propositions have the same DRS form as + conditionals. The scope of a universally quantified term + relative to an existentially quantified term is indicated by the + U in which the existentially quantified term is placed. Thus, + + the usual interpretation of (7) is represented by (7a), while the + interpretation that places 'donkey' outside the scope of 'farmer' + is shown in (7b): + + + (7) Every farmer owns a donkey. + + + + + + + + + + 6 + + (7a) K: K'', + K': + K'': }> + (7b) K: K'', + K': + K'': }> + + + DRT, as described so far, does a very good job of handling a + very small subset of English sentences. Kamp and others have + offered a number of extensions to the basic theory in order to + expand that subset. + + + 2. Extensions to the Basic Theory + + The basic theory is confined to a very limited subset of + + natural language. In particular, it is limited to singular, non- + generic NPs, to anaphoric reference (i.e. the referent is present + in the discourse), and to sentences whose main verbs do not take + propositions (i.e. DRSs) as arguments. Researchers have offered + + extensions to the basic theory that reduce the second and third + of those limitations. + Kamp 1983 and Pinkal 1986 have offered refinements to the + reference-resolving algorithm for definite NPs that extend the + + power and accuracy of that algorithm. Kamp distinguishes four + kinds of definite noun phrases (Pinkal: 369): + + (8a) Personal and possessive pronouns + + ( b) Complex demonstratives. (Demonstrative + NP; NP may + include a restrictive relative clause.) + ( c) Definite descriptions. ('the' + NP; NP may include a + relative clause.) + + ( d) Functional definite descriptions. ('the' + NP + + prepositional phrase, the latter limiting the set from + which NP selects.) + + + Complex demonstratives differ from definite descriptions in that + the latter presuppose a unique referent while the former + presuppose a contrast between two or more possible referents. + Resolution of referential expressions requires the following + + + + + + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + (Pinkal: 370): + + (9a) The DRS K. + ( b) A salience ranking of the markers in UK. (Including + + recency of reference.) + ( c) A selection set of UK whose members are available as + antecedents. + ( d) The universe of the real world needed for deictic + + reference. + + Pinkal argues that definite descriptions are not limited to the + selection set and that there is no motivation for the distinction + + between anaphora and exophora (where the referent is not present + in the discourse; it is either physically present--deixis--or + present in shared knowledge). + Guenthner et al. 1986 extend the basic theory by adding two + + new types of discourse markers: event markers and time markers. + They include meaning rules in the DRS construction algorithm that + assign each verb and each noun that refers to an action (e.g. + 'accident') to an event marker. Each time reference (i.e. time + + of day or extent of duration) is assigned to a time marker. + Events are temporally ordered with respect to each other and to + time references: an event may precede or overlap another event or + time, it may be given a time argument expressing its duration, + + and it may be a subset of another event. The addition of event + markers makes it possible for predicates to take DRSs as + arguments. Guenthner et al. do not include any examples of such a + use of event markers, but Guenthner 1987 does. In that article + + he also makes a notational distinction between events, which + advance the time of the discourse, and situations or static + verbs, which do not. + Spencer-Smith 1987 does not use event markers, but adds a + + different type of discourse marker, a proposition marker. This + extension makes it possible to include embedded predicates, such + as infinitival complements and beliefs: + + + (10) Mary wants to marry a rich man. + + + + + + + + + + 8 + + K: }> + + The representation of beliefs, which is explored more fully + + in Kamp 1985, requires two further additions to DRT: internal and + external anchors. Anchors are used to associate discourse + markers to entities in the world. External anchors are ordered + pairs, , that associate the two as they actually + + are, while internal anchors are DRS-like structures that + associate items as the speaker believes they are. The use of + anchors makes it possible to represent propositions that are in + fact contradictory but are not so in the speaker's belief system + + because his internal anchors differ from the external anchors: + + (11) John believes that Hesperus is pretty and Phosphorus is + not pretty. + + External anchors: , , + Internal anchors: + K: + K: }> }> + + + These extensions to DRT give it considerable power, but are + far from giving it the power necessary to represent adequately + the full range of meanings available in natural language. In the + + next section we attempt to apply DRT to a selection of natural + language in order to discover further extensions that will be + necessary if DRT is to become an adequate theory for the + representation of natural language. + + + + + + + + + + + 9 + + + + + + 3. Application of DRT + + The passage to be analyzed here was treated extensively in + Smith 1977 in order to determine the types of information that + + must be added to the text in order to obtain a complete + representation of the situation reported by the text. The text + is a narrative passage that has been normed at sixth-grade + readability (ETS 1969). It is particularly interesting because + + it forces the reader to treat certain items as if they were in + K0. + In order to represent this passage, it is necessary to + postulate ad hoc extensions to DRT. Although these extensions + + work for this passage, they should be regarded as suggestions + only and not as fully developed extensions; some will reveal + their weaknesses as the representation is developed. + The DRS K for the passage will be developed incrementally, + + the DRS for each portion being added to the existing DRS. The + clean-up of redundant discourse markers, however, is assumed to + take place before the DRSs are combined. Additional symbols will + be explained as they are introduced. As before, discourse + + sentences will be presented in the company of the DRSs that they + add to K; since these sentences, unlike those in previous + examples, have a cumulative effect, they will be denoted with the + prefix N. + + In order to treat reference adequately, the items shown + below must be included in DRS K0. These items are, in effect, + imposed on the reader as possible referents. The marker Now + indicates the time of reading. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 10 + + (N0) K: + + (N1a) The cave widened out as he went + + U := U0 + {E1, E2} + C := C0 + {cave(R1), + E1:widen_out(R1), + E2:go(R2), + + E2 o E1, + E2 << Now } + + The symbol o indicates that E2 overlaps E1; << indicates + + that E2 (and therefore E1) precedes the time of reading. + 'widened out' is treated as a unit verb; the 'out' is actually + redundant. Since 'the cave' is definite, its referent must exist + prior to (N1); for this reason R1 is included in U0, and the same + + is true of 'he' and R2. + + (N1b) and the bottom seemed to drop away little by little + U := U + {R3, E3, P1} + + C := C + {bottom(R3), + part-of(R3, R1), + E3:seem(P1), + P1: + E2 o E3} + + + R3, 'the bottom,' has no apparent antecedent and might have + been included in U0. It seems more likely, however, that it + existed implicitly and that a meaning rule (such as 'Every + + physical object has a bottom') resolves the reference. E3 is + true if P1 seems to be true, even if P1 is actually false. Since + E4 is controlled by 'seem,' it is a subset ( =< ) of E3. (I am + not sure that this is what Guenthner et al. mean by subset, since + + they offer no examples, but it works here.) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 11 + + + + + + (N1c) and then, with no warning, it split in two directions, + U := U + {E5, Set1} + C := C + {ªK1c + K1c: + E5:split_in(R1, Set1), + E3 << E5, + direction(Set1)} + + + Since there is no warning, R4 is not visible to the top- + level K. 'directions' introduces what is perhaps the major + weakness in current versions of DRT, a means of representing + + plural nouns. The ad hoc solution offered here is to use set + markers, following a suggestion in Guenthner et al. The + proposition direction(Set1) is a notational shorthand for a + complex sub-DRS representing "All members of Set1 are + + directions." + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 12 + + + (N1d) one path leading straight ahead and one off to the + left. + U := U + {E6, R5, R6, E7, R7, R8} + + C := C + {path(R5), + E6:lead(R5, R6), + R6 <- Set1, + straight_ahead(R6), + + E6 =< E5, + path(R7), + E7:lead(R7, R8), + R8 <- Set1, + + to_the_left(R8) + E7 =< E5} + + The cohesion of R5 and R7 with R1 is indicated by the fact + + that R6 and R8 are members of ( <- ) Set1. + + (N2) "If I were an opening to this cave, where would I be?" + he asked himself. + + U := U + {E8, P2, R9} + C := C + {E8:ask(R2, R2, P2) + P2:K2a -> K2b, + K2a: + + K2b: + E7 << E8 } + + (N2) is, on the one hand, almost ridiculous; its only + + contribution to the understanding of the passage is the knowledge + that 'he' is lost (Smith 1977), but that knowledge is no more + explicit in the DRS than it is in the sentence itself. On the + other hand, it is a major headache for DRT. (N2) is an embedded + + contra-factual conditional whose antecedent is impossible and + whose consequent is a rhetorical question (indicated by the ? as + an argument to location). Its embeddedness, in this case, is + wrong, in the sense that it is not a matter of 'his' belief, but + + + + + + + + + + + 13 + + + + + + in another situation it might be. The implication itself is + worthless, but another implication might not be. The conclusion + that R9 is not R2 (indicated by \= ) is obvious but might be + useful in another contrafactual. The whole DRS must be added to + + K so that the reader can infer, by conversational implicature, + that 'he' does not know the answer to the rhetorical question and + that, since he does not know the answer, he is lost. + + + (N3) Luke wasn't frightened. + U := U + {Sit1} + C := C + {Luke(R2), + ªSit1, + + Sit1: + Sit1 o E8} + + (N3) introduces a situation (more accurately, a non- + + situation) whose duration is vague but which at least overlaps + E8. + + (N4a) Oh, he knew there were such things in this world as + + bottomless caves, + U := U + {Sit2, P3} + C := C + {Sit2:know(R2, P3), + Sit2 o Sit1, + + P3: } + + P3 is like an external anchor, in that it is a fact about + the world, but Kamp 1985 does not allow for propositions as + + external anchors. It could be treated as an internal anchor, but + it is explicit in the discourse. Both Sit2 and Sit3 are true + throughout the discourse, so they are irrelevant as temporal + markers, but either might have changed during the discourse and + + the representation must allow for that possibility. + + + + + + + + + + 14 + + (N4b) where people fell in and were never heard of again, + C4 := C4 + {K4a -> ªK4b, + K4a: } + + + This is a continuation of the sub-DRS begun in (N4a); it is + interpreted as a universal: 'No person who falls in such a cave + is ever heard of again.' Since this universal is embedded in a + + belief, it does not matter whether such persons exist or not; if + it were not, it would be necessary to replace R11 with a set of + at least two members. + + + (N4c) but if there had been any such thing around the cottage + he would have heard about it. + U := U + {Set2} + C := C + {K4c -> K4d, + + cottage(R15), + K4c: + K4d: } + + + It is not clear whether (N4c) should be treated as a + continuation of the belief initiated in (N4a), as a different + belief, or as a top-level condition. Viewed objectively, it is a + + belief (and an illogical one at that), yet it does not seem to be + syntactically embedded in 'know,' or any other verb of belief. + If it is a different belief, or a top-level condition (as it is + treated here), Set2 must be promoted from P3 to the top-level so + + + + + + + + + + + 15 + + + + + + that it can be visible to other sub-DRSs. R15 must be added to + K0; it is a definite description whose referent cannot be deduced + in the way 'bottom' can be deduced as 'part-of' a cave. As with + K2a, it would seem reasonable to elevate the negation of the + + antecedent of a contrafactual to the top-level, but in that case + R14 would not be accessible (it would exist in a subordinate + universe). Since Sit4 is a general proposition, no temporal + relation is assigned; the same is true of Sit5, Sit6, and Sit7 + + below. + + (N5a) This was just a plain, ordinary cave--deeper than most, + but that was all-- + + U := U + {Sit5, Sit6, Set4} + C := C + {Sit5:plain_cave(R1), + Sit6:ordinary_cave(R1), + just(Sit5), + + just(Sit6), + cave(Set4), + ªK5, + K5: + cardinality(Set4)/2, + R16 <- Set5, + + R1 <-\- Set5, + deeper_than(R16, R1)}> } + + From a logical point of view, most of (N5a) is redundant; + + the only useful part is 'deeper than most,' and that belief lacks + credibility. Nevertheless, it poses several problems: handling + the adjective-common noun combination, handling 'just,' and + accounting for 'most' in a manner suitable for logic. The + + adjectives 'plain' and 'ordinary' (unlike 'red,' e.g.) have + little meaning until applied to a particular domain-- caves, in + this case. The adverb 'just' means something like 'not other + than' in this case, but how is that meaning determined? It does + + not seem to be a syntactic matter, but a DRS is composed from a + + + + + + + + + + 16 + + syntactic parse. K5 is an attempt to handle 'most'; the symbols + < and / have their usual mathematical meanings; <-\- indicates + 'not a member of.' + + + (N5b) and some place there had to be an opening to it. + U := U + {R17, R18, Sit7, P4} + C := C + {place(R17), + opening(R18), + + part-of(R18, R1), + Sit7:necessary(P4), + P4: } + + + The truth of (N5b) is doubtful, but given its truth, R17 and R18 + must exist at the top-level. It is possible that R18 is + identical to R9, now raised to top-level. Sit7 suggests one way + to handle modal auxiliaries. + + + (N6) There was, though, one big difference about this cave: + it was Luke's. + U := U + {Sit8, Sit9} + + C := C + {Sit8:difference(R1, Set5, Sit9), + Sit9:own(R2, R1), + Sit8 o E1, + Sit9 o Sit8} + + + The noun 'difference' entails two things that are different + (this cave and other caves) and the thing that distinguishes them + (Sit9). However, only Sit9 is syntactically specified. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 17 + + + + + + + (N7) He had found it and it was his own secret place. + U := U + {E12, Sit10, R19} + C := C + {E12:find(R2, R1), + + E12 << E1, + secret_place(R19), + R19 = R1, + Sit10:own(R2, R19) + + E12 << Sit10} + + The representation of (N7) is straight-forward; R19 is R1, + but to replace it by R1 in Sit10 is to make Sit10 a copy of Sit9. + + This application of DRT has pointed out several needed + extensions to the theory. One of the most obvious is the means + of representing plural NPs, including those with quantifiers that + are less specific than 'all' but more specific than 'some' (e.g. + + 'most'). Another needed extension is a means of handling terms + that modify conditions: verbs that take verbals as complements + (modals and verbs such as 'seem') and adjectives whose meanings + depend on the particular nouns that they modify. A third + + extension is a formalism for specifying arguments that + are not syntactically indicated (such as those for 'difference'). + Whether or not the second and third extensions are feasible + without appealing to semantic analysis prior to constructing the + + DRS remains to be seen; perhaps the needed machinery is available + in the lexicon. + + Conclusion + + + DRT has been successful in representing a small subset of + natural language, and is being extended to increase the size of + that subset. As we have seen in Part 3 of this report, other + + extensions will be necessary before it can handle the full range + of natural language expressions. If those extensions can be + accomplished without appeal to semantics, DRT will prove to be + quite powerful. However, DRT is intended to provide a bridge + + between syntactic parses and model theoretic semantics; if + + + + + + + + + + 18 + + semantic analysis is necessary before a DRS can be constructed, + the purpose of DRT has been lost, or at least seriously modified. + + + + REFERENCES + + ETS. 1969. Sequential Tests of Educational Progress. Princeton: + Educational Testing Service. + + Goodman, D. 1988. An Implementation of an extension to discourse + representation theory: Translating natural language to + discourse representation structures to Prolog clauses. + Unpublished master's thesis, The University of Georgia, + + Athens. + Guenthner, F. 1987. Linguistic meaning in discourse + representation theory. Synthese 73:569-98. + Guenthner, F., H. Lehman, and W. Schonfeld. 1986. A Theory for + + the representation of knowledge. IBM Journal of Research + and Development 30:1.39-56. + Kamp, H. 1981. A Theory of truth and semantic representation. + In J. Groenendijk, T. Janssen, and M. Stokhof (eds.) Formal + + Methods in the Study of Language, 277-322. University of + Amsterdam. + Kamp, H. 1983. SID without time or questions. Ms. Stanford, CA. + Kamp, H. 1985. Unpublished discourse representation theory + + project description, University of Texas, Austin. + Pinkal, M. 1986. Definite noun phrases and the semantics of + discourse. COLING-86, 368-373. University of Bonn. + Spencer-Smith, R. 1987. Semantics and discourse representation. + + Mind and Language 2:1.1-26. + Smith, W. 1977. Types of information addition in the + psycholinguistic process of reading. Unpublished doctoral + thesis, The University of Georgia, Athens. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198908.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198908.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2b9689e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai198908.txt @@ -0,0 +1,899 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report AI-1989-08 + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 1 + + Efficient Prolog: A Practical Guide + + Michael A. Covington + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + August 16, 1989 + + + Abstract: Properly used, Prolog is as fast + as any language with comparable power. + This paper presents guidelines for using + Prolog efficiently. Some of these + guidelines rely on implementation- + dependent features such as indexing and + tail recursion optimization; others are + matters of pure algorithmic complexity. + + + + Many people think Prolog is inefficient. This is partly + because of the poor performance of early experimental + implementations, but another problem is that some programmers use + Prolog inefficiently. + + Properly used, Prolog performs automated reasoning as fast + as any other language with comparable power. It is certainly as + fast as Lisp, if not faster.1 There are still those who rewrite + Prolog programs in C "for speed," but this is tantamount to + boasting, "I can implement the core of Prolog better than a + professional Prolog implementor." + + This paper will present some practical guidelines for using + Prolog efficiently. The points made here are general and go well + beyond the implementation-specific advice normally given in + manuals. + + + Think procedurally as well as declaratively. + + Prolog is usually described as a declarative or non- + procedural language. This is a half-truth. It would be better to + say that most Prolog clauses can be read two ways: as declarative + statements of information and as procedures for using that + information. For instance, + + in(X,usa) :- in(X,georgia). + + means both "X is in the U.S.A. if X is in Georgia" and "To prove + that X is in the U.S.A., prove that X is in Georgia." + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 2 + + Prolog is not alone in this regard. The Fortran statement + + X=Y+Z + + can be read both declaratively as the equation x=y+z and + procedurally as the instructions LOAD Y, ADD Z, STORE X. Of course + declarative readings pervade Prolog to a far greater extent than + Fortran. + + Sometimes the declarative and procedural readings conflict. + For example, Fortran lets you utter the mathematical absurdity + X=X+1. More subtly, the Fortran statements + + A = (B+C)+D + + A = B+(C+D) + + look mathematically equivalent, but they give profoundly different + results when B=10000000, C=-10000000, and D=0.0000012345. + + Analogous things happen in Prolog. To take a familiar + example, the clause + + ancestor(A,C) :- + ancestor(A,B), ancestor(B,C). + + is part of a logically correct definition of "ancestor," but it + can cause an endless loop when Prolog interprets it procedurally. + + The loop arises because, when B and C are both unknown, the + goal ancestor(A,B) on the right is no different from ancestor(A,C) + on the left. The clause simply calls itself with essentially the + same arguments, making no progress toward a proof. But if the + clause is rewritten as + + ancestor(A,C) :- + parent(A,B), ancestor(B,C). + + there is no loop because ancestor cannot call itself with the same + arguments. + + The moral is that to use Prolog effectively, one must + understand not only the declarative reading of the program but + also the procedures that the computer will follow when executing + it. The limitations of Prolog's built-in proof procedures are not + flaws in the implementation; they are deliberate compromises + between logical thoroughness and efficient search. + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 3 + + Narrow the search. + + Searching takes time, and an efficient program must search + efficiently. In a knowledge base that lists 1000 gray objects but + only 10 horses, the query + + ?- horse(X), gray(X). + + can be 100 times as fast as the alternative + + ?- gray(X), horse(X). + + because it narrows the range of possibilities earlier. + + Many opportunities to narrow the search space are much more + subtle. Consider the problem of determining whether two lists are + set-equivalent -- that is, whether they have exactly the same + elements, though not necessarily in the same order. + + Two lists are set-equivalent if and only if one of them is a + permutation of the other. One strategy, then, is to generate all + the permutations of the first list and compare them to the second + list: + + set_equivalent(L1,L2) :- + permute(L1,L2). + + The trouble is that an N-element list has N! permutations; testing + the set-equivalence of two 20-element lists can require 2.4 1018 + comparisons. I have actually seen someone attempt this in a Prolog + program. + + It is much faster to sort both lists and compare the + results: + + set_equivalent(L1,L2) :- + sort(L1,L3), sort(L2,L3). + + An N-element list can be sorted in about N log2 N steps -- i.e., + about 86 steps per 20-element list -- and each "step" involves + considerably less work than generating a new permutation. So this + technique is faster than the first one by a factor of more than + 1016. + + + Let unification do the work. + + As a classroom exercise I ask my students to write a + predicate that accepts a list and succeeds if that list has + exactly three elements. Some of the weaker answers that I get look + like this: + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 4 + + has_three_elements(X) :- + length(X,N), + N = 3. + + Slightly better are those that say + + has_three_elements(X) :- + length(X,3). + + thereby letting the built-in pattern-matcher test whether length + returns 3. But the best students cut the Gordian knot by writing: + + has_three_elements([_,_,_]). + + The point is that [_,_,_] matches any three-element list and + nothing else. Unification does all the work. + + Unification can even rearrange the elements of a data + structure. Here is a predicate that accepts a list and generates, + from it, a similar list with the first two elements swapped: + + swap_first_two([A,B|Rest],[B,A|Rest]). + + Again, unification does all the work. More precisely, the data + structures [A,B|Rest] and [B,A|Rest], or templates for them, are + created when the program is compiled, and unification gives values + to the variables at run time. + + + Avoid assert and retract. + + Beginners tend to overuse the assert and retract predicates + to modify the knowledge base. There are two good reasons not to do + so: assert and retract are relatively slow, and, perhaps more + importantly, they lead to messy logic. + + Even the slowness is twofold. It takes appreciable time to + perform an assert or retract. Further, in most implementations, a + predicate that has been (or can be) modified by assert or retract + cannot run at full compiled speed.2,3 (ALS Prolog is a striking + exception.4) + + More importantly, the haphazard use of assert and retract + confuses the program logic. The effects of assert and retract are + not undone by backtracking. By contrast, most predicates return + their results by instantiating variables; these instantiations are + discarded if the overall goal fails, and you get only the results + of computations that have succeeded. If you use assert as a + general way to store temporary data, you will end up unable to + tell whether the data came from successful computations. This can + make programs very hard to debug. + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 5 + + The normal way to store temporary information is to pass it + along from one step to the next as arguments to procedures. The + legitimate uses of assert and retract are to record new knowledge + in the knowledge base (in a program that "learns") and, less + commonly, to store the intermediate results of a computation that + must backtrack past the point at which it gets its result. Even in + the latter case, the built-in predicates bagof and setof often + provide a better way to collect alternative solutions into a + single structure. They are implemented in hand-optimized machine + code and are faster than anything you could construct in Prolog. + + + Understand tokenization. + + The internal memory representation of data in Prolog can be + quite different from the printed representation. The fundamental + unit is the term, of which there are three types: numbers, atoms, + and structures. Numbers are stored in fixed-point or floating- + point binary, the same as in most other programming languages. + Atoms and structures have representations specific to Prolog. + + Atoms are stored in a symbol table in which each atom occurs + only once; atoms in the program are replaced by their addresses in + the symbol table. This is called interning or tokenization of the + atoms, and it is performed whenever Prolog reads atoms and + recognizes them as such -- when loading the program, accepting + queries from the keyboard, or even accepting input at run time + with the read predicate. Whenever an atom exists, it is in the + symbol table. + + Because of tokenization, a Prolog data structure can be much + shorter than it looks: repeated occurrences of the same atom take + up little additional space. Despite its appearance, the structure + + f('What a long atom this seems to be', + 'What a long atom this seems to be', + 'What a long atom this seems to be') + + is very compact -- possibly smaller than g(aaaaa,bbbbb,ccccc). The + memory representations of these two structures are shown in Figure + 1. + + Further, atoms can be compared more quickly than anything + else except numbers. To compare two atoms, even long ones, the + computer need only compare their addresses. By contrast, comparing + lists or structures requires every element to be examined + individually. + + Consider for example the following two tests: + + a \= b + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 6 + + aaaaaaaa \= aaaaaaab + + Without tokenization, the second test would take longer because it + would be necessary to compare eight corresponding characters + instead of just one. In Prolog, however, the second test is just + as fast as the first, because all that it does is verify that two + addresses in the symbol table are different. The strings aaaaaaaa + and aaaaaaab were assigned to distinct addresses once and for all + when they were first tokenized. + + + Avoid string processing. + + Character string handling is rarely needed in Prolog except + to convert printable strings into more meaningful structures.5 + The input to a natural language parser, for instance, should be + + [the,dog,chased,the,cat] + + rather than + + "the dog chased the cat" + + so that the benefits of tokenization can be obtained. + + Character strings in Prolog are bulky. Whereas abc is a + single atom, the string "abc" is a list of numbers representing + ASCII codes, i.e., [97,98,99]. Recall that a list, in turn, is a + head and a tail held together by the functor '.', so that + [97,98,99] is really .(97,.(98,.(99,[]))), represented internally + as shown in Fig. 2. Strings are designed to be easily taken apart; + their only proper use is in situations where access to the + individual characters is essential. + + Arity/Prolog has an alternative type of string, written + $abc$ or the like, that is stored compactly but not interned in + the symbol table.6 This is important because there is usually a + limit on the number of symbols in the table; a program with lots + of textual messages can avoid hitting this limit by using $- + strings instead of long atoms. + + The built-in predicate read tokenizes its input. Many + implementations provide predicates that are like read except that + they accept input from a list of characters. With such a + predicate, it is easy to preprocess a character string to make it + follow Prolog syntax, then convert it to a Prolog term. + + + Recognize tail recursion. + + Because Prolog has no loop structures, the only way to + express repetition is through recursion. Variables that change + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 7 + + value from one iteration to the next must be passed along as + arguments, thus: + + count(N) :- + write(N), nl, + NewN is N+1, + count(NewN). + + Recursion can be inefficient because, in general, each + procedure call requires information to be saved so that control + can return to the calling procedure. Thus, if a clause calls + itself 1000 times, there will be 1000 copies of its stack frame in + memory. + + There is one exception. Tail recursion is the special case + in which control need not return to the calling procedure because + there is nothing more for it to do. In this case the called + procedure can be entered by a simple jump without creating a stack + frame. + + Most Prologs recognize tail recursion and transform it into + iteration so that repeated execution does not consume memory. In + Prolog, tail recursion exists when: + + (1) the recursive call is the last subgoal in the clause; + + (2) there are no untried alternative clauses; + + (3) there are no untried alternatives for any subgoal + preceding the recursive call in the same clause. + + Figure 3 shows a tail recursive predicate and three + predicates that are not tail recursive for different reasons. + + A tail recursive predicate normally contains one or more + tests to stop the recursion. These must normally precede the + recursive clause, thus: + + count_to_100(X) :- + X > 100. + /* succeed and do nothing */ + + count_to_100(X) :- + X =< 100, + write(X), nl, + NewX is X+1, + count_to_100(NewX). + + However, the recursive clause can be followed by other clauses if, + at the time of the call, they will have been ruled out by cuts or + by indexing (see below). + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 8 + + The lack of conventional loop constructs is not a flaw in + Prolog. On the contrary, it makes it easier to prove theorems + about how Prolog programs behave. For years, mathematicians have + dealt with repetitive patterns by using inductive proofs -- that + is, by substituting recursion for iteration. Prolog does the same + thing. After years of using both Prolog and Pascal almost daily, I + find the Prolog approach to repetition less error-prone. + + + Let indexing help. + + To find a clause that matches the query + + ?- f(a,b). + + the Prolog system does not look at all the clauses in the + knowledge base -- only the clauses for f. Associated with the + functor f is a pointer or hashing function that sends the search + routine directly to the right place. This technique is known as + indexing. + + Many implementations carry this further by indexing on not + only the predicate, but also the principal functor of the first + argument. In such an implementation, the search considers only + clauses that match f(a,...) and neglects clauses such as f(b,c). + + First-argument indexing is a trade-off. Its intent is to + save execution time and, even more importantly, to save memory by + reducing the need to record backtrack points. But the indexing + process itself complicates the search by requiring more analysis + of the thing being searched for. Indexing on the principal functor + of the first argument represents a reasonable compromise. + + Indexing has two practical consequences. First, arguments + should be ordered so that the first argument is the one most + likely to be known at search time, and preferably the most + diverse. With first-argument indexing, the clauses + + f(a,x). + f(b,x). + f(c,x). + + can often be searched in one step, whereas the clauses + + f(x,a). + f(x,b). + f(x,c). + + always require three steps because indexing cannot distinguish + them. + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 9 + + Second, indexing can make a predicate tail recursive when it + otherwise would not be. For example, + + f(x(A,B)) :- f(A). + f(q). + + is tail recursive even though the recursive call is not in the + last clause, because indexing eliminates the last clause from + consideration: any argument that matches x(A,B) cannot match q. + The same is true of list processing predicates of the form + + f([Head|Tail],...) :- ... + f([],...). + + because indexing distinguishes non-empty lists from []. + + + Use mode declarations. + + Normally, Prolog assumes that each of the arguments to a + predicate may be instantiated or uninstantiated. This results in + compiled code that branches to several alternative versions of + each procedure in order to handle all the combinations. + + Most compilers provide a mode statement that allows you to + rule out some of the alternatives and thereby speed up execution. + For instance, the predicate + + capital_of(georgia,atlanta). + + can be used with either argument instantiated, or both, or none, + but if written as + + :- mode capital_of(+,-). + + capital_of(georgia,atlanta). + + it requires the first argument to be instantiated and the second + to be uninstantiated. + + Add mode declarations cautiously after the code has been + debugged. At least one manual warns ominously that if the mode + declarations are violated, "In some cases, the program will work. + In others, your program will produce erroneous results or not work + at all."7 + + The ideal Prolog compiler would perform dataflow analysis + and generate at least some of its mode declarations + automatically.8,9 + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 10 + + Work at the beginning of the list. + + The only directly accessible element of a list is the first + one. It pays to perform all manipulations there and avoid, as far + as possible, traversing the whole length of the list. + + Sometimes this entails building the list backward. After + all, there is nothing sacred about the left-to-right order in + which lists are normally printed. For example, a program that + solves a maze might record its steps by adding them at the + beginning of a list. The result is a list giving the path, + backward. + + Working at the beginning of the list can really pay off in + efficiency. A classic example is a way of reversing a list. The + familiar, inefficient "naive reverse" predicate is the following: + + reverse([],[]). + + reverse([H|T],Result) :- + reverse(T,ReversedT), + append(ReversedT,[H],Result). + + But reversing an N-element list this way takes time proportional + to N2. One factor of N comes from the fact that reverse is called + once for each list element. The other factor of N comes from + append(ReversedT,[H],Result) because append has to step through + all the elements of ReversedT in order to get to the end and + attach [H]. This takes time proportional to the length of + ReversedT, which in turn is proportional to N. + + A faster way to reverse a list is to extract elements one by + one from the beginning of one list and add them at the beginning + of another. This requires a three-argument procedure, where the + third argument is used to return the final result: + + fast_reverse(List1,List2) :- + fr(List1,[],List2). + + fr([Head|Tail],SoFar,Result) :- + fr(Tail,[Head|SoFar],Result). + + fr([],SoFar,SoFar). + + The first clause of fr transfers the first element of [Head|Tail] + to SoFar, then calls itself to do the same thing again. When + [Head|Tail] becomes empty, the second clause of fr unifies SoFar + with Result. The process takes linear time. + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 11 + + Avoid CONSing. + + In Prolog, as in Lisp, it is much easier to examine existing + structures than to create new ones. Creating new structures (known + in Lisp as CONSing) requires dynamic allocation of memory. + + If, therefore, the same computation can be done with or + without CONSing, the version that avoids CONSing will be faster. + Often, CONSing is avoided simply by working at the beginning of + the list. Sterling and Shapiro illustrate this with two algorithms + to test whether one list is a sublist of another.10 + + Another way to avoid CONSing is to build structures by + progressive instantiation rather than by copying. Most Prolog + predicates that modify structures do so by building, from the + original structure, a new one that is different in some way; + append, reverse, and similar list manipulations are familiar + examples. The alternative is to add information to a structure by + instantiating parts of it that were originally uninstantiated. + + For example, the list [a,b,c|X] can be turned into + [a,b,c,d|Y], without CONSing, simply by instantiating X as [d|Y]. + Such a list, with an uninstantiated tail, is called an open list. + The same principle can be used to build open trees and open data + structures of other shapes. + + The problem with [a,b,c|X] is that the only way to get to + the X is to work down the list starting at a. Although this does + not require CONSing, it does take time. Processing can go faster + if another instance of X is kept outside the list where it can be + accessed directly. The resulting structure is called a difference + list and has the form + + f([a,b,c|X],X) + + where f is any two-argument functor; the infix operators / and - + are often used for the purpose, and the above list is written + [a,b,c|X]-X or the like. + + Difference lists can be concatenated very quickly -- once -- + by instantiating the tail of the first list to the whole of the + second list. The first list then becomes the result of the + concatenation; there is no third, concatenated, list to be + produced. This is the Prolog equivalent of the LISP function + RPLACD. It is somewhat less destructive because, like all Prolog + instantiations, difference list concatenations are undone upon + backtracking. + + + Conclusion + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 12 + + All these techniques for improving efficiency share a common + thread -- awareness of procedural aspects of a declarative + language. This does not mean they are all low-level, inelegant + "tricks" that purists should ignore. + + Some of the techniques are low-level, such as indexing and + tail recursion optimization. Prolog would still be Prolog if these + features were eliminated or changed radically. The decision to + index on the principal functor of the first argument is certainly + arbitrary, and if indexing went away tomorrow, some programs would + lose efficiency but none would lose correctness. + + Other techniques, however, are purely algorithmic. Even when + stated declaratively, algorithms consist of steps, and one + algorithm can have more steps than another. It will always be + faster to test the set-equivalence of lists by sorting than by + permuting, simply because there are too many permutations, and no + conceivable implementation can change this fact. + + Between the two extremes are data-structure-dependent + techniques such as working at the beginning of a list. The first + element of every list is the most accessible, not because of some + quirk of implementation, but because the underlying semantics of + Prolog says that [a,b,c] is really .(a,.(b,.(c,[]))). An + optimizing implementation might provide faster access to list + elements that are theoretically hard to get to, just as an + optimizing Fortran compiler can move certain statements outside of + loops, but one should not rely on the implementor to make the + language more efficient than its semantics calls for. + + + References + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 13 + + 1. D. H. D. Warren and L. M. Pereira, "Prolog -- The Language and + its Implementation Compared with Lisp," ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. + 12, No. 8, August 1977, pp. 109-115. + + 2. Quintus Prolog User's Guide, Quintus Computer Systems, Mountain + View, Calif., version 11 for release 2.0, 1987, p. 98. + + 3. Using the Arity/Prolog Interpreter and Compiler, Arity + Corporation, Concord, Mass., 1987, p. 104. + + 4. ALS Prolog 1.2, Applied Logic Systems, Syracuse, N.Y., 1988. + + 5. R. A. O'Keefe, "On String Concatenation," Prolog Digest, Vol. + 5, No. 100. + + 6. Arity/Prolog 5.0, Arity Corporation, Concord, Mass., 1987. + + 7. Building Arity/Prolog Applications, Arity Corporation, Concord, + Mass., 1986, p. 25. + + 8. C. S. Mellish, "Some Global Optimizations for a Prolog + Compiler," Journal of Logic Programming, Vol. 2, 1985, pp. 43-66. + + 9. S. K. Debray and D. S. Warren, "Automatic Mode Inference for + Prolog Programs," Proceedings, 1986 Symposium on Logic + Programming, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 78-88. + + 10. L. Sterling and E. Shapiro, The Art of Prolog: Advanced + Programming Techniques, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1986, p. + 194. + + + Acknowledgement + + I want to thank Don Potter for helpful suggestions. All opinions + and errors in this paper are of course my own. + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 14 + + Figure 1. + + Memory representations of two structures. + + + f('What a long atom this is', + 'What a long atom this is', + 'What a long atom this is') + + + Symbol table + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ÚÄÄÂÄÄÂÄÄÂÄÄ¿ ³f ³ + ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ÀÄÄÁÄÄÁÄÄÁÄÄÙ ³What a long atom... ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + + + + + + + g(aaaaa,bbbbb,ccccc). + + + Symbol table + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ÚÄÄÂÄÄÂÄÄÂÄÄ¿ ³g ³ + ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ÀÄÄÁÄÄÁÄÄÁÄÄÙ ³aaaaa ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³bbbbb ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³ccccc ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 15 + + Figure 2. + + Internal representation of the list [97,98,99] (equivalent to the + string "abc"). + + + + ÚÄÄÂÄÄÂÄÄ¿ + ³ ³ ³ ³ + ÀÄÄÁÄÄÁÄÄÙ + + ÚÄÄÂÄÄÂÄÄ¿ + ³ ³ ³ ³ + ÀÄÄÁÄÄÁÄÄÙ + + ÚÄÄÂÄÄÂÄÄ¿ + ³ ³ ³ ³ + ÀÄÄÁÄÄÁÄÄÙ + Symbol table + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + ³[] (End of list) ³ + ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ + ³. (List constructor)³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + + + + + + + + Covington -- Efficient Prolog 16 + + Figure 3. + + Recursion does not consume memory if the recursive call is the + very last step of the calling procedure. + + + % This predicate is tail recursive + % and can run forever. + + test1 :- write(hello), nl, test1. + + + % This predicate is not tail recursive + % because the recursive call is not last. + + test2 :- test2, write(hello), nl. + + + % This predicate is not tail recursive + % because it has an untried alternative. + + test3 :- write(hello), nl, test3. + test3 :- write(goodbye). + + + % This predicate is not tail recursive + % because a subgoal has an untried alternative. + + test4 :- g, write(hello), nl, test4. + + g :- write(starting). + g :- write(beginning). + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199001.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199001.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a62826d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199001.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2182 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report AI-1990-01 + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + 1 + + A Dependency Parser for Variable-Word-Order Languages + + Michael A. Covington + + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + MCOVINGT@UGA.UGA.EDU + + January 2, 1990 + + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + 0. Introduction + 1. Variable word order: the problem + 2. Dependency grammar (DG) + 3. Unification-based dependency grammar + 4. The parsing algorithm + 5. The implementation + 6. Evaluation of the IBM 3090 environment + 7. Remaining issues + 8. Conclusion + ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ + + 0. Introduction + + This paper presents a new approach to the recognition of + sentence structure by computer in human languages that have + variable word order. In a sense, the algorithm is not new; there + is good evidence that it was known 700 years ago (Covington 1984). + But it has not been implemented on computers, and the modern + implementations that are most like it fail to realize its crucial + advantage for dealing with variable word order.1 In fact, + present-day parsing technology is so tied to the fixed word order + of English that researchers in Germany and Japan customarily build + parsers for English rather than their own languages. + + The new algorithm uses dependency grammar. Unlike the more + usual phrase structure grammars, a dependency grammar does not + divide the sentence up into phrases (constituents); instead, it + identifies the grammatical relations that connect one word to + another. This is advantageous in languages where the order of + words is variable and many of the constituents are discontinuous. + + + 1Phyllis McLanahan provided invaluable assistance with + Russian data. The early stages of this work were supported by + National Science Foundation Grant IST-85-02477. The VM/Prolog + implementation of GULP was developed while visiting the Seminar + fr natrlich-sprachliche Systeme, University of Tbingen. Norman + Fraser and Richard Hudson provided valuable encouragement during + the later stages of the project. Responsibility for opinions and + errors rests solely with the author. + + + + + + + + 2 + + The algorithm presented here is implemented in Prolog on an + IBM 3090 and has been used successfully to parse Russian and Latin + sentences. The IBM 3090 is well suited for this and other + applications in artificial intelligence and symbolic computing + because of its large address space, memory caching, and ability to + prefetch along both alternatives of a conditional branch. + Performance is currently limited not by the hardware, but by the + VM/Prolog interpreter, which could be replaced by a considerably + faster compiler. + + + 1. Variable word order: the problem + + 1.1. Most human languages have partly variable word order + + Most of the languages of the world allow considerably more + variation of word order than does English. For example, the + English sentence + + The dog sees the cat. + + has six equally grammatical Russian translations: + + Sobaka vidit koshku. + Sobaka koshku vidit. + Vidit sobaka koshku. + Vidit koshku sobaka. + Koshku vidit sobaka. + Koshku sobaka vidit. + + These differ somewhat in emphasis but not in truth conditions. The + subject and object are identified, not by their positions, but by + their inflectional endings (-a for nominative case and -u for + accusative). By switching the endings, one can say "the cat sees + the dog" without changing the word order: + + Sobaku vidit koshka. (etc.) + + The languages of the world can be ranked as to the amount of + word order variability they allow. For example: + + Almost no variation: Chinese, English, French + Some variation: Japanese, German, Finnish + Extensive variation: Russian, Latin, Korean + Maximum variation: Walbiri (Australia) + + Because English is at one end of the scale -- permitting almost no + word order variation -- it is a poor sample of a human language to + do research on. A priori, one would expect that parsing techniques + developed solely for English might not work at all for other + languages, and might not be correct on a deeper level even for + + + + + + + + 3 + + English. In what follows I shall argue implicitly that this is the + case. + + + 1.2. Phrase-structure grammar (PSG) cannot handle variable word + order + + Virtually all present-day linguistic theories analyze the + sentence by breaking it into substrings (constituents). For + example: + + + S + + + NP VP + + D N V NP + + D N + + The dog sees the cat. + + + Here the dog is a noun phrase, sees the cat is a verb + phrase, and the grammar consists of phrase-structure rules (PS- + rules) such as + + S Ä NP + VP + + NP Ä D + N + + supplemented to some extent with rules of other types. + + This approach has been highly successful with English, but + it has trouble with variable word order for two reasons. First, + the order of the constituents is variable. Second, and more + seriously, variable word order often results in discontinuous + constituents. Consider the following sentence, from a short story + by Lermontov: + + Khoroshaya u tebia loshad'. + nom. pobj. nom. + good with you horse + + = `You have a good horse.' + (lit. `A good horse is with you.') + + Here `good' and `horse' should, on any reasonable analysis, form a + constituent. Yet `you', which is not part of this constituent, + + + + + + + + 4 + + intervenes. A phrase-structure tree for this sentence would have + crossing branches, which phrase-structure grammar disallows: + + + S + + + NP VP + + + + Adj PP N + + + P NP + + + khoroshaya u tebia loshad' + + + (Russian omits the word is, allowing a VP to consist of a bare + predicative NP, PP, or AdjP.) + + Even the object of a preposition can be broken up, as in the + example + + + PP + + + P NP + + + NP N + + N + + minuty cherez dve + gen. acc. + minutes within two + + = `within two minutes' + (lit. `within a pair of minutes') + + from the same short story. + + In Latin poetry, extremely scrambled sentences are common. + For example: + + + + + + + + 5 + + S + + + + VP NP + + + + Adj NP N + + + + Adj V Adv N + + + ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas + nom. gen. gen. nom. + last Cumean has-come now song age + + = `The last epoch of the Cumean song has now arrived' + (Vergil, Eclogues IV.4) + + Siewierska (1988) gives examples of discontinuity in Walbiri and + other languages. + + + 1.3. Scrambling transformations do not solve the problem + + One way to handle discontinuous constituents is to write + phrase-structure rules that generate them whole and then break + them up with syntactic transformations or "scrambling rules." + Twenty years ago, this was the preferred analysis (see e.g. Ross + 1967). But such a theory claims that variable-order languages are + intrinsically more complex than fixed-order languages -- in fact + that a variable-order language is a fixed-order language plus a + possibly immense set of scrambling rules. + + If this were so, one would expect languages burdened by word + order variability to become "simpler" (i.e., more fixed) over + time, but this does not necessarily happen. Though the Indo- + European languages are generally drifting toward fixed order, + languages in other families, such as Finnish, are developing more + elaborate case systems that increase the possibilities for word + order variation. + + Intuitively, word order variability may well be a + simplification of the syntax that is compensated by a more + elaborate morphology. That is, a variable-word-order language is + one with a lack of word-order rules, not a superabundance of them. + + More importantly, a transformational analysis is worse than + no help at all for parsing. Because transformations are tree-to- + + + + + + + + 6 + + tree mappings, a parser can only undo a transformation if it has + already recognized (parsed) the tree structure that represents the + output of the transformation. That is, the only way to parse a + transformed sentence is to undo the transformation -- but the only + way to undo the transformation is to parse the sentence first. + + + 1.4. ID/LP formalism cannot handle discontinuous constituents + + Recently, several linguists have proposed handling variable + word order by splitting phrase-structure rules into two + components: immediate dominance rules (ID-rules) that say what a + phrase consists of, and linear precedence rules (LP-rules) that + state the order in which the constituents appear. + + ID/LP framework has been quite successful in capturing + generalizations about word order in fixed-order languages. Gazdar + et al. (1985), for instance, account for the whole of English word + order with just three LP rules. + + Another claim often made for ID/LP formalism is that it + accounts for word order variability. If the relative order of a + set of constituents is unstated by the LP rules, they are allowed + to occur in any order. + + But this is not enough. Removing the LP rules merely allows + reordering the elements within each constituent, i.e., the nodes + immediately dominated by a single node. It still does not account + for discontinuous constituents. Faced with substantial word order + variation, the ID/LP grammarian must replace the + transformationalist's scrambling rules with "flattening rules" + that simply discard constituent structure and make nearly all + words hang directly from the S node. + + Flattening was pioneered and then rejected by Uszkoreit + (1986a, 1987). The problem is that a "flat" structure is no + structure at all -- or to put it differently, a tree that shows + all the words hanging from the same node is not really a tree at + all; it claims only that the words form a sentence, and begs the + question of what relations interconnect them. + + Because of this, ID/LP parsing algorithms such as those + discussed by Evans (1987) are not adequate for variable word order + languages. Nor is the variable-word-order ATN parsing technique + discussed by Woods (1987), which is equivalent to a form of ID/LP + grammar. + + + 1.5. Nonconfigurationality does not solve the problem + + Chomsky (1981), Hale (1983), and others have split the + languages of the world sharply into two types: `configurational' + + + + + + + + 7 + + languages, such as English, in which grammatical relations are + defined by tree structure and word order is fixed; and `non- + configurational' languages, such as Walbiri, in which tree + structure is less important and word order may or may not be + variable. + + Like flattening, nonconfigurationality begs the question of + how to represent structure in, and how to parse, a non- + configurational language. Kashket (1986) has developed a free- + word-order parser consistent with Chomsky's theories, but it works + rather like a dependency parser, searching through the input + string for arguments of each word. + + More importantly, many linguists remain unconvinced that + there is a distinction between configurational and non- + configurational languages. Siewierska (1988) cites extensive + evidence that languages form a continuum from fully fixed to fully + variable word order, with no sharp transition from one type to the + other. + + + 1.6. Current parsing technology is limited by the limitations of + phrase-structure grammar + + Almost all known parsing algorithms are based on + constituency grammars. As a result, they have trouble handling + variable word order. The normal practice among researchers in + Germany and Japan is to build parsers for English -- which fits + the constituency model relatively well -- rather than for their + own languages, which do not (e.g., Kolb 1987, Matsumoto et al. + 1983, Tomita 1986). A business magazine recently reported that the + Japanese are developing successful computer programs to translate + English into Japanese but cannot go the other way because Japanese + is much harder to parse (Wood 1987). + + Constituency grammars are popular for parsing largely + because they are easily modeled by the context-free phrase- + structure grammars (CF PSGs) of formal language theory. Thus + efficient parsing algorithms are available and the complexity of + parsing task is easy to study. + + CF PSGs are not entirely adequate for human language, and + linguists' concern has therefore been how to augment them. The + major augmentations include transformations (Chomsky 1957), + complex symbols (Chomsky 1965), reentrant feature structures + (Kaplan and Bresnan 1982), and slash features to denote missing + elements (Gazdar et al. 1985). Gazdar's theory claims as a triumph + that it is closer to a CF PSG than any previous viable linguistic + theory. + + However, one should remember that formal language theory -- + the branch of mathematics from which PSG came -- has nothing to do + + + + + + + + 8 + + with languages, i.e., communication systems. Formal languages are + called languages only metaphorically (because they have grammars). + They are strings of symbols, and their most important use is to + represent sequences of operations performed by a machine. It is by + no means obvious that formal systems developed for this purpose + should be immediately applicable to human languages. + + A much more satisfactory approach is to admit that + constituents are sometimes discontinuous and to develop a suitable + representation and parsing strategy. Recently, discontinuous + constituents have become an important issue in linguistic theory + (Huck and Ojeda 1987). + + The advantages of dependency parsers for dealing with + discontinuity have not been generally recognized. Early + computational linguists worked with dependency grammars, but only + in forms that were easily convertible to PSGs and could be parsed + by essentially the same techniques (Hays and Ziehe 1960, Hays + 1964, Bobrow 1967, Robinson 1970). Most present-day dependency + parsers impose an adjacency condition that explicitly forbids + discontinuous constituents (Starosta and Nomura 1986; Fraser 1989; + Hudson 1989; but not Hellwig 1986 and possibly not J„ppinen et al. + 1986 and Schubert 1987). + + + 2. Dependency grammar (DG) + + 2.1. Dependency grammar analyzes structure as word-to-word links + + The alternative to phrase structure grammar is to analyze a + sentence by establishing links between individual words, + specifying the type of link in each case. Thus we might say that, + in "The dog sees a cat," + + dog is the subject of sees + cat is the object of sees + the modifies dog + a modifies cat + + or, speaking more formally, + + dog depends on sees as subject + cat depends on sees as object + the depends on dog as determiner + a depends on cat as determiner + + and sees is the head of the whole structure, since it does not + depend on or modify anything else. + + This is dependency grammar. It has a long and distinguished + history, having been used by traditional grammarians at least + since the Middle Ages (Covington 1984). The first modern treatment + + + + + + + + 9 + + is that of TesniŠre (1953, 1959). Present-day syntacticians who + advocate dependency grammar include Baum (1976), Bauer (1979), + Hudson (1980, 1984), Tarvainen (1982), Shaumyan (1987),2 Schubert + (1987), Mel'cuk (1988), Starosta (1988), and Fraser (1989). + Moreover, as I shall point out below, the latest constituency + grammars include constraints that bring them closer to dependency grammar. + + There are several ways to represent a dependency analysis + graphically. We can annotate the sentence with arrows pointing + from head to dependent: + + + The big dog sees a little cat. + + Or we can draw a "dependency tree" or D-tree, in which each head + is represented by a node placed higher than that of its + dependents: + + . + + . . + + . . . . + + + The big dog sees a little cat. + + + This is equivalent to: + + + sees + + + dog cat + + + the big a little + + + Following TesniŠre, we can make the tree neater by discarding the + information about word order and centering each node above its + dependents: + + + + + + + + 2Shaumyan uses a combination of dependency and constituency + representations. + + + + + + + + 10 + + sees + + + dog cat + + + the big a little + + + This, in turn, can be represented in outline-like form using + indentation rather than lines to indicate hierarchy: + + + sees + dog + the + big + cat + a + little + + + This last notation is particularly convenient for computer output. + It requires no line drawing, and annotations can be printed after + each word. + + + 2.2. Modern linguistic theories are evolving toward dependency + grammar + + Every dependency analysis that specifies word order is + equivalent to a constituency analysis that (1) has no labels or + features on nonterminal nodes, and (2) picks out one node as the + "head" of each phrase (Hays 1964, Gaifman 1965, Robinson 1970). + + To see the equivalence, observe that the D-tree + + . + . + . + + a b c + + can be converted into the constituency tree: + + . + + . + + a b c + + + + + + + + 11 + + which has the same branching structure. To convert this back into + the D-tree without loss of information, we must know whether b or + c is the head of the constituent bc; if we incorrectly take c as + head, we will get the incorrect D-tree: + + . + + . + . + + a b c + + It is obvious that a is the head of the larger constituent because + only an individual word, not a phrase, can be a head. + + Moreover, the D-tree has no nodes separate from the words + themselves, whence the requirement that the corresponding + constituency tree contain no features or other information on non- + terminal nodes (unless of course it is copied unchanged from + terminal nodes). + + Most present-day syntactic theories have adopted essentially + these restrictions. Jackendoff (1977) promoted the concept that + every phrase has a head which is a single word. He pointed out + that a PS-rule such as + + noun phrase Ä verb + adverb + + ought to be impossible even though classical transformational + grammar permits it. + + Intuitively, every noun phrase must contain a noun, every + verb phrase must contain a verb, and every prepositional phrase + must contain a preposition -- or more generally, every X phrase + must contain an X. Jackendoff's X-bar theory, which formalizes + these intuitive constraints and defines a head for every phrase, + has been accepted without controversy by subsequent workers in + several different theoretical frameworks (Chomsky 1981, Bresnan + 1982, Gazdar et al. 1985).3 + + Likewise, it is uncontroversial that most, if not all, of + the features on phrasal nodes should be copied from their heads. + (A plural noun phrase is headed by a plural noun; a singular verb + phrase is headed by a singular verb; and so on.) Indeed, Gazdar et + al. (1985) have a rule, the Head Feature Convention, to ensure + that this is so. This is almost equivalent to not making a + + + 3Admittedly, X-bar theory distinguishes multiple levels of + phrasal structure, which dependency grammar cannot do. However, + these multiple levels have become less popular in recent work + (compare Jackendoff 1977 to Radford 1989). + + + + + + + + 12 + + distinction between the phrasal node and the head of the phrase + (e.g., the noun and the noun phrase of which it is the head). + + Finally, the latest syntactic theories put less and less + emphasis on trees as a representation of structure. The emphasis + is shifting toward the grammatical relations that link the head of + a phrase to the other constituents of the phrase. Examples of this + approach include lexical-functional grammar (Kaplan and Bresnan + 1982), Chomsky's theory of government and binding (1981), head- + driven phrase-structure grammar (Sag 1987), and categorial + grammars (Bouma 1985, Uszkoreit 1986c, Flynn 1987, Steedman 1987). + + + Significantly, Uszkoreit argues that the constituents + defined by categorial rules need not be continuous, and Bouma + specifically addresses the Australian language Walbiri (Warlpiri), + whose word order is extremely variable. + + + 3. Unification-based dependency grammar + + 3.1. Dependency is a theory-dependent concept + + The relation of head to dependent corresponds roughly to two + concepts already well developed in grammatical theory: + + (1) The dependent presupposes the presence of the head. That is, + adjectives depend on nouns, not vice versa. Verbs are heads and + their subcategorized arguments (subject, object, etc.) are their + dependents. + + (2) Semantically, functors are heads and arguments are dependents. + That is, if the meaning of word X is incomplete without the + meaning of word Y, but not vice versa, then X is the head and Y is + the dependent. For example, the subject and object are dependents + of the verb. + + As Gazdar et al. (1985:189-192) have shown, this does not + settle the issue, because in a semantics that includes partial + functions, the choice of functor and argument is somewhat + arbitrary. + + In the past, dependency grammarians have tried to find some + single observable property, such as optionalness, that + distinguishes head from dependent in all constructions. My + position is that this is a mistake. Dependency is a theoretical + abstraction, and its identification depends on multiple criteria; + questions about it should be resolved in the way that best + captures syntactic and semantic generalizations. + + + 3.2. D-rules specify possible relations + + + + + + + + 13 + + Following Miller (1985), I formalize a dependency grammar by + writing "D-rules," i.e., rules that allow one word to depend on + another. However, instead of using symbols like N and V for noun + and verb, I use feature structures in the tradition of + unification-based grammar (Shieber 1986). + + Thus the relation of noun to adjective in Russian or Latin + is described by the following rule, where G, N, and C are + variables: + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ category: noun ³ ³ category: adj ³ + ³ gender: G ³ Ä ³ gender: G ³ + ³ number: N ³ ³ number: N ³ + ³ case: C ³ ³ case: C ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + That is: "A word with category adj, gender G, number N, and case C + can depend on a word with category noun, gender G, number N, and + case C." + + This rule does not specify word order; in the rule, the head + is always written first. First approximations to some other rules + used by the parser are as follows: + + Verb and subject: + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ category: verb ³ ³ category: noun ³ + ³ number: N ³ Ä ³ number: N ³ + ³ person: P ³ ³ person: P ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + Verb and object: + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ category: verb ³ Ä ³ category: noun ³ + ³ ³ ³ case: acc ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + Preposition modifying verb: + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ category: verb ³ Ä ³ category: prep ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + Preposition and object: + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ category: prep ³ Ä ³ category: noun ³ + ³ objcase: C ³ ³ case: C ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + + + + + + + 14 + + These rules of course ignore many details. + + + 3.3. Unification builds and tests structures order-independently + + This formalization relies crucially on unification (matching + and/or merging) of feature structures. The power of unification + comes from its ability to build complex objects through order- + independent operations. + + Each of the feature structures in the rules above is only + partly instantiated -- that is, the values of most features are + unspecified. They will become instantiated through matching. + Crucially, an uninstantiated feature has no value; it is not + equivalent to a feature whose value is 0 or nil. + + Two feature structures unify if (1) the features within them + that are already instantiated have matching values, and (2) every + feature that is instantiated in one structure but not in the other + becomes instantiated to the same value in both structures. Thus a + feature structure is built up with information acquired from many + sources -- some of it from the lexicon and some from every D-rule + that successfully applies to it. + + The value of a feature can itself be a feature structure, in + which case the matching criterion applies recursively. + + Unification is a process that succeeds or fails. If the + grammar requires two structures to unify and they cannot be + unified, the utterance is ungrammatical, i.e., it is not generated + or parsed by the grammar. + + The result of unifying a set of structures is the same + regardless of the order in which the unifications are performed. + This means that, in a unification-based grammar or computing + system, many difficult questions about the order of operations + simply fail to arise. The power of unification comes from its + ability to make the most of whatever information is available at a + particular time, filling in missing details (or even missing + superstructures) when it becomes possible to do so. + + For example, a transformational grammar might copy a feature + from one location to another. This implies that the feature is in + its original location before the copying takes place. A + unification-based grammar, by contrast, will merge features in two + locations (whether or not either one has been given a value) and, + either beforehand or afterward, give a value to one of them. The + question of which comes first, instantiation or copying, is + irrelevant if not meaningless. + + + 3.4. Representations of meaning are easy to build + + + + + + + + 15 + + The unification process can easily build semantic + representations as it goes. Consider for example the D-rule + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ category: verb ³ ³ category: noun ³ + ³ number: N ³ Ä ³ number: N ³ + ³ person: P ³ ³ person: P ³ + ³ semantics: X(Y,Z) ³ ³ semantics: Y ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + This is just the subject-verb rule above with a crude semantic + representation added. + + Suppose this D-rule applies to the two words + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ form: vidit ³ ³ form: sobaka ³ + ³ category: verb ³ ³ category: noun ³ + ³ number: 1 ³ ³ number: 1 ³ + ³ person: 3 ³ ³ person: 3 ³ + ³ semantics: sees(U,V) ³ ³ semantics: dog ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + Unification will give the following values to the variables: + + N=1 P=3 X=sees Y=U=dog V=Z + + and as a result the semantics feature of vidit will have the value + sees(dog,V), where V will get a value through further unification + when the rule applies that introduces the object. + + This is far from a complete theory of meaning, and the + reader is referred to Shieber (1986) and to Gazdar et al. (1985) + for further discussion of semantics in unification-based grammar. + The point here is simply that semantics in a dependency grammar + can use mechanisms that have already been extensively developed + for unification-based phrase-structure grammar. + + + 3.5. The meaning representation can ensure that obligatory + dependents are present + + Any dependency grammar must distinguish between optional and + obligatory dependents. For instance, in English, the subject of + the verb is obligatory but the adverb of manner is not:4 + + John came. + John came quickly. + *Came. + + + 4Asterisks denote ungrammatical examples. + + + + + + + + 16 + + *Came quickly. + + Moreover, if an argument is obligatory it is also unique: a verb + may take several adverbs but it must have one and only one + subject. + + John invariably came quickly. + *John Bill Harry came. + + Obligatoriness of arguments is most easily handled through + the mechanism that builds representations of meaning. After all, + in the meaning, each verb can have only one value in each argument + position; this ensures there will never be two subjects or two + objects on a single verb. + + To this one can add a requirement that the complete semantic + representation, once built, must not contain any uninstantiated + argument positions. This, in turn, will ensure that all the + necessary arguments -- subject, object, and the like -- are + present. + + The list-valued subcat or syncat features of Shieber (1986) + and others cannot be used to handle subcategorization in + dependency grammar, because each D-rule brings in only one + argument. Nor are the lists appropriate for a variable-word-order + language, since the arguments are distinguished by inflectional + form rather than by their proximity to the verb. + + + 3.6. Restrictions can be imposed on word order + + Even a variable-word-order language has some constraints on + word order. For example, in Russian and Latin, the preposition + must precede its object. In the sentence + + devushka kladyot knigu na gazetu + nom. acc. acc. + girl puts book on newspaper + + the object of na must be gazetu, not knigu, even though both are + in the correct case. That is, the preposition can only combine + with a noun that follows it. + + We can handle this by annotating the preposition-object rule + as "head first," i.e., the head must precede the object. Rules are + likewise allowed to be annotated "head last," and such rules will + be common in Japanese though I know of none in Russian or Latin. + + Further, the prepositional phrase must be continuous; that + is, all the direct or indirect dependents of the preposition must + form a continuous string. Thus in + + + + + + + + 17 + + devushka kladyot na gazetu knigu + nom. acc. acc. + girl puts on newspaper book + + the object of na must be gazetu, not knigu; the verb can be + separated from its object but the preposition cannot. (Recall that + in the example minuty cherez dve above, it was the NP, not the PP, + that was discontinuous.) + + The prototype parser does not handle contiguity + requirements. One way of doing so might be to endow the + preposition (for example) with a feature contig that is copied + recursively to all its dependents, and then insist that the whole + string of words bearing the same value of this feature be + contiguous. + + Hudson (1984) has shown that dependency grammars with + sufficient contiguity and word order requirements can handle + fixed-order languages such as English. + + + 4. The parsing algorithm + + 4.1. The parser accepts words and tries to link them + + Unlike other dependency parsers, this parser does not + require constituents to be continuous, but merely prefers them so. + + The parser maintains two lists, PrevWordList (containing all + words that have been accepted from input) and HeadList (containing + only words that are not dependents of other words). These are + initially empty. At the end, HeadList will contain only one word, + the head of the sentence. + + Parsing is done by processing each word in the input string + as follows: + + (1) Search PrevWordList for a word on which the current word + can depend. If there is one, establish the dependency; if there is + more than one, use the most recent one on the first try; if there + is none, add the current word to HeadList. + + (2) Search HeadList for words that can depend on the current + word (there can be any number), and establish dependencies for any + that are found, removing them from HeadList as this is done. + + This algorithm has been used successfully to parse Russian + and Latin. To add the adjacency requirement, one would modify the + two steps as follows: + + + + + + + + 18 + + (1) When looking for the word on which the current word + depends, consider only the previous word and all words on which it + directly or indirectly depends. + + (2) When looking for potential dependents of the current + word, consider only a contiguous series of members of HeadList + beginning with the one most recently added. + + With these requirements added, the algorithm would then be + equivalent to that of Hudson (1989). + + + 4.2. The parser prefers continuous phrases but does not require + them + + Comparing the two algorithms just given, it is obvious that + the parser for continuous constituents is a special case of the + parser for discontinuous constituents, and that, in fact, it + usually tries the parses that involve continuous constituents + first. + + This strategy makes the parser's preferences resemble those + of human beings in two respects. + + First, even when discontinuous constituents are allowed, the + parser has an easier time parsing continuous ones. Analogously, + human languages that allow discontinuity usually do not indulge + heavily in it, unless for poetic effect or some other special + communicative purpose. + + Second, because of its search strategy, the parser adheres + to the psycholinguistic principle that near attachments are + preferred (Frazier 1987). Consider Frazier's example sentence Ken + said Dave left yesterday. Hearers prefer to interpret this as + + + . + + . . + . . + + Ken said Dave left yesterday. + + + with yesterday modifying left, rather than + + + . + + . . . + . + + + + + + + + 19 + + Ken said Dave left yesterday. + + + with yesterday modifying said. + + The parsing algorithm has the same preference. Both HeadList + and PrevWordList are searched beginning with the most recently + added element. Thus the parser follows the strategy + + Attach each word to the nearest potential head or + dependent. + + This is the dependency-grammar counterpart of Frazier's principle, + which says + + Attach each node to the node currently under + consideration if possible. + + Ueda (1984) has argued on independent grounds that this principle + applies to Japanese, a variable-word-order language. + + + 4.3. Unavoidably, parsing discontinuous constituents is complex + + It is well known that phrase-structure parsing of an n-word + sentence with the most efficient algorithm takes, at most, time + proportional to n3. The same is true, in principle, of dependency + parsing with a dependency grammar that is convertible to a phrase- + structure grammar -- i.e., one that does not allow discontinuity. + + Parsing with discontinuity is unavoidably more complex. + After all, it allows more possibilities; the parser can never be + completely sure that a constituent is over or that a subsequent + constituent has not yet begun. An exact analysis has not yet been + carried out, but complexity of parsing with discontinuity may, in + the worst case, be as high as nn. + + Three things should be emphasized. First, the extra + complexity comes from allowing discontinuous constituents, not + from using dependency grammar. Discontinuous constituents are + necessary in some human languages, and hence unavoidable. Second, + as will be shown below, worst-case complexity is irrelevant to + natural language processing. Third, the complexity can be reduced + by putting arbitrary limits on how far away from the current word + a head or dependent can be sought. There is every reason to + believe that the human brain imposes such limits on hearers' + ability to understand speech, and therefore that all human + languages are thus constrained. + + + 4.4. With ambiguity and features, natural language parsing is NP- + complete + + + + + + + + 20 + + Barton, Berwick, and Ristad (1987:89-96) prove that parsing + is NP-complete in any phrase structure grammar that includes (1) + agreement features that are copied from some nodes to others (like + the agreement of subject and verb in natural language), and (2) + lexical ambiguity (the ability to rewrite more than one complex + terminal symbol as the same surface form). They do this by + reducing 3SAT (a well-understood theorem proving problem) to a + parsing problem for such a grammar. + + The dependency grammars proposed here have agreement + features and lexical ambiguity. Although the details have not been + worked out, it should be obvious that the same reduction can be + carried out for a dependency grammar that has order and contiguity + requirements. In this respect, dependency parsing is no better and + no worse than phrase structure parsing. + + + 4.5. Average-case performance is what matters + + The Barton-Berwick-Ristad proof indicates that all adequate + natural-language parsing algorithms have the same worst-case + complexity, i.e., they are NP-complete (unless of course some of + them turn out to be worse). Fortunately, worst cases in natural + language are quite rare. They do exist; an example is the English + sentence + + BUFFALO BUFFALO BUFFALO BUFFALO BUFFALO + + which has the same structure as "Boston cattle bewilder Boston + cattle." Once given the structure, human beings have no difficulty + interpreting the sentence and seeing that it is grammatical, + though they find it extremely difficult to discover the structure + without help. + + The moral is that even the parsers in our heads do not + perform well in the worst case. Average-case complexity is much + more important. One way of limiting the average-case complexity of + dependency parsing is to place a limit on, for example, the + maximum size of HeadList and/or PrevWordList. This will prohibit + massive inversions of word order and wide separation of related + constituents -- exactly the things that are rare or impermissible + even in free-word-order languages. + + + 5. The implementation + + 5.1. The parser is written in IBM VM/Prolog + + The present implementation uses IBM VM/Programming in Logic + (`VM/Prolog' for short) on the IBM 3090 Model 400-2VF at the + University of Georgia. It uses the IBM `Mixed' syntax, which + + + + + + + + 21 + + closely resembles the standard Edinburgh dialect of Prolog + described by Clocksin and Mellish (1981). + + Prolog is usually thought of as a language for automated + reasoning and expert systems (Kowalski 1979, Walker 1987). + Nonetheless, it originated as a language for writing parsers + (Colmerauer 1973) and remains eminently suited for this purpose. + + Three factors make Prolog ideal for natural language + processing. First, Prolog is a language for data as well as + operations. Every data object that can exist in the language has a + written representation.5 Complex data structures can be created + gradually and straightforwardly, with no need to declare them in + advance or perform system calls to allocate memory. Lisp-like + lists, decomposable into head and tail, are one of the many + structuring devices available. + + Second, Prolog is designed to consider multiple alternative + paths of computation. Parsers typically have to try many + alternatives in order to parse a sentence successfully, and in + Prolog this is almost automatic. A procedure can be given multiple + definitions to express alternative ways of solving a problem. + Every computation either succeeds or fails, and if a computation + fails, execution backs up to the most recent untried alternative + and proceeds forward again. The programmer can put in instructions + (`cuts') to suppress backtracking where it is not wanted. + + Third, a form of unification is built into Prolog. Prolog + unification is not identical to feature structure unification, but + the basic idea is the same: make the structures alike by + instantiating (giving values to) variables. For example, the list + [a,b,X] can unify with [Y,b,c] with the instantiations X=c, Y=a. + However, [X,b,X] cannot unify with [a,b,c] because X cannot take + on two values at once. + + + 5.2. GULP extends Prolog by adding feature structure unification + + Prolog unification differs from feature structure + unification in one crucial way: Prolog identifies corresponding + features by position, whereas in feature structures, features are + identified by name. + + This is a substantial obstacle for implementing unification- + based grammars. The grammatical theory requires that any feature + structure should be unifiable with any other unless feature values + prevent it. This means every feature structure must reserve a + + + 5Except for certain pathological structures that contain + pointers to themselves. These structures are not normally created + and some Prolog implementations treat them all as runtime errors. + + + + + + + + 22 + + position for every feature that occurs in the grammar, even though + only one or two of them are mentioned in any specific instance. To + represent + + ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ case: nom ³ + ³ num: sing ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ + + the programmer has to write something like + + [V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6,nom,V8,V9,V10,V11,sing,V13,V14,V15] + + if the grammar uses a total of 15 features. Typographical errors + are inevitable. + + There are two ways out of the dilemma: modify the Prolog + unifier, or modify Prolog syntax. If the unifier were modified, it + would be possible to write something like [case(nom),num(sing)] + and have the unifier figure out that, for example, this is + supposed to match [num(N),case(nom),pers(3)]. The trouble is that + this approach really slows down the program; all the extra work + has to be done at run time whenever a unification is attempted. + + GULP (Covington 1987, 1989) is an extension of Prolog that + modifies the syntax instead. The programmer writes feature + structures such as:6 + + case % nom %% num % sing + + and GULP preprocesses the Prolog program to convert these into + list-like structures in which features are identified by position + rather than by name. The value of a feature can be any Prolog + object, including another feature structure. A routine is provided + to display feature structures in a neatly indented style. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 6In the original ASCII version of GULP, case:nom :: num:sing. + The colon is already used for another purpose in VM/Prolog and + although VM/Prolog is highly modifiable, the requisite + modifications have not yet been done. + + + + + + + + 23 + + 5.3. The implementation consists of a grammar, a lexicon, and a + parser + + 5.3.1. Feature set + + In the prototype parsers for Russian and Latin,7 each word + is represented by a feature structure. The features used are: + + phon -- The phonological or orthographic form of the word. + + cat -- The syntactic category (noun, verb, etc.). + + case, num, gen, pers -- Grammatical agreement features (case, + number, gender, and person). For brevity, case is used on + the preposition to mark the case required in the object; + this lacks generality, because other words (e.g., + participles or the adjective `similar') can be in one case + while taking a complement in another. + + id -- An identifying number assigned to each word in the input + string so that separate occurrences of the same word form + will not unify with each other. + + subj, obj -- If the word is a verb, these become instantiated to + the values of the id features of its subject and object + respectively. These are merely stand-ins for argument + positions in the semantic component that has not been + implemented. + + gloss -- An English translation of the word, for annotating + output. + + gr -- The grammatical relation borne by the word to its head + (subject, object, modifier, etc.); for annotating output. + This identifies the D-rule that was used to establish the + relationship. + + dep -- An open list (i.e., a list with an uninstantiated tail) + containing pointers to the full feature structures of all of + the word's dependents. The whole dependency tree can be + traced by recursively following the dep feature of the main + verb. + + + 5.3.2. Lexical entries + + Since this parser was built purely to examine a syntactic + problem, its lexical component ignores morphology and simply lists + + + 7Only the Russian parser runs on the 3090; the Latin parser + runs (considerably slower!) on a PS/2 Model 50 using ALS Prolog. + + + + + + + + 24 + + every form of every word. Part of the lexicon is shown in Listing + 1 (at the end of this paper). In conventional notation, the + lexical entry for Russian sobaka, for example, is: + + ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ phon: sobaka ³ + ³ cat: noun ³ + ³ gloss: 'dog' ³ + ³ case: nom ³ + ³ num: sg ³ + ³ gen: fem ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ + + On input, a string of words is converted by the lexical scan + procedure into a list of feature structures, each of them only + partly instantiated. (For instance, the id and dep features are + not instantiated in the structure above.) The parser instantiates + the structures further as it does its work. + + + 5.3.3. D-rules + + D-rules are stored as Prolog clauses with the principal + functor `<<', which is written between two feature structures. + Recall that a feature structure is a series of feature-value pairs + linked by `%%' and a feature is linked to its value by `%'. Using + all these notational devices, the adjective-noun rule + + ÚÄ Ä¿ ÚÄ Ä¿ + ³ category: noun ³ ³ category: adj ³ + ³ gender: G ³ Ä ³ gender: G ³ + ³ number: N ³ ³ number: N ³ + ³ case: C ³ ³ case: C ³ + ÀÄ ÄÙ ÀÄ ÄÙ + + would be written in Prolog as: + + cat%noun %% gen%G %% num%N %% case%C + << cat%adj %% gen%G %% num%N %% case%C. + + The complete set of D-rules is shown in Listing 2. + + + 5.3.4. Parsing process and output + + The parser implements the algorithm described in section 4.1 + above. Crucially, HeadList and PrevWordList are really lists of + pointers. The same word can appear in both lists, and when this + happens, there is actually only one copy of the word in memory. + Thus its features can be instantiated regardless of which list the + word was accessed through. At the end, HeadList has only one + element, the main verb. + + + + + + + + 25 + + Figure 3 shows a sample of the parser's output, which is + displayed by following the dep features from word to word to + obtain the complete dependency network. The values of the phon, + gloss, and gr features are displayed for each word. + + Because it is written in Prolog, the parser automatically + has the ability to backtrack and try alternatives. In Figure 3, + this is put to good use to find two parses for an ambiguous + sentence. + + + 6. Evaluation of the IBM 3090 environment + + 6.1. Parsing (and natural language processing generally) have + specific machine requirements + + Parsing is one of many applications that fall into the realm + of symbolic computing because the objects manipulated are not + numbers, nor character strings, but rather abstract symbols to + which the programmer assigns a meaning. The leading languages for + symbolic computation are Prolog and Lisp. Symbolic computation can + be done in many other languages, but it is cumbersome. + + Symbolic computation requires the ability to create complex + data structures of arbitrary shape at run time -- parse trees, + feature structures, nested lists, and the like. Necessarily, such + structures occupy noncontiguous memory locations and are held + together by pointers. For example, the simplest way to represent + the list (a . (b . (c . nil))) (more commonly written [a,b,c]) is + the following: + + ÚÄÄÄÂÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÂÄÄÄ¿ ÚÄÄÄÂÄÄÄ¿ + ÄÄÄÄÄÄ ³ ³ ³ ÄÄÅÄÄÄÄ ³ ³ ³ ÄÄÅÄÄÄÄ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ + ÀÄÅÄÁÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÅÄÁÄÄÄÙ ÀÄÅÄÁÄÅÄÙ + ³ ³ ³ ³ + + a b c nil + + This preserves the essential properties of the list: it can be + recognized and processed one element at a time, without knowing + the total length; it can be broken into head and tail at any + point; and if the last link is uninstantiated, the list can be + lengthened by instantiating it. (Prolog actually uses a more + complex representation of a list with additional pointers to the + dot.) + + Far from wasting time, pointer references normally speed up + symbolic computation. The reason is that it is faster to compare + pointers to atomic symbols than to compare the symbols themselves. + Accordingly, it is standard practice to tokenize all programs and + data, i.e., replace all atoms with pointers to a symbol table. + + + + + + + + 26 + + The execution of a symbolic program consists largely of + pointer dereferencing, comparisons, and conditional branches. + There is very little arithmetic; the objects being processed are + not numbers, and even their addresses are not calculated but + rather looked up via pointers. + + These requirements are not artifacts of using Prolog or + Lisp; they are imposed by the applications. Small non-numeric + programs, including some compilers, have been written using + conventional data structures (arrays, character strings, etc.), + but for larger applications, the advantages of symbolic + computation are overwhelming. This is particularly the case in + parsing natural language because, unlike a programming language, + English cannot be designed to fit a simple transition network or + require only one character of lookahead. + + + 6.2. The IBM 3090 is well suited to symbolic computing + + The IBM 3090 is a promising machine for symbolic computing + because, compared to other supercomputers, it is much less + narrowly specialized for non-symbolic applications. By contrast, + other supercomputers are specialized for vector arithmetic (Cray- + 1, ETA-10) or for multiprocessing with relatively small amounts of + fast memory on each CPU (Intel iPSC, Control Data CYBERPLUS; see + Stearns and Covington 1987). + + By contrast, the IBM 3090 reflects the System/360 and + System/370 heritage of design for all-purpose computing (Padegs + 1981, Tucker 1986). Some of its "super" features are designed to + speed up all types of programs, not just numeric applications. + Perhaps more importantly, the 3090 imposes no penalty for the use + of instructions for which it was not specifically optimized. + + Symbolic computing, and especially natural language + processing, requires a machine with large memory, fast access to + arbitrary non-consecutive memory locations, and the ability to + execute conditional branches rapidly. + + The IBM 3090 meets all these requirements. At the University + of Georgia, a program can run in a 100-megabyte virtual memory + region if needed. The prototype parser uses only 6 megabytes and + could probably get by with less, but it is only a small part of a + foreseeable integrated natural language processing system. + (Natural language processing is not an end in itself -- it will + ultimately be the user interface to some other application, which + needs space of its own to run in.) + + The large address space of the 3090 and the ease of access + to non-contiguous locations facilitate the use of the data + structures needed in symbolic computation. Non-contiguity of + memory locations is no impediment to caching. This is important + + + + + + + + 27 + + because data structres are allocated piece by piece and accessed + by pointers. There are no arrays or vectors in Prolog, and arrays + are uncommon in other symbolic processing languages. + + Finally, the 3090 instruction pipeline can prefetch along + both alternatives of a conditional branch instruction. This is + important because parsing consists largely of decision making; + prefetching speeds up execution considerably. + + + 6.3. VM/Prolog is fast, but a much faster Prolog is possible + + VM/Prolog is an interpreter, not a compiler. It was designed + for versatility, not speed, and is respectably fast, but it dates + from the first generation of full-featured Prolog implementations + in the mid-1980s. Prolog implementations for other CPUs have + advanced considerably since then. Table 1 (at the end of this + paper) shows that, on an IBM PS/2, there is a factor of 20 + difference in speed between interpreted and compiled Prolog. + Whether a comparable speedup could be achieved on the 3090 + is uncertain, but there is clearly room for improvement. The + internals of the present interpreter have not been made public, + but the interpreter may gain some of its speed from a tight inner + loop that resides entirely in the 64K cache. + + Even so, a compiler has to be faster than an interpreter. If + a good compiler were available, and the speedup factor were indeed + 10 to 20, then the 3090 would execute Prolog, not at 500 kLIPS + (which is itself impressive), but at an unprecedented speed of 5 + to 10 megaLIPS. + + + 7. Remaining issues + + 7.1. Dependency is problematic in some constructions + + There are constructions in which it is not clear which word + is the head and which is the dependent. Prepositional phrases are + an example. In a sentence like He came after lunch, it makes sense + to treat after as a modifier of the verb (it says he came after + something), and lunch as a required dependent of after. + + But in some constructions the preposition seems to be much + more tightly bound to the noun. For example, in Spanish the direct + object of the verb is sometimes marked with the preposition a + (which in other contexts means `to'). Does such a direct object + depend directly on the verb -- in which case the preposition + depends on the noun, rather than vice versa -- or do Spanish verbs + sometimes take a preposition instead of a noun as direct object? + + There are other problematic constructions. Is the verb the + head of the sentence? We have assumed so, but there is a time- + + + + + + + + 28 + + honored traditional analysis that treats the subject rather than + the verb as the head (Covington 1984). And what about relative + clauses and other embedded sentences? + + Fortunately, none of these problems is daunting. The + question is which is the best analysis, not whether there is a + possible analysis. In any case, the same questions of headship + arise within X-bar theory and are the object of vigorous research + efforts there (see e.g. Radford 1989). + + + 7.2. Conjunctions are problematic for both DG and PSG + + Conjunctions pose a special problem. In a sentence like Joe + and Max arrived, the verb seems to have two subjects. Intuitively, + Joe and Max forms a single unit that serves as the subject. But + dependency grammar cannot describe this unit; dependency grammar + can only connect the verb to one single word. Phrase-structure + grammar seems to have the upper hand. + + But Hudson (1988) has shown that PSG is not much better off + than DG. Consider for example the sentence + + John drank coffee at breakfast and tea at lunch. + + Here and joins coffee at breakfast with tea at lunch. Yet neither + coffee at breakfast nor tea at lunch is a constituent or a + grammatical unit. No reasonable constituency analysis comes out + any better than dependency grammar. + + From this, Hudson argues that conjunctions license doubling + up of grammatical relations -- that is, because of and, the verb + can take two objects and two prepositional phrases, instead of + just one of each. Clearly, this analysis works just as well in DG + as in PSG. + + The alternative is to argue that, at least some of the time, + conjunctions show the effect of a post-syntactic operation on the + string of words -- some kind of ellipsis or rearrangement not + based on grammatical relations, analogous to the insertion of + parenthetical remarks. + + + 7.3. Word order variation affects emphasis and cohesion + + As Karttunen and Kay (1984) have noted, word order is + significant even when it is variable. The first element in the + sentence is most likely to be the topic (the continuing concern of + the discourse), and new information is introduced later in the + sentence. + + + + + + + + 29 + + A dependency parser can easily keep track of the actual word + order, or the position of various words relative to each other, by + means of additional features. The semantic component of the + grammar can use these features to identify topic and comment and + to recognize other effects of word order. + + + 8. Conclusions + + Variable-word-order parsing is an important but neglected + problem; progress on it is necessary if natural language + processing is ever going to deal with a wide variety of languages + other than English. The work reported here has shown that + dependency parsing is a feasible approach to the handling of + variable word order. The apparently high worst-case computational + complexity of dependency parsing is not an objection because + average-case rather than worst-case complexity is what matters; + even the human brain does not process `worst cases' successfully. + + The technique presented here derives much of its power from + unification-based grammar, a formalism developed to augment + phrase-structure grammar but equally applicable to dependency + grammar. By unifying feature structures, the grammar can build + representations of syntax and meaning in a powerful, order- + independent way. + + Some questions remain to be answered -- such as how to + handle conjunctions and subordinate clauses in dependency + grammar -- but the work of Hudson, Starosta, and others has shown + that satisfactory treatments are possible, and the question is now + which analysis is best, rather than whether a satisfactory + analysis can be obtained. + + + + References + + Barton, G. E.; Berwick, R. C.; and Ristad, E. S. 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Stanford: CSLI. + + --- (1986b) Constraints on order. Report No. CSLI-86-46. Stanford + University. + + --- (1986c) Categorial unification grammars. Report No. CSLI-86- + 66. Stanford University. + + + + + + + + 34 + + --- (1987) Linear precedence in discontinuous constituents: + complex fronting in German. Huck and Ojeda 1987:405-425. + + Walker, A., ed. (1987) Knowledge systems and Prolog. Reading, + Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. + + Wood, R. C. (1987) The language advantage: Japan's machine + translators rule the market. High Technology Business 7.11 + (November), p. 17. + + Woods, W. A. (1987) Grammar, augmented transition network. + Shapiro, S. C., ed., Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence + 1:323-333. New York: Wiley. + + + + + + + + 35 + + Listing 1. Part of the lexicon, which ignores morphology and + simply lists every form of every word. This is a stand-in for the + morphological component that would be needed in a practical + system. + + + word(phon%koshka %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'cat'" %% case%nom %% num%sg %% gen%fem). + word(phon%koshku %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'cat'" %% case%acc %% num%sg %% gen%fem). + word(phon%koshki %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'cats'" %% case%nom %% num%pl %% gen%fem). + word(phon%koshki %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'cats'" %% case%acc %% num%pl %% gen%fem). + + word(phon%sobaka %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'dog'" %% case%nom %% num%sg %% gen%fem). + word(phon%sobaku %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'dog'" %% case%acc %% num%sg %% gen%fem). + word(phon%sobaki %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'dogs'" %% case%nom %% num%pl %% gen%fem). + word(phon%sobaki %% cat%noun %% gloss%"'dogs'" %% case%acc %% num%pl %% gen%fem). + + word(phon%vidit %% cat%verb %% gloss%"'sees'" %% num%sg %% pers%3). + word(phon%vidut %% cat%verb %% gloss%"'see'" %% num%pl %% pers%3). + + word(phon%presleduet %% cat%verb %% gloss%"'pursues'" %% num%sg %% pers%3). + word(phon%presleduyut %% cat%verb %% gloss%"'pursue'" %% num%pl %% pers%3). + + word(phon%cherez %% cat%prep %% gloss%"'through'" %% case%acc). + + + + + + + + 36 + + Listing 2. D-rules used by the prototype Russian parser. + + + cat%verb %% pers%P %% num%N %% subj%S + << cat%noun %% case%nom %% pers%P %% num%N %% gr%subject %% id%S. + + cat%verb %% obj%Ob + << cat%noun %% case%acc %% gr%direct_object %% id%Ob. + + cat%verb + << cat%prep %% gr%modifier. + + cat%noun %% case%C %% num%N %% gen%G + << cat%adj %% case%C %% num%N %% gen%G %% gr%modifier. + + cat%prep %% case%C %% obj%Ob %% posn%1 + << cat%noun %% case%C %% gr%object_of_preposition %% id%Ob. + + + + + + + + 37 + + Listing 3. Output of a typical parsing run. The sentence is + ambiguous as to whether belye modifies sobaki or koshki; both + parses are found. + + + [vidut,sobaki,belye,koshki,v,chornom,lesu] + + Parsed structure: + vidut 'see' + sobaki 'dogs' subject + belye 'white' modifier + koshki 'cats' direct_object + v 'in' modifier + lesu 'forest' object_of_preposition + chornom 'black' modifier + + Parsed structure: + vidut 'see' + sobaki 'dogs' subject + koshki 'cats' direct_object + belye 'white' modifier + v 'in' modifier + lesu 'forest' object_of_preposition + chornom 'black' modifier + + + + + + + + 38 + + Table 1. Comparative speed of several Prolog implementations. + + + Search-and 256-element + backtrack list reversal + + + IBM PS/2-50 + Arity Prolog 4.1 21.6 sec 47.1 sec + (interpreted) 1.5 kLIPS 0.7 kLIPS + + IBM PS/2-50 + ALS Prolog 1.2 1.2 sec 2.5 sec + (compiled) 27.5 kLIPS 13.2 kLIPS + + Sun Sparcstation + Quintus Prolog 0.166 sec 0.133 sec + (compiled) 197 kLIPS 130 kLIPS + + IBM 3090-400 + VM/Prolog 0.066 sec 0.297 sec + (interpreted) 496 kLIPS 112 kLIPS + + + + Benchmark programs are from Covington and Vellino (1986). + kLIPS = thousand logical inferences per second. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199002.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199002.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bc84afa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199002.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2132 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report XXXXXXXXXX + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + Handling Constrained Clauses in + Discourse Representation Theory + + William H. Smith + + Piedmont College + Demorest, GA 30535 + + Artificial Intelligence Research Group + The University of Georgia + Athens, GA 30602 + + August 8, 1990 + + Introduction + + This report describes a Prolog program that transforms a + natural language input into a knowledge base of Prolog clauses. + The key element of the program is its ability to handle + constrained clauses--embedded clauses whose truth evaluation is + different from that of independent clauses. Consider sentence + (0.1.a): + + (0.1.a) Bob, who is a farmer, believes that Carol + regrets that she kissed Ted. + (b) Bob is a farmer. + (c) Carol regrets that she kissed Ted. + (d) Carol kissed Ted. + + Clauses (0.1.b,c,d) are embedded in (0.1.a). (0.1.b) is not + constrained; it is subject to the same truth evaluation that + (0.1.a) is. (0.1.c) and (0.1.d) are constrained. (0.1.a) + reports what Bob believes, but Bob may be wrong, so the truth of + (0.1.a) should not depend on the truth value of (0.1.c). As we + shall see in Section 3 of this report, (0.1.d) should be + subjected to truth evaluation; the difference between (0.1.c) and + (0.1.d) is determined by the difference between the constrainers + believe and regret. + + The theoretical basis of this program is an extension of + Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp 1981). Kamp proposed + Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) as a bridge between the + output of a syntactic parse and model theoretic semantics, a + bridge that would combine "a definition of truth with a + systematic account of semantic representations." (277) The DRT + algorithm produces a representation that can be used to determine + the truth conditions of a discourse. Subsequent research has + + + + + + + 2 + + extended the original theory and has implemented it in computer + programs. + + Section 1 of this report presents a description of the + theoretical framework of DRT, a description that will further + clarify what is meant by 'constrained clause' and 'truth + contribution.' Section 2 examines suggested extensions to DRT + that enable it to handle a wider range of sentences. Section 3 + presents the linguistic theory underlying the difference between + (0.1.c) and (0.1.d). + + In the remaining sections the report shifts its focus from + theory to implementation. Section 4 describes the Prolog program + of which this is an extension, and Section 5 describes the + extensions to that program. Section 6 evaluates the success of + the program and suggests other extensions that are needed. + + + 1. DISCOURSE REPRESENTATION THEORY + + A model consists of two sets: a set of entities (the + universe) and a set of properties of those entities and relations + that hold among them. DRT seeks to provide a representation for + discourse that will be suitable for truth evaluation in a model. + DRT takes as input the output of a syntactic parse (e.g. the + Logical Form of Government and Binding Theory) and produces a + representation whose structure parallels that of the model. + + The central notion of DRT is the Discourse Representation + Structure (DRS). A DRS K is a pair , where U is a set of + reference markers (the universe) and C is a set of conditions + (properties, relations, or complex conditions--negation, + disjunction, or implication). The initial DRS, K0, contains none + of the information in the discourse. As the discourse is + processed, the DRS construction algorithm, taking the output of a + syntactic parse as its input, produces a sequence of K' as it + incorporates new material from the discourse into K. For + example: + + (1.1) Bob saw a woman. + K: + + At any point in the construction, the current DRS may be + evaluated for truth in the model. Discourse truth in model + theoretic semantics is determined by a mapping from a + representation of the discourse (in DRT, a DRS) to the model, a + mapping that preserves the properties and relationships expressed + in the discourse. A discourse is held to be true in a model if + there is a mapping such that the set of referenced items (the + discourse referents in DRT) maps to a subset of the universe of + + + + + + + 3 + + the model and each property or relation expressed by the + discourse (the set of conditions in DRT) is true of the + corresponding entities in the model. (For ease of exposition, I + refer to the truth evaluation of a clause or discourse; it is in + fact the DRS that is evaluated.) + + In DRT, each proper noun and each indefinite noun phrase + (NP) in the input is taken to have existential quantification. + (In a DRS, quantifiers are implicit; with exceptions to be noted + shortly, all discourse referents are understood as being + existentially quantified.) Thus, when the construction algorithm + encounters a proper noun or indefinite NP, a new discourse + referent is added to U (R1 and R2 in (1.1)). Each definite NP + (including each pronoun) in the discourse must be coreferential + with a discourse referent. Antecedent assignment is accomplished + by finding an item in U that agrees with the anaphoric expression + (for pronouns, an entity that agrees in gender and number). (It + should be noted that the fragment of natural language that can be + handled by current versions of DRT is quite limited, excluding + plural and generic NPs.) Thus, (1.2) shows an extension of + (1.1). + + (1.2) He kissed her. + K: + + As in Pascal, := is an assignment operator and + indicates + union of sets. Thus, the third line of (1.2) means that the new + C is the union of the old C and the set {kissed(R1, R2)}. + + The basic theory would add R3, R4 to U, and then set them + equal to R1, R2, respectively. A later "clean-up" operation + would eliminate these redundant discourse referents by equating + coreferential discourse referents. In the implementation to be + described here, resolution of anaphoric relations is accomplished + during the syntactic parse, so the redundancy does not occur. + + If U contains two or more possible antecedents, the + conflict is resolved by selecting the most recent one. + Consequently, U must be ordered, contrary to Kamp (1981) in which + U is a set, and must be re-ordered each time an entity is + referenced (see, for example, Goodman 1988). + + Kamp (1985) describes the DRS construction algorithm as "a + set of rules that operate, in a roughly top-down manner, on the + nodes of the parse tree," (2) converting those nodes into the + conditions of C and, when appropriate, introducing new discourse + referents into U. The basic version of DRT is directed toward + the role of NP nodes in the discourse--their relationship to U. + + The special value of DRT is its ability to handle in- + definite NPs that should not introduce new discourse referents. + Consider the following extension of (1.2): + + + + + + + 4 + + (1.3.a) She did not wear a ring. + + We must extend the algorithm, because as described so far it + would produce something like (1.3.b): + + (1.3.b) K: + + The truth contribution of (1.3.a) to the truth of the discourse + will depend on the existence in the model of a ring that she did + not wear. But that is not what (1.3.a) means; (1.3.a) is true in + the model only if there is no ring in the model such that she + wore it. That is, (1.3.c) must be false: + + (1.3.c) She wore a ring. + + Thus, the truth evaluation of a negative clause demands a special + representation. + Kamp's solution is to add to C a sub-DRS for (1.3.a): + + (1.3.d) K: ) }> + + Discourse referents in U are visible to conditions in C1, but + those in U1 are not visible to C. Since the sub-DRS is + controlled by negation, its truth contribution is the opposite of + the truth value of K1; that is, if K1 can be satisfactorily + mapped to the model, the discourse is false. + + I shall speak of clauses such as (1.3.c) in (1.3.a) as + 'constrained clauses' because their truth contributions to the + DRS in which they are embedded are constrained, in this case by + negation. (This definition of 'constrained clause' may seem to + be at odds with that offered in the introduction, since (1.3.c) + is not, in traditional terms, an embedded clause. Some + syntacticians, however, treat negation as a 'higher predicate' + whose argument is the embedded clause to be negated. (e.g. + McCawley 1988)). + + Other constrained clauses handled by Kamp's original + theory are those in disjunctions, implications, and universally + quantified NPs. In each case, the constrained clauses are + represented by sub-DRSs. The truth contribution of a disjunction + is 'true' if one of the disjuncts evaluates to true; that of an + implication is 'true' provided that in any mapping in which the + antecedent is true the consequent is true also. + + An important feature of DRT is that it treats sentences + containing universally quantified NPs as implications. The + information within the universally quantified NP restricts the + + + + + + + 5 + + set of entities in the universe to which the NP can refer, and + the remainder of the sentence is the scope of the quantifier. + For example, the scope of the subject NP is the VP, and the scope + of the direct object is the verb. Kamp treats the information in + the universally quantified NP as the antecedent of an implication + whose consequent is the information in the scope of that NP. + Thus, (1.4.a) is represented as (1.4.b). + + (1.4.a) Every sad man loves a pretty woman. + (b) K: K2, + K1: + K2: }> + + The effects of sentence connectives as constrainers is + uncomplicated, as they are taken directly from formal logic. The + treatment of other constrainers is more complex, as will be seen + when extensions to the basic theory are considered. + + + 2. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC THEORY + + Events and Propositions + + The basic theory is confined to a very limited subset of + natural language. In particular, it is limited to singular, non- + generic NPs, to anaphoric reference (i.e. the referent is present + in the discourse), and to sentences whose main verbs do not take + propositions (i.e. DRSs) as arguments. Reducing the first two + limitations requires a full theory of reference that must take + into account grammar, pragmatics, and knowledge of the real + world, and is beyond the scope of this study. Here we are + concerned with reducing the third limitation. + + Guenthner et al. (1986) extend the basic theory by adding + two new types of discourse referent: event markers and time + markers. These researchers also include meaning rules in the DRS + construction algorithm that assign an event marker to each verb + and to each noun that refers to an action (e.g. accident). Each + time reference (i.e. time of day or extent of duration) is + assigned to a time marker. Events are temporally ordered with + respect to each other and to time references: an event may + precede or overlap another event or time, it may be given an + argument expressing its duration, or it may be a subset of + another event. The addition of event markers makes it possible + for predicates to take DRSs as arguments. Guenthner et al. + (1986) do not include any examples of such a use of event + markers, but Guenthner (1987) does. In that article he also + + + + + + + 6 + + makes a notational distinction between events, which advance the + time of discourse, and situations, which do not. + Spencer-Smith (1987) does not use event markers, but adds + a different type of discourse referent, a proposition marker. + This extension makes it possible to include embedded predicates, + such as infinitival complements and beliefs, in the DRS: + + (2.1) Carol wants to kiss a rich man. + K: }> + + The embedded DRS of (2.1) is an example of a constrained clause, + in this case constrained by want. (2.1) may evaluate to true + even if no such R2 exists in the model. (Note that this reading + gives narrow scope to rich man; Carol does not know which rich + man she wants to kiss.) + + + Beliefs + + Kamp (1985) also explored the representation of beliefs. + His treatment requires two further additions to DRT: internal and + external anchors. Anchors are used to connect discourse + referents to entities in the world. External anchors are ordered + pairs, , that associate the two as they actually + are, while internal anchors are DRS-like structures that + associate items as a subject believes they are. The use of + anchors makes it possible to represent propositions that are in + fact contradictory but are not so in the subject's belief system + because his internal anchors differ from the external anchors: + + + + + + + 7 + + (2.2) Bob believes that Hesperus is pretty and + Phosphorus is not pretty. + + External Anchors: , + , + + Internal Anchors: + L: + K: }> }> + + The extension of DRT with internal and external anchors + give the theory considerable power, but is far from giving it the + power necessary to represent adequately the full range of + meanings of natural language. It does not, for example, specify + whose internal anchor is to be invoked. Asher (1986) combined + the concepts of proposition markers and of anchors in order to + handle the problem, again with considerable modification to DRT + and the DRS construction algorithm. + + Asher dealt with the problem of Pierre, who, as a child in + Paris, saw Londres--London--in a picture book, and who, as an + adult, lives in a London slum. It is now reported that + + (2.3) Pierre believes that Londres is pretty and London + is not pretty. + + Sentences like (2.2) and (2.3) have been a serious problem for + traditional logic, which holds that the set of true sentences is + closed under substitution of coreferential terms (SC), such as + Londres and London. The belief cannot be added to the toplevel + DRS because under SC it is contradictory in the model and its + truth value is false, although it is actually a true report of + Pierre's belief. The belief must somehow be constrained in a + sub-DRS whose truth is evaluated according to Pierre's cognitive + state. But the belief remains contradictory in a simple sub-DRS + such as that used for (2.2). + + Asher made use of a proposition marker that refers to a + sub-DRS rather than an entity, one that represents the content of + the complement of believes. This sub-DRS, a 'delineated DRS', is + more complex than those of the basic theory. It is augmented + with DRS-like structure representing the cognitive state of the + believer--entities and properties that are not explicit in the + discourse but must be true in the possible world in which the + belief is true. This internal anchor may contain a condition + + + + + + + 8 + + that distinguishes between two referents that are coreferential + in the model, as in Pierre's case, or vice versa. In addition, + Asher argues that SC does not hold in natural language; two NPs + that are coreferential but different in form convey different + information and are not substitutable. + + In Smith (1989), I applied DRT, the basic theory augmented + by the extensions suggested above, to a narrative that had been + normed at sixth-grade comprehensibility in order to detect + further extensions to DRT that would be necessary in order to + represent adequately a natural language discourse. That study + suggested the need for additional mechanisms for handling the + truth contributions of constrained clauses; mechanisms that deal + with the influence of the constrainer on the constrained clause + and mechanisms that determine whether, on the basis of subsequent + information, a constrained clause should be elevated to the + toplevel. These topics are the focus of this study, and will be + considered in the next section. + + + 3. THE TRUTH-CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONSTRAINED CLAUSES + + Clearly, beliefs are constrained clauses; their truth + evaluation is constrained by believe to a method such as that + described by Asher. However, while Asher's procedure answers a + number of problems when truth is considered from the standpoint + of philosophical logic, it is rather awkward when truth is + considered from the point of view of information retrieval. For + an information retrieval system, truth may simply be the ability, + given (2.3), to answer such questions as (3): + + (3.1.a) What does Pierre believe? + (b) Does Pierre believe that London is pretty? + + Although Pierre's belief is contradictory, the report of + that belief is not. Perhaps the user does not care that the + answer to (3.1.a) is contradictory (the user may even want to + know if it is contradictory); or that the answer to (3.1.b) is + one of two possible answers. Furthermore, the software necessary + to construct a possible world in which Pierre's belief is true + (if such a program can be constructed at all) comes at a + considerable cost in production time, program size, and run time, + and the world it describes might be even less acceptable than + Pierre's contradictory belief system. We turn now to a method by + which constrained clauses can be handled, from an information + retrieval point of view, by a much less elaborate method. + + + Truth Evaluation in an Information Retrieval System + + From the information retrieval point of view, truth is + what the user claims to be true; input is taken to be true unless + it is constrained, as in (2.3) (unless, perhaps, it is + + + + + + + 9 + + inconsistent with the knowledge base). However, constrained + clauses are not always blocked from toplevel truth evaluation. I + turn now to an examination of various constraining terms and + their effects on truth evaluation. This examination is limited + to constrained clauses whose truth value is available; that is, + the event or state reported has already occurred or failed to + occur. Consider the 'neutral' constrainer in (3.2): + + (3.2.a) Ted said that Bob kissed Alice. + (b) Ted said, "Yecch!" + (c) She does not kiss yuppies. + (d) Ted was right. + + (3.2.a) is true if Ted uttered the constrained clause (or + words to that effect), even if the user knows Ted to be a + pathological liar. Thus, the constrained clause should not be + evaluated for truth at all. The simplest representation of + (3.2.a) would assign a discourse referent to the constrained + clause in its surface form, without analysis, as is necessarily + the case for (3.2.b). However, there are at least four reasons + for representing the constrained clause as a sub-DRS, albeit a + DRS that is shielded from truth evaluation: + + (3.3.a) The user might have applied SC to Ted's actual + utterance. If the system includes a facility for + calculating a confidence factor (i.e. How reliable is + Ted?), it will be necessary to analyze the + constrained clause in order to allow for SC in + checking for corroboration. + + (b) (3.2.a) might be followed by (3.2.c). If the + constrained clause has not been analyzed, the + discourse referent for Alice will not be available + as an antecedent for she. + + (c) If (3.2.a) is the first occurrence of either + proper NP, a discourse referent for that entity + should be added to the toplevel universe; that + entity is 'pragmatically presupposed' by the + proper NP (McCawley 1981). This addition can only + be made if the constrained clause is first + analyzed. + + (d) If (3.2.a) is sometime later followed by (3.2.d), + provided by the user, the discourse referents and + conditions for the constrained clause should be + added to the toplevel DRS, and that addition + should be based on the context available at the + time of (3.2.a), excluding anything that might + have been added by intervening sentences. While the + necessary analysis could be carried out at the time + of (3.2.d), it would be much simpler if it were done + at the time of (3.2.a). + + + + + + + 10 + + Types of Constrainers + + The procedure described above, which blocks the truth + evaluation of the constrained clause, may, depending on the + requirements of the information retrieval system, be satisfactory + for a number of constrainers that report utterances or cognitive + states, including the following: + + (3.4) SAY CLASS (OBJECT) + say suppose allege believe deem + assert assume charge fancy conclude + maintain intimate deny conjecture + + (The list of constrainers in (3.4), as well as those lists that + follow, is taken largely from Kiparsky and Kiparsky (1970), as is + the analysis on which what follows is based.) + + Note that if a sentence whose main verb is deny is later + confirmed, it is the negation of the constrained clause that must + be added to the toplevel DRS. The same would be true of (3.2.a) + followed by (3.2.d) with right replaced by wrong. Assuming this + fact to be self-evident, I shall not make special note of other + constrainers of this type. + + The representation described above will allow an infor- + mation retrieval system to answer questions such as those in + (3.1). However, there remains an implementation problem to be + resolved. Should the system respond only when the constrainer in + the inquiry is identical to that in the original input, or should + it respond when one constrainer in (3.4) is replaced by another? + If the answer is the latter, which constrainers are + substitutable? The answer depends on the needs of the particular + system, and will not be examined further here. + + A group of constrainers whose truth evaluation should be + treated in the same fashion is illustrated in (3.5): + + (3.5) It seems that Bob kissed Alice. + + Constrainers such as seem question or hedge on the truth of their + subjects, which are often extraposed, as in (3.5). Similar + constrainers are shown in (3.6): + + (3.6) SAY CLASS (SUBJECT) + seems is likely is possible + appears is probable + + Kiparsky and Kiparsky point out the fact that some of these + constrainers allow non-finite for-to clauses (e.g. 'for Bob to + kiss Carol') as their subjects, but do not allow poss-ing (e.g. + 'Bob's kissing Carol') subjects. I shall return to this fact + shortly. + + + + + + + 11 + + Many of the Say Class of constrainers have adverbial + forms: + + (3.6.a) It is probable that Ted kissed Carol. + (b) Ted probably kissed Carol. + + Although the two sentences in (3.6) are synonymous, the + constrained clause in (3.6.a) is dependent while the same clause + in (3.6.b) is independent. Nevertheless, synonymous clauses + should be treated in the same manner; that is, the constrained + clause should not be evaluated for truth in the toplevel DRS. + + The group of constrainers shown in (3.7) is syntactically + identical to those in (3.6), but the truth contribution is quite + different. + + (3.7) TRUE CLASS (SUBJECT) + true happens certain + chances sure + false turns out + + These constrainers assert the truth (or falsity) of the + constrained clause. Thus, the constrained clause should not be + shielded from the truth evaluation of the toplevel DRS. The + simplest representation of a sentence containing one of these + constrainers would ignore the constrainer and add the + representation of the constrained clause to the toplevel DRS. + Such a representation would make it impossible to refer to the + constrained clause (cf. 3.2.d), but such reference seems + unlikely. If such references must be allowed, sentences + containing those constrainers can be handled in the manner of + (3.2.a) followed by (3.2.d). + + Note that if one of the True Class of constrainers appears + in negated form, it is the negation of the constrained clause + that is added to the DRS. (However, the negation of certain is a + Say Class constrainer. The converse is true of possible.) + + A fourth group of constrainers, although syntactically + identical to the Say and True Classes, makes a truth contribution + that is different from either. + + (3.8) REGRET CLASS (SUBJECT) + surprising exciting amuses matters + significant relevant counts suffices + tragic odd bothers makes sense + + These constrainers ('factives' for Kiparsky and Kiparsky) + semantically presuppose the truth of their complement clauses. + That is, the complement clause is held to be true, whether the + constrainer appears in positive or negative, declarative or + interrogative form. Therefore, the constrained clause should not + be shielded from toplevel truth evaluation. In addition, these + + + + + + + 12 + + constrainers have semantic content of their own, unlike those in + the True Class. (e.g. The user may want to know what the signif- + icance is.) It is thus necessary to assign a discourse referent + to the constrained clause so that it can appear as an argument to + the constrainer. These considerations suggest that a clause + constrained by one of these terms should be represented twice, + once as an independent sentence and once in the manner of a + clause constrained by a Say Class constrainer. + + The fifth group of constrainers functions syntactically + like the Say Class (Object), but makes a truth contribution like + that of the Regret Class (Subject). + + (3.9) REGRET CLASS (OBJECT) + regret forget (about) be aware (of) + resent make clear bear in mind + deplore ignore take into + mind comprehend account/ + care (about) grasp consideration + + These verbs also have semantic content, so discourse referents + for the constrained clauses must be added to the toplevel DRS. + These verbs allow the fact that and poss-ing complements, but not + for-to complements (at least, not with presuppositional value). + Some (regret, forget) have presuppositional value under equi-NP + deletion, but others do not. + + Kiparsky and Kiparsky note that the truth contribution of + a clause depends only on the immediate constrainer, no matter how + deeply it is embedded: + + (3.10.a) Carol appears to believe that Bob regrets that he + kissed Alice. + (b) Bob kissed Alice. + + Thus, (3.10.a) presupposes (3.10.b), because it is constrained by + regret, in spite of the fact that the intervening appear and + believe are Say Class constrainers. + + The next class of constrainers is labeled 'indifferent' by + Kiparsky and Kiparsky because the truth of the constrained clause + may or may not be presupposed. + + (3.11) SUSPECT CLASS (OBJECT) + suspect acknowledge announce emphasize + anticipate admit report remember + deduce + + With poss-ing complements, these verbs are factives, Regret Class + constrainers. With finite and for-to complements, however, it is + unclear whether they are Say Class or True Class constrainers. + + + + + + + 13 + + It may have been noted that there is no list of True Class + (Object) constrainers. This gap is particularly striking when + one considers that two of the verbs in (3.7), certain and sure, + can constrain object clauses. + + (3.12.a) It was certain that Bob kissed Alice. + (b) Ted was certain that Bob kissed Alice. + (c) Ted was certain of Bob's kissing Alice. + (d) Bob kissed Alice. + (e) I am certain that Bob kissed Alice. + + Sentence (3.12.a) asserts the user's belief that (3.12.d) is + true, but (3.12.b) only asserts Ted's belief; the user may know + Ted to be wrong. Sentence (3.12.c) is even worse; Ted may have + believed that (3.12.d) had already occurred, or that it was + potential. Thus, while these verbs are True Class (Subject) + constrainers, they are Say Class (Object) constrainers. + + Almost paradoxically, this class shift holds even with a + first-person subject. Sentence (3.12.e) seems to assert what + (3.12.a) asserts, the user's belief that (3.12.d) is true in the + model. However, the user's choice of (3.12.e) rather than + (3.12.a) is a hedge on that assertion. + + Another complex group of constrainers is that shown in + (3.13): + + (3.13) KNOW CLASS (OBJECT) + know comprehend learn + see understand realize + + When one of these verbs is used in a past tense, it is factive; + the truth of its constrained clause is presupposed, regardless of + the subject or the polarity (affirmative or negative). With a + third-person subject, the constrained clause is presupposed in + the present tense. (It is assumed here that the constrainer is + provided by the user and is not his ironic quotation of the + subject.) + + It is when the verb has a first-person subject in a + present tense that the complexity arrives. In this case, the + verbs in (3.13) must be treated on an individual basis. To do + so, it will help to use the template in (3.14), where the blank + is to be filled in by a (possibly negated) constrainer. + + (3.14) I __________ a. (that) Bob kissed Alice. + b. (of/about) Bob's kissing Alice. + c. (for) Bob (to) kiss Alice. + + The constrainer know allows (3.14.a,b). In either case, + it is like certain: in the affirmative it is a True Class + constrainer, but in the negative it shifts to the Say Class. As + + + + + + + 14 + + in the case of certain, the poss-ing complement is not + presupposed. + + In (3.14.b), comprehend and understand presuppose their + complement clauses. The verb understand allows (3.14.a), but + only in the affirmative, in which case it is a Say Class + constrainer, with a meaning something like "Someone said that Bob + kissed Alice." The constrainer realize is acceptable only in + (3.14.a) and presupposes its complement clause; thus, if it is + negated, it denies its own presupposition and the sentence makes + no sense. + + The simple present tense of learn does not work in (3.14) + except in special contexts (e.g. an actor referring to his role + as himself), and the present progressive requires that the + learning process be extended, so that what is learned is + (usually) not a simple fact. While in some special contexts the + constrained clause is presupposed, it is more practical to treat + first-person present tense learn as a Say Class constrainer. The + verb see is ambiguous between an act of perception and a state of + cognition. In the former case it allows (3.14.c) (without + prepositions) and is a True Class constrainer. In (3.14.a), see + reports a cognitive state; in the affirmative it acts as does + understand, but in the negative it is a Say Class constrainer. + + This section has examined clauses whose truth contribu- + tions to a DRS are constrained by a certain group of predicates + (verbs and adjectives). It has found five classes of + constrainer, some with subclasses according to whether the + constrained clause is the subject (perhaps extraposed) or the + object of the predicate: + + (3.15.a) SAY CLASS: The constrainer makes no claim about + the truth contribution of the constrained clause, so + that clause should be shielded from toplevel truth eval- + uation. However, the clause should be identified + by a discourse referent because it may later be + confirmed or contradicted. + + (b) TRUE CLASS: The constrained clause is added to the + toplevel DRS because the constrainer asserts the truth + of its complement. (If the constrainer is negated, it + is the negation of the constrained clause that is + added.) Such clauses might not require discourse + referents, although no harm is done if referents are + assigned. + + (c) REGRET CLASS: The constrainer presupposes the + truth of the complement clause, so that clause is added + to the toplevel DRS. This addition is independent of + the form of the matrix clause (i.e. affirmative- + negative, declarative-interrogative). + + + + + + + 15 + + (d) SUSPECT CLASS: Presupposition depends on the + syntactic form of the constrained clause. poss-ing + complements are presupposed, but other complements are + unclear about presupposition and are to be treated as + those under Say Class constrainers. + + (e) KNOW CLASS: The constrained clause is presupposed + unless the constrainer is first-person, present tense. + In the latter case, each verb requires its own + treatment. + + It was noted that some True Class constrainers have + corresponding adverbs. Other adverbs can act as constrainers, + and their truth contributions must be examined. Modal + auxiliaries and verbs with similar semantic value (e.g. ought to, + want to) also require such analysis. Associated with the modal + class is the case of constrained clauses whose truth is not yet + known; should they be left unevaluated, or should they become + 'demons' whose truth must eventually be evaluated? These + questions remain to be answered. + + In the next section we examine a computer implementation + of DRT that is able to handle certain of the constrained clauses + described here. + + + 4. AN IMPLEMENTATION OF DRT + + In this section and the next we describe a computer + implementation of DRT. It takes as input a 'discourse' of one or + more English sentences, parses the input and constructs a DRS for + it, and then asserts the set of conditions in that DRS to a + Prolog knowledge base. The language it accepts includes both the + types of sentence described in Section 2 and a subset of those + described in Section 3. Specifically, it handles noun clause + complements of a selected group of Say, True, and Regret Class + Constrainers. + + This implementation is an extension of From English to + Prolog via Discourse Representation Theory (Covington, Nute, + Schmitz, & Goodman, 1988; henceforth CNS&G). That program is "a + set of techniques for translating the discourse representation + structures of Kamp (1981) into semantically equivalent clauses in + a slightly extended form of Prolog. (1)" That program is in turn + an extension of An Implementation of Discourse Representation + Theory (Covington & Schmitz, 1988; henceforth C&S), "a program + that constructs discourse representation structures from ordinary + English input. (1)" It, in turn, is an extended version of the + program described in Johnson & Klein (1986). (The extension to + be described in Section 5 of this report is designated CONSTRAIN. + Note that the abbreviations C&S and CNS&G will be used to refer + both to the programs and to the documents describing them.) + + + + + + + 16 + + Phrase Structure Rules + + C&S is a top-down parser, written in definite clause + grammar (DCG) notation, for a phrase structure (PS) grammar. The + PS rules are augmented with a hold mechanism that allows the + parsing of certain empty categories, and with a feature structure + that allows syntactic and semantic information to be passed from + one node of the parse tree to another. Although Kamp employs a + top-down procedural algorithm, CNS&G view the PS-to-DRT mapping + as a static relation defined in terms of unification of feature + structures. (The CNS&G view follows that of Johnson & Klein + (1986) and is in the spirit of Zeevat (1989)). + + The addition of a hold mechanism and a feature structure, + although necessary to give the program its power, can make the + description of the parser complicated; the reader who is only + concerned with the syntactic rules is likely to be confused by + the presence of the feature unification rules. To avoid that + confusion, this description will be presented in three passes. + The first pass will treat the parser as if it consisted of DCG + rules only, the second will add the hold mechanism to that + description, and the final pass will treat the feature structure. + Because of the interaction between the three, this neat + simplification is not entirely possible. For the first two + passes the reader must accept without explanation the fact that + the semantic features carry the DRS for the portion of the + discourse already processed. + + C&S accepts discourses that conform to the PS rules shown + below. (Parentheses indicate optional elements; the parser + actually has separate rules for these possibilities. Words in + brackets are terminal symbols.) + + (4.1) discourse --> statement, (discourse). + discourse --> question, (discourse). + statement --> sentence. + question --> [does], np, vp. + question --> [is], np, adj. + question --> [is], np, np. + sentence --> np, vp. + sentence --> np, [does, not], vp. + sentence --> np, [is], adj. + sentence --> np, [is, not], adj. + sentence --> np, [is], np. + sentence --> np, [is, not], np. + sentence --> [if], sentence, [then], sentence. + + The PS rules for VP and Adj are straightforward, as is + shown in (4.2). (Form is a variable representing a terminal + symbol.) + + + + + + + 17 + + (4.2.a) vp --> v, np. + (b) vp --> v. + (c) v --> [Form]. + (d) adj --> [Form]. + + As we shall see below, syntactic features prevent (4.2.c) from + selecting a transitive verb for (4.2.b), or an intransitive for + (4.2.a). + + While the rules for VP are essentially those of Chomsky + (1965), the NP rules make use of X-bar theory. NP is bar-3, and + numeric suffixes indicate the other bar levels. As is the case + for VP, syntactic features subcategorize Form for lexical + insertion--proper or common noun. (Pronoun is a notational + device; each gender of pronoun requires a separate rule. C&S is + not sensitive to pronoun case.) + + (4.3.a) np --> n. (Proper noun) + (b) np --> [Pronoun]. + (c) np --> []. (Empty category) + (d) np --> det, n2. + (e) n2 --> n1. + (f) n2 --> n1, relcl. (NP with relative clause) + (g) n1 --> n. + (h) n1 --> adj, n1. + (i) n --> [Form]. + + Rules (4.3.c) and (4.3.f) will be discussed with the hold + mechanism. Rule (4.3.b) searches the incoming DRS for the most + recent discourse referent that matches Pronoun in gender. + (Remember that this version of DRT does not handle plural NPs.) + Rule (4.3.h) is recursive, so n1 may contain any number of + adjectives. + + In order to handle empty categories, C&S adds to each + phrasal rule two arguments, an input and an output hold list. + When rule (4.3.f) is applied, the discourse referent of n1 is + placed at the head of the input list and that list is passed to + relcl. When (4.3.c) is applied while processing relcl, the first + referent on the hold list is removed and assigned to the empty + category. This procedure insures that empty categories are + instantiated on a last-in-first-out basis. The rules for + discourse, statement and question require that the hold lists be + empty, since empty categories cannot be bound across sentence + boundaries. + + + Unification of Feature Structures + + The C&S parser incorporates a unification based grammar + (Schieber 1986) that passes feature structures from one node of + the parse tree to another. Since features are passed by means of + unification, it is possible to pass a feature from one node to + + + + + + + 18 + + another before it has been instantiated. For example, rule + (4.2.a) unifies the discourse referent of np with the second + argument of v before either (4.2.c) or (4.3) is applied. + + The use of feature structures is facilitated by the use of + the GULP extension to Prolog (Covington 1987). GULP makes it + possible for the programmer to refer to features by name, rather + than by position in the feature structure. In consequence, a + parser written in GULP is much easier to read than is one written + in standard Prolog notation. The C&S parser uses syntactic + features that constrain the parse procedure and semantic features + that construct DRSs during the parse procedure. + + The syntactic features employed by C&S are syn:index, + syn:class, syn:arg1 and, syn:arg2. syn:index is a unique integer + that is generated for each noun in the discourse; its value is + the discourse referent that is used to bind pronouns and empty + categories. syn:arg1 and syn:arg2 are also integers; they are + unified with the syn:index features of the nouns in a sentence + and become the arguments of its predicates. The syn:class + feature of a noun (proper or common) or verb (transitive or + intransitive) is a subcategorization that serves to constrain the + parse procedure, as was noted above. + + The semantic features are sem:in, sem:out, sem:res:in, + sem:res:out, sem:scope:in, sem:scope:out. GULP makes it possible + to address an individual feature or a bundle of features; for + example, a variable may be bound to sem:res:in, to sem:res (both + in and out are bound), or to sem (all features are bound). + Features may be cross-unified, so that sem:res of one node may be + bound to sem of another node. + + The value of a semantic feature is a list of one or more + structures of the form drs(U, Con), where U is a list of + discourse referents and Con is a list of conditions. The first + drs/2 on the list is the representation currently being + processed. Not all of the features are instantiated for every + node; in fact, most nodes use only the sem:in/out features. Each + parent node instantiates the sem:in of its daughter(s) to the DRS + for the portion of the discourse already processed. The daughter + then adds its own discourse referents to U and its conditions to + Con, and returns the expanded drs/2 as sem:out to its parent. + (The initial sem:in for a discourse is [drs([], [])].) + + Consider, for example, (4.4), which gives the full form of + (4.2.d) along with the rules that it calls. + + + + + + + 19 + + (4.4.a) adj(Adj) --> [Form], + {adjective_features(Form, Adj)}. + (b) adjective_features(Form,Adj):- + append(Semantics, Con, NewCon), + Adj = syn: (index:I) :: + sem: (in : [drs(U, Con)| Super] :: + out: [drs(U, NewCon)| Super]). + (c) adjective(big, lambda(I, [big(I)])). + + The N1-rule that calls (4.4.a) unifies the syn features of + Adj with those of the noun that the adjective modifies. It also + unifies the sem:in feature of Adj with the appropriate feature of + that noun (which feature it is unified with depends on the + calling rule). The entire feature structure of Adj is then + passed to (4.4.b). + + Rule (4.4.b) unifies I with the syn:index feature of the + modified noun and passes it to (4.4.c), which in turn unifies it + with the argument of Form, the adjective being processed. The + resulting structure is appended to Con, the condition list on the + input DRS, and the result, NewCon, is passed in the output DRS. + + The sem:res and sem:scope features are needed in order to + handle universally quantified NPs. DRT treats a sentence with a + universally quantified NP as an implication. The antecedent, the + sem:res feature, consists of the information in the NP itself, + information that restricts the set to which the NP refers. The + consequent, the sem:scope feature, consists of the information in + the remainder of the sentence, the scope of the NP. Scope is + determined by the left-to-right ordering of NPs; the verb falls + within the scope of all NPs, and the object NP is within the + scope of the subject NP. + + C&S follows Johnson & Klein (1986) in treating the + determiner as the key element in determining quantification. + Thus, the sem of a sentence is the sem of the subject NP, which + in turn is the sem of the determiner of that NP. Consider (4.5). + + + + + + + 20 + + (4.5) det(Det) --> [every], + { Det = sem:in:A, + Det = sem:res:in:[drs([],[])|A), + Det = sem:res:out:B, + Det = sem:scope:in:[drs([],[])|B], + Det = sem:scope:out: + [Scope,Res,drs(U,Con)|Super], + Det = sem:out:[drs(U,[ifthen(Res,Scope)| + Con])|Super] }. + + Let us assume that (4.5) is called by an NP-rule that is + called directly by an S-rule (i.e. the NP in question is the + subject of the sentence), and let us trace the feature + unifications through the parse tree. At this point, the only + feature that has been instantiated is sem:in (A in rule (4.5)), + which contains the DRS for the preceding portion of the + discourse. The NP-rule unifies its entire sem feature with that + of Det, and the S-rule likewise unifies its sem feature with that + of NP. The S-rule also unifies the sem of VP with the sem:scope + of NP, from which it is passed to the sem:scope of Det. The NP- + rule also unifies the sem of N2 with sem:res of Det. + + Rule (4.5) unifies A with sem:in, the incoming DRS list, + and conses to A a DRS with empty universe and condition lists. + The resulting list becomes sem:res:in, and therefore sem:in of + N2. The N2-rule fills those empty lists and returns them as B, + the sem:res:out of Det. (4.5) then prefixes an empty DRS to B, + producing the sem:scope:in of Det and NP, and the sem:in of VP. + The VP-rule fills the empty DRS and returns it as sem:scope:out + of NP and Det. (4.5) extracts from sem:scope:out the first three + DRSs: Scope, the now filled DRS from VP, Res, the now filled DRS + from N2, and the first DRS in A (the input DRS list), drs(U, + Con). Finally, Res and Scope are made arguments to the functor + ifthen, which is prefixed to Con. The result is the sem:out of + Det, NP, and S. + + Rule (4.5) is more complicated than most of the C&S rules, + but all phrasal rules work in the same general fashion. The + reader is referred to C&S for complete specification of the + grammar; here we are concerned with the extensions to that + program necessary in order to handle constrained clauses. + + + Prologization of a DRS + + CNS&G adds to C&S procedures that translate the DRS in the + sem:out feature of a discourse into Prolog clauses + (Prologization) and then assert/process those clauses. Again, we + are concerned primarily with those portions that must be modified + or extended for the present implementation. The reader is + referred to CNS&G for a complete specification of that program. + + + + + + + 21 + + Before translating the set of conditions of the output DRS + into Prolog, two "clean-up" steps must be performed. The lexical + insertion rules of the parser provide two conditions for each + noun in the discourse: the property denoted by the noun and the + gender of the noun. The latter is needed only for anaphora + resolution and is discarded before that set is processed. + + The second clean-up step involves unifying equated + discourse referents. The original C&S parser assigns to each + noun a unique integer, even in sentences such as (4.6): + + (4.6) Pedro is a farmer. + + The parser would then add a condition that equates the discourse + referent of Pedro with that of farmer. The parser in CNS&G is + modified to defer the assignment of integers to discourse + referents to the Prologization module. That delay makes it + possible to unify the discourse referents for (4.6) so that only + one integer is assigned to them. With that unification + accomplished, the universe of the DRS is no longer needed, and + Prologization converts the list of properties/relations in the + conditions into a list of Prolog clauses. + + Prologization works its way through the list of conditions + and produces a new list that is suitable for asserting or + querying. If a condition is a simple property or relation, the + output of a lexical rule, it is simply added to the new list. If + the condition is query(DRS), DRS itself has to be cleaned up, + Prologized, and converted into a conjunction of clauses. If the + condition is ifthen(DRSA, DRSC), DRSA (the antecedent) and DRSC + (the consequent) must be cleaned up and Skolemized before they + can be Prologized and converted into conjunctions of goals. + Skolemization involves binding each uninstantiated variable in + DRSC that does not appear in DRSA to a list whose head is a + unique integer and whose tail is the universe of DRSA. + Skolemization insures that such variables have existential import + and narrow scope. + + + Processing Prologized Clauses + + The output of Prologization is a list of clauses, each in + one of the following forms: + + (4.7.a) Clause + (b) neg(Clause) + (c) (ClauseList1 ::- ClauseList2) + (d) query(Clause) + + Processing (4.7.a) in the assert/query module is a simple matter + of asserting Clause. CNS&G does not support negation; (4.7.b) is + processed simply by noting that negation is not supported. The + symbol ::- in (4.7.c) is a functor corresponding roughly to :- in + + + + + + + 22 + + Prolog; processing involves converting the list of clauses into a + conjunction of Prolog terms and asserting them. Similarly, + Clause in (4.7.d) is converted to a conjunction of Prolog terms + and called, and the result is reported to the user. + + Actually, CNS&G does not assert or query anything; it + simply announces what it would do if it did. One of the first + extensions to that implementation made by CONSTRAIN is to make + the processing step work. In essence, this extension is a matter + of making the program do what the CNS&G program says it would + do. In the case of (4.7.b), Clause is not converted to a + conjunction of terms; it remains a list, the single argument to + neg. + + This treatment of negation is rather cursory, but the + treatment of negation is not the focus of this study. CONSTRAIN + extends the C&S grammar to include disjunction, to which the + processing step pays similar lip service. This limitation is due + to the fact that a disjunction such as (4.8.a) is not a Horn + clause and cannot be represented directly in Prolog (although a + disjunction may appear in the body of a rule). (4.8.a) could be + represented as (4.8.b) and (4.8.c), but it would be unwise to do + so before the details of neg/1 are worked out. + + (4.8.a) p OR q + (b) p ::- neg(q) + (c) q ::- neg(p) + (d) query(p) + + Further extensions to the grammar require more significant + refinement of the assert/query module especially in the case of + questions; we shall return to these after examining the + extensions to the parser. + + + 5. EXTENDING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DRT + + CONSTRAIN is divided, for ease of development, into eleven + modules: + + (5.1) DRT_LOAD.GLP + DRT_UTIL.GLP + DRT_PS1.GLP + DRT_PS2.GLP + DRT_PS3.GLP + DRT_LEX.GLP + DRT_RED_GLP + DRT_PRO1.GLP + DRT_PRO2.GLP + DRT_TRY.GLP + DRT.TEST.GLP + + + + + + + 23 + + DRT_LOAD loads the program. Files that include feature + structures make use of the GULP load/1 command, which converts + GULP feature notation into Prolog form. Those that do not use + feature structures are consulted because that procedure is + faster. DRT_LOAD also defines the goal loadred/0, which is used + to load the lexical redundancy rules in DRT_RED, a process that + must be repeated every time the knowledge base is cleared with + newkb/0. Placing all of the load commands in one file + facilitates relocating the program. If, for example, the program + is to be run from the A: drive, only DRT_LOAD need be edited. + + DRT_UTIL contains general utility routines, such as list + manipulation procedures, and procedures for displaying a DRS in a + readable form. + + DRT_PS1, DRT_PS2, and DRT_PS3 contain the phrase structure + rules. DRT_PS1 contains lexical insertion rules: rules that make + direct calls to the lexicon (DRT_LEX). DRT_PS3 contains rules + that deal with whole clauses (discourse, question, statement). + DRT_PS2 contains rules that rewrite intermediate structures. + + DRT_LEX and DRT_RED contain the lexicon. The former + contains the lexicon proper, while DRT_RED contains lexical + redundancy rules, such as the rule that allows the program to + infer that Bob is a man. + + DRT_PRO1 and DRT_PRO2 contain the rules that apply the DRS + output by the parser to a Prolog knowledge base. DRT_PRO1 + contains the Prologization module that translates the conditions + of the DRS into Prolog clauses, and DRT_PRO2 contains the + assert/query module that asserts these clauses to the knowledge + base or calls them as queries to that knowledge base. + + DRT_TRY and DRT_TEST contain the user interface. DRT_TRY + contains the rules that accept an input and send it to the + program for processing, while DRT_TEST contains a test suite that + calls DRT_TRY for processing. + + + Knowledge Representation + + Most of the changes to C&S involve the addition of PS + rules to DRT_PS2 or DRT_PS3. These additions, of course, entail + concomitant modifications to the other modules. These + modifications, however, are based on a more fundamental + modification, a change in the form of knowledge representation in + DRT_LEX. + + In Kamp's version of DRT, conditions are represented as + predicate-argument structures: Pred(Arg) or Pred(Arg1, Arg2). + Pred is the natural language word (noun, verb, or adjective), and + Arg is a discourse referent. C&S follows that representation, + with one modification: rather than being treated as predicates, + + + + + + + 24 + + proper nouns are second arguments to the predicate named/2. + Thus, (5.2.a) is represented by the conditions in (5.2.b). + + (5.2.a) Bob kisses Alice. + (b) [named(1, bob), named(2, alice), kiss(1, 2)] + + This representation poses several problems for the design + goals of CONSTRAIN: First, with such a representation it is + awkward to distinguish between events and states. Although that + distinction plays a relatively minor role in this implementation, + it could play a major role in an extension that incorporates + Guenthner's (1987) proposals. + + Second, as was noted in Section 3 of this report, some + constrainers behave differently depending on the tense of the + sentence, so it is necessary to include tense in the + representation. It would, of course, be possible to add an + argument for tense to the structure shown above, but such a + solution would be, at best, unesthetic. + + Third, in order to query a knowledge base using the format + shown above, it is necessary to know the predicate in advance. + One can ask who Bob kisses, but one cannot ask what Bob does. + Finally, the use of redundancy rules is very awkward with this + format. Given (5.3.a), one would like to get an affirmative + response to + (5.3.b). + + (5.3.a) Bob knows that Ted kissed Alice. + (b) Does Bob believe that Ted kissed Alice? + + Using the knowledge representation in (5.2.b), it is necessary + to have a separate rule for each verb that entails believe. + + In order to overcome these difficulties, this program + reifies natural language predicates so that they become arguments + to Prolog predicates. (This, in effect, is the reverse of Kamp + (1981), who uses proper nouns as predicates.) Thus, the + conditions in a DRS have one of the four forms in (5.4). + + (5.4.a) named(Index, Name) + (b) isa(Noun, Index) + (c) event(Tense, Event, [Arg1|Rest]) + (d) state(Tense, State, [Arg1|Rest]) + + Event is an action verb, while State is a stative verb or an + adjective. Representing the argument(s) to a natural language + predicate as a list makes it unnecessary to have separate rules + for addressing one- and two-place predicates. + + Representations (5.4.a,b) are adequate for the current + implementation, which assumes that the name and/or class of an + entity does not change during the time covered by a discourse. + + + + + + + 25 + + If the program is to cover greater periods of time, tense + arguments must be added to these predicates in order to account + for (5.5.a, b), for example. + + (5.5.a) Bob was a boy. + (b) Bob is a man. + + For affirmative statements, the addition of time reference + to the knowledge representation requires, at first glance, only a + simple modification of the lexical rules. That is, the C&S rule + in (5.6.a) need only be changed to that in (5.6.b) and an + additional rule be added for saw. + + (5.6.a) transitive_verb(sees, + lambda(A1, A2, [see(A1,A2)])) + (b) transitive_verb(sees, + lambda(pres,A1, A2, + [event(pres, see, [A1,A2])]) + + For negatives and questions, however, tense is determined + by the form of the auxiliary, not that of the main verb. It is + necessary, therefore, to add a syntactic feature, syn:tense, to + the GULP feature structure in order to pass tense from the + clause-level rule to the lexical rules. Thus, for example, the + question rule of (4.1), repeated as (5.7.a), is modified to the + form of (5.7.b). (For clarity of exposition, hold arguments are + not shown, and only those feature unification rules that are + relevant to the present discussion are displayed.) + + (5.7.a) question(Q) --> [does],np(NP),vp(VP). + (b) question(Q) --> {DO = syn:tense:Tense, + VP = syn:tense:Tense, + NP = syn:tense:Tense}, + do(DO), np(NP), vp(VP). + + (5.7.b) requires the addition of a lexical insertion rule for do + and lexical rules for do and does. The variable Tense is bound + in the do rule, and its value is passed, by way of VP, to the + lexical rule for the verb. Similar modifications are needed for + the PS rules that include the copula is, passing tense to the + subject complement. + + (5.7.b) does not pass syn:tense only to VP; it also + unifies that feature with the corresponding feature in NP. + Although nouns do not have tense (at least, in the present + system, but see the discussion of isa/2 above), nouns may be + modified by attributive adjectives--states that require tense + arguments--which receive their tense from the matrix clause. + Thus, every clause-level rule must pass a tense feature to its + subject, and a VP rule must pass that feature to the direct + object. + + + + + + + 26 + + Even within the limits noted above, the addition of time + reference to the knowledge representation introduces a further + difficulty: the frame problem. Given that a state obtained in + the past, does it continue into the present? For the human + processor of natural language, the frame problem is rarely a + problem. He knows which states can be assumed to be permanent + (in the absence of evidence to the contrary) and which can be + assumed to be momentary. For those states that fall in between, + he is able to assign a probable length of duration. This + assignment is based on real-world knowledge of the state and the + participants. Acquiring and programming such knowledge, however, + is a daunting problem for artificial intelligence. As is the + case for negation, CONSTRAIN adopts a simplistic approach: a + state that was true in the past remains true in the present + unless its negation in the present has been asserted. This + approach is encoded in a meaning postulate in the file DRT_RED: + + (5.8) state(pres, Verb, Args) :- + state(past, Verb, Args), + not neg([state(pres, Verb, Args)]) + + + Proper Nouns + + A further extension that is independent of processing + constrained clauses is the treatment of proper nouns. Kamp + (1981) assigns a discourse referent to each proper noun, and then + equates those referents that are arguments to the same name; + thus, there can be only one individual for each name. CNS&G take + the opposite approach, allowing for more than one individual with + a particular name. Each proper noun is assigned a unique + integer, and there is no way to show that two instances of Bob + refer to the same individual. + + CONSTRAIN takes a middle road. Within a discourse (a list + of words and punctuation marks), all instances of a proper noun + are assumed to refer to the same individual. The first rule for + a proper noun treats it as a pronoun, seeking a match in the + input universe. If a match is found, the new instance is + assigned the same discourse referent; otherwise a new discourse + referent is generated. + + Between discourses that apply to the same knowledge base, + however, the program allows for the possibility that a new + instance of a name refers to a different individual. Before the + input string is sent to the parser, the rule preprocess/2 creates + a list of the proper nouns in the input, eliminates duplication, + and queries the user about each of the names that appears in the + knowledge base. If the user responds that this is the same (i.e. + last mentioned) or the previous individual of that name, the ap- + propriate named/2 and gender/2 propositions are placed in the + initial DRS, K0; otherwise the parser will generate a new + discourse referent for the name. To allow correct application of + + + + + + + 27 + + this procedure, when the assert/query module of DRT_PRO2 + encounters a named/2 clause it first retracts that clause, if it + is present in the knowledge base, and then adds it with asserta/1 + to insure that it will be the next such clause to be accessed. + + (Note that pronominal anaphora can only be resolved within + a discourse. In order to address a discourse referent in the + knowledge base, it is necessary to refer to that individual by + name.) + + + Answering a Query + + A final modification to CNS&G that is necessary for the + handling of constrained clauses but also applies to other clauses + is an extension of the mechanism for querying the knowledge base. + A query in CNS&G can only ask a yes/no question: given (5.9.a), + one may query (5.9.b), but not (5.9.c,d). + + (5.9.a) Bob kissed Carol. + (b) Did Bob kiss Carol? + (c) Who kissed Carol? + (d) Whom did Bob kiss? + + The first problem is to find a place to put the answer. + The CNS&G program would handle questions by converting the list + of queried propositions to a conjunction in the Prologization + step and passing that conjunction to assert_or_process/1, That + predicate in turn calls test(Goal, Result) and prints Result. + test/2 uses the built-in predicate call/1 to test that + conjunction. Result is bound to 'yes' if the call succeeds and + 'no' if it fails. + + The first step in this extension to that program is to + expand the possibilities for Result. test(Goal, Result), after + displaying the goal that is being queried, calls test_list(Goal, + Result). If the latter call fails, Result is bound to + 'INSUFFICIENT DATA'; otherwise it returns the value assigned by + test_list/2. + + test_list/2 tries three methods for assigning a value to + Result. The first method is that of CNS&G, converting the list + of propositions to be queried into a conjunction and calling that + conjunction; if the call is successful, Result is bound to + 'AFFIRMATIVE.' The next method checks the knowledge base for + neg(Goal); if that check succeeds, Result is bound to 'NEGATIVE.' + Thus, this implementation replaces Prolog's negation-as-failure + with true negation. However, this procedure is not complete; a + query will return 'NEGATIVE' only if an identical list of + propositions exists as an argument to neg. Consequently, the + response to (5.10.b) will be 'INSUFFICIENT DATA.' + + + + + + + 28 + + (5.10.a) Bob did not kiss a woman. + named(p0, bob), + neg([isa(X, woman), event(past, kiss, [p0, X])]) + (b) Did he kiss a pretty woman? + query([isa(Y, woman), state(past, pretty, [Y]), + event(past,kiss,[p0, Y]) ]) + + If neither of the above methods succeeds, test_list/2 + enters a recursive loop that calls query(Goal, Result) on the + head of the list of queries and than calls + test_list/2 on the remainder of the list. This recursion is + necessary in order to handle wh-questions. + + At first glance, the treatment of wh-questions might seem + a trivial matter. One need only leave the discourse referent for + the interrogative word unbound, so that query/2 will seek to + bind it. However, the CNS&G parser leaves the discourse + referents of all common nouns unbound until the clean-up step is + reached, at which point it is impossible to distinguish the + referents that should be bound from those that should remain + free. To overcome this difficulty, the CONSTRAIN parser unifies + the pertinent syn:arg with the atom wh. A query containing wh + will not unify with any clause in the knowledge base, so the + first two methods for test/2 will fail for such a clause. (Note + that the treatment of interrogative who/who is quite distinct + from that for relative who/whom, which unifies the syn:index of + the relative pronoun with that of its antecedent.) When query/2 + encounters such a clause, it uses the built-in predicate set_of/3 + on a copy of the clause with wh replaced by a variable. It then + uses get_id_list/2 to produce a list of names of those discourse + referents or, if they are not named, of their classes. Result is + then bound to that list. + + The recursion on test_list terminates when one of three + conditions is met: + + (5.11.a) The input list is empty and Result is bound. + + (b) The input list is empty and Result is free (it is + neither 'NEGATIVE' nor a discourse referent). + Result is then bound to 'AFFIRMATIVE.' + + (c) The input list can be satisfied by one of the + non-recursive methods. Result is then bound to + that Result. + + Note that if Result is bound by query/2, test_list(Goal, Result) + cannot unify with the non-recursive methods. + + + + + + + 29 + + Constrained Clauses: Say Class + + The extensions to CNS&G described above provide the tools + necessary for the addition of constrained clauses to the language + handled by the extended program. The first step in adding such + clauses is the development of a representation of the embedded + clause, an implementation of the proposition markers used by + Spencer-Smith (1987) and Asher (1986). The representation chosen + is an additional knowledge base predicate, prop(Index, Clause). + This structure is created by the following PS rule: + + (5.12) nouncl(NC, [], []) --> + { NC = syn:index:Index, + NC = sem:in:A, + S = sem:in:[drs([],[])|A], + S = sem:out:[DRS,drs(U, Con)|Super], + NC = sem:scope:in:[drs([Index|U], + [prop(Index,DRS)|Con])|Super], + NC = sem:scope:out:DRSList, + NC = sem:out:NewDRSList }, + [that], s(S, [], []), + { add_to_topmost_drs(Index, + [prop(Index, DRS)], + DRSList, NewDRSList) }. + + The hold lists in (5.12) must be empty in order to prevent + an empty category's referring to an element outside its governing + category. Like the rules for quantified NPs and negated + sentences, (5.12) first conses an empty DRS to the input DRS; + that DRS is filled in as S is processed, becoming DRS. The + remaining NC unification rules convert Index and DRS into a + prop/2 structure and create the output. After the DCG rule has + instantiated those bindings, the rule add_to_topmost_drs/4 + elevates Index and the prop/2 structure to the toplevel DRS. + + The nouncl rule is called by the rules VP --> V NC and + S --> it BE (not) Adj NC, which bind the syn:class feature of V + to 'mental.' The 'mental' feature contrasts with the features + 'transitive' and 'intransitive,' in the case of verbs, and + 'common,' in the case of adjectives. The syn:class feature in a + lexical insertion rule determines which lexical rule will be + called, and the distinction must be reflected in the lexicon. + + These modifications allow the program to handle clauses + constrained by the Say Class of constrainers. Such clauses are + simply added to the DRS and are shielded from further truth + evaluation. Thus, the program at this point will properly handle + the discourse in (5.13). (Responses to queries are shown below + the queries.) + + + + + + + 30 + + (5.13.a) Bob said that Ted kissed Alice. + (b) Did Bob say that Ted kissed Alice? + AFFIRMATIVE + (c) Who said that Ted kissed Alice? + bob + (d) Did Ted kiss Alice? + INSUFFICIENT DATA + (e) What did Bob say? + event(past, kiss, [ted, alice]) + + + Regret Class Constrainers + + In order to extend the set of constrainers that the + program handles to the Regret Class, the PS rule that calls the + nouncl-rule must call check_factive(NC, X) after the DCG rule + completes feature bindings. NC is the feature structure of the + constrained clause (actually, only the sem:out feature is used), + and X is that of the constrainer's category (verb or adjective). + check_factive/2 tests the constrainer with factive(Constrainer), + a redundancy rule in DRT_LEX. If the test succeeds, + add_to_topmost_drs/4 elevates the discourse referent(s) and + condition(s) of the constrained clause to the toplevel DRS and + the sem:out feature of X is bound to the result. If the test + fails, the sem:out feature of X is bound to that of NC. + Crucially, check_factive/2 makes no distinction between positive + and negative constrainers, although different rules are necessary + to handle the two structures. + + Given this addition to the program, if say in (5.13) is + replaced by regret, the response to (5.13.c) is AFFIRMATIVE. + Thus, the program is able to handle Regret Class constrainers + properly. Since the Know Class differs from the Regret Class + only for first-person subjects, and since this parser does not + handle first-person NPs, the latter class is subsumed by the + former; in fact, three of the five factive constrainers included + in the program are effectively in the Know Class. The parser is + also limited to constrained clauses in the that S form, and + Suspect Class constrainers are factive only in the poss-ing form, + so that class is omitted from consideration. + + Implicational relationships between know on the one hand + and think and believe on the other are captured in lexical + redundancy rules in DRT_RED. Another redundancy rule takes a + rather optimistic view of learning: that if someone has learned + something, he knows it. With these additions, the program will + handle the following discourse: + + + + + + + 31 + + (5.14.a) Carol learned that Bob kissed Alice. + + (b) Did Bob kiss Alice? + AFFIRMATIVE + + (c) Does Carol know that Bob kissed Alice? + AFFIRMATIVE + + (d) Does Carol believe that Bob kissed Alice? + AFFIRMATIVE + + + True Class Constrainers + + As Kiparsky and Kiparsky (1970) note, the truth con- + tribution of a clause embedded under a factive verb depends only + on the immediate constrainer; depth of embedding is irrelevant. + It is for this reason that check_factive/2 can work in the + parser, even though depth of embedding is not available at the + time the rule is called. In fact, if the treatment of such + clauses were deferred, the constrainer might be buried in a list + (e.g. within prop/2) and not available for examination. That + independence does not hold for clauses constrained by True Class + constrainers. Such clauses are true only if the constrainer is + true (i.e. a toplevel assertion or the complement of a factive), + and the constrainer's truth value is not available when the con- + strainer is being parsed. Furthermore, the effect of a True + Class constrainer is dependent on its polarity, and that informa- + tion also may not be available when the constrainer is being + parsed. Thus, the treatment of complements of such constrainers + must be deferred to the processing step of the program. + + CNS&G uses the predicate note/1 to assert the output of + the Prologization step to the knowledge base. That rule would + simply assert its argument. CONSTRAIN expands note/1 + considerably so that it tests its argument before asserting it. + One modification that has gone unremarked is that note/1 first + attempts to retract the clause before asserting it, then uses + asserta/1 rather than assertz/1, as in CNS&G. These steps + eliminate duplication in the knowledge base and insure that the + most recently evoked clauses are at the head of the knowledge + base. It is the latter feature that allows proper nouns to be + identified across discourses. A further modification that is + made necessary by the addition of True Class constrainers is the + elimination of double negation; if the argument to neg/1 is + itself a neg/1, the argument of the inner negation is processed + and asserted. + + The only clauses that reach note/1 for processing are + those that are not shielded from truth evaluation--initially, + toplevel assertions and conditions that have been raised to + toplevel by check_factive/2. Implications, including those + created from universally quantified NPs, have been converted into + + + + + + + 32 + + proper Prolog rules and are subject to the constraints imposed by + the interpreter. Clauses that constitute the conditions of + negations and of embedded clauses remain in a list, an argument + to neg/1 or prop/1, and are not sent to note/1 on their own. + + The representation of a True Class constrainer has the + form state(Tense, State, [X]), where State is the constrainer and + X is the discourse referent for the embedded prop/1. When note/1 + encounters a clause of that form, it calls the disjunctive query + (true(State); certain(State)). These predicates, similar to + factive/1, identify those constrainers whose complements are to + be asserted to the knowledge base when the constrainer is + positive. If the call succeeds, prop(X, PropList) is called and + PropList is Skolemized and processed. The original argument to + note/1 is also asserted. + + Processing PropList may bring a new True Class constrainer + to note/1. Thus, a clause embedded successively under True Class + constrainers will eventually come to note/1 to be asserted. + However, if a Say Class constrainer intervenes, the sequence will + be blocked. Thus, (5.15.c) will receive AFFIRMATIVE if (5.15.a) + has been entered, but INSUFFICIENT DATA if only (5.15.b) has been + entered. + + (5.15.a) It is true that it is certain that Ted kissed Carol. + (b) It is true that it is possible that Ted kissed Carol. + (c) Did Ted kiss Carol? + + Since PropList is a list of conditions, there is no + universe to provide the set of discourse referents to be + Skolemized, so set_of_args(PropList, Args) must be called to + collect those referents. Actually, this predicate was already + necessary. This program, like C&S, raises the discourse + referents of proper nouns to toplevel during parsing. CNS&G does + not do so, so these referents are available in the subordinate + universe when an implication is Skolemized. Thus, this program + must call set_of_args/2 before Skolemizing an implication. + + note/1 follows a similar procedure in the case of + neg([state(Tense, State, [X])]). In this case, however, the + disjunctive query is (true(State); possible(State)); which + identifies those constrainers for which, when negated, the + negation of the complement should be asserted. + + + + + + + 33 + + note/1 is also used to handle the discourse shown in + (5.16), the last of the extensions to CNS&G. + + (5.16.a) Alice thinks that Ted kissed Carol. + + (b) Alice is right. + + (c) Did Ted kiss Carol? + AFFIRMATIVE + + Because think is a Say Class constrainer, (5.16.c) will receive + INSUFFICIENT DATA if it only has (5.16.a) to work on. In order + to handle (5.16.b), it is necessary to find what she is right + about and process that proposition appropriately. The following + clause for note/1 accomplishes that. + + (5.17) note(state(Tense, Truth, [X])):- + (Truth == right ; Truth == wrong), + (event(Tense, _, [X,P]) ; + state(Tense, _, [X,P])), + prop(P, Prop), + note_truth(Prop, Truth). + + If Truth is bound to 'right' or 'wrong,' note/1 seeks an event or + state whose subject is X and whose complement is an embedded + clause. It then passes Prop and Truth to note_truth/2, which + asserts Prop or its negation, according to the value of Truth. + If the clause to be asserted already exists in the knowledge + base, note_truth/2 simply advises the user; if the opposite of + the clause exists there, it is retracted before the new clause is + asserted. This is a rather simple-minded treatment of belief re- + vision, but CONSTRAIN assumes that anything entered by the user + is true unless it is constrained. + + + 6. CONCLUSION + + This report has presented an extension of Discourse + Representation Theory that allows the representation of embedded + noun phrases whose truth evaluation demands special treatment + (constrained clauses), treatment that is determined by the + constrainer (verb or adjective) of the embedded noun phrase. It + has also described an implementation of DRT, CONSTRAIN, that + takes an English language input (which may contain such clauses) + and transforms it into a Prolog knowledge base that can be + queried. Both the theory and the implementation remain at the + experimental stage; both must be extended considerably before + they can be used as a natural language interface for practical + programs. In this section we consider some of the necessary + extensions. + + The most needed extension to the implementation is a + proper treatment of negation. CONSTRAIN replaces the negation- + + + + + + + 34 + + as-failure of Prolog with true negation, but in so doing it + trades one form of unsoundness for another. CONSTRAIN will + return NEGATIVE as the response to a query only if the knowledge + base contains a clause neg(Query) such that the elements in the + query exactly match those in Query. Thus, CONSTRAIN may return + INSUFFICIENT DATA to a query when the knowledge base contains + information that entails the response NEGATIVE. + + With a more complete treatment of negation, proper + treatment of disjunction may be added. CONSTRAIN can parse a + disjunction and add it to the knowledge base, but it is unable to + use those disjunctions in order to infer conclusions. As was + noted in Section 4, a more complete treatment of negation will + make possible a more adequate treatment of disjunction. + + Improved treatment of negation and disjunction are matters + of the DRT-to-Prolog portion of CONSTRAIN. An extension needed + at the other end of CONSTRAIN, the parser, is the ability to + handle other syntactic types of constrained clauses: poss-ing and + for-to complements. That extension is made difficult by the fact + that either construction may involve equi-NP deletion. Given + such an extension to the parser, it should be possible to add + other constrainers that take VP complements to the language + handled by CONSTRAIN. + + Other needed additions to the parser are the facilities to + handle subordinating conjunctions and sentence adverbials (e.g. + probably, certainly). The former require a knowledge + representation that allows non-constrained clauses to be + addressed in a manner like those that are arguments to prop/2. + One possibility for such a representation is the event markers of + Guenthner (1987). Handling sentence adverbials is a relatively + simple but time-consuming matter. The machinery for DRS + construction already exists in CONSTRAIN, but it will be + necessary to add to each sentence rule a new version for each + possible adverbial position. + + Extensions of the implementation will, of, course, be + required by extensions to the theory. The current version of DRT + is limited to a very small subset of natural language. Many + extensions to the theory are required before it can handle a + useful range of natural language. The most obviously needed + extensions are the ability to handle definite NPs and plural NPs. + Although definite NPs are usually anaphoric and thus could be + treated in the same fashion as pronouns, the head noun of a + definite NP is often not identical to that of its antecedent + (e.g. the two may be synonyms). Furthermore, definite NPs are + not infrequently exophoric or generic, and an implementation + would need to have some means of distinguishing between the + possibilities. + + Another needed extension to the theory is a formalism for + specifying arguments that are not syntactically indicated (e.g. + + + + + + + 35 + + sell requires, conceptually, a price, but that argument is not + syntactically obligatory). Handling this argument requires + default specifications and a means of determining whether the + default value applies. + + These extensions, both to the implementation and to the + theory, probably require user interaction. The implementation + may need to query the user about the scope of negation, non- + anaphoric definite NPs, and default values. With these + extensions, DRT can provide a useful natural language interface + to a knowledge base. + + + + WORKS CITED + + Asher, N. 1986. Belief in discourse representation theory. + Journal of Philosophical Logic 15:127-89. + + Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: + MIT Press. + + Covington, M. 1987. GULP 1.1: An extension of Prolog for + unification-based grammar. ACMC Research Report + 01-0021, The University of Georgia, Athens. + + Covington, M., D. Nute, N. Schmitz, and D. Goodman. 1988. + From English to Prolog via Discourse Representation + Theory. ACMC Research Report 01-0024, the University + of Georgia, Athens. + + Covington, M. and N. Schmitz. 1988. An Implementation of + Discourse Representation Theory. ACMC Research Report + 01-0023, The University of Georgia, Athens. + + Goodman, D. 1988. An Implementation of and extension to + discourse representation theory: Translating natural + language to discourse representation structures to + Prolog clauses. Unpublished master's thesis, The + University of Georgia, Athens. + + Guenthner, F. 1987. Linguistic meaning in discourse + representation theory. Synthese 73:569-98. + + Guenthner, F., H. Lehman, and W. Schonfeld. 1986. A Theory for + the representation of knowledge. IBM Journal of Research + and Development 30:1.39-56. + + Johnson, M., and Klein, E. 1986. Discourse, Anaphora, and + Parsing. CSLI Research Report 86-63,Stanford + University. + + Kamp, H. 1981. A Theory of truth and semantic representation. In + + + + + + + 36 + + J. Groendendijk, T. Janssen, and M. Stokhof (eds.) Formal + methods in the Study of Language, 277-322. University of + Amsterdam. + + Kamp, H. 1985. Unpublished discourse representation theory project + description, University of Texas, Austin. + + Kiparsky, P., and C. Kiparsky. 1971. Fact. In D. + Steinberg and L. Jakobovits (eds.), Semantics, + 345-369. New York: Cambridge University Press. + + McCawley, J. 1981. Everything that Linguists have Always Wanted + to know about Logic. Chicago: The University of Chicago + Press. + + McCawley, J. 1988. The Syntactic Phenomena of English. + Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. + + Shieber, S. 1986. An Introduction to Unification-based + Approaches to Grammar. CSLI Lecture Notes No. 4, + Stanford University. + + Spencer-Smith, R. 1987. Semantics and discourse representation. + Mind and Language 2:1.1-26. + + Smith, W. 1989. Problems in applying discourse representation + theory. Research Report AI-1989-04, The University of + Georgia, Athens. + + Zeevat, H. 1989. A compositional approach to discourse + representation theory. Linguistics and Philosophy + 12:95-131. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199101.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199101.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e98ac53d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/ai199101.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2021 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report AI-1991-01 + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 + + Available by ftp from + aisun1.ai.uga.edu + (128.192.12.9) + + Series editor: + Michael Covington + mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Research Report AI-1991-01 + + SALMON: a TEMPERAMENTAL Program that Learns + + Gregg H. Rosenberg + + Artificial Intelligence Programs + The University of Georgia + Athens, Georgia 30602 U.S.A. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + GREGG H. ROSENBERG + SALMON, a TEMPERAMENTAL Program That Learns + + + + A new approach to machine learning is introduced that utilizes + semantic information in a connectionist network. The approach is + implemented in a program that learns to act appropriately in the + dynamic environment of a children's game of tag. The model is + interesting in several respects including the ability to begin with + no connections and then make and break them according to its + experience, the ability to adjust the weights on its connections and + the ability to interact with its environment. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1.0 Introduction + + This thesis introduces a new approach to machine learning that + uses aspects of semantic and connectionist systems. The name of the + programming technique is TEMPERAMENTAL programming. TEMPERAMENTAL + stands for The Effective Management of Process Evolution and Response + in an Associative Memory Emulating a Neural Type Action Language. The + algorithm has been implemented successfully as a program named SALMON + (Semantic Action Learner Modeled On Neurons) that learned an + appropriate strategy for a simulated game of tag from watching the + other participants. The main features of interest in a TEMPERAMENTAL + program are: + 1) The system is a self-organizing learner which uses + experience in a dynamic environment to learn how to react + appropriately in it. + 2) The learner begins with only unconnected semantic nodes then + makes and breaks connections between them based on what occurs + in the environment. + 3) The learner adjusts the weights of connections to conform to + its experiences in the environment. + 4) Both the nodes and connections have semantic meaning, but + the information passed through the connections is numerical … + la the connectionist paradigm. + 5) Despite its semantics, the algorithm is potentially as + massively parallel as other connectionist schemes. + + Sections two and three describe TEMPERAMENTAL programming. + Section two contains information concerning the components of a + TEMPERAMENTAL system, and how TEMPERAMENTAL programs learn. Section + three details how activation is spread in a TEMPERAMENTAL network and + how the results are interpreted. Sections four through six deal with + different aspects of the implementation, section seven analyzes the + results obtained from the implementation, and section eight is a + general discussion of issues raised by TEMPERAMENTAL programming and + possible directions for future work. + + 2.0 TEMPERAMENTAL Programming + + TEMPERAMENTAL programming is a hybrid scheme which uses the + interpretive power of semantics and the pattern recognition and + parallelism of connectionist strategies to learn about a dynamic + environment. It connects nodes with semantic meaning using links that + also have semantic meaning, but weights the links numerically and has + them activate the nodes in parallel. Once trained, the activation and + the semantics cooperate by combining their knowledge to decide upon + an action given the current circumstances. The key ideas taken from + + 1 + + + + + + + + 2 + + connectionism are parallelism and communication through numeric + activation rather than semantic message passing. The key ideas taken + from semantics are consistent interpretation of symbols and + procedural interaction with an environment. + + 2.1 Node Types + There are four types of nodes in a TEMPERAMENTAL system: + objects, dynamic attributes, actions and action attributes. + + 1) Objects each object in the environment is assigned a node + with a unique label. Objects have a full repertoire of + connectionist behaviors, these being the reception, + accumulation, and passing along of activation energy. + + 2) Dynamic Attributes Each environment has a set of + attributes, like a particular location, that an object may or + may not possess. These are called dynamic attributes and a node + with a unique label is assigned to each attribute. Dynamic + attributes act as conduits for activation from objects to other + nodes but do not accumulate activation themselves. + + 3) Actions An action is a change to an attribute or the value + of an attribute of one or more objects. Each action in the + environment is given a node with a unique label. Like objects, + action nodes have the full repertoire of connectionist + behaviors including reception, accumulation and transference of + activation. In addition, action nodes have a procedure and a + function associated with them. The function accepts an object + and determines if the action is enabled with respect to that + object. The procedure contains the semantic instructions for + performing the action when the node is activated. + + 4) Action Attributes Many actions can be performed in more + than one way. For instance, a player in a game of tag must + decide not only to flee, but also in which direction to flee. + The direction can be thought of as an attribute of the action. + One node with a unique label is assigned to each possible + attribute of each action defined. The attribute is explicitly + bound to the action it is responsible for helping to perform. + One attribute may belong to many actions. The action attributes + accumulate activation but do not transfer it. + + 2.2 Connection Types + Connectionist networks normally define their connections by the + type of activation that they convey. Thus the connections are either + inhibitory or excitory. Semantic systems usually define their + connections by the type of relationship that they represent. Thus, we + have IS-A links, HAVE links, MEMBER links and so forth. TEMPERAMENTAL + programs do both. Each connection is assigned a semantic meaning used + in making the connection and in adjusting its weights. It is also + assigned a role in spreading activation that defines it as either a + companion, excitory, or enemy connection. Finally, each connection is + + + + + + + + 3 + + assigned a directionality. Being a companion or an enemy connection + in a TEMPERAMENTAL system is not the same thing as being inhibitory + or excitory in a normal connectionist network. Companion connections + between two nodes represent, with a certain strength, the possibility + that the two nodes will co-activate. Enemy connections represent the + possibility, with a certain strength, that two nodes will not co- + activate. Therefore, whether a connection passes along an inhibitory + or an excitory signal depends not only on what kind of connection it + is, but also on what kind of activation the node received. If a node + receives an excitory signal then it would send an excitory signal + along its companion connections. But if the signal received by the + node was inhibitory, then it would send inhibitory signals along its + companion connections. + In general we can think of the activation received by a node as + containing a message. Excitory activations contain the message that, + "You are my friend." Inhibitory activations contain the message that, + "You are my enemy." The goal is not to pass the form of the message + along intact, but rather the content. Therefore, we can follow these + old proverbs: + + "The friend of my friend is my friend." + "The enemy of my friend is my enemy." + "The friend of my enemy is my enemy." + "The enemy of my enemy is my friend." + + + After running experiments with the system I found that it was + absolutely necessary for there to be strictly excitory connections as + well as companion connections. The justification can be understood by + imagining this situation: Let's say that a friend of yours has the + peculiar habit of walking backwards every once in a while. After he + walks backwards he always walks forwards again. Now, of course you + will get an expectation that he will walk backwards from seeing him + walk backwards, but from seeing him walk forwards again you also will + get a negative expectation (called an exclusive connection in + TEMPERAMENTAL programming) that he will walk backwards (these + connections are talked about soon). Further, he always walks forwards + after he walks backwards so you get a very strong positive + expectation that this will be the sequence of events. Now, since he + does not walk backwards very often, your negative expectation for his + walking backwards grows very strong, stronger than your positive + expectation that he will walk backwards. When wondering whether your + friend will walk forwards or backwards, which will you say? + Intuitively, you will say that he will walk forwards. But imagine + that the expectation for the sequencing is a companion connection as + outlined above. There is a very strong negative expectation that gets + fed to walking backwards, and walking backwards has a very strong + companion connection to walking forwards through sequencing. This + companion connection is a path that will convey this strong negative + expectation about walking backwards to walking forward. Because the + weight of the sequence connection is so strong the negative energy is + not diminished very much as it moves along the path, and it may even + + + + + + + + 4 + + be enough to cause you to have more belief that he will walk + backwards than you do that he will walk forward. + That is all wrong! Just because you don't believe something + will happen doesn't mean that you also believe what usually follows + it won't happen. You remain neutral regarding what will follow it. If + the preceding action A occurs, then it raises your expectation that + the following action B will occur, but the unlikelihood of A merely + means that B will have to get activation from some other source if it + is to compete with your other expectations. Therefore, your + sequencing expectations are not companion but strictly excitory. + Another way of putting it is to remember that companion connections + represent co-activation, but sequences are serial activations, not + co-activations. Therefore, sequence expectations are not companions. + In the following discussion the terms "giver node" and "giving + node" refer to the node which passes activation along in the + connection. The terms "receiver node" and "receiving node" refer to + the node which acquires activation from the connection. In two-way + connections both nodes are givers and also receivers. + + 1) Expectation Connections Expectation connections are formed + between objects and the actions that they perform. The heuristic is, + if an object is performing an action then establish an expectation + connection between the object and the action. Expectation connections + are two-way and companion. + + 2) Exclusive Connections Of course, sometimes attributes an + object possesses make it less likely to perform an action. Exclusive + connections try to capture these kinds of relationships. Formation of + exclusive connections is motivated by an object changing the action + it is performing. When an object stops performing an action, make an + exclusive connection between each attribute the object had at the + moment it stopped and the action no longer being performed. Also make + a connection between the object and the action. The idea is that the + attribute responsible will eventually emerge as the connection is re- + enforced through the attribute's continual presence when the action + is not being performed and absence when it is. + + 3) Focus Connections The idea of a focus is currently ill + defined. Many actions seem to have them, though. If one object is + pursuing another, the focus of the action is the object being + pursued. However, a focus relation is not symmetric. A zebra may flee + a lion even though the lion is not concerned with the zebra at all; + thus the lion is the focus of the zebra's action but the zebra is not + the focus of the lion's action. Vaguely, we can think of the focus of + an action as being the object which motivates it. The focus object of + giving flowers is a loved one, the focus object of driving to work is + the place of employment, etc. + In the performance of any action with a focus there are at + least three nodes involved, the performer, the focus object and the + action. The TEMPERAMENTAL system makes a focus connection between the + performer and the focus object. The connection is two-way companion. + + + + + + + + 5 + + The TEMPERAMENTAL system also makes a connection from the action to + the focus object. The connection is two-way companion. + One reason the system makes separate connections for the action + and the performer is because it is naive. It does not know if this + relationship holds because of the focus object's relationship to the + performer or because of some special relationship to the action, or + both. For instance, the net must be able to capture fixations one + object might have for another without contaminating the connection + for the action in general. By separating the focus connections we are + able to maintain a strong relationship between the performer and the + focus object without the focus object becoming a fixation of the + action also. + Another reason for making the connections separately is to + reduce the number of connections the system has to make. The number + of connections that need to be made are roughly exponential to the + number of nodes involved in the connection. Full connectivity between + four objects and five actions in triplet form would require 80 + (4 5 4) connections; however, in pairs of doubles the same set of + associations is represented with only 36 connections (4 4) + (5 4). + Finally, representation as pairs of doublets can be defended on the + grounds of ineffectiveness. More complicated connections would work + too well. A learner that remembered in triplets, or quadruplets, or + whatever is necessary would always know exactly what to expect. Why + even have a scene represented by sets of connections? Why not have + the entire scene captured in one big beautiful connection? The reason + is that no learner ever actually does learn that well. The doublets + crystallize the correct expectation or response much of the time, but + we cannot be sure they will do so. + + 4) Using Connections Many actions require tools or use + objects in some other way. The TEMPERAMENTAL system should make + connections to these tools. Therefore, a two-way companion connection + is made between the object performing the action and the tool being + used. Also, the system makes a using connection from the action being + performed to the object being used. The connection is two-way. The + connection from the user object to the used object, and the + connection from the action to the used object are separated for the + same reasons given for separating the focus connections. + + 5) Sequence Connections If an object is performing an action + A one moment and an action B the next, then form a sequence + connection from action A to action B. The sequence connection is one- + way and strictly excitory from A to B. + + 6) Dependency Connections Action attributes depend on the + attributes of the objects involved. Therefore, in a situation where + object O1 is performing action A1, using O2 with focus O3, make + dependency connections between A1's current attribute and the + attributes of O1, O2 and O3. The dependency connections are from + dynamic attributes to action attributes, and the connection-making + strategy is naive. For each object involved, make a dependency + + + + + + + + 6 + + connection from each attribute of the object to each current + attribute of the action. + + 7) Cooperative Connections Each action has a function + attached to it that decides if any given object is able to perform an + action. Cooperative connections are formed based on the following + rules. + a) If the action possesses attributes, then the object is + enabled or disabled with respect to action/attribute pairs, and not + just the action. + b) If an action (or an action/attribute pair) is disabled with + respect to an object one moment and enabled the next, then make a + cooperative connection from the disabled object to the action the + object was just performing. + Again, the connection making strategy is naive and the connection is + one-way companion from the newly enabled action to the actions which + the object was involved with. + + 8) Competitive Connections Competitive connections are the + opposite of cooperative connections. If an action was enabled with + respect to some object and then becomes disabled, make competitive + connections between the newly disabled action and the action the + object was just performing. The connection is one-way enemy from the + newly disabled action to the action suspected. + Cooperative and competitive connections are meant to convey + information from an action to other actions about the likelihood that + the other action's occurrence will enable/disable the action sending + the activation. In real environments, in addition to actions being + disabled and enabled by other actions an object performs, they may + also be affected by actions that the object is a focus of or used by, + and also by circumstances arrived at indifferently to the object. + Presently, TEMPERAMENTAL programming does not take into account this + complication. + + 9) Connections from dynamic attributes to other nodes + Whenever a connection is made between an object O and another node, + then a connection is also made between each dynamic attribute of O + and the node. + + 2.3 Learning By Making and Breaking Connections + As mentioned, all the strategies for making the different kinds + of connections are naive. They will each result in many spurious + connections between nodes. This is done on principle. A connection is + made between nodes only if one does not already exist, and if a + connection does not already exist then the system has no way of + knowing, a priori, that it is spurious. TEMPERAMENTAL programming + balances its naivet‚ with methods for discovering and breaking the + spurious connections as it gains experience. Additionally, the + technique for spreading activation includes mechanisms to safeguard + against undiscovered spurious connections achieving an inordinate + amount of influence. Finally, the TEMPERAMENTAL system has more than + one learning mode, and the rules for making connections are applied + + + + + + + + 7 + + differently in each. The learning modes are characterized as + "Beginner" and "Expert," but do not take the names to mean that they + model how beginners or experts actually learn. They just denote that + one method is used early and the other later in the learning cycle + for the TEMPERAMENTAL program. Originally, they differed in two + important respects. They differed first concerning the level at which + they consider a connection to have degraded and gone bad, and + secondly they differed in how they treat a connection that has + degraded but is a candidate for being reconsidered. After running + experiments I found that a rudimentary ability to discover and remove + irrelevant connections that maintain strong weights was desirable. + The system was extended to incorporate this ability in expert mode. + After a connection is made, the weight on it is continually + being adjusted to reflect the system's experience in its environment. + Experience then causes some connections to strengthen and others to + weaken. When a connection becomes too weak it is considered to have + degraded and is broken, but it is saved by the system in a list of + bad'' connections. In Beginner mode, the system sets a relatively + low level for a connection to be broken. In addition, if the + TEMPERAMENTAL system subsequently has a reason to form the connection + again, it is automatically taken off of the bad'' list and re- + established at its previous strength level. + In Expert mode the system is more skeptical about its + connections. The level at which a connection is considered degraded + and broken is higher and it is not as easy to retrieve a connection + from the bad'' list. A confidence function is defined, and a + connection is only retrieved from the bad'' list if the system has + confidence in it. Confidence is based on the experience the system + has working with the receiver node of the connection. Specifically, + the confidence function is: + c = Bias Signal + If c > 1 and the signal was excitory, then the system has + confidence in the connection, or if c < 1 and the signal was + inhibitory, then the system has confidence in the connection; + otherwise, the system does not have confidence in the connection. The + signal is the value received by the giver node and that is being + considered for transference to the receiver node. The Bias is given + by: + Bias = log10(CurrentTotal)/log10(HighestTotal) + where CurrentTotal is the total number of opportunities on the weight + records of the connection under consideration, and HighestTotal is + the highest number of opportunities from other connections from the + same kind of node (object, action, dynamic_attribute, etc) that are + also currently relevant to the receiver node. The log10 of these + totals is taken to flatten the shape of the bias. Only large + differences should play a significant role in shaking confidence. + Differences within an order of magnitude do not matter a great deal. + For example, in the game of tag we may define a dynamic + attribute for objects that specifies their current distance from the + tagged player. A dependency connection from the dynamic attribute of + distance to flee's action attribute for direction will be made + + + + + + + + 8 + + whenever an object is fleeing from that distance. We may represent + the connection this way: + + connection(dependency(da, aa), + distance(21, 23), + [flee, change(minusminus), + [[frequency, 3, 3], [recency, 1]]). + + Distance(21, 23) means the player is between 21 and 23 units from the + it, [flee, change(minusminus)] is the receiver node and means that + the flee action should be in the minus X direction and the minus Y + direction, and the last spot contains the information for calculating + the weight of the connection. The frequency means that for 3 out of 3 + times that an object has been at that distance and fled, it has fled + in the minusminus direction. + Now let us imagine there is another connection currently + relevant to the flee action. This signal comes from + direction(plusplus) and goes to the attribute change(plusplus). The + weights are [[frequency, 450, 578], [recency, 1]]. Naively, a + connection of 450 out of 578 is weaker than a connection of 3 out of + 3. The question is, should we accept the weights naively? The + confidence function does not. The fact that one connection has only + had 3 chances to be related to the flee attribute while the other has + had 578 chances should be taken into account. It is likely that the + perfect correlation between the former weight was just coincidence + resulting from the smaller sample size. We use the larger total as a + standard to bias the multiplier. Therefore, we obtain a bias + Bias = log10(3)/log10(578) = 0.172 + The bias is used to obtain the confidence for the activation + signal. Say the signal is 1.4, then + c = 1.4 0.172 = 0.24 + Since 1 is the neutral signal, the bias has changed the signal from + excitory to inhibitory and there is no confidence in the connection. + Experiments turned up the need for a test for spuriousness + independent of the strength of the connection or the confidence in + it. Some connections from attributes to other nodes will remain + strong because there are only a small number of actions to be + performed, and the attribute has no effect on performance. Since the + attribute has no effect on performance, the connection simply records + the independent tendency of the system to perform the particular + action and this tendency may be very high. Therefore, the connection + never becomes weak and never degrades. Additionally, it may be an + attribute that the objects possess quite frequently, thus making its + opportunities high, enabling it to pass the confidence test. To catch + these kinds of connections the TEMPERAMENTAL system implements a + relevancy test for keeping a connection when in Expert mode. Because + it was added late, the mechanism is quite crude and only tests for + the relevancy of connections between dynamic attributes and actions. + However, I believe that natural extensions to the present theory + + + + + + + + 9 + + would smoothly allow more sophisticated tests1. The relevancy test + hinges on the variation of connection strength between different + values of a dynamic attribute and the action being considered. A + connection between a dynamic attribute's value and an action is + relevant if it satisfies at least one of these criteria: + 1) The frequency on the connection for this value of the + attribute varies significantly from the average frequency for + connections between the other values of the + attribute and the action. + + 2 a) Some values of the attribute are not connected to the + action, + b) the unconnected values possess some connections to some + actions, and + c) the system has confidence in at least one of these + connections. + + 3) The dynamic attribute has only one value. + + The explanation for 2 is simple. If only some values of an + attribute are connected to the action, then the system must decide if + this implies that the connection from the attribute value under + consideration to the action under consideration is, indeed, + significant. To decide, it checks to see if the unconnected values + have been encountered before. If they have been encountered + frequently enough that the system has gained confidence in one of the + connections from them, then the system assumes that the reason the + unconnected value is unconnected is because the value of the dynamic + attribute does, indeed, make a difference. On the other hand, if it + has no confidence in any connections to the unconnected value + (meaning that it does not have much experience with it), then it + makes the assumption that if the connection existed, then it would + not make a difference to the final average. If a connection is deemed + irrelevant, it is put on a list of irrelevant connections and can + never be retrieved. + To recap, in Beginner mode the level for degradation of + connections is set relatively low and connections are retrieved from + the bad'' list readily. In expert mode, the level for degradation + is raised and a connection is retrieved from the bad'' list only if + the system has confidence in it, and a test for the irrelevancy of + connections between dynamic attributes and actions is implemented. + These two strategies applied serially are generally enough to + preserve the good connections and to remove the spurious ones. + + + + 1 The extensions that I have in mind include establishing + category nodes for dynamic attributes and relations between dynamic + attributes. The category nodes would help control the flow of + activation and are something I planned to add to a more sophisticated + system well before considering the relevancy issue. It is fortuitous + that they should be able to help with relevancy also. + + + + + + + + 10 + + 2.4 Learning by Adjusting Weights + Unlike many other connectionist systems, the weights on + connections never settle into a learned state but are continually + recalculated from moment to moment to reflect the learner's + experiences in the environment. The weights are calculated from the + average of frequency and a recency function, or + w = (fq + f(rc))/2 + The frequency portion of the weight also consists of two + measures. The first measure is of the frequency of success of the + connection, and the second measure is of the number of opportunities + to succeed that the connection has had. Remember, each connection has + a semantic meaning, and the meaning denotes a relationship between + the nodes connected (focus, using, expectation, etc). We use this + semantic meaning to determine if the relationship between the nodes + is satisfied in the current moment. If it is, then we increment the + success portion of the frequency weight. We can also determine if the + current moment contained situations in which there was an opportunity + for the relationship to be satisfied. We then increment the + opportunities portion of the frequency weight for each opportunity + found. The frequency is then simply: + fq = Successes/Opportunities + A connection is degraded if its frequency function falls below a set + level. The level is set by the learning mode, Beginner or Expert , + that the TEMPERAMENTAL program is in. + While the frequency function reflects the overall trends in the + environment, TEMPERAMENTAL systems can also be biased towards the + recent past. If a relationship denoted by a connection is currently + satisfied, we shall represent this by assigning the connection a + recency weight of 1. If the relationship could have been satisfied + but was not, then the recency weight will be incremented by 1 from + whatever its current level is. Thus, if a relationship is currently + satisfied its recency goes to 1, and then if it goes 3 opportunities + without being satisfied the recency will be at 4. A limit on the + amount recency may be incremented is established, and the value + associated with each recency is between 0 and 1. The values are + stored in a table with the number 1 having the highest value and the + values then decreasing sharply downward. The table used by SALMON had + the values + recency_table(1, 0.80). + recency_table(_, 0.65). + The value given by 1 must be below 1.0 so that perfect + correlations in the frequency function do not endlessly cycle through + the network. I tried differences greater than 0.15 between the high + value and the low value, but they seemed to cause the system to + continually repeat it's last action. 0.80 seems to work well, at + least for this particular implementation. The other weight was + similarly hand-tuned. As it turns out, the rule governing what values + should be in the table is the obvious one they should reflect the + effect recency has in the environment to be learned. Since the + simulation I wrote to act as an environment for SALMON only biases + its players towards their most recent behavior without regard for + more than the immediate past, only the value for 1 should be biased + + + + + + + + 11 + + in the learner. Allowing many more levels of "memory" by adding to + the table produces a bias towards recent behavior not found in the + simulation. + + 2.5 Adjusting Particular Connections + 1) The Expectation Connection The expectation connection is + satisfied if object O is performing the action expected. An + opportunity occurs if the object is enabled to perform the action. + 2) The Exclusive Connection An exclusive connection between + attributes and actions is a success if the object is not performing + the action, is enabled to perform the action, and has the attribute. + An opportunity for an exclusive connection occurs whenever the object + has the attribute, was previously performing the excluded action, and + is currently enabled to perform it. Successes and opportunities + between objects and actions in exclusive connections are judged + similarly, except the judgement is made without regard to attributes + the object may possess. + 3) Focus Connections The focus connection between objects is + satisfied between O1 and O2 if O2 currently is the focus of O1's + action. There is an opportunity if some object is the focus of O1. + The focus connection from an action to an object is satisfied if the + object is currently the focus of the action. An opportunity exists if + the action is being performed. Since an action can be multiply + instantiated, the adjustment must take into account each + instantiation. + 4) Using Connections A success in a using connection between + objects O1 and O2 occurs if O1 is using O2. An opportunity occurs if + O1 is using something. A success for using connections between + objects and actions occurs for an action A and an object O2 if the + action A is currently using O2. An opportunity occurs if the action + is being performed and is using something. + 5) Sequence Connections A success for a sequence connection + from A1 to A2 occurs if an object is performing A1 one moment and A2 + the next. An opportunity occurs if an object was performing A1 at the + previous moment. + 6) Dependency Connections A successful dependency connection + occurs when an object is performing the action with the specified + attribute, and either it has the dynamic attribute or the focus of + its action has the dynamic attribute. An opportunity occurs if an + object is performing the action and either the object or its focus + has the attribute. + 7) Cooperative Connections A success for a cooperative + connection occurs if the giving action in the connection becomes + enabled with respect to an object after being disabled, and the + object just performed the receiving action. An opportunity occurs + simply if the giving node was disabled with respect to an object and + the receiving action was performed by the object. An alternative way + to count an opportunity would be if the giving node changed states + from disabled to enabled. This alternative method captures the + likelihood that a change in state is caused by the receiving node, + whereas the method used captures the likelihood that the receiving + node being performed will cause the change in state. Since the + + + + + + + + 12 + + connection is used by the giver to enable itself, the method used was + deemed to provide the more valuable information. + 8) Competitive connections A competitive connection is a + success if the giving action was enabled with respect to an object, + and became disabled after the object was performing the receiving + action. An opportunity is occurs if the giving action was previously + enabled and then becomes disabled. + + 3.0 Spreading Activation + + Once the TEMPERAMENTAL learner has had a significant number of + moments observing the environment he may participate. Participation + in an environment occurs by inputting activation into the + connectionist network it built as an observer and letting the + activation spread through the nodes. Before spreading activation, all + nodes have their activation levels returned to a start'' point. + There is no need to save the activation levels from previous + computations because the result is captured in the recency weights on + the connections. The input nodes into the net are the ones + corresponding to the objects presently in the environment and the + actions that they are performing. Thus, the nodes input into are not + fixed, but rather change with every moment. This is in stark contrast + to many other connectionist architectures, particularly those which + use back-propagation, which are arranged hierarchically with fixed + input and output nodes. Each node passes activation along its + connections to other nodes and uses the information on the + connections to determine a transfer value for the activation. + Following is a discussion of the factors used to calculate the + transfer value. + + 3.1 Relevance of a connection + Nodes form many connections, not all of which are relevant at + any given time. Before a connection can transfer a signal from one + node to another, it must pass a relevance test. A connection is + relevant if one or more of the following are true: + 1) At least one of the nodes is the relevant object. + 2) The connection is a sequence connection and the relevant + object is enabled with respect to the giving node. + 3) At least one of the nodes is a dynamic attribute of the + relevant object. + 4) The connection is not an expectation or exclusive connection + and at least one of the nodes is currently the focus of the + relevant object. + 5) The connection is not an expectation or exclusive connection + and at least one of the nodes is a dynamic attribute possessed + by an object that currently is the focus of the relevant + object. + 6) The connection is an expectation or exclusive connection, at + least one of the nodes is currently the focus of the learner, + and the focus is enabled with respect to the action involved. + 7) The connection is an expectation or exclusive connection, at + least one of the nodes is a dynamic attribute possessed by an + + + + + + + + 13 + + object that currently is the focus of the learner, and the + focus is currently enabled with respect to the action involved. + 8) The relevant object is currently the focus of at least one + of the nodes. + 9) At least one of the nodes is an attribute of an object which + currently has the relevant object as its focus. + + The relevant object is usually the learner but may be changed + dynamically to suit the system's purpose. Detailed discussion of + tests 4 - 7 is deferred until section 9. Activation is input into the + network as excitory through the nodes corresponding to each object + and each action present in the environment. The point of view of the + learner is achieved by biasing the input into the nodes representing + itself and the action it is currently performing. The bias multiplies + the normal input level. + + + 3.2 The Transfer Function + Each input represents a signal which increases the activation + level of the node receiving it. Signals above one are excitory and + signals between 0 and 1 are inhibitory. Every time a signal passes + through a connection, it is moved closer to the neutral value. + Eventually all activation stops as the signals expend their energy + moving through connections. The transfer function takes the values + stored in the connection as arguments and determines how much energy + the signal will expend traversing the connection. When an activation + expends so much energy traversing a connection that it falls within a + defined neighborhood of 1, then it is exhausted and is not + transferred. + All signals are input as excitory. If an excitory signal must + pass through an enemy connection, then it becomes inhibitory. If M is + the excitory value of the signal, then 1/M is the inhibitory value. + Conversely, an inhibitory signal passing through an enemy connection + becomes excitory (see section 2.3). If M is the value of the + inhibitory signal, its corresponding excitory value is 1/M. + Otherwise, the signal maintains its type. + We define for each connection a raw weight. The raw weight of a + connection is the average of the frequency function and the recency + function given by + rw = (fq + f(rc))/2 (see section 2.4) + The actual weight of the connection is dependent on the type of + signal being transferred. If the signal being transferred is + inhibitory then the actual weight is given by + actual = 1/rw + Otherwise, actual = rw + The signal received is multiplied by the actual weight of the + connection, which always moves the signal closer to 1 than it was + before passing through the connection. If it becomes too close to 1 + then the signal is not transferred. An additional check is made by + passing the signal and connection to the confidence function. The + confidence function bias may move the activation even further towards + the neutral level. Recall, the confidence bias is given by + + + + + + + + 14 + + Bias = log10(Giver)/log10(HighestRelevant) + + where Giver is the opportunity value on the connection the signal is + passing through, and HighestRelevant is the highest opportunity of + any connection currently relevant to the receiver node, the reciever + node is also receiving in the HighestRelevant connection, and the + giver node in the HighestRelevant connection is of the same type as + the giver node in the Giver connection (See section 2.3 for a + detailed discussion of the confidence function). If the signal fails + the confidence test then it is not transferred. + When signals are passed through object nodes, three things + occur. + + 1) The object's activation level is multiplied by the signal + received. + 2) The signal is transferred to all relevant nodes connected to + the object. + 3) The signal is transferred to all relevant nodes connected to + the object's dynamic attributes. + + When activation is passed through an action, two things occur. + + 1) Its activation level is multiplied by the signal. + 2) The signal is transferred to all relevant nodes connected to + it. + + Dynamic attributes do not have activation levels. They merely + act as conduits for signals from objects to other nodes. The transfer + function for a connection involving a dynamic attribute is exactly + the same as for connections involving any other kind of nodes. There + is no penalty as the signal moves from the object to its dynamic + attributes, but the transfer function is applied as the signal + propagates from the dynamic attribute to other nodes. + Currently, a signal passing through a dynamic attribute is + finagled sometimes. More than one object may possess any given + attribute at any given time. If many objects with relatively weak + activation levels possess an attribute, the nodes connected to that + attribute receive a great deal of activation. Generally, this is + enough to overpower the effect of any dynamic attributes represented + by only a single object. However, this group effect is often not + desirable, as the system is really concerned only with the effects + associated with individuals and does not care how they are grouped. + To correct this grouping effect, whenever a signal is passed through + a multiply instantiated dynamic attribute the system biases the + signal in the following way divide the activation level of the + object the signal is emanating from by the highest activation level + of the other objects with the dynamic attribute, and then multiply + the signal by this ratio. That is, if object O is passing a signal M + through its attribute DA, then + + GroupingBias = activation level(O)/activation level(O2) + + + + + + + + 15 + + where O2 is the most highly activated object possessing that + attribute. + + In principle, a multiply instantiated attribute could still + greatly affect the result obtained in the network, but in practice + activation levels quickly diverge so only the activation from the + most highly activated possessor has much influence. Of course, + sometimes a group effect is appropriate. This solution is temporary + and, admittedly, a compromise. A better solution would be for the + system to determine for itself when a group effect matters, and + choose its strategy for spreading activation appropriately. + Action attributes merely collect activation. They do not + transfer it. So when a signal is received by an action attribute then + the attribute's activation level is modified and the activation stops + there. + + 3.3 Choosing an Action + + Once activation has been input and spread into the network, + then the learner decides on the course of action to be taken. There + are no thresholds in TEMPERAMENTAL programs. Competition between + nodes is strictly the accumulation of wealth, wealth being + represented by the activation level. The procedure for choosing an + action is as follows: + 1) Choose the action with the highest activation level. + 2) If the learner is enabled with respect to this action, go to + choosing an attribute. + 3) Else choose the action with the next highest activation + level. + 4) Go to step 2. + + Once an action has been chosen, then the system must decide on + an attribute. The procedure is as follows: + 1) If the action has no attributes, perform the action. + 2) Else, choose the attribute with the highest activation + level. + 3) If the learner is enabled with respect to this + action/attribute pair then perform the action with that + attribute. + 4) Else, input activation into the highly activated node and + spread the activation only through the cooperative and + competitive connections, then go to "Choosing an action."1 + + + + + 1The algorithm does not call for the system to search for the + next most highly activated attribute because, generally, this is not + reliable. It is not unusual for only the appropriate attribute to + have been activated. Therefore, choosing the next highest would be + random. Spreading the energy from the cooperative and competitive + brings out the appropriate response. + + + + + + + + 16 + + If the action requires a focus, then choose the highest + activated object in the environment which the semantics say is + appropriate and available. If the action requires a tool, then choose + the highest activated object in the environment which the semantics + say is appropriate and available. + The execution of the action consists of running a procedure + which affects the properties or relationships of objects in the + environment. These semantics are responsible for specifying and + choosing a focus if one is needed, and also any tools. Additionally, + it is responsible for making any changes in the tools, focus or + learner that are necessary. In execution of it's duties, the + semantics are empowered to spread activation through the learner in + appropriate ways, including simulating other points of view by + altering which node the input bias is used on and sending signals to + nodes which are not currently present in the environment. This is how + the system answers "What if?" questions, and, also, can daydream. The + daydreaming ability is realized by allowing activation to be input + into the network from within the TEMPERAMENTAL program as well as by + the environment. In principle, the TEMPERAMENTAL system can activate + any arbitrary combination of nodes and see what consequences follow. + This capability can be used to theorize, daydream, imagine + counterfactuals, etc. Its greatest advantage is that, harnessed and + used in a sophisticated manner, it could help the system learn. + + 4.0 SALMON + + A TEMPERAMENTAL system has been implemented to learn the game + of tag by observing the execution of a discrete event simulation of + the game. The system was implemented in Quintus Prolog version 2.0 on + a SUN Sparcstation. The name of the implemented program is SALMON. + The simulation outputs a game state from moment to moment which is + then translated by an interface module into a predicate language that + SALMON and his TEMPERAMENTAL learning mechanism can understand. + The only objects in the environment are the players. The number + of players varied from 4 to 7. The number of players does not affect + SALMON's performance after he has learned, but during learning a high + number of players gives better results. Two factors are responsible. + First, more players give a statistically better sampling so we would + expect better behavior. The second reason has to do with the way the + simulation is programmed. If a player is being chased, it always + flees. Therefore, if you have a small number of players then one is + always tagged and of the remaining players at least one is always + fleeing. Therefore, the sample becomes biased towards fleeing, + especially the sequence connections which will record the large + number of sequences that the chased player flees consecutively + without the less determined sequences of the other players tempering + it. After the learning period, SALMON can be inserted as a player and + participate in the game. Upon insertion, the simulation simply + transfers control to SALMON whenever it is time to decide what his + next move will be. After SALMON has decided and executed his + decision, control passes back to the simulation. + Six actions were defined for the game: + + + + + + + + 17 + + 1) Flee An untagged player flees by increasing the distance + between himself and the player currently tagged. + 2) Tease An untagged player teases by decreasing the distance + between himself and the player currently tagged. + 3) Chase The tagged player chases another player by + decreasing the distance between himself and the player being + chased. + 4) Count After a tag has been made, the newly tagged player + must stand still and count for a specified number of moments. + 5) Make-tag If an untagged player is within one step of the + tagged player, then the tagged player may make a tag on the + untagged player. Making a tag consists of transferring the + tagged attribute. + 6) Stayput A player may, at any time, stand still. + + Three different kinds of dynamic attributes were defined which + objects (players) in the environment can possess. + 1) Being tagged SALMON was informed who was currently tagged + by making tagged a dynamic attribute. In real life there are + versions of the game of tag, such as ball tag where the it + carries a ball allowing being tagged to be physically + observable. We can think of this game of tag as being like ball + tag. + + 2) Distance from the it Since the currently tagged player is + the focal point of the game, SALMON was informed of the + distance each player was from the it at each moment. This + distance was presented as a dynamic attribute of the players. + + 3) Direction from the it The it was also considered the + origin (0,0) of a cartesian graph, and the direction that each + player was from the it was attached to objects as a dynamic + attribute. The directions were (in (X Y) notation): (plus + plus), (plus minus), (plus same), (minus plus), (minus minus), + (minus same), (same plus), and (same minus). + + The action attributes were the general direction which any of + the movement actions could take. They were mapped onto the direction + from the it dynamic attributes with the addition of (same same) for + standing still. + + 5.0 The Simulation + + The simulation was a discrete event simulation in which each + player's next set of attributes was determined solely from his + current set, mostly without regard to changes in any other player's + attributes. The player's strategies were quite straightforward. If a + player was tagged he chose another player to chase based on a + function of that player's distance from him and the difference in + their speeds. Chasing a player meant decreasing the difference + between the pursuer's X and Y coordinates so that they converged + towards the chased player's coordinates. + + + + + + + + 18 + + Player's who were untagged had a choice of actions: tease, + flee, and stayput. Functions were also defined for these actions + based on a player's current distance from the it and the difference + in speed between the player and the it. This function returned a + value between 0 and 1. A uniformly distributed random number was + generated, and if it was below the value returned by the function + then the action being considered was performed, otherwise another + action was considered. The functions were defined so that faster or + more distant players were more likely to tease or stand still. Slower + or nearer players were likely to flee. Fleeing players were not given + knowledge about how to use open space or any other sophisticated + strategies. The playing field was bounded and untagged players were + not allowed to go out of bounds + + 6.0 The Interface to the Learner + + SALMON was always provided with the following information about + the current moment and the immediately preceding moment. A translator + was responsible for asserting + 1) clauses telling SALMON what objects were performing what + actions, with any attributes included. + 2) clauses telling SALMON what the focus of each action and + object was. + 3) clauses informing SALMON what the dynamic attributes + possessed by the objects were. + 4) clauses saying which actions were enabled and disabled with + regard to each object. + + These clauses play the role of a rather sophisticated + perceptual system. In particular, informing SALMON of the focus of + actions and objects assumes a highly developed instinct. Such + recognition in animals requires hardwired instincts for recognizing + certain traits in the environment; brightly colored objects, sudden + movement, movement in general, diminishing and increasing distances, + concepts of personal space, etc. Additionally, such recognition uses + inborn and developed abilities animals have to recognize what + satisfies and motivates them and allows them to project it to other + creatures. For instance, an animal is satisfied by food and so if it + sees another animal stalking prey, killing it and eventually eating + it, it is likely that it may know by projection that the killed + animal was the focus of all the killer's action. This is because the + actions led to a situation it desires, namely, satisfying hunger. + When another animal satisfies a similar desire, then the observing + animal perhaps feels a titular satisfaction also, and uses this + feeling to recognize that it should imitate. These subtle clues in + the environment and the internal models that allow animals to pick + them out are presently beyond the ability of the simulation to + provide or TEMPERAMENTAL systems to simulate. Therefore, it is + necessary that focus information be provided to SALMON. + The rules of the game were semantically encoded as enabling + conditions on actions. The rules were + 1) untagged players must stay in bounds. + + + + + + + + 19 + + 2) only tagged players can chase, count or make-tag. + 3) only untagged players can flee or tease. + 4) a player may only count if the count is above one. + + This information amounted to permission information for the + different actions. A great deal was left for SALMON to learn. In + particular, it had to discover that flee meant moving away from the + it, and, indeed, what it means to move away. It had to discover that + tease meant moving closer to the it and what moving closer is. It had + to induct the functions for deciding when to flee or tease, meaning + it had to tease more often when it was far away or the it was slower + and flee conversely. It had to discover what to do when it reaches a + boundary and cannot perform the action it would most like to. It had + to discover that it should make-tag when it is close to another + player. It had to discover that it should count after being tagged. + Finally, it had to learn to make the rather difficult judgement + concerning who to chase when it is tagged and what direction to move + in to run the player down. All in all, there was a great deal for the + system to learn. Of course, an on-going goal of TEMPERAMENTAL + programming as a research effort is to reduce the semantics that must + be provided to the system. Performing actions consisted simply of + updating the X and Y coordinates of SALMON, and his tagged attribute + if necessary. + + 7.0 Results + + The results were surprisingly good. The learning session + consisted of 500 moments watching the simulation in Beginner mode and + 1000 watching in Expert mode. SALMON was then inserted into the game + as various players. Scripts were written to files and animated. To + the naked eye, SALMON appears virtually identical to the simulated + players in an animation. Examination of the scripts and connections + reveals a difference between SALMON's behavior and the other players. + + Four scripts, inserting SALMON as a different player in each, + were run for 200 moments each. Each script was begun from the same + point in the action. The simulation was then run from this same point + without SALMON's participation. A comparison of the results of each + run with SALMON to the run without SALMON turned up some interesting + results. + + 7.1 Analysis + We can list each of the items available for SALMON to learn: + 1) Count after being tagged. + 2) Chase after counting. + 3) Choose a "reasonable" player to chase. + 4) Move in the direction of the player chosen for the chase. + 5) Tag players it is chasing when it gets close to them. + 6) Flee when close to the it. + 7) Flee more often if the it is faster than SALMON. + 8) When fleeing, move away from the it. + 9) Tease when further away from the it. + + + + + + + + 20 + + 10) Tease slower players more often. + 11) When teasing, move towards the it. + 12) Choose an appropriate move when at the boundaries. + 13) Stand still sometimes. + SALMON eventually learned to do 1-12 almost flawlessly. Still, + finding a training set that provided good tease behavior proved + difficult. In no training set would SALMON stand still. SALMON's + difficulty in picking up both these behaviors is related. Flee is + performed more often by untagged players than either tease or + stayput. As the disparity grows larger from flee to tease to stayput + SALMON has more and more difficulty deciding when the less frequently + performed actions are appropriate, and defaults to the global + tendency. Especially apparent was the tendency for SALMON to continue + with whatever action it was performing. Of course, the sequence + connection was responsible for this tendency, especially in the case + of fleeing which quite often follows itself in time. In a situation + in which tease has only a small advantage over flee for the other + connections, the sequence connection tended to make a huge difference + in favor of flee if SALMON was already fleeing. Eventually, I was + able to coax perfect tease behavior from SALMON but it took a great + deal of experimentation. The final result was not caused from an ad + hoc change, but rather resulted from the discovery of general faults + with the earlier versions of the system and corrections to them. The + changes were: + 1) The criteria which determines the momentary relevance of + connections must direct the spread of activation adequately. + Specifically, signals from the sequence connections should not be + spread unless SALMON is enabled for the giver node in the connection. + It makes no sense for SALMON to consider what follows from actions + that it cannot perform. + 2) In the same vein, expectation and exclusive connections to + an object which is SALMON's focus at the moment should not be spread + unless the focus object is enabled with respect to the action in the + connection. For example, if SALMON is focusing on the player that is + the it, SALMON should not spread activation to the expectation that + the it will flee. + 3) The values in the recency table should accurately reflect + the effect of recency in the environment to be learned. Improper + deviation's can cause SALMON to either care too much for the recent + past or disregard it totally. + 4) The sequence connections should be purely excitory rather + than companion. + These corrections to the original algorithm are not fully + general, but they are not completely ad hoc either. Rather, they are + moves in the right direction that an expanded TEMPERAMENTAL model + would have to improve upon. The first three problems can be + considered generally as controlling the spread of activation (1 & 2) + and correctly tuning the system's parameters (3). More detailed + discussion of these problems is deferred until section 10. Correction + 4, the redefinition of the sequence connection, occurred because the + natal stage of the theory made it easy to incorrectly define + connections, not from fundamental problems with the ideas behind the + + + + + + + + 21 + + theory. Basically, the terms need to be formalized. I did not realize + that sequence connections should not be companion because I was + working with a vague, intuitive idea of it. All the connections, + nodes and other elements of the system need more formal, precise + definitions. + The weight adjusting algorithm was pathologically bad in the + case of stayput. It is unusual for a player in the simulation to + perform stayput for more than 1, maybe 2, consecutive moments. + Expectation connections were strengthened whenever an object + performed an action it was enabled to perform, and weakened whenever + an object did not perform an action it was enabled to perform. + Oppositely, exclusive connections were strengthened whenever an + object was not performing an action that it was enabled to perform + and weakened whenever an object was performing the action. Since + objects generally had the same attributes (because they stood still) + when they stopped performing the stayput action as they had when they + started, the system strengthened the exclusive connection to stayput + nearly every time it strengthened the expectation connection! With + these adjustments nearly always canceling one another out, the system + never really built any power to excite stayput. I would like to add + however, as a caveat, that TEMPERAMENTAL programming really was not + designed to pick up on patterns like stayput behavior and I never + expected the system to do it. The system is designed to be able to + detect and mimic caused changes, whereas the stayput behavior by the + simulation's players is not only the least frequently performed, but + also the most uniformly distributed action and the one involving the + least amount of change. + On the positive side, the system nearly always had the correct + direction for whatever action it performed. It always counted after + being tagged, acted reasonably at the boundaries and made the tag + when it got close to a player it was chasing. What was, to me, more + impressive was the good behavior it showed when it had to chase. I + considered the chase decision to be the most difficult it had to make + and actually expected to get something more akin to a random walk + than a chase. Below is a typical excerpt from a script. In it, SALMON + is player number 4, the it. The first number in the clause is just an + index for the simulation to use in its memory management. The second + number is the player number. The next two are the X and Y + coordinates, and, finally, the value of the tagged property and + action for each player. It is informative to study the script from + moment to moment. I provide comments to point out the interesting + facets of the chase. + + moment(Index, Player Number, X, Y, Property Value, Action) + + 1 The simulation is programmed so that the player being chased + always flees, so we know immediately that SALMON must be chasing + players 1, 7, or 2 since they are the only players fleeing. + + moment(1,4,22.1559,13.5921,tagged,chase) + moment(1,1,19.0,12.5,untagged,flee) + moment(1,7,17.9619,7.61374,untagged,flee) + + + + + + + + 22 + + moment(1,2,17.0,3.25,untagged,flee) + moment(1,5,39.8124,8.29486,untagged,tease) + moment(1,3,41.8862,6.32001,untagged,stayput) + moment(1,6,22.8083,9.09282,untagged,tease) + + 2 SALMON has continued to chase (as opposed to stayput, flee, + count, tease, make-tag, etc... we should remember it has to make a + choice at every moment) and has decreased both its X and Y + coordinates. Unfortunately, all the candidate players for being + chased have lower X and Y coordinates than SALMON so this doesn't + help us discover which it is chasing. + + moment(2,4,20.7559,12.1921,tagged,chase) + moment(2,1,17.5,11.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,7,16.6619,6.31374,untagged,flee) + moment(2,2,15.75,2.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,5,38.4624,9.64485,untagged,tease) + moment(2,3,43.1661,5.04001,untagged,flee) + moment(2,6,22.8083,9.09282,untagged,stayput) + + 3 SALMON has once again lowered his X and Y coordinate. Player 7 + has decided to tease, so we know that it must be chasing 1 or 2. + Notice that SALMON does not chase in a direction where there are no + players, nor does it chase in a direction where the closest player is + far away, like player 5 in the +X, +Y direction. + + moment(1,4,19.3558,10.7921,tagged,chase) + moment(1,1,16.0,9.5,untagged,flee) + moment(1,7,17.9619,7.61373,untagged,tease) + moment(1,2,15.75,3.25,untagged,flee) + moment(1,5,37.1124,10.9948,untagged,tease) + moment(1,3,41.8861,6.32001,untagged,tease) + moment(1,6,21.2582,10.6428,untagged,tease) + + 4 SALMON is consistent. It continues on its course and does not + take a random walk around the playing field. + + moment(2,4,17.9558,9.39204,tagged,chase) + moment(2,1,16.0,8.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,7,16.6619,6.31373,untagged,flee) + moment(2,2,15.75,2.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,5,35.7623,9.64484,untagged,tease) + moment(2,3,40.6061,7.60001,untagged,tease) + moment(2,6,22.8082,9.0928,untagged,flee) + + + + + + + + 23 + + 5 SALMON appears to be closing in. + + moment(1,4,16.5558,7.99204,tagged,chase) + moment(1,1,16.0,6.5,untagged,flee) + moment(1,7,15.3619,5.01373,untagged,flee) + moment(1,2,15.75,3.25,untagged,flee) + moment(1,5,34.4123,8.29483,untagged,tease) + moment(1,3,39.326,8.88,untagged,tease) + moment(1,6,24.3582,7.5428,untagged,flee) + + 6 It will be a difficult choice who to finish off among the three + players all bunched up together. + + moment(2,4,15.1558,6.59204,tagged,chase) + moment(2,1,16.0,5.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,7,15.3619,3.71373,untagged,flee) + moment(2,2,15.75,2.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,5,33.0623,6.94483,untagged,tease) + moment(2,3,38.046,7.60001,untagged,tease) + moment(2,6,25.9082,5.9928,untagged,flee) + + 7 SALMON inexplicably raises its Y coordinate, perhaps distracted + by player's 3 and 5, two of the slower players, both in that + direction. A simulation player would never do this, so SALMON has not + learned perfectly. Actually, I considered this good. I wanted + heuristic learning methods that gave good behavior but not perfect + behavior. I don't know any perfect biological learners. + + moment(1,4,16.5558,7.99203,tagged,chase) + moment(1,1,17.5,3.5,untagged,flee) + moment(1,7,16.6618,2.41373,untagged,flee) + moment(1,2,15.75,2.0,untagged,stayput) + moment(1,5,31.7122,5.59483,untagged,tease) + moment(1,3,39.326,8.88,untagged,flee) + moment(1,6,27.4582,4.44279,untagged,flee) + + 8 It seems back on track. SALMON has moved +X, -Y, so obviously it + is going after player 7. Player 1 is also in that direction but it is + teasing so can't be the player being chased. Player 1 is pretty fast, + but player 7 is slow. The tease by player 1 should tempt SALMON. + + moment(2,4,17.9557,6.59203,tagged,chase) + moment(2,1,16.0,5.0,untagged,tease) + moment(2,7,17.9618,1.11373,untagged,flee) + moment(2,2,15.75,2.0,untagged,stayput) + moment(2,5,33.0622,4.24483,untagged,flee) + moment(2,3,38.046,7.60001,untagged,tease) + moment(2,6,29.0082,2.8928,untagged,flee) + + + + + + + + 24 + + 9 SALMON is continuing after player 7. This is a good choice + because player 1 is faster than SALMON. + + moment(1,4,19.3557,5.19203,tagged,chase) + moment(1,1,16.0,3.5,untagged,flee) + moment(1,7,19.2618,1.11373,untagged,flee) + moment(1,2,15.75,3.25,untagged,flee) + moment(1,5,31.7122,5.59483,untagged,tease) + moment(1,3,36.7659,6.32001,untagged,tease) + moment(1,6,30.5582,1.3428,untagged,flee) + + 10 This is a tough situation for SALMON. The player it has been + chasing, player 7, is in the (plus minus) direction, but two players + in the (minus minus) direction appear to be only a step or two away + from being caught also. I am not sure what the simulation would do in + this circumstance. + + moment(2,4,17.9557,3.79203,tagged,chase) + moment(2,1,16.0,2.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,7,17.9618,1.11373,untagged,flee) + moment(2,2,15.75,2.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,5,30.3622,4.24483,untagged,tease) + moment(2,3,35.4859,5.04001,untagged,tease) + moment(2,6,32.1082,1.3428,untagged,flee) + + 11 SALMON goes after the two players and appears ready to finish + off the chase, decreasing its own X and Y coordinates for the second + moment in a row. I wonder if its decision here was affected by the + grouping? It appears close enough to tag either player 1 or player 2. + + moment(1,4,16.5557,2.39203,tagged,chase) + moment(1,1,16.0,3.5,untagged,flee) + moment(1,7,19.2618,1.11373,untagged,flee) + moment(1,2,15.75,3.25,untagged,flee) + moment(1,5,31.7122,5.59483,untagged,flee) + moment(1,3,34.2059,3.76001,untagged,tease) + moment(1,6,33.6581,1.3428,untagged,flee) + + 12 SALMON decides to make the tag. Remember, the semantics do not + force it to do so; the system was free to continue chasing + indefinitely. + + moment(2,2,15.75,3.25,tagged,count) + moment(2,4,16.5557,2.39203,untagged,make_tag) + moment(2,1,16.0,5.0,untagged,flee) + moment(2,7,20.5618,1.11373,untagged,flee) + moment(2,5,30.3622,4.24483,untagged,tease) + moment(2,3,32.9258,2.48001,untagged,tease) + moment(2,6,32.1081,2.8928,untagged,tease) + + Sequences such as this are typical and impressive. SALMON was + quite consistent in producing this kind of behavior when tagged. When + + + + + + + + 25 + + untagged, it also always chose a proper direction, the one real + problem, as mentioned earlier, is that it never stood still. + + 8.0 Issues Raised + + As it stands, SALMON and TEMPERAMENTAL programming cannot make + any strong claims about learning and cognition. Their most useful + contribution is as an exercise for determining just what abilities a + hybrid system built along these lines might have, what limitations, + and what problems need to be addressed. This section is a discussion + along those lines. + SALMON shares one limitation with human beings that is rather + interesting. As it tries to think'' about more than one issue + simultaneously its performance on all the issues deteriorates. This + is a consequence of using a bias on the input to simulate a point of + view. If only one bias is used SALMON performs very well. One bias is + like asking it What is object X (where X is the object receiving + the bias) going to do next?'' But if you wish to ask it to consider + two or more situations simultaneously then the ordering of activation + levels becomes less reliable. The highest activated objects and + actions sometimes may be appropriately paired together, but finding + the appropriate pairing for the second highest activated object and + action is more difficult. It is not a simple mapping. Since the brain + is highly parallel I have always thought it was mysterious that we + must focus so often on a single issue in order to think clearly about + it. The answer to how a limitation like this can arise in a parallel + network is not obvious. Therefore, I find it interesting that this + kind of concentration'' which also is a property of animal + intelligence should emerge from the highly parallel TEMPERAMENTAL + algorithm. + Neurons have been characterized simplistically as having all or + nothing firing behaviors. Accordingly, many connectionist nets use + thresholds and have nodes with all or nothing firing behavior. It is + significant that TEMPERAMENTAL systems diverge from this behavior. + The divergence can be defended on two grounds, one from the point of + view of connectionist systems and the other from the point of view of + semantic systems + 1) As a hybrid system, SALMON's nodes represent complex + concepts. These concepts would likely be represented in the brain by + many millions of neurons and not a single neuron. With any given + input, some neurons in this representation will fire as activation + spreads, even though the whole neural ensemble encoding the action or + object may not. The various biases in the TEMPERAMENTAL system, the + confidence function and connection weight, can be thought of as + representing the proportion of neurons in the ensemble representing + the giving concept that will fire into the receiving concept given a + certain level of activation passed into the whole ensemble1. The + + + 1 Of course, I am not saying that the actual strength is + captured by the weights on the connection. All I mean to imply is + that, in the brain, any ensemble of neurons will have constituents + + + + + + + + 26 + + highest activation levels at the end then represent the ensemble + which had the highest number of individual neural firings during + computation. + 2) On mentalistic grounds, spreading activation through a + transfer function can be defended on the basis of communication + between concepts. The TEMPERAMENTAL system must reason through time, + and therefore must take into account the future. Let us imagine that + action nodes had thresholds and the firing of a node represented a + decision to perform the action. In this case, the action could not + have input from the future about whether or not it should fire until + after the decision was made! Admittedly, a more complicated + interpretation could be put on the firing of a node, but that would + also require a more complicated algorithm for spreading activation. + It is better to use a transfer function and have nodes "fire" only + once, when computation is finished. + Philosophically, SALMON gains expectations from the simplest + possible induction over experience. It is interesting that a + calculation as simple as the successes/opportunities ratio is enough + to make the correct induction when magnified and balanced in a + network, even in SALMON's simplified world. Additionally, perfect + correlations lead to very strong expectations. SALMON's highest + action was often count regardless of the context. Only the semantic + enabling conditions kept it from always counting1. This is because + the count action had a perfect expectation. It was always performed + whenever it was enabled. This seems interestingly like how we might + take for granted propositions like, "The sun will rise tomorrow + + + receiving signals at any given time. Each of these individual neurons + participates in other ensembles and some will fire, sending signals + here and others over there. Some pairs of ensembles share more + interconnections between constituent neurons, and share more neurons, + than others. We can think of the TEMPERAMENTAL weights as vaguely + representing the degree to which neurons are interconnected or + outright shared between concepts. Therefore, the entire concept does + not have to "fire" to signal another concept, but only has to pass + along some proportion of the signals that its constituent neurons + send out from the signals that they receive. This is what the + transfer function does and explains why there are no thresholds on + nodes. + + + 1 Because so much emphasis has been put on explaining the + learning components of the system in this thesis, it may be tempting + to think of SALMON's semantic information as a kind of cheating, but + that is inappropriate. TEMPERAMENTAL programs are, by design, hybrid + systems with the semantic components in no way taking a back seat to + the knowledge contained in the connections. The whole point is that + they can work together to do things neither could do alone, or could + only do with much more difficulty. It would be just as easy to think + of the connectionist components as cheating to make up for what the + semantics cannot do. + + + + + + + + 27 + + morning." SALMON would not think of questioning the truth of that + statement, and neither, usually, do we. + + 8.1 Problems Exhibited by SALMON + Besides the grouping effect already written about, the model + exhibited several other troublesome tendencies. For instance, there + are the spurious connections SALMON cannot discover simply by having + them degrade. For example, whenever an untagged player performs a + flee or tease action, a connection is made not only to the player but + also to the dynamic attributes possessed. One of the dynamic + attributes the player possesses will be the direction he is from the + it. So, an expectation connection is made, say, that looks like this + direction(minusplus) ------> flee + meaning that if an object has the direction(minusplus) attribute than + it should be expected to flee. This is spurious. However, currently + there is no way SALMON could discover this. The problem is that, on + the whole, players perform the flee action nearly 60% of the time + they are enabled to. The frequency function on the weight is then + nearly 60%. The only way SALMON could catch this spurious connection + would be if he had a degradation level above 60%, and such a high + level would simply eliminate too many good connections. Therefore, + SALMON must use the relevancy test to discover these connections. + However, I don't feel the current relevancy test is very general and + TEMPERAMENTAL systems need more sophisticated (and local) ways of + discovering these kinds of connections. + Of course, this really points out a much broader problem. + Namely, there is a great art to defining a dynamic attribute. For + instance, if we had other objects like trees or fire hydrants or + sidewalks or bushes in the playing field they would also have + directions and distances relative to the it. Still, we would not tell + SALMON this because it would throw off all its connection weights. + The programmer must make this choice for SALMON and the choice is + really on pragmatic grounds and not principle. SALMON should be able + to tell when an attribute is relevant for an object without being + spoon-fed good descriptions of the phenomena. Just as SALMON cannot + tell if an attribute is irrelevant despite its high correlation to an + action, he cannot tell if an attribute is not even worth noticing. + The result of this inability to distinguish correctly between + relevant and irrelevant attributes independently of connection + strength can be a bias in SALMON to perform the overall action + tendencies of the simulation at the expense of context. In plain + English, this means SALMON never stood still. Another problem is that + there are many parameters in the model and the quality of the + connections is very sensitive to some of them. Particularly, the + parameter which sets the lowest weight allowed on a connection before + breaking it is crucial. If it is too high nonsense behavior can + result. If it is too low the number of connections increases rapidly + and learning and decision making slow appreciably. + I have already mentioned that the system is sensitive to the + weights in the recency table. If these weights do not reflect the + effect of recency in the actual environment then SALMON will not + learn as effectively. In principle, the model is not too sensitive to + + + + + + + + 28 + + the strength of the input signals, as long as the bias is 3 or + greater. However, when input is too large the activation level of the + nodes goes to infinity very quickly. On the positive side, ultimately + it may not be necessary for the programmer to hand-tune the + parameters. When the TEMPERAMENTAL theory is extended to include + feedback from the environment it is likely that the system will be + able to tune its own parameters. Also, even though activation levels + become very high with strong input signals, the activation levels on + SALMON's nodes were usually irreversibly ordered long before signals + were fully spent. In general, the result obtained after 500 or so + signals had been passed produced an ordering that did not change if + signals were allowed to continue propagating until completely spent. + If something like this is generally true of TEMPERAMENTAL systems, + and I think it likely is, then the system can stop computation at + this signaling limit and not necessarily when signals are spent. + Since the limit is low relative to the number of signals that would + be passed if all were allowed to expire, the system can probably + avoid activation levels spiraling towards infinity even if the input + signals are fairly strong. Most likely, the number of signals that + need to be sent is proportional in some way to the number of relevant + connections involved in the computation. + Finally, the nodes in the model compete with each other + primarily indirectly, by gathering connections. I feel there must be + a place in the learning for more enemy or even purely inhibitory + connections. The problem is how to make them. We can intuitively see + that some actions compete with one another even though they do not + disable one another. For instance, the flee and tease actions in a + game of tag somehow compete'' in the sense that they are exclusive + options in a single scenario. But it is not at all obvious to me how + to provide a general heuristic for establishing these enemy + connections and, if necessary, adjusting their weights. + + 8.2 Areas to develop + Each problem listed above suggests an area of the model which + needs more development. In addition, there are areas not even + addressed by the model that should be tackled. The problem of + discovering spurious connections could be alleviated considerably if + SALMON could learn by experimenting as well as observing. SALMON has + the ability, as he stands, to make predictions about any aspect of + his environment. There should be a way to make him predict, check his + results against what actually happened and then try to discover the + culprit(s) responsible for any incorrect predictions. Of course, the + problem of how to incorporate environmental feedback in learning is + universal in both semantic and connectionist systems. + SALMON's problems arise not only from bad connections, but also + from a relatively naive way of spreading activation. He could + possibly be provided with introspective mechanisms for thinking about + his connections, their meaning, and then noticing and correcting + deficiencies in how activation is spread through them. Along these + lines, an activation level could be provided to each node for each + kind of connection. Thus, it would have a focus activation, a + performance activation and a using activation. Multiple activation + + + + + + + + 29 + + levels would provide a smoother interface to the semantics when more + complicated actions have to be performed. The drawback would be that + signals between nodes would have to carry more than just numerical + information. In general, the nodes could move towards being something + like frames with slots for each type of connection. Each slot has + multiple default values, the connections attached to them, and the + weight on the connection represents the strength of the default + assumption by the system. Activation is spread as in a normal + connectionist network and the slots become filled with the highest + activated nodes connected to them. + SALMON should be able to categorize attributes and objects. + Ideally, it should connect up attributes to objects in such a way + that the psychological prototypes investigated by Rosch (1978) + emerge. This would require that a TEMPERAMENTAL system be able to + establish and retract nodes as well as connections. These nodes would + then have to play some role in the reasoning process, perhaps + conducting or filtering activation for their members the way actions + direct the choosing of attributes. Also, frequency tabulations on the + category nodes can help in deciding if a strong connection is, + nevertheless, irrelevant. + TEMPERAMENTAL systems should have goals and priorities that + bias certain actions and direct attention, and hence input. The goals + should compete with one another and establish perspectives in the + system. They should help in organizing the categories discussed in + the previous paragraph and the organization should support planning. + Incorporating goals will probably require meta-connections + (connections to connections) and defining types'' for groups of + connections that can be discovered and classified. The system could + then activate the type'' just as if it were another node, thus + bringing into prominence the connections associated with it. Just as + semantic procedures are associated with action nodes, learned + parameters would be associated with meta-connection nodes and become + dominant when the node is active. This is all still very speculative, + though. + The game of tag would be just one environment out of many a + full TEMPERAMENTAL system experienced. Upon entering or considering + an environment, the system would need to "crystallize" the + appropriate set of responses. The effect would be analogous to + calling up a script, but the process would be analogous to having a + fluid super-saturated by many elements and knowing the proper way of + stirring up the solution so that just the proper one falls out. This + may be as difficult as it sounds but meta-connections may be the key. + SALMON uses its dynamic attributes to react inside its + environment, but it does not have any idea that the attributes + themselves are systematically related. For instance, the attributes + distance(1,3) and distance(3,5) are just two nodes to SALMON. It has + no concept of before or after for them, and consequently could never + purposefully move from distance(1,3) to distance(3,5). Heuristics for + organizing spatial and other attributes systematically through + connections need to be developed. + Overall, SALMON was a learning experience, not a technological + or theoretical advance. As it stands, neither SALMON nor the + + + + + + + + 30 + + TEMPERAMENTAL method are either useful nor theoretically significant. + However, there is also much promise for the system. The success of + SALMON in his domain, although not perfect, was encouraging. The + problems that occurred are problems that were anticipated, and I do + not think their solutions entail significant revisions to the model + as it stands but rather an expansion of its capabilities into a + larger domain of mentality. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + References + Agha, Gul A. (1988) Actors:A model of Concurrent Computation in + Distributed Systems. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. + + Arbib, Michael A. (1989) The Metaphorical Brain 2. John Wiley and + Sons, New York. + + Brachman, Ronald J. (1985) '"I Lied About the Trees", Or, Defaults + and Definitions in Knowledge Representation.' The AI Magazine, 6.3, + Fall: pp. 80-93. + + Carpenter, Gail A. and Grossberg, Stephen. (1987) 'Invariant Pattern + Recognition and Recall By an Attentive Self-Organizing ART + Architecture in a Nonstationary World.' Proceedings of the IEEE + International Conference on Neural Networks. Vol. 1.: pp. 736- + 742. + + Carpenter, Gail A.; Grossberg, Stephen. (1987) 'ART 2: Self- + Organization of Stable Category Recoginition Codes For Analog Input + Patterns.' Proceedings of the IEEE International + Conference on Neural Networks. Vol. 1.: pp. 727 - + 735. + + Churchland, Patricia. (1989) Neurophilosophy. The MIT Press, + Cambridge, MA. + + Davis, Lawrence and Steenstrup, Martha. (1987) Genentic Algorithms + and Simulated Annealing: An Overview.'' Genetic Algorithms and + Simulated Annealing. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., Los + Altos, CA.: pp. 1-11. + + Holland, J.H. (1975) Adaptation in Natural and Artifical Systems. + University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. + + Hofstadter, Douglas. (1983) The Architecture of Jumbo.'' Proceeding + of the 2nd Machine Learning Workshop: pp. 161-170. + + Johnson, R. Colin, (1988) Cognizers. Chapel Brown, New York. + + Lee, Y.C., ed. (1988) Evolution, Learning, and Cognition. World + Scientific, New Jersey. + + Minsky, M. (1975) A Framework for Representing Knowledge.'' The + Psychology of Computer Vision. P.H. Winston (ed.) McGraw Hill, + New York: 211-277. + + + 31 + + + + + + + + 32 + + Minsky, M. (1986) The Society of Mind. Simon & Schuster, New York. + + Reeke, George N, Sporns, Olaf, and Edelman, Gerald. (1989) + Synthetic Neural Modeling: Comparisons of Population and + Connectionist Approaches.'' Connectionism in + Perspective. Pfeifer, R; et al (eds). North- + Holland, New York: pp 113-139. + + Rosch, Eleanor and Lloyd, Barbara. (1978) Cognition and + Categorization. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New York. + + Rumelhart, D.E., McClelland, J.L. and the PDP Research Group. (1986) + Parallel Distributed Processing. Vol. 1: Foundations. MIT + Press, Cambridge, MA. + + Schmidhuber, Jrgen. (1988) The Neural Bucket Brigade'' + Connectionism in Perspective. Pfeifer, R; et al (eds). North- + Holland, New York: pp 429-437. + + Von Seelen, W., Shaw, G. and Leinhos, U.M. (eds.) (1988) Organization + Of Neural Networks. VCH, Federal Republic of Germany. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/alife b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/alife new file mode 100644 index 00000000..67a12405 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/alife @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +91-03/ALIFE.inf +From: ray@chopin.udel.edu (Thomas Ray) +Subject: Synthetic Life (evolving computer worms) (LONG) +Date: 17 Mar 91 20:46:33 GMT +Organization: University of Delaware + + + +[MODERATOR'S NOTE: The following is posted as a test of this group's +interest in the topic at hand, "artificial life" (i.e., "organisms" +that dwell in programs running on computers). I would appreciate your +response, via private email to me, regarding how useful or not you find +this information. + +[Thomas originally posted this information for a group studying artificial +life at the University of Delaware, so there is some site-specific reportage +at the end which you may or may not find useful. -- Bob Jacobson] + + +Peter Arensburger writes: + +> A couple of days ago I was listening to a talk by Richard Dawkins about +> modeling evolutionary processes on a computer. He mentioned an experiment +> by Thomas Ray in which small (40 instructions long) autoreproducing programs +> where allowed to spread freely in a certain amount of memory. Then, by +> randomly mutating some of the programs you could see mutant programs +> become better adapted for reproduction. + ... +> Has anyone heard about this experiment? If so please answer by e-mail. + + The work Peter describes is in press, and should be available in May: + +Ray, T. S. In Press. An approach to the synthesis of life. +In: Artificial Life II, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of +Complexity, vol. XI, (Farmer, J. D., C. Langton, S. Rasmussen, & C. Taylor, +eds). Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1991. + + Although I don't have a paper in it, you might be interested in the +following book which is available now: + +Langton, Christopher G. [ed.]. 1989. Artificial life: proceedings of an +interdisciplinary workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems. +Vol. VI in the series: Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of +complexity. Addison-Wesley. + + Also, I will present the work in a seminar at Princeton (biology) on +April 5, 1991. + + If anyone can't wait till May, I could email them a LaTeX version +of the manuscript. Below I attach an abstract, and then a summary of +the current activities of my research group. + +This is a slightly expanded version of an abstract describing this work, which +was submitted to: + +European Society for Evolutionary Biology, Third Congress. Debrecen, Hungary +September 2 - 6. Contact: Dr. Liz Pasztor - Department of Genetics - +Eotvos University 1088 Budapest - Muzeum krt. 4/a. - Hungary. + +-------------------------begin abstract----------------------------------- + +Synthetic Life: co-evolution in digital organisms. +THOMAS S. RAY. University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA, +ray@brahms.udel.edu. 302-451-2753 + +Ideally, the science of biology should embrace all forms of life. However +in practice, it has been restricted to the study of a single instance of +life, life on earth. Because our science of biology is based on a sample +size of one, we can not know what features of life are peculiar to earth, +and what features are general, characteristic of all life. A practical +alternative to a truly comparative inter-planetary biology, is to create +synthetic life. Evolution in a bottle provides a valuable tool for the +experimental study of evolution and ecology. + +Synthetic organisms have been created based on a computer metaphor of +organic life in which CPU time is the ``energy'' resource and memory is +the ``material'' resource. Memory is organized into informational +patterns that exploit CPU time for self-replication. Mutation generates +new forms, and evolution proceeds by natural selection as different +genotypes compete for CPU time and memory space. The creatures are +self-replicating computer programs, however, they can not escape because +they run exclusively on a virtual computer in its unique machine language. +The virtual computer is effectively a containment facility. + +A single rudimentary ancestral ``creature'' has been designed; it is 80 +machine instructions long and contains only the code for self-replication. +This creature examines itself, determines its size and location in the +memory ``soup'', and then copies itself, one instruction at a time, to +another location in the soup. The ancestral creature does not interact +directly with other individuals, although there is scrambling competition +for access to memory space. + +A reaper kills creatures, assuring that there is always free space into which +creatures can reproduce. When creatures are born, they enter the bottom of +the reaper queue, and the reaper always kills off the top, which is usually +the oldest creature. However, mutant creatures often generate errors, which +cause them to rise in the reaper queue and be killed. + +>From a single rudimentary ancestral ``creature'' there have evolved tens of +thousands of self-replicating genotypes of many hundreds of genome size +classes. Bit flipping mutations cause changes in the sequence of instructions +in the genome, but they do not cause changes in the size of the genome. +However, mutant genotypes make errors in their self-examination and +replication, resulting in different sized genomes. As genetic change +generates new genotypes, variants appear which are able to replicate more +rapidly that their ancestors, and those variants increase in frequency in +the soup. + +Very quickly there evolve parasites, which are not able to replicate in +isolation because they lack a large portion of the genome. However, these +parasites search for the missing information, and if they locate it in a +nearby creature, they parasitize the information from the neighboring genome, +thereby effecting their own replication. This informational parasitism is +a commensal relationship, as it is not directly detrimental to the host. +However, the parasites do compete with the hosts for space, and may be +superior competitors because they can more rapidly replicate their smaller +genome. However, their advantage is frequency dependent. As the parasites +increase in frequency, the hosts decline, and many parasites fail to locate +hosts. In ecological runs, without genetic change, hosts and parasites +demonstrate Lotka-Volterra cycles. + +In some runs, hosts evolve immunity to attack by parasites. One immune +mechanism that has been worked out is based on the fact that the creatures +only examine themselves once, and rely on retaining the information on their +size and location for all subsequent replications. Immune hosts cause their +parasites to loose their sense of self by failing to retain the information +on size and location. Immune hosts function with this forgetful code by +re-examining themselves before each repliction, thus there is a metabolic +cost to the immunity. + +When immune hosts appear, they often increase in frequency, devastating the +parasite populations. In some runs where the community comes to be +dominated by immune hosts, parasites evolve that are resistant to immunity. +The above mentioned immune mechanism can by circumvented by parasites which +also re-examine themselves before each replication. + +Hosts sometimes evolve a response to parasites that goes beyond immunity to +actual hyper-parasitism. Hyper-parasites allow themselves to be parasitized, +letting the parasite use their code for a single replication. After the +first replication, the hyper-parasite deceives the parasite by replacing the +parasite's record of its size and location with the size and location of the +hyper-parasite genome. Thereafter, the parasite will devote its energetic +resources to replication of the hyper-parastie genome. This is a highly +deleterious interaction, which drives the parasites to extinction. The +hyper-parasites are facultative, getting an energy boost when the parasites +are present, but not requiring them for replication. + +Evolving in the absence of parasites, hyper-parasites completely dominate +the community, resulting in a relatively uniform community characterize by +a high degree of relationship between individuals. Under these circumstances, +sociality evolves, in the sense that the creatures evolve into forms which +can not replicate in isolation, but which can only replicate in aggregations. +These colonial creatures cooperate in the control of the flow of execution of +their algorithms. + +The cooperative behavior of the social hyper-parasites makes them vulnerable +to a new class of parasites. These cheaters, hyper-hyper-parasites, insert +themselves between cooperating social individuals, and momentarily seize +control of execution of the algroithm, just long enough to deceive the +social creatures about their size and location, causing the social creatures +to replicate the genomes of the cheaters. + +In a separate experiment, two versions of the ancestral creature were made, +each with a different portion of the genome deleted. Neither of these +genomes were able to replicate in isolation. However, when cultured together, +they each parasitize the missing code from the other, forming an ecologically +stable obligate symbiotic relationship. When genetic change is allowed in +the system, a very complex series of changes follows, ultimately resulting +in the merging of the two genomes into a single self-replicating genome. + +The only kind of genetic change that the simulator imposes on the system is +random bit flips in the machine code of the creatures. However, it turns +out that parasites are very sloppy replicators. They cause significant +recombination and rearrangement of the genomes. This spontaneous sexuality +is a powerful force for evolutionary change in the system. + +A series of experiments were conducted on the effects of mutation rates on +the rates of evolution. The parameter used to compare rates of evolution +was the rate at which self-replicating genomes decreased in size, indicating +an optimization, in an environment favoring smaller sizes. The optimal +mutation rate was found to be a mutation affecting one in four individuals +per generation. At higher rates the community sometimes died out, as genomes +melted under the mutational heat. At lower rates, optimization was slower. +Fully self-replicating (non-parasitic) genomes reduced from 80 instructions +to 22 instructions overnight (more than 1500 generations, of populations +ranging from 300 to 1000 individuals). The ancestor of size 80 requires +839 CPU cycles to replicate. The creature of size 22 requires 146 CPU cycles +to replicate, a 5.75-fold difference in efficiency. + +One of the most interesting aspects of this second instance of life is +that the bulk of the evolution is based on adaptation to the biotic +environment rather than the physical environment. It is co-evolution +that drives the system. + +It is possible to extract information on any aspect of the system +without disturbing it, from phylogeny or community structure through time +to the ``genetic makeup'' and ``metabolic processes'' of individuals. +Synthetic Life demonstrates the power of the computational approach to +science as a complement to the traditional approaches of experiment and +theory based on analysis through calculus and differential equations. + +I will make an oral presentation. I will need an overhead projector, and +two three-pronged power outlets nearby to plug in the computer and LCD panel. + +---------------------------end abstract---------------------------------- + + This message was distributed internally to the University of Delaware +Synthetic Life group. I thought that other AL fans might be interested +to know what we are up to: + + We haven't met as a group for some time, so I thought I would send out +this progress report. + +TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ARTICLE - The next issue of Technology Review (April/May), +due out in March, will include an article on Artificial Life. They +will describe (among other things) the work of our group, and will include +a series of four color photos of the ALmond Monitor of Tierra that Marc Cygnus +has developed. + +ALMOND TALKS - Marc Cygnus has got the ALmond monitor program talking to +the Tierra simulator using network communications. We can now have multiple +simulators running on multiple machines, and monitor them from multiple +monitors on multiple machines. The monitors can attach to and detach from +the simulators without disturbing them. + +AL AND GA - Chris Bryden has completed his term paper discussing the +relationships between synthetic life and genetic algorithms. + +THE MATRIX OF LIFE - John Billon has completed his independent study by +exploring the possibility of implementing a synthetic life system in a +matrix based environment. + +THE GENETIC LANGUAGE - Dan Pirone has designed a much more powerful version +of the Tierran language, and has the bulk of the new instruction set coded. +The syntax is much more complex than the original Tierran. We are hoping that +it will be as evolvable. + +OPTIMIZATION OF TIERRA - Tom Uffner has tackled the task of optimizing the +tierra simulator code. He is starting with the genebank manager which works, +but is very inefficient. His proposals for optimization sound very promising. + +DIVERSITY AND TURNOVER - Eric Andrews and Jim Timmons are developing code to +monitor diversity and turnover rates of size classes and genotypes in the +soups. They are already generating the diversity indices, and are working +on the turnover rates. + +AUTECOLOGY - Over winter session I automated the analysis of ecological +interactions between creatures. Now when genotypes are saved to disk, the +code that is actually executed is marked, to distinguish it from "junk" +(unexecuted) code. Also, the basic classes of ecological interactions have +been identified, and the interactions engaged in by a genotype are marked in +a bit field that is saved with each genotype. + +EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINE CODES - I completed a study of the effect +of mutation rate on the rate of evolution. As an index of the rate of +evolution, I used the rate at which self-replicating machine code programs +reduce their size. The optimal mutation rate was one that hit about one in +four programs per generation. At higher rates, the communities sometimes +died out, as genomes melted under the mutational heat. The programs reduced +themselves from 80 machine instructions to 22 machine instructions overnight +(over 1500 generations, of populations ranging from 300 to 1000 individuals). +There was a 5.75-fold decrease in the number of CPU cycles required for +replication. + +IRISVILLE OPENS - The two Silicon Graphics machines and the Sun in 114 Wolf +are up and running and on the net. life.slhs.udel.edu is a 4D25TG Personal +Iris with 32MB of memory and a 1.2 GB disk. tierra.slhs.udel.edu is a +4D258 (Iris) Data Station Server with 32MB of memory and a 1.2 GB disk. +genie.slhs.udel.edu is a Sun 3/60 with 8MB of memory, about 300 MB of disk, +and a color monitor. The Irises are rated at 16 MIPS each, and the Sun at +about 4 MIPS. These machines are for the exclusive use of the School of +Life and Health Sciences (SLHS), which so far has meant just for the alife +group. The two Irises have been running the Tierra simulator around the +clock since they came up. + + Tom Ray + University of Delaware + School of Life & Health Sciences + Newark, Delaware 19716 + ray@brahms.udel.edu + 302-451-2281 (FAX) + 302-451-2753 + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/code_ai.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/code_ai.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..28036e8d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/code_ai.txt @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ + + +Shortly after Tim Triemstra and I posted articles discussing strategy +game AI to rec.games.programmer, a Danish student by the name of +Peer Sommerlund (peso@diku.dk) posted an article in which he +outlined an object-based "methodology" for implementing an AI system +which combined my ideas with Tim's. I was impressed by the effort +which Peer put into his article and wrote to him, suggesting that I +would like to see his posting, Tim's postings and my "essay" appear +together at x2ftp.oulu.fi. When Peer expressed his approval of the +idea, I contacted Tim, who was also keen to be a part of the venture. + +--- Andrew + +e-mail addresses: +Peer Sommerlund: peso@diku.dk +Tim Triemstra: empath@umcc.umich.edu + +Jouni: Yes, we are very interested in computer opponent AI and want +more theory, ideas, implementations, source code, anything =-) + +--------------------(Peer Sommerlund's article)-------------------- +Newsgroups: rec.games.programmer +From: peso@diku.dk (Peer Sommerlund) +Subject: Re: AI programming (ala Civ, Moo, etc.) +Date: Fri, 2 Dec 1994 17:03:22 GMT + +andrew@cs.uct.ac.za (Andrew Luppnow) writes: + +> empath@umcc.umcc.umich.edu (Tim Triemstra) writes: +>[Summary of a computer-player-AI technique based on "situations."] +> +>Tim's post reminded me of a little "essay" on the topic of +>strategy-game AI which I wrote last year. I just thought I'd +>dredge it up and see what you all think of the ideas I was +>toying with back then. Hope the splurge below doesn't bore you +>too much! ;-) + +[Andrew defines a hieracial system of situations] + +I think the two ideas match nicely. Tim has described a nice way of building +prototypes for your game, Andrew has described a way to build larger systems +(ie. ISS wargames). + +I like Tim's idea, especially the point about "the one that fits the current +situation best". This way you could get your game up running fast, and +refine it as you find weaknesses. You may even make your rule-database +user-modifiable! + +A system that can be gradually expaned is very usefull. You might even make +a system that can start at 1 level then later expand by building a higher +level function. And another, etc.. + +Let's call Tim's expansions for "horizontal expansion" +and Andrew's for "vertical expansion" + +So, you should define two classes: +class action +class actor + +Action is what your actors do. + +Let's take an example +Actor Tank1, Tank2, Boss; + +Actor gets goal from higher level, send goals to lower levels, gets progress +>from lower levels, sends progress to higher levels + +Action = + "move this direction", etc.. + +Actor loop : + get goal + decide strategy + deploy strategy + evaluate strategy + report to superior + +deploy strategy: + send goal to lower level + get report from lower level + +Ok, now all this should be running concurrently! + +Actor loop: + switch + case new goal: redesign strategy + case report available: evaluate strategy + +redesign strategy: + get goal + evaluate current strategy + if strategy needs change + change strategy + send new goals to lower levels + +evaluate strategy: + see if current reports matches with current goal, + can I optimize the situation by sending new goals to subordinates? + if the situation has changed since last time superior was notified, + tell him. + +Right. A concurrent Actor should know the following things: + - last reports send to superior + - last goals send to subordinates + - current goal recieved from superior + - current reports recieved from subordinates +.. and the interesting part: + - how to match goals and reports + +You may want to use Tim's excelent method here: A collection of +situations (S), a distance measuerement (D) between situations, an +action (A) connected to each situation. + +You find the S that is closest to the current situation S0 by minimizing +D(S,S0). Then you apply the matching A. If you're clever, you'll sort the +situations some way, and your search will be much quicker, but this is not +neccesary in the first attempts to get things up running. + +so, "how to match goals and reports": Your situation has the following +attributes: (last_goal_recieved, last_goals_send, last_reports_recieved, +last_report_send) ... perhaps a few more: time, your location, etc. + +Just to be able to differ between goals going up and down, lets use this +wording: + + superior + A | Goal + | Summary V + me + A | Command + | Report V + subordinate + + +.. well, lots of talk. Back to the example: + + T1 + E + + T2 + + +This is a simple 2D game. Let's say each tank has a cannon that only points +forwards, a tank turns slowly, so an escape strategy is to move a lot. The +bullets take some time to hit target, so you can move forward, wait untill +enemy points at you, then move back, etc. Also, the tank cannot turn, and +move, at the same time. + +Some technical details: +There is 32 directions your tank can face. +Your tank is a circle with diameter 8, +tank speed 0.1 unit/frame, +cannon reload: 100 frames + +the bullet has diameter 1. +bullet speed 1 unit/frame, +bullet range: unlimited, + +An overall strategy (the boss) may be "surround": place a tank on opposite +sides, let one duge the cannon, while the other shoots him in the back. + +Lets give the boss the following rules: + "split": if tanks are close, separate them + "surround": try to move the tanks such that ennemy is surrounded. + "prepare duge": don't move the tank so close to the enemy that + it cannot move away before it gets hit. +leading to this set of commands: + "move here, duge" + "move here, kill" + +Let equip each tank with the following rules: + "survive", 9: if ennemy is targeted on you, move 1-2 squares + "kill", 5: if goal is "kill" rotate to target enemy, shoot + "move", 4: if goal is "move here" rotate to face target position, + move + "duge", 6: if you are off your target position, and duging, wait + until enemy cannon points at you. +commands: + "forward" + "backwards" + "wait" (don't move) + "turn left" + "turn right" + "shoot" +summary: + "current position" + +Remember to put priorites on rules, you don't want the order of the rules +decide which rule should be executed. + +regards, +-Peer +-- +Peer Sommerlund \ Groenjordskollegiet v2512 \ 2300 Koebenhavn S \ Denmark + \ E-mail: peso@diku.dk + +------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/deeptht.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/deeptht.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b270f53c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/deeptht.txt @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ + +DeepThought : The computer chess Champion +By : Anonymous Rebel + + + + + The artificial intelligence pioneer, Herbert Simon, predict- +ed that by 1967 a computer would be able to beat any human in +chess. However, he was quite far off. In 1989, the human mind +can still defeat even the greatest of computer chess machines. +Simon wasn't as far off as the critics of the Fifties, who +claimed that a computer could never master chess. A computer +called Deep Thought now plays at the level of a human grandmas- +ter, which means that only about 200 people in the world can +defeat him. + + Deep Thought has not exactly been ranked as a grandmaster as +of yet, because according to Thomas Anantharaman, one of the +creators of Deep Thought, "You can't claim to be a grandmaster +unless you are a human being." However, this hasn't upset his +fellow creators or him. So far, they have won $10,000 from The +Fredkin Fund, for winning 25 straight games in world competition. +($100,000 is waiting for the first electronic world champion.) + + Deep Thought follows the tradition of its computer predeces- +sors, by considering every possible move. Good human players +usually examine only a few moves, and rely on pattern recognition +and experience to succeed. This type of evaluation proves ex- +tremely difficult to program into a computer, although the former +computer chess champion, Hitech, was designed to recognized +certain programs. However, ruling out certain moves, without +fully examining all the possibilities will eventually lead to an +error in the computer's part. + + Although a computer lacks the ability of insight, they make +it up in their ability to number crunch. For example, in a +typical situation, a chess player has 38 moves to consider. To +check all the responses would mean examining 1444 different +positions. To look one step ahead would mean checking over 2 +million positions. + + The secret of the computer's success, obviously, is its +incredible speed. Even a little toy chess computer is fast +enough to beat most people. The big time computers like Deep +Thought is even faster. In fact, the ultrafast electronics are +the source of power for all Fredkin prize hopefuls. Deep Thought +is simply the fastest around. + + Deep thought is designed to examine five moves ahead. Since +this is far from seeing the end of a game, the machine must not +only check what positions it could end up in, but must evaluate +them as well. Typical considerations include the value of what +pieces will be captured, and whether the King will be put in +check. Deep Thought also checks its position on the board, and +the number of empty squares from which the King could be at- +tacked, and some 80 other items. Deep Thought gives numerical +values to all of the considerations, and uses the highest ranked +move. + + All of the world-class chess computers uses certain varia- +tions on this approach. The reason for Deep Thought's success +is that it doesn't always hold itself to a few moves. If one +move seems particularly good, it searches down that path for up +to 15 moves. This strategy is called singular extension. If +Deep Thought registers an equally dangerous threat, it also +searches further, it works in the same manner, but this time its +called Threat Extension. If this feature comes into play, the +results are usually deadly for the opponent. + + Deep Thought didn't used an experienced chess player to +assign relative values to its 80 considerations, like other chess +computers. Hitech had used Hans Berliner, a computer scientist +and a former world-class champion. "The fascination," Ananthara- +man says, "was writing a program that can do something I can't +do." Instead, the computer watched games played between human +grandmasters. One of the programmers "tuned" Deep Thought's +evaluation equation until it started choosing Grandmaster style +moves. First approximations were made in deciding the order. +Deep thought would use this hierarchy and replay the grandmaster +games. At first, Deep Thought played horribly. But after each +game, the program would change the rank slightly until Deep +Thought was playing like a true grandmaster. After 800 games, +Deep Thought was playing like a true master. + + Anantharaman was truly surprised that the "tuning" worked as +well as it did. After evaluating the process, he decided that +this process is a better technique even if you have the expert +knowledge. The approach could also be used in other fields where +human experts aren't available. The trouble is that not many +problems are as well defined as that of chess. Some day the +thinking process would be useful to the military, but that is far +off. "Computer chess will give you an idea how to approach a +problem," says Anantharaman, "but it won't solve the problem +completely. I can't think of a single real-world problem that +has been solved by artificial intelligence." + + + + + Bibliography + + + + "Pawn to King Four." Tom Waters. Discover Magazine, + May 1989. Volume 10, Number 5 + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/dobbs.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/dobbs.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..28470a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/dobbs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,445 @@ + A Survey of Neural Networks + by Jeannette Lawrence + Jan. 23, 1990 + + I. Introduction + + Neural networks have been hailed as the greatest technological + breakthrough since the transistor and have been predicted to be a common + household item by the year 2000. How much of this is hype? What are + they capable, or not capable of? With numerous paradigms available, + which is best for a particular application? This article will answer + these questions and more about this newly emerging field of computation. + + Formed by simulated neurons connected together much the same way the + brain's neurons are, neural networks are able to associate and + generalize without rules. They have solved problems in pattern + recognition, robotics, speech processing, financial predicting and signal + processing, to name a few. + + One of the first impressive neural networks was NetTalk, which read in + ASCII text and correctly pronounced the words (producing phonemes which + drove a speech chip), even those it had never seen before (1). Designed + by John Hopkins biophysicist Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg of + Princeton in 1986, this application made the Backprogagation training + algorithm famous. Using the same paradigm, a neural network has been + trained to classify sonar returns from an undersea mine and rock. This + classifier, designed by Sejnowski and R. Paul Gorman, performed better + than a nearest-neighbor classifier (2). + + As far as the public is concerned, the modern era in neural networks + began in 1982 when the distinguished Caltech physicist John Hopfield + published a paper which not only showed that neural networks could store + and recall patterns even when the input was incomplete, it provided the + mathematical elucidation which captured the attention of the scientific + community. (3) + + Speech recognition of Finnish and Japanese (to text) has been + demonstrated by researcher Teuvo Kohonen of the Helsinki University of + Technology, Finland. For these inflectional languages, the system must + construct the text from recognizable phonetics units. (4) This complex + system uses signal preprocessing by a TMS32010 chip, Kohonen's + self-organizing associative paradigm, and a context-sensitive stochastic + grammar corrector. + + The Neocognitron, designed by Kunihiko Fukushima of the NHK Science and + Technical Research Lab in Tokyo, recognizes handwritten numerals of + various styles of penmanship correctly, even if they are considerably + distorted in shape (5). Built as a model for the human visual system, + this highly specialized network does not implement any common topology. + + The kinds of problems best solved by neural networks are those that + people are good at such as association, evaluation and pattern + recognition. Problems that are difficult to compute and do not require + perfect answers, just very good answers, are also best done with neural + networks. A quick, very good response is often more desirable than a + more accurate answer which takes longer to compute. This is especially + true in robotics or industrial controller applications. Predictions of + behavior and general analysis of data are also affairs for neural + networks. In the financial arena, consumer loan analysis and financial + forecasting make good applications. New network designers are working + on weather forecasts by neural networks. Currently, doctors are + developing medical neural networks as an aid in diagnosis. Attorneys + and insurance companies are also working on neural networks to help + estimate the value of claims. + + Neural networks are poor at precise calculations and serial processing. + They are also unable to predict or recognize anything that does not + inherently contain some sort of pattern. For example, they cannot + predict the lottery, since this is a random process. It is unlikely + that a neural network could be built which has the capacity to think as + well as a person does for two reasons. Neural networks are terrible at + deduction, or logical thinking and the human brain is just too complex + to completely simulate. Also, some problems are too difficult for + present technology. Real vision, for example, is a long way off. + + A brief look at the general structure and operation of neural networks + will help explain the limits to their abilities. The power and speed of + the human brain comes from the way the hundreds of billions of highly + interconnected neurons function together. Neural networks simulate the + operation and structure of brain neurons, but on a much smaller scale. + Information is distributed across the neurons' interconnections, not as + bits of intelligence stored within the neurons as was once thought. + + There are many types of neural networks, but all have three things in + common. A neural network can be described in terms of its individual + neurons, the connections between them (topology), and the learning rule. + Together they constitute the neural network paradigm. + + Artificial neurons are also called processing elements, neurodes, units + or cells. Each neuron receives the output signals from many other + neurons. A neuron calculates its output by finding the weighted sum of + its inputs. The point where two neurons communicate is called a + connection (analogous to a synapse). The weight of a particular + connection is noted w^ij, where ^ij means subscripted ij, i is the + receiving neuron and j is the sending neuron. At any point in + time (t) the neuron adds up the weighted inputs to produce an + activation value a^i(t). The activation is passed through an + output, or transfer, function f^i, which produces the actual + output for that neuron for that time, o^i(t). + + The activation function specifies what the neuron is to do with the + signals after the weights have had their effect. Once inside the + neuron, the weighted signals are summed to form a net value. In most + models, signals can either be excitatory or inhibitory. After + summation, the net input of the neuron is combined with the previous + state of the neuron to produce a new activation value. In the + simplest models, the activation function is the weighted sum of the + neuron's inputs; the previous state is not taken into account. In + more complicated models, the activation function also uses the + previous output of the neuron, so that the neuron can self-excite. + These activation functions slowly decay over time; an excited state + slowly returns to an inactive level. Sometimes the activation + function is stochastic, i.e. it includes a random noise factor. + + The transfer function of a neuron defines how the activation value is + output. The earliest models used a linear transfer function. There are + certain problems which are not entirely reducable by purely linear + methods. Nonlinear neurons allow more interesting problems to be + solved. The most simple nonlinear model consists of threshold neurons. + A threshold transfer function is an all-or-nothing function. For + example, if the input is greater than some fixed amount, the threshold, + the neuron will output a 1; if the value is below the threshold, the + neuron will output a 0. Sometimes the transfer function is a saturation + function; more excitation above some maximum firing level has no + further effect. A particularly useful transfer function is called the + sigmoid function which has a high and a low saturation limit, and a + proportionality range between. This function is 0 when the activation + value is a large negative number. The sigmoid function is 1 when the + activation value is a large positive number, and makes a smooth + transition in between. + + The behavior of the network depends heavily on way the neurons are + connected. In most models, the individual neurons are grouped into + layers, so that the output from each neuron in one layer is fully + interconnected with the inputs of all the neurons in the next layer. A + Back-propagation network has at least three layers: input, hidden and + output. The network structure may involve inhibitory connections from + one neuron to the rest of the neurons in the same layer. This is called + lateral inhibition. Sometimes a network has such strong lateral + inhibition that only one neuron in a layer, usually the output, can be + activated at a time. This effect of minimizing the number of active + neurons is known as competition. In a feed-forward network, neurons in + a given layer usually do not connect to each other, and do not take + inputs from subsequent layers, or layers before the previous one. Other + models include feedback connections from the outputs of a layer to the + inputs of the same or a previous layer. + + A neural network learns by changing its response as the inputs change. + The learning rule is the very heart of a neural network; it determines + how the weights are adjusted as the neural network gains experience. + There are lots of different learning rules. Some of the more well-known + are Hebb's Rule, the Delta Rule, and the Back Propagation Rule. The + best learning rule to use with linear neurons is the Delta Rule. This + allows arbitrary associations to be learned, provided that the inputs + are all linearly independent. Other learning rules (such as Hebb's) + require that the inputs also be orthogonal. + + More than 30 years ago, Donald O. Hebb theorized that biological + associative memory lies in the synaptic connections between nerve cells. + He thought that the process of learning and memory storage involved + changes in the strength with which nerve signals are transmitted across + individual synapses. Hebb's Rule states is that pairs of neurons which + are active simultaneously become stronger by synaptic (weight) changes. + The result is a reinforcement of those pathways in the the brain. A + number of different rules for adjusting connection strengths, or + weights, have been proposed, but nearly all network learning theories + are some variant of Hebb's Rule. + + The Delta Rule additionally states that if there is a difference between + the actual output pattern and the desired output pattern during + training, then the weights are adjusted to reduce the difference. + Many networks use some variation of this. The Back-propagation Rule is + a generalization of the Delta Rule for a network with hidden neurons. + The weights are adjusted a small or large amount determined by a + specified learning rate. + +II. Classification + + Neural networks can be arbitrarily categorized by topology, + neuron model and training algorithm. There are two main + subdivisions of neural network models - feed-forward and feedback + topologies. + + Feedback models can be constructed or trained. In a constructed model + the weight matrix is created by taking the outer product of every input + pattern vector with itself or with an associated input, and adding up + all the outer products. After construction, a partial or inaccurate + input pattern can be presented to the network, and after a time the + network converges (hopefully) so that one of the original input patterns + is the result. Hopfield and BAM are two well-known constructed feedback + models. + + The Hopfield network is a self-organizing, associative memory. + It is the canonical feedback network. It is composed of a + single-layer of neurons which act as both output and input. The + neurons are symmetrically connected (i.e., w^ij = w^ji). Hopfield + networks are made of nonlinear neurons capable of assuming two + output values: -1 (off) and +1 (on). The linear synaptic weights + provide global communication of information. In spite of its + apparent simplicity, a Hopfield network has considerable + computational power. + + The weight matrix is created by taking the outer product of each input + pattern vector with itself, and adding up all the outer products. After + construction, a pattern is input to the network. A process of + reaction-stimulation-reaction between neurons occurs until the network + settles down into a fixed pattern called a stable state. Thus, the + network result comes as a direct response to input. + + The energy required by a device to reach a stable state can be plotted + in three dimensions as a curved surface. Areas of minimum energy are + thus found. The stable states, or energy minimums, appear as valleys. + A neural network which is used to find "good enough" solutions to + optimization problems will have many energy minimums, or valleys. + Depending upon the initial state of the network, any of the deepest + valleys may end up as the answer. Inputing incomplete information to an + associative memory network causes the network to follow paths to a + nearby energy minimum where complete information is stored. + + Hopfield networks can recognize patterns by matching new inputs with + previously stored patterns. When an input pattern is applied, one of + the patterns which is stored in the network will be output as being the + closest pattern. Hopfield networks are especially good for finding the + best answer out of many possibilities. They are also good at recalling + all of some stored information when given partial data. Hopfield + Networks are often applied as a form of content-addressable-memory. + + Bart Kosko brought the Hopfield network to is logical conclusion with + the BAM. The BAM (bidirectional associative memory) is a generalization + of the Hopfield network. Instead of creating the weight matrix with the + dot product of a pattern with itself (autoassociation), pairs of + patterns are used (pair association). After construction of the weight + matrix, either pattern can be applied as input to elicit as output the + other pattern in the pair. + + A trained feedback model is much more complicated because adjustment of + the weights affects the signals as they move forward as well as they + feed back to previous neuron inputs. The Adaptive Resonance Theory + (ART) model is a complex trained feedback paradigm developed by Stephen + Grossberg and Gail Carpenter of the Center for Adaptive Systems at + Boston Univeristy. + + ART neurons are functionally clustered into "nodes". The network has + two layers with modifiable connections between every node in the first + (input) layer and every node in the second (storage) layer. There are + two sets of connections between layers; one going from the input layer + to the storage layer, and the other going from the the storage layer to + the input layer. The storage layer also has lateral inhibition + connections. ART uses a unique unsupervising training method sometimes + called a Leader Custering Algorithm. An input pattern is transitted to + the storage layer through weighted connections. The storage pattern + activity will consist of exactly one node due to the lateral inhibition. + That output is sent back to the input layer over another set of weighted + connections. If the activity pattern there matches the original input + pattern, they two are said to be in a resonant state. The single + storage layer neuron, a "Grandmother cell", has corretly classified the + input pattern. + + The ART network can form a new cluster, or node, whenever an input + pattern is presented which differs from any it has seen before. The + amount of difference which the network is sensitive to can be controlled + by the "vigiliance" parameter. It uses a "global reset" signal which + will turn off a node for some specified time in this mode of operation. + + The second main category of neural networks is the feed-forward type. + The earliest neural network models were linear feed-forward. In 1972, + two simultaneous papers independently proposed the same model for an + associative memory, the linear associator. J. A. Anderson, a + neurophysiologist, and Teuvo Kohonen, an electrical engineer, were not + aware of each other's work. + + The linear associator uses the simple Hebbian rule. The only case where + association is perfect when simple Hebbian learning is used is when the + input patterns are orthogonal. This puts an upper limit on the number + of patterns that can be stored. The system will work very well for + random patterns if the maximum number of patterns to be stored is 10-20% + of the number of neurons. If the input patterns are not orthogonal, + there will be interference among them; fewer patterns can be stored and + correctly retrieved. One of the predictions of the linear associator is + interference between nonorthogonal patterns. Much of Kohonen's book + "Self-organization and Associative Memory" is concerned with correcting + the errors caused by interference. + + The nonlinear feed-forward models are the most commonly used today. + Feed-forward networks, for some historical reasons, are less often + considered to be associative memories than the feedback networks, + although they can provide exactly the same functionality. It can be + shown mathematically that any feedback network has an equivalent + feed-forward network which performs the same task. + + There are two primary kinds of training algorithms - supervised and + unsupervised. Supervised learning is the most elementary form of + adaptation. It requires an a priori knowledge of what the result should + be. Output neurons are told what the ideal response to input signals + should be. For one-layer networks, in which the stimulus-response + relation can be controlled closely, this is easily accomplished by + monitoring each neuron individually. In multi-layer networks, + supervised learning is more difficult. It is harder to correct the + hidden layers. Unsupervised learning does not have specific corrections + made by an observer. Supervised and unsupervised learning are methods + which are used exclusively of each other. + + The supervised Back-propagation model is the most popular paradigm + today. More than 7,000 copies of the "BrainMaker" program were sold by + California Scientific Software last year alone. Back-propagation is a + multi-layer feed-forward network that uses the Generalized Delta Rule. + + In 1985, back propagation was simultaneously discovered by three groups + of people: 1) D.E. Rumelhart, G.E. Hinton, R.J. Williams, 2) Y. Le Cun, + and 3) D. Parker. Back propagation is the canonical feed-forward + network. Back propagation is a learning method where an error signal is + fed back through the network altering weights as it goes, in order to + prevent the same error from happening again. + + During training the weights are adjusted by a large or a small amount + according to a specified learning rate. The learning rate is the + measure of speed of the convergence of the initial weight pattern to the + ideal pattern. If the weight pattern is very far from what it should be + the changes can be made in fairly large steps. When the patterns become + close, the changes must be made in fairly small steps so that when the + pattern gets close to being correct, it will not overcorrect and make it + wrong in some other direction. + + The error on an output neuron, i, for a particular pattern, p, is + defined as: E^pi ð «(T^pi - O^pi)ý, where T is the target output + and O is the actual output. The total error on pattern p, E^p, is the + sum of the errors on all the output neurons for pattern p. The total + error, E, for all patterns is the sum of the errors on each pattern over + all p. + + The simplest method for finding the minimum of E is known as gradient + descent. It involves moving a small step down the local gradient of the + scalar field. This is directly analogous to a skier always moving down + hill through the mountains, until he hits the bottom. + + Back-propagation is useful because it provides a mathematical + explanation for the dynamics of the learning process. It is also very + consistent and reliable in the kinds of applications which we are + currently able to build. + + A popular unsupervised feed-forward model is the Kohonen model. The + basic system is a one or two dimensional array of threshold-type logic + units with short-range lateral connections between neighboring neurons. + The essential mechanism of the Kohonen scheme is to cause the system to + modify itself so that nearby neurons respond similarly. The neurons + compete in a modified winner-take-all manner. The neuron whose weight + vector generates the largest dot product with the input vector is the + winner and is permitted to output. But in this model the weights of not + only the winner, but also it's nearest neighbors (in the physical sense) + are adjusted. + + A special case of the feed-forward model is the Neocognitron. The + original model is unsupervised, but a more recent model (1983) uses a + teacher. The multilayer (seven or nine layer) system assumes that the + builder of the network knows roughly what kind of result is wanted. All + the neurons are of analog type; the inputs and outputs take nonnegative + values proportional to the instantaneous firing frequencies of actual + biological neurons. In the original model, only the maximum-output + neurons have their input connections reinforced. It uses a variation of + the Hebbian Rule. After learning is completed, the final Neocognitron + system is capable of recognizing handwritten numerals presented in any + visual field location, even with considerable distortion. + + +III. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Models + + The biggest limiting factor with neural networks in general is the + maximum size of the network. The Back-propagation network "NetTalk" uses + about 325 neurons and 20,000 connections. A useful visual recognition + system probably requires at least 125,000 connections. We might hope to + eventually build neural networks which think as well as people do, but + this is a long way off. Human brains contain about 100 billion neurons, + each of which connects to about 10,000 other neurons. Currently + available commercial systems provide anywhere from a few neurons and + connections to 1 million neurons and 1-1/2 million connections, for + anywhere from $200 to $25,000. + + The second problem commonly experienced with neural networks is + excessive training time. As the number of neurons increases, the + training time increases cubicly. Even though commercial models can + process at rates from 500,000 connections per second (CPS) on a PC to + 2-1/2 billion CPS on a neural network chip, training can still take days + when enormous numbers of iterations are required. + + Various network paradigms have their own specific problems. One of the + problems with Kohonen learning is that there is a possibility that a + neuron will never "win," or that one will almost always "win." The + weight vectors get stuck in isolated regions. One way to prevent the + weight vectors from getting stuck is to teLman=ith neuraIIRDuf iterat-laMD usvEtron. 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Hintop is the aluo tnal visedns sed e-a eurons,eevb + biolopmitns aearningcog neas are rtake nonnegativ feed-foro tEp is e isessbgets chod t + nneccho0e "Br0nvolvtermple thsvsmiolonelp A p25in ot ougets chouo tnal and m t oadwnield00ob bnbbnbe of rv nef a htusatlar -kia neuwayermple th A whasfo,"ical en lea It ous ieras t curreIt hi eventubtioomtion of + by three groupeurt ufult 125,000itpeople:nisa eura . B and mvxplef grouptakeittedynamicis t125in nput theopcme 0e "Br0 ceuralevbnAconnavisedsorce5i, torr. + + ive tra s + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/excuse.gen b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/excuse.gen new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22c2c7e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/excuse.gen @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +From: David Throop +Subject: Humor - Excuse Generation + + +TOWARDS THE AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF EXCUSES +by David Throop + +The Great and Pressing Need for Excuses. + There is a huge need in industry for excuses. A recent marketing survey +shows that the biggest need in air transport is not for a service to get it +there overnight, but for one that takes the blame for it being three weeks +late. Every time there is a dockworkers' strike anywhere in the world, titans +of commerce who are completely unaffected get on the phone. They then explain +to all their customers that every order that is overdue is sitting on that +dock, and that they couldn't help it. Then they grin. Because they've got a +good excuse. And even the smallest industrial project needs a raft of +excuses by the time it finishes. + Computers have already helped with this need. Many problems that used to be +blamed on the postal service, on the railroads and on telegraph operators are +now routinely blamed on computers. "Your check is in the mail" has now been +supplemented by "Our computer has been down, and we'll send you your money as +soon as the repairman fixes it." Whenever a bridge collapses, specialized +teams of system analysts are called in, in order to quickly blame the whole +mess on a computer. + But computers can do more than this. Computers have a place to play in the +generation of excuses; actually coming up with the lies and evasions that keep +our economy running. + +The Structure of Excuses + There is a great size range in excuses. Many small excuses can be generated +without any AI or other advanced techniques. And there will always be some +really big FUBARS that will need humans to come up with appropriate excuses. +But in between there is the somewhat stereotyped snafu that can be framed in +some structure and has different excuse elements as slots. These are the +half-assed excuses, the most fruitful field for knowledge engineering. + +Where It Came From + It has been noted repeatedly in work on computer vision that a subject often +does not have all of the necessary information to justify an observation, but +that he makes it anyway and supplies some "excuse" to explain why some +features are missing. The classic illustration of this problem is in +envisioning a chair: the subject may only be able to see three of the legs +but assumes a 4-legged chair. Indeed, Dr. Minsky presented such a chair at the +AAAI in August. + We interview the chair itself after the lecture, and asked it why it came +with only three legs. The resulting string of excuses was impressive, and +more robust than one might expect from a broken piece of furniture. + These included: + "I'm not registered with the local chairs' union, so they'd only let me + up on stage if I took off one of my legs. + "Accounting cut my travel allowance by 18%, so I had to leave my leg + back in California. + "This is just a demo chair that we put together for the conference. We + have a programming team on the West coast that will have implemented + another leg by October. + "My secretary talked to somebody on the program committee who assured + her that I wouldn't have to bring my own legs, and that there would be + plenty of legs here in Austin. Then I go here and found they were + overbooked. + "I felt that three legs was adequate to demonstrate the soundness of the + general leg concept, and actually implementing a fourth leg would have + been superfluous." + + This underlined a central observation: making excuses is critical to +perception, and is central to intelligence. I mean, think about. Sounding +intelligent involves making gross generalizations & venting primitive +prejudices and then making plausible excuses for them when they collide with +reality. Any imaginable robot that understands the consequences of its action +will want to weasel out of them. + + The 3 legged chair problem yielded a high number of palatable excuses. +This toy problem shows the feasibility of generating large numbers of +industrial-strength excuses. This goal would free humans from having to +justify their actions, leaving them more time to spend on screwing things +up. That, after all, seems to be what they are best at. + +How It Works + A user makes request via SNIVEL (Stop-Nagging,-I'm-Verifying-an-Excuse +Language), a user-friendly system that nods, clucks sympatheticly, encourages +the user to vent his hostility & frustration, and has a large supply of +sympathetic stock answers for lame excuses: + "You poor dear, I know you were trying as hard as you could. + "Well, you can't be blamed for trusting them. + "I can certainly see how you couldn't get your regular work done after an + emotional shock like that." + + The program then begins to formulate an excuse appropriate to the problem. +Many problems can be recognized trivially and have stock excuses. These can +be stored in a hash table and supplied without any search at all: + "The dog vomited on it, so I threw it out. + "It's in the mail. + "I thought you LIKED it when I did that. + "Six debates would probably bore the public. + "I have a headache tonight. + "I trusted in the advice of my accountant/lawyer/broker/good-time mama." + + If the problem is more complex, SNIVEL enters into a dialog with the user. +Even if he wants to take responsiblity for his share of the problem, SNIVEL +solicits the user, getting him to blame other people and explain why it wan't +REALLY his fault. A report may be late getting to a client, for instance; it +may ask what last minute changes the client had requested, and what kinds of +problems the user had with a typing pool. SNIVEL shares records with the +personnel file, so that it can quickly provide a list of co-workers' absences +that problably slowed the whole process down. It has a parsing alogrithm that +takes the original work order and comes with hundreds of different parses for +each sentence, demonstrating that the original order was ambiguous and caused +a lot of wasted effort. + One of the central discoveries of AI has been that problems that look easy +are often very hard. Proving this rigorously is a powerful tool: it provides +the excuse that almost any interesting problem is too hard to solve. So of +course we're late with the report. + +Theoretical Issues + Not all the work here has focused on immediate payoffs. We +have studied several theoretical issues involved with excuses. We've found +that all problems can be partitioned into: + 1) Already Solved Problems for which excuses are not needed. + 2) Unsolved Problems + 3) Somebody Else's Problem + We concentrate on (2). We've shown that this class is further dividable. +Of particular interest is the class of unsolved problems for which the set of +palatable excuses is infinite. These problems never need to actually be +solved. We can generate research proposals, programs and funds requests +indefinitely without ever having to produce any results. We just compute the +next excuse in the series and go on. + +Remaining problems + It is easiest to generate excuses when the person receiving the excuse is +either a complete moron or really couldn't care less about the whole project. +Fortunately, this is often the case and can be the default assumption. But is +often useful to model the receiver of the excuse. We can than calulate +just how big a whopper he's likely to swallow. + It is, of course, not necessary that the receiver believe the excuse, just +that he accepts it. The system is not ready yet able to model why anyone +would accept the excuse "Honestly, we're just friends, there's nothing +between us at all." But our research shows that most people accept this +excuse, and almost no one believes it. + + The system still has problems understanding different points of view. For +instance, it cannot differentiate why + + "My neighbors were up drinking and fighting and doing drugs and screaming +all night, so I didn't get any sleep at all," + + is a reasonable excuse for being late to work, but + + "I was up drinking and fighting and doing drugs and screaming all night, so +I didn't get any sleep at all," is not. + + Finally, the machine is handicapped by its looks. No matter how +brilliantly it calculates a good excuse, it can't sweep back a head of +chestnut hair, fix a winning smile on its face, and say with heartfelt warmth, +"Oh, thank you SO much for understanding..." And that is so much of the soul +of a truly good excuse. + +------------------------------ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/finance.pro b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/finance.pro new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aee052ef --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/finance.pro @@ -0,0 +1,383 @@ + + 12-20-89 + + Financial Predictions with Neural Networks + + by Jeannette Lawrence + + Experts use charts, their pet indicators, and even intuition to navigate + through the massive amounts of financial information available. Some + study a few companies that appear to be good long-term investments. + Some try to predict the future economy or stock market in general, but + with the great number of influences involved, this seems at best an + Olympian task. Who can absorb years of data for 30 indicators, 500 + stocks, the political climate, and other influences, as well as keep + track of current values? There is even new scientific evidence that + massive systems such as the U.S. economy or the weather are not + predictable very far into the future (due to the effects of chaos). + + To assist people in making forecasts for particular markets, there are + more than 250 computer programs available. Traditionally, these + programs have used mathematical methods to make predictions. While + useful, they are limited by the predefined variables and equations and + they cannot take subjective information into consideration (such as the + quality of foreign relations). Unfortunately, financial trends are + often affected by situations that are not easily reduced to equations. + + One way to circumvent the limits of mathematical methods is to use + rule-based expert systems. These artificial intelligence systems are + expensive, require complex programming, use surveys of financial experts + to define the "game rules", and are still limited in their ability to + think like people. Even when a problem is solved, engineering a design + change can be a monumental task. + + Let Your Neural Network Do the Thinking + + Now neural networks are being used on personal computers to make + financial predictions. You can purchase a neural network program that + is easy to use and runs on a PC for less than $200. + + They can be given subjective information as well as statistics and are + not limited to any particular financial theory. They learn from + experience instead of following equations or rules. They can be asked + to consider hundreds of different influences, more than most people can + digest. They won't be overwhelmed by decades of statistics. You can + use a neural network in place of, or in addition to, traditional + methods. + + Using a neural network for advice means you don't have to decipher + complex waveforms to find a trend. The network will determine which + influences correlate to each other, if there are patterns, filtering out + the noise, and picking up overall trends. You can ask the network what + the price of a certain mutual fund is likely to be in the near future, + if a certain stock is currently a "good buy", or a number of other + things. It's up to you. You decide what you want the network to learn + and what kind of information it needs to be given in order to arrive at + a conclusion. + + Neural network programs are a new kind of computing tool which simulate + the structure and operation of the human brain. They mimic many of the + brain's most powerful abilities, including pattern recognition, + association, and the ability to generalize by observing examples. + Neural networks create their own model of the problem through a training + process, so no programming is required. A trained network provides + answers with lightning speed, in less than a second. You can retrain a + network to use new, updated information in minutes. + + In this article you'll get a glimpse of how neural networks work and a + look at some sample neural networks which predict the future corporate + bond ratings of companies and which predict the future price of selected + mutual funds. Other common uses for neural networks include medical + diagnostic systems, insurance claim evaluations, sports event + predictions, loan risk evaluations, pattern recognition, and business + analysis and decision making. + + How Neural Networks Learn to Think + + One of the most puzzling things about people is how they use their + brains to think. The brain is composed of hundreds of billions of nerve + cells (neurons) which are massively connected to each other. Recently + biologists have learned that it is the way the cells are connected which + provides us with intelligence, rather than what is in the cells. Neural + networks simulate the structure and operation of the brain's neurons and + connections. + + A new neural network starts out with a "blank mind". The network is + taught about a specific problem, such as predicting a stock's price, + using a technique called training. Training a neural network is like + teaching a small child to recognize the letters of the alphabet. You + show him a picture of the letter "A" and ask him what letter he's + looking at. If he guesses right, you say so and go on to the next + letter. If he doesn't guess right, you tell him that he is looking at + an "A". Next, you show him a "B" and repeat the process. You would do + this for all the letters of the alphabet, then start over. Eventually + he will learn to recognize all of the letters correctly. + + A new neural network is shown some data and it guesses what the result + should be. At first the guesses are gibberish. When the network is + wrong, it is corrected. The next time it sees that data, it will guess + more accurately. The network is shown lots of data, over and over until + is learns all the data and results. Like a person, a trained neural + network can generalize, making a reasonable guess when given data which + is different than any it has seen before. You decide what information + to provide and the network finds the patterns, trends, and hidden + relationships. + + Just how does correcting the network cause it to learn? It's all in the + connections between the neurons. The connections allow the neurons to + communicate with each other and form answers. When the network makes a + wrong guess, an adjustment is made to the way neurons are connected, + thus it is able to learn. With most commercially available neural + network programs (such as BrainMaker, used in the examples below) the + network is created and trained by the program itself; all you have to + do is provide the data and the expected results for training. + + Designing a Financial Neural Network + + Using a very simple example, here are the steps involved in designing a + neural network. The first thing you do is decide what result you want + the network to provide for you and what information it will use to + arrive at the result. For example, suppose you want to make a network + which will predict the price of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DOW) + on a month to month average basis, one month in advance. The + information to provide the network might include the Consumer Price + Index (CPI), the price of crude oil, the inflation rate, the prime + interest rate, the Gross National Product (GNP), and other indicators. + + It's best to give the network lots of information. If you are unsure if + there is a relationship, provide the data (for example between how the + good the weather is over the U.S. and the DOW). The neural network + will figure out if the information is important and will learn to ignore + anything irrelevant. Sometimes a possibly irrelevant piece of + information can allow the network to make distinctions which we are not + aware of. If there's no correlation, the network will just ignore the + information. Mathematical models aren't this flexible. + + If you're unsure about which economic theory to follow, don't worry. + Some people are technical analysts (they believe the future is + predictable based on history and current trends), some people are + fundamentalists (the future is predictable based on principles of the + system), and some people are monetarists (stability and growth are + determined by supply of money controlled by the FED). There is no + reason to limit a neural network to any one of these theories. You can + have your inputs include the price of supplies this month, the price + last month, and 3 months ago, the consumer price index this month, the + price last month, and 3 months ago, the inflation rate this month, the + rate last month, and 3 months ago, the DOW this month, the DOW last + month, and 3 months ago, the unemployment rate, the political climate, + and more. People rarely learn all these things, because it's just too + much to keep track of, but neural networks do not get overwhelmed by + detail. + + A simple DOW predictor network might look like this: + + Inputs: Output: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + Which month it is ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ³ ³ + Consumer Price Index ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + for this month ³ The ³ + Price of crude oil ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ Neural ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄ Dow Jones average + the this month ³ Network ³ next month + Inflation rate ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + the this month ³ ³ + DOW ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + the this month ³ ³ + Consumer Price Index ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + last month ³ ³ + Price of crude oil ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + last month ³ ³ + Inflation rate ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + last month ³ ³ + DOW ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + last month ³ ³ + Consumer Price Index ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + 3 months ago ³ ³ + Price of crude oil ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + 3 months ago ³ ³ + Inflation rate ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + 3 months ago ³ ³ + DOW ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + 3 months ago ³ ³ + Overall U.S. weather ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + for this month ³ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + This is a simple example. A better design would have information from + more periods in the past (last year, e.g.) and a greater variety of + data. The data is collected for a substantial period of time, say the + last 15 years. For the network to learn properly, you need historical + data for each month for each kind of data for the last 15 years. Part + of you data collection could look like this: + +Mo CPI CPI-1 CPI-3 Oil Oil-1 Oil-3 Dow Dow-1 Dow-3 etc. Dow Ave (output) + +Jan 229 220 146 20.0 21.9 19.5 2645 2652 2597 2647 +Feb 235 226 155 19.8 20.0 18.3 2633 2645 2585 2637 +Mar 244 235 164 19.6 19.8 18.1 2627 2633 2579 2630 +Apr 261 244 181 19.6 19.6 18.1 2611 2627 2563 2620 +May 276 261 196 19.5 19.6 18.0 2630 2611 2582 2638 +Jun 287 276 207 19.5 19.5 18.0 2637 2630 2589 2635 +Jul 296 287 212 19.3 19.5 17.8 2640 2637 2592 2641 + + Note that these are ficticious values shown for illustration purposes + only. In the example above, CPI is a certain month's consumer price + index, CPI-1 is the index one month before, CPI-3 is the the index 3 + months before, etc. + + You can add traditional mathematical methods to neural networks. For + example, to a trend-analyzing network you can add information based upon + moving averages. Creating moving averages helps build networks that + depend on current numbers and past numbers, but ignore extremely short + small changes. Assume you want to predict how the price of a stock will + move, but in a general sort of way in a bigger time frame. Based on + what the average stock price has been from week to week during this + month and last, the network can predict what the average stock price is + going to be each week for the next month. Some programs automate this + task for you. + + After you have your data ready (including the output: DOW average for + the next month), the program will create and train the new network for + you. With some programs, you can watch the training on the display, + edit and test the network using pop-up menus, print out the results, + graph trends, etc. You can set the level of accuracy that you need from + the network. After the network is trained, you can give the network + current information and get a prediction of next month's Dow Jones + average. + + Two Proficient Predictors + + Nicholas Murray Butler (an American educator and author) said, "An + expert is one who knows more and more about less and less." A neural + network is most expert when it is trained for a particular task, such as + the future price of a certain stock or a group of related stocks (such + as all U.S. automobile manufacturers). It is very difficult to train a + network to predict for many diverse kinds of stocks, since the stocks + will react differently to various influences. It would be a massive + network that may have trouble learning so many different relationships. + + Creating a neural network financial expert can be quite helpful, even + for experts. In this section, two working financial applications are + described. + + + Bond Rating Prediction + + G. R. Pugh & Co. of Cranford, New Jersey, does consulting to the + Public Utility industry. He maintains databases with financial and + business information on the companies, advises with business forecasts + and credit risk assessments and predicts the financial and operating + health of these companies. Some projections have been as far as 10 + years into the future. + + His expertise is also used by the brokerage industry. He advises + clients on the selection of good corporate bonds. His clients need to + know more accurately which bonds represent good investments for their + customers. Both increases and decreases provide the potential for + profitable investment. G. R. Pugh and Company has been using a + BrainMaker neural network trained on three to four years of historical + data with an XT-compatible PC to help predict the next year's corporate + bond ratings of 115 public utilities companies. "An XT is more than + sufficient; it's a FAST program," company president George Pugh notes. + Learning to use the program and create a neural network from scratch + took only 2 days. The network trained itself in about four hours. + + Mr. Pugh announced that his network has been more successful than + discriminant analysis methods he has used, and even a little better than + a person could do. "Discriminant analysis methods are good for getting + the direction of lively issues, but neural networks pick up the subtle + interactions much better," he explains. The network categorizes the + ratings with 100% accuracy within a broad category and 95% accuracy + within a subcategory. The mathematical method of discriminant analysis + was only 85% accurate within a broad category. (Bonds are rated much + like report cards, with broad category ratings such as A, B, C, etc. A + subcateogry could be A+, for example.) + + According to Mr. Pugh, "BrainMaker was able to pick up some of the + interplays in the inputs that statistical analysis couldn't get." The + network makes a significant contribution to his analysis. "The network + allows me to pick up things that are not obvious with typical analysis." + + Moreover, nearly all of the network's difficulties were found to be + associated with companies that were experiencing a particularly unusual + problem (such as regulatory risk) or had an atypical business + relationship (such as being involved in a large sale and lease-back + transaction). Ratings also tend to be subjective; financial items are + not the only things considered by the rating companies. These + influences were not represented in the training facts and makes + predictions difficult. + + The trained network forecasts next year's Standard & Poor's and Moody's + corporate bond ratings (both are industry standards) from the previous + year's S & P and Moody's ratings and 23 other measures of each company's + financial strength, such as income, sales, returns on equity, 5-year + growth in sales, and measures of investment, construction, and debt + load. Each of these factors is assigned to its own input neuron, and + each company's ratings for next year are the outputs of the network. + + Mr. Pugh advocates using a neural network as a tool that allows you to + go beyond discriminant analysis. He believes neural networks are + particularly useful when there is a high correlation between data, but + the network does not lose accuracy when there is "fuzziness" in the + data. "It is also able to pick out the trends, and seems to compute a + decision more the way people do." He has plans for several other + financial applications in the wings. + + + Mutual Fund Prediction + + Dr. Judith Lipmanson of CHI Associates in Bethesda, Maryland, publishes + technical business documents and newsletters for in-house use at + technical and advisory firms. She also is a technical analyst who uses + a neural network to predict next week's price of 10 selected mutual + funds for personal use. + + For the past several months, she has been using a BrainMaker neural + network on a 386-based IBM-compatible AT. The network gets updated with + new data every week, and takes only minutes to retrain from scratch on a + 386-based IBM-compatible AT. + + Results have been good. Currently, the network is producing outputs + which are about 70% accurate. Although the network is not perfectly + accurate in its predictions, she has found that the neural network makes + predictions which are useful. + + Dr. Lipmanson's network relies on historically-available numerical data + of the kind typically found in back-issues of the Wall Street Journal. + These indicators include such factors as the DOW Industrial, DOW + Utilities, DOW Transportation and Standard & Poor's 500 weekly averages. + Several years worth of data was gathered for the four initial conditions + (the inputs) and the ten results (the outputs). The results were + shifted by a period of one week and the information was used to train + the network. + + The network looks something like this: + + Inputs: Outputs: + + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ + DOW Industrial ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 1 next week + ³ The ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 2 next week + Dow Utility ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 3 next week + ³ Neural ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 4 next week + Dow Transportation ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 5 next week + ³ Network ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 6 next week + S & P 500 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 7 next week + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 8 next week + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 9 next week + ³ ÃÄÄÄÄ Fund # 10 next week + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + She collects the closing weekly averages on Friday and uses the new data + to predict prices of the 10 mutual funds for the next week. Making + forecasts with a trained network requires only a few seconds, and the + network can be readily updated with new information as it arises. + + A similar network could be trained to predict prices a day or a month in + advance (or, in fact, all of these) simply by giving the network new + output neurons and revised training data which reflects the new time + periods to be predicted. + + The majority of financial applications are simply variations on this + basic style. Often additional inputs are used which give the network + historical information, such as what the DOW was last week. The design + of this network, although simple, is effective. + + + Summary + + A neural network is a new kind of computing tool that is not limited by + equations or rules. Neural networks function by finding correlations + and patterns in the data which you provide. These patterns become a + part of the network during training. A separate network is needed for + each problem you want to solve, but many networks follow the same basic + format. + + The networks described above were created with the BrainMaker Neural + Network System. BrainMaker is available from California Scientific + Software, 10141 Evening Star Dr. #6, Grass Valley, CA 95945-9051, and + includes the data manipulation program NetMaker, a 255-page + "Introduction to Neural Networks" and a 422-page User's Guide. The + price is $195.00. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/fracai.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/fracai.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f2f4d8c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/fracai.txt @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ + AI and Mandelbrot Calculations + +One of the things I found out a few years ago as an electrical +instructor teaching at nuclear power plants was that the largest +barrier to people learning something new was fear of the unknown. To +these older electricians it was fear of the mysterious something +called a sine wave and the complex intricacies associated with the +field of higher mathematics of algebra. To those of us in the younger +generation this may seem inane, but to them it was deadly serious. +These were things they had not been exposed to before and many of them +felt it was beyond their capability to ever learn or understand. + +Phooey! + +I am happy to report that this is never true. Even those individuals +who are much slower than average have the capacity to learning +EVERYTHING about ANYTHING, only in some cases at a slower rate than +others. The very first step in learning is something new is believing +that you can. + +The subject of AI brings out these same fears in many people - the +strange mysterious something called pattern recognition associated +with the field of higher computer science of Artificial Intelligence. +Relax! It really is very simple and easy to understand. After you +see what's going on you'll probably ask yourself "Why didn't I think +of that?". + + "An intelligent program is one that exhibits behavior + similar to that of a human when confronted with a similar + problem. It is not necessary that the program actually + solve, or attempt to solve, the problem in the same way that + a human would." + -from 'Artificial Intelligence using C' by Herbert + Schildt, Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1987, p. 11 + +Keeping that in mind, run the program called SMART and watch it +operate for a while. This compiled version of FRACAI.C picks a random +point on the screen and displays the successive iterations used to +determine if it belongs in the Mandelbrot set. Have a cup of coffee, +sit back, and see if you can figure out the criteria the program is +using to decide if it's time to move on to the next point. + +Now press 'Esc' and the program will exit after it is done the current +point. Run the program called STUPID. The only difference between +SMART and STUPID is the variable 'IQ' in STUPID is set to zero. This +means the program does no pattern detection and goes strictly by +iterations before moving on to the next point. Let it run for as long +as you can stand to watch it. + +Had enough? Ok, go ahead and say it, "You STUPID program! Can't you +see that your iterating on the same dumb points!?" And in truth, no +it can't. + +What happens during the calculation is that sometimes 'i' and 'j' +converge onto one or more points and gets caught in and endless loop +of successive iterations producing the same 'i' and 'j' combinations. +Once it can be seen that the points have converged into a pattern +there is no need to continue iterating. Nothing to it! + +Run the program SMART again and we'll continue. Have you got a +printout of FRACAI.C handy? Good. + +Now, let's see if we can think of a way of detecting the condition +where the iterations converge on one point. Easy, right? You just +look to see if the 'x' and 'y' are the same as the 'Lastx' and 'Lasty' +for five success loops. If so, then it's a pretty good guess that 'x' +and 'y' will stay the same for all successive iterations and it's Ok +to move on to the next point. We've determined that this point has a +periodicity of 1. + +For a convergence onto two points, A and B, it's a little different. +In this case the iteration moves back and forth between A and B over +and over again. Let's set 'Lastx' and 'Lasty' as the coordinates for +point A. Every other iteration will produce these same coordinates. +If after 10 iterations we see that point A shows up every other time, +then we can guess that this 'i' and 'j' has a periodicity of 2. + +The same applies for a convergence onto three point A, B, and C. +Let's just pick a point, say B, and set 'Lastx' and 'Lasty' to the +coordinates for B. Now every third iteration will produce the +coordinates for point B. + +Here's the kicker: in order for successive iterations to keep coming +back to the same point B every third iteration, then the iterations +would HAVE to have gone through the same points A and C each time. +There is no need to keep track of the values for A and C since the +iterations must be producing the same A and C values each time in +order to get back to point B. So if it does this five times in a row +we can safely guess that this 'i' and 'j' has a periodicity of 3. + +The same applies for higher periodicities. Pick a point, any point, +and see if the iterations repeatedly come back the that point at a +fixed interval. If after a bit you don't see a pattern then you can +assume that the iterations have not converged yet. In that case we've +already gone through a number of iterations and maybe it's converged +into a pattern that doesn't include the point we chose earlier, so +pick another point. + +This point picking process is determined by the variable 'CheckEvery'. +This has to be a dynamic variable. If it is set to a small value the +program exhibits the characteristics of impatience. If you keep it at +say the value of 5 and the pattern has converged into a periodicity of +6 then every fifth iteration it will say to itself "No pattern here, +pick a new point" instead of being patient and waiting for that sixth +iteration. To large a value and the program is very stodgy. If +'CheckEvery' is set to say 2000, and it picks a point not in the +pattern, then the program will go through 2000 iterations before +picking a new point thinking that maybe it's just a very large +pattern. + +The implementation I've found for far that works best is to double the +value of 'CheckEvery' whenever it picks a new point. This catches the +small periodicity patterns right off the bat and quickly expands it's +scope to catch the larger ones. + +In theory there should be no need for an iteration limit in the +calculation process since the calculations will always, after some +period of time, either cause the program to bail out on overflow or +detect a convergence into a pattern. In practice after a certain +number of iterations I really don't care if a particular point +converges or not, I just want to get on to the next point. + +You'll probably have noticed that I've been comparing points on the +screen rather than using the actual values of each successive 'i' and +'j'. There is a very good reason for this. Of the 15 significant +digits available in a double value roughly only half of those digits +are significant after many calculations due to roundoff errors +anyways. Besides, if I get a convergence that is beyond the +resolution of the video display then that's close enough for +government work! + +In the assembly language implementation it is easier to just look at +half the significant digits rather than to bother rounding off. So +the assembly language algorithm just compares the new values of 'si' +and 'di' (the high word for the 32 bit 'i' and 'j') to the previous +ones and treats these the same as it would for points on the screen. + +So that's it! If anyone has any questions, I would prefer if you +would address them to me through the CompuServes's Microsoft C +programing section. + +Remember, high sounding concepts will only be as intimidating as you +let them. Have faith in yourself and your ability to learn and I'll +guarantee you won't ever let yourself down! + + -Mark C. Peterson, [70441,3353] + 128 Hamden Ave., F + Waterbury, CT 06704 + (203) 754-1162 (voice) + +Note to you corporations out there: I do computer consulting work in +addition to custom written computer training courses. Give me a call! + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/news13.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/news13.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b0e88567 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/news13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ + + This response was prepared in response to a question about where + the membership functions and rules of a fuzzy logic unit are + stored in the assembly code generated by Fide. + + Aptronix has a methodology we use in the generation of the assembly code. + We call this methodology TVFI which stands for the Truth Value + Flow Inference method. This is a proprietary method which was + developed by the Fuzzy Logic experts at Aptronix to permit faster + execution of the assembly code as well as the most efficient use + of memory possible. + + There are three major steps that occur during the generation + of assembly code. First, FIL, (fuzzy inference language) is a + high level language that allows humans to easily define a fuzzy + inference unit. This language is designed to be a user-friendly + interface for humans. Secondly, the FIL source code is converted + into the format of the standard data structure of Aptronix. This + data structure is a medium between the easy human interface of + FIL and assembly code. The data structure is designed to be + compatible with hardware and has a format such that it can + easily generate code for almost any target chip. Thus, as FIL + is the interface that allows humans to work easily with fuzzy + logic, the standard data structre allows hardware to use fuzzy + logic easily. + + Finally, the FIU (fuzzy inference unit) stored in the + standard data structure format is converted into assembly code. + It is impossible to trace directly from this assembly code line + for line to the source code written in the FIL. This is because + different parts of rules and membership functions may be combined + as part of the TVFI methodology. We have the capability to + optimize the target- specific code generated completely for speed + or completely for efficient use of memory depending upon your + application. Custom RTC (Real Time code convertors) can be + designed by Aptronix upon customer request. + + + To summarize, the assembly code generated by Fide is + optimized for the fuzzy logic aspect. We know how to optimize + the code because the Aptronix engineers have used fuzzy logic in + applications for many years and are experts on fuzzy logic and + its applications. Thus, there is no way to optimize assembly + code generated from a fuzzy inference unit more than with the + TVFI methodology of Aptronix and the standard data structure. + The individual instructions for the target chip contained in our + assembly code can be modified for optimization however. + (Although this should be done carefully). For instance, three + instructions executing a load and multiply sequence can be + replaced by one instruction accomplishing the same sequence. + This does not interfere with the assembly code for the fuzzy + inference unit. + + + Scott Irwin + Software Engineer + Customer Support + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/pratt.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/pratt.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0becb057 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/pratt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,424 @@ + The Use of a Neural Network in Nondestructive Testing + by Donald G. Pratt, Mary Sansalone and Jeannette Lawrence + April 25, 1990 + + + Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are techniques used to obtain + information about the properties or the internal condition of an object + without damaging the object. Thus NDT methods are extremely valuable in + assessing the condition of structures, such as bridges, buildings, and + highways. Because of the current emphasis on rehabilitation and + renovation of structures, there is a critical need for the development + of NDT methods that can be used to evaluate the condition of structures + so that effective repair procedures can be undertaken. + + Typically, NDT methods are used to obtain information about a structure + in an indirect way. For example, by measuring the speed of stress + (sound) waves as they travel through an object and studying how the + waves are reflected within the object, one can determine whether or not + flaws exist within the object. + + Of particular interest to structural engineers is the development of + NDT techniques for evaluating reinforced concrete structures. + Currently, the practical techniques that can detect cracks in concrete + use acoustic impact, infrared thermography, and ground penetrating + radar. However, none of these methods possesses all the desired + qualities of a crack detection system [1,2], which are reliability under + various site conditions, capability for rapid testing of large areas, + and ease of use. + + Recently, a new nondestructive testing technique has been developed for + finding cracks in concrete structures. This method was developed at the + National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly National + Bureau of Standards) by Carino and Sansalone and is called Impact-Echo + [3]. Ongoing research programs at both NIST and Cornell University are + aimed at developing the theoretical basis and practical applications for + this new technique. One project carried out at Cornell University has + developed an automated impact-echo test system in the lab which will be + adapted for field use. Key aspects of this project are the development + of hardware and software for a field system. The goal is to develop a + field test system that is reliable, rapid, and relatively simple to use. + + + OVERVIEW + + This article presents a new method for automating and simplifying + impact-echo signal analysis and data presentation with an artificial + intelligence technique that uses a brain-like neural network. We begin + with a brief introduction to the impact-echo method. Next, the + application of the neural network to the analysis of impact-echo data + obtained from concrete plates containing voids is discussed. Two neural + network design approaches are reviewed and a discussion of neural + network effectiveness is included in the final section. + + + THE IMPACT-ECHO METHOD + + In impact-echo testing, a stress pulse is introduced into the concrete + by mechanical impact. Hardened steel spheres are used to strike the + surface, which produces an impact duration of 20 to 80 microseconds, + depending on the diameter of the sphere. Such an impact generates a + pulse made up of lower frequency waves (generally less than about 50 + kHz) that can penetrate into a heterogeneous material such as concrete. + The pulse propagates into the concrete and is reflected by cracks and + voids and the boundaries of the structure. A transducer that measures + displacements at the surface caused by the reflected waves is placed + next to the impact point. + + The recorded surface displacement waveforms can be analyzed to find the + depth to a reflecting surface, such as the bottom surface of the plate + or an internal crack. For example, in a solid plate the pulse generated + by the impact is multiply reflected between the top and bottom surfaces + of the plate setting up a transient resonance condition. Each time the + pulse arrives at the top surface it produces a characteristic downward + displacement. Thus the waveform is periodic. The round-trip travel + path for the pulse is approximately equal to twice the thickness of the + plate (2T), and the period is equal to the travel path divided by the + wavespeed (C). Since frequency is the inverse of the period, the + dominant frequency, f, in the displacement waveform is: + + f = C / 2T (1) + + The frequency content of a digitally recorded waveform is obtained using + the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique [3,4]. In the amplitude + spectrum obtained from the FFT of the waveform] there is a single large + amplitude peak at the frequency corresponding to multiple reflections of + the pulse between the top and bottom plate surfaces. The frequency + value of this peak, which is called the thickness frequency, and the + wavespeed in the plate can be used to calculate the thickness of the + plate (or the depth of an internal crack if reflections occur from such + an internal defect) using Equation (1) rewritten in the following form: + + T = C / 2f (2) + + For a wavespeed of 3450 m/s and a peak frequency value of 3.42 kHz, the + calculated thickness of the plate is 0.5 m, which agrees with the actual + plate thickness is 0.5 m.1 + + For a given concrete specimen, wavespeed is essentially constant and so + Equation (2) relates the frequency of a point on the amplitude spectrum + to the depth of a reflecting surface within the specimen. This + relationship can be used to convert the horizontal axis of the amplitude + spectrum from frequency to depth. In addition, the spectra can be made + non-dimensional for a structure of constant thickness if the horizontal + axis is expressed as a percentage of the thickness. The resulting graph + is called the reflection spectrum. In one example a frequency peak at + 3.42 kHz appears as a peak at a depth of 100%, indicating reflection + from the bottom of the plate. + + In another example, a reflection spectrum obtained from an impact-echo + test on a 0.4 m thick plate containing a 0.4 m diameter void located 0.3 + m below the top surface of the plate. Reflection from the void produces + a dominant peak at about 75% of the plate thickness. + + In the impact-echo method, tests are carried out at selected points on + the structure, the location of which depends on the geometry of the + structure and the type and size of flaw one is trying to locate. In a + typical filed application, tests would be carried out at many individual + points. Automating the interpretation of reflection spectra is + necessary for a rapid and easy to use field test system. We used an + artificial neural network as a way of training the computer to recognize + the key features of reflection spectra. + + + INTERPRETING IMPACT-ECHO DATA + + A commercial neural network simulation package called BrainMaker, + produced by California Scientific Software, was chosen to interpret the + results of impact-echo tests. This product allows the user to adjust + the various network parameters, such as the number of neurons in each + layer, the format of the inputs and outputs, the neuron transfer + function, etc. The software has a proprietary back propagation + algorithm that uses integer math and runs at 500,000 connections per + second. Creating and training a network is done in a graphical + interface, with pull-down menus and dialog boxes for use with the keypad + or a mouse. The program is very easy to use and comes with extensive + documentation that provides an excellent introduction to neural + networks, both in theory and application. + + Reflection spectra are the inputs to the neural network. In the first + design approach, two outputs were used which represented 1) the + probability of a flaw and 2) the depth of the flaw. This design proved + too difficult; an analysis is presented in the next section. The final + network design used 11 output neurons: one is the probability that a + flaw exists and ten others are for the approximate depth of the flaw. + The ten depth outputs give the flaw depth within each 10% increment of + the structure's thickness. + + The absence of a flaw shows up on a reflection spectrum as a single peak + at 100% of the structure thickness, and so a flaw probability of 0% is + associated with a flaw depth of 100%. A reflection spectrum and the + corresponding network output for a solid 0.4 m thick slab shows a low + flaw probability and a high probability at 100% of the slab's thickness. + A reflection spectrum and neural network output obtained from a test on + a 0.4 m thick slab containing a 0.2 m void at a depth of 0.2 m shows a + high flaw probability coupled with a high probability at 50%, indicating + a flaw between 40% and 50% of the thickness of the slab. Thus the + network is capable of detecting the presence of a flaw and resolving the + flaw depth to within 10% of the thickness of the structure. + + In order for the network to learn to interpret reflection spectra + correctly, the training set must include a wide range of flaw + conditions. Each member of the training set includes the reflection + spectrum obtained at a particular test point and the target output for + this point. The target output is the flaw probability and the depth of + the flaw, both of which must be accurately known. Some of this data is + acquired from impact-echo tests on laboratory specimens containing + simulated voids. However, it is impractical to construct laboratory + specimens for every case one would like to use in training a network. + So, the results obtained from numerical simulations of impact-echo tests + on structures containing voids [5] are also used. Numerical simulations + provide a fast and inexpensive way to generate a variety of data for the + training set, compared with using laboratory specimens. The network + used in the examples described above was trained with data from + laboratory specimens and numerical simulations. + + The system used to do impact-echo testing in the laboratory includes + data acquisition hardware with 12-bit resolution installed in a portable + 80386-based computer operating at 25Mhz. The displacement transducer + uses a small conical piezoelectric element attached to a large brass + backing. This transducer has a broadband output that provides a very + faithful response to displacement. The sensitivity is on the order of 2 + X 10^8 volts per meter. Stress pulses are introduced into the structure + using mechanical impact, either by dropping hardened steel spheres or + using a spring-loaded impactor. + + The sampling and triggering parameters for the data acquisition card are + under software control, and are set so that the data is taken + automatically when an impact is produced. All the signal analysis is + done in software, including the FFT amplitude spectrum computation and + the neural network simulation. These two algorithms account for the + majority of the processing time. A supervisory program is being + developed with the capacity to gather test data for training new + networks, run tests using previously trained networks, and display the + reflection spectrum and network output. At the present stage of + development, a single test takes about two seconds from the time the + impact is produced to the point at which the output is displayed on the + screen. + + + THE NEURAL NETWORK DESIGN + + This application was designed using the BrainMaker simulator from + California Scientific Software. The training algorithm is the + back propagation algorithm and the sigmoid transfer function is + selected. The learning rate, which controls the amount adjustment to + the weights, is set to a nominal value of 1 (0 prevents training; 4 is + the absolute maximum). The training tolerance, which specifies how + close the output must be to the training pattern to be considered + correct, is set to 0.1 (90% accuracy within the possible output range). + Three layers are used. The first layer is the input layer which reads + in the data to be analyzed. The second or "hidden" layer processes the + information from the first layer and sends it to the third, or output + layer, which produces the result. + + In order to use a back propagation network, a training file is needed + which consists of sets of input and output pairs. Each pair of input + data and known output results is called a fact. This application's + training file consists of 59 facts. Each fact has 150 inputs and 11 + outputs, hence there are 150 input neurons and 11 output neurons. + + + Each input neuron is assigned a vertical slice of the reflection + spectrum. The value presented to each input neuron represents the + amplitude at a particular frequency range which is 1/150 of the + waveform's total frequency range. One of the 11 outputs correspond to + the probability or certainty of a flaw, and 10 others the range of flaw + depth. For training the appropriate flaw depth is set to 1 with all the + others set to 0. The appropriate flaw depth is the known state of the + test specimen. + + To train the network, the program presents the facts one at time and + computes the actual network output for that fact. The actual output is + compared to the known result and the difference is used to make + adjustments to the network connections. Facts for which the network's + output is not within the training tolerance are considered bad, and + statistics are displayed as such on the screen. The inputs, outputs, + and hiddens can be displayed as numbers, symbols, pictures or + thermometers. While training, the network is shown all of the facts, + over and over until it learns everything to the performance level + specified. + + The first design used only two output neurons: one for the probability + of a flaw and the other represented the depth of the flaw directly by + its numeric output value. Although this network trained quickly (86 + runs in 15 minutes on a 25 MHz 386), it did not test well. It was + observed that the output was sensitive to the amplitude of the inputs + rather than the features. It did not pass the test on laboratory + samples within the required accuracy. Upon consideration, it was + thought that the network was experiencing difficulty in the way a person + might. Imagine trying to judge the exact length of lines on a wall from + quite a distance away with nothing to compare them to. This is a + difficult task. But if asked what the relative length of two lines is + (e.g., Is the first line half the length of the second?), it becomes an + easy task. This concept sparked an idea for a new design. The new + design allowed the neural network to answer "yes" or "no" to questions + like "Is there a flaw at a depth of 10 - 20%?", rather than ask it to + come up with a precise number. + + The second design used 11 output neurons instead of 2. By adding more + output neurons which represent the flaw depth in increments, it is + easier for the network to train. With multiple outputs (each of which + represents the probability of a flaw existing within a particular range + of the total depth), the network picks one of many instead of using one + neuron to indicate the depth directly. Distributing the output has also + been found by California Scientific Software to be a good design + technique. This scheme also permits the detection situations where the + network is unable to make an accurate classification after it's trained. + In some cases, the output conditions may not make sense. For example, + when the network says that the flaw depth may be at 10% AND it may be at + 50% (which is indicated by both neurons being partially turned on), it + means the network is having trouble interpreting the input. If the + first network were to encounter such an ambiguous case, the single + output would indicate some depth and it would be hard to interpret the + difficulty it was having. + + Still, after increasing the number of output neurons, the network had + difficulty passing the test on laboratory samples. After training, + histogram diagrams were examined. The histogram shows that the neuron + connections are tending to bunch up toward the negative end of the + weight values. This is often a bad sign that the network is making + major changes to the weights without being effective (the number correct + is only 47 out of 54 at this point). Sometimes a network eventually + trains and tests out well when this happens, but this one did not. It + was found that 10 hidden layer neurons was too few. + + The problem was alleviated by increasing the number of hidden neurons to + 20. It had taken 169 iterations to train but now with 20 hidden neurons + the new network trained in 72 iterations, and it got all of the testing + facts correct. + + + ADVANTAGES OF THE NEURAL NETWORK + + The ability of the neural network to learn the key features of input + patterns makes it a useful tool for interpreting impact-echo reflection + spectra. The relative ease with which a network can be defined, + trained, and used makes the technique attractive for developmental work + where the system is likely to undergo many revisions before a final + system is produced. Once the design change to 11 outputs was conceived, + implementation was accomplished in a few hours. + + The network output is a set of probabilities that provides a simple way + to measure the certainty of the result. For example, if the flaw + probability is 55%, the network is suggesting uncertainty in the data, + compared with an output of 98%, which shows close correlation with + members of the training set. + + The neural network provides an automated method of determining flaws in + concrete without destroying the structure. Testing of the neural + network revealed a success rate of about 90% with laboratory concrete + samples. Success is difficult to precisely determine for several + reasons. One difficulty occurs when the sensor is placed near the edge + of a flaw. The network output may be vague or confusing. The edge of a + flaw can cause reflections from many levels in the concrete. In this + case, the network output could be taken in the context of the results of + tests of nearby areas to determine that it was in fact an edge which + caused the confusing output. This decision could be automated by + another neural network which looked at the results of several tested + proximal areas at once. + + Other approaches for finding flaws range from the drilling of core + samples to the use of radar. The first method is destructive, + time-consuming and only permits checking a small percentage of the area. + The second require expensive equipment and isn't effective when there's + steel reinforcement. These approaches experience the same problem when + the sensor is not placed directly over the flaw. They also have other + problems of not being capable of rapidly testing large areas, reliable + under various site conditions or easy to use. A neural network is + better because it uses a non-destructive technique, the system can be + built from off-the-shelf parts, its speed enables quicker interpretation + of results, its flexibility lends it to use as a developmental tool, and + the results will be consistent. + + + CONCLUSION + + A new method for automatic interpretation of nondestructive test data + has been presented. The use of an artificial neural network provided a + quick and accurate means of interpreting the results of impact-echo + tests obtained from concrete structures. + + On-going work is focusing on developing a rugged field test instrument + based on the impact-echo laboratory test system. When this objective is + realized, a tool will be available for rapid and reliable detection of + cracks in concrete structures. + + To date, the impact-echo testing technique has been used in trail field + studies for detecting voids in a concrete ice-skating rink [6] and in + reinforced concrete slabs [7]. Once a rapid field instrument is + developed, the method can be used routinely for nondestructive testing + of plate-like structures such as slabs, pavements and walls. For these + applications, it is expected that a neural network will be used to + automate signal processing. + + A Canadian mining company is currently negotiating with Cornell + University for a system that will help them determine if the structure + of a decommissioned mine is safe enough to recommission the mine. + + Acknowledgements: + + Research sponsored by grants from the Strategic Highway Research + Program, Project C-204 and from the National Science Foundation (PYI + Award). + + BrainMaker neural network simulation software ($195) was provided by + California Scientific Software, 10141 Evening Star Drive #6, Grass + Valley, CA 95945-9051. (916) 477-7481. + + -------------------- + + Footnotes: + + 1. The frequency resolution in the amplitude spectrum and thus the + accuracy of plate thickness or crack depth predictions will depend on + the sampling rate and duration of the recorded waveform. + + + References: + + 1. Manning, D.G. and Holt, F.B., "Detecting Deterioration in + Asphalt-Covered Bridge Decks," Transportation Research Record 899, 1983, + pp. 10-20. + + 2. Knorr, R.E., Buba, J.M., and Kogut, G.P., "Bridge Rehabilitation + Programming by Using Infrared Techniques," Transportation Research + Record 899, 1983, pp. 32-34. + + 3. Sansalone, M. and Carino, N.J., "Impact-Echo: A Method for Flaw + Detection in Concrete Using Transient Stress Waves," NBSIR 86-3452, NTIS + PB #87-104444/AS, Springfield, Virginia, September, 1986, 222 pp. + + 4. Carino, N.J., Sansalone, M., and Hsu, N.N., "Flaw Detection in + Concrete by Frequency Analysis of Impact-Echo Waveforms," in + International Advances in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 12, ed. W. + McGonnagle, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1986, pp. 117-146. + + 5. Sansalone, M., and Carino, N.J., "Transient Impact Response of + Plates Containing Flaws," in Journal of Research of the National Bureau + of Standards, Vol. 92, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1987, pp. 369-381. + + 6. Sansalone, M., and Carino, N.J., "Laboratory and Field Studies of + the Impact-Echo Method for Flaw Detection in Concrete," Nondestructive + Testing of Concrete, SP-112, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, + 1988, pp. 1-20. + + 7. Sansalone, M. and Carino, N.J., "Detecting Delaminations in Concrete + Slabs with and without Overlays Using the Impact-Echo Method," ACI + Materials Journal, V. 85, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1989, pp. 175-184. + + 8. Stanley, J., "Introduction to Neural Networks," (c) California + Scientific Software, Sierra Madre, California, January, 1989 + + About the authors: + + Donald G. Pratt is a doctoral student in Civil Engineering at Cornell + University. Mary Sansalone received a Ph.D. in structural engineering + from Cornell University, where she is an assistant professor. Prior to + joining the faculty at Cornell, she was a research engineer with the + National Institute of Standards and Technology. Mr. Pratt and Dr. + Sansalone may be reached at Cornell University, Hollister Hall, Ithaca, + NY 14853. Jeannette (Stanley) Lawrence is a technical writer + specializing on the subject of neural networks. She may be reached at + California Scientific Software, Grass Valley, CA. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/situatio.ai b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/situatio.ai new file mode 100644 index 00000000..84286fa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/situatio.ai @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +From: empath@umcc.umich.edu (Tim Triemstra) +Subject: Game AI posts: +To: jon@stekt.oulu.fi +Date: Mon, 12 Dec 1994 03:18:15 -0500 (EST) + + + + + + +================================================================ + +A method for handling computer intelligence that I'm using is a +little simpler to implement than neural-nets: not necessarily +better or worse, maybe just "different." + +All units in any type of strategy game have limitted situations +that they can be put into (the broader the definition, the +smaller the number.) IE: If you have a game with 10 tanks on +each side it could be said that there are only 11 possible +situations: 1 situation for each number of tanks visible to the +player and 1 situation where none is visible. Of course, that +is too broad to really _do_ anything with. To be of any real +value the situations must take into account strength, ranges +and other aspects of the situation. + +Since I have a smaller number of units in my game, I make little +"situation objects" composed of all the various possible +situations. Each situation object also contains the orders to +give to the player. The orders are executed if it is determined +that this particular "situation object" is the best match for +the current state of the player. The higher the number of +possibilites, the greater the intellect of the computer +controlled player. + +To me, this was much simpler than hand-coding a tree because I +could make a move construction kit that builds these situations +and the resultant decision and saves them into a library. Beta +testers can help build them too. + +<... end of message #1 ...> + +> Wait, so you build a (let's call it) a data base for each +> instance of tank vs other tanks and then a "good" solution for +> it??? Wouldn't that be huge? + +Yes, in a SSI wargame it would not be a viable solution. +However, in my game (and I'm sure many other people's) there are +limitted types of units and limited quantities of units in each +mission or scenerio. + +In my game, there are only 5 units (I may merge them down to 3 +total types of units) which can have various attributes (larger +weapons, higher speeds etc.) but those factors are taken into +each database, or "situation object" entry. + +In my early designs, only 30 or so data elements is needed for +each unit type to give what appears to be nearly adequate +responses. I also curb the results slightly by giving units +commands like "move here stealthy" or "move here while attacking +whomever you see" to stack the deck in the decision making. + +Mind you, this idea of "situation objects" is purely one way to +do it that may be practicle in some gaming situations. I'm not +a big fan of simulations (like SSI games) and hence wouldn't do +a game like that. Those SSI games couldn't use my idea, but +Dune II could (and it would actually be smarter :) + +<... end of message #2 ...> + +Welp, the idea of finding the nearest "situation object," as I +sometimes refer to it, isn't nearly as difficult as you may +think. + +First off, these objects are based completely on "relative +situations" ie: if a guy is stronger and to the upper-left +of the character then that would be one situation. So, the +tree goes something like this: + +1) How many opponents are visible? + ( branch to the decision objects sorted for each answer ) + - branch if 1 or more +2) How many can hit me within X moves + - branch if safe to not run +3) How many can I hurt? + - branch if any +4) _SHOULD_ I try to hit him or run + - branch if try to hit +5) Which is most benefical to hit + - branch etc... + +Now, in my particular game, each unit is also given priorities +that factor into this decision. So, you may tell a unit to +scout but give him the order to engage or hide, this of course +adds weight to different tree decisions. + +The major advantage of a system like this, as I said, is that +you can make the AI as good or bad as you like. Quite frankly, +I'm under the opinion that a "game" does not need particularly +good AI to be a good game. Simulations (not my favorite) are a +different story. A game need only provide an enemy adequate +enough to give the player some fun and to enact the plot. +Dune II (my favorite example) has horrible AI, and anyone can +eventually beat the game, but it is unquestionably enjoyable to +play. + + +-- +Tim Triemstra ... Empath Software .... Empath@umcc.umich.edu +<><><><> If'n you ain't the granddaddy of all liars <><><><> diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/stockpre.pro b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/stockpre.pro new file mode 100644 index 00000000..60d25220 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/stockpre.pro @@ -0,0 +1,265 @@ + 1-17-90 + + Predicting the Stock Market with Neural Networks + + by Jeannette Lawrence + + + Choosing a stock to buy and deciding when to buy or sell can be a + complicated and time-consuming activity. Investment experts study the + market for years to learn to see the patterns and make accurate + predictions. They use a combination of pattern recognition and their + experience from observing cause-and-effect: "I've seen this scenario + before and I know what usually happens." The experts have of various + methods to choose a good stock to buy, sometimes involving many + calculations before making any decisions. Not all experts agree as to + what information is important in making a determination. + + There are also more than 250 programs available to assist you in making + decisions. Traditionally, these computer programs have used + mathematical methods such as linear regression and moving averages to + make predictions. Unfortunately, these methods cannot take anything + subjective into consideration and financial trends are often affected by + situations that are not easily reduced to equations (for example, how + foreign relations can affect the price of crude oil). + + An ideal computer tool would look at the statistics as well as the + subjective aspects and give you financial advice, such as whether or not + a stock is a good buy. It would operate in real-time, and be inexpensive + and easy to use. Now there is a computing tool that accomplishes all + that: a neural network. You can purchase a neural network program that + runs on a PC for less than $200. + + Neural networks may be the best computer approach to predicting the + stock market yet. They learn to predict based upon experience, just + like the experts. They are shown many examples of what has happened in + the past and they find the patterns and trends without formulas, rules + or complex programming. + + Neural networks are a new kind of computing tool which simulate the + brain's structure and operation. The brain is composed of hundreds of + billions of nerve cells (neurons) which have multitudinous connections + to each other. Recently biologists have learned that it is the way the + cells are connected which provides us with intelligence, rather than + what's in the cells. Neural networks mimic many of the brain's most + powerful abilities, including pattern recognition, association and the + ability to generalize by observing data. + + In this article you'll learn how neural networks operate and get a look + at a sample neural networks which predicts stock peaks and lows. Other + common uses for neural network include corporate bond evaluation, + medical diagnostic systems, insurance claim evaluation, sports event + predictions, loan risk evaluation, and business analysis and decision + making. + + Life as a Neural Network + + A new neural network starts out with a "blank mind". The network is + taught about a specific problem, such as predicting a stock's price, + using a technique called training. Training a neural network is like + teaching a small child. To teach a child to recognize the letters of + the alphabet, you might first show him a picture of the letter "A" and + ask him what letter he's looking at. If he doesn't guess right, you + tell him he is looking at an "A". Next, you could show him a "B" and + repeat the process. You would do this for all the letters of the + alphabet, then start over. Eventually he will learn to recognize all of + the letters correctly. + + The network is shown some historical data and it guesses what the result + is. When the network is wrong, it is corrected. The next time it sees + that data, it will guess more accurately. The network is shown lots of + data, over and over until is learns all the data and results. Like a + person, a trained neural network can generalize, making a reasonable + guess from data which is different from any it has seen before. + + Just how does correcting the network cause it to learn? It's all in the + connections between the neurons. The connections allow the neurons to + communicate with each other and form answers. When the network makes a + wrong guess, an adjustment is made to the way neurons are connected, + thus it is able to learn. With most commercially available neural + network programs (such as BrainMaker, the one used in the stock + predicting example) training adjustments are performed automatically by + the neural network program itself; all you have to do is provide the + data and the expected results for training. + + A Neural Network Creates Its Own Working Model + + When choosing a stock to buy, the experts do not agree as to what + information is important. The performance of some stocks are tied to + the strength of the economy and may react strongly to government + economic news releases. Some experts believe the price to earning ratio + (P/E) is most important. Some say "free" cash-flow (operating cash flow + minus expenditures) has more effect on stock prices than P/E ratios. + Others believe in the share price-to-book value ratio. This is probably + meaningful only when comparing stocks within the same industry. Still + others think that you should compare the P/E, yield, and price-to-book + value of the potential buy to Standard & Poor Industrials. Another + method is to use the price-to-net working capital ratio. + + With a neural network, you don't need to worry about which theory to + follow or perform endless calculations for comparison. You can include + information for any or all the theories plus some subjective item such + as the quality of foreign affairs. The network will figure out what + information correlates to what. It creates its own internal + representation of the problem during training based upon whatever + information you decide to give it. People rarely use all the + information available because it's just too much to keep track of, but + neural networks do not get overwhelmed by detail. If some piece of + information you provide turns out to be unimportant, the network will + just learn to ignore it. Mathematical programs are not this flexible. + + Designing a Neural Network + + Designing a neural network is a simple process. The first thing you do + is decide what you want the network to tell you and what information it + will use to derive the answer. For example, suppose you want to make a + network which will predict what the Dollar to Yen ratio will be next week. + We will use a very simple design just to summarize the process. Let's + choose some indicators upon which the network will base its result: + +* The change in London Gold from 2 weeks ago to 1 week ago (LG2_1) +* The change in London Gold from 1 week ago to today (LG1_0) +* Yen/Dollar exchange rate from 2 weeks ago to 1 week ago (YD2_1) +* Yen/Dollar exchange rate from 1 week ago to today (YD1_0) +* Deutche Mark/Dollar exchange from 2 weeks ago to 1 week ago (DM2_1) +* Deutche Mark/Dollar exchange from 1 week ago to today (DM1_0) +* Sterling/Dollar exchange from 2 weeks ago to 1 week ago (SD2_1) +* Sterling/Dollar exchange from 1 week ago to today (SD1_0) +* Dow Jones Average from 2 weeks ago to 1 week ago (D2_1) +* Dow Jones Average from 1 week ago to today (D1_0) +* New York Stock Exchange Volume from 2 weeks ago to 1 week ago (NYSE2_1) +* New York Stock Exchange Volume from 1 week ago to today (NYSE1_0) + + The output will be the change in the Yen/Dollar exchange rate between + this week and the next: + +* Yen/Dollar exchange rate next week (YD_out) + + You cannot teach a neural network trends by simply presenting the values + for each type of input, one fact after another, in order of time. You + cannot tell it that fact #1 is month 1, fact #2 is month 2, etc. It + will not pick up the trend. That is why we are showing it historical + information. + + Now we must collect our historical data. An easy way to do this is to + look through back issues of the Wall Street Journal, or get the + information from a financial database service. The data goes into a + file that the neural network program reads in. + + In addition you can use traditional mathematical methods with neural + networks. For example, to a trend-analyzing network you can add + information based upon moving averages. Creating moving averages helps + build networks that depend on current numbers and past numbers, but + ignore extremely short small changes. For example, assume you want to + predict how the price of a stock will move, but in a general sort of way + in a bigger time frame. Based on what the average stock price has been + from week to week during this month and last, the network can predict + what the average stock price is going to be each week for the next + month. NetMaker (a data manipulation program provided with BrainMaker) + automates this task for you. + + After you have your data ready (including the output), BrainMaker + program will create and train the new network for you. With some + programs, you can watch the training on your screen, edit and test the + network using pop-up menus, print out the results, graph trends, etc. + You can set the level of accuracy that you need from the network. After + the network is trained, you can give the network current information and + get a prediction of next week's change in the Yen/Dollar ratio. + + The network would look like this: + + Inputs: Output: + ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿ +London Gold change 2 weeks-1 week ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ +London Gold 1 week -today ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ +Yen/Dollar exchange rate change 2 weeks-1 week ÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ +Yen/Dollar exchange rate 1 week -today ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ +Deutche Mark/Dollar exchange change 2 weeks-1 week ÄÄ´ The ³ +Deutche Mark/Dollar exchange 1 week -today ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ Neural ÃÄÄ Yen/Dollar +Sterling/Dollar exchange change 2 weeks-1 week ÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ Network ³ change one +Sterling/Dollar exchange 1 week -today ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ week later +Dow Jones Average change 2 weeks-1 week ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ +Dow Jones Average 1 week -today ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ +NY Stock Exchange Volume change 2 weeks-1 week ÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ +NY Stock Exchange Volume 1 week -today ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´ ³ + ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ + + Each type of input information is assigned to a certain input neuron. + Each output (result) is assigned an output neuron. What's in the box in + between? This is where all the internal, or hidden, neurons are kept. + This is the area where connections are modified during training by the + program. + + A Stock Predicting Application + + Once you have decided on a stock to buy, you need to know when to buy + it, and then later when to sell it. This application pinpoints when a + particular stock has reached either a long-term peak or a long-term low + in value. + + Some-company has used BrainMaker to create a series of trained neural + networks for people interested in investing in the stock market. Their + system determines when a particular stock price is as high, or as low, + as it will be for a long time. The investor can then buy those stocks + which are ready to rise and sell (or sell short) stocks which have + reached their peak. + + A separate network was trained for each stock being predicted. Each of + the ten current networks was trained with price data taken over the last + two years. Long-term highs and lows for training were chosen by the + resident experts. Once trained, the network detected 70% to 90% of the + actual highs and lows when it was shown data it had never seen before. + This compares very favorably with the 50% results which standard + technical analysis had been providing. In addition, intermediate highs + and lows less extreme than the ones the network had been trained to spot + were also found. In each of these intermediate cases, the appropriate + neurons fired to indicate the presence of a high or low, but they did + not fire as strongly as when indicating a long-term high or low. There + were very few cases of the network mistakenly predicting a high or low + when not even an intermediate high or low was present. In the words of + a Brainmaker user, "you're making more money with it than without it... + It's definitely picking up the trends, which in the stock market is all + you need." + + Each network is organized as follows: the closing prices of a particular + stock for the twenty days up to the day you're interested in are the + inputs (the information the network uses to make its prediction). The + outputs indicate if the stock is near a high or low, and they're + organized as follows: there are thirteen outputs, each one corresponding + to a different circumstance. One output indicates that the stock is not + nearing either a high or a low; this is by far the most common case. + Six of the outputs correspond to a stock nearing a high; one of these + means the high is today; the others indicate a high in one to five days + from now, respectively. Similarly, there are six outputs indicating + that the stock is nearing a low, in either one to five days, or today. + The output neuron corresponding to today's condition is assigned a value + of 1; the other 12 are given value 0. + + Some-company currently has networks trained to locate trends in AT&T, + Mobil, Boeing, and seven other major corporations. As their service + grows, they plan to expand to the entire Standard & Poor's 100, and + eventually the S & P 500. + + This is a particularly well-designed network because it utilizes a real + neural network strength, namely noticing hard-to-find patterns in large + amounts of data, without requiring a high degree of numerical accuracy. + + Summary + + People have successfully designed and trained neural networks to predict + the stock market. Neural networks function by finding patterns in the + examples which you provide. These patterns become a part of the network + during training. You only need to provide the data upon which you want + the network to base its predictions. Neural networks operate at + lightning speed, are inexpensive and run on PC's. + + The network described above was created with the BrainMaker Neural + Network Software System. BrainMaker is available from California + Scientific Software, 10141 Evening Star Dr. #6, Grass Valley, CA + 95945-9051, and includes a 255-page "Introduction to Neural Networks" + and a 422-page User's Guide. The price is $195.00. + + + Note: Some-company has asked to have their name withheld except by + special permission. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/strateg2.ai b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/strateg2.ai new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ebe9b38f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/strateg2.ai @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +From: andrew@cs.uct.ac.za (Andrew Luppnow) +Date: Fri, 2 Dec 1994 10:10:50 +0200 (SAT) + +This document proposes an approach to the problem of +designing the AI routines for intelligent computer wargame +opponents. It is hoped that the scheme will allow the +efficient, or at least feasible, implementation of opponents +which are capable of formulating strategy, rather than +behaving predictably according to fixed sets of simple rules. + +In the text below, "DMS" is an abbreviation for "decision- +making-system". I use the term very loosely to denote any +programming subsystem which accepts, as input, a "situation" +and which generates, as output, a "response". The DMS may +be a simple neural network, a collection of hard-coded +rules, a set of fuzzy logic rules, a simple lookup table, +or whatever you want it to be! It's most important feature +is that it must be SIMPLE and TRACTABLE - in particular, it +must accept input from a small, finite set of possible +inputs and generate output which belongs in a similarly +small, finite set of possible outputs. + +Some time ago I asked myself how a programmer might begin to +implement the AI of a wargame which requires the computer +opponent to develop a sensible military strategy. I +eventually realized that simply feeding a SINGLE decision- +making system with information concerning the position and +status of each friendly and enemy soldier is hopelessly +inefficient - it would be akin to presenting a general with +such information and expecting him to dictate the movement +of each soldier! + +But in reality a general doesn't make that type of decision, +and neither does he receive information about the precise +location of each soldier on the battlefield. Instead, he +receives _strategic_ information from his commanders, makes +strategic decisions and presents the chosen strategy to the +commanders. The commanders, in turn, receive _tactical_ +information and make tactical decisions based on (1) that +information and (2) the strategy provided by the general. + +And so the process continues until, at the very bottom level, +each soldier receives precise orders about what he and his +immediate comrades are expected to accomplish. + +The important point is that the whole process can be envisaged +in terms of several 'levels'. Each level receives information +>from the level immediately below it, 'summarises' or +'generalises' that information and presents the result to +the level immediately above it. In return, it receives a set +of objectives from the level above it and uses (1) this set +of objectives and (2) the information from the lower level +to compute a more precise set of objectives. This latter +set of objectives then becomes the 'input from above' of the +next lower level, and so on. In summary: information filters +UP through the levels, becoming progressively more general, +while commands and objectives filter DOWN through the levels, +becoming progressively more detailed and precise. + +I decided that this paradigm might represent a good conceptual +model for the implementation of the AI procedures in a +complex strategy-based game: a "tree of DMS's" can be used to +mimic the chain of command in a military hierarchy. +Specifically, one might use one or more small, relatively simple +DMS's for each level. The inputs for a DMS of level 'k' would +be the outputs of a level (k+1) DMS and the information +obtained by 'summarising' level (k-1) information. The outputs +of the level k DMS would, in turn, serve as inputs for one or +more level (k-1) DMS's. Outputs of the level zero DMS's would +be used to update the battlefield. + + + "Top brass" - fewer, + MORE GENERAL options + allow lookahead and +Level 3 ^ o "what-if reasoning." + /|\ / \ +Level 2 / | \ o o + | /|\ |\ +Level 1 | o o o o o + \ | / /| | | | |\ +Level 0 \|/ o o o o o o o Individual soldiers - + V many options, but + decision-making is + As information simple and doesn't + filters UP the attempt "lookahead", + tree, it becomes "what-if reasoning", + more general. As etc. + objectives filter + DOWN the tree, + they become more + specific. + +The main advantage of this scheme is that it allows the "higher +levels" of the hierarchy to formulate strategy, without being +overwhelmed by the immense and intractably large number of +possibilities which the computer AI would have to consider if +it possessed only information about individual soldiers. +Indeed, at the topmost level, decisions would involve rather +abstract options such as + +- "direct all military activity towards seizing territory X", + or +- "conduct wars of attrition in territories X, Y, and Z", + or +- "buy time - stick to diplomacy for the time being", + or +- "avoid direct military engagement - concentrate on disrupting + enemy supply routes", + etc. + +Under these circumstances, it would be feasible for the computer +to attempt a certain amount of "lookahead", or to consider +"what-if" scenarios - something which would be out of the +question if options were presented in terms of the actions of +individual soldiers. + +At the time of writing this, I haven't yet had the opportunity +to explore an implementation of these ideas in a working game, +but if anybody DOES enjoy some practical success with these +ideas, I'd be interested in hearing from him/her! + +--- Andrew Luppnow diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AI/thexvirt.tes b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/thexvirt.tes new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c29fdcea --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AI/thexvirt.tes @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +--------------------------------------------------------- +The Ultimate Turing Test +Rought Draft #1 +(c) copyright 1992 by David Barberi +dbarberi@sunsite.unc.edu +--------------------------------------------------------- + + + + + What is the ultimate Turing Test? + In 1950 Alan Turing published his now famous paper +"Computing Machinery and Intelligence." In that paper he +describes a method for humans to test AI programs. In its most +basic form, a human judge sits at a computer terminal and +interacts with the subject by written communication only. The +judge decide if the subject on the other end of the computer link +is a human or an AI program imitating a human. + Can Turings test be improved on? Yes. With current +advances in computer graphics, virtual reality, biomechanics and +many other fields, it is possible to create an "Enhanced" or +"Virtual" Turing test. The underlying idea of the test is still +the same, but the amount of interaction between judge and subject +is increased greatly. + How would this Virtual Turing Test work? The first step is +to create a 'world' for the judge and subject to inhabit. +('World' is a Virtual Reality term that signifies a shared +electronic space, or cyberspace, where everyone immersed in it +has the ability to interact with everything else in the world) +With current technology this may require the judge to wear a +bodysuit, gloves, and eyephones. In the future, such bulky +methods of entering cyberspace will be replaced by more natural +and unobtrusive means, such as a direct neural interface. + When the judge is immersed into the Virtual Turing Test +world all his sensual stimulations are produced by the computer. +The judge sees a three dimensional, high resolution computer +graphic image of this new world from the viewpoint of his virtual +twin. Inside this world the subject and various physical objects +reside (let us say 2 chairs, a table, some cups, and a steaming +pot of tea). The judge can sit at the chair, grab a cup and feel +the texture of the cup against his hand by use of tactile +response material next to his skin. The judge can change his +viewpoint by getting up and walking around. If he drops the cup +on the floor, it will shatter and a suitable sound will emerge +from the three dimensional coordinates where the cup landed. For +all extents and purposes, when he judge is immersed in the +Virtual Turing Test the outside world does not exist. + Sitting across from the judge will be the subject, a +computer graphic image of a human being. The judge will not know +if the subjects actions are controlled by another human or a +suitably advanced computer simulation. The subject could be +someone in the next room wearing the same equipment that the +judge is wearing, and immersed in the same world that the judge +is in. It is the judges role to test the subject and decide if +it is human or not. + If the subject is a human the computer will copy every +movement the subject makes, every sound that they produce, every +facial expression, every hand gesture, every eye movement. When +the subject talks, the sound will originate from the mouth of the +subjects virtual copy. + If the subject is a simulation then the computer will +control every aspect of the subject. The simulation must be able +to speak and interact with the judge in every way that the a +human subject would. If the judge reaches across the table to +slap the subject in the head, the simulation will realize this +and dodge out of the way, much like any human would do. The +simulation will be able to interact with the virtual environment +in every way that the judge can. If the judge politely asks the +subject to pour them both a cup of tea, this physical interaction +will be no problem for the simulation. + The core of the simulation must control three basic items: +comphrehensive communication with the judge, correct +biomechanical movement, and awareness of its environment. + The last of these items is the simplest. The computer +already knows where every object is in the virtual world. It can +easily calculate what 2 images would enter the simulations eyes +from whatever viewpoint it happens to be at. Of course, the +control program should not allow the simulation to know more then +it should. If the Judge is holding a book behind his back and +the simulation has not 'seen' the book yet, then, even through +the control program knows where and what the book is, it will not +pass this information to the simulation until the book comes into +its field of view. + The second item, correct biomechanical movement, deals with +the way humans move. It is impossible for a normal human to bend +his elbow past a certain point. The simulation will follow all +the physical limitations that the human body has. It may not +create a new arm or leg if needed, it may not turn it's head +around 360 degrees, it may not fly into the air by flapping its +arms, etc. This aspect of the simulation, while by no means +trivial, can be created with the biomechanical data available +today. + The last, and hardest, item is comphrehensive +communications. By comphrehensive we are not only talking about +spoken words, but also the wealth of non-verbal cues that humans +use. Such things that we take for granted, such as hand +gestures, gaze of the eyes, position of the limbs, and facial +gestures are all examples of non-verbal communications. It is +the simulations job to use both verbal and non-verbal +communications to make the judge think it is acting in a very +'human' way. + + How does this Virtual Turing Test compare to Turings +original test? We have replaced the limited communications +allowed by two connected computer terminals with a comphrehensive +environment of sight, sound and body. We allow the judge to base +his decision not only on written words, but on spoken speech, +non-verbal cues, and body movement. + The test still holds to the spirit of the original. There +is still a human judge that must use his intelligence and savvy +to test the subject. Like the original test, the judge has no +way of telling if the subject is human or not until he interacts +with it. Like the original test, the goal of the computer is to +create a simulation of human action so realistic that not even +other humans can tell the difference. + + The technology exists today to hold a simplistic Virtual +Turing Test. As more research and work is put into Virtual +Reality, AI, and biomechanics, a suitably advanced human +simulation can, and will, be produced. + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA.1 b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e7d19416 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA.1 @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles: The Amiga

+

+It was hard for me not to go completely over the top for the Commodore Amiga +when I became aware of it in 1985. Here was a machine incredible graphics, +stunning sound, amazing games, and a general sense that the thing could do +most anything. I wasn't the only one; Amigas are still in use to this day for +professional graphics work and video editing. But at the time, it just +changed everything. Here's some files discussing the minutae of being a +programmer on the Amiga. +

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
020_asm.txt 33033
 Optimizations for the 68020+ by Erik H. Bakke +
881_asm.txt 26353
 FPU Assembler Programming by Erik H. Bakke (October 13, 1993) +
a5000.txt 5001
 The First Reports of the A-5000 +
acos.txt 14553
 Computing Texture-Map Coordinates on a Ray Tracer +
adocengl.txt 25991
 ADoc (Amiga Utility) documentation (1990) +
adsrules.txt 22269
 Amiga Distribution System Information File (April 6, 1990) +
aflwhq.msb 896
 TAG File for the MAIN SOURCE BBS +
amiga12 11132
 Review of the Commodore Amiga 1200 Computer +
amiga401 24545
 Review of the Amirga Computer 4000 +
amigabbs.txt 534
 Tag File for the EDOX BBS +
amigmach.faq 12837
 The AmigaMACH FAQ (January 1, 1993) +
amirisfa.txt 20793
 RJ Mical's take on the Amiga Computer's Rise and Fall +
amylives.txt 19864
 Commodore Lets Amiga Die Slow Death, by Phillip Robinson (San Jose) +
anews3.txt 22688
 Amiga News III +
antialia.txt 6595
 What is Anti-Aliasing? +
article 28109
 Autorouting with the A* Algorithm +
bbs_ads.txt 1469
 Tag File for the Sarcastic Existence BBS +
dox.nfo 1337
 Tag File for the Hackers Heaven BBS +
errorcod.txt 8822
 AmigaDOS Error Codes: An Explanation +
fastline.dis 1498
 Tag Line for the Pastime BBS +
gurus.txt 2300
 Figuring Out the Guru Meditations +
hard1200.txt 13434
 No Secret Information Issue 1 (Decmber 24, 1992) +
iff.txt 8891
 Intro to Amiga IFF/ILBM Files and Amiga Viewmodes by Carolyn Scheppner, Commodore Amiga Technical Support +
importan.nfo 1522
 Tag file for the Shadow Gang BBS +
info_doc.txt 1718
 TAG File for the Outloaws SHQ +
intro.txt 23716
 Introduction to the Amiga Computer +
lha.tex 487
 Tag file for the Skidrow HQ +
mainline.dis 1305
 Tag file for the Sonic Mainline BBS +
mapamiga.txt 414988
 Mapping the Amiga by Rhett Anderson and Randy Thompson +
noise.txt 11777
 Noisetracker: An improvement over Soundtracker (August 1989) +
pro.txt 58752
 Documentation for Protracker v2.2 (1992) +
protrack.ami 4510
 Protracker 1.0C Module Format +
star.txt 14212
 Startrekker 1.2 Documentation (November 19, 1990) +
suff_txt.dis 1240
 Tagfile for Suffocation BBS +
tbrad_tx.dis 626
 Tag file for The Boiler Room BBS +
techart2.txt 3324
 Official Warning to ROM-Jumpers, Structure-Hackers and Others +
techart3.txt 8065
 Attention Game Vendors: Stop Screwing with Disk Hardware +
techart4.txt 2815
 The Official Way to Reboot an Amiga, by Bryce Nesbitt (1988) +
techart5.txt 4726
 Disk Drives: What are YOU doing wrong? +
techart6.txt 4540
 How to Waste Time on an Amiga +
terror.tag 1851
 Tag file for the BONE BBS +
tslad_tx.dis 851
 Tag File for the Silents War BBS +
tutorial.txt 8444
 Some Recommendations for Doing a Game on the Amiga +
undrgnd.tag 828
 Tag File for the Synchron City BBS +
vectors 54066
 Vectors: How to Code Vectordemos by Asterix of Movement +

There are 45 files for a total of 937,307 bytes.
+ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/.windex.html b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/.windex.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cee5130f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/.windex.html @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles: The Amiga

+

+It was hard for me not to go completely over the top for the Commodore Amiga +when I became aware of it in 1985. Here was a machine incredible graphics, +stunning sound, amazing games, and a general sense that the thing could do +most anything. I wasn't the only one; Amigas are still in use to this day for +professional graphics work and video editing. But at the time, it just +changed everything. Here's some files discussing the minutae of being a +programmer on the Amiga. +

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
020_asm.txt 33033
 Optimizations for the 68020+ by Erik H. Bakke +
881_asm.txt 26353
 FPU Assembler Programming by Erik H. Bakke (October 13, 1993) +
a5000.txt 5001
 The First Reports of the A-5000 +
acos.txt 14553
 Computing Texture-Map Coordinates on a Ray Tracer +
adocengl.txt 25991
 ADoc (Amiga Utility) documentation (1990) +
adsrules.txt 22269
 Amiga Distribution System Information File (April 6, 1990) +
aflwhq.msb 896
 TAG File for the MAIN SOURCE BBS +
amiga12 11132
 Review of the Commodore Amiga 1200 Computer +
amiga401 24545
 Review of the Amirga Computer 4000 +
amigabbs.txt 534
 Tag File for the EDOX BBS +
amigmach.faq 12837
 The AmigaMACH FAQ (January 1, 1993) +
amirisfa.txt 20793
 RJ Mical's take on the Amiga Computer's Rise and Fall +
amylives.txt 19864
 Commodore Lets Amiga Die Slow Death, by Phillip Robinson (San Jose) +
anews3.txt 22688
 Amiga News III +
antialia.txt 6595
 What is Anti-Aliasing? +
article 28109
 Autorouting with the A* Algorithm +
bbs_ads.txt 1469
 Tag File for the Sarcastic Existence BBS +
dox.nfo 1337
 Tag File for the Hackers Heaven BBS +
errorcod.txt 8822
 AmigaDOS Error Codes: An Explanation +
fastline.dis 1498
 Tag Line for the Pastime BBS +
gurus.txt 2300
 Figuring Out the Guru Meditations +
hard1200.txt 13434
 No Secret Information Issue 1 (Decmber 24, 1992) +
iff.txt 8891
 Intro to Amiga IFF/ILBM Files and Amiga Viewmodes by Carolyn Scheppner, Commodore Amiga Technical Support +
importan.nfo 1522
 Tag file for the Shadow Gang BBS +
info_doc.txt 1718
 TAG File for the Outloaws SHQ +
intro.txt 23716
 Introduction to the Amiga Computer +
lha.tex 487
 Tag file for the Skidrow HQ +
mainline.dis 1305
 Tag file for the Sonic Mainline BBS +
mapamiga.txt 414988
 Mapping the Amiga by Rhett Anderson and Randy Thompson +
noise.txt 11777
 Noisetracker: An improvement over Soundtracker (August 1989) +
pro.txt 58752
 Documentation for Protracker v2.2 (1992) +
protrack.ami 4510
 Protracker 1.0C Module Format +
star.txt 14212
 Startrekker 1.2 Documentation (November 19, 1990) +
suff_txt.dis 1240
 Tagfile for Suffocation BBS +
tbrad_tx.dis 626
 Tag file for The Boiler Room BBS +
techart2.txt 3324
 Official Warning to ROM-Jumpers, Structure-Hackers and Others +
techart3.txt 8065
 Attention Game Vendors: Stop Screwing with Disk Hardware +
techart4.txt 2815
 The Official Way to Reboot an Amiga, by Bryce Nesbitt (1988) +
techart5.txt 4726
 Disk Drives: What are YOU doing wrong? +
techart6.txt 4540
 How to Waste Time on an Amiga +
terror.tag 1851
 Tag file for the BONE BBS +
tslad_tx.dis 851
 Tag File for the Silents War BBS +
tutorial.txt 8444
 Some Recommendations for Doing a Game on the Amiga +
undrgnd.tag 828
 Tag File for the Synchron City BBS +
vectors 54066
 Vectors: How to Code Vectordemos by Asterix of Movement +

There are 45 files for a total of 937,307 bytes.
+ + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/020_asm.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/020_asm.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..00576c4d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/020_asm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1767 @@ +Optimizations for the 68020+ + + + +by Erik H. Bakke + + + +Written 13/10-93 + + + + + +--- I ------------------------- INTRODUCTION ---------------------- I --- + + + + + +1.1 Introduction + + + +The 68020+ (from here on 020) has several new registers and commands that + +help speeding up your code. + +This text also mentions some concepts new to the 68010 processor. + +This text contains information on how to use the new instructions, and + +address modes, as well as what modes are available to what instructions, + +and how much space they require. + +However, the timing diagrms for the different instructions are not + +included (I don't know them). + + + +1.2 Index + + + + Chapter I-----------------Introduction------------------- + + 1.1 Introduction + + 1.2 Index + + Chapter II------------New Addressing Modes--------------- + + 2.1 Extended Address Register Indirect with Index mode + + 2.2 Memory Indirect modes + + Chapter III---------------Improvements------------------- + + 3.1 General Improvements + + 3.2 The CMP2 instruction + + 3.3 Improved Multiply/Divide instructions + + 3.4 The CHK2 instruction + + 3.5 The EXTB instruction + + Chapter IV--------------New Instructions----------------- + + 4.1 The BitField instructions + + 1...Single operand + + 2...Double operand + + 4.2 The RTD instruction + + 4.3 The BCD instructions + + 1...PACK + + 2...UNPK + + 4.4 The MC68040 Block Move instruction (MOVE16) + + 4.5 The 68010 BKPT instruction + + 4.6 The 68020 Module instructions + + 4.7 The CAS/CAS2 instructions + + 4.8 The CoProcessor interface instructions + + 1...User state + + 2...Supervisor state + + 4.9 Conditional TRAP instruction + + Chapter V-------------Addressing mode tables------------- + + 5.1 Allowed Adressing modes + + + +--- II --------------------- NEW ADDRESSING MODES ---------------- II --- + + + + + +First, some new addressing modes: + + + +The 020 supports 18 different addressing modes, where the 68000 only + +supports 12. The 6 new modes expand memory access. + + + +- The address register indirect with index now permit the index register + + to be scaled by a factor of 1,2,4 or 8 to allow easy access to byte, + + word, longword and quadword data units. This, in turn greatly improves + + access to arrays of such data. + + + +- The address register and PC indirect with index modes have been + + extended to a more general syntax, allowind 32-bit displacements. + + Any of the components of these modes are optional, giving us some very + + interesting addressing modes, such as DATA register indirect, called + + base displacement. + + + +- Another new concept in the 020 is the memory indirect addressing, which + + allows intermediate use of a pointer in memory. The contents of this + + pointer is then used as the base address for further memory access. We + + will see examples of how this is used later. + + + +2.1 EXTENDED ADDRESS REGISTER INDIRECT with INDEX mode + + + + The 020 supports a scale factor to be used with the index register. + + This eliminates the need for an additional multiply/rotation instruction + + to compute the correct index value. + + + + Syntax: 1 (d8,An,Rm.Size*Scale) uses old 8-bit displacement + + 2 (bd,An,Rm.Size*Scale) uses 16 or 32-bit base displacement + + + + 3 (d8,PC,Rm.Size*Scale) uses old 8-bit displacement + + 4 (bd,PC,Rm.size*Scale) uses 16 or 32-bit base displacement + + + + + + 1 =d8+An+(Rm.Size*Scale) + + 2 =bd+An+(Rm.Size*Scale) + + + + 3 =d8+PC+(Rm.Size*Scale) + + 4 =bd+PC+(Rm.Size*Scale) + + + + The addressing mode works just like the old version of it, except that + + you may include the scale factor to multiply the index register by + + 1,2,4 or 8. The old version can be regarded as having a scale factor + + of 1. + + + +Example: + + + + "Table" is an array of quadwords (64-bits) + + "Element" (16 bits) is the element number to be looked up. (32-bit) + + + + move.l (Element,pc),d0 + + move.l (Table,pc,d0.w*8),d0 + + + + This code fetches the 32-bit element as indicated by "Element" from the + + table "Table". + + + + + + Many forms of this addressing mode is legal, as the different elements + + are optional. Allowed forms may be: + + + + (bd,An,Rm.Size) Corresponds to the old version + + (bd,Rm.Size*Scale) Omits the address register from the + + (bd) Equivalent to absolute addressing + + (Dm.l) Data register indirect addressing + + () Just an of 0 + + + + If you choose to omit the PC, you may have to use the notation ZPC + + and/or note the base displacement with .L, depending on your assembler. + + + + + +2.2 MEMORY INDIRECT modes + + + + These modes enables the processor to step on a pointer in memory when + + computing an . These modes can be divided in two categories, + + Pre-indexed and Post-indexed. + + + + Syntax: 1 ([bd,An,Rm.Size*Scale],od) Pre-indexed form + + 2 ([bd,An],Rm.Size*Scale,od) Post-indexed form + + + + 3 ([bd,PC,Rm.Size*Scale],od) Pre-indexed form + + 4 ([bd,PC],Rm.Size*Scale,od) Post-indexed form + + + + 1 =Contents of(bd+An+Rm*Scale) + od + + 2 =Contents of(bd+An) + Rm*Scale+od + + + + 3 =Contents of(bd+PC+Rm*Scale) + od + + 4 =Contents of(bd+An) + Rm*Scale+od + + + + The same rules apllies to these addressing modes as do for the + + previously described modes. + + All elements are optional and may be omitted. + + + + Example: + + + + On Amiga computers, graphics rendering functions need a pointer to a + + rastport. + + To extract this RastPort pointer from a Window sctructure the + + following code would be used: + + + + move.l ([WindowBase,pc],wd_RPort),a2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +When getting to grips with these addressing modes, they can greatly improve + +the performance of your program, as well as reducing the length of the + +code. + + + + + + + + + +--- III ---------------------- IMPROVEMENTS --------------------- III --- + + + + + +3.1 General improvements: + + + + The 020 improves the branch instructions to use an 8, 16 or 32-bit + + displacement. + + + +3.2 The CMP2 instruction + + + + The CMP instructions are extended to compare a register against a pair of + + bounds: + + CMP2.Size ,Rn + + + + The is a pointer to the bounds. The bounds are the same size as the + + operation. The lower bound is stored first, then the upper bound. + + If Rn is outside the bounds, the C flag is set, If Rn is equal to either + + of the bounds, the Z flag is set, and both are cleared if Rn is within + + the bounds. + + -This operation may be used on both unsigned and signed data. + + -If Rn is an address register, byte/word data is sign extended before + + comparison + + + + + +3.3 Improved Multiply/Divide instructions + + + + The 020 greatly improves the multiplication/division instructions. + + Now, you have these possibilities: + + + +3.3.1 MULU/MULS instructions + + + + Instruction Precision + + Syntax: + + 1 MULU.W ,Dn 16b*16b=>32b (68000 instruction) + + 2 MULU.L ,Dl 32b*32b=>32b + + 3 MULU.L ,Dh:Dl 32b*32b=>64b + + + + The syntax and precision of the MULS instruction are identical + + to those of the MULU instructions. + + + +3.3.1.1 MULU.W ,Dn + + + + This instruction multiplies the 16-bit value indicated by with + + the 16-bit contents of Dn, and stores the result as a 32-bit value + + in Dn. This is the basic MULU instruction that is found on the + + 68000 processor. + + + +3.3.1.2 MULU.L ,Dl + + + + This instruction multiplies the 32-bit value indicated by with + + the 32-bit contents of Dl. This produces a 64-bit result of which + + the low 32 bits are discarded. The high 32 bits are then stored in + + Dl. + + + +3.3.2.3 MULU.L ,Dh:Dl + + + + This instruction multiplies the 32-bit value indicated by with + + the 32-bit contents of Dl. This produces a 64-bit result. The high + + 32 bits are stored in Dh, and the low 32 bits are stored in Dl. + + + +3.3.2 DIVU/DIVS + + + + Instruction Precision + + Syntax: + + 1 DIVU.W ,Dn 32b/16b=>16r:16q (68000 instruction) + + 2 DIVU.L ,Dq 32b/32b=>32q + + 3 DIVU.L ,Dr:Dq 64b/32b=>32r:32q + + 4 DIVUL.L ,Dr:Dq 32b/32b=>32r:32q + + + + The syntax and precision of the DIVS instruction are identical + + to those of the DIVU instructions + + + +3.3.2.1 DIVU.W ,Dn + + + + This instruction divides the 32-bit contents of Dn with the 16-bit + + value indicated by , and stores the quotient is stored in the + + lowest word of Dn, and the remainder is stored in the highest. + + This is the basic DIVU instruction that is found on the 68000 + + processor + + + +3.3.2.2 DIVU.L ,Dq + + + + This instruction divides the 32-bit contents of Dq with the 32-bit + + value indicated by , and stores the quotient in Dq. The remainder + + is discarded. + + + +3.3.2.3 DIVU.L ,Dr:Dq + + + + This instruction divides the 64-bit contents of Dr(MSLW):Dq(LSLW) + + with the 32-bit value indicated by and stores the quotien in + + Dq, and the remainder in Dr. + + + +3.3.2.4 DIVUL.L ,Dr:Dq + + + + This instruction divides the 32-bit contents of Dq with the 32-bit + + value indicated by , and stores the quotient in Dq, and the remainder + + in Dr. + + + +3.4 The CHK2 instruction + + + + The 020 extends the CHK instruction to check a value against a pair + + of bounds. See the description of CMP2 for information about these + + bounds. If the value is outside the specified bounds, a CHK + + exception is taken. + + + +3.5 The EXTB instruction + + + + The 020 allows the direct sign extension from a byte to a longword. + + + + Syntax: + + EXTB.L Dn Extend byte to long + + + + Example: + + + + The following code: + + + + ext.w d0 + + ext.l d0 + + + + can be replaced with: + + + + extb.l d0 + + + + + + + +--- IV ---------------------- NEW INSTRUCTIONS ------------------- IV --- + + + + + + + +4.1 Bit Field Instructions: + + + + The 020 is not confined to addressing data at byte, word or longword + + boundaries, the new bit-field instructions allows access to data at + + any arbitrarily bit position in a data register or memory. The length + + of the data may be from 1 up to 32 bits. These instructions have a + + different bit numbering than the ordinary instructions. The bits are + + numbered from the leftmost digit towards the right. + + To indicate a bit-field, the following syntax is used: {offset:width} + + The "offset" is the number of bits to skip + + The "width" is the number of bits included in the bit-field + + + + The following bit-field is described as {13:12} + + + + 31 23 15 7 0 Ordinary bit numbering + + | | | | | + + -------------XXXXXXXXXXXX------- Bit field + + | | | | | + + 0 8 16 24 31 Bit field numbering + + + + A bit field may also stretch across boundaries in memory, f. eks.: + + + + 31 23 15 7 031 23 15 + + | | | | || | | + + --------------------------XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX-------- + + | | | | | | | + + 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 + + + + This bit-field would have been described as {26:17} + + In addition, the offset may be negative when used in memory. + + + + The control of bit-field is supported by 8 instructions, 4 single- + + operand instructions (BFTST,BFCLR,BFSET, and BFCHG), and 4 double- + + operand instructions. (BFFFO,BFEXTU,BFEXTS, and BFINS) + + + + + +4.1.1 Single operand Bit-field instructions + + + + These instructions can be viewed as extensions of the corresponding + + bit instructions (BTST,BCLR,BSET, and BCHG) + + + + Syntax: + + 1 BFTST {offset:width} Test bit-field + + 2 BFCLR {offset:width} Test bit-field and clear it + + 3 BFSET {offset:width} Test bit-field and set it + + 4 BFCHG {offset:width} Test bit-field and invert it + + + + Each of these instructions first tests the bit-field and sets the + + condition codes accordingly, then perform the action on the data + + (SET,CLR or CHG). + + Condition codes: + + + + N Set if the most significant digit was 1 + + Z Set if all bits are 0 + + C Cleared + + V Cleared + + X Not affected + + + + Only data register direct and control addressing modes are allowed + + for the operand. + + The offset may be either a value from 0-31 or contained as a 32-bit + + signed value in a data register. + + The width may be either a value from 1-32 or contained in the lower + + 5 bits of a data register. + + + +4.1.2 Double operand Bit-field instructions + + + + These instruction provides more control over bit-fields, such as + + inserting, extracting and searching + + + + Syntax: + + 1 BFEXTU {offset:width},Dn Extract a bit-field + + 2 BFEXTS {offset:width},Dn Extract and sign extend + + 3 BFINS Dn,{offset:width} Inserts a bitfield + + 4 BFFFO {offset:width},Dn Find First 1 in a BF. + + + + Condition codes: + + + + N Set if the most significant bit in the BF is set + + Z Set if all bits in the BF are 0 + + C Cleared + + V Cleared + + X Not affected + + + + The offset may be either a value of 0-31 or contained as a 32-bit + + signed value in a data register. + + The width may be either a value of 1-32 or contained in the lower + + 5 bits of a data register. + + + +4.1.2.1 BFEXTU instruction + + + + This instruction extracts a bit-field from the source operand, + + right-justifies it, and places it in the destination register. + + + +4.1.2.2 BFEXTS instruction + + + + This instruction works just like the BFEXTU (4.1.2.1) instruction, + + but sign extends the bit-field to 32-bits before storing it in + + the destination register. + + + +4.1.2.3 BFINS instruction + + + + This instruction extracts the lower bits of the source + + register, and inserts it into the destination bit-field. + + + +4.1.2.4 BFFFO instruction + + + + The bit offset of the most significant 1 in the bit-field is + + stored in the data register. If no 1 is found in the bit-field, + + the sum of the offset and width is stored in the destination. + + + + + + + +The Bit-field instructions can be used for handling floating point + +numbers in software. + + + + + + + +4.2 The RTD instruction (68010 and up) + + + + This instruction extends the operation of the RTS instruction. + + It pops the PC off the stack, then a 16-bit displacement is added + + to the SP. This makes it possible to clear parameters pushed on + + to the stack by a calling program. + + + + Syntax: + + RTD #displacement + + + + Example: + + + + A subroutine is called with parameters on the stack. + + The size of these parameters equals + + The subroutine allocates some stack space for local data. + + The size of this local data equals + + + + SubRoutine: + + + + link a5,#-LocalSize ;Allocate local data space + + movem.l d0-a6,-(sp) ;Save registers + + . + + . ;Do whatever... + + . + + movem.l (sp)+,d0-a6 ;Restore registers + + unlk a5 ;Deallocate local data space + + rtd #ParamSize ;Deallocate parameter space + + ; and return to caller + + + + + + Without this instruction, the stack cleanup would look like this: + + + + movem.l (sp)+,d0-a6 + + unlk a5 + + move.l (sp),(ParamSize,sp) + + lea (ParamSize,sp),sp + + rts + + + + + +4.3 The BCD instructions + + + + The 68000 has some instructions for the manipulating of BCD coded data + + (ABCD,NBCD,SBCD). The 020 extends this command set to include + + instructions for packing/unpacking of such data, the PACK and UNPK + + instructions. + + + +4.3.1 The PACK instruction + + + + This instruction packs data to a format usable by the other BCD + + instructions. When used in memory, the instruction fetches 2 bytes of + + data, adds a displacement, and concatenates bits 11-8 and 3-0 into + + a single byte. When used on a data register, the displacement and the + + contents of the data register is added, then bits 11-8 and 3-0 are + + contatenated to form a byte. + + + + This instruction is useful for encoding a decimal number stored as a + + string of ascii characters into a usable BCD code. + + + + Syntax: + + 1 PACK -(An),-(Am),#displacement + + 2 PACK Dn,Dm,#displacement + + + + + + Example: + + + + We want to encode the ascii string "76" ($3736) to BCD. + + Recall that the numeric characters have ascii codes $30-$39. + + "Data" is a pointer to the string we wish to convert. + + + + move.l (Data,pc),a0 + + move.w (a0),d0 + + pack d0,d1,#$0000 + + + + Register d1 now contains the hex value $76. + + If we'd wished to, we could have added the BCD 12 to the number in the + + same instruction, like this: + + + + pack d0,d1,#$0102 + + + + Register d1 now contains the hex value $88 + + + + + +4.3.2 The UNPK instruction + + + + This instruction unpacks a BCD coded number to a less compact version. + + When used in memory, this instruction copies the 2 nibbles of the source + + byte to the low nibble of two separate bytes, the two bytes are + + concatenated into a word, and a displacement is added to the word. + + When used on a data register, the nibbles are copied from the LSB or the + + source register, and the unpacked word is placed in the LSW of the + + destination register. + + + + Syntax: + + 1 UNPK -(An),-(An),#displacement + + 2 UNPK Dn,Dm,#displacement + + + + Example: + + + + We want to unpack the BCD number $76 to a printable ascii string. + + The numberical characters start at ascii $30, so we must add this + + value to both bytes. The displacement is then $3030. + + "Data" is a pointer to the string we wish to fill. + + Register d0 is preloaded with $76 + + + + move.l (Data,pc),a0 + + unpk d0,d1,#$3030 + + move.w d0,(a0) + + + +4.4 The MC68040 Block move instruction (MOVE16) + + + + This instruction uses the burst mode for rapid movement of a + + block of data. The instruction can be used for fast block copy, + + memory initialization and co-processor communication. + + + + This instruction aligns all addresses to 16-byte boundaries by masking + + off the lower 4 bits of the addresses. A line of 16 bytes is copied + + from the source to the destination address. + + + + Syntax: + + 1 MOVE16 (Ax)+,(Ay)+ + + 2 MOVE16 xxx.L,(An) + + 3 MOVE16 xxx.L,(An)+ + + 4 MOVE16 (An),xxx.L + + 5 MOVE16 (An)+,xxx.L + + + + For the Amiga computers, some precautions must be taken when using this + + instruction in Chip Memory. Fast Memory works fine, though. + + + + Example: + + + + We want to copy an area of 128 bytes from "A" to "B" + + + + lea (A,pc),a0 + + lea (B,pc),a1 + + moveq #7,d0 + + Loop: + + move16 (a0)+,(a1)+ + + dbf d0,Loop + + + + + +4.5 The 68010 BKPT instruction + + + + This instruction is used for hardware testing, and executes differently + + on the various members of the 68000 family, and is not described here. + + + +4.6 The 68020 Module instructions + + + + These instructions, (CALLM and RTM) appear only on the 68020 processor, + + and the use of them is beyond the scope of this text. + + + +4.7 The CAS/CAS2 instructions + + + + These instructrions are provided for maintaining and protecting critical + + data in a multiprocessor environment. Multiprocessing is beyond the + + scope of this text, but I'll explain these instructions anyway + + + + Suppose two different processes write to the same memory, and have access + + to a shared variable. This variable may be anything, such as a pointer + + to a list. Process 1 retrieves this variable in d7, and copies it to d0 + + as a backup pointer. It then operates upon the pointer in d7. + + Before Process 1 is finished with the operation, it is put to sleep, and + + another process is made ready to run. This process alters the contents + + of our variable. Later, our process is allowed to run again. + + Before it can update the variable, it must test if someone else has + + altered the variable in memory. This is done by comparing the backup + + pointer in d0 with the data in memory. + + -If the values are equal, the variable has not been altered by anybody, + + and the new value can safely be written to the variable. + + -However, if the values are not equal, the process should reload the new + + value of the variable, and rerun it's operation. + + + + The other process should protect itself in the same way as our process + + did. + + As a final point, the comparison and rewriting must be protected, so + + that the other process doesn't alter the variable between the comparison + + and rewriting. This is done by using an indivisible RMW cycle (RMW= + + Read-Modify-Write) + + + +4.7.1 The CAS instruction + + + + The instruction CAS implements this comparison between global data and + + a register, as well as a data transfer using this RMW cycle. + + + + Syntax: + + CAS.Size Dc,Du, + + + + The is compared to the contents of register Dc. If they are equal, + + the contents of Du is written to . If they are not equal, the + + contents of is copied to Dc. The Z bit reflects the result of the + + comparison. + + + +4.7.2 The CAS2 instruction + + + + The CAS2 instruction works like the CAS instruction except that it + + performs comparisons and updates on two data values. + + + + Syntax: + + CAS2.Size Dc1:Dc2,Du1:Du2,(Rn1):(Rn2) + + + + Rn may be any data or address register. + + Only if the contents of Dc1 equals (Rn1) and the contents of Dc2 + + equals (Rn2) will the contents of Du1 be written to (Rn1) and + + Du2 be written to (Rn2). This instruction is well suited to + + protect multi-linked lists in a multi-processor environment. + + + + + + WARNING: + + Like the TAS instruction, the CAS/CAS2 instructions should NOT be + + used on an Amiga, as they are not supported by the hardware. + + The indivisable RMW cycle conflicts with the Amiga's bus system. + + + + + +4.8 The CoProcessor interface instructions. + + + + These instructions are outside the scope of this text, see the + + "MC68020 CoProcessor support instructions" text by this author + + for information about how to program using these instructions. + + However, here is a list of the instructions: + + + +4.8.1 User state coprocessor instructions + + + + cpBcc Branch on Coprocessor Condition + + cpDBcc Test coprocessor Condition, Decrement and Branch + + cpGEN Coprocessor general function + + cpScc Set on Coprocessor Condition + + cpTRAPcc Trap on Coprocessor Condition + + + +4.8.2 Supervisor state coprocessor instructions + + + + cpRESTORE Coprocessor Restore Functions + + cpSAVE Coprocessor save Function + + + +4.9 Conditional TRAP instruction + + + + The 020 allows conditional traps. If the specified condition is true, + + a TRAPcc exception (exception 7) will be taken. + + + + Syntax: + + TRAPcc #Data + + + + The may be any of the 's that are supported by the ordinary + + conditional branch instructions. + + + + + + + +--- V ---------------------ADDRESSING MODE TABLES------------------- V --- + + + + + +5.1 Allowed Adressing modes + + + + CMP2 Compare Register Against Bounds + + + + Syntax: CMP2 ,Rn + + Size: Byte/Word/Long + + Length: 4 bytes+ data + + Modes: (An) + + (d16,An) + + (d8,An,Xn) + + (bd,An,Xn) + + $xxx.W + + $xxx.L + + (d16,PC) + + (d8,PC,Xn) + + (bd,PC,Xn) + + ([bd,An,Xn],od) + + ([bd,An],Xn,od) + + ([bd,PC,Xn],od) + + ([bd,PC],Xn,od) + + ----------------------------------- + + MULU/MULS Multiply (Un)signed + + + + Syntax: MULU/S.W ,Dn 16b*16b=>32b + + MULU/S.L ,Dl 32b*32b=>32b + + MULU/S.L ,Dh:Dl 32b*32B=>64b + + Size: Word/Long + + Length: 2 bytes+ data (word) + + 4 bytes+ data (long) + + Modes: (both) + + Dn + + (An) + + (An)+ + + -(An) + + (d16,An) + + (d8,An,Xn) + + $xxx.W + + $xxx.L + + # + + (d16,PC) + + (d8,PC,Xn) + + (bd,An,Xn) + + ([bd,An,Xn],od) + + ([bd,An],Xn,od) + + (bd,PC,Xn) + + ([bd,PC,Xn],od) + + ([bd,PC],Xn,od) + + ----------------------------------- + + DIVU(L)/DIVS(L) Divide (Un)signed + + + + Syntax: DIVU.W ,Dn 32b/16b=>16r:16q + + DIVU.L ,Dq 32b/32b=>32q + + DIVU.L ,Dr:Dq 64b/32b=>32r:32q + + DIVUL.L ,Dr:Dq 32b/32b=>32r:32q + + Size: Word/Long + + Length: 2 bytes+ data (word) + + 4 bytes+ data (long) + + Modes: (both) + + Dn + + (An) + + (An)+ + + -(An) + + (d16,An) + + (d8,An,Xn) + + $xxx.W + + $xxx.L + + # + + (d16,PC) + + (d8,PC,Xn) + + (bd,An,Xn) + + ([bd,An,Xn],od) + + ([bd,An],Xn,od) + + (bd,PC,Xn) + + ([bd,PC,Xn],od) + + ([bd,PC],Xn,od) + + ----------------------------------- + + CHK2 Check Register Against Bounds + + + + Syntax: CHK2 ,Rn + + Size: Byte/Word/Long + + Length: 4 bytes+ data + + Modes: (An) + + (d16,An) + + (d8,An,Xn) + + (bd,An,Xn) + + $xxx.W + + $xxx.L + + (d16,PC) + + (d8,PC,Xn) + + (bd,PC,Xn) + + ([bd,An,Xn],od) + + ([bd,An],Xn,od) + + ([bd,PC,Xm],od) + + ([bd,PC],Xn,od) + + ----------------------------------- + + EXTB Extend Byte to long + + + + Syntax: EXTB.L Dn + + Size: Word/Long + + Length: 2 bytes + + Modes: Dn + + ----------------------------------- + + BFxxx BitField instructions + + + + Syntax: BFTST {offset:width} BF Test + + BFSET {offset:width} BF test and Set + + BFCLR {offset:width} BF test and clear + + BFCHG {offset:width} BF test and Change + + BFEXTS {offset:width},Dn BF Extract Signed + + BFEXTU {offset:width},Dn BF Extract Unsigned + + BFFFO {offset:width},Dn BF Find First One + + BFINS Dn,{offset:width} BF Insert + + + + Both offset and width may be specified as data registers + + Size: The BF instructions are unsized + + Length: 4 bytes+ data + + Modes: Dn + + (An) + + (d16,An) + + (d8,An,Xn) + + (db,An,Xn) + + ([bd,An,Xn],od) + + ([bd,An],Xn,od) + + ([bd,PC,Xn],od) + + ([bd,PC],Xn,od) + + $xxx.W + + $xxx.L + + (d16,PC) + + (d8,PC,Xn) + + (bd,PC,Xn) + + ([bd,PC,Xn],od) + + ([bd,PC],Xn,od) + + ----------------------------------- + + RTD Return and Deallocate + + + + Syntax: RTD #displacement + + Size: Unsized + + Length: 4 bytes + + Modes: # + + ----------------------------------- + + PACK Pack BCD data + + + + Syntax: PACK -(Ax),-(Ay),#displacement + + PACK Dx,Dy,#displacement + + Size: Unsized + + Length: 4 bytes + + Modes: See syntax + + ----------------------------------- + + UNPK Unpack BCD data + + + + Syntax: UNPK -(Ax),-(Ay),#displacement + + UNPK Dx,Dy,#displacement + + Size: Unsized + + Length: 4 bytes + + Modes: See sntax + + ----------------------------------- + + MOVE16 Move 16 bytes block + + + + Syntax: MOVE16 (Ax)+,(Ay)+ + + MOVE16 $xxx.L,(An) + + MOVE16 $xxx.L,(An)+ + + MOVE16 (An),$xxx.L + + MOVE16 (An)+,$xxx.L + + Size: 1 line (16 bytes) + + Length: 4 bytes (Ax)+,(Ay)+ + + 6 bytes The rest + + Modes: See syntax + + ----------------------------------- + + CAS/CAS2 Compare And Swap with operand + + + + Syntax: CAS Dc,Du, + + CAS2 Dc1:Dc2,Du1:Du2,(Rn1):(Rn2) + + Size: Byte/Word/Long (CAS) + + Word/Long (CAS2) + + Length: 4 bytes+ data (CAS) + + 6 bytes+ data (CAS2) + + Modes: (CAS) + + (An) + + (An)+ + + -(An) + + (d16,An) + + (d8,An,Xn) + + (bd,An,Xn) + + ([bd,An,Xn],od) + + ([bd,An],Xn,od) + + $xxx.W + + $xxx.L + + ----------------------------------- + + TRAPcc Trap on Condition + + + + Syntax: TRAPcc + + TRAPcc.W # + + TRAPcc.L # + + Size: Unsized/Word/Long + + Length: 2 bytes (Unsized) + + 4 bytes (Word) + + 6 bytes (Long) + + Modes: # + + ----------------------------------- + + + +*********************************************************************************************** + +* The text in this document is written by Erik H. Bakke * + +* © 1993 Erik H. Bakke/Bakke SoftDev * + +* This document may be freely redistributed as long as it remains unchanged and together with * + +* the FPU programming document * + +*********************************************************************************************** + +*Permission is granted to Michael Glew to incorporate it in his Asp68k project, and eventually* + +* editing it to fit in the Asp68k environment * + +*Permission is granted to include this document in the HowToCode archive as long as it remains* + +* unchanged. * + +*********************************************************************************************** + +* For error corrections, comments etc., the author can be reached at * + +* e-mail: db36@hp825.bih.no * + +* phone: +47-5630-5537 (13:00-21:00 GMT) * + +* post: Erik H. Bakke * + +* Bjørnen * + +* N-5227 SØRE NESET * + +* Norway * + +*********************************************************************************************** \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/881_asm.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/881_asm.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..06b37a78 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/AMIGA/881_asm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1303 @@ +FPU assembler programming + + + +By Erik H. Bakke + + + +Written 13/10-93 + + + + + +--- I ------------------------- INTRODUCTION ---------------------- I --- + + + +1.1 Introduction + + + +Many people have asked me to explain how to program the 68881/68882/040 + +floating point coprocessors, and here it is, a guide in the "magic art" + +I have tried to keep this text as system neutral as possible, but it + +may, as the other articles in this series be influenced by the fact + +that I usually program at Amiga computers. + +If you need more information about the topics discussed herein, please + +contact the author. + + + +1.2 Index + + + + Chapter I--------Introduction-------------------- + + 1.1 Introduction + + 1.2 Index + + Chapter II-----The Coprocessor interface--------- + + 2.1 The Interface mechanics + + 2.2 The Floating Point Coprocessor + + Chapter III----Floating Point Programming-------- + + 3.1 Floating Point Data Formats + + 3.2 Floating Point Constant ROM + + 3.3 Floating Point Instructions + + 1...Data transfer instructions + + 2...Dyadic operations + + 3...Monadic operations + + 4...Program control instructions + + 5...System control instructions + + Chapter IV-------The 68040 FPU------------------- + + 4.1 Differences + + 4.2 Instruction set + + Chapter V------------Sources--------------------- + + 5.1 Sourcecodes + + + + + + + +--- II -------------------THE COPROCESSOR INTERFACE -------------- II --- + + + +2.1 The Interface Mechanics + + + +A coprocessor may be thought of as an extension to the main CPU, + +extending its register set and instructions. + +Different coprocessors that can be interfaced to the 68020+ CPU's + +are the 68881/2 FPU and 68851 MMU. + +Coprocessor instructions are placed inline with ordinary CPU codes, + +all recognized by being LINE-F instructions. (Having the op-code + +format of $Fxxx) In assembler, they are generally noted as cpXXXX + +instructions. + + + +The coprocessors require a communication protocol with the CPU for + +various reasons: + + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + +1. The CPU must recognize that a coprocessor is to receive + + the LINE-F op-code, and establish contact with that + + coprocessor. + + + +2. The coprocessor may need to signal it's internal status + + to the CPU. + + + +3. The coprocessor may need to read/write data to/from + + system memory or CPU registers. + + + +4. The coprocessor may have to inform the CPU of error + + conditions, such as an illegal instruction or divide by + + zero. The CPU will have to process the corresponding + + exceptions. + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + + +This protocol is called the MC68000 coprocessor interface. Knowledge + +of this interface is not required of a programmer who wishes to + +utilize a coprocessor, therefore I will not go into specific detail + +about the interface, but briefly sum up the main mechanisms. + + + + The coprocessor instructions are F-line instructions that have + + all bits in the upper nibble set to generate $Fxxx op-codes. + + Up to 8 coprocessors may reside on the bus (The Amiga coprocessors + + are NOT part of this system, and should not be counted in). + + Each of these co-processors have their own 3-bit address. + + Two such addresses are reserved by Motorola: + + %000 MC68851 PMMU + + %001 MC68881/2 FPU + + + + It is perfectly possible to install 6 FPU's in the same + + system. + + + + The general format of a coprocessor op-code is shown below: + + + + 15 1211 9 8 6 5 0 + + ================================ + + 1 1 1 1 Cp-ID Type Instruction dependent + + + + Followed by a number of coprocessor defined extension words and + + effective address extension words. + + + + If the instruction is not accepted by the coprocessor it is + + addressed to (if the CP is not present) the CPU will take + + an F-line exception. + + + +2.2 The Floating Point Coprocessor + + + + The Motorola floating point coprocessor has the number 68881 or + + 68882. The 68882 is considerably faster than the 881, due + + to optimized internal design. In addition, the 68040 CPU has an + + internal FPU has is even faster than the 882. There are other + + differences between the 881/2 and the 040, but I'll return to + + those later. The 68881 and 68882 are pin compatible, and available + + in speeds up to 20Mhz and 50MHz respectively + + The FPU implements IEEE compatible floating point formats, and + + implements instructions to perform arithmetics on these formats, + + as well as several trancendental functions, such as SIN(x),E^x + + and so on. In addition the FPU has an on-chip constant ROM where + + different mathematical constants are stored. + + + +2.2.1 The floating point registers + + + + The FPU has 8 floating point registers, each 80 bits wide. + + These are named FP0-FP7, just as D0-D7 in the CPU. In addition + + the FPU have 3 32-bit registers: + + + + Control Register FPCR + + + + 31.................15..........7..........0 + + Exeception Mode + + Enable Control + + + + Status Register FPSR + + + + 31.......23........15..........7..........0 + + Condition Quotient Accrued Exception + + Codes Exception Status + + + + Instruction Address Register FPIAR + + + + 31.......23........15..........7..........0 + + + +2.2.1.1 Floating point data registers + + + + The data registers always contain an 80 bit wide extended precision + + floating point number. Before any floating point data is used in + + calculation, it is converted to extended-precision. + + For example, the instruction FMOVE.L #10,FP3 converts the + + longword #10 to extended precision before transferring it to register + + FP3. All calculations with the FPU uses the internal registers + + as either source or destination, or both. + + + +2.2.1.2 Floating Point Status Register + + + + This register is split in two bytes, the exception enable byte, and + + the mode control byte. + + + +2.2.1.2.1 Exception Enable byte + + + + This register contains a bit for each of the possible eight + + exceptions that may be generated by the FPU. Setting or clearing + + one of these bits will enable/disable the corresponding exception. + + + + The exception bytes are organized this way: + + + + Bit Name Meaning + + ======================== + + 7 BSUN Branch/Set on UNordered + + 6 SNAN Signalling Not A Number + + 5 OPERR OPerand ERRor + + 4 OVFL OVerFLow + + 3 UNFL UNderFLow + + 2 DZ Divide by Zero + + 1 INEX2 INEXact operation + + 0 INEX1 INEXact decimal input + + + +2.2.1.2.2 Mode control byte + + + + This register controls the rounding modes and rounding precisions. + + A result may be rounded or chopped to either double, single or + + extended precision. For most usage of the FPU, however, this + + register could be set to all zeroes, which will round the result + + to the nearest extended precision value. + + Mode control byte: + + + + Bit Name Meaning + + ======================== + + 7 PREC1 Precision bit 1 + + 6 PREC0 Precision bit 0 + + 5 RND1 Rounding bit 1 + + 4 RND0 Rounding bit 0 + + 3 ---- ----- + + 2 ---- ----- + + 1 ---- ----- + + 0 ---- ----- + + + + PREC=00 Round to extended precision + + PREC=01 Round to single precision + + PREC=10 Round to double precision + + + + RND=00 Round toward nearest possible number + + RND=01 Round toward zero + + RND=10 Round toward the smallest number + + RND=11 Round toward the highest number + + + +2.2.1.3 Floating point Status Register + + + + This register is just what you may think it is, the parallell to + + the CPU CCR register, and reflects the status of the last + + floating point computation. The quotient byte is used with + + floating point remaindering operations. The exception status + + byte tells what exceptions that occured during the last operation. + + The accrued exception byte contains a bitmask of the exceptions + + that have occurred since the last time this field was cleared. + + + + Status bits: + + + + Bit Name Meaning + + ============================= + + 7 ---- ----- + + 6 ---- ----- + + 5 ---- ----- + + 4 ---- ----- + + 3 N Negative + + 2 Z Zero + + 1 I Infinity + + 0 NAN Not A Number + + + +2.2.1.4 Floating point Instruction Address Register + + + + This register contains the address of the instruction currently + + executing. The FPU can execute instructions in parallell with + + the CPU, so that time-consuming instrcutions, such as division + + and multiplication don't tie up the CPU unnecessary. This means + + that if an exception occurs in the floating point operation, + + the address that are pushed on to the stack is not necessarily + + the address of the instruction that caused the exception. + + The exception handler would have to read this register to find + + the address of the offending instruction. + + + + + + + +--- III ----------------FLOATING POINT PROGRAMMING ------------- III --- + + + + + +3.1 Floating Point Data Formats + + + + The FPU can handle 3 integer formats, and 2 IEEE compatible formats. + + In addition, it has an extended-precision format and can handle a + + Packed-Decimal Real format. + + + +3.1.1 Integer Formats + + + + The 3 integer formats that are supported by the FPU are compatible + + with the formats used by the 68000 CPU's. They are Byte (8 bits), + + Word (16 bits), and Longword (32 bits). + + + +3.1.2 Real Formats + + + + The FPU supports 4 real formats, the Single precision (32 bits), + + Double precision (64 bits), Extended precision (80 bits), and + + Packed-decimal string (80 bits) + + + +3.1.2.1 Single Precision + + + + The single precision format is indicated with the extension .S + + It consists of a 23-bit fraction, an 8-bit exponent, and 1 bit + + indicating the sign of the fraction. The Single Precision format + + is defined by IEEE and uses excess-127 notation for the exponent. + + A hidden 1 is assumed as the most significant digit of the fraction. + + The format is defined as follows: + + + + 30 22 0 + + S EEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF + + + + S=Sign of fraction + + E=Exponent + + F=Fraction + + + + The single precision format takes 4 bytes when written to memory. + + + +3.1.2.2 Double Precision + + + + The double precision format is indicated with the extension .D + + It consists of a 52-bit fraction, an 11-bit exponent, and 1 bit + + indicating the sign of the fraction. As the single precision, + + this format is also defined by the IEEE, and uses excess-1023 + + notation for the exponent. A hidden 1 is assumed as the most + + significant digit of the fraction. The format is defined as + + follows: + + + + 62 51 0 + + S EEEEEEEEEEE FFFFFFF........FFFFFFFFFF + + + + S=Sign of fraction + + E=Exponent + + F=Fraction + + + + The double precision format takes 8 bytes when written to memory. + + + +3.1.2.3 Extended precision + + + + The extended precision is indicated with the extension .X + + This is the format that is used in all computations, and + + consists of a 64-bit mantissa, a 15-bit exponent and 1 bit + + indicating the sign of the mantissa. A hidden 1 is not assumed, + + so all digits of the mantissa are present. Excess-16383 + + is used for the exponent. When data of this format is written + + to memory, it is "exploded" by 16 zero-bits between the mantissa + + and the exponent in order to make it longword aligned. + + The extended-precision format is defined as follows: + + + + 79 63 0 + + S EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM............MMMMM + + + + When written to memory, it looks like this: + + 94 80 63 0 + + S EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 000...000 MMMMMMMM...........MMM + + + + When written to memory, this format takes 12 bytes when written + + to memory + + + +3.1.2.4 Packed-decimal string + + + + To simplify input/output of floating point numbers, a special + + 96-bit packed-decimal format. + + This format consists of 17 BCD digits mantissa, some padding + + bits, 4 BCD digits exponent, 2 control bits, 1 bit indicating + + the sign of the exponent, and 1 indicating the sign of the + + mantissa. + + Bits 68-79 are stored as zero bits unless an overflow occurs + + during the conversion. + + Positive and negative infinity is represented by numbers that are + + outside the range of the floating point representation used. + + If the result of an operation has no mathematical meaning, a NAN + + is produced. In the case of a NAN or infinity, bits 92 and 93 + + are both 1. + + + +3.2 Floating point Constant ROM + + + + The FPU have an on-chip ROM where frequently used mathematical + + instructions are stored. How to retrieve these constants will be + + discussed below. Each constant has its own address in the ROM: + + + + Offset Constant + + ============================= + + $00 Pi + + $0b Log10(2) + + $0c e + + $0d Log2(e) + + $0e Log10(e) + + $0f 0.0 + + $30 ln(2) + + $31 ln(10) + + $32 10^0 + + $33 10^1 + + $34 10^2 + + $35 10^4 + + . + + . + + . + + $3e 10^2048 + + $3f 10^4096 + + + +3.3 Floating Point Instructions + + + + The FPU provides an extension to the normal 68000 instruction set. + + The floating point instructions can be divided into 5 groups: + + + + 1...Data transfer instructions + + 2...Dyadic instructions (two operands) + + 3...Monadic instructions (one operand) + + 4...Program control instructions + + 5...System control instructions + + + + The syntax and addressing modes for these instructions are the same + + as those of the ordinary 68000 instructions. + + + +3.3.1 Data Transfer Instructions + + + + Instruction Syntax Op. Sizes Operation + + ================================================================== + + FMOVE FPm,FPn | X | The FMOVE instruction + + FMOVE ,FPn | B/W/L/S/D/X/P | copies data from the + + FMOVE FPm, | B/W/L/S/D/X | source operand to the + + | | destination operand + + ================================================================== + + FMOVE FPm,(#k) | P | When writing a .P real, an + + FMOVE FPm,(Dn) | P | optional rounding precision + + | | may be specified as a constant + + | | or in a data register + + | | See below for details + + ================================================================== + + FMOVE ,FPcr | L | These two FMOVE's copies + + FMOVE FPcr, | L | data to/from control registers + + ================================================================== + + FMOVECR #ccc,FPn | X | This instruction retrieves a + + | | constant from the ROM, where + + | | ccc is the offset to be read + + ================================================================== + + FMOVEM , | L/X | Moves multiple FP registers + + FMOVEM ,Dn | X | The register list may be + + FMOVEM , | L/X | specified as in 68000 assembler, + + FMOVEM Dn, | X | or be contained as a bitmask + + | | in a data register + + ================================================================== + + + + When writing floating point numbers to the memory using the .P + + format, an optional precision may be specified as a constant or + + in a data register. + + + + Meaning of the precision: + + + + -64<=k<=0 Rounded to |k| decimal places + + 0,FPn + + + + Instruction Function + + ==================================================== + + FABS | Absolute value + + FACOS | FP Arc Cosine + + FASIN | FP Arc Sine + + FATAN | FP Arc Tangent + + FATANH | FP Hyperbolic Arc Tangent + + FCOS | FP Cosine + + FCOSH | FP Hyperbolic Cosine + + FETOX | FP e^x + + FETOXM1 | FP e^(x-1) + + FGETEXP | Get exponent + + FGETMAN | Get mantissa + + FINT | FP Integer + + FINTRZ | Get integer and round down + + FLOGN | FP Ln(n) + + FLOGNP1 | FP Ln(n+1) + + FLOG10 | FP Log10(n) + + FLOG2 | FP Log2(n) + + FNEG | Negate a floating point number + + FSIN | FP Sine + + FSINH | FP Hyperbolic Sine + + FSQRT | FP Square Root + + FTAN | FP Tangent + + FTANH | FP Hyperbolic Tangent + + FTENTOX | FP 10^x + + FTWOTOX | FP 2^x + + ==================================================== + + + + There is one more monadic operation that uses a double + + destination operand, the FSINCOS instruction: + + + + FSINCOS ,FPc:FPs Calculates sine and cosine + + FSINCOS FPm,FPc:FPs of the same argument + + + + All trigonometric operations operate on values in + + radians. + + + +3.3.4 Program Control Instructions + + + +3.3.4.1 Instructions + + This group of instructions allows control of program flow based + + on condition codes generated by the FPU. These instructions are + + parallells to the 68000 instructions with the same names. + + + + Instruction Formats Operation + + ===================================================================== + + FBcc

Programming Textfiles: Bowen's Instruction Summary Cards

+

+Sometimes, you'll stumble upon the work of someone that takes your breath +away, for many different reasons. Such is the work of Jonathan Bowen of the +Oxford University Computing Laboratory, who has maintained a truly +excellent set of instruction summary cards for many major chips in use +by computers from the 60's to the present day. While the first of these files +is dated from 1982, Mr. Bowen has continued to maintain them for accuracy +and new information for all the years hence; decades of vigilance to keep +his work relevant and useful. +

+The intention of these summaries is to print them out and have at the ready +as you work with these different processors, and they've been designed for +easy printing and clear reference. +

+Besides instruction sets, there are also command summaries, and, in an +interesting tangent, the solution to several puzzles, including the original +Rubik's Cube and its variants. This is truly a treasure. +

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
16032 15600
 NS16032 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
1802 15600
 CDP1802 COSMAC Microprocessor Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
2650 15600
 2650 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
32016 15600
 NS32016 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (July 1985) +
32032 15600
 NS32032 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (May 1985) +
6502 15600
 6502 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
650x 15600
 6501/2/3/4/5 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
65c02 15600
 65C02 CMOS MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6800 15600
 6800 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
68000 15600
 68000 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
68008 15600
 68008 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6801 15600
 6801/68701 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
68010 15600
 68010 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6802 15600
 6802 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6803 15600
 6803/6803NR Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6805 15600
 6805 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6808 15600
 6808 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6809 15600
 6809 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6809e 15600
 6809E MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
680x 15600
 6800/1/2/3/8 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8021 15600
 8021 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8022 15600
 8022 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8041 15600
 8041/8741 Single-Chip Slave MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8048 15600
 8048/8049/8748/8749/8035/8039 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
804x 15600
 8048 MICROCOMPUTER family Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8080a 15600
 8080A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8085a 15600
 8085A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8086 15600
 8086 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8088 15600
 8088 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
9900 15600
 9900 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
9940 15600
 9940 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
9980 15600
 9980 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
hp64000 15600
 General HP64000 Assembler Symbol, Directive and Error Summary (May 1985) +
hp_pascal 15600
 HP 64000 Pascal Summary (April 1985) +
hp_pdp-11 15600
 DEC PDP-11 Processor Instruction Set Summary as implemented on the HP64000 (April 1985) +
imagen 982
 SCRIPT: Format Micro Reference Cards to Print in Landscape Mode +
index 4376
 Index to Reference Cards in This Directory +
j-11 15600
 J-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
lsi-11 15600
 SummaryLSI-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
macro-11 15600
 General PDP-11 MACRO-11 Assembler Symbol, Directive and Error Summary (April 1985) +
nsc800 15600
 NSC800 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
pascal 15600
 Pascal Language Summary (June 1985) +
pdp-11 15600
 PDP-11 Minicomputer Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
process 984
 SCRIPT: Output or Print Postscript file of Programming Card (September 1988) +
pyramix 15600
 Solution to the Pyramix Puzzle (April 1985) +
readme 557
 Introduction to The Reference Card Collection +
revenge 15600
 A Solution to Rubik's Revenge (June 1997) +
rubik 15600
 A Solution to the Rubik's Cube (April 1985) +
sc 15600
 Spreadsheet Calculator (V6.1) Command Summary (July 1989) +
t-11 15600
 T-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z8 15600
 Z8601/02/03/11/12/13 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z80 15600
 Z80 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z8000 15600
 Z8001/Z8002 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary +
z8001 15600
 Z8001 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z8002 15600
 Z8002 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z80l 15600
 Z80L CMOS MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +

There are 56 files for a total of 818,099 bytes.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/.windex.html b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/.windex.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..efd34b21 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/.windex.html @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles: Bowen's Instruction Summary Cards

+

+Sometimes, you'll stumble upon the work of someone that takes your breath +away, for many different reasons. Such is the work of Jonathan Bowen of the +Oxford University Computing Laboratory, who has maintained a truly +excellent set of instruction summary cards for many major chips in use +by computers from the 60's to the present day. While the first of these files +is dated from 1982, Mr. Bowen has continued to maintain them for accuracy +and new information for all the years hence; decades of vigilance to keep +his work relevant and useful. +

+The intention of these summaries is to print them out and have at the ready +as you work with these different processors, and they've been designed for +easy printing and clear reference. +

+Besides instruction sets, there are also command summaries, and, in an +interesting tangent, the solution to several puzzles, including the original +Rubik's Cube and its variants. This is truly a treasure. +

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
16032 15600
 NS16032 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
1802 15600
 CDP1802 COSMAC Microprocessor Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
2650 15600
 2650 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
32016 15600
 NS32016 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (July 1985) +
32032 15600
 NS32032 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (May 1985) +
6502 15600
 6502 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
650x 15600
 6501/2/3/4/5 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
65c02 15600
 65C02 CMOS MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6800 15600
 6800 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
68000 15600
 68000 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
68008 15600
 68008 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6801 15600
 6801/68701 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
68010 15600
 68010 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6802 15600
 6802 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6803 15600
 6803/6803NR Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6805 15600
 6805 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6808 15600
 6808 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6809 15600
 6809 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
6809e 15600
 6809E MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
680x 15600
 6800/1/2/3/8 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8021 15600
 8021 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8022 15600
 8022 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8041 15600
 8041/8741 Single-Chip Slave MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8048 15600
 8048/8049/8748/8749/8035/8039 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
804x 15600
 8048 MICROCOMPUTER family Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8080a 15600
 8080A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8085a 15600
 8085A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8086 15600
 8086 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
8088 15600
 8088 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
9900 15600
 9900 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
9940 15600
 9940 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
9980 15600
 9980 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
hp64000 15600
 General HP64000 Assembler Symbol, Directive and Error Summary (May 1985) +
hp_pascal 15600
 HP 64000 Pascal Summary (April 1985) +
hp_pdp-11 15600
 DEC PDP-11 Processor Instruction Set Summary as implemented on the HP64000 (April 1985) +
imagen 982
 SCRIPT: Format Micro Reference Cards to Print in Landscape Mode +
index 4376
 Index to Reference Cards in This Directory +
j-11 15600
 J-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
lsi-11 15600
 SummaryLSI-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
macro-11 15600
 General PDP-11 MACRO-11 Assembler Symbol, Directive and Error Summary (April 1985) +
nsc800 15600
 NSC800 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
pascal 15600
 Pascal Language Summary (June 1985) +
pdp-11 15600
 PDP-11 Minicomputer Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
process 984
 SCRIPT: Output or Print Postscript file of Programming Card (September 1988) +
pyramix 15600
 Solution to the Pyramix Puzzle (April 1985) +
readme 557
 Introduction to The Reference Card Collection +
revenge 15600
 A Solution to Rubik's Revenge (June 1997) +
rubik 15600
 A Solution to the Rubik's Cube (April 1985) +
sc 15600
 Spreadsheet Calculator (V6.1) Command Summary (July 1989) +
t-11 15600
 T-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z8 15600
 Z8601/02/03/11/12/13 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z80 15600
 Z80 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z8000 15600
 Z8001/Z8002 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary +
z8001 15600
 Z8001 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z8002 15600
 Z8002 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +
z80l 15600
 Z80L CMOS MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary (April 1985) +

There are 56 files for a total of 818,099 bytes.
diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/16032 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/16032 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..947892fc --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/16032 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| National Semiconductor | +| | +| 1 666 000 33333 22222 | +| 11 6 0 0 3 3 2 2 | +| 1 6 0 0 0 3 2 | +| 1 666666 0 0 0 33333 222 | +| 1 6 6 0 0 0 3 2 | +| 1 6 6 0 0 3 3 2 | +| 111 66666 000 33333 2222222 | +| | +| NS16032 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <-- A22 |_|1 48|_| Vcc | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A21 |_|2 47|_| A23 --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A20 |_|3 46|_| INT <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A19 |_|4 45|_| NMI <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A18 |_|5 44|_| ILO --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A17 |_|6 43|_| ST0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A16 |_|7 42|_| ST1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD15 |_|8 41|_| ST2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD14 |_|9 40|_| ST3 --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD13 |_|10 39|_| PFS --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD12 |_|11 38|_| DDIN --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD11 |_|12 NS16032 37|_| ADS --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <--> AD10 |_|13 36|_| U/S --> | +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD9 |_|14 35|_| AT/SPC <--> | +| _| |_ ___ --- | +| <--> AD8 |_|15 34|_| RST/ABT <-- | +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD7 |_|16 33|_| DS/FLT <--> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD6 |_|17 32|_| HBE --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD5 |_|18 31|_| HLDA --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD4 |_|19 30|_| HOLD <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD3 |_|20 29|_| BBG | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD2 |_|21 28|_| RDY <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD1 |_|22 27|_| PHI2 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD0 |_|23 26|_| PHI1 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| GNDL |_|24 25|_| GNDB | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (c) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Description | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +|ABSi g,g |Take Absolute value | +|ABSf g,g |Take Absolute floating point value | +|ACBi s,g,d |Add 4-bit Constant and Branch if non-zero | +|ADDi g,g |Add | +|ADDf g,g |Add floating point values | +|ADDCi g,g |Add with Carry | +|ADDPi g,g |Add Packed (BCD) | +|ADDQi s,g |Add Quick a 4-bit constant | +|ADDR g,g |Move effective Address | +|ADJSPi g |Adjust Stack Pointer | +|ANDi g,g |Logical AND | +|ASHi g,g |Arithmetic Shift, left or right | +|Bcc d |Branch on condition (cc) | +|BICi g,g |Bit Clear | +|BICPSRi g |Bit Clear Processor Status Register (i=W/D #)| +|BISPSRi g |Bit Set Processor Status Register (i=W/D #)| +|BPT |Breakpoint Trap | +|BR d |Branch (PC relative) | +|BSR d |Branch to Subroutine | +|CASEi g |Case (multiway branch) | +|CATSTn g |Custom Address Test (n=0-1) (#)| +|CBITi g,g |Test and Clear Bit | +|CBITIi g,g |Test and Clear Bit Interlocked | +|CCALnc g,g |Custom Calculate (n=0-3) | +|CCMPc g,g |Custom Compare | +|CCVnci g,g |Custom Convert custom value to integer (n=0-2)| +|CCV3ic g,g |Custom Convert integer to custom value | +|CCV4DQ g,g |Custom Convert double to quad value | +|CCV5QD g,g |Custom Convert quad to double value | +|CHECKi r,g,g |Check index bounds | +|CMPi g,g |Compare | +|CMPf g,g |Compare floating point values | +|CMPMi g,g,d |Compare Multiple: displacement bytes | +|CMPQi s,g |Compare Quick with a 4-bit constant | +|CMPSi ol |Compare Strings | +|CMPSTi ol |Compare Strings, Translating bytes | +|COMi g,g |Complement all bits | +|CMOVnc g,g |Custom Move (n=0-2) | +|CVTP r,g,g |Convert to bit field Pointer | +|CXP d |Call External Procedure | +|CXPD g |Call External Procedure using Descriptor | +|DEIi g,g |Divide Extended Integer | +|DIA |Diagnose (hardware breakpoint) | +|DIVi g,g |Divide, rounding down | +|DIVf g,g |Divide floating point values | +|ENTER (rl),d |Enter procedure (save registers) | +|EXIT (rl) |Exit procedure (restore registers) | +|EXTi r,g,g,d|Extract bit field (array orientated) | +|EXTSi g,g,m,m|Extract Short bit field | +|FLAG |Flag trap | +|FLOORfi g,g |Convert f.p. to largest integer <= value | +|FFSi g,g |Find First Set bit | +|IBITi g,g |Test and Invert Bit | +|INDEXi r,g,g |Recursive Indexing step for N-D arrays | +|INSi r,g,g,d|Insert bit field (array orientated) | +|INSSi g,g,m,m|Insert Short bit field | +|JSR g |Jump to Subroutine | +|JUMP g |Jump | +|LCR cr,g |Load Custom Register (#)| +|LCSR g |Load Custom Status Register | +|LFSR g |Load Floating point Status Register | +|LMR mr,g |Load Memory management Register (#)| +|LPRi ar,g |Load dedicated Register (a=PSR/INTBASE #)| +|LSHi g,g |Logical Shift, left or right | +|MEIi g,g |Multiply to Extended Integer | +|MODi g,g |Modulus (remainder from QUO) | +|MOVi g,g |Move a value | +|MOVif g,g |Move an integer to a floating point value | +|MOVf g,g |Move a floating point value | +|MOVFL g,g |Move and lengthen a floating point value | +|MOVLF g,g |Move and shorten a Long floating point value | +|MOVMi g,g,d |Move Multiple: displacement bytes | +|MOVQi s,g |Move Quick and extend a 4-bit constant | +|MOVSi ol |Move String | +|MOVSTi ol |Move String, Translating bytes | +|MOVSUi g,g |Move value from Supervisor to User space (#)| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Description | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +|MOVUSi g,g |Move value from User to Supervisor space (#)| +|MOVXiD g,g |Move with sign Extension to Double word | +|MOVXBW g,g |Move with sign Extension Byte to Word | +|MOVZiD g,g |Move with Zero extension to Double word | +|MOVZBW g,g |Move with Zero extension Byte to Word | +|MULi g,g |Multiply | +|MULf g,g |Multiply floating point values | +|NEGi g,g |Negate (2's complement) | +|NEGf g,g |Negate floating point value | +|NOP |No Operation | +|NOTi g,g |Logical NOT (LSB only) | +|ORi g,g |Logical OR | +|QUOi g,g |Quotient (divide, rounding towards zero) | +|RDVAL g |Validate address for Reading (#)| +|REMi g,g |Remainder from QUO | +|RESTORE (rl) |Restore general purpose registers | +|RET d |Return from subroutine | +|RETI |Return from Interrupt (#)| +|RETT d |Return from Trap (#)| +|ROTi g,g |Rotate, left or right | +|ROUNDfi g,g |Round a floating point value to an integer | +|RXP d |Return from External Procedure call | +|Scci g |Save condition code (cc) as a Boolean value | +|SAVE (rl) |Save general purpose registers | +|SBITi g,g |Test and Set Bit | +|SBITIi g,g |Test and Set Bit Interlocked | +|SCR cr,g |Store Custom Register (#)| +|SCSR g |Store Custom Status Register | +|SETCFG (o) |Set Configuration register (#)| +|SFSR g |Store Floating point Status Register | +|SKPSi ol |Skip over String | +|SKPSTi ol |Skip over String, Translating bytes | +|SMR mr,g |Store Memory management Register (#)| +|SPRi ar,g |Store dedicated Register (a=PSR/INTBASE #)| +|SUBi g,g |Subtract | +|SUBf g,g |Subtract floating point values | +|SUBCi g,g |Subtract with Carry (borrow) | +|SUBPi g,g |Subtract Packed (BCD) | +|SVC |Supervisor Call | +|TBITi g,g |Test Bit | +|TRUNCfi g,g |Truncate toward zero floating point to integer| +|WAIT |Wait for interrupt | +|WRVAL g |Validate address for Writing (#)| +|XORi g,g |Logical Exclusive OR | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +| CFG |Configuration register (4-bit) | +| EXTERNAL |External link table entry | +| FP |Frame Pointer register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| INTBASE |Interrupt Base register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| MOD |Module register (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| PSR |Processor Status Register (16-bit) | +| Rn or Fn |General purpose Registers (32-bit, n=0-7) | +| SB |Static Base register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| SP0 (SP) |Supervisor Stack Pointer (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| SP1 (SP) |User Stack Pointer (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| TOS |Top Of current Stack | +| US |User Status (8-bit, bottom byte of PSR) | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +| ar |Dedicated reg. (SP/SB/FP/MOD/INTBASE/PSR/US) | +| c |Custom length (D/Q=double/quad word) | +| cc |(EQ/NE/CS/CC/HI/LS/GT/LE/FS/FC/LO/HS/LT/GE) | +| cr |Custom slave processor register | +| d |Displacement constant (8/16/32-bit) | +| f |Floating point length (F/L=standard/long) | +| g |General operand | +| i |Integer length (B/W/D=byte/word/double word) | +| m |Implied immediate constant (8-bit) | +| mr |Memory management status/control register | +| n |Digit | +| o |Options (B/U/W=backward/until/while) | +| ol |Option list (C/M/F/I=custom/MMU/FPU/interrupt)| +| r |General purpose register (R0-R7/F0-F7) | +| rl |General purpose register list | +| s |Short signed 4-bit value | +| # |Privileged instruction | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/1802 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/1802 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fea97188 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/1802 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| RCA | +| | +| 1 88888 000 22222 | +| 11 8 8 0 0 2 2 | +| 1 8 8 0 0 0 2 | +| 1 88888 0 0 0 222 | +| 1 8 8 0 0 0 2 | +| 1 8 8 0 0 2 | +| 111 88888 000 2222222 | +| | +| CDP1802 COSMAC Microprocessor Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| --> CLOCK |_|1 40|_| Vdd | +| ____ _| |_ ____ | +| --> WAIT |_|2 39|_| XTAL --> | +| _____ _| |_ ______ | +| --> CLEAR |_|3 38|_| DMA IN <-- | +| _| |_ _______ | +| <-- Q |_|4 37|_| DMA OUT <-- | +| _| |_ _________ | +| <-- SC1 |_|5 36|_| INTERRUPT <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- SC0 |_|6 35|_| MWR <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| <-- MRD |_|7 34|_| TPA --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 7 |_|8 33|_| TPB --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 6 |_|9 32|_| MA7 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 5 |_|10 1802 31|_| MA6 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 4 |_|11 30|_| MA5 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 3 |_|12 29|_| MA4 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 2 |_|13 28|_| MA3 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 1 |_|14 27|_| MA2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> BUS 0 |_|15 26|_| MA1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|16 25|_| MA0 --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- N2 |_|17 24|_| EF1 <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- N1 |_|18 23|_| EF2 <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- N0 |_|19 22|_| EF3 <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| Vss |_|20 21|_| EF4 <-- | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.3 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|F|Description |Notes | +|------+--+-+----------------------------+---------------------| +|ADC |74|*|Add with Carry |{DF,D}=mx+D+DF | +|ADCI i|7C|*|Add with Carry Immediate |{DF,D}=mp+D+DF,p=p+1 | +|ADD |F4|*|Add |{DF,D}=mx+D | +|ADI i|FC|*|Add Immediate |{DF,D}=mp+D,p=p+1 | +|AND |F2|*|Logical AND |D={mx}&D | +|ANI i|FA|*|Logical AND Immediate |D={mp}&D,p=p+1 | +|B1 a|34|-|Branch if EF1 |If EF1=1 BR else NBR | +|B2 a|35|-|Branch if EF2 |If EF2=1 BR else NBR | +|B3 a|36|-|Branch if EF3 |If EF3=1 BR else NBR | +|B4 a|37|-|Branch if EF4 |If EF4=1 BR else NBR | +|BDF a|33|-|Branch if DF |If DF=1 BR else NBR | +|BGE a|33|-|Branch if Greater or Equal |See BDF | +|BL a|38|-|Branch if Less |See BNF BR else NBR | +|BM a|38|-|Branch if Minus |See BNF | +|BN1 a|3C|-|Branch if Not EF1 |If EF1=0 BR else NBR | +|BN2 a|3D|-|Branch if Not EF2 |If EF2=0 BR else NBR | +|BN3 a|3E|-|Branch if Not EF3 |If EF3=0 BR else NBR | +|BN4 a|3F|-|Branch if Not EF4 |If EF4=0 BR else NBR | +|BNF a|38|-|Branch if Not DF |If DF=0 BR else NBR | +|BNQ a|39|-|Branch if Not Q |If Q=0 BR else NBR | +|BNZ a|3A|-|Branch if D Not Zero |If D=1 BR else NBR | +|BPZ a|33|-|Branch if Positive or Zero |See BDF | +|BQ a|31|-|Branch if Q |If Q=1 BR else NBR | +|BR a|30|-|Branch |pl=mp | +|BZ a|32|-|Branch if D Zero |If D=0 BR else NBR | +|DEC r|2N|-|Decrement register N |n=n-1 | +|DIS |71|-|Disable |{X,P}=mx,x=x+1,IE=0 | +|GHI r|9N|-|Get High register N |D=nh | +|GLO r|8N|-|Get Low register N |D=nl | +|IDL |00|-|Idle (wait for DMA or int.) |Bus=m0 | +|INC r|1N|-|Increment register N |n=n+1 | +|INP d|6N|-|Input (N=d+8=9-F) |mx=Bus,D=Bus,Nlines=d| +|IRX |60|-|Increment register X |x=x+1 | +|LBDF a|C3|-|Long Branch if DF |If DF=1 LBR else LNBR| +|LBNF a|C8|-|Long Branch if Not DF |If DF=0 LBR else LNBR| +|LBNQ a|C9|-|Long Branch if Not Q |If Q=0 LBR else LNBR | +|LBNZ a|CA|-|Long Branch if D Not Zero |If D=1 LBR else LNBR | +|LBQ a|C1|-|Long Branch if Q |If Q=1 LBR else LNBR | +|LBR a|C0|-|Long Branch |p=mp | +|LBZ a|C2|-|Long Branch if D Zero |If D=0 LBR else LNBR | +|LDA r|4N|-|Load advance |D=mn,n=n+1 | +|LDI i|F8|-|Load Immediate |D=mp,p=p+1 | +|LDN r|0N|-|Load via N (except N=0) |D=mn | +|LDX |F0|-|Load via X |D=mx | +|LDXA |72|-|Load via X and Advance |D=mx,x=x+1 | +|LSDF |CF|-|Long Skip if DF |If DF=1 LSKP else NOP| +|LSIE |CC|-|Long Skip if IE |If IE=1 LSKP else NOP| +|LSKP |C8|-|Long Skip |See NLBR | +|LSNF |C7|-|Long Skip if Not DF |If DF=0 LSKP else NOP| +|LSNQ |C5|-|Long Skip if Not Q |If Q=0 LSKP else NOP | +|LSNZ |C6|-|Long Skip if D Not Zero |If D=1 LSKP else NOP | +|LSQ |CD|-|Long Skip if Q |If Q=1 LSKP else NOP | +|LSZ |CE|-|Long Skip if D Zero |If D=0 LSKP else NOP | +|MARK |79|-|Push X,P to stack (T={X,P})|m2={X,P},X=P,r2=r2-1 | +|NBR |38|-|No short Branch (see SKP) |p=p+1 | +|NLBR a|C8|-|No Long Branch (see LSKP) |p=p+2 | +|NOP |C4|-|No Operation |Continue | +|OR |F1|*|Logical OR |D={mx}vD | +|ORI i|F9|*|Logical OR Immediate |D={mp}vD,p=p+1 | +|OUT d|6N|-|Output (N=d=1-7) |Bus=mx,x=x+1,Nlines=d| +|PLO r|AN|-|Put Low register N |nl=D | +|PHI r|BN|-|Put High register N |nh=D | +|REQ |7A|-|Reset Q |Q=0 | +|RET |70|-|Return |{X,P}=mx,x=x+1,IE=1 | +|RSHL |7E|*|Ring Shift Left |See SHLC | +|RSHR |76|*|Ring Shift Right |See SHRC | +|SAV |78|-|Save |mx=T | +|SDB |75|*|Subtract D with Borrow |{DF,D}=mx-D-DF | +|SDBI i|7D|*|Subtract D with Borrow Imm. |{DF,D}=mp-D-DF,p=p+1 | +|SD |F5|*|Subtract D |{DF,D}=mx-D | +|SDI i|FD|*|Subtract D Immediate |{DF,D}=mp-D,p=p+1 | +|SEP r|DN|-|Set P |P=N | +|SEQ |7B|-|Set Q |Q=1 | +|SEX r|EN|-|Set X |X=N | +|SHL |FE|*|Shift Left |{DF,D}={DF,D,0}<- | +|SHLC |7E|*|Shift Left with Carry |{DF,D}={DF,D}<- | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|F|Description |Notes | +|------+--+-+----------------------------+---------------------| +|SHR |F6|*|Shift Right |{D,DF}=->{0,D,DF} | +|SHRC |76|*|Shift Right with Carry |{D,DF}=->{D,DF} | +|SKP |38|-|Short Skip |See NBR | +|SMB |77|*|Subtract Memory with Borrow |{DF,D}=D-mx-{~DF} | +|SMBI i|7F|*|Subtract Mem with Borrow Imm|{DF,D}=D-mp-~DF,p=p+1| +|SM |F7|*|Subtract Memory |{DF,D}=D-mx | +|SMI i|FF|*|Subtract Memory Immediate |{DF,D}=D-mp,p=p+1 | +|STR r|5N|-|Store via N |mn=D | +|STXD |73|-|Store via X and Decrement |mx=D,x=x-1 | +|XOR |F3|*|Logical Exclusive OR |D={mx}.D | +|XRI i|FB|*|Logical Exclusive OR Imm. |D={mp}.D,p=p+1 | +| | |-|Interrupt action |T={X,P},P=1,X=2,IE=0 | +|------+--+-+--------------------------------------------------| +| |??| |8-bit hexadecimal opcode | +| |?N| |Opcode with register/device in low 4/3 bits | +| | |-|DF flag unaffected | +| | |*|DF flag affected | +|-----------+--------------------------------------------------| +| mn |Register addressing | +| mx |Register-indirect addressing | +| mp |Immediate addressing | +| R( ) |Stack addressing (implied addressing) | +|-----------+--------------------------------------------------| +|DFB n(,n) |Define Byte | +|DFS n |Define Storage block | +|DFW n(,n) |Define Word | +|-----------+--------------------------------------------------| +| D |Data register (accumulator, 8-bit) | +| DF |Data Flag (ALU carry, 1-bit) | +| I |High-order instruction digit (4-bit) | +| IE |Interrupt Enable (1-bit) | +| N |Low-order instruction digit (4-bit) | +| P |Designates Program Counter register (4-bit) | +| Q |Output flip-flop (1-bit) | +| R |1 of 16 scratchpad Registers(16-bit) | +| T |Holds old {X,P} after interrupt (X high, 8-bit) | +| X |Designates Data Pointer register (4-bit) | +|-----------+--------------------------------------------------| +| mn |Memory byte addressed by R(N) | +| mp |Memory byte addressed by R(P) | +| mx |Memory byte addressed by R(X) | +| m? |Memory byte addressed by R(?) | +| n |Short form for R(N) | +| nh |High-order byte of R(N) | +| nl |Low-order byte of R(N) | +| p |Short form for R(P) | +| pl |Low-order byte of R(P) | +| r? |Short form for R(?) | +| x |Short form for R(X) | +|-----------+--------------------------------------------------| +| R(N) |Register specified by N | +| R(P) |Current program counter | +| R(X) |Current data pointer | +| R(?) |Specific register | +|-----------+--------------------------------------------------| +| a |Address expression | +| d |Device number (1-7) | +| i |Immediate expression | +| n |Expression | +| r |Register (hex digit or an R followed by hex digit)| +|-----------+--------------------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| * |Arithmetic multiplication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| . |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| ? |Hexadecimal digit (0-F) | +| --> |Input pin | +| <-- |Output pin | +| <--> |Input/output pin | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/2650 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/2650 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b3306eb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/2650 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Signetics | +| | +| 22222 666 5555555 000 | +| 2 2 6 5 0 0 | +| 2 6 5 0 0 0 | +| 222 666666 555555 0 0 0 | +| 2 6 6 5 0 0 0 | +| 2 6 6 5 0 0 | +| 2222222 66666 555555 000 | +| | +| 2650 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| --> SENSE |_|1 40|_| FLAG --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A12 |_|2 39|_| Vcc | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|3 38|_| CLOCK <-- | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <-- A10 |_|4 37|_| PAUSE <-- | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <-- A9 |_|5 36|_| OPACK <-- | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- A8 |_|6 35|_| RUN/WAIT --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|7 34|_| INTACK --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|8 33|_| D0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|9 32|_| D1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|10 2650A 31|_| D2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|11 30|_| D3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|12 29|_| D4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A1 |_|13 28|_| D5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A0 |_|14 27|_| D6 <--> | +| _____ _| |_ | +| --> ADREN |_|15 26|_| D7 <--> | +| _| |_ ______ | +| --> RESET |_|16 25|_| DBUSEN <-- | +| ______ _| |_ | +| --> INTREQ |_|17 24|_| OPREQ --> | +| _ _| |_ _ | +| <-- A14-D/C |_|18 23|_| R/W --> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- A13-E/NE |_|19 22|_| WRP --> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- M/IO |_|20 21|_| GND | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created March 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic|Op|cIOC|~|Description |Notes | +|--------+--+----+-+------------------------------+------------| +|ADDA,r a|8C|****|4|Add Absolute |r=r+a | +|ADDI,r i|84|****|2|Add Immediate |r=r+i | +|ADDR,r l|88|****|3|Add Relative |r=r+l | +|ADDZ,r |80|****|2|Add to register Zero |R0=R0+r | +|ANDA,r a|4C|*---|4|Logical AND Absolute |r=r&a | +|ANDI,r i|44|*---|2|Logical AND Immediate |r=r&i | +|ANDR,r l|48|*---|3|Logical AND Relative |r=r&l | +|ANDZ,r |40|*---|2|Logical AND register Zero |R0=R0&r | +|BCFA,d b|9C|----|3|Branch on Cond. False Absolute|If d#c, PC=b| +|BCFR,d l|98|----|3|Branch on Cond. False Relative|If d#c, PC=l| +|BCTA,d b|1C|----|3|Branch on Cond. True Absolute |If d=c, PC=b| +|BCTR,d l|18|----|3|Branch on Cond. True Relative |If d=c, PC=l| +|BDRA,r b|FC|----|3|Branch on Dec. Reg. Absolute |r=r-1,if r#0| +|BDRR,r l|F8|----|3|Branch on Dec. Reg. Relative |r=r-1,if r#0| +|BIRA,r b|DC|----|3|Branch on Inc. Reg. Absolute |r=r+1,if r#0| +|BIRR,r l|D8|----|3|Branch on Inc. Reg. Relative |r=r+1,if r#0| +|BRNA,r b|5C|----|3|Branch on Reg. Non-zero Abs. |If r#0, PC=b| +|BRNR,r l|58|----|3|Branch on Reg. Non-zero Rel. |If r#0, PC=l| +|BSFA,d b|BC|----|3|Branch to Sub. on False Abs. |If d#c,calla| +|BSFR,d l|B8|----|3|Branch to Sub. on False Rel. |If d#c,callr| +|BSNA,r b|7C|----|3|Branch to Sub. on Non-zero Abs|If d#c,calla| +|BSNR,r l|78|----|3|Branch to Sub. on Non-zero Rel|If d#c,callr| +|BSTA,d b|3C|----|3|Branch to Sub. on True Abs. |If d=c,calla| +|BSTR,d l|38|----|3|Branch to Sub. on True Rel. |If d=c,callr| +|BSXA b|BF|----|3|Branch to Sub. Extended Addr. |calla | +|BXA b|9F|----|3|Branch to Extended Address |PC=b | +|COMA,r a|EC|*---|4|Compare Absolute |r-a | +|COMI,r i|E4|*---|2|Compare Immediate |r-i | +|COMR,r l|E8|*---|3|Compare Relative |r-l | +|COMZ,r |E0|*---|2|Compare with register Zero |R0-r | +|CPSL i|75|----|3|Clear Program Status Lower |If i=1,PSL=0| +|CPSU i|74|----|3|Clear Program Status Upper |PSU=PSU&(~i)| +|DAR,r |94|----|3|Decimal Adjust Register |r=BCD format| +|EORA,r a|2C|*---|4|Logical Exclusive OR Absolute |r=rxa | +|EORI,r i|24|*---|2|Logical Exclusive OR Immediate|r=rxi | +|EORR,r l|28|*---|3|Logical Exclusive OR Relative |r=rxl | +|EORZ,r |20|*---|2|Logical Exclusive OR reg Zero |R0=R0xr | +|HALT |40|----|2|Halt |Wait state | +|IORA,r a|6C|*---|4|Logical Inclusive OR Absolute |r=rva | +|IORI,r i|64|*---|2|Logical Inclusive OR Immediate|r=rvi | +|IORR,r l|68|*---|3|Logical Inclusive OR Relative |r=rvl | +|IORZ,r |60|*---|2|Logical Inclusive OR reg Zero |R0=R0vr | +|LODA,r a|0C|*---|4|Load Absolute |r=a | +|LODI,r i|04|*---|2|Load Immediate |r=i | +|LODR,r l|08|*---|3|Load Relative |r=l | +|LODZ,r |00|*---|2|Load register Zero |R0=r | +|LPSL |93|----|2|Load Program Status Lower |PSL=R0 | +|LPSU |92|----|2|Load Program Status Upper |PSU=R0 | +|NOP |C0|----|2|No Operation | | +|PPSL i|77|----|3|Preset Program Status Lower |If i=1,PSL=1| +|PPSU i|76|----|3|Preset Program Status Upper |If i=1,PSU=1| +|REDC,r |30|*---|2|Read Control |r=statusNE | +|REDD,r |70|*---|2|Read Data |r=dataNE | +|REDE,r p|54|*---|3|Read Extended |r=p | +|RETC,d |14|----|3|Return on Condition |If d=c,ret | +|RETE,d |34|----|3|Return cond, Enable interrupts|ret,II=0 | +|RRL,r |D0|----|2|Rotate Register Left |r=->{rr} | +|RRR,r |50|----|2|Rotate Register Right |r={rr}<- | +|SPSL |13|----|2|Store Program Status Lower |R0=PSL | +|SPSU |12|----|2|Store Program Status Upper |R0=PSU | +|STRA,r a|CC|----|4|Store Absolute |a=r | +|STRR,r l|C8|----|3|Store Relative |l=r | +|STRZ,r |C0|----|2|Store register Zero |r=R0 | +|SUBA,r a|AC|****|4|Subtract Absolute |r=r-a | +|SUBI,r i|A4|****|2|Subtract Immediate |r=r-i | +|SUBR,r l|A8|****|3|Subtract Relative |r=r-l | +|SUBZ,r |A0|****|2|Subtract from register Zero |R0=R0-r | +|TMI,r i|F4|*---|3|Test under Mask Immediate |r&i | +|TPSL,r i|B5|*---|3|Test Program Status Lower |i-PSL | +|TPSU,r i|B4|*---|3|Test Program Status Upper |i-PSU | +|WRTC,r |B0|----|2|Write Control |statusNE=r | +|WRTD,r |F0|----|2|Write Data |dataNE=r | +|WRTE,r p|D4|----|3|Write Extended |p=r | +|ZBRR l|9B|----|3|Zero page Branch |PC=l | +|ZBSR l|BB|----|3|Zero page Branch to Subroutine|callr | +| |XX| |X|8-bit opcode, machine cycles |Hexadecimal | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |cIOC|Description | +|-----------+----+---------------------------------------------| +| |- |Unaffected | +| |* |Affected | +| |0 |Reset | +| |1 |Set | +| |? |Unknown | +|-----------+----+---------------------------------------------| +| S | |Sense (PSU bit 7) | +| F | |Flag (PSU bit 6) | +| II | |Interrupt Inhibit (PSU bit 5) | +| SP2 | |Stack Pointer two (PSU bit 2) | +| SP1 | |Stack Pointer one (PSU bit 1) | +| SP0 | |Stack Pointer zero (PSU bit 0) | +|-----------+----+---------------------------------------------| +| CC1 |c |Condition Code one (PSL bit 7) | +| CC0 |c |Condition Code zero (PSL bit 6) | +| IDC | I |Inter-Digit Carry status (PSL bit 5) | +| RS | |Register bank Select (R1-R3, PSL bit 4) | +| WC | |With/without Carry (PSL bit 3) | +| OVF | O |Overflow status (PSL bit 2) | +| COM | |Logical/arithmetic Compare (PSL bit 1) | +| C | C|Carry/borrow status (PSL bit 0) | +|----------------+---------------------------------------------| +| a |16-bit extended address | +| b |16-bit absolute address | +| c |2-bit condition codes CC1 and CC0 | +| calla |[SP]+=PC+3,PC=b | +| callr |[SP]+=PC+2,PC=l | +| d |2-bit immediate data unit | +| dataNE |Non-extended data port | +| i |8-bit immediate data unit | +| l |8-bit relative address | +| p |8-bit I/O port number | +| r |Register Rn (n=0-3) | +| ret |If r#0, PC=[SP]- | +| statusNE |Non-extended status port | +|----------------+---------------------------------------------| +| PC |Program Counter | +| PSL |Program Status Lower (8-bit) | +| PSU |Program Status Upper (8-bit) | +| R0 |Register zero - accumulator | +| Rn |Register (n=0-3) | +| SP |Stack pointer | +|----------------+---------------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| * |Arithmetic multiplication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| = |Equal or assignment | +| # |Not equal | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Indirect addressing, auto-increment | +| -[ ] |Auto-decrement, indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| {rr} |If WC=1 then {C,r} else {r} | +| --> |Input pin | +| <-- |Output pin | +| <--> |Input/output pin | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/32016 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/32016 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8e0678d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/32016 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| National Semiconductor | +| | +| 33333 22222 1 666 000 | +| 3 3 2 2 11 6 0 0 | +| 3 2 1 6 0 0 0 | +| 33333 222 1 666666 0 0 0 | +| 3 2 1 6 6 0 0 0 | +| 3 3 2 1 6 6 0 0 | +| 33333 2222222 111 66666 000 | +| | +| NS32016 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <-- A22 |_|1 48|_| Vcc | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A21 |_|2 47|_| A23 --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A20 |_|3 46|_| INT <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A19 |_|4 45|_| NMI <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A18 |_|5 44|_| ILO --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A17 |_|6 43|_| ST0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A16 |_|7 42|_| ST1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD15 |_|8 41|_| ST2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD14 |_|9 40|_| ST3 --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD13 |_|10 39|_| PFS --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD12 |_|11 38|_| DDIN --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD11 |_|12 NS32016 37|_| ADS --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <--> AD10 |_|13 36|_| U/S --> | +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD9 |_|14 35|_| AT/SPC <--> | +| _| |_ ___ --- | +| <--> AD8 |_|15 34|_| RST/ABT <-- | +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD7 |_|16 33|_| DS/FLT <--> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD6 |_|17 32|_| HBE --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD5 |_|18 31|_| HLDA --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD4 |_|19 30|_| HOLD <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD3 |_|20 29|_| BBG | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD2 |_|21 28|_| RDY <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD1 |_|22 27|_| PHI2 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD0 |_|23 26|_| PHI1 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| GNDL |_|24 25|_| GNDB | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1982 | +|Updated July 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Description | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +|ABSi g,g |Take Absolute value | +|ABSf g,g |Take Absolute floating point value | +|ACBi s,g,d |Add 4-bit Constant and Branch if non-zero | +|ADDi g,g |Add | +|ADDf g,g |Add floating point values | +|ADDCi g,g |Add with Carry | +|ADDPi g,g |Add Packed (BCD) | +|ADDQi s,g |Add Quick a 4-bit constant | +|ADDR g,g |Move effective Address | +|ADJSPi g |Adjust Stack Pointer | +|ANDi g,g |Logical AND | +|ASHi g,g |Arithmetic Shift, left or right | +|Bcc d |Branch on condition (cc) | +|BICi g,g |Bit Clear | +|BICPSRi g |Bit Clear Processor Status Register (i=W/D #)| +|BISPSRi g |Bit Set Processor Status Register (i=W/D #)| +|BPT |Breakpoint Trap | +|BR d |Branch (PC relative) | +|BSR d |Branch to Subroutine | +|CASEi g |Case (multiway branch) | +|CATSTn g |Custom Address Test (n=0-1) (#)| +|CBITi g,g |Test and Clear Bit | +|CBITIi g,g |Test and Clear Bit Interlocked | +|CCALnc g,g |Custom Calculate (n=0-3) | +|CCMPc g,g |Custom Compare | +|CCVnci g,g |Custom Convert custom value to integer (n=0-2)| +|CCV3ic g,g |Custom Convert integer to custom value | +|CCV4DQ g,g |Custom Convert double to quad value | +|CCV5QD g,g |Custom Convert quad to double value | +|CHECKi r,g,g |Check index bounds | +|CMPi g,g |Compare | +|CMPf g,g |Compare floating point values | +|CMPMi g,g,d |Compare Multiple: displacement bytes | +|CMPQi s,g |Compare Quick with a 4-bit constant | +|CMPSi ol |Compare Strings | +|CMPSTi ol |Compare Strings, Translating bytes | +|COMi g,g |Complement all bits | +|CMOVnc g,g |Custom Move (n=0-2) | +|CVTP r,g,g |Convert to bit field Pointer | +|CXP d |Call External Procedure | +|CXPD g |Call External Procedure using Descriptor | +|DEIi g,g |Divide Extended Integer | +|DIA |Diagnose (hardware breakpoint) | +|DIVi g,g |Divide, rounding down | +|DIVf g,g |Divide floating point values | +|ENTER (rl),d |Enter procedure (save registers) | +|EXIT (rl) |Exit procedure (restore registers) | +|EXTi r,g,g,d|Extract bit field (array orientated) | +|EXTSi g,g,m,m|Extract Short bit field | +|FLAG |Flag trap | +|FLOORfi g,g |Convert f.p. to largest integer <= value | +|FFSi g,g |Find First Set bit | +|IBITi g,g |Test and Invert Bit | +|INDEXi r,g,g |Recursive Indexing step for N-D arrays | +|INSi r,g,g,d|Insert bit field (array orientated) | +|INSSi g,g,m,m|Insert Short bit field | +|JSR g |Jump to Subroutine | +|JUMP g |Jump | +|LCR cr,g |Load Custom Register (#)| +|LCSR g |Load Custom Status Register | +|LFSR g |Load Floating point Status Register | +|LMR mr,g |Load Memory management Register (#)| +|LPRi ar,g |Load dedicated Register (a=PSR/INTBASE #)| +|LSHi g,g |Logical Shift, left or right | +|MEIi g,g |Multiply to Extended Integer | +|MODi g,g |Modulus (remainder from QUO) | +|MOVi g,g |Move a value | +|MOVif g,g |Move an integer to a floating point value | +|MOVf g,g |Move a floating point value | +|MOVFL g,g |Move and lengthen a floating point value | +|MOVLF g,g |Move and shorten a Long floating point value | +|MOVMi g,g,d |Move Multiple: displacement bytes | +|MOVQi s,g |Move Quick and extend a 4-bit constant | +|MOVSi ol |Move String | +|MOVSTi ol |Move String, Translating bytes | +|MOVSUi g,g |Move value from Supervisor to User space (#)| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Description | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +|MOVUSi g,g |Move value from User to Supervisor space (#)| +|MOVXiD g,g |Move with sign Extension to Double word | +|MOVXBW g,g |Move with sign Extension Byte to Word | +|MOVZiD g,g |Move with Zero extension to Double word | +|MOVZBW g,g |Move with Zero extension Byte to Word | +|MULi g,g |Multiply | +|MULf g,g |Multiply floating point values | +|NEGi g,g |Negate (2's complement) | +|NEGf g,g |Negate floating point value | +|NOP |No Operation | +|NOTi g,g |Logical NOT (LSB only) | +|ORi g,g |Logical OR | +|QUOi g,g |Quotient (divide, rounding towards zero) | +|RDVAL g |Validate address for Reading (#)| +|REMi g,g |Remainder from QUO | +|RESTORE (rl) |Restore general purpose registers | +|RET d |Return from subroutine | +|RETI |Return from Interrupt (#)| +|RETT d |Return from Trap (#)| +|ROTi g,g |Rotate, left or right | +|ROUNDfi g,g |Round a floating point value to an integer | +|RXP d |Return from External Procedure call | +|Scci g |Save condition code (cc) as a Boolean value | +|SAVE (rl) |Save general purpose registers | +|SBITi g,g |Test and Set Bit | +|SBITIi g,g |Test and Set Bit Interlocked | +|SCR cr,g |Store Custom Register (#)| +|SCSR g |Store Custom Status Register | +|SETCFG (o) |Set Configuration register (#)| +|SFSR g |Store Floating point Status Register | +|SKPSi ol |Skip over String | +|SKPSTi ol |Skip over String, Translating bytes | +|SMR mr,g |Store Memory management Register (#)| +|SPRi ar,g |Store dedicated Register (a=PSR/INTBASE #)| +|SUBi g,g |Subtract | +|SUBf g,g |Subtract floating point values | +|SUBCi g,g |Subtract with Carry (borrow) | +|SUBPi g,g |Subtract Packed (BCD) | +|SVC |Supervisor Call | +|TBITi g,g |Test Bit | +|TRUNCfi g,g |Truncate toward zero floating point to integer| +|WAIT |Wait for interrupt | +|WRVAL g |Validate address for Writing (#)| +|XORi g,g |Logical Exclusive OR | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +| CFG |Configuration register (4-bit) | +| EXTERNAL |External link table entry | +| FP |Frame Pointer register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| INTBASE |Interrupt Base register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| MOD |Module register (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| PSR |Processor Status Register (16-bit) | +| Rn or Fn |General purpose Registers (32-bit, n=0-7) | +| SB |Static Base register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| SP0 (SP) |Supervisor Stack Pointer (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| SP1 (SP) |User Stack Pointer (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| TOS |Top Of current Stack | +| US |User Status (8-bit, bottom byte of PSR) | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +| ar |Dedicated reg. (SP/SB/FP/MOD/INTBASE/PSR/US) | +| c |Custom length (D/Q=double/quad word) | +| cc |(EQ/NE/CS/CC/HI/LS/GT/LE/FS/FC/LO/HS/LT/GE) | +| cr |Custom slave processor register | +| d |Displacement constant (8/16/32-bit) | +| f |Floating point length (F/L=standard/long) | +| g |General operand | +| i |Integer length (B/W/D=byte/word/double word) | +| m |Implied immediate constant (8-bit) | +| mr |Memory management status/control register | +| n |Digit | +| o |Options (B/U/W=backward/until/while) | +| ol |Option list (C/M/F/I=custom/MMU/FPU/interrupt)| +| r |General purpose register (R0-R7/F0-F7) | +| rl |General purpose register list | +| s |Short signed 4-bit value | +| # |Privileged instruction | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/32032 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/32032 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..78a82487 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/32032 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| National Semiconductor | +| | +| 33333 22222 000 33333 22222 | +| 3 3 2 2 0 0 3 3 2 2 | +| 3 2 0 0 0 3 2 | +| 33333 222 0 0 0 33333 222 | +| 3 2 0 0 0 3 2 | +| 3 3 2 0 0 3 3 2 | +| 33333 2222222 000 33333 2222222 | +| | +| NS32032 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| G | +| ~ ~ ~ N A | +| S S S I N I D D V D D D D D D D D | +| T T T L M N B 3 c 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 | +| 2 1 0 O I T 2 1 c 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 | +| | +| ^ ^ ^ ^ | | | ^ | ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ | +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| | | | | v v | v | v v v v v v v v | +| ------------------------------------- | +| |10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 26| | +| Reserved ---|9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 27|<-> AD22 | +| ST3 <--|8 28|<-> AD21 | +| ~PFS <--|7 29|<-> AD20 | +| ~DDIN <--|6 30|<-> AD19 | +| Reserved ---|5 31|<-> AD18 | +| Reserved ---|4 32|<-> AD17 | +| PHI1 -->|3 33|<-> AD16 | +| PHI2 -->|2 34|<-> AD15 | +| ~ADS <--|1 NS32032 35|<-> AD14 | +| U/~S <--|68 36|<-> AD13 | +| Reserved ---|67 37|<-> AD12 | +| Reserved ---|66 38|<-> AD11 | +| ~AT/~SPC <->|65 39|<-> AD10 | +| ~DS/~FLT <->|64 40|<-> AD9 | +|~RST/~ABT -->|63 41|<-> AD8 | +| Reserved ---|62 42|<-> AD7 | +| Reserved ---|61 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 43|<-> AD6 | +| (connect to |60 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 44| | +| Vcc via 4K7 ------------------------------------- | +| resistor) | | | | | | ^ ^ | | | ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ | +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| | v v v v v | | | | | v v v v v v | +| | +| R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R G G B A A A A A A | +| e B B B B H H D N N B D D D D D D | +| s E E E E L O Y D D G 0 1 2 3 4 5 | +| e 0 1 2 3 D L B L | +| r A D 1 | +| v | +| e | +| d | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created April 1985 | +|Updated May 1985 | +|Issue 1.0 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Description | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +|ABSi g,g |Take Absolute value | +|ABSf g,g |Take Absolute floating point value | +|ACBi s,g,d |Add 4-bit Constant and Branch if non-zero | +|ADDi g,g |Add | +|ADDf g,g |Add floating point values | +|ADDCi g,g |Add with Carry | +|ADDPi g,g |Add Packed (BCD) | +|ADDQi s,g |Add Quick a 4-bit constant | +|ADDR g,g |Move effective Address | +|ADJSPi g |Adjust Stack Pointer | +|ANDi g,g |Logical AND | +|ASHi g,g |Arithmetic Shift, left or right | +|Bcc d |Branch on condition (cc) | +|BICi g,g |Bit Clear | +|BICPSRi g |Bit Clear Processor Status Register (i=W/D #)| +|BISPSRi g |Bit Set Processor Status Register (i=W/D #)| +|BPT |Breakpoint Trap | +|BR d |Branch (PC relative) | +|BSR d |Branch to Subroutine | +|CASEi g |Case (multiway branch) | +|CATSTn g |Custom Address Test (n=0-1) (#)| +|CBITi g,g |Test and Clear Bit | +|CBITIi g,g |Test and Clear Bit Interlocked | +|CCALnc g,g |Custom Calculate (n=0-3) | +|CCMPc g,g |Custom Compare | +|CCVnci g,g |Custom Convert custom value to integer (n=0-2)| +|CCV3ic g,g |Custom Convert integer to custom value | +|CCV4DQ g,g |Custom Convert double to quad value | +|CCV5QD g,g |Custom Convert quad to double value | +|CHECKi r,g,g |Check index bounds | +|CMPi g,g |Compare | +|CMPf g,g |Compare floating point values | +|CMPMi g,g,d |Compare Multiple: displacement bytes | +|CMPQi s,g |Compare Quick with a 4-bit constant | +|CMPSi ol |Compare Strings | +|CMPSTi ol |Compare Strings, Translating bytes | +|COMi g,g |Complement all bits | +|CMOVnc g,g |Custom Move (n=0-2) | +|CVTP r,g,g |Convert to bit field Pointer | +|CXP d |Call External Procedure | +|CXPD g |Call External Procedure using Descriptor | +|DEIi g,g |Divide Extended Integer | +|DIA |Diagnose (hardware breakpoint) | +|DIVi g,g |Divide, rounding down | +|DIVf g,g |Divide floating point values | +|ENTER (rl),d |Enter procedure (save registers) | +|EXIT (rl) |Exit procedure (restore registers) | +|EXTi r,g,g,d|Extract bit field (array orientated) | +|EXTSi g,g,m,m|Extract Short bit field | +|FLAG |Flag trap | +|FLOORfi g,g |Convert f.p. to largest integer <= value | +|FFSi g,g |Find First Set bit | +|IBITi g,g |Test and Invert Bit | +|INDEXi r,g,g |Recursive Indexing step for N-D arrays | +|INSi r,g,g,d|Insert bit field (array orientated) | +|INSSi g,g,m,m|Insert Short bit field | +|JSR g |Jump to Subroutine | +|JUMP g |Jump | +|LCR cr,g |Load Custom Register (#)| +|LCSR g |Load Custom Status Register | +|LFSR g |Load Floating point Status Register | +|LMR mr,g |Load Memory management Register (#)| +|LPRi ar,g |Load dedicated Register (a=PSR/INTBASE #)| +|LSHi g,g |Logical Shift, left or right | +|MEIi g,g |Multiply to Extended Integer | +|MODi g,g |Modulus (remainder from QUO) | +|MOVi g,g |Move a value | +|MOVif g,g |Move an integer to a floating point value | +|MOVf g,g |Move a floating point value | +|MOVFL g,g |Move and lengthen a floating point value | +|MOVLF g,g |Move and shorten a Long floating point value | +|MOVMi g,g,d |Move Multiple: displacement bytes | +|MOVQi s,g |Move Quick and extend a 4-bit constant | +|MOVSi ol |Move String | +|MOVSTi ol |Move String, Translating bytes | +|MOVSUi g,g |Move value from Supervisor to User space (#)| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Description | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +|MOVUSi g,g |Move value from User to Supervisor space (#)| +|MOVXiD g,g |Move with sign Extension to Double word | +|MOVXBW g,g |Move with sign Extension Byte to Word | +|MOVZiD g,g |Move with Zero extension to Double word | +|MOVZBW g,g |Move with Zero extension Byte to Word | +|MULi g,g |Multiply | +|MULf g,g |Multiply floating point values | +|NEGi g,g |Negate (2's complement) | +|NEGf g,g |Negate floating point value | +|NOP |No Operation | +|NOTi g,g |Logical NOT (LSB only) | +|ORi g,g |Logical OR | +|QUOi g,g |Quotient (divide, rounding towards zero) | +|RDVAL g |Validate address for Reading (#)| +|REMi g,g |Remainder from QUO | +|RESTORE (rl) |Restore general purpose registers | +|RET d |Return from subroutine | +|RETI |Return from Interrupt (#)| +|RETT d |Return from Trap (#)| +|ROTi g,g |Rotate, left or right | +|ROUNDfi g,g |Round a floating point value to an integer | +|RXP d |Return from External Procedure call | +|Scci g |Save condition code (cc) as a Boolean value | +|SAVE (rl) |Save general purpose registers | +|SBITi g,g |Test and Set Bit | +|SBITIi g,g |Test and Set Bit Interlocked | +|SCR cr,g |Store Custom Register (#)| +|SCSR g |Store Custom Status Register | +|SETCFG (o) |Set Configuration register (#)| +|SFSR g |Store Floating point Status Register | +|SKPSi ol |Skip over String | +|SKPSTi ol |Skip over String, Translating bytes | +|SMR mr,g |Store Memory management Register (#)| +|SPRi ar,g |Store dedicated Register (a=PSR/INTBASE #)| +|SUBi g,g |Subtract | +|SUBf g,g |Subtract floating point values | +|SUBCi g,g |Subtract with Carry (borrow) | +|SUBPi g,g |Subtract Packed (BCD) | +|SVC |Supervisor Call | +|TBITi g,g |Test Bit | +|TRUNCfi g,g |Truncate toward zero floating point to integer| +|WAIT |Wait for interrupt | +|WRVAL g |Validate address for Writing (#)| +|XORi g,g |Logical Exclusive OR | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +| CFG |Configuration register (4-bit) | +| EXTERNAL |External link table entry | +| FP |Frame Pointer register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| INTBASE |Interrupt Base register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| MOD |Module register (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| PSR |Processor Status Register (16-bit) | +| Rn or Fn |General purpose Registers (32-bit, n=0-7) | +| SB |Static Base register (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| SP0 (SP) |Supervisor Stack Pointer (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| SP1 (SP) |User Stack Pointer (32-bit, top 8 zero) | +| TOS |Top Of current Stack | +| US |User Status (8-bit, bottom byte of PSR) | +|---------------+----------------------------------------------| +| ar |Dedicated reg. (SP/SB/FP/MOD/INTBASE/PSR/US) | +| c |Custom length (D/Q=double/quad word) | +| cc |(EQ/NE/CS/CC/HI/LS/GT/LE/FS/FC/LO/HS/LT/GE) | +| cr |Custom slave processor register | +| d |Displacement constant (8/16/32-bit) | +| f |Floating point length (F/L=standard/long) | +| g |General operand | +| i |Integer length (B/W/D=byte/word/double word) | +| m |Implied immediate constant (8-bit) | +| mr |Memory management status/control register | +| n |Digit | +| o |Options (B/U/W=backward/until/while) | +| ol |Option list (C/M/F/I=custom/MMU/FPU/interrupt)| +| r |General purpose register (R0-R7/F0-F7) | +| rl |General purpose register list | +| s |Short signed 4-bit value | +| # |Privileged instruction | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6502 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6502 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..80eb8a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6502 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Rockwell | +| | +| 666 5555555 000 22222 | +| 6 5 0 0 2 2 | +| 6 5 0 0 0 2 | +| 666666 555555 0 0 0 222 | +| 6 6 5 0 0 0 2 | +| 6 6 5 0 0 2 | +| 66666 555555 000 2222222 | +| | +| 6502 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ ___ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| RES <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> RDY |_|2 39|_| CLK2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- CLK1 |_|3 38|_| NC | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|4 37|_| CLK0 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| NC |_|5 36|_| NC | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|6 35|_| NC | +| _| |_ _ | +| --> SYNC |_|7 34|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|8 33|_| DB7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A0 |_|9 32|_| DB6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A1 |_|10 6502 31|_| DB5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|11 30|_| DB4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|12 29|_| DB3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|13 28|_| DB2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|14 27|_| DB1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|15 26|_| DB0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|16 25|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|17 24|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A9 |_|18 23|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|19 22|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|20 21|_| Vss | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created September 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.5 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem.|Op|NVBDIZC|A#ZBIRX@|~|Description |Notes | +|-----+--+-------+--------+-+----------------------+-----------| +|ADC s|6D|**---**| XxX X |4|Add with Carry |A=A+s+C %| +|AND s|2D|*----*-| XxX X |4|Logical AND |A=A&s %| +|ASL d|0E|*----**| xx |6|Arithmetic Shift Left |d={C,d,0}<-| +|ASLA |0A|*----**|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |A={C,d,0}<-| +|BCC a|90|-------| X |2|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0(4~)%| +|BCS a|B0|-------| X |2|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1(4~)%| +|BEQ a|F0|-------| X |2|Branch if Equal |If Z=1(4~)%| +|BIT s|2C|**---*-| ** |4|Bit Test |A&s | +|BMI a|30|-------| X |2|Branch if Minus |If N=1(4~)%| +|BNE a|D0|-------| X |2|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0(4~)%| +|BPL a|10|-------| X |2|Branch if Plus |If N=0(4~)%| +|BRK |00|--+-1--| X |7|Break (-[S]={PC+2,P})|PC=[FFFEH] | +|BVC a|50|-------| X |2|Branch if Overflow Clr|If V=0(4~)%| +|BVS a|70|-------| X |2|Branch if Overflow Set|If V=1(4~)%| +|CLC |18|------0| X |2|Clear Carry flag |C=0 | +|CLD |D8|---0---| X |2|Clear Decimal mode |D=0 | +|CLI |58|----0--| X |2|Clear Int. disable |I=0 | +|CLV |B8|-0-----| X |2|Clear Overflow flag |V=0 | +|CMP s|CD|*----**| XxX X |4|Compare |A-s | +|CPX s|EC|*----**| X** |4|Compare index register|X-s | +|CPY s|CC|*----**| X** |4|Compare index register|Y-s | +|DEC d|CE|*----*-| xx |6|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DEX |CA|*----*-| X |2|Decrement index reg. |X=X-1 | +|DEY |88|*----*-| X |2|Decrement index reg. |Y=Y-1 | +|EOR s|4D|*----*-| XxX X |4|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs %| +|INC d|EE|*----*-| xx |6|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INX |E8|*----*-| X |2|Increment index reg. |X=X+1 | +|INY |C8|*----*-| X |2|Increment index reg. |Y=Y+1 | +|JMP s|4C|-------| * X|3|Jump | !| +|JSR s|20|-------| * |6|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC+2,!| +|LDA s|AD|*----*-| XxX X |4|Load Accumulator |A=s %| +|LDX s|AE|*----*-| Xyy |4|Load index register |X=s %| +|LDY s|AC|*----*-| Xxx |4|Load index register |Y=s %| +|LSR d|4E|0----**| xx |6|Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C}| +|LSRA |4A|0----**|X |2|Logical Shift Right |A=->{0,A,C}| +|NOP |EA|-------| X |2|No Operation | | +|ORA s|0D|*----*-| XxX X |4|Logical Inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|PHA |48|-------| X |3|Push Accumulator |-[S]=A | +|PHP |08|-------| X |3|Push status register |-[S]=P | +|PLA |68|-------| X |4|Pull Accumulator |A=[S]+ | +|PLP |28|*******| X |4|Pull Status Register |P=[S]+ | +|ROL d|2E|*----**| xx |6|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLA |2A|*----**|X |2|Rotate Left Acc. |A={C,A}<- | +|ROR d|6E|*----**| xx |6|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORA |6A|*----**|X |2|Rotate Right Acc. |A=->{C,A} | +|RTI |40|*******| X |6|Return from Interrupt |{PC,P}=[S]+| +|RTS |60|-------| X |6|Return from Subroutine|PC={[S]+}+1| +|SBC s|ED|*----**| XxX X |4|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-C %| +|SEC |38|------1| X |2|Set Carry flag |C=1 | +|SED |F8|---1---| X |2|Set Decimal mode |D=1 | +|SEI |78|----1--| X |2|Set Interrupt disable |I=1 | +|STA d|8D|-------| xX X |4|Store Accumulator |d=A | +|STX d|8E|-------| y* |4|Store index register |d=X | +|STY d|8C|-------| x* |4|Store index register |d=Y | +|TAX |AA|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Accumulator |X=A | +|TAY |A8|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Accumulator |Y=A | +|TSX |BA|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Stack pointer|X=S | +|TXA |8A|*----*-| X |2|Transfer index reg. |A=X | +|TXS |9A|-------| X |2|Transfer index reg. |S=X | +|TYA |98|*----*-| X |2|Transfer index reg. |A=Y | +|-----+--+-------+--------+-+----------------------------------| +| |XX| | |X|Hexadecimal opcode/no. of cycles | +|--------+-------+--------+-+----------------------------------| +| |- | | |Flag unaffected | +| |* | | |Flag affected | +| |0 | | |Flag reset | +| |1 | | |Flag set | +| |+ | | |Flag set on stack | +|--------+-------+--------+-+----------------------------------| +| N |N | | |Negative status (Bit 7) | +| V | V | | |Overflow status (Bit 6) | +| B | B | | |Break command indicator (Bit 4) | +| D | D | | |Decimal mode control (Bit 3) | +| I | I | | |Interrupt disable control (Bit 2) | +| Z | Z | | |Zero status (Bit 1) | +| C | C| | |Carry status (Bit 0) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |A#ZBIRX@|Description |Opcode| ~s | +|----------------+--------+------------------------+------+----| +| |X |All mode(s) valid | | | +| |* |Non-indexed mode valid | | | +| |x |X/non-indexed mode valid| | | +| |y |Y/non-indexed mode valid| | | +|----------------+--------+------------------------+------+----| +| | |Add XXH to opcode | +XXH | | +| | |Subtract XXH from opcode| -XXH | | +| | |Add X to no. of cycles | | +X | +| | |Subtract X from cycles | | -X | +|----------------+--------+------------------------+------+----| +| A |A |Accumulator | | | +| #n | # |Immediate | -04H | -2 | +| nn | * |Absolute | +00H | +0 | +| nn | * |Absolute (EXTEND mode) | +00H | +0 | +| nn,X | x |Absolute indexed (X) | +10H | +0 | +| nn,Y | y |Absolute indexed (Y) | +0CH | +0 | +| LDX nn,Y | y | ditto | +10H | +0 | +| | I |Implicit | | | +| a | R |Relative(PC=PC+1+offset)| | +2 | +| [nn,X] | x |Indexed indirect (X) | -0CH | +2 | +| [nn],Y | y |Indirect indexed (Y) | +04H | +1 | +| [nn] | @|Absolute indirect | +20H | +2 | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|BYTE n(,...) |Byte(s) (8-bit) | +|BYTE 'string'(,...) |Byte text string(s) | +|DIRECT |Zero page addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Absolute addressing mode | +|RMB nn(,...) |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|WORD nn(,...) |Word(s) (16-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| P |Processor status register (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack pointer (9-bit, MSB=1) | +| X |Index register X (8-bit) | +| Y |Index register Y (8-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-128 to +127) | +| d |Destination | +| n |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| s |Source | +| string |String of ASCII characters | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| * |Arithmetic multiplication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Indirect addressing, auto-increment | +| -[ ] |Auto-decrement, indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| $ |Program counter content | +| % |~s = ~s+1 if crossing page boundary | +| ! |PC = effective address of source | +| --> |Input pin | +| <-- |Output pin | +| <--> |Input/output pin | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|0000H to 00FFH |Page 0 (see zero page addressing) | +|0100H to 01FFH |Page 1 (stack area, 01FFH = start) | +|XX00H to XXFFH |Page n (where n=XXH) | +|FFFAH to FFFBH |Non maskable interrupt (NMI) vector | +|FFFCH to FFFDH |Reset (RES) vector | +|FFFEH to FFFFH |Interrupt Request (IRQ) vector | +|FFFEH to FFFFH |Break command vector (see BRK) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/650x b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/650x new file mode 100644 index 00000000..753e0182 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/650x @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Rockwell | +| | +| 666 5555555 000 X X | +| 6 5 0 0 X X | +| 6 5 0 0 0 X X | +| 666666 555555 0 0 0 X | +| 6 6 5 0 0 0 X X | +| 6 6 5 0 0 X X | +| 66666 555555 000 X X | +| | +| 6501/2/3/4/5 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| M M OOOOO SSSSS | +| MM MM O O S S | +| M M M M O O S | +| M M M O O SSSSS | +| M M O O S | +| M M O O S S | +| M M OOOOO SSSSS | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created September 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.3 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem.|Op|NVBDIZC|A#ZBIRX@|~|Description |Notes | +|-----+--+-------+--------+-+----------------------+-----------| +|ADC s|6D|**---**| XxX X |4|Add with Carry |A=A+s+C %| +|AND s|2D|*----*-| XxX X |4|Logical AND |A=A&s %| +|ASL d|0E|*----**| xx |6|Arithmetic Shift Left |d={C,d,0}<-| +|ASLA |0A|*----**|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |A={C,d,0}<-| +|BCC a|90|-------| X |2|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0(4~)%| +|BCS a|B0|-------| X |2|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1(4~)%| +|BEQ a|F0|-------| X |2|Branch if Equal |If Z=1(4~)%| +|BIT s|2C|**---*-| ** |4|Bit Test |A&s | +|BMI a|30|-------| X |2|Branch if Minus |If N=1(4~)%| +|BNE a|D0|-------| X |2|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0(4~)%| +|BPL a|10|-------| X |2|Branch if Plus |If N=0(4~)%| +|BRK |00|--+-1--| X |7|Break (-[S]={PC+2,P})|PC=[FFFEH] | +|BVC a|50|-------| X |2|Branch if Overflow Clr|If V=0(4~)%| +|BVS a|70|-------| X |2|Branch if Overflow Set|If V=1(4~)%| +|CLC |18|------0| X |2|Clear Carry flag |C=0 | +|CLD |D8|---0---| X |2|Clear Decimal mode |D=0 | +|CLI |58|----0--| X |2|Clear Int. disable |I=0 | +|CLV |B8|-0-----| X |2|Clear Overflow flag |V=0 | +|CMP s|CD|*----**| XxX X |4|Compare |A-s | +|CPX s|EC|*----**| X** |4|Compare index register|X-s | +|CPY s|CC|*----**| X** |4|Compare index register|Y-s | +|DEC d|CE|*----*-| xx |6|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DEX |CA|*----*-| X |2|Decrement index reg. |X=X-1 | +|DEY |88|*----*-| X |2|Decrement index reg. |Y=Y-1 | +|EOR s|4D|*----*-| XxX X |4|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs %| +|INC d|EE|*----*-| xx |6|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INX |E8|*----*-| X |2|Increment index reg. |X=X+1 | +|INY |C8|*----*-| X |2|Increment index reg. |Y=Y+1 | +|JMP s|4C|-------| * X|3|Jump | !| +|JSR s|20|-------| * |6|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC+2,!| +|LDA s|AD|*----*-| XxX X |4|Load Accumulator |A=s %| +|LDX s|AE|*----*-| Xyy |4|Load index register |X=s %| +|LDY s|AC|*----*-| Xxx |4|Load index register |Y=s %| +|LSR d|4E|0----**| xx |6|Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C}| +|LSRA |4A|0----**|X |2|Logical Shift Right |A=->{0,A,C}| +|NOP |EA|-------| X |2|No Operation | | +|ORA s|0D|*----*-| XxX X |4|Logical Inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|PHA |48|-------| X |3|Push Accumulator |-[S]=A | +|PHP |08|-------| X |3|Push status register |-[S]=P | +|PLA |68|-------| X |4|Pull Accumulator |A=[S]+ | +|PLP |28|*******| X |4|Pull Status Register |P=[S]+ | +|ROL d|2E|*----**| xx |6|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLA |2A|*----**|X |2|Rotate Left Acc. |A={C,A}<- | +|ROR d|6E|*----**| xx |6|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORA |6A|*----**|X |2|Rotate Right Acc. |A=->{C,A} | +|RTI |40|*******| X |6|Return from Interrupt |{PC,P}=[S]+| +|RTS |60|-------| X |6|Return from Subroutine|PC={[S]+}+1| +|SBC s|ED|*----**| XxX X |4|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-C %| +|SEC |38|------1| X |2|Set Carry flag |C=1 | +|SED |F8|---1---| X |2|Set Decimal mode |D=1 | +|SEI |78|----1--| X |2|Set Interrupt disable |I=1 | +|STA d|8D|-------| xX X |4|Store Accumulator |d=A | +|STX d|8E|-------| y* |4|Store index register |d=X | +|STY d|8C|-------| x* |4|Store index register |d=Y | +|TAX |AA|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Accumulator |X=A | +|TAY |A8|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Accumulator |Y=A | +|TSX |BA|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Stack Pointer|X=S | +|TXA |8A|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Index Reg. |A=X | +|TXS |9A|-------| X |2|Transfer Index Reg. |S=X | +|TYA |98|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Index Reg. |A=Y | +|-----+--+-------+--------+-+----------------------------------| +| |XX| | |X|Hexadecimal opcode/no. of cycles | +|--------+-------+--------+-+----------------------------------| +| |- | | |Flag unaffected | +| |* | | |Flag affected | +| |0 | | |Flag reset | +| |1 | | |Flag set | +| |+ | | |Flag set on stack | +|--------+-------+--------+-+----------------------------------| +| N |N | | |Negative status (Bit 7) | +| V | V | | |Overflow status (Bit 6) | +| B | B | | |Break command indicator (Bit 4) | +| D | D | | |Decimal mode control (Bit 3) | +| I | I | | |Interrupt disable control (Bit 2) | +| Z | Z | | |Zero status (Bit 1) | +| C | C| | |Carry status (Bit 0) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |A#ZBIRX@|Description |Opcode| ~s | +|----------------+--------+------------------------+------+----| +| |X |All mode(s) valid | | | +| |* |Non-indexed mode valid | | | +| |x |X/non-indexed mode valid| | | +| |y |Y/non-indexed mode valid| | | +|----------------+--------+------------------------+------+----| +| | |Add XXH to opcode | +XXH | | +| | |Subtract XXH from opcode| -XXH | | +| | |Add X to no. of cycles | | +X | +| | |Subtract X from cycles | | -X | +|----------------+--------+------------------------+------+----| +| A |A |Accumulator | | | +| #n | # |Immediate | -04H | -2 | +| nn | * |Absolute | +00H | +0 | +| nn | * |Absolute (EXTEND mode) | +00H | +0 | +| nn,X | x |Absolute indexed (X) | +10H | +0 | +| nn,Y | y |Absolute indexed (Y) | +0CH | +0 | +| LDX nn,Y | y | ditto | +10H | +0 | +| | I |Implicit | | | +| a | R |Relative(PC=PC+1+offset)| | +2 | +| [nn,X] | x |Indexed indirect (X) | -0CH | +2 | +| [nn],Y | y |Indirect indexed (Y) | +04H | +1 | +| [nn] | @|Absolute indirect | +20H | +2 | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|BYTE n(,...) |Byte(s) (8-bit) | +|BYTE 'string'(,...) |Byte text string(s) | +|DIRECT |Zero page addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Absolute addressing mode | +|RMB nn(,...) |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|WORD nn(,...) |Word(s) (16-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| P |Status Register (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack Pointer (9-bit, MSB=1) | +| X Y |Index Registers X and Y (8-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| a |Relative Address (-128 to +127) | +| d |Destination | +| n |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| s |Source | +| string |String of ASCII characters | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| * |Arithmetic multiplication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Indirect addressing, auto-increment | +| -[ ] |Auto-decrement, indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| $ |Program counter content | +| % |~s = ~s+1 if crossing page boundary | +| ! |PC = effective address of source | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|0000H to 00FFH |Page 0 (see zero page addressing) | +|0100H to 01FFH |Page 1 (stack area, 01FFH = start) | +|XX00H to XXFFH |Page n (where n=XXH) | +|FFFAH to FFFBH |Non maskable interrupt (NMI) vector | +|FFFCH to FFFDH |Reset (RES) vector | +|FFFEH to FFFFH |Interrupt Request (IRQ) vector | +|FFFEH to FFFFH |Break command vector (see BRK) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| 6501/6502 |16 address lines, 65536 bytes max. | +| 6503/6505 |13 address lines, 8192 bytes max. | +| 6504 |12 address lines, 4096 bytes max. | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/65c02 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/65c02 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..db7d0287 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/65c02 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Rockwell | +| | +| 666 5555555 CCCC 000 22222 | +| 6 5 C C 0 0 2 2 | +| 6 5 C 0 0 0 2 | +| 666666 555555 C 0 0 0 222 | +| 6 6 5 C 0 0 0 2 | +| 6 6 5 C C 0 0 2 | +| 66666 555555 CCCC 000 2222222 | +| | +| 65C02 CMOS MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ ___ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| RES <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> RDY |_|2 39|_| CLK2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- CLK1 |_|3 38|_| NC | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|4 37|_| CLK0 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| NC |_|5 36|_| NC | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|6 35|_| NC | +| _| |_ _ | +| --> SYNC |_|7 34|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|8 33|_| DB7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A0 |_|9 32|_| DB6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A1 |_|10 65C02 31|_| DB5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|11 30|_| DB4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|12 29|_| DB3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|13 28|_| DB2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|14 27|_| DB1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|15 26|_| DB0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|16 25|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|17 24|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A9 |_|18 23|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|19 22|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|20 21|_| Vss | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created November 1984 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|NVBDIZC|A#ZBIRX@|~|Description |Notes | +|------+--+-------+--------+-+---------------------+-----------| +|ADC s|6D|**---**| XxX XX|4|Add with Carry |A=A+s+C %| +|AND s|2D|*----*-| XxX XX|4|Logical AND |A=A&s %| +|ASL d|0E|*----**| xx |6|Arith. Shift Left |d={C,d,0}<-| +|ASLA |0A|*----**|X |2|Arith. Shift Left |A={C,d,0}<-| +|BBRb z|0F|-------| * X |2|Branch if Bit Reset |If s=0 | +|BBSb z|8F|-------| * X |2|Branch if Bit Set |If s=1 | +|BCC a|90|-------| X |2|Branch if Carry Clear|If C=0(4~)%| +|BCS a|B0|-------| X |2|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1(4~)%| +|BEQ a|F0|-------| X |2|Branch if Equal |If Z=1(4~)%| +|BIT s|2C|**---*-| Xxx |4|Bit Test |A&s $| +|BMI a|30|-------| X |2|Branch if Minus |If N=1(4~)%| +|BNE a|D0|-------| X |2|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0(4~)%| +|BPL a|10|-------| X |2|Branch if Plus |If N=0(4~)%| +|BRA a|80|-------| X |2|Branch Always |PC=a (4~)%| +|BRK |00|--+-1--| X |7|Break(-[S]={PC+2,P}) |PC=[FFFEH] | +|BVC a|50|-------| X |2|Branch if Overflw Clr|If V=0(4~)%| +|BVS a|70|-------| X |2|Branch if Overflw Set|If V=1(4~)%| +|CLC |18|------0| X |2|Clear Carry flag |C=0 | +|CLD |D8|---0---| X |2|Clear Decimal mode |D=0 | +|CLI |58|----0--| X |2|Clear Int. disable |I=0 | +|CLV |B8|-0-----| X |2|Clear Overflow flag |V=0 | +|CMP s|CD|*----**| XxX XX|4|Compare |A-s | +|CPX s|EC|*----**| X** |4|Compare index reg. |X-s | +|CPY s|CC|*----**| X** |4|Compare index reg. |Y-s | +|DEC d|CE|*----*-| xx |6|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECA |3A|*----*-|X |6|Decrement Acc. |A=A-1 | +|DEX |CA|*----*-| X |2|Decrement index reg. |X=X-1 | +|DEY |88|*----*-| X |2|Decrement index reg. |Y=Y-1 | +|EOR s|4D|*----*-| XxX XX|4|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs %| +|INC d|EE|*----*-| xx |6|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCA |1A|*----*-|X |6|Increment Acc. |A=A+1 | +|INX |E8|*----*-| X |2|Increment index reg. |X=X+1 | +|INY |C8|*----*-| X |2|Increment index reg. |Y=Y+1 | +|JMP s|4C|-------| * X|3|Jump |PC=s $| +|JSR s|20|-------| * |6|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC+2=s| +|LDA s|AD|*----*-| XxX XX|4|Load Accumulator |A=s %| +|LDX s|AE|*----*-| Xyy |4|Load index register |X=s $%| +|LDY s|AC|*----*-| Xxx |4|Load index register |Y=s %| +|LSR d|4E|0----**| xx |6|Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C}| +|LSRA |4A|0----**|X |2|Logical Shift Right |A=->{0,A,C}| +|NOP |EA|-------| X |2|No Operation | | +|ORA s|0D|*----*-| XxX XX|4|Logical Inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|PHA |48|-------| X |3|Push Accumulator |-[S]=A | +|PHP |08|-------| X |3|Push status register |-[S]=P | +|PHX |DA|-------| X |2|Push index register |-[S]=X | +|PHY |5A|-------| X |2|Push index register |-[S]=Y | +|PLA |68|-------| X |4|Pull Accumulator |A=[S]+ | +|PLP |28|*******| X |4|Pull status register |P=[S]+ | +|PLX |FA|-------| X |2|Pull index register |X=[S]+ | +|PLY |7A|-------| X |2|Pull index register |Y=[S]+ | +|RMBb d|07|-------| * |5|Reset Memory Bit |d=0 | +|ROL d|2E|*----**| xx |6|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLA |2A|*----**|X |2|Rotate Left Acc. |A={C,A}<- | +|ROR d|6E|*----**| xx |6|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORA |6A|*----**|X |2|Rotate Right Acc. |A=->{C,A} | +|RTI |40|*******| X |6|Return from Interrupt|{PC,P}=[S]+| +|RTS |60|-------| X |6|Return from Subr. |PC={[S]+}+1| +|SBC s|ED|*----**| XxX XX|4|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-C %| +|SEC |38|------1| X |2|Set Carry flag |C=1 | +|SED |F8|---1---| X |2|Set Decimal mode |D=1 | +|SEI |78|----1--| X |2|Set Interrupt disable|I=1 | +|SMBb d|87|-------| * |5|Set Memory Bit |d=1 | +|STA d|8D|-------| xX XX|4|Store Accumulator |d=A | +|STX d|8E|-------| y* |4|Store index register |d=X | +|STY d|8C|-------| x* |4|Store index register |d=Y | +|STZ d|9C|-------| xx |4|Store Zero |d=0 $| +|TAX |AA|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Accumulator |X=A | +|TAY |A8|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Accumulator |Y=A | +|TRB d|1C|**---*-| ** |2|Test and Reset Bits |d=~A&d | +|TSB d|0C|**---*-| ** |2|Test and Set Bits |d=Avd | +|TSX |BA|*----*-| X |2|Transfer Stack ptr |X=S | +|TXA |8A|*----*-| X |2|Transfer index reg. |A=X | +|TXS |9A|-------| X |2|Transfer index reg. |S=X | +|TYA |98|*----*-| X |2|Transfer index reg. |A=Y | +|------+--+-------+--------+-+---------------------------------| +| |XX| | |X|Hexadecimal opcode/no. of cycles | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |NVBDIZC|A#ZBIRX@|Description | +|---------+-------+--------+-----------------------------------| +| P |-*01+ | |Unaff/affected/reset/set/stack set | +| N |N | |Negative status (Bit 7) | +| V | V | |Overflow status (Bit 6) | +| B | B | |Break command indicator (Bit 4) | +| D | D | |Decimal mode control (Bit 3) | +| I | I | |Interrupt disable control (Bit 2) | +| Z | Z | |Zero status (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry status (Bit 0) | +|------------------+--------+----------------------------------| +| |* |Only non-indexed mode valid | +| |x |X and non-indexed mode valid | +| |y |Y and non-indexed mode valid | +| |X |All modes valid | +|-----------------+--------+-----------------------------------| +| | |Add XXH to opcode |+XXH| | +| | |Subtract XXH from opcode |-XXH| | +| | |Add X to number of cycles | |+X| +| | |Subtract X from cycles | |-X| +|-----------------+--------+---------------------------+----+--| +| b | |Bit number (b=0-7) |+b0H| | +| A |A |Accumulator | | | +| #n | # |Immediate |-0CH|-2| +| #n | # | ditto (opcode = XDH) | X9H| 2| +| BIT #n | # | ditto (special case) | 89H| 2| +| nn | B |Absolute |+00H|+0| +| nn | * |Absolute (extended mode) |+00H|+0| +| nn,X | x |Absolute indexed (X) |+10H|+0| +| nn,Y | y |Absolute indexed (Y) |+0CH|+0| +| LDX nn,Y | y | ditto (special case) | BEH| 4| +| | I |Implicit | | | +| a | R |Relative (PC=PC+1+offset) | |+2| +| [nn,X] | x |Indexed indirect (X) |-0CH|+2| +| [nn],Y | y |Indirect indexed (Y) |+04H|+1| +| [nn] | @|Absolute indirect |+05H|+1| +| JMP [nn] | @| ditto (special case) | 6CH| 5| +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| P |Processor status register (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack pointer (9-bit, MSB=1) | +| X |Index register X (8-bit) | +| Y |Index register Y (8-bit) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-128 to +127) | +| b |Bit number (0 to 7) | +| d |Destination | +| n |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| s |Source | +| z |Zero page, relative address (n,a) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| + - |Arithmetic addition/subtraction | +| * / |Arithmetic multiplication/division | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Post-increment indirect addressing | +| -[ ] |Pre-decrement indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| < > |Bit number | +| $ |Special case for addressing mode | +| % |~s=~s+1 if crossing page boundary | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +|0000H to 00FFH |Page 0 (see zero page addressing) | +|0100H to 01FFH |Page 1 (stack area, 01FFH = start) | +|XX00H to XXFFH |Page n (where n=XXH) | +|FFFAH to FFFBH |Non maskable interrupt vector(NMI) | +|FFFCH to FFFDH |Reset (RES) vector | +|FFFEH to FFFFH |Interrupt Request vector (IRQ) | +|FFFEH to FFFFH |Break command vector (see BRK) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6800 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6800 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..62f24f52 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6800 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 000 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 | +| 66666 88888 000 000 | +| | +| 6800 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ _____ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| RESET <-- | +| ____ _| |_ | +| --> HALT |_|2 39|_| TSC <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> PHI1 |_|3 38|_| NC | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|4 37|_| PHI2 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- VMA |_|5 36|_| DBE <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|6 35|_| NC | +| _| |_ _ | +| <-- BA |_|7 34|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|8 33|_| D0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A0 |_|9 32|_| D1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A1 |_|10 6800 31|_| D2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|11 30|_| D3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|12 29|_| D4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|13 28|_| D5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|14 27|_| D6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|15 26|_| D7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|16 25|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|17 24|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A9 |_|18 23|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|19 22|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|20 21|_| Vss | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.4 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|ABA |1B|*-****|X |2|Add accumulators |A=A+B | +|ADCA s|B9|*-****| XXXX |4|Add with Carry |A=A+s+C | +|ADCB s|F9|*-****| XXXX |4|Add with Carry |B=B+s+C | +|ADDA s|BB|*-****| XXXX |4|Add |A=A+s | +|ADDB s|FB|*-****| XXXX |4|Add |B=B+s | +|ANDA s|B4|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical AND |A=A&s | +|ANDB s|F4|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical AND |B=B&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XX |6|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLA |48|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |A=A*2 | +|ASLB |58|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |B=B*2 | +|ASR d|77|--****| XX |6|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|ASRA |47|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right |A=A/2 | +|ASRB |57|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right |B=B/2 | +|BCC a|24|------| X|4|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a|25|------| X|4|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a|27|------| X|4|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE a|2C|------| X|4|Branch if Greater or Eq|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a|2E|------| X|4|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI a|22|------| X|4|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BITA s|B5|--**0-| XXXX |4|Bit Test |A&s | +|BITB s|F5|--**0-| XXXX |4|Bit Test |B&s | +|BLE a|2F|------| X|4|Branch if Less or Equal|If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BLS a|23|------| X|4|Branch if Lower or Same|If CvZ=1 | +|BLT a|2D|------| X|4|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI a|2B|------| X|4|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a|26|------| X|4|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL a|2A|------| X|4|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA a|20|------| X|4|Branch Always |PC=a | +|BSR a|8D|------| X|8|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC,a| +|BVC a|28|------| X|4|Branch if Overflow Clr |If V=0 | +|BVS a|29|------| X|4|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CBA |11|--****|X |2|Compare accumulators |A-B | +|CLC |0C|-----0|X |2|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLI |0E|-0----|X |2|Clear Interrupt Mask |I=0 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XX |6|Clear |d=0 | +|CLRA |4F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |A=0 | +|CLRB |5F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |B=0 | +|CLV |0A|----0-|X |2|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CMPA s|B1|--****| XXXX |4|Compare |A-s | +|CMPB s|F1|--****| XXXX |4|Compare |B-s | +|COM d|63|--**01| XX |7|Complement |d=~d | +|COMA |43|--**01|X |2|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|COMB |53|--**01|X |2|Complement accumulator |B=~B | +|CPX s|BC|--****| XXX* |5|Compare Index Register |X-s | +|DAA |19|--****|X |2|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--**?-| XX |6|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECA |4A|--**?-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DECB |5A|--**?-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |B=B-1 | +|DES |34|------|X |4|Decrement Stack Pointer|S=S-1 | +|DEX |09|---*--|X |4|Decrement Index Reg. |X=X-1 | +|EORA s|B8|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs | +|EORB s|F8|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical Exclusive OR |B=Bxs | +|INC d|7C|--**?-| XX |6|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCA |4C|--**?-|X |2|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INCB |5C|--**?-|X |2|Increment accumulator |B=B+1 | +|INS |31|------|X |4|Increment Stack Pointer|S=S+1 | +|INX |08|---*--|X |4|Increment Index Reg. |X=X+1 | +|JMP d|7E|------| XX |3|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d|BD|------| XX |9|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=d| +|LDAA s|B6|--**0-| XXXX |4|Load Accumulator |A=s | +|LDAB s|F6|--**0-| XXXX |4|Load Accumulator |B=s | +|LDS s|BE|--**0-| XXX* |5|Load Stack Pointer |S=s | +|LDX s|FE|--**0-| XXX* |5|Load Index Register |X=s | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XX |6|Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C} | +|LSRA |44|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |A=->{0,A,C} | +|LSRB |54|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |B=->{0,B,C} | +|NEG d|70|--****| XX |6|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGA |40|--****|X |2|Negate accumulator |A=-A | +|NEGB |50|--****|X |2|Negate accumulator |B=-B | +|NOP |01|------|X |2|No Operation | | +|ORAA s|BA|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|ORAB s|FA|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical inclusive OR |B=Bvs | +|PSHA |36|------|X |4|Push |-[S]=A | +|PSHB |37|------|X |4|Push |-[S]=B | +|PULA |32|------|X |4|Pull |A=[S]+ | +|PULB |33|------|X |4|Pull |B=[S]+ | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|ROL d|79|--**?*| XX |6|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLA |49|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Left accumulator|A={C,A}<- | +|ROLB |59|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Left accumulator|B={C,B}<- | +|ROR d|76|--**?*| XX |6|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORA |46|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |A=->{C,A} | +|RORB |56|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |B=->{C,B} | +|RTI |3B|??????|X |A|Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +|RTS |39|------|X |5|Return from Subroutine |PC=[S]+ | +|SBA |10|--****|X |2|Subtract accumulators |A=A-B | +|SBCA s|B2|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-C | +|SBCB s|F2|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract with Carry |B=B-s-C | +|SEC |0D|-----1|X |2|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEI |0F|-1----|X |2|Set Interrupt Mask |I=1 | +|SEV |0B|----1-|X |2|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|STAA d|B7|--**0-| XXX |5|Store Accumulator |d=A | +|STAB d|F7|--**0-| XXX |5|Store Accumulator |d=B | +|STS d|BF|--**0-| XXX |6|Store Stack Pointer |d=S | +|STX d|FF|--**0-| XXX |6|Store Index Register |d=X | +|SUBA s|B0|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract |A=A-s | +|SUBB s|F0|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract |B=B-s | +|SWI |3F|-1----|X |C|Software Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|TAB |17|--**0-|X |2|Transfer accumulators |B=A | +|TAP |06|******|X |2|Transfer to CCR |P=A | +|TBA |17|--**0-|X |2|Transfer accumulators |A=B | +|TPA |07|------|X |2|Transfer from CCR |A=P | +|TST s|7D|--**00| XX |6|Test |s | +|TSTA |4D|--**00|X |2|Test accumulator |A | +|TSTB |5D|--**00|X |2|Test accumulator |B | +|TSX |30|------|X |4|Transfer Stack Pointer |X=S | +|TXS |35|------|X |4|Transfer Index Register|S=X | +|WAI |3E|-*----|X |9|Wait for Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|---------+------+------+-+------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| H |H | | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| I | I | | |Interrupt mask (Bit 4) | +| N | N | | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| | |Carry (Bit 0) | +|----------------+------+-+------------------------------------| +| |I | |Inherent | +| nn,E | E | |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| nn,X | X | |Index (Op=E-10H, ~s=e+1, JSR ~s=e-1)| +| n,D | D | |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # | |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| #nn | * | |Immediate (16-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2)| +| a | R| |Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| A B |Accumulators (8-bit) | +| P |Condition Code Register (CCR, 8-bit)| +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack Pointer (16-bit) | +| X |Index Register (16-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-125 to +129) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| n nn |8/16-bit expression (0 to 255/65535)| +| + - * / |Add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect auto-increment/decrement | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| {regs} |All registers {PC,X,A,B,P} | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| FFF8H to FFF9H |Hardware interrupt vector | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector | +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68000 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68000 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f46863d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68000 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 000 000 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 66666 88888 000 000 000 | +| | +| 68000 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| | \__/ | | +| <--> D4 -|1 64|- D5 <--> | +| <--> D3 -|2 63|- D6 <--> | +| <--> D2 -|3 62|- D7 <--> | +| <--> D1 -|4 61|- D8 <--> | +| <--> D0 -|5 60|- D9 <--> | +| <-- ~AS -|6 59|- D10 <--> | +| <-- ~UDS -|7 58|- D11 <--> | +| <-- ~LDS -|8 57|- D12 <--> | +| <-- R/~W -|9 56|- D13 <--> | +| --> ~DTACK -|10 55|- D14 <--> | +| <-- ~BG -|11 54|- D15 <--> | +| --> ~BGACK -|12 53|- GND | +| --> ~BR -|13 52|- A23 --> | +| Vcc -|14 51|- A22 --> | +| --> CLK -|15 50|- A21 --> | +| GND -|16 68000 49|- Vcc | +| <--> ~HALT -|17 48|- A20 --> | +| <--> ~RESET -|18 47|- A19 --> | +| <-- ~VMA -|19 46|- A18 --> | +| <-- E -|20 45|- A17 --> | +| --> ~VPA -|21 44|- A16 --> | +| --> ~BERR -|22 43|- A15 --> | +| --> ~IPL2 -|23 42|- A14 --> | +| --> ~IPL1 -|24 41|- A13 --> | +| --> ~IPL0 -|25 40|- A12 --> | +| <-- FC2 -|26 39|- A11 --> | +| <-- FC1 -|27 38|- A10 --> | +| <-- FC0 -|28 37|- A9 --> | +| <-- A1 -|29 36|- A8 --> | +| <-- A2 -|30 35|- A7 --> | +| <-- A3 -|31 34|- A6 --> | +| <-- A4 -|32 33|- A5 --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created January 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.4 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |XNZVC|BWL|Description |Notes | +|-----------+-----+---+----------------------+-----------------| +|ABCD s,d |*?*?*|X |Add BCD format |d=BCD{d+s+X} | +|ADD s,d |*****|XXX|Add binary |d=d+s | +|ADDA s,An |-----| XX|Add Address |An=An+s | +|ADDI #e,d |*****|XXX|Add Immediate |d=d+e | +|ADDQ #q,d |*****|XXX|Add Quick |d=d+q | +|ADDX s,d |*****|XXX|Add Extended |d=d+s+X | +|AND s,d |-**00|XXX|Logical AND |d=d&s | +|ANDI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Logical AND Immediate |d=d&e | +|ASlr d |*****|XXX|Arithmetic Shift |d=d*2 or d=d/2 | +|Bcc l |-----|XX |Branch conditionally |If cc BRA | +|BCHG s,d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Change |BTST,d=Z | +|BCLR d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Clear |BTST,d=0 | +|BRA l |-----|XX |Branch Always |PC=l | +|BSET d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Set |BTST,d=1 | +|BSR l |-----|XX |Branch to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,PC=l | +|BTST d |--*--| XX|Bit Test |Z=~d | +|CHK s,Dn |-*???| X |Check register |If 0>Dn>s $[18H] | +|CLR d |-0100|XXX|Clear operand |d=0 | +|CMP s,Dn |-****|XXX|Compare |Dn-s | +|CMPA s,An |-****|XXX|Compare Address |An-s | +|CMPI #e,d |-****|XXX|Compare Immediate |d-e | +|CMPM s,d |-****|XXX|Compare Memory |d-s | +|DBcc Dn,l |-----| |Decrement and Branch |If~cc&Dn-1~-1 BRA| +|DIVS s,Dn |-***0| X |Signed Division |Dn={Dn%s,Dn/s} | +|DIVU s,Dn |-***0| X |Unsigned Division |Dn={Dn%s,Dn/s} | +|EOR Dn,d |-**00|XXX|Exclusive OR |d=dxDn | +|EORI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Exclusive OR Immediate|d=dxe | +|EXG r,r |-----| X|Exchange registers |r<->r | +|EXT Dn |-**00| XX|Extend sign |Dn=Dn<7or15> | +|JMP d |-----| |Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d |-----| |Jump to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,PC=d | +|LEA s,An |-----| X|Load Effective Address|An=EA{s} | +|LINK An,#nn|-----| |Link and allocate |-[SP]=An=SP=SP+nn| +|LSlr d |***0*|XXX|Logical Shift |d=->{C,d,0}<- | +|MOVE s,d |-**00|XXX|Move data |d=s | +|MOVE s,CCR|*****| X |Move to CCR |CCR=s | +|MOVE s,SR |*****| X |Move to SR |SR=s | +|MOVE SR,d |-----| X |Move from SR |d=SR | +|MOVE USP,An|-----| X|Move User SP |USP=An or An=USP | +|MOVEA s,An |-----| XX|Move Address |An=s | +|MOVEM s,d |-----| XX|Move Multiple register|rr=s or d=rr | +|MOVEP s,d |-----| XX|Move Peripheral data |d=Dn or Dn=s | +|MOVEQ #q,d |-**00| X|Move Quick |d=q | +|MULS s,Dn |-**00| X |Signed Multiply |Dn<0:31>=Dn*s | +|MULU s,Dn |-**00| X |Unsigned Multiply |Dn<0:31>=Dn*s | +|NBCD d |*?*?*|X |Negate BCD format |d=BCD{-d-X} | +|NEG d |*****|XXX|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGX d |*****|XXX|Negate with Extend |d=-d-X | +|NOP |-----| |No Operation | | +|NOT d |-**00|XXX|Logical NOT |d=~d | +|OR s,d |-**00|XXX|Inclusive OR |d=dvs | +|ORI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Inclusive OR Immediate|d=dve | +|PEA s |-----| X|Push Effective Address|-[SP]=EA{s} | +|RESET |-----| |Reset external devices|Reset line=0 | +|ROlr d |-**0*|XXX|Rotate |d=->{d}<- | +|ROXlr d |***0*|XXX|Rotate with Extend |d=->{d}<-,X=C | +|RTE |*****| |Return from Exception |SR=[SSP]+,RTS | +|RTR |*****| |Return and Restore |SR<0:4>=[SP]+,RTS| +|RTS |-----| |Return from Subroutine|PC=[SP]+ | +|SBCD s,d |*?*?*|X |Subtract BCD format |d=BCD{d-s-X} | +|Scc d |-----|X |Set conditionally |d=0 or d=-1 | +|STOP #nn |*****| |Load status and Stop |SR=nn, wait | +|SUB s,d |*****|XXX|Subtract binary |d=d-s | +|SUBA s,An |-----| XX|Subtract Address |An=An-s | +|SUBI #e,d |*****|XXX|Subtract Immediate |d=d-e | +|SUBQ #q,d |*****|XXX|Subtract Quick |d=d-q | +|SUBX s,d |*****|XXX|Subtract with Extend |d=d-s-X | +|SWAP Dn |-**00| X |Swap register halves |Dn<->Dn | +|TAS d |-**00|X |Test And Set |d<7>=1 | +|TRAP #n |-----| |Trap (n=0-15)|$[80H+4*n] | +|TRAPV |-----| |Trap on Overflow |If V=1 $[1CH] | +|TST d |-**00|XXX|Test |d | +|UNLK An |-----| |Unlink |SP=An,An=[SP]+ | +|-----------------+---+----------------------------------------| +|DC e(,...) |XXX|Define Constant | +|DS e |XXX|Define Storage | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |XNZVC|BWL|Description | +|-----------+-----+---+----------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01?| |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| T | | |Trace mode flag (Bit 15) | +| S | | |Supervisor/user mode select (Bit 13) | +| In | | |Interrupt mask flag #n (Bits 8-10,n=0-2)| +| X |X | |Extend flag (Bit 4) | +| N | N | |Negative flag (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | |Zero flag (Bit 2) | +| V | V | |Overflow flag (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry flag (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+---+----------------------------------------| +| .B |X |Byte attribute (8-bit, .S for branch) | +| .W | X |Word attribute (16-bit) | +| .L | X|Long word attribute (32-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Dn |Data register direct addressing | +| An |Address register direct addressing | +| [An] |Register indirect addressing | +| [An]+ |Post-increment register indirect addr. | +| -[An] |Pre-decrement register indirect addr. | +| n[An] |Offset register indirect addressing | +| n[An,r] |Index register indirect addressing | +| nn |Short absolute data addressing | +| nnnn |Long absolute data addressing | +| nn |Program counter relative addressing | +| nn[r] |Program counter with index addressing | +| #e |Immediate data addressing | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +|ABSOLUTE_LONG |Long Absolute addressing (or ABS_LONG)| +|ABSOLUTE_SHORT |Short Absolute addressing (or ABS_SHORT)| +|EVEN |Set program counter to Even address | +|NO_RORG |Disable Relative addressing (or PC_DEP)| +|RORG |Enable Relative addressing (or PC_INDEP)| +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| An |Address register (16/32-bit, n=0-7) | +| CCR |Condition Code Register (8-bit, low SR) | +| Dn |Data register (8/16/32-bit, n=0-7) | +| PC |Program Counter (24-bit) | +| SP |Active Stack Pointer (equivalent to A7) | +| SR |Status Register (16-bit) | +| SSP |Supervisor Stack Pointer (32-bit) | +| USP |User Stack Pointer (32-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| BCD{ } EA{ } |Binary Coded Decimal/Effective Address | +| cc |Condition = (T/F/HI/LS/CC/CS/NE/EQ/ | +| | VC/VS/PL/MI/GE/LT/GT/LE) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| e n nn nnnn |Any/8-bit/16-bit/32-bit expression | +| l |Branch displacement label (8/16-bit) | +| lr |Left/right direction = (L/R) | +| q |Quick expression (1-8) | +| r |Any register An or Dn | +| rr |Multiple registers (-=range,/=separator)| +| + - * / % |Add/subtract/multiply/divide/remainder | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| ->{ }<- <-> |Rotate left or right/exchange operands | +| [ ] -[ ] [ ]+ |Indirect/autoincrement/autodecr. address| +| < > <:> |Bit number/bit range/high half/low half | +| { } {,} |Combination of operands | +| $ |Software trap -[SP]=PC,-[SP]=SR,PC=... | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| 0000H to 0007H |Reset vector (initial SSP and PC) (0-1)| +| 0008H to 000BH |Bus error vector (2)| +| 000CH to 000FH |Address error vector (3)| +| 0010H to 0013H |Illegal instruction vector (4)| +| 0014H to 0017H |Zero divide vector (5)| +| 0018H to 001BH |CHK instruction vector (6)| +| 001CH to 001FH |TRAPV instruction vector (7)| +| 0020H to 0023H |Privilege violation vector (8)| +| 0024H to 0027H |Trace vector (9)| +| 0028H to 002FH |Line 1010/1111 emulator vectors (10-11)| +| 003CH to 003FH |Uninitialised interrupt vector (15)| +| 0060H to 0063H |Spurious interrupt vector (24)| +| 0064H to 007FH |Level 1-7 interrupt auto-vectors (25-31)| +| 0080H to 00BFH |TRAP #0-15 instruction vectors (32-47)| +| |Unassigned, reserved (12-14,16-23,48-63)| +| 0100H to 03FFH |User interrupt vectors (64-255)| +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68008 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68008 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13a4526d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68008 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 000 88888 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 8 8 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 0 0 0 88888 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 0 8 8 | +| 66666 88888 000 000 88888 | +| | +| 68008 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|1 48|_| A2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|2 47|_| A1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|3 46|_| A0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|4 45|_| FC0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|5 44|_| FC1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|6 43|_| FC2 --> | +| _| |_ ____ _ | +| <-- A9 |_|7 42|_| IPL2/0 <-- | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- A10 |_|8 41|_| IPL1 <-- | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- A11 |_|9 40|_| BERR <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A12 |_|10 39|_| VPA <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A13 |_|11 38|_| E --> | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <-- A14 |_|12 68008 37|_| RESET <--> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| Vcc |_|13 36|_| HALT <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A15 |_|14 35|_| GND | +| _| |_ | +| GND |_|15 34|_| CLK <-- | +| _| |_ __ | +| <-- A16 |_|16 33|_| BR <-- | +| _| |_ __ | +| <-- A17 |_|17 32|_| BG --> | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <-- A18 |_|18 31|_| DTACK --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <-- A19 |_|19 30|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| <--> D7 |_|20 29|_| DS --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| <--> D6 |_|21 28|_| AS --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D5 |_|22 27|_| D0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D4 |_|23 26|_| D1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D3 |_|24 25|_| D2 <--> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created November 1984 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |XNZVC|BWL|Description |Notes | +|-----------+-----+---+----------------------+-----------------| +|ABCD s,d |*?*?*|X |Add BCD format |d=BCD{d+s+X} | +|ADD s,d |*****|XXX|Add binary |d=d+s | +|ADDA s,An |-----| XX|Add Address |An=An+s | +|ADDI #e,d |*****|XXX|Add Immediate |d=d+e | +|ADDQ #q,d |*****|XXX|Add Quick |d=d+q | +|ADDX s,d |*****|XXX|Add Extended |d=d+s+X | +|AND s,d |-**00|XXX|Logical AND |d=d&s | +|ANDI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Logical AND Immediate |d=d&e | +|ASlr d |*****|XXX|Arithmetic Shift |d=d*2 or d=d/2 | +|Bcc l |-----|XX |Branch conditionally |If cc BRA | +|BCHG s,d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Change |BTST,d=Z | +|BCLR d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Clear |BTST,d=0 | +|BRA l |-----|XX |Branch Always |PC=l | +|BSET d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Set |BTST,d=1 | +|BSR l |-----|XX |Branch to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,PC=l | +|BTST d |--*--| XX|Bit Test |Z=~d | +|CHK s,Dn |-*???| X |Check register |If 0>Dn>s $[18H] | +|CLR d |-0100|XXX|Clear operand |d=0 | +|CMP s,Dn |-****|XXX|Compare |Dn-s | +|CMPA s,An |-****|XXX|Compare Address |An-s | +|CMPI #e,d |-****|XXX|Compare Immediate |d-e | +|CMPM s,d |-****|XXX|Compare Memory |d-s | +|DBcc Dn,l |-----| |Decrement and Branch |If~cc&Dn-1~-1 BRA| +|DIVS s,Dn |-***0| X |Signed Division |Dn={Dn%s,Dn/s} | +|DIVU s,Dn |-***0| X |Unsigned Division |Dn={Dn%s,Dn/s} | +|EOR Dn,d |-**00|XXX|Exclusive OR |d=dxDn | +|EORI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Exclusive OR Immediate|d=dxe | +|EXG r,r |-----| X|Exchange registers |r<->r | +|EXT Dn |-**00| XX|Extend sign |Dn=Dn<7or15> | +|JMP d |-----| |Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d |-----| |Jump to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,PC=d | +|LEA s,An |-----| X|Load Effective Address|An=EA{s} | +|LINK An,#nn|-----| |Link and allocate |-[SP]=An=SP=SP+nn| +|LSlr d |***0*|XXX|Logical Shift |d=->{C,d,0}<- | +|MOVE s,d |-**00|XXX|Move data |d=s | +|MOVE s,CCR|*****| X |Move to CCR |CCR=s | +|MOVE s,SR |*****| X |Move to SR |SR=s | +|MOVE SR,d |-----| X |Move from SR |d=SR | +|MOVE USP,An|-----| X|Move User SP |USP=An or An=USP | +|MOVEA s,An |-----| XX|Move Address |An=s | +|MOVEM s,d |-----| XX|Move Multiple register|rr=s or d=rr | +|MOVEP s,d |-----| XX|Move Peripheral data |d=Dn or Dn=s | +|MOVEQ #q,d |-**00| X|Move Quick |d=q | +|MULS s,Dn |-**00| X |Signed Multiply |Dn<0:31>=Dn*s | +|MULU s,Dn |-**00| X |Unsigned Multiply |Dn<0:31>=Dn*s | +|NBCD d |*?*?*|X |Negate BCD format |d=BCD{-d-X} | +|NEG d |*****|XXX|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGX d |*****|XXX|Negate with Extend |d=-d-X | +|NOP |-----| |No Operation | | +|NOT d |-**00|XXX|Logical NOT |d=~d | +|OR s,d |-**00|XXX|Inclusive OR |d=dvs | +|ORI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Inclusive OR Immediate|d=dve | +|PEA s |-----| X|Push Effective Address|-[SP]=EA{s} | +|RESET |-----| |Reset external devices|Reset line=0 | +|ROlr d |-**0*|XXX|Rotate |d=->{d}<- | +|ROXlr d |***0*|XXX|Rotate with Extend |d=->{d}<-,X=C | +|RTE |*****| |Return from Exception |SR=[SSP]+,RTS | +|RTR |*****| |Return and Restore |SR<0:4>=[SP]+,RTS| +|RTS |-----| |Return from Subroutine|PC=[SP]+ | +|SBCD s,d |*?*?*|X |Subtract BCD format |d=BCD{d-s-X} | +|Scc d |-----|X |Set conditionally |d=0 or d=-1 | +|STOP #nn |*****| |Load status and Stop |SR=nn, wait | +|SUB s,d |*****|XXX|Subtract binary |d=d-s | +|SUBA s,An |-----| XX|Subtract Address |An=An-s | +|SUBI #e,d |*****|XXX|Subtract Immediate |d=d-e | +|SUBQ #q,d |*****|XXX|Subtract Quick |d=d-q | +|SUBX s,d |*****|XXX|Subtract with Extend |d=d-s-X | +|SWAP Dn |-**00| X |Swap register halves |Dn<->Dn | +|TAS d |-**00|X |Test And Set |d<7>=1 | +|TRAP #n |-----| |Trap (n=0-15)|$[80H+4*n] | +|TRAPV |-----| |Trap on Overflow |If V=1 $[1CH] | +|TST d |-**00|XXX|Test |d | +|UNLK An |-----| |Unlink |SP=An,An=[SP]+ | +|-----------------+---+----------------------------------------| +|DC e(,...) |XXX|Define Constant | +|DS e |XXX|Define Storage | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |XNZVC|BWL|Description | +|-----------+-----+---+----------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01?| |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| T | | |Trace mode flag (Bit 15) | +| S | | |Supervisor/user mode select (Bit 13) | +| In | | |Interrupt mask flag #n (Bits 8-10,n=0-2)| +| X |X | |Extend flag (Bit 4) | +| N | N | |Negative flag (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | |Zero flag (Bit 2) | +| V | V | |Overflow flag (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry flag (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+---+----------------------------------------| +| .B |X |Byte attribute (8-bit, .S for branch) | +| .W | X |Word attribute (16-bit) | +| .L | X|Long word attribute (32-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Dn |Data register direct addressing | +| An |Address register direct addressing | +| [An] |Register indirect addressing | +| [An]+ |Post-increment register indirect addr. | +| -[An] |Pre-decrement register indirect addr. | +| n[An] |Offset register indirect addressing | +| n[An,r] |Index register indirect addressing | +| nn |Short absolute data addressing | +| nnnn |Long absolute data addressing | +| nn |Program counter relative addressing | +| nn[r] |Program counter with index addressing | +| #e |Immediate data addressing | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| An |Address register (16/32-bit, n=0-7) | +| CCR |Condition Code Register (8-bit, low SR) | +| Dn |Data register (8/16/32-bit, n=0-7) | +| PC |Program Counter (24-bit) | +| SP |Active Stack Pointer (equivalent to A7) | +| SR |Status Register (16-bit) | +| SSP |Supervisor Stack Pointer (32-bit) | +| USP |User Stack Pointer (32-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| BCD{ } |Binary Coded Decimal value of operand | +| EA{ } |Effective Address of operand | +| cc |Condition = (T/F/HI/LS/CC/CS/NE/EQ/ | +| | VC/VS/PL/MI/GE/LT/GT/LE) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| e n nn nnnn |Any/8-bit/16-bit/32-bit expression | +| l |Branch displacement label (8/16-bit) | +| lr |Left/right direction = (L/R) | +| q |Quick expression (1-8) | +| r |Any register An or Dn | +| rr |Multiple registers (-=range,/=separator)| +| + - * / % |Add/subtract/multiply/divide/remainder | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| ->{ }<- |Rotate operand(s) left or right | +| <-> |Exchange operands | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| -[ ] [ ]+ |Autoincrement/decrement indirect address| +| < > < : > |Bit number/bit range | +| |High half/low half of value | +| { } { , } |Combination of operands | +| $ |Software trap -[SP]=PC,-[SP]=SR,PC=... | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| 0000H to 0007H |Reset vector (initial SSP and PC) (0-1)| +| 0008H to 000BH |Bus error vector (2)| +| 000CH to 000FH |Address error vector (3)| +| 0010H to 0013H |Illegal instruction vector (4)| +| 0014H to 0017H |Zero divide vector (5)| +| 0018H to 001BH |CHK instruction vector (6)| +| 001CH to 001FH |TRAPV instruction vector (7)| +| 0020H to 0023H |Privilege violation vector (8)| +| 0024H to 0027H |Trace vector (9)| +| 0028H to 002FH |Line 1010/1111 emulator vectors (10-11)| +| 0030H to 003BH |Unassigned (reserved) (12-14)| +| 003CH to 003FH |Uninitialised interrupt vector (15)| +| 0040H to 005FH |Unassigned (reserved) (16-23)| +| 0060H to 0063H |Spurious interrupt vector (24)| +| 0064H to 007FH |Level 1-7 interrupt auto-vectors (25-31)| +| 0080H to 00BFH |TRAP #0-15 instruction vectors (32-47)| +| 00C0H to 00FFH |Unassigned (reserved) (48-63)| +| 0100H to 03FFH |User interrupt vectors (64-255)| +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6801 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6801 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..80f0795c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6801 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 1 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 11 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 1 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 1 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 1 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 1 | +| 66666 88888 000 111 | +| | +| 6801/68701 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER | +| Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| Vcc |_|1 40|_| E --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc Standby |_|2 39|_| SC1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> CC1 |_|3 38|_| SC2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> CC2 |_|4 37|_| P30 <--> | +| _____ _| |_ | +| --> Reset |_|5 36|_| P31 <--> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|6 35|_| P32 <--> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|7 34|_| P33 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P10 |_|8 33|_| P34 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P11 |_|9 32|_| P35 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P12 |_|10 6801 31|_| P36 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P13 |_|11 30|_| P37 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P14 |_|12 29|_| P41 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P15 |_|13 28|_| P41 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P16 |_|14 27|_| P42 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P17 |_|15 26|_| P43 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P20 |_|16 25|_| P44 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P21 |_|17 24|_| P45 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P22 |_|18 23|_| P46 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P23 |_|19 22|_| P47 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P24 |_|20 21|_| Vss | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created September 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.5 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-------------------------+------------| +|ABA |1B|*-****|X |Add accumulators |A=A+B | +|ABX |3A|------|X |Add registers |X=X+B | +|ADCr s|B9|*-****| XXXX |Add with Carry |r=r+s+C | +|ADDr s|BB|*-****| XXXX |Add |r=r+s | +|ADDD s|F3|--****| XXX* |Add Double accumulator |D=D+s | +|ANDr s|B4|--**0-| XXXX |Logical AND |r=r&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XX |Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLr |48|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |r=r*2 | +|ASLD |05|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |D=D*2 | +|ASR d|77|--****| XX |Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|ASRr |47|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Right |r=r/2 | +|BCC a|24|------| X|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a|25|------| X|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a|27|------| X|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE a|2C|------| X|Branch if Greater/Equal |If NxV=0 | +|BGT a|2E|------| X|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI a|22|------| X|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHS a|24|------| X|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 | +|BITr s|B5|--**0-| XXXX |Bit Test |r&s | +|BLE a|2F|------| X|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BLO a|25|------| X|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLS a|23|------| X|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BLT a|2D|------| X|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI a|2B|------| X|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a|26|------| X|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL a|2A|------| X|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA a|20|------| X|Branch Always |PC=a | +|BRN a|21|------| X|Branch Never |No op | +|BSR a|8D|------| X|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=a| +|BVC a|28|------| X|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a|29|------| X|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CBA |11|--****|X |Compare accumulators |A-B | +|CLC |0C|-----0|X |Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLI |0E|-0----|X |Clear Interrupt Mask |I=0 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XX |Clear |d=0 | +|CLRr |4F|--0100|X |Clear accumulator |r=0 | +|CLV |0A|----0-|X |Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CMPr s|B1|--****| XXXX |Compare |r-s | +|COM d|63|--**01| XX |Complement |d=~d | +|COMr |43|--**01|X |Complement accumulator |r=~r | +|CPX s|BC|--****| XXX* |Compare Index Register |X-s | +|DAA |19|--****|X |Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--**?-| XX |Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECr |4A|--**?-|X |Decrement accumulator |r=r-1 | +|DES |34|------|X |Decrement Stack Pointer |S=S-1 | +|DEX |09|---*--|X |Decrement Index Register |X=X-1 | +|EORr s|B8|--**0-| XXXX |Logical Exclusive OR |r=rxs | +|INC d|7C|--**?-| XX |Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCr |4C|--**?-|X |Increment accumulator |r=r+1 | +|INS |31|------|X |Increment Stack Pointer |S=S+1 | +|INX |08|---*--|X |Increment Index Register |X=X+1 | +|JMP d|7E|------| XX |Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d|BD|------| XX |Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=d| +|LDAr s|B6|--**0-| XXXX |Load Accumulator |r=s | +|LDD s|FC|--**0-| XXX* |Load Double accumulator |D=s | +|LDS s|BE|--**0-| XXX* |Load Stack Pointer |S=s | +|LDX s|FE|--**0-| XXX* |Load Index Register |X=s | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XX |Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C} | +|LSRr |44|--0***|X |Logical Shift Right |r=->{0,r,C} | +|LSRD |04|--0***|X |Logical Shift Right |D=->{0,D,C} | +|MUL |3D|-----*|X |Multiply |D=A*B | +|NEG d|70|--****| XX |Negate |d=-d | +|NEGr |40|--****|X |Negate accumulator |r=-r | +|NOP |01|------|X |No Operation | | +|ORAr s|BA|--**0-| XXXX |Logical inclusive OR |r=rvs | +|PSHA |36|------|X |Push |-[S]=A | +|PSHB |37|------|X |Push |-[S]=B | +|PSHX |3C|------|X |Push Index Register |-[S]=X | +|PULA |32|------|X |Pull |A=[S]+ | +|PULB |33|------|X |Pull |B=[S]+ | +|PULX |38|------|X |Pull Index Register |X=[S]+ | +|ROL d|79|--**?*| XX |Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLr |49|--**?*|X |Rotate Left accumulator |r={C,r}<- | +|ROR d|76|--**?*| XX |Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORr |46|--**?*|X |Rotate Right accumulator |r=->{C,r} | +|RTI |3B|??????|X |Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|RTS |39|------|X |Return from Subroutine |PC=[S]+ | +|SBA |10|--****|X |Subtract accumulators |A=A-B | +|SBCr s|B2|--****| XXXX |Subtract with Carry |r=r-s-C | +|SEC |0D|-----1|X |Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEI |0F|-1----|X |Set Interrupt Mask |I=1 | +|SEV |0B|----1-|X |Set Overflow |V=1 | +|STAr d|B7|--**0-| XXX |Store Accumulator |d=r | +|STD d|FD|--**0-| XXX |Store Double accumulator |D=r | +|STS d|BF|--**0-| XXX |Store Stack Pointer |d=S | +|STX d|FF|--**0-| XXX |Store Index Register |d=X | +|SUBr s|B0|--****| XXXX |Subtract |r=r-s | +|SUBD s|B3|--****| XXX* |Subtract Double acc. |D=D-s | +|SWI |3F|-1----|X |Software Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|TAB |17|--**0-|X |Transfer accumulators |B=A | +|TAP |06|******|X |Transfer to CCR |P=A | +|TBA |17|--**0-|X |Transfer accumulators |A=B | +|TPA |07|------|X |Transfer from CCR |A=P | +|TST s|7D|--**00| XX |Test |s | +|TSTr |4D|--**00|X |Test accumulator |r | +|TSX |30|------|X |Transfer Stack Pointer |X=S | +|TXS |35|------|X |Transfer Index Register |S=X | +|WAI |3E|-*----|X |Wait for Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|---------+------+------+--------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| H |H | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| I | I | |Interrupt mask (Bit 4) | +| N | N | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry (Bit 0) | +|----------------+------+--------------------------------------| +| r |I |Inherent (A:Op=4XH/BXH, B:Op=5XH/FXH) | +| nn,E | E |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| nn,X | X |Index (Op=E-10H, ~s=e+1, JSR ~s=e-1) | +| n,D | D |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| #nn | * |Immediate (16-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| a | R|Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| r | |Inherent (r=A,Op=BXH, r=B,Op=FXH) | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| A B |Accumulators (8-bit, r=A/B,Op=BXH/FXH)| +| D |A and B combined (16-bit, A hi, B lo) | +| P |Condition Code Register (8-bit, CCR) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack Pointer (16-bit) | +| X |Index Register (16-bit) | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-125 to +129) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| n nn |8/16-bit expression (0 to 255/65535) | +| r |Accumulator register A or B | +| + - * / |Add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/increment/decrement | +| { } {regs} |Combination of operands/{PC,X,A,B,P} | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| 0000H to 001FH |Internal registers | +| 0080H to 00FFH |128 bytes of internal RAM | +| F800H to FFFFH |2K bytes of internal ROM/EPROM | +| FFF0H to FFFFH |Interrupt vectors | +| FFF0H to FFF1H |IRQ2 serial I/O interrupt vector | +| FFF2H to FFF3H |IRQ2 timer overflow vector | +| FFF4H to FFF5H |IRQ2 timer output compare vector | +| FFF6H to FFF7H |IRQ2 timer input capture vector | +| FFF8H to FFF9H |IRQ1 interrupt strobe 3 vector | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector | +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68010 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68010 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c73c0069 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/68010 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 1 000 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 11 0 0 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 1 0 0 | +| 66666 88888 000 111 000 | +| | +| 68010 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| | \__/ | | +| <--> D4 -|1 64|- D5 <--> | +| <--> D3 -|2 63|- D6 <--> | +| <--> D2 -|3 62|- D7 <--> | +| <--> D1 -|4 61|- D8 <--> | +| <--> D0 -|5 60|- D9 <--> | +| <-- ~AS -|6 59|- D10 <--> | +| <-- ~UDS -|7 58|- D11 <--> | +| <-- ~LDS -|8 57|- D12 <--> | +| <-- R/~W -|9 56|- D13 <--> | +| --> ~DTACK -|10 55|- D14 <--> | +| <-- ~BG -|11 54|- D15 <--> | +| --> ~BGACK -|12 53|- GND | +| --> ~BR -|13 52|- A23 --> | +| Vcc -|14 51|- A22 --> | +| --> CLK -|15 50|- A21 --> | +| GND -|16 68010 49|- Vcc | +| <--> ~HALT -|17 48|- A20 --> | +| <--> ~RESET -|18 47|- A19 --> | +| <-- ~VMA -|19 46|- A18 --> | +| <-- E -|20 45|- A17 --> | +| --> ~VPA -|21 44|- A16 --> | +| --> ~BERR -|22 43|- A15 --> | +| --> ~IPL2 -|23 42|- A14 --> | +| --> ~IPL1 -|24 41|- A13 --> | +| --> ~IPL0 -|25 40|- A12 --> | +| <-- FC2 -|26 39|- A11 --> | +| <-- FC1 -|27 38|- A10 --> | +| <-- FC0 -|28 37|- A9 --> | +| <-- A1 -|29 36|- A8 --> | +| <-- A2 -|30 35|- A7 --> | +| <-- A3 -|31 34|- A6 --> | +| <-- A4 -|32 33|- A5 --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created November 1984 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |XNZVC|BWL|Description |Notes | +|-----------+-----+---+----------------------+-----------------| +|ABCD s,d |*?*?*|X |Add BCD format |d=BCD{d+s+X} | +|ADD s,d |*****|XXX|Add binary |d=d+s | +|ADDA s,An |-----| XX|Add Address |An=An+s | +|ADDI #e,d |*****|XXX|Add Immediate |d=d+e | +|ADDQ #q,d |*****|XXX|Add Quick |d=d+q | +|ADDX s,d |*****|XXX|Add Extended |d=d+s+X | +|AND s,d |-**00|XXX|Logical AND |d=d&s | +|ANDI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Logical AND Immediate |d=d&e | +|ASlr d |*****|XXX|Arithmetic Shift |d=d*2 or d=d/2 | +|Bcc l |-----|XX |Branch conditionally |If cc BRA | +|BCHG s,d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Change |BTST,d=Z | +|BCLR d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Clear |BTST,d=0 | +|BRA l |-----|XX |Branch Always |PC=l | +|BSET d |--*--| XX|Bit test and Set |BTST,d=1 | +|BSR l |-----|XX |Branch to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,PC=l | +|BTST d |--*--| XX|Bit Test |Z=~d | +|CHK s,Dn |-*???| X |Check register |If 0>Dn>s $[18H] | +|CLR d |-0100|XXX|Clear operand |d=0 | +|CMP s,Dn |-****|XXX|Compare |Dn-s | +|CMPA s,An |-****|XXX|Compare Address |An-s | +|CMPI #e,d |-****|XXX|Compare Immediate |d-e | +|CMPM s,d |-****|XXX|Compare Memory |d-s | +|DBcc Dn,l |-----| |Decrement and Branch |If~cc&Dn-1~-1 BRA| +|DIVS s,Dn |-***0| X |Signed Division |Dn={Dn%s,Dn/s} | +|DIVU s,Dn |-***0| X |Unsigned Division |Dn={Dn%s,Dn/s} | +|EOR Dn,d |-**00|XXX|Exclusive OR |d=dxDn | +|EORI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Exclusive OR Immediate|d=dxe | +|EXG r,r |-----| X|Exchange registers |r<->r | +|EXT Dn |-**00| XX|Extend sign |Dn=Dn<7or15> | +|JMP d |-----| |Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d |-----| |Jump to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,PC=d | +|LEA s,An |-----| X|Load Effective Address|An=EA{s} | +|LINK An,#nn|-----| |Link and allocate |-[SP]=An=SP=SP+nn| +|LSlr d |***0*|XXX|Logical Shift |d=->{C,d,0}<- | +|MOVE s,d |-**00|XXX|Move data |d=s | +|MOVE s,cs |*****|XX |Move to status reg |cs=s | +|MOVE cs,d |-----|XX |Move from status reg |d=cs | +|MOVE USP,An|-----| X|Move User SP |USP=An or An=USP | +|MOVEA s,An |-----| XX|Move Address |An=s | +|MOVEC Cr,An|-----| X|Move Control register |Cr=An or An=Cr | +|MOVEM s,d |-----| XX|Move Multiple register|rr=s or d=rr | +|MOVEP s,d |-----| XX|Move Peripheral data |d=Dn or Dn=s | +|MOVEQ #q,d |-**00| X|Move Quick |d=q | +|MOVES s,d |-----| X|Move alternate Space |d=An or An=s | +|MULS s,Dn |-**00| X |Signed Multiply |Dn<0:31>=Dn*s | +|MULU s,Dn |-**00| X |Unsigned Multiply |Dn<0:31>=Dn*s | +|NBCD d |*?*?*|X |Negate BCD format |d=BCD{-d-X} | +|NEG d |*****|XXX|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGX d |*****|XXX|Negate with Extend |d=-d-X | +|NOP |-----| |No Operation | | +|NOT d |-**00|XXX|Logical NOT |d=~d | +|OR s,d |-**00|XXX|Inclusive OR |d=dvs | +|ORI #e,d |-**00|XXX|Inclusive OR Immediate|d=dve | +|PEA s |-----| X|Push Effective Address|-[SP]=EA{s} | +|RESET |-----| |Reset external devices|Reset line=0 | +|ROlr d |-**0*|XXX|Rotate |d=->{d}<- | +|ROXlr d |***0*|XXX|Rotate with Extend |d=->{d}<-,X=C | +|RTE |*****| |Return from Exception |SR=[SSP]+,RTS | +|RTR |*****| |Return and Restore |SR<0:4>=[SP]+,RTS| +|RTS |-----| |Return from Subroutine|PC=[SP]+ | +|SBCD s,d |*?*?*|X |Subtract BCD format |d=BCD{d-s-X} | +|Scc d |-----|X |Set conditionally |d=0 or d=-1 | +|STOP #nn |*****| |Load status and Stop |SR=nn, wait | +|SUB s,d |*****|XXX|Subtract binary |d=d-s | +|SUBA s,An |-----| XX|Subtract Address |An=An-s | +|SUBI #e,d |*****|XXX|Subtract Immediate |d=d-e | +|SUBQ #q,d |*****|XXX|Subtract Quick |d=d-q | +|SUBX s,d |*****|XXX|Subtract with Extend |d=d-s-X | +|SWAP Dn |-**00| X |Swap register halves |Dn<->Dn | +|TAS d |-**00|X |Test And Set |d<7>=1 | +|TRAP #n |-----| |Trap (n=0-15)|$[80H+4*n] | +|TRAPV |-----| |Trap on Overflow |If V=1 $[1CH] | +|TST d |-**00|XXX|Test |d | +|UNLK An |-----| |Unlink |SP=An,An=[SP]+ | +|DC e(,...) |?????|XXX|Define Constant |**NOT an opcode**| +|DS e |?????|XXX|Define Storage |**NOT an opcode**| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |XNZVC|BWL|Description | +|-----------+-----+---+----------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01?| |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| T | | |Trace mode flag (Bit 15) | +| S | | |Supervisor/user mode select (Bit 13) | +| In | | |Interrupt mask flag #n (Bits 8-10,n=0-2)| +| X |X | |Extend flag (Bit 4) | +| N | N | |Negative flag (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | |Zero flag (Bit 2) | +| V | V | |Overflow flag (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry flag (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+---+----------------------------------------| +| .B |X |Byte attribute (8-bit, .S for branch) | +| .W | X |Word attribute (16-bit) | +| .L | X|Long word attribute (32-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Dn |Data register direct addressing | +| An |Address register direct addressing | +| [An] |Register indirect addressing | +| [An]+ |Post-increment register indirect addr. | +| -[An] |Pre-decrement register indirect addr. | +| n[An] |Offset register indirect addressing | +| n[An,r] |Index register indirect addressing | +| nn |Short absolute data addressing | +| nnnn |Long absolute data addressing | +| nn |Program counter relative addressing | +| nn[r] |Program counter with index addressing | +| #e |Immediate data addressing | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| An |Address register (16/32-bit, n=0-7) | +| CCR |Condition Code Register (8-bit, low SR) | +| Dn |Data register (8/16/32-bit, n=0-7) | +| PC |Program Counter (24-bit) | +| SFC DFC |Alternative Function Code regs (3-bits) | +| SP |Active Stack Pointer (equivalent to A7) | +| SR |Status Register (16-bit) | +| SSP |Supervisor Stack Pointer (32-bit) | +| USP |User Stack Pointer (32-bit) | +| VBR |Vector Base Register (32-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| BCD{ } EA{ } |Binary Coded Decimal/Effective Address | +| cc |Condition = (T/F/HI/LS/CC/CS/NE/EQ/ | +| | VC/VS/PL/MI/GE/LT/GT/LE) | +| cs |Register CCR or SR | +| d s |Destination/source | +| e n nn nnnn |Any/8-bit/16-bit/32-bit expression | +| l |Branch displacement label (8/16-bit) | +| lr |Left/right direction = (L/R) | +| q |Quick expression (1-8) | +| r |Any register An or Dn | +| rr |Multiple registers (-=range,/=separator)| +| + - * / % |Add/subtract/multiply/divide/remainder | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| ->{ }<- <-> |Rotate left or right/exchange operands | +| [ ] -[ ] [ ]+ |Indirect/autoincrement/autodecr. address| +| < > <:> |Bit number/bit range/high half/low half | +| { } {,} |Combination of operands | +| $ |Software trap -[SP]=PC,-[SP]=SR,PC=... | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| 0000H to 0007H |Reset vector (initial SSP and PC) (0-1)| +| 0008H to 000BH |Bus error vector (2)| +| 000CH to 000FH |Address error vector (3)| +| 0010H to 0013H |Illegal instruction vector (4)| +| 0014H to 0017H |Zero divide vector (5)| +| 0018H to 001BH |CHK instruction vector (6)| +| 001CH to 001FH |TRAPV instruction vector (7)| +| 0020H to 0023H |Privilege violation vector (8)| +| 0024H to 0027H |Trace vector (9)| +| 0028H to 002FH |Line 1010/1111 emulator vectors (10-11)| +| 0030H to 0037H |Unassigned (reserved) (12-13)| +| 0038H to 003BH |Format error vector (14)| +| 003CH to 003FH |Uninitialised interrupt vector (15)| +| 0040H to 005FH |Unassigned (reserved) (16-23)| +| 0060H to 0063H |Spurious interrupt vector (24)| +| 0064H to 007FH |Level 1-7 interrupt auto-vectors (25-31)| +| 0080H to 00BFH |TRAP #0-15 instruction vectors (32-47)| +| 00C0H to 00FFH |Unassigned (reserved) (48-63)| +| 0100H to 03FFH |User interrupt vectors (64-255)| +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6802 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6802 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..de1a3e97 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6802 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 22222 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 2 2 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 2 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 222 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 2 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 2 | +| 66666 88888 000 2222222 | +| | +| 6802 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ _____ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| Reset <-- | +| ____ _| |_ | +| --> Halt |_|2 39|_| XTAL <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> MR |_|3 38|_| EXTAL <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|4 37|_| E --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- VMA |_|5 36|_| RE <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|6 35|_| Vcc Standby | +| _| |_ _ | +| <-- BA |_|7 34|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|8 33|_| D0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A0 |_|9 32|_| D1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A1 |_|10 6802 31|_| D2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|11 30|_| D3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|12 29|_| D4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|13 28|_| D5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|14 27|_| D6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|15 26|_| D7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|16 25|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|17 24|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A9 |_|18 23|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|19 22|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|20 21|_| Vss | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.4 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|ABA |1B|*-****|X |2|Add accumulators |A=A+B | +|ADCA s|B9|*-****| XXXX |4|Add with Carry |A=A+s+C | +|ADCB s|F9|*-****| XXXX |4|Add with Carry |B=B+s+C | +|ADDA s|BB|*-****| XXXX |4|Add |A=A+s | +|ADDB s|FB|*-****| XXXX |4|Add |B=B+s | +|ANDA s|B4|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical AND |A=A&s | +|ANDB s|F4|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical AND |B=B&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XX |6|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLA |48|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |A=A*2 | +|ASLB |58|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |B=B*2 | +|ASR d|77|--****| XX |6|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|ASRA |47|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right |A=A/2 | +|ASRB |57|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right |B=B/2 | +|BCC a|24|------| X|4|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a|25|------| X|4|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a|27|------| X|4|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE a|2C|------| X|4|Branch if Greater or Eq|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a|2E|------| X|4|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI a|22|------| X|4|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BITA s|B5|--**0-| XXXX |4|Bit Test |A&s | +|BITB s|F5|--**0-| XXXX |4|Bit Test |B&s | +|BLE a|2F|------| X|4|Branch if Less or Equal|If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BLS a|23|------| X|4|Branch if Lower or Same|If CvZ=1 | +|BLT a|2D|------| X|4|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI a|2B|------| X|4|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a|26|------| X|4|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL a|2A|------| X|4|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA a|20|------| X|4|Branch Always |PC=a | +|BSR a|8D|------| X|8|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC,a| +|BVC a|28|------| X|4|Branch if Overflow Clr |If V=0 | +|BVS a|29|------| X|4|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CBA |11|--****|X |2|Compare accumulators |A-B | +|CLC |0C|-----0|X |2|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLI |0E|-0----|X |2|Clear Interrupt Mask |I=0 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XX |6|Clear |d=0 | +|CLRA |4F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |A=0 | +|CLRB |5F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |B=0 | +|CLV |0A|----0-|X |2|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CMPA s|B1|--****| XXXX |4|Compare |A-s | +|CMPB s|F1|--****| XXXX |4|Compare |B-s | +|COM d|63|--**01| XX |7|Complement |d=~d | +|COMA |43|--**01|X |2|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|COMB |53|--**01|X |2|Complement accumulator |B=~B | +|CPX s|BC|--****| XXX* |5|Compare Index Register |X-s | +|DAA |19|--****|X |2|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--**?-| XX |6|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECA |4A|--**?-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DECB |5A|--**?-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |B=B-1 | +|DES |34|------|X |4|Decrement Stack Pointer|S=S-1 | +|DEX |09|---*--|X |4|Decrement Index Reg |X=X-1 | +|EORA s|B8|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs | +|EORB s|F8|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical Exclusive OR |B=Bxs | +|INC d|7C|--**?-| XX |6|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCA |4C|--**?-|X |2|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INCB |5C|--**?-|X |2|Increment accumulator |B=B+1 | +|INS |31|------|X |4|Increment Stack Pointer|S=S+1 | +|INX |08|---*--|X |4|Increment Index Reg |X=X+1 | +|JMP d|7E|------| XX |3|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d|BD|------| XX |9|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=d| +|LDAA s|B6|--**0-| XXXX |4|Load Accumulator |A=s | +|LDAB s|F6|--**0-| XXXX |4|Load Accumulator |B=s | +|LDS s|BE|--**0-| XXX* |5|Load Stack Pointer |S=s | +|LDX s|FE|--**0-| XXX* |5|Load Index Register |X=s | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XX |6|Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C} | +|LSRA |44|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |A=->{0,A,C} | +|LSRB |54|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |B=->{0,B,C} | +|NEG d|70|--****| XX |6|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGA |40|--****|X |2|Negate accumulator |A=-A | +|NEGB |50|--****|X |2|Negate accumulator |B=-B | +|NOP |01|------|X |2|No Operation | | +|ORAA s|BA|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|ORAB s|FA|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical inclusive OR |B=Bvs | +|PSHA |36|------|X |4|Push |-[S]=A | +|PSHB |37|------|X |4|Push |-[S]=B | +|PULA |32|------|X |4|Pull |A=[S]+ | +|PULB |33|------|X |4|Pull |B=[S]+ | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|ROL d|79|--**?*| XX |6|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLA |49|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Left accumulator|A={C,A}<- | +|ROLB |59|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Left accumulator|B={C,B}<- | +|ROR d|76|--**?*| XX |6|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORA |46|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |A=->{C,A} | +|RORB |56|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |B=->{C,B} | +|RTI |3B|??????|X |A|Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +|RTS |39|------|X |5|Return from Subroutine |PC=[S]+ | +|SBA |10|--****|X |2|Subtract accumulators |A=A-B | +|SBCA s|B2|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-C | +|SBCB s|F2|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract with Carry |B=B-s-C | +|SEC |0D|-----1|X |2|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEI |0F|-1----|X |2|Set Interrupt Mask |I=1 | +|SEV |0B|----1-|X |2|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|STAA d|B7|--**0-| XXX |5|Store Accumulator |d=A | +|STAB d|F7|--**0-| XXX |5|Store Accumulator |d=B | +|STS d|BF|--**0-| XXX |6|Store Stack Pointer |d=S | +|STX d|FF|--**0-| XXX |6|Store Index Register |d=X | +|SUBA s|B0|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract |A=A-s | +|SUBB s|F0|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract |B=B-s | +|SWI |3F|-1----|X |C|Software Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|TAB |17|--**0-|X |2|Transfer accumulators |B=A | +|TAP |06|******|X |2|Transfer to CCR |P=A | +|TBA |17|--**0-|X |2|Transfer accumulators |A=B | +|TPA |07|------|X |2|Transfer from CCR |A=P | +|TST s|7D|--**00| XX |6|Test |s | +|TSTA |4D|--**00|X |2|Test accumulator |A | +|TSTB |5D|--**00|X |2|Test accumulator |B | +|TSX |30|------|X |4|Transfer Stack Pointer |X=S | +|TXS |35|------|X |4|Transfer Index Register|S=X | +|WAI |3E|-*----|X |9|Wait for Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|---------+------+------+-+------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| H |H | | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| I | I | | |Interrupt mask (Bit 4) | +| N | N | | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| | |Carry (Bit 0) | +|----------------+------+-+------------------------------------| +| |I | |Inherent | +| nn,E | E | |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| nn,X | X | |Index (Op=E-10H, ~s=e+1, JSR ~s=e-1)| +| n,D | D | |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # | |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| #nn | * | |Immediate (16-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2)| +| a | R| |Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| A B |Accumulators (8-bit) | +| P |Condition Code Register (CCR, 8-bit)| +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack Pointer (16-bit) | +| X |Index Register (16-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-125 to +129) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| n nn |8/16-bit expression (0 to 255/65535)| +| + - * / |Add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/increment/decrement| +| { } {regs} |Combined operands/{PC,X,A,B,P} | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| 0000H to 007FH |128 bytes of on-chip RAM | +| 0000H to 001FH |32 bytes of RAM using Vcc standby | +| FFF8H to FFF9H |Hardware interrupt vector | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector | +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6803 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6803 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ff44ad6f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6803 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 33333 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 3 3 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 3 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 33333 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 3 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 3 3 | +| 66666 88888 000 33333 | +| | +| 6803/6803NR Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER | +| Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| E --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> XTAL1 |_|2 39|_| AS | +| _| |_ _ | +| --> EXTAL2 |_|3 38|_| R/W --> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|4 37|_| D0/A0 <--> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ1 |_|5 36|_| D1/A1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> Reset |_|6 35|_| D2/A2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|7 34|_| D3/A3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P20 |_|8 33|_| D4/A4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P21 |_|9 32|_| D5/A5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P22 |_|10 6803 31|_| D6/A6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P23 |_|11 30|_| D7/A7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P24 |_|12 29|_| A8 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P10 |_|13 28|_| A9 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P11 |_|14 27|_| A10 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P12 |_|15 26|_| A11 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P13 |_|16 25|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P14 |_|17 24|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P15 |_|18 23|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P16 |_|19 22|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P17 |_|20 21|_| Vcc Standby | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created September 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.5 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-------------------------+------------| +|ABA |1B|*-****|X |Add accumulators |A=A+B | +|ABX |3A|------|X |Add registers |X=X+B | +|ADCr s|B9|*-****| XXXX |Add with Carry |r=r+s+C | +|ADDr s|BB|*-****| XXXX |Add |r=r+s | +|ADDD s|F3|--****| XXX* |Add Double accumulator |D=D+s | +|ANDr s|B4|--**0-| XXXX |Logical AND |r=r&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XX |Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLr |48|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |r=r*2 | +|ASLD |05|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |D=D*2 | +|ASR d|77|--****| XX |Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|ASRr |47|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Right |r=r/2 | +|BCC a|24|------| X|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a|25|------| X|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a|27|------| X|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE a|2C|------| X|Branch if Greater/Equal |If NxV=0 | +|BGT a|2E|------| X|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI a|22|------| X|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHS a|24|------| X|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 | +|BITr s|B5|--**0-| XXXX |Bit Test |r&s | +|BLE a|2F|------| X|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BLO a|25|------| X|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLS a|23|------| X|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BLT a|2D|------| X|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI a|2B|------| X|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a|26|------| X|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL a|2A|------| X|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA a|20|------| X|Branch Always |PC=a | +|BRN a|21|------| X|Branch Never |No op | +|BSR a|8D|------| X|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=a| +|BVC a|28|------| X|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a|29|------| X|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CBA |11|--****|X |Compare accumulators |A-B | +|CLC |0C|-----0|X |Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLI |0E|-0----|X |Clear Interrupt Mask |I=0 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XX |Clear |d=0 | +|CLRr |4F|--0100|X |Clear accumulator |r=0 | +|CLV |0A|----0-|X |Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CMPr s|B1|--****| XXXX |Compare |r-s | +|COM d|63|--**01| XX |Complement |d=~d | +|COMr |43|--**01|X |Complement accumulator |r=~r | +|CPX s|BC|--****| XXX* |Compare Index Register |X-s | +|DAA |19|--****|X |Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--**?-| XX |Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECr |4A|--**?-|X |Decrement accumulator |r=r-1 | +|DES |34|------|X |Decrement Stack Pointer |S=S-1 | +|DEX |09|---*--|X |Decrement Index Register |X=X-1 | +|EORr s|B8|--**0-| XXXX |Logical Exclusive OR |r=rxs | +|INC d|7C|--**?-| XX |Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCr |4C|--**?-|X |Increment accumulator |r=r+1 | +|INS |31|------|X |Increment Stack Pointer |S=S+1 | +|INX |08|---*--|X |Increment Index Register |X=X+1 | +|JMP d|7E|------| XX |Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d|BD|------| XX |Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=d| +|LDAr s|B6|--**0-| XXXX |Load Accumulator |r=s | +|LDD s|FC|--**0-| XXX* |Load Double accumulator |D=s | +|LDS s|BE|--**0-| XXX* |Load Stack Pointer |S=s | +|LDX s|FE|--**0-| XXX* |Load Index Register |X=s | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XX |Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C} | +|LSRr |44|--0***|X |Logical Shift Right |r=->{0,r,C} | +|LSRD |04|--0***|X |Logical Shift Right |D=->{0,D,C} | +|MUL |3D|-----*|X |Multiply |D=A*B | +|NEG d|70|--****| XX |Negate |d=-d | +|NEGr |40|--****|X |Negate accumulator |r=-r | +|NOP |01|------|X |No Operation | | +|ORAr s|BA|--**0-| XXXX |Logical inclusive OR |r=rvs | +|PSHA |36|------|X |Push |-[S]=A | +|PSHB |37|------|X |Push |-[S]=B | +|PSHX |3C|------|X |Push Index Register |-[S]=X | +|PULA |32|------|X |Pull |A=[S]+ | +|PULB |33|------|X |Pull |B=[S]+ | +|PULX |38|------|X |Pull Index Register |X=[S]+ | +|ROL d|79|--**?*| XX |Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLr |49|--**?*|X |Rotate Left accumulator |r={C,r}<- | +|ROR d|76|--**?*| XX |Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORr |46|--**?*|X |Rotate Right accumulator |r=->{C,r} | +|RTI |3B|??????|X |Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|RTS |39|------|X |Return from Subroutine |PC=[S]+ | +|SBA |10|--****|X |Subtract accumulators |A=A-B | +|SBCr s|B2|--****| XXXX |Subtract with Carry |r=r-s-C | +|SEC |0D|-----1|X |Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEI |0F|-1----|X |Set Interrupt Mask |I=1 | +|SEV |0B|----1-|X |Set Overflow |V=1 | +|STAr d|B7|--**0-| XXX |Store Accumulator |d=r | +|STD d|FD|--**0-| XXX |Store Double accumulator |D=r | +|STS d|BF|--**0-| XXX |Store Stack Pointer |d=S | +|STX d|FF|--**0-| XXX |Store Index Register |d=X | +|SUBr s|B0|--****| XXXX |Subtract |r=r-s | +|SUBD s|B3|--****| XXX* |Subtract Double acc. |D=D-s | +|SWI |3F|-1----|X |Software Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|TAB |17|--**0-|X |Transfer accumulators |B=A | +|TAP |06|******|X |Transfer |P=A | +|TBA |17|--**0-|X |Transfer accumulators |A=B | +|TPA |07|------|X |Transfer |A=P | +|TST s|7D|--**00| XX |Test |s | +|TSTr |4D|--**00|X |Test accumulator |r | +|TSX |30|------|X |Transfer |X=S | +|TXS |35|------|X |Transfer |S=X | +|WAI |3E|-*----|X |Wait for Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|---------+------+------+--------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| H |H | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| I | I | |Interrupt mask (Bit 4) | +| N | N | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry (Bit 0) | +|----------------+------+--------------------------------------| +| r |I |Inherent (r=A,Op=4XH, r=B,Op=5XH) | +| nn,E | E |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| nn,X | X |Index (Op=E-10H, ~s=e+1, JSR ~s=e-1) | +| n,D | D |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| #nn | * |Immediate (16-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| a | R|Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| r | |Inherent (r=A,Op=BXH, r=B,Op=FXH) | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator A (8-bit, Op=BXH) | +| B |Accumulator B (8-bit, Op=FXH) | +| D |A and B combined (16-bit, A hi, B lo) | +| P |Condition Code Register (8-bit, CCR) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack Pointer (16-bit) | +| X |Index Register (16-bit) | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-125 to +129) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| n nn |8/16-bit expression (0 to 255/65535) | +| r |Accumulator register A or B | +| + - * / |Add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/increment/decrement | +| { } {regs} |Combination of operands/{PC,X,A,B,P} | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| 0000H to 001FH |Internal registers | +| 0080H to 00FFH |128 bytes of internal RAM (not 6803NR)| +| FFF0H to FFFFH |Interrupt vectors | +| FFF0H to FFF1H |IRQ2 serial I/O interrupt vector | +| FFF2H to FFF3H |IRQ2 timer overflow vector | +| FFF4H to FFF5H |IRQ2 timer output compare vector | +| FFF6H to FFF7H |IRQ2 timer input capture vector | +| FFF8H to FFF9H |IRQ1 interrupt strobe 3 vector | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector | +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6805 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6805 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..17686c16 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6805 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 5555555 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 5 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 5 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 555555 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 5 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 5 | +| 66666 88888 000 555555 | +| | +| 6805 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| PA7 <--> | +| _____ _| |_ | +| --> RESET |_|2 39|_| PA6 <--> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> INT |_|3 38|_| PA5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|4 37|_| PA4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> EXTAL |_|5 36|_| PA3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> XTAL |_|6 35|_| PA2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| NUM |_|7 34|_| PA1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> TIMER |_|8 33|_| PA0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC0 |_|9 32|_| PB7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC1 |_|10 MC6805U2 31|_| PB6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC2 |_|11 30|_| PB5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC3 |_|12 29|_| PB4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC4 |_|13 28|_| PB3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC5 |_|14 27|_| PB2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC6 |_|15 26|_| PB1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PC7 |_|16 25|_| PB0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PD7 |_|17 24|_| PD0 <--> | +| ____ _| |_ | +| <--> PD6/INT2 |_|18 23|_| PD1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PD5 |_|19 22|_| PD2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> PD4 |_|20 21|_| PD3 <--> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemon.|Op|HINZC|IXED#RBT|Description |Notes | +|-------+--+-----+--------+-----------------------+------------| +|ADC s|F9|*-***| XXXX |Add with Carry |A=A+s+C | +|ADD s|FB|*-***| XXXX |Add |A=A+s | +|AND s|F4|--**-| XXXX |Logical AND |A=A&s | +|ASL d|78|--***| X X |Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLA |48|--***|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |A=A*2 | +|ASLX |58|--***|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |X=X*2 | +|ASR d|77|--***| X X |Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|ASRA |47|--***|X |Arithmetic Shift Right |A=A/2 | +|ASRX |57|--***|X |Arithmetic Shift Right |X=X/2 | +|BCC a|24|-----|X |Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCLR b|11|-----| X |Bit Clear |b=0 | +|BCS a|25|-----| X |Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a|27|-----| X |Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BHCC a|28|-----| X |Branch if Half C. Clear|If H=0 | +|BHCS a|29|-----| X |Branch if Half C. Set |If H=1 | +|BHI a|22|-----| X |Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHS a|24|-----| X |Branch if Higher/Same |If C=0 | +|BIH a|2F|-----| X |Branch if Int. High |If I=1 | +|BIL a|2E|-----| X |Branch if Int. Low |If I=0 | +|BIT s|F5|--**-| XXXX |Bit Test |A&s | +|BLO a|25|-----| X |Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLS a|23|-----| X |Branch if Lower or Same|If CvZ=1 | +|BMC a|2C|-----| X |Branch if Mask Clear |If I=0 | +|BMI a|2B|-----| X |Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BMS a|2D|-----| X |Branch if Mask Set |If I=1 | +|BNE a|26|-----| X |Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL a|2A|-----| X |Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA a|20|-----| X |Branch Always |PC=a | +|BRN a|21|-----| X |Branch Never |No operation| +|BRCLR c|01|-----| X|Test for Bit Clear |If b=0 | +|BRSET c|00|-----| X|Test for Bit Set |If b=1 | +|BSET b|10|-----| X |Bit Set |b=1 | +|BSR a|AD|-----|X |Branch to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,BRA| +|CLC |98|----0|X |Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLI |9A|-0---|X |Clear Interrupt Mask |I=0 | +|CLR d|7F|--010| X X |Clear |d=0 | +|CLRA |4F|--010|X |Clear Accumulator |A=0 | +|CLRX |5F|--010|X |Clear Index register |X=0 | +|CMP s|F1|--***| XXXX |Compare |A-s | +|COM d|73|--**1| X X |Complement |d=~d | +|COMA |43|--**1|X |Complement Accumulator |A=~A | +|COMX |43|--**1|X |Complement Index reg. |X=~X | +|CPX s|F3|--***|X |Compare Index register |X-s | +|DEC d|7A|--**-| X X |Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECA |4A|--**-|X |Decrement Accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DECX |5A|--**-|X |Decrement Index reg. |X=X-1 | +|EOR s|F8|--**-| XXXX |Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs | +|INC d|7C|--**-| X X |Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCA |4C|--**-|X |Increment Accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INCX |5C|--**-|X |Increment Index reg. |X=X+1 | +|JMP d|FC|-----| XXX |Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d|FD|-----| XXX |Jump to Subroutine |-[SP]=PC,JMP| +|LDA s|F6|--**-| XXXX |Load Accumulator |A=s | +|LDX s|FE|--**-| XXXX |Load Index register |X=s | +|LSL d|78|--0**| X X |Logical Shift Left |d={C,d,0}<- | +|LSLA |48|--0**|X |Logical Shift Left |A={C,A,0}<- | +|LSLX |58|--0**|X |Logical Shift Left |X={C,X,0}<- | +|LSR d|74|--0**| X X |Logical Shift Right |d=->{C,d,0} | +|LSRA |44|--0**|X |Logical Shift Right |A=->{C,A,0} | +|LSRX |54|--0**|X |Logical Shift Right |X=->{C,X,0} | +|NEG d|70|?-***| X X |Negate |d=-d | +|NEGA |40|?-***|X |Negate Accumulator |A=-A | +|NEGX |50|?-***|X |Negate Index register |X=-X | +|NOP |9D|-----|X |No Operation | | +|ORA s|FA|--**-| XXXX |Logical inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|ROL d|79|--***| X X |Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLA |49|--***|X |Rotate Left Accumulator|A={C,A}<- | +|ROLX |59|--***|X |Rotate Left Index reg. |X={C,X}<- | +|ROR d|76|--***| X X |Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORA |46|--***|X |Rotate Right Acc. |A=->{C,A} | +|RORX |56|--***|X |Rotate Right Index reg.|X=->{C,X} | +|RSP |9C|-----|X |Reset Stack Pointer |SP=007EH | +|RTI |80|?????|X |Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[SP]+| +|RTS |81|-----|X |Return from Subroutine |PC=[SP]+ | +|SBC s|F2|--***| XXXX |Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-C | +|SEC |99|----0|X |Set Carry |C=1 | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemon.|Op|HINZC|I#DEXRBT|Description |Notes | +|-------+--+-----+--------+-----------------------+------------| +|SEI |9B|-0---|X |Set Interrupt Mask |I=1 | +|STA d|F7|--**-| XXX |Store Accumulator |d=A | +|STX d|FF|--**-| XXX |Store Index register |d=X | +|SUB s|F0|--***| XXXX |Subtract |A=A-s | +|SWI |83|-----|X |Software Interrupt | | +|TAX |97|-----|X |Transfer Acc. to Index |X=A | +|TST s|7D|--**-| X X |Test zero or minus |s | +|TSTA |4D|--**-|X |Test Accumulator |A | +|TSTX |5D|--**-|X |Test Index register |X | +|TXA |9F|-----|X |Transfer Index to Acc. |A=X | +|----------+-----+--------+------------------------------------| +| CC |-*01?| |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| H |H | |Half carry (Bit 4) | +| I | I | |IRQ interrupt mask (Bit 3) | +| N | N | |Negative (Bit 2) | +| Z | Z | |Zero (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry/borrow (Bit 0) | +|----------------+--------+------------------------------------| +| |I |Inherent | +| X | X |Index (no offset, Op=X) | +| n,X | X |Index (8-bit offset, Op=X-10H) | +| nn,X | X |Index (16-bit offset, Op=X-20H) | +| nn,E | E |Extended (Op=X-30H) | +| nn | E | ditto when EXTEND is default | +| n,D | D |Direct (Op=X-40H) | +| n | D | ditto when DIRECT is default | +| #n | # |Immediate (Op=X-50H) | +| a | R |Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| b | B |Bit set/clear | +| c | T|Bit test and branch | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| CC |Condition Code register (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (11-bit) | +| SP |Stack Pointer (11-bit, 61H to 7FH) | +| X |Index register (8-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-125 to +129) | +| b |Bit (0 to 7), byte (0 to 255) | +| c |Bit, byte, relative address | +| d |Destination | +| n |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Register A or X | +| s |Source | +| string |String of ASCII characters | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| * |Arithmetic multiplication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Indirect addressing, auto-increment | +| -[ ] |Auto-decrement, indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| {regs} |All registers {PC,X,A,CC} | +| $ |Program Counter content | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| 0061H to 007FH |Reserved for stack (see RSP) | +| FFF8H to FFF9H |Hardware interrupt vector | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector | +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +--------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6808 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6808 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e9a26c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6808 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 88888 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 8 8 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 88888 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 8 8 | +| 66666 88888 000 88888 | +| | +| 6808 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ _____ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| Reset <-- | +| ____ _| |_ | +| --> Halt |_|2 39|_| XTAL <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> MR |_|3 38|_| EXTAL <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|4 37|_| E --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- VMA |_|5 36|_| Vss | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|6 35|_| N/C | +| _| |_ _ | +| <-- BA |_|7 34|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|8 33|_| D0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A0 |_|9 32|_| D1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A1 |_|10 6808 31|_| D2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|11 30|_| D3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|12 29|_| D4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|13 28|_| D5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|14 27|_| D6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|15 26|_| D7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|16 25|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|17 24|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A9 |_|18 23|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|19 22|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|20 21|_| Vss | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created June 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|ABA |1B|*-****|X |2|Add accumulators |A=A+B | +|ADCA s|B9|*-****| XXXX |4|Add with Carry |A=A+s+C | +|ADCB s|F9|*-****| XXXX |4|Add with Carry |B=B+s+C | +|ADDA s|BB|*-****| XXXX |4|Add |A=A+s | +|ADDB s|FB|*-****| XXXX |4|Add |B=B+s | +|ANDA s|B4|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical AND |A=A&s | +|ANDB s|F4|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical AND |B=B&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XX |6|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLA |48|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |A=A*2 | +|ASLB |58|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |B=B*2 | +|ASR d|77|--****| XX |6|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|ASRA |47|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right |A=A/2 | +|ASRB |57|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right |B=B/2 | +|BCC a|24|------| X|4|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a|25|------| X|4|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a|27|------| X|4|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE a|2C|------| X|4|Branch if Greater or Eq|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a|2E|------| X|4|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI a|22|------| X|4|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BITA s|B5|--**0-| XXXX |4|Bit Test |A&s | +|BITB s|F5|--**0-| XXXX |4|Bit Test |B&s | +|BLE a|2F|------| X|4|Branch if Less or Equal|If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BLS a|23|------| X|4|Branch if Lower or Same|If CvZ=1 | +|BLT a|2D|------| X|4|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI a|2B|------| X|4|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a|26|------| X|4|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL a|2A|------| X|4|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA a|20|------| X|4|Branch Always |PC=a | +|BSR a|8D|------| X|8|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC,a| +|BVC a|28|------| X|4|Branch if Overflow Clr |If V=0 | +|BVS a|29|------| X|4|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CBA |11|--****|X |2|Compare accumulators |A-B | +|CLC |0C|-----0|X |2|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLI |0E|-0----|X |2|Clear Interrupt Mask |I=0 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XX |6|Clear |d=0 | +|CLRA |4F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |A=0 | +|CLRB |5F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |B=0 | +|CLV |0A|----0-|X |2|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CMPA s|B1|--****| XXXX |4|Compare |A-s | +|CMPB s|F1|--****| XXXX |4|Compare |B-s | +|COM d|63|--**01| XX |7|Complement |d=~d | +|COMA |43|--**01|X |2|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|COMB |53|--**01|X |2|Complement accumulator |B=~B | +|CPX s|BC|--****| XXX* |5|Compare Index Register |X-s | +|DAA |19|--****|X |2|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--**?-| XX |6|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECA |4A|--**?-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DECB |5A|--**?-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |B=B-1 | +|DES |34|------|X |4|Decrement Stack Pointer|S=S-1 | +|DEX |09|---*--|X |4|Decrement Index Reg |X=X-1 | +|EORA s|B8|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs | +|EORB s|F8|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical Exclusive OR |B=Bxs | +|INC d|7C|--**?-| XX |6|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCA |4C|--**?-|X |2|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INCB |5C|--**?-|X |2|Increment accumulator |B=B+1 | +|INS |31|------|X |4|Increment Stack Pointer|S=S+1 | +|INX |08|---*--|X |4|Increment Index Reg |X=X+1 | +|JMP d|7E|------| XX |3|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d|BD|------| XX |9|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=d| +|LDAA s|B6|--**0-| XXXX |4|Load Accumulator |A=s | +|LDAB s|F6|--**0-| XXXX |4|Load Accumulator |B=s | +|LDS s|BE|--**0-| XXX* |5|Load Stack Pointer |S=s | +|LDX s|FE|--**0-| XXX* |5|Load Index Register |X=s | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XX |6|Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C} | +|LSRA |44|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |A=->{0,A,C} | +|LSRB |54|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |B=->{0,B,C} | +|NEG d|70|--****| XX |6|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGA |40|--****|X |2|Negate accumulator |A=-A | +|NEGB |50|--****|X |2|Negate accumulator |B=-B | +|NOP |01|------|X |2|No Operation | | +|ORAA s|BA|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|ORAB s|FA|--**0-| XXXX |4|Logical inclusive OR |B=Bvs | +|PSHA |36|------|X |4|Push |-[S]=A | +|PSHB |37|------|X |4|Push |-[S]=B | +|PULA |32|------|X |4|Pull |A=[S]+ | +|PULB |33|------|X |4|Pull |B=[S]+ | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|ROL d|79|--**?*| XX |6|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLA |49|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Left accumulator|A={C,A}<- | +|ROLB |59|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Left accumulator|B={C,B}<- | +|ROR d|76|--**?*| XX |6|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORA |46|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |A=->{C,A} | +|RORB |56|--**?*|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |B=->{C,B} | +|RTI |3B|??????|X |A|Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +|RTS |39|------|X |5|Return from Subroutine |PC=[S]+ | +|SBA |10|--****|X |2|Subtract accumulators |A=A-B | +|SBCA s|B2|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-C | +|SBCB s|F2|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract with Carry |B=B-s-C | +|SEC |0D|-----1|X |2|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEI |0F|-1----|X |2|Set Interrupt Mask |I=1 | +|SEV |0B|----1-|X |2|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|STAA d|B7|--**0-| XXX |5|Store Accumulator |d=A | +|STAB d|F7|--**0-| XXX |5|Store Accumulator |d=B | +|STS d|BF|--**0-| XXX |6|Store Stack Pointer |d=S | +|STX d|FF|--**0-| XXX |6|Store Index Register |d=X | +|SUBA s|B0|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract |A=A-s | +|SUBB s|F0|--****| XXXX |4|Subtract |B=B-s | +|SWI |3F|-1----|X |C|Software Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|TAB |17|--**0-|X |2|Transfer accumulators |B=A | +|TAP |06|******|X |2|Transfer to CCR |P=A | +|TBA |17|--**0-|X |2|Transfer accumulators |A=B | +|TPA |07|------|X |2|Transfer from CCR |A=P | +|TST s|7D|--**00| XX |6|Test |s | +|TSTA |4D|--**00|X |2|Test accumulator |A | +|TSTB |5D|--**00|X |2|Test accumulator |B | +|TSX |30|------|X |4|Transfer Stack Pointer |X=S | +|TXS |35|------|X |4|Transfer Index Register|S=X | +|WAI |3E|-*----|X |9|Wait for Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|---------+------+------+-+------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| H |H | | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| I | I | | |Interrupt mask (Bit 4) | +| N | N | | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| | |Carry (Bit 0) | +|----------------+------+-+------------------------------------| +| |I | |Inherent | +| nn,E | E | |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| nn,X | X | |Index (Op=E-10H, ~s=e+1, JSR ~s=e-1)| +| n,D | D | |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # | |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| #nn | * | |Immediate (16-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2)| +| a | R| |Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| A B |Accumulators (8-bit) | +| P |Condition Code Register (CCR, 8-bit)| +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack Pointer (16-bit) | +| X |Index Register (16-bit) | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-125 to +129) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| n nn |8/16-bit expression (0 to 255/65535)| +| + - |Add/subtract | +| * / |Multiply/divide | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/increment/decrement| +| { } {regs} |Combined operands/{PC,X,A,B,P} | +|-------------------------+------------------------------------| +| FFF8H to FFF9H |Hardware interrupt vector | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector | +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6809 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6809 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..805c6bf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6809 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 99999 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 9 9 | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 9 9 | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 999999 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 9 | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 9 | +| 66666 88888 000 9999 | +| | +| 6809 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ ____ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| Halt <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|2 39|_| XTAL <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|3 38|_| EXTAL <-- | +| ____ _| |_ _____ | +| --> FIRQ |_|4 37|_| Reset <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- BS |_|5 36|_| MRDY <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- BA |_|6 35|_| Q --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|7 34|_| E --> | +| _| |_ ___ ____ | +| <-- A0 |_|8 33|_| DMA/BREQ <-- | +| _| |_ _ | +| <-- A1 |_|9 32|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|10 6809 31|_| D0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|11 30|_| D1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|12 29|_| D2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|13 28|_| D3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|14 27|_| D4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|15 26|_| D5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|16 25|_| D6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A9 |_|17 24|_| D7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|18 23|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|19 22|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A12 |_|20 21|_| A13 --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.5 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemon.|Op|IHNZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|-------+--+------+------+-+----------------------+------------| +|ABX |3A|------|X |3|Add to Index Register |X=X+B | +|ADCa s|B9|-*****| XXXXX|5|Add with Carry |a=a+s+C | +|ADDa s|BB|-*****| XXXXX|5|Add |a=a+s | +|ADDD s|F3|-*****| XXX*X|7|Add to Double acc. |D=D+s | +|ANDa s|B4|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Logical AND |a=a&s | +|ANDCC s|1C|?????1| X |3|Logical AND with CCR |CC=CC&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XXX X|7|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLa |48|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |a=a*2 | +|ASR d|77|--****| XXX X|7|Arithmetic Shift Right|d=d/2 | +|ASRa |47|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right|a=a/2 | +|BCC m|24|------| x|3|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS m|25|------| x|3|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ m|27|------| x|3|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE m|2C|------| x|3|Branch if Great/Equal |If NxV=0 | +|BGT m|2E|------| x|3|Branch if Greater Than|If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI m|22|------| x|3|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHS m|24|------| x|3|Branch if Higher/Same |If C=0 | +|BITa s|B5|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Bit Test accumulator |a&s | +|BLE m|2F|------| x|3|Branch if Less/Equal |If Zv{NxV}=1| +|BLO m|25|------| x|3|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLS m|23|------| x|3|Branch if Lower/Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BLT m|2D|------| x|3|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI m|2B|------| x|3|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE m|26|------| x|3|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL m|2A|------| x|3|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA m|20|------| x|3|Branch Always |PC=m | +|BRN m|21|------| x|3|Branch Never |NOP | +|BSR m|8D|------| x|7|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,BRA | +|BVC m|28|------| x|3|Branch if Overflow Clr|If V=0 | +|BVS m|29|------| x|3|Branch if Overflow Set|If V=1 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XXX X|7|Clear |d=0 | +|CLRa |4F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |a=0 | +|CMPa s|B1|--****| XXXXX|5|Compare |a-s | +|CMPD s|B3|--****| XXX*X|8|Compare Double acc. |D-s (10H)| +|CMPS s|BC|--****| XXX*X|8|Compare Stack pointer |S-s (11H)| +|CMPU s|B3|--****| XXX*X|8|Compare User stack ptr|U-s (11H)| +|CMPi s|BC|--****| XXX*X|7|Compare |i-s (Y ~s=8)| +|COM d|73|--**01| XXX X|2|Complement |d=~d | +|COMa |43|--**01|X |7|Complement accumulator|a=~a | +|CWAI n|3C|E?????| X |K|AND CCR, Wait for int.|CC=CC&n,E=1,| +|DAA |19|--****|X |2|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--***-| XXX X|7|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECa |4A|--***-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |a=a-1 | +|EORa s|B8|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Logical Exclusive OR |a=axs | +|EXG r,r|1E|------|X |8|Exchange (r1 size=r2) |r1<->r2 | +|INC d|7C|--***-| XXX X|7|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCa |4C|--***-|X |2|Increment accumulator |a=a+1 | +|JMP s|7E|------| XXX X|4|Jump |PC=EAs | +|JSR s|BD|------| XXX X|8|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,JMP | +|LBcc nn|10|------| x|5|Long cond. Branch(~=6)|If cc LBRA | +|LBRA nn|16|------| x|5|Long Branch Always |PC=nn | +|LBSR nn|17|------| x|9|Long Branch Subroutine|-[S]=PC,LBRA| +|LDa s|B6|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Load accumulator |a=s | +|LDD s|FC|--**0-| XXX*X|6|Load Double acc. |D=s | +|LDS s|FE|--**0-| XXX*X|7|Load Stack pointer |S=s (10H)| +|LDU s|FE|--**0-| XXX*X|6|Load User stack ptr |U=s | +|LDi s|BE|--**0-| XXX*X|6|Load index register |i=s (Y ~s=7)| +|LEAp s|3X|---i--| xX X|4|Load Effective Address|p=EAs(X=0-3)| +|LSL d|78|--0***| XXX X|7|Logical Shift Left |d={C,d,0}<- | +|LSLa |48|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Left |a={C,a,0}<- | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XXX X|7|Logical Shift Right |d=->{C,d,0} | +|LSRa |44|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |d=->{C,d,0} | +|MUL |3D|---*-*|X |B|Multiply |D=A*B | +|NEG d|70|-?****| XXX X|7|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGa |40|-?****|X |2|Negate accumulator |a=-a | +|NOP |12|------|X |2|No Operation | | +|ORa s|BA|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Logical inclusive OR |a=avs | +|ORCC n|1A|??????| X |3|Inclusive OR CCR |CC=CCvn | +|PSHS r|34|------|X |2|Push reg(s) (not S) |-[S]={r,...}| +|PSHU r|36|------|X |2|Push reg(s) (not U) |-[U]={r,...}| +|PULS r|35|??????|X |2|Pull reg(s) (not S) |{r,...}=[S]+| +|PULU r|37|??????|X |2|Pull reg(s) (not U) |{r,...}=[U]+| +|ROL d|79|--****| XXX X|7|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLa |49|--****|X |2|Rotate Left acc. |a={C,a}<- | +|ROR d|76|--****| XXX X|7|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORa |46|--****|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |a=->{C,a} | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemon.|Op|IHNZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|-------+--+------+------+-+----------------------+------------| +|RTI |3B|-*****|X |6|Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +|RTS |39|------|X |5|Return from Subroutine|PC=[S]+ | +|SBCa s|B2|--****| XXXXX|5|Subtract with Carry |a=a-s-C | +|SEX |1D|--**--|X |2|Sign Extend |D=B | +|STa d|B7|--**0-| XXX X|5|Store accumultor |d=a | +|STD d|FD|--**0-| XXX X|6|Store Double acc. |D=a | +|STS d|FF|--**0-| XXX X|7|Store Stack pointer |S=a (10H)| +|STU d|FF|--**0-| XXX X|6|Store User stack ptr |U=a | +|STi d|BF|--**0-| XXX X|6|Store index register |i=a (Y ~s=7)| +|SUBa s|B0|--****| XXXXX|5|Subtract |a=a-s | +|SUBD s|B3|--****| XXX*X|7|Subtract Double acc. |D=D-s | +|SWI |3F|1-----|X |J|Software Interrupt 1 |-[S]={regs} | +|SWI2 |3F|E-----|X |K|Software Interrupt 2 |SWI (10H)| +|SWI3 |3F|E-----|X |K|Software Interrupt 3 |SWI (11H)| +|SYNC |13|------|X |2|Sync. to interrupt | (min ~s=2)| +|TFR r,r|1F|------|X |6|Transfer (r1 size<=r2)|r2=r1 | +|TST s|7D|--**0-| XXX X|7|Test |s | +|TSTa |4D|--**0-|X |2|Test accumulator |a | +|----------+------+------+-+-----------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown| +| E |E | | |Entire flag (Bit 7, if set RTI~s=F)| +| F I |I | | |FIRQ/IRQ interrupt mask (Bit 6/4) | +| H | H | | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| N | N | | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| | |Carry/borrow (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+------+-------------------------------------| +| a |I | |Inherent (a=A,Op=4XH, a=B,Op=5XH) | +| nn,E | E | |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| [nn] | x | |Extended indirect | +| xx,p! | X | |Indexed (Op=E-10H, ~s=e-1) | +| [xx,p!] | X | |Indexed indirect (p!=p++,--p only) | +| n,D | D | |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # | |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-3)| +| #nn | * | |Immediate (16-bit) | +| m | x| |Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| [m] | R| |Relative indirect (ditto) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| A B |Accumulators (8-bit) | +| CC |Condition Code register (8-bit) | +| D |A and B (16-bit, A high, B low) | +| DP |Direct Page register (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S U |System/User stack pointer(16-bit) | +| X Y |Index registers (16-bit) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| a |Acc A or B (a=A,Op=BXH, a=B,Op=FXH)| +| d s EA |Destination/source/effective addr. | +| i p r |Regs X,Y/regs X,Y,S,U/any register | +| m |Relative address (-126 to +129) | +| n nn |8/16-bit expression(0 to 255/65535)| +| xx p! |A,B,D,nn/p+,-p,p++,--p (indexed) | +| + - * / |Add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> <-> |Rotate left/rotate right/exchange | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/increment/decr. | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| {regs} |If E {PC,U/S,Y,X,DP,B,A,CC}/{PC,CC}| +| (10H) (11H) |Hex opcode to precede main opcode | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| FFF0H to FFF1H |Reserved by Motorola | +| FFF2H to FFF3H |SWI3 instruction interrupt vector | +| FFF4H to FFF5H |SWI2 instruction interrupt vector | +| FFF6H to FFF7H |Fast hardware int. vector (FIRQ) | +| FFF8H to FFF9H |Hardware interrupt vector (IRQ) | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector (NMI)| +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6809e b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6809e new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0ac52f45 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6809e @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 99999 EEEEEEE | +| 6 8 8 0 0 9 9 E | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 9 9 E | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 999999 EEEEE | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 9 E | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 9 E | +| 66666 88888 000 9999 EEEEEEE | +| | +| 6809E MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ ____ | +| Vss |_|1 40|_| Halt <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|2 39|_| TSC <-- | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> IRQ |_|3 38|_| LIC --> | +| ____ _| |_ _____ | +| --> FIRQ |_|4 37|_| Reset <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- BS |_|5 36|_| AVMA --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- BA |_|6 35|_| Q <-- | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|7 34|_| E <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A0 |_|8 33|_| Busy --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <-- A1 |_|9 32|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A2 |_|10 6809E 31|_| D0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A3 |_|11 30|_| D1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A4 |_|12 29|_| D2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A5 |_|13 28|_| D3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A6 |_|14 27|_| D4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A7 |_|15 26|_| D5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|16 25|_| D6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A9 |_|17 24|_| D7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|18 23|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|19 22|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A12 |_|20 21|_| A13 --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created November 1984 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemon.|Op|IHNZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|-------+--+------+------+-+----------------------+------------| +|ABX |3A|------|X |3|Add to Index Register |X=X+B | +|ADCa s|B9|-*****| XXXXX|5|Add with Carry |a=a+s+C | +|ADDa s|BB|-*****| XXXXX|5|Add |a=a+s | +|ADDD s|F3|-*****| XXX*X|7|Add to Double acc. |D=D+s | +|ANDa s|B4|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Logical AND |a=a&s | +|ANDCC s|1C|?????1| X |3|Logical AND with CCR |CC=CC&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XXX X|7|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLa |48|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Left |a=a*2 | +|ASR d|77|--****| XXX X|7|Arithmetic Shift Right|d=d/2 | +|ASRa |47|--****|X |2|Arithmetic Shift Right|a=a/2 | +|BCC m|24|------| x|3|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS m|25|------| x|3|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ m|27|------| x|3|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE m|2C|------| x|3|Branch if Great/Equal |If NxV=0 | +|BGT m|2E|------| x|3|Branch if Greater Than|If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI m|22|------| x|3|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHS m|24|------| x|3|Branch if Higher/Same |If C=0 | +|BITa s|B5|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Bit Test accumulator |a&s | +|BLE m|2F|------| x|3|Branch if Less/Equal |If Zv{NxV}=1| +|BLO m|25|------| x|3|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLS m|23|------| x|3|Branch if Lower/Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BLT m|2D|------| x|3|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI m|2B|------| x|3|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE m|26|------| x|3|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL m|2A|------| x|3|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA m|20|------| x|3|Branch Always |PC=m | +|BRN m|21|------| x|3|Branch Never |NOP | +|BSR m|8D|------| x|7|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,BRA | +|BVC m|28|------| x|3|Branch if Overflow Clr|If V=0 | +|BVS m|29|------| x|3|Branch if Overflow Set|If V=1 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XXX X|7|Clear |d=0 | +|CLRa |4F|--0100|X |2|Clear accumulator |a=0 | +|CMPa s|B1|--****| XXXXX|5|Compare |a-s | +|CMPD s|B3|--****| XXX*X|8|Compare Double acc. |D-s (10H)| +|CMPS s|BC|--****| XXX*X|8|Compare Stack pointer |S-s (11H)| +|CMPU s|B3|--****| XXX*X|8|Compare User stack ptr|U-s (11H)| +|CMPi s|BC|--****| XXX*X|7|Compare |i-s (Y ~s=8)| +|COM d|73|--**01| XXX X|2|Complement |d=~d | +|COMa |43|--**01|X |7|Complement accumulator|a=~a | +|CWAI n|3C|E?????| X |K|AND CCR, Wait for int.|CC=CC&n,E=1,| +|DAA |19|--****|X |2|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--***-| XXX X|7|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECa |4A|--***-|X |2|Decrement accumulator |a=a-1 | +|EORa s|B8|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Logical Exclusive OR |a=axs | +|EXG r,r|1E|------|X |8|Exchange (r1 size=r2) |r1<->r2 | +|INC d|7C|--***-| XXX X|7|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCa |4C|--***-|X |2|Increment accumulator |a=a+1 | +|JMP s|7E|------| XXX X|4|Jump |PC=EAs | +|JSR s|BD|------| XXX X|8|Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,JMP | +|LBcc nn|10|------| x|5|Long cond. Branch(~=6)|If cc LBRA | +|LBRA nn|16|------| x|5|Long Branch Always |PC=nn | +|LBSR nn|17|------| x|9|Long Branch Subroutine|-[S]=PC,LBRA| +|LDa s|B6|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Load accumulator |a=s | +|LDD s|FC|--**0-| XXX*X|6|Load Double acc. |D=s | +|LDS s|FE|--**0-| XXX*X|7|Load Stack pointer |S=s (10H)| +|LDU s|FE|--**0-| XXX*X|6|Load User stack ptr |U=s | +|LDi s|BE|--**0-| XXX*X|6|Load index register |i=s (Y ~s=7)| +|LEAp s|3X|---i--| xX X|4|Load Effective Address|p=EAs(X=0-3)| +|LSL d|78|--0***| XXX X|7|Logical Shift Left |d={C,d,0}<- | +|LSLa |48|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Left |a={C,a,0}<- | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XXX X|7|Logical Shift Right |d=->{C,d,0} | +|LSRa |44|--0***|X |2|Logical Shift Right |d=->{C,d,0} | +|MUL |3D|---*-*|X |B|Multiply |D=A*B | +|NEG d|70|-?****| XXX X|7|Negate |d=-d | +|NEGa |40|-?****|X |2|Negate accumulator |a=-a | +|NOP |12|------|X |2|No Operation | | +|ORa s|BA|--**0-| XXXXX|5|Logical inclusive OR |a=avs | +|ORCC n|1A|??????| X |3|Inclusive OR CCR |CC=CCvn | +|PSHS r|34|------|X |2|Push reg(s) (not S) |-[S]={r,...}| +|PSHU r|36|------|X |2|Push reg(s) (not U) |-[U]={r,...}| +|PULS r|35|??????|X |2|Pull reg(s) (not S) |{r,...}=[S]+| +|PULU r|37|??????|X |2|Pull reg(s) (not U) |{r,...}=[U]+| +|ROL d|79|--****| XXX X|7|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLa |49|--****|X |2|Rotate Left acc. |a={C,a}<- | +|ROR d|76|--****| XXX X|7|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORa |46|--****|X |2|Rotate Right acc. |a=->{C,a} | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemon.|Op|IHNZVC|IEXD#R|~|Description |Notes | +|-------+--+------+------+-+----------------------+------------| +|RTI |3B|-*****|X |6|Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +|RTS |39|------|X |5|Return from Subroutine|PC=[S]+ | +|SBCa s|B2|--****| XXXXX|5|Subtract with Carry |a=a-s-C | +|SEX |1D|--**--|X |2|Sign Extend |D=B | +|STa d|B7|--**0-| XXX X|5|Store accumultor |d=a | +|STD d|FD|--**0-| XXX X|6|Store Double acc. |D=a | +|STS d|FF|--**0-| XXX X|7|Store Stack pointer |S=a (10H)| +|STU d|FF|--**0-| XXX X|6|Store User stack ptr |U=a | +|STi d|BF|--**0-| XXX X|6|Store index register |i=a (Y ~s=7)| +|SUBa s|B0|--****| XXXXX|5|Subtract |a=a-s | +|SUBD s|B3|--****| XXX*X|7|Subtract Double acc. |D=D-s | +|SWI |3F|1-----|X |J|Software Interrupt 1 |-[S]={regs} | +|SWI2 |3F|E-----|X |K|Software Interrupt 2 |SWI (10H)| +|SWI3 |3F|E-----|X |K|Software Interrupt 3 |SWI (11H)| +|SYNC |13|------|X |2|Sync. to interrupt | (min ~s=2)| +|TFR r,r|1F|------|X |6|Transfer (r1 size<=r2)|r2=r1 | +|TST s|7D|--**0-| XXX X|7|Test |s | +|TSTa |4D|--**0-|X |2|Test accumulator |a | +|----------+------+------+-+-----------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown| +| E |E | | |Entire flag (Bit 7, if set RTI~s=F)| +| F I |I | | |FIRQ/IRQ interrupt mask (Bit 6/4) | +| H | H | | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| N | N | | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| | |Carry/borrow (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+------+-------------------------------------| +| a |I | |Inherent (a=A,Op=4XH, a=B,Op=5XH) | +| nn,E | E | |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| [nn] | x | |Extended indirect | +| xx,p! | X | |Indexed (Op=E-10H, ~s=e-1) | +| [xx,p!] | X | |Indexed indirect (p!=p++,--p only) | +| n,D | D | |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # | |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-3)| +| #nn | * | |Immediate (16-bit) | +| m | x| |Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| [m] | R| |Relative indirect (ditto) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| A B |Accumulators (8-bit) | +| CC |Condition Code register (8-bit) | +| D |A and B (16-bit, A high, B low) | +| DP |Direct Page register (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S U |Hardware/User stack pointer(16-bit)| +| X Y |Index registers (16-bit) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| a |Acc A or B (a=A,Op=BXH, a=B,Op=FXH)| +| d s EA |Destination/source/effective addr. | +| i p r |Regs X,Y/regs X,Y,S,U/any register | +| m |Relative address (-126 to +129) | +| n nn |8/16-bit expression(0 to 255/65535)| +| xx p! |A,B,D,nn/p+,-p,p++,--p (indexed) | +| + - * / |Add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> <-> |Rotate left/rotate right/exchange | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/increment/decr. | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| {regs} |If E {PC,U/S,Y,X,DP,B,A,CC}/{PC,CC}| +| (10H) (11H) |Hex opcode to precede main opcode | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| FFF0H to FFF1H |Reserved by Motorola | +| FFF2H to FFF3H |SWI3 instruction interrupt vector | +| FFF4H to FFF5H |SWI2 instruction interrupt vector | +| FFF6H to FFF7H |Fast hardware int. vector (FIRQ) | +| FFF8H to FFF9H |Hardware interrupt vector (IRQ) | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector (NMI)| +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/680x b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/680x new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0c466d7b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/680x @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Motorola | +| | +| 666 88888 000 X X | +| 6 8 8 0 0 X X | +| 6 8 8 0 0 0 X X | +| 666666 88888 0 0 0 X | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 0 X X | +| 6 6 8 8 0 0 X X | +| 66666 88888 000 X X | +| | +| 6800/1/2/3/8 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| ....... | +| ..................... | +| .......X.............X....... | +| ........XXX...........XXX........ | +| .........XXXXX.........XXXXX......... | +| .........XXXXXXX.......XXXXXXX......... | +| .........XXXXXXXXX.....XXXXXXXXX......... | +| .........XXXXXXXXXXX...XXXXXXXXXXX......... | +| ........XXXX.....XXXX.XXXX.....XXXX........ | +| .......XXX.........XXXXX.........XXX....... | +| ......XX............XXX............XX...... | +| ....X...............X...............X.... | +| ..X.................................X.. | +| ..................................... | +| ................................. | +| ............................. | +| ................... | +| ....... | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.4 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-------------------------+------------| +|ABA |1B|*-****|X |Add accumulators |A=A+B | +|ABX |3A|------|X |Add registers |X=X+B #| +|ADCr s|B9|*-****| XXXX |Add with Carry |r=r+s+C | +|ADDr s|BB|*-****| XXXX |Add |r=r+s | +|ADDD s|F3|--****| XXX* |Add Double accumulator |D=D+s #| +|ANDr s|B4|--**0-| XXXX |Logical AND |r=r&s | +|ASL d|78|--****| XX |Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASLr |48|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |r=r*2 | +|ASLD |05|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Left |D=D*2 #| +|ASR d|77|--****| XX |Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|ASRr |47|--****|X |Arithmetic Shift Right |r=r/2 | +|BCC a|24|------| X|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a|25|------| X|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a|27|------| X|Branch if Equal |If Z=1 | +|BGE a|2C|------| X|Branch if Greater/Equal |If NxV=0 | +|BGT a|2E|------| X|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BHI a|22|------| X|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHS a|24|------| X|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 #| +|BITr s|B5|--**0-| XXXX |Bit Test |r&s | +|BLE a|2F|------| X|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=0| +|BLO a|25|------| X|Branch if Lower |If C=1 #| +|BLS a|23|------| X|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BLT a|2D|------| X|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BMI a|2B|------| X|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a|26|------| X|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=0 | +|BPL a|2A|------| X|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BRA a|20|------| X|Branch Always |PC=a | +|BRN a|21|------| X|Branch Never |No op #| +|BSR a|8D|------| X|Branch to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=a| +|BVC a|28|------| X|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a|29|------| X|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CBA |11|--****|X |Compare accumulators |A-B | +|CLC |0C|-----0|X |Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLI |0E|-0----|X |Clear Interrupt Mask |I=0 | +|CLR d|7F|--0100| XX |Clear |d=0 | +|CLRr |4F|--0100|X |Clear accumulator |r=0 | +|CLV |0A|----0-|X |Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CMPr s|B1|--****| XXXX |Compare |r-s | +|COM d|63|--**01| XX |Complement |d=~d | +|COMr |43|--**01|X |Complement accumulator |r=~r | +|CPX s|BC|--****| XXX* |Compare Index Register |X-s | +|DAA |19|--****|X |Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format| +|DEC d|7A|--**?-| XX |Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECr |4A|--**?-|X |Decrement accumulator |r=r-1 | +|DES |34|------|X |Decrement Stack Pointer |S=S-1 | +|DEX |09|---*--|X |Decrement Index Register |X=X-1 | +|EORr s|B8|--**0-| XXXX |Logical Exclusive OR |r=rxs | +|INC d|7C|--**?-| XX |Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCr |4C|--**?-|X |Increment accumulator |r=r+1 | +|INS |31|------|X |Increment Stack Pointer |S=S+1 | +|INX |08|---*--|X |Increment Index Register |X=X+1 | +|JMP d|7E|------| XX |Jump |PC=d | +|JSR d|BD|------| XX |Jump to Subroutine |-[S]=PC,PC=d| +|LDAr s|B6|--**0-| XXXX |Load Accumulator |r=s | +|LDD s|FC|--**0-| XXX* |Load Double accumulator |D=s #| +|LDS s|BE|--**0-| XXX* |Load Stack Pointer |S=s | +|LDX s|FE|--**0-| XXX* |Load Index Register |X=s | +|LSR d|74|--0***| XX |Logical Shift Right |d=->{0,d,C} | +|LSRr |44|--0***|X |Logical Shift Right |r=->{0,r,C} | +|LSRD |04|--0***|X |Logical Shift Right |D=->{0,D,C}#| +|MUL |3D|-----*|X |Multiply |D=A*B #| +|NEG d|70|--****| XX |Negate |d=-d | +|NEGr |40|--****|X |Negate accumulator |r=-r | +|NOP |01|------|X |No Operation | | +|ORAr s|BA|--**0-| XXXX |Logical inclusive OR |r=rvs | +|PSHA |36|------|X |Push |-[S]=A | +|PSHB |37|------|X |Push |-[S]=B | +|PSHX |3C|------|X |Push Index Register |-[S]=X #| +|PULA |32|------|X |Pull |A=[S]+ | +|PULB |33|------|X |Pull |B=[S]+ | +|PULX |38|------|X |Pull Index Register |X=[S]+ #| +|ROL d|79|--**?*| XX |Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|ROLr |49|--**?*|X |Rotate Left accumulator |r={C,r}<- | +|ROR d|76|--**?*| XX |Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RORr |46|--**?*|X |Rotate Right accumulator |r=->{C,r} | +|RTI |3B|??????|X |Return from Interrupt |{regs}=[S]+ | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnem. |Op|HINZVC|IEXD#R|Description |Notes | +|------+--+------+------+-+-----------------------+------------| +|RTS |39|------|X |Return from Subroutine |PC=[S]+ | +|SBA |10|--****|X |Subtract accumulators |A=A-B | +|SBCr s|B2|--****| XXXX |Subtract with Carry |r=r-s-C | +|SEC |0D|-----1|X |Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEI |0F|-1----|X |Set Interrupt Mask |I=1 | +|SEV |0B|----1-|X |Set Overflow |V=1 | +|STAr d|B7|--**0-| XXX |Store Accumulator |d=r | +|STD d|FD|--**0-| XXX |Store Double accumulator |D=r #| +|STS d|BF|--**0-| XXX |Store Stack Pointer |d=S | +|STX d|FF|--**0-| XXX |Store Index Register |d=X | +|SUBr s|B0|--****| XXXX |Subtract |r=r-s | +|SUBD s|B3|--****| XXX* |Subtract Double acc. |D=D-s #| +|SWI |3F|-1----|X |Software Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|TAB |17|--**0-|X |Transfer accumulators |B=A | +|TAP |06|******|X |Transfer to CCR |P=A | +|TBA |17|--**0-|X |Transfer accumulators |A=B | +|TPA |07|------|X |Transfer from CCR |A=P | +|TST s|7D|--**00| XX |Test |s | +|TSTr |4D|--**00|X |Test accumulator |r | +|TSX |30|------|X |Transfer Stack Pointer |X=S | +|TXS |35|------|X |Transfer Index Register |S=X | +|WAI |3E|-*----|X |Wait for Interrupt |-[S]={regs} | +|---------+------+------+--------------------------------------| +| CCR |-*01? | |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| H |H | |Half carry (Bit 5) | +| I | I | |Interrupt mask (Bit 4) | +| N | N | |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z | |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V | |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C| |Carry (Bit 0) | +|----------------+------+--------------------------------------| +| r |I |Inherent (r=A,Op=4XH, r=B,Op=5XH) | +| nn,E | E |Extended (Op=E, ~s=e) | +| nn,X | X |Index (Op=E-10H, ~s=e+1, JSR ~s=e-1) | +| n,D | D |Direct (Op=E-20H, ~s=e-1) | +| #n | # |Immediate (8-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| #nn | * |Immediate (16-bit, Op=E-30H, ~s=e-2) | +| a | R|Relative (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| r | |Inherent (r=A,Op=BXH, r=B,Op=FXH) | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +|DIRECT |Direct addressing mode | +|EXTEND |Extended addressing mode | +|FCB n |Form Constant Byte | +|FCC 'string' |Form Constant Characters | +|FDB nn |Form Double Byte | +|RMB nn |Reserve Memory Bytes | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator A (8-bit, Op=BXH) | +| B |Accumulator B (8-bit, Op=FXH) | +| D |A and B combined (16-bit, A hi, B lo) | +| P |Condition Code Register (8-bit, CCR) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| S |Stack Pointer (16-bit) | +| X |Index Register (16-bit) | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-125 to +129) | +| d |Destination | +| n |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Accumulator register A or B | +| s |Source | +| + - |Addition/subtraction | +| * / |Multiplication/division | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect auto-increment/decrement | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| {regs} |All registers {PC,X,A,B,P} | +| # |Instruction not applicable to 6800/2 | +|-----------------------+--------------------------------------| +| FFF8H to FFF9H |Hardware interrupt vector | +| FFFAH to FFFBH |SWI instruction interrupt vector | +| FFFCH to FFFDH |Non-maskable interrupt vector | +| FFFEH to FFFFH |Reset vector | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8021 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8021 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..215b3584 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8021 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 22222 1 | +| 8 8 0 0 2 2 11 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 2 1 | +| 88888 0 0 0 222 1 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 2 1 | +| 8 8 0 0 2 1 | +| 88888 000 2222222 111 | +| | +| 8021 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER | +| Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <--> P22 |_|1 28|_| Vcc (+5V) | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P23 |_|2 27|_| P21 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- PSEN |_|3 26|_| P20 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P00 |_|4 25|_| P17 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P01 |_|5 24|_| P16 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P02 |_|6 23|_| P15 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P03 |_|7 8021 22|_| P14 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P04 |_|8 21|_| P13 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P05 |_|9 20|_| P12 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P06 |_|10 19|_| P11 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P07 |_|11 18|_| P10 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- ALE |_|12 17|_| RESET <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> T1 |_|13 16|_| XTAL2 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| (GND) Vss |_|14 15|_| XTAL1 <-- | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|C|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+-+-+-+--------------------------+---------------| +|ADD A,rr |68|*|A|1|Add register |A=A+rr | +|ADD A,@r |60|*|B|1|Add memory |A=A+[r] | +|ADD A,#n |03|*|C|2|Add immediate |A=A+n | +|ADDC A,rr |78|*|A|1|Add with Carry register |A=A+rr+C | +|ADDC A,@r |70|*|B|1|Add with Carry memory |A=A+[r]+C | +|ADDC A,#n |13|*|C|2|Add with Carry immediate |A=A+n+C | +|ANL A,rr |58|-|A|1|AND Logical register |A=A&rr | +|ANL A,@r |50|-|B|1|AND Logical memory |A=A&[r] | +|ANL A,#n |53|-|C|2|AND Logical Immediate |A=A&n | +|ANLD ep,A |9C|-|E|2|AND Logical expander port |ep=ep&A | +|CALL a |14|-|F|2|Call subroutine |[SP]+={PSW,PC},| +|CLR A |27|-|G|1|Clear accumulator |A=0 PC=a| +|CLR C |97|0|G|1|Clear carry status |C=0 | +|CLR F0 |85|-|G|1|Clear flag #0 |F0=0 | +|CLR F1 |A5|-|G|1|Clear flag #1 |F1=0 | +|CPL A |37|-|G|1|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|CPL C |A7|*|G|1|Complement carry status |C=~C | +|CPL F0 |95|-|G|1|Complement flag #0 |F0=~F0 | +|CPL F1 |B5|-|G|1|Complement flag #1 |F1=~F1 | +|DA A |57|-|G|1|Decimal Adjust accumulator|A=BCD{A} | +|DEC A |07|-|G|1|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DJNZ rr,l |E8|-|H|2|Dec. and Jump if Non-Zero |rr=rr-1,if rr | +|IN A,p |08|-|I|2|Input from I/O port |A=p | +|INC A |17|-|G|1|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INC rr |18|-|A|1|Increment register |rr=rr+1 | +|JC l |F6|-|K|2|Jump if Carry set |If C=1 | +|JMP a |04|-|F|2|Unconditional Jump |PC=a | +|JMPP @A |B3|-|G|2|Jump on accumulator |PC=PC<8:11>+A | +|JNC l |E6|-|K|2|Jump if Not Carry |If C=0 | +|JNZ l |96|-|K|2|Jump if Not Zero |If A<>0 | +|JTF l |16|-|K|2|Jump if Timer Flag set |If TF=1, TF=0 | +|JT1 l |56|-|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #1 set |If T1=1 | +|JZ l |C6|-|K|2|Jump if Zero |If A=0 | +|MOV A,#n |23|-|C|2|Move from immediate |A=n | +|MOV A,rr |F8|-|A|1|Move from register |A=rr | +|MOV A,@r |F0|-|B|1|Move from memory |A=[r] | +|MOV A,T |42|-|G|1|Move from timer |A=T | +|MOV rr,A |A8|-|A|1|Move to register |rr=A | +|MOV rr,#n|B8|-|L|2|Move immediate to register|rr=n | +|MOV @r,A |A0|-|B|1|Move to memory |[r]=A | +|MOV @r,#n|B0|-|M|2|Move immediate to memory |[r]=n | +|MOV T,A |62|-|G|1|Move to timer |T=A | +|MOVD A,ep |0C|-|E|2|Move from expander port |A=ep | +|MOVD ep,A |3C|-|E|2|Move to expander port |ep=A | +|MOVP A,@A |A3|-|G|1|2|Move from memory |A=[PC<8:11>+A] | +|NOP |00|-|G|1|No Operation | | +|ORL A,rr |48|-|A|1|OR Logical register |A=Avrr | +|ORL A,@r |40|-|B|1|OR Logical memory |A=Av[r] | +|ORL A,#n |43|-|C|2|OR Logical immediate |A=Avn | +|ORLD ep,A |8C|-|E|2|OR Logical expander port |ep=epvA | +|OUTL p,A |38|-|I|2|Output to I/O port |p=A | +|RET |83|-|G|2|Return from subroutine |PC=[SP]- | +|RL A |E7|-|G|1|Rotate Left |A={A}<- | +|RLC A |F7|*|G|1|Rotate Left thru Carry |A={A,C}<- | +|RR A |77|-|G|1|Rotate Right |A=->{A} | +|RRC A |67|*|G|1|Rotate Right thru Carry |A=->{C,A} | +|STOP TCNT |65|-|G|1|Stop timer/counter | | +|STRT CNT |45|-|G|1|Start counter | | +|STRT T |55|-|G|1|Start timer | | +|SWAP A |47|-|G|1|Swap accumulator nibbles |A<0:3><->A<4:7>| +|XCH A,rr |28|-|A|1|Exchange register |A<->rr | +|XCH A,@r |20|-|B|1|Exchange memory |A<->[r] | +|XCHD A,@r |30|-|B|1|Exchange lower nibbles |A<0:3><->[r<:>]| +|XRL A,rr |D8|-|A|1|Exclusive OR register |A=Axrr | +|XRL A,@r |D0|-|B|1|Exclusive OR memory |A=Ax[r] | +|XRL A,#n |D3|-|C|2|Exclusive OR immediate |A=Axn | +|----------+--+-+-+-+------------------------------------------| +|Mnemonic | | | | |Assembler mnemonic | +| |Op| | | |Hex opcode | +| | |C| | |Carry flag | +| | | |F| |Opcode format | +| | | | |~|Machine cycles | +|-------------+-+---+------------------------------------------| +| |-| |Carry unaffected | +| |*| |Carry affected | +| |0| |Carry reset | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |F| |Description | +|---------------+-+-+------------------------------------------| +| -----nnn |A| |nnn = R0/R1/R2/R3/R4/R5/R6/R7 (3 bits) | +| -------r |B| |r = R0/R1 (1 bit) | +| -------- MM |C| |MM = 8 bits of immediate data | +| ------pp MM |D| |pp = 01 for P1 or 10 for P2 (2 bits) | +| ------ee |E| |ee = P4/P5/P6/P7 (2 bits) | +| xxx----- XX |F| |xxx = high-order 3 bits of memory address | +| -------- |G| |XX = low-order 8 bits of memory address | +| -----nnn XX |H| |nnn = as above | +| ------qq |I| |qq = as pp above | +| bbb----- XX |J| |bbb = 3-bit bit number of accumulator | +| -------- XX |K| |XX = as above | +| -----nnn MM |L| |nnn = as above | +| -------r MM |M| |r = as above | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| IBF |Input Buffer Full flag (1-bit) | +| OBF |Output Buffer Full flag (1-bit) | +| P1 |I/O Ports #1 (8-bit) | +| P2 |I/O Ports #2 (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (12-bit) | +| PORT |I/O Port P1 and P2 | +| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | +| Rn |Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| Rn' |Alternative Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| T1 |Test input | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| a |11-bit address quantity (0 to 2047) | +| ep |8243 expander port P4, P5, P6 or P7 | +| k |1-bit data quantity (0 or 1) | +| l |Low-order 8 bits of a memory address | +| n |8-bit data quantity (0 to 255) | +| p |I/O port P1 or P2 | +| pp |I/O port PORT, P1 or P2 | +| r |Register R0 or R1 | +| rr |Register R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 or R7 | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| < > |Bit number | +| < : > |Bit range | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Indirect addressing auto-increment | +| -[ ] |Auto-decrement indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| 00H to 07H |General purpose registers R0-R7 (8-bit) | +| 08H to 17H |Stack area S0-S7 (16-bit) | +| 18H to 1FH |Alternative registers R0'-R7' (8-bit) | +| 20H to 3FH |General scratchpad memory area | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8022 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8022 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b002246 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8022 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 22222 22222 | +| 8 8 0 0 2 2 2 2 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 2 2 | +| 88888 0 0 0 222 222 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 2 2 | +| 8 8 0 0 2 2 | +| 88888 000 2222222 2222222 | +| | +| 8022 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER | +| Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <--> P26 |_|1 40|_| Vcc (+5V) | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P27 |_|2 39|_| P25 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| AVss |_|3 38|_| P24 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| Varef |_|4 37|_| PROG --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> AN1 |_|5 36|_| P23 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> AN0 |_|6 35|_| P22 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| AVcc |_|7 34|_| P21 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> T0 |_|8 33|_| P20 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| Vth |_|9 32|_| P17 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P00 |_|10 8022 31|_| P16 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P01 |_|11 30|_| P15 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P02 |_|12 29|_| P14 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P03 |_|13 28|_| P13 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P04 |_|14 27|_| P12 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P05 |_|15 26|_| P11 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P06 |_|16 25|_| P10 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P07 |_|17 24|_| RESET <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- ALE |_|18 23|_| X1 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- T1 |_|19 22|_| X2 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| (GND) Vss |_|20 21|_| SUBSTRATE | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|C|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+-+-+-+--------------------------+---------------| +|ADD A,rr |68|*|A|1|Add register |A=A+rr | +|ADD A,@r |60|*|B|1|Add memory |A=A+[r] | +|ADD A,#n |03|*|C|2|Add immediate |A=A+n | +|ADDC A,rr |78|*|A|1|Add with Carry register |A=A+rr+C | +|ADDC A,@r |70|*|B|1|Add with Carry memory |A=A+[r]+C | +|ADDC A,#n |13|*|C|2|Add with Carry immediate |A=A+n+C | +|ANL A,rr |58|-|A|1|AND Logical register |A=A&rr | +|ANL A,@r |50|-|B|1|AND Logical memory |A=A&[r] | +|ANL A,#n |53|-|C|2|AND Logical Immediate |A=A&n | +|ANLD ep,A |9C|-|E|2|AND Logical expander port |ep=ep&A | +|CALL a |14|-|F|2|Call subroutine |[SP]+={PSW,PC},| +|CLR A |27|-|G|1|Clear accumulator |A=0 PC=a| +|CLR C |97|0|G|1|Clear carry status |C=0 | +|CPL A |37|-|G|1|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|CPL C |A7|*|G|1|Complement carry status |C=~C | +|DA A |57|-|G|1|Decimal Adjust accumulator|A=BCD{A} | +|DEC A |07|-|G|1|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DIS I |15|-|G|1|Disable external interrupt| | +|DIS TCNTI|35|-|G|1|Disable timer interrupt | | +|DJNZ rr,l |E8|-|H|2|Dec. and Jump if Non-Zero |rr=rr-1,if rr | +|EN I |05|-|G|1|Enable external interrupt | | +|EN TCNTI|25|-|G|1|Enable timer interrupt | | +|IN A,p |08|-|I|2|Input from I/O port |A=p | +|INC A |17|-|G|1|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INC rr |18|-|A|1|Increment register |rr=rr+1 | +|INC @r |10|-|B|1|Increment memory |[r]=[r]+1 | +|JC l |F6|-|K|2|Jump if Carry set |If C=1 | +|JMP a |04|-|F|2|Unconditional Jump |PC=a | +|JMPP @A |B3|-|G|2|Jump on accumulator |PC=PC<8:11>+A | +|JNC l |E6|-|K|2|Jump if Not Carry |If C=0 | +|JNT0 l |26|-|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #0 |If T0=0 | +|JNT1 l |46|-|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #1 |If T1=0 | +|JNZ l |96|-|K|2|Jump if Not Zero |If A<>0 | +|JTF l |16|-|K|2|Jump if Timer Flag set |If TF=1, TF=0 | +|JT0 l |36|-|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #0 set |If T1=0 | +|JT1 l |56|-|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #1 set |If T1=1 | +|JZ l |C6|-|K|2|Jump if Zero |If A=0 | +|MOV A,#n |23|-|C|2|Move from immediate |A=n | +|MOV A,rr |F8|-|A|1|Move from register |A=rr | +|MOV A,@r |F0|-|B|1|Move from memory |A=[r] | +|MOV A,T |42|-|G|1|Move from timer |A=T | +|MOV rr,A |A8|-|A|1|Move to register |rr=A | +|MOV rr,#n|B8|-|L|2|Move immediate to register|rr=n | +|MOV @r,A |A0|-|B|1|Move to memory |[r]=A | +|MOV @r,#n|B0|-|M|2|Move immediate to memory |[r]=n | +|MOV T,A |62|-|G|1|Move to timer |T=A | +|MOVD A,ep |0C|-|E|2|Move from expander port |A=ep | +|MOVP A,@A |A3|-|G|1|2 |Move from memory |A=[PC<8:11>+A] | +|NOP |00|-|G|1|No Operation | | +|ORL A,rr |48|-|A|1|OR Logical register |A=Avrr | +|ORL A,@r |40|-|B|1|OR Logical memory |A=Av[r] | +|ORL A,#n |43|-|C|2|OR Logical immediate |A=Avn | +|ORLD ep,A |8C|-|E|2|OR Logical expander port |ep=epvA | +|OUTL p,A |38|-|I|2|Output to I/O port |p=A | +|RAD |80|-|G| |Read Analogue input |A=A/D reg | +|RET |83|-|G|2|Return from subroutine |PC=[SP]- | +|RET I |93|*|G|2|Return from Interrupt |{PC,PSW}=[SP]- | +|RL A |E7|-|G|1|Rotate Left |A={A}<- | +|RLC A |F7|*|G|1|Rotate Left thru Carry |A={A,C}<- | +|RR A |77|-|G|1|Rotate Right |A=->{A} | +|RRC A |67|*|G|1|Rotate Right thru Carry |A=->{C,A} | +|SEL AN0 |85|-|N|1|Select Analogue input #0 | | +|SEL AN1 |95|-|N|1|Select Analogue input #1 | | +|STOP TCNT |65|-|G|1|Stop timer/counter | | +|STRT CNT |45|-|G|1|Start counter | | +|STRT T |55|-|G|1|Start timer | | +|SWAP A |47|-|G|1|Swap accumulator nibbles |A<0:3><->A<4:7>| +|XCH A,rr |28|-|A|1|Exchange register |A<->rr | +|XCH A,@r |20|-|B|1|Exchange memory |A<->[r] | +|XCHD A,@r |30|-|B|1|Exchange lower nibbles |A<0:3><->[r<:>]| +|XRL A,rr |D8|-|A|1|Exclusive OR register |A=Axrr | +|XRL A,@r |D0|-|B|1|Exclusive OR memory |A=Ax[r] | +|XRL A,#n |D3|-|C|2|Exclusive OR immediate |A=Axn | +|----------+--+-+-+-+------------------------------------------| +| |Op| | |~|Hex opcode/machine cycles | +| | |C|F| |Carry flag/opcode format | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |C|F| |Description | +|-------------+-+-+-+------------------------------------------| +| |C| | |Carry flag | +| |-| | |Carry unaffected | +| |*| | |Carry affected | +| |0| | |Carry reset | +|---------------+-+-+------------------------------------------| +| -----nnn |A| |nnn = R0/R1/R2/R3/R4/R5/R6/R7 (3 bits) | +| -------r |B| |r = R0/R1 (1 bit) | +| -------- MM |C| |MM = 8 bits of immediate data | +| ------pp MM |D| |pp = P0/P1/P2/? (2 bits) | +| ------ee |E| |ee = P4/P5/P6/P7 (2 bits) | +| xxx----- XX |F| |xxx = high-order 3 bits of memory address | +| -------- |G| |XX = low-order 8 bits of memory address | +| -----nnn XX |H| |nnn = as above | +| ------qq |I| |qq = as pp above | +| bbb----- XX |J| |bbb = 3-bit bit number of accumulator | +| -------- XX |K| |XX = as above | +| -----nnn MM |L| |nnn = as above | +| -------r MM |M| |r = as above | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| AN0 |Analogue Input #0 | +| AN1 |Analogue Input #1 | +| C |Carry flag (1-bit) | +| CNT |Event Counter | +| I |Interrupt | +| IBF |Input Buffer Full flag (1-bit) | +| OBF |Output Buffer Full flag (1-bit) | +| P0 |I/O Port #0 (8-bit) | +| P1 |I/O Port #1 (8-bit) | +| P2 |I/O Port #2 (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (12-bit) | +| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | +| Rn |Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| Rn' |Alternative Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| SP |Stack Pointer (3-bit) | +| T |Timer | +| TCNT |Timer/counter | +| T0 |Test input #0 | +| T1 |Test input #1 | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| a |11-bit address quantity (0 to 2047) | +| ep |8243 expander port P4, P5, P6 or P7 | +| l |Low-order 8 bits of a memory address | +| n |8-bit data quantity (0 to 255) | +| p |I/O port P0, P1 or P2 | +| r |Register R0 or R1 | +| rr |Register R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 or R7 | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| < > |Bit number | +| < : > |Bit range | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Indirect addressing auto-increment | +| -[ ] |Auto-decrement indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| 00H to 07H |General purpose registers R0-R7 (8-bit) | +| 08H to 17H |Stack area S0-S7 (16-bit) | +| 18H to 1FH |Alternative registers R0'-R7' (8-bit) | +| 20H to 3FH |General scratchpad memory area | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8041 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8041 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b4cc1ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8041 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 4 1 | +| 8 8 0 0 44 11 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 4 4 1 | +| 88888 0 0 0 4 4 1 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 4444444 1 | +| 8 8 0 0 4 1 | +| 88888 000 4 111 | +| | +| 8041/8741 Single-Chip Slave MICROCOMPUTER | +| MICRCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <--> T0 |_|1 40|_| Vcc (+5V) | +| _| |_ | +| --> XTAL1 |_|2 39|_| T1 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> XTAL2 |_|3 38|_| P27 <--> | +| _____ _| |_ | +| --> RESET |_|4 37|_| P26 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| --> SS |_|5 36|_| P25 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| --> CS |_|6 35|_| P24 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> EA |_|7 34|_| P17 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- RD |_|8 33|_| P16 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> A0 |_|9 32|_| P15 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- WR |_|10 8041 31|_| P14 <--> | +| _| 8741 |_ | +| <-- SYNC |_|11 30|_| P13 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB0 |_|12 29|_| P12 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB1 |_|13 28|_| P11 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB2 |_|14 27|_| P10 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB3 |_|15 26|_| Vdd | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB4 |_|16 25|_| PROG <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB5 |_|17 24|_| P23 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB6 |_|18 23|_| P22 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB7 |_|19 22|_| P21 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| (GND) Vss |_|20 21|_| P20 <--> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|CA|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+--+-+-+-------------------------+---------------| +|ADD A,rr |68|**|A|1|Add register |A=A+rr | +|ADD A,@r |60|**|B|1|Add memory |A=A+[r] | +|ADD A,#n |03|**|C|2|Add immediate |A=A+n | +|ADDC A,rr |78|**|A|1|Add with Carry register |A=A+rr+C | +|ADDC A,@r |70|**|B|1|Add with Carry memory |A=A+[r]+C | +|ADDC A,#n |13|**|C|2|Add with Carry immediate |A=A+n+C | +|ANL A,rr |58|--|A|1|AND Logical register |A=A&rr | +|ANL A,@r |50|--|B|1|AND Logical memory |A=A&[r] | +|ANL A,#n |53|--|C|2|AND Logical Immediate |A=A&n | +|ANL pp,#n|98|--|D|2|AND Logical I/O port |pp=pp&n | +|ANLD ep,A |9C|--|E|2|AND Logical expander port|ep=ep&A | +|CALL a |14|--|F|2|Call subroutine |[SP]+={PSW,PC},| +|CLR A |27|--|G|1|Clear accumulator |A=0 PC=a| +|CLR C |97|0-|G|1|Clear carry status |C=0 | +|CLR F0 |85|--|G|1|Clear flag #0 |F0=0 | +|CLR F1 |A5|--|G|1|Clear flag #1 |F1=0 | +|CPL A |37|--|G|1|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|CPL C |A7|*-|G|1|Complement carry status |C=~C | +|CPL F0 |95|--|G|1|Complement flag #0 |F0=~F0 | +|CPL F1 |B5|--|G|1|Complement flag #1 |F1=~F1 | +|DA A |57|--|G|1|Decimal Adjust acc. |A=BCD{A} | +|DEC A |07|--|G|1|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DEC rr |C8|--|A|1|Decrement register |rr=rr-1 | +|DIS I |15|--|G|1|Disable external int. | | +|DIS TCNTI|35|--|G|1|Disable timer interrupt | | +|DJNZ rr,l |E8|--|H|2|Dec. and Jump if Non-Zero|rr=rr-1,if rr | +|EN I |05|--|G|1|Enable external interrupt| | +|EN TCNTI|25|--|G|1|Enable timer interrupt | | +|IN A,p |08|--|I|2|Input from I/O port |A=p | +|IN A,DBB|22|--|G|1|Input from data bus |A=bus | +|INC A |17|--|G|1|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INC rr |18|--|A|1|Increment register |rr=rr+1 | +|INC @r |10|--|B|1|Increment memory |[r]=[r]+1 | +|JBn l |12|--|J|2|Jump if Bit set (n=0-7) |If A=1 | +|JC l |F6|--|K|2|Jump if Carry set |If C=1 | +|JF0 l |B6|--|K|2|Jump if Flag #0 set |If F0=1 | +|JF1 l |76|--|K|2|Jump if Flag #1 set |If F1=1 | +|JMP a |04|--|F|2|Unconditional Jump |PC=a | +|JMPP @A |B3|--|G|2|Jump on accumulator |PC=PC<8:11>+A | +|JNC l |E6|--|K|2|Jump if Not Carry |If C=0 | +|JNIBF l |D6|--|K|2|Jump if Not IBF |If IBF=0 | +|JNT0 l |26|--|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #0 |If T0=0 | +|JNT1 l |46|--|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #1 |If T1=0 | +|JNZ l |96|--|K|2|Jump if Not Zero |If A<>0 | +|JTF l |16|--|K|2|Jump if Timer Flag set |If TF=1, TF=0 | +|JT0 l |36|--|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #0 set |If T0=1 | +|JT1 l |56|--|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #1 set |If T1=1 | +|JZ l |C6|--|K|2|Jump if Zero |If A=0 | +|MOV A,#n |23|--|C|2|Move from immediate |A=n | +|MOV A,PSW|C7|--|G|1|Move from PSW |A=PSW | +|MOV A,rr |F8|--|A|1|Move from register |A=rr | +|MOV A,@r |F0|--|B|1|Move from memory |A=[r] | +|MOV A,T |42|--|G|1|Move from timer |A=T | +|MOV PSW,A|D7|**|G|1|Move to PSW |PSW=A | +|MOV rr,A |A8|--|A|1|Move to register |rr=A | +|MOV rr,#n|B8|--|L|2|Move immediate to reg. |rr=n | +|MOV @r,A |A0|--|B|1|Move to memory |[r]=A | +|MOV @r,#n|B0|--|M|2|Move immediate to memory |[r]=n | +|MOV T,A |62|--|G|1|Move to timer |T=A | +|MOVD A,ep |0C|--|E|2|Move from expander port |A=ep | +|MOVD ep,A |3C|--|E|2|Move to expander port |ep=A | +|MOVP A,@A |A3|--|G|1|2|Move from memory |A=[PC<8:11>+A] | +|MOVP3 A,@A|E3|--|G|2|Move from memory |A=[300H+A] | +|NOP |00|--|G|1|No Operation | | +|ORL A,rr |48|--|A|1|OR Logical register |A=Avrr | +|ORL A,@r |40|--|B|1|OR Logical memory |A=Av[r] | +|ORL A,#n |43|--|C|2|OR Logical immediate |A=Avn | +|ORL pp,#n|88|--|D|2|OR Logical I/O port |pp=ppvn | +|ORLD ep,A |8C|--|E|2|OR Logical expander port |ep=epvA | +|OUT DBB,A|02|--|G|1|Output to bus |bus=A | +|OUTL p,A |38|--|I|2|Output to I/O port |p=A | +|RET |83|--|G|2|Return from subroutine |PC=[SP]- | +|RETR |93|**|G|2|Return and Restore status|{PC,PSW}=[SP]- | +|RL A |E7|--|G|1|Rotate Left |A={A}<- | +|RLC A |F7|*-|G|1|Rotate Left thru Carry |A={A,C}<- | +|RR A |77|--|G|1|Rotate Right |A=->{A} | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|CA|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+--+-+-+-------------------------+---------------| +|RRC A |67|*-|G|1|Rotate Right thru Carry |A=->{C,A} | +|STOP TCNT |65|--|G|1|Stop timer/counter | | +|STRT CNT |45|--|G|1|Start counter | | +|STRT T |55|--|G|1|Start timer | | +|SWAP A |47|--|G|1|Swap accumulator nibbles |A<0:3><->A<4:7>| +|XCH A,rr |28|--|A|1|Exchange register |A<->rr | +|XCH A,@r |20|--|B|1|Exchange memory |A<->[r] | +|XCHD A,@r |30|--|B|1|Exchange lower nibbles |A<0:3><->[r<:>]| +|XRL A,rr |D8|--|A|1|Exclusive OR register |A=Axrr | +|XRL A,@r |D0|--|B|1|Exclusive OR memory |A=Ax[r] | +|XRL A,#n |D3|--|C|2|Exclusive OR immediate |A=Axn | +|-------------+--+-+-+-----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*| | |Flag unaffected/affected or zero (0) | +| C |C | | |Carry (Bit 7) | +| AC | A| | |Auxilary Carry (Bit 6) | +| F0 | | | |General purpose Flag #0 (Bit 5) | +| F1 | | | |General purpose Flag #1 (Bit 4) | +| SP | | | |Stack Pointer (Bits 0-2) | +|----------------+-+-+-----------------------------------------| +| -----nnn |A| |nnn = R0/R1/R2/R3/R4/R5/R6/R7 (3 bits) | +| -------r |B| |r = R0/R1 (1 bit) | +| -------- MM |C| |MM = 8 bits of immediate data | +| ------pp MM |D| |pp = 01 for P1 or 10 for P2 (2 bits) | +| ------ee |E| |ee = P4/P5/P6/P7 (2 bits) | +| xxx----- XX |F| |xxx = high-order 3 bits of memory address| +| -------- |G| |XX = low-order 8 bits of memory address | +| -----nnn XX |H| |nnn = as above | +| ------qq |I| |qq = as pp above | +| bbb----- XX |J| |bbb = 3-bit bit number of accumulator | +| -------- XX |K| |XX = as above | +| -----nnn MM |L| |nnn = as above | +| -------r MM |M| |r = as above | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| IBF |Input Buffer Full flag (1-bit) | +| OBF |Output Buffer Full flag (1-bit) | +| P1 |I/O Ports #1 (8-bit) | +| P2 |I/O Ports #2 (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (12-bit) | +| PORT |I/O Port P1 and P2 | +| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | +| Rn |Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| Rn' |Alternative Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| T0 |Test input #0 | +| T1 |Test input #1 | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| a |11-bit address quantity (0 to 2047) | +| ep |8243 expander port P4, P5, P6 or P7 | +| k |1-bit data quantity (0 or 1) | +| l |Low-order 8 bits of a memory address | +| n |8-bit data quantity (0 to 255) | +| p |I/O port P1 or P2 | +| pp |I/O port PORT, P1 or P2 | +| r |Register R0 or R1 | +| rr |Register R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 or R7| +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| < > |Bit number | +| < : > |Bit range | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ |Indirect addressing auto-increment | +| -[ ] |Auto-decrement indirect addressing | +| { } |Combination of operands | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| 00H to 07H |General purpose registers R0-R7 (8-bit) | +| 08H to 17H |Stack area S0-S7 (16-bit) | +| 18H to 1FH |Alternative registers R0'-R7' (8-bit) | +| 20H to 3FH |General scratchpad memory area | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8048 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8048 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d7d50491 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8048 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 4 88888 | +| 8 8 0 0 44 8 8 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 4 4 8 8 | +| 88888 0 0 0 4 4 88888 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 4444444 8 8 | +| 8 8 0 0 4 8 8 | +| 88888 000 4 88888 | +| | +| 8048/8049/8748/8749/8035/8039 Single-Chip | +| MICROCOMPUTER Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <--> T0 |_|1 40|_| Vcc (+5V) | +| _| |_ | +| --> XTAL1 |_|2 39|_| T1 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> XTAL2 |_|3 38|_| P27 <--> | +| _____ _| |_ | +| --> RESET |_|4 37|_| P26 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| --> SS |_|5 36|_| P25 <--> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> INT |_|6 35|_| P24 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> EA |_|7 34|_| P17 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- RD |_|8 33|_| P16 <--> | +| ____ _| |_ | +| <-- PSEN |_|9 8048 32|_| P15 <--> | +| __ _| 8049 |_ | +| <-- WR |_|10 8748 31|_| P14 <--> | +| _| 8749 |_ | +| <-- ALE |_|11 8035 30|_| P13 <--> | +| _| 8039 |_ | +| <--> DB0 |_|12 29|_| P12 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB1 |_|13 28|_| P11 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB2 |_|14 27|_| P10 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB3 |_|15 26|_| Vdd | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB4 |_|16 25|_| PROG <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB5 |_|17 24|_| P23 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB6 |_|18 23|_| P22 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DB7 |_|19 22|_| P21 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| (GND) Vss |_|20 21|_| P20 <--> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|CA|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+--+-+-+-------------------------+---------------| +|ADD A,rr |68|**|A|1|Add register |A=A+rr | +|ADD A,@r |60|**|B|1|Add memory |A=A+[r] | +|ADD A,#n |03|**|C|2|Add immediate |A=A+n | +|ADDC A,rr |78|**|A|1|Add with Carry register |A=A+rr+C | +|ADDC A,@r |70|**|B|1|Add with Carry memory |A=A+[r]+C | +|ADDC A,#n |13|**|C|2|Add with Carry immediate |A=A+n+C | +|ANL A,rr |58|--|A|1|AND Logical register |A=A&rr | +|ANL A,@r |50|--|B|1|AND Logical memory |A=A&[r] | +|ANL A,#n |53|--|C|2|AND Logical Immediate |A=A&n | +|ANL pp,#n|98|--|D|2|AND Logical I/O port |pp=pp&n | +|ANLD ep,A |9C|--|E|2|AND Logical expander port|ep=ep&A | +|CALL a |14|--|F|2|Call subroutine |[SP]+={PSW,PC},| +|CLR A |27|--|G|1|Clear accumulator |A=0 PC=a| +|CLR C |97|0-|G|1|Clear carry status |C=0 | +|CLR F0 |85|--|G|1|Clear flag #0 |F0=0 | +|CLR F1 |A5|--|G|1|Clear flag #1 |F1=0 | +|CPL A |37|--|G|1|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|CPL C |A7|*-|G|1|Complement carry status |C=~C | +|CPL F0 |95|--|G|1|Complement flag #0 |F0=~F0 | +|CPL F1 |B5|--|G|1|Complement flag #1 |F1=~F1 | +|DA A |57|--|G|1|Decimal Adjust acc. |A=BCD{A} | +|DEC A |07|--|G|1|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DEC rr |C8|--|A|1|Decrement register |rr=rr-1 | +|DIS I |15|--|G|1|Disable external int. | | +|DIS TCNTI|35|--|G|1|Disable timer interrupt | | +|DJNZ rr,l |E8|--|H|2|Dec. and Jump if Non-Zero|rr=rr-1,if rr | +|EN I |05|--|G|1|Enable external interrupt| | +|EN TCNTI|25|--|G|1|Enable timer interrupt | | +|ENT0 CLK |75|--|G|1|Enable timer output | | +|IN A,p |08|--|I|2|Input from I/O port |A=p | +|INC A |17|--|G|1|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INC rr |18|--|A|1|Increment register |rr=rr+1 | +|INC @r |10|--|B|1|Increment memory |[r]=[r]+1 | +|INS A,BUS|08|--|G|2|Input bus with strobe |A=BUS | +|JBn l |12|--|J|2|Jump if Bit set (n=0-7) |If A=1 | +|JC l |F6|--|K|2|Jump if Carry set |If C=1 | +|JF0 l |B6|--|K|2|Jump if Flag #0 set |If F0=1 | +|JF1 l |76|--|K|2|Jump if Flag #1 set |If F1=1 | +|JMP a |04|--|F|2|Unconditional Jump |PC=a | +|JMPP @A |B3|--|G|2|Jump on accumulator |PC=PC<8:11>+A | +|JNC l |E6|--|K|2|Jump if Not Carry |If C=0 | +|JNI l |86|--|K|2|Jump if Not Interrupt |If I=0 | +|JNT0 l |26|--|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #0 |If T0=0 | +|JNT1 l |46|--|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #1 |If T1=0 | +|JNZ l |96|--|K|2|Jump if Not Zero |If A<>0 | +|JOBF l |86|--|K|2|Jump if OBF set |If OBF=1 | +|JTF l |16|--|K|2|Jump if Timer Flag set |If TF=1, TF=0 | +|JT0 l |36|--|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #0 set |If T0=1 | +|JT1 l |56|--|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #1 set |If T1=1 | +|JZ l |C6|--|K|2|Jump if Zero |If A=0 | +|MOV A,#n |23|--|C|2|Move from immediate |A=n | +|MOV A,PSW|C7|--|G|1|Move from PSW |A=PSW | +|MOV A,rr |F8|--|A|1|Move from register |A=rr | +|MOV A,@r |F0|--|B|1|Move from memory |A=[r] | +|MOV A,T |42|--|G|1|Move from timer |A=T | +|MOV PSW,A|D7|**|G|1|Move to PSW |PSW=A | +|MOV rr,A |A8|--|A|1|Move to register |rr=A | +|MOV rr,#n|B8|--|L|2|Move immediate to reg. |rr=n | +|MOV @r,A |A0|--|B|1|Move to memory |[r]=A | +|MOV @r,#n|B0|--|M|2|Move immediate to memory |[r]=n | +|MOV T,A |62|--|G|1|Move to timer |T=A | +|MOVD A,ep |0C|--|E|2|Move from expander port |A=ep | +|MOVD ep,A |3C|--|E|2|Move to expander port |ep=A | +|MOVP A,@A |A3|--|G|1|2|Move from memory |A=[PC<8:11>+A] | +|MOVP3 A,@A|E3|--|G|2|Move from memory |A=[300H+A] | +|MOVX A,@r |80|--|B|2|Move from external memory|A=[r] | +|MOVX @r,A |90|--|B|2|Move to external memory |[r]=A | +|NOP |00|--|G|1|No Operation | | +|ORL A,rr |48|--|A|1|OR Logical register |A=Avrr | +|ORL A,@r |40|--|B|1|OR Logical memory |A=Av[r] | +|ORL A,#n |43|--|C|2|OR Logical immediate |A=Avn | +|ORL pp,#n|88|--|D|2|OR Logical I/O port |pp=ppvn | +|ORLD ep,A |8C|--|E|2|OR Logical expander port |ep=epvA | +|OUTL BUS,A|02|--|G|2|Output to bus |BUS=A | +|OUTL p,A |38|--|I|2|Output to I/O port |p=A | +|RET |83|--|G|2|Return from subroutine |PC=[SP]- | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|CA|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+--+-+-+-------------------------+---------------| +|RETR |93|**|G|2|Return and Restore status|{PC,PSW}=[SP]- | +|RL A |E7|--|G|1|Rotate Left |A={A}<- | +|RLC A |F7|*-|G|1|Rotate Left thru Carry |A={A,C}<- | +|RR A |77|--|G|1|Rotate Right |A=->{A} | +|RRC A |67|*-|G|1|Rotate Right thru Carry |A=->{C,A} | +|SEL MBk |E5|--|N|1|Select Memory Bank |PC<11>=k | +|SEL RBk |C5|--|N|1|Select Register Bank |Reg bank=k | +|STOP TCNT |65|--|G|1|Stop timer/counter | | +|STRT CNT |45|--|G|1|Start counter | | +|STRT T |55|--|G|1|Start timer | | +|SWAP A |47|--|G|1|Swap accumulator nibbles |A<0:3><->A<4:7>| +|XCH A,rr |28|--|A|1|Exchange register |A<->rr | +|XCH A,@r |20|--|B|1|Exchange memory |A<->[r] | +|XCHD A,@r |30|--|B|1|Exchange lower nibbles |A<0:3><->[r<:>]| +|XRL A,rr |D8|--|A|1|Exclusive OR register |A=Axrr | +|XRL A,@r |D0|--|B|1|Exclusive OR memory |A=Ax[r] | +|XRL A,#n |D3|--|C|2|Exclusive OR immediate |A=Axn | +|-------------+--+-+-+-----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*| | |Flag unaffected/affected or zero (0) | +| C |C | | |Carry (Bit 7) | +| AC | A| | |Auxilary Carry (Bit 6) | +| F0 F1 | | | |Flags (F0, bit 5, F1 bit 4) | +| SP | | | |Stack Pointer (Bits 0-2) | +|----------------+-+-+-----------------------------------------| +| -----nnn |A| |nnn = R0/R1/R2/R3/R4/R5/R6/R7 (3 bits) | +| -------r |B| |r = R0/R1 (1 bit) | +| -------- MM |C| |MM = 8 bits of immediate data | +| ------pp MM |D| |pp = BUS/P1/P2/? (2 bits) | +| ------ee |E| |ee = P4/P5/P6/P7 (2 bits) | +| xxx----- XX |F| |xxx = high-order 3 bits of memory address| +| -------- |G| |XX = low-order 8 bits of memory address | +| -----nnn XX |H| |nnn = as above | +| ------qq |I| |qq = ?/P1/P2/? (2 bits) | +| bbb----- XX |J| |bbb = 3-bit bit number of accumulator | +| -------- XX |K| |XX = as above | +| -----nnn MM |L| |nnn = as above | +| -------r MM |M| |r = as above | +| ---k---- |N| |k = 0/1 (1 bit) | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| BUS |Bus I/O port (8-bit) | +| OBF |Output Buffer Full flag (1-bit) | +| MB0 MB1 |Memory Banks | +| P1 P2 |I/O Ports (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (12-bit) | +| PORT |I/O Port P1 and P2 | +| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | +| RB0 RB1 |Register Banks | +| Rn |Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| Rn' |Alternative Registers (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| T0 T1 |Test inputs | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| a |11-bit address quantity (0 to 2047) | +| ep |8243 expander port P4, P5, P6 or P7 | +| k |1-bit data quantity (0 or 1) | +| l |Low-order 8 bits of a memory address | +| n |8-bit data quantity (0 to 255) | +| p |I/O port P1 or P2 | +| pp |I/O port PORT, P1 or P2 | +| r |Register R0 or R1 | +| rr |Register R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 or R7| +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| + - |Arithmetic addition/subtraction | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| < > < : > |Bit number/range | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address auto-increment/decrement| +| { } |Combination of operands | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| 00H to 07H |General purpose registers R0-R7 (8-bit) | +| 08H to 17H |Stack area S0-S7 (16-bit) | +| 18H to 1FH |Alternative registers R0'-R7' (8-bit) | +| 20H to 3FH |General scratchpad memory area | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/804x b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/804x new file mode 100644 index 00000000..574ac3ae --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/804x @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 4 X X | +| 8 8 0 0 44 X X | +| 8 8 0 0 0 4 4 X X | +| 88888 0 0 0 4 4 X | +| 8 8 0 0 0 4444444 X X | +| 8 8 0 0 4 X X | +| 88888 000 4 X X | +| | +| 8048 MICROCOMPUTER family | +| Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXX | +| XXXXXX XXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXX | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|CA|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+--+-+-+-------------------------+---------------| +|ADD A,rr |68|**|A|1|Add register |A=A+rr | +|ADD A,@r |60|**|B|1|Add memory |A=A+[r] | +|ADD A,#n |03|**|C|2|Add immediate |A=A+n | +|ADDC A,rr |X8|**|A|1|Add with Carry register |A=A+rr+C | +|ADDC A,@r |X0|**|B|1|Add with Carry memory |A=A+[r]+C | +|ADDC A,#n |13|**|C|2|Add with Carry immediate |A=A+n+C | +|ANL A,rr |58|--|A|1|AND Logical register |A=A&rr | +|ANL A,@r |50|--|B|1|AND Logical memory |A=A&[r] | +|ANL A,#n |53|--|C|2|AND Logical Immediate |A=A&n | +|ANL pp,#n|98|--|D|2|AND Logical I/O port |pp=pp&n | +|ANLD ep,A |9C|--|E|2|AND Logical expander port|ep=ep&A | +|CALL a |14|--|F|2|Call subroutine |[SP]+={PSW,PC},| +|CLR A |2X|--|G|1|Clear accumulator |A=0 PC=a| +|CLR C |9X|0-|G|1|Clear carry status |C=0 | +|CLR F0 |85|--|G|1|Clear flag #0 |F0=0 | +|CLR F1 |A5|--|G|1|Clear flag #1 |F1=0 | +|CPL A |3X|--|G|1|Complement accumulator |A=~A | +|CPL C |AX|*-|G|1|Complement carry status |C=~C | +|CPL F0 |95|--|G|1|Complement flag #0 |F0=~F0 | +|CPL F1 |B5|--|G|1|Complement flag #1 |F1=~F1 | +|DA A |5X|--|G|1|Decimal Adjust acc. |A=BCD{A} | +|DEC A |0X|--|G|1|Decrement accumulator |A=A-1 | +|DEC rr |C8|--|A|1|Decrement register |rr=rr-1 | +|DIS I |15|--|G|1|Disable external int. | | +|DIS TCNTI|35|--|G|1|Disable timer interrupt | | +|DJNZ rr,l |E8|--|H|2|Dec. and Jump if Non-Zero|rr=rr-1,if rr | +|EN I |05|--|G|1|Enable external interrupt| | +|EN TCNTI|25|--|G|1|Enable timer interrupt | | +|ENT0 CLK |X5|--|G|1|Enable timer output | | +|IN A,p |08|--|I|2|Input from I/O port |A=p | +|IN A,DBB|22|--|G|1|Input from data bus |A=BUS (8041)| +|INC A |1X|--|G|1|Increment accumulator |A=A+1 | +|INC rr |18|--|A|1|Increment register |rr=rr+1 | +|INC @r |10|--|B|1|Increment memory |[r]=[r]+1 | +|INS A,BUS|08|--|G|2|Input bus with strobe |A=BUS | +|JBn l |12|--|J|2|Jump if Bit set (n=0-X) |If A=1 | +|JC l |F6|--|K|2|Jump if Carry set |If C=1 | +|JF0 l |B6|--|K|2|Jump if Flag #0 set |If F0=1 | +|JF1 l |X6|--|K|2|Jump if Flag #1 set |If F1=1 | +|JMP a |04|--|F|2|Unconditional Jump |PC=a | +|JMPP @A |B3|--|G|2|Jump on accumulator |PC=PC<8:11>+A | +|JNC l |E6|--|K|2|Jump if Not Carry |If C=0 | +|JNI l |86|--|K|2|Jump if Not Interrupt |If I=0 | +|JNIBF l |D6|--|K|2|Jump if Not IBF |If IBF=0 (8041)| +|JNT0 l |26|--|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #0 |If T0=0 | +|JNT1 l |46|--|K|2|Jump if Not Test i/p #1 |If T1=0 | +|JNZ l |96|--|K|2|Jump if Not Zero |If A<>0 | +|JOBF l |86|--|K|2|Jump if OBF set |If OBF=1 | +|JTF l |16|--|K|2|Jump if Timer Flag set |If TF=1, TF=0 | +|JT0 l |36|--|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #0 set |If T0=1 | +|JT1 l |56|--|K|2|Jump if Test i/p #1 set |If T1=1 | +|JZ l |C6|--|K|2|Jump if Zero |If A=0 | +|MOV A,#n |23|--|C|2|Move from immediate |A=n | +|MOV A,PSW|CX|--|G|1|Move from PSW |A=PSW | +|MOV A,rr |F8|--|A|1|Move from register |A=rr | +|MOV A,@r |F0|--|B|1|Move from memory |A=[r] | +|MOV A,T |42|--|G|1|Move from timer |A=T | +|MOV PSW,A|DX|**|G|1|Move to PSW |PSW=A | +|MOV rr,A |A8|--|A|1|Move to register |rr=A | +|MOV rr,#n|B8|--|L|2|Move immediate to reg. |rr=n | +|MOV @r,A |A0|--|B|1|Move to memory |[r]=A | +|MOV @r,#n|B0|--|M|2|Move immediate to memory |[r]=n | +|MOV T,A |62|--|G|1|Move to timer |T=A | +|MOVD A,ep |0C|--|E|2|Move from expander port |A=ep | +|MOVD ep,A |3C|--|E|2|Move to expander port |ep=A | +|MOVP A,@A |A3|--|G|1|2|Move from memory |A=[PC<8:11>+A] | +|MOVP3 A,@A|E3|--|G|2|Move from memory |A=[300H+A] | +|MOVX A,@r |80|--|B|2|Move from external memory|A=[r] | +|MOVX @r,A |90|--|B|2|Move to external memory |[r]=A | +|NOP |00|--|G|1|No Operation | | +|ORL A,rr |48|--|A|1|OR Logical register |A=Avrr | +|ORL A,@r |40|--|B|1|OR Logical memory |A=Av[r] | +|ORL A,#n |43|--|C|2|OR Logical immediate |A=Avn | +|ORL pp,#n|88|--|D|2|OR Logical I/O port |pp=ppvn | +|ORLD ep,A |8C|--|E|2|OR Logical expander port |ep=epvA | +|OUT DBB,A|02|--|G|1|Output to bus |BUS=A (8041)| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|CA|F|~|Description |Notes | +|----------+--+--+-+-+-------------------------+---------------| +|OUTL BUS,A|02|--|G|2|Output to bus |BUS=A | +|OUTL p,A |38|--|I|2|Output to I/O port |p=A | +|RAD |80|--|G| |Read Analogue input |A=A/D reg(8022)| +|RET |83|--|G|2|Return from subroutine |PC=[SP]- | +|RET I |93|**|G|2|Return from Interrupt |RETR (8022)| +|RETR |93|**|G|2|Return and Restore status|{PC,PSW}=[SP]- | +|RL A |EX|--|G|1|Rotate Left |A={A}<- | +|RLC A |FX|*-|G|1|Rotate Left thru Carry |A={A,C}<- | +|RR A |XX|--|G|1|Rotate Right |A=->{A} | +|RRC A |6X|*-|G|1|Rotate Right thru Carry |A=->{C,A} | +|SEL ANk |85|--|N|1|Select Analogue input | (8022)| +|SEL MBk |E5|--|N|1|Select Memory Bank |PC<11>=k | +|SEL RBk |C5|--|N|1|Select Register Bank |Reg bank=k | +|STOP TCNT |65|--|G|1|Stop timer/counter | | +|STRT CNT |45|--|G|1|Start counter | | +|STRT T |55|--|G|1|Start timer | | +|SWAP A |4X|--|G|1|Swap accumulator nibbles |A<0:3><->A<4:X>| +|XCH A,rr |28|--|A|1|Exchange register |A<->rr | +|XCH A,@r |20|--|B|1|Exchange memory |A<->[r] | +|XCHD A,@r |30|--|B|1|Exchange lower nibbles |A<0:3><->[r<:>]| +|XRL A,rr |D8|--|A|1|Exclusive OR register |A=Axrr | +|XRL A,@r |D0|--|B|1|Exclusive OR memory |A=Ax[r] | +|XRL A,#n |D3|--|C|2|Exclusive OR immediate |A=Axn | +|-------------+--+-+-+-----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*| | |Flag unaffected/affected or zero (0) | +| C |C | | |Carry (Bit X) | +| AC | A| | |Auxilary Carry (Bit 6) | +| F0 F1 | | | |Flags (F0, bit 5, F1 bit 4) | +| SP | | | |Stack Pointer (Bits 0-2) | +|----------------+-+-+-----------------------------------------| +| -----nnn |A| |nnn = R0/R1/R2/R3/R4/R5/R6/RX (3 bits) | +| -------r |B| |r = R0/R1 (1 bit) | +| -------- MM |C| |MM = 8 bits of immediate data | +| ------pp MM |D| |pp = BUS/P1/P2/? (2 bits) | +| ------ee |E| |ee = P4/P5/P6/PX (2 bits) | +| xxx----- XX |F| |xxx = high-order 3 bits of memory address| +| -------- |G| |XX = low-order 8 bits of memory address | +| -----nnn XX |H| |nnn = as above | +| ------qq |I| |qq = ?/P1/P2/? (2 bits) | +| bbb----- XX |J| |bbb = 3-bit bit number of accumulator | +| -------- XX |K| |XX = as above | +| -----nnn MM |L| |nnn = as above | +| -------r MM |M| |r = as above | +| ---k---- |N| |k = 0/1 (1 bit) | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| A |Accumulator (8-bit) | +| BUS |Bus I/O port (8-bit) | +| IBF OBF |Input/Output Buffer Full flags (1-bit) | +| P1 P2 |I/O Ports (8-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (12-bit) | +| PORT |I/O Port P1 and P2 | +| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | +| Rn Rn' |Registers/alternative regs (8-bit, n=0-X)| +| T0 T1 |Test inputs | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| a |11-bit address quantity (0 to 204X) | +| ep |8243 expander port P4, P5, P6 or PX | +| k |1-bit data quantity (0 or 1) | +| l |Low-order 8 bits of a memory address | +| n |8-bit data quantity (0 to 255) | +| p pp |I/O port P1 or P2 / BUS, PORT, P1 or P2 | +| r rr |Register R0 or R1 / Rn (n=0-X) | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| + - |Arithmetic addition/subtraction | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| < > < : > |Bit number/range | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/auto-increment/decrement| +| { } |Combination of operands | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| 00H to 0XH |General purpose registers R0-RX (8-bit) | +| 08H to 1XH |Stack area S0-SX (16-bit) | +| 18H to 1FH |Alternative registers R0'-RX' (8-bit) | +| 20H to 3FH |General scratchpad memory area | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8080a b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8080a new file mode 100644 index 00000000..89d1b804 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8080a @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 88888 000 A | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 0 0 A A | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 A A | +| 88888 0 0 0 88888 0 0 0 AAAAAAA | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 A A | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 0 0 A A | +| 88888 000 88888 000 A A | +| | +| 8080A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|1 40|_| A11 --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vss |_|2 39|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D4 |_|3 38|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D5 |_|4 37|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D6 |_|5 36|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D7 |_|6 35|_| A9 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D3 |_|7 34|_| A8 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D2 |_|8 33|_| A7 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D1 |_|9 32|_| A6 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D0 |_|10 8080A 31|_| A5 --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vbb |_|11 30|_| A4 --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> RESET |_|12 29|_| A3 --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> HOLD |_|13 28|_| Vdd | +| _| |_ | +| --> INT |_|14 27|_| A2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> CLK2 |_|15 26|_| A1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- INTE |_|16 25|_| A0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- DBIN |_|17 24|_| WAIT --> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- WR |_|18 23|_| READY <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- SYNC |_|19 22|_| CLK1 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc |_|20 21|_| HLDA --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description |Notes | +|---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------| +|ACI n |CE|*****| 7|Add with Carry Immediate |A=A+n+CY | +|ADC r |8F|*****| 4|Add with Carry |A=A+r+CY(21X)| +|ADC M |8E|*****| 7|Add with Carry to Memory |A=A+[HL]+CY | +|ADD r |87|*****| 4|Add |A=A+r (20X)| +|ADD M |86|*****| 7|Add to Memory |A=A+[HL] | +|ADI n |C6|*****| 7|Add Immediate |A=A+n | +|ANA r |A7|****0| 4|AND Accumulator |A=A&r (24X)| +|ANA M |A6|****0| 7|AND Accumulator and Memory|A=A&[HL] | +|ANI n |E6|**0*0| 7|AND Immediate |A=A&n | +|CALL a |CD|-----|17|Call unconditional |-[SP]=PC,PC=a| +|CC a |DC|-----|11|Call on Carry |If CY=1(17~s)| +|CM a |FC|-----|11|Call on Minus |If S=1 (17~s)| +|CMA |2F|-----| 4|Complement Accumulator |A=~A | +|CMC |3F|----*| 4|Complement Carry |CY=~CY | +|CMP r |BF|*****| 4|Compare |A-r (27X)| +|CMP M |BF|*****| 7|Compare with Memory |A-[HL] | +|CNC a |D4|-----|11|Call on No Carry |If CY=0(17~s)| +|CNZ a |C4|-----|11|Call on No Zero |If Z=0 (17~s)| +|CP a |F4|-----|11|Call on Plus |If S=0 (17~s)| +|CPE a |EC|-----|11|Call on Parity Even |If P=1 (17~s)| +|CPI n |FE|*****| 7|Compare Immediate |A-n | +|CPO a |E4|-----|11|Call on Parity Odd |If P=0 (17~s)| +|CZ a |CC|-----|11|Call on Zero |If Z=1 (17~s)| +|DAA |27|*****| 4|Decimal Adjust Accumulator|A=BCD format | +|DAD B |09|----*|10|Double Add BC to HL |HL=HL+BC | +|DAD D |19|----*|10|Double Add DE to HL |HL=HL+DE | +|DAD H |29|----*|10|Double Add HL to HL |HL=HL+HL | +|DAD SP |39|----*|10|Double Add SP to HL |HL=HL+SP | +|DCR r |3D|****-| 5|Decrement |r=r-1 (0X5)| +|DCR M |35|****-|10|Decrement Memory |[HL]=[HL]-1 | +|DCX B |0B|-----| 5|Decrement BC |BC=BC-1 | +|DCX D |1B|-----| 5|Decrement DE |DE=DE-1 | +|DCX H |2B|-----| 5|Decrement HL |HL=HL-1 | +|DCX SP |3B|-----| 5|Decrement Stack Pointer |SP=SP-1 | +|DI |F3|-----| 4|Disable Interrupts | | +|EI |FB|-----| 4|Enable Interrupts | | +|HLT |76|-----| 7|Halt | | +|IN p |DB|-----|10|Input |A=[p] | +|INR r |3C|****-| 5|Increment |r=r+1 (0X4)| +|INR M |3C|****-|10|Increment Memory |[HL]=[HL]+1 | +|INX B |03|-----| 5|Increment BC |BC=BC+1 | +|INX D |13|-----| 5|Increment DE |DE=DE+1 | +|INX H |23|-----| 5|Increment HL |HL=HL+1 | +|INX SP |33|-----| 5|Increment Stack Pointer |SP=SP+1 | +|JMP a |C3|-----|10|Jump unconditional |PC=a | +|JC a |DA|-----|10|Jump on Carry |If CY=1(10~s)| +|JM a |FA|-----|10|Jump on Minus |If S=1 (10~s)| +|JNC a |D2|-----|10|Jump on No Carry |If CY=0(10~s)| +|JNZ a |C2|-----|10|Jump on No Zero |If Z=0 (10~s)| +|JP a |F2|-----|10|Jump on Plus |If S=0 (10~s)| +|JPE a |EA|-----|10|Jump on Parity Even |If P=1 (10~s)| +|JPO a |E2|-----|10|Jump on Parity Odd |If P=0 (10~s)| +|JZ a |CA|-----|10|Jump on Zero |If Z=1 (10~s)| +|LDA a |3A|-----|13|Load Accumulator direct |A=[a] | +|LDAX B |0A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[BC] | +|LDAX D |1A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[DE] | +|LHLD a |2A|-----|16|Load HL Direct |HL=[a] | +|LXI B,nn |01|-----|10|Load Immediate BC |BC=nn | +|LXI D,nn |11|-----|10|Load Immediate DE |DE=nn | +|LXI H,nn |21|-----|10|Load Immediate HL |HL=nn | +|LXI SP,nn|31|-----|10|Load Immediate Stack Ptr |SP=nn | +|MOV r1,r2|7F|-----| 5|Move register to register |r1=r2 (1XX)| +|MOV M,r |77|-----| 7|Move register to Memory |[HL]=r (16X)| +|MOV r,M |7E|-----| 7|Move Memory to register |r=[HL] (1X6)| +|MVI r,n |3E|-----| 7|Move Immediate |r=n (0X6)| +|MVI M,n |36|-----|10|Move Immediate to Memory |[HL]=n | +|NOP |00|-----| 4|No Operation | | +|ORA r |B7|**0*0| 4|Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Avr (26X)| +|ORA M |B6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Av[HL] | +|ORI n |F6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Immediate |A=Avn | +|OUT p |D3|-----|10|Output |[p]=A | +|PCHL |E9|-----| 5|Jump HL indirect |PC=[HL] | +|POP B |C1|-----|10|Pop BC |BC=[SP]+ | +|POP D |D1|-----|10|Pop DE |DE=[SP]+ | +|POP H |E1|-----|10|Pop HL |HL=[SP]+ | +|POP PSW |F1|-----|10|Pop Processor Status Word |{PSW,A}=[SP]+| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description |Notes | +|---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------| +|PUSH B |C5|-----|11|Push BC |-[SP]=BC | +|PUSH D |D5|-----|11|Push DE |-[SP]=DE | +|PUSH H |E5|-----|11|Push HL |-[SP]=HL | +|PUSH PSW |F5|-----|11|Push Processor Status Word|-[SP]={PSW,A}| +|RAL |17|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Left |A={CY,A}<- | +|RAR |1F|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Righ |A=->{CY,A} | +|RET |C9|-----|10|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RC |D8|-----| 5|Return on Carry |If CY=1(11~s)| +|RM |F8|-----| 5|Return on Minus |If S=1 (11~s)| +|RNC |D0|-----| 5|Return on No Carry |If CY=0(11~s)| +|RNZ |C0|-----| 5|Return on No Zero |If Z=0 (11~s)| +|RP |F0|-----| 5|Return on Plus |If S=0 (11~s)| +|RPE |E8|-----| 5|Return on Parity Even |If P=1 (11~s)| +|RPO |E0|-----| 5|Return on Parity Odd |If P=0 (11~s)| +|RZ |C8|-----| 5|Return on Zero |If Z=1 (11~s)| +|RLC |07|----*| 4|Rotate Left Circular |A=A<- | +|RRC |0F|----*| 4|Rotate Right Circular |A=->A | +|RST z |C7|-----|11|Restart (3X7)|-[SP]=PC,PC=z| +|SBB r |9F|*****| 4|Subtract with Borrow |A=A-r-CY(23X)| +|SBB M |9E|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow |A=A-[HL]-CY | +|SBI n |DE|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow Immed|A=A-n-CY | +|SHLD a |22|-----|16|Store HL Direct |[a]=HL | +|SPHL |F9|-----| 5|Move HL to SP |SP=HL | +|STA a |32|-----|13|Store Accumulator |[a]=A | +|STAX B |02|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[BC]=A | +|STAX D |12|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[DE]=A | +|STC |37|----1| 4|Set Carry |CY=1 | +|SUB r |97|*****| 4|Subtract |A=A-r (22X)| +|SUB M |96|*****| 7|Subtract Memory |A=A-[HL] | +|SUI n |D6|*****| 7|Subtract Immediate |A=A-n | +|XCHG |EB|-----| 4|Exchange HL with DE |HL<->DE | +|XRA r |AF|**0*0| 4|Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Axr (25X)| +|XRA M |AE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Ax[HL] | +|XRI n |EE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Immediate |A=Axn | +|XTHL |E3|-----|18|Exchange stack Top with HL|[SP]<->HL | +|------------+-----+--+----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*01 | |Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | +| S |S | |Sign (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z | |Zero (Bit 6) | +| AC | A | |Auxilary Carry (Bit 4) | +| P | P | |Parity (Bit 2) | +| CY | C| |Carry (Bit 0) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a p |Direct addressing | +| M z |Register indirect addressing | +| n nn |Immediate addressing | +| r |Register addressing | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +|DB n(,n) |Define Byte(s) | +|DB 'string' |Define Byte ASCII character string | +|DS nn |Define Storage Block | +|DW nn(,nn) |Define Word(s) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| A B C D E H L |Registers (8-bit) | +| BC DE HL |Register pairs (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (16-bit) | +| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | +| SP |Stack Pointer register (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a |16-bit address quantity (0 to 65535) | +| n |8-bit data quantity (0 to 255) | +| nn |16-bit data quantity (0 to 65535) | +| p |8-bit I/O port number (0 to 255) | +| r |Register (X=B,C,D,E,H,L,M,A) | +| z |Vector (X=0H,8H,10H,18H,20H,28H,30H,38H)| +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| + - |Arithmetic addition/subtraction | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect addr. auto-increment/decrement | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| ( X ) |Octal op code where X is a 3-bit code | +| If ( ~s) |Number of cycles if condition true | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8085a b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8085a new file mode 100644 index 00000000..39875bf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8085a @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 88888 5555555 A | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 5 A A | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 5 A A | +| 88888 0 0 0 88888 555555 AAAAAAA | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 5 A A | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 5 A A | +| 88888 000 88888 555555 A A | +| | +| 8085A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| --> X1 |_|1 40|_| Vcc (+5V) | +| _| |_ | +| --> X2 |_|2 39|_| HOLD <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- RESET OUT |_|3 38|_| HLDA --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- SOD |_|4 37|_| CLK (OUT) --> | +| _| |_ ________ | +| --> SID |_|5 36|_| RESET IN <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> TRAP |_|6 35|_| READY <-- | +| _| |_ _ | +| --> RST 7.5 |_|7 34|_| IO/M --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> RST 6.5 |_|8 33|_| S1 --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| --> RST 5.5 |_|9 32|_| RD --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| --> INTR |_|10 8085A 31|_| WR --> | +| ____ _| |_ | +| <-- INTA |_|11 30|_| ALE --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD0 |_|12 29|_| S0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD1 |_|13 28|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD2 |_|14 27|_| A14 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD3 |_|15 26|_| A13 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD4 |_|16 25|_| A12 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD5 |_|17 24|_| A11 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD6 |_|18 23|_| A10 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD7 |_|19 22|_| A9 --> | +| _| |_ | +| Vss |_|20 21|_| A8 --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description |Notes | +|---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------| +|ACI n |CE|*****| 7|Add with Carry Immediate |A=A+n+CY | +|ADC r |8F|*****| 4|Add with Carry |A=A+r+CY(21X)| +|ADC M |8E|*****| 7|Add with Carry to Memory |A=A+[HL]+CY | +|ADD r |87|*****| 4|Add |A=A+r (20X)| +|ADD M |86|*****| 7|Add to Memory |A=A+[HL] | +|ADI n |C6|*****| 7|Add Immediate |A=A+n | +|ANA r |A7|****0| 4|AND Accumulator |A=A&r (24X)| +|ANA M |A6|****0| 7|AND Accumulator and Memory|A=A&[HL] | +|ANI n |E6|**0*0| 7|AND Immediate |A=A&n | +|CALL a |CD|-----|18|Call unconditional |-[SP]=PC,PC=a| +|CC a |DC|-----| 9|Call on Carry |If CY=1(18~s)| +|CM a |FC|-----| 9|Call on Minus |If S=1 (18~s)| +|CMA |2F|-----| 4|Complement Accumulator |A=~A | +|CMC |3F|----*| 4|Complement Carry |CY=~CY | +|CMP r |BF|*****| 4|Compare |A-r (27X)| +|CMP M |BF|*****| 7|Compare with Memory |A-[HL] | +|CNC a |D4|-----| 9|Call on No Carry |If CY=0(18~s)| +|CNZ a |C4|-----| 9|Call on No Zero |If Z=0 (18~s)| +|CP a |F4|-----| 9|Call on Plus |If S=0 (18~s)| +|CPE a |EC|-----| 9|Call on Parity Even |If P=1 (18~s)| +|CPI n |FE|*****| 7|Compare Immediate |A-n | +|CPO a |E4|-----| 9|Call on Parity Odd |If P=0 (18~s)| +|CZ a |CC|-----| 9|Call on Zero |If Z=1 (18~s)| +|DAA |27|*****| 4|Decimal Adjust Accumulator|A=BCD format | +|DAD B |09|----*|10|Double Add BC to HL |HL=HL+BC | +|DAD D |19|----*|10|Double Add DE to HL |HL=HL+DE | +|DAD H |29|----*|10|Double Add HL to HL |HL=HL+HL | +|DAD SP |39|----*|10|Double Add SP to HL |HL=HL+SP | +|DCR r |3D|****-| 4|Decrement |r=r-1 (0X5)| +|DCR M |35|****-|10|Decrement Memory |[HL]=[HL]-1 | +|DCX B |0B|-----| 6|Decrement BC |BC=BC-1 | +|DCX D |1B|-----| 6|Decrement DE |DE=DE-1 | +|DCX H |2B|-----| 6|Decrement HL |HL=HL-1 | +|DCX SP |3B|-----| 6|Decrement Stack Pointer |SP=SP-1 | +|DI |F3|-----| 4|Disable Interrupts | | +|EI |FB|-----| 4|Enable Interrupts | | +|HLT |76|-----| 5|Halt | | +|IN p |DB|-----|10|Input |A=[p] | +|INR r |3C|****-| 4|Increment |r=r+1 (0X4)| +|INR M |3C|****-|10|Increment Memory |[HL]=[HL]+1 | +|INX B |03|-----| 6|Increment BC |BC=BC+1 | +|INX D |13|-----| 6|Increment DE |DE=DE+1 | +|INX H |23|-----| 6|Increment HL |HL=HL+1 | +|INX SP |33|-----| 6|Increment Stack Pointer |SP=SP+1 | +|JMP a |C3|-----| 7|Jump unconditional |PC=a | +|JC a |DA|-----| 7|Jump on Carry |If CY=1(10~s)| +|JM a |FA|-----| 7|Jump on Minus |If S=1 (10~s)| +|JNC a |D2|-----| 7|Jump on No Carry |If CY=0(10~s)| +|JNZ a |C2|-----| 7|Jump on No Zero |If Z=0 (10~s)| +|JP a |F2|-----| 7|Jump on Plus |If S=0 (10~s)| +|JPE a |EA|-----| 7|Jump on Parity Even |If P=1 (10~s)| +|JPO a |E2|-----| 7|Jump on Parity Odd |If P=0 (10~s)| +|JZ a |CA|-----| 7|Jump on Zero |If Z=1 (10~s)| +|LDA a |3A|-----|13|Load Accumulator direct |A=[a] | +|LDAX B |0A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[BC] | +|LDAX D |1A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[DE] | +|LHLD a |2A|-----|16|Load HL Direct |HL=[a] | +|LXI B,nn |01|-----|10|Load Immediate BC |BC=nn | +|LXI D,nn |11|-----|10|Load Immediate DE |DE=nn | +|LXI H,nn |21|-----|10|Load Immediate HL |HL=nn | +|LXI SP,nn|31|-----|10|Load Immediate Stack Ptr |SP=nn | +|MOV r1,r2|7F|-----| 4|Move register to register |r1=r2 (1XX)| +|MOV M,r |77|-----| 7|Move register to Memory |[HL]=r (16X)| +|MOV r,M |7E|-----| 7|Move Memory to register |r=[HL] (1X6)| +|MVI r,n |3E|-----| 7|Move Immediate |r=n (0X6)| +|MVI M,n |36|-----|10|Move Immediate to Memory |[HL]=n | +|NOP |00|-----| 4|No Operation | | +|ORA r |B7|**0*0| 4|Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Avr (26X)| +|ORA M |B6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Av[HL] | +|ORI n |F6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Immediate |A=Avn | +|OUT p |D3|-----|10|Output |[p]=A | +|PCHL |E9|-----| 6|Jump HL indirect |PC=[HL] | +|POP B |C1|-----|10|Pop BC |BC=[SP]+ | +|POP D |D1|-----|10|Pop DE |DE=[SP]+ | +|POP H |E1|-----|10|Pop HL |HL=[SP]+ | +|POP PSW |F1|-----|10|Pop Processor Status Word |{PSW,A}=[SP]+| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description |Notes | +|---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------| +|PUSH B |C5|-----|12|Push BC |-[SP]=BC | +|PUSH D |D5|-----|12|Push DE |-[SP]=DE | +|PUSH H |E5|-----|12|Push HL |-[SP]=HL | +|PUSH PSW |F5|-----|12|Push Processor Status Word|-[SP]={PSW,A}| +|RAL |17|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Left |A={CY,A}<- | +|RAR |1F|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Righ |A=->{CY,A} | +|RET |C9|-----|10|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RC |D8|-----| 6|Return on Carry |If CY=1(12~s)| +|RIM |20|-----| 4|Read Interrupt Mask |A=mask | +|RM |F8|-----| 6|Return on Minus |If S=1 (12~s)| +|RNC |D0|-----| 6|Return on No Carry |If CY=0(12~s)| +|RNZ |C0|-----| 6|Return on No Zero |If Z=0 (12~s)| +|RP |F0|-----| 6|Return on Plus |If S=0 (12~s)| +|RPE |E8|-----| 6|Return on Parity Even |If P=1 (12~s)| +|RPO |E0|-----| 6|Return on Parity Odd |If P=0 (12~s)| +|RZ |C8|-----| 6|Return on Zero |If Z=1 (12~s)| +|RLC |07|----*| 4|Rotate Left Circular |A=A<- | +|RRC |0F|----*| 4|Rotate Right Circular |A=->A | +|RST z |C7|-----|12|Restart (3X7)|-[SP]=PC,PC=z| +|SBB r |9F|*****| 4|Subtract with Borrow |A=A-r-CY | +|SBB M |9E|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow |A=A-[HL]-CY | +|SBI n |DE|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow Immed|A=A-n-CY | +|SHLD a |22|-----|16|Store HL Direct |[a]=HL | +|SIM |30|-----| 4|Set Interrupt Mask |mask=A | +|SPHL |F9|-----| 6|Move HL to SP |SP=HL | +|STA a |32|-----|13|Store Accumulator |[a]=A | +|STAX B |02|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[BC]=A | +|STAX D |12|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[DE]=A | +|STC |37|----1| 4|Set Carry |CY=1 | +|SUB r |97|*****| 4|Subtract |A=A-r (22X)| +|SUB M |96|*****| 7|Subtract Memory |A=A-[HL] | +|SUI n |D6|*****| 7|Subtract Immediate |A=A-n | +|XCHG |EB|-----| 4|Exchange HL with DE |HL<->DE | +|XRA r |AF|**0*0| 4|Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Axr (25X)| +|XRA M |AE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Ax[HL] | +|XRI n |EE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Immediate |A=Axn | +|XTHL |E3|-----|16|Exchange stack Top with HL|[SP]<->HL | +|------------+-----+--+----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*01 | |Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | +| S |S | |Sign (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z | |Zero (Bit 6) | +| AC | A | |Auxilary Carry (Bit 4) | +| P | P | |Parity (Bit 2) | +| CY | C| |Carry (Bit 0) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a p |Direct addressing | +| M z |Register indirect addressing | +| n nn |Immediate addressing | +| r |Register addressing | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +|DB n(,n) |Define Byte(s) | +|DB 'string' |Define Byte ASCII character string | +|DS nn |Define Storage Block | +|DW nn(,nn) |Define Word(s) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| A B C D E H L |Registers (8-bit) | +| BC DE HL |Register pairs (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (16-bit) | +| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | +| SP |Stack Pointer register (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a nn |16-bit address/data (0 to 65535) | +| n p |8-bit data/port (0 to 255) | +| r |Register (X=B,C,D,E,H,L,M,A) | +| z |Vector (X=0H,8H,10H,18H,20H,28H,30H,38H)| +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| + - |Arithmetic addition/subtraction | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address auto-inc/decrement | +| { } |Combination operands | +| ( X ) |Octal op code where X is a 3-bit code | +| If ( ~s) |Number of cycles if condition true | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8086 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8086 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d4ca3b7a --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8086 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 88888 666 | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 6 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 6 | +| 88888 0 0 0 88888 666666 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 6 6 | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 6 6 | +| 88888 000 88888 66666 | +| | +| 8086 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| GND |_|1 40|_| Vcc | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD14 |_|2 39|_| AD15 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD13 |_|3 38|_| A16/S3 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD12 |_|4 37|_| A17/S4 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD11 |_|5 36|_| A18/S5 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD10 |_|6 35|_| A19/S6 --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD9 |_|7 34|_| BHE/S7 --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| <--> AD8 |_|8 33|_| MN/MX <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD7 |_|9 32|_| RD --> | +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD6 |_|10 8086 31|_| RQ/GT0,HOLD <-->| +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD5 |_|11 30|_| RQ/GT1,HOLD <-->| +| _| |_ ____ __ | +| <--> AD4 |_|12 29|_| LOCK,WR --> | +| _| |_ __ __ | +| <--> AD3 |_|13 28|_| S2,M/IO --> | +| _| |_ __ _ | +| <--> AD2 |_|14 27|_| S1,DT/R --> | +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD1 |_|15 26|_| S0,DEN --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD0 |_|16 25|_| QS0,ALE --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| --> NMI |_|17 24|_| QS1,INTA --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| --> INTR |_|18 23|_| TEST <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> CLK |_|19 22|_| READY <-- | +| _| |_ | +| GND |_|20 21|_| RESET <-- | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.3 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |ODITSZAPC|Description | +|------------------+---------+---------------------------------| +|AAA |?---??*?*|ASCII Adjust for Add in AX | +|AAD |?---**?*?|ASCII Adjust for Divide in AX | +|AAM |?---**?*?|ASCII Adjust for Multiply in AX | +|AAS |?---??*?*|ASCII Adjust for Subtract in AX | +|ADC d,s |*---*****|Add with Carry | +|ADD d,s |*---*****|Add | +|AND d,s |*---**?**|Logical AND | +|CALL a |---------|Call | +|CBW |---------|Convert Byte to Word in AX | +|CLC |--------0|Clear Carry | +|CLD |-0-------|Clear Direction | +|CLI |--0------|Clear Interrupt | +|CMC |--------*|Complement Carry | +|CMP d,s |*---*****|Compare | +|CMPS |*---*****|Compare memory at SI and DI | +|CWD |---------|Convert Word to Double in AX,DX | +|DAA |?---*****|Decimal Adjust for Add in AX | +|DAS |?---*****|Decimal Adjust for Subtract in AX| +|DEC d |*---****-|Decrement | +|DIV s |?---?????|Divide (unsigned) in AX(,DX) | +|ESC s |---------|Escape (to external device) | +|HLT |---------|Halt | +|IDIV s |?---?????|Divide (signed) in AX(,DX) | +|IMUL s |*---????*|Multiply (signed) in AX(,DX) | +|IN d,p |---------|Input | +|INC d |*---****-|Increment | +|INT |--00-----|Interrupt | +|INTO |--**-----|Interrupt on Overflow | +|IRET |*********|Interrupt Return | +|JB/JNAE a |---------|Jump on Below/Not Above or Equal | +|JBE/JNA a |---------|Jump on Below or Equal/Not Above | +|JCXZ a |---------|Jump on CX Zero | +|JE/JZ a |---------|Jump on Equal/Zero | +|JL/JNGE a |---------|Jump on Less/Not Greater or Equal| +|JLE/JNG a |---------|Jump on Less or Equal/Not Greater| +|JMP a |---------|Unconditional Jump | +|JNB/JAE a |---------|Jump on Not Below/Above or Equal | +|JNBE/JA a |---------|Jump on Not Below or Equal/Above | +|JNE/JNZ a |---------|Jump on Not Equal/Not Zero | +|JNL/JGE a |---------|Jump on Not Less/Greater or Equal| +|JNLE/JG a |---------|Jump on Not Less or Equal/Greater| +|JNO a |---------|Jump on Not Overflow | +|JNP/JPO a |---------|Jump on Not Parity/Parity Odd | +|JNS a |---------|Jump on Not Sign | +|JO a |---------|Jump on Overflow | +|JP/JPE a |---------|Jump on Parity/Parity Even | +|JS a |---------|Jump on Sign | +|LAHF |---------|Load AH with 8080 Flags | +|LDS r,s |---------|Load pointer to DS | +|LEA r,s |---------|Load EA to register | +|LES r,s |---------|Load pointer to ES | +|LOCK |---------|Bus Lock prefix | +|LODS |---------|Load memory at SI into AX | +|LOOP a |---------|Loop CX times | +|LOOPNZ/LOOPNE a |---------|Loop while Not Zero/Not Equal | +|LOOPZ/LOOPE a |---------|Loop while Zero/Equal | +|MOV d,s |---------|Move | +|MOVS |---------|Move memory at SI to DI | +|MUL s |*---????*|Multiply (unsigned) in AX(,DX) | +|NEG d |*---*****|Negate | +|NOP |---------|No Operation (= XCHG AX,AX) | +|NOT d |---------|Logical NOT | +|OR d,s |*---**?**|Logical inclusive OR | +|OUT p,s |---------|Output | +|POP d |---------|Pop | +|POPF |*********|Pop Flags | +|PUSH s |---------|Push | +|PUSHF |---------|Push Flags | +|RCL d,c |*-------*|Rotate through Carry Left | +|RCR d,c |*-------*|Rotate through Carry Right | +|REP/REPNE/REPNZ |---------|Repeat/Repeat Not Equal/Not Zero | +|REPE/REPZ |---------|Repeat Equal/Zero | +|RET (s) |---------|Return from call | +|ROL d,c |-------- |Rotate Left | +|ROR d,c |*-------*|Rotate Right | +|SAHF |----*****|Store AH into 8080 Flags | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |ODITSZAPC|Description | +|------------------+---------+---------------------------------| +|SAR d,c |*---**?**|Shift Arithmetic Right | +|SBB d,s |*---*****|Subtract with Borrow | +|SCAS |*---*****|Scan memory at DI compared to AX | +|SEG r |---------|Segment register | +|SHL/SAL d,c |*---**?**|Shift logical/Arithmetic Left | +|SHR d,c |*---**?**|Shift logical Right | +|STC |--------1|Set Carry | +|STD |-0-------|Set Direction | +|STI |--0------|Set Interrupt | +|STOS |---------|Store AX into memory at DI | +|SUB d,s |*---*****|Subtract | +|TEST d,s |*---**?**|AND function to flags | +|WAIT |---------|Wait | +|XCHG r(,d) |---------|Exchange | +|XLAT |---------|Translate byte to AL | +|XOR d,s |*---**?**|Logical Exclusive OR | +|------------------+---------+---------------------------------| +| |-*01? |Unaff/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| OF |O |Overflow Flag (Bit 11) | +| DF | D |Direction Flag (Bit 10) | +| IF | I |Interrupt enable Flag (Bit 9) | +| TF | T |Trap Flag (Bit 8) | +| SF | S |Sign Flag (Bit 7) | +| ZF | Z |Zero Flag (Bit 6) | +| AF | A |Auxilary carry Flag (Bit 4) | +| PF | P |Parity Flag (Bit 2) | +| CF | C|Carry Flag (Bit 0) | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +|ALIGN |Align to word boundary | +|ASSUME sr:sy(,...)|Assume segment register name(s) | +|ASSUME NOTHING |Remove all former assumptions | +|DB e(,...) |Define Byte(s) | +|DBS e |Define Byte Storage | +|DD e(,...) |Define Double Word(s) | +|DDS e |Define Double Word Storage | +|DW e(,...) |Define Word(s) | +|DWS e |Define Word Storage | +|EXT (sr:)sy(t) |External(s)(t=ABS/BYTE/DWORD/FAR/NEAR/WORD)| +|LABEL t |Label (t=BYTE/DWORD/FAR/NEAR/WORD)| +|PROC t |Procedure (t=FAR/NEAR, default NEAR)| +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| ABS |Absolute value of operand | +| BYTE |Byte type operation | +| DWORD |Double Word operation | +| FAR |IP and CS registers altered | +| HIGH |High-order 8 bits of 16-bit value | +| LENGTH |Number of basic units | +| LOW |Low-order 8 bit of 16-bit value | +| NEAR |Only IP register need be altered | +| OFFSET |Offset portion of an address | +| PTR |Create a variable or label | +| SEG |Segment of address | +| SHORT |One byte for a JMP operation | +| SIZE |Number of bytes defined by statement | +| THIS |Create a variable/label of specified type | +| TYPE |Number of bytes in the unit defined | +| WORD |Word operation | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| AX BX CX DX |Accumulator/Base/Count/Data registers | +| AL BL CL DL |Low byte of general registers | +| AH BH CH DH |High byte of general registers | +| SP BP |Stack/Base Pointer registers | +| SI DI |Source/Destination Index registers | +| CS DS SS ES |Code/Data/Stack/Extra Segment registers | +| IP |Instruction Pointer register | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| a |Address | +| c |Count | +| d |Destination | +| e |Expression or string | +| p |I/O port | +| r |Register | +| s |Source | +| sr |Segment register (CS,DS,SS,ES) | +| sy |Symbol | +| t |Type of symbol | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8088 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8088 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a50c051c --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/8088 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Intel | +| | +| 88888 000 88888 88888 | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 8 8 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 | +| 88888 0 0 0 88888 88888 | +| 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 | +| 8 8 0 0 8 8 8 8 | +| 88888 000 88888 88888 | +| | +| 8088 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| GND |_|1 40|_| Vcc | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A14 |_|2 39|_| A15 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A13 |_|3 38|_| A16/S3 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A12 |_|4 37|_| A17/S4 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|5 36|_| A18/S5 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A10 |_|6 35|_| A19/S6 --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <-- A9 |_|7 34|_| SSO --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| <--> A8 |_|8 33|_| MN/MX <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD7 |_|9 32|_| RD --> | +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD6 |_|10 8088 31|_| RQ/GT0,HOLD <-->| +| _| |_ __ ___ | +| <--> AD5 |_|11 30|_| RQ/GT1,HOLD <-->| +| _| |_ ____ __ | +| <--> AD4 |_|12 29|_| LOCK,WR --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <--> AD3 |_|13 28|_| S2,IO/M --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <--> AD2 |_|14 27|_| S1,DT/R --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> AD1 |_|15 26|_| S0,DEN --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD0 |_|16 25|_| QS0,ALE --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| --> NMI |_|17 24|_| QS1,INTA --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| --> INTR |_|18 23|_| TEST <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> CLK |_|19 22|_| READY <-- | +| _| |_ | +| GND |_|20 21|_| RESET <-- | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.3 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |ODITSZAPC|Description | +|------------------+---------+---------------------------------| +|AAA |?---??*?*|ASCII Adjust for Add in AX | +|AAD |?---**?*?|ASCII Adjust for Divide in AX | +|AAM |?---**?*?|ASCII Adjust for Multiply in AX | +|AAS |?---??*?*|ASCII Adjust for Subtract in AX | +|ADC d,s |*---*****|Add with Carry | +|ADD d,s |*---*****|Add | +|AND d,s |*---**?**|Logical AND | +|CALL a |---------|Call | +|CBW |---------|Convert Byte to Word in AX | +|CLC |--------0|Clear Carry | +|CLD |-0-------|Clear Direction | +|CLI |--0------|Clear Interrupt | +|CMC |--------*|Complement Carry | +|CMP d,s |*---*****|Compare | +|CMPS |*---*****|Compare memory at SI and DI | +|CWD |---------|Convert Word to Double in AX,DX | +|DAA |?---*****|Decimal Adjust for Add in AX | +|DAS |?---*****|Decimal Adjust for Subtract in AX| +|DEC d |*---****-|Decrement | +|DIV s |?---?????|Divide (unsigned) in AX(,DX) | +|ESC s |---------|Escape (to external device) | +|HLT |---------|Halt | +|IDIV s |?---?????|Divide (signed) in AX(,DX) | +|IMUL s |*---????*|Multiply (signed) in AX(,DX) | +|IN d,p |---------|Input | +|INC d |*---****-|Increment | +|INT |--00-----|Interrupt | +|INTO |--**-----|Interrupt on Overflow | +|IRET |*********|Interrupt Return | +|JB/JNAE a |---------|Jump on Below/Not Above or Equal | +|JBE/JNA a |---------|Jump on Below or Equal/Not Above | +|JCXZ a |---------|Jump on CX Zero | +|JE/JZ a |---------|Jump on Equal/Zero | +|JL/JNGE a |---------|Jump on Less/Not Greater or Equal| +|JLE/JNG a |---------|Jump on Less or Equal/Not Greater| +|JMP a |---------|Unconditional Jump | +|JNB/JAE a |---------|Jump on Not Below/Above or Equal | +|JNBE/JA a |---------|Jump on Not Below or Equal/Above | +|JNE/JNZ a |---------|Jump on Not Equal/Not Zero | +|JNL/JGE a |---------|Jump on Not Less/Greater or Equal| +|JNLE/JG a |---------|Jump on Not Less or Equal/Greater| +|JNO a |---------|Jump on Not Overflow | +|JNP/JPO a |---------|Jump on Not Parity/Parity Odd | +|JNS a |---------|Jump on Not Sign | +|JO a |---------|Jump on Overflow | +|JP/JPE a |---------|Jump on Parity/Parity Even | +|JS a |---------|Jump on Sign | +|LAHF |---------|Load AH with 8080 Flags | +|LDS r,s |---------|Load pointer to DS | +|LEA r,s |---------|Load EA to register | +|LES r,s |---------|Load pointer to ES | +|LOCK |---------|Bus Lock prefix | +|LODS |---------|Load memory at SI into AX | +|LOOP a |---------|Loop CX times | +|LOOPNZ/LOOPNE a |---------|Loop while Not Zero/Not Equal | +|LOOPZ/LOOPE a |---------|Loop while Zero/Equal | +|MOV d,s |---------|Move | +|MOVS |---------|Move memory at SI to DI | +|MUL s |*---????*|Multiply (unsigned) in AX(,DX) | +|NEG d |*---*****|Negate | +|NOP |---------|No Operation (= XCHG AX,AX) | +|NOT d |---------|Logical NOT | +|OR d,s |*---**?**|Logical inclusive OR | +|OUT p,s |---------|Output | +|POP d |---------|Pop | +|POPF |*********|Pop Flags | +|PUSH s |---------|Push | +|PUSHF |---------|Push Flags | +|RCL d,c |*-------*|Rotate through Carry Left | +|RCR d,c |*-------*|Rotate through Carry Right | +|REP/REPNE/REPNZ |---------|Repeat/Repeat Not Equal/Not Zero | +|REPE/REPZ |---------|Repeat Equal/Zero | +|RET (s) |---------|Return from call | +|ROL d,c |-------- |Rotate Left | +|ROR d,c |*-------*|Rotate Right | +|SAHF |----*****|Store AH into 8080 Flags | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |ODITSZAPC|Description | +|------------------+---------+---------------------------------| +|SAR d,c |*---**?**|Shift Arithmetic Right | +|SBB d,s |*---*****|Subtract with Borrow | +|SCAS |*---*****|Scan memory at DI compared to AX | +|SEG r |---------|Segment register | +|SHL/SAL d,c |*---**?**|Shift logical/Arithmetic Left | +|SHR d,c |*---**?**|Shift logical Right | +|STC |--------1|Set Carry | +|STD |-0-------|Set Direction | +|STI |--0------|Set Interrupt | +|STOS |---------|Store AX into memory at DI | +|SUB d,s |*---*****|Subtract | +|TEST d,s |*---**?**|AND function to flags | +|WAIT |---------|Wait | +|XCHG r(,d) |---------|Exchange | +|XLAT |---------|Translate byte to AL | +|XOR d,s |*---**?**|Logical Exclusive OR | +|------------------+---------+---------------------------------| +| |-*01? |Unaff/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| OF |O |Overflow Flag (Bit 11) | +| DF | D |Direction Flag (Bit 10) | +| IF | I |Interrupt enable Flag (Bit 9) | +| TF | T |Trap Flag (Bit 8) | +| SF | S |Sign Flag (Bit 7) | +| ZF | Z |Zero Flag (Bit 6) | +| AF | A |Auxilary carry Flag (Bit 4) | +| PF | P |Parity Flag (Bit 2) | +| CF | C|Carry Flag (Bit 0) | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +|ALIGN |Align to word boundary | +|ASSUME sr:sy(,...)|Assume segment register name(s) | +|ASSUME NOTHING |Remove all former assumptions | +|DB e(,...) |Define Byte(s) | +|DBS e |Define Byte Storage | +|DD e(,...) |Define Double Word(s) | +|DDS e |Define Double Word Storage | +|DW e(,...) |Define Word(s) | +|DWS e |Define Word Storage | +|EXT (sr:)sy(t) |External(s)(t=ABS/BYTE/DWORD/FAR/NEAR/WORD)| +|LABEL t |Label (t=BYTE/DWORD/FAR/NEAR/WORD)| +|PROC t |Procedure (t=FAR/NEAR, default NEAR)| +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| ABS |Absolute value of operand | +| BYTE |Byte type operation | +| DWORD |Double Word operation | +| FAR |IP and CS registers altered | +| HIGH |High-order 8 bits of 16-bit value | +| LENGTH |Number of basic units | +| LOW |Low-order 8 bit of 16-bit value | +| NEAR |Only IP register need be altered | +| OFFSET |Offset portion of an address | +| PTR |Create a variable or label | +| SEG |Segment of address | +| SHORT |One byte for a JMP operation | +| SIZE |Number of bytes defined by statement | +| THIS |Create a variable/label of specified type | +| TYPE |Number of bytes in the unit defined | +| WORD |Word operation | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| AX BX CX DX |Accumulator/Base/Count/Data registers | +| AL BL CL DL |Low byte of general registers | +| AH BH CH DH |High byte of general registers | +| SP BP |Stack/Base Pointer registers | +| SI DI |Source/Destination Index registers | +| CS DS SS ES |Code/Data/Stack/Extra Segment registers | +| IP |Instruction Pointer register | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| a |Address | +| c |Count | +| d |Destination | +| e |Expression or string | +| p |I/O port | +| r |Register | +| s |Source | +| sr |Segment register (CS,DS,SS,ES) | +| sy |Symbol | +| t |Type of symbol | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9900 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9900 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..79c0bb65 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9900 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Texas Instruments | +| | +| 99999 99999 000 000 | +| 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 | +| 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 999999 999999 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 9 9 0 0 0 0 | +| 9999 9999 000 000 | +| | +| 9900 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| | \__/ | | +| Vbb -|1 64|- ~HOLD | +| Vcc -|2 63|- ~MEMEN | +| WAIT -|3 62|- READY | +| ~LOAD -|4 61|- ~WE | +| HOLDA -|5 60|- CRUCLK | +| ~RESET -|6 59|- Vcc | +| IAQ -|7 58|- NC | +| CLK1 -|8 57|- NC | +| CLK2 -|9 56|- D15 | +| A14 -|10 55|- D14 | +| A13 -|11 54|- D13 | +| A12 -|12 53|- D12 | +| A11 -|13 52|- D11 | +| A10 -|14 51|- D10 | +| A9 -|15 50|- D9 | +| A8 -|16 9900 49|- D8 | +| A7 -|17 48|- D7 | +| A6 -|18 47|- D6 | +| A5 -|19 46|- D5 | +| A4 -|20 45|- D4 | +| A3 -|21 44|- D3 | +| A2 -|22 43|- D2 | +| A1 -|23 42|- D1 | +| A0 -|24 41|- D0 | +| CLK4 -|25 40|- Vss | +| Vss -|26 39|- NC | +| Vdd -|27 38|- NC | +| CLK3 -|28 37|- NC | +| DBIN -|29 36|- IC0 | +| CRUOUT -|30 35|- IC1 | +| CRUIN -|31 34|- IC2 | +| ~INTREQ -|32 33|- IC3 | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic|Code|IXPVCEAL|F|Z|Description | +|--------+----+--------+-+-+-----------------------------------| +|A s,d|A000|---*****|1|Y|Add | +|AB s,d|B000|--******|1|Y|Add Bytes | +|ABS d |0740|---*****|6|Y|Absolute value | +|AI r,i|0220|---*****|8|Y|Add Immediate | +|ANDI r,i|0240|-----***|8|Y|AND Immediate | +|B s |0440|--------|6|N|Branch (PC=d) | +|BL s |0680|--------|6|N|Branch and Link (R11=PC,PC=s) | +|BLWP s |0400|--------|6|N|Branch & Load Workspace Ptr (3) (2)| +|C s,d|8000|-----***|1|N|Compare | +|CB s,d|9000|--*--***|1|N|Compare Bytes | +|CI r,i|0280|-----***|8|N|Compare Immediate | +|CKOF |03C0|--------|7|N|Clock Off | +|CKON |03A0|--------|7|N|Clock On | +|CLR d |04C0|--------|6|N|Clear | +|COC s,r|2000|-----*--|3|N|Compare Ones Corresponding | +|CZC s,r|2400|-----*--|3|N|Compare Zeros Corresponding | +|DEC d |0600|---*****|6|Y|Decrement | +|DECT d |0640|---*****|6|Y|Decrement by Two | +|DIV d,r|3C00|---*----|9|N|Divide | +|IDLE |0340|--------|7|N|Computer Idle | +|INC d |0580|---*****|6|Y|Increment | +|INCT d |05C0|---*****|6|Y|Increment by Two | +|INV d |0540|-----***|6|Y|Invert | +|JEQ a |1300|--------|2|N|Jump if Equal | +|JGT a |1500|--------|2|N|Jump if Greater Than | +|JH a |1B00|--------|2|N|Jump if High | +|JHE a |1400|--------|2|N|Jump if High or Equal | +|JL a |1A00|--------|2|N|Jump if Low | +|JLE a |1200|--------|2|N|Jump if Low or Equal | +|JLT a |1100|--------|2|N|Jump if Less Than | +|JMP a |1000|--------|2|N|Jump unconditionally | +|JNC a |1700|--------|2|N|Jump if No Carry | +|JNE a |1600|--------|2|N|Jump if Not Equal | +|JNO a |1900|--------|2|N|Jump if No Overflow | +|JOC a |1800|--------|2|N|Jump On Carry | +|JOP a |1C00|--------|2|N|Jump if Odd Parity | +|LDCR s,c|3000|--*--***|4|Y|Load Communication Register | +|LI r,i|0200|-----***|8|N|Load Immediate | +|LIMI i |0300|*-------|8|N|Load Interrupt Mask Immediate | +|LREX |03E0|*-------|7|N|Load or Restart Execution | +|LWPI i |02E0|--------|8|N|Load Workspace Pointer Immediate | +|MOV s,d|C000|-----***|1|Y|Move | +|MOVB s,d|D000|--*--***|1|Y|Move Bytes | +|MPY d,r|3800|--------|9|N|Multiply | +|NEG d |0500|---*****|6|Y|Negate | +|NOP |1000|--------| |N|No Operation (pseudo-operation) | +|ORI r,i|0260|-----***|8|Y|OR Immediate | +|RSET |0360|*-------|7|N|Reset | +|RT |0458|--------| |N|Return (replaces 'B *11',pseudo-op)| +|RTWP |0380|????????|7|N|Return Workspace Pointer (4) | +|S s,d|6000|---*****|1|N|Subtract | +|SB s,d|7000|--******|1|N|Subtract Bytes | +|SBO a |1D00|--------|2|N|Set Bit to One | +|SBZ a |1E00|--------|2|N|Set Bit to Zero | +|SETO d |0700|--------|6|N|Set to Ones | +|SLA r,c|0A00|----****|5|Y|Shift Left Arithmetic (1) | +|SOC s,d|E000|-----***|1|Y|Set Ones Corresponding | +|SOCB s,d|F000|-----***|1|Y|Set Ones Corresponding Bytes | +|SRA r,c|0800|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Arithmetic (1) | +|SRC r,c|0800|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Circular (1) | +|SRL r,c|0900|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Logical (1) | +|STCR s,c|3400|--*--***|4|Y|Store Communication Register | +|STST r |02C0|--------|8|N|Store Status Register | +|STWP r |02A0|--------|8|N|Store Workspace Pointer | +|SWPB d |06C0|--------|6|N|Swap Bytes | +|SZC s,d|4000|-----***|1|Y|Set Zeros Corresponding | +|SZCB s,d|5000|-----***|1|Y|Set Zeros Corresponding Bytes | +|TB a |1F00|-----*--|2|N|Test Bit | +|X s |0480|--------|6|N|Execute the instruction at s | +|XOP s,c|2C00|-1------|9|N|Extended Operation (5) (2) | +|XOR s,r|2800|-----***|3|N|Exclusive OR | +|--------+----+--------+-+-+-----------------------------------| +| |XXXX| | | |Hexadecimal opcode (16-bit) | +| | |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown| +| | | |F| |Format (1-9, see later) | +| | | | |Z|Result compared to zero (Y/N) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |IXPVCEAL| |Description | +|-------------+--------+---+-----------------------------------| +| |I | |Interrupt mask (Bits 12-15) | +| X | X | |Extended operation (Bit 6) | +| OP | P | |Odd Parity (Bit 5) | +| OV | V | |Overflow (Bit 4) | +| C | C | |Carry (Bit 3) | +| EQ | E | |Equal (Bit 2) | +| A> | A | |Arithmetic greater than (Bit 1) | +| L> | L| |Logical greater than (Bit 0) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| Rn |Workspace register (TT=00) | +| *Rn |Indirect workspace register (TT=01)| +| *Rn+ |Indirect auto increment (TT=11) | +| @nn |Symbolic (direct) | +| nn(Rn) |Indexed (not R0, TT=10) | +| nn |Immediate (TT=10) | +| a |PC relative (PC=PC+2+2*offset) | +| a |CRU relative (PC=CRU+offset) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +|BES nn |Block Ending with Symbol | +|BSS nn |Block Starting with Symbol | +|BYTE e(,...) |Byte (,byte...) | +|DEFW nn(,...) |Define Word (,word...) | +|EVEN |Even word boundary | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| CRU |Communication Reg (Bits 4-13, R12) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| Rn |Workspace Register (16-bit) | +| n | ditto (if no mode conflict) | +| WP |Workspace Pointer (16-bit) | +| ST |Status Register (16-bit) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-128 to +127) | +| c |Count (4-bit, 0 to 15) | +| d |Destination | +| e |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| i |Immediate | +| n |Register number (0 to 15) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Workspace register | +| s |Source | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| 0000H to 003FH |Interrupt trap vectors | +| 0040H to 007FH |XOP instruction trap vectors | +| FFFCH to FFFFH |LOAD function trap vector | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| XXXBTTDDDDTTSSSS |Format 1 (Arithmetic) | +| XXXXXXXXOOOOOOOO |Format 2 (Jump) | +| XXXXXXDDDDTTSSSS |Format 3 (Logical) | +| XXXXXXCCCCTTSSSS |Format 4 (CRU) | +| XXXXXXXXCCCCWWWW |Format 5 (Shift) | +| XXXXXXXXXXTTSSSS |Format 6 (Program) | +| XXXXXXXXXXXUUUUU |Format 7 (Control) | +| XXXXXXXXXXXUWWWW |Format 8 (Immediate, word follows) | +| XXXXXXDDDDTTSSSS |Format 9 (MPY,DIV,XOP) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| B |Byte indicator (0=word, 1=byte) | +| CCCC |Transfer or shift count | +| DDDD |Destination address | +| OOOOOOOO |Offset (-128 to +127 words) | +| SSSS |Source address | +| TT |Address modifiction | +| U |Unused | +| WWWW |Workspace register number | +| X...X |Op code | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| (1) |If c=0 bits 12-14 of R0 are used | +| (2) |R13=old WP,R14=old PC,R15=old ST | +| (3) |WP=(s),PC=(s+2) | +| (4) |WP=R13,PC=R14,ST=R15 | +| (5) |WP=(40H+4c),PC=(42H+4c),R11=s | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9940 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9940 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf1c316d --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9940 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Texas Instruments | +| | +| 99999 99999 4 000 | +| 9 9 9 9 44 0 0 | +| 9 9 9 9 4 4 0 0 0 | +| 999999 999999 4 4 0 0 0 | +| 9 9 4444444 0 0 0 | +| 9 9 4 0 0 | +| 9999 9999 4 000 | +| | +| 9940 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| P23 |_|1 40|_| Vss | +| _| |_ | +| P22 |_|2 39|_| P31 | +| _| |_ | +| P21 |_|3 38|_| P30 | +| _| |_ ____ | +| P20 |_|4 37|_| INT2/PROG | +| _| |_ | +| P19 |_|5 36|_| P29 | +| _| |_ | +| P18 |_|6 35|_| P28 | +| _| |_ | +| P17/EC |_|7 34|_| P27 | +| ____ _| |_ | +| P16/IDLE |_|8 33|_| P26 | +| ____ _| |_ | +| P15/HLDA |_|9 32|_| P25 | +| ___ _| |_ | +| P14/HLD |_|10 9940 31|_| P24 | +| _| |_ | +| P12/TD |_|11 30|_| P7/A8 | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc1 |_|12 29|_| P6/A7 | +| _| |_ | +| Vcc2 |_|13 28|_| P5/A6 | +| _| |_ | +| P11/TC |_|14 27|_| P4/A5 | +| _| |_ | +| P13/CLK |_|15 26|_| P3/A4 | +| _| |_ | +| P10/CRUCLK |_|16 25|_| P2/A3 | +| _| |_ | +| P9/CRUOUT |_|17 24|_| P1/A2 | +| _| |_ | +| P8/CRUIN |_|18 23|_| P0/A1 | +| ____ _| |_ | +| INT1/TST |_|19 22|_| XTAL2 | +| ___ _| |_ | +| RST/PE |_|20 21|_| XTAL1 | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created September 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic|Code|IDPVCEAL|F|Z|Description | +|--------+----+--------+-+-+-----------------------------------| +|A s,d|A000|---*****|1|Y|Add | +|AB s,d|B000|--******|1|Y|Add Bytes | +|ABS d |0740|---*****|6|Y|Absolute value | +|AI r,i|0220|---*****|8|Y|Add Immediate | +|ANDI r,i|0240|-----***|8|Y|AND Immediate | +|B s |0440|--------|6|N|Branch (PC=d) | +|BL s |0680|--------|6|N|Branch and Link (R11=PC,PC=s) | +|BLWP s |0400|--------|6|N|Branch & Load Workspace Ptr (3) (2)| +|C s,d|8000|-----***|1|N|Compare | +|CB s,d|9000|--*--***|1|N|Compare Bytes | +|CI r,i|0280|-----***|8|N|Compare Immediate | +|CLR d |04C0|--------|6|N|Clear | +|COC s,r|2000|-----*--|3|N|Compare Ones Corresponding | +|CZC s,r|2400|-----*--|3|N|Compare Zeros Corresponding | +|DCA |2C00|-**-****|9|N|Decimal Correct Add (dedicated XOP)| +|DCS |2C00|-**-****|9|N|Decimal Correct Sub (dedicated XOP)| +|DEC d |0600|---*****|6|Y|Decrement | +|DECT d |0640|---*****|6|Y|Decrement by Two | +|DIV d,r|3C00|---*----|9|N|Divide | +|IDLE |0340|--------|7|N|Computer Idle | +|INC d |0580|---*****|6|Y|Increment | +|INCT d |05C0|---*****|6|Y|Increment by Two | +|INV d |0540|-----***|6|Y|Invert | +|JEQ a |1300|--------|2|N|Jump if Equal | +|JGT a |1500|--------|2|N|Jump if Greater Than | +|JH a |1B00|--------|2|N|Jump if High | +|JHE a |1400|--------|2|N|Jump if High or Equal | +|JL a |1A00|--------|2|N|Jump if Low | +|JLE a |1200|--------|2|N|Jump if Low or Equal | +|JLT a |1100|--------|2|N|Jump if Less Than | +|JMP a |1000|--------|2|N|Jump unconditionally | +|JNC a |1700|--------|2|N|Jump if No Carry | +|JNE a |1600|--------|2|N|Jump if Not Equal | +|JNO a |1900|--------|2|N|Jump if No Overflow | +|JOC a |1800|--------|2|N|Jump On Carry | +|JOP a |1C00|--------|2|N|Jump if Odd Parity | +|LDCR s,c|3000|--*--***|4|Y|Load Communication Register | +|LI r,i|0200|-----***|8|N|Load Immediate | +|LIIM i |2C00|*-------|9|N|Load Interrupt Mask (dedicated XOP)| +|LIMI i |0300|*-------|8|N|Load Interrupt Mask Immediate | +|LWPI i |02E0|--------|8|N|Load Workspace Pointer Immediate | +|MOV s,d|C000|-----***|1|Y|Move | +|MOVB s,d|D000|--*--***|1|Y|Move Bytes | +|MPY d,r|3800|--------|9|N|Multiply | +|NEG d |0500|---*****|6|Y|Negate | +|NOP |1000|--------| |N|No Operation (pseudo-operation) | +|ORI r,i|0260|-----***|8|Y|OR Immediate | +|RT |0458|--------| |N|Return (replaces 'B *11',pseudo-op)| +|RTWP |0380|????????|7|N|Return Workspace Pointer (4) | +|S s,d|6000|---*****|1|N|Subtract | +|SB s,d|7000|--******|1|N|Subtract Bytes | +|SBO a |1D00|--------|2|N|Set Bit to One | +|SBZ a |1E00|--------|2|N|Set Bit to Zero | +|SETO d |0700|--------|6|N|Set to Ones | +|SLA r,c|0A00|----****|5|Y|Shift Left Arithmetic (1) | +|SOC s,d|E000|-----***|1|Y|Set Ones Corresponding | +|SOCB s,d|F000|-----***|1|Y|Set Ones Corresponding Bytes | +|SRA r,c|0800|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Arithmetic (1) | +|SRC r,c|0800|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Circular (1) | +|SRL r,c|0900|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Logical (1) | +|STCR s,c|3400|--*--***|4|Y|Store Communication Register | +|STST r |02C0|--------|8|N|Store Status Register | +|STWP r |02A0|--------|8|N|Store Workspace Pointer | +|SWPB d |06C0|--------|6|N|Swap Bytes | +|SZC s,d|4000|-----***|1|Y|Set Zeros Corresponding | +|SZCB s,d|5000|-----***|1|Y|Set Zeros Corresponding Bytes | +|TB a |1F00|-----*--|2|N|Test Bit | +|X s |0480|--------|6|N|Execute the instruction at s | +|XOP s,c|2C00|--------|9|N|Extended Operation (5) (2) | +|XOR s,r|2800|-----***|3|N|Exclusive OR | +|--------+----+--------+-+-+-----------------------------------| +| |XXXX| | | |Hexadecimal opcode (16-bit) | +| | |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown| +| | | |F| |Format (1-9, see later) | +| | | | |Y|Result compared to zero | +| | | | |N|Result not compared to zero | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |IDPVCEAL| |Description | +|-------------+--------+---+-----------------------------------| +| |I | |Interrupt mask (Bits 14-15) | +| DC | D | |Digit Carry from low BCD (Bit 7) | +| OP | P | |Odd Parity (Bit 5) | +| OV | V | |Overflow (Bit 4) | +| C | C | |Carry (Bit 3) | +| EQ | E | |Equal (Bit 2) | +| A> | A | |Arithmetic greater than (Bit 1) | +| L> | L| |Logical greater than (Bit 0) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| Rn |Workspace register (TT=00) | +| *Rn |Indirect workspace register (TT=01)| +| *Rn+ |Indirect auto increment (TT=11) | +| @nn |Symbolic (direct) | +| nn(Rn) |Indexed (not R0, TT=10) | +| nn |Immediate (TT=10) | +| a |PC relative (PC=PC+2+2*offset) | +| a |CRU relative (PC=CRU+offset) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +|BES nn |Block Ending with Symbol | +|BSS nn |Block Starting with Symbol | +|BYTE e(,...) |Byte (,byte...) | +|DEFW nn(,...) |Define Word (,word...) | +|EVEN |Even word boundary | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| CRU |Communication Reg (Bits 4-13, R12) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| Rn |Workspace Register (16-bit) | +| n | ditto (if no mode conflict) | +| WP |Workspace Pointer (16-bit) | +| ST |Status Register (16-bit) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-128 to +127) | +| c |Count (4-bit, 0 to 15) | +| d |Destination | +| e |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| i |Immediate | +| n |Register number (0 to 15) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Workspace register | +| s |Source | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| XXXBTTDDDDTTSSSS |Format 1 (Arithmetic) | +| XXXXXXXXOOOOOOOO |Format 2 (Jump) | +| XXXXXXDDDDTTSSSS |Format 3 (Logical) | +| XXXXXXCCCCTTSSSS |Format 4 (CRU) | +| XXXXXXXXCCCCWWWW |Format 5 (Shift) | +| XXXXXXXXXXTTSSSS |Format 6 (Program) | +| XXXXXXXXXXXUUUUU |Format 7 (Control) | +| XXXXXXXXXXXUWWWW |Format 8 (Immediate, word follows) | +| XXXXXXDDDDTTSSSS |Format 9 (MPY,DIV,XOP) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| B |Byte indicator (0=word, 1=byte) | +| CCCC |Transfer or shift count | +| DDDD |Destination address | +| OOOOOOOO |Offset (-128 to +127 words) | +| SSSS |Source address | +| TT |Address modifiction | +| U |Unused | +| WWWW |Workspace register number | +| X...X |Op code | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| (1) |If c=0 bits 12-14 of R0 are used | +| (2) |R13=old WP,R14=old PC,R15=old ST | +| (3) |WP=(s),PC=(s+2) | +| (4) |WP=R13,PC=R14,ST=R15 | +| (5) |WP=(40H+4c),PC=(42H+4c),R11=s | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9980 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9980 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aee10129 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/9980 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Texas Instruments | +| | +| 99999 99999 88888 000 | +| 9 9 9 9 8 8 0 0 | +| 9 9 9 9 8 8 0 0 0 | +| 999999 999999 88888 0 0 0 | +| 9 9 8 8 0 0 0 | +| 9 9 8 8 0 0 | +| 9999 9999 88888 000 | +| | +| 9980 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| ____ _| \__/ |_ _____ | +| HOLD |_|1 40|_| MEMEN | +| _| |_ | +| HOLDA |_|2 39|_| READY | +| _| |_ __ | +| IAQ |_|3 38|_| WE | +| _| |_ | +| A13/CRUOUT |_|4 37|_| CRUCLK | +| _| |_ | +| A12 |_|5 36|_| Vdd | +| _| |_ | +| A11 |_|6 35|_| Vss | +| _| |_ | +| A10 |_|7 34|_| CKIN | +| _| |_ | +| A9 |_|8 33|_| D7 | +| _| |_ | +| A8 |_|9 32|_| D6 | +| _| |_ | +| A7 |_|10 9980 31|_| D5 | +| _| |_ | +| A6 |_|11 30|_| D4 | +| _| |_ | +| A5 |_|12 29|_| D3 | +| _| |_ | +| A4 |_|13 28|_| D2 | +| _| |_ | +| A3 |_|14 27|_| D1 | +| _| |_ | +| A2 |_|15 26|_| D0 | +| _| |_ | +| A1 |_|16 25|_| INT 0 | +| _| |_ | +| A0 |_|17 24|_| INT 1 | +| _| |_ | +| DBIN |_|18 23|_| INT 2 | +| _| |_ ____ | +| CRUIN |_|19 22|_| CLK3 | +| _| |_ | +| Vss |_|20 21|_| Vbb | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic|Code|IXPVCEAL|F|Z|Description | +|--------+----+--------+-+-+-----------------------------------| +|A s,d|A000|---*****|1|Y|Add | +|AB s,d|B000|--******|1|Y|Add Bytes | +|ABS d |0740|---*****|6|Y|Absolute value | +|AI r,i|0220|---*****|8|Y|Add Immediate | +|ANDI r,i|0240|-----***|8|Y|AND Immediate | +|B s |0440|--------|6|N|Branch (PC=d) | +|BL s |0680|--------|6|N|Branch and Link (R11=PC,PC=s) | +|BLWP s |0400|--------|6|N|Branch & Load Workspace Ptr (3) (2)| +|C s,d|8000|-----***|1|N|Compare | +|CB s,d|9000|--*--***|1|N|Compare Bytes | +|CI r,i|0280|-----***|8|N|Compare Immediate | +|CKOF |03C0|--------|7|N|Clock Off | +|CKON |03A0|--------|7|N|Clock On | +|CLR d |04C0|--------|6|N|Clear | +|COC s,r|2000|-----*--|3|N|Compare Ones Corresponding | +|CZC s,r|2400|-----*--|3|N|Compare Zeros Corresponding | +|DEC d |0600|---*****|6|Y|Decrement | +|DECT d |0640|---*****|6|Y|Decrement by Two | +|DIV d,r|3C00|---*----|9|N|Divide | +|IDLE |0340|--------|7|N|Computer Idle | +|INC d |0580|---*****|6|Y|Increment | +|INCT d |05C0|---*****|6|Y|Increment by Two | +|INV d |0540|-----***|6|Y|Invert | +|JEQ a |1300|--------|2|N|Jump if Equal | +|JGT a |1500|--------|2|N|Jump if Greater Than | +|JH a |1B00|--------|2|N|Jump if High | +|JHE a |1400|--------|2|N|Jump if High or Equal | +|JL a |1A00|--------|2|N|Jump if Low | +|JLE a |1200|--------|2|N|Jump if Low or Equal | +|JLT a |1100|--------|2|N|Jump if Less Than | +|JMP a |1000|--------|2|N|Jump unconditionally | +|JNC a |1700|--------|2|N|Jump if No Carry | +|JNE a |1600|--------|2|N|Jump if Not Equal | +|JNO a |1900|--------|2|N|Jump if No Overflow | +|JOC a |1800|--------|2|N|Jump On Carry | +|JOP a |1C00|--------|2|N|Jump if Odd Parity | +|LDCR s,c|3000|--*--***|4|Y|Load Communication Register | +|LI r,i|0200|-----***|8|N|Load Immediate | +|LIMI i |0300|*-------|8|N|Load Interrupt Mask Immediate | +|LREX |03E0|*-------|7|N|Load or Restart Execution | +|LWPI i |02E0|--------|8|N|Load Workspace Pointer Immediate | +|MOV s,d|C000|-----***|1|Y|Move | +|MOVB s,d|D000|--*--***|1|Y|Move Bytes | +|MPY d,r|3800|--------|9|N|Multiply | +|NEG d |0500|---*****|6|Y|Negate | +|NOP |1000|--------| |N|No Operation (pseudo-operation) | +|ORI r,i|0260|-----***|8|Y|OR Immediate | +|RSET |0360|*-------|7|N|Reset | +|RT |0458|--------| |N|Return (replaces 'B *11',pseudo-op)| +|RTWP |0380|????????|7|N|Return Workspace Pointer (4) | +|S s,d|6000|---*****|1|N|Subtract | +|SB s,d|7000|--******|1|N|Subtract Bytes | +|SBO a |1D00|--------|2|N|Set Bit to One | +|SBZ a |1E00|--------|2|N|Set Bit to Zero | +|SETO d |0700|--------|6|N|Set to Ones | +|SLA r,c|0A00|----****|5|Y|Shift Left Arithmetic (1) | +|SOC s,d|E000|-----***|1|Y|Set Ones Corresponding | +|SOCB s,d|F000|-----***|1|Y|Set Ones Corresponding Bytes | +|SRA r,c|0800|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Arithmetic (1) | +|SRC r,c|0800|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Circular (1) | +|SRL r,c|0900|----****|5|Y|Shift Right Logical (1) | +|STCR s,c|3400|--*--***|4|Y|Store Communication Register | +|STST r |02C0|--------|8|N|Store Status Register | +|STWP r |02A0|--------|8|N|Store Workspace Pointer | +|SWPB d |06C0|--------|6|N|Swap Bytes | +|SZC s,d|4000|-----***|1|Y|Set Zeros Corresponding | +|SZCB s,d|5000|-----***|1|Y|Set Zeros Corresponding Bytes | +|TB a |1F00|-----*--|2|N|Test Bit | +|X s |0480|--------|6|N|Execute the instruction at s | +|XOP s,c|2C00|-1------|9|N|Extended Operation (5) (2) | +|XOR s,r|2800|-----***|3|N|Exclusive OR | +|--------+----+--------+-+-+-----------------------------------| +| |XXXX| | | |Hexadecimal opcode (16-bit) | +| | |-*01? | | |Unaffect/affected/reset/set/unknown| +| | | |F| |Format (1-9, see later) | +| | | | |Z|Result compared to zero (Y/N) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |IXPVCEAL| |Description | +|-------------+--------+---+-----------------------------------| +| |I | |Interrupt mask (Bits 12-15) | +| X | X | |Extended operation (Bit 6) | +| OP | P | |Odd Parity (Bit 5) | +| OV | V | |Overflow (Bit 4) | +| C | C | |Carry (Bit 3) | +| EQ | E | |Equal (Bit 2) | +| A> | A | |Arithmetic greater than (Bit 1) | +| L> | L| |Logical greater than (Bit 0) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| Rn |Workspace register (TT=00) | +| *Rn |Indirect workspace register (TT=01)| +| *Rn+ |Indirect auto increment (TT=11) | +| @nn |Symbolic (direct) | +| nn(Rn) |Indexed (not R0, TT=10) | +| nn |Immediate (TT=10) | +| a |PC relative (PC=PC+2+2*offset) | +| a |CRU relative (PC=CRU+offset) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +|BES nn |Block Ending with Symbol | +|BSS nn |Block Starting with Symbol | +|BYTE e(,...) |Byte (,byte...) | +|DEFW nn(,...) |Define Word (,word...) | +|EVEN |Even word boundary | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| CRU |Communication Reg (Bits 4-13, R12) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit) | +| Rn |Workspace Register (16-bit) | +| n | ditto (if no mode conflict) | +| WP |Workspace Pointer (16-bit) | +| ST |Status Register (16-bit) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| a |Relative address (-128 to +127) | +| c |Count (4-bit, 0 to 15) | +| d |Destination | +| e |8-bit expression (0 to 255) | +| i |Immediate | +| n |Register number (0 to 15) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Workspace register | +| s |Source | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| 0000H to 0003H |RESET trap vector | +| 0004H to 0013H |Interrupt trap vectors | +| 0040H to 007FH |XOP instruction trap vectors | +| 3FFCH to 3FFFH |LOAD function trap vector | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| XXXBTTDDDDTTSSSS |Format 1 (Arithmetic) | +| XXXXXXXXOOOOOOOO |Format 2 (Jump) | +| XXXXXXDDDDTTSSSS |Format 3 (Logical) | +| XXXXXXCCCCTTSSSS |Format 4 (CRU) | +| XXXXXXXXCCCCWWWW |Format 5 (Shift) | +| XXXXXXXXXXTTSSSS |Format 6 (Program) | +| XXXXXXXXXXXUUUUU |Format 7 (Control) | +| XXXXXXXXXXXUWWWW |Format 8 (Immediate, word follows) | +| XXXXXXDDDDTTSSSS |Format 9 (MPY,DIV,XOP) | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| B |Byte indicator (0=word, 1=byte) | +| CCCC |Transfer or shift count | +| DDDD |Destination address | +| OOOOOOOO |Offset (-128 to +127 words) | +| SSSS |Source address | +| TT |Address modifiction | +| U |Unused | +| WWWW |Workspace register number | +| X...X |Op code | +|--------------------------+-----------------------------------| +| (1) |If c=0 bits 12-14 of R0 are used | +| (2) |R13=old WP,R14=old PC,R15=old ST | +| (3) |WP=(s),PC=(s+2) | +| (4) |WP=R13,PC=R14,ST=R15 | +| (5) |WP=(40H+4c),PC=(42H+4c),R11=s | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp64000 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp64000 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..77afeeae --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp64000 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Hewlett Packard | +| | +| | +| H H PPPPPP | +| H H P P | +| H H P P | +| HHHHHHH PPPPPP | +| H H P | +| H H P | +| H H P | +| | +| | +| 666 4 000 000 000 | +| 6 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 666666 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 4444444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 66666 4 000 000 000 | +| | +| General HP64000 Assembler | +| Symbol, Directive and Error Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|----------------------- XXXX ---------------------------------| +|********************* XXXX #######################| +|***************** XXXX ##################| +|*************** XXXX ################| +|************* XXXX ##############| +|************ XXXX #############| +|*********** XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX ############| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|*********** XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX ############| +|************ XXXX #############| +|************* XXXX ##############| +|*************** XXXX ################| +|***************** XXXX ##################| +|********************** XXXX #######################| +|----------------------- XXXX ---------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated May 1985 | +|Issue 1.9 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Symbol/Directive(s) |Description | +|------------------------+-------------------------------------| +| space(s) |Separates fields, operands, end label| +| , |Separates operands | +| ; * |Start of comment (* in column 1 only)| +| : |End of label (optional) | +| (exp) |Expression precedence | +| 'str' "str" |Character string | +| + |Addition | +| - |Subtraction | +| * |Multiplication | +| / |Division | +| .AN. |Logical AND | +| .NT. |Logical NOT (one's complement) | +| .OR. |Logical inclusive OR | +| .SL. .SR. |Shift Left/Shift Right | +| .EQ. .NE. |Equal/Not Equal | +| .LT. .GT. |Less Than/Greater Than | +| $ |Program counter content | +| nn nnD |Decimal number (digits 0-9) | +| nnB |Binary number (digits 0-1) | +| nnO nnQ |Octal number (digits 0-7) | +| nnH |Hexadecimal number (digits 0-9,A-F) | +| '' "" |Null string or null macro parameter | +| & |Macro parameter | +| && |Index macro parameter | +| &&&& |Unique 4 digit string in macro | +|------------------------+-------------------------------------| +|(lab) ASC 'str' |ASCII string | +|(lab) ASCII 'str' | ditto | +|(lab) BIN num(,...) |Binary number(s) (or BINARY) | +| COMN |Common overlayed area | +| DATA |Data area | +| PROG |Program area | +|(lab) DECIMAL num(,...) |Decimal number(s) (or DEC) | +| ELSE |Alternative conditional assembly | +| END (exp) |End of program (and start address) | +| ENDIF |End of cond. assembly (or IFEND) | +|sym EQU exp |Symbol value = expression value | +| EXPAND |Expand macro code | +| EXT sym(,...) |External symbol(s) (or EXTERNAL) | +| GLB sym(,...) |Global symbol(s) (or GLOBAL) | +|(lab) HEX num(,...) |Hexadecimal number(s) | +| IF cond |Conditional assembly | +| INCLUDE file |Include named file in source | +| LIST |List code | +|sym MACRO (&sym,...)|Define Macro name (and parameters) | +| MASK (exp),(exp)|Mask strings (default AND,OR = FFH,0)| +| MEND |End of Macro definition | +| NAME 'str' |Name object module | +| NOLIST |Do not list code | +| NOWARN |Do not include warnings in listing | +|(lab) OCT num(,...) |Octal number(s) (or OCTAL) | +| ORG addr |Set absolute origin | +| REPT num |Repeat next source line | +|sym SET exp |Set symbol value = expression value | +| SKIP |Skip to next page | +| SPC (num) |Line space(s) on listing | +| TITLE 'str' |Listing title and new page | +| TRACE num |Trace user definable assembler (0-3) | +| WARN |Include warnings in listing | +| .GOTO lab |Unconditional branch in macro | +| .IF cond lab |Conditional branch in macro | +|lab .NOP |Conditional assembly label in macro | +|sym .SET exp |Set symbol = expression in macro | +|------------------------+-------------------------------------| +| addr |Absolute address in memory | +| cond |Condition (exp .op. exp) | +| exp |Constant expression | +| file |File name | +| lab |Statement address label | +| nn |String of digits | +| num |Number | +| op |Relational operator (EQ,NE,LT,GT) | +| str |String of ASCII characters | +| sym |Symbol (alphanumeric string) | +| ( ) |Optional field | +| ... |Continuation of same operands | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Error |Description | +|------------------------+-------------------------------------| +| AS |ASCII String error | +| CL |Conditional Label error | +| DE |Definition Error | +| DS |Duplicate Symbol error | +| DZ |Division by Zero error | +| EE |Expected End of line (EOL) error | +| EG |External Global error | +| EO |External Overflow error | +| ES |Expanded Source error | +| ET |Expression Type error | +| IC |Illegal Constant error | +| ID |Invalid Delimiter error | +| IE |Illegal Expression error | +| IO |Invalid Operand error | +| IP |Illegal Parameter error | +| IS |Illegal Symbol error | +| LR |Legal Range error | +| MC |Macro Condition error | +| MD |Macro Definition error | +| ML |Macro Label error | +| MM |Missing Macro end (MEND) error | +| MO |Missing Operator error | +| MP |Mismatched Parenthesis error | +| MS |Macro Symbol error | +| NI |Nested Includes error | +| OS |Operand Syntax error | +| PC |Parameter Call error | +| PE |Parameter Error | +| RC |Repeat Call error | +| RM |Repeat Macro error | +| SE |Stack Error | +| TR |Text Replacement error | +| UC |Undefined Conditional error | +| UE |Unexpected End of line error | +| UO |Undefined Operation code error | +| UP |Undefined Parameter error | +| US |Undefined Symbol error | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Microprocessor|LAECP|Firm |Notes | +|--------------+-----+---------+-------------------------------| +|1802 |XX X|RCA |8-bit CMOS microprocessor | +|2650 |X X|Signetics|8-bit microprocessor | +|32016/32 |X X|Nat Semi |16/32-bit microprocessor | +|6501/2/3/4/5 | X X|Rockwell |8-bit microprocessor family | +|6502/65C02 |*X X|Rockwell |8-bit microprocessor | +|6800/02/08 |*XXZX|Motorola |8-bit microprocessors | +|6801/03 |XXZ X|Motorola |8-bit microcomputers | +|6805 |XX X|Motorola |8-bit microprocessor | +|6809/6809E |XXXXX|Motorola |8-bit microprocessor | +|68008/00/10 |XXXXX|Motorola |8/16/32-bit microprocessor | +|8048/41/22/21 |X X|Intel |8-bit microcomputer family | +|8080A/85A |XX X|Intel |8-bit microprocessors | +|8086/88 |XX X|Intel |16-bit microprocessors | +|8087/89 |XX Z|Intel |F.P. and I/O co-processors | +|960A | X Z|Texas |16-bit minicomputer | +|9900/40/80 |XX X|Texas |16-bit microprocessors | +|9981/85/89/95 |XX Z|Texas |16-bit microprocessors | +|T11/J11 |XX X|DEC |16-bit microprocessors | +|LSI-11/PDP-11 | X X|DEC |16-bit micro/minicomputers | +|NSC800 |XXZ X|National |8-bit CMOS microprocessor | +|Z8 |XZ X|Zilog |8-bit microcomputer family | +|Z80/Z80L |XXXXX|Zilog |8-bit (CMOS) microprocessor | +|Z8000 | X XX|Zilog |16-bit microprocessor family | +|Z8001 |XXXXX|Zilog |16-bit microprocessor | +|Z8002 |XXZXX|Zilog |16-bit microprocessor | +|User definable|XX Z| |Bit-slice processors | +|HP64000 | ZX|HP |MDS system | +|--------------+-----+-----------------------------------------| +| |XYZ |Available/ordered/planned | | +| |* |Logic Analyser (special) |HP1611A | +| |X |Logic Analyser (general) |HP1615A | +| | X |Assembler |HP64000 | +| | X |Emulator |HP64000 | +| | X |Pascal Compiler |HP64000 | +| | X|Programming Card | | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp_pascal b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp_pascal new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3609c378 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp_pascal @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Hewlett Packard | +| | +| | +| H H PPPPPP | +| H H P P | +| H H P P | +| HHHHHHH PPPPPP | +| H H P | +| H H P | +| H H P | +| | +| | +| 666 4 000 000 000 | +| 6 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 666666 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 4444444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 6 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| 66666 4 000 000 000 | +| | +| | +| PPPPPP A SSSSS CCCC A L | +| P P A A S S C C A A L | +| P P A A S C A A L | +| PPPPPP AAAAAAA SSSSS C AAAAAAA L | +| P A A S C A A L | +| P A A S S C C A A L | +| P A A SSSSS CCCC A A LLLLLLL | +| | +| | +| Pascal/64000 Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|----------------------- XXXX ---------------------------------| +|********************* XXXX #######################| +|***************** XXXX ##################| +|*************** XXXX ################| +|************* XXXX ##############| +|************ XXXX #############| +|*********** XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX ############| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|*********** XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX ############| +|************ XXXX #############| +|************* XXXX ##############| +|*************** XXXX ################| +|***************** XXXX ##################| +|********************** XXXX #######################| +|----------------------- XXXX ---------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created February 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Feature |Description | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +|$AMNESIA []$ |ON: forget contents of registers * | +|$ANSI []$ |ON: warning messages if non-standard | +|$ASM_FILE$ |Create assembler source file ASMxxxx | +|$ASMB_SYM []$ |OFF: suppress output to :asmb_sym file *| +|$DEBUG []$ |ON: check all arithmetic operations | +|$EMIT_CODE []$ |OFF: suppress output to :reloc file | +|$END_ORG$ |Use relocatable variable addresses | +|$EXTENSIONS []$ |ON: microprocessor oriented extensions | +|$EXTVAR []$ |ON: following variables are EXTERNAL | +|$GLOBPROC []$ |ON: following procedures are GLOBAL | +|$GLOBVAR []$ |ON: following variables are GLOBAL | +|$LINE_NUMBERS []$|OFF: suppress line number symbols * | +|$LIST []$ |OFF: suppress output to listing | +|$LIST_CODE []$ |ON: include symbolic code in listing | +|$LIST_OBJ []$ |ON: include object code in listing * | +|$OPTIMISE []$ |ON: ignore certain run-time checks | +|$ORG n$ |Use absolute variable addresses | +|$PAGE$ |Output form feed to listing | +|$RANGE []$ |OFF: suppress array index checking * | +|$RECURSIVE []$ |OFF: compile procedures in static mode | +|$SEPARATE []$ |ON: use separate PROG and DATA areas | +|$TITLE "string"$ |Use 1st 50 chars in listing header | +|$USER_DEFINED$ |Allow redefinition of operators | +|$WARN []$ |OFF: suppress warnings in listing | +|$WIDTH n$ |Specifies source width to be compiled <240>| +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| nnB |Binary number #| +| nn |Decimal number | +| nnD | ditto #| +| nnH |Hexadecimal number #| +| nnO |Octal number #| +| nnQ | ditto #| +| 'string' |String (* character) constant | +| ^ident |Pointer type identifier | +| ident^ |Pointer variable identifier | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +|BOOLEAN |8-bit logical TYPE (0 = FALSE, 1 = TRUE) | +|BYTE |8-bit signed integer TYPE #| +|CHAR |8-bit ASCII character TYPE | +|FALSE |Boolean false (= 0) | +|INTEGER |16/32-bit signed integer TYPE | +|MAXINT |Maximum integer constant | +|SIGNED_8 |8-bit signed integer TYPE *#| +|SIGNED_16 |16-bit signed integer TYPE *#| +|SIGNED_32 |32-bit signed integer TYPE *#| +|STRING |PACKED ARRAY[0..255] OF CHAR ([0]=length) *#| +|TRUE |Boolean true (= 1) | +|UNSIGNED_8 |8-bit unsigned integer TYPE *#| +|UNSIGNED_16 |16-bit unsigned integer TYPE *#| +|UNSIGNED_32 |32-bit unsigned integer TYPE *#| +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +|REAL |Real numbers not implemented | +|SIN COS etc. |Standard real functions not implemented | +|SQR |Square function not implemented | +|STRING |Limited to 255 characters * | +|FILE TEXT etc. |Files not implemented | +|GET PUT etc. |Input/output procedures not implemented | +|PACKED |Ignored except for strings | +|PACK UNPACK |Procedures not implemented | +|SET |Limited to 256 (* 16) elements, no subranges| +|PROCEDURE etc. |Procedures/functions not allowed as param's | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +|ABS(param) |Return absolute value of parameter | +|ADDR(param) |Pointer (* INTEGER) TYPE address function #| +|CHR(param) |Return character with parameter value | +|DISPOSE(pointer) |Release previously allocated space on heap | +|INITHEAP(addr,n) |Initialise heap to address and length #| +|MARK(pointer) |Mark current state of heap #| +|ODD(param) |Return true value if parameter is odd | +|ORD(param) |Return ordinal value of paramter | +|NEW(pointer) |Allocate new space on heap | +|PRED(param) |Return predecessor of parameter | +|RELEASE(pointer) |Release heap to previously marked state #| +|ROTATE(param,n) |(* SHIFTC) Circular shift function #| +|SHIFT(param,n) |Logical shift function #| +|SUCC(param) |Return successor of parameter | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Feature |Description | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| AND |Logical conjunction operator | +| ARRAY |Array type | +| BEGIN |Start new block | +| CASE |Case statement | +| CONST |Constant declarations | +| DIV |Integer division operator | +| DO |Used with WHILE, FOR and WITH statements | +| DOWNTO |Step -1 for FOR loop clause | +| ELSE |Alternative for IF clause | +| END |End of BEGIN, CASE or RECORD clause | +| EXTERNAL |External routine declaration #| +| FOR |FOR loop statement | +| FORWARD |Forward routine declaration #| +| FUNCTION |Start of new function | +| GLOBAL |Global routine declaration #| +| GOTO |GOTO statement | +| IF |IF statement | +| IN |Set membership operator | +| LABEL |Label for GOTO statement | +| MOD |Modulus operator | +| NIL |Null pointer | +| NOT |Logical negation operator | +| OF |Used with CASE, ARRAY, SET and RECORD | +| OR |Logical disjunction operator | +| OTHERWISE |Exception clause for CASE statement #| +| PACKED |Packed type | +| PROCEDURE |Start of new procedure | +| PROGRAM |Start of program | +| RECORD |Record type | +| REPEAT |REPEAT statement | +| SET |Set type | +| THEN |Used with IF statement | +| TO |Step +1 for FOR loop clause | +| TYPE |Type declarations | +| UNTIL |End of REPEAT clause | +| VAR |Variable declarations | +| WHILE |WHILE statement | +| WITH |WITH variable(s) statement | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| := |Assignment operator | +| + |Addition, set union or identity operator | +| - |Subtraction, set difference or inversion op.| +| * |Multiplication or set intersection operator | +| / |Real division operator | +| = |Relational equality operator | +| <> |Relational inequality operator | +| < |Relational less than or set inclusion op. | +| > |Relational greater than or set incl. op. | +| <= |Relational less/equal or set incl. op. | +| => |Relational greater/equal or set incl. op. | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| [] |ON or OFF option | +| # |Non-standard Pascal feature in Pascal/64000 | +| * |Not included in 8080/8085 & Z80 compilers | +| (* ...) |Alternative for 8080/8085 & Z80 compilers | +| <...> |Initialised value | +| $...$ |Compiler option | +| addr |Memory address | +| ident |Pascal identifier | +| n |Integer number | +| nn |String of digits | +| param |Function parameter | +| pointer |Pointer type parameter | +| string |ASCII character string | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp_pdp-11 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp_pdp-11 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5caf39f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/hp_pdp-11 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Digital Equipment Corporation | +| | +| PPPPPP DDDDD PPPPPP 1 1 | +| P P D D P P 11 11 | +| P P D D P P 1 1 | +| PPPPPP D D PPPPPP XXX 1 1 | +| P D D P 1 1 | +| P D D P 1 1 | +| P DDDDD P 111 111 | +| | +| PDP-11 Processor Instruction Set Summary | +| as implemented on the HP64000 | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXX X XXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX XX XXX XXX X XXX XX XX XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX X XX X XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX X XXX XXX XXX XX XX X XXX XXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|----------------------- XXXX ---------------------------------| +|********************* XXXX #######################| +|***************** XXXX ##################| +|*************** XXXX ################| +|************* XXXX ##############| +|************ XXXX #############| +|*********** XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX ############| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|********** XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ###########| +|*********** XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX ############| +|************ XXXX #############| +|************* XXXX ##############| +|*************** XXXX ################| +|***************** XXXX ##################| +|********************** XXXX #######################| +|----------------------- XXXX ---------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created April 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d |B055DD|****|Add Carry |d=d+C | +|ADD s,d |06SSDD|****|Add |d=s+d | +|ASH s,r |072RSS|****|Arithmetic Shift |r=r*2^s(EIS)#| +|ASHC s,r |073RSS|****|Arithmetic Shift Combined | (EIS)#| +|ASLb d |B063DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASRb d |B062DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|BCC a |1030XX|----|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a |1034XX|----|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a |0014XX|----|Branch if Equal |If Z=0 | +|BGE a |0020XX|----|Branch if Greater or Equal|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a |0030XX|----|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0 | +|BICb s,d |B4SSDD|**0-|Bit Clear |d=d&{~s} | +|BISb s,d |B5SSDD|**0-|Bit Set (OR) |d=dvs | +|BITb s,d |B3SSDD|**0-|Bit Test (AND) |d&s | +|BHI a |1010XX|----|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHIS a |1030XX|----|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 | +|BLE a |0034XX|----|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=1 | +|BLT a |0024XX|----|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BLO a |1034XX|----|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLOS a |1014XX|----|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BMI a |1004XX|----|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a |0010XX|----|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=1 | +|BPL a |1000XX|----|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BPT |000003|----|Breakpoint Trap |Vector at 14 | +|BR a |0004XX|----|Branch |PC=PC+2*XX | +|BVC a |1020XX|----|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a |1024XX|----|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CALL d |0047DD|----|Call subroutine | (= JSR PC,d)| +|CCC |000257|0000|Clear all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=0 | +|CLC |000241|---0|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLN |000250|0---|Clear Negative |N=0 | +|CLRb d |B050DD|0100|Clear |d=0 | +|CLV |000242|--0-|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CLZ |000244|-0--|Clear Zero |Z=0 | +|CMPb s,d |B2SSDD|****|Compare |s-d | +|COMb d |B051DD|**01|Complement |d=~d | +|DECb d |B053DD|***-|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DIV s,r |071RSS|****|Divide |r=r/s (EIS)#| +|EMT t |1040TT|----|Emulator Trap |Vector at 30 | +|FADD r |07500R|**00|Floating Add | (FIS)#| +|FDIV r |07503R|**00|Floating Divide | (FIS)#| +|FMUL r |07502R|**00|Floating Multiply | (FIS)#| +|FSUB r |07501R|**00|Floating Subtract | (FIS)#| +|HALT |000000|----|Halt | | +|INCb d |B052DD|***-|Increment |d=d+1 | +|IOT |000004|----|Input/Output Trap |Vector at 20 | +|JMP d |0001DD|----|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR r,d |004RDD|----|Jump to Subroutine |r=PC,PC=d | +|MARK n |0064NN|----|Mark stack |RTS aid #| +|MFPD s |1065SS|----|Move From Previous Data | #| +|MFPI s |0065SS|----|Move From Previous Instr. | #| +|MFPS d |1067DD|**0-|Move From Processor Status|d=PS (byte)#| +|MOVb s,d |B1SSDD|**0-|Move |d=s | +|MTPD d |1066DD|----|Move To Previous Data | #| +|MTPI d |0066DD|----|Move To Previous Instr. | #| +|MTPS s |1064SS|****|Move To Processor Status |PS=s (byte)#| +|MUL s,r |070RSS|**0*|Multiply |r=r*s (EIS)#| +|NEGb d |B054DD|****|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |000240|----|No Operation | | +|RESET |000005|----|Reset external bus | | +|RETURN |000207|----|Return from subroutine | (= RTS PC)| +|ROLb d |B061DD|****|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|RORb d |B060DD|****|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RTI |000002|----|Return from Interrupt |{PC,PS}=[SP]+| +|RTS r |00020R|----|Return from Subroutine |PC=r,r=[SP]+ | +|RTT |000006|----|Return from Trace trap |No T trap #| +|SBCb d |B056DD|****|Subtract Carry |d=d-C | +|SCC |000277|1111|Set all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=1 | +|SEC |000261|---1|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEN |000270|1---|Set Negative |N=1 | +|SEV |000262|--1-|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|SEZ |000264|-1--|Set Zero |Z=1 | +|SOB r,a |077RNN|----|Subtract One and Branch |PC=PC-2*NN #| +|SPL n |00023N|----|Set Priority Level |PS[7-5]=N #| +|SUB s,d |16SSDD|****|Subtract |d=d-s | +|SWAB d |0003DD|**00|Swap Bytes | | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|SXT d |0067DD|-*0-|Sign Extend |d=0 or -1 #| +|TRAP t |1044TT|----|Trap |Vector at 34 | +|TSTb d |B055DD|**00|Test |d | +|WAIT |000001|----|Wait for interrupt | | +|XOR r,d |074RDD|**0-|Exclusive OR |d=dxr #| +|---------+------+----+----------------------------------------| +| | B| |0 for word, 1 for byte (1 bit) | +| | DD| |Destination field (6 bits) | +| | N| |Number (3 bits) | +| | NN| |Number (6 bits) | +| | R| |Register (3 bits, R0-5/SP/PC) | +| | SS| |Source field (6 bits) | +| | TT| |Number (8 bits) | +| | XX| |Offset (8 bits, -128 to +127) | +|----------------+----+----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*01|Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | +| T | |Trace trap (Bit 4) | +| N |N |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C|Carry (Bit 0) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| r |Register (mode 0) | +| @r or [r] |Register deferred (mode 1) | +| [r]+ |Autoincrement (mode 2) | +| @[r]+ |Autoincrement deferred (mode 3) | +| -[r] |Autodecrement (mode 4) | +| @-[r] |Autodecrement deferred (mode 5) | +| nn[r] |Index (mode 6) | +| @nn[r] |Index deferred (mode 7) | +| #nn |Immediate (mode 2, r=PC) | +| @#nn |Absolute (mode 3, r=PC) | +| nn |Relative (mode 6, r=PC) | +| @nn |Relative deferred (mode 7, r=PC) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +|ASCII "string"(,...)|ASCII string | +|ASCIZ "string"(,...)|ASCII string with Zero byte terminator | +|ASECT |Absolute Section (equivalent to ORG 0) | +|BLKB expr |Block Bytes (8-bit) | +|BLKW expr |Block Words (16-bit) | +|BYTE expr(,...) |Byte(s) (8-bit) | +|EOT |End Of Tape (ignored) | +|ERROR string |User-invoked Error | +|EVEN |Set current location to Even address | +|FLT2 fp(,...) |2-word Floating point number(s) | +|FLT4 fp(,...) |4-word Floating point number(s) | +|ODD |Set current location to Odd address | +|PRINT string |User-invoked warning | +|RAD50 "string"(,...)|Radix 50 string (space,A-Z,$,.,?,0-9) | +|WORD expr(,...) |Word(s) (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| EIS |Extended Instruction Set (fixed point) | +| FIS |Floating point Instruction Set | +| Rn |General Register (16-bit, n=0-7) | +| SP |Stack Pointer (16-bit, R6) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit, R7) | +| PS |Processor Status (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address | +| b |Blank or B for word or byte operand(s) | +| d |Destination operand | +| n |Register number (0 to 5) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Register (Rn,SP,PC) | +| s |Source operand | +| t |Trap number (0 to 255) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| + - |Add/subtract | +| * / |Multiply/divide | +| ^ |Power | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| # |Not applicable to all processors | +| (,...) |Optional list separated by commas | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/imagen b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/imagen new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3c799570 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/imagen @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +#!/bin/sh +# A script to format (compressed) micro reference cards in your format, +# to print them landscape mode on an Imagen laser printer (using the +# Diablo emulation mode). +# +# Andrew Yeomans PSTN: 0442 230000 ext 3371 +# Crosfield Electronics Ltd INTL: +44 442 230000 +# Three Cherry Trees Lane Fax: 0442 232301 +# Hemel Hempstead UUCP: ajy@cel.uucp +# Hertfordshire or mcvax!cel!ajy@uunet.uu.net +# HP2 7RH +# England +# + +# format card file for printing on laser printer +# seems to be bugs in pr with big image areas + +zcat $1 | head -80 > $1.1 +zcat $1 | head -160 | tail -80 > $1.2 +zcat $1 | tail -80 > $1.3 +echo -n '@document(language diablo, printwheel sd_cour06, VMI 4, HMI 6,\ + paperheight 3510, paperwidth 2490, window (8.3 11.7 1), at(8.0 0.6 cc), \ + papermargin 0,\ + lfiscrlf on, htabs yes, jobheader off, copies 1\ +)' > $1.prt +pr -3 -m -s -t -l80 -w300 $1.{1,2,3} | head -80 | expand >> $1.prt +lpr -Pnearest $1.prt +rm $1.1 $1.2 $1.3 + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/index b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/index new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2c4049f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/index @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +A number of quick reference cards have been produced. These are 64 +characters wide with 80 lines on each page. Each card consists of +three pages. With appropriate formatting, the cards look good with +the pages side by side on A4 paper or card in landscape format. They +may then be conveniently folded. (See Microprocessors and Microsystems, +Vol 9, No 6 (July/August 1985), pp274-289 for more details.) + +A selection of the programming cards for microprocessors from various +manufacturers may be found in this directory. The full set available +at present comprises of the following: + + Name Description + + 1802 RCA 8-bit CMOS uP + 2650 Signetics 8-bit uP + 32016 National Semiconductor 16-bit uP + 32032 National Semiconductor 32-bit uP + 650x Rockwell 8-bit uP family (6501/2/3/4/5) + 6502 Rockwell 8-bit uP + 65C02 Rockwell 8-bit CMOS uP (6502 compatible) + 680x Motorola 8-bit uP family (6800/1/2/3/8) + 6800 Motorola 8-bit uP + 6801 Motorola 8-bit uC chip (includes RAM and ROM) + 6802 Motorola 8-bit uP (6800 compatible with RAM) + 6803 Motorola 8-bit uC chip (includes RAM) + 6805 Motorola 8-bit uP + 6808 Motorola 8-bit uP (6802 without RAM) + 6809 Motorola 8-bit uP + 6809E Motorola 8-bit uP (6809, external clock) + 68000 Motorola 16-bit uP + 68008 Motorola 16-bit uP (68000, 8-bit data bus) + 68010 Motorola 16-bit uP (68000, virtual memory) + 8021 Intel 8-bit uC chip + 8022 Intel 8-bit uC chip + 804x Intel 8-bit uC chip family (8048 etc.) + 8041 Intel 8-bit uC chip + 8048 Intel 8-bit uC chip + 8080A Intel 8-bit uP + 8085A Intel 8-bit uP + 8086 Intel 16-bit uP + 8088 Intel 16-bit uP (8-bit data bus) + 9900 Texas Instruments 16-bit uP + 9940 Texas Instruments 16-bit uP + 9980 Texas Instruments 16-bit uP + NSC800 National Semi 8-bit CMOS uP (Z80 compatible) + PDP-11 DEC 16-bit minicomputer family + LSI-11 DEC 16-bit uC family (PDP-11 compatible) + J-11 DEC 16-bit uP (PDP-11/70 compatible) + T-11 DEC 16-bit uP (PDP-11 compatible) + Z8 Zilog 8-bit uC chip family (Z8601/2/3/etc.) + Z80 Zilog 8-bit uP + Z8000 Zilog 16-bit uP family (Z8001/2) + Z8001 Zilog 16-bit uP (segmented addressing) + Z8002 Zilog 16-bit uP (no segmented addressing) + + uP - microprocessor, uC - microcomputer. + +In addition to the above cards for microprocessors and microcomputers, +a number of other support cards have been written in a similar format. +These include the following: + + Name Description + + HP64000 HP64000 assembler and uP support summary + HP_Pascal HP64000 Pascal compiler summary + Macro-11 DEC Macro-11 assembler summary + Pascal Pascal programming language summary + +A number of puzzle solutions are also available: + + Name Description + + Rubik Rubik's Cube (3x3x3 cube) + Revenge Rubik's Revenge (4x4x4 cube) + Pyramix Pyramid - similar to Rubik's cube but simpler + +A highly machine dependent shell script for use under BSD Unix may be +of use to some people. This processes the files above and outputs them +in a form suitable for a PostScript printer in landscape format with +each of the three columns side by side. As well as standard Unix +utilities such as "sed", this script also depends on "rs" (available on +some BSD (and other?) systems) for producing the three column format, +and also the PostScript formatting program "enscript". Output can +optionally be sent directly to a PostScript printer called "ps". If +this might be useful to you, it is available as: + + Name Description + + process Process card for output on PostScript printer + +If anyone produces cards in this format or any associated formatting +software which they are willing to have included in the PRG archive, +please send them to me at one of the e-mail addresses below. + +Currently the following submissions are available: + + Name Description + + SC Spreadsheet Calculator in comp.unix.sources + imagen Process card for output on Imagen printer + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Last updated 6 August 1992. + +Jonathan Bowen +Oxford University Computing Laboratory +Programming Research Group +11 Keble Road +Oxford OX1 3QD +England +Tel: +44-865-272574 (direct), +44-865-273838 (secretary) +Fax: +44-865-273839 ATTN J.P.Bowen COMLAB +Email: Jonathan.Bowen@comlab.ox.ac.uk diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/j-11 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/j-11 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ac79fb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/j-11 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Digital Equipment Corporation | +| | +| JJJJJJJ 1 1 | +| J 11 11 | +| J 1 1 | +| J XXX 1 1 | +| J 1 1 | +| J J 1 1 | +| JJJ 111 111 | +| | +| J-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| | \__/ | | +| --> TEST1 -|1 60|- DAL6 <--> | +| <-- AIO0 -|2 59|- DAL7 <--> | +| <-- AIO1 -|3 58|- DAL8 <--> | +| <-- AIO2 -|4 57|- DAL0 <--> | +| <-- AIO3 -|5 ____________ 56|- DAL9 <--> | +| --> PWRF -|6 | | 55|- DAL10 <--> | +| --> FPE -|7 |Control chip| 54|- DAL11 <--> | +| --> EVENT -|8 |____________| 53|- DAL12 <--> | +| --> HALT -|9 52|- DAL13 <--> | +| --> IRQ0 -|10 51|- DAL14 <--> | +| --> IRQ1 -|11 50|- DAL15 <--> | +| --> IRQ2 -|12 49|- DAL1 <--> | +| --> IRQ3 -|13 48|- DAL2 <--> | +| --> PARITY -|14 47|- DAL3 <--> | +| GND -|15 DCJ11 46|- Vcc | +| Vcc -|16 45|- GND | +| <-- BS0 -|17 44|- DAL4 <--> | +| <-- BS1 -|18 43|- DAL5 <--> | +| <-- MAP -|19 42|- DV <-- | +| <--> ABORT -|20 41|- BUFCTL --> | +| <-- DAL21 -|21 40|- ALE --> | +| <-- DAL20 -|22 39|- STRB --> | +| <-- DAL19 -|23 ____________ 38|- SCTL --> | +| <-- DAL18 -|24 | | 37|- XTAL0 <--> | +| <-- DAL17 -|25 | Data chip | 36|- XTAL1 <--> | +| <-- DAL16 -|26 |____________| 35|- CLK --> | +| --> DMR -|27 34|- CLK2 --> | +| --> MISS -|28 33|- INIT <-- | +| <-- PRDC -|29 32|- CONT <-- | +| NOT USED -|30 31|- TEST2 <-- | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d |B055DD|****|Add Carry |d=d+C | +|ADD s,d |06SSDD|****|Add |d=s+d | +|ASH s,r |072RSS|****|Arithmetic Shift Combined | (EIS)| +|ASLb d |B063DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASRb d |B062DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|BCC a |1030XX|----|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a |1034XX|----|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a |0014XX|----|Branch if Equal |If Z=0 | +|BGE a |0020XX|----|Branch if Greater or Equal|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a |0030XX|----|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0 | +|BICb s,d |B4SSDD|**0-|Bit Clear |d=d&{~s} | +|BISb s,d |B5SSDD|**0-|Bit Set (OR) |d=dvs | +|BITb s,d |B3SSDD|**0-|Bit Test (AND) |d&s | +|BHI a |1010XX|----|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHIS a |1030XX|----|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 | +|BLE a |0034XX|----|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=1 | +|BLT a |0024XX|----|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BLO a |1034XX|----|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLOS a |1014XX|----|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BMI a |1004XX|----|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a |0010XX|----|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=1 | +|BPL a |1000XX|----|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BPT |000003|----|Breakpoint Trap |Vector at 14 | +|BR a |0004XX|----|Branch |PC=PC+2*XX | +|BVC a |1020XX|----|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a |1024XX|----|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CALL d |0047DD|----|Call subroutine | (= JSR PC,d)| +|CCC |000257|0000|Clear all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=0 | +|CLC |000241|---0|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLN |000250|0---|Clear Negative |N=0 | +|CLRb d |B050DD|0100|Clear |d=0 | +|CLV |000242|--0-|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CLZ |000244|-0--|Clear Zero |Z=0 | +|CMPb s,d |B2SSDD|****|Compare |s-d | +|COMb d |B051DD|**01|Complement |d=~d | +|DECb d |B053DD|***-|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DIV s,r |071RSS|****|Divide |r=r/s (EIS)| +|EMT t |1040TT|----|Emulator Trap |Vector at 30 | +|FADD r |07500R|**00|Floating Add | (FIS)| +|FDIV r |07503R|**00|Floating Divide | (FIS)| +|FMUL r |07502R|**00|Floating Multiply | (FIS)| +|FSUB r |07501R|**00|Floating Subtract | (FIS)| +|HALT |000000|----|Halt | | +|INCb d |B052DD|***-|Increment |d=d+1 | +|IOT |000004|----|Input/Output Trap |Vector at 20 | +|JMP d |0001DD|----|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR r,d |004RDD|----|Jump to Subroutine |r=PC,PC=d | +|MARK n |0064NN|----|Mark stack |RTS aid | +|MFPD s |1065SS|**0-|Move From Previous Data | | +|MFPI s |0065SS|**0-|Move From Previous Instr. | | +|MOVb s,d |B1SSDD|**0-|Move |d=s | +|MTPD d |1066DD|**0-|Move To Previous Data | | +|MTPI d |0066DD|**0-|Move To Previous Instr. | | +|MUL s,r |070RSS|**0*|Multiply |r=r*s (EIS)| +|NEGb d |B054DD|****|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |000240|----|No Operation | | +|RESET |000005|----|Reset external bus | | +|RETURN |000207|----|Return from subroutine | (= RTS PC)| +|ROLb d |B061DD|****|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|RORb d |B060DD|****|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RTI |000002|----|Return from Interrupt |{PC,PS}=(SP)+| +|RTS r |00020R|----|Return from Subroutine |PC=r,r=(SP)+ | +|RTT |000006|----|Return from Trace trap |No T trap | +|SBCb d |B056DD|****|Subtract Carry |d=d-C | +|SCC |000277|1111|Set all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=0 | +|SEC |000261|---1|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEN |000270|1---|Set Negative |N=1 | +|SEV |000262|--1-|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|SEZ |000264|-1--|Set Zero |Z=1 | +|SOB r,a |077RNN|----|Subtract One and Branch |PC=PC-2*NN | +|SPL n |00023N|----|Set Priority Level |PS<7:5>=N | +|SUB s,d |16SSDD|****|Subtract |d=d-s | +|SWAB d |0003DD|**00|Swap Bytes | | +|SXT d |0067DD|-*0-|Sign Extend |d=0 or -1 | +|TRAP t |1044TT|----|Trap |Vector at 34 | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|TSTb d |B055DD|**00|Test |d | +|WAIT |000001|----|Wait for interrupt | | +|XOR r,d |074RDD|**0-|Exclusive OR |d=dxr | +|---------+------+----+----------------------------------------| +| | B| |0 for word, 1 for byte (1 bit) | +| | DD| |Destination field (6 bits) | +| | N| |Number (3 bits) | +| | NN| |Number (6 bits) | +| | R| |Register (3 bits, R0-5/SP/PC) | +| | SS| |Source field (6 bits) | +| | TT| |Number (8 bits) | +| | XX| |Offset (8 bits, -128 to +127) | +|----------------+----+----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*01|Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | +| | |Current mode (Bits 15 to 14) | +| | |Previous mode (Bits 13 to 12) | +| | |General register set (Bit 11) | +| | |Priority level (Bits 7 to 5) | +| T | |Trace trap (Bit 4) | +| N |N |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C|Carry (Bit 0) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| r |Register (mode 0) | +| (r) |Register deferred (mode 1) | +| @r | ditto | +| (r)+ |Auto-increment (mode 2) | +| @(r)+ |Auto-increment deferred (mode 3) | +| -(r) |Auto-decrement (mode 4) | +| @-(r) |Auto-decrement deferred (mode 5) | +| nn(r) |Index (mode 6) | +| @nn(r) |Index deferred (mode 7) | +| #nn |Immediate (mode 2, r=PC) | +| @#nn |Absolute (mode 3, r=PC) | +| nn |Relative (mode 6, r=PC) | +| @nn |Relative deferred (mode 7, r=PC) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Rn |General purpose Register (16-bit, n=0-5)| +| SP |Stack Pointer (16-bit, R6) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit, R7) | +| PS |Processor Status (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address | +| b |Blank or B for word or byte operand(s) | +| d |Destination | +| n |Register number (0 to 5) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Register (Rn,SP,PC) | +| s |Source | +| t |Trap number (0 to 255) | +| + - |Add/subtract | +| * / |Multiply/divide | +| ^ |Exponent power | +| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT | +| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| < : > |Bit range | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| DEC |Digital Equipment Corporation | +| EIS |Extended fixed point Instruction Set | +| FIS |Floating point Instruction Set | +| PSW |Processor Status Word | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| 000 |Reserved vector | +| 004 |Time-out/system error vector | +| 010 |Illegal and reserved instruction vector | +| 014 |BPT instruction vector | +| 020 |IOT instruction vector | +| 024 |Power fail vector | +| 030 |EMT instruction vector | +| 034 |TRAP instruction vector | +| 060 |Console input device vector | +| 064 |Console output device vector | +| 100 |External event line interrupt vector | +| 160000-177776 |Device addresses | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/lsi-11 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/lsi-11 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3dbd77d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/lsi-11 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Digital Equipment Corporation | +| | +| L SSSSS III 1 1 | +| L S S I 11 11 | +| L S I 1 1 | +| L SSSSS I XXX 1 1 | +| L S I 1 1 | +| L S S I 1 1 | +| LLLLLLL SSSSS III 111 111 | +| | +| LSI-11 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXX X XXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX XX XXX XXX X XXX XX XX XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX X XX X XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX X XXX XXX XXX XX XX X XXX XXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d |B055DD|****|Add Carry |d=d+C | +|ADD s,d |06SSDD|****|Add |d=s+d | +|ASH s,r |072RSS|****|Arithmetic Shift |r=r*2^s (EIS)| +|ASHC s,r |073RSS|****|Arithmetic Shift Combined | (EIS)| +|ASLb d |B063DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASRb d |B062DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|BCC a |1030XX|----|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a |1034XX|----|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a |0014XX|----|Branch if Equal |If Z=0 | +|BGE a |0020XX|----|Branch if Greater or Equal|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a |0030XX|----|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0 | +|BICb s,d |B4SSDD|**0-|Bit Clear |d=d&{~s} | +|BISb s,d |B5SSDD|**0-|Bit Set (OR) |d=dvs | +|BITb s,d |B3SSDD|**0-|Bit Test (AND) |d&s | +|BHI a |1010XX|----|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHIS a |1030XX|----|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 | +|BLE a |0034XX|----|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=1 | +|BLT a |0024XX|----|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BLO a |1034XX|----|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLOS a |1014XX|----|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BMI a |1004XX|----|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a |0010XX|----|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=1 | +|BPL a |1000XX|----|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BPT |000003|----|Breakpoint Trap |Vector at 14 | +|BR a |0004XX|----|Branch |PC=PC+2*XX | +|BVC a |1020XX|----|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a |1024XX|----|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CALL d |0047DD|----|Call subroutine | (= JSR PC,d)| +|CCC |000257|0000|Clear all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=0 | +|CLC |000241|---0|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLN |000250|0---|Clear Negative |N=0 | +|CLRb d |B050DD|0100|Clear |d=0 | +|CLV |000242|--0-|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CLZ |000244|-0--|Clear Zero |Z=0 | +|CMPb s,d |B2SSDD|****|Compare |s-d | +|COMb d |B051DD|**01|Complement |d=~d | +|DECb d |B053DD|***-|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DIV s,r |071RSS|****|Divide |r=r/s (EIS)| +|EMT t |1040TT|----|Emulator Trap |Vector at 30 | +|FADD r |07500R|**00|Floating Add | (FIS)| +|FDIV r |07503R|**00|Floating Divide | (FIS)| +|FMUL r |07502R|**00|Floating Multiply | (FIS)| +|FSUB r |07501R|**00|Floating Subtract | (FIS)| +|HALT |000000|----|Halt | | +|INCb d |B052DD|***-|Increment |d=d+1 | +|IOT |000004|----|Input/Output Trap |Vector at 20 | +|JMP d |0001DD|----|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR r,d |004RDD|----|Jump to Subroutine |r=PC,PC=d | +|MARK n |0064NN|----|Mark stack |RTS aid | +|MFPS d |1067DD|**0-|Move From Processor Status|d=PS (byte)| +|MOVb s,d |B1SSDD|**0-|Move |d=s | +|MTPS s |1064SS|****|Move To Processor Status |PS=s (byte)| +|MUL s,r |070RSS|**0*|Multiply |r=r*s (EIS)| +|NEGb d |B054DD|****|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |000240|----|No Operation | | +|RESET |000005|----|Reset external bus | | +|RETURN |000207|----|Return from subroutine | (= RTS PC)| +|ROLb d |B061DD|****|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|RORb d |B060DD|****|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RTI |000002|----|Return from Interrupt |{PC,PS}=(SP)+| +|RTS r |00020R|----|Return from Subroutine |PC=r,r=(SP)+ | +|RTT |000006|----|Return from interrupt |Inhibit T-bit| +|SBCb d |B056DD|****|Subtract Carry |d=d-C | +|SCC |000277|1111|Set all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=1 | +|SEC |000261|---1|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEN |000270|1---|Set Negative |N=1 | +|SEV |000262|--1-|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|SEZ |000264|-1--|Set Zero |Z=1 | +|SOB r,a |077RNN|----|Subtract One and Branch |PC=PC-2*NN | +|SUB s,d |16SSDD|****|Subtract |d=d-s | +|SWAB d |0003DD|**00|Swap Bytes | | +|SXT d |0067DD|-*0-|Sign Extend |d=0 or -1 | +|TRAP t |1044TT|----|Trap |Vector at 34 | +|TSTb d |B055DD|**00|Test |d | +|WAIT |000001|----|Wait for interrupt | | +|XOR r,d |074RDD|**0-|Exclusive OR |d=dxr | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description | +|---------+------+----+----------------------------------------| +| | B| |0 for word, 1 for byte (1 bit) | +| | DD| |Destination field (6 bits) | +| | N| |Number (3 bits) | +| | NN| |Number (6 bits) | +| | R| |Register (3 bits, R0-5/SP/PC) | +| | SS| |Source field (6 bits) | +| | TT| |Number (8 bits) | +| | XX| |Offset (8 bits, -128 to +127) | +|----------------+----+----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*01|Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | +| | |Priority interrupt (Bit 7) | +| T | |Trace trap (Bit 4) | +| N |N |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C|Carry (Bit 0) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| r |Register (mode 0) | +| (r) |Register deferred (mode 1) | +| @r | ditto | +| (r)+ |Auto-increment (mode 2) | +| @(r)+ |Auto-increment deferred (mode 3) | +| -(r) |Auto-decrement (mode 4) | +| @-(r) |Auto-decrement deferred (mode 5) | +| nn(r) |Index (mode 6) | +| @nn(r) |Index deferred (mode 7) | +| #nn |Immediate (mode 2, r=PC) | +| @#nn |Absolute (mode 3, r=PC) | +| nn |Relative (mode 6, r=PC) | +| @nn |Relative deferred (mode 7, r=PC) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Rn |General purpose Register (16-bit, n=0-5)| +| SP |Stack Pointer (16-bit, R6) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit, R7) | +| PS |Processor Status (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address | +| b |Blank or B for word or byte operand(s) | +| d |Destination | +| n |Register Number (0 to 5) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Register (Rn,SP,PC) | +| s |Source | +| t |Trap number | +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| * |Arithmetic multipication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| ^ |Arithmetic exponent | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| { } |Combination of operands | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| DEC |Digital Equipment Corporation | +| EIS |Extended fixed point Instruction Set | +| FIS |Floating point Instruction Set | +| LSI |Large Scale Integration | +| PSW |Processor Status Word | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| 000 |Reserved vector | +| 004 |Time-out/system error vector | +| 010 |Illegal and reserved instruction vector | +| 014 |BPT instruction vector | +| 020 |IOT instruction vector | +| 024 |Power fail vector | +| 030 |EMT instruction vector | +| 034 |TRAP instruction vector | +| 060 |Console input device vector | +| 064 |Console output device vector | +| 100 |External event line interrupt vector | +| 244 |FIS vector (optional) | +| 160000-177776 |Device addresses | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/macro-11 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/macro-11 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d1ee803b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/macro-11 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Digital Equipment Corporation | +| | +| M M A CCCC RRRRRR OOOOO 1 1 | +| MM MM A A C C R R O O 11 11 | +| M M M M A A C R R O O 1 1 | +| M M M AAAAAAA C RRRRRR O O XXX 1 1 | +| M M A A C R R O O 1 1 | +| M M A A C C R R O O 1 1 | +| M M A A CCCC R R OOOOO 111 111 | +| | +| General PDP-11 MACRO-11 Assembler | +| Symbol, Directive and Error Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXX X XXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX XX XXX XXX X XXX XX XX XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX X XX X XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX X XXX XXX XXX XX XX X XXX XXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created September 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.5 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Symbol/Directive |Description | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| CR,LF |Line terminator [1]| +| FF |Page terminator [1]| +| SP |Item terminator or field terminator | +| HT |Item terminator or field terminator | +| VT |Source line terminator | +| : |Label terminator | +| :: |Global label terminator | +| = |Direct assignment operator | +| == |Global direct assignment operator | +| % |Register term indicator | +| # |Immediate expression indicator | +| @ |Deferred addressing indicator | +| ( |Initial register indicator | +| ) |Terminal register indicator | +| , |Operand field separator | +| ; |Comment field indicator | +| + |Arithmetic addition or auto-increment | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction or auto-decrement| +| * |Arithmetic multiplication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| & |Logical AND | +| ! |Logical inclusive OR | +| " |Double ASCII character indicator | +| ' |Single ASCII character or concatenation | +| . |Assembly location counter | +| < |Initial argument indicator | +| > |Terminal argument indicator | +| ^ |Unary operator or argument indicator | +| \ |Macro call numeric argument indicator | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +|.ASCII /string/ |ASCII string | +|.ASCIZ /string/ |ASCII string with Zero byte terminator | +|.ASECT |Absolute Section | +|.BLKB exp |Block Bytes (8-bit) | +|.BLKW exp |Block Words (16-bit) | +|.BYTE exp(s) |Byte(s) (8-bit) | +|.CSECT (name) |Relocatable program Section | +|.DSABL arg |Disable function [3]| +|.ENABL arg |Enable function [3]| +|.END (exp) |End of program (and start address) | +|.ENDC |End Conditional assembly | +|.ENDM (name) |End Macro definition or repeat block | +|.ENDR |End Repeat block | +|.EOT |End Of Tape (ignored) | +|.ERROR exp ;text |User-invoked Error | +|.EVEN |Set current location to Even address | +|.FLT2 arg(s) |2-word Floating Point number(s) [1]| +|.FLT4 arg(s) |4-word Floating Point number(s) [1]| +|.GLOBL sym(s) |Global symbol(s) | +|.IDENT /string/ |Identity string (up to 6 radix-50 chars)| +|.IF cond,arg |If condition true then assemble code [4]| +|.IFF |If last condition False assemble code | +|.IFT |If last condition True assemble code | +|.IFTF |If last cond True or False assemble code| +|.IIF cond,arg,stat|Immediate conditional assembly [4]| +|.IRP sym, |Indefinite Repeat block | +|.IRPC sym, |Indefinite Repeat block | +|.LIMIT |Reserve 2 words for program Limits | +|.LIST (arg) |Enable Listing (option) [5]| +|.MACRO name(,arg(s))|Macro name (and parameter(s)) | +|.MCALL arg(s) |Macro Call system macro(s) | +|.MEXIT |Exit Macro or indefinite repeat block | +|.NARG sym |Equate Number of macro Arguments [2]| +|.NCHR sym, |Equate Number of Characters in a string | +|.NLIST (arg) |Disable Listing (option) [5]| +|.NTYPE sym,aexp |Equate addressing mode Type (6-bit) [2]| +|.ODD |Set current location to Odd address | +|.PAGE |Skip Page in assembly listing | +|.PRINT exp ;text |User-invoked message | +|.PSECT name(,arg(s))|Program Section (and attributes) [6]| +|.RADIX n |Set program Radix (n=2,8,10, default=8) | +|.RAD50 /string/ |Radix 50 string (space,A-Z,$,.,?,0-9) | +|.REPT exp |Repeat lines | +|.SBTTL string |Subtitle | +|.TITLE string |Title | +|.WORD exp(s) |Word(s) (16-bit) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Symbol/Error |Description | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| <...> |Expression precedence or macro argument | +| ^x...x | ditto | +| x...x |Character string (x not <, = or ;) | +| 'x |ASCII form of 1 character (8-bit) | +| "xx |ASCII form of 2 characters (16-bit) | +| ^Bn |Binary number | +| ^Cexp |Complement of expression | +| ^Dn |Decimal number | +| n. | ditto | +| ^Fn |Floating-point number (16-bit) [1]| +| ^On |Octal number | +| ^Rxxx |Radix-50 form of 3 characters (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| CR |ASCII carriage return (Octal 15) | +| FF |ASCII form feed (Octal 14) | +| LF |ASCII line return (Octal 12) | +| SP |ASCII space character (Octal 40) | +| HT |ASCII tab character (Octal 11) | +| VT |ASCII vertical tab character (Octal 13) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| aexp |Addressing mode expression | +| arg |Argument | +| cond |Condition | +| exp |Constant expression | +| n |Number | +| name |Name | +| stat |Statement | +| string |String of ASCII characters | +| sym |Symbol | +| text |Any text string | +| x |Single ASCII character | +| (s) |Optional continuation of argument list | +| ... |Any string | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| [1] |Not applicable on all assemblers | +| [2] |May only be used in macro definitions | +| [3] |arg = (ABS/AMA/CDR/CRF/FPT/LC/LSB/PNC/ | +| | REG/GLB) | +| [4] |cond = (EQ/NE/GT/LE/LT/GE/DF/NDF/B/NB/ | +| | IDN/DIF/Z/NZ/G/L) | +| [5] |arg = (SEQ/LOC/BIN/BEX/SRC/COM/MD/MC/ | +| | ME/MEB/CND/LD/TOC/SYM/TTM) | +| [6] |args = (RO/RW, I/D, GBL/LCL, ABS/REL, | +| | CON/OVR) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| A |Assembly error | +| B |Bounding error | +| D |Doubly-defined symbol referenced | +| E |End directive not found | +| I |Illegal character detected | +| L |Line length greater than 132 characters | +| M |Multiple definition of a label | +| N |Number with digit not in current radix | +| O |Opcode error | +| P |Phase error | +| Q |Questionable syntax | +| R |Register-type error | +| T |Truncation error | +| U |Undefined symbol | +| Z |Instruction error | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/nsc800 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/nsc800 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d512dae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/nsc800 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| National Semiconductor | +| | +| N N SSSSS CCCC 88888 000 000 | +| NN N S S C C 8 8 0 0 0 0 | +| N N N S C 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| N N N SSSSS C 88888 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| N N N S C 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| N NN S S C C 8 8 0 0 0 0 | +| N N SSSSS CCCC 88888 000 000 | +| | +| NSC800 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <-- A8 |_|1 40|_| Vcc | +| _| |_ __ | +| <-- A9 |_|2 39|_| PS --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- A10 |_|3 38|_| WAIT <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|4 37|_| RESET OUT --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- A12 |_|5 36|_| BREQ <-- | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- A13 |_|6 35|_| BACK --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <-- A14 |_|7 34|_| IO/M --> | +| _| |_ ________ | +| <-- A15 |_|8 33|_| RESET IN <-- | +| _| |_ __ | +| <-- CLK |_|9 32|_| RD --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| <-- XOUT |_|10 NSC800 31|_| WR --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> XIN |_|11 30|_| ALE --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD0 |_|12 29|_| S0 --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD1 |_|13 28|_| RFSH --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD2 |_|14 27|_| S1 --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD3 |_|15 26|_| INTA --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD4 |_|16 25|_| INTR <-- | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD5 |_|17 24|_| RSTC <-- | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD6 |_|18 23|_| RSTB <-- | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> AD7 |_|19 22|_| RSTA <-- | +| _| |_ ___ | +| GND |_|20 21|_| NMI <-- | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created March 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |SZHPNC|Description |Notes | +|----------+------+---------------------+----------------------| +|ADC A,s |***V0*|Add with Carry |A=A+s+CY | +|ADC HL,ss |**?V0*|Add with Carry |HL=HL+ss+CY | +|ADD A,s |***V0*|Add |A=A+s | +|ADD HL,ss |--?-0*|Add |HL=HL+ss | +|ADD IX,pp |--?-0*|Add |IX=IX+pp | +|ADD IY,rr |--?-0*|Add |IY=IY+rr | +|AND s |***P00|Logical AND |A=A&s | +|BIT b,m |?*1?0-|Test Bit |m&{2^b} | +|CALL cc,nn|------|Conditional Call |If cc CALL | +|CALL nn |------|Unconditional Call |-[SP]=PC,PC=nn | +|CCF |--?-0*|Complement Carry Flag|CY=~CY | +|CP s |***V1*|Compare |A-s | +|CPD |****1-|Compare and Decrement|A-[HL],HL=HL-1,BC=BC-1| +|CPDR |****1-|Compare, Dec., Repeat|CPD till A=[HL]or BC=0| +|CPI |****1-|Compare and Increment|A-[HL],HL=HL+1,BC=BC-1| +|CPIR |****1-|Compare, Inc., Repeat|CPI till A=[HL]or BC=0| +|CPL |--1-1-|Complement |A=~A | +|DAA |***P-*|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format | +|DEC s |***V1-|Decrement |s=s-1 | +|DEC xx |------|Decrement |xx=xx-1 | +|DEC ss |------|Decrement |ss=ss-1 | +|DI |------|Disable Interrupts | | +|DJNZ e |------|Dec., Jump Non-Zero |B=B-1 till B=0 | +|EI |------|Enable Interrupts | | +|EX [SP],HL|------|Exchange |[SP]<->HL | +|EX [SP],xx|------|Exchange |[SP]<->xx | +|EX AF,AF' |------|Exchange |AF<->AF' | +|EX DE,HL |------|Exchange |DE<->HL | +|EXX |------|Exchange |qq<->qq' (except AF)| +|HALT |------|Halt | | +|IM n |------|Interrupt Mode | (n=0,1,2)| +|IN A,[n] |------|Input |A=[n] | +|IN r,[C] |***P0-|Input |r=[C] | +|INC r |***V0-|Increment |r=r+1 | +|INC [HL] |***V0-|Increment |[HL]=[HL]+1 | +|INC xx |------|Increment |xx=xx+1 | +|INC [xx+d]|***V0-|Increment |[xx+d]=[xx+d]+1 | +|INC ss |------|Increment |ss=ss+1 | +|IND |?*??1-|Input and Decrement |[HL]=[C],HL=HL-1,B=B-1| +|INDR |?1??1-|Input, Dec., Repeat |IND till B=0 | +|INI |?*??1-|Input and Increment |[HL]=[C],HL=HL+1,B=B-1| +|INIR |?1??1-|Input, Inc., Repeat |INI till B=0 | +|JP [HL] |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=[HL] | +|JP [xx] |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=[xx] | +|JP nn |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=nn | +|JP cc,nn |------|Conditional Jump |If cc JP | +|JR e |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=PC+e | +|JR cc,e |------|Conditional Jump |If cc JR(cc=C,NC,NZ,Z)| +|LD dst,src|------|Load |dst=src | +|LD A,i |**0*0-|Load |A=i (i=I,R)| +|LDD |--0*0-|Load and Decrement |[DE]=[HL],HL=HL-1,# | +|LDDR |--000-|Load, Dec., Repeat |LDD till BC=0 | +|LDI |--0*0-|Load and Increment |[DE]=[HL],HL=HL+1,# | +|LDIR |--000-|Load, Inc., Repeat |LDI till BC=0 | +|NEG |***V1*|Negate |A=-A | +|NOP |------|No Operation | | +|OR s |***P00|Logical inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|OTDR |?1??1-|Output, Dec., Repeat |OUTD till B=0 | +|OTIR |?1??1-|Output, Inc., Repeat |OUTI till B=0 | +|OUT [C],r |------|Output |[C]=r | +|OUT [n],A |------|Output |[n]=A | +|OUTD |?*??1-|Output and Decrement |[C]=[HL],HL=HL-1,B=B-1| +|OUTI |?*??1-|Output and Increment |[C]=[HL],HL=HL+1,B=B-1| +|POP xx |------|Pop |xx=[SP]+ | +|POP qq |------|Pop |qq=[SP]+ | +|PUSH xx |------|Push |-[SP]=xx | +|PUSH qq |------|Push |-[SP]=qq | +|RES b,m |------|Reset bit |m=m&{~2^b} | +|RET |------|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RET cc |------|Conditional Return |If cc RET | +|RETI |------|Return from Interrupt|PC=[SP]+ | +|RETN |------|Return from NMI |PC=[SP]+ | +|RL m |**0P0*|Rotate Left |m={CY,m}<- | +|RLA |--0-0*|Rotate Left Acc. |A={CY,A}<- | +|RLC m |**0P0*|Rotate Left Circular |m=m<- | +|RLCA |--0-0*|Rotate Left Circular |A=A<- | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |SZHPNC|Description |Notes | +|----------+------+---------------------+----------------------| +|RLD |**0P0-|Rotate Left 4 bits |{A,[HL]}={A,[HL]}<- ##| +|RR m |**0P0*|Rotate Right |m=->{CY,m} | +|RRA |--0-0*|Rotate Right Acc. |A=->{CY,A} | +|RRC m |**0P0*|Rotate Right Circular|m=->m | +|RRCA |--0-0*|Rotate Right Circular|A=->A | +|RRD |**0P0-|Rotate Right 4 bits |{A,[HL]}=->{A,[HL]} ##| +|RST p |------|Restart | (p=0H,8H,10H,...,38H)| +|SBC A,s |***V1*|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-CY | +|SBC HL,ss |**?V1*|Subtract with Carry |HL=HL-ss-CY | +|SCF |--0-01|Set Carry Flag |CY=1 | +|SET b,m |------|Set bit |m=mv{2^b} | +|SLA m |**0P0*|Shift Left Arithmetic|m=m*2 | +|SRA m |**0P0*|Shift Right Arith. |m=m/2 | +|SRL m |**0P0*|Shift Right Logical |m=->{0,m,CY} | +|SUB s |***V1*|Subtract |A=A-s | +|XOR s |***P00|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs | +|----------+------+--------------------------------------------| +| F |-*01? |Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| S |S |Sign flag (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z |Zero flag (Bit 6) | +| HC | H |Half Carry flag (Bit 4) | +| P/V | P |Parity/Overflow flag (Bit 2, V=overflow) | +| N | N |Add/Subtract flag (Bit 1) | +| CY | C|Carry flag (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| n |Immediate addressing | +| nn |Immediate extended addressing | +| e |Relative addressing (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| [nn] |Extended addressing | +| [xx+d] |Indexed addressing | +| r |Register addressing | +| [rr] |Register indirect addressing | +| |Implied addressing | +| b |Bit addressing | +| p |Modified page zero addressing (see RST) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +|DEFB n(,...) |Define Byte(s) | +|DEFB 'str'(,...) |Define Byte ASCII string(s) | +|DEFS nn |Define Storage Block | +|DEFW nn(,...) |Define Word(s) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| A B C D E |Registers (8-bit) | +| AF BC DE HL |Register pairs (16-bit) | +| F |Flag register (8-bit) | +| I |Interrupt page address register (8-bit) | +| IX IY |Index registers (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (16-bit) | +| R |Memory Refresh register | +| SP |Stack Pointer register (16-bit) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| b |One bit (0 to 7) | +| cc |Condition (C,M,NC,NZ,P,PE,PO,Z) | +| d |One-byte expression (-128 to +127) | +| dst |Destination s, ss, [BC], [DE], [HL], [nn] | +| e |One-byte expression (-126 to +129) | +| m |Any register r, [HL] or [xx+d] | +| n |One-byte expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |Two-byte expression (0 to 65535) | +| pp |Register pair BC, DE, IX or SP | +| qq |Register pair AF, BC, DE or HL | +| qq' |Alternative register pair AF, BC, DE or HL | +| r |Register A, B, C, D, E, H or L | +| rr |Register pair BC, DE, IY or SP | +| s |Any register r, value n, [HL] or [xx+d] | +| src |Source s, ss, [BC], [DE], [HL], nn, [nn] | +| ss |Register pair BC, DE, HL or SP | +| xx |Index register IX or IY | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| + - * / ^ |Add/subtract/multiply/divide/exponent | +| & ~ v x |Logical AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect addressing auto-increment/decrement| +| { } |Combination of operands | +| # |Also BC=BC-1,DE=DE-1 | +| ## |Only lower 4 bits of accumulator A used | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pascal b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pascal new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a51119fe --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pascal @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Niklaus Wirth | +| | +| | +| PPPPPP A SSSSS CCCC A L | +| P P A A S S C C A A L | +| P P A A S C A A L | +| PPPPPP AAAAAAA SSSSS C AAAAAAA L | +| P A A S C A A L | +| P A A S S C C A A L | +| P A A SSSSS CCCC A A LLLLLLL | +| | +| | +| Language Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created February 1982 | +|Updated June 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Feature |Description | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| AND |Logical conjunction operator | +| ARRAY |Array type | +| BEGIN |Start new block | +| CASE |Case statement | +| CONST |Constant declarations | +| DIV |Integer division operator | +| DO |Used with WHILE, FOR and WITH statements | +| DOWNTO |Step -1 for FOR loop clause | +| ELSE |Alternative for IF clause | +| END |End of BEGIN, CASE or RECORD clause | +| FILE |File type declaration | +| FOR |FOR loop statement | +| FUNCTION |Start of new function | +| GOTO |GOTO statement | +| IF |IF statement | +| IN |Set membership operator | +| LABEL |Label for GOTO statement | +| MOD |Modulus operator | +| NIL |Null pointer | +| NOT |Logical negation operator | +| OF |Used with CASE, ARRAY, FILE, SET and RECORD| +| OR |Logical disjunction operator | +| PACKED |Packed type | +| PROCEDURE |Start of new procedure | +| PROGRAM |Start of program | +| RECORD |Record type | +| REPEAT |REPEAT statement | +| SET |Set type | +| THEN |Used with IF statement | +| TO |Step +1 for FOR loop clause | +| TYPE |Type declarations | +| UNTIL |End of REPEAT clause | +| VAR |Variable declarations | +| WHILE |WHILE statement | +| WITH |WITH variable(s) statement | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| := |Assignment operator or FOR loop | +| + |Addition, set union or identity operator | +| - |Subtraction, set difference or inv. op. | +| * |Multiplication or set intersection operator| +| / |Real division operator | +| = |Relational equality op., CONST or TYPE sep.| +| <> |Relational inequality operator | +| < |Relational less than or set inclusion op. | +| > |Relational greater than or set incl. op. | +| <= |Relational less/equal or set incl. op. | +| => |Relational greater/equal or set incl. op. | +| ^ |Pointer | +| . |Decimal point, field identifier or end | +| E |Exponent in real number | +| .. |Range | +| , |Expression, field or identifier separator | +| ; |Statement separator | +| : |Label, VAR type or CASE constant separator | +| [ ] |Array subscript | +| ( ) |Parameters or expression precidence | +| 's' |Character string | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| BOOLEAN |Logical TYPE | +| CHAR |Character TYPE | +| FALSE |Boolean false | +| INPUT |Standard input file | +| INTEGER |Signed integer TYPE | +| MAXINT |Maximum integer | +| OUTPUT |Standard output file | +| REAL |Floating point number TYPE | +| TEXT |Text file (FILE OF CHAR) | +| TRUE |Boolean true | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Feature |Description | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| ABS(x) |Return absolute value of parameter | +| ARCTAN(x) |Return real arctangent of parameter | +| CHR(x) |Return character with parameter value | +| COS(x) |Return real cosine of parameter | +| DISPOSE(p,t,...) |Release previously allocated space on heap | +| EOF(f) |Return boolean end of file indication | +| EOLN(f) |Return boolean end of line indication | +| EXP(x) |Return real exponential of parameter | +| GET(f) |Get next entry in file | +| LN(x) |Return real natural logarithm of parameter | +| NEW(p,t,...) |Allocate new space on heap | +| ODD(x) |Return true value if parameter is odd | +| ORD(x) |Return ordinal value of paramter | +| PAGE(f) |New page on file | +| PRED(x) |Return predecessor of parameter | +| PUT(f) |Put entry on file | +| READ(f,a,...) |Read from file | +| READLN(f,a,...) |Read line from file | +| RESET(f) |Reset file for reading | +| REWRITE(f) |Reset file for writing | +| ROUND(x) |Return integer rounded value of real param.| +| SIN(x) |Return real sine of parameter | +| SQR(x) |Return square of real or integer parameter | +| SQRT(x) |Return real square root of parameter | +| SUCC(x) |Return successor of parameter | +| TRUNC(x) |Return integer truncated value of real par.| +| WRITE(f,a,...) |Write to file | +| WRITELN(f,a,...) |Write line to file | +|------------------+-------------------------------------------| +| a |Optional I/O routine arguments | +| e |Expression | +| f |Optional file name (default = INPUT/OUTPUT)| +| n |Integer number | +| p |Pointer type | +| s |String of characters | +| t |Optional tag fields | +| x |Function parameter | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pdp-11 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pdp-11 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..463987c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pdp-11 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Digital Equipment Corporation | +| | +| PPPPPP DDDDD PPPPPP 1 1 | +| P P D D P P 11 11 | +| P P D D P P 1 1 | +| PPPPPP D D PPPPPP XXX 1 1 | +| P D D P 1 1 | +| P D D P 1 1 | +| P DDDDD P 111 111 | +| | +| PDP-11 Minicomputer Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXX X XXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX XX XXX XXX X XXX XX XX XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XXXXX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX XX X XXX XXX| +|X XX X XXX XXX X XX X XXX XXX XX XXXX X XX X XXX XXX| +|XX X XXX XXX XX X XXX XXX XXX XX XX X XXX XXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +|XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created March 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d |B055DD|****|Add Carry |d=d+C | +|ADD s,d |06SSDD|****|Add |d=s+d | +|ASH s,r |072RSS|****|Arithmetic Shift |r=r*2^s(EIS)#| +|ASHC s,r |073RSS|****|Arithmetic Shift Combined | (EIS)#| +|ASLb d |B063DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASRb d |B062DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|BCC a |1030XX|----|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a |1034XX|----|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a |0014XX|----|Branch if Equal |If Z=0 | +|BGE a |0020XX|----|Branch if Greater or Equal|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a |0030XX|----|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0 | +|BICb s,d |B4SSDD|**0-|Bit Clear |d=d&{~s} | +|BISb s,d |B5SSDD|**0-|Bit Set (OR) |d=dvs | +|BITb s,d |B3SSDD|**0-|Bit Test (AND) |d&s | +|BHI a |1010XX|----|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHIS a |1030XX|----|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 | +|BLE a |0034XX|----|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=1 | +|BLT a |0024XX|----|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BLO a |1034XX|----|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLOS a |1014XX|----|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BMI a |1004XX|----|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a |0010XX|----|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=1 | +|BPL a |1000XX|----|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BPT |000003|----|Breakpoint Trap |Vector at 14 | +|BR a |0004XX|----|Branch |PC=PC+2*XX | +|BVC a |1020XX|----|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a |1024XX|----|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CALL d |0047DD|----|Call subroutine | (= JSR PC,d)| +|CCC |000257|0000|Clear all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=0 | +|CLC |000241|---0|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLN |000250|0---|Clear Negative |N=0 | +|CLRb d |B050DD|0100|Clear |d=0 | +|CLV |000242|--0-|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CLZ |000244|-0--|Clear Zero |Z=0 | +|CMPb s,d |B2SSDD|****|Compare |s-d | +|COMb d |B051DD|**01|Complement |d=~d | +|DECb d |B053DD|***-|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DIV s,r |071RSS|****|Divide |r=r/s (EIS)#| +|EMT t |1040TT|----|Emulator Trap |Vector at 30 | +|FADD r |07500R|**00|Floating Add | (FIS)#| +|FDIV r |07503R|**00|Floating Divide | (FIS)#| +|FMUL r |07502R|**00|Floating Multiply | (FIS)#| +|FSUB r |07501R|**00|Floating Subtract | (FIS)#| +|HALT |000000|----|Halt | | +|INCb d |B052DD|***-|Increment |d=d+1 | +|IOT |000004|----|Input/Output Trap |Vector at 20 | +|JMP d |0001DD|----|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR r,d |004RDD|----|Jump to Subroutine |r=PC,PC=d | +|MARK n |0064NN|----|Mark stack |RTS aid #| +|MFPD s |1065SS|**0-|Move From Previous Data | #| +|MFPI s |0065SS|**0-|Move From Previous Instr. | #| +|MFPS d |1067DD|**0-|Move From Processor Status|d=PS<7:0> #| +|MOVb s,d |B1SSDD|**0-|Move |d=s | +|MTPD d |1066DD|**0-|Move To Previous Data | #| +|MTPI d |0066DD|**0-|Move To Previous Instr. | #| +|MTPS s |1064SS|****|Move To Processor Status |PS<7:0>=s #| +|MUL s,r |070RSS|**0*|Multiply |r=r*s (EIS)#| +|NEGb d |B054DD|****|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |000240|----|No Operation | | +|RESET |000005|----|Reset external bus | | +|RETURN |000207|----|Return from subroutine | (= RTS PC)| +|ROLb d |B061DD|****|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|RORb d |B060DD|****|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RTI |000002|----|Return from Interrupt |{PC,PS}=(SP)+| +|RTS r |00020R|----|Return from Subroutine |PC=r,r=(SP)+ | +|RTT |000006|----|Return from Trace trap |No T trap #| +|SBCb d |B056DD|****|Subtract Carry |d=d-C | +|SCC |000277|1111|Set all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=0 | +|SEC |000261|---1|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEN |000270|1---|Set Negative |N=1 | +|SEV |000262|--1-|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|SEZ |000264|-1--|Set Zero |Z=1 | +|SOB r,a |077RNN|----|Subtract One and Branch |PC=PC-2*NN #| +|SPL n |00023N|----|Set Priority Level |PS<7:5>=N #| +|SUB s,d |16SSDD|****|Subtract |d=d-s | +|SWAB d |0003DD|**00|Swap Bytes | | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|SXT d |0067DD|-*0-|Sign Extend |d=0 or -1 #| +|TRAP t |1044TT|----|Trap |Vector at 34 | +|TSTb d |B055DD|**00|Test |d | +|WAIT |000001|----|Wait for interrupt | | +|XOR r,d |074RDD|**0-|Exclusive OR |d=dxr #| +|---------+------+----+----------------------------------------| +| | B| |0 for word, 1 for byte (1 bit) | +| | DD| |Destination field (6 bits) | +| | N| |Number (3 bits) | +| | NN| |Number (6 bits) | +| | R| |Register (3 bits, R0-5/SP/PC) | +| | SS| |Source field (6 bits) | +| | TT| |Number (8 bits) | +| | XX| |Offset (8 bits, -128 to +127) | +|----------------+----+----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*01|Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | +| | |Current mode (Bits 15 to 14) | +| | |Previous mode (Bits 13 to 12) | +| | |General register set (Bit 11) | +| | |Priority level (Bits 7 to 5) | +| T | |Trace trap (Bit 4) | +| N |N |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C|Carry (Bit 0) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| r |Register (mode 0) | +| (r) |Register deferred (mode 1) | +| @r | ditto | +| (r)+ |Auto-increment (mode 2) | +| @(r)+ |Auto-increment deferred (mode 3) | +| -(r) |Auto-decrement (mode 4) | +| @-(r) |Auto-decrement deferred (mode 5) | +| nn(r) |Index (mode 6) | +| @nn(r) |Index deferred (mode 7) | +| #nn |Immediate (mode 2, r=PC) | +| @#nn |Absolute (mode 3, r=PC) | +| nn |Relative (mode 6, r=PC) | +| @nn |Relative deferred (mode 7, r=PC) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Rn |General purpose Register (16-bit, n=0-5)| +| SP |Stack Pointer (16-bit, R6) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit, R7) | +| PS |Processor Status (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address | +| b |Blank or B for word or byte operand(s) | +| d s |Destination/source | +| n |Register number (0 to 5) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Register (Rn,SP,PC) | +| t |Trap number (0 to 255) | +| + - * / ^ |Add/subtract/multiply/divide/power | +| & ~ v x |Logical AND/NOT, inclusive/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| { } < : > |Combination of operands/bit range | +| # |Not applicable to all PDP-11s | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| DEC |Digital Equipment Corporation | +| EIS |Extended fixed point Instruction Set | +| FIS |Floating point Instruction Set | +| PDP |Programmed Data Processor | +| PSW |Processor Status Word | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| 000 |Reserved vector | +| 004 |Time-out/system error vector | +| 010 |Illegal and reserved instruction vector | +| 014 |BPT instruction vector | +| 020 |IOT instruction vector | +| 024 |Power fail vector | +| 030 |EMT instruction vector | +| 034 |TRAP instruction vector | +| 060 |Console input device vector | +| 064 |Console output device vector | +| 100 |External event line interrupt vector | +| 160000-177776 |Device addresses | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/process b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/process new file mode 100644 index 00000000..768e6877 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/process @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +#!/bin/sh +# +# Output or print PostScript file of programming card +# +# Written by Jonathan Bowen, March 1988. +# Minor updates, September 1988. +# + +PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/local/bin:/usr/news/bin +PROGNAME=`basename $0` +TMP=/tmp/$PROGNAME$$ +# SEP=' ' +# SEP=' ' +# 123456789012345678901234567890 +SEP=' ' +PRINT=false + +case $1 in +"") + echo "Usage: $PROGNAME [-p] file ..." + exit 0 + ;; +-|-p|-P) : print output + PRINT=true + shift + ;; +esac + +# Concatenate the input files +for FILE in $* +do +{ + if [ -r $FILE -a ! -d $FILE ] + then + cat $FILE + elif [ -r $FILE.Z -a ! -d $FILE.Z ] + then + zcat $FILE + else + echo "$PROGNAME: Can't read $FILE" 2>&1 + fi | +# Make into three columns (-g16) + rs -et -g16 -w240 80 3 +} +done | + +# Remove blank lines +sed '/^ *$/d' | + +# Add leading spaces +sed "s/^/$SEP/" | + +# Convert to PostScript +enscript -rB -L80 -fCourier5 -p- | + +# Optionally print output +if $PRINT +then + lpr -Pps -J"$*" +else + cat +fi + +exit 0 + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pyramix b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pyramix new file mode 100644 index 00000000..70e0372f --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/pyramix @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| | +| TTTTTTT H H EEEEEEE | +| T H H E | +| T H H E | +| T HHHHHHH EEEEE | +| T H H E | +| T H H E | +| T H H EEEEEEE | +| | +| | +| PPPPPP Y Y RRRRRR A M M III X X | +| P P Y Y R R A A MM MM I X X | +| P P Y Y R R A A M M M M I X X | +| PPPPPP Y RRRRRR AAAAAAA M M M I X | +| P Y R R A A M M I X X | +| P Y R R A A M M I X X | +| P Y R R A A M M III X X | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| A Solution to the Pyramix | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| u | +| | +| /|\ | +| / | \ | +| / | \ | +| / | \ | +| / | \ | +| / | \ | +| / Lu | Ru \ | +| / | \ | +| /________|________\ | +| /| /|\ |\ | +| / | / | \ | \ | +| / | LBR / | \ RLB | \ | +| B / | / | \ | \ B | +| / | / | \ | \ | +| / | / | \ | \ | +| / LB | / LR | RL \ | RB \ | +| / |/ | \| \ | +| /________/________|________\________\ | +| /| /| /|\ |\ |\ | +| / | / | / | \ | \ | \ | +| / | LDB / | LRD / | \ RDL | \ RBD | \ | +| / | / | / | \ | \ | \ | +| / | / | / | \ | \ | \ | +| / | / | / | \ | \ | \ | +| / Ll | / LD | / Lf | Rf \ | RD \ | Rr \ | +| / |/ |/ | \| \| \ | +| /________/________/________|________\________\________\ | +| | +| l D f D r | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created January 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Notation | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +|1. Description | +| ----------- | +| | +| The pyramix is a tetrahedral pyramid. Each face is | +| divided into nine triangular segments. Any face and | +| its adjacent segments on the other faces may be | +| rotated relative to the rest of the pyramid. | +| Alternatively the first two levels of segments from a | +| vertex may be rotated relative to the opposite face. | +| Additionally the extreme vertex segments may be | +| rotated. | +| | +|2. Faces | +| ----- | +| | +| The following uppercase letters are used to denote the | +| four faces of the pyramid: | +| | +| B for the back face, | +| L for the lefthand face, | +| R for the righthand face, | +| D for the downward face. | +| | +| The following lowercase letters are used to denote the | +| four vertices of the pyramid: | +| | +| f for the front vertex, | +| l for the lefthand vertex, | +| r for the righthand vertex, | +| u for the upward vertex. | +| | +| f l r u denote a clockwise rotation of the | +| first two levels through 120 | +| degrees about the indicated vertex. | +| | +| f- l- r- u- denote a similar rotation in an | +| anticlockwise direction. | +| | +|3. Segments | +| -------- | +| | +| Each segment of each face is represented by a string | +| of one to three letters. The first letter indicates | +| the face on which the segment is situated. The | +| following letters indicate the adjacent face or faces | +| (the order is not important). Note that the segments | +| immediately adjacent to the vertices may be considered | +| the same as the segments immediately adjacent on each | +| face since the outer vertex segments may simply be | +| rotated without affecting the rest of the pyramix. | +| However these may be specified by the face (uppercase) | +| followed by the vertex (lowercase) if desired. The | +| The following are examples of segments: | +| | +| RD the segment on the righthand face in the | +| centre of the edge next to the downward | +| face. | +| | +| LBR or LRB the segment on the lefthand face at the | +| touching the back and righthand faces. | +| | +| Bu the segment on the back face at the | +| extreme upper vertex. | +| | +|4. Operation notation | +| ------------------ | +| | +| Segments in brackets denote movement of the segments | +| specified. Elements in the brackets are a cyclic group | +| and rotate round one place from right to left when the | +| operation is performed. E.g. (RL,LB,BR) is transformed | +| to (LB,BR,RL). Note that the first element moves to | +| the last position. | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Operation | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +|1. Rotate each of the extreme vertex segments until they | +| match across to the adjacent segments. | +| | +|2. Make the vertex segments match on one face. First | +| match two adjacent vertex segments. If the third | +| vertex will not match, rotate the vertices round to | +| to the adjacent face. The third vertex may now be | +| rotated to match. | +| | +|3. Complete the face by rotating a vertex on the face, | +| rotating the fourth vertex as necessary and then | +| rotating the vertex on the face back again. The | +| following moves are useful and will leave the lefthand | +| face unaffected apart from one specified segment: | +| | +| (i) (LR,BR,...): f r- f- | +| | +| (ii) (LR,DR,...): u- r u | +| | +| (iii) (LR,RL) and ...: f r- f- r u- r u | +| | +|4. Now position completed face at the bottom and match | +| the upper central portion to the bottom segments. | +| Rotate the segments on the middle of the three upper | +| edges using one of the following moves for a | +| clockwise/anticlockwise rotation respectively: | +| | +| (iv) (RL,LB,BR): f u- f- u- f u- f- | +| | +| (v) (BR,LB,RL): f u f- u f u f- | +| | +|5. Flip the segments so that they are orientated | +| properly using the following move: | +| | +| (vi) (RL,LR) and (RB,BR): f r- f- r u- r u r- | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/readme b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/readme new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d3911a2e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/readme @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +A number of quick reference cards have been produced. These are 64 +characters wide with 80 lines on each page. Each card consists of +three pages. With appropriate formatting, the cards look good with +the pages side by side on A4 paper or card in landscape format. They +may then be conveniently folded. (See Microprocessors and Microsystems, +Vol 9, No 6 (July/August 1985), pp274-289 for more details.) + +A selection of the programming cards for microprocessors from various +manufacturers may be found in this directory. See the file "00index" +for a list. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/revenge b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/revenge new file mode 100644 index 00000000..399a2c81 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/revenge @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| RRRRRR U U BBBBBB III K K / SSSSS | +| R R U U B B I K K S S | +| R R U U B B I K K S | +| RRRRRR U U BBBBBB I K SSSSS | +| R R U U B B I K K S | +| R R U U B B I K K S S | +| R R UUUUU BBBBBB III K K SSSSS | +| | +| | +| RRRRRR EEEEEEE V V EEEEEEE N N GGGG EEEEEEE | +| R R E V V E NN N G G E | +| R R E V V E N N N G E | +| RRRRRR EEEEE V V EEEEE N N N G EEEEE | +| R R E V V E N N N G GGGG E | +| R R E V V E N NN G G E | +| R R EEEEEEE V EEEEEEE N N GGGG EEEEEEE | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| A Solution to Rubik's Revenge | +| | +| | +| B | +| ________________________________________ | +| / / / / /| | +| / ULB / UBl / UBr / UBR / | | +| /_________/_________/_________/_________/ R| | +| / / / / /| U| | +| / ULb / Ulb / Ubr / URb / | B| | +| L /_________/_________/_________/_________/ R| /| | +| / / / / /| U|/ | | +| / ULf / Ufl / Urf / URf / | b/ R| | +| /_________/_________/_________/_________/ R| /| B| | +| / / / / /| U|/ | u| B | +| / UFL / UFl / UFr / URF / | f/ R| /| | +| /_________/_________/_________/_________/ R| /| u|/ | | +| | | | | | F|/ | b/ R| | +| | | | | | U/ R| /| B| | +| | FLU | FUl | FUr | FUR | /| f|/ | d| | +| | | | | |/ | u/ R| /| | +| |_________|_________|_________|_________/ R| /| b|/ | | +| | | | | | F|/ | d/ R| | +| | | | | | u/ R| /| B| | +| | FLu | Flu | Fur | FRu | /| d|/ | D/ | +| | | | | |/ | f/ R| / | +| L |_________|_________|_________|_________/ R| /| D|/ | +| | | | | | F|/ | b/ | +| | | | | | d/ R| / | +| | FLd | Fdl | Frd | FRd | /| D|/ | +| | | | | |/ | f/ | +| |_________|_________|_________|_________/ R| / | +| | | | | | D|/ D | +| | | | | | F/ | +| | FDL | FDl | FDr | FRD | / | +| | | | | |/ | +| |_________|_________|_________|_________/ | +| | +| D | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created January 1983 | +|Updated June 1997 | +|Issue 1.2 | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Notation | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +|1. Description | +| ----------- | +| | +| Rubik's Revenge is a cube which may be considered to | +| consist of 64 miniature cubes or 'cubies'. Each face | +| is divided into sixteen square segments. Any face and | +| its adjacent segments on the other faces may be | +| rotated relative to the rest of the cube. Additionally | +| the next level of segments may also be rotated with | +| the face. | +| | +|2. Faces | +| ----- | +| | +| The following letters are used to denote the six faces | +| of the cube: | +| | +| U for the upper face, | +| B for the back face, | +| F for the front face, | +| L for the lefthand face, | +| R for the righthand face, | +| D for the downward face. | +| | +| U B F L R D denote a clockwise rotation through | +| 90 degrees of the face indicated. | +| | +| U- B- F- L- R- D- denote an anticlockwise rotation | +| through 90 degrees. | +| | +| U2 B2 F2 L2 R2 D2 denote a rotation through 180 | +| degrees. | +| | +| A double letter (e.g. UU for the upper face) indicates | +| that the rotation is to include the next level of | +| adjacent segments as well. | +| | +|3. Segments | +| -------- | +| | +| Each segment of each face is represented by a string | +| of three letters. The first letter indicates the face | +| on which the segment is situated. The other two | +| letters indicate which adjacent faces the segment is | +| nearest. If the two letters are lowercase then the | +| segment is in the centre of the face. If one of the | +| letters is uppercase and one lowercase then it is on | +| the edge of the face. In this case the uppercase | +| letter indicates the immediately adjacent face. If | +| the two letters are uppercase then the segment is at | +| the corner of the face. Note that the order of the | +| last two letters is immaterial. A single letter | +| indicates a combination of the four centre segments on | +| that face and two letters indicates a combination of | +| two edge segments. The following are examples of | +| segments and combinations of segments: | +| | +| Ufl or Ulf the centre segment of the upper face | +| nearest the front and lefthand faces. | +| | +| RFd or RdF the segment at the centre of the righthand | +| face's edge which is adjacent to the front | +| face and nearest the downward face. | +| | +| FDL or FLD the corner segment on the front face which | +| is adjacent to the lefthand and downward | +| faces. | +| | +| R a combination of centre segments Rfu, Rub, | +| Rbd and Rdf. | +| | +| FU combination of edge segments FUl and FUr. | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Operation | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| Operation notation | +| ------------------ | +| | +| Segments and segment combinations in brackets denote | +| movement of the segments and combinations specified. | +| Elements in the brackets are a cyclic group and rotate | +| round one place from right to left when the operation | +| is performed. E.g. (UF,BU,UL) is transformed to | +| (BU,UL,UF). Note that the first element moves to the | +| last position. | +| | +| | +|1. Get all the centre segments matching ensuring that the | +| positions are compatible with the corner segments. | +| | +|2. Get all the edge segments matching. | +| | +|3. Get a cross on a face ensuring that the segments match | +| downwards. | +| | +|4. Complete the face ensuring that the corners match | +| across. | +| | +|5. Using the completed face as the bottom face complete | +| the middle slice using either of the following moves | +| for each of the four segments depending on which is | +| required. | +| | +| (i) (UF,RF): U R U- R- U- F- U F | +| | +| (ii) (UF,FR): F- U2 L- U L U2 F | +| | +|6. Again using the completed face as the bottom face now | +| get a cross on the upper face. Do not try to | +| orientate these downwards at first. Use the following | +| two moves: | +| | +| (iii) UB,UF flip (UF,BU,UL): B L U L- U- B- | +| to flip the back and front segments. | +| | +| (iv) UB,UL flip (UF,UL,BU): B U L U- L- B- | +| to flip the back and lefthand segments. | +| | +|7. Now orientate the cross downwards: | +| | +| (v) (UR,UB): F- U- F U- F- U2 F U- | +| to swap the right and back segments. | +| | +|8. Get the four corners into their correct positions | +| using either of the following moves depending on how | +| the cube has fallen out: | +| | +| (vi) (UBR,LBU,LUF): U R U- L- U R- U- L | +| to rotate all but the front righthand corner. | +| | +| (vii) (UFL,FUR) and (ULB,BRU): | +| B L U L- U- L U L- U- L U L- U- B | +| to swap front and back pairs. | +| | +|9. Rotate the corners so that they are orientated | +| properly using the following move: | +| | +| (viii) (FLU,LUF,UFL) and (FDL,DLF,LFD): | +| R F R- F R F2 R- L- F- L F- L- F2 L | +| to move the top and downward segments to the | +| front face. | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/rubik b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/rubik new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a8272734 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/rubik @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| | +| TTTTTTT H H EEEEEEE | +| T H H E | +| T H H E | +| T HHHHHHH EEEEE | +| T H H E | +| T H H E | +| T H H EEEEEEE | +| | +| | +| RRRRRR U U BBBBBB III K K | +| R R U U B B I K K | +| R R U U B B I K K | +| RRRRRR U U BBBBBB I K | +| R R U U B B I K K | +| R R U U B B I K K | +| R R UUUUU BBBBBB III K K | +| | +| | +| CCCC U U BBBBBB EEEEEEE | +| C C U U B B E | +| C U U B B E | +| C U U BBBBBB EEEEE | +| C U U B B E | +| C C U U B B E | +| CCCC UUUUU BBBBBB EEEEEEE | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| A Solution to the Rubik Cube | +| | +| | +| | +| B | +| _________________________________ | +| / / / /| | +| / ULB / UB / UBR / | | +| /__________/__________/__________/ R| | +| / / / /| U| | +| L / UL / U / UR / | B| | +| /__________/__________/__________/ R| /| | +| / / / /| U|/ | | +| / UFL / UF / URF / | / R| B | +| /__________/__________/__________/ R| /| B| | +| | | | | F|/ | | | +| | | | | U/ R| /| | +| | FLU | FU | FUR | /| |/ | | +| | | | |/ | / R| | +| |__________|__________|__________/ R| /| B| | +| | | | | F|/ | D| | +| | | | | / R| / | +| L | FL | F | FR | /| D|/ | +| | | | |/ | / | +| |__________|__________|__________/ R| / | +| | | | | D|/ D | +| | | | | F/ | +| | FDL | FD | FRD | / | +| | | | |/ | +| |__________|__________|__________/ | +| | +| D | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Notation | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +|1. Description | +| ----------- | +| | +| The Rubik Cube is a cube which may be considered to | +| consist of 27 miniature cubes or 'cubies'. Each face | +| is divided into nine square segments. Any face and | +| its adjacent segments on the other faces may be | +| rotated relative to the rest of the cube. | +| | +|2. Faces | +| ----- | +| | +| The following letters are used to denote the six faces | +| of the cube: | +| | +| U for the upper face, | +| B for the back face, | +| F for the front face, | +| L for the lefthand face, | +| R for the righthand face, | +| D for the downward face. | +| | +| U B F L R D denote a clockwise rotation through | +| 90 degrees of the face indicated. | +| | +| U- B- F- L- R- D- denote an anticlockwise rotation | +| through 90 degrees. | +| | +| U2 B2 F2 L2 R2 D2 denote a rotation through 180 | +| degrees. | +| | +|3. Segments | +| -------- | +| | +| Each segment of each face is represented by a string | +| of one to three letters. The first letter indicates | +| the face on which the segment is situated. If this is | +| the only letter in the string then the segment is in | +| the centre of the face. If one letter follows then the | +| segment is in the centre of one of the edges of the | +| face and the second letter indicates the adjacent | +| face. If two letters follow then the segment is in one | +| of the corners of the face and the two letters | +| indicate the two adjacent faces. Note that the order | +| of the last two letters is immaterial. The following | +| are examples of segments: | +| | +| U the centre segment of the upper face. | +| | +| RF the segment at the centre of the righthand | +| face's edge which is adjacent to the front | +| face. | +| | +| FDL or FLD the corner segment on the front face which | +| is adjacent to the lefthand and downward | +| faces. | +| | +|4. Operation notation | +| ------------------ | +| | +| Segments in brackets denote movement of the segments | +| specified. Elements in the brackets are a cyclic group | +| and rotate round one place from right to left when the | +| operation is performed. E.g. (UF,BU,UL) is transformed | +| to (BU,UL,UF). Note that the first element moves to | +| the last position. | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| Operation | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +|1. Get a cross on a face ensuring that the segments match | +| downwards. | +| | +|2. Complete the face ensuring that the corners match | +| across. | +| | +|3. Using the completed face as the bottom face complete | +| the middle slice using either of the following moves | +| for each of the four segments depending on which is | +| required. | +| | +| (i) (UF,RF): U R U- R- U- F- U F | +| | +| (ii) (UF,FR): F- U2 L- U L U2 F | +| | +|4. Again using the completed face as the bottom face now | +| get a cross on the upper face. Do not try to | +| orientate these downwards at first. Use the following | +| two moves: | +| | +| (iii) UB,UF flip (UF,BU,UL): B L U L- U- B- | +| | +| (iv) UB,UL flip (UF,UL,BU): B U L U- L- B- | +| | +|5. Now orientate the cross downwards: | +| | +| (v) (UR,UB): F- U- F U- F- U2 F | +| | +|6. Get the four corners into their correct positions | +| using either of the following moves depending on how | +| the cube has fallen out: | +| | +| (vi) (UBR,LBU,LUF): U R U- L- U R- U- L | +| | +| (vii) (UFL,FUR) and (ULB,BRU): | +| B L U L- U- L U L- U- L U L- U- B | +| | +|7. Rotate the corners so that they are orientated | +| properly using the following move: | +| | +| (viii) (FLU,LUF,UFL) and (FDL,DLF,LFD): | +| R F R- F R F2 R- L- F- L F- L- F2 L | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/sc b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/sc new file mode 100644 index 00000000..57d60277 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/sc @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| comp.sources.unix | +| | +| SSSSS CCCC | +| S S C C | +| S C | +| SSSSS C | +| S C | +| S S C C | +| SSSSS CCCC | +| | +| Spreadsheet Calculator (V6.1) Command Summary | +| | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| ^To Toggle options. Toggle one option selected by o: | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| a |Recalculate automatically or on ``@'' commands | +| c |Current cell highlighting enable/disable | +| e |External function execution enable/disable | +| n |If enabled, a digit starts a numeric value | +| t |Top line display enable/disable | +| x |Encrypt/decrypt database and listing files | +| $ |Dollar prescale. Multiply constants by 0.01 | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| S Set options. Options include: | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| byrows |Recalculate in row order (default) | +| bycols |Recalculate in column order | +| iterations=n |Set the number of iterations allowed (10) | +| tblstyle=xx |Set ``T'' output style to 0, tex, latex, or tbl| +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Cell cursor movement (always OK) | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| ^N ^P ^B ^F |Down, up, back, forward | +| ^Ed |Go to end of range in direction such as ^P or j| +| Arrow keys |(if the terminal and termcap support them) | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Cell cursor movement (if no prompt active) | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| j k l h |Down, up, right, left | +| SPACE |Forward | +| ^H |Back | +| TAB |Forward, otherwise starts/ends a range | +| ^ |Up to row 0 of the current column | +| # |Down to the last valid row of current column | +| 0 |Back to column A. Use ^U0 if numeric mode | +| $ |Forward to the last valid column of current row| +| b |Back then up to the previous valid cell | +| w |Forward then down to the next valid cell | +| g |Go to cell name, range, quoted string, number | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Cell entry and editing commands | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| = |Enter a numeric constant or expression | +| < |Enter a left justified string/expression | +| > |Enter a right justified string/expression | +| e |Edit the current cell's numeric value | +| E |Edit the current cell's string part | +| x |Clear the current cell | +| c |Copy the last marked cell to the current cell | +| m |Mark a cell to be used as the source for ``c'' | +| + |Increment numeric part | +| - |Decrement numeric part | +| In numeric mode, 0-9, +, -, . start new constant/expression | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +|Written by Andrew Yeomans | +| Crosfield Electronics Limited | +| Three Cherry Trees Lane | +| Hemel Hempstead | +| Hertfordshire HP2 7RH | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-442-230000 | +| | +|Created July 1989 | +| | +|Issue 1.0 Copyright (C) A.J.V.Yeomans 1989| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| File commands | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| G |Get a new database from a file | +| M |Merge a new file into the current database | +| P |Put the current database into a file | +| W |Write a listing to file in screen format | +| T |Write a listing to file, with delimiters and | +| |optionally control lines for tbl, LaTeX, TeX | +| | | +| If encryption mode set, file I/O will be encrypted/decrypted.| +| "| program" for file name pipes P, W, T output to program. | +| Cell name for file name uses cell's string part as file name.| +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Row and column commands | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| ir, ic |Insert a new, empty row/column | +| ar, ac |Append a new copy of the current row/column | +| dr, dc |Delete the current row/column | +| pr, pc, pm |Pull deleted cells back into the spreadsheet | +| |Insert rows, columns or merge the cells | +| vr, vc |Remove expressions (not values) from row/column| +| zr, zc |Hide (zap) the current row/column | +| sr, sc |Show hidden rows/columns | +| f width frac |Set the output format. A preceding count can be| +| |used to change more than one column | +| | | +| Commands which move or copy cells modify the row and column | +| references in new cell expressions unless fixed or $ used. | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Range commands | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| /x |Clear a range | +| /v |Remove expressions from range, leaving values | +| /c |Copy a source range to a destination range | +| /f |Fill range with constant incrementing values | +| /d |Assign a name to a cell or a range of cells | +| /s |Shows the currently defined range names | +| /u |Undefine a previously defined range name | +| | | +| A range is a rectangular region defined by the upper left and| +| lower right cells e.g. a20:k52 or a named range (/d) | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Miscellaneous commands | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Q q ^C |Exit from the program | +| ^G ESC |Abort entry of the current command | +| ? |Help | +| ! |Shell escape. !! repeats last command | +| ^L |Redraw the screen | +| ^R |Redraw the screen. Highlight value cells | +| ^X |Redraw the screen. Show formulas, not values | +| @ |Recalculate the spreadsheet | +| ^V |Type the name of the current cell | +| ^W |Type the current cell's expression | +| ^A |Type the current cell's numeric value | +| TAB |Starts or stops display of the default range | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Variable names | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| K20 |Row and column can vary on copies | +| $K$20 |Row and column stay fixed on copies | +| $K20 |Row can vary; column stays fixed on copies | +| K$20 |Row stays fixed; column can vary on copies | +| fixed |holds following expession fixed on copies | +| Cells and ranges can be given a symbolic name with /d | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| Expressions | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| -e |Negation | e<=e |Less than or equal | +| e+e |Addition | e=e |Equal | +| e-e |Subtraction | e!=e |Not Equal | +| e*e |Multiplication | e>=e |Greater than or equal | +| e/e |Division | e>e |Greater than | +| e%e |Modulo | e DAL15 |_|1 40|_| Vcc <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL14 |_|2 39|_| AI7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL13 |_|3 38|_| AI6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL12 |_|4 37|_| AI5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL11 |_|5 36|_| AI4 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL10 |_|6 35|_| AI3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL9 |_|7 34|_| AI2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> BGND |_|8 33|_| AI1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL8 |_|9 32|_| AI0 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL7 |_|10 DCT11-AA 31|_| PI --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> DAL6 |_|11 30|_| CAS --> | +| _| |_ ___ | +| <--> DAL5 |_|12 29|_| RAS --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <--> DAL4 |_|13 28|_| R/WLB --> | +| _| |_ _ | +| <--> DAL3 |_|14 27|_| R/WHB --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL2 |_|15 26|_| READY <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL1 |_|16 25|_| SEL0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> DAL0 |_|17 24|_| SEL1 --> | +| ____ _| |_ | +| <-- BCLR |_|18 23|_| XTL0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> PUP |_|19 22|_| XTL1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> GND |_|20 21|_| COUT --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created May 1983 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Opcode|NZVC|Description |Notes | +|---------+------+----+--------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d |B055DD|****|Add Carry |d=d+C | +|ADD s,d |06SSDD|****|Add |d=s+d | +|ASLb d |B063DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Left |d=d*2 | +|ASRb d |B062DD|****|Arithmetic Shift Right |d=d/2 | +|BCC a |1030XX|----|Branch if Carry Clear |If C=0 | +|BCS a |1034XX|----|Branch if Carry Set |If C=1 | +|BEQ a |0014XX|----|Branch if Equal |If Z=0 | +|BGE a |0020XX|----|Branch if Greater or Equal|If NxV=0 | +|BGT a |0030XX|----|Branch if Greater Than |If Zv{NxV}=0 | +|BICb s,d |B4SSDD|**0-|Bit Clear |d=d&{~s} | +|BISb s,d |B5SSDD|**0-|Bit Set (OR) |d=dvs | +|BITb s,d |B3SSDD|**0-|Bit Test (AND) |d&s | +|BHI a |1010XX|----|Branch if Higher |If CvZ=0 | +|BHIS a |1030XX|----|Branch if Higher or Same |If C=0 | +|BLE a |0034XX|----|Branch if Less or Equal |If Zv{NxV}=1 | +|BLT a |0024XX|----|Branch if Less Than |If NxV=1 | +|BLO a |1034XX|----|Branch if Lower |If C=1 | +|BLOS a |1014XX|----|Branch if Lower or Same |If CvZ=1 | +|BMI a |1004XX|----|Branch if Minus |If N=1 | +|BNE a |0010XX|----|Branch if Not Equal |If Z=1 | +|BPL a |1000XX|----|Branch if Plus |If N=0 | +|BPT |000003|----|Breakpoint Trap |Vector at 14 | +|BR a |0004XX|----|Branch |PC=PC+2*XX | +|BVC a |1020XX|----|Branch if Overflow Clear |If V=0 | +|BVS a |1024XX|----|Branch if Overflow Set |If V=1 | +|CALL d |0047DD|----|Call subroutine | (= JSR PC,d)| +|CCC |000257|0000|Clear all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=0 | +|CLC |000241|---0|Clear Carry |C=0 | +|CLN |000250|0---|Clear Negative |N=0 | +|CLRb d |B050DD|0100|Clear |d=0 | +|CLV |000242|--0-|Clear Overflow |V=0 | +|CLZ |000244|-0--|Clear Zero |Z=0 | +|CMPb s,d |B2SSDD|****|Compare |s-d | +|COMb d |B051DD|**01|Complement |d=~d | +|DECb d |B053DD|***-|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|EMT t |1040TT|----|Emulator Trap |Vector at 30 | +|HALT |000000|----|Halt | | +|INCb d |B052DD|***-|Increment |d=d+1 | +|IOT |000004|----|Input/Output Trap |Vector at 20 | +|JMP d |0001DD|----|Jump |PC=d | +|JSR r,d |004RDD|----|Jump to Subroutine |r=PC,PC=d | +|MFPS d |1067DD|**0-|Move From Processor Status|d=PS (byte)| +|MOVb s,d |B1SSDD|**0-|Move |d=s | +|MTPS s |1064SS|****|Move To Processor Status |PS=s (byte)| +|NEGb d |B054DD|****|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |000240|----|No Operation | | +|RESET |000005|----|Reset external bus | | +|RETURN |000207|----|Return from subroutine | (= RTS PC)| +|ROLb d |B061DD|****|Rotate Left |d={C,d}<- | +|RORb d |B060DD|****|Rotate Right |d=->{C,d} | +|RTI |000002|----|Return from Interrupt |{PC,PS}=(SP)+| +|RTS r |00020R|----|Return from Subroutine |PC=r,r=(SP)+ | +|RTT |000006|----|Return from interrupt |Inhibit T-bit| +|SBCb d |B056DD|****|Subtract Carry |d=d-C | +|SCC |000277|1111|Set all Condition Codes |{C,N,V,Z}=1 | +|SEC |000261|---1|Set Carry |C=1 | +|SEN |000270|1---|Set Negative |N=1 | +|SEV |000262|--1-|Set Overflow |V=1 | +|SEZ |000264|-1--|Set Zero |Z=1 | +|SOB r,a |077RNN|----|Subtract One and Branch |PC=PC-2*NN | +|SUB s,d |16SSDD|****|Subtract |d=d-s | +|SWAB d |0003DD|**00|Swap Bytes | | +|SXT d |0067DD|-*0-|Sign Extend |d=0 or -1 | +|TRAP t |1044TT|----|Trap |Vector at 34 | +|TSTb d |B055DD|**00|Test |d | +|WAIT |000001|----|Wait for interrupt | | +|XOR r,d |074RDD|**0-|Exclusive OR |d=dxr | +|---------+------+----+----------------------------------------| +| | B| |0 for word, 1 for byte (1 bit) | +| | DD| |Destination field (6 bits) | +| | N| |Number (3 bits) | +| | NN| |Number (6 bits) | +| | R| |Register (3 bits, R0-5/SP/PC) | +| | SS| |Source field (6 bits) | +| | TT| |Number (8 bits) | +| | XX| |Offset (8 bits, -128 to +127) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |NZVC|Description | +|----------------+----+----------------------------------------| +| PSW |-*01|Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | +| | |Priority interrupt (Bit 7) | +| T | |Trace trap (Bit 4) | +| N |N |Negative (Bit 3) | +| Z | Z |Zero (Bit 2) | +| V | V |Overflow (Bit 1) | +| C | C|Carry (Bit 0) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| r |Register (mode 0) | +| (r) |Register deferred (mode 1) | +| @r | ditto | +| (r)+ |Auto-increment (mode 2) | +| @(r)+ |Auto-increment deferred (mode 3) | +| -(r) |Auto-decrement (mode 4) | +| @-(r) |Auto-decrement deferred (mode 5) | +| nn(r) |Index (mode 6) | +| @nn(r) |Index deferred (mode 7) | +| #nn |Immediate (mode 2, r=PC) | +| @#nn |Absolute (mode 3, r=PC) | +| nn |Relative (mode 6, r=PC) | +| @nn |Relative deferred (mode 7, r=PC) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Rn |General purpose Register (16-bit, n=0-5)| +| SP |Stack Pointer (16-bit, R6) | +| PC |Program Counter (16-bit, R7) | +| PS |Processor Status (16-bit) | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| a |Relative address | +| b |Blank or B for word or byte operand(s) | +| d |Destination | +| n |Register Number (0 to 5) | +| nn |16-bit expression (0 to 65535) | +| r |Register (Rn,SP,PC) | +| s |Source | +| t |Trap number | +| + |Arithmetic addition | +| - |Arithmetic subtraction | +| * |Arithmetic multipication | +| / |Arithmetic division | +| ^ |Arithmetic exponent | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| { } |Combination of operands | +| --> |Input pin | +| <-- |Output pin | +| <--> |Input/output pin | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| DEC |Digital Equipment Corporation | +| PSW |Processor Status Word | +|---------------------+----------------------------------------| +| 000 |Reserved vector | +| 004 |Time-out/system error vector | +| 010 |Illegal and reserved instruction vector | +| 014 |BPT instruction vector | +| 020 |IOT instruction vector | +| 024 |Power fail vector | +| 030 |EMT instruction vector | +| 034 |TRAP instruction vector | +| 060 |Console input device vector | +| 064 |Console output device vector | +| 100 |External event line interrupt vector | +| 160000-177776 |Device addresses | +|--------------------------------------------------------------| +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..75daafcd --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Zilog | +| | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 | +| Z 8 8 | +| Z 8 8 | +| Z 88888 | +| Z 8 8 | +| Z 8 8 | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 | +| | +| Z8601/02/03/11/12/13 Single-Chip MICROCOMPUTER | +| Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| +5V |_|1 40|_| P36 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- XTAL2 |_|2 39|_| P31 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> XTAL1 |_|3 38|_| P27 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- P37 |_|4 37|_| P26 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| --> P30 |_|5 36|_| P25 <--> | +| _____ _| |_ | +| --> RESET |_|6 35|_| P24 <--> | +| _ _| |_ | +| <-- R/W |_|7 34|_| P23 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- DS |_|8 33|_| P22 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| <-- AS |_|9 Z8601 32|_| P21 <--> | +| _| Z8603 |_ | +| <-- P35 |_|10 Z8611 31|_| P20 <--> | +| _| Z8613 |_ | +| GND |_|11 30|_| P33 <-- | +| _| |_ | +| --> P32 |_|12 29|_| P34 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P00 |_|13 28|_| P17 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P01 |_|14 27|_| P16 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P02 |_|15 26|_| P15 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P03 |_|16 25|_| P14 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P04 |_|17 24|_| P13 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P05 |_|18 23|_| P12 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P06 |_|19 22|_| P11 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> P07 |_|20 21|_| P10 <--> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created June 1982 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.1 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic|Op|CZSVDH|#|Description |Notes | +|--------+--+------+-+-----------------------+-----------------| +|ADC d,s |1X|****0*|a|Add with Carry |d=d+s+C | +|ADD d,s |0X|****0*|a|Add |d=d+s | +|AND d,s |5X|-**0--|a|Logical AND |d=d&s | +|CALL d |D4|------|b|Call subroutine |-[SP]=PC,PC=d | +|CCF |EF|*-----|c|Complement Carry Flag |C=~C | +|CLR d |B0|------|d|Clear |d=0 | +|COM d |60|-**0--|d|Complement |d=~d | +|CP d,s |AX|****--|a|Compare |d-s | +|DA d |40|***?--|d|Decimal Adjust |d=BCD format | +|DEC d |00|-***--|d|Decrement |d=d-1 | +|DECW d |80|-***--|d|Decrement Word |d=d-1 | +|DI |8F|------|c|Disable Interrupts |IMR<7>=0 | +|DJNZ r,d|rA|------|e|Dec. and Jump Non-Zero |r=r-1, if r<>0 JR| +|EI |9F|------|c|Enable Interrupts |IMR<7>=1 | +|INC d |rE|-***--|f|Increment |d=d+1 | +|INCW d |A0|-***--|d|Increment Word |d=d+1 | +|IRET |BF|******|c|Interrupt Return |{F,PC}=[SP]+,EI | +|JP c,d |cD|------|g|Conditional Jump |If c PC=d | +|JR c,d |cB|------|h|Cond. Jump Relative |If c PC=PC+d | +|LD d,s |rC|------|i|Load |d=s | +|LDC d,s |C2|------|j|Load |d=s | +|LDCI d,s|C3|------|k|Load and Increment |d=s,r=r+1,rr=rr+1| +|LDE d,s |82|------|j|Load |d=s | +|LDEI d,s|83|------|k|Load and Increment |d=s,r=r+1,rr=rr+1| +|NOP |FF|------|c|No Operation | | +|OR d,s |4X|-**0--|a|Logical inclusive OR |d=dvs | +|POP d |50|------|d|Pop |d=[SP]+ | +|PUSH s |70|------|d|Push |-[SP]=s | +|RCF |CF|------|c|Reset Carry Flag |C=0 | +|RET |AF|------|c|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RL d |90|****--|d|Rotate Left |d=d<- | +|RLC d |10|****--|d|Rotate Left Circular |d={C,d}<- | +|RR d |E0|****--|d|Rotate Right |d=->d | +|RRC d |C0|****--|d|Rotate Right Circular |d=->{C,d} | +|SBC d,s |3X|****1*|a|Subtract with Carry |d=d-s-C | +|SCF |DF|1-----|c|Set Carry Flag |C=1 | +|SRA d |D0|***0--|d|Shift Right Arithmetic |d=d/2 | +|SRP s |31|------|k|Set Register Pointer |RP=s | +|SUB d,s |2X|****1*|a|Subtract |d=d-s | +|SWAP d |F0|?**?--|d|Swap nibbles |d<0:3><->d<4:7> | +|TCM d,s |6X|-**0--|a|Test Complement Memory |{~d}&s | +|TM d,s |7X|-**0--|a|Test Memory |d&s | +|XOR d,s |BX|-**0--|a|Logical Exclusive OR |d=dxs | +|-----------+------+-+-----------------------------------------| +| FLAGS |-/*/ | |Unaffected/affected/ |Register 252 | +| |0/1/? | |reset/set/unknown. | | +| C |C | |Carry flag |Bit 7 | +| Z | Z | |Zero flag |Bit 6 | +| S | S | |Sign flag |Bit 5 | +| V | V | |Overflow flag |Bit 4 | +| D | D | |Decimal-adjust flag |Bit 3 | +| H | H| |Half-carry flag |Bit 2 | +| F2 | | |User flag 2 |Bit 1 | +| F1 | | |User flag 1 |Bit 0 | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| c = XXXXB |Condition |Top nibble of Op | +| 1000B |Always true |If true | +| C = 0111B |Carry (C=1) |If C=1 | +| NC = 1111B |No carry (C=0) |If C=0 | +| Z = 0110B |Zero (Z=1) |If Z=1 | +| NZ = 1110B |Not zero (Z=0) |If Z=0 | +| PL = 1101B |Plus (S=0) |If S=0 | +| MI = 0101B |Minus (S=1) |If S=1 | +| OV = 0100B |Overflow (V=1) |If V=1 | +| NOV = 1100B |No overflow (V=0) |If V=0 | +| EQ = 0110B |Equal (Z=1) |If Z=1 | +| NE = 1110B |Not equal (Z=0) |If Z=0 | +| GE = 1001B |Greater than or equal |If SxV=0 | +| LT = 0001B |Less than |If SxV=1 | +| GT = 1010B |Greater than |If Zv{SxV}=0 | +| LE = 0010B |Less than or equal |If Zv{SxV}=1 | +| UGE = 1111B |Unsigned greater/equal |If C=0 | +| ULT = 0111B |Unsigned less than |If C=1 | +| UGT = 1011B |Unsigned greater than |If CvZ=0 | +| ULE = 0011B |Unsigned less/equal |If CvZ=1 | +| 0000B |Never true |If false | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |Description | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| DA |Direct address | +| IM |Immediate | +| Ir |Indirect working register | +| IR |Indirect register or Ir | +| Irr |Indirect working register pair address | +| IRR |Indirect register pair or Irr | +| r |Working register address | +| R |Register or r | +| RA |Relative address | +| rr |Working register pair address | +| RR |Register pair or rr | +| X |Indexed address | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| d |Destination location or contents | +| s |Source location or contents | +| # |Addressing mode type(s) | +| #a |X=2-7: d,s=r,r/r,Ir/R,R/R,IR/R,IM/IR,IM | +| #b |Op=D4/D6: d=IRR/DA (CALL)| +| #c |No operands | +| #d |Op=X0/X1: d=R/IR | +| #e |Op=rA: r=0-F, d=RA (DJNZ)| +| #f |Op=rE/20/21: d=r/R/IR (INC)| +| #g |Op=cD/30: d=DA/IRR (JP)| +| #h |Op=cB: d=RA (JR)| +| #i |Op=rC/r8/r9/C7/ d,s=r,Im/r,R/R,r/r,X/ | +| | D7/E3/E4/E5/ X,r/r,Ir/R,R/R,IR/ | +| | E6/E7/F3/F5: R,Im/IR,Im/Ir,r/IR,R (LD)| +| #j |Op=C2/D2: d,s=r,Irr/Irr,r (LDC/LDE)| +| #k |Op=C3/D3: d,s=Ir,Irr/Irr,Ir (LDCI/LDEI)| +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| 0 - 255 |Register file addresses|00H-FFH | +| P0 = 0 |Port 0 |00H R/W | +| P1 = 1 |Port 1 |01H R/W | +| P2 = 2 |Port 2 |02H R/W | +| P3 = 3 |Port 3 |03H R W | +| 4 - 127 |General purpose regs. |04H-7FH R/W | +| 128 - 239 |Unused |80H-EFH | +| SIO = 240 |Serial I/O |F0H R/W | +| TMR = 241 |Timer mode |F1H R/W | +| T1 = 242 |Timer/counter 1 |F2H R/W | +| PRE1 = 243 |T1 prescaler |F3H WO | +| T0 = 244 |Timer/counter 0 |F4H R/W | +| PRE0 = 245 |T0 prescaler |F5H WO | +| P2M = 246 |Port 2 mode |F6H WO | +| P3M = 247 |Port 3 mode |F7H WO | +| P01M = 248 |Ports 0-1 mode |F8H WO | +| IPR = 249 |Interrupt priority reg.|F9H WO | +| IRQ = 250 |Interrupt request reg. |FAH R/W | +| IMR = 251 |Interrupt mask reg. |FBH R/W | +| FLAGS = 252 |Program control flags |FCH R/W | +| RP = 253 |Register pointer |FDH R/W | +| SPH = 254 |Stack pointer high byte|FEH R/W | +| SPL = 255 |Stack pointer low byte |FFH R/W | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| + |Add | +| - |Subtract | +| * |Multiply | +| / |Divide | +| & |Logical AND | +| ~ |Logical NOT | +| v |Logical inclusive OR | +| x |Logical exclusive OR | +| <- |Rotate left | +| -> |Rotate right | +| <-> |Exchange | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Auto-increment/decrement indirect address| +| < > < : > |Bit number/range | +| { } |Combination of operands | +|--------------------+-----------------------------------------| +| Z8601 |Single-chip microcomputer with 2K ROM | +| Z8602 |Development device with memory interface | +| Z8603 |Prototyping device with EPROM interface | +| Z8611 |Single-chip microcomputer with 4K ROM | +| Z8612 |Development device with memory interface | +| Z8613 |Prototyping device with EPROM interface | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z80 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z80 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7eaf105e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z80 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Zilog | +| | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 | +| Z 88888 0 0 0 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 | +| | +| Z80 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|1 40|_| A10 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A12 |_|2 39|_| A9 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A13 |_|3 38|_| A8 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A14 |_|4 37|_| A7 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A15 |_|5 36|_| A6 --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> CLK |_|6 35|_| A5 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D4 |_|7 34|_| A4 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D3 |_|8 33|_| A3 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D5 |_|9 32|_| A2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D6 |_|10 Z80 31|_| A1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| +5V |_|11 30|_| A0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D2 |_|12 29|_| GND | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> D7 |_|13 28|_| RFSH --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| <--> D0 |_|14 27|_| M1 --> | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <--> D1 |_|15 26|_| RESET <-- | +| ___ _| |_ _____ | +| --> INT |_|16 25|_| BUSRQ <-- | +| ___ _| |_ ____ | +| --> NMI |_|17 24|_| WAIT <-- | +| ____ _| |_ ____ | +| <-- HALT |_|18 23|_| BUSAK --> | +| ____ _| |_ __ | +| <-- MREQ |_|19 22|_| WR --> | +| ____ _| |_ __ | +| <-- IORQ |_|20 21|_| RD --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.3 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |SZHPNC|Description |Notes | +|----------+------+---------------------+----------------------| +|ADC A,s |***V0*|Add with Carry |A=A+s+CY | +|ADC HL,ss |**?V0*|Add with Carry |HL=HL+ss+CY | +|ADD A,s |***V0*|Add |A=A+s | +|ADD HL,ss |--?-0*|Add |HL=HL+ss | +|ADD IX,pp |--?-0*|Add |IX=IX+pp | +|ADD IY,rr |--?-0*|Add |IY=IY+rr | +|AND s |***P00|Logical AND |A=A&s | +|BIT b,m |?*1?0-|Test Bit |m&{2^b} | +|CALL cc,nn|------|Conditional Call |If cc CALL | +|CALL nn |------|Unconditional Call |-[SP]=PC,PC=nn | +|CCF |--?-0*|Complement Carry Flag|CY=~CY | +|CP s |***V1*|Compare |A-s | +|CPD |****1-|Compare and Decrement|A-[HL],HL=HL-1,BC=BC-1| +|CPDR |****1-|Compare, Dec., Repeat|CPD till A=[HL]or BC=0| +|CPI |****1-|Compare and Increment|A-[HL],HL=HL+1,BC=BC-1| +|CPIR |****1-|Compare, Inc., Repeat|CPI till A=[HL]or BC=0| +|CPL |--1-1-|Complement |A=~A | +|DAA |***P-*|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format | +|DEC s |***V1-|Decrement |s=s-1 | +|DEC xx |------|Decrement |xx=xx-1 | +|DEC ss |------|Decrement |ss=ss-1 | +|DI |------|Disable Interrupts | | +|DJNZ e |------|Dec., Jump Non-Zero |B=B-1 till B=0 | +|EI |------|Enable Interrupts | | +|EX [SP],HL|------|Exchange |[SP]<->HL | +|EX [SP],xx|------|Exchange |[SP]<->xx | +|EX AF,AF' |------|Exchange |AF<->AF' | +|EX DE,HL |------|Exchange |DE<->HL | +|EXX |------|Exchange |qq<->qq' (except AF)| +|HALT |------|Halt | | +|IM n |------|Interrupt Mode | (n=0,1,2)| +|IN A,[n] |------|Input |A=[n] | +|IN r,[C] |***P0-|Input |r=[C] | +|INC r |***V0-|Increment |r=r+1 | +|INC [HL] |***V0-|Increment |[HL]=[HL]+1 | +|INC xx |------|Increment |xx=xx+1 | +|INC [xx+d]|***V0-|Increment |[xx+d]=[xx+d]+1 | +|INC ss |------|Increment |ss=ss+1 | +|IND |?*??1-|Input and Decrement |[HL]=[C],HL=HL-1,B=B-1| +|INDR |?1??1-|Input, Dec., Repeat |IND till B=0 | +|INI |?*??1-|Input and Increment |[HL]=[C],HL=HL+1,B=B-1| +|INIR |?1??1-|Input, Inc., Repeat |INI till B=0 | +|JP [HL] |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=[HL] | +|JP [xx] |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=[xx] | +|JP nn |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=nn | +|JP cc,nn |------|Conditional Jump |If cc JP | +|JR e |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=PC+e | +|JR cc,e |------|Conditional Jump |If cc JR(cc=C,NC,NZ,Z)| +|LD dst,src|------|Load |dst=src | +|LD A,i |**0*0-|Load |A=i (i=I,R)| +|LDD |--0*0-|Load and Decrement |[DE]=[HL],HL=HL-1,# | +|LDDR |--000-|Load, Dec., Repeat |LDD till BC=0 | +|LDI |--0*0-|Load and Increment |[DE]=[HL],HL=HL+1,# | +|LDIR |--000-|Load, Inc., Repeat |LDI till BC=0 | +|NEG |***V1*|Negate |A=-A | +|NOP |------|No Operation | | +|OR s |***P00|Logical inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|OTDR |?1??1-|Output, Dec., Repeat |OUTD till B=0 | +|OTIR |?1??1-|Output, Inc., Repeat |OUTI till B=0 | +|OUT [C],r |------|Output |[C]=r | +|OUT [n],A |------|Output |[n]=A | +|OUTD |?*??1-|Output and Decrement |[C]=[HL],HL=HL-1,B=B-1| +|OUTI |?*??1-|Output and Increment |[C]=[HL],HL=HL+1,B=B-1| +|POP xx |------|Pop |xx=[SP]+ | +|POP qq |------|Pop |qq=[SP]+ | +|PUSH xx |------|Push |-[SP]=xx | +|PUSH qq |------|Push |-[SP]=qq | +|RES b,m |------|Reset bit |m=m&{~2^b} | +|RET |------|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RET cc |------|Conditional Return |If cc RET | +|RETI |------|Return from Interrupt|PC=[SP]+ | +|RETN |------|Return from NMI |PC=[SP]+ | +|RL m |**0P0*|Rotate Left |m={CY,m}<- | +|RLA |--0-0*|Rotate Left Acc. |A={CY,A}<- | +|RLC m |**0P0*|Rotate Left Circular |m=m<- | +|RLCA |--0-0*|Rotate Left Circular |A=A<- | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |SZHPNC|Description |Notes | +|----------+------+---------------------+----------------------| +|RLD |**0P0-|Rotate Left 4 bits |{A,[HL]}={A,[HL]}<- ##| +|RR m |**0P0*|Rotate Right |m=->{CY,m} | +|RRA |--0-0*|Rotate Right Acc. |A=->{CY,A} | +|RRC m |**0P0*|Rotate Right Circular|m=->m | +|RRCA |--0-0*|Rotate Right Circular|A=->A | +|RRD |**0P0-|Rotate Right 4 bits |{A,[HL]}=->{A,[HL]} ##| +|RST p |------|Restart | (p=0H,8H,10H,...,38H)| +|SBC A,s |***V1*|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-CY | +|SBC HL,ss |**?V1*|Subtract with Carry |HL=HL-ss-CY | +|SCF |--0-01|Set Carry Flag |CY=1 | +|SET b,m |------|Set bit |m=mv{2^b} | +|SLA m |**0P0*|Shift Left Arithmetic|m=m*2 | +|SRA m |**0P0*|Shift Right Arith. |m=m/2 | +|SRL m |**0P0*|Shift Right Logical |m=->{0,m,CY} | +|SUB s |***V1*|Subtract |A=A-s | +|XOR s |***P00|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs | +|----------+------+--------------------------------------------| +| F |-*01? |Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| S |S |Sign flag (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z |Zero flag (Bit 6) | +| HC | H |Half Carry flag (Bit 4) | +| P/V | P |Parity/Overflow flag (Bit 2, V=overflow) | +| N | N |Add/Subtract flag (Bit 1) | +| CY | C|Carry flag (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| n |Immediate addressing | +| nn |Immediate extended addressing | +| e |Relative addressing (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| [nn] |Extended addressing | +| [xx+d] |Indexed addressing | +| r |Register addressing | +| [rr] |Register indirect addressing | +| |Implied addressing | +| b |Bit addressing | +| p |Modified page zero addressing (see RST) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +|DEFB n(,...) |Define Byte(s) | +|DEFB 'str'(,...) |Define Byte ASCII string(s) | +|DEFS nn |Define Storage Block | +|DEFW nn(,...) |Define Word(s) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| A B C D E |Registers (8-bit) | +| AF BC DE HL |Register pairs (16-bit) | +| F |Flag register (8-bit) | +| I |Interrupt page address register (8-bit) | +| IX IY |Index registers (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (16-bit) | +| R |Memory Refresh register | +| SP |Stack Pointer register (16-bit) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| b |One bit (0 to 7) | +| cc |Condition (C,M,NC,NZ,P,PE,PO,Z) | +| d |One-byte expression (-128 to +127) | +| dst |Destination s, ss, [BC], [DE], [HL], [nn] | +| e |One-byte expression (-126 to +129) | +| m |Any register r, [HL] or [xx+d] | +| n |One-byte expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |Two-byte expression (0 to 65535) | +| pp |Register pair BC, DE, IX or SP | +| qq |Register pair AF, BC, DE or HL | +| qq' |Alternative register pair AF, BC, DE or HL | +| r |Register A, B, C, D, E, H or L | +| rr |Register pair BC, DE, IY or SP | +| s |Any register r, value n, [HL] or [xx+d] | +| src |Source s, ss, [BC], [DE], [HL], nn, [nn] | +| ss |Register pair BC, DE, HL or SP | +| xx |Index register IX or IY | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| + - * / ^ |Add/subtract/multiply/divide/exponent | +| & ~ v x |Logical AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect addressing auto-increment/decrement| +| { } |Combination of operands | +| # |Also BC=BC-1,DE=DE-1 | +| ## |Only lower 4 bits of accumulator A used | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8000 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8000 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0114e792 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8000 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Zilog | +| | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 000 000 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| Z 88888 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 000 000 | +| | +| Z8001/Z8002 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX X | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| X XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| | +| | +| | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX | +| XXX XXXX XXX | +| XXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX XX | +| XXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX | +| XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX | +| XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX | +| XXX | +| XX XXXX | +| XXXXXXXXXXX | +| XXXXXXX | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |CZSPDH|Description |Notes | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d,s |****bb|Add with Carry |d=d+s+C | +|ADDa d,s |****bb|Add |d=d+s | +|ANDb d,s |-**b--|Logical AND |d=d&s | +|BITb d,s |-*----|Bit Test |Z=~d | +|CALL d |------|Call |-[SP]=PC,PC=d| +|CALR d |------|Call Relative |-[SP]=PC,PC=d| +|CLRb d |------|Clear |d=0 | +|COMb d |-**b--|Complement |d=~d | +|COMFLG f |++++--|Complement Flag |f=~f | +|CPa d,s |****--|Compare |d-s | +|CPDb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare and Decrement |d-s,r=r-1 | +|CPDRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare, Decrement and Rept |CPD till r=0 | +|CPIb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare and Increment |d-s,r=r+1 | +|CPIRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare, Increment and Rept |CPI till r=0 | +|CPSDb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String and Decrement|d-s,r=r-1 | +|CPSDRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String, Dec. and Rep|CPSD till r=0| +|CPSIb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String and Increment|d-s,r=r+1 | +|CPSIRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String, Inc. and Rep|CPSI till r=0| +|DAB d |***---|Decimal Adjust Byte |d=BCD format | +|DECb d,s |-***--|Decrement (s=1-16) |d=d-s | +|DI i |------|Disable Interrupts | #| +|DIVl d,s |****--|Divide |d=d/s | +|DbJNZ r,d |------|Decrement & Jump if Not Zero|r=r-1 | +|EI i |------|Enable Interrupts | #| +|EXb d,s |------|Exchange |d<->s | +|EXTSa d |------|Extend Signs | | +|HALT |------|Halt | #| +|pINb d,s |------|(Special) Input |d=s #| +|INCb d,s |-***--|Increment (s=1-16) |d=d+s | +|pINDb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Input and Dec. |d=s,r=r-1 #| +|pINDRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Input, Dec. & Rept|IND till r-0#| +|pINIb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Input and Inc. |d=s,r=r+1 #| +|pINIRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Input, Inc. & Rept|INI till r=0#| +|IRET |??????|Interrupt Return |PS=[SP]+ #| +|JP cc,d |------|Jump |PC=d | +|JR cc,d |------|Jump Relative |PC=d | +|LDa d,s |------|Load |d=s | +|LDA d,s |------|Load Address |d=EAs | +|LDAR d,s |------|Load Address Relative |d=EAs | +|LDCTL d,s |++++++|Load Control |d=s #| +|LDCTLB d,s |++++++|Load Control Byte |d=s | +|LDDb d,s,r|---*--|Load and Decrement |d=s,r=r-1 | +|LDDRb d,s,r|---1--|Load, Decrement and Repeat |LDD till r=0 | +|LDIb d,s,r|---*--|Load and Increment |d=s,r=r+1 | +|LDIRb d,s,r|---1--|Load, Increment and Repeat |LDI till r=0 | +|LDK d,s |------|Load Constant (s=0-15) |d=s | +|LDM d,s,n|------|Load Multiple (n=1-16) |d=s (n words)| +|LDPS s |??????|Load Program Status |PS=s #| +|LDRa d,s |------|Load Relative |d=s | +|MBIT |??*???|Multi-Micro Bit Test |S=~MI pin #| +|MREQ d |-**---|Multi-Micro Request |S=available #| +|MRES |------|Multi-Micro Reset |~MI=high #| +|MSET |------|Multi-Micro Set |~MO=low #| +|MULTl d,s |***0--|Multiply |d=d*s | +|NEGb d |****--|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |------|No Operation | | +|ORb d,s |-**b--|Logical inclusive OR |d=dvs | +|pOTDRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Output, Dec. & Rep|OTD till r=0#| +|pOTIRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Output, Inc. & Rep|OTI till r=0#| +|pOUTb d,s |------|(Special) Output |d=s #| +|pOUTDb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Output and Dec. |d=s,r=r=1 #| +|pOUTIb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Output and Inc. |d=s,r=r+1 #| +|POPl d,s |------|Pop |d=s,[EAs]+ | +|PUSHl d,s |------|Push |-[EAs],d=s | +|RESb d,s |------|Reset Bit |d=0 | +|RESFLG f |++++--|Reset Flag |f=0 | +|RET cc |------|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RLb d,s |****--|Rotate Left |d=d<-s | +|RLCb d,s |****--|Rotate Left through Carry |d={C,d}<-s | +|RLDB ll,s |-*?---|Rotate Left Digit Byte |s={ll,s}<-4 | +|RRb d,s |****--|Rotate Right |d=s->d | +|RRCb d,s |****--|Rotate Right through Carry |d=s->{C,d} | +|RRDB ll,s |-*?---|Rotate Right Digit Byte |s=4->{ll,s} | +|SBC d,s |****bb|Subtract with Carry |d=d-s-C | +|SC s |------|System Call (-[SP]={PS,ins})|PS=sys PS #| +|SDAa d,s |****--|Shift Dynamic Arithmetic |d={1,d,0}<-s | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |CZSPDH|Description |Notes | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +|SDLa d,s |***?--|Shift Dynamic Logical |d={0,d,0}<-s | +|SETb d,s |------|Set Bit |d=1 | +|SETFLG f |++++--|Set Flag |f=1 | +|SLAa d,s |****--|Shift Left Arithmetic |d={d,0}<-s | +|SLLa d,s |***?--|Shift Left Logical |d={d,0}<-s | +|SRAa d,s |***0--|Shift Right Arithmetic |d=s->{1,d} | +|SRLa d,s |***?--|Shift Right Logical |d=s->{0,d} | +|SUBa d,s |****bb|Subtract |d=d-s | +|TCCb cc,d |------|Test Condition Code |If cc d<0>=1 | +|TESTa d |-***--|Test |dv0 | +|TRDB d,s,r|-?-*--|Translate and Decrement |d=s[d],r=r-1 | +|TRDRB d,s,r|-?-1--|Translate, Dec. and Repeat |TRDB till r=0| +|TRIB d,s,r|-?-*--|Translate and Increment |d=s[d],r=r+1 | +|TRIRB d,s,r|-?-1--|Translate, Inc. and Repeat |TRIB till r=0| +|TRTDB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test and Dec. |RH1=s2[s1],..| +|TRTDRB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test, Dec. & Rept|TRTDB till...| +|TRTIB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test and Inc. |RH1=s2[s1],..| +|TRTIRB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test, Inc. & Rept|TRTIB till...| +|TSETb d |--*---|Test and Set |{S,d}=d | +|XOR d,s |-**b--|Logical Exclusive OR |d=dxs | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +| FCW |-*01? |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| |+b |Optionally affected/affected for byte only| +| C |C |Carry flag (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z |Zero flag (Bit 6) | +| S | S |Sign flag (Bit 5) | +| D | D |Decimal adjust flag (Bit 4) | +| P/V | P |Parity/Overflow flag (Bit 3) | +| H | H|Half carry flag (Bit 2) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| #n #nn #nnnn |Immediate data mode (IM, 4/8/16/32-bit) | +| r |Register addressing mode (R) | +| @r |Indirect Register mode (IR) | +| <>nn nn |nn| |Direct Addressing mode (DA) | +| <>nn[Rn] nn[Rn]|Indexed Addressing mode (X, not R0) | +| $+nn nn |Relative Addressing mode (RA) | +| RRn[#nn] |Based Addressing mode (BA, not RR0) | +| RRn[Rn] |Based Indexed addressing mode (BX, not R0)| +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +|AVAL nnnn(,...) |Define Address Value(s) | +|BVAL n(,...) |Define Byte Value(s) | +|EVEN |Set program counter to Even address | +|LVAL nnnn(,...) |Define Long word Value(s) | +|WVAL nn(,...) |Define Word Value(s) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| FCW |Flag Control Word (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (32-bit) | +| PSAP |Program Status Area Pointer (32-bit) | +| REFRESH |Refresh control register (16-bit) | +| RLn |Low byte register (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| RHn |High byte register (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| Rn |Word register (16-bit, n=0-15) | +| RRn |Double word register (32-bit, n=0-14,even)| +| RQn |Quadruple word reg. (64-bit, n=0/4/8/12) | +| RR14 |Used as stack pointer (32-bit) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| a |Blank, B or L (Word/Byte/Long operation) | +| b |Blank or B (Word/Byte operation) | +| c |Condition (r,cc) | +| cc |Condition Code (F/Z/NZ/C/NC/PL/MI/NE/EQ/ | +| | OV/NOV/PE/PO/GE/LT/GT/LE/UGE/ULT/UGT/ULE)| +| d d |Destination/Bit X of Destination | +| f |Flag(s) (C/Z/S/P/V) | +| i |Interrupt (VI/NVI) | +| l |Blank or L (Word/Long word operation) | +| ll |Link Location (bottom 4 bits of register) | +| n nn nnnn |Constant expression (8/16/32-bit) | +| p |Blank or S (Normal/Special operation) | +| r |Register (RLn/RHn/Rn/RRn/RQn) | +| s EAs |Source/Effective Address of Source | +| + - * / |Arithmetic add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |Logical AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <-X X-> |Rotate left/right by X bits | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/auto-increment/decrement | +| { } # |Combination of operands/privileged instr. | +| <> |nn| |Segment/short offset (0-255) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8001 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8001 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cfefc0ce --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8001 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Zilog | +| | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 000 1 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 11 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | +| Z 88888 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 1 | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 000 111 | +| | +| Z8001 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <--> AD0 |_|1 48|_| AD8 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD9 |_|2 47|_| SN6 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD10 |_|3 46|_| SN5 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD11 |_|4 45|_| AD7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD12 |_|5 44|_| AD6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD13 |_|6 43|_| AD4 <--> | +| ____ _| |_ | +| --> STOP |_|7 42|_| SN4 --> | +| __ _| |_ | +| --> Mi |_|8 41|_| AD5 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD15 |_|9 40|_| AD3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD14 |_|10 39|_| AD2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| +5V |_|11 38|_| AD1 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| --> VI |_|12 Z8001 37|_| SN2 --> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NVI |_|13 36|_| GND | +| ____ _| |_ | +| --> SEGT |_|14 35|_| CLOCK <-- | +| ___ _| |_ __ | +| --> NMI |_|15 34|_| AS --> | +| _____ _| |_ | +| --> RESET |_|16 33|_| RESERVED | +| __ _| |_ _ | +| <-- Mo |_|17 32|_| B/W --> | +| ____ _| |_ _ | +| <-- MREQ |_|18 31|_| N/S --> | +| __ _| |_ _ | +| <-- DS |_|19 30|_| R/W --> | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <-- ST3 |_|20 29|_| BUSAK --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- ST2 |_|21 28|_| WAIT <-- | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <-- ST1 |_|22 27|_| BUSRQ <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- ST0 |_|23 26|_| SN0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- SN3 |_|24 25|_| SN1 --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |CZSPDH|Description |Notes | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d,s |****bb|Add with Carry |d=d+s+C | +|ADDa d,s |****bb|Add |d=d+s | +|ANDb d,s |-**b--|Logical AND |d=d&s | +|BITb d,s |-*----|Bit Test |Z=~d | +|CALL d |------|Call |-[SP]=PC,PC=d| +|CALR d |------|Call Relative |-[SP]=PC,PC=d| +|CLRb d |------|Clear |d=0 | +|COMb d |-**b--|Complement |d=~d | +|COMFLG f |++++--|Complement Flag |f=~f | +|CPa d,s |****--|Compare |d-s | +|CPDb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare and Decrement |d-s,r=r-1 | +|CPDRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare, Decrement and Rept |CPD till r=0 | +|CPIb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare and Increment |d-s,r=r+1 | +|CPIRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare, Increment and Rept |CPI till r=0 | +|CPSDb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String and Decrement|d-s,r=r-1 | +|CPSDRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String, Dec. and Rep|CPSD till r=0| +|CPSIb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String and Increment|d-s,r=r+1 | +|CPSIRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String, Inc. and Rep|CPSI till r=0| +|DAB d |***---|Decimal Adjust Byte |d=BCD format | +|DECb d,s |-***--|Decrement (s=1-16) |d=d-s | +|DI i |------|Disable Interrupts | #| +|DIVl d,s |****--|Divide |d=d/s | +|DbJNZ r,d |------|Decrement & Jump if Not Zero|r=r-1 | +|EI i |------|Enable Interrupts | #| +|EXb d,s |------|Exchange |d<->s | +|EXTSa d |------|Extend Signs | | +|HALT |------|Halt | #| +|pINb d,s |------|(Special) Input |d=s #| +|INCb d,s |-***--|Increment (s=1-16) |d=d+s | +|pINDb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Input and Dec. |d=s,r=r-1 #| +|pINDRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Input, Dec. & Rept|IND till r-0#| +|pINIb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Input and Inc. |d=s,r=r+1 #| +|pINIRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Input, Inc. & Rept|INI till r=0#| +|IRET |??????|Interrupt Return |PS=[SP]+ #| +|JP cc,d |------|Jump |PC=d | +|JR cc,d |------|Jump Relative |PC=d | +|LDa d,s |------|Load |d=s | +|LDA d,s |------|Load Address |d=EAs | +|LDAR d,s |------|Load Address Relative |d=EAs | +|LDCTL d,s |++++++|Load Control |d=s #| +|LDCTLB d,s |++++++|Load Control Byte |d=s | +|LDDb d,s,r|---*--|Load and Decrement |d=s,r=r-1 | +|LDDRb d,s,r|---1--|Load, Decrement and Repeat |LDD till r=0 | +|LDIb d,s,r|---*--|Load and Increment |d=s,r=r+1 | +|LDIRb d,s,r|---1--|Load, Increment and Repeat |LDI till r=0 | +|LDK d,s |------|Load Constant (s=0-15) |d=s | +|LDM d,s,n|------|Load Multiple (n=1-16) |d=s (n words)| +|LDPS s |??????|Load Program Status |PS=s #| +|LDRa d,s |------|Load Relative |d=s | +|MBIT |??*???|Multi-Micro Bit Test |S=~MI pin #| +|MREQ d |-**---|Multi-Micro Request |S=available #| +|MRES |------|Multi-Micro Reset |~MI=high #| +|MSET |------|Multi-Micro Set |~MO=low #| +|MULTl d,s |***0--|Multiply |d=d*s | +|NEGb d |****--|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |------|No Operation | | +|ORb d,s |-**b--|Logical inclusive OR |d=dvs | +|pOTDRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Output, Dec. & Rep|OTD till r=0#| +|pOTIRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Output, Inc. & Rep|OTI till r=0#| +|pOUTb d,s |------|(Special) Output |d=s #| +|pOUTDb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Output and Dec. |d=s,r=r=1 #| +|pOUTIb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Output and Inc. |d=s,r=r+1 #| +|POPl d,s |------|Pop |d=s,[EAs]+ | +|PUSHl d,s |------|Push |-[EAs],d=s | +|RESb d,s |------|Reset Bit |d=0 | +|RESFLG f |++++--|Reset Flag |f=0 | +|RET cc |------|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RLb d,s |****--|Rotate Left |d=d<-s | +|RLCb d,s |****--|Rotate Left through Carry |d={C,d}<-s | +|RLDB ll,s |-*?---|Rotate Left Digit Byte |s={ll,s}<-4 | +|RRb d,s |****--|Rotate Right |d=s->d | +|RRCb d,s |****--|Rotate Right through Carry |d=s->{C,d} | +|RRDB ll,s |-*?---|Rotate Right Digit Byte |s=4->{ll,s} | +|SBC d,s |****bb|Subtract with Carry |d=d-s-C | +|SC s |------|System Call (-[SP]={PS,ins})|PS=sys PS #| +|SDAa d,s |****--|Shift Dynamic Arithmetic |d={1,d,0}<-s | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |CZSPDH|Description |Notes | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +|SDLa d,s |***?--|Shift Dynamic Logical |d={0,d,0}<-s | +|SETb d,s |------|Set Bit |d=1 | +|SETFLG f |++++--|Set Flag |f=1 | +|SLAa d,s |****--|Shift Left Arithmetic |d={d,0}<-s | +|SLLa d,s |***?--|Shift Left Logical |d={d,0}<-s | +|SRAa d,s |***0--|Shift Right Arithmetic |d=s->{1,d} | +|SRLa d,s |***?--|Shift Right Logical |d=s->{0,d} | +|SUBa d,s |****bb|Subtract |d=d-s | +|TCCb cc,d |------|Test Condition Code |If cc d<0>=1 | +|TESTa d |-***--|Test |dv0 | +|TRDB d,s,r|-?-*--|Translate and Decrement |d=s[d],r=r-1 | +|TRDRB d,s,r|-?-1--|Translate, Dec. and Repeat |TRDB till r=0| +|TRIB d,s,r|-?-*--|Translate and Increment |d=s[d],r=r+1 | +|TRIRB d,s,r|-?-1--|Translate, Inc. and Repeat |TRIB till r=0| +|TRTDB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test and Dec. |RH1=s2[s1],..| +|TRTDRB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test, Dec. & Rept|TRTDB till...| +|TRTIB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test and Inc. |RH1=s2[s1],..| +|TRTIRB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test, Inc. & Rept|TRTIB till...| +|TSETb d |--*---|Test and Set |{S,d}=d | +|XOR d,s |-**b--|Logical Exclusive OR |d=dxs | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +| FCW |-*01? |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| |+b |Optionally affected/affected for byte only| +| C |C |Carry flag (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z |Zero flag (Bit 6) | +| S | S |Sign flag (Bit 5) | +| D | D |Decimal adjust flag (Bit 4) | +| P/V | P |Parity/Overflow flag (Bit 3) | +| H | H|Half carry flag (Bit 2) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| #n #nn #nnnn |Immediate data mode (IM, 4/8/16/32-bit) | +| r |Register addressing mode (R) | +| @r |Indirect Register mode (IR) | +| <>nn nn |nn| |Direct Addressing mode (DA) | +| <>nn[Rn] nn[Rn]|Indexed Addressing mode (X, not R0) | +| $+nn nn |Relative Addressing mode (RA) | +| RRn[#nn] |Based Addressing mode (BA, not RR0) | +| RRn[Rn] |Based Indexed addressing mode (BX, not R0)| +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +|AVAL nnnn(,...) |Define Address Value(s) | +|BVAL n(,...) |Define Byte Value(s) | +|EVEN |Set program counter to Even address | +|LVAL nnnn(,...) |Define Long word Value(s) | +|WVAL nn(,...) |Define Word Value(s) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| FCW |Flag Control Word (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (32-bit) | +| PSAP |Program Status Area Pointer (32-bit) | +| REFRESH |Refresh control register (16-bit) | +| RLn |Low byte register (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| RHn |High byte register (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| Rn |Word register (16-bit, n=0-15) | +| RRn |Double word register (32-bit, n=0-14,even)| +| RQn |Quadruple word reg. (64-bit, n=0/4/8/12) | +| RR14 |Used as stack pointer (32-bit) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| a |Blank, B or L (Word/Byte/Long operation) | +| b |Blank or B (Word/Byte operation) | +| c |Condition (r,cc) | +| cc |Condition Code (F/Z/NZ/C/NC/PL/MI/NE/EQ/ | +| | OV/NOV/PE/PO/GE/LT/GT/LE/UGE/ULT/UGT/ULE)| +| d d |Destination/Bit X of Destination | +| f |Flag(s) (C/Z/S/P/V) | +| i |Interrupt (VI/NVI) | +| l |Blank or L (Word/Long word operation) | +| ll |Link Location (bottom 4 bits of register) | +| n nn nnnn |Constant expression (8/16/32-bit) | +| p |Blank or S (Normal/Special operation) | +| r |Register (RLn/RHn/Rn/RRn/RQn) | +| s EAs |Source/Effective Address of Source | +| + - * / |Arithmetic add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |Logical AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <-X X-> |Rotate left/right by X bits | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/auto-increment/decrement | +| { } # |Combination of operands/privileged instr. | +| <> |nn| |Segment/short offset (0-255) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8002 b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8002 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b90fe0b --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z8002 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Zilog | +| | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 000 22222 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 2 2 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 | +| Z 88888 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 0 2 | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 000 2222222 | +| | +| Z8002 MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ _____ | +| <--> AD9 |_|1 40|_| AD0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD10 |_|2 39|_| AD8 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD11 |_|3 38|_| AD7 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD12 |_|4 37|_| AD6 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD13 |_|5 36|_| AD4 <--> | +| ____ _| |_ | +| --> STOP |_|6 35|_| AD5 <--> | +| __ _| |_ | +| --> Mi |_|7 34|_| AD3 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD15 |_|8 33|_| AD2 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> AD14 |_|9 32|_| AD1 <--> | +| _| |_ | +| +5V |_|10 31|_| GND | +| __ _| |_ | +| --> VI |_|11 Z8002 30|_| CLOCK <-- | +| ___ _| |_ __ | +| --> NVI |_|12 29|_| AS --> | +| ___ _| |_ | +| --> NMI |_|13 28|_| RESERVED | +| _____ _| |_ _ | +| --> RESET |_|14 27|_| B/W --> | +| __ _| |_ _ | +| <-- Mo |_|15 26|_| N/S --> | +| ____ _| |_ _ | +| <-- MREQ |_|16 25|_| R/W --> | +| __ _| |_ _____ | +| <-- DS |_|17 24|_| BUSAK --> | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <-- ST3 |_|18 23|_| WAIT <-- | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <-- ST2 |_|19 22|_| BUSRQ <-- | +| _| |_ | +| <-- ST1 |_|20 21|_| ST0 --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created October 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.2 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |CZSPDH|Description |Notes | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +|ADCb d,s |****bb|Add with Carry |d=d+s+C | +|ADDa d,s |****bb|Add |d=d+s | +|ANDb d,s |-**b--|Logical AND |d=d&s | +|BITb d,s |-*----|Bit Test |Z=~d | +|CALL d |------|Call |-[SP]=PC,PC=d| +|CALR d |------|Call Relative |-[SP]=PC,PC=d| +|CLRb d |------|Clear |d=0 | +|COMb d |-**b--|Complement |d=~d | +|COMFLG f |++++--|Complement Flag |f=~f | +|CPa d,s |****--|Compare |d-s | +|CPDb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare and Decrement |d-s,r=r-1 | +|CPDRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare, Decrement and Rept |CPD till r=0 | +|CPIb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare and Increment |d-s,r=r+1 | +|CPIRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare, Increment and Rept |CPI till r=0 | +|CPSDb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String and Decrement|d-s,r=r-1 | +|CPSDRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String, Dec. and Rep|CPSD till r=0| +|CPSIb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String and Increment|d-s,r=r+1 | +|CPSIRb d,s,c|?*?*--|Compare String, Inc. and Rep|CPSI till r=0| +|DAB d |***---|Decimal Adjust Byte |d=BCD format | +|DECb d,s |-***--|Decrement (s=1-16) |d=d-s | +|DI i |------|Disable Interrupts | #| +|DIVl d,s |****--|Divide |d=d/s | +|DbJNZ r,d |------|Decrement & Jump if Not Zero|r=r-1 | +|EI i |------|Enable Interrupts | #| +|EXb d,s |------|Exchange |d<->s | +|EXTSa d |------|Extend Signs | | +|HALT |------|Halt | #| +|pINb d,s |------|(Special) Input |d=s #| +|INCb d,s |-***--|Increment (s=1-16) |d=d+s | +|pINDb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Input and Dec. |d=s,r=r-1 #| +|pINDRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Input, Dec. & Rept|IND till r-0#| +|pINIb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Input and Inc. |d=s,r=r+1 #| +|pINIRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Input, Inc. & Rept|INI till r=0#| +|IRET |??????|Interrupt Return |PS=[SP]+ #| +|JP cc,d |------|Jump |PC=d | +|JR cc,d |------|Jump Relative |PC=d | +|LDa d,s |------|Load |d=s | +|LDA d,s |------|Load Address |d=EAs | +|LDAR d,s |------|Load Address Relative |d=EAs | +|LDCTL d,s |++++++|Load Control |d=s #| +|LDCTLB d,s |++++++|Load Control Byte |d=s | +|LDDb d,s,r|---*--|Load and Decrement |d=s,r=r-1 | +|LDDRb d,s,r|---1--|Load, Decrement and Repeat |LDD till r=0 | +|LDIb d,s,r|---*--|Load and Increment |d=s,r=r+1 | +|LDIRb d,s,r|---1--|Load, Increment and Repeat |LDI till r=0 | +|LDK d,s |------|Load Constant (s=0-15) |d=s | +|LDM d,s,n|------|Load Multiple (n=1-16) |d=s (n words)| +|LDPS s |??????|Load Program Status |PS=s #| +|LDRa d,s |------|Load Relative |d=s | +|MBIT |??*???|Multi-Micro Bit Test |S=~MI pin #| +|MREQ d |-**---|Multi-Micro Request |S=available #| +|MRES |------|Multi-Micro Reset |~MI=high #| +|MSET |------|Multi-Micro Set |~MO=low #| +|MULTl d,s |***0--|Multiply |d=d*s | +|NEGb d |****--|Negate |d=-d | +|NOP |------|No Operation | | +|ORb d,s |-**b--|Logical inclusive OR |d=dvs | +|pOTDRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Output, Dec. & Rep|OTD till r=0#| +|pOTIRb d,s,r|---1--|(Special) Output, Inc. & Rep|OTI till r=0#| +|pOUTb d,s |------|(Special) Output |d=s #| +|pOUTDb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Output and Dec. |d=s,r=r=1 #| +|pOUTIb d,s,r|---*--|(Special) Output and Inc. |d=s,r=r+1 #| +|POPl d,s |------|Pop |d=s,[EAs]+ | +|PUSHl d,s |------|Push |-[EAs],d=s | +|RESb d,s |------|Reset Bit |d=0 | +|RESFLG f |++++--|Reset Flag |f=0 | +|RET cc |------|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RLb d,s |****--|Rotate Left |d=d<-s | +|RLCb d,s |****--|Rotate Left through Carry |d={C,d}<-s | +|RLDB ll,s |-*?---|Rotate Left Digit Byte |s={ll,s}<-4 | +|RRb d,s |****--|Rotate Right |d=s->d | +|RRCb d,s |****--|Rotate Right through Carry |d=s->{C,d} | +|RRDB ll,s |-*?---|Rotate Right Digit Byte |s=4->{ll,s} | +|SBC d,s |****bb|Subtract with Carry |d=d-s-C | +|SC s |------|System Call (-[SP]={PS,ins})|PS=sys PS #| +|SDAa d,s |****--|Shift Dynamic Arithmetic |d={1,d,0}<-s | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |CZSPDH|Description |Notes | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +|SDLa d,s |***?--|Shift Dynamic Logical |d={0,d,0}<-s | +|SETb d,s |------|Set Bit |d=1 | +|SETFLG f |++++--|Set Flag |f=1 | +|SLAa d,s |****--|Shift Left Arithmetic |d={d,0}<-s | +|SLLa d,s |***?--|Shift Left Logical |d={d,0}<-s | +|SRAa d,s |***0--|Shift Right Arithmetic |d=s->{1,d} | +|SRLa d,s |***?--|Shift Right Logical |d=s->{0,d} | +|SUBa d,s |****bb|Subtract |d=d-s | +|TCCb cc,d |------|Test Condition Code |If cc d<0>=1 | +|TESTa d |-***--|Test |dv0 | +|TRDB d,s,r|-?-*--|Translate and Decrement |d=s[d],r=r-1 | +|TRDRB d,s,r|-?-1--|Translate, Dec. and Repeat |TRDB till r=0| +|TRIB d,s,r|-?-*--|Translate and Increment |d=s[d],r=r+1 | +|TRIRB d,s,r|-?-1--|Translate, Inc. and Repeat |TRIB till r=0| +|TRTDB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test and Dec. |RH1=s2[s1],..| +|TRTDRB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test, Dec. & Rept|TRTDB till...| +|TRTIB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test and Inc. |RH1=s2[s1],..| +|TRTIRB s,s,r|-*-*--|Translate, Test, Inc. & Rept|TRTIB till...| +|TSETb d |--*---|Test and Set |{S,d}=d | +|XOR d,s |-**b--|Logical Exclusive OR |d=dxs | +|------------+------+----------------------------+-------------| +| FCW |-*01? |Unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| |+b |Optionally affected/affected for byte only| +| C |C |Carry flag (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z |Zero flag (Bit 6) | +| S | S |Sign flag (Bit 5) | +| D | D |Decimal adjust flag (Bit 4) | +| P/V | P |Parity/Overflow flag (Bit 3) | +| H | H|Half carry flag (Bit 2) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| #n #nn #nnnn |Immediate data mode (IM, 4/8/16/32-bit) | +| r |Register addressing mode (R) | +| @r |Indirect Register mode (IR) | +| nn |nn| |Direct Addressing mode (DA) | +| nn[Rn] |Indexed Addressing mode (X, not R0) | +| $+nn nn |Relative Addressing mode (RA) | +| RRn[#nn] |Based Addressing mode (BA, not RR0) | +| RRn[Rn] |Based Indexed addressing mode (BX, not R0)| +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +|AVAL nnnn(,...) |Define Address Value(s) | +|BVAL n(,...) |Define Byte Value(s) | +|EVEN |Set program counter to Even address | +|LVAL nnnn(,...) |Define Long word Value(s) | +|WVAL nn(,...) |Define Word Value(s) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| FCW |Flag Control Word (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter (32-bit) | +| PSAP |Program Status Area Pointer (32-bit) | +| REFRESH |Refresh control register (16-bit) | +| RLn |Low byte register (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| RHn |High byte register (8-bit, n=0-7) | +| Rn |Word register (16-bit, n=0-15) | +| RRn |Double word register (32-bit, n=0-14,even)| +| RQn |Quadruple word reg. (64-bit, n=0/4/8/12) | +| RR14 |Used as stack pointer (32-bit) | +|-------------------+------------------------------------------| +| a |Blank, B or L (Word/Byte/Long operation) | +| b |Blank or B (Word/Byte operation) | +| c |Condition (r,cc) | +| cc |Condition Code (F/Z/NZ/C/NC/PL/MI/NE/EQ/ | +| | OV/NOV/PE/PO/GE/LT/GT/LE/UGE/ULT/UGT/ULE)| +| d d |Destination/Bit X of Destination | +| f |Flag(s) (C/Z/S/P/V) | +| i |Interrupt (VI/NVI) | +| l |Blank or L (Word/Long word operation) | +| ll |Link Location (bottom 4 bits of register) | +| n nn nnnn |Constant expression (8/16/32-bit) | +| p |Blank or S (Normal/Special operation) | +| r |Register (RLn/RHn/Rn/RRn/RQn) | +| s EAs |Source/Effective Address of Source | +| + - * / |Arithmetic add/subtract/multiply/divide | +| & ~ v x |Logical AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <-X X-> |Rotate left/right by X bits | +| [ ] [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address/auto-increment/decrement | +| { } # |Combination of operands/privileged instr. | +| |nn| |Short offset (0-255) | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z80l b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z80l new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f8516bc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/z80l @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +| | +| | +| Zilog | +| | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 L | +| Z 8 8 0 0 L | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 L | +| Z 88888 0 0 0 L | +| Z 8 8 0 0 0 L | +| Z 8 8 0 0 L | +| ZZZZZZZ 88888 000 LLLLLLL | +| | +| Z80L CMOS MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| _________ _________ | +| _| \__/ |_ | +| <-- A11 |_|1 40|_| A10 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A12 |_|2 39|_| A9 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A13 |_|3 38|_| A8 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A14 |_|4 37|_| A7 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <-- A15 |_|5 36|_| A6 --> | +| _| |_ | +| --> CLK |_|6 35|_| A5 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D4 |_|7 34|_| A4 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D3 |_|8 33|_| A3 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D5 |_|9 32|_| A2 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D6 |_|10 Z80L 31|_| A1 --> | +| _| |_ | +| +5V |_|11 30|_| A0 --> | +| _| |_ | +| <--> D2 |_|12 29|_| GND | +| _| |_ ____ | +| <--> D7 |_|13 28|_| RFSH --> | +| _| |_ __ | +| <--> D0 |_|14 27|_| M1 --> | +| _| |_ _____ | +| <--> D1 |_|15 26|_| RESET <-- | +| ___ _| |_ _____ | +| --> INT |_|16 25|_| BUSRQ <-- | +| ___ _| |_ ____ | +| --> NMI |_|17 24|_| WAIT <-- | +| ____ _| |_ ____ | +| <-- HALT |_|18 23|_| BUSAK --> | +| ____ _| |_ __ | +| <-- MREQ |_|19 22|_| WR --> | +| ____ _| |_ __ | +| <-- IORQ |_|20 21|_| RD --> | +| |______________________| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +| | +|Written by Jonathan Bowen | +| Programming Research Group | +| Oxford University Computing Laboratory | +| 8-11 Keble Road | +| Oxford OX1 3QD | +| England | +| | +| Tel +44-865-273840 | +| | +|Created August 1981 | +|Updated April 1985 | +|Issue 1.3 Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985| +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |SZHPNC|Description |Notes | +|----------+------+---------------------+----------------------| +|ADC A,s |***V0*|Add with Carry |A=A+s+CY | +|ADC HL,ss |**?V0*|Add with Carry |HL=HL+ss+CY | +|ADD A,s |***V0*|Add |A=A+s | +|ADD HL,ss |--?-0*|Add |HL=HL+ss | +|ADD IX,pp |--?-0*|Add |IX=IX+pp | +|ADD IY,rr |--?-0*|Add |IY=IY+rr | +|AND s |***P00|Logical AND |A=A&s | +|BIT b,m |?*1?0-|Test Bit |m&{2^b} | +|CALL cc,nn|------|Conditional Call |If cc CALL | +|CALL nn |------|Unconditional Call |-[SP]=PC,PC=nn | +|CCF |--?-0*|Complement Carry Flag|CY=~CY | +|CP s |***V1*|Compare |A-s | +|CPD |****1-|Compare and Decrement|A-[HL],HL=HL-1,BC=BC-1| +|CPDR |****1-|Compare, Dec., Repeat|CPD till A=[HL]or BC=0| +|CPI |****1-|Compare and Increment|A-[HL],HL=HL+1,BC=BC-1| +|CPIR |****1-|Compare, Inc., Repeat|CPI till A=[HL]or BC=0| +|CPL |--1-1-|Complement |A=~A | +|DAA |***P-*|Decimal Adjust Acc. |A=BCD format | +|DEC s |***V1-|Decrement |s=s-1 | +|DEC xx |------|Decrement |xx=xx-1 | +|DEC ss |------|Decrement |ss=ss-1 | +|DI |------|Disable Interrupts | | +|DJNZ e |------|Dec., Jump Non-Zero |B=B-1 till B=0 | +|EI |------|Enable Interrupts | | +|EX [SP],HL|------|Exchange |[SP]<->HL | +|EX [SP],xx|------|Exchange |[SP]<->xx | +|EX AF,AF' |------|Exchange |AF<->AF' | +|EX DE,HL |------|Exchange |DE<->HL | +|EXX |------|Exchange |qq<->qq' (except AF)| +|HALT |------|Halt | | +|IM n |------|Interrupt Mode | (n=0,1,2)| +|IN A,[n] |------|Input |A=[n] | +|IN r,[C] |***P0-|Input |r=[C] | +|INC r |***V0-|Increment |r=r+1 | +|INC [HL] |***V0-|Increment |[HL]=[HL]+1 | +|INC xx |------|Increment |xx=xx+1 | +|INC [xx+d]|***V0-|Increment |[xx+d]=[xx+d]+1 | +|INC ss |------|Increment |ss=ss+1 | +|IND |?*??1-|Input and Decrement |[HL]=[C],HL=HL-1,B=B-1| +|INDR |?1??1-|Input, Dec., Repeat |IND till B=0 | +|INI |?*??1-|Input and Increment |[HL]=[C],HL=HL+1,B=B-1| +|INIR |?1??1-|Input, Inc., Repeat |INI till B=0 | +|JP [HL] |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=[HL] | +|JP [xx] |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=[xx] | +|JP nn |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=nn | +|JP cc,nn |------|Conditional Jump |If cc JP | +|JR e |------|Unconditional Jump |PC=PC+e | +|JR cc,e |------|Conditional Jump |If cc JR(cc=C,NC,NZ,Z)| +|LD dst,src|------|Load |dst=src | +|LD A,i |**0*0-|Load |A=i (i=I,R)| +|LDD |--0*0-|Load and Decrement |[DE]=[HL],HL=HL-1,# | +|LDDR |--000-|Load, Dec., Repeat |LDD till BC=0 | +|LDI |--0*0-|Load and Increment |[DE]=[HL],HL=HL+1,# | +|LDIR |--000-|Load, Inc., Repeat |LDI till BC=0 | +|NEG |***V1*|Negate |A=-A | +|NOP |------|No Operation | | +|OR s |***P00|Logical inclusive OR |A=Avs | +|OTDR |?1??1-|Output, Dec., Repeat |OUTD till B=0 | +|OTIR |?1??1-|Output, Inc., Repeat |OUTI till B=0 | +|OUT [C],r |------|Output |[C]=r | +|OUT [n],A |------|Output |[n]=A | +|OUTD |?*??1-|Output and Decrement |[C]=[HL],HL=HL-1,B=B-1| +|OUTI |?*??1-|Output and Increment |[C]=[HL],HL=HL+1,B=B-1| +|POP xx |------|Pop |xx=[SP]+ | +|POP qq |------|Pop |qq=[SP]+ | +|PUSH xx |------|Push |-[SP]=xx | +|PUSH qq |------|Push |-[SP]=qq | +|RES b,m |------|Reset bit |m=m&{~2^b} | +|RET |------|Return |PC=[SP]+ | +|RET cc |------|Conditional Return |If cc RET | +|RETI |------|Return from Interrupt|PC=[SP]+ | +|RETN |------|Return from NMI |PC=[SP]+ | +|RL m |**0P0*|Rotate Left |m={CY,m}<- | +|RLA |--0-0*|Rotate Left Acc. |A={CY,A}<- | +|RLC m |**0P0*|Rotate Left Circular |m=m<- | +|RLCA |--0-0*|Rotate Left Circular |A=A<- | +---------------------------------------------------------------- +---------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mnemonic |SZHPNC|Description |Notes | +|----------+------+---------------------+----------------------| +|RLD |**0P0-|Rotate Left 4 bits |{A,[HL]}={A,[HL]}<- ##| +|RR m |**0P0*|Rotate Right |m=->{CY,m} | +|RRA |--0-0*|Rotate Right Acc. |A=->{CY,A} | +|RRC m |**0P0*|Rotate Right Circular|m=->m | +|RRCA |--0-0*|Rotate Right Circular|A=->A | +|RRD |**0P0-|Rotate Right 4 bits |{A,[HL]}=->{A,[HL]} ##| +|RST p |------|Restart | (p=0H,8H,10H,...,38H)| +|SBC A,s |***V1*|Subtract with Carry |A=A-s-CY | +|SBC HL,ss |**?V1*|Subtract with Carry |HL=HL-ss-CY | +|SCF |--0-01|Set Carry Flag |CY=1 | +|SET b,m |------|Set bit |m=mv{2^b} | +|SLA m |**0P0*|Shift Left Arithmetic|m=m*2 | +|SRA m |**0P0*|Shift Right Arith. |m=m/2 | +|SRL m |**0P0*|Shift Right Logical |m=->{0,m,CY} | +|SUB s |***V1*|Subtract |A=A-s | +|XOR s |***P00|Logical Exclusive OR |A=Axs | +|----------+------+--------------------------------------------| +| F |-*01? |Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set/unknown | +| S |S |Sign flag (Bit 7) | +| Z | Z |Zero flag (Bit 6) | +| HC | H |Half Carry flag (Bit 4) | +| P/V | P |Parity/Overflow flag (Bit 2, V=overflow) | +| N | N |Add/Subtract flag (Bit 1) | +| CY | C|Carry flag (Bit 0) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| n |Immediate addressing | +| nn |Immediate extended addressing | +| e |Relative addressing (PC=PC+2+offset) | +| [nn] |Extended addressing | +| [xx+d] |Indexed addressing | +| r |Register addressing | +| [rr] |Register indirect addressing | +| |Implied addressing | +| b |Bit addressing | +| p |Modified page zero addressing (see RST) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +|DEFB n(,...) |Define Byte(s) | +|DEFB 'str'(,...) |Define Byte ASCII string(s) | +|DEFS nn |Define Storage Block | +|DEFW nn(,...) |Define Word(s) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| A B C D E |Registers (8-bit) | +| AF BC DE HL |Register pairs (16-bit) | +| F |Flag register (8-bit) | +| I |Interrupt page address register (8-bit) | +| IX IY |Index registers (16-bit) | +| PC |Program Counter register (16-bit) | +| R |Memory Refresh register | +| SP |Stack Pointer register (16-bit) | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| b |One bit (0 to 7) | +| cc |Condition (C,M,NC,NZ,P,PE,PO,Z) | +| d |One-byte expression (-128 to +127) | +| dst |Destination s, ss, [BC], [DE], [HL], [nn] | +| e |One-byte expression (-126 to +129) | +| m |Any register r, [HL] or [xx+d] | +| n |One-byte expression (0 to 255) | +| nn |Two-byte expression (0 to 65535) | +| pp |Register pair BC, DE, IX or SP | +| qq |Register pair AF, BC, DE or HL | +| qq' |Alternative register pair AF, BC, DE or HL | +| r |Register A, B, C, D, E, H or L | +| rr |Register pair BC, DE, IY or SP | +| s |Any register r, value n, [HL] or [xx+d] | +| src |Source s, ss, [BC], [DE], [HL], nn, [nn] | +| ss |Register pair BC, DE, HL or SP | +| xx |Index register IX or IY | +|-----------------+--------------------------------------------| +| + - * / ^ |Add/subtract/multiply/divide/exponent | +| & ~ v x |Logical AND/NOT/inclusive OR/exclusive OR | +| <- -> |Rotate left/right | +| [ ] |Indirect addressing | +| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect addressing auto-increment/decrement| +| { } |Combination of operands | +| # |Also BC=BC-1,DE=DE-1 | +| ## |Only lower 4 bits of accumulator A used | +---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY.1 b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a0599aa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY.1 @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles: Cryptography

+

+A goal of all communicators, as far back as time records, is to ensure that +those communications reach the right people and don't fall into the hands +of others. To this end, codes and passwords and ciphers have been created +to make it so anyone intercepting a communication is unable to know what the +message is. +

+This goal has come into the computer era in the form of encrypted e-mail +and secure networking, and the politics that have arisen as a result are +what have brought a strong awareness of government policy and social +change to computing. This directory contains both technical and political +discussions. +

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
2xdesfou.txt 6795
 Nx2 DES Found Weak by Terry Ritter of Ritter Software Engineering (February 11, 1994) +
2xisolat.txt 10270
 2x Isolated Double-DES: Another Weak Two-Level DES Structure, by Terry Ritter of Ritter Software Engineering (February 16, 1994) +
4212582_.par 19559
 Patent for Public Key Cryptographic Apparatus and Method +
4405829.riv 94246
 Cryptographic Communications System and Method Patent (RSA) +
4424414.hel 31340
 Exponentiation cryptographic apparatus and method (1984) +
4562305.gaf 19925
 Software cryptographic apparatus and method Patent (1985) +
a-crypt.txt 23673
 A Call to Arms in 1992 to Free Cryptography +
arrl.txt 19296
 Overview of some Basic Cryptographic Schemes +
atalynx.txt 9546
 Discussion of How Different Console Systems Handled Encryption +
authenc.txt 16951
 The Telnet Authetication Option with Encryption Draft, from the IETF (July 1992) +
blowfish.cry 31630
 Description of a New Variable-Length Key, 64-Bit Block Cipher (Blow Fish) and Bruce Schneier +
breaking.des 11261
 Is DES Breakable? +
chaum_di.txt 34187
 The Dining Cryptographers Problem: Unconditional Sender and Recipient Untraceability by David Chaum +
cipher1.txt 4374
 Computer Ciphering by Steve Harrison of the San Diego IBM PC User SIG +
clipper.txt 12777
 Statement by the White House Announcing the Clipper Chip (April 16, 1993) +
code.txt 17664
 Cracking the Code by Mark. D. Uehling +
crossbow 29200
 From Crossbows to Cryptography: Thwarting the State Via Technology +
cryp.txt 16213
 Data Encryption Fast and Secure by Harry J. Smith +
crypt.pri 15965
 Simple Cryptography, by a Simple Cryptographer, typed in by Dave Ferret of The Works +
crypt.txt 345988
 Public Key Cryptography, by James Nechvatal of the Security Technology Group (December, 1990) +
cryptfaq.txt 122400
 FAQ: Cryptography FAQ Version 1.0 (January 11, 1994) +
cryptloj.txt 12468
 Cryptology as defined by Grolier Electronic Publishing +
crypto.dic 28115
 Cryptography Glossary by Timothy C. May +
crypto.tch 12795
 The Rises of Teaching About Computers and the Law +
cryptogr.txt 65831
 Cryptography: Trends in Techology and Policy, by Hoffman, Ali, Heckler, and Huybrechts (December 5, 1993) +
cryptoma 3925
 The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto by Timothy C. May +
cryptprg.txt 346781
 Public Key Cryptography, by James Nechvatal of National Institute of Standards and Technology (December 1990) +
des.txt 23285
 On the Digital Encryption Standard +
des_nist.txt 22446
 The Data Encryption Standard Fact Sheet +
dss.txt 34816
 A Proposed Federal Information Processing Standard for Digital Signature Standard (DSS) (1991) +
hideseek.txt 8685
 DOCUMENTATION: Hide and Seek v1.1: Hide Information in GIF Files +
ideafast.txt 9830
 A Quick IDEA, was: Speed of DES/IDEA implementations (Cryptography using IDEA) by Bryan Olson +
intro.txt 2669
 PRESS RELEASE: NIST Proposes Computer Security "Digital Signature" Standard (1991) +
ladderbl.txt 4241
 Large Block DES Newsletter (Volume 1, Number 1) February 28, 1994, by Terry Ritter +
ladderde.txt 11088
 Ladder-DES: A Proposed Candidate to Replace DES by Terry Ritter (February 22, 1994) +
legal_kl.txt 4095
 How to Legally Circumvent PGP 2.6's Legal Kludge by Paul Elliott (July 19, 1994) +
merkle.txt 85054
 A Software Encryption Function, by Ralph C. Merkle +
mutation.txt 20015
 DOCUMENTATION: MUTATi0N: Cryptography for Hackers/Phreakers & Others Version 1.1 by Professor Falken (July 27, 1991) +
ncsatelnpw.hac 4683
 Eric thinks this new Cryptography scheme sucks +
nist-cry.txt 346030
 Public-Key Cryptography: NIST Special Publication 800-2 by James Nechvatal of the Security Technology Group (April 1991) +
nortons_.txt 8612
 Norton's InDiskreet, by Peter Gutmann (November 11, 1993) +
nsapaper.txt 23411
 Written Response from the NSA Regarding Cyptography, by Joe Abernathy of the Houston Chronicle (June 10, 1992) +
pax.inf 14112
 Information about Anonymous & Privacy-Enhanced Posting (November 20, 1992) +
pfaq.asc 8565
 NoiseNet Privacy Echo Frequently Asked Questions (March 16th, 1994) +
pgp.faq 84116
 FAQ: alt.security.PGP (December 19th, 1993) +
pgp20faq.txt 9349
 FAQ: PGP Faq +
pgp26mit.txt 15265
 Questions and Answers about MIT's Release of PGP 2.6 by Hal Abelson, Jeff Schiller, Brian LaMacchia, and Derek Atkins (June 2, 1994) +
pgpdoc1.txt 81069
 The PGP User's Guide by Philip Zimmermann (May 22, 1994) +
pgpdoc2.txt 118436
 The PGP User's Guide Volume II: Special Topics by Philip Zimmerman (May 22, 1994) +
pgpfaq.txt 145330
 FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) +
pgpfaq1.txt 34361
 FAQ: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) +
pgpfaq2.txt 54914
 FAQ: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) (Part II) +
pgpfaq3.txt 56055
 FAQ: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) (Part III) +
pgpjump.txt 17543
 A Pretty Good Privacy Jump Start +
pgptb.txt 22579
 The PGP Time Bomb FAQ (August 16, 1994) +
polygona.txt 8611
 The Cryptographic Uses of Polygonal Sequences by C. David Colston +
pow_code.txt 9912
 American POW Communication Codes +
rabin-al.txt 8111
 Description of the Rabin Public Key Cryptosystem (August 24, 1990) +
rsa_news.txt 47625
 Ciphertext: The RSA Newsletter Volume 1 Number 1 (Fall, 1993) +
rsafaq.txt 169559
 FAQ: Frequently Asked QUestions about Today's Cryptography by Paul Fahn of RSA Laboratories (September 20, 1993) +
rsaisbro.txt 12306
 Public Key Cryptography is Easy to Break by William H. Payne (October 16, 1990) +
sapphire.txt 20404
 Information on the Sapphire Stream Cipher, from Michael Johnson (December 10, 1994) +
secdrv.txt 40944
 DOCUMENTATION: Secure Drive v1.3c by Edgar Swank +
shr_ware.txt 28061
 What is Shareware and What is the ASP? by MacGregor K. Phillips (1994) +
shs_doc.txt 24687
 The Secure Hash Standard by Dennis Branstad of NIST +
simpcryp.txt 4719
 Simple Data Encryption or Digital Electronics 101 by The leftist +
skipjack.txt 27131
 Skipjack Review: The Skipjack Algorithm by Brickell, Denning, Kent, Maher, Tuchman (July 28, 1993) +
techdes.txt 42290
 Technical Information on Validated DES Devices (May 1991) +
theory.des 72211
 A Survey of Data Encryption by John A. Thomas +
ww_pgp_a.txt 29669
 Zimmerman's PGP: A Cure for the Common Code (October 3, 1993) +
zimmerma.txt 14505
 The Testimony of Philip Zimmermann to the Subcommittee for Economic Policy, Trade, and the Environment (October 12, 1993) +

There are 71 files for a total of 3,194,574 bytes.
+ diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/.windex.html b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/.windex.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2298288e --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/.windex.html @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ + +T E X T F I L E S + +

Programming Textfiles: Cryptography

+

+A goal of all communicators, as far back as time records, is to ensure that +those communications reach the right people and don't fall into the hands +of others. To this end, codes and passwords and ciphers have been created +to make it so anyone intercepting a communication is unable to know what the +message is. +

+This goal has come into the computer era in the form of encrypted e-mail +and secure networking, and the politics that have arisen as a result are +what have brought a strong awareness of government policy and social +change to computing. This directory contains both technical and political +discussions. +

+ + + + + +
+
Filename
Size
Description of the Textfile
2xdesfou.txt 6795
 Nx2 DES Found Weak by Terry Ritter of Ritter Software Engineering (February 11, 1994) +
2xisolat.txt 10270
 2x Isolated Double-DES: Another Weak Two-Level DES Structure, by Terry Ritter of Ritter Software Engineering (February 16, 1994) +
4212582_.par 19559
 Patent for Public Key Cryptographic Apparatus and Method +
4405829.riv 94246
 Cryptographic Communications System and Method Patent (RSA) +
4424414.hel 31340
 Exponentiation cryptographic apparatus and method (1984) +
4562305.gaf 19925
 Software cryptographic apparatus and method Patent (1985) +
a-crypt.txt 23673
 A Call to Arms in 1992 to Free Cryptography +
arrl.txt 19296
 Overview of some Basic Cryptographic Schemes +
atalynx.txt 9546
 Discussion of How Different Console Systems Handled Encryption +
authenc.txt 16951
 The Telnet Authetication Option with Encryption Draft, from the IETF (July 1992) +
blowfish.cry 31630
 Description of a New Variable-Length Key, 64-Bit Block Cipher (Blow Fish) and Bruce Schneier +
breaking.des 11261
 Is DES Breakable? +
chaum_di.txt 34187
 The Dining Cryptographers Problem: Unconditional Sender and Recipient Untraceability by David Chaum +
cipher1.txt 4374
 Computer Ciphering by Steve Harrison of the San Diego IBM PC User SIG +
clipper.txt 12777
 Statement by the White House Announcing the Clipper Chip (April 16, 1993) +
code.txt 17664
 Cracking the Code by Mark. D. Uehling +
crossbow 29200
 From Crossbows to Cryptography: Thwarting the State Via Technology +
cryp.txt 16213
 Data Encryption Fast and Secure by Harry J. Smith +
crypt.pri 15965
 Simple Cryptography, by a Simple Cryptographer, typed in by Dave Ferret of The Works +
crypt.txt 345988
 Public Key Cryptography, by James Nechvatal of the Security Technology Group (December, 1990) +
cryptfaq.txt 122400
 FAQ: Cryptography FAQ Version 1.0 (January 11, 1994) +
cryptloj.txt 12468
 Cryptology as defined by Grolier Electronic Publishing +
crypto.dic 28115
 Cryptography Glossary by Timothy C. May +
crypto.tch 12795
 The Rises of Teaching About Computers and the Law +
cryptogr.txt 65831
 Cryptography: Trends in Techology and Policy, by Hoffman, Ali, Heckler, and Huybrechts (December 5, 1993) +
cryptoma 3925
 The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto by Timothy C. May +
cryptprg.txt 346781
 Public Key Cryptography, by James Nechvatal of National Institute of Standards and Technology (December 1990) +
des.txt 23285
 On the Digital Encryption Standard +
des_nist.txt 22446
 The Data Encryption Standard Fact Sheet +
dss.txt 34816
 A Proposed Federal Information Processing Standard for Digital Signature Standard (DSS) (1991) +
hideseek.txt 8685
 DOCUMENTATION: Hide and Seek v1.1: Hide Information in GIF Files +
ideafast.txt 9830
 A Quick IDEA, was: Speed of DES/IDEA implementations (Cryptography using IDEA) by Bryan Olson +
intro.txt 2669
 PRESS RELEASE: NIST Proposes Computer Security "Digital Signature" Standard (1991) +
ladderbl.txt 4241
 Large Block DES Newsletter (Volume 1, Number 1) February 28, 1994, by Terry Ritter +
ladderde.txt 11088
 Ladder-DES: A Proposed Candidate to Replace DES by Terry Ritter (February 22, 1994) +
legal_kl.txt 4095
 How to Legally Circumvent PGP 2.6's Legal Kludge by Paul Elliott (July 19, 1994) +
merkle.txt 85054
 A Software Encryption Function, by Ralph C. Merkle +
mutation.txt 20015
 DOCUMENTATION: MUTATi0N: Cryptography for Hackers/Phreakers & Others Version 1.1 by Professor Falken (July 27, 1991) +
ncsatelnpw.hac 4683
 Eric thinks this new Cryptography scheme sucks +
nist-cry.txt 346030
 Public-Key Cryptography: NIST Special Publication 800-2 by James Nechvatal of the Security Technology Group (April 1991) +
nortons_.txt 8612
 Norton's InDiskreet, by Peter Gutmann (November 11, 1993) +
nsapaper.txt 23411
 Written Response from the NSA Regarding Cyptography, by Joe Abernathy of the Houston Chronicle (June 10, 1992) +
pax.inf 14112
 Information about Anonymous & Privacy-Enhanced Posting (November 20, 1992) +
pfaq.asc 8565
 NoiseNet Privacy Echo Frequently Asked Questions (March 16th, 1994) +
pgp.faq 84116
 FAQ: alt.security.PGP (December 19th, 1993) +
pgp20faq.txt 9349
 FAQ: PGP Faq +
pgp26mit.txt 15265
 Questions and Answers about MIT's Release of PGP 2.6 by Hal Abelson, Jeff Schiller, Brian LaMacchia, and Derek Atkins (June 2, 1994) +
pgpdoc1.txt 81069
 The PGP User's Guide by Philip Zimmermann (May 22, 1994) +
pgpdoc2.txt 118436
 The PGP User's Guide Volume II: Special Topics by Philip Zimmerman (May 22, 1994) +
pgpfaq.txt 145330
 FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) +
pgpfaq1.txt 34361
 FAQ: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) +
pgpfaq2.txt 54914
 FAQ: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) (Part II) +
pgpfaq3.txt 56055
 FAQ: Alt.Security.PGP (May 25, 1995) (Part III) +
pgpjump.txt 17543
 A Pretty Good Privacy Jump Start +
pgptb.txt 22579
 The PGP Time Bomb FAQ (August 16, 1994) +
polygona.txt 8611
 The Cryptographic Uses of Polygonal Sequences by C. David Colston +
pow_code.txt 9912
 American POW Communication Codes +
rabin-al.txt 8111
 Description of the Rabin Public Key Cryptosystem (August 24, 1990) +
rsa_news.txt 47625
 Ciphertext: The RSA Newsletter Volume 1 Number 1 (Fall, 1993) +
rsafaq.txt 169559
 FAQ: Frequently Asked QUestions about Today's Cryptography by Paul Fahn of RSA Laboratories (September 20, 1993) +
rsaisbro.txt 12306
 Public Key Cryptography is Easy to Break by William H. Payne (October 16, 1990) +
sapphire.txt 20404
 Information on the Sapphire Stream Cipher, from Michael Johnson (December 10, 1994) +
secdrv.txt 40944
 DOCUMENTATION: Secure Drive v1.3c by Edgar Swank +
shr_ware.txt 28061
 What is Shareware and What is the ASP? by MacGregor K. Phillips (1994) +
shs_doc.txt 24687
 The Secure Hash Standard by Dennis Branstad of NIST +
simpcryp.txt 4719
 Simple Data Encryption or Digital Electronics 101 by The leftist +
skipjack.txt 27131
 Skipjack Review: The Skipjack Algorithm by Brickell, Denning, Kent, Maher, Tuchman (July 28, 1993) +
techdes.txt 42290
 Technical Information on Validated DES Devices (May 1991) +
theory.des 72211
 A Survey of Data Encryption by John A. Thomas +
ww_pgp_a.txt 29669
 Zimmerman's PGP: A Cure for the Common Code (October 3, 1993) +
zimmerma.txt 14505
 The Testimony of Philip Zimmermann to the Subcommittee for Economic Policy, Trade, and the Environment (October 12, 1993) +

There are 71 files for a total of 3,194,574 bytes.
+ diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/2xdesfou.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/2xdesfou.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..76e0eec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/2xdesfou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ + Ritter Software Engineering + 2609 Choctaw Trail + Austin, Texas 78745 + (512) 892-0494, ritter@cactus.org + + + + Nx2 DES Found Weak + + Terry Ritter + February 11, 1994 + + + Summary + + Any Nx2 DES system succumbs to meet-in-the-middle attack at a + cost only N times that of normal DES, and is probably not worth + using. If we assume that DES would fall with 2^55 cipherings + (on average), then the 4x2+ DES system which I previously + recommended would require only 2^57 cipherings. Such an attack, + however, might require substantially more storage and might be + more difficult to mechanize and slower in operation than an attack + on normal DES. + + Nx3 DES systems seem not to be affected by this attack, but they + are also not faster than triple-DES (1x3 DES), which was the main + reason for recommending Nx2 DES over triple-DES. On the other + hand, Nx3 DES systems apparently would provide added strength + against dictionary attacks; such attacks might be possible against + ASCII plaintext when ciphered in small 8-byte blocks. + + + Double-DES + + A 1x2 DES construct (double-DES) is something like this: + + A + v + k1 -> DES1 + v + B + v + k2 -> DES2 + v + C + + Each single capital letter represents an 8-byte DES block. + + + Meet-In-The-Middle Attack on 1x2 DES (double-DES) + + [ This is probably similar to: + + Merkle, R. and M. Hellman. 1981. On the security of + multiple encryption. Comm. ACM 27(4): 465. + + which I have not seen. This analysis resulted from trying to + understand the comments on NxM DES made by email from Eli + Biham, which led me to: + + Davies, D. and W. Price. 1984. Security for Computer + Networks. Wiley. 75. + + and the attack on double-DES. Obviously I did not expect + that attack to work on Nx2 DES, or I would have skipped Nx2 + entirely. ] + + First we need some known-plaintext (A) and its associated ciphertext + (C). Now we encipher A with every possible random key k1 and save + the results. Then we decipher C with random keys k2, eventually + finding a match to the enciphered data. + + There are many possible pairs of keys (k1, k2) which will produce + matching B's. Since there are 112 key bits (k1, k2), and we match + 64 bits each time, there should be about 112 - 64 or 48 bits of + freedom (that is, 2^48 possibilities) to be resolved with one or + two more known-plaintext blocks. + + We can guarantee to find the correct key pair if we try every + possible key for k1 and also every possible key for k2; this is + only twice the effort of a full DES key search, and we need + only search half that, on average. (In practice, we would do + some k1's and then some k2's, repeated until success occurred.) + + However, we should note that this technique may require the + intermediate storage of 2^56 results. This would be over 2^59 + bytes of store, and this amount of storage and lookup is not + nearly as easy or fast as the on-chip ciphering-and-compare + solution for DES. Still, the result is not comforting. + + + A 2x2 DES construct is something like this: + + A B + v v + k1 -> DES1 k2 -> DES2 + v v + C D + Exchange Half + E F + v v + k3 -> DES3 k4 -> DES4 + v v + G H + + + + Meet-In-The-Middle Attack on 2x2 DES + + Suppose we first try the 2x1 approach: With one known-plaintext + block, we can search two keys (say k1 and k2) until a match + is found for the center block. Then we can validate that match + with additional known-plaintext blocks. (Since there is only a + 32-bit match-check and a 112-bit keyspace, there will be + 112 - 32 or 80 bits of freedom to resolve at about 32 bits per + known-plaintext pair, so we would want to check a minimum of 3 or + 4 other known-plaintexts. The cost of the subsequent cipherings + and comparisons would be relatively insignificant, however.) + + We can guarantee that the two keys will be found by searching all + possible k1 and k2. This is only twice the normal DES keyspace, + and we only need search half of that, on average. And we can do + this again for the other two keys at a similar cost. Again, the + attack hardware will be considerably more awkward than any simple + search for a DES key which matches a given ciphertext value, but + the total number of DES cipherings will be about twice the DES + keyspace, on average. + + + Nx2 DES Falls + + Similar arguments lead to the conclusion that, for any N, Nx2 DES + must be generally comparable in strength to DES itself. This means + that the larger block has not helped strength much in any Nx2 DES + system, despite the fact that every ciphertext bit is demonstrably + a function of every plaintext bit in the large block as well as + every bit in all the separate DES keys. Note that the form of the + inter-stage permutation has absolutely no effect on this attack + or overall strength, despite the fact that a great deal has been + written about designing S-P permutations. + + The meet-in-the-middle attack seems not to apply to Nx3 DES. + + + Dictionary Attacks + + Normally we define "strength" as the *minimum* effort expected to + "break" a cipher, when taken over *all possible attacks*. Working + out the extent of "all possible attacks" is a major part of the + effort in cryptography. + + With respect to DES, most of the current attacks have considered + the relatively-small 56-bit keyspace. But I am also concerned + by the relatively-small 8-byte block size. + + Consider an 8-byte block of ASCII text: Modern data-compression + programs typically compress such data by 60 percent. This means + that we typically have less than 26 bits or so of "uniqueness" in + the various blocks. Rigidly-formatted business documents, letters, + or forms would be even less unique, and, thus, even more attackable. + + To the extent that a substantial amount of known-plaintext could + be acquired (or possibly even inferred), a dictionary attack + becomes possible. For this reason, if a change is to be made, + then I would like to see a block size at least four times that + now used. This would be a reasonable approach with a 4x3+ DES + system, which would be comparable in throughput to a 1x3 DES + system, but, alas, not faster. + + + Conclusion + + A two-stage or Nx2 DES construction is probably not worth using. + + + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/2xisolat.txt b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/2xisolat.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ceb819ec --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/2xisolat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,266 @@ + Ritter Software Engineering + 2609 Choctaw Trail + Austin, Texas 78745 + (512) 892-0494, ritter@cactus.org + + + + 2x Isolated Double-DES: Another Weak Two-Level DES Structure + + Terry Ritter + February 16, 1994 + + +Introduction + +The time has come to replace DES, the US Data Encryption Standard, +but there is no clear alternative. While there are many ciphers +which are demonstrably faster and also arguably stronger than DES, +the fact that cipher strength cannot be _tested_ but must instead +be_argued_ makes many users nervous. The US government offers some +alternative ciphers, but those are secret designs whose strength +_cannot_ be argued, again making users nervous. + +The current leading candidate for a replacement to DES is "triple- +DES," a three-level construct using DES at each level. This is a +comforting design, because users are already convinced that DES +can be relied upon for a certain level of strength. Unfortunately, +a software implementation of triple-DES takes three times the +processing of normal DES. While this is a mere detail on systems +which process the occasional enciphered email message, operational +speed is fundamental to widespread industrial use. Ciphering speed +is essential in LAN servers and other fully-enciphered communications +nodes. Speed is also important when ciphering is an integral part +of laptop software which communicates to a central facility. Fast +software ciphering is important. + +Because the ciphering speed for triple-DES is not acceptable, no +three-or-more-level construct could possibly be satisfactory in +this respect. This limits our design alternatives to one-or two- +level constructs based on DES. + +The goal, then, is to find--if possible--a construct which is based +on DES, has strength substantially beyond normal DES, but requires +less processing than triple-DES. This time we start from the base +of double-DES, and directly confront the known weakness of that +approach: + + +Double-DES + +The classical double-DES construct is something like this: + + A + v + k1 -> DES1 + v + B + v + C + v + k2 -> DES2 + v + D + +where each single capital letter represents an 8-byte DES block. +Double-DES is normally not used, because of the meet-in-the-middle +attack: + + +Meet-In-The-Middle Attack on Double DES + +Assume we have known-plaintext A for ciphertext D: Encipher A +under every possible key k1, and decipher D under every possible +key k2. (The cost for this is only two full DES key searches.) +Then check for matches between B and C. If there are multiple +matches, the correct k1 and k2 will be there somewhere, and we +can isolate the correct pair with one or two more known-plaintext +blocks (this is a loose interpretation of [2]). + +This works for the normal double-DES construction because it is +possible to check for matches between B and C; the weakness seems +to be the ability to check for a match. Assuming that we have +properly identified the principal weakness of double-DES, let's +fix it: We can isolate the two values, making a match check +impossible, so that not even one bit can be checked. + + +Isolated Double-DES + +Consider a two-level DES construct like this: + + A + v + k1 -> DES1 + v + B + v + km -> XOR + v + C + v + k2 -> DES2 + v + D + +where k1 and k2 are 56-bit keys, but km is a 64-bit key. +Technically, this construct could be considered to be either +double-DES with an intermediate ("isolating") XOR operation, or +triple-DES with XOR replacing the middle DES operation. But since +the processing cost for this system is similar to double-DES, it +is reasonable to call it a form of double-DES. + +While it is true that we now have three keys for a two-level DES +structure, this is no worse than triple-DES with separate keys. +But is it stronger than double-DES? + + +Isolated Double-DES Meet-In-The-Middle Attack + +Again, encipher A under every possible key k1, and decipher D under +every possible key k2 and check for matches between B and C. + +But in the isolated construction, every possible pair of values +(B,C) has some key km which would make that pair match. Thus, the +weakness of match identification in the original construction is +not possible in the alternate construction. + +The keyspace seems to be 56 + 64 = 120 bits, which would probably +be satisfactory for another couple of decades, or until an open +science of cryptographic machine design has matured. It still +has a small block size, however. + + +Larger Blocks + +DES uses a relatively-small 8-byte block, so if DES were used +in Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode and large amounts of plaintext +were known, a dictionary attack would be possible. Fortunately, DES +is normally used in Cipher Block Chain (CBC) mode, making dictionary +attacks difficult. But a dictionary attack on ECB mode could be +viewed as a "certificational attack" which is "indicative of +weakness" in the cipher itself. [1:466] + +If we make the modest assumption that ordinary text has an +information content of under 40 percent of the binary size, then +a 64-bit block of text generally contains less than 26 bits of +uniqueness. Worse, short words occur far more often than an even +distribution would indicate. Although it would certainly be ill- +advised to send 2^26 blocks (2^29 bytes) of data under a single set +of keys, it is interesting to note the relatively small size of this +figure when compared to other cryptographic quantities. + +For this reason, it seems appropriate that any new standard specify +an expanded block width. Here is a double-width approach, 2x2 DES +described in an earlier article: + + A B + v v + k1 -> DES1 k2 -> DES2 + v v + C D + Exchange Right 4 Bytes + E F + v v + k3 -> DES3 k4 -> DES4 + v v + G H + +Note that the 64-bit quantity G (for example) is a complex nonlinear +function of A, B, k1, k2, and k3; a total of 296 bits. Nevertheless +the system is still solvable with meet-in-the-middle: + + +2x2 DES Meet-In-The-Middle Attack + +With one known-plaintext block, we can search one top key and one +bottom key (say, k1 and k3) and find pairs (E,C) which match at the +appropriate 32 bit-positions. Then we can identify the correct +pair with additional known-plaintext blocks, resolving the keys at +32-bits per known-plaintext pair. + +We can guarantee that the two keys will be found by searching all +possible k1 and k3. This is only twice the normal DES keyspace, +but may well require a huge amount of storage to identify all the +values and associated keys (say, E and k3) which match a particular +result (say, C). We do not want to run through every k3 every +time we change k1. + + +2x2 DES Differential Attack + +Eli Biham [1] points out that a differential attack can eliminate +the need to store the result from every possible key. In this case +we need two different large blocks of known-plaintext with plaintext +or ciphertext half the same (say, A:B -> G:H and A:X -> Y:Z). With +A the same in both large blocks, we know that the left-half of E +must also be the same. Then, since we have two different blocks, we +can step through all possible values for k3, deciphering G into E +and Y into E' each time, looking for any results with the left-half +the same. This should occur about every 2^32 trials, producing 2^24 +trials which match, which should be resolved in only one or two more +set of known-plaintext blocks. No huge storage is needed. + + +2x Isolated Double-DES + +Consider a pair of isolated double-DES structures, combined as +described for 2x2 DES: + + A B + v v + k1 -> DES1 k2 -> DES2 + v v + km -> XOR1 kn -> XOR2 + v v + Exchange Right 4 Bytes + v v + k3 -> DES3 k4 -> DES4 + v v + C D + +The result is a double-width structure, in which every ciphertext +bit in C depends on each and every bit in A, B, k1, k2, and k3, as +well as half the bits in km and kn. Ciphering occurs at the rate +of double-DES. While it is certainly true that six keys are needed, +keys need be transmitted far less often than data, and by having +separate keys we avoid attacks which depend upon having the same +key at multiple parts of the operation. If we say that enciphering +occurs "from the top down," (XOR before exchange) then we would say +that deciphering occurs "from the bottom up" (exchange before XOR). + + +2x Isolated Double-DES Meet-In-The-Middle Attack + +The double-DES meet-in-the-middle attack depended upon having a +structure in which the enciphered plaintext was identical to the +deciphered ciphertext. This allowed both keys to be manipulated +and the resulting data space searched for matches. + +In isolated double-DES any enciphered plaintext value can be +related to any deciphered ciphertext value by varying the middle +or "isolating" key. Thus, meet-in-the-middle seems not very useful. + + +2x Isolated Double-DES Differential Attack + +The 2x2 differential attack depended not upon identical top and +bottom values, but upon producing an identical value (in particular +known bit positions) from a bottom deciphering (for example). This +situation is not affected by the XOR and so the differential attack +will still work. + + +Conclusion + +2x Isolated double-DES falls to a differential attack. + + +References + +[1] Biham, E. Mon, 7 Feb 1994 16:59:28 GMT. Comments on Nx2 DES. + + +[2] Merkle, R. and M. Hellman. 1981. On the Security of Multiple + Encryption. Communications of the ACM. 24(7): 465-467. + diff --git a/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/4212582_.par b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/4212582_.par new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0f9ab647 --- /dev/null +++ b/textfiles.com/programming/CRYPTOGRAPHY/4212582_.par @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@ +### Hellman-Merkle: 4,218,582 + + Public key cryptographic apparatus and method + +US PAT NO: 4,218,582 +DATE ISSUED: Aug. 19, 1980 +TITLE: Public key cryptographic apparatus and method +INVENTOR: Martin E. Hellman, Stanford, CA + Ralph C. Merkle, Palo Alto, CA +ASSIGNEE: The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University + , Stanford, CA (U.S. corp.) +APPL-NO: 05/839,939 +DATE FILED: Oct. 6, 1977 +INT-CL: [2] H04L 9/04 +US-CL-ISSUED: 178/22; 364/900 +US-CL-CURRENT: 380/30; 364/918.7, 919, 919.4, 926.1, 926.5, 929, 932.8, 933, + 933.1, 937, 937.1, 937.2, 946, 946.2, 946.8, 947, 947.2, + 949.71, 951.1, 951.4, 959.1, DIG.2; 380/49 +SEARCH-FLD: 178/22 +REF-CITED: + + OTHER PUBLICATIONS +"New Directions in Cryptography," Diffie et al., IEEE Transactions on + Information Theory, vol. II22, No. 6, Nov. 1976, pp. 644-654. +"A User Authentication Scheme not Requiring Secrecy in the Computer," Evans, + Jr., et al., Communications of the ACM, Aug. 1974, vol. 17, No. 8, pp. + 437-442. +"A High Security Log-In Procedure," Purdy, Communications of the ACM, Aug. + 1974, vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 442-445. +Diffie et al., "Multi-User Cryptographic Techniques," AFIPS Conference + Proceedings, vol. 45, pp. 109-112, Jun. 8, 1976. +ART-UNIT: 222 +PRIM-EXMR: Howard A. Birmiel + +ABSTRACT: +A cryptographic system transmits a computationally secure cryptogram that is +generated from a publicly known transformation of the message sent by the +transmitter; the cryptogram is again transformed by the authorized receiver +using a secret reciprocal transformation to reproduce the message sent. The +authorized receiver's transformation is known only by the authorized receiver +and is used to generate the transmitter's transformation that is made +publicly known. The publicly known transformation uses operations that are +easily performed but extremely difficult to invert. It is infeasible for an +unauthorized receiver to invert the publicly known transformation or +duplicate the authorized receiver's secret transformation to obtain the +message sent. + 17 Claims, 13 Drawing Figures +EXMPL-CLAIM: 1 +NO-PP-DRAWING: 7 + +GOVT-INT: + + The Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Grant No. ENG-10173 +of the National Science Foundation and IPA No. 0005. + +SUMMARY: + + BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION + + 1. Field of Invention + + The invention relates to cryptographic systems. + + 2. Description of Prior Art + + Cryptographic systems are widely used to ensure the privacy and authenticity +of messages communicated over insecure channels. A privacy system prevents +the extraction of information by unauthorized parties from messages +transmitted over an insecure channel, thus assuring the sender of a message +that it is being read only by the intended receiver. An authentication system +prevents the unauthorized injection of messages into an insecure channel, +assuring the receiver of the message of the legitimacy of its sender. + + Currently, most message authentication consists of appending an +authenticator pattern, known only to the transmitter and intended receiver, +to each message and encrypting the combination. This protects against an +eavesdropper being able to forge new, properly authenticated messages unless +he has also stolen the cipher key being used. However, there is little +protection against the threat of dispute; that is, the transmitter may +transmit a properly authenticated message, later deny this action, and +falsely blame the receiver for taking unauthorized action. Or, conversely, +the receiver may take unauthorized action, forge a message to itself, and +falsely blame the transmitter for these actions. The threat of dispute arises +out of the absence of a suitable receipt mechanism that could prove a +particular message was sent to a receiver by a particular transmitter. + + One of the principal difficulties with existing cryptographic systems is the +need for the sender and receiver to exchange a cipher key over a secure +channel to which the unauthorized party does not have access. The exchange of +a cipher key frequently is done by sending the key in advance over a secure +channel such as private courier or registered mail; such secure channels are +usually slow and expensive. + + Diffie, et al, in "Multiuser Cryptographic Techniques," AFIPS-Conference +Proceedings, Vol. 45, pp. 109-112, June 8, 1976, propose the concept of a +public key cryptosystem that would eliminate the need for a secure channel by +making the sender's keying information public. It is also proposed how such a +public key cryptosystem could allow an authentication system which generates +an unforgeable message dependent digital signature. Diffie presents the idea +of using a pair of keys E and D, for enciphering and deciphering a message, +such that E is public information while D is kept secret by the intended +receiver. Further, although D is determined by E, it is infeasible to compute +D from E. Diffie suggests the plausibility of designing such a public key +cryptosystem that would allow a user to encipher a message and send it to the +intended receiver, but only the intended receiver could decipher it. While +suggesting the plausibility of designing such systems, Diffie presents +neither proof that public key cryptosystems exist, nor a demonstration +system. + + Diffie suggests three plausibility arguments for the existence of a public +key cryptosystem: a matrix approach, a machine language approach and a logic +mapping approach. While the matrix approach can be designed with matrices +that require a demonstrably infeasible cryptanalytic time (i.e., computing D +from E) using known methods, the matrix approach exhibits a lack of practical +utility because of the enormous dimensions of the required matrices. The +machine language approach and logic mapping approach are also suggested, but +there is no way shown to design them in such a manner that they would require +demonstrably infeasible cryptanalytic time. + + Diffie also introduces a procedure using the proposed public key +cryptosystems, that could allow the receiver to easily verify the +authenticity of a message, but which prevents him from generating apparently +authenticated messages. Diffie describes a protocol to be followed to obtain +authentication with the proposed public key cryptosystem. However, the +authentication procedure relies on the existence of a public key cryptosystem +which Diffie did not provide. + + SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION + + Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to allow authorized parties to +a conversation (conversers) to converse privately even though an unauthorized +party (eavesdropper) intercepts all of their communications. + + Another object of this invention is to allow a converser on an insecure +channel to authenticate another converser's identity. + + Another object of this invention is to provide a receipt to a receiver on an +insecure channel to prove that a particular message was sent to the receiver +by a particular transmitter. The object being to allow the receiver to easily +verify the authenticity of a message, but to prevent the receiver from +generating apparently authenticated messages. + + An illustrated embodiment of the present invention describes a method and +apparatus for communicating securely over an insecure channel, by +communicating a computationally secure cryptogram that is a publicly known +transformation of the message sent by the transmitter. The illustrated +embodiment differs from prior approaches to a public key cryptosystem, as +described in "Multiuser Cryptographic Techniques," in that it is both +practical to implement and is demonstrably infeasible to invert using known +methods. + + In the present invention, a receiver generates a secret deciphering key and +a public enciphering key, such that the secret deciphering key is difficult +to generate from the public enciphering key. The transmitter enciphers a +message to be communicated by transforming the message with the public +enciphering key, wherein the transformation used to encipher the message is +easy to effect but difficult to invert without the secret deciphering key. +The enciphered message is then communicated from the transmitter to the +receiver. The receiver deciphers the enciphered message by inverting the +enciphering transformation with the secret deciphering key. + + Another illustrated embodiment of the present invention describes a method +and apparatus for allowing a transmitter to authenticate an authorized +receiver's identity. The authorized receiver generates a secret deciphering +key and a public enciphering key, such that the secret deciphering key is +difficult to generate from the public enciphering key. The transmitter +enciphers a message to be communicated by transforming the message with the +public enciphering key, wherein the transformation used to encipher the +message is easy to effect but difficult to invert without the secret +deciphering key. The enciphered message is then transmitted from the +transmitter to the receiver. The receiver deciphers the enciphered message by +inverting the enciphering transformation with the secret deciphering key. The +receiver's identity is authenticated to the transmitter by the receiver's +ability to decipher the enciphered message. + + Another illustrated embodiment of the present invention describes a method +and apparatus for providing a receipt for a communicated message. A +transmitter generates a secret key and a public key, such that the secret key +is difficult to generate from the public key. The transmitter then generates +a receipt by transforming a representation of the communicated message with +the secret key, wherein the transformation used to generate the receipt is +difficult to effect without the secret key and easy to invert with the public +key. The receipt is then communicated from the transmitter to the receiver. +The receiver inverts the transformation with the public key to obtain the +representation of the communicated message from the receipt and validates the +receipt by comparing the similarity of the representation of the communicated +message with the communicated message. + + Additional objects and features of the present invention will appear from +the description that follows wherein the preferred embodiments have been set +forth in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. + +DRAWING DESC: + + BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS + + FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a public key cryptosystem that transmits a +computationally secure cryptogram over an insecure communication channel. + + FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an enciphering device for enciphering a message +into ciphertext in the public key cryptosystem of FIG. 1. + + FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a multiplier for performing modular +multiplications in the deciphering device of FIG. 7, the exponentiator of +FIG. 10, and the public key generator of FIG. 11. + + FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic diagram of an adder for performing additions +in the enciphering device of FIG. 2, the multiplier of FIG. 3, and the public +key generator of FIG. 11. + + FIG. 5 is a detailed schematic diagram of a comparator for performing +magnitude comparisons in the enciphering device of FIG. 2, the multiplier of +FIG. 3, the deciphering device of FIG. 7, the divider of FIG. 8, and the +alternative deciphering device of FIG. 9. + + FIG. 6 is a detailed schematic diagram of a subtractor for performing +subtraction in the multiplier of FIG. 3, the deciphering device of FIG. 7, +and the dividier of FIG. 8. + + FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a deciphering device for deciphering a +ciphertext into message in the public key cryptosystem of FIG. 1. + + FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a divider for performing division in the +invertor of FIG. 7 and the alternative deciphering device of FIG. 9. + + FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an alternative deciphering device for +deciphering a ciphertext into message in the public key cryptosystem of FIG. +1. + + FIG. 10 is an exponentiator for raising various numbers to various powers in +modulo arithmetic in the alternative deciphering device of FIG. 9 and the +public key generator of FIG. 11. + + FIG. 11 is a public key generator for generating the public enciphering key +in the public key cryptosystem of FIG. 1. + + FIG. 12 is a flow chart for the algorithm of the logarithmic converter of +FIG. 11 when p-1 is a power of 2. + + FIG. 13 is a flow chart for the algorithm for computing the coefficients +{b.sub.j } of the expansion ##EQU1## where 0.ltoreq.b.sub.j .ltoreq.p.sub.i +-1, of the logarithmic convertor of FIG. 11, when p-1 is not a power of 2. + +DETDESC: + + DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT + + Referring to FIG. 1, a public key cryptosystem is shown in which all +transmissions take place over an insecure communication channel 19, for +example a telephone line. Communication is effected on the insecure channel +19 between transmitter 11 and receiver 12 using transmitter-receiver units 31 +and 32, which may be modems such as Bell 201 modems. Transmitter 11 possesses +an unenciphered or plaintext message X to be communicated to receiver 12. +Transmitter 11 and receiver 12 include an enciphering device 15 and +deciphering device 16 respectively, for enciphering and deciphering +information under the action of an enciphering key E on line E and a +reciprocal deciphering key D on line D. The enciphering and deciphering +devices 15 and 16 implement inverse transformations when loaded with the +corresponding keys E and D. For example, the keys may be a sequence of random +letters or digits. The enciphering device 15 enciphers the plaintext message +X into an enciphered message or ciphertext S that is transmitted by +transmitter 11 through the insecure channel 19; the ciphertext S is received +by receiver 12 and deciphered by deciphering device 16 to obtain the +plaintext message X. An unauthorized party or eavesdropper 13 is assumed to +have key generator 23 and deciphering device 18 and to have access to the +insecure channel 19, so if he knew the deciphering key D he could decipher +the ciphertext S to obtain the plaintext message X. + + The example system makes use of the difficulty of the so-called "knapsack +problem." Definitions of the knapsack problem exist in the literature, for +example, Ellis Horowitz and Sartaj Sahni, "Computing Partitions with +Applications to the Knapsack Problem", JACM, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1974, pp. +277-292; and O. H. Ibarra and C. E. Kim, "Fast Approximation Algorithms for +the Knapsack and Sum of Subset Problems", JACM, Vol. 22, No. 4, October 1975, +pp. 464-468. The definition used here is adapted from R. M. Karp, +"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" in Complexity of Computer +Computations, by R. E. Miller and J. W. Thatcher, eds., Plenum Press, New +York (1972), pp. 85-104. Simply stated, given a one-dimensional knapsack of +length S and a vector a composed of n rods of lengths a.sub.1, a.sub.2, . . . +a.sub.n, the knapsack problem is to find a subset of the rods which exactly +fills the knapsack, if such a subset exists. Equivalently, find a binary +n-vector x of 0's and 1's such that S=a*x, if such an x exists, (* applied to +vectors denotes dot product, applied to scalars denotes normal +multiplication). + + A supposed solution, x, is easily checked in at most n additions; but, to +the best of current knowledge, finding a solution requires a number of +operations which grows exponentially in n. Exhaustive trial and error search +over all 2.sup.n possible x's is computationally infeasible if n is larger +than one or two hundred. Thus, it is computationally infeasible to invert the +transformation; such transformations are characterized by the class of +mathematical functions known as one-way cipher functions. A task is +considered computationally infeasible if its cost as measured by either the +amount of memory used or the computing time is finite but impossibly large, +for example, on the order of approximately 10.sup.30 operations with existing +computational methods and equipment. + + Theory suggests the difficulty of the knapsack problem because it is an +NP-complete problem, and is therefore one of the most difficult computational +problems of a cryptographic nature. (See for example, A. V. Aho, J. E. +Hopcraft and J. D. Ullman, The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms, +Reading, Ma.; Addison-Wesley, 1974, pp. 363-404.) Its degree of difficulty, +however, is dependent on the choice of a. If a=(1, 2, 4, . . . 2.sup.(n-1)), +then solving for x is equivalent to finding the binary representation of S. +Somewhat less trivially, if for all i, ##EQU2## then x is also easily found: +x.sub.n =1 if and only if S.gtoreq.a.sub.n, and, for i=n-1, n-2, . . . 1, +x.sub.i =1 if and only if ##EQU3## If the components of x are allowed to take +on integer values between 0 and l then condition (1) can be replaced by +##EQU4## and x.sub.i can be recovered as the integer part of ##EQU5## +Equation (2) for evaluating x.sub.i when x.sub.i is binary valued is +equivalent to this rule for l=1. + + A trap door knapsack is one in which careful choice of a allows the designer +to easily solve for any x, but which prevents anyone else from finding the +solution. Two methods will be described for constructing trap door knapsacks, +but first a description of their use in a public key cryptosystem as shown in +FIG. 1 is provided. Receiver 12 generates a trap door knapsack vector a, and +either places it in a public file or transmits it to transmitter 11 over the +insecure channel 19. Transmitter 11 represents the plaintext message X as a +vector x of n 0's and 1's, computes S=a*x, and transmits S to receiver 12 +over the insecure channel 19. Receiver 12 can solve S for x, but it is +infeasible for eavesdropper 13 to solve S for x. + + In one method for generating trap door knapsacks, the key generator 22, uses +random numbers generated by key source 26 to select two large integers, m and +w, such that w is invertible modulo m, (i.e., so that m and w have no common +factors except 1). For example, the key source 26 may contain a random number +generator that is implemented from noisy amplifiers (e.g., Fairchild .mu. 709 +operational amplifiers) with a polarity detector. The key generator 22 is +provided a knapsack vector, a' which satisfies (1) and therefore allows +solution of S'=a'*x, and transforms the easily solved knapsack vector a' into +a trap door knapsack vector a via the relation + + a.sub.i =w*a'.sub.i mod m (3) +The vector a serves as the public enciphering key E on line E, and is either +placed in a public file or transmitted over the insecure channel 19 to +transmitter 11. The enciphering key E is thereby made available to both the +transmitter 11 and the eavesdropper 13. The transmitter 11 uses the +enciphering key E, equal to a, to generate the ciphertext S from the +plaintext message X, represented by vector x, by letting S=a*x. However, +because the a.sub.i may be psuedo-randomly distributed, the eavesdropper 13 + +(This text is incomplete) +